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1845  1847  1853 


LIBRARY 

ESTABLISHED   1872 

LA        MCE,  MASS. 


THE    DIAL 


A  FORTN 


Criticism 


L  OF 


atth  3rtformatton 


VOLUME  LXI 

June  22  to  December  28  1916 


CHICAGO 
THE  DIAL  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 


INDEX  TO  VOLUME  LXI 

ACTOR'S  REMEMBRANCES,  Ax Percy  F.  Bicknell 306 

AFRICA  AND  THE  GREAT  WAR TaXbot  Mundy 575 

AGE,  OUR  HOSPITABLE George  Bernard  Donlin     ....  292 

ALLIES,  WITH  THE Travis  Hoke 189 

AMBASSADOR,  AN,  IN  TRUTH Rollo    Walter    Brown      ....  138 

AMERICAN  CITY,  THE Frederic  Austin  Ogg 185 

AMERICAN  DRAMATIST,  A  BEAT. Archibald  Henderson 136 

AMERICAN  GOVERNMENT,  PROBLEMS  OF Harold  J.  Laski 387 

AMERICAN  SPEECH  AXD  SPEAKERS Wallace  Rice 58 

AMERICAN  STAGE,  SIXTY  YEARS  OF  THE Grant     Showerman 463 

AMERICAN   STATESMEN,   CLASSIC  UTTERANCES  OF     ...      William  E.  Dodd 576 

AMERICANISM,  CONSTRUCTIVE,  A  LEADER  IN Garland  Greever 525 

ART  AXD  THE  MORALISTS  :  D.  H.  LAWRENCE'S  WORK       .      .     Edward  Garnett 377 

ART,  ESSAYS  ON Norman  Foerster 104 

BELGIANS,  FEEDING  THE George  Bernard  Donlin     ....  532 

BOOK-FLOOD,  A  TANTALUS  IN Percy    F.    Bicknell 213 

BOOK  OF  NATURE,  VARIOUS  CHAPTERS  FROM  THE     .     .     .     Percy    F.    Bicknell 54 

CANDIDATES,  THE  Two Harold  J.  Laski 304 

CHESTERTON,  MR.,  THE  STRANGE  CASE  OF George  Bernard  Donlin     ....  460 

CONRAD,  JOSEPH,  THE  ART  OF George  Bernard  Donlin     ....  172 

CRITICAL   COMPROMISE,   THE George  R.  MacMinn 123 

DAYS  IN  THE  OPEN Percy    F.    Bicknell 23 

DIPLOMAT,  DIVERSIONS  OF  A Percy    F.    Bicknell 257 

ECONOMIC  STUDY,  A  BRILLIANT H.  M.  Kallen 106 

EDUCATION, — WHAT  Is  IT? Thomas  P.  Beyer 101 

"EMERALD  WAY,  THE" Richard  Aldington 447 

ENGLAND  IN   SHAKESPEARE'S   TIME Barrett  Wendell 453 

ENGLISH  INFLUENCE  ON  OUR  INSTITUTIONS Harold  J.  Laski     .     .     .     ...  530 

EUROPE  OF  TO-MORROW,  THE T.  D.  A.  Cockerell     .     .     ...     53 

EVOLUTION,  A  PROPHET  OF T.  D.  A.  Cockerell 134 

FAGUET,  EMILE James  F.  Mason 83 

FEDERAL  EXECUTIVE,  POWERS  OF  THE Lindsay  Rogers 135 

FICTION,  NEW,  NOTES  ox 197,  354,  398,  469,  537,  587 

FICTION,  RECENT Edward  E.  Hale     .     26,  65,  94,  141, 

193,  268,  313,  351,  396,  466,  535,  586 

FREE  VERSE,  A  NEW  FIELD  FOR     .  Henry  B.  Fuller 515 

GALLANT,  AN  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY Richard  E.  Daniclson 582 

GASPARD  THE  GREAT E.  Preston  Dargan 311 

GERMAN  CONQUEST,  THE  PRIMER  OF Harold  J.  Laski 456 

GERMANY,  THE  SPIRIT  OF Charles  Wharton  Stork     ....     97 

GISSIXG,  GEORGE,  A  CHAT  ABOUT Melville  B.  Anderson 3 

HEWLETT,  MAURICE,  DECLINE  AXD  FALL  OP     ....  John  L.  Hervey 337 

HOLIDAY  PUBLICATIONS,  1916 471,  541 

IRELAND,     1916 Van   Wyck  Brooks      .     .     .     .      .458 

IRISH    PLAYS,    A    GROUP    OF Homer  E.  Woodbridge     .     .     .     .  462 

JAMES,  HEXRY,  NEW  STUDIES  OF William  B.   Cairns      .....  344 

JAPAN:    FRIEND  OR  FOE? Payson  J.  Treat .21 

JAPANESE   POETRY,   THE    SPIRIT  OF Arthur    L.    Salmon     .     .     : :     .     .     43 

JUVEXILE  BOOK  HARVEST,  FINDING  THE  BEST  IN  THE     .     .     Montrose  J.  Moses 545 

LINCOLN  LITERATURE,  NEW Luther  E.  Robinson 307 

LONDON,  LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IN J.C.  Squire  ....     7,  250,  339,  567 

MAETERLINCK,  Two  STUDIES  OF Benj.  M.   Woodbridge      .     .     .     .390 

MASTER-MUSICIAN,  A Russell    Ramsey 263 

MEMORABILIA  DIPLOMATICS W.  H.  Johnson 388 

MOORE'S  NEW  CHRIST Edward  Garnett 191 

MYTHOLOGY,  A  STOREHOUSE  OF Helen  A.  Clarke 258 

NEW  LIGHT  ON  A  DARK  PROBLEM Paul  Blackwelder 186 

NEW    SPIRIT,    THE Graham  Aldis 584 

0.  HENRY:  A  CONTEMPORARY  CLASSIC  Archibald  Henderson  .                       .  573 


iv  INDEX 

PAGE 

OXFORD  MOVEMENT  AND  ITS  RESULTS Charles   11.   A.    Wager     ....  393 

PARIS,  LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IN Theodore  Stanton     .     127,  295,  381,  517 

POE'S  HELEN Killis   Campbell 395 

POET  AND  EDITOR,  AN  AMERICAN Henry  B.  Fuller 455 

POETS,  FOUR  AMERICAN William  A.  Bradley 528 

POETRY  FROM  THE  TRENCHES Witter     Bynner 531 

POETRY,  OUR  CHANGING Odell     Shepard 247 

POETRY,  RECENT Raymond  M.  Alden 59 

PROPHET  LOOKS  BACKWARD,  A Norman  Foerster 182 

REFORMER,  THE  LIFE-STORY  OF  A Alex.     Mackendrick 262 

REGNIER,  HENRI  DE Richard     Aldington 171 

RELIGIONS  AND  MORALS  OF  THE  WORLD Nathaniel  Schmidt 579 

RUSSIA  AND  ITS  POSSIBILITIES Nathan    Haskell    Dole     ....  265 

RUSSIAN  FICTION,  MORE  TRANSLATIONS  OF Winifred  Smith 267 

SALVATION,  THE  THIRST  FOR Arthur  H.  Quinn 534 

SEEING  IT  THROUGH Randolph  Bourne 563 

SHAKESPEARE  TERCENTENARY  PLAYS,  Two Homer  E.  Woodbridge     ....  22 

SINGLE  TAX  PHILOSOPHY,  A  STUDY  OF Alex.   Mackendrick 346 

SLAVIC  FICTION,  NEW  TRANSLATIONS  OF Winifred  Smith 103 

SOCIALISTS, — CAN  THEY  STILL  BE  CHRISTIANS?     .     .      .  Thomas  P.  Beyer 56 

THEATRE,    PROPAGANDA    IN    THE Oliver  M.  Sayler 98 

THREE  NOT  OF  A  KIND William   L.   Phelps 196 

TRADE  UNIONS,  THE  ACTIVITIES  OF Lindsay  Rogers 585 

VERHAEREN,  EMILE Benj.  M.  Woodbridge 565 

VOICE  IN  THE  WILDERNESS,  AN  ARISTOCRATIC     ....  Herbert  E.  Cory .16 

WAR,  LIGHT  THROUGH  THE  MISTS  OF T.  D.  A.  Cockerell 465 

WAR,  MANY  ASPECTS  OF  THE T.  D.  A.  Cockerell 187 

WAR,  PROBLEMS  AND  LESSONS  OF  THE Frederic  Austin  Ogg 349 


ANNOUNCEMENTS  OF  FALL  BOOKS,   1916 218,  275 

SEASON'S  BOOKS  FOR  THE  YOUNG,  1916 549 

CASUAL  COMMENT    9,  45,  85,  130,  176,  252,  298,  341,  384,  448,  520,  569 

COMMUNICATIONS    12,  49,  89,  133,  179,  255,  303,  451,  523,  572 

BRIEFS  ON   NEW   BOOKS 28,  68,  107,  143,  215,  271,  315,  355,  401,  539,  589 

BRIEFER   MENTION    32     72 

NOTES   AND   NEWS 33,  73,  113,  146,  198,  274,  '319,  404^  '488,'  592 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS 74,  113,  147,  281,  359,  485 

LISTS   OF   NEW    BOOKS 34,  75,  115,   148,  231,  282,  320,  360,  407,  487,  554,  594 


CASUAL  COMMENT 


PAGE 

A.  L.  A.   Conference,  Democratic  Note  at  the 46 

Alliterative    Aids    522 

American   Academy   of   Arts   and   Letters,    The 87 

American  Drama,   Beginnings  of  the 384 

American  Usage,   English  Misconceptions  of 450 

Army,    Card-Cataloguing    an 11 

Authors,    A    Pitfall    for 521 

Bibliopoly,    Expert     571 

Blake,   William,   The  Cult  of 252 

Book,    A    Deservedly    Popular,    in    Russia 522 

Book- Auctioneer,  The  Way  of  the 521 

Book-Collection    of   Unusual   Character,    A    Proposed 12 

Book-Fines,    The    Question    of 176 

Book-Illustration,    Oddities   of 523 

Book-Lovers,    "Browsing    Room"    for 49 

Book-Prices,   Higher    132 

Book-Review,   Why  Is   a? 450 

Book-Trade  for   1915,   American,   Decline   in 12 

Bookselling   to    Libraries 254 

Books  for  the  Shut-in 450 

Books   Lost  to  Sight 133 

Books   that   Know   No   Summer   Vacation 47 

Books     Thumbed    by    Washington 11 

Browning   in    Intimate   Intercourse 387 

Butlers,   Samuel,  The  Two 86 

Catalogue    Game,    The    176 

Cataloguing,  Exhilaration  in 131 

Censorship,   Self -Appointed,   The   Odium  of 254 

Children's    Library    Building,    True    Story   of   the 342 

Collectors,  An  Eventful  Season  for . .  384 


PAGE 

College    Faculty    and    College    Trustees 10 

"Collier's,"    An    Editorial    Writer   on 448 

Copyright,    In    Behalf   of   Sanctity   of 522 

Correspondent,   From  an  Inquiring 670 

Critics,    Criticizing    the     300 

Dante's    Deeper    Meanings 10 

Depths,   Out  of  the 570 

Dictionary,    Promoting   the   Popularity   of   the 178 

Duncan,    Norman,    Varied   Achievements    of 343 

Dundreary,   Lord,   The   Evolution  of 299 

Editorial    Colloquialisms     300 

Educational    Treadmill,    Getting   Out    of   the 9 

Epistolary    Art,    A    Stimulus   to 176 

"Esquire,"   A   New  Use   for 177 

Fiction,    Unforbidden    130 

Free   Verse,   Ancient  Greek   Prototypes  of 175 

French  Academy  Vacancies 385 

French   Educators,   A  Delegation   of 87 

"Good   Book    Week"    342 

Hawthorne,    Nathaniel,    The   Memory   of 86 

"Home,   Sweet  Home,"   The  Author  of 89 

Imagism   and   Free   Verse,    Popular  Appreciation   of 299 

Information  Desk,  Further  Items  from  the 343 

Iteration,   Effect  of 10 

Japan's    Book-Importations    11 

Jutland,    Poetic   Inspiration    from    48 

Juvenile   Readers,    Segregation   of 132 

Language-Inventors,  Hopefulness  of 131 

Libraries   in    War-Time 386 

Library    Ramification     .  .  .   341 


INDEX 


PAGE 

Library    Routine,    Enlivenments    to 571 

Library    Support,    Supplementary     12 

Library   Visitors,    Unwelcome 177 

Line,    The    Haunting 46 

Literary  Property,  Confiscating  an  Enemy's 342 

Literary    Work,    Cash    Prizes    for 385 

Literature  for  Ladies    302 

Literature,    Leisure   for,   Revival  of 45 

Literature   of   Power  vs.   Literature  of   Knowledge 300 

Literature,    Penalties    of 175 

Lyre,    A    Silent    .  .^ 253 

Magazine    Verse    of    1916 451 

Mark    Twain's    Vitality    384 

Mexican   Border,   Need  of  Books   on   the 133 

Mine  of  Wealth,  An  Unworked 48 

Miinsterberg,   Professor,  Our  Debt  to -«. 569 

"Nation,   The,"   Puts   Its   Finger  on   the  Spot 86 

National  Educational  Association's   Meeting 85 

Nobel   Prize   Winner,   The   Latest 520 

Novels,    English,    Slackened   Stream   of 10 

Orthography,   A   War   of   Attrition   on    Our 175 

Palimpsest,    Return    of    the 342 

Periodical   Literature,   Glorification   of 670 

Periodical    Obsession     11 

Periodicals,    Vital    Statistics    of 385 

Philippine  Move  for  Efficiency,  A 47 

Plagiarist,    The    Beneficent    132 

Playwright,   When  a  Promising,   Appears 88 

Poe,    Edgar    Allan    86 

Poet,    A   Severe   Young 87 

Poetry  in  Apples   341 

Poetry,    New,    The   Mention   of   the 343 

Poetry,    Newark    Prizes    for 569 

Poetry,    The    Interest    in 178 

Poetry,  War  as  a  Stimulant  to 569 

Public  Library,  Signs  of  the  Times  in  the 131 


PAGE 

Public  Library,   Splendid  Bequest  to  a 449 

Publisher's    Burden,    The    302 

Punctuation,  Problems  in 9 

"Ramona," — Where  It  Is   Most  Popular 254 

Readers'  Rapture   299 

Reading    and    Teaching 301 

Reading  Habit,  Stimulant  to  the 451 

Reading   Room,    Better   Than   a 301 

Redesdale,    Lord    130 

Riley,    James   Whitcoznb,    Death   of 88 

Romance,    By   the    Shores    of    Old 178 

Round   Table,    The    178 

Sappho's  Pen,  A  New  Lyric  from 48 

Self- Portraiture,   Humorous    9 

Serial,   The  Most   Famous 88 

Shakespeare  Tercentenary,   The 86 

Shakespeare,    Truth    about     450 

Shakespeare's    Earth,    The   Shape  of 253 

Slavic  Writers,  One  of  the  First,  to  Be  Read  in  America  449 

Startling  Style,   The    302 

"Stevenson,    The   Mannerly"    263 

Story,  An  Old,  Revived 521 

Story  Hour,  Sidelights  on  the 47 

Superannuation,  Some  Aspects  of 301 

Superficiality,     Cultivation    of 522 

Tagore,   Rabindranath,   on   Japan 85 

Terseness,— Where   It   Counts    386 

Thinkers,   One  of  the   World's   Greatest 252 

Treitschke  in  His   Lecture-Room 290 

Verse   and    Prose,    Difference   between 48 

Vocations  of  the  Liberally  Educated 386 

War    Library,    A    Mammoth 48 

War-Time,  International  Copyright  in 341 

Word,  An  Overworked  571 

Writers  for  Boys,  The  Most  Prolific  of 46 

Youth,  They  Who  Have  Found  the  Fountain  of 47 


AUTHORS  AND  TITLES  OF  BOOKS  REVIEWED 


Abbott,     J.     F.       Japanese     Expansion     and     American 

Policies  21 

Adam,  H.  Pearl.  International  Cartoons  of  the  War...  478 

Adams,  H.  F.  Advertising  and  Its  Mental  Laws 591 

Adderley,  Canon.  In  Slums  and  Society 473 

Adler,  Hazel  H.  The  New  Interior 478 

Ady,  Mrs.  Henry.  Painters  of  Florence 478 

"Allies'  Fairy  Book,"  with  Introduction  by  Edmund  Gosse  546 

Anderson,  Sherwood.  Windy  McPherson's  Son 196 

Andrews,  Mary  R.  S.  The  Eternal  Feminine 471 

Andreyev,  L.  N.  The  Little  Angel 104 

"Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments,"  illus.  by  Louis  Rhead  546 

Auer,  Harry  A.  Camp  Fires  in  the  Yukon 23 

Aumonier,  Stacy.  Olga  Bardel 400 

"Baby's  Journal,"  decorated  by  Blanche  F.  Wright 545 

Bacon,  Corinne.  Children's  Catalog  of  One  Thousand 

Books  546 

Banks,  Edgar  J.  Seven  Wonders  of  the  Ancient  World  481 

Bartlett,  Frederick  O.  The  Wall  Street  Girl 269 

Bashford,  J.  W.  China:  An  Interpretation 316 

Bell,  H.  T.  M.,  and  Woodhead,  H.  G.  W.  China  Year 

Book  539 

Bell,  Ralcy  Husted.  Taormina 25 

Benhani.  A.  R.  English  Literature  from  Widsith  to  the 

Death  of  Chaucer 357 

Benjamin,  Rene.  Private  Gaspard 311 

Bennett,  Arnold.  The  Lion's  Share... 466 

Beresford,  J.  D.  These  Lynnekers 141 

Bernbaum,  Ernest.  The  Drama  of  Sensibility 145 

Berridge,  W.  S.  Wonders  of  Animal  Life 548 

Bing  Ding.  Seven  Maids  of  Far  Cathay 481 

Bingham,  E.  A.  The  Heart  of  Thunder  Mountain 26 

Bishop,  J.  B.  Presidential  Nominations  and  Elections . .  317 

Bisland,  Elizabeth.  The  Case  of  John  Smith 69 

Blackwood,  Algernon.  Julius  LeVallon 398 

Blake,  W.  H.  Brown  Waters 23 

Blakeslee,  G.  H.  Problems  and  Lessons  of  the  War 349 

Bodart,  Gaston.  Losses  of  Life  in  Modern  Wars 401 

Bonger,  W.  A.  Criminality  and  Economic  Conditions..  272 

Bottome,  Phyllis.  The  Dark  Tower 399 

Bourget,  Paul.  The  Night  Cometh 67 

Bourne,  Randolph  S.  The  Gary  Schools 108 

Bowen,  Marjorie.  Shadows  of  Yesterday 588 


Bowers,  Mrs.  B.  M.     The  Phantom  Herd 26 

Bowsfield,  C.  C.     How  Boys  and  Girls  Can  Earn  Money.   548 
Boyd,   C.   E.     Public  Libraries  and  Literary   Culture   in 

Ancient    Rome    31 

Boyd,  E.   A.     Ireland's  Literary  Renaissance 459 

Bradford,   Gamaliel.     Union   Portraits 473 

Brady,  Cyrus  Townsend.     And  Thus  He  Came 480 

Brent,  Charles  H.     A  Master  Builder 72 

Brewer,  John  M.     Oral  English 32 

Brieux,  Eugene.     Woman  On  Her  Own 98 

Brooks,   Alfred.      Dante :     How  to   Know   Him 272 

Bruce,  P.  A.     Brave  Deeds  of  Confederate  Soldiers 548 

Bryan,  W.  B.     History  of  the  National  Capital,  conclud- 
ing   volume    216 

Bryant,   Sara  C.     Stories  to  Tell  the  Littlest   Ones, 548 

Buck,    Mitchel   S.      Ephemera.. 109 

Burgess,   F.  W.     Old  Pottery  and  Porcelain 478 

Burgess,  J.  W.     Administration  of  President  Hayes ....     29 

Bnrnet,    Dana.      The    Shining    Adventure 470 

Burnett,  Frances  H.     The  Land  of  the  Blue  Flower 479 

Burrill,   Edgar  W.     Master  Skylark 22 

Burroughs,  John.     Under  the  Apple-Trees 56 

Cabell,   James   B.     The   Certain   Hour 469 

Cadman,  E.  Parkes.     Three  Oxford  Reformers Ill 

Cajori,    Florian.     William  Oughtred 473 

Camehl,   Ada  W.     The   Blue-China   Book 543 

Campbell,  R.  J.     The  War  and  the  Soul 466 

Candee,    Helen   C.     Jacobean   Furniture 478 

Cannan,  G.     Three  Sons  and  a  Mother 142 

"Carducci,  Giosue,  The  Rime  Nuove  of,"  trans,  by  Laura 

F.  Gilbert   110 

Carpenter,  Edward.     My  Days  and  Dreams 182 

Case,  Clarence  M.     The  Banner  of  the  White  Horse 547 

Gather,   Katherine  D.     Life  Stories  of  Famous  Men 547 

"Cesare,   One  Hundred  Cartoons  by" 479 

Chalmers,  Stephen.     The  Penny   Piper  of  Saranac 317 

Charnwood,  Lord.     Abraham  Lincoln 311 

Chekhov,    Anton.       The    Darling,    trans,     by     Constance 

Garnett     470 

Child,   Richard  W.      Potential  Russia 265 

Churchill,  Mrs.  George.     Letters  from  My  Home  in  India  542 

Clark,    Macdonald.      Maurice    Maeterlinck 391 

Clarke,   E.  L.     American  Men  of  Letters 107 


INDEX 


PAGE 

"Clarke,  William  Newton" 404 

Clauson,  J.  Earl.  The  Dog's  Book  of  Verse 481 

Clifford,  Sir  Hugh.  Further  Side  of  Silence 353 

Clodd,  Edward.  Memories 541 

Glutton-Brock,  A.  Studies  in  Gardening 543 

Cobb,  Irvin  S.  Local  Color 538 

Collison,  Archdeacon.  In  the  Wake  of  the  War  Canoe  30 

Colum,  Padraic.  Three  Plays 462 

Colum,  Padraic,  and  others.  The  Irish  Rebellion,  1916..  459 

Conde,  Bertha.  Business  of  Being  a  Friend 481 

Cone,  Helen  G.  Chant  of  Love  for  England 63 

Cornaro,  Luigi.  Art  of  Living  Long,  new  edition 71 

Cornaro,  Luigi.  Discourses  on  the  Sober  Life,  new 

edition  71 

Common,  J.  R.,  and  Andrews,  J.  B.  Principles  of 

Labor  Legislation  110 

Corrothers,  J.  D.  In  Spite  of  the  Handicap 472 

Courtney,  Lord.  Nationalism  and  War  in  the  Near  East  350 

Coussens,  Penrhyn.  Tales  of  Heroism  and  Daring 547 

Creel,  George.  Wilson  and  the  Issues 304 

Crotch,  W.  Walter.  The  Pageant  of  Dickens 68 

Crow,  Carl.  Japan  and  America 21 

Cunningham,  W.  English  Influences  on  the  United 

States  530 

Czaplicka,  M.  A.  My  Siberian  Year 475 

Daly,  Mrs.  de  Burgh.  An  Irishwoman  in  China 476 

Dearborn,  George  V.  N.  The  Influence  of  Joy 31 

Denys,  F.  W.  Our  Summer  in  the  Vale  of  Kashmir...  25 

Desmond,  Humphrey  J.  The  Way  to  Easy  Street 545 

Dewey,  John.  Democracy  and  Education 101 

Dick,  C.  H.  Highways  and  Byways  in  Galloway  and 

Carrick  477 

Dickson,  Harris.  The  House  of  Luck 469 

Dix,  Beulah  Marie.  Blithe  McBride 588 

Dodd,  Lee  W.  The  Middle  Miles 61 

Donnell,  Annie  H.  Miss  Theodosia's  Heartstrings 400 

Doren,  Mark  van.  Henry  David  Thoreau 357 

Doster,  W.  E.  Lincoln,  and  Episodes  of  the  Civil  War.  310 

Doyle,  Lynn.  Mr.  Wildridge  of  the  Bank 354 

Dreiser,  Theodore.  A  Hoosier  Holiday 474 

Drury,  F.  R.  W.  A  List  of  Short  Stories 72 

Dunn,  B.  A.  Boy  Scouts  of  the  Shenandoah 547 

Dupont,  Marcel.  In  the  Field 191 

Eaton,  Mrs.  Wyatt.  A  Last  Memory  of  Stevenson 317 

Eaton,  Walter  P.  Peanut — Cub  Reporter 547 

Eaton,  Walter  P.  The  Bird  House  Man 354 

Emerson,  W.  Latchstring  to  Maine  Woods  and  Waters  65 

Endell,  Fritz.  Old  Tavern  Signs 544 

"Erskine,  Barbara,  Poems  of" .- 191 

Erskine,  Mrs.  Steuart.  Letters  of  Anna  Jameson 143 

Escott,  T.  H.  S.  Great  Victorians 471 

Ervine,  St.  John  G.  Four  Irish  Plays 463 

Ervine,  St.  John  G.  Sir  Edward  Carson 458 

Faulkner,  Georgene.  Old  English  Nursery  Tales 548 

Fels,  Mary.  Joseph  Fels 262 

Fife,  R.  H.  The  German  Empire  between  Two  Wars .  .  69 

Findlater,  Mary  and  Jane.  Content  with  Flies 481 

Fisher,  Fred  B.  Gifts  from  the  Desert 544 

Fitch,  A.  H.  The  Breath  of  the  Dragon 198 

"Fitch,  Clyde,  Plays  of,"  memorial  edition,  edited  by 

Montrose  J.  Moses 136 

Fitch,  G.  H.  Great  Spiritual  Writers  of  America 355 

FitzGerald,  C.  C.  Penrose.  From  Sail  to  Steam 541 

Fletcher,  J.  F.  Modernness  of  Dante 272 

Foster,  Edna.  Something  to  Do,  Boys 548 

Fowle,  T.  C.  Travels  in  the  Middle  East 476 

Franck,  H.  A.  Tramping  through  Mexico,  Guatemala, 

and  Honduras  274 

Francke,  Kuno.  The  German  Spirit 97 

Frank,  Florence  Kiper.  The  Jew  to  Jesus 62 

Freud,  Sigmund.  Wit  and  its  Relation  to  the  Unconscious  592 

Fried,  A.  H.  The  Restoration  of  Europe 350 

Frost,  Robert.  Mountain  Interval 530 

Fuller,  James  F.  Omniana 542 

Fuller,  Margaret.  A  New  England  Childhood 404 

Garland,  Hamlin.  They  of  the  High  Trails 27 

Garshin,  W.  M.  The  Signal 104 

Gautier,  Judith.  Memoirs  of  a  White  Elephant 547 

Genthe,  Arnold.  Book  of  the  Dance 589 

Gerould,  Gordon  H.  Saints'  Legends 402 

Gerould,  Katharine  F.  Hawaii 474 

Gibbons,  Herbert  A.  The  New  Map  of  Africa 575 

"Gilder,  Richard  Watson,  Letters  of,"  edited  by 

Rosamund  Gilder   455 


PAGE 

Gilman,   Lawrence.     A  Christmas  Meditation 545 

Gogol,    Nicola    V.      Taras    Bulba,    trans,    by    Isabel    F. 

Hapgood    267 

Goldring,   Maud.      Charlotte   Bronte  the  Woman 274 

Goldsmith,  Milton.     Practical  Things  with  Simple  Tools  548 
Goncharov,  Ivan.     Oblomov,  trans,  by  C.  J.  Hogarth . . .   103 

Goncharov,    Ivan.      The    Precipice 104 

Goodwin,  W.  A.  R.     The  Church  Enchained 189 

Gorky,      Maxim.        The     Confession,      trans,      by      Rose 

Strunsky    267 

Gould,  Elizabeth  L.     Cap'n  Gid 400 

Grahame,   Kenneth.     Cambridge  Book  of  Poetry 546 

Grant,  Hamil.     Last  Days  of  the  Archduke  Rudolph ....   473 

"Granville,  Earl,  Private  Correspondence  of" 315 

Gray,  L.  H.,  and  Moore,  G.  F.     Mythology  of  All  Races  258 

Griffis,  William  E.     Bonnie  Scotland 475 

Griffith,  William.     Loves  and  Losses  of  Pierrot 543 

Groat,   G.   G.      Introduction   to   the   Study  of   Organized 

Labor  in  America   585 

Guest,  Edgar  A.     A  Heap  o'  Livin' 355 

Guyer,  Michael  F.     Being  Weil-Born 71 

Hale,   Beatrice   Forbes-Robertson.     The  Nest-Builder 538 

Hale,    Louise    Closser,    and    Walter.      We    Discover    the 

Old    Dominion     474 

Hall,  Baynard  R.     The  New  Purchase,  new  edition 482 

Hamilton,   Mary   A.     Dead   Yesterday 469 

Hammond,  J.  M.     Winter  Journeys  in  the  South 474 

Hammond,   L.  H.     In  the  Garden  of  Delight 589 

"Handbook  of  the  New  York  Public  Library" 72 

Hannah,  Ian  Campbell.     Quaker-Born    539 

Harding,  G.  L.     Present-Day  China   316 

Hardy,  Arthur  Sherburne.     Helen 588 

Hart,  Albert  B.     American  Statesmen,  "Collier  Classics"  576 
Hastings,  James,  and  others.     Encyclopedia  of  Religion 

and  Ethics,  Vols.  II.,  VIII 579 

Hawthorne's   The  Seven    Vagabonds,   illus.   by  Helen   M. 

Grose    479 

"Hay,   John,   Complete  Poetical  Works  of,"   limited  edi- 
tion        544 

Hay,    J.    MacDougall.      Barnacles 471 

Healy,   William.      Honesty    72 

Hellman,  G.  S.     Letters  of  Brevoort  to  Irving 540 

Helms,  E.  W.     Reflections  of  a  Cornfield  Philosopher...   481 
Henderson,  E.  F.     Short  History  of  Germany,  new  edi- 
tion          72 

Henderson,  J.  B.     Cruise  of  the  Tomas  Bai-rera 24 

Hibbert,  H.  G.     Fifty  Years  of  a  Londoner's  Life 472 

Hill,   John   P.     The   Federal  Executive 136 

Hind,  C.  Lewis.     A  Soldier  Boy 271 

Hobson,  Elizabeth  C.     Recollections  of  a  Happy  Life...   471 

Hollingworth,    Harry    L.      Vocational    Psychology 215 

Holmes,  Arthur.     Backward  Children 32 

Holmes,  Edmond.     The  Nemesis  of  Docility 403 

Hornblow,  Arthur.     Training  for  the  Stage 401 

Home,  C.   Silvester.     David  Livingstone,  new  edition . . .   542 

Hoss,   Elijah   E.      Life  of  David   Morton 72 

Hough,   Emerson.     Let  Us   Go   Afield 54 

Hough,    Emerson.      The    Magnificent    Adventure 355 

Ho  wells,  William  D.     The  Leatherwood  God 534 

Huckel,  Oliver.     A  Dreamer  of  Dreams 473 

Hudson,    W.    H.      Green    Mansions,    new   edition 28 

Hueffer,   Ford   Madox.     Henry   James 345 

Hughes,  Charles  E.     Yale  Lectures  on  Citizenship 304 

Hunt,  Edward  Eyre.     War  Bread 532 

Huston,  Ethelyn  L.     The  Towers  of  Ilium 539 

Irving's  Old  Christmas,  illus.  by  Frank  Dadd 479 

Irwin,    Florence.     The   Road  to  Mecca 95 

Jacks,    L.    P.      Philosophers    in    Trouble 591 

Jackson,   F.  J.   F.     Social  Life  in   England,   1750-1850. .   590 

James,  Winifred.     A  Woman  in  the  Wilderness 24 

Jones,  Fortier.     With  Serbia  into  Exile 189 

Johnson,   Owen.     The  Woman   Gives 193 

Johnston,  W.  A.     Deeds  of  Doing  and  Daring 548 

Jusserand,  J.  J.     With  Americans  of  Past  and  Present 

Days    138 

•  Kalaw,  Maximo.     The  Case  for  the  Filipinos 68 

Kaye-Smith,   Sheila.     Sussex   Gorse 636 

Kelley,   James    P.     Workmanship   in   Words 355 

Kellogg,   Vernon   L.     Military  Selection  and  Race  Dete- 
rioration        401 

Kelly,   Eleanor  M.      Kildares   of  Storm 637 

Kendall,  Oswald.     Romance  of  the  Martin  Connor 352 

Key,    Ellen.     War,   Peace,   and   the   Future 465 

Keyser,  C.  J.     Human  Worth  of  Rigorous  Thinking 112 


INDEX 


vii 


PAGE 

Kilbourne,  F.  W.  Chronicles  of  the  White  Mountains . .  145 

King,  Grace.  The  Pleasant  Ways  of  St.  Medard 196 

King,  Henry  C.  It's  All  in  the  Day's  Work 545 

Kingstey,  Charles.  The  Tutor's  Story 470 

Korolenko,  Vladimir.  Makar's  Dream,  trans,  by  Marian 

Fell  267 

Knipe,  E.  B.,  and  A.  A.  Polly  Trotter,  Patriot 647 

Krapp,  G.  P.  Rise  of  English  Literary  Prose 145 

Krehbiel,  Edward.  War  and  Society 359 

Kruger,  Fritz-Konrad.  Government  and  Politics  of  the 

German  Empire  318 

Lagerlof,  Selma.  The  Emperor  of  Portugallia 467 

Lait,  Jack.  Beef,  Iron  and  Wine 538 

Laughlin,  Clara  E.  Reminiscences  of  James  Whitcomb 

Riley  '. 472 

Law,  Benjamin  R.  C.  The  House  That  Was 62 

Lawrence,  R.  M.  Site  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  Boston..  475 

Leacock,  Stephen.  Further  Foolishness 588 

Lermontov,  M.  Y.  A  Hero  of  Our  Time,  trans,  by 

J.  H.  Wisdom  and  M.  Murray 267 

Lewis,  Calvin  M.  Handbook  of  American  Speech 58 

Lincoln,  C.  Z.  The  Civil  Law  and  the  Church 358 

Little.  C.  J.  Biographical  and  Literary  Studies 29 

Locke,  William  J.  The  Wonderful  Year 313 

London,  Jack.  The  Turtles  of  Tasman 353 

Lowell,  Amy.  Men,  Women  and  Ghosts 529 

Lucas,  E.  V.  More  Wanderings  in  London 477 

Lucas,  E.  V.  The  Vermilion  Box 536 

Lucy,  Sir  Henry.  Nearing  Jordan 217 

Lynch,  Michael.  Bodbank 400 

Lynd,  Sylvia.  The  Chorus 197 

Lynde,  Francis.  After  the  Manner  of  Men 269 

MacBrayne,  L.  E.,  and  Ramsay,  J.  P.  One  More 

Chance  70 

Macbride,  Thomas  H.  On  the  Campus 216 

MacCorkle,  W.  A.  The  White  Sulphur  Springs 476 

MacDonagh,  Thomas.  Literature  in  Ireland 460 

Macdonald,  J.  Moreton.  History  of  France Ill 

MacGill,  Patrick.  The  Great  Push 190 

MacKaye,  Percy.  Caliban  by  the  Yellow  Sands 22 

MacKenzie,  Jean  K.  Black  Sheep 109 

MacNaughtan,  S.  A  Woman's  Diary  of  the  War 190 

McFee.  William.  Casuals  of  the  Sea 195 

McManis,  John  T.  Ella  Flagg  Young 472 

McSpadden,  J.  W.  Famous  Painters  of  America 477 

Maeterlinck,  Maurice.  The  Wrack  of  the  Storm 356 

Malet,  Lucas.  Damans 313 

Malot,  Hector.  Sans  Famille,  trans,  by  Florence 

Crewe-Jones 479 

Marchant,  James.  Alfred  Russel  Wallace 134 

Marcosson,  I.  F.,  and  Frohman,  D.  Charles  Frohman . .  541 
Mark  Twain's  The  Mysterious  Stranger,  illus.  by  N.  C. 

Wyeth  479 

Marquis,  Don.  Dreams  and  Dust 60 

Marshall,  Archibald.  Watermeads 197 

Marvin,  D.  E.  Curiosities  in  Proverbs 32 

Maseneld,  John.  Multitude  and  Solitude 353 

Masefield,  John.  Salt- Water  Poems  and  Ballads 480 

Masson,  Thomas  L.  Short  Stories  from  Life 586 

Masters,  Edgar  Lee.  Songs  and  Satires 64 

Masters,  Edgar  Lee.  The  Great  Valley 528 

Mather.  Frank  J.,  Jr.  Estimates  in  Art 105 

Matthews,  Brander.  Chief  European  Dramatists 31 

Maurel,  Andre.  A  Month  in  Rome 273 

Maurice,  A.  B.  The  New  York  of  the  Novelists 475 

Mearns,  Hughes.  Richard  Richard ' 538 

Meigs,  Cornelia.  Master  Simon's  Garden 547 

Mencken,  H.  L.  A  Book  of  Burlesques 540 

Merwin,  Samuel  The  Trufflers 399 

Miller,  E.  L.  Practical  English  Composition,  II 32 

Mills,  Enos  A.  The  Story  of  Scotch 480 

Monroe,  Anne  S.  Happy  Valley 108 

Moore,  George.  The  Brook  Kerith 191 

Mordaunt,  Elinor.  The  Family 65 

More,  Paul  Elmer.  Aristocracy  and  Justice 16 

Morlae,  Edward.  A  Soldier  of  the  Legion 271 

Moses,  Belle.  Paul  Revere 547 

Moses,  Montrose  J.  Life  of  Heinrich  Conried 471 

Muir,  John.  A  Thousand-Mile  Walk  to  the  Gulf 539 

Mundy,  Talbot.  King  of  the  Khyber  Rifles 537 

Munro,  W.  B.  Principles  and  Methods  of  Municipal 

Administration  185 

Munroe,  James  P.  The  New  England  Conscience 216 

Munsterberg,  Hugo.  The  Photoplay 28 

Nemirovitch-Dantchenko,  V.  L  With  a  Diploma,  trans. 

by   W.    J.    Stanton-Pyper 267 


PAGE 

Nesbit,  E.  The  Incredible  Honeymoon 688 

Newmark,  Rosa.  The  Russian  Arts 642 

Nolen,  John.  City  Planning 186 

Norris.  Kathleen.  The  Heart  of  Rachael 194 

Northend,  Mary  H.  Garden  Ornaments 543 

O'Brien,  Seumas.  Duty 462 

O'Brien,  Seumas.  The  Whale  and  the  Grasshopper 637 

Olcott,  Frances  J.  Bible  Stories  from  the  Old  Testa- 
ment    646 

Ollivant,  Alfred.  The  Brown  Mare 198 

Olmstead,  Florence.  Father  Bernard's  Parish 96 

Onions,  C.  T.  Shakespeare's  England 453 

Oppenheim,  E.  Phillips.  The  Kingdom  of  the  Blind. . .  354 

Osborne,  Thomas  Mott.  Society  and  Prisons 186 

O'Shaughnessy,  Mrs.  Nelson.  A  Diplomat's  Wife  in 

Mexico  144 

Oyen,  Henry.  The  Snow-Burner 470 

Paine,  Albert  B.  Boys'  Life  of  Mark  Twain 547 

Palmer,  John  Leslie.  The  King's  Men 66 

"Papers  on  Playmaking"  544 

Patrick,  G.  T.  W.  Psychology  of  Relaxation 144 

Pearl,  Raymond.  Modes  of  Research  in  Genetics 108 

Peattie,  EKa  W.  Sarah  Brewster's  Relatives 547 

Peixotto,  Ernest.  Our  Hispanic  Southwest 473 

PenneU,  Joseph.  The  Wonder  of  Work 477 

Percy,  William  A.  Sappho  in  Levkas 61 

Perry,  R.  B.  The  Free  Man  and  the  Soldier 584 

Peters,  Madison  C.  Seven  Secrets  of  Success 545 

Phillpotts,  Eden.  The  Green  Alleys 398 

Pickthall,  Marmaduke.  The  House  of  War 96 

Pillsbury,  W.  B.  Essentials  of  Psychology 70 

Porter,  Adrian.  Life  and  Letters  of  Sir  John  Henniker 

Heaton  642 

Pound,  Ezra.  Gaudier-Brzeska  112 

Powys,  John  Cowper.  Rodmoor 396 

Prime,  W.  C.  Along  New  England  Roads,  new  edition  65 

Pyte,  Katharine.  Wonder  Tales  Retold 548 

Quin,  Malcolm .  Problem  of  Human  Peace 541 

•  Raemaekers'  Cartoons"  479 

Rai.  Lajpat.  Young  India  318 

Rankin,  H.  B.  Personal  Recollections  of  Lincoln 309 

Ranous,  Dora  K.  Good  English  in  Good  Form 318 

Ransom,  William  L.  Charles  E.  Hughes 304 

Redesdale,  Lord.  Memories 257 

Richards,  John  T.  Abraham  Lincoln  307 

Richards,  Laura  E.  Fairy  Operettas 648 

Richards,  Rosalind.  A  Northern  Countryside 56 

Rider,  Bertha  C.  The  Greek  House 482 

Riley,  B.  F.  Life  and  Times  of  Booker  T.  Washington  526 

Roberts,  Charles  G.  D.  The  Secret  Trails 544 

Robertson,  C.  G.,  and  Bartholomew.  J.  G.  Atlas  of 

Modern  Europe  32 

Robie,  Virginia.  The  Quest  of  the  Quaint 477 

Robinson,  Charles  M.  City  Planning 186 

Robinson,  E.  A.  The  Man  against  the  Sky 62 

Robinson,  Heath.  Hunlikely  ! 478 

Rolland,  Remain.  Handel,  trans,  by  A.  E.  Hull 263 

Rolt- Wheeler,  F.  The  Boy  with  the  U.  S.  Mail 549 

Roof,  Katherine  M.  The  Stranger  at  the  Hearth 538 

Roosevelt,  Theodore.  A  Book-Lover's  Holidays  in  the 

Open  23 

Root,  Elihu.  Addresses  on  Government  and  Citizenship  387 

Ross,  Gordon.  Argentina  and  Uruguay 477 

Salaman,  Malcolm  C.  Shakespeare  in  Pictorial  Art 478 

Salisbury,  F.  S.  Rambles  in  the  Vaudese  Alps 24 

Salmon,  Arthur  L.  Joy  of  Love  and  Friendship 481 

Sandberg,  CarL  Chicago  Poems 528 

"Sapper."  Michael  Cassidy,  Sergeant 190 

Saunders,  Marshall.  The  Wandering  Dog 480 

Sawyer,  Ruth.  This  Way  to  Christmas 549 

Scherer,  James  A.  B.  The  Japanese  Crisis 22 

Schevill,  F.  Making  of  Modern  Germany 81 

Schindler,  Kurt.  Songs  of  the  Russian  People 356 

Schmitt,  Bernadotte  E.  England  and  Germany 70 

Schoolcraft,  H.  R.  Indian  Fairy  Book,  new  edition 548 

Scollard,  Clinton.  Italy  in  Arms 63 

Scott,  E.  J.,  and  Stowe,  L.  B.  Booker  T.  Washington  525 

Scully,  W.  C.  Lodges  in  the  Wilderness 25 

Sears,  Clara  E.  Gleanings  from  Old  Shaker  Journals..  542 

Sergeant,  Elizabeth  S.  French  Perspectives 591 

Service,  Robert  W.  Rhymes  of  a  Red  Cross  Man 531 

Seward,  F.  W.  Reminiscences  of  a  War-Time  Statesman 

and  Diplomat  388 

Seymour,  C.  Diplomatic  Background  of  the  War,  1870- 

1914    30 


INDEX 


PAGE 

Sharp,  Dallas  Lore.  The  Hills  of  Hingham 55 

Sherman,  C.  L.  The  Great  Dot  Mystery 548 

Showerman,  Grant.  A  Country  Chronicle 480 

Sichel,  Harold.  Impressions  Calendar  482 

Sidgwick,  Ethel.  Hatchways 535 

Smith,  C.  Alphonso.  O.  Henry  Biography 578 

Smith,  E.  Boyd.  In  the  Land  of  Make-Believe 648 

Smith,  F.  Hopkinson.  In  Dickens's  London,  cheaper 

edition  476 

Smith,  F.  Hopkinson,  and  F.  Berkeley.  Enoch  Crane...  268 

Smith,  Harriet  L.  Other  People's  Business 400 

Smith,  Nora  A.  Old,  Old  Tales  from  the  Old,  Old  Book  546 

Snaith,  J.  C.  The  Sailor 195 

Sologub,  Feodor.  The  Little  Demon,  trans,  by  J. 

Cournos  and  R.  Aldington 268 

Soloviev,  E.  A.  Dostoievsky,  trans,  by  C.  J.  Hogarth..  271 
Sombart,  W.  Quintessence  of  Capitalism,  trans,  by 

M.  Epstein 106 

Sothern,  Edward  H.  The  Melancholy  Tale  of  "Me" 306 

Spargo,  John.  Marxian  Socialism  and  Religion 56 

Spearman,  Frank  H.  Nan  of  Music  Mountain 26 

Spender,  Harold.  General  Botha 273 

Spofford,  Harriet  P.  A  Little  Book  of  Friends 472 

"St.  Nicholas  Book  of  Plays  and  Operettas,"  second 

series  548 

Starr,  Louis.  The  Adolescent  Period 82 

Stephens,  James.  The  Insurrection  in  Dublin 458 

Sterling,  George.  Ode  on  the  Opening  of  the  Panama- 
Pacific  Exposition  60 

Sterling,  George.  Yosemite  59 

Stevenson's,  The  Black  Arrow,  illus.  by  N.  C.  Wyeth  479,  546 

Stokes,  A.  P.  What  Jesus  Thought  of  Himself 30 

"Stories  All  the  Children  Love" 547 

Stratton-Porter,  Gene.  Morning  Face 548 

Symons,  Arthur.  Studies  in  Seven  Arts,  revised  edition  104 

Taft,  William  Howard.  Our  Chief  Magistrate 135 

Taft,  William  Howard.  The  Presidency 135 

Taggart,  Marion  A.  Beth  of  Old  Chilton 547 

Tagore,  Rabindranath.  The  Hungry  Stones 468 

Tarkington,  Booth.  Penrod  and  Sam 587 

Tatlock,  J.  S.  P.,  and  Martin,  R.  G.  Representative 

English  Plays  640 

Taylor,  Una.  Maurice  Maeterlinck 390 

Tchekhov,  Anton.  Russian  Silhouettes,  trans,  by  Marian 

Fell  104 

Tchekhov,  Anton.  The  Bet,  trans,  by  S.  Koteliansky  and 

J.  M.  Murray  104 

Terman,  L.  M.  Measurement  of  Intelligence 316 

Thatcher,  O.  L.  Book  for  Shakespeare  Plays  and 

Pageants  145 

"Theatre,  The  Truth  about  the" 590 

Thorn,  DeCourcy  W.  Midsummer  Motoring  in  Europe. .  476 

Thomas,  Edith  M.  The  White  Messenger 63 

Thompson,  E.  N.  S.  John  Milton 358 

Thorndike,  Ashley  H.  Shakespeare's  Theatre 108 

Thureau-Dangin,  P.  English  Catholic  Revival  in  the 

19th  Century,  revised  edition . .  393 


PAGE 

Ticknor,  Caroline.  Poe's  Helen 395 

Titchener,  E.  B.  A  Beginner's  Psychology 70 

Titus,  Harold.  "I  Conquered"  26 

Tobenkin,  Elias.  Witte  Arrives 194 

Towse,  John  R.  Sixty  Years  of  the  Theater 463 

Trafton,  Gilbert  H.  Bird  Friends 548 

Treitschke,  Heinrich  von.  Politics 456 

Trent,  William  P.  Defoe 402 

Tryon,  Lillian  H.  Speaking  of  Home 403 

Untermeyer,  Louis.  " — and  Other  Poets" 64 

Vachell,  Horace  A.  The  Triumph  of  Tim 589 

Veressayev,  Vikenty.  Memoirs  of  a  Physician 144 

Vizetelly,  Ernest  A.  In  Seven  Lands 476 

Walpole,  Hugh.  The  Dark  Forest 66 

Walsh,  Thomas.  The  Pilgrim  Kings 60 

Ward,  Mrs.  Humphry.  Lady  Connie 396 

Warnod,  Andre.  Prisoner  of  War 190 

Washburn,  Margaret  F.  Movement  and  Mental  Imagery  318 

Waugh,  Frederick  J.  The  Clan  of  Munes 544 

Webster,  Henry  K.  The  Painted  Scene 270 

Webster,  Nesta  H.  The  Chevalier  de  Boufflers 582 

Wellman,  Walter.  The  German  Republic 357 

Wells,  H.  G.  Mr.  Britling  Sees  It  Through 314 

Wells,  H.  G.  What  Is  Coming? 53 

Wells,  J.  E.  Manual  of  Writings  in  Middle  English..  Ill 

West,  Julius.  G.  K.  Chesterton 460 

West,  Rebecca.  Henry  James 344 

Wharton,  Edith.  Xingu 586 

White,  Edward  L.  El  Supremo 468 

White,  Stewart  E.  The  Leopard  Woman 352 

Whitelock,  W.  W.  Germany  in  Relation  to  the  War . .  217 

Whitmore,  Chas.  E.  The  Supernatural  in  Tragedy 216 

Whitney,  Caspar.  What's  the  Matter  with  Mexico?...  589 
Whistler's  Ten  O'clock,  with  Foreword  by  D.  C.  Seitz  544 

Wickware,  F.  G.  American  Year  Book,  1916 72 

Wiggin,  Kate  Douglas.  Romance  of  a  Christmas  Card  480 

Wilder,  Louise  B.  My  Garden 480 

Wilkinson,  Louis  W.  The  Buffoon 469 

Williamson,  C.  N.  and  A.  M.  The  Lightning  Conductor 

Discovers  America  94 

Wilson,  Harry  L.  Somewhere  in  Red  Gap 270 

Wilson,  Woodrow.  The  President  of  the  United  States  304 

Wilstach,  Paul.  Mount  Vernon 475 

Wood,  Grace,  and  Burbank,  Emily.  Art  of  Interior 

Decoration  543 

Wood,  Leonard.  Our  Military  History 109 

Wood,  S.  T.  Rambles  of  a  Canadian  Naturalist 56 

Worthington,  J.  H.,  and  Baker,  R.  P.  Sketches  in 

Poetry,  Prose,  Paint,  and  Pencil 543 

Wright,  C.  H.  C.  History  of  the  Third  French  Republic  69 

Wright,  Henry  C.  The  American  City 186 

Yeats,  William  B.  Reveries  over  Childhood  and  Youth  68 
Young,  A.  N.  Single  Tax  Movement  in  the  United  States  346 

Young,  E.  Daring  Deeds  of  Trappers  and  Hunters 548 

Young,  W.  H.  A  Merry  Banker  in  the  Far  East 25 

Zahm,  J.  A.  Through  South  America's  Southland 24 

Zangwill,  Israel.  The  War  for  the  World 187 

Zeitlin,  J.  Select  Prose  of  Robert  Southey 71 


MISCELLANEOUS 


Amateur,  Plea  for  the.     Louise  G.  Cann 524 

Authorship,  Unionized.    Robert  J.  Shores 61 

Begging  the  Question.     Thomas  P.  Beyer 51 

Blake's  Designs  for  "Night  Thoughts."     J.  F.  Howe...  255 

Books  for  Would- Be  Novelists,  A   List  for 274 

College  and  Conversation.     Rene  Kelly 451 

Disavowal  and  a  Protest,  A.     Lewis  W.  Smith 181 

Duncan,  Norman,  Death  of 343 

Echegaray,    Jose,    Death    of 274 

Ellis,    Edward    S.,    Death    of 46 

Folk-Lore  Society  of  Texas,  First  Publication  of  the 32 

Form,   By  Virtue  of.     J.   G.   Fletcher 256 

Free  Verse,  Psychology  and.     E.   W.  Dolch,  Jr 181 

Homer  in   English  Hexameters.     Charles  D.  Matt 52 

Ingram,  John  H.,  Death  of.     J.  H.   Whitty 15 

Japan,  Notes  from.     Ernest  W.  Clement 523 

"Like"  and  "As,"  Use  of.     S.  T.  Kidder 452 

London,   Jack,   Death   of 4g5 

Lowell,    Percival,    Death   of 4g4 

"Macbeth"   Novelized.      Warwick   J.   Price 50 

Merimee,    Prosper,   and    "The    Pied   Piper  of   Hamelin." 

Benj.  M.    Woodbridge IgO 

Moore's  New  Christ.     W.  E.  Chancellor 255 

Novel,  What  Is  a.     James  Routh 49 

Poe's  Playmates  in  Kilmarnock.     Lewis  Chase. . .  ,  .   303 


Poetical  Prescience.  John  Bunker 15 

Poetry  and  Other  Things.  H.  E.  Warner 91 

Punctuation,  Problems  in.  W.  L.  Klein 52 

Redesdale,  Lord,  Death  of 130 

Reviewer's  Corrections,  A.  S.  A.  Tannenbaum 52 

Riley,  James  Whitcomb,  Death  of 88 

Royce,  Josiah,  Death  of 252 

Sappho  Fragment,  The  New.  Benjamin  Horton 179 

"Seven  Arts,  The,"  First  Issue  of 406 

Shakespeare,  Grant  White's.  H.  R.  Stevens 12 

Shakespeare,  Slips  of  the  Tongue  in.  S.  A.  Tannenbaum  89 

Shakespeare's  Earnings.  Warwick  J.  Price 303 

Sherman,  Frank  D.,  Death  of 253 

Sienkiewicz,  Henry  K.,  Death  of 449 

"Spoon  River"  Once  More.  R.  S.  Loomis 14 

Stevenson  Memorial,  The 405 

Stevenson's  Wife,  A  Biography  of.  Nellie  Van  de 

Grift  Sanchez  303 

"Stratford  Journal,"  The  New 406 

Verhaeren,  Emile,  Death  of 541 

Verse — Free  or  Confined  ?  H .  E.  Warner 572 

Vers  Libre,  In  Defense  of.  Amy  Lowell 133 

Wendell,  Barrett,  Election  of,  to  the  American  Academy 

of  Arts  and  Letters 485 

World  of  To-Morrow,  The.  Erving  Winslow 255 

Wright,  Mary  Plummer,  Death  of , .  274 


THE    DIAL 

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This  hook  brings  Lincoln  the  man.  not  Lincoln 
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Vol.  LXI. 


JUNE  22,  1916 


No.  7X1. 


A  CHAT  ABOUT  GEORGE  GISSING. 


COXTEXTS. 


A  CHAT  ABOUT  GEORGE  GISSING.    Melvitte 

B.  Anderson .      3 

LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IN  LONDON.     (Special 

Correspondence.)     J.  C.  Squire    ....       7 

CASUAL   COMMENT       9 

Getting  out  of  the  educational  treadmill. — 

Problems   in   punctuation. —  Humorous    self- 

.  portraiture. —  The    college    faculty    and    the 

college  trustees. —  Dante's  deeper  meanings. 

—  The  effect  of  iteration. —  The   slackened 
stream  of  English  novels. —  Books  thumbed 
by  Washington. —  Card-cataloguing  an  army. 

—  Japan's  book-importations. — A  periodical 
obsession. —  Decline  in   the  American  book- 
trade  for  1915. —  Supplementary  library  sup- 
port.—  A  proposed  book-collection  of  unusual 
character. 

COMMUNICATIONS 12 

Grant  White's  Shakespeare.  H.  B.  Steeves. 
''Spoon  River"  Once  More.  £.  S.  Loomis. 
The  Passing  of  Poe's  English  Biographer. 

J.  H.  Whitty. 
Poetical  Prescience.    John  Bunker. 

AN   ARISTOCRATIC   VOICE   IN   THE   WIL- 
DERNESS.   Herbert  Ettsworth  Cory    .    .    16 

JAPAN:    FRIEND  OR  FOEf    Payson  J.  Treat    21 

TWO      SHAKESPEARE      TERCENTENARY 

PLAYS.    Homer  E.  Woodbridge  ....     22 

DAYS  IN  THE  OPEN.    Percy  F.  BicTcnett     .     .     23 
RECENT  FICTION.    Edward  E.  Hale  ....     26 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 28 

The  psychology  of  the  "movies." — A  eulogy 
of  Hayes  and  his  administration. —  Post- 
humous essays  of  a  reticent  writer. — 
European  diplomacy,  1870-1914.  —  What 
Christ  thought  of  himself. —  Perilous  mis- 
sionary adventures. —  Optimism  physiolog- 
ically justified. —  Modern  Germany  in  the 
making. —  Representative  European  dramas. 

—  Libraries  in  Ancient  Rome. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 32 

NOTES  AND  NEWS 33 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS 34 

A   list  of  the   books  reviewed  or  mentioned  in  this 
issue    of    THE    DIAL    will    be    found    on    page    36. 


Sitting  here  in  my  secluded  Florentine 
garden,  I  dream  how  good  it  would  have  been 
•  to  know  George  Gissing.  One  might  have 
helped  him  with  sympathy,  if  in  no  other 
way.  For  his  path  led  up  where  he  left  blood 
from  his  feet  and  hands  upon  the  stones.  The 
one  flowery  by-path  into  which  he  once 
diverged  probably  crossed  my  own  path. 
Aloof  from  the  thousands  of  tourists  with 
their  "professional"  outfit,  from  whom  the 
real  lover  of  the  ideal  Italy  would  fain  avert 
his  face,  there  walked  here  in  my  time  this 
high-souled  pilgrim.  One  could  forgive  many 
an  ill  turn  of  Fortune  had  she  in  her  turning 
but  brought  one  to  sight  and  speech  of  him. 
What  a  sense  of  inward  distinction  it  would 
have  inspired  to  hav«  been  the  man  who  once 
saw  Gissing  plain ! 

It  was  here,  some  years  after  his  too  early 
death,  that  he  first  became  something  more 
(and  how  much  more!)  than  a  name  to  me, 
through  his  travel-book  entitled  "By  the 
Ionian  Sea:  Notes  of  a  Ramble  in  Southern 
Italy."  It  is  the  story  of  the  author's  long- 
yearned-for  holiday,  which  he  employed  in 
seeking  through  JVIagna  Graecia  for  the  vestiges 
of  its  vanished  cities, — places  ill-starred  in 
history  and  unstarred  in  Baedeker.  It  is  not 
a  book  which  is  recommended  to  the  tourist. 
Among  the  scores  of  officious  guides  and 
travel-books,  most  of  them  manufactured  for 
the  trade,  which  in  normal  years  are  conspicu- 
ous in  the  show-windows  of  the  bookshops  on 
Via  Tornabuoni,  it  is  not  to  be  found.  Per- 
haps there  is  not  a  copy  for  sale  this  side 
London.  It  is  a  book  for  the  adventurous 
traveller  in  that  Italy  which  is  visible  only 
to  the  eye  of  informed  imagination.  There 
lies,  for  example,  Crotona,  that  marvellous 
centre  of  wealth  and  beauty  and  urbane  cul- 
ture, which  sent  Milo  to  the  Olympian  Games 
and  could  afford  Pythagoras  three  hundred 
disciples.  There  is  no  visible  trace  of  it  left. 
What  Gissing  saw  with  the  outward  eye  is  a 
wretched  little  village  called  Cotrone  (not 
Crotona)  with  a  squalid  inn,  where  he  paid 
dear  for  the  gratification  of  his  historic  senti- 


THE    DIAL 


[June  22 


merit  Smitten  down  with  sudden  fever,  he 
lay  in  this  filthy  inn  for  days  and  nights,  half 
delirious,  without  proper  food  or  attendance. 
Apparently  his  journey  and  his  life  had  well 
nigh  ended  together.  But  here  he  had  a  dream 
for  the  sake  of  which,  he  says,  he  was  glad  of 
the  experience.  The  description  of  that  dream 
seems  to  me  to  transcend  in  splendor  anything 
•in  the  "Opium  Eater,"  showing  a  side  of 
Gissing's  literary  power  which,  so  far  as  I 
know,  he  has  displayed  nowhere  else.  The 
impressions  left  by  the  book  are  clear  and 
bright  among  a  thousand  faded  ones  left  by 
more  recent  reading.  Of  the  many  charming 
books  about  Italy  that  I  have  read,  this,  after 
Goethe's  "Italian  Journey,"  blossoms  most 
fragrant  in  memory;  though  almost  equally 
memorable  is  the  fine  study  of  Italian  nature 
by  Victor  Heyn  (another  German).  But  the 
booksellers  are  quite  right  in  not  keeping 
Gissing's  book  in  stock:  there  is  little  in  it 
for  persons  in  search  of  information;  and  it 
would  probably  disappoint  readers  of  such  a 
solid  book  as  Story's  "Roba  di  Roma"  and  the 
less  substantial  but  dainty  travel  sketches  of 
Howells  and  James.  Indeed  the  author  has, 
quite  unobtrusively  and  unconsciously,  put 
more  into  it  about  Gissing  than  about  Italy. 
And  in  this,  probably,  consisted  the  spell 
which  it  laid  upon  me :  giving  me  to  know  one 
of  those  rare  exotic  natures  that  sometimes 
alight,  like  visitors  from  a  happier  planet, 
upon  the  fat  lowlands  of  England,  soon  to  be 
withered  by  that  rigorous  social  climate.  For 
it  was  a  character  of  rare  distinction  whom 
I  met  thus  unexpectedly  by  the  Ionian  Sea. 

There  was  other  treasure-trove  possibly  even 
rarer  in  these  days, — a  piece  of  sound  litera- 
ture. Gissing's  pure  well-bred,  nobly  simple 
style  is  his  own, — it  is  himself.  It  is  a  sincere 
old  wine  innocent  of  effervescent  ingredients, 
limpid  to  the  eye,  fragrant  to  taste,  clearing 
the  brain  of  vapors,  exhilarant  yet  sobering. 
For  such  a  style,  devoid  of  mannerism,  stoop- 
ing to  no  cheap  devices  of  slang  or  dialect  or 
"punch,"  one  must  travel  a  long  way  back 
upon  the  rather  grass-grown  path  leading  to 
Chaucer's  well  of  English  undefiled.  At  that 
fount,  which  the  old  Bible  translators  turned 
into  a  spring  of  Bethesda,  Gissing  drank 
freely  from  a  cup  which  seems  to  have  been 
handed  to  him  by  Swift. 

When  in  the  course  of  time  it  became  my 
privilege  to  read  "The  Private  Papers  of 


Henry  Ryecroft,"  I  felt  the  rapture  of  first 
love  give  place  to  the  steady  joy  of  old  friend- 
ship. It  would  have  been  the  same,  I  suppose, 
if  I  had  read  this  book  first.  (The  reader  will 
pardon  me:  not  pretending  to  sit  in  the  seat 
of  the  critic  on  this  occasion,  I  am  only  trying 
to  relate  my  personal  adventures  in  the  read- 
ing of  Gissing ;  the  use  of  the  pronoun  of  the 
first  person  is  really,  therefore,  prompted 
rather  by  modesty  than  by  egotism. )  I  do  not 
know  how  to  compare  first  love  and  friend- 
ship ;  certainly  in  the  commerce  of  books  no 
subsequent  joy  can  come  up  to  "the  first  fine 
careless  rapture."  True,  memory  is  an  en- 
chanter ;  the  old  books  bear  compound  interest 
upon  all  the  delight,  and  all  the  pain  too,  with 
which  we  have  read  them  in  times  gone  by. 
But  the  pleasures  of  memory  have  a  sober 
cast.  With  what  a  leap  of  the  heart  did  we 
first  read  the  "Faust"  of  Goethe  with  as  clear 
an  understanding  as  if  it  had  been  written 
in  the  language  of  Marlowe ;  or  stand  face  to 
face  with  the  spirit  of  Emerson  or  of  Leo- 
pardi.  Matthew  Arnold  tells  us  how  he  had 
felt  this  rapture  over  the  pages  of  the  "Cen- 
taur" of  Maurice  de  Guerin.  Here,  indeed, 
the  analogy  of  first  love  holds  good:  there  is 
always  the  bystander  who  rails, — "I  can't 
imagine  what  he  sees  in  her!"  I  trust  the 
reader  will  not  rail,  but  I  cannot  blame  him  if 
he  fails  to  see  what  I  see  in  Gissing.  Blame ! 
How  can  taste  for  what  is  wholesome  be  kept 
intact  when  a  thousand  literary  craters  are 
showering  down  their  flakes  of  creosote  that 
sift  in  through  every  crevice,  coat  the  palate, 
and  scant  the  breath  of  life?  The  only  rem- 
edy would  be,  if  we  cannot  keep  out  of  its  way, 
to  adopt  a  mask  as  soldiers  do  against  the 
German  choke-gas. 

It  would  be  pleasant,  to  the  writer  at  least, 
to  dwell  awhile  here  upon  the  Ryecroft 
Papers;  but  I  suppose  they  must  be  very 
familiar  to  DIAL  readers.  Possibly  the  novels 
are  equally  familiar;  at  all  events,  since  one 
must  choose,  I  choose  to  devote  my  space 
chiefly  to  some  consideration  of  them.  For  a 
cursory  survey  of  Gissing's  literary  output 
his  competent  and  friendly  critic,  Mr.  Thomas 
Seccombe,  in  his  introduction  to  "The  House 
of  Cobwebs,"  takes  nearly  fifty  pages.  This 
is  far  too  little:  George  Gissing  should  have 
a  niche  in  the  Pantheon  of  "English  Men  of 
Letters,"  and  Mr.  Seccombe  should  be  the 
sculptor  of  the  noble  image.  I  take  as  a  text, 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


or  pretext,  for  the  little  that  can  be  said  here 
the  story  called  "The  Odd  Women," — partly 
because  I  am  now  re-reading  it  with  increasing 
admiration,  partly  because  Mr.  Seccombe  takes 
occasion  to  fling  a  hasty  stone  at  it.  In  an 
ill-considered  foot-note,  he  stigmatizes  this 
novel  as  "a  rather  sordid  and  depressing  sur- 
vey of  the  life-histories  of  certain  orphaned 
daughters  of  a  typical  Gissing  doctor."  This 
reminds  one  of  Besant's  anecdote  of  the  man 
from  Auckland  who  landed  at  "Wapping,  spent 
six  weeks  rambling  aimlessly  about  East 
London,  never  venturing  westward  beyond  j 
the  tower,  and  carried  home  the  report  that 
London, '  though  immense,  is  architecturally 
very  inferior  to  Auckland.  Mr.  Seccombe 
appears  to  have  seen  only  the  Whitechapel  dis- 
trict of  the  novel  in  question.  It  would  be  as 
true  to  describe  "The  Tempest"  as  a  sordid 
tale  about  a  savage  monster  and  a  parcel  of 
drunken  sailors.  I  have  cited  the  least  violent 
part  of  Mr.  Seccombe 's  calumnious  descrip- 
tion, which  is  calculated  to  warn  readers  of 
wholesome  taste  away  from  the  book.  One 
would  have  thought  that  only  a  newspaper 
critic  could  venture  to  base  a  verdict  so  severe 
upon  the  title  and  the  first  two  chapters. 

The  truth  is,  of  course,  that  even  as  to  plot, 
which,  though  ingenious,  affords  by  no  means 
a  chief  reason  for  admiration  of  this  novel, 
these  sordid  "life-histories"  are  distinctly 
subordinate.  The  main  plot  and,  what  is  more 
to  the  purpose,  the  main  interest,  are  con- 
cerned with  the  pursuit  by  a  strong  and 
resolute  man  of  an  equally  resolute  woman 
who  had  devoted  herself  heart  and  soul  to  the 
uplifting  of  unfortunate  sisters,  and  specific- 
ally to  a  school  designed  to  train  to  self-help- 
fulness as  many  as  possible  of  the  "odd 
.women,"  —  the  discards  of  the  matrimonial 
market.  These  two  capital  figures,  lovingly 
portrayed  at  full  length  and  with  minute 
detail  by  the  sure  hand  of  a  master,  are  set 
in  brilliant  relief  upon  that  obscure  back- 
ground whereon  it  would  be  morbid  to  fix 
one 's  gaze.  In  contrast  with  this  really  bright 
and  charming  story,  there  emerges  from  the 
background  pretty  Monica,  who  is  cast  away 
upon  the  desert  island  of  marriage  with  a 
species  of  lower-middle-class  Othello,  a  fero- 
ciously conscientious  chap  with  primitive 
views  about  the  subjection  of  woman.  Then 
there  is  the  engaging  episode,  which  has  all 
the  requisites  of  a  good  "short  story,"  of 


the  marriage  of  Micklethwaite  after  an  en- 
gagement of  seventeen  years.  That  it  is  what 
Mr.  Seccombe  calls  "a  jack-in-the-box  plot" 
matters  little ;  comparatively  few  long  English 
novels  can  boast  of  the  exemplary  unity  of 
"The  Egoist"  or  "The  Return  of  the  Native." 
What  greatly  matters  is  that  there  is  nothing 
puppet-like  about  the  personages  who  live  and 
move  and  have  their  being  upon  these  fas- 
cinating pages, — pages  over  some  of  which 
one  lingers  long  and  of  which  it  would  be 
difficult  to  skip  any, — except  perhaps  the  some- 
what perfunctory  final  chapter.  Philosophi- 
cally, the  novel  treats  of  the  "woman  ques- 
tion," whereof  it  contains  discussions  more 
material  and  penetrating  than  some  regular 
treatises.  The  natural  and  abundant  dia- 
logue,— wise,  witty,  on  occasion  trivial,  but 
never  insignificant, — is  full  of  good  things. 
The  merely  descriptive  passages  are  models  of 
terse  and  graphic  handling  such  as  is  rarer 
in  English  than  in  French  fiction.  Portrayal 
of  character  is  in  solution  in  the  dialogue ;  the 
author  refrains  from  advising  you  what  you 
ought  to  think  of  his  creatures,  though  he  does 
sometimes  pause  to  describe  their  thoughts, 
instead  of  compelling  the  reader  to  infer 
them.  Notably,  there  is  little  indulgence  in 
verbal  landscape-painting, —  that  ingenious 
modern  device  for  filling  up  the  time  (and 
the  page)  while  awaiting  some  delayed  train 
of  thought.  I  believe  this  book  contains  not 
a  single  touch  of  what  is  called  "description 
of  nature"  before  the  twenty-fifth  chapter, 
where  the  lovers  are  alone  together  by  flood 
and  fell;  and  even  here,  though  delightful 
glimpses  of  scenery  are  scattered  through  the 
narrative,  there  is  no  formal  landscape-piece. 
A  lecture,  generally  one  of  a  course,  while 
the  vessel  is  failing  to  get  under  way  or  lying 
becalmed  in  the  doldrums,  is  an  accepted  fea- 
ture of  English  fiction  as  practised  by  the 
masters,  Fielding,  Scott,  George  Eliot,  Thack- 
eray, Meredith,  even  Dickens,  and  from  these 
high  regions  down  to  a  nadir  in  Mr.  E.  F. 
Benson  ("The  Oakleyites").  How  often  does 
the  long-suffering  reader  cry  out  to  the  novel- 
ist, as  did  Hamlet  to  the  player,  "Begin,  mur- 
derer, pox,  leave  thy  damnable  faces  and 
begin!" 

In  using  just  now  the  term  "nadir"  I  meant 
to  imply  that  I  was  speaking  of  stars,  and 
that  the  writer  mentioned  is  a  member  of  the 
same  system,  at  whatever  astronomic  distance. 
There  is  an  imperfectly  defined  but  distinct 


THE    DIAL 


[June  22 


zone  along  which  literature  leaves  off  above 
and  beneath  which  flourish  journalism,  adver-  | 
tisement-writing,  all  multitudinous  forms  of 
penmanship.  When  it  chances  that  one  of  the 
million  penmen,  emerging,  shoots  up  through 
this  zone,  there  is  joy  in  Heaven.  That  tran- 
sit must  have  been  made  by  George  Gissing  at 
an  early  age.  Born  in  1857,  he  published  his 
first  novel,  "Workers  in  the  Dawn,"  as  early 
as  1880.  Between  this  date  and  1903,  when 
he  died,  the  amount  of  his  production,  consid- 
ering its  quality  and  the  unfavoring  circum- 
stances, is  amazing.  The  list  contains  twenty- 
two  novels,  two  volumes  of  short  stories,  an 
abridgment  of  Forster's  life  of  Dickens,  a 
critical  study  of  Dickens,  besides  the  two  re- 
markable books  of  which  I  spoke  at  the  outset. 
The  adequate  study  of  his  life  and  work  which 
is  yet  to  seek  will  perhaps  determine  at  what 
moment  of  his  career  Gissing  crossed  the 
dubious  zone  of  twilight  and  emerged  a  star 
shining  with  its  own  internal  light. 

At  risk  of  being  thought  whimsical,  I  sug- 
gest (by  way  of  bringing  this  causerie  to  a 
close)  that  George  Gissing  as  an  artist  is  own 
brother  to  Jane  Austen.  They  are  alike  in 
minute  accuracy  of  observation,  in  perfection 
of  fabric,  in  sureness  of  touch,  in  the  well- 
bred  simplicity  which  is  the  last  refinement  of 
art.  By  no  means  do  I  resent  the  implication 
that  Gissing  has  a  certain  feminine  quality, — 
but  this,  mind  you,  is  by  no  means  equivalent 
to  the  denial  of  his  virility  as  an  artist.  Con- 
trast his  women,  for  example,  with  Meredith's 
bright  creations, — Clara  Middleton,  Lucy 
Feverel,  Rhoda  Fleming,  Diana  of  the  Cross- 
ways, — all  colored  with  the  flaming  tints  of 
masculine  passion.  We  see  them  all  through 
the  eyes  of  their  first  lover,  who  is  the  author 
of  their  being.  Gissing  appears,  on  the  other 
hand,  to  be  no  more  in  love  with  his  Rhoda 
Nunn  than  is  Miss  Austen  with  her  Elizabeth 
Bennet.  These  two  kindred  artists  portray 
their  women  with  feminine  detachment,  with 
a  sympathy  excluding  sexual  passion.  Which 
attitude,  that  of  Meredith  (which  seems  also 
to  be  Shakspere's) ,  or  that  of  Miss  Austen  and 
Gissing,  conduces  to  the  truest  vision,  is  an 
sesthetic  question  concerning  which  experts 
are,  as  usual,  divided.  Is  it  a  masculine  or  a 
feminine  note  that  Gissing 's  men  are  apt  to 
be  more  convincingly  portrayed  than  are  Miss 
Austen's? 

But  I  wish  not  to  insist  upon  the  parallel, 
because  it  is  difficult  to  imagine  what  Jane 


Austen  would  turn  out  to  be  with  all  the 
difference  of  the  century,  haunted  with  social 
problems,  heart-heavy  with  the  wretchedness 
of  the  hopeless  human  scene,  exiled  from  her 
fair  country-side,  lodged  solitary  in  a  London 
garret  or  cellar,  ill-clad  and  ill-fed,  cut  off 
from  cheerful  intercourse,  writing  for  her 
bread  and  seasoning  it  with  her  tears.  Diffi- 
cult to  imagine,  and,  the  sensitive  reader  will 
exclaim,  horrible!  Yet  is  the  fact  before  us 
scarcely  less  sad  and  strange.  That  a  man  of 
so  fine  a  temper  was  able  in  such  conditions 
to  pursue  his  existence  is  remarkable  enough. 
That,  harassed  and  depressed  by  circum- 
stances of  peculiar  misery  such  as  have  driven 
others  to  suicide,  he  should  have  been  able  to 
gain  and  hold  an  outlook  so  wide  and  serene, 
to  delineate  so  large  a  section  of  human  life 
at  once  voraciously  and,  on  the  whole,  enter- 
tainingly, is  past  comprehending.  We  can 
only  put  the  marvel  a  little  farther  away, 
murmuring  the  catch-phrase,  "miracle  of 
genius."  How  he  managed  to  induce  soul  and 
body  to  dwell  together  in  amity  throughout 
those  sullen  years  of  toil,  what  hopes  buoyed 
him  up,  what  illusions  he  clung  to,  one  can 
guess  from  a  thousand  details  in  his  novels. 
The  masterpiece  entitled  "New  Grub  Street" 
is  an  instructive  example  of  the  way  in  which 
a  man  of  genius  can  "convert  his  gyves  to 
graces."  It  is  a  vast  series  of  Hogarthian 
cartoons  of  the  human  scene  wherein  he  was 
both  actor  and  spectator.  The  dramatis  per- 
soncB  of  this  darkened  stage,  the  Milvains  and 
the  Yules,  Reardon,  Biffin,  Hinks,  Whelpdale, 
are  more  or  less  involved  in  the  tragic  fate 
that  overshadowed  him.  They  are  no  mere 
creations  of  fancy:  they  clank  the  chain  that 
shackled  him,  their  living  flesh  is  seared  with 
the  same  branding-iron. 

To  those  who  look  to  fiction  for  cheer,  for 
a  kind  of  opiate  for  the  memory,  perhaps  for 
brief  respite  from  intolerable  conditions,  I 
hesitate  to  recommend  the  novels  of  George 
Gissing.  Some  may  indeed  find  here  what- 
ever consolation  there  may  be  in  the  reminder 
that  "we  are  not  all  alone  unhappy."  It  is 
hard  to  conceive  that  anyone  can  be  the  worse 
for  commerce  with  an  author  whose  observa- 
tion is  so  intelligent  and  whose  art  is  so  re- 
fined. That  these  novels  are  not  examples  of 
flawless  art  is  probably  the  fault  of  the  public 
to  which  perforce  he  catered.  Speaking  for 
myself,  these  books  are  chiefly  dear  and  affect- 
ing because  of  the  traces  of  his  own  nature, 


1916] 


THE   DIAL 


because  my  hand  touches  sometimes  the  scars 
of  his  own  wounds.  As  we  follow  these  traces 
of  him,  the  author  sooner  or  later  reveals 
himself  as  a  friend. 

Short  was  his  life  and  full  of  labor  and  j 
sorrow;  pity  he  could  not  have  been  spared  | 
to  see  the  good  years  wherein  he  might  have 
enjoyed  some  fruition  of  his  painful  sowing! 
Yet  his  art  bears  silent  and  eloquent  testimony , 
to  the  many,  many  hours  of  deep  enjoyment 
that  must  have  been  his.    Despite  the  tragedy 
that  clouded  his  life  and  that  overglooms  his 
works,  we  cannot,  on  the  whole,  call  other  than 
happy  the  fate  of  one  who  had  the  grace  to 

translate  the  stubbornness  of  Fortune 
Into  so  quiet  and  so  sweet  a  style. 

MELVILLE  B.  ANDERSON. 
Florence,  Italy. 


LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IN  LONDON. 
(Special  Correspondence  of  THE  DIAL.) 


Members  of  the  Fabian  Society  have  never 
taken  a  modest  view  of  the  abilities,  influence, 
and  importance  of  that  body;  and  as  one  of 
them  I  may  be  comprehended,  if  not  pardoned, 
if  I  say  that  Mr.  E.  R.  Pease's  "History  of 
the  Fabian  Society"  is  one  of  the  most  inter- 
esting books  of  the  year.  Mr.  Pease,  over 
thirty  years  ago,  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Society.  The  first  meetings  were  held  in 
his  rooms,  and  for  many  years  he  was  its  Sec- 
retary. He  might  almost  be  called  the  Memory 
of  the  Society:  the  drawers  of  his  mind  are 
full  of  information  about  long  forgotten 
debates  and  dead  pioneers.  It  is  natural  that 
a  great  many  of  his  chapters  have  rather  a 
domestic  interest;  few  except  Fabians  them- 
selves can  be  expected  to  take  a  feverish  inter- 
est in  the  rejected  programmes  of  rebel 
bodies  within  the  Society,  and  the  genesis  of 
propagandist  tracts  which  are  now  on  the 
shelf.  But  anyone  who  reads  the  book,  keeping 
his  eye  all  the  time  on  the  contemporary 
political  history  of  England,  will  find  it  very 
enlightening,  for  it  is  the  history  of  the  mod- 
ern social  reform  movement  in  parvo.  It  is 
also  stimulative,  for  it  shows  how  much  can 
be  done,  even  in  a  large  modern  State,  by  a 
small  group  of  intelligent  and  determined 
persons  unassisted  by  wealth  or  social  prestige. 
In  the  early  eighties,  Pease  was  a  young 
member  of  the  Stock  Exchange,  Webb  and 
Sydney  Oliver  were  Colonial  Office  clerks,  and 
Bernard  Shaw  an  immigrant  Irish  journalist 
whose  books  were  still  in  his  brain  and  who 
was  learning  to  speak  at  street  corners  and 


at  suburban  ''Parliaments."  Those  men,  with 
Mrs.  Webb,  Graham  Wallas,  Hubert  Bland, 
and  (for  a  time)  Annie  Besant,  have  done 
almost  all  the  important  work  of  the  Society. 
It  had  a  good  deal  to  do  with  the  formation 
of  the  Labour  Party,  and  with  the  conversion 
of  the  Liberals  from  laissez  faire  individual- 
ism; it  has  shaped  important  Acts  of  Parlia- 
ment; it  has  infected  large  sections  of  the 
English  intelligentzia  with  Socialism;  and  it 
has  had  a  good  deal  to  do  with  the  wholesale 
incursion  of  artists  and  litterateurs  into  polit- 
ical controversy  which  is  so  marked  a  phe- 
nomenon to-day. 

Whether  it  is  a  good  thing  for  the  artist's 
art  that  he  should  be  harnessed  to  the  chariot 
of  social  reform  is  an  open  question.  But  it 
is  a  fact  that  in  our  time  he  usually  is.  It 
isn't  an  altogether  new  thing,  of  course: 
Dickens,  for  instance,  had  something  to  say 
about  private  lunatic  asylums  and  private 
schools,  and  William  Godwin  wrote  "Caleb 
Williams"  merely  in  order  to  expose  the 
defects  of  landlordism  and  the  penal  system. 
But  in  the  twentieth  century  it  is  almost  uni- 
versal; and  the  Fabian  Society,  Shaw  in 
particular,  has  to  a  considerable  extent  been 
instrumental  in  the  change;  though  we  may 
deduce  from  the  experience  of  other  countries 
that  it  would  have  happened  somehow  in 
any  case.  Shaw  is,  of  course,  conspicuous 
throughout  Mr.  Pease's  book.  He  was  not  .in 
the  Society  at  the  start,  but  came  in  soon 
after,  characteristically  getting  himself  elected 
to  the  Committee  at  once  and  proceeding  on 
the  spot  to  show  his  brethren  how  to  draw  up 
pamphlets  which  would  hit  the  public  in  the 
eye.  Some  of  the  later  chapters  are  dominated 
by  Mr.  Wells,  who,  about  ten  years  ago,  came 
charging  into  the  Society,  trumpeting  like  an 
excited  elephant,  and  demanding  that  the 
Fabians,  amongst  other  things,  should  become 
a  political  party.  There  was  a  brief  Civil 
War,  and  in  the  end  Mr.  Wells  was  beaten 
and  seceded.  Where  he  failed  nobody  else 
could  succeed;  the  waves  of  revolt  beat  in 
vain  against  the  Old  Gang;  Us  y  sont,  Us  y 
restent. 

Bernard  Shaw's  new  "Androcles"  book, 
with  a  preface  on  the  Christian  religion  and 
its  Founder,  will  presumably  have  appeared 
on  your  side  already.  At  the  moment  Mr. 
Shaw  is  engaged  in  a  controversy  with  Mr. 
Chesterton.  With  a  new  book  as  his  text,  he 
analyzed  at  great  length  in  "The  New 
Statesman"  the  flaws  in  Chesterton's  intel- 
lect. It  was  to  be  expected  that  Chesterton 
in  reply  would  point  out  several  large  beams 
in  his  critic's  eye ;  and  in  "The  New  Witness" 
he  argues  that  the  whole  of 'Shaw's  political 


8 


THE    DIAL 


[June  22 


career  has  been  spent  in  vain,  that  Collectivist 
propaganda  has  only  brought  the  Servile  State 
upon  us,  and  that  the  only  way  out  is  the 
Distributive  State  of  that  eminent  peasant- 
proprietor,  Mr.  Hilaire  Belloc.  Incidentally, 
the  weekly  articles  that  G.  K.  C.  is  writing 
for  "The  New  Witness"  under  the  title,  "At 
the  Sign  of  the  World's  End"  (which  is  a 
public  house  in  Chelsea),  are  the  best  journal- 
ism he  has  ever  done.  The  journal,  a  weekly 
edited  by  G.  K.'s  brother,  Cecil,  is  the  suc- 
cessor of  "The  Eye  Witness,"  which  was 
founded  by  Belloc  to  attack  party  politicians. 
It  has  been  very  good  lately.  Cecil  Chesterton 
has  collected  together  a  staff  of  men  none  of 
whom  fit  into  the  ordinary  political  grooves 
but  all  of  whom  write  exceedingly  well.  Their 
views  I  won't  discuss;  but  their  invective  is 
at  once  violent  and  polished,  and  commands 
admiration  even  when  it  is  directed  against 
one's  own  friends.  G.  K.  Chesterton  has  not, 
I  think,  published  a  new  work  during  the  last 
month ;  but  he  has  several  on  the  way,  includ- 
ing a  "History  of  England."  At  a  venture 
one  may  anticipate  that  he  will  be  right  where 
the  conventional  historians  are  wrong,  and 
wrong  where  they  are  right. 

Mrs.  Mary  Agnes  Hamilton's  "Dead  Yes- 
terday" is  the  new  novel  which  is  being  most 
discussed.  It  attempts  an  historical  social  sur- 
vey of  the  years  immediately  preceding  the 
war.  The  author  is  on  the  staff  of  "The 
Economist, " —  a  queer  place  for  a  novelist  to 
be  in  any  age  but  this.  There  has  been  no 
good  new  poetry;  the  nearest  thing  to 
it  is  Charles  Doughty 's  "The  Titans."  Mr. 
Doughty  is  an  extraordinary  old  man.  A 
generation  ago  he  wrote  a  very  great  thing — 
"Wanderings  in  Arabia  Deserta."  It  is  one 
of  the  finest  travel  books  in  the  language ;  it 
has  —  what  is  so  often  falsely  attributed  to 
second  rate  books  —  the  true  epic  quality; 
and,  though  it  has  never  had  the  fame  it 
deserves,  the  intensity  with  which  some  peo- 
ple appreciate  it  is  shown  by  the  prodigious 
price  one  has  to  pay  (if  one  can  get  a  copy  at 
all)  for  a  copy  of  the  original  edition.  In  the 
last  ten  years  Mr.  Doughty  has  taken  to  writ- 
ing immensely  long  poems,  the  best  of  which 
are  "The  Dawn  in  Britain"  and  "Adam  Cast 
Forth. "  They  are  remarkable  on  the  one  hand 
for  their  occasional  superb  beauties,  and  on 
the  other  for  their  unique  obscurity.  Mr. 
Doughty  affects  the  most  outlandish  construc- 
tions, compressions,  and  words.  He  some- 
times writes  like  an  ancient  Angle,  Saxon,  or 
Jute  who  has  awoke  from  a  long  trance  and 
spent  six  months  learning  the  modern  tongue 
in  an  English  agricultural  household  where 


Milton  and  the  Bible  are  on  the  shelves.  This 
beginning  of  book  two  is  typical : 

Among  the  infinite  stars  of  firmament: 

Hath  many  sythes;    sith  GOD'S  HAND  launcht 

it  forth; 

Bowed  down  slow-reeling  axe-tree  of  Earth  clot 
.     Before   the    THRONE!      Each   Keverence,    star- 
priests  tell  us, 

As  thirty  thousand  Suns  revolving  years, 
Endures. 

There  is  no  pose  about  it;  it  is  as  natural  to 
him  as  to  them  was  the  uncouthness  of  his 
rock-born  Titans.  The  theme  of  the  new  book 
is  a  characteristically  tremendous  one:  the 
birth  of  the  world  from  Chaos,  the  play  of  the 
elements  and  the  growth  of  vegetation  before 
man  was,  the  wars  of  the  Titans  and  the  Gods, 
the  wanderings  and  inventions  of  our  earliest 
ancestors.  There  are  some  beautiful  passages : 
one  especially  describing  spring  in  the  young 
world  before  the  creation  of  the  human  race. 
But  such  passages  are  few;  and  large  tracts 
of  the  poem  (though  the  poet's  mind  is  always 
labouring)  are  as  arid  to  the  traveller  as  the 
desert  in  which  the  first  tribe  nearly  perished 
of  thirst.  I  would  not  warn  anyone  against 
"The  Titans" ;  it  is  the  work  of  a  man  who  is 
almost  a  great  poet.  But  it  would  be  unwise 
of  anyone  who  does  not  know  Doughty 's 
works  to  begin  with  this  one. 

Three  plays  by  "Georgian"  poets  —  Gordon 
Bottomley's  "King  Lear's  Wife,"  Eupert 
Brooke's  "Lithuania,"  and  W.  W.  Gibson's 
"Hoops" — were  produced  at  a  special  matinee 
recently.  They  had  a  very  moderate  success. 
Brooke's  play  was  unrevised;  Bottomley's  is 
unconvincing, —  it  piles  up  ineffective  grue- 
somenesses,  and  its  best  poetical  parts  are  pre- 
cisely those  which  go  least  well  on  the  stage. 
Other  events  are  the  death  in  Italy  of  H.  P. 
Home,  and  the  appearance  of  the  first  number 
of  "Form."  Home  was  the  author  of  the 
standard  work  on  Botticelli,  and  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  typographical  revival.  Types 
designed  by  him  are  used  by  the  Florence  and 
Kiccardi  Presses.  "Form,"  which  appears 
somewhat  later  than  was  intended,  has  an 
unusually  large  page,  which  lends  itself  to 
experiments  in  design.  The  text  consists 
mainly  of  poems;  there  are  eight  by  W.  B. 
Yeats,  and  others  by  Sturge  Moore,  W.  H. 
Davies,  W.  de  la  Mare,  Francis  Burrows,  and 
Laurence  Housman, —  many  of  them  repro- 
duced from  copies  written  out  by  hand. 
Other  contributors  are  Frank  Brangwyn  (a 
double-page  wood  cut),  Charles  Shannon, 
Charles  Ricketts,  and  Austin  Spare,  the 
editor. 

London,  June  8,  1916.  J'  ;  '  bQU] 


1916] 


THE   DIAL 


CASUAL   COMMENT. 


GETTING  OUT  OF  THE  EDUCATIONAL  TREADMILL  is 
something  that  the  live  educator  and  the  live  stu- 
dent have  to  do  repeatedly;  for  any  prescribed 
course  of  study  tends  to  become  sooner  or  later 
a  treadmill,  just  as  all  forms  of  devotion  tend 
toward  a  soulless  ritualism,  and  all  manners  and 
customs  toward  meaningless  convention.  Ainherst 
College,  which  has  always  thrown  the  weight  of 
its  influence  on  the  side  of  the  retention  of  the 
humanities  in  liberal  culture,  now  again  commands 
approval  by  its  effort  to  make  its  courses  of  study 
more  than  ever  a  quickening  of  the  spirit  by 
relieving  them  of  deadening  formality.  Next  year 
fifteen  special  senior  courses  are  to  be  offered, 
with  emphasis  upon  individual  research  and  upon 
the  correlation  of  all  studies  as  something  more 
than  so  many  scraps  of  unrelated  learning.  The 
seminar  method  will  be  largely  used,  each  of  these 
conclaves  limiting  itself  to  not  more  than  ten 
members,  and  sometimes  having  two  or  more  pro- 
fessors present,  not  necessarily  representing  the 
same  department.  .  Among  the  new  courses  thus 
offered  is  one  by  President  Meiklejohn  and  Pro- 
fessor Toll  on  contemporary  problems  of  philoso- 
phy. Two  professors,  one  in  the  English  department 
and  one  in  history,  will  give  a  course  on  ideas  of 
political  and  religious  freedom  in  English  history 
and  literature.  The  department  of  economics  offers 
a  course  on  social  control  of  industrial  activity. 
Other  new  courses  are  on  significant  motives  and 
tendencies  in  literature,  particularly  in  modern 
poetry ;  on  early  German  drama ;  and  on  the  devel- 
opment of  political  theory.  All  these  courses,  with 
their  wide  opportunity  for  original  investigation 
and  for  free  and  many-sided  discussion,  represent 
a  far  remove  from  the  old  daj^s  when,  too  often, 
a  ten-minute  scramble  through  half  a  dozen  pages 
of  the  textbook  constituted  many  a  happy-go- 
lucky  student's  sole  preparation  for  the  ordeal  of 

the  classroom. 

•     •     • 

PROBLEMS  IK  PUNCTUATION  have  a  fascination 
for  certain  minds  belonging  to  what,  for  con- 
venience, may  be  called  the  logic-chopping  order. 
A  strictly  logical  system  of  punctuation  is  a  desid- 
eratum; but  the  shades  of  relationship  between 
words  and  clauses  are  so  various  as  to  make  such 
a  system  impossible  without  the  use  of  an  incon- 
venient number  of  punctuation  marks.  Even  with 
the  comparatively  few  marks  now  recognized  there 
is  a  tendency  to  limit  oneself  to  the  comma,  the 
period,  and  the  dash;  the  last-named  serving  all 
uses  not  served  by  the  other  two,  and  frequently 
usurping  the  functions  of  the  other  two.  Until 
recently  there  has  been  but  one  standard  work  on 
English  punctuation,  the  treatise  by  John  Wilson, 
the  printer,  which  was  first  published  at  Man- 
chester, England,  in  1844,  was  republished  in 
Boston  six  years  later,  and  had  gone  through 
seventeen  editions  as  early  as  1868.  A  much  later 
hand-book,  originally  of  anonymous  authorship, 
has  now  appeared  in  revised  and  enlarged  form 
as  the  work  by  Mr.  William  Livingston  Klein. 
"Why  We  Punctuate"  (issued  by  the  Lancet  Pub- 


lishing Co.  of  Minneapolis)  is  sub-titled,  "Reason 
versus  Rule  in  the  Use  of  Marks,"  though  it  does 
not  antagonize  the  commonly  accepted  punctuation, 
but  rather  bases  it  on  a  fundament  of  reason.  Of 
course  careless  and  faulty  punctuators  are  called 
to  account,  as  would  be  expected  in  any  treatise 
of  the  sort.  Certain  current  usages  of  doubtful 
correctness  might  well  have  received  a  degree  of 
attention  that  has  not  been  given  them  by  this 
writer.  For  instance,  an  undiscriminating  use  of 
.the  comma  is  familiar  in  sentences  of  the  following 
type:  Her  costume  was  old-fashioned,  grotesque,, 
unbecoming,  in  short,  positively  hideous.  The  com- 
mas before  and  after  "in  short"  would  imply  a 
likeness  of  relation  between  that  phrase  and  the 
words  immediately  before  and  those  immediately 
after  it,  whereas  the  connection  with  what  follows 
is  much  closer  than  that  with  what  precedes.  Yet 
few  writers  would  take  the  little  trouble  necessaiy 
to  make  this  clear  to  the  eye.  The  same  error  is 
often  committed  in  introducing  such  a  word  as 
"namely"  into  the  body  of  a  sentence.  Another 
prevalent  violation  of  both  rule  and  reason  in 
punctuation  is  seen  in  the  excessive  use  of  the  full 
stop  where  there  is  nothing  approaching  a  com- 
plete sentence  to  require  it.  This  illogical  and 
irritating  practice  should  be  condemned.  As  a  plea 
for  right  reason,  however,  and  careful  discrimina- 
tion in  the  use  of  punctuation  marks,  Mr.  Klein's 
book  is  heartily  to  be  commended.  For  clearness 
and  conciseness  it  is  distinctly  superior  to 
Wilson's  "masterful  work,"  as  that  writer's  suc- 
cessor ungrudgingly  calls  the  "Treatise  on  English 
Punctuation,"  to  which  he  erroneously  assigns  the 
year  1826  as  the  date  of  its  first  appearance. 


HUMOROUS  SELF-PORTRAITURE  is  a  favorite  form 
of  literary  expression  with  more  than  one  author 
of  genius.  ( The  second-rate  and  third-rate  authors 
are  inclined  to  take  themselves  too  seriously  for  any 
such  whimsical  performance.)  Mark  Twain,  in 
letter  and  diary  and  printed  book,  abounds  in 
extravagant  but  almost  always  amusing  self -depre- 
ciation. T.  B.  Aldrich,  as  in  "The  Story  of  a  Bad 
Boy,"  could  make  himself  and  his  doings  contribu- 
tory to  mirthful  entertainment.  Stevenson  had  a 
way  of  poking  fun  at  himself  in  his  more  intimate 
correspondence  and  in  the  privacy  of  his  diary. 
Here  is  a  passage  that  catches  the  eye  in  a  trade 
catalogue  of  Stevensoniana  offered  for  sale  by  C. 
Gerhardt  &  Co.  of  New  York.  It  is  a  bit  of  auto- 
biography from  a  manuscript  notebook  of  about 
sixteen  pages,  priced  at  $165.00.  "Born  1850  at 
Edinburgh.  Pure  Scotch  blood;  descended  from 
the  Scotch  Lighthouse  Engineers,  three  genera- 
tions. Himself  educated  for  the  family  profession. 

.  .  But  the  marrow  of  the  family  was  worked 
out,  and  he  declined  into  the  man  of  letters.  First 
appearance  in  print,  1873;  called  to  the  Scotch 
Bar  (which  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  English) 
about  1875.  .  .  His  first  volume,  'An  Inland 
Voyage'  (which  good  folk  in  the  States  call,  for 
some  reason,  'An  Inland  Boat  Voyage'),  appeared 
in  18 — .  It  was  the  record  of  a  tour  made  in 
company  with  Sir  Walter  Simpson,  to  whom  the 
cheap  English  issue  was  dedicated.  As  this  dedi- 


10 


THE   DIAL 


{June  22 


cation  has  never  appeared  in  the  States,  there  is  a 
piece  of  news.  .  .  He  is  of  a  prodigious  lean 
and  hungry  air,  inspiring  no  confidence;  wherever 
he  goes  the  police  frown  upon  him,  bankers  refuse 
to  cash  his  drafts,  and  the  innkeeper  excludes  him. 
This  chequers  his  career  and  makes  the  mildest 
travel  adventures.  Mr.  S.  has  known  the  interior 
of  a  gaol." 

THE  COLLEGE  FACULTY  AND  THE  COLLEGE  TRUS- 
TEES have  in  the  past  been  rather  notoriously  given 
to  clashing,  the  one  body  with  the  other,  each 
jealous  of  its  rights  and  privileges,  and  not  always 
guiltless  of  usurping  powers  not  belonging  to  it. 
At  this  commencement  season  when  plans  for  the 
approaching  academic  year  are  taking  form,  there 
are  signs  of  a  salutary  strengthening  of  the  powers 
of  those  who  more  immediately  control  the  des- 
tinies of  the  college  or  university.  Arbitrary 
action  on  the  part  of  trustees  has  ever  aroused 
resentment  in  the  professors,  and  a  less  autocratic 
method  of  administration  has  been  desired.  Not 
long  ago  there  was  given  in  these  columns  an  out- 
line of  a  proposed  constitution  for  the  University 
of  Illinois,  in  which  provision  was  made  for 
faculty  participation  in  the  deliberations  of  trus- 
tees, and  in  general  for  an  increased  measure  of 
influence  and  authority  on  the  part  of  the  faculty 
in  university  management.  And  now  there  comes 
from  Bryn  Mawr  report  of  a  reorganization 
whereby  three  members  of  the  faculty,  chosen  by 
the  faculty,  are  to  take  part  in  the  councils  of  the 
governing  board,  though  without  power  to  vote; 
and,  not  less  important,  any  proposed  discharge 
of  a  member  of  the  teaching  body  is  to  be  sub- 
mitted to  a  committee  of  the  faculty,  as  also,  so 
far  as  practicable,  any  proposed  addition  to  that 
body.  Here,  too,  the  power  conferred  is  only 
advisory,  but  it  is  in  the  direction  of  that  reform 
lately  urged  by  the  American  Association  of  Uni- 
versity Professors  in  its  deliberations  on  the 
best  means  of  safeguarding  the  college  or  univer- 
sity teacher  in  his  tenure  of  office.  Cornell  and 
Pennsylvania  have  also  taken  recent  action  similar 
in  character  to  that  of  Bryn  Mawr.  Not  without 
its  bearing  upon  all  this,  one  now  perceives,  has 
been  the  recent  widely-reported  case  of  Professor 
Scott  Nearing,  as  also  that  of  Professor  Willard 
C.  Fisher. 

•     •     • 

DANTE'S  DEEPER  MEANINGS  are  obscured  to  many 
readers  not  only  by  his  own  vivid  word-pictures 
but  also  by  the  efforts  of  the  artist  to  convey  those 
pictures  in  a  medium  appealing  directly  to  the  eye 
of  sense.  Dore's  illustrations  are  wonderful  in 
their  delineation  of  the  awful,  their  power  to  evoke 
shudders;  but  the  careless  reader  of  to-day  closes 
the  book  with  little  perception  of  the  spiritual 
truths  thus  symbolically  interpreted  from  the 
poet's  pages.  As  the  late  Charles  Joseph  Little 
says  in  a  recent  volume  of  essays  noticed  on 
another  page,  "Dante  has  suffered  much  from  illus- 
tration. What  most  readers  know  is  not  the  poem, 
but  the  pictures  between  the  leaves.  They  forget 
that  to  the  poet  hell  was  allegory  and  truth  the 
reality.  His  pictures  were  a  transient  vision,  but 


the  justice  of  God  was  an  eternal  fact.  .  . 
Because  his  vivid  vision  lends  itself  so  readily  to 
the  artist's  pencil  we  sometimes  forget,  if  we  ever 
knew  it,  that  the  power  of  him  lies  not  so  much  in 
what  he  depicts,  wonderful  as  that  is,  as  in  that 
which  he  suggests."  Milton's  words,  "Whither  I 
go  is  Hell,  myself  am  Hell,"  are  quoted  by  the 
writer,  who  might  have  added  FitzGerald's  brief 
summing-up  of  the  whole  matter,  "I  myself  am 
Heaven  and  Hell."  A  certain  wise  parent  once 
said  to  his  little  boy  who  was  crying  at  being  left 
alone  in  the  dark:  "My  son,  there  is  nobody  there 
to  frighten  you  but  yourself;  and  in  all  your  life 
you  will  never  meet  with  anyone  or  anything  to 
cause  you  fear  but  that  same  self  of  yours." 


THE  EFFECT  OF  ITERATION,  whether  for  good  or 
ill,  was  well  understood  by  Falstaff  when  he 
exclaimed  to  Prince  Henry:  "0,  thou  hast  dam- 
nable iteration  and  art  indeed  able  to  corrupt  a 
saint.  Thou  hast  done  much  harm  upon  me  Hal; 
God  forgive  thee  for  it!"  Not  pausing  here  to 
enjoy  the  humor  of  this  speech,  we  pass  to  another 
and  very  different  example  of  iteration.  The 
Grand  Rapids  Public  Library  "Bulletin"  prints 
and  reprints  sundry  pieces  of  good  advice  to  its 
readers,  urging  them,  among  other  things,  to  ask 
for  what  they  don't  see,  to  take  books  on  their 
summer  vacation,  to  keep  on  learning,  etc.  Here 
is  a  good  and  characteristic  paragraph  headed 
"Tell  Your  Neighbor":  "The  Library  goes  into 
more  homes  of  Grand  Rapids  than  any  other  muni- 
cipal department,  except  the  city  water  works; 
and  of  all  other  institutions  only  the  gas  company 
and  one  newspaper  surpass  it  in  the  number  of 
homes  entered.  It  wants  to  go  into  every  home. 
As  a  user  of  the  Library  tell  your  neighbor  who 
is  not  using  it  how  he  can  do  so  to  his  advantage. 
It  is  a  neighborly  act  to  tell  your  neighbor  of 
something  that  is  worth  while ;  or  better  still  bring 
him  to  the  Library  and  help  him  get  acquainted." 
No  artful  advertiser  better  knows  the  value  of 
keeping  everlastingly  at  it  in  iteration  and  reiter- 
ation than  does  Librarian  Ranck  of  Grand  Rapids. 
•  •  • 

THE     SLACKENED    STREAM    OF    ENGLISH    NOVELS 

serves  to  remind  the  novel-reader,  incidentally, 
that  English  energies  are  in  these  days  largely 
turned  in  other  directions  than  imaginative  litera- 
ture, or  literature  of  any  sort.  The  London  liter- 
ary correspondent  of  the  Boston  "Transcript" 
touches  upon  this  point  in  a  recent  reference  to 
present-day  novel-writers  of  England.  "It  was 
always  a  grievance  of  theirs,"  he  says,  "in  the  pre- 
war era,  that  the  enormous  over-production  in  the 
publishing  trade  had,  of  late,  made  the  novel 
almost  as  ephemeral  as  the  monthly  magazine.  In 
three  months  its  sales  were  over  and  its  life  ended, 
for  then  the  avalanche  of  a  new  season  descended 
and  snowed  it  under.  Now  that  they  limit  their 
issue,  the  publishers  are  not  in  such  a  hurry  to 
kill  them  off  and  make  way  for  a  swarm  of  suc- 
cessors; and  if  novels  live  longer  their  authors 
get  more  from  them  in  the  way  of  royalties,  and  so 
are  not  under  the  necessity  of  writing  so  many.  It 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


11 


certainly  is  a  heart-breaking  business  for  a  man 
to  spend  the  better  part  of  a  year  in  building  up 
a  book  that  the  critics  and  the  public  have  all  done 
with  in  a  month  or  two."  Some  novels,  not  always 
the  very  best,  escape  this  fate  of  speedy  oblivion; 
perhaps  now,  under  changed  conditions,  more  will 
escape  it  and,  among  the  reigning  favorites  in  the 
realm  of  romance,  an  Amurath  will  less  speedily 
succeed  an  Amurath. 


BOOKS  THUMBED  BY  WASHINGTON,  some  of  them 
very  much  thumbed,  are  among  the  choicest  pos- 
sessions of  the  Boston  Athenaeum,  famous  reposi- 
tory of  literary  treasures  and  in  celebrity  second 
only  to  the  Philadelphia  Library  (Franklin's 
library)  among  the  subscription  libraries  of 
America.  A  small  bookcase,  four  feet  by  five,  or 
some  such  modest  dimensions,  shut  off  from  the 
profane  and  the  idly  curious  by  being  enclosed  in 
the  sacred  precincts  of  the  trustees'  room,  contains 
a  few  dozen  works  supposed  to  have  been  most 
frequently  read  or  consulted  by  the  father  of  our 
country.  Dumpy  little  volumes  on  the  military 
science  of  that  time  stand  side  by  side  with  equally 
primitive  treatises  on  agriculture,  works  on  poli- 
tics, Arthur  Young's  travels,  James  Rumsey's 
"Plea  for  the  Power  of  Steam"  (1788),  and  a 
considerable  collection  of  pamphlets  —  the  favorite 
form  of  publication  adopted  by  the  ambitious 
author  burning  with  zeal  to  convert  to  his  views 
as  many  as  possible  of  his  erring  fellow-mortals. 
Visitors  to  5ft.  Vernon  who  inspect  with  lively 
interest  the  array  of  old  authors  there  on  view  are 
in  only  occasional  instances  aware  that  some  of 
the  most  read  and  most  prized  volumes  of  that 
library  have  long  been  sheltered  beneath  a  roof 
hundreds  of  miles  distant  from  the  Potomac. 


CARD-CATALOGUING  AN  ARMY  of  the  size  with  which 
we  are  now,  after  a  gasp  of  amazement,  becoming 
familiar  must  be  such  a  task  as  only  the  imperative 
necessities  of  war  could  have  induced  any  nation 
to  undertake.  Mention  has  already  been  made  here 
of  the  vast  German  catalogue  of  war  prisoners  in 
Teutonic  custody.  More  stupendous  still  is  the 
system  whereby  the  soldiers  of  France  are,  each 
and  all,  followed  as  far  as  possible  in  the  uncer- 
tain destinies  that  overtake  them.  A  large  hall  in 
the  municipal  building  of  Lyons  is  given  over  to 
card-catalogue  uses,  and  a  special  department 
called  the  ''Bureau  de  Recherches  des  Militaires 
Disparus"  has  been  created  to  operate  this  immense 
and  difficult  system  for  tracing  the  fate  of  any 
missing  soldier  at  any  time.  By  means  of  this 
device,  borrowed,  or  appropriated,  from  the  library 
profession,  the  eager  inquiries  of  anxious  friends 
and  relatives  concerning  those  who  have  disap- 
peared in  the  whirlpool  of  armed  strife  have,  in 
more  than  one-fifth  of  these  instances,  been  author- 
itatively answered.  The  unanswered  questions 
remain  pathetically  in  the  majority  (of  about  four 
to  one),  but  the  measure  of  success  attained  by 
the  cataloguers  is  considerable  when  one  bears  in 
mind  the  tremendous  obstacles  to  success  in  any 


such  investigation.  And  not  merely  information, 
but  also  substantial  relief  and  timely  cheer  to  the 
imprisoned  have  been  made  possible,  as  also  the 
rescue  of  many  a  victim  of  reprisal  through  devices 
known  to  those  expert  in  such  matters.  It  was  a 
Frenchman  who  first  invented  the  card-catalogue, 
and  it  is  fitting  that  the  French  should  now  profit, 
in  however  unexpected  a  manner,  from  that  inven- 
tion. 


JAPAN'S  BOOK-IMPORTATIONS  have  suffered  some 
'  derangement  from  the  all-pervading  effects  of  the 
!  war.  The  Japan  "Times"  reports  that  whereas 
formerly  one-quarter  of  these  importations  came 
from  Germany,  forty  per  cent  from  England,  twen- 
ty-three per  cent  from  America,  and  the  remainder 
from  France  and  other  countries,  now  the  German 
importations  have  entirely  ceased,  with  a  corres- 
ponding increase  in  English,  French,  and  Russian 
imported  literature.  The  languages  and  literatures 
of  France  and  Russia  are  being  studied  more  than 
before,  the  Tokyo  School  of  Foreign  Languages 
showing  this  tendency  in  a  marked  degree.  But 
side  by  side  with  the  increased  reading  of  great 
French  and  Russian  and  English  authors  there 
goes  a  not  unnatural  demand  for  treatises  on  the 
making  of  dye-stuffs  and  medicines,  on  commerce 
and  various  industries,  on  war  and  on  economics. 
Also  works  on  Mongolia  and  Manchuria  are  sought 
— -  a  fact  not  without  significance,  perhaps  porten- 
tous significance.  The  thought  and  temper  of  the 
Far  East,  no  less  than  of  the  rest  of  the  so-called 
civilized  world,  are  being  remarkably  if  not  alarm- 
|  ingly  modified  by  current  events. 


A  PERIODICAL  OBSESSION,  in  a  peculiar  sense  of 
the  phrase,   must  have  been  noted  by  many   a 
random  reader  in  these  days.    One  can  hardly  take 
up  any  one  of  the  leading  magazines  and  reviews 
without  finding  a  considerable  proportion  of  its 
space  devoted  to  war  articles  and  to  articles  that, 
though  not  directly  concerned  with  the  war,  are 
on  subjects  more  or  less  closely  related  to  it.   This 
"featuring"  of  the  great  conflict  that  is  rarely 
i  quite  absent  from  our  minds  is  to  be  expected  in 
the  daily  press.  Its  partial  monopoly  of  less  sensa- 
tional publications  is  more  remarkable.     Among 
the  more  serious  monthly  and  quarterly  current 
periodicals,   a   hasty  examination  of  eight  —  five 
i  American  and  three  English  —  reveals  the  fact  that 
I  not  far  from  one-half  their  contents  has  to  do  with 
!  the  war;    that  is,  of  the  ninety-five  articles  filling 
|  their  pages,  forty-three  are  war  articles.     Thirty- 
:  eight    are    expressly    such,    five    less    exclusively 
I  devoted  to  the  subject.    One  English  monthly  has 
:  eleven  war  articles  out  of  a  total  of  fourteen,  and 
another  has  nine  out  of  fourteen.     Naturally  the 
magazines  of  the  belligerent  countries  give  more 
space  to  the  dominant  theme  than  do  those  of  neu- 
tral countries,  though  our  own  periodical  literature 
j  is  strongly  enough  tinctured  with  war.    A  query, 
;  futile  and  foolish  enough,  arises  as  to  what  im- 
perishable literature  might  under  less  deplorable 
conditions  have  filled  all  those  pages  now  showing 
only  the  panoply  of  war. 


12 


THE    DIAL 


[June  22 


DECLINE  IN  THE  AMERICAN  BOOK-TRADE  FOR  1915 
was  among  the  expected  results  of  the  war.  Some 
of  the  details  of  that  decline,  as  set  forth  by  Mr. 
Fred  E.  Woodward  in  "The  Bookman,"  are  sig- 
nificant. Though  books  by  American  authors  show 
a  much  larger  numerical  decrease  than  those  by 
foreign  authors  (1,631  and  645  respectively),  the 
relative  decrease  is  about  the  same.  Yet  why 
should  there  have  been  in  this  country,  peaceful 
and  prosperous  as  it  is,  any  decrease  approaching 
that  necessitated  by  obvious  causes  in  most  of 
Europe?  Law  books  fell  oft'  more  than  works  in 
any  other  department,  and  this  may  be  a  sign  of 
the  lawlessness  of  the  times.  Poetry  and  drama 
declined  from  902  to  741;  fiction  from  1,053  to 
919.  History,  commerce,  and  domestic  economy 
show  gains,  for  reasons  readily  conjecturable. 
These  same  subjects,  witli  geography,  agriculture, 
and  the  fine  arts,  enjoyed  an  increase  in  England 
also.  Totals  for  the  two  years  exhibit  a  general 
decrease  in  our  book-trade  from  12,010  in  1914  to 
9,734  in  1915.  If  this  falling-oif  were  attributable 
to  a  less  lamentable  cause,  it  might  be  matter  for 
felicitation,  and  one  might  at  least  try  to  believe 
that  what  was  lost  in  quantity  was  gained  in 
quality. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  LIBRARY  SUPPORT,  or  aid  ren- 
dered to  free  libraries  by  individuals  or  associa- 
tions to  eke  out  the  not  too  lavish  appropriations 
from  the  public  funds,  is  always  sure  to  be  most 
heartily  appreciated.  As  has  already  been  noted 
in  these  columns,  such  assistance  often  enables  the 
library  to  give  valuable  service  outside  the 
•ordinary  and  expected  routine.  It  may  open  the 
way  to  fruitful  experiment,  give  scope  to  the 
librarian's  initiative  and  originality,  and,  though 
not  free  from  liability  to  abuse,  must  on  the  whole 
•bring  far  more  of  gain  than  of  loss  to  the  institu- 
tion thus  relieved  of  the  harassing  anxiety  as  to 
how  both  ends  are  to  be  made  to  meet.  The 
Providence  Public  Library,  as  its  librarian's  cur- 
rent Report  announces,  receives  every  year  sub- 
stantial aid  from  an  association  known  as  the 
Children's  Library  Helpers,  which  in  1915  contrib- 
uted more  than  thirteen  hundred  dollars  to  the 
library's  income.  The  giving  of  concerts  seems  to 
be  the  favorite  and  most  successful  expedient  re- 
sorted to  by  these  volunteer  helpers,  and  mention 
is  made  of  a  single  musical  entertainment  that 
yielded  a  net  return  of  $693.13,  which  was  handed 
over  to  the  library.  All  this  activity  is  in  pleasing 
contrast  with  the  more  usual  passive  acquiescence 
in  such  measure  of  municipal  support  as  the  city 
fathers  choose  to  sanction  —  an  acquiescence  often 
enough  not  without  protest,  but  going  no  further. 


A  PROPOSED  BOOK-COLLECTION  OF  UNUSUAL  CHAR- 
ACTER has  aroused  considerable  interest  of  late  in 
the  library  world.  President  James  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois  wishes  the  new  library  building 
planned  for  that  institution  to  contain,  besides  the 
literature  bearing  more  or  less  directly  on  the  work 
of  the  university,  a  comprehensive  collection  of 
books,  manuscripts,  pictures,  and  other  like  matter, 


illustrating  the  life  and  history  of  those  races 
and  nations  that  have  contributed  to  the  building 
up  of  the  United  States.  Many  peoples  and  lan- 
guages will  be  represented,  as,  to  name  some  of  the 
more  important,  the  English,  Scandinavian,  Ger- 
man, French,  Italian,  Hungarian,  Russian,  Finnish, 
Armenian,  Turkish,  Bohemian,  Polish,  Spanish, 
and  Greek.  If  such  a  collection  at  first  seems  to 
emphasize  the  hyphenated  quality  of  our  conglom- 
erate population,  the  very  multitude  of  these  alien 
but  rapidly  assimilating  elements  will  demonstrate 
the  absurdity  and  the  impossibility  of  retaining 
the  hyphen. 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


GEANT  WHITE'S  SHAKESPEAKE. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

It  is  probably  not  an  act  of  violence  to  seize 
upon  the  Shakespeare  tercentenary  as  an  oppor- 
tunity to  retrieve  something  of  the  reputation  of 
a  misrepresented,  and  therefore  misjudged,  editor 
of  Shakespeare.  Richard  Grant  White's  edition 
of  Shakespeare  has  always  received  a  sort  of  com- 
mendation from  the  American  reading  public,  but 
professional  scholars  have  almost  consistently  re- 
ferred to  it  as  an  edition  of  very  unequal  merits; 
and  from  this  uncertainty,  and  in  some  degree 
collision,  of  judgments,  has  developed  a  fairly  gen- 
eral opinion  that  Grant  White  possessed  in  com- 
bination with  some  actual  editorial  discrimination  a 
peculiarly  unsafe  critical  temper  and  a  reckless 
penchant  for  emendation.  It  is  a  generally  unap- 
preciated but  very  significant  fact  that  this  rather 
vaguely  defined  view  of  White's  merits  has  grown 
up  in  connection  with  some  gross  errors  as  to  cer- 
tain fundamental  facts  concerning  his  edition  of 
Shakespeare.  The  bearing  of  these  errors  upon  his 
reputation  as  a  scholar  should  therefore,  in  justice 
to  him,  be  carefully  considered. 

The  domain  of  literary  scholarship  which  ought 
to  be  exactly  scientific  is  bibliography;  and  yet 
strangely  enough,  it  is  the  bibliography  of  White 
which  has  obscured  critical  judgment  of  his  capaci- 
ties as  an  editor — and  simply  because  bibliograph- 
ical records  of  general  repute  have,  where  they 
have  touched  White,  prolonged  and  elaborated  a 
series  of  surprising  inaccuracies. 

The  initial  error  in  this  series  is  Henry  G. 
Bohn's  entry  of  White's  Shakespeare  in  his  re- 
edition  of  Lowndes's  "Bibliographers'  Manual," 
published  in  1860.  Bohn  entered  White's  edition 
as  completed  in  twelve  volumes,  although  only 
seven  volumes  had  at  that  time  appeared,  only  four 
of  these  in  all  probability  having  come  out  before 
Bohn's  copy  was  sent  to  press.  It  is  this  false 
record  which  is  probably  the  source  of  the  current 
impression  that  White  issued  two  distinct  editions, 
one  completed  in  1860,  and  the  other  in  1866  (when 
the  last  volume  of  the  single  edition  did  actually 
appear).  The  error  is  repeated  in  the  bibliography 
attached  to  Professor  Saintsbury's  article  in  the 
"Cambridge  History  of  English  Literature,"  and 
imported  from  that  into  the  recent  "Facts  about 
Shakespeare."  The  latter  volume  magnifies  the 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


13 


error  by  accusing  White  of  "puzzling  openness  to 
conviction  in  successive  changes  of  opinion."  This 
accusation  may  be  applied  to  White's  retraction 
of  many  of  the  critical  judgments  in  his 
"Shakespeare's  Scholar,"  but  it  has  no  basis  in 
connection  with  his  edition  of  Shakespeare,  since 
there  was  at  the  time  but  the  one  edition.  The 
earlier  volumes  were  re-issued  before  the  later  vol- 
umes appeared,  but  they  were  printed  from  the 
original  stereotyped  plates. 

Bohn  is  responsible — though  not  solely  responsi-  : 
ble,  however  —  for  the  currency  of  another  false 
record  which  has  done  much  more  to  injure  White's 
distinction  as  a  scholar.    In  a  note  to  the  entry  just 
cited  he  says:    "This  edition  includes  117  emenda- 
tions from  J.  P.  Collier's  corrected  folio  of  1632." 
This  statement,  which  is  much  exaggerated,  is  still  ; 
given  life  in  such  important  bibliographical  records 
as  Mr.  Saintsbury's  in  the  "Cambridge  History" 
and  Mr.  Jaggard's.     Upon  this  point  White  has 
suffered  a  real  injustice,  for  the  record  itself  not  • 
merely  is  wrong,  but  it  places  White's  position  in 
.the  Collier  controversy  in  a  false  light.     What, 
then,  are  the  facts? 

To  begin  with,  it  is  readily  seen  that  Bohn's  j 
reference  to  White's  edition  as  complete  in  1860 
is  simply  an  example  of  reckless  bibliography:  '. 
Bohn  evidently  had  not  seen  the  edition.  Needless 
to  say,  therefore,  his  memorandum  that  the  edition  '• 
contained  117  emendations  from  Collier's  1632  folio  \ 
was  based  upon  second-hand  information.  The  I 
probable  source  of  this  error  may  be  found  in 
"The  Athena?um"  for  July  4,  1857,  where,  in  an 
announcement  of  White's  forthcoming  edition,  it 
was  said:  "It  will  include  at  least  the  117  emenda- 
tions which  an  eminent  American  critic  has  de- 
clared must  inevitably  be  included  in  the  text  of 
every  impression  of  Shakespeare's  plays  hereafter 
to  be  published  in  any  quarter  of  the  world."  It 
may  be  recalled  that  it  was  "The  Athensum"  which 
stood  sponsor  for  Collier  in  his  controversies  over 
the  Perkins  folio;  and  this  fact  may  explain  why 
the  notice  distorted  entirely  the  actual  views  of  the 
eminent  American  critic  —  who  was  Grant  White 
himself  —  with  regard  to  these  emendations.  What 
White  had  really  said,  in  one  of  his  early 
articles  upon  Collier's  "Notes  and  Emendations" 
("Putnam's  Monthly,"  October,  1853),  was  that  out 
of  the  1303  emendations  which  Collier  brought  for- 
ward, 1054  were  peculiar  to  the  anonymous  cor- 
rector. Of  these  he  utterly  rejected  818,  and  of  the 
remaining  236  he  regarded  119  as  "inadmissible, 
though  plausible."  There  were  117  left  which 
seemed,  as  White  put  it,  "to  be  admissible  cor- 
rections of  passages  which  need  correction.  We 
again  say  '  seem  to  be,'  for  this  number  must  inev- 
itably be  much  reduced  upon  the  discussion  of 
the  merits  of  the  readings  among  the  best 
Shakespearian  critics," —  and  he  constantly  empha- 
sized the  purely  tentative  nature  of  his  judgment 
upon  this  point.  In  a  later  article,  in  "The  North 
American  Review,"  he  said:  "Further  investigation 
has  discovered  to  us  that  many  of  these  117  seem- 
ingly acceptable  changes  are  not  peculiar  to  the 
MS  corrector,  and  also  convinced  us  that  only 
about  seventy-five  of  them  have  claims  to  a  place 
in  the  text." 


When,  however,  the  first  four  volumes  (the 
comedies)  of  White's  edition  appeared,  in  1857, 
•'The  Athenaeum"  reviewer  (November  13,  1858) 
stated  that  White  had  "availed  himself  of  emenda- 
tions in  the  much-belied  folio  of  1632  in  considera- 
bly more  than  a  hundred  instances :  therefore  when 
Mr.  White's  edition  is  completed,  he  will  have  had 
to  make  important  use  of  the  same  source  of  im- 
provement in  not  fewer  than  three  hundred  places." 
White  replied  to  this  serious  misstatement  in  a 
letter  printed  in  "'The  Athenaum"  January  8, 1859, 
stating  that  he  had  used  the  readings  in  question 
in  only  twenty-eight  instances.  Either  he  mis- 
counted, or  his  letter  was  misprinted ;  for  although 
the  first  three  volumes  include  only  twenty-eight  of 
the  emendations  under  dispute,  the  four  volumes 
reviewed  contain  in  fact  thirty-eight.  Bonn's 
entry,  however,  is  evidently  based  upon  the  violent 
misquotation  in  "The  Athenaeum"  notice  and  the 
absurd  exaggeration  in  the  review.  White's  ex- 
planatory letter  did  not  save  him. 

Further  light  upon  White's  actual  attitude  in  the 
Collier  controversy  will  show  how  guiltless  he  is  of 
the  accusation,  or  even  the  implication,  of  using 
Coiner's  emendations  without  discretion.  From 
the  beginning  of  the  controversy,  White  took  an 
impregnable  critical  position.  He  did  not  know  — 
for  only  Singer  had  dared  to  assert  it  then  —  that 
the  corrections  were  counterfeit;  yet  he  used  only 
one  in  sixteen  of  the  corrections  in  Collier's  volume. 
And  these,  it  must  be  pointed  out,  he  accepted 
simply  and  solely  upon  their  merits  as  emenda- 
tions. As  a  result  he  was  criticized  by  bis  reviewers 
(including  Lowell,  Whipple,  and  the  "Athena3um" 
reviewer)  for  the  conservatism  which  induced  him 
to  scrutinize  the  Perkins  f olio  so  cautiously.  When, 
however,  Madden's  and  Maskelyne's  investigations 
revealed  the  spurious  nature  of  the  Collier  correc- 
tions, White's  position  was  undisturbed,  for  he  had 
always  refused  to  admit  their  authority,  even  grant- 
ing their  antiquity  —  which  was  the  matter  of 
dispute.  The  number  of  Collier  emendations  in 
the  later  volumes  of  White's  Shakespeare,  which 
were  published  after  the  exposure,  was  therefore 
not  very  much  less,  proportionately,  than  in  the 
earlier  volumes.  In  all,  he  used  seventy-three 
textual  emendations  from  this  source. 

It  is  an  easy  thing  to-day  to  condemn  White  for 
using  even  this  number;  The  fact  remains,  how- 
ever, that  he  accepted  them  intelligently,  and  that 
in  by  far  the  greater  part  they  represent  rather 
obvious  improvements,  and  improvements  which 
create  no  unwarranted  changes  in  the  sense  of 
passages.  We  can  judge  little  of  the  real  merits 
of  these  corrections  by  considering  whether  or  not 
they  have  been  absorbed  in  the  best  editions  of  the 
present  day ;  for  it  must  be  clear  that  when  Collier 
was  discovered  to  have  been  a  fabricator  of  evi- 
dence, even  the  most  scholarly  and  sane  of  his 
emendations  lost  not  merely  their  importance  but 
their  repute.  These  emendations  are  not  only  not 
generally  acknowledged  to-day,  but  they  practically 
cannot  be  used;  and  the  sense  of  this  fact  is  likely 
to  prejudice  our  view  of  White's  judgment. 

There  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  accumulation 
of  faulty  records  and  faulty  deductions  has  had 
much  to  do  with  the  slight  opinion  in  which  White's 


14 


THE    DIAL 


[June  22 


work  is  now  apparently  held,  and  is  still  providing 
a  foundation  for  perennial  error.  An  interesting 
instance  of  this  accretion  of  error  is  found  in  Mr. 
Jaggard's  "Bibliography  of  Shakespeare,"  in  which 
for  the  first  time  White  is  credited  with  the  editing 
of  an  eclectic  edition  of  Shakespeare  published  by 
Martin,  Johnson  and  Company,  of  New  York,  in 
1854-6.  This  ascription  is  unsupported  by  any  evi- 
dence whatever,  and  is  apparently  a  variation  of 
Bonn's  faulty  record.  The  edition  in  question 
alludes  in  the  preface  of  the  first  volume  to  a 
"competent  Shakespearian  scholar"  who  had  under- 
taken the  editorial  work;  but  the  fact  that  this 
scholar  revealed  almost  no  personal  reaction  to 
textual  problems  makes  it  extremely  unlikely  that 
he  can  be  identified  with  White,  for  White  was  at 
.this  very  time  exhibiting  in  his  critical  writings  a 
pretty  lively  interest  in  the  business  of  emendation. 

As  to  the  general  value  of  White's  editorial  work, 
the  last  word  has  certainly  not  been  said.  What 
has  been  deprecated  most  generally  of  late  is  his 
willingness  to  emend ;  and  it  must  be  admitted  that 
two  hundred  emendations  (the  actual  number  of 
White's  own  contributions)  is  assuredly  a  large 
number  for  any  editor  to  accept  responsibility  for. 
Yet  the  question  at  issue  is  not  one  of  number,  but 
of  critical  quality.  On  this  point  it  is  possible  only 
to  compare  opinions.  Lowell,  a  very  competent 
judge  of  scholarship,  considered  that  White's  edi- 
tion was  "for  substance,  scope,  and  aim,  the  best 
hitherto  published";  and  although  he  found  White 
careless  in  respect  to  some  of  the  obvious  duties  of 
the  editor,  and  over-venturesome  in  some  of  the  less 
developed  fields  of  critical  study,  he  thought  that 
his  policy  in  emendation  was  actually  too  conserva- 
tive. Miss  Jane  Sherzer,  in  an  illuminating 
bibliographical  study  of  American  editions  of 
Shakespeare  ("Modern  Language  Publications," 
1907),  while  admitting  the  general  superiority  of 
this  edition  to  the  American  editions  which  pre- 
ceded it,  believes  with  regard  to  its  text  that  "many 
of  the  changes  are  unnecessary,  and  some  of  them, 
to  say  the  least,  no  improvement.  .  .  On  the 
other  hand,  most  of  the  emendations  are  made 
sanely,  wild  guesses  are  avoided,  and  there  is  an 
effort,  even  if  not  always  successful,  to  be  conser- 
vative, i.e.,  to  follow,  whenever  possible,  the  first 
folio  or  the  best  quartos."  Professor  Trent,  who 
has  collaborated  in  the  revision  of  White's  edition, 
thinks  his  emendations  on  the  whole  rational  and 
often  brilliant,  and  regards  White  as  having  been 
exceptionally  endowed  for  the  larger  requirements 
of  his  task. 

The  most  approved  editing  of  the  present  day  is 
calculated  for  the  meridian  of  pure  scholarship, 
and  contemporary  scholars  are  ultra-conservative. 
The  history  of  textual  scholarship  has  shown,  how- 
ever, that  questions  of  text  are  discussed  and 
re-discussed;  so  some  good  scholar  of  a  century 
hence  may  yet  say  as  fair  a  word  for  Richard 
Grant  White  as  the  late  Churton  Collins  said  for 
the  once-abused  Theobald,  who  turned  much  non- 
sense into  sense  and  made  many  lame  lines  walk. 

H.  R.  STEEVES. 

Columbia  University,  New  York, 
June  12,  1916. 


"SPOON  EIVER"  ONCE  MOEE. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Throughout  his  letter  in  your  issue  of  May  11, 
Mr.  Irwin  professes  a  high  respect  for  the  scientist 
and  his  work.  Yet  in  speaking  of  "reflecting  life," 
he  first  declares  that  "this  much  and  no  more 
psychology  and  the  social  sciences  do";  and  then, 
a  few  lines  later,  "The  poorest  drunkard  in  his 
'  last  delirium '  can  do  that," —  that  is,  reflect  life. 
Frankly,  I  find  it  difficult  to  ascertain  where  Mr. 
Irwin  stands. 

Furthermore,  when  I  came  upon  the  sentence, 
"Truly,  literature  has  partially  failed  when  it  does 
not  turn  all  of  life,  the  lights  and  shadows,  the 
good  and  the  evil,  to  account,"  I  leapt  to  the  rash 
conclusion  that  there  could  be  no  disagreement 
between  us  on  the  essential  point  of  my  last  com- 
munication. I  read  on,  and  was  bewildered  by 
this  outburst:  "By  all  means  let  us  have  careful 
and  scientific  investigation  of  the  facts  of  life,  but 
let  not  the  fire-breathing  iconoclast  throw  the 
dirty  stuff  in  our  faces  and  bid  us  call  it  poetry." 
The  result  is  that  though  I  am  tempted  at  times 
on  the  basis  of  some  things  Mr.  Irwin  has  said  to 
think  that  we  agree  on  our  critical  principles,  yet 
on  the  whole  I  am  driven  to  believe  that  there  is  a 
fundamental  difference. 

That  difference  I  take  to  lie  in  the  phrase,  "truth 
of  poetry."  Now  I  for  one  feel  that  the  truth 
which  has  its  basis  in  facts  is  not  only  the  highest 
truth  but  the  only  truth.  The  idea  which  is  true 
for  science  is  true  also  for  art.  If  I  approve  a 
sociological  treatise  which  finds  that  the  conditions 
of  life  for  thousands  of  infants  are  in  the  last 
degree  painful  and  unhealthy,  I  cannot  as  a  sane 
man  hail  unreservedly  the  "poetic  truth"  that 
"Heaven  lies  about  us  in  our  infancy."  If  I  look 
about  me  in  the  cold,  unimpassioned  spirit  of 
science  and  observe  that  the  "dance  of  plastic  cir- 
cumstance" is  moulding  many  human  beings  into 
ghastly  distortions,  I  am  reluctant  to  hug  to  my 
bosom  as  a  "poetic  truth"  the  notion  that  the  play 
of  circumstance  is  a  "Machinery  just  meant  To 
give  thy  Soul  its  bent,  Try  thee  and  turn  thee 
forth,  sufficiently  impressed." 

The  word  "truth"  denotes  a  correspondence  be- 
tween idea  and  reality.  "Poetic  truth"  seems  to 
denote  a  correspondence,  not  between  idea  and 
reality,  but  between  idea  and  desire.  I  do  not 
challenge  for  a  moment  the  right  of  poetry  "to 
build  a  shadowy  isle  of  bliss,  Midmost  the  beating 
of  the  steely  sea"  of  reality.  I  have  a  considerable 
appetite  for  such  poetry,  and  indulge  this  appetite 
with  avidity  and  without  scruple.  Yet  I  cannot 
call  such  poetry  truth.  It  seems  to  me  no  more 
worthy  of  the  name  than  a  boy's  boast  that  his 
father  has  a  billion  dollars  in  the  bank, —  a  state- 
ment which,  like  "poetic  truth,"  corresponds  rather 
to  desire  than  to  reality. 

Let  me  not  be  misunderstood.  My  protest  is 
lodged  solely  against  those  poets  and  critics  who 
demand  of  all  literature  such  a  manipulation  of 
life  as  will  assort  with  their  a  priori  theories,  and 
will  leave  them  in  much  the  same  mood  as  a  bottle 
of  Burgundy.  I  consider  that  their  attempts  to 
dignify  such  manipulations  as  "poetic  truth"  or 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


15 


as  a  "higher  synthesis"  are  misleading.    I  consider 
that  to  offer  these  manipulations  to  the  young  as  | 
faithful  reflections  of  life,  plus  something  better,  ! 
is  highly  pernicious  inasmuch  as  the  young  are  led  i 
to  believe  that  here  is  at  least  a  faithful  reflection 
of  life.    I  consider  "Spoon  River"  a  ringing  chal- 
lenge to  the  unreality,  the  hectic  idealism,  of  much  j 
that  passes  for  classical  literature. 

Mr.  Irwin  concludes:  "As  science  '  Spoon  River ' 
needs   no    apologia;     as    poetry,    it    needs    some 
chloride  of  lime."     While  I  believe  the  inferences 
one  might  draw  from  "  Spoon  River"  would  closely  j 
resemble  the  inferences  drawn  from  a  sociological 
survey,  yet  I  doubt  whether  "Spoon  River"  has  < 
ever  been  considered  as  a  textbook  in  sociology.    I  i 
doubt,  then,  the   first  half  of  that   sentence.     I  i 
utterly  deny  the  second  half.     The  implication  of  j 
this  and  of  many  other  references  to  the  book  is 
that  it  is  nothing  but  a  reeking  dung-heap.     The 
only  passages  that  seem  to  have  left  any  impression 
upon  Mr.  Irwin  are  those  which  refer  to  the  uglier  ; 
phases  of  the  sex  impulse.     Mr.  Masters's  treat-  | 
ment  of  these  phases  I  welcome  on  grounds  already  I 
stated,  along  with  bis  treatment  of  other  sinister  i 
and  subterranean  things  which  owe  their  flourish-  j 
ing  condition  in  part  to  the  fact  that  people  will 
not  look  at  them.    If  Mr.  Irwin  wishes  to  classify  ' 
himself  with  those  tender  intelligences  whom  we 
should  not  introduce  into  brothels  and  bedchambers,  j 
let   him   bowdlerize   "Spoon   River,"   along   with  j 
Chaucer,  Shakespeare,  the  King  James  Bible,  and 
several  other  reputable  works.    But  I  think  he  will 
find  that  after  this  is  done,  about  nine-tenths  of  the 
book  will  still  remain. 

R.  S.  Looms. 

Urbana,  III,  June  10,  1916. 

[We  cannot  devote  further  space  to  this 
discussion. — EDITOR.  1 


Ingram  obtained  many  prized  original  Poe 
manuscripts,  most  if  not  all  of  which  he  parted 
with  years  ago.  He  retained  copies,  however,  and 
it  is  reported  that  his  remaining  treasures  will 
come  to  America  to  be  sold  at  auction.  While  the 
sale  may  prove  most  interesting  to  Poe  students, 
I  fear  there  will  be  little  to  tempt  the  collector  of 
original  Poe  manuscripts.  Ingrain's  other  literary 
effects  will  be  sold  in  London. 

I  had  a  friendly  correspondence  with  Ingram, 
extending  through  many  years.  He  was  rather 
jealous  of  his  reputation  as  Poe's  biographer,  and 
showed  some  inclination  toward  quarrelsomeness. 
Of  late  years  he  had  lost  much,  if  not  all,  his  ear- 
lier knack  for  finding  new  Poe  material,  but  wrote 
his  numerous  correspondents  about  a  final  revision 
of  his  life  of  Poe.  A  correspondent  states  that 
Ingram  recently  advised  him  that  the  new  Poe 
biography  was  completed.  As  he  had  written  me 
from  year  to  year  that  this  Poe  volume  was  about 
complete,  I  naturally  have  some  misgivings  con- 
cerning the  work.  Further,  I  do  not  believe  that 
he  had  any  new  information  of  bis  own  that  would 
materially  alter  his  previous  publications  relating 
to  Poe,  although  many  new  facts  have  been  dis- 
covered and  published  by  American  writers  which 
necessitate  a  revision  of  certain  epochs  in  Poe's 
life. 

Ingram  did  have,  and  likely  has  retained,  most 
of  his  correspondence  with  Poe's  women  friends, 
which  may  throw  additional  interesting  side-lights 
on  Poe's  romances,  especially  with  "Annie"  and 
Mrs.  Whitman. 


THE  PASSING  OF  POE'S  ENGLISH 

BIOGRAPHER. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Students  and  admirers  of  Edgar  Allan  Poe  will 
be  sorry  to  learn  of  the  death  of  his  English  biog-  ' 
rapher,  John  H.  Ingram,  which  occurred  in  Febru- 
ary last,  at  Brighton,  England.  The  event  was 
entirely  unheralded  in  the  English  journals,  due 
probably  to  the  war. 

Ingram  was  a  writer  of  more  than  ordinary 
ability.  He  translated  a  number  of  volumes,  and 
contributed  reviews  to  leading  papers  in  England, 
France,  and  America.  His  latest  work  was  on 
"Marlow  and  his  Poetry."  He  had  also  written 
biographies  of  Chatterton,  Mrs.  Browning,  and 
others.  But  he  was  best  known  as  the  English 
editor  and  biographer  of  Poe.  He  began  his  work 
on  Poe  as  early  as  1874,  and  his  more  important 
edition  appeared  in  1880.  He  had  an  early  and 
full  correspondence  with  Poe's  "Annie"  (Mrs.  i 
Richmond),  Mrs.  Lewis,  Mrs.  Shew,  Mrs.  Whitman, 
and  other  Poe  contemporaries.  He  was  the  first  , 
biographer  to  publish  and  draw  special  attention 
to  Poe's  important  correspondence  with  his  women 
friends. 


J.  H.  WHITTY. 


Richmond,  Va.,  June  12,  1916. 


POETICAL  PRESCIENCE. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
It  is  of  course  a  common  experience,  especially 
with  readers  of  Shakespeare,  that  the  most  f  amiliar 
passage  will  at  times  take  on  a  quite  fresh  and 
novel  significance.     A  case  in  point  may  be  of 
interest.    Recently  in  reading  Francis  Thompson's 
magnificent  "Anthem  of  Earth,"  the  following  lines 
came  upon  me  with  a  startling  power  and  a  mean- 
ing I  had  not  previously  divined: 

Tarry  awhile,  lean  Earth,  for  thou  shalt  drink, 

Even  till  thy  dull  throat  sicken, 

The  draught  thou  grow'st  most  fat  on;    hear'st 

thou  not 
The  world's  knives  bickering  in  their  sheaths? 

O  patience! 

Much  offal  of  a  foul  world  comes  tby  way, 
And  man's  superfluous  cloud  shall  soon  be  laid 
In  a  little  blood. 

Does  this  not  deserve  to  rank  as  another  instance 
of  that  poetical  prescience  of  which  Shelley's  fore- 
cast of  his  own  fate  in  "Adonais"  is  the  classical 
example?  Thompson's  lines  make,  I  think,  a  fit- 
ting climax  to  the  mounting  trilogy  of  doom  com- 
posed, besides  his  own,  of  Shelley's  final  stanzas 
on  Keats  and  of  Mrs.  Meynell's  lines  on  the  launch- 
ing of  the  "Titanic."  Certainly  these  lines  seem 
as  near  an  approach  to  absolute  vision  as  those 
famous  prophecies.  JOHN  BuNKER> 

Cincinnati,  0.,  June  15,  1916. 


16 


THE   DIAL 


[June  22 


Ax  ARISTOCRATIC  VOICE  ix  THE 

WrLDERXESS.* 


In  the  fine  essay  on  "Justice"  which  is  the 
heart  of  Mr.  Paul  Elmer  More's  new  volume, 
there  are  many  eloquent  passages  that  reveal 
both  the  author's  clarity  of  vision  and  his 
weakness.  He  defines  an  individual's  justice 
in  terms  which  the  student  of  ethics  would 
find  a  little  dangerous,  since  Mr.  More's  dis- 
tinction between  pleasure  and  happiness 
might  lend  some  sanction  to  the  hedonist  for 
plausible  misinterpretation.  But  Mr.  More's 
whole  book  is  a  noble  damnation  of  hedonism. 
And  the  trained  student  of  ethics  would  read- 
ily understand  the  spacious  purposes  which 
Mr.  More  champions. 

No,  we  have  another  motive  to  justice  besides  the 
calculation  of  pleasures  or  the  force  of  public  opinion, 
a  law  of  reward  and  punishment  that  does  not  follow 
afar  off  on  limping  feet,  but  is  ever  at  the  side  of  the 
man  when  he  acts,  rather  is  within  him,  is  his  very 
self.  The  just  man  may  be,  and  often  is,  torn  by 
the  conflict  between  the  knowledge  that  he  is  satis- 
fying the  demands  of  his  reason  and  the  feeling  of 
pain  that  arises  from  the  suppression  of  certain 
desires,  but  the  soul  of  the  just  man  is  nevertheless 
one  soul,  not  two  souls,  however  it  may  be  divided 
against  itself;  and  besides  the  feelings  of  pleasure 
and  pain  that  trouble  one  of  its  members,  he  has 
another  feeling,  greater  and  more  intimate,  that 
belongs  to  his  soul  as  a  unit.  This  is  the  feeling 
of  happiness,  which  is  not  the  same  as  -pleasure, 
and  may  exist  in  the  absence  of  pleasure,  and 
despite  the  presence  of  pain;  and  opposed  to  it  is 
the  feeling  of  misery,  which  is  not  the  same  as  pain, 
and  may  exist  in  the  absence  of  pain,  and  despite 
the  presence  of  pleasure.  It  is  not  easy  to  explain 
these  things,  it  may  be  impossible  to  analyse  them 
satisfactorily;  but  we  know  that  they  are  so.  History 
is  replete  with  illustrations  of  this  strange  fact,  and 
he  who  weighs  his  own  experience  honestly  will  find 
it  there  also,  that  a  man  conscious  of  doing  what 
he  believes  is  right,  may  be  lifted  up  into  a  supreme 
happiness,  against  which  the  infliction  of  pain,  though 
it  be  torture  to  the  death,  is  as  nothing.  And  so  a 
man  may  enjoy  all  the  pleasures  that  this  world  can 
give,  yet  suffer  a  misery  for  which  the  only  relief  is 
madness.  Philosophy  and  history  together  have  given 
a  peculiar  fame  to  the  letter  sent  by  Tiberius  to  the 
Roman  Senate  from  the  luxuries  of  Caprese:  "May 
the  gods  and  goddesses  bring  me  to  perish  more 
miserably  than  I  daily  feel  myself  to  be  perishing, 
if  I  know  what  to  write  to  you,  Senators,  or  how  to 
write,  or  what  indeed  not  to  write  at  this  time."  .  . 
A  great  English  artist  who  painted  the  portrait  of 
one  of  the  older  generation  of  our  railway  financiers, 
whose  name  has  become  also  a  synonym  for  the  reck- 
less abuse  of  power,  is  said  to  have  observed  that  the 
face  of  his  sitter  was  the  most  miserable  he  had  ever 
seen.  Only  the  heart  of  the  unjust  man  knoweth 
its  own  bitterness.  And,  in  like  manner,  every  just 
man  shall  know  that  happiness  is  not  a  balance  of 
pleasure  against  pain,  but  a  feeling  different  in  kind 
from  pleasure.  Happiness  is  a  state  of  the  whole 

*  ARISTOCRACY  AND  JUSTICE.  By  Paul  Elmer  More.  Boston : 
Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 


soul,  embracing  both  the  faculties  of  reason,  on  the 
one  hand,  and  of  the  desires,  with  the  feelings  of 
pleasure  and  pain,  on  the  other  hand;  or,  one  might 
say,  it  is  the  state  of  some  superior  element  of  the 
soul,  which  finds  its  good  in  the  harmonious  action  of 
those  faculties. 

This  is  indeed  a  conception  of  stern  freedom 
that  has  much  in  common  with  the  only  free- 
dom worthy  the  name, —  a  freedom  which  has 
been  taught  with  more  poetic  rapture  by 
Plato,  more  rigoristically  and  formally  by 
Kant,  with  a  more  ardent  passion  for  edifica- 
tion by  Fichte,  with  a  more  rarified  sublimity 
by  Hegel,  but  always  by  all  fine  spirits  adding 
new  treasures  to  the  blessed  and  to  those  who 
long  ardently  to  be  blessed.  Nevertheless,  as 
a  reactionary  aristocrat,  Mr.  More  has  at 
heart  a  tinge  of  that  kind  of  individualism 
which  all  philosophical  idealists  regard  with 
some  suspicion.  He  dwells  much  on  the  reve- 
lations which  come  to  the  individual  when  he 
retires  within  himself.  But  some  sort  of  para- 
sitism, however  lofty,  is  always  a  pitfall  for 
the  man  who  indulges  too  often  the  highly 
important  practice  of  retiring  within  himself 
and  attaining  to  an  ineffable  mood,  however 
rarified  it  be.  Therefore  we  cannot  be  sur- 
prised to  find  Mr.  More,  when  he  comes  to 
define  justice,  advocating  the  imposition  of 
good  traditions  on  an  ignorant  populace  (the 
long-distance  exhortation  of  the  high-born 
hermit  to  a  congregation  which  he  is  inclined 
to  keep  remote  and  therefore  cannot  know). 
To  be  sure,  we  are  told,  with  a  brevity  which 
seems  almost  grudging,  towards  the  close  of 
the  essay  on  "Justice,"  that  the  moralist  may 
do  good  work,  since  "there  is  in  every  heart 
a  spark  of  reason  and  gleam  of  that  self- 
knowledge  which  is  happiness."  I  am  not  in 
favor  of  self-sensualizing  benevolence  or  the 
sympathy  which  blurs  all  standards  with 
facile  tears.  But  I  hold  that  when  Mr.  More 
contemplates  men  at  large  there  steals  into 
his  thoughts  a  tinge  of  that  fatalism  which 
has  always  proved  the  ultimate  ruin  of  aris- 
tocracies, political,  religious,  and  artistic, 
wherever  they  have  been  conceived  in  the 
thought  of  feudal  king,  inflexible  priest,  or 
renaissance  commentator  on  Aristotelian  can- 
ons of  art.  Mr.  More's  hope  of  social  unity 
wanes  as  he  contemplates  the  conflicting  wills 
of  the  larger  self  of  the  community, —  as  if 
the  conflicting  wills  in  the  individual  were 
not  quite  as  real  and  discouraging.  And 
when  he  examines  the  case  for  an  interna- 
tional self,  a  universal  humanity  with  its  war- 
ring wills  less  crude  in  their  inevitable  out- 
bursts, his  angry  disbelief  bursts  forth  again 
and  again.  His  words  become,  after  all,  but 
a  refined  academic  version  of  the  familiar 
sophism,  "You  can't  change  human  nature." 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


I  cannot  subscribe  too  hearty  allegiance  to 
Mr.  More's  exhortation  to  "reconsider  those 
ideas  of  justice  and  discipline  and  true  gov- 
ernment which  we  have  so  lightly  thrust  aside 
for  flattering  liberties  of  the  self-styled  New 
Morality. "  But  we  who  have  been  glad  again 
and  again  to  hail  Mr.  More  as  a  master  now 
watch  with  growing  concern  and  sorrow  what 
seems  to  us  to  be  a  steady  crescendo  of  bitter- 
ness in  his  later  volumes,  that  bitterness  which 
isolates  and  warps  the  noble  mind.  For  my 
part,  as  I  reread  those  rich  essays  on 
"Criticism"  and  "Victorian  Literature"  in 
the  seventh  volume  of  "Shelburne  Essays," 
and  compare  them  with  the  stubborn  anger 
of  the  last  two  volumes,  I  cannot  but  wonder 
if  Mr.  More  is  not  shutting  himself  with  too 
much  truculence  from  the  hopes  of  society 
to-day.  Whatever  may  be  said  for  the  value 
of  the  hermit 's  life  in  ages  past,  these  are  not 
the  days  for  a  St.  Simeon  Stylites. 

Of  humanitarianism,  feminism,  socialism, 
equalitarianism,  pacifism,  and  all  the  other 
"sentimental  isms"  against  which  Mr.  More 
inveighs  so  fiercely,  there  are  many  kinds. 
Feminists,  for  instance,  may  be  merely  those 
worthless  people  who  distinguish  themselves 
as  "Bohemians."  They  may  be  men  and 
women  who,  when  they  use  that  vague  phrase, 
"the  single  standard  of  morality,"  mean  the 
single  and  inarticulate  standard  of  anarchy. 
They  are  too  generally  those  women  and  their 
sentimental  male  champions  or  exploiters  who 
execrate  all  duty  and  talk  loudly  about  liberty 
without  ever  asking  the  question,  "What  is 
liberty?"  And  yet  one  does  not  need  to  be 
such  as  these  to  believe  with  Ibsen  that  "the 
social  revolution  which  is  impending  in 
Europe  is  chiefly  concerned  with  the  workers 
and  the  women,"  and  with  Karl  Pearson  that 
the  two  great,  "perhaps  greatest,"  problems 
of  modern  social  life  are  "the  problem  of 
women  and  the  problem  of  labor."  The 
danger  of  Mr.  More's  attitude  is  that  he  is 
likely  to  stone  the  prophets  along  with  the 
gaping  populace.  There  is  not  wanting  a  fair  ; 
number  of  sensible  men  and  women,  with 
whom  Mr.  More  could  hardly  be  at  serious  odds, 
who  would  defines  feminism  soberly  enough 
as  that  social  aspiration  which  maintains  that 
many  of  the  so-called  differences  between  men 
and  women  are  not  essential ;  that  the  actual 
differences  should  be  more  frankly  and  intelli- 
gently studied  and  stated;  that  many  injus- 
tices and  misunderstandings  and  false 
divisions  of  labor  for  which  both  sexes  are 
responsible  may  be  remedied  rationally  with- 
out license,  hatred,  or  scorn  on  either  side. 

The    dreams    of    equalitarianism,    which  | 
began  to  assume  the  proportions  of  plausible  i 


phantoms  in  the  English-speaking  world  soon 
after  Dr.  Price  delivered  the  famous  sermon 
which  aroused  the  leonine  wrath  of  Burke, — 
the  dreams  which  fired  the  London  Corre- 
sponding Society  and  stirred  up  the  hysterical 
reaction  and  oppression  of  the  followers  of 
Pitt,  the  dreams  which  glowed  sombrely  on 
in  the  half-disillusioned  pages  of  Godwin, 
which  flamed  out  of  sight  in  the  benevolent 
anarchism  of  Shelley,  the  dreams  which 
inspired  the  noble  but  half  absurd  cry  of 
"Liberty,  equality,  fraternity"  and  which 
have  inspired  our  American  children  to  lisp 
the  fallacy  that  "all  men  are  [instead  of  can 
be] created  free  and  equal," —  these  are  indeed 
dreams,  dreams  for  which  men  became  mar- 
tyrs and  knights  errant,  dreams  which  the 
world  will  never  forget,  but  which  the  world 
should  now  regard  with  something  like  Mr. 
More 's  healthy  scepticism,  though  without  his 
bitterness.  Biology  alone  proves  that  all  men 
are  not  created  free  and  equal, —  at  least, 
according  to  the  current  interpretation  of  the 
words.  The  Industrial  Revolution  in  Eng- 
land and  the  mad  prodigality  of  Jacksonian 
and  of  later  days  in  America  have  made  such 
hopes  seem  more  primitively  remote  in  the 
field  of  economics  than  the  days  of  the  sabre- 
toothed  tiger.  Religious  deism,  philosophical 
pragmatism,  political  equalitarianism,  eco- 
nomic laissez-faire,  and  literary  impression- 
ism have  so  freely  wantoned  it  that  the  world 
cries  hold.  But  are  there,  then,  no  values  to 
be  inherited  from  all  this  fine  frenzy  ?  There 
is  at  least  this  negative  residuum, —  a  spirit 
of  protest  against  the  blind  increase  of  unnec- 
essary inequality.  Let  us  be  disillusioned,  if 
you  will,  out  of  even  a  remote  hope  for  a 
state  of  equality.  Let  us  even  choose  to  look 
with  horror  at  an  unpicturesque  world  of 
men  created  equal.  We  may  certainly  join 
Mr.  More  heartily  in  his  protest  against  that 
sentimental  equalitarianism  which  would 
attain  its  end  like  Spenser's  giant, — 

Therefore  I  will  throw  downe  these  mountaines  hie, 
And  make  them  levell  with  the  lowly  plaine: 
These  towring  rocks,  which  reach  unto  the  skie, 
I  will  thrust  downe  into  the  deepest  maine, 
And  as  they  were,  them  equalize  againe. 

But  Mr.  More's  hatred  of  the  sentimental 
levellers  dulls  the  horror  which  should  move 
him  in  the  midst  of  the  unspeakable  mal-dis- 
tribution  of  to-day.  One  may  hate  and  defy 
such  conditions  without  becoming  an  I.  W.  W. 
(if,  like  Mr.  More  and  myself,  one  belong  to 
the  comfortable  middle  class),  or  without 
becoming  a  reformer  whose  real  aim  is  to 
inflate  his  own  egoism ;  or  one  may  be  defiant 
without  becoming  a  self-styled  progressive 
who  cries,  "For  God's  sake  let's  do  some- 


18 


THE    DIAL 


thing!"     Mr.  More  can  put  the  case  judi- 
ciously when  he  cares  to : 

When  Solon  was  chosen  to  reform  the  Athenian 
Constitution,  a  current  saying  of  his,  that  "equality 
breeds  no  war,"  flattered  the  turbulent  populace  into 
acquiescence  because  they  took  the  word  "equality" 
in  its  absolute  sense.  Whereas  in  reality  Solon  was 
thinking  of  fair  proportion,  and  on  this  principle 
reduced  the  oppression  of  the  rich,  while  refusing  to 
the  poor  an  equalitarian  Constitution.  He  saw,  as 
we  must  see  to-day,  that  the  ideal  of  absolute  equality 
is  not  only  impossible  in  practice,  but  is  contrary  to 
our  sense  of  justice. 

But  the  fine  scorn  which  Mr.  More  pours  on 
demagogue-reformers  and  restless  poor  is  not 
balanced  by  an  equal  sceva  indignatio  against 
the  predatory  captain  of  industry  and  the 
standards  of  inequality  which  identify  the 
rich  and  the  best.  It  is  to  be  feared  that 
many  a  Gryll  of  modern  business,  if  accident 
guided  him  stumbling  through  such  a  ''high- 
brow" book  as  this,  would  commemorate  with 
his  friends  the  discovery  of  their  Bible  with 
all  the  enthusiasm  of  a  witches '  sabbath.  And 
though  this  predatory  Gryll  would  grossly 
misinterpret  a  distinguished  and  noble  book, 
he  would  not  caricature  it  much  more  than 
Mr.  More  caricatures  those  modern  move- 
ments which  he  recklessly  bundles  together  as 
"sentimental  isms."  Mr.  More  forgets  him- 
self too  often,  and  paints  the  world  too  simply 
in  radical  black  and  conservative  white.  It 
was  not  thus  that  Immanuel  Kant,  in  the  face 
of  two  warring  arrays  of  thought,  set  to  work 
to  build  up  a  criticism  which  would  reconcile 
pedantic  rationalist  and  bankrupt  empiricist. 
Mr.  More's  criticism  is  not  that  of  reconcili- 
ation,—  the  stern  reconciliation  which  makes 
its  synthesis  of  the  best  in  two  opposites  by 
means  of  a  katharsis  of  both.  His  is  the 
method  of  the  golden  mean, —  a  view  which 
has  had  in  it  always,  from  the  days  of  Aris- 
totle, too  much  of  scorn,  too  little  of  open- 
mindedness,  a  view  which  fights  an  unselec- 
tive  sympathy  with  a  too  selective  hauteur. 

Among  Mr.  More's  other  "sentimental 
isms,"  humanitarianism  is  almost  a  generic 
term  covering  the  rest.  But  we  may  group 
under  this  head  his  attack  on  "The  New 
Morality,"  and  his  scarification  of  our  undis- 
ciplined education,  together  with  his  defence 
of  discipline  ("Academic  Leadership").  As 
in  his  other  protests,  Mr.  More 's  fundamental 
principle  —  that  "equality  of  opportunity  is 
an  ideal  to  be  aimed  at"  but  "a  small  thing 
in  comparison  with  universality  of  duty" — 
is  clear-sighted  and  lofty,  commanding  our 
allegiance.  He  is  quite  right  in  noting  the 
unevenness  of  Miss  Jane  Addams's  work.  But 
when  he  comes  to  practical  affairs  and  detailed 
analysis,  the  spirit  of  the  reactionary  clouds 
his  vision,  and  his  flings  at  the  mistress  of 


Hull  House  approach  perilously  near  to  libel. 
His  emotions  blur  his  logic,  and  in  attacking 
her  "Spirit  of  Youth  and  the  City  Streets" 
he  blames  Miss  Addams  for  supposing  that 
our  poverty-stricken  youth  become  law- 
breakers because  of  their  heavy  and  prema- 
ture responsibilities  and  their  lack  of  amuse- 
ments. By  way  of  refutation  he  reminds  us 
that  Harry  Thaw  was  also  a  criminal.  Does  he 
mean  to  imply  that  because  Harry  Thaw  had 
little  or  no  restraint  all  restraints  are  good? 
Does  he  mean  to  imply  that  because  Thaw 
had  no  responsibilities  and  therefore  became 
a  criminal  that  he  who  has  the  responsibilities 
imposed  in  a  sweat-shop  should  be  expected 
to  preserve  his  righteousness?  Does  he  sup- 
pose that  Miss  Addams  would  remove  the 
really  fine  restraints  of  life  from  her  wards 
submerged  in  the  gutter  or  the  factory  ?  Miss 
Addams  does  indeed  overleap  herself  at  times. 
But  let  me  remind  the  reader  of  her  funda- 
mental thesis  in  "Youth  and  the  City  Streets" : 

A  certain  number  of  the  outrages  upon  the  spirit 
of  youth  may  be  traced  to  degenerate  or  careless 
parents  who  totally  neglect  their  responsibilities;  a 
certain  other  large  number  of  wrongs  are  due  to 
sordid  men  and  women  who  deliberately  use  the 
legitimate  pleasure-seeking  of  young  people  as  lures 
into  vice.  There  remains,  however,  a  third  very 
large  class  of  offenses  for  which  the  community  as  a 
whole  must  be  held  responsible  if  it  would  escape 
the  condemnation,  "Woe  unto  him  by  whom  offenses 
come."  This  class  of  offenses  is  traceable  to  a  dense 
ignorance  on  the  part  of  the  average  citizen  as  to 
the  requirements  of  youth,  and  to  a  persistent  blind- 
ness on  the  part  of  educators  as  to  youth's  most 
obvious  needs. 

Is  this  thesis  sentimental?  And  what,  apart 
from  the  fine  but  abstract  moral  dictum 
already  quoted,  does  Mr.  More  set  up  against 
this  point  of  view  by  way  of  actually  right- 
ing a  hideous  wrong  ?  He  tells  a  man  how  to 
get  true  enlightenment  as  follows: 

Let  him  shut  out  the  voices  of  the  world  and  dis- 
regard the  stream  of  informing  books  which  pour 
upon  him  from  the  modern  press,  as  the  "floud  of 
poyson"  was  spewed  upon  Spenser's  Knight  from 
"Errours  den."  .  .  Let  him  retire  into  himself, 
and  in  the  silence  of  such  recollection  examine  his 
own  motives  and  the  sources  of  his  self -approval  and 
discontent.  He  will  discover  there  in  that  dialogue 
with  himself,  if  his  abstraction  is  complete  and  sin- 
cere, that  his  nature  is  not  simple  and  single,  but 
dual,  and  the  consequences  to  him  in  his  judgment 
of  life  and  in  his  conduct  will  be  of  incalculable 
importance.  He  will  learn,  with  a  conviction  which 
no  science  or  philosophy  falsely  so-called  can  shake, 
that  beside  the  passions  and  wandering  desires  and 
blind  impulses  and  the  cravings  for  pleasure  and  the 
prod  of  sensations  there  is  something  within  him 
and  a  part  of  him,  rather  in  some  way  his  truer 
self,  which  controls  and  checks  and  knows  and  pro- 
nounces judgment,  unmoved  amid  all  motion,  un- 
changed amid  continual  change,  of  everlasting 
validity  above  the  shifting  valuations  of  the  moment. 
He  may  not  be  able  to  express  this  insight  in  terms 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


19 


that  will  satisfy  his  own  reason  or  will  convince 
others,  but  if  his  insight  is  true  he  will  not  waver  in 
loyalty  to  it,  though  he  may  sin  against  it  times  with- 
out number  in  spoken  word  and  impulsive  deed. 
Bather,  his  loyalty  will  be  confirmed  by  experience. 
For  he  will  discover  that  there  is  a  happiness  of  the 
soul  which  is  not  the  same  as  the  pleasure  of  ful- 
filled desires,  whether  these  be  for  good  or  for  ill, 
a  happiness  which  is  not  dependent  upon  the  results 
of  this  or  that  choice  among  our  desires,  but  upon 
the  very  act  itself  of  choice  and  self-control,  and 
which  grows  with  the  habit  of  staying  the  throng  of 
besetting  and  conflicting  impulses  always  until  the 
judicial  fiat  has  been  pronounced.  It  is  thus  that 
happiness  is  the  final  test  of  morality,  bringing  with 
it  a  sense  of  responsibility  to  the  supernatural  com- 
mand within  the  soul  of  the  man  himself,  as  binding 
as  the  laws  of  religion  and  based  on  no  disputable 
revelation  or  outer  authority.  Such  a  morality  is 
neither  old  nor  new,  and  stands  above  the  varying 
customs  of  society.  It  is  not  determined  essentially 
by  the  relation  of  a  man  to  his  fellows  or  by  their 
approval,  but  by  the  consciousness  of  lightness  in 
the  man 's  own  breast, —  in  a  word,  by  character.  Its 
works  are  temperance,  truth,  honesty,  trustworthi- 
ness, fortitude,  magnanimity,  elevation;  and  its  crown 
is  joy. 

This  passage  is  so  eloquent  and  so  profoundly 
suggestive  that  one  dislikes  to  carp  over  it. 
Nevertheless,  let  me  add  this  anticlimax:  Is  ( 
it  quite  safe  for  the  censor  to  defy  Miss 
Addams's  emotionalism  with  such  intuitional- 
ism, lofty  though  it  be  ?  This  "insight"  which 
you  and  I  "may  not  express," — what  is  its 
basis !  Why  is  it  valid  ?  Why  should  we  not 
choose  rather  Beethoven's  Fifth  Symphony 
as  our  criterion?  I  have  the  warmest  sym- 
pathy for  the  mysticism  of  Mr.  More,  but  I 
object  when  he  brings  mysticism  into  the  field 
of  polemics  against  Miss  Addams  or  any  other 
exponent  of  "the  New  Morality."  And  I  i 
remind  the  reader  of  my  earlier  warning  — 
that  mysticism,  in  such  situations,  invites  the 
perils  of  parasitism. 

Again,  in  matters  educational,  Mr.  More 
pleads  for  sound  principles: 

A  manifest  condition  is  that  education  should 
embrace  the  means  of  discipline,  for  without  dis- 
cipline the  mind  will  remain  inefficient  just  as  surely 
as  the  muscles  of  the  body,  without  exercise,  will  be 
left  flaccid. 

But,  on  the  whole,  Mr.  More  is  too  optimistic 
about  the  teaching  of  English  Literature  in 
its  present  senile  state. 

You  may,  for  instance,  if  by  extraordinary  luck 
you  get  the  perfect  teacher,  make  English  Literature 
disciplinary  by  the  hard  manipulation  of  ideas;  but 
in  practice  it  almost  invariably  happens  that  a  course 
in  English  Literature  degenerates  into  the  dull  mem- 
orizing of  dates  and  names  or,  rising  into  the  O 
Altitude,  evaporates  into  romantic  gush  over  beau- 
tiful passages. 

I  doubt  whether  our  generation  will  live  to  i 
see  the  teaching  of  English  Literature  raised 
above  the  standards  which  Mr.  More  so  justly 
condemns,  to  the  dignity  of  a  disciplinary 


subject.  He  has  a  conclusive  answer  to  a 
prevalent  utilitarian  sophistry : 

The  disagreement  in  this  matter  would  no  doubt  be 
less,  were  it  not  for  an  ambiguity  in  the  meaning  of 
the  word  "efficient"  itself.  There  is  a  kind  of 
efficiency  in  managing  men,  and  there  is  also  an  intel- 
lectual efficiency,  properly  speaking,  which  is  quite  a 
different  faculty.  The  former  is  more  likely  to  be 
found  in  the  successful  engineer  or  business  man  than 
in  the  scholar  of  secluded  habits,  and  because  often 
such  men  of  affairs  received  no  discipline  at  college 
in  the  classics  the  argument  runs  that  utilitarian 
studies  are  as  disciplinary  as  the  humanistic.  But 
efficiency  of  this  kind  is  not  an  academic  product  at 
all,  and  is  commonly  developed,  and  should  be  devel- 
oped, in  the  school  of  the  world.  It  comes  from 
dealing  with  men  in  matters  of  large  physical  moment, 
and  may  exist  in  a  mind  utterly  undisciplined  in  the 
stricter  sense  of  the  word.  We  have  had  more  than 
one  illustrious  example  in  recent  years  of  men  cap- 
able of  dominating  their  fellows,  let  us  say  in  financial 
transactions,  who  yet,  in  the  grasp  of  first  principles 
and  in  the  analysis  of  consequences,  have  shown  them- 
selves to  be  as  inefficient  as  children. 

But  the  reactionary  attitude  eternally  recurs. 
Though  he  realizes  that  teachers  themselves 
have  debauched  the  value  of  Greek  and  Latin 
classics  by  using  them  as  a  basis  for  the  "dry 
rot  of  philology,"  Mr.  More  must  nevertheless 
right  about  face  and  march  us  back  to  the 
good  old  days  when  the  classics  were  required 
as  the  spine  of  college  education.  I  have 
already  seconded  his  plea  for  discipline.  But 
we  must  remember  that  "influence,"  as  New- 
man calls  the  opposite  of  discipline,  has  made 
real  strides  under  the  guidance  of  a  Rousseau, 
a  Froebel,  a  Charles  William  Eliot.  It  is  not 
so  much  that  we  have  too  much  influence  as 
that  we  have  a  twentieth  century  influence 
coupled  with  occasional  spasmodic  and  mori- 
bund revivals  of  an  ancient  discipline  tainted 
with  suspicion  and  revenge, —  discipline  that 
alphabetizes  seats  and  pupils,  discipline  that 
calls  upon  the  teacher  to  be  a  special  dispen- 
sating  Providence,  discipline  which  sucks 
away  the  wills  of  students  and  makes  them 
automatons,  discipline  which  has  so  mis- 
handled the  ancient  classics  that  they  must 
lie  fallow  while  their  loving  guardians  plan 
new  ways  of  fitting  them  into  a  curriculum 
which  has  necessarily  grown  far  more  com- 
plex. Of  course  we  have  but  very  little  of 
this  feudal  discipline  which  lags  so  far  behind 
influence  in  development.  It  is,  however, 
about  the  only  kind  we  have  when  we  have 
any.  The  problem  is  not  so  much  to  inhibit 
influence  which  has  so  richly  developed  but 
to  wed  it  to  a  twentieth  century  discipline, — 
a  discipline  that  will  be  modern  in  the  best 
sense,  that  is  to  say,  compounded  of  eternally 
valid  principles  of  men  like  Plato,  yet  set 
forth  in  symbols  and  practices  intelligible  to 
students  to-day  and  related  intimately  to  the 
dilemmas  of  contemporary  life.  Since  the 


20 


THE    DIAL 


[June  22 


teachers  of  the  classics  have  devastated  their 
own  subjects  much  more  than  the  utilitarian 
public,  it  will  not  do  to  advocate  a  renaissance 
till  we  have  teachers  who  possess  the  genius 
to  present  and  reinterpret  the  majestic 
ancients  to  a  young  and  wilful  generation. 
We  cannot  walk  backwards. 

Space  forbids  discussion  of  the  other  absorb- 
ing problems  which  Mr.  More  raises.  Always 
my  results  are  the  same.  When,  for  instance, 
he  writes  of  "Property  and  Law"  I  agree  with 
his  principle  that  "If  property  is  secure,  it 
may  be  the  means  to  an  end,  whereas  if  it  is 
insecure  it  will  be  the  end  in  itself."  But  I 
cannot  extol,  as  he  does,  the  ancient  virtues 
engendered  by  private  property  without 
remembering  that  some  kinds  of  private  prop- 
erty are  "private"  in  a  sense  unknown  two 
centuries  ago,  and  their  influences  on  their 
owner  are  ethically  such  that  they  cannot 
arouse  the  old  spartan  integrity,  the  old 
Horatian  tenderness  and  solicitude.  I  should 
like  to  make  this  essay  and  the  one  entitled 
"The  Philosophy  of  the  War"  the  basis  for  an 
analysis  of  Mr.  More's  last  two  "sentimental 
isms," — socialism  and  pacifism.  But  my 
reader  will  readily  guess  that  my  reflections 
fall  into  the  same  duality  of  agreement  and 
disagreement. 

The  man  who  to-day  calls  himself  either 
a  radical  or  a  conservative  is  very  likely  to 
be  a  superficial  man.  Many  of  us  will  be 
dubious  about  the  soundness  of  any  all- 
embracing  contempt  for  all  aspects  of  all 
modern  movements.  Such  a  sweeping  con- 
tempt I  am  sure  Mr.  More  does  not  intend, 
though  his  growing  aloofness  and  growing 
bitterness  often  imply  it.  No  vigorous  thinker 
will  deny  the  importance  of  his  plea  for  some 
restoration  of  aristocratic  values. 

In  this  age  of  imperialism,  when  we  have 
a  chaos  of  petty  loyalties, —  an  age  of  what 
Hegel  calls  "the  self-estranged  social  mind," 
an  age  in  which,  as  Hegel  warns  us,  communi- 
ties invite  convulsion  and  ruin, —  reactionary 
aesthetes  and  moralists  and  politicians  cry  out 
for  aristocracy.  They  are  right  in  this 
respect:  the  stability  of  aristocracy  gave  the 
leisure  necessary  for  the  development  of  that 
kind  of  spirit  which  makes  its  economic 
necessities  beautiful  to  a  considerable  extent. 
If  the  middle-class  democratic  regime  were 
not  unstable  it  would  have  a  great  art.  Our 
factories  would  rise  like  temples  of  a  miracu- 
lously new  style  in  architecture.  Our  lab- 
orers would  not  be  the  slaves  of  machines,  and 
we  should  have  no  H.  G.  Wells  to  dream  of 
an  evolutionary  conquest  of  men  by  engines 
endowed  by  man's  blind  cunning  with  some 
hideous  impassive  intelligence.  Machines 


would  be  our  slaves, —  the  only  slaves  in  the 
world.  Buskin  and  Morris  were  partly  right 
and  partly  wrong  in  their  diagnosis  of  the 
Industrial  Revolution.  Shortsighted  bucca- 
neers of  the  market-place  have  wantonly 
befouled  our  lives.  It  was  not,  however, 
because  machinery  was  invented  and  factories 
planted  beside  the  sweetly  garrulous  and  hith- 
erto unsullied  streams, —  it  was  not  because 
the  air  was  made  grim  with  canopies  of  smoke 
or  because  the  new  powers  of  steam  dragged 
men  and  women  and  children  from  their 
homes,  that  art  and  morality  and  religion 
fell.  These  things  were  bound  to  be.  These 
things,  though  evil,  will,  if  treated  with  defi- 
ance and  mastery,  prove  to  be  fragments  of 
the  good.  To  destroy  machinery  and  factor- 
ies would  be  to  destroy  progress.  But  just 
here  the  lovers  of  art  and  ethics  and  religion 
may  well  try  to  make  a  synthesis  of  the  best 
in  the  irregular  prophecies  of  men  like  Kuskin 
and  Morris  with  the  more  logical  but  half- 
fatalistic  analysis  and  forecast  of  Karl  Marx. 
Let  economic  conditions  fall  under  a  regime 
more  stable.  The  democratic  bourgeoisie 
have  so  ordered  things,  says  Marx,  that  life 
is  full  of  capricious  vicissitudes.  Petty 
capitalists  are  crowded  into  the  proletariat. 
Bankruptcies  abound  even  among  the  larger 
capitalists.  Panics  and  that  condition 
absurdly  called  "prosperity"  alternate  with 
implacable  certainty  yet  caprice.  Interna- 
tional wars  follow  as  larger  expressions  of  the 
growing  socialization  of  the  means  of  produc- 
tion combined  with  an  irreconcilable  anarchy 
of  control  by  a  fortuitously  elevated  minority 
of  uncritical  minds.  Always  the  world  is  full 
of  paupers  and  nouveau  riche.  Now  the  lat- 
ter, as  Euskin  and  Morris  knew,  are  always 
vulgar.  And  before  they  can  develop  aesthet- 
ically and  ethically  their  money  evaporates, 
and  we  have  to  devise  a  new  travesty  of  art 
and  of  morals  for  a  new  crop  of  nouveau 
riche. 

But  shall  we,  then,  return  to  the  feudal 
aristocracy  which  Edmund  •  Burke  admired? 
It  is  impossible,  desire  it  who  will.  Men  like 
Carlyle,  Mr.  Belloc,  and  Mr.  More  forget  the 
impossibility  of  going  back, —  forget  the  old 
sins  and  the  old  fatalism  that  ultimately 
made  intolerable  all  aristocracies  hitherto 
conceived.  Let  us  restore  in  their  essential 
significance  many  aristocratic  ideals.  Per- 
haps, by  some  strange  yet  beneficent  irony  of 
progress,  the  wildest  prophecies  of  Karl  Marx 
will  come  true,  and  the  advancing  proletariat 
will  restore  stability  and  many  of  the  ideals 
of  aristocracy,  its  ancient  ally  against  the 
bourgeoisie. 

HERBERT  ELLSWORTH  CORY. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


21 


JAP  AX:  FRIEXD  OR  FOE?* 


Three  new  volumes  testify  that  the  Japa- 
nese Problem  is  still  with  us,  even  when  the 
California  Legislature  is  not  in  session.  A 
year  or  so  ago  the  discussion  turned  on  the 
question  of  immigration,  and  we  had  con- 
tributions by  Dr.  Gulick,  Mr.  Kawakami,  and 
Professor  Millis.  Now  the  broader  question 
of  national  policy  holds  the  attention  of  the 
writers,  and  the  conclusions  presented  are  as 
diverse  as  you  please.  Japan  is  a  friend  or 
foe  depending  on  which  of  the  volumes  before 
us  is  read  first  and  accepted  unreservedly. 

The  three  authors  represent  very  different 
trainings  and  points  of  view.  Mr.  Crow  is  a 
journalist  who  served  for  eighteen  months 
on  an  English  newspaper  in  Tokyo.  His 
treatment  is  that  of  the  modern  journalist, 
attractive  in  style  but  careless  in  statement  — 
for  newswriting  allows  little  time  for  verifi- 
cation; and  he  is  inclined  to  make  assertions 
that  cannot  possibly  be  proved  and  yet  which 
may  possess  an  element  of  truth.  Although 
he  assures  us  that  he  has  studied  ''past  his- 
tory" in  order  to  estimate  Japan's  future 
policy,  yet  there  is  no  internal  evidence  to 
show  that  he  has  any  sound  understanding  of 
the  events  of  the  last  half-century  which 
moulded  modern  Japan.  President  Scherer 
and  Professor  Abbott  both  played  a  part  in 
the  making  of  New  Japan.  The  former 
served  as  a  teacher  of  English  in  Japan  from 
1892  to  1896,  and  the  latter  as  a  teacher  of 
Zoology  from  1900  to  1903.  President  Scherer 
has  already  given  us  two  books  on  Japan 
which  were  very  much  worth  while.  It  is  of 
interest  to  note  that  the  two  men  who  lived 
longest  in  Japan  and  were  in  most  intimate 
contact  with  the  Japanese  should  agree  in  con- 
clusions almost  diametrically  opposite  to  those 
of  the  journalist.  But  in  doing  so  they  run 
the  risk  of  being  classed  by  Mr.  Crow*  with 
the  other  ''misguided  and  deluded  American 
friends"  of  Japan. 

In  "Japan  and  America:  A  Contrast." 
Mr.  Crow  endeavors  to  show  that  the  United 
States  is  at  present  the  great  barrier  to 
Japan's  imperial  ambitions  in  Asia,  the 
Pacific,  and  the  Americas,  and  that  the  war 
clans  of  Japan  have  selected  this  country  as 
their  probable  enemy.  "To  break  the  United 
States  is  necessary  for  the  fulfilment  of 
Japan's  ambitions."  And  his  concluding  sen- 
tence reads:  "Japan  is  a  menace,  not  only  to 

*  JAPAN  AND  AMERICA  :  A  CONTRAST.  By  Carl  Crow. 
New  York:  Robert  M.  McBride  &  Co. 

JAPANESE  EXPANSION  AND  AMERICAN  POLICIES.  By  James 
Francis  Abbott,  Ph.D.,  sometime  Instructor  in  the  Imperial 
Japanese  Naval  Academy.  New  York:  The  Macmillan  Co. 

THE  JAPANESE  CRISIS.  By  James  A.  B.  Scherer.  Ph.D., 
LL.D.  New  York:  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co. 


the  United  States  but  to  all  Western  civiliza- 
tion, but  our  protection  is  found  in  the  inher- 
ent weakness  of  the  Japanese  state," 

On  the  other  hand,  Professor  Abbott  finds 
Japan  facing  squarely  toward  Asia,  with 
problems  in  Korea,  Manchuria,  and  China 
proper  which  will  occupy  all  her  energies, 
and  with  no  thought  of  embroiling  herself 
with  the  United  States  provided  we  allow  her 
to  work  out  unhindered  her  Asiatic  "Monroe 
Doctrine."  The  armaments  which  Mr.  Crow 
tells  us  are  being  prepared  against  America 
are,  acording  to  Professor  Abbott,  needed 
because  of  her  Asiatic  responsibilities. 

The  most  valuable  portions  of  Mr.  Crow's 
volume  are  those  describing  conditions  in 
Japan  to-day.  His  picture  of  poverty,  heavy 
taxation,  and  retarded  social  development 
seems  to  weaken  the  force  of  his  thesis  that 
so  harassed  a  country  could  at  the  same  time 
impose  its  will  upon  China,  with  her  three  or 
four  hundred  millions  of  people,  and  the 
United  States,  with  her  millions  of  men  and 
treasure  and  boundless  energy.  The  thought- 
ful reader  will  note  a  number  of  errors  of 
fact  and  of  interpretation,  and  a  few  irrecon- 
cilable statements.  We  are  told  that  "the 
Japanese  cultivates  with  intense  care  the 
small  plot  of  land  which  belongs  to  him,  but 
centuries  of  life  in  a  country  where  all  indi- 
vidualism and  all  initiative  in  the  lower 
classes  were  crushed  out  of  existence  have 
left  him  without  a  mentality  to  conceive  the 
possibilities  of  an  uncultivated  hillside,  or  a 
piece  of  unimproved  plain  more  than  a  day's 
journey  from  his  native  village."  Then  why 
should  we  fear  "a  flood  of  cheap  Oriental 
labor  with  yellow  morals  to  flood  the  west 
coast  of  America"?  There  seems  to  be  some 
contradiction  here. 

Professor  Abbott's  treatment  of  "Japa- 
nese Expansion  and  American  Policies"  is  a 
sober  and  well-reasoned  study.  He  presents 
a  sympathetic  account  of  the  development  of 
Japan  in  the  Meiji  era,  points  out  her  present 
problems,  and  finds  their  solution  in  the 
industrial  and  commercial  field,  with  China 
as  her  most  vital  market.  He  sees  no  danger 
in  our  relations  with  Japan,  unless  we  pro- 
voke it ;  and  one  of  the  strong  appeals  in  his 
books  is  for  a  libel  law  to  protect  nations  as 
well  as  individuals,  and  thus  bring  to  an  end 
the  slanders,  accusations,  and  aspersions  of 
motives  which  now  are  disseminated  in  certain 
quarters  in  Japan  and  this  country.  He  also 
advocates  an  international  conference  on 
Pacific  problems,  to  be  participated  in  by  all 
the  states  and  dependencies  situated  around 
its  shores.  In  the  three  historical  chapters  a 
number  of  errors  of  fact  are  found.  Both 


22 


THE   DIAL 


[June  22 


Professor  Abbott  and  Mr.  Crow  keep  alive 
the  fiction  that  Great  Britain  revised  her 
treaty  with  Japan  in  1894  because  of  the 
latter 's  success  in  the  war  with  China.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  the  treaty  was  signed  before 
war  was  declared. 

President  Scherer's  little  volume  on  "The 
Japanese  Crisis"  deals  primarily  with  the 
California  phase  of  the  question.  He  believes 
that  California  was  right  in  desiring  to  pre- 
vent Japanese  ownership  of  land,  but  wrong 
in  the  method  used,  for  a  non-discriminatory 
law  would  have  been  better  and  quite  unob- 
jectionable. While  believing  in  the  possi- 
bility of  both  racial  and  social  assimilation 
of  the  Japanese,  he  feels  that  the  time  is  not 
ripe  for  either.  The  danger  in  our  relations 
with  Japan  lies  not  in  the  government,  "one 
of  the  wisest  and  most  cool-headed"  in  the 
world,  but  in  some  "sensitive  popular  explo- 
sion." "He  who  lightly  applies  a  match  to 
this  tinder  is,  however  ignorant  or  thought- 
less, a  criminal  against  the  human  race." 
And  his  conclusion  is  this :  "  The  most  import- 
ant piece  of  legislation  still  waiting  to  be  done 
in  this  country  is  the  enactment  of  a  law  or 
laws,  by  constitutional  amendment  if  necess- 
ary, that  will  put  international  affairs  in  the 
hands  of  the  nation.  Meanwhile,  let  us  trust 
Japan's  honor  to  maintain  the  Gentlemen's 
Agreement,  and  burnish  our  own  by  wiping 
away  discrimination."  pAYSON  ^  TREAT> 


Two  SHAKESPEARE  TERCENTENARY 
PLAYS.* 


As  one  reads  the  book  of  the  enormous 
"community  masque  of  the  Art  of  the  The- 
atre" written  by  Mr.  MacKaye  for  the 
Shakespeare  Celebration  Committee  of  New 
York  City,  one  cannot  help  wondering  what 
Shakespeare  would  think  of  it.  Probably  he 
would  have  liked  to  see  the  pageant;  but  I 
am  confident  that  nothing  would  have  induced 
him  to  read  the  book.  The  pageant  is  impres- 
sive by  its  very  size  and  splendor,  and  by  the 
beauty  of  the  settings  designed  by  Messrs. 
Urban  and  Jones;  but  it  is  hard  to  believe 
that  the  spectators  can  receive  any  unified 
impression  from  it.  The  newspaper  reports 
say  that  "its  chief  success  was  in  the  appeal 
to  the  eye,"  and  that  "it  was  more  of  a  pag- 
eant and  less  of  anything  else  than  its  author 
appears  to  have  intended."  Mr.  MacKaye 's 
huge  dragnet  has  included  theatres,  actors, 

'CALIBAN  BY  THE  YELLOW  SANDS.  By  Percy  MacKaye. 
Illustrated.  New  York :  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co. 

MASTER  SKYLARK  ;  or,  Will  Shakespeare's  Ward.  A  Drama- 
tization from  John  Bennett's  Story  of  the  Same  Name.  By 
Edgar  White  Burrill.  Illustrated.  New  York:  The 
Century  Co. 


and  dramatists  of  all  ages  and  nations ;  char- 
acters and  scenes  mythological,  legendary, 
and  historical;  a  number  of  scenes  from 
Shakespeare's  plays.  But  all  these  things 
are  only  interludes  in  a  frigid  and  vague  alle- 
gory which  is  intended  to  hold  them  together 
and  unify  them.  In  the  mind  of  the  reader, 
at  least,  the  allegory  does  not  accomplish  its 
purpose. 

Perhaps  the  task  of  revivifying  allegory  as 
a  literary  form  is  at  present  a  hopeless  one; 
certainly  Mr.  MacKaye  has  failed  in  it.  He 
has  rashly  borrowed  the  four  central  char- 
acters of  his  masque  from  "The  Tempest," — 
Caliban,  Prospero,  Miranda,  and  Ariel, — 
and,  as  he  says,  "re-imagined"  them.  Rather, 
I  think,  he  has  "de-imagined"  them:  he  has 
left  out  of  them  nearly  all  that  makes  their 
potent  appeal  to  the  imagination.  It  is  quite 
needless  for  him  to  add:  "They  are  thus  no 
longer  Shakespeare's  characters  of  'The 
Tempest '  " !  The  magic  is  gone  out  of  deli- 
cate Ariel ;  Prospero  and  Miranda  are  become 
vague  shadows;  Caliban  alone  is  conceived 
and  presented  with  something  of  imaginative 
power.  In  a  recent  article  in  "The  Nation," 
Mr.  Stuart  P.  Sherman  remarks:  "I  am 
sorry  for  those  who  do  not  believe  that  the 
enchanted  island  of  'The  Tempest'  is  man's 
universe,  presented  first  in  a  state  of  insur- 
rection, and  then  in  a  state  of  tranquillity." 
I  am  willing  to  accept  my  portion  of  Mr. 
Sherman's  pity,  which  is  no  doubt  kindly 
meant;  but  a  reading  of  Mr.  MacKaye 's 
masque  would  suggest  to  him,  I  think,  that 
the  pity  might  be  better  bestowed  on  the  alle- 
gory-spinners. For  my  part,  I  feel  sincerely 
sorry  for  those  who  cannot  enjoy  "The 
Tempest"  as  the  most  delightful  of  all  won- 
der stories,  illuminated  by  the  wisdom  of 
Shakespeare's  experience,  without  reading 
into  it  a  frigid  allegorical  meaning.  In  the 
masque  the  magic  isle  is  man 's  universe ;  and 
Caliban  is  "that  passionate  child-curious  part 
of  us  all  .  .  groveling  close  to  his  aborig- 
inal origins  [ !],  yet  groping  up  and  stagger- 
ing .  .  toward  that  serener  plane  of  pity 
and  love,  reason  and  disciplined  will,  where 
Miranda  and  Prospero  commune  with  Ariel 
and  his  spirits."  It  is  only  fair  to  add  that 
Mr.  MacKaye  has  been  more  successful  in  the 
details  of  his  work  than  in  its  main  outlines ; 
much  of  his  verse  is  graceful  and  attractive. 

It  is  a  relief,  however,  to  turn  to  a  simpler 
and  less  ambitious  undertaking.  Mr.  Burrill 's 
"Master  Skylark"  is  a  dramatization  of  the 
story  by  Mr.  John  Bennett  which  appeared 
serially  in  "St.  Nicholas"  some  years  agor 
and  has  retained  its  popularity  in  book  form. 
The  story  concerns  Nick  Attwood,  a  boy 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


23 


singer  of  Stratford,  who  is  kidnapped  and 
carried  off  to  London  by  Gaston  Carew,  one 
of  the  Lord  Admiral's  company  of  players. 
There  his  voice  wins  him  fame;  he  sings 
before  the  Queen,  and  is  befriended  by  Hey- 
wood  and  Shakespeare.  After  Carew  is 
imprisoned,  Nick  escapes  with  Carew 's  little 
daughter  from  the  brutal  servant  who  intends 
to  dispose  of  them  both  to  his  own  profit,  and 
finds  his  way  back  to  Stratford.  The  story 
is  a  pretty  one,  and  Mr.  Burrill  has  drama- 
tized it  with  a  good  deal  of  skill.  But  Nick's 
adventures  do  not  fit  easily  into  the  form  of  a 
play;  some  of  them  have  to  be  introduced 
indirectly,  and  the  action  lacks  continuity. 
Moreover,  Mr.  Burrill  (or  perhaps  Mr. 
Bennett)  is  never  quite  at  his  ease  in  Eliza- 
bethan English,  so  that  the  dialogue  is  often 
stiff  or  cumbersome.  The  play  is  intended 
chiefly  for  amateurs;  but  it  would  require 
considerable  resources  in  the  way  of  setting, 
and  the  parts  would  be  wearisome  to  learn. 
For  reading,  the  narrative  version  of  the 
story  would.  I  should  suppose,  be  preferable. 
On  the  whole,  both  of  these  plays  suggest 
that  it  is  wiser  not  to  try  to  write  plays  about 
Shakespeare, —  unless  one  is  a  Shakespeare! 
HOMER  E.  WOODBRIDGE. 


DATS  ix  THE  OPEX.* 

From  the  rugged  valley  of  the  Yukon  in 
the  far  Northwest  to  the  beautiful  Vale  of 
Cashmere  in  the  distant  East  the  stay-at-home 
tourist  is  invited  to  journey  in  company  with 
half  a  score  of  observant  and  experienced 
travellers  whose  agreeably  written  and,  in 
most  instances,  attractively  illustrated  books, 
appearing  at  about  this  time,  pleasantly 
remind  us  that  the  outdoor  season  of  recre- 
ation and  exploration  has  again  opened  wide 
its  hospitable  portals. 

*  CAMP  FIRES  IN  THE  YUKON.  By  Harry  A.  Auer.  Illus- 
trated. Cincinnati :  Stewart  &  Kidd  Co. 

BROWN  WATERS,  AND  OTHER  SKETCHES.  By  W.  H.  Blake. 
New  York:  The  Macmillan  Co. 

A  BOOK-LOVER'S  HOLIDAYS  IN  THE  OPEN.  By  Theodore 
Roosevelt.  Illustrated.  New  York:  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

THE  CRUISE  OF  THE  TOMAS  BARRERA.  By  John  B.  Hender- 
son. Illustrated.  New  York :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

A  WOMAN  IN  THE  WILDERNESS.  By  Winifred  James.  New 
York :  George  H.  Doran  Co. 

THROUGH  SOUTH  AMERICA'S  SOUTHLAND.  With  an  account 
of  the  Roosevelt  scientific  expedition  to  South  America. 
By  the  Rev.  J.  A.  Zahm,  C.S.C.,  Ph.D.  Illustrated.  New 
York:  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 

RAMBLES  IN  THE  VAUDESE  ALPS.  By  F.  S.  Salisbury, 
M.A.  Cantab.  Illustrated.  New  York:  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 

TAOBMINA.  By  Ralcy  Husted  BelL  Illustrated.  New  York: 
Hinds,  Noble  &  Eldredge. 

LODGES  IN  THE  WILDERNESS.  By  W.  C.  Scully.  Illustrated. 
New  York:  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 

A  MERRY  BANKER  IN  THE  FAB  EAST  (AND  SOUTH  AMERICA). 
By  Walter  H.  Young  (Tarapaca).  Illustrated.  New  York: 
John  Lane  Co. 

OUR  SUMMER  IN  THE  VALE  OF  KASHMIR.  By  F.  Ward 
Denys.  Illustrated.  Washington,  D.  C. :  James  William 
Bryan  Press. 


The  big-game  hunter,  Mr.  Harry  A.  Auer, 
tells  the  story  of  an  Alaskan  expedition  in 
the  late  summer  and  early  autumn  of  1914. 
Five  huntsmen,  including  the  writer,  took 
steamer  from  Seattle  to  Skagway,  crossed  the 
White  Pass  by  rail  to  White  Horse,  and  thence 
by  pack  train  proceeded  northwestward  to  the 
eastern  slopes  of  the  coast  range,  where  Mt. 
St.  Elias  and  Mt.  Natazhat  lift  their  snowy 
peaks  to  the  sky.  In  diary  form,  and  appar- 
ently with  no  romancing  after  the  event,  the 
account  of  "Camp  Fires  in  the  Yukon"  fills 
two  hundred  pages,  with  numerous  excellent 
views  from  photographs.  The  purpose  of  the 
trip,  the  bagging  of  big  and  smaller  game, 
the  study  of  the  wild  life  of  the  far  North, 
and  the  contemplation  of  Nature  in  her  more 
majestic  aspects,  seems  to  have  been  satis- 
factorily accomplished. 

The  author  of  "Brown  Waters,"  Mr.  W.  H. 
Blake,  finds  his  chief  delight  rather  in  fishing 
than  in  hunting.  "All  pleasures  but  the 
angler's  being,  i'  th'  tail,  repentance  like  a 
sting,"  he  quotes  from  Thomas  Weaver  on 
his  title-page;  and  in  the  body  of  his  book 
he  animadverts  upon  "the  man  whose  pur- 
pose in  carrying  a  rifle  through  the  woods 
begins  and  ends  with  the  death  of  an  animal." 
Why  is  it,  one  might  ask,  that  the  jerking  of 
a  fish  from  its  native  element  to  gasp  out  its 
life  in  slow  agony  is  considered  so  much  gent- 
ler a  practice  than  the  shooting  of  game? 
Perhaps  partly  because  the  mammalia  are 
more  nearly  related  to  us  than  are  the  pisces 
— -do  in  fact  include  us.  Eight  chapters  of 
Canadian  rambling,  with  rod  and  rifle  not 
too  conspicuously  in  evidence,  make  up  the 
book,  whose  graces  of  style  are  above  the  ordi- 
nary. Parts  of  it  had  already  appeared  in 
"The  University  Magazine."  In  harmony 
with  the  title  is  the  following  from  the  initial 
chapter : 

But  dearest  to  the  fisherman's  heart  is  the  honest 
brown  water,  natural  and  proper  home  of  the  trout, — 
turning  the  sands  beneath  to  gold,  of  patterns  that 
ever  change  and  fleet  when  the  sun  strikes  through 
the  ripple. 

Western  hunting  adventures,  glimpses  of 
ranch  life,  memories  of  the  African  wilds, 
bits  of  unusual  experience  in  the  great  out- 
of-doors  far  from  civilization,  with  scattered 
reflections  and  fragments  of  varied  and  unex- 
pected information,  all  set  down  with  rapid 
pen  and  in  a  contagious  spirit  of  zestful  enjoy- 
ment, make  up  the  bulk  of  "A  Book-Lover's 
Holidays  in  the  Open,"  by  Colonel  Roosevelt. 
In  an  eloquently  written  preface  that  shows 
the  author  at  his  best  in  a  literary  sense,  the 
lover  of  outdoor  life  and  adventure  is  advised 
to  "take  books  with  him  as  he  journeys;  for 
the  keenest  enjoyment  of  the  wilderness  is 


24 


THE    DIAL 


[June  22 


reserved  for  him  who  enjoys  also  the  garnered 
wisdom  of  the  present  and  the  past."  In 
further  justification  of  the  first  part  of  his 
chosen  title,  the  author  inserts  a  chapter  on 
"Books  for  Holidays  in  the  Open,"  wherein 
his  own  wide-ranging  literary  preferences 
find  free  expression,  with  no  tiresome  insist- 
ence that  they  should  be  the  preferences  of 
others.  In  the  fewest  possible  words  one  is 
counselled  to  choose  for  holiday  excursions 
"the  same  books  one  would  read  at  home." 
Here  is  a  characteristic  passage  from  this 
chapter : 

Then,  if  one  is  worried  by  all  kinds  of  men  and 
events  —  during  critical  periods  in  administrative 
office,  or  at  national  conventions,  or  during  con- 
gressional investigations,  or  in  hard-fought  political 
campaigns  —  it  is  the  greatest  relief  and  unalloyed 
delight  to  take  up  some  really  good,  some  really 
enthralling  book  —  Tacitus,  Thueydides,  Herodotus, 
Polybius,  or  Goethe,  Keats,  Gray,  or  Lowell  —  and 
lose  all  memory  of  everything  grimy,  and  of  all  the 
baseness  that  must  be  parried  or  conquered. 

Another  writer  who  finds  recreation  and 
spiritual  refreshment  in  the  study  of  nature 
is  Mr.  John  B.  Henderson,  known  for  his  book 
on  "American  Diplomatic  Questions,"  and 
now  offering  his  readers  a  full  account,  unusu- 
ally well  illustrated  with  photographs  and 
colored  drawings,  of  "The  Cruise  of  the 
Tomas  Barrera."  It  is  "the  narrative  of  a 
scientific  expedition  to  Western  Cuba  and  the 
Colorados  Eeefs,  with  observations  on  the 
geology,  fauna,  and  flora  of  the  regions." 
The  vessel  named  in  the  title  is  a  fishing 
schooner,  "a  splendid  boat,"  lent  without 
charge  to  the  exploring  party  of  seventeen, 
of  which  the  author  was  one  of  the  half-dozen 
naturalists.  The  trip  covered  the  month  from 
May  8  to  June  9,  1914,  much  material  was 
collected  and  "consigned  to  the  various  spe- 
cialists who  will  in  due  time  report  upon  it," 
and  the  whole  adventure  proved  "a  delightful 
outing  and  most  successful  collecting  expedi- 
tion. "  Presented  in  diary  form,  the  narrative 
gives  the  impression  of  careful  observation 
and  painstaking  endeavor  to  be  accurate  in 
every  detail  of  the  record,  which  at  the  same 
time  is  not  too  technical  to  be  enjoyable  to 
readers  other  than  professed  naturalists. 

The  author  of  "Letters  to  My  Son," 
"More  Letters  to  My  Son,"  and,  despite  the 
seeming  incompatibility,  "Letters  of  a 
Spinster,"  offers  still  another  volume  of  let- 
ters, this  time  from  Panama,  and  addressed 
to  "Phillipa,"  an  intimate  friend  "back 
home"  (in  England)  to  whom  all  sorts  of 
amusing  trivialities  as  well  as  more  serious 
concerns  may  be  unreservedly  confided.  Miss 
Winifred  James  calls  her  latest  work  "A 
Woman  in  the  Wilderness,"  though  the 
Panama  of  to-day  is  not  exactly  a  trackless 


jungle  or  an  untrodden  desert.  The  period 
covered  is  the  thirteen  months  from  June  1, 
1914  to  July,  1915,  and  the  chronicle  natur- 
ally touches  occasionally  on  the  war;  it  also 
includes  frequent  references  to  the  writer's 
American  husband  (of  recent  and  of  course 
imaginary  acquisition)  named  William. 
Local  color  is  laid  on  in  sufficient  thickness 
to  complete  the  illusion,  if  it  be  an  illusion, 
of  the  author's  actual  presence  in  the  tropical 
region  where  she  is  supposed  to  be  writing. 
It  is  in  fact,  as  her  publishers  announce,  "a 
book  of  rollicking  realism." 

Passing  further  southward,  we  come  to  the 
South  American  countries  lately  visited  by 
our  indefatigable  ex-President  and  partly 
described  by  him  in  "Through  the  Brazilian 
Wilderness, "  and  now  more  fully  depicted  by 
his  eminent  associate  in  that  expedition,  the 
Rev.  J.  A.  Zahm.  The  scientific  results  of  that 
exploration  having  already  been  recorded  in 
the  aforementioned  book,  Dr.  Zahm  confines 
himself  almost  entirely  to  the  more  generally 
interesting  incidents  of  the  journey  and  a 
description  of  the  places  visited  by  him  in 
company  with  Mr.  Roosevelt.  His  interests, 
as  is  shown  in  earlier  books  from  his  pen, 
are  centred  in  the  history,  the  poetry,  and 
the  romance  of  the  regions  through  which  the 
party  journeyed.  Five  hundred  generous 
pages  are  devoted  to  this  history,  poetry,  and 
romance;  and  sixty-four  illustrations,  with 
a  map,  add  vividness  to  the  whole,  which  bears 
the  title,  "Through  South  America's  South- 
land, with  an  Account  of  the  Roosevelt 
Scientific  Expedition  to  South  America."  As 
one  of  many  evidences  of  a  rather  unexpected 
enlightenment  among  the  South  American 
republics  let  us  quote  a  short  passage.  After 
referring  to  the  material  splendors  of  Buenos 
Aires,  the  writer  continues : 

But  they  reveal  but  imperfectly  the  ideals  and 
aspirations  of  its  inhabitants.  To  understand  these, 
one  must  visit  some  of  their  numerous  and  perfectly 
equipped  charitable  and  educational  institutions. 
These  are  the  pride  of  every  true  Argentine  and  are, 
more  than  anything  else,  an  indication  of  the  real 
character  of  the  people.  They  exhibit  the  promise 
and  the  potency  of  the  republic's  future  as  does 
nothing  else,  and  show  the  spirit  of  solidarity  and 
cooperation  which  are  daily  becoming  more  marked 
characteristics  of  the  dominating  element  of  the 
Argentine  nation. 

Transferring  our  attention  now  to  the 
eastern  hemisphere,  we  take  up  an  inviting 
little  book  by  Mr.  F.  S.  Salisbury  on  "Ram- 
bles in  the  Vaudese  Alps,"  wherein  occurs 
the  early  and  sensible  caution,  "Don't  take 
your  holiday  with  a  rush  if  you  mean  it  to 
be  any  good  to  you.  Take  the  first  day  or  two 
quietly  and  slide  gently  into  it."  A  summer 
vacation  spent  at  Gryon  in  1908  laid  the 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


25 


foundations  of  the  book,  in  which  it  is  hoped 
that  the  lover  of  alpine  flowers  will  find  things 
of  interest,  as  also  those  who  delight  espe- 
cially in  the  scenery  and  atmosphere  of  the 
Alps.  Faithful  camera  pictures  of  flower  and 
landscape  illustrate  the  botanizer's  genially 
rambling  narrative.  It  is  amusing  to  read  of 
the  little  bunches  of  edelweiss  sold  in  the 
shops  as  souvenirs  of  Swiss  mountaineering, 
and  not  uncommonly  cut  artfully  out  of  flan- 
nel—  in  fact,  "made  in  Germany,"  and  war- 
ranted to  wash. 

In  poetic  charm,  in  pleasing  imagery,  in 
apt  allusion  to  history  and  tradition,  Dr. 
Ralcy  Husted  Bell's  "Taormina"  is  sure  to 
give  satisfaction  to  lovers  of  travel  books  that 
are  at  the  same  time  something  more  than 
bare  itineraries  or  clever  chronicles  of  per- 
sonal adventure  and  experience.  Few  Sicil- 
ian towns  are  richer  in  antiquities  or  have 
a  more  interesting  history  than  the  ancient 
Tauromenium,  founded  twenty-three  cen- 
turies ago  and  repeatedly  the  victim  of  siege 
and  assault,  The  present  account  of  its  undy- 
ing charms  and  its  marked  peculiarities  owes 
its  origin  to  the  author's  accidental  detention 
amid  its  hoary  ruins  in  the  course  of  a  pro- 
jected tour  of  the  island  three  years  ago. 
Thus  he  had  ample  opportunity  to  study  its 
past  and  note  the  survivals  of  that  past  in  its 
present  state.  He  writes  of  its  origin,  early 
inhabitants,  language,  ancient  ruins,  ancient 
products,  present  peculiarities,  and  other  like 
matters,  illustrating  the  whole  with  many  pho- 
tographic views. 

Novelty  of  interest  abounds  in  Mr.  W.  C. 
Scully's  story  of  his  toilsome  journeys  across 
the  Bushmanland  Desert  in  South  Africa,  a 
little  known  tract  of  arid  wilderness  fifty 
thousand  square  miles  in  extent.  "Lodges 
in  the  Wilderness "  the  author  calls  his  book, 
a  title  true  to  the  contents,  and  a  prefatory 
note  explains  that  the  travels  described 
"were  undertaken  in  the  Nineties  by  the 
author  when  Special  Magistrate  for  the 
Northern  Border  of  the  Cape  Colony, — -an 
office  of  which  he  was  the  last  incumbent,  and 
which  has  since  lapsed."  In  compliment  to 
the  writer's  realism  it  must  be  said  that  his 
pages  seem  to  shimmer  with  the  heat  and  to 
be  parched  with  the  thirst  of  the  great  desert 
where  his  scene  is  laid;  and  so  the  book  is 
not  the  best  of  summer  reading  unless  the 
reader  be  fortified  with  cooling  drinks  and 
comfortably  disposed  in  the  shade  of  that 
luxuriant  foliage  which  he  will  nowhere  find 
in  the  pages  before  him.  Enjoyable,  amid 
these  sandy  aridities,  is  the  not  infrequent 
literary  allusion  or  unobtrusive  hint  of  more 
liberal  studies  than  might  have  been  expected 


in  a  South  African  magistrate.  But  the  critic 
must  note  his  misspelling  of  Nietzsche's 
name,  or  perhaps  it  were  more  charitable  to 
throw  the  blame  on  the  long-suffering  and 
safely  anonymous  compositor.  In  conclusion, 
we  will  quote  a  passage  descriptive  of  some 
of  the  inhabitants  of  this  ill-favored  region : 

It  was  the  eyes  of  those  half -breeds  that  were  most 
distinctive.  These  were  dusky  and  deep,  with  an 
expression  —  not  exactly  furtive;  rather  expressive  of 
haunting  apprehension.  This  was  hardly  to  be  won- 
dered at,  for  they  had  ceaselessly  to  watch  for  every 
change  in  the  desert's  pitiless  visage  —  to  note  each 
alteration  in  the  moods  of  earth  and  sky.  Their  lives 
were  spent  in  answering  a  succession  of  riddles  pro- 
pounded by  the  terrible  sphinx  between  whose  taloned 
paws  they  existed  as  playthings. 

Describing  himself  as  arriving  at  Manila 
from  Hong  Kong  "with  a  pea-green  complex- 
ion, caused  by  the  pranks  of  a  typhoon,"  and 
"in  a  blue  funk"  from  sea-sickness,  and,  fur- 
ther to  heighten  the  chromatic  effect,  "looking 
greenery-yallery"  as  he  disembarked  at  the 
hot  landing-stage,  Mr.  Walter  H.  Young  pro- 
ceeds in  rollicking  vein  to  detail  the  indoor 
and  outdoor  adventures  of  "A  Merry  Banker 
in  the  Far  East  (and  South  America)." 
Sportsman  no  less  than  banker,  he  shows  as 
much  zest  for  snipe-shooting  in  the  paddy- 
fields  of  Penang  as  for  high  finance  in  Iloilo ; 
and  so  his  amusing  narrative  may  not  inap- 
propriately be  grouped  with  the  accompany- 
ing volumes  of  open-air  literature.  Romance, 
mildly  incipient,  adds  its  savor  to  the  chroni- 
cle, as  where  the  author  allowed  himself  to 
cherish  so  tender  a  feeling  for  a  certain  Span- 
ish damsel  in  the  Philippines  that  their  part- 
ing caused  him,  as  he  expressed  it,  a  pain  in 
his  pantry.  A  paragraph  from  the  chapter  on 
"Patagonia  Patter"  will  serve  to  illustrate 
the  nature  and  style  of  the  book : 

I  had  already  made  up  my  mind  to  buy  a  bit  of 
camp  for  myself  as  a  little  reserve  fund,  in  case  the 
directors  should  at  some  time  turn  nasty.  I  could 
then  put  on  my  hat,  retire  to  my  spot  in  the  wilder- 
ness and  politely  tell  them  to  go  to  Halifax.  You 
never  know  your  luck  with  directors,  for  a  touch  of 
liver  in  London  may  lose  you  a  comfortable  job  in 
South  America. 

To  many  readers  the  Vale  of  Cashmere  will 
have  no  very  definite  existence  outside  the 
pages  of  "Lalla  Rookh,"  and  even  there  its 
geography  is  delightfully  vague.  But  those 
who  turn  the  leaves  of  Dr.  F.  Ward  Denys's 
sumptuous  volume,  "  Our  Summer  in  the  Vale 
of  Kashmir"  can  hardly  fail  to  gain  more 
precise  knowledge  of  its  location.  Not  the 
poetry  and  charm  only  of  Kashmir,  not  indeed 
these  chiefly,  but  the  prosaic  and  sometimes 
homely  realities  of  the  country  and  its  people 
and  modes  of  life  are  presented  in  the  faith- 
fully and  minutely  descriptive  chapters  of 
the  book.  Its  author  has  lived  long  amid  the 


26 


THE   DIAL 


[June  22 


scenes  depicted,  and  is  said  to  be  the  first 
American  to  relate  his  experiences  in  that 
far-off  land.  He  writes  about  scenery,  people, 
native  industries,  shops  and  bazaars,  social 
life,  sports,  schools,  houseboats  and  cottages, 
the  Eesidency,  the  Maharaja,  and  other  per- 
tinent themes;  and  his  handsome  book  is 
adorned  with  colored  drawings,  colored  pho- 
tographs, and  other  illustrations.  It  is  a 
notable  specimen  of  the  fine  art  of  book-manu- 
facture, and,  best  of  all,  thoroughly  readable. 
PERCY  F.  BICKNELL. 


RECENT  FICTION.* 


There  have  been  many  stories  of  the  great 
West  in  more  or  less  recent  fiction,  and  doubt- 
less everyone  has  his  favorites,  if  he  conde- 
scends to  such  reading  at  all.  I  myself  have 
never  seen  the  like  of  Hop-along  Cassidy: 
I  should  be  sorry  at  his  non-appearance  of 
late  were  it  not  that  I  long  ago  saw  that  he 
would  in  no  long  time  kill  all  the  bad  men  of 
the  west,  and  be  reduced  to  a  forced  quies- 
cence, like  Alexander  the  Great.  I  hope  he 
has  not  suffered  the  same  depressing  end  as 
the  great  conqueror  on  the  larger  scale.  But 
of  course  there  have  been  many  great  heroes 
beside  Hop-along  Cassidy,  and  everyone  has  a 
right  to  have  his  own  opinion  about  them, 
and  also  (as  we  cannot  well  come  within 
possible  range)  to  state  it.  In  fact,  it  would 
be  foolish  to  quarrel  on  the  subject,  for  there 
are  so  many  different  kinds  of  Wild  West 
novel  that  there  must  be  a  great  range  of 
admirers  and  readers. 

In  this  long  array  of  gradually  shading  spe- 
cies and  specimens,  Mr.  Spearman's  "Nan  of 
Music  Mountain"  stands  well  along  in  the 
upper  levels.  It  has  most  of  the  convention- 
alities that  it  seems  impossible  to  avoid, —  the 
dead  shot,  the  horseback  girl,  the  bad  man, 
and  others ;  but  assuming  these  as  one  assumes 
harlequin  and  columbine  in  another  form  of 
popular  literature,  one  finds  something  indi- 
vidual in  the  story.  If  you  try  to  realize  the 
people  and  places,  you  can  generally  do  it,  and 
also  find  pleasure  in  so  doing.  Whether  it  be 
true  to  life  or  not,  I  should  be  the  last  to  say, 
or  even  to  think  of  the  necessity  of  saying. 

*  NAN  OP  Music  MOUNTAIN.  By  Frank  H.  Spearman. 
New  York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

THE  PHANTOM  HERD.  By  B.  M.  Bowers.  Boston:  Little, 
Brown,  &  Co. 

"  I  CONQUERED."  By  Harold  Titus.  Chicago :  Rand. 
McNally  &  Co. 

THE  HEAKT  OP  THUNDER  MOUNTAIN.  By  Edfrid  A. 
Bingham.  Boston:  Little,  Brown,  &  Co. 

THEY  OF  THE  HIGH  TRAILS.  By  Hamlin  Garland.  New 
York:  Harper  &  Brothers. 

GREEN  MANSIONS.  A  Romance  of  the  Tropical  Forest.  By 
W.  H.  Hudson.  New  edition.  With  introduction  by  John 
Galsworthy.  New  York :  Alfred  A.  Knopf. 


It  is  a  very  good  story  of  its  kind,  which 
means  that  it  is  good  in  incident,  strong  on 
local  color,  and  not  without  some  impressions 
of  character. 

In  "The  Phantom  Herd,"  Mrs.  B.  M. 
Bowers  has  an  amusing  if  somewhat  eccentric 
idea.  Having  written  many  a  story  of  cow- 
boy life,  she  now  conceives  someone  who  wants 
to  make  a  moving  picture  film  of  the  passing 
or  already  passed  epic  of  the  cow-boy.  Luck 
Lindsay,  tired  of  ordinary  Wild  West  films, 
peopled  the  plain  in  his  imagination  "with 
things  that  had  been  but  now  were  no  more; 
with  buffalo  and  with  Indians  who  camped  on 
the  trail  of  the  big  herds."  Then  "he  saw  the 
coming  of  the  cattle  driven  up  from  the  south 
by  wind-browned,  saddle-weary  cow-boys  who 
sung  endless  chanteys  to  pass  the  time  as  they 
rode  with  their  herds  up  the  long  trail.  .  . 
What  a  picture  it  would  all  make,"  he 
thought.  It  may  seem  curious  that  anyone 
who  could  write  of  such  things  absolutely 
from  the  life  should  prefer  to  present  them  as 
they  would  appear  in  the  distorted  mirror  of 
the  "movies";  but  such  was  Mrs.  Bowers 's 
preference. 

The  chief  difficulty  in  the  path  of  the  novel- 
ist who  wishes  to  realize  some  of  his  deeply- 
felt  experiences  of  this  fascinating  form  of 
life  is  that  it  is  hard  to  get  outside  the  ordi- 
nary range  of  stereotyped  incident.  It  was 
unfortunate,  therefore,  that  Mr.  Titus  and 
Miss  Bingham  should  both  at  the  same  time 
have  conceived  the  personality  of  the  fierce 
wild  horse  who  is  so  important  in  their  books. 
I  have  not  heard  of  the  great  wild  horse  since 
the  days  of  "  The  Dog  Crusoe, "  and  even  there 
he  was  not  so  great  a  horse  as  either  of  the  two 
which  appears  this  year.  Mr.  Titus,  beside 
this  main  effort,  rather  relapses  into  conven- 
tion in  his  tale  of  the  young  ne'er-do-weel  of 
the  East  who  gives  up  his  vices  and  makes  a 
man  of  himself  in  the  bracing  air  of  the  West. 
One  cannot  say  just  the  same  thing  of  "The 
Heart  of  Thunder  Mountain" ;  but  there  is 
certainly  a  familiar  air  in  the  central  incident 
of  the  isolated  man  with  the  broken  leg,  tended 
through  the  terrible  winter  by  a  devoted  girl. 
Originality  is  not  the  one  great  thing  in  fic- 
tion, but  this  much  may  be  said:  the  writer 
who  nowadays  adopts  ready-made  characters 
and  incidents  deliberately  gives  up  by  just  so 
much  the  chance  to  inform  his  work  with  the 
real  impression  of  life,  and  makes  it  thereby 
just  so  much  the  more  an  ordinary  piece  of 
work. 

It  will  be  agreed  by  most  that  all  such 
stories,  however  original  and  amusing,  fall 
in  with  a  pretty  well  established  literary 
tradition.  All  sorts  of  things  have  been  said 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


27 


about  the  Nineties,  some  of  them  at  the  time 
by  Max  Nordau.  In  those  early  days,  in  his 
work  on  "Degeneration,"  Mr.  Nordau  said 
that  many  of  those  who  seemed  to  be  leaders 
of  a  new  movement  were  really  leaders  of 
nothing  at  all,  but  rather  expiring  stragglers 
at  the  end  of  an  exhausted  caravan.  In  some 
matters  (for  he  spoke  of  many)  he  was  doubt- 
less right,  but  in  one,  to  which  he  paid  little 
or  no  attention,  he  was  wrong.  In  the  field; 
of  fiction  the  Nineties  were  a  fruitful  seed- 
box,  and  the  crop  produced  therefrom  has 
been  large.  It  was  in  '91  that  "The  Prisoner 
of  Zenda"  was  published,  which  had  a  large 
result  now  almost  passed  away  except  for  the 
echoes  of  the  "movies"  and  the  "ten-twenty- 
thirties."  It  was  in  '90  that  "The  Memoirs  of 
Sherlock  Holmes"  appeared,  whence  arose  a 
species  much  more  hardy  and  long-lived.  It 
was  about  the  same  time  in  this  country  that 
Paul  Leicester  Ford  wrote  his  political  novel, 
"The  Honorable  Peter  Stirling."  It  was 
toward  the  end  of  the  decade  that  "  The  Short 
Line  "War"  by  Messrs  Merwin  and  Webster 
showed  the  possibilities  of  a  romance  founded 
on  the  achievements  of  "  big  business. "  It  was 
but  a  little  later  that  Mr.  Stewart  E.  White 
wrote  "The  Blazed  Trail,"  which  showed  the 
way  to  so  many  wanderers  in  the  great  wood 
of  romance.  If  one  reads  the  average  fiction 
of  the  present  day  one  will  be  pretty  sure  to 
find  traces  of  the  Zenda  story,  the  political 
story,  the  story  of  big  business,  the  detective 
story,  the  story  of  the  great  out-doors, — 
either  in  different  novels  or  all  in  the  same 
one.  Careful  study  may  show  specimens  of 
these  genres  before  the  Nineties,  but  there 
can  be  little  doubt  that  the  books  just  named 
were  the  sign  if  not  the  cause  of  a  great  popu- 
larization of  such  and  such  ideas. 

The  general  reader  cares  little  for  such  stud- 
ies of  literary  sources, —  quellen-geschichten 
the  Germans  used  to  call  them.  "If  the 
book  is  good,"  one  is  likely  to  say,  "what  does 
it  matter  whether  somebody  suggested  the 
idea  ten  years  ago?  Shakespeare,  for  one, 
always  used  material  and  ideas  that  he  found 
in  all  sorts  of  places,  and  never  was  afraid  to 
write  a  play  like  somebody  else  even  if  he 
found  it  was  in  fashion."  Yet  even  for  the 
momentary  pleasure,  it  is  a  matter  of  conse- 
quence whether  a  book  be  a  more  or  less  fresh 
creation  out  of  the  facts  of  life  or  a  specimen 
of  a  well  known  and  popular  line  of  goods. 
You  can  see  this  with  half  an  eye  in  the  detec- 
tive stories  of  the  day:  there  are  few  that 
are  not  made  on  a  pattern;  sometimes  one 
strikes  a  novel  element  or  idea,  but  generally 
one  has  merely  a  new  combination  of  the  quiet 
intellectualist,  the  obsequious  friend  and 


reporter,  the  foolish  and  stupid  official 
inquirer,  and  the  other  elements  which  Conan 
Doyle  picked  up  from  Poe.  And  that  sort 
of  thing  can  hardly  be  even  amusing,  except 
to  one  who  has  read  very  little  recent  litera- 
ture. 

Nowhere  is  this  more  easily  seen  than  in 
these  Wild  West  stories.  It  was  early  in  these 
same  Nineties  that  Mr.  Owen  Wister  wrote 
the  stories  which  he  afterward  welded 
together  with  such  signal  success  in  "The 
Virginian."  In  that  well-studied  and  inter- 
esting book  one  will  find  most  of  the  main 
features  that  have  distinguished  the  cow-boy 
story  since, —  the  modest  and  efficient  cow- 
boy, the  bad  man,  the  girl  from  the  East,  with 
not  a  few  of  the  scenes  and  incidents  that 
have  suggested  so  much  to  the  active-minded 
workers  of  the  years  just  gone  by.  Some  new 
elements  have  appeared, —  as  for  instance  the 
cow-girl;  and  there  have  been  all  sorts  of 
combinations, —  as  with  the  idea  of  a  big  busi- 
ness operation,  of  a  detective  mystery,  and 
so  on.  To  anyone  who  has  read  and  can 
remember,  the  average  cow-boy  story  is  a  per- 
fect patchwork  or  rag  mat  of  well  known 
material.  And  such  things  are  often  inter- 
esting and  attractive;  many  a  writer  of 
ingenuity  and  ability  will  use  all  kinds  of 
familiar  material  so  as  to  charm  and  interest 
and  amuse  all  sorts  of  people.  There  is  a 
great  deal  in  having  the  literary  gift  or  knack 
or  talent ;  some  people  can  make  a  good  novel 
out  of  anything. 

Still  there  is  a  freshness  that  comes  from 
the  touch  of  life,  and  this  (to  come  to  the  end 
of  a  long  interjection)  I  feel  in  Mr.  Hamlin 
Garland's  "They  of  the  High  Trails."  Mr. 
Garland  has  probably  not  succeeded  in  doing 
in  this  book  all  that  he  had  in  mind  to  do, 
although  I  may  put  into  definite  form  ideas 
which  in  the  author's  mind  were  but  vaguely 
suggestive  and  never  meant  to  go  farther. 
Xor  do  I  feel  that  Mr.  Garland  has  wholly 
avoided  the  conventional  probabilities  of  such 
books, —  perhaps  in  writing  stories  of  West- 
ern life  one  cannot  wholly  avoid  the  bad  man 
and  the  murder  mystery.  But  in  spite  of 
such  things  one  can  not  read  the  book  without 
feeling  (as  one  felt  when  reading  "The 
Virginian")  that  here  is  a  man  who  has  looked 
long  at  some  of  the  most  interesting  phases 
of  life  with  his  own  eyes  and  got  his  own 
impressions,  who  has  seen  the  Western  coun- 
try and  really  felt  its  greatness  and  its  rela- 
tion to  our  national  life,  who  has  the  literary 
gift  to  fuse  all  this  and  turn  it  out  clear-cut 
and  right,  a  beautiful  piece  of  work. 

Mr.  Garland  is  of  course  of  different  stock 
from  most  of  those  who  write  cow-boy  stories, 


28 


THE    DIAL 


[June  22 


—  older  and  better  stock,  I  should  say:  he 
is  of  the  Nineties  himself.  He  is,  in  fact,  of 
the  same  group  that  Mr.  Wister  was  of  when 
he  wrote  "The  Virginian," — the  group  of 
those  who  in  those  days  were  absorbed  and 
stimulated  by  the  study  of  the  circumstances 
and  surroundings  of  place  in  all  parts  of  the 
United  States,  and  in  this  case  particularly 
of  the  West.  I  am  sure  that  Mr.  Garland 
would  feel  that  "They  of  the  High  Trails" 
points  back  to  "Main  Travelled  Roads"  and 
not  to  anything  else  at  all.  So  it  does;  it  is 
only  in  part  a  story  of  the  cow-boy, —  it  is 
really  a  picture  of  those  fringes  of  frontier 
that  are  still  left  here  and  there  in  Montana 
and  Wyoming. 

I  at  least  generally  go  on  with  a  book  more 
happily  when  I  have  received  assurance  that 
the  writer  is  giving  some  first-hand  impres- 
sions from  life.  There  are  stories  of  which 
the  great  charm  is  that  they  are  not  directly 
from  life,  which  are  the  product  of  the  fancy 
and  the  ingenuity  that  sometimes  with  the 
artist  get  their  material  from  life  by  a  very 
indirect  and  baffling  road.  But  where  we 
have  the  general  idea  of  the  presentation  of 
actual  life,  I  always  like  to  get  the  assurance 
that  the  writer  really  knows  something  of  the 
actualities  which  he  is  trying  to  realize  for 
us, —  that  he  has  taken  them  in  and  absorbed 
them  and  assimilated  them,  so  that  we  have 
something  essential  as  a  result  and  not  the 
obvious  only  or  the  accidental,  something  true 
to  the  bottom  and  not  an  attractive  superfi- 
ciality, an  actual  insight  into  things  and  not 
something  made  up  from  hearsay  and  general 
report.  And  that  I  usually  get  from  Mr. 
Garland :  he  generally  gives  one  that  impres- 
sion in  writing  and  in  speaking.  He  can  use 
the  common  conventions  in  such  a  way  that 
we  can  see  what  there  is  real  in  them.  He 
certainly  knows  and  for  years  has  known  the 
high  country  of  the  mountain  West,  and  the 
people  who  have  passed  up  into  it  as  the 
continent  was  overspread  by  the  veneer  of 
modern  civilization.  He  runs  them  over  with 
a  sort  of  historic  responsibility, —  the  grub- 
staker,  the  cow-boss,  the  prospector,  the  out- 
law, the  remittance-man,  and  finally  the  forest 
ranger,  last  to  appear  but  perhaps  the  most 
deeply  to  be  understood  by  Mr.  Garland. 
They  make  to  his  mind  a  sort  of  passing 
pageant  of  the  last  generation  on  the  frontier. 
When  the  frontier  is  absolutely  gone  — 
indeed,  they  say  there  is  none  now  —  his  book, 
like  Mr.  Wister 's,  will  keep  in  mind  a  passing 
phase  of  American  civilization  better  than 
some  more  formal  histories. 

It  will  not  be  a  bad  thing  to  read,  along 
with  these  stories  of  the  high  country  of  our 


own  great  West,  Mr.  W.  H.  Hudson's  "Green 
Mansions:  A  Romance  of  the  Tropical 
Forest."  Mr.  Hudson  is  primarily,  I  believe, 
a  naturalist,  a  man  of  science;  but  he  has 
long  been  known  by  his  books  of  travel,  and 
by  a  few  romances  which  have  much  the  same 
quality.  That  quality  I  take  to  be  a  sort  of 
spiritual  sincerity,  a  sort  of  devoted  render- 
ing of  impressions  of  nature  which  go  beyond 
the  observation  and  experience  of  the  scien- 
tist. That,  at  least,  is  what  I  feel  in  this  story 
of  a  strange  episode  in  the  forests  of  South 
America.  The  story  itself  is  not  new :  when 
one  reads  of  the  civilized  wanderer  exploring 
wild  places  and  living  with  wild  men,  who 
finds  in  the  depth  of  the  forest  a  beautiful 
child  of  nature,  one  thinks  of  Amyas  Leigh 
and  Ayacanora,  who  must  have  trod  in  older 
days  the  very  same  woodlands  that  lay  in  the 
path  of  Abel  and  Rima.  But  though  Mr. 
Hudson,  like  many  other  writers,  conceives  of 
familiar  figures,  he  thinks  of  them  in  such  a 
manner  as  at  once  to  give  them  the  breath  of 
life.  Not  only  is  the  main  idea  so  turned  as 
to  express  most  forcibly  the  spiritual  concep- 
tion with  which  he  is  deeply  impressed,  but 
each  little  incident  is  such  as  to  give  the  indis- 
putable feeling  of  reality.  Mr.  Galsworthy, 
who  writes  a  preface  to  this  new  edition  of  the 
book,  says  of  him:  "He  puts  down  what  he 
sees  and  feels,  out  of  sheer  love  of  the  thing 
seen,  and  the  emotion  felt."  It  may  seem 
curious  that  Mr.  Galsworthy,  the  ironical 
observer  of  our  super-civilization,  should  find 
the  most  interesting  thing  in  the  literature  of 
our  day  in  the  work  of  Mr.  Hudson,  who  is 
essentially  a  lover  and  chronicler  of  nature. 
Perhaps  it  comes  from  this  same  thing  in 
Mr.  Galsworthy  himself, —  the  looking  on  life 
for  the  love  of  it,  and  the  setting  down  one's 
impression  for  the  sake  of  a  true  record.  We 
often  meet  other  things  in  fiction ;  but  when- 
ever we  meet  that,  whether  in  a  romance  of 
the  tropical  forest  or  in  a  tale  of  the  northern 
high  country,  it  is  the  same  thing,  and  makes 
us  pause  a  bit  and  then  read  more  intently. 

EDWARD  E.  HALE. 


BRIEFS  01$  NEW  BOOKS. 


Professor  Hugo  Miinsterberg  has 
written  a  book  on  "The  Photoplay" 
(Appleton)  addressed  to  the  lay- 
man and  well  designed  to  give  the  latter  an  appre- 
ciative understanding  of  the  several  physical  and 
psychological  principles  that  enter  into  the  tech- 
nique of  that  democratic  recreation.  He  proceeds 
systematically  from  an  account  of  the  earlier  appli- 
cations of  the  still  older  principle  (brief  expos- 
ures of  changing  phases  of  position  which  the 


1916] 


THE   DIAL 


29 


mind  combines  from  the  retinal  images),  to  the 
gradual  perfection  of  the  projecting  apparatus, 
and  the  photographic  refinements ;  then  to  the  psy- 
chological aspects  of  the  depth  and  movement,  and 
the  play  of  attention,  imagination,  and  emotion, 
which  constitute  the  attraction  of  the  "movies." 
The  issue  of  the  discussion  culminates  in  the  aes- 
thetic considerations;  the  conclusion  is  set  forth 
with  supporting  analyses  that  the  photo-play  con- 
stitutes a  legitimate  art,  with  its  peculiar  possibili- 
ties and  demands.  While  subject  to -the  general 
laws  of  aesthetic  impression  and  value,  it  must  not 
be  judged  in  terms  of  the  other  arts  exclusively, 
but  it  is  entitled  to  an  independent  appraisal.  It 
demands  other  conditions,  is  capable  of  effects  to 
which  other  visual  arts  cannot  attain,  and  by  that 
token  makes  a  distinctive  appeal  to  the  imagina- 
tion and  emotions.  All  this  is  admirably  set  forth. 
When  the  thesis  extends  to  the  claim  that  the  popu- 
lar devices  developed  conform  to  extensions  of  the 
intrinsic  mental  movement,  giving  it  a  new  and 
precise  expression,  serious  doubts  arise.  The  argu- 
ment becomes  rather  academic,  like  a  retrogres- 
sive prophecy:  what  is,  must  be.  The  "close-ups" 
follow  the  same  mechanism  that  brought  about  the 
opera-glass;  while  the  "cut-backs,"  which  picture 
the  reflections  of  the  hero  or  heroine  upon  a  tender 
past,  represent  the  play  of  the  reflective  imagina- 
tion of  the  spectator.  This  may  be  so;  but  the 
verdict  rests  with  the  critical  sense  of  the  artist. 
The  future  may  reveal  the  limitations  of  the  photo- 
play quite  as  convincingly  as  its  possibilities; 
and  the  devices  which  please  to-day  may  be  dis- 
carded by  the  more  mature  standards  of  the 
decades  to  come.  None  the  less,  the  "movies," 
whether  they  have  come  to  stay  or  to  be  forgotten 
by  a  jaded  and  novelty-loving  public,  have  already 
filled  so  large  a  place  in  the  twentieth-century 
mind  that  an  account  of  their  rationale  and  their 
aesthetic  justification  is  a  timely  contribution. 


A  eulogy  of  Professor  John  W.  Burgess's  lec- 
Hayes  and  hi*  tures  on  "The  Administration  of 
IOH-  President  Hayes/'  delivered  last 
year  at  Kenyon  College,  are  now  published  in 
book  form  (Scribner).  After  a  sketch  of  the 
political,  economic,  and  social  situation  in  1876, 
the  legal  aspects  of  the  disputed  presidential  elec- 
tion of  that  year  are  presented  in  some  detail. 
The  conclusion  is  reached  that  "no  President  nor 
Yice-President  had  ever  had  a  more  complete  title 
legally  to  his  office  than  did  Mr.  Hayes  and  Mr. 
Wheeler/1  Professor  Burgess  is  a  warm  eulogist 
in  recounting  the  events  at  the  opening  of  the  new 
administration.  "The  inaugural  address  was  a 
model  of  sound  sense,  wise  statesmanship,  genuine 
patriotism,  and  cordial  good  will,  expressed  in 
concise,  chaste,  and  elegant  language,  and  pro- 
nounced with  a  manly  firmness  and  grace  which 
impressed  most  favorably  and  profoundly  all  those 
who  heard  it  and  all  who  read  it  in  the  public 
prints."  The  eulogy  extends  to  the  cabinet  chosen 
by  President  Hayes.  Evarts,  Secretary  of  State, 
''had  shown  himself  the  most  sound  and  learned 
constitutional  lawyer  and  the  most  skilful  diploma- 
tist which  the  country  possessed";  Sherman,  Secre- 


tary of  Treasury,  was  "the  soundest  man  in  the 
nation,  next  to  Mr.  Hayes,  himself,  on  the  mone- 
tary question";  and  a  third  member,  Carl  Schurz, 
is  characterized  as  a  "profound  scholar,  brilliant 
orator,  brave  soldier,  wise  statesman,  independent 
thinker,  great  reader,  honest  man,  genial  compan- 
ion, and  courteous  gentleman."  Professor  Burgess 
speaks  of  the  remaining  cabinet  members  with 
somewhat  less  warmth,  yet  he  concludes:  "Taken 
altogether,  it  was  the  strongest  body  of  men,  each 
best  fitted  for  the  place  assigned  to  him,  that 
ever  sat  around  the  council  table  of  a  President  of 
the  United  States."  The  two  concluding  lectures 
are  given  over  to  an  account  and  defence  of  the 
President's  policy  toward  the  Southern  states,  his 
financial  policy,  and  his  activities  in  futherance  of 
civil  service  reform.  Mention  is  made  of  the  Hayes 
programme  during  the  disturbances  along  the 
Mexican  border  in  1877-9,  and  a  comparison  is 
made  with  the  policy  of  President  Wilson  in  1913- 
15.  The  passage  in  a  presidential  message  of  1880 
calling  for  an  Isthmian  Canal  under  American 
control  is  quoted,  followed  by  a  comparison  of 
Hayes  with  another  of  his  successors,  in  which 
"the  more  impeccable  diplomacy"  of  Hayes  is 
stressed.  To  Professor  Burgess,  Rutherford  B. 
Hayes  "was  a  political  scientist  and  a  statesman." 
In  his  summary  of  the  achievements  of  the  Hayes 
administration,  Professor  Burgess  says  that  "every 
great  internal  problem  —  the  Southern  problem, 
the  currency  problem,  the  civil  service  problem, 
and  the  Indian  problem  —  had  been  solved  or  put 
upon  the  right  course  of  solution,  the  whole  coun- 
try was  prosperous  and  happy,  and  his  party  had 
been  restored  to  power  in  all  branches  of  the 
government."  This  agrees  in  the  main  with  a 
summary  written  by  Hayes  himself  in  December 
of  1881,  and  published  recently  in  Mr,  C.  H. 
Williams's  biography  of  Hayes,  the  two  volumes  of 
which  the  reader  will  desire  to  consult  for  a  full 
treatment  of  the  ninteenth  president  and  his  admin- 
istration. 


Posthumous  The  late  President  Little  of  Garrett 
essays  of  a  Biblical  Institute  had  no  ambition 
ter>  to  add  to  the  multitude  of  printed 
books,  and  so  his  "Biographical  and  Literary 
Studies"  (Abingdon  Press)  owe  their  posthumous 
appearance  to  the  editorial  agency  of  a  friend,  the 
present  head  of  the  above-named  institution.  They 
are  lectures,  but  their  preparation  for  oral  deliv- 
ery was  of  so  scrupulously  scholarly  a  character 
that  they  make  a  most  creditable  appearance  in 
book-form.  Like  the  late  Lord  Acton,  President 
Little  attached  so  much  importance  to  careful  pre- 
paratory study,  to  repeated  revision  of  his  work, 
and  to  a  general  habit  of  open-mindedness  and  of 
caution  against  premature  conclusions,  that  life 
was  far  too  short  to  make  possible  anything  but 
the  most  meagre  expression  of  his  ripened  thought 
in  completed  form.  A  translation,  a  Fernley 
Lecture,  a  book  of  sermons,  and  the  present  vol- 
ume are  all  the  books  that  bear  his  name.  Eleven 
lectures  make  up  the  contents  of  the  "Studies," 
and  they  treat  of  the  apostle  Paul,  Hildebrand, 
Dante,  Dante's  women,  Savonarola,  Luther,  Galileo, 


30 


THE    DIAL 


[June  22 


Ibsen,  Ibsen's  women,  Ibsen  compared  with 
Sophocles  and  Shakespeare,  and  Christ's  place  in 
modern  thought.  In  them  the  deeper  realities  are 
searched  out  and  presented  in  aptly  expressive 
words.  Near  the  close  of  the  book,  where  he  asserts 
of  Dante  and  Sophocles  and  Shakespeare  that 
"the  world  of  fable  that  served  them  as  a  mirror 
for  their  time  has  no  reality  for  us,"  he  does 
rather  less  than  justice  to  the  undying  quality  of 
those  myths  and  fables  as  turned  to  use  by  the 
three  masters  named.  A  biographical  and  appre- 
ciative introduction  to  the  lectures  is  supplied  by 
President  Stuart,  the  editor  of  the  book. 


European  In  "The  Diplomatic  Background  of 

diplomacy,  the  War,  1870-1914,"  by  Professor 

uro-1914.  Charles   Seymour  of  Yale  Univer- 

sity, we  have  another  contribution  to  the  literature 
dealing  with  the  diplomatic  history  of  Europe 
prior  to  the  outbreak  of  the  present  war.  This 
study  ranks  with  Headlam's  "History  of  Twelve 
Days,"  Stowell's  "Diplomacy  of  the  War  of  1914," 
and  Bullard's  "The  Diplomacy  of  the  Great  War," 
as  one  of  the  most  scholarly  historical  studies  which 
the  war  has  produced.  The  present  work,  how- 
ever, makes  no  pretence  to  being  a  detailed  history 
of  European  diplomacy  during  the  forty-five  years 
which  elapsed  between  the  Franco-German  war  of 
1870-71  and  the  outbreak  of  the  present  conflict. 
The  author  essays  the  more  modest  task  of  correlat- 
ing the  important  events  of  recent  European  inter- 
national relations,  and  of  pointing  out  their 
reaction  upon  each  other;  and,  in  particular,  of 
indicating  how  German  primacy  in  continental 
politics  was  established  by  Bismarck  and  main- 
tained by  the  present  Emperor;  how  this  primacy 
affected  Great  Britain  and  led  to  the  creation  of 
the  Triple  Entente;  how  the  new  alignment  of 
powers  was  followed  by  one  crisis  after  another; 
and  how  finally  the  conflicting  ambitions  and  inter- 
ests of  the  great  powers  led  to  the  present  conflict. 
The  dominating  historical  fact  between  1870  and 
1914  was  the  rise  of  Germany,  a  circumstance 
which  introduced  new  elements  into  the  European 
situation  and  made  the  present  war  inevitable.  In 
the  face  of  a  common  danger,  Great  Britain, 
France,  and  Russia  threw  aside  their  traditional 
enmity  and  formed  a  combination  to  preserve  the 
balance  of  power  which  the  ambitions  of  Germany 
threatened  to  upset.  At  the  very  moment  when 
relations  between  these  three  powers  were  most 
strained  and  Anglo-German  connections  were 
closest,  British  policy  suddenly  underwent  an 
extraordinary  transformation,  which  completely 
altered  the  whole  European  situation.  Then  like 
a  bolt  from  the  blue  came  the  assassination  of  the 
Austrian  archduke, —  a  crime  which,  although  it 
horrified  the  German  diplomats,  afforded  a  not 
unwelcome  occasion  for  entering  upon  the  aggres- 
sive action  which  their  general  policy  demanded. 
German  hegemony,  which  had  been  established  by 
Bismarck,  must  be  reestablished,  and  no  better 
pretext  for  attempting  it  could  be  found  than  that 
presented  by  the  crime  of  Serajevo.  Thus  runs 
Dr.  Seymour's  main  argument.  An  unbiased  ver- 
dict, he  thinks,  can  hardly  be  rendered  by  the  pres- 


ent generation  upon  the  question  of  the  moral 
justification  for  Germany's  uncompromising  atti- 
tude in  1914.  In  his  view  the  fact  to  be  remem- 
bered, however,  is  that  the  Germans  sincerely 
believed  that  they  had  a  right  to  world  empire 
and,  if  they  were  capable  of  seizing  it,  to  supreme 
world  empire.  Therefore  they  were  determined 
"to  give  the  law  to  Europe  in  1914  either  by  diplo- 
macy or  by  war." 


What  Christ 
thought  of 
himself. 


The  introduction  to  Mr.  Anson 
Phelps  Stokes's  "What  Jesus  Christ 
Thought  of  Himself"  (Macmillan) 
sufficiently  indicates  the  nature  of  the  work.  "  The 
fundamental  question  in  Christian  theology  is  not 
'What  think  ye  of  Christ?'  but  'What  did  Christ 
think  of  himself?'  The  intelligent  answer  to  the 
former  depends  largely  upon  the  latter."  It  is 
well  to  inquire,  and  to  settle  if  possible,  what 
Jesus  thought  of  himself;  and  Mr.  Stokes  has 
succeeded  in  making  an  admirably  clear  and  for 
the  most  part  consistent  exposition  of  this  topic. 
But  the  statement  that  the  view  of  Jesus,  should 
be  the  view  of  his  readers  is  merely  a  frank 
announcement  of  allegiance  to  the  circulus  in  pro- 
bando.  To  those  already  convinced  of  its  con- 
clusions, the  little  book  will  be  of  much  comfort; 
but  if  perchance  the  author  is  aiming  to  appeal 
to  the  indifferent,  the  aim  is  very  much  beside  the 
mark.  He  seems  to  be  touched  by  the  higher  criti- 
cism, but  not  enlightened.  There  are  numerous 
instances  of  the  unfortunate  method  pursued  by 
many  interpreters  of  the  Bible,  that  is,  the  preser- 
vation of  consistency  by  adopting  now  a  rigidly 
literal  interpretation,  and  again  a  richly  imagina- 
tive or  highly  fanciful  one.  This  method  reminds 
one  too  vividly  of  David  Hume's  clever  custom 
of  speaking,  when  it  suited  his  purpose,  "with  the 
vulgar."  One  example  will  serve  to  illustrate  the 
kind  of  questionable  interpretation  found  through- 
out: "In  the  words  of  the  Apostles'  creed,  he  was 
born  of  one  known  as  'the  Virgin  Mary.'"  Whether 
or  not  textual  criticism  justifies  the  words,  "one 
known  as,"  it  appears  evident  that  the  author  wants 
to  shift  responsibility  for  the  Virgin  Maiy.  We 
may  have  the  highest  respect  for  those  who  accept 
the  Virgin  Mary,  with  all  her  assets  and  liabilities ; 
but  this  "one  known  as"  indicates  too  much  of  the 
infantile  desire  to  have  the  cake  and  eat  it  too. 
Despite  the  above,  there  are  many  valuable  con- 
structive hints  in  the  volume,  and  the  collation  of 
gospel  quotations  may  be  found  of  great  use  to 
students. 


Perilous 

missionary 

adventures. 


When  Vancouver  first  visited  the 
island  now  bearing  his  name  the 
natives  regarded  his  vessel  as  a 
great  war  canoe,  and  so  called  it  among  themselves. 
Missionaries  to  the  descendants  of  these  redskin 
aborigines  may  be  conceived  of  as  following  in  the 
wake  of  Vancouver's  war  canoe;  and  thus  Arch- 
deacon Collison  of  Metlakahtla  describes  his  evan- 
gelizing labors  in  a  book  entitled,  "In  the  Wake 
of  the  War  Canoe"  (Dutton),  which  is  further 
explained  to  be  "a  stirring  record  of  forty  years' 
successful  labour,  peril  and  adventure  amongst  the 


1916] 


THE   DIAL 


31 


savage  Indian  tribes  of  the  Pacific  coast,  and  the 
piratical  head-hunting  Haidas  of  the  Queen 
Charlotte  Islands,  B.  C."  Some  prefatory  words 
by  the  Lord  Bishop  of  Derry  call  attention  to  the 
more  than  religious  interest  of  this  stirring  narra- 
tive. Captain  Marry  at,  he  declares,  "never 
recorded  such  experience  for  the  delight  of  school- 
boys." Storms  at  sea,  tribal  wars  on  land,  earth- 
quakes and  conflagrations,  with  other  disquieting 
demonstrations  from  both  man  and  nature,  make 
up  the  substance  of  this  eventful  history,  which 
is  written  at  the  urgent  request  of  many  friends 
after  an  unusually  protracted  period  of  what  must 
have  been  the  most  fatiguing,  most  trying  sort  of 
missionary  labor.  It  deserves  a  place  among  the 
famous  records  of  its  kind.  A  map  and  twenty- 
four  illustrations,  with  a  too-brief  index,  add  to 
the  volume's  interest  and  usefulness. 


Optimism 
physioiogi 


Dr.  George  V.  X.  Dearborn  has  pre- 
pared  a  readable  little  volume  on 
"The  Influence  of  Joy"  (Little, 
Brown  &  Co),  which  sets  forth  the  physiological 
soundness  of  an  optimistic  outlook.  In  the  first 
portion  of  the  book  he  gives  in  popular  terms  the 
physiological  evidence  showing  the  effect  of  cheer 
and  hopeful  expectation  upon  the  functions  of 
nutrition,  respiration,  and  nervous  action.  This 
field  has  recently  been  much  enriched  by  elaborate 
researches,  so  that  precise  facts  may  now  replace 
more  general  evidence.  The  conditions  under 
which  food  is  taken  are  as  vital  a  factor  in  diges- 
tion as  any  other;  appetite  is  as  real  chemically 
as  psychologically.  The  psychic  factor  in  adjust- 
ment is  provided  for  in  the  nervous  system.  In 
the  broader  field,  attitude  is  even  more  dominant. 
Work  and  play,  enthusiasm  and  drudgery,  are 
partly  determined  by  attitude.  Discipline  is  nec- 
essary; but  worry  is-  the  great  irritant,  and 
despondency  the  great  enemy,  of  life.  Adequate 
function  establishes  a  positive  balance  in  favor  of 
optimism.  Cheer,  humor,  laughter,  sympathy,  love, 
and  the  positive  forces  of  the  psychic  barometer 
are  indispensable.  Recreation  finds  its  justifica- 
tion, and  the  wholesome  tone  of  response  is  direct 
efficiency.  Despite  some  rather  obtrusive  manner- 
isms, Dr.  Dearborn's  presentation  moves  easily; 
and  though  not  deep,  it  is  sound  and  helpful. 


Modem  German      ^    series    of    SIX    lectures    On    "The 

in  the  m^ri^any  Making  of  Modern  Germany,"  deliv- 
ered last  year  in  Chicago  by  Pro- 
fessor Ferdinand  Schevill,  are  now  issued  in  book 
form  by  Messrs.  McClurg  &  Co.  These  lectures 
touch  the  salient  points  of  Germany's  development 
from  the  Thirty  Years'  War  to  the  present  day. 
They  are  popular  in  tone,  as  befits  the  university 
extension  audiences  to  whom  they  were  addressed; 
but  they  seem  almost  too  cursory  to  justify  their 
publication  in  book  form.  The  author,  while  not 
discussing  the  war  directly,  has  a  strong  pro- 
German  bias,  and  is  at  considerable  pains  to  min- 
imize the  Prussianism  and  militarism  of  the  German 
Empire  and  to  claim  for  the  German  constitution 
a  greater  measure  of  the  democratic  spirit  than 


most  Americans  are  able  to  detect.  It  is  hardly 
!  correct  to  state,  as  he  has  done,  that  the  govern- 
{  ment  of  the  Empire  does  not  differ  in  character 

from  the  government  of  a  German  municipality. 

Both  are  indeed  undemocratic,  but  the  former  is 
i  based  ultimately  on  feudalism  and  the  latter  on 
;  business  efficiency.  There  is  an  appendix  devoted 
i  to  a  palliation  of  Bismarck's  action  in  "editing" 
|  the  Ems  dispatch, —  the  best  answer  tt>  which  would 

be  a  reading  of  Bismarck's  own  cynically  frank 

admissions  in  chapter  22  of  his  "Gedanken  und 
j  Erinnerungen." 


It  is  virtually  an  impossible  task 
«>  ™ake  such  a  selection  of  plays 

from  the  whole  range  of  non-Eng- 
lish literature,  extending  from  _5Cschylus  to  Ibsen, 
as  shall  satisfy  everybody;  so  that  to  find 
fault  with  Professor  Brander  Matthews's  "Chief 
European  Dramatists"  (Houghton)  because  the 
editor  does  not  include  this  or  that  drama  is  really 
a  work  of  supererogation.  It  is  a  creditable  per- 
formance to  have  brought  within  the  pages  of  a 
single  volume  twenty-one  plays  which  are  on  the 
whole  admirably  representative  of  the  main  cur- 
rents of  dramatic  art  through  the  centuries.  The 
volume  is  intended  primarily  as  a  text-book  for  a 
general  college  course  in  the  drama,  and  as  such 
it  might  very  properly  have  had  a  little  fuller  crit- 
ical apparatus.  What  there  is  of  such  apparatus 
is  contained  in  three  rather  scanty  appendices. 
The  notes  on  the  authors  are  extremely  compressed, 
and  those  on  the  text  are  just  enough  to  suggest 
the  place  of  the  plays  in  the  development  of  the 
drama.  The  reading-list  on  the  dramatists  is  so 
meagre  as  to  be  practically  valueless;  it  is  not 
nearly  so  full  as  the  corresponding  list  in  Pro- 
fessor Dickinson's  "Chief  Contemporary  Drama- 
tists." It  would  have  been  an  easy  matter  to 
record  some  half  a  dozen  standard  critical  works 
on  each  author,  if  any  bibliography  was  worth 
while  at  all. 


....      .    .  Ancient  Rome  had  no  public  libra- 

Librariea  in  ,1        n    ••  5>   ii     ., 

Ancient  Rome.  nes  ».»  full  sense  of  that  term, 
and  this  fact  might  well  have  been 
established  at  the  outset  in  Professor  Charles 
Eugene  Boyd's  "Public  Libraries  and  Literary 
Culture  in  Ancient  Rome";  but  in  the  early  cen- 
turies of  the  Empire  there  were  founded  more  than 
a  score  of  libraries  hospitable  to  scholars  and 
readers,  and  to  that  extent  "public."  Library  leg- 
islation and  library  commissions  and  taxation  for 
library  purposes  were  still  centuries  in  the  future. 
Nevertheless  it  appears  that  the  woman  librarian, 
or  library  assistant  of  humble  rank,  was  not  un- 
known even  in  the  days  of  the  Caesars.  A  certain 
Publius  Rubrius  Optatus  dedicated  a  monument  to 
his  wife, — "Pyrrhe  Rubriae  Helviae  librariae."  This 
we  note  in  Professor  Boyd's  chapter  on  the  man- 
agement of  libraries.  His  book  also  discusses  the 
history,  equipment,  contents,  object,  and  cultural 
significance  of  the  Roman  public  library,  giving 
particular  attention  to  libraries  in  Rome  during  the 
first  century  and  a  half  of  the  Empire.  Scattered 
references  in  two-score  ancient  authors  and  a  few 


32 


THE    DIAL 


[June  22 


other  classical  sources,  with  many  modern  works 
on  ancient  Rome,  have  furnished  the  fragmentary 
material  from  which  he  has  reconstructed  for  us 
the  old  Roman  library  as  it  may  be  supposed  to 
have  once  existed.  The  book  shows  laborious 
scholarship  and  patient  research,  with  an  impres- 
sive array  of  classical  quotations,  chiefly  in  the 
form  of  footnotes.  Two  pages  of  bibliography  and 
five  of  index  conclude  the  volume. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


"Curiosities  in  Proverbs"  (Putnam),  classified 
and  arranged  by  Mr.  Dwight  Edwards  Marvin, 
is  a  collection  of  unusual  adages,  maxims,  apho- 
risms, phrases,  and  other  popular  dicta  from  many 
lands.  In  the  Introduction,  as  well  as  in  his 
annotations,  Mr.  Marvin  reveals  the  interest  of  a 
zealous  student  of  folklore.  His  industry  has 
brought  together  more  than  two  thousand  folk 
sayings,  translated  from  more  than  seventy 
languages  and  dialects. 

A  useful  and  timely  historical  atlas  of  modern 
Europe,  with  explanatory  text  by  Messrs.  C.  Grant 
Robertson  and  J.  G.  Bartholomew,  has  been  pub- 
lished by  the  Oxford  University  Press.  There  are 
forty-three  maps  in  all,  each  plate  explanatory  of 
the  history  and  evolution  of  the  State  dealt  with 
prior  to  1789,  with  August  4,  1914,  as  the  termi- 
nus. The  accompanying  descriptive  matter  aims 
to  supplement,  not  to  supplant,  the  historical  text- 
book; the  maps  show  clear  printing  and  proper 
subordination  of  details. 

Dr.  Louis  Starr  adds  another  to  the  many  books 
now  available  for  protecting  the  adolescent  by 
proper  guidance  through  this  difficult  period. 
"The  Adolescent  Period"  (Blakiston)  treats  the 
subject  considerably  in  its  several  aspects,  phys- 
ical, mental,  moral.  The  book  is  primarily  a  use- 
ful and  simple  handbook  from  the  medical  point  of 
view.  It  tells  the  story  directly  for  the  benefit  of 
parents  and  those  who  have  responsibility  for  the 
young.  It  is  safe  and  sane,  especially  on  sex 
matters,  and  generally  full  of  good  counsel;  it  is 
cautious  without  being  alarming,  and  includes 
enough  of  various  matters  to  make  a  rounded 
whole. 

There  is  doubtless  place  for  a  volume  that 
describes  in  simple  and  intelligible  language  the 
present  accredited  attitude  toward  the  less  favored 
specimens  of  young  humanity.  For  this  service, 
Mr.  Arthur  Holmes's  book  on  "Backward  Children" 
(Bobbs-Merrill  Co.)  has  good  claims.  It  is  simple, 
specific,  and  concrete.  It  tells  directly,  in  terms  of 
observed  cases,  of  the  problems  that  backward 
children  present,  what  psychology  is  doing  to 
determine  their  causes,  and  what  education  is  doing 
to  make  the  best  of  the  situation.  Beyond  this  the 
volume  accomplishes  little,  and  makes  no  pretence 
to  more.  It  is  open  to  the  charge  of  undue  simpli- 
fication, and  of  being  superficial  in  the  desire  to 
be  light  and  intelligible.  It  reflects  much  reading, 
but  little  critical  ability.  For  those  with  modest 
demands,  it  promises  a  profitable  service. 


Oral  English  has  been  receiving  increased  atten- 
tion in  schools  and  colleges;  its  more  radical 
adherents  now  insist  that  it  should  be  independent 
both  of  literature  and  of  written  composition.  It  is 
with  this  idea  in  mind  that  Mr.  John  M.  Brewer 
has  composed  a  handbook  of  "Oral  English" 
(Ginn),  in  which,  as  he  says,  he  addresses  the  stu- 
dent from  the  point  of  view  "of  the  modern,  active 
man  or  woman  of  the  world,  who  must  talk  a 
great  deal  and  wishes  to  do  it  with  businesslike 
simplicity  and  brevity."  The  first  part  of  the 
book  discusses  the  various  kinds  of  talk  and  the 
manner  of  speaking,  and  includes  abundant  exer- 
cises; the  second  part  deals  with  debating  and 
parliamentary  law;  and  appendices  contain  lists 
of  topics  for  reference,  plans  for  mock  trials,  and 
other  matters. 

English  composition  for  the  second  year  of  the 
high  school  is  succinctly  taught,  by  example  fully 
as  much  as  by  precept,  in  Mr.  Edwin  L.  Miller's 
"Practical  English  Composition,  Book  II" 
(Hough ton).  As  Book  I  of  this  series  laid 
emphasis  on  description,  so  the  present  number 
gives  prominence  to  narration.  In  like  manner 
the  two  succeeding  parts  will  emphasize  exposi- 
tion and  argumentation.  Journalism  receives 
especial  attention  throughout  this  second  portion 
of  the  set,  and  the  exercises  are  both  oral  and 
written,  as  in  the  preceding  volume.  A  brief  quo- 
tation begins  each  chapter,  and  a  poem  closes 
it  —  "to  furnish  that  stimulus  to  the  will  and 
imagination  without  which  great  practical  achieve- 
ment is  impossible."  This  is  well;  but  less  ready 
approval  is  given  to  the  author's  assertion  that 
"the  sort  of  idealism  that  has  no  practical  results 
is  a  snare."  If  this  be  true,  it  is  not  a  truth  that 
the  present  generation  needs  to  have  dinned  into 
its  ears.  Practical  details  of  journalism,  even  to 
the  writing  of  advertisements,  are  taught  in  the 
book's  twenty  chapters  by  one  who  has  himself 
had  experience  of  newspaper  work. 

The  Folk-Lore  Society  of  Texas  is  a  branch  of 
the  American  Folk-Lore  Society.  It  is  organized 
for  the  more  thorough  exploration  of  the  folk-lore 
of  the  State,  and  has  been  decidedly  active.  Or- 
ganized in  1911,  it  has  held  five  annual  meetings, 
at  which  much  interest  has  been  shown  and  some 
papers  of  real  merit  read.  The  society  numbers 
nearly  one  hundred  members.  Its  field  is  a  rich 
one  because  of  the  fact  that  Texas  is  a  meeting- 
ground  of  whites,  negroes,  Indians,  and  Mexicans. 
We  have  just  received  its  first  publication,  which 
contains  thirteen  papers,  besides  the  record  of 
meetings  and  list  of  members.  The  papers  printed 
have  all  been  read  at  annual  meetings;  and  among 
them  are  some,  both  general  and  local,  of  more 
than  ordinary  interest.  The  paper  upon  "Texas 
Play -Party  Songs  and  Games"  is  a  veritable  con- 
tribution to  our  knowledge.  Of  papers  dealing 
with  folk-lore  in  its  larger  aspects,  the  two  of  most 
importance  are  "Folk-lore  and  its  Influence  in 
Determining  Institutions"  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Pearce, 
and  "The  Prehistoric  Development  of  Satire"  by 
Mr.  Stith  Thompson.  This  publication  can  be  pro- 
cured from  the  Secretary  of  the  Society,  Mr.  Stith 
Thompson,  Austin,  Texas. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


XOTES  AXD 


"Charles  Fontaine,  Parisien,"  by  Mr.  Richmond 
Laurin  Hawkins,  is  announced  by  the  Harvard 
University  Press. 

"Rodmoor,"  a  new  novel  by  Mr.  John  Cowper 
Powys,  is  announced  for  publication  in  September 
by  Mr.  G.  Arnold  Shaw. 

"Young  India:  An  Interpretation  and  a  His- 
tory of  the  Nationalist  Movement  from  Within," 
by  Lajpat  Rai,  will  be  published  shortly  by  Mr. 
B.  W.  Huebsch. 

"General  Botha:  The  Career  and  the  Man,"  a 
biography  of  the  great  Boer  soldier  and  statesman 
by  Mr.  Harold  Spender,  is  promised  for  imme- 
diate issue  by  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 

In  "The  German  Republic,"  announced  for 
early  publication  by  Messrs.  Button,  Mr.  Walter 
WeUman  aims  to  point  the  way  to  ending  the 
war  and  to  greater  things  after  the  war. 

In  "Poland:  A  Study  in  National  Idealism," 
a  volume  by  Miss  Monica  M.  Gardner  which 
Messrs.  Scribner  announce,  the  author  endeavors 
to  interpret  the  soul  of  Poland  to  English  readers 
by  a  presentation  of  certain  aspects  of  Polish 
literature. 

Dr.  George  F.  Kunz  has  prepared  a  volume  on 
"Shakespeare  and  Precious  Stones,"  which  is 
announced  by  Messrs.  Lippincott.  Dr.  Kunz  aims 
to  show  that  Shakespeare  treated  even  the  subject 
of  precious  stones  with  wide  and  accurate  knowl- 
edge and  skill. 

A  fifth  volume  by  Mr.  George  Middleton  is 
announced  by  Messrs.  Holt  under  the  title,  "The 
Road  Together."  It  is  a  four-act  drama  of  Amer- 
ican life,  and  its  theme  is  the  conflict  between 
vagrant  emotions  and  the  bond  which  is  made  in 
marriage  by  the  habit  of  life  together. 

"Making  Type  Work,"  by  Mr.  Benjamin 
Sherbow,  is  a  volume  which  the  Century  Co.  has 
in  preparation  for  early  issue.  It  embodies  the 
author's  experiences  as  a  type  specialist,  and 
presents  the  principles  and  details  of  type  arrange- 
ment that  help  advertising  to  do  its  work. 

A  translation  of  Maurice  Emanuel's  "The 
Antique  Greek  Dance,"  has  been  prepared  by 
Mrs.  Harriet  Jean  Beauley  and  will  be  published 
by  the  John  Lane  Co.  There  will  be  more  than 
six  hundred  drawings,  after  painted  and  sculp- 
tured figures  by  M.  A.  Collombar  and  the  author. 
The  authoritative  life  of  the  late  Booker  T. 
Washington,  which  Messrs.  Revell  are  about  to 
issue  under  the  title  of  "The  Life  and  Times  of 
Booker  T.  Washington,"  is  written  by  Mr.  B.  F. 
Riley,  author  of  "The  White  Man's  Burden."  Pro- 
fessor Edgar  Y.  Mullins,  President  of  the  Southern 
Theological  Seminary,  supplies  the  Introduction. 
A  brief  account  of  the  life-work  of  the  late 
Joseph  Fels,  prepared  by  his  wife,  Mary  Fels, 
is  announced  for  early  issue  by  Mr.  B.  W.  Huebsch. 
The  book  will  deal  principally  with  Fels's  activi- 
ties in  connection  with  the  single  tax  movement, 
vacant  land  cultivation,  intensive  agriculture,  and 
educational  experiments  largely  in  England  and 
America. 


Mr.  E.  V.  Lucas  has  in  press  a  new  volume  of 
essays,  mostly  written  during  the  war,  entitled 
"Cloud  and  Silver."  The  first  part  treats  of 
France  and  the  Marne;  the  second  part  is  mis- 
cellaneous; the  third  is  a  series  of  fantasies  pub- 
lished in  "Punch"  under  the  title  "Once  upon  a 
Time";  and  the  fourth  is  an  exercise  in  a  new 
medium. 

"The  Soul  of  the  Russian,"  a  Collection  of 
intimate  sketches  of  our  Allies  at  home,  both  before 
and  during  the  war,  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Alan 
Lethbridge,  is  soon  to  be  issued  by  the  John  Lane 
Co.  From  the  same  publishers  is  also  coming 
shortly  a  volume  of  South  African  impressions  by 
Mrs.  Madeline  Alston  entitled  "From  the  Heart 
of  the  Veld." 

Among  other  forthcoming  publications  of  Messrs. 
Longmans  are  the  following:  "Lectures  on  Serbia," 
by  Rev.  Nieolai  Velimirovic;  "Some  Experiences 
in  Hungary,  August,  1914,  to  January,  1915,"  by 
Mr.  H.  J.  C.  MacDonald;  "The  Foundations  of 
Indian  Economics,"  by  Radhakamal  Mukerjee;  and 
"Thomas  Hardy:  A  Study  of  the  Wessex  Novels," 
by  Mr.  H.  C.  Duffin. 

An  exhibit  of  printing  by  Mr.  Bruce  Rogers 
was  'shown  in  the  Newark,  N.  J.,  Free  Public 
Library  by  the  Carteret  Book  Club,  June  6-10. 
Most  of  the  books  printed  under  the  direction  of 
Mr.  Rogers,  including  the  special  limited  editions 
of  forty  volumes  issued  by  the  Riverside  Press 
between  1900  and  1910,  were  collected  for  this 
exhibit.  A  large  number  of  leaflets,  broadsides, 
studies  for  title-pages,  etc.,  were  also  shown. 

Dr.  Samuel  A.  Tannenbaum,  whose  name  must 
now  be  familiar  to  every  DIAL  reader,  and  Mr. 
A.  S.  Osborn,  the  handwriting  expert,  are  at  work 
on  a  book  on  Shakespeare's  handwriting.  The 
authors  are  studying  every  signature  and  manu- 
script that  has  ever  been  attributed  to  Shakespeare, 
as  well  as  the  Promus  MS.,  the  Northumberland 
MS.,  the  play  of  Sir  Thomas  More,  "The  Second 
Maiden's  Tragedy,"  etc.  The  book  will  be  copi- 
ously illustrated. 

Among  other  volumes  which  the  Macmillan  Co. 
will  issue  immediately  are  "The  Human  Boy  and 
the  War,"  a  novel  by  Mr.  Eden  Phillpotts  dealing 
with  the  life  of  an  English  school  boy  in  war 
time;  "Instincts  of  the  Herd  in  Peace  and  War," 
by  Mr.  W.  Trotter;  "Nationalism,  War,  and 
Society,"  by  Dr.  Edward  Krehbiel;  "The  War  for 
the  World,"  by  Mr.  Israel  Zangwill;  and  "Intro- 
duction to  the  Study  of  Organized  Labor,"  by 
Mr.  G.  G.  Groat. 

Two  new  volumes  in  the  "Vassar  College  Semi- 
Centennial  Series"  are  scheduled  for  publication 
before  the  end  of  this  month  by  Messrs.  Houghton 
Mifflin  Co.  "Elizabethan  Translations  from  the 
Italian,"  by  Dr.  Mary  Augusta  Scott,  will  present 
a  study  of  Italian  influences  on  Elizabethan  drama ; 
and  in  "Movement  and  Mental  Imagery,"  Dr. 
Margaret  Floy  Washburn  maintains  the  theory 
that  all  memory  may  be  fundamentally  motor 
memory  and  the  "association  of  ideas"  the  asso- 
ciation of  movements. 

All  that  M.  Maeterlinck  has  written  since  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  is  contained  in  a  new  volume 


THE   DIAL 


[June  22 


of  essays  which  is  now  in  preparation  under  the 
title  "The  Wrack  of  the  Storm."  .  In  addition  to 
the  essays  the  collection  includes  the  three  speeches 
delivered  by  M.  Maeterlinck  in  London,  Rome,  and 
Milan  respectively.  It  is  printed  in  chronological 
order,  beginning  with  "After  the  Victory,"  which 
dates  back  to  August,  1914,  and  ending  with  "The 
Will  of  Earth."  Mr.  A.  Teixeira  de  Mattos  is 
the  translator. 

Mr.  S.  W.  Brooke,  son  of  the  late  Stopford  A. 
Brooke,  requests  us  to  bring  to  the  notice  of  the 
many  American  friends  of  his  father  the  fact  that 
a  memoir  is  in  course  of  preparation,  in  which 
it  is  planned  to  print  selected  letters,  or  parts  of 
letters.  Correspondents  of  Stopford  Brooke  will 
do  a  favor  by  putting  letters  from  him  which  may 
be  in  their  possession  at  the  disposal  of  Mr.  S.  W. 
Brooke  for  the  use  of  the  editor  of  the  memoir. 
Letters  will  of  course  be  preserved  with  care,  and 
returned  in  due  time  to  their  owners.  They  should 
be  addressed  to  Mr.  S.  W.  Brooke,  High  Wether- 
sell,  Cranleigh,  England. 

A  profitable  apprenticeship  for  those  who  are 
fond  of  books  in  the  sense  that  makes  the  mere 
handling  of  them  a  delight,  will  be  explained  in 
detail  to  all  librarians  and  library  workers*  and 
library  students  who  make  application  to  the 
kindly-disposed  person  who  has  sent  us  the  follow- 
ing interesting  communication:  "Library  book- 
binding thoroughly  taught.  To  Librarians  and 
Library  Students.  A  three  months'  course  in 
bookbinding  under  an  experienced  binder  and 
teacher  in  a  model  shop,  free.  Wages  for  two 
months'  work.  William  H.  Rademaekers,  Chester 
Avenue  and  Oraton  Street,  Newark,  N.  J.  Refers 
to  J.  C.  Dana,  Free  Public  Library,  Newark,  N.  J. 
Full  information  sent  on  application." 


LIST  or  NEW  BOOKS. 


[The  following  list,  containing  90  titles,  includes 
books  received  ~by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.'] 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  HISTORY. 
Anna    Jameson:     Letters    and    Friendships     (1812- 

1860).     Edited  by  Mrs.     Steuart  Erskine.     Illus- 
trated, large  8vo,  350  pages.     E.  P.  Button  &  Co. 

$5. 
Alexander    Wyant.      By    Eliot    Clark.      Illustrated, 

4to,     69     pages.       Frederic     Fairchild     Sherman. 

$12.50  net. 
Memorandum    Written    by     William    Rotch    in    the 

Eightieth    Year    of    His    Age.      Limited    edition; 

illustrated,    12mo,    89    pages.      Houghton    Mifflin 

Co.     $3.50. 
Ghenkot  The  Mongol  Invasion  of  Japan.   By  Nakaba 

Yamada,     B.A. ;      with     introduction     by     Lord 

Armstrong.      Illustrated,    8vo,    277    pages.      E.    P. 

Button  &  Co.     $2.50. 
The  Origins  of  the  Islamic  State.     Translated  from 

the  Arabic  by  Philip  Khuri  Hitti,  Ph.B.     Volume 

I.     Large   8vo,   518  pages.     Columbia  University 

Press.     Paper,  $4. 
A     Critical     Study     of     the     Historical     Method     of 

Samuel  Kawson  Gardiner.     By  Roland  G.  Usher. 

Large   8vo,    159    pages.      St.   Louis:    Washington 

University  Studies.     Paper. 
Historic    Indiana.      By    Julia    Henderson    Levering. 

Revised   and   enlarged  edition;     illustrated,    8vo, 

565  pages.     G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.     $2.25. 

GENERAL   LITERATURE. 

Maurice  Maeterlinck t  Poet  and  Philosopher.  By 
MacBonald  Clark.  With  portrait,  8vo,  304  pages. 
F.  A.  Stokes  Co.  $2.50, 


Loeb  ClasMlcal  Library.  New  volumes:  Ovid's 
Metamorphoses,  with  an  English  translation  by 
Frank  Justus  Miller,  2  vols.;  Virgil,  with  an 
English  translation  by  H.  Rushton  Fairclough, 
Vol.  I;  Plautus,  with  an  English  translation  by 
Paul  Nixon,  Vol.  I;  Plutarch's  Lives,  with  an 
English  translation  by  Bernadotte  Perrin, 
Vol.  Ill;  Marcus  Aurelius  Antoninus,  a  revised 
text  and  a  translation  into  English  by  C.  R. 
Haines.  Each  16mo.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 
Per  volume,  $1.50. 

The  Elements  of  Stylet  An  Introducti9n  to  Literary 
Criticism.  By  Bavid  Watson  Rannie,  M.A.  12mo, 
312  pages.  E.  P.  Button  &  Co.  $1.50. 

For  England.  By  H.  Fielding-Hall.  8vo,  144  pages. 
Houghton  Mifflin  Co.  $1.50. 

BOOKS    OF    TERSE. 

A  Book  of  Princeton  Verse,  1916.     Edited  by  Alfred 

Noyes.     12mo,   187   pages.     Princeton  University 

Press.     $1.25. 
\Vind   and  "Weather.      By  L.    H.   Bailey.      12mo,    216 

pages.     Charles  Scribner's  Sons.     $1. 
Sordello.     By  Robert   Browning;    edited   by  Arthur 

J.  Whyte,  M.A.     12mo,  305  pages.     E.  P.  Button 

&  Co.     $2. 

FICTION. 

The  Prisoner.  By  Alice  Brown.  12mo,  471  pages. 
Macmillan  Co.  $1.50. 

Star  of  the  North.  By  Francis  William  Sullivan. 
With  frontispiece  in  color,  12mo,  379  pages.  G. 
P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $1.35. 

The  Border  Legion.  By  Zane  Grey.  Illustrated, 
12mo,  366  pages.  Harper  &  Brothers.  $1.35. 

The  Little  Demon.  By  Feodor  Sologub;  translated 
from  the  Russian  by  John  Cournos  and  Richard 
Aldington.  12mo,  349  pages.  Alfred  A.  Knopf. 
$1.50. 

The  Lightning  Conductor  Discovers  America.  By 
C.  N.  and  A.  M.  Williamson.  Illustrated,  12mo, 
384  pages.  Boubleday,  Page  &  Co.  $1.50. 

The  Grasp  of  the  Sultan.  Illustrated,  12mo,  303 
pages.  Houghton  Mifflin  Co.  $1.25. 

The  Hermit  Doctor  of  Gaya:  A  Love  Story  of 
Modern  India.  By  I.  A.  R.  Wylie.  With  frontis- 
piece in  color,  12mo,  554  pages.  G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons.  $1.35. 

The  Red  Debt:  Echoes  from  Kentucky.  By  Everett 
MacBonald.  Illustrated,  12mo,  334  pages.  G. 
W.  Billingham  Co.  $1.25. 

The  Way  of  All  Flesh.  By  Samuel  Butler;  with 
introduction  by  William  Lyon  Phelps.  New 
edition;  12mo,  464  pages.  E.  P.  Button  &  Co. 
$1.50  net. 

The  Breadwinners:  A  Social  Study.  By  John  Hay, 
LL.B.  New  edition;  12mo,  319  pages.  Harper 
&  Brothers.  $1.25. 

Murder.  By  Bavid  S.  Greenberg.  12mo,  626  pages. 
New  York:  The  Hour  Publisher.  $1.50. 

Yonder?  By  Rev.  T.  Gayan  Buffy,  P.F.M.  12mo, 
170  pages.  Bevin-Adair  Co. 

Hunting  the  Tango.  By  Burr  S.  Stottle.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  218  pages.  Kansas  City,  Mo.: 
Burton  Publishing  Co.  $1. 

TRAVEL   AND   DESCRIPTION. 

A  Diplomat's  Wife  In  Mexico.     By  Edith  O'Shaugh- 

nessy.      Illustrated,    8vo,    356    pages.      Harper   & 

Brothers.      $2.    net. 
Rambles  of  a  Canadian  Naturalist.     By  S.  T.  Wood. 

Illustrated    in    color,    12mo,    247    pages.      E.    P. 

Button  &  Co.     $2. 

PUBLIC    AFFAIRS POLITICS,    SOCIOLOGY,    AND 

ECONOMICS. 

Addresses  on  International  Subjects.  By  Elihu  Root; 
collected  and  edited  by  Robert  Bacon  and  James 
Brown  Scott.  Large  8vo,  463  pages.  Harvard 
University  Press.  $2. 

The  American  Plan  of  Government:  The  Constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States  as  Interpreted  by- 
Accepted  Authorities.  By  Charles  W.  Bacon, 
A.B.,  and  Franklin  S.  Morse,  A.M.;  with  intro- 
duction by  George  Gordon  Battle,  M.A.  8vo,  474 
pages.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $2.50. 

The  Single  Tax  Movement  In  the  United  States.  By 
Arthur  Nichols  Young,  Ph.B.  8vo,  340  pages. 
Princeton  University  Press.  $1.50. 

Christian opolis:  An  Ideal  State  of  the  Seventeenth 
Century.  Translated  from  the  Latin  of  Johann 
Valentin  Andreae,  with  an  historical  introduc- 
tion, by  Felix  Emil  Held,  Ph.B.  With  portrait, 
12mo,  287  pages.  Oxford  University  Press.  $1.25. 


1916] 


THE   DIAL 


35 


American  Men  of  Letters:  Their  Nature  and  Nur- 
ture. By  Edwin  Leavitt  Clarke,  Ph.D.  8vo,  169 
pages.  Columbia  University  Press.  Paper,  $1.50. 

Party  Politics  and  English  Journalism,  1702-1742. 
By  David  Harrison  Stevens,  Ph.D.  Large  8vo, 
156  pages.  Menasha,  Wis.:  The  Collegiate  Press. 
$1.50. 

State  Regulation  of  Railroads  in  the  South.  By 
Maxwell  Ferguson,  LL.B.  8vo,  228  pages. 
Columbia  University  Press.  Paper,  $1.75. 

Heredity  and  Environment  in  the  Development  of 
Men.  By  Edwin  G.  Conklin.  Second  edition; 
Svo,  550  pages.  Princeton  University  Press. 
$2. 

Their  True  Faith  and  Allegiance.  By  Gustavus 
Ohlinger;  with  foreword  by  Owen  Wister.  16mo, 
124  pages.  Macmillan  Co.  50  cts. 

Report  of  a  Survey  Made  for  the  Milwaukee  Tax- 
payers' League.  By  Walter  Matscheck.  Svo, 
73  pages.  Madison:  Milwaukee  County  School 
of  Agriculture  and  Domestic  Economy.  Paper. 

THE    GREAT   WAR. — ITS    PROBLEMS,    CAUSES, 
AND    CONSEQUENCES. 

England's  Effort:  Letters  to  an  American  Friend. 
By  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward;  with  preface  by 
Joseph  H.  Choate.  12mo,  176  pages.  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons.  $1. 

The  Problems  and  Lessons  of  the  'Wart  Clark 
University  Addresses.  Edited  by  George  H. 
Blakeslee;  with  foreword  by  G.  Stanley  Hall. 
Large  Svo,  381  pages.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 
$2. 

"Why  Preparedness:  The  Observations  of  an  Amer- 
ican Army  Officer  in  Europe,  1914-15.  By  Henry 
J.  Reilly;  with  introduction  by  Leonard  Wood. 
Illustrated,  Svo,  401  pages.  Chicago:  Daughaday 
&  Co.  $2. 

The  Luck  of  Thirteen:  Wanderings  and  Flight 
through  Montenegro  and  Serbia.  By  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Jan  Gordon.  Illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  8vo, 
378  pages.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $2.50. 
Modern  Germany  in  Relation  to  the  Great  War.  By 
various  German  writers;  translated  by  William 
Wallace  Whitelock.  12mo,  628  pages.  Mitchell 
Kennerley.  $2. 

•With  the  Zionists  in  Gallipoli.     By  J.  H.  Patterson, 
D.S.O.      Illustrated,    Svo,    307   pages.      George    H. 
Doran  Co.     $2. 
Inviting    War    to    America.      By    Allan    L.    Benson. 

12mo,  190  pages.     B.  W.  Huebsch.     $1. 
With  Botha's  Army.  By  J.  P.  Kay  Robinson;    with 
introductory    letter    by    General    Botha,      12mo, 
158  pages.     E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.    $1.25. 
What     the     War     is     Teaching.       By     Charles     E. 
Jefferson.     12mo,  218  pages.     Fleming  H.  Revell 
Co.     $1. 

Passed  by  the  Censor:  The  Experiences  of  an  Amer- 
ican Newspaper  Man  in  France.  By  Wythe 
Williams;  with  introduction  by  Myron  T. 
Herrick.  Illustrated,  12mo,  270  pages.  E.  P. 
Dutton  &  Co.  $1.50. 

A  Soldier  of  the  Legion.  By  Edward  Morlae.  With 
portrait,  12mo,  129  pages.  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 
$1. 

The  First  Seven  Divisions:  Being  a  Detailed  Ac- 
count of  the  Fighting  from  Mons  to  Ypres.  By 
Ernest  W.  Hamilton.  With  maps,  12mo,  338 
pages.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $1.50. 

War  and  Civilization:    An  Open  Letter  to  a  Swedish 
Professor.     By  J.  M.  Robertson,  M.P.     12mo,  160 
pages.     E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.     $1. 
Culture  and  War.     By  Simon  Nelson  Patten.     12mo, 

62  pages.    B.  W.  Huebsch.     60  cts. 

My  Secret  Service.  By  the  man  who  dined  with  the 
Kaiser.  12mo,  234  pages.  George  H.  Doran  Co. 
$1. 

American  Neutrality:  Its  Cause  and  Cure.  By 
James  Mark  Baldwin,  Ph.D.  12mo,  138  pages. 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  75  cts. 

Because  I  am  a  German.  By  Hermann  Fernau; 
edited,  with  introduction,  by  T.  W.  Rolleston. 
12mo,  159  pages.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $1. 
Halt!  Who's  There?  By  the  author  of  "Aunt  Sarah 
and  the  War."  12mo,  114  pages.  G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons.  75  cts. 

German  Atrocities:  An  Official  Investigation.  By 
J.  H.  Morgan,  M.A.  12mo,  192  pages.  E.  P. 
Dutton  &  Co.  $1. 

Two  Months  in  Russia,  July-September,  1914.  By 
W.  Mansell  Merry,  M.A.  12mo,  202  pages.  B. 
W.  Blackwell. 

The  Heritage  of  Tyre.  By  William  Brown  Meloney. 
With  frontispiece,  16mo,  180  pages.  Macmillan 
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From  Doomsday  to  Kingdom  Come.  By  Seymour 
Deming.  12mo,  110  pages.  Small,  Maynard  & 
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RELIGION  AND  THEOLOGY. 

Phases  of  Early  Christianity.  By  J.  Estlin 
Carpenter,  D.Litt.  Svo,  449  pages.  G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons.  $2. 

The   Book  of    Saint   Bernard    on  the   Love   of    God. 

Edited,  with  translation  and  notes,  by  Edmund 
G.  Gardner,  Litt.D.  With  photogravure  frontis- 
piece, 12mo,  181  pages.  E.  P.  Dutton  ft.  Co.  $1.25. 
If  Ye  Fulfill  the  Royal  Law.  By  A.  H.  W.  (Canada). 
Svo,  293  pages.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $1.50. 

KDirATION.— BOOKS   FOR   SCHOOL  AND 
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A  History  of  the  University  of  Chicago:    The  First 

Quarter-Century.     By  Thomas  Wakefield  Good- 
speed.     Illustrated    in   photogravure,   large   Svo, 

522  pages.     University  of  Chicago  Press.     $3. 
The  Fiftieth  Anniversary  of  the  Opening  of  Vassar 

College:     A    Record.      Svo,    337    pages.      Pough- 

keepsie:    Vassar  College. 
The  Story-Tellers'  Hall:   An  English  Reading  Book 

for  Junior  Forms.     Edited   by  Richard  Wilson. 

D.Litt.      Illustrated    in    color,    12mo,    246    pages. 

E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.     60  cts. 
A  Selection  from  the  Life  of  Samuel  Johnson,  LL.D. 

By    James    Boswell,    Esq.;     edited    by    Max    J. 

Herzberg.     With  portraits,  16mo,  280  pages.     D. 

C.  Heath  &  Co. 
Treasure    Trove:     An    English    Reading    Book    for 

Middle  Forms.   Edited  by  Richard  Wilson,  D.Litt. 

Illustrated    in    color,    12mo,    256    pages.      E.    P. 

Dutton  &  Co.     60  cts. 
A    Handbook    of    American    Speech.      By    Calvin    L. 

Lewis,  A.M.     Illustrated,  12mo,  246  pages.     Scott, 

Foresman  &  Co.     80  cts. 
Coronata:  A  Book  of  Poems  in  Rhyme  and  Rhythm. 

Edited  by  Richard  Wilson,  D.Litt.     Illustrated  in 

color,    12mo,    238    pages.      E.    P.    Dutton    &    Co. 

60  cts. 
Knowledge  and   Character:    The  Straight   Road   in 

Education.    By  William  Archer.     12mo,  28  pages. 

London:    George  Allen  &  Unwin,  Ltd.     Paper. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

The  Mythology  of  All  Race*.  Edited  by  Louis 
Herbert  Gray,  Ph.D.  Volume  X,  North  Amer- 
ican. Illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  large  Svo,  325 
pages.  Boston:  Marshall  Jones  Co.  $6. 

A  Manual  of  the  Writings  in  Middle  English  (1050- 
1400).  By  John  Edwin  Wells,  Ph.D.  Large  Svo, 
941  pages.  Yale  University  Press.  $5. 

The  Origin  of  the  Earth.  By  Thomas  Chrowder 
Chamberlin.  Illustrated,  12mo,  271  pages. 
University  of  Chicago  Press.  $1.50. 

Fifty  Years  of  a  Civilizing  Force:  An  Historical 
and  a  Critical  Study  of  the  Work  of  the  National 
Board  of  Fire  Underwriters.  By  Harry  Chase 
Brearley;  with  introduction,  by  Wilbur  E. 
Mallalieu.  Illustrated,  large  Svo,  323  pages.  F. 
A.  Stokes  Co.  $2.50. 

Alcoholt  Its  Influence  on  Mind  and  Body.  By 
Edwin  F.  Bowers,  M.D.  12mo,  207  pages. 
Edward  J.  Clode.  $1.25. 

Lawn  Tennis:  Lessons  for  Beginners.  By  J.  Parmly 
Paret.  Illustrated,  12mo,  135  pages.  Macmillan 
Co.  $1.25. 

The  Determined  Angler  and  the  Brook  Trout.  By 
Charles  Bradford.  Enlarged  edition;  illustrated, 
16mo,  159  pages.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $1. 

A  New  Lewis  and  Clark  Map.  By  Annie  Heloise 
Abel,  Ph.D.  Svo.  Reprinted  from  "The  Geo- 
graphical Review."  New  York:  American  Geo- 
graphical Society.  Paper. 

Archaeological  Excavation.  By  J.  P.  Droop,  M.  A. 
Svo,  80  pages.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $1. 

Dominoes.  By  F.  W.  Lewis.  16mo,  148  pages. 
E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  50  cts. 

Nothing  Succeeds  Like  Success.  By  Christian  D. 
Larson.  18mo,  80  pages.  Thomas  Y.  Crowell  Co. 
50  cts. 

Texas  versus  "White:  A  Study  in  Legal  History.  By 
William  Whatley  Pierson,  Jr.,  Ph.D.  8vo,  103 
pages.  Durham,  N.  C.:  The  Seeman  Printery. 
Paper. 

Life  Insurance  for  Professors:  A  Study  of  the  Prob- 
lem of  Protection  for  the  Families  of  Salaried 
Men.  By  Charles  E.  Brooks.  Large  Svo. 
Berkeley:  University  of  California  Press. 
Paper,  25  cts. 


THE    DIAL 


[June  22 


THE  DIAL 


&  jFortniff&tlp  journal  of  Etterarp 
Criticism,  SDiscussion,  and  Information 


WALDO  E.  BROWNE,  Editor 


ALMA  LtnsE  OLSON,  Associate 


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VOLUME  LXI. 


JUNE   22,   1916 


NUMBER  721. 


INDEX  OF  BOOKS  KEVIEWED  OB  MENTIONED  IN  THIS  ISSUE. 


PAGE 

Abbott,  James  F.     Japanese  Expansion  and  American 

Policies    (Macmillan,  $1.50) 21 

Auer,  Harry  A.     Camp   Fires  in  the  Yukon    (Stewart 

&  Kidd,  $1.75) 23 

Bell.  Ralcy  H.     Taormina   (Hinds,  Noble,  $1.25) 25 

Bingham,    Edfrid    A.       Heart    of    Thunder    Mountain 

(Little,    Brown,    $1.35) 26 

Blake,  W.  H.     Brown  Waters    (Macmillan) 23 

Bowers,    B.    M.      The    Phantom    Herd    (Little,    Brown, 

$1.30)     26 

Boyd,   Charles   E.      Public   Libraries  in   Rome    (Univer- 
sity  of   Chicago    Press,    $1. ) 31 

Brewer,  John  M.     Oral  English    (Ginn,  $1.) 32 

Brooke,   Stopford  A.,  Memoir  of 34 

Burgess,  John  W.     Administration  of  President  Hayes 

(Scribner,    $1.)     29 

Burrill,  Edgar  W.  Master  Skylark  (Century,  $1.)...  22 
Collison  W.  H.  In  the  Wake  of  the  War  Canoe 

(Dutton,  $1.75)    30 

Crow,  Carl.  Japan  and  America  (McBride,  $1.50)...  21 
Dearborn,  G.  V.  N.  Influence  of  Joy  (Little,  Brown,  $1.)  31 
Denys,  F.  Ward.  Our  Summer  in  the  Vale  of  Kashmir 

(Bryan,  $2.)    25 

Emanuel,  Maurice.     Antique  Greek  Dance    (Lane) 33 

Fels,  Mary.     Joseph  Fels    (Huebsch) 33 

"  Folk-Lore  Society  of  Texas,  Papers  of  the  " 32 

Gardner,  Monica  M.     Poland   (Scribner) 33 

Garland,  Hamlin.     They  of  the  High  Trails    (Harper, 

$1.35)     27 

Henderson,    John    B.      Cruise    of   the    Tomas    Barrera 

(Putnam,   $2.60)    24 

Holmes,    Arthur.      Backward   Children    ( Bobbs-Merrill, 

$1.)     32 

Hudson,  W.  H.     Green  Mansions   (Knopf,  $1.50) 28 

James,  Winifred.  A   Woman  in  the  Wilderness  (Doran, 

$2.)      24 

Klein,  W.  L.  Why  We  Punctuate  (Lancet,  $1.25)....  9 
Kunz,  G.  F.  Shakespeare  and  Precious  Stones 

(Lippincott)     33 

Lethbridge,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Alan.     Soul  of  the  Russian 

(Lane)    33 

Little,     C.     J.       Biographical     and     Literary     Studies 

(Abingdon,  $1.25)    10,  29 

Lucas,  E.  V.     Clouds  and  Silver 33 

MacKaye,     Percy.       Caliban     by     the     Yellow     Sands 

(Doubleday,    $1.25)     22 


PAGE 

Maeterlinck,  M.  The  Wrack  of  the  Storm  (Dodd) 33 

Marvin,  Dwight  E.  Curiosities  in  Proverbs  (Putnam, 

$1.75)  32 

Masters,  E.  L.  Spoon  River  Anthology  (Macmillan, 

$1.25)  14 

Matthews,  Brander.  Chief  European  Dramatists 

(Houghton,  $2.75)  31 

Middleton,  George.  The  Road  Together  (Holt) 33 

Miller,  Edwin  L.  Practical  English  Composition 

( Houghton,  35  cts. ) 32 

More,  Paul  E.  Aristocracy  and  Justice  (Houghton, 

$3. )  16 

Miinsterberg,  Hugo.  The  Photoplay  (Appleton,  $1.)  28 

Rai,  Lajpat.  Young  India  ( Huebsch ) 33 

Riley,  B.  F.  Booker  T.  Washington  (Revell) 33 

Robertson,  C.  G.,  and  Bartholomew,  J.  G.  Historical 

Atlas  of  Modern  Europe  (Oxford,  $1.15) 32 

Roosevelt,  Theodore.  A  Book-Lover's  Holidays  in  the 

Open  (Scribner,  $2.) 23 

Salisbury,  F.  S.  Rambles  in  the  Vaudese  Alps 

(Dutton,  $1.)  r24 

Scherer,  J.  A.  B.  The  Japanese  Crisis  (Stokes,  75  cts.)  22 
Schevill,  Ferdinand.  Making  of  Modern  Germany 

(McClurg,  $1.25)  31 

Scully,  W.  C.  Lodges  in  the  Wilderness  (Holt,  $1.35)  25 
Scott,  Mary  A.  Elizabethan  Translations  (Houghton)  33 
Seymour,  Charles.  Diplomatic  Background  of  the 

War  (Yale,  $2.) 30 

Sherbow,  Benjamin.  Making  Type  Work  (Century)  33 
Spearman,  Frank  H.  Nan  of  Music  Mountain 

(Scribner,  $1.35)  26 

Spender,  Harold.  General  Botha  ( Houghton ) 33 

Starr,  Louis.  The  Adolescent  Period,  (Blakiston,  $1)  32 
Stokes,  Anson  P.  What  Jesus  Christ  Thought  of 

Himself  (Macmillan,  $1.) 30 

Tannenbaum,  S.  A.,  and  Osborn,  A.  S.  Shakespeare's 

Handwriting  33 

Titus,  Harold.  "  I  Conquered  "  (Rand,  McNally, 

$1.25)  26 

Washburn,  Margaret  F.  Movement  and  Mental 

Imagery  ( Houghton )  33 

Wellman,  Walter.  The  German  Republic  (Dutton)...  33 
Young,  Walter  H.  A  Merry  Banker  in  the  Far  East 

(Lane,  $1.50)  25 

Zahm,  J.  A.  Through  South  America's  Southland 

(Appleton,  $3.50)    24 


As  some  of  the  books  indexed  above  are  slill  forthcoming,  it  is  not  possible  to  state  publisher  and  price  in  every  instance. 


1916] 


THE   DIAL 


37 


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2J  Jfortmstjtlp  journal  of  Hiterarp  Criticism,  Btecustfiott,  anb  3nformatum. 


Vol.  LXI. 


JULY  15,  1916 


No,  7gg. 


CONTEXTS. 


THE  SPIRIT  OF  JAPANESE  POETRY.  Arthur 

L.  Salmon 43 

CASUAL  COMMENT 45 

A  revival  of  leisure  for  literature. —  The  dem- 
ocratic note  at  the  A.  L.  A.  conference. —  The 
haunting  line. —  The  most  prolific  of  writers 
for  boys. —  Books  that  know  no  summer  vaca- 
tion.—  A  Philippine  move  for  efficiency. — 
They  who  have  found  the  fountain  of  youth. — 
Sidelights  on  the  Story  Hour. —  A  new  lyric 
from  Sappho 's  pen. — A  mammoth  war  library. 
— An  unworked  mine  of  wealth. —  The  differ- 
ence between  verse  and  prose. — Poetic  inspira- 
tion from  Jutland. — A  "browsing  room"  for 
book-lovers. 

COMMUNICATIONS 49 

What  Is  a  Novel!    James  South. 

"Macbeth"  Novelized.     Warwick  James  Price. 

On  Begging  the  Question.     Thomas  Percival 

Beyer. 

Unionized  Authorship.  Bobert  J.  Shores. 
Problems  in  Punctuation.  W.  L.  Klein. 
Homer  in  English  Hexameters.  Charles  D. 

Plait. 
A  Reviewer's  Corrections.  S.  A.  Tannenbaum. 

THE    EUROPE    OF    TO-MORROW.      T.    D.    A. 

Coclcerett 53 

VARIOUS  CHAPTERS  FROM  THE  BOOK  OF 

NATURE.     Percy  F.  BicTcnell 54 

CAN  SOCIALISTS   STILL  BE   CHRISTIANS? 

Thomas  Percival  Beyer 56 

AMERICAN  SPEECH  AND  SPEAKERS.     Wal- 
lace Eice 58 

RECENT  POETRY.    Raymond  M.  Alden    ...  59 
RECENT  FICTION.    Edward  E.  Hale    ....  65 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 68 

A  Filipino's  plea  for  independence. —  A  book 
of  memories  and  musings. —  The  pageant  of 
Dickens. —  German  history,  1870  to  1914. — 
A  seer  of  visions. —  France  from  1870  to  the 
great  war. —  Psychology  for  beginners. —  Pre- 
war relations  of  England  and  Germany. — 
Reformatories  without  walls. — Sensible  eugen- 
ics.—  Select  prose  of  Southey. —  Antiquated 
notions  of  the  useful  life. —  The  first  bishop 
of  Washington. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 72 

NOTES  AND  NEWS 73 

TOPICS  IN  JULY  PERIODICALS 74 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS 75 

A   list  of  the   books  reviewed  or  mentioned  in  this 
issue    of    THE    DIAL    will    be    found    on    page    77. 


THE  SPIRIT  OF  JAPANESE  POETRY. 


It  is  natural  that  present-day  literature  in 
Japan  should  be  in  a  state  of  transition.  In 
this  respect  it  resembles  the  painting  of  those 
Japanese  artists  who  have  not  yet  succeeded 
in  combining  their  native  manner  with  the 
widely  different  characteristics  of  European 
or  American  painters.  Transition  is  usually 
unsatisfactory;  the  loss  is  not  yet  compen- 
sated by  the  gain.  During  the  past  forty  or 
fifty  years,  foreign  influences  have  been  creep- 
ing into  the  literature  of  Japan,  till  latterly 
the  trickle  has  become  a  floodtide.  At  first 
the  alien  poetic  voices  that  compelled  a  listen- 
ing were  those  of  Tennyson,  Wordsworth, 
Longfellow, —  and  of  Bryant  also,  whom  the 
Japanese  found  remarkably  to  their  liking. 
Then  followed  familiarity  with  Browning, 
Rossetti,  Swinburne,  to  speak  of  English 
poets  only;  while  Byron,  who  was  not  one  of 
the  earlier  forces,  has  now  won  a  position  in 
Japan  that  he  has  to  some  extent  forfeited  in 
his  own  country.  To  get  at  the  genuine 
native  tone,  the  authentic  voice  of  this  people, 
we  must  not  pay  attention  to  the  utterances 
influenced  by  these  foreigners,  which  are 
necessarily  largely  imitative  and  alien.  We 
have  to  revert  to  a  period  before  the  coming 
of  foreign  influence,  just  as  in  understanding 
the  country's  religious  ideas  we  must  alike 
ignore  the  teachings  of  Christianity  and  of 
Herbert  Spencer;  we  have  to  return  to  the 
old  forms,  the  primitive  conventions  that 
confined  Japanese  poetry  of  the  past. 

We  find  that  the  distinctive  note  of  the 
older  day  is  brevity.  It  abhorred  wordiness, 
it  shunned  detailed  description;  it  relied  on 
hint  and  suggestion  and  half -spoken  allusion. 
Japanese  poems  of  what  may  be  termed  the 
classic  ages  were  dainty  triumphs  of  insinua- 
tion, tiny  miniatures  of  impression.  They 
lacked  the  sting,  the  clear-cut  finish,  of  epi- 
gram ;  they  were  too  brief  to  be  termed  lyrics ; 
they  nearly  always  meant  more  than  they 
said.  Yone  Noguchi  has  referred  to  the 
"words,  words,  words"  of  western  writers; 
and  in  so  doing  he  decidedly  touches  a  weak 
spot,  a  defect  that  too  often  vitiates  our  lit- 
erature. Some  of  our  greatest  writers,  we 
know  well,  would  lose  little  if  half  their  work 
was  cut  away  and  forgotten;  in  some  cases 
they  might  even  gain.  There  was  nothing  of 
this  negligible  accretion  in  the  early  Japanese 


44 


THE   DIAL 


[July  15 


poet;  to  our  way  of  thinking  he  rather  said 
too  little  than  too  much.  From  the  seventh 
to  the  fifteenth  century  the  prevailing  form 
was  that  known  as  the  Uta,  a  verse-mould  of 
five  lines  only,  limited  to  thirty-one  syllables, 
compared  with  which  our  sonnet  seems  rather 
a  long  poem.  Yet  in  time  even  this  form 
seemed  too  lengthy,  too  wordy,  for  the  na- 
tional genius,  which  craved  still  closer  limits 
and  more  arduous  exactions ;  and  to  meet  the 
new  need  the  Hokku  form  was  devised,  con- 
sisting of  three  lines  only  and  limited  to  sev- 
enteen syllables.  As  time  passed  on,  it  is  easy 
to  see  that  such  a  form  might  become  purely 
mechanical,  an  artificial  craftsmanship,  just 
as  the  rondeau  and  the  sonnet  itself  may 
become  mere  academic  exercises.  Yet  the 
Japanese  had  seized  hold  of  a  primary  artis- 
tic truth :  they  knew  that  the  thing  suggested 
must  always  be  greater  than  the  thing  ex- 
pressed if  it  is  to  be  great  at  all;  they  felt 
that  the  very  concealments  of  art  may  be  a 
revelation.  "  The  very  best  poems,"  says 
Noguchi,  ''are  left  unwritten  or  sung  in 
silence."  Our  highest  thought,  our  deepest 
feelings,  always  fail  to  find  their  full  expres- 
sion; therein  lies  their  stimulus  and  their 
charm.  Outward  utterance  is  at  best  a  make- 
shift, a  resort  to  what  is  material  for  the 
expressing  of  that  which  is  spiritual.  In 
defence  of  this  truth  the  Japanese  went  to  an 
extreme,  by  reason  of  which  their  literature 
has  suffered;  because,  while  it  escapes  the 
perils  of  loquacity,  it  misses  also  the  highest 
flights  of  the  lyrical,  the  spacious  majesty  of 
the  epic,  the  rich  coloring  of  mature  descrip- 
tion. Their  poems  are  supreme  in  one  direc- 
tion only, —  in  the  sphere  of  momentary 
suggestiveness ;  they  are  brief  flights  of  song 
that  have  not  time  to  soar  high,  tiny  utter- 
ances that  indicate  more  than  they  have 
opportunity  to  fulfil. 

We  may  fairly  contend  that  our  own  lit- 
erature has  the  Japanese  merit,  and  that  it 
has  much  more.  When  we  crave  the  Japanese 
style,  we  make  brief  excerpts  from  our  poets, 
cutting  out  fragments  of  a  few  lines  for  the 
sake  of  this  very  quality  of  suggestion.  But 
in  so  doing  we  know  that  we  are  not  exhaust- 
ing our  resources;  and  we  turn  to  the  com- 
plete poems  for  a  still  fuller  satisfaction.  We 
cannot  always  be  content  with  miniatures 
however  exquisite.  The  fragments  do  well  for 
an  odd  moment,  as  something  to  take  into  our 
memories  and  store  there;  bat  this  kind  of 
thing  does  not  serve  for  continuous  reading. 
Japan  has  given  the  world  nothing  like  the 
classic  epics,  or  the  less  formal  but  more 
popular  epics  of  the  Teutons,  the  Scandina- 
vians, the  Slavs.  It  has  produced  nothing 


that  resembles  the  ballad-poetry  of  Great 
Britain,  of  Russia,  of  Servia  and  Bulgaria, 
and  nothing  like  the  "Kalevala"  of  the  Finns. 
It  has  nothing  to  take  the  place  of  the  Arthu- 
rian song-cycles  and  the  Gaelic  folk-tales. 

But  it  must  not  be  supposed  that  there  are 
no  long  poems  in  Japanese  literature.  There 
is  an  ancient  form  known  as  the  Naga-uta, 
unlimited  in  length,  though  even  this  rarely 
extended  beyond  thirty  or  forty  lines.  There 
is  also  an  elaborately  developed  national 
drama,  deriving  from  religious  observances 
and  employing  a  chorus  very  much  after  the 
fashion  of  the  Greek.  But  we  are  dealing 
here  with  poetry,  not  dramatic  production; 
and  in  poetry  we  must  consider  the  Uta  and 
the  Hokku  as  the  two  distinctive  Japanese 
modes  of  expression  in  days  before  racial  con- 
servatism had  yielded  to  foreign  influence. 
From  a  study  of  these  tiny  compositions  we 
infer  that  the  national  temperament  has  not 
run  to  the  deepest  emotions  of  poetic  feeling 
or  at  least  of  poetic  passion:  we  find  tender 
sentiment,  graceful  allusion,  vivid  natural 
touches,  but  not  often  the  philosophy,  the 
criticism  of  life,  the  thought  "too  deep  for 
tears,"  which  belong  to  our  conceptions  of 
the  poetic.  Poetry  seems  to  have  been  left 
chiefly  to  the  delicate  sentimentalist,  the  sen- 
sitive craftsman  in  words,  the  dilettante. 
Buddhism  and  Chinese  learning  absorbed  the 
more  powerful  minds  of  Japan;  novel  writ- 
ing and  the  drama  claimed  others.  Poetry 
was  an  alluring  byway  rather  than  the  broad 
road  of  national  thought  and  ideal.  But  in 
their  kind  some  of  these  miniatures  are  per- 
fect. It  must  be  remembered  that  many  of 
these  lovely  swallow-flights  of  song  were  pro- 
duced at  a  time  when  Europe  was  distracted 
and  defaced  by  such  barbaric  strife  as  that  of 
which  we  are  now  seeing  an  unhappy  relapse. 
European  poetry  of  the  sixth  and  seventh 
centuries  is  absolutely  archaic  in  tone;  but 
there  is  nothing  archaic,  nothing  ancient,  in 
the  note  of  such  an  utterance  as  the  follow- 
ing Via: 

When  I  have  gone  away, 

Though  my  dwelling-house  should  be 

Without  its  master, 

Plum-tree  beside  the  eaves, 

Do  not  forget  the  Spring. 

The  tone  of  regret,  the  "  pathetic  fallacy  "  of 
an  appeal  to  the  tree,  are  as  fresh  in  this  as  in 
Tennyson.  Here  is  another  that  is  quite  mod- 
ern in  its  fancy: 

The  sky  is  a  sea 

Where  the  cloud-billows  rise, 

And  the  moon  is  a  bark ; 

It  is  oaring  its  way 

To  the  groves  of  the  stars. 


1916] 


THE   DIAL 


45 


So  far  as  its  idea  and  expression  go,  this 
might  have  been  written  only  yesterday.  In 
English  we  have  many  cuckoo-songs,  usually 
joyful;  in  Japan  the  bird's  note,  slightly 
differing  from  the  cuckoo  of  Europe,  is  sug- 
gestive of  melancholy  and  longing: 

I  would  go  to  some  land 
Where  no  cuckoos  are; 
I  am  so  sorrowful 
When  I  hear  their  note. 

We  think  of  Burns's  appeal  to  the  woodlark, — 

For  pity's  sake,  sweet  bird,  nae  mair, 
Or  my  poor  heart  is  broken  I 

But  Burns  says  more  than  does  the  Japanese 
poet ;  his  sorrow  is  more  outspoken.  In  these 
poems  we  must  always  seek  for  that  which  is 
not  actually  expressed ;  certainly  we  must  do 
so  with  the  following,  which  evidently  indi- 
cates a  love-tryst: 

On  the  Spring  moor  I  went  forth 
To  gather  violets; 
Its  charm  so  held  me 
That  I  stayed  till  morn. 

The  next  example  belongs  to  a  century  or  so 
later ;  it  has  all  the  quiet  sadness  that  we  re- 
gard as  a  modern  note  in  our  own  literature : 

What  is  it  that  makes  me  feel  so  desolate 

This  evening  while  I  wait 

For  one  who  comes  not? 

Can  it  be  the  breathing  of  the  autumn  wind? 

Passing  from  the  conciseness  of  the  Uta  to 
the  still  closer  limits  of  the  Hokku,  we  have 
such  gems  as  the  following, —  of  course  losing 
much  in  the  veil  of  translation  from  a  lan- 
guage whose  nature  is  utterly  different  from 
our  own : 

Thought  I,  the  fallen  flowers 
Are  returning  to  their  stems; 
But  lo,  they  were  butterflies! 
As  better  illustrating  the  differences  of  lan- 
guage and  the  utter  impossibility  of  adequate 
translation,  here  is  the  original   of  a  most 
admired  Hoklcu : 

Asagawo  ni 
Tsurube  torarete 
Morai  mizu. 
^Literally  rendered,  this  is : 

The  well-bucket  taken  away 
By  the  morning-glory  — 
Alas,  water  to  beg  I 

"We  may  well  try  to  extract  its  definite  mean- 
ing and  feel  dissatisfied.    To  fit  it  for  western 
ears  and  understandings,  Sir  Edwin  Arnold 
has  translated  it  in  seven  lines : 
The  morning-glory 
Her  leaves  and  bells  has  bound 
My  bucket-handle  round. 
I  could  not  break  the  bands 
Of  these  soft  hands. 


The  bucket  and  the  well  to  her  I  left; 
"Let  me  some  water  for  I  come  bereft." 
We  feel  at  once  that  this  is  a  clumsy  and 
unsatisfying  version.     Far  better  is  the  ren- 
dering by  Miss  Clara  Walsh : 

All  round  the  rope  a  morning-glory  clings; 
How  can  I  break  its  beauty's  dainty  spell? 
I  beg  for  water  from  a  neighbor's  well. 

But  the  English  has  to  express  what  the 
Japanese  merely  suggests.  It  takes  thirty 
syllables  to  do  what  the  original  does  in  fif- 
teen ;  and  Tone  Noguchi  tells  us  that  the  lit- 
eral translation  is  really  far  the  most  satis- 
factory. Here  is  another  specimen,  beautiful 
when  we  guess  its  significance : 

The  hunter  of  dragonflies 
Today  how  far  away 
May  he  have  gone! 

It  is  a  mother's  lament  for  her  dead  boy. 
One  more  example,  highly  prized  by  the 
Japanese  during  many  centuries,  is  this  of  the 
tired  traveller  reaching  his  inn,  and  sud- 
denly charmed  from  his  weariness  —  or  per- 
haps touched  by  some  emotion  of  remem- 
brance —  at  sight  of  the  clustering  wistarias : 

I  come  weary 

In  search  of  an  inn  — 

Ah,  those  wistaria  flo'wers ! 

What  writer  in  English  would  be  content  with 
that?  And  yet  how  complete  its  suggestion! 
Perhaps  nothing  can  better  illustrate  the 
charm  of  these  short  utterances.  How  lightly 
they  touch  a  chord  and  then  quit  it,  how  they 
move  us  to  quick  transitory  emotion  like  that 
caused  by  the  perfume  of  a  flower  or  a  few 
twittered  bird-notes!  All  the  sensibility  of 
the  Japanese  nature  is  held  within  them;  it 
is  not  paraded  or  emphasized,  but  merely 
hinted  at,  almost  diffidently  and  always  grace- 
fully. But  we  feel  that  the  full  character  of 
the  people  is  not  thus  expressed, —  only  tran- 
sient moods,  fleeting  emotions  of  desire  or 
memory.  It  is  not  thus  that  a  nation  can 
adequately  embody  its  ideals,  its  ambitions, 
and  its  thoughts.  ARTHUR  L.  SALMON. 


CASUAL  COMMENT. 


A     REVIVAL     OF     LEISURE     FOR     LITERATURE     has, 

according  to  the  London  "Times,"  been  one  of  the 
results  of  the  war — so  far  as  England  is  con- 
cerned, at  least.  In  a  surprisingly  cheerful  and 
optimistic  discussion,  the  English  Association  some 
weeks  ago  persuaded  itself  that  the  present  fearful 
conflict  had  promoted  the  cause  of  good  literature 
and  turned  the  minds  of  men  to  serious  books, 
especially  to  lofty  poetry  and  the  profundities  of 
philosophic  history  and  much  of  that  older  and 
worthier  literature  that  the  piping  times  of  peace 


46 


THE    DIAL 


[July  15 


had  caused  the  people  to  pass  over  in  careless 
neglect.  Commenting  on  all  this,  the  "Times" 
finds  four  causes  for  the  present  alleged  return  to 
soberer  ways.  First,  modern  war  is  a  slow  and 
monotonous  business,  and  the  soldier  has  more  time 
and  more  inclination  for  reading  than  ever  before 
in  all  his  life.  Secondly,  the  modern  army  is 
very  different  from  the  old  regular  army:  it  is 
made  up  largely  of  men  not  unused  to  books  and 
reading.  Thirdly,  the  thousands  of  convalescents 
in  military  hospitals  are  calling  for  books  to  occupy 
their  enforced  leisure.  And  fourthly,  the  civilian 
population  at  home  "have  had  much  more  money 
to  spend  than  before  and  fewer  ways  of  spending 
it.  There  were  no  longer  any  cheap  tickets  to 
tempt  people  to  travel,  and  the  dark  streets  made 
them  disinclined  to  venture  out  again  after  they 
had  once  found  their  way  home.  The  result  was 
that  the  new  quietness  of  the  evenings  and  the 
Sundays  provided  a  harvest  for  the  booksellers." 
Thus,  if  these  quoted  observations  are  trustworthy, 
a  time  of  unprecedented  stress  and  strain  has  pro- 
duced a  revival  of  leisure  for  literature,  and  even 
-the  long-neglected  Greek  and  Latin  classics  have 
shared  in  the  benefits  of  this  revival,  the  excellent 
Loeb  edition  of  these  old  authors  being  in  especial 
demand  at  present.  Best  of  all,  if  it  be  not  too 
good  to  be  true,  all  signs  point,  to  this  optimistic 
observer,  toward  a  post-bellum  continuance  of 
this  admirable  state  of  things  in  the  world  of  books 
and  reading. 

•          •          • 

THE  DEMOCRATIC  NOTE  AT  THE  A.  L.  A.  CONFER- 
ENCE this  year  was  struck  more  than  once.  In 
fact,  one  might  call  it  the  dominant  note,  so  far 
as  there  was  such  a  note,  in  the  symphony  of 
address  and  lecture  and  discussion  enjoyed  by  the 
thousand  or  more  library  workers  and  library  well- 
wishers  assembled  at  Asbury  Park  in  the  last  week 
of  June.  On  the  programme  were  a  number  of 
papers  dealing  with  some  phase  of  democracy  in 
its  relation  to  literature  or  education  or  the  dis- 
tinctive work  of  the  library,  as,  for  instance,  that 
by  Mr.  Robert  Gilbert  Welsh  on  "Democracy  in 
the  Modern  Drama,"  and  that  by  Miss  Jessie  B. 
Rittenhouse  on  "The  New  Poetry  as  an  Expression 
of  Democracy,"  and  that  also  by  Miss  Mary  Ogden 
White  on  "Democracy  in  Modern  Fiction,"  and, 
finally,  that  by  Dr.  Arthur  E.  Bostwick  on  "How 
Democracy  Educates  Itself."  Discussion,  too,  of 
"The  Circulation  Department  in  its  Relation  with 
the  Public"  was  not  without  its  democratic  sug- 
gestions and  implications;  and  the  people's  wel- 
fare came  under  consideration,  as  a  matter  of 
course,  in  Mr.  Samuel  H.  Ranck's  observations  on 
"Ventilation  and  Heating  of  Library  Buildings." 
Furthermore,  to  the  large  party  visiting  Prince- 
ton in  the  interval  between  two  sessions  of  the 
convention,  President  Hibben  addressed  some 
remarks  emphasizing  the  democratic  character  of 
the  public  library.  Especially  well  said  was  the 
following:  "At  this  time,  when  the  whole  world 
seems  to  be  rushing  on  into  an  unknown  future, 
you  are  holding  fast  to  the  great  articles  of  the 
past.  You  are  guarding  the  sources  of  knowledge. 
The  library  is  to-day  the  only  absolutely  demo- 


cratic institution  that  man  possesses.  If  those 
things  of  the  past  did  not  matter  we  would  close 
the  doors  of  our  libraries.  If  we  would  go  for- 
ward we  must  take  the  past  with  us."  That  thus, 
throughout,  the  democratic  note  should  have  been 
sounded  in  the  deliberations  of  those  gathered 
in  the  interest  of  "the  one  absolutely  democratic 
institution  that  man  possesses"  (possibly  a  slight 
exaggeration,  but  let  it  stand)  calls  for  no  other 
than  approving  comment. 


THE  HAUNTING  LINE  exerts  upon  the  imagina- 
tion a  power  that  will  never  be  explained  any 
more  than  life  itself,  poetry,  reality,  charm,  eter- 
nity, or  any  other  of  the  great  mysteries.  It  is  in 
early  life,  before  the  analytic  and  reasoning  fac- 
ulty has  developed,  that  the  chance  phrase  or  the 
musical  combination  of  words  or  syllables  is  most 
likely  to  arrest  the  attention  and  fix  itself  lastingly 
in  the  memory;  and,  curiously  enough,  or  nat- 
urally enough,  the  less  clearly  the  words  are  under- 
stood and  the  vaguer  the  image  they  convey,  the 
greater  and  more  enduring  the  charm.  It  may  be 
so  simple  a  phrase  as  "locusts  and  wild  honey," 
full  of  strange  possibilities  to  the  child's  palate, 
that  persists  in  haunting  the  mind;  or  perhaps  he 
has  chanced  to  hear  the  couplet  from  Prior, 

A  Eeehabite  poor  Will  must  live, 

And  drink  of  Adam's  ale, 

and  in  unquestioning  ignorance  of  the  meaning  of 
"Adam's  ale,"  still  more  of  "Rechabite,"  he 
delights  in  repeating  to  himself  the  mysterious 
lines,  with  their  rich  potentialities  of  meaning.  To 
be  told  that  Adam's  ale  is  nothing  but  water  would 
have  something  of  shock  and  cruel  disillusion  for 
the  imaginative  mind;  and  to  have  it  explained 
that  a  Rechabite  is  a  descendant  of  Jonadab,  the 
son  of  Rechab,  would  be  a  weariness  of  the  flesh. 
The  line,  "At  midnight  in  his  guarded  tent,"  has 
in  it  delightful  shudders  and  thrilling  anticipa- 
tions, if  one  hears  it  for  the  first  time  in  tender 
years.  These  reminiscent  reflections  are  in  part 
prompted  by  a  short  article  on  "The  Singing 
Phrase,"  in  the  closing  pages  of  the  July 
"Scribner,"  which  will  doubtless  move  many  others 
to  similar  recollection  of  lines  and  phrases  and 
single  words  that  have  meant  more  to  them  than 
they  ever  could  explain  to  others. 


THE   MOST  PROLIFIC  OF  WRITERS   FOR  BOYS,  with 

the  possible  exception  of  some  three  or  four  pen- 
men in  the  employ  of  dime-novel  and  nickel-novel 
publishing  houses,  would  probably  be  found,  on 
investigation,  to  be  the  late  Edward  S.  Ellis,  who 
died  June  20,  in  his  seventy-seventh  year,  with  so 
many  books  to  his  credit  that  he  professed  himself 
unable  to  state  their  number.  A  publisher's 
announcement  of  a  forthcoming  new  edition  of 
Mr.  Ellis's  "renowned  books  for  boys,  comprising 
eighty-five  titles,"  does  not,  it  is  safe  to  say, 
exaggerate  the  youngsters'  indebtedness  to  the 
author  of  the  almost  innumerable  series  (the  "Log 
Cabin,"  "Deerfoot,"  "Through-on-Time,"  "Bound 
to  Win,"  "Forest  and  Prairie,"  etc.)  that  have 
held  the  breathless  attention  of  tens  of  thousands 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


47 


of  boy  readers.  His  facility  and  fertility  were 
such  as  to  make  it  inexpedient,  from  the  pub- 
Usher's  viewpoint,  that  his  rapid  succession  of 
stories  should  all  bear  his  own  name  as  author; 
hence  the  variety  of  pen-names  (Col.  H.  R.  Gordon. 
Lieut.  R.  H.  Jayne,  and  others)  that  have  tended 
to  make  appear  less  voluminous  than  it  really  is 
the  product  of  his  inexhaustible  invention  as  a 
romancer  for  the  young.  His  inspiration  for  this 
work  was  gained  very  largely,  he  was  wont  to 
declare,  in  the  classroom,  where  he  varied  the 
tedium  of  recitation  by  telling  stories  to  his  pupils ; 
and  this  experience  may  well  have  sharpened  his 
keenness  for  the  things  that  most  unfailingly 
interest  youthful  readers. 


BOOKS   THAT   KNOW   NO   SUMMER   VACATION,   and 

no  vacation  at  any  season,  are  the  books  that 
Colonel  Roosevelt  must  have  had  in  mind  when, 
in  "A  Book-Lover's  Holidays  in  the  Open,"  he 
advised  vacationers  to  choose  for  reading  "the 
same  books  one  would  read  at  home."  Although 
it  is  known  to  machinists  and  physicists  that  even 
an  inanimate  mechanism  needs  a  rest  once  in  so 
often — that  a  razor  or  a  locomotive  or  an  automo- 
bile suffers  from  protracted  and  uninterrupted 
service  to  an  extent  out  of  proportion  to  the  actual 
work  performed  —  it  is  not  known  that  a  book 
undergoes  any  deterioration  as  to  its  contents  by 
however  long  and  uninterrupted  a  term  of  service 
in  the  hands  of  readers.  Hence  the  "Wisconsin 
Library  Bulletin"  does  well  to  urge  the  continu- 
ous use  of  the  library's  store  of  literature  through 
all  seasons  of  the  year.  The  librarian  himself 
(and  herself)  needs  a  summer  vacation,  and 
deserves  one,  but  "an  idle  book  represents  idle 
capital,  than  which  nothing  short  of  destruction 
is  more  wasteful.  Librarians  sometimes  complain 
that  people  will  not  read  in  summer.  This  is  only 
in  part  true.  Though  they  may  read  less,  though 
they  may  read  lighter  literature,  and  though  they 
may  not  come  so  often  to  the  library,  nevertheless 
people  do  read  during  the  summer  months.  As  the 
vacation  season  approaches  it  becomes  well  worth 
-while  to  consider  ways  and  means  of  keeping  the 
books  off  the  library  shelves.  Waive  rules,  break 
rules,  or  make  new  rules,  but  keep  your  books  in 
the  hands  of  those  who  will  make  use  of  them 
during  the  summer  months."  The  late  Dr.  S.  Weir 
Mitchell  used  to  consider  the  summer  vacation  his 
best  time  for  solid  reading,  and  on  leaving  home 
for  Bar  Harbor  in  June  he  was  in  the  habit  of 
ordering  a  generous  supply  of  substantial  litera- 
ture from  the  Philadelphia  Library,  of  which,  by 
the  way,  he  was  for  many  years  a  director,  so 
that  he  enjoyed  a  practically  unlimited  freedom  in 
availing  himself  of  its  resources  for  vacation  use. 
•  •  • 

A  PHILIPPINE  MOVE  FOR  EFFICIENCY  (a  word 
not  without  its  odious  associations)  is  reported  in 
the  latest  "Bulletin"  to  reach  us  from  the  Philip- 
pine Library.  The  movement  is  officially  described 
in  the  wording  of  a  legislative  act  passed  in 
February  by  the  law-making  body  of  the  islands, 
and  entitled  "An  Act  to  authorize,  in  the  interest 


of  the  efficiency  and  uniformity  of  the  public 
service,  the  consolidation  of  the  Philippine  Library, 
the  Division  of  Archives,  Patents,  Copyrights,  and 
Trade-Marks  of  the  Executive  Bureau,  and  the 
Law  and  Library  Division  of  the  Philippine 
Assembly,  to  form  an  organization  to  be  known  as 
'Philippine  Library  and  Museum,'  under  the 
administrative  control  of  the  Secretary  of  Public 
Instruction."  Nine  sections  elaborate  the  details 
of  this  act,  but  no  reader  will  quarrel  with  us 
for  refraining  from  even  the  briefest  quotation. 
Rather  would  we  quote,  if  space  permitted,  some 
paragraphs  from  Dr.  Arthur  E.  Bostwick's  "'Twixt 
Library  and  Museum,"  in  this  month's  "Public 
Libraries."  The  functions  of  the  two  tend  to 
overlap  each  other,  but  whether  their  combined 
usefulness  may  be  increased  by  consolidation  is 
still  within  the  region  of  debate. 


THEY  WHO  HAVE  FOUND  THE  FOUNTAIN  OF  YOUTH 
in  the  vocation  of  letters  can  well  afford  to  smile 
at  the  fatuous  undertaking  seriously  entered  upon, 
with  the  highest  sanction,  four  centuries  ago  by 
the  adventurous  Ponce  de  Leon.  An  editorial  note 
in  this  month's  "Century"  calls  attention  to  the 
eminent  authors,  old  in  years  but  young  in  heart, 
whose  pens  are  still  active.  Among  these,  not  all 
of  them  authors  exclusively  or  even  primarily,  are 
Mr.  Howells,  close  upon  eighty,  whose  current 
serial  story  shows  him  to  be  still  inferior  to  none 
in  vigor  of  style  combined  with  nimbleness  of  wit 
and  an  unfailing  quality  of  humor;  Mrs.  Amelia 
Barr,  more  than  half-way  between  eighty  and 
ninety,  with  three-score  novels  to  her  credit,  and 
still  writing;  Mr.  John,  Burroughs,  a  near-octo- 
genarian and  not  yet  past  his  prime  (as  readers 
of  "Under  the  Apple-Trees"  will  agree) ;  ex- 
President  Eliot,  vigorous  and  productive  at  eighty- 
two;  Colonel  Watterson,  "a  very  Ty  Cobb  of 
editorial  writers,"  as  "The  Century"  calls  him; 
Mr.  Henry  Mills  Alden,  almost  coeval  with  the 
occupant  of  the  "Easy  Chair,"  and  still  one  of 
the  most  alert  of  editors;  and,  to  conclude  as 
briefly  as  possible,  Dr.  Lyman  Abbott  of  "The 
Outlook,"  Mr.  William  Hayes  Ward  of  "The 
Independent,"  Mr.  George  W.  Cable,  and  Mr. 
Hamilton  Wright  Mabie.  Truly  the  fountain  that 
eluded  the  Spanish  explorer  must  be  the  fountain- 
pen — which,  with  many,  of  course,  translates  itself 
into  the  typewriter.  Ink,  at  any  rate,  is  the  reju- 
venating liquid  vainly  sought  by  Ponce  de  Leon. 


SIDELIGHTS  ON  THE  STORY  HOUR  may  or  may 
not  be  really  illuminative.  Between  those  who 
exalt  its  actual  and  potential  accomplishment  of 
good,  and  those  who  belittle  and  even  ridicule  its 
part  in  library  activity,  the  observer  is  often  per- 
plexed to  know  what  to  think  of  this  systematic 
and  determined  attempt  to  take  the  youngsters 
by  the  hand  and  lead  them  through  the  winding 
lanes  and  stately  avenues  of  the  Land  of  Make- 
Believe.  If  story-telling  arouses  such  interest  in 
any  given  community  as  not  only  to  gather 
crowded  audiences  when  no  admission  fee  is 
charged,  but  also  to  pack  the  house  at  a  stated 


THE   DIAL 


[July  15 


price  per  seat,  then  story-telling  must  be  a  success 
in  that  place.  Let  the  following  from  the  Toronto 
Public  Library's  current  Report  tell  its  own  story 
in  regard  to  story-telling:  "The  work  with  the 
children,  which  showed  such  a  remarkable  increase 
last  year,  has  shown  even  greater  results,  and  we 
see  new  possibilities  for  the  coming  year.  This 
department  is  decidedly  aggressive  in  its  methods, 
and  no  phase  of  public  social  service  in  this  city 
has  awakened  such  wide  interest.  The  Story  Hour, 
already  popular,  was  given  a  decided  help  onwards 
by  the  series  of  lectures  which  the  Children's 
Librarian  arranged  for  during  October  and  Novem- 
ber, when  Miss  Marie  Shedlock,  of  London,  Eng., 
spoke  to  five  delighted  audiences  on  'Story  Tell- 
ing.' Through  the  kindness  of  Victoria  College 
we  were  given  the  use  of  the  Chapel  and  all  seats 
were  sold  out  a  week  prior  to  the  first  lecture. 
But  we  are  not  told  what  proportion,  if  any,  of 
these  five  delighted  audiences  was  composed  of 
juvenile  listeners,  or  whether  indeed  Miss  Shedlock 
told  any  stories  or  merely  told  how  to  tell  them. 
On  the  latter  assumption,  however,  by  what  magic 
did  she  hold  the  attention  of  these  entranced 
hearers  to  the  exposition  of  this  branch  of  library 
work?  .  .  . 

A  NEW  LYRIC  FROM   SAPPHO'S  PEN,  Or  stylus,  Or 

whatever  writing  implement  the  poetess  of 
Mytilene  chose  to  use,  ought  to  arrest  attention 
even  in  these  frenzied  times.  The  second  piece  of 
Sappho's  verse  discovered  within  two  years  has 
been  deciphered  and  restored  from  the  time-worn 
papyrus  by  Mr.  J.  M.  Edmonds,  of  Jesus  College, 
Cambridge,  who  thus  translates  it  into  beautiful 
prose:  "Make  stand  beside  me  in  a  dream,  great 
Hera,  the  beauteous  shape  that  in  answer  to  their 
prayer  appeared  unto  the  famous  kings  of  Atreus' 
seed  when  they  had  made  an  end  of  the  overthrow 
of  Troy.  At  first  when  they  put  forth  hither  from 
Scamander's  swift  flood,  they  could  not  win  home, 
but  ere  that  could  be,  were  fain  to  make  prayer 
to  thee  and  to  mighty  Zeus  and  to  Thyone's  lovely 
child.  So  now  pray  I,  0  Lady,  that  of  thy  grace 
I  may  do  again,  as  of  old,  things  pure  and  beau- 
tiful among  the  maids  of  Mytilene,  whom  I  have 
so  often  taught  to  dance  and  sing  upon  thy  days 
of  festival;  and  even  as  Atreus'  seed  by  grace  of 
thee  and  thy  fellow-gods  did  put  out  then  from 
Ilium,  so  I  beseech  thee,  gentle  Hera,  aid  thou 
now  this  homeward  voyage  of  mine." 


A  MAMMOTH  WAR  LIBRARY,  one  of  the  by-prod- 
ucts  of  the  great  European  conflict,  has  been 
amassed  by  Germany  and  is  soon  to  have  a  build- 
ing for  its  shelter  and  preservation,  unless  report 
is  false.  Publishers'  trade  lists  show  that,  active 
as  have  been  the  presses  in  England  and  France 
in  turning  out  war  literature,  the  printers  beyond 
the  Rhine  have  been  even  busier.  Publications 
dealing  with  the  war  from  the  German  viewpoint 
are  believed  to  equal  in  number  the  combined 
English  and  French  product  of  a  similar  sort 
from  an  opposite  point  of  view.  At  the  end  of 
last  September  such  German  works  were  estimated, 
or  perhaps  counted,  by  an  English  investigator, 


who  gave  their  total  as  6,395,  including  maps, 
economic  and  legal  dissertations,  and  even  imagina- 
tive writings  inspired  by  the  war.  At  the  present 
time  this  total  has  been  raised  to  probably  eight 
thousand  or  more,  and  is  still  growing.  Is  itr 
after  all,  a  collection  worthy  of  a  special  building, 
or  is  it  rather  a  mass  of  printed  evidence  to  be 
more  and  more  ashamed  of  as  time  passes,  inter- 
national animosities  subside,  and  enlightenment 
increases?  ... 

AN  TJNWORKED  MINE  OF  WEALTH  for  writers  and 
producers  of  plays  seems  now  about  to  be  made 
productive  to  its  utmost  capability.  Recent  expira- 
tion of  copyright  on  some  of  Robert  Louis 
Stevenson's  romances  throws  them  open  to  the 
army  of  playwrights  always  on  the  alert  for  prom- 
ising material  for  their  craft.  Of  course  the 
Jekyll  and  Hyde  play,  brought  out  long  ago,  and 
to  a  less  extent  the  dramatic  version  of  "Treasure 
Island"  are  familiar  to  play-goers,  who  are  likely 
before  many  years  to  become  equally  acquainted 
with  stage  representations  of  "The  Wrecker"  (now 
actually  in  process  of  dramatization  at  the  hands 
of  Mr.  Granville  Barker),  of  "St.  Ives,"  "Prince 
Otto,"  "The  Master  of  Ballantrae,"  the  exhilarat- 
ing escapades  of  David  Balfour,  "The  Black  Ar- 
row," and  sundry  tales  from  "The  Merry  Men.n 
Could  the  perpetuation  of  one's  posthumous  lit- 
erary fame  take  a  more  gratifying  form  than  that 
which  carries  with  it  the  innocent  entertainment 
of  millions  of  theatre-goers,  even  though  the 
greater  part  of  that  theatre-going  be  of  the  sort 
that  fills  the  fat  pockets  of  the  managers  of  the 
"movies"?  ... 

THE    DIFFERENCE   BETWEEN    VERSE   AND   PROSE    IS 

briefly  and  clearly  explained  in  Sir  Arthur  Quiller- 
Couch's  late  collected  lectures  on  "The  Art  of 
Writing."  Discreetly  avoiding  "the  term  poetry, 
over  which  the  critics  have  waged,  and  still  are 
waging,  a  war  that  promises  to  be  endless,"  the 
lecturer  shows  no  hesitation  in  defining  verse  as 
"memorable  speech  set  down  in  metre  with  strict 
rhythms,"  whereas  "prose  is  memorable  speech 
set  down  without  constraint  of  metre  and  in 
rhythms  both  lax  and  various."  In  passing,  it 
will  be  noted  how  admirably  (except  perhaps  for 
the  word  "memorable")  this  definition  of  prose 
applies  to  the  "free  verse"  which  the  preced- 
ing definition  would  coldly  thrust  out  into  the 
region  of  prose.  After  all  is  said  that  can  be  said 
on  the  peculiar  quality  that  makes  poetry  or  verse 
something  different  from  prose,  what  better  def- 
inition of  poetry  have  we  than  that  old  one  of 
Stedman's?  He  says,  with  first  place  given  to 
the  importance  of  rhythm,  that  "poetry  is  rhyth- 
mical, imaginative  language,  expressing  the  inven- 
tion, taste,  thought,  passion,  and  insight  of  the 
human  soul." 

POETIC  INSPIRATION  FROM  JUTLAND,  or  from  its 
adjacent  waters,  gave  us,  about  a  century  ago, 
Campbell's  "Battle  of  the  Baltic,"  and  is  more 
recently  responsible  for  Mr.  Louis  Raemaekers's 
paraphrase  of  the  Falstaflfian  speech  ("King 
Henry  IV,"  first  part,  act  II,  scene  IV),  "Allt 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


49 


I  know  not  what  you  call  all;  but  if  I  fought  not 
with  fifty  of  them,  I  am  a  bunch  of  radish."  The 
substitution  of  "the  whole  British  fleet"  for  "fifty 
of  them,"  with  the  addition  of  a  cartoon  repre- 
senting a  certain  European  monarch  wearing  an 
upturned  moustache  and  flourishing  a  sword, 
makes  the  application  plain.  Side  by  side  with 
this  might  be  placed  the  poetic  effusion  ascribed 
to  the  German  admiral  whose  late  exploit  off  the 
coast  of  Jutland  led  to  the  supposed  utterance 
above  quoted.  These  lines,  marked  with  the  right- 
eous severity  we  all  like  to  display  toward  our 
own  pet  failings  when  observed  in  others,  or 
thought  to  be  so  observed,  run  as  follows: 

Die  Flotte  schlug  ihren  Feind  nicht  faul, 
Doch  langst  nicht  todt  1st  Englands  Maul. 

War's  asperities,  responsible  for  so  much  loss  and 
suffering,  must  yet  be  credited  with  an  occasional 
contribution  to  the  gaiety  of  nations. 


A  "BROWSING  ROOM"  FOR  BOOK-LOVERS,  or  for 
book-readers  as  distinguished  from  connoisseurs 
and  collectors,  is  to  be  a  comparatively  novel  fea- 
ture of  the  quarter-million-dollar  library  building 
that  will  soon  occupy  the  site  of  Hitchcock  Hall  at 
Amherst  College.  But  it  will  not  be  quite  so  novel 
as  the  press  reports  would  have  us  believe.  Already 
at  Smith  College,  across  the  river,  they  have  a 
browsing  room,  if  memory  fails  not,  as  the  most 
inviting  part  of  the  library.  It  is  the  purpose  of 
such  a  room  to  offer  intellectual  and  spiritual 
refreshment  free  from  all  savor  of  educational 
utility.  Amid  these  surroundings,  if  anywhere, 
one  might  put  in  practice  the  doctrine  taught  by 
the  artist  John  Butler  Yeats  to  his  poet  son, — 
"never  when  at  school  to  think  of  the  future  or  of 
any  practical  result."  It  was  Mr.  William  Butler 
Yeats's  father,  too,  who  used  to  say  to  him:  "When 
I  was  young,  the  definition  of  a  gentleman  was 
a  man  not  wholly  occupied  in  getting  on."  Not 
dissimilar  in  character  to  this  shrine  of  the  muses 
will  be  the  Clyde  Fitch  memorial,  a  long  and 
narrow  apartment  copied  after  the  late  dramatist's 
study  and  library  in  his  New  York  home,  and 
containing,  as  far  as  possible,  the  books  and  other 
equipment  of  that  room.  Mr.  Fitch  was  gradu- 
ated from  Amherst  in  1886,  in  the  same  class  with 
our  present  Secretary  of  State  and  others  who 
have  earned  distinction. 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


WHAT  IS  A  NOVEL! 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
In  the  symposium  recently  reported  by  "The 
Bookman,"  the  attempt  to  answer  the  somewhat 
baffling  question,  "What  is  a  novel?"  seems  to  me 
to  leave  the  question  more  baffling  than  ever  before. 
To  our  already  inconsistent  and  unconvincing  ideas 
of  what  a  novel  is,  or  may  be,  we  now  have  added 
a  large  accretion  of  new  and  even  more  incon- 
sistent ideas,  which  are  certainly  not  less  confusing 
by  reason  of  the  fact  that  they  come  from  novelists 
themselves,  and  may  therefore  be  supposed  to  be 


weighted  with  the  sacrosanct  dignity  that  belongs 
to  an  ex  cathedra  utterance.  It  may  be  that  in  the 
midst  of  these  contradictions  the  mere  scientific 
observer,  who  has  never  written,  and  cannot  write, 
a  work  of  fiction,  is  able  to  detect  the  genus  novel 
more  clearly  than  the  devotees  of  the  art.  The 
worshipper  at  a  shrine  can  rarely  judge  the 
quality  of  his  own  religious  doctrine;  poets  are 
notoriously  bad  critics  of  poetry;  and  everyone 
knows  that  the  best  theories  of  how  to  raise  chil- 
dren have  been  written  by  bachelors.  Such  per- 
sons are  free  alike  from  the  personal  equation  and 
from  the  distractions  of  actual  productive  artistic 
labor.  They  are  mere  observers,  and  as  such  are 
disinterested.  The  old  objection  to  the  critic,  that 
he  is  usually  unable  to  practice  the  art  he  criti- 
cizes, is  inherently  a  foolish  objection.  The  man 
who  produces  in  an  art  is  usually  disqualified  for 
criticizing,  and  vice  versa.  The  artist  needs  one 
personal  style;  the  critic  must  understand  all 
styles.  The  artist  must  consider  his  creation  for 
the  time  the  supreme  and  central  achievement  of 
the  world;  the  critic  sees  at  the  same  moment 
all  the  similar  achievements,  and  compares  them. 

What,  then,  to  the  scientific  and  impersonal 
critic,  is  a  novel?  To  this  question  I  venture  to 
offer  the  answer  of  a  mere  observer,  who  has  never 
written  a  novel,  and  could  not  write  one.  But 
first  we  may  be  permitted  to  rephrase  the  ques: 
tion,  and  ask:  What  is  a  good  novelt 

Professor  Phelps's  definition,  "A  good  story  well 
told,"  is  of  no  use.  For  what  is  "a  good  story 
well  told"?  It  is  one  of  our  ordinary  novels.  So 
there  we  are,  exactly  where  we  started.  In  the 
first  place,  then,  a  novel  is  essentially  a  story  with 
a  plot.  A  mere  chronicle  is  not  a  novel.  Even 
"Robinson  Crusoe"  and  "Jean-Christophe"  have 
plots  of  a  sort,  tenuous  as  they  are.  What,  then, 
is  plot?  Here  is  the  definition  I  suggest:  Any 
plot  is  a  state  of  unstable  equilibrium  in  the  lives 
of  the  characters,  which  state  cannot  persist  but 
must  progress  at  once  to  a  solution.  This  is  any 
plot.  A  good  plot  is  such  a  state  which  is  inter- 
esting. 

There  are  some  valuable  analogies  in  the  natural 
sciences.  Take  two  such  harmless  substances  as, 
say,  oxygen  and  carbon.  They  are  perfectly  stable, 
and  may  remain  so  for  untold  a3ons.  But  bring 
them  together  and  apply  a  light;  there  is  then,  if 
I  may  be  pardoned  the  phrase,  "something  doing." 
And  it  keeps  on  "doing"  until  the  chemical  com- 
bination is  complete,  and  everything  is  in  a  state 
of  rest  —  that  is,  in  a  state  of  stability  —  once 
more.  Is  not  this  exactly  analogous  to  the  love 
story?  Bring  two  souls  into  contact;  there  is 
emotional  disturbance,  which  is  obliged  to  produce 
some  other  outward  disturbance  until  stability  is 
restored  by  the  union  of  souls,  or  by  their  perma- 
nent and  stable  separation.  This  analogue  can 
be  paralleled  by  almost  any  story  that  deals  with 
the  clash  of  motives  or  the  disturbance  of  senti- 
ments among  men.  Such  a  story  may  be  a  tale 
of  hate  or  revenge,  as  well  as  of  love. 

For  the  story  of  adventure,  also,  an  analogue 
in  the  natural  sciences  may  be  found.  Lift  a  ball 
from  the  table  and  hurl  it  violently  through  space. 
It  is  brought  into  a  state  of  unstable  equilibrium, 


50 


THE    DIAL 


[July  15 


and  many  things  may  happen  before  it  comes  to 
rest.  Is  this  not,  in  a  way,  parallel  with  the  famil- 
iar story  of  the  young  adventurer  suddenly 
brought  by  a  series  of  accidents  into  the  company 
of  a  crew  of  pirates  in  the  south  seas.  The  tale 
does  not  turn  upon  conventional  relationships 
between  men,  but  largely  upon  physical  accidents. 

If  we  accept  this  definition  of  a  story,  we  obtain 
with  it  a  good  definition  of  the  term  "solution" 
or  denouement  as  applied  to  a  story.  The  "solu- 
tion" is  the  readjustment  to  the  new  conditions, 
which  restores  to  the  disturbed  lives  a  state  of 
stable  equilibrium.  That  means  that  stable  equi- 
librium is  restored  so  far  as  these  events  are  con- 
cerned. If  there  are  subsequent  emotional  or 
other  disturbances,  they  constitute  other  and  dis- 
tinct stories. 

This  necessity  for  restoring  equilibrium  in  life 
explains  why  it  is  so  difficult  to  end  a  story. 
Human  emotions  rarely  terminate  dramatically, 
except  in  the  case  of  death.  And  the  death  of  one 
or  more  characters  as  the  solution  of  a  plot  has 
become  a  bit  worn  out  as  a  literary  device.  In 
old-fashioned  fiction  there  was  a  myth  to  the  effect 
that  love  affairs  —  at  least  among  Anglo-Saxons 
—  end  with  the  acceptance  of  the  gentleman's 
proposals.  And  most  love  stories  blandly  broke 
off  there,  without  even  a  suspicion  of  the  fact 
that  that  particular  sort  of  emotion  might  harrow 
or  amuse  the  world  for  a  good  many  years  more 
before  finally  coming  to  rest.  To-day  we  are  sus- 
picious of  the  love  story  that  ends  in  that  fashion. 
It  is  too  pat,  too  conventional,  to  be  true. 

The  business  story  may  have  a  good  natural 
ending.  When,  for  example,  Mr.  Wallingford  has 
for  the  hundredth  time  got  rich  quick,  his  adven- 
ture ends  with  the  banking  of  his  profits  and  the 
boarding  of  the  first  train  out  of  town.  For  him 
that  story  is  definitely  finished. 

In  most  human  developments,  however,  there  is 
no  such  definite  termination.  Emotions  die  out  by 
imperceptible  changes,  more  worldly  complications 
solve  themselves  little  by  little  without  dramatic 
points.  The  lady  does  not  settle  things  once  for 
all  when  she  falls  into  the  ecstatic  lover's  arms. 
The  hero  who  is  hard  up  for  money  does  not  invar- 
iably have  an  uncle  in  India  who  dies  and  leaves 
him  a  fortune  at  the  end  of  the  second  hundred 
thousand  words;  nor  is  the  lost  will  discovered 
in  the  nick  of  time;  nor  does  the  hitherto  unknown 
identity  of  the  hero  —  which  was  concealed  when 
the  wicked  nurse  mixed  up  the  babies  —  suddenly 
come  to  light  to  provide  him  with  fortune,  the 
opportunity  to  marry  his  lady  love,  and  possibly 
to  acquire  a  title. 

In  real  life,  difficulties  or  complications,  whether 
they  be  emotional  or  worldly,  dissolve  slowly.  One 
day  we  are  worried,  perhaps  desperately  worried. 
Six  months  later  we  suddenly  realize  that  we  no 
longer  care.  We  have  forgotten  the  lady  from 
whom  the  novelist  would  have  kept  us  cruelly 
separated,  our  business  troubles  have  disappeared, 
the  bills  have  all  been  paid,  the  plans  that  seemed 
determined  never  to  work  are  working  like  well- 
oiled  machinery;  and  yet  for  the  life  of  us  we 
cannot  quite  tell  when,  how,  or  where  these  things 
happened.  In  the  meantime,  being  human  and 


restless,  we  have  probably  got  ourselves  into  fresh 
difficulties  or  fresh  complications,  which  make 
fresh  stories,  that  are  neither  part  of  the  old  story 
nor  wholly  distinct  from  it.  And  so  life  swings 
on  through  its  series  of  interlocking  short-stories, 
the  only  real  terminus  being  the  last.  And  that, 
after  all,  is  not  the  end,  since  the  first  questions 
at  our  respective  deaths  will  probably  look  to  the 
future,  and  have  to  do  with  how  much  money  we 
left,  and  what  will  become  of  the  family, —  all  of 
which,  of  course,  begins  another  interlocking 
story.  Thackeray  once  carried  a  novel  over  parts 
of  four  generations.  The  modern  novelist  is  more 
frank,  and  simply  breaks  off  at  some  convenient 
climax,  without  really  considering  whether  it  be 
the  true  end  of  his  story  or  not. 

Nevertheless  I  maintain,  in  spite  of  these  objec- 
tions, that  plots  in  life  do  have  terminations  of 
a  sort.  There  is  no  grand  chorus  just  before  the 
curtain  goes  down.  But  there  are  terminations. 
Therefore  plots  have  solutions.  And  therefore 
our  definition  of  a  good  plot  is  valid,  which  means 
that  our  definition  of  a  good  novel  is  valid. 

JAMES  ROUTH. 

Tulane  University,  July  2, 1916. 


"MACBETH"   NOVELIZED. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

An  amused  friend  has  just  sent  me  a  sort  of 
"novelized"  Macbeth, —  not  a  straightforward  tell- 
ing of  the  mighty  story,  as  Charles  and  "Bridget" 
retold  the  tales,  but  the  sort  of  thing  which  might 
perhaps  be  called  ambitious,  were  it  not  that  it 
fell  (of  course)  sadly  short  of  all  association  and 
literary  fact.  One  wonders  that  a  year  which 
should  be  held  properly  sacred  to  the  tradition 
and  recollections  of  Will  of  Stratford  should  be 
used  as  vehicle  for  this  kind  of  thing. 

Some  years  ago  I  remember  receiving  for  review 
an  attempt  to  improve  upon  "Paradise  Lost," — 
by  a  conscientious  gentleman  with  the  suggestive 
name  of  Mull.  He  as  good  as  said  in  a  naive 
preface  that  those  mighty  organ  tones  were  sound- 
ing unheard  above  the  heads  of  unpoetic  world- 
lings, so  he  had  thought  to  rewrite  it  all  down  to 
us.  Which  he  did,  in  noticeably  unmelodious 
prose. 

We  all  know  the  short-cut-to-knowledge  bene- 
factor of  the  race  who  discovered  that  Chaucer, 
though  he  might  be  a  great  poet,  clearly  didn't 
know  how  to  spell.  It  was  he  who  begot  the  mod- 
ernized rehash,  abbreviated  and  expurgated,  of  the 
tales  good  Geoffrey  told.  After  this  came  con- 
densed versions  of  the  Waverley  novels,  cut  into 
lengths  convenient  to  the  casual  reading  of  the 
tired  business  man,  and  any  number  of  other 
curtailments  and  abridgments  and  what  not  else, — 
running  all  the  way,  in  point  of  mere  time,  from 
the  song  of  Roland  to  Motley's  colorful  "Rise  of 
the  Dutch  Republic." 

And  now  a  novelized  Shakespeare!  One  may 
possibly  grant  a  claim  of  altruism;  one  certainly 
insists  upon  the  adjective  "misplaced."  Exempli 
gratia,  take  this  improvement  upon  the  accus- 
tomed text.  Lady  Macbeth  is  awaiting  the  arrival 
of  Duncan: 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


51 


With  hasty  steps  she  began  to  pace  up  and  down 
the  room,  whispering  to  herself,  in  broken  exclama- 
tions —  u  Glamis  thou  art  —  and  Cawdor.  And  shalt 
be  what  thou  hast  promised.  Yet  do  I  fear  thy 
nature.  It  is  too  full  of  the  milk  of  human  kindness 
to  catch  the  nearest  way.  Thou  wouldst  be  great  — 
art  not  without  ambition  —  and  yet  would  not  dare 
to  the  utmost  to  attain  it.  What  thou  wouldst  highly, 
that  wouldst  thou  nobly.  Wouldst  not  play  false  — 
and  yet  wouldst  wrongly  win.  Ah!  to  what  wasted 
opportunities  will  such  weak-kneed  procrastination 
win?  Yet  —  were  he  here  —  were  he  here — ." 
Pausing,  the  muser  leaned  her  arm  against  the  bare 
stonework  of  the  embrasure,  from  which  the  oval 
orifice  looked  out  over  the  low-lying  marshes.  And 
in  the  white  curve  of  her  elbow  she  rested  her 
throbbing  temples. 

One  imagines  Hamlet's  self  making  answer  to 
this  sort  of  thong:  "To  what  base  uses  we  may 
return,  Horatio !  Why,  may  not  imagination  trace 
the  noble  dust  of  Alexander,  till  we  find  it  stop- 
ping a  bung-holer  WABWICK  JAMES 

Philadelphia,  July  3,  1916. 


ON  BEGGING  THE  QUESTION. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

At  a  local  club  meeting  the  other  night  a  number 
of  short  papers  were  read  on  various  aspects  of 
the  great  phenomenon  we  call  Shakespeare.  One 
of  the  discussions,  by  a  scholar  in  the  field  of 
Biblical  literature,  undertook  to  present  the  now 
trite  and  somewhat  boresome  view  that  Shakespeare 
was  a  rake,  a  drunkard,  and  a  lewd,  coarse  fellow 
with  merely  a  bit  of  "imagination"  which  enabled 
him  to  dash  off  such  little  things  as  Portia's  Plea 
for  Mercy,  Henry  Fourth's  apostrophe  to  England, 
or  Wolsey's  Farewell  to  Greatness.  All  the  posi- 
tive evidence,  asserted  the  reader,  was  to  this 
conclusion.  There  were  "traditions"  of  his  drink- 
ing, of  an  illegitimate  son,  of  this,  that,  and  the 
other  (being  a  Biblical  exegete,  he  was  sweet  on 
traditions) ;  while  there  were  no  traditions  to  the 
positive  virtues  of  the  man,  except  our  foolish  and 
unfounded  sentiment,  as  he  termed  it.  He  had 
evidently  got  his  information  about  Shakespeare 
from  concordances  and  encyclopaedias  and  Sir 
Sidney  Lee;  so  he  was  unaware  of  the  psycholog- 
ically sound,  and  historically  affirmed,  principle 
that  "the  evil  that  men  do"  or  do  not,  "lives  after 
them"  while  the  good  is  usually  "interred  with 
their  bones." 

This  person  announced  with  some  glee  that  we 
could  not  prove  that  Shakespeare  had  not  died  of 
excesses  at  the  early  age  of  fifty -two;  therefore 
the  probability  was  that  he  did.  I  asked  him  if 
this  was  his  common  principle  of  historical  crit- 
icism,—  to  accept  every  scandalous  story  as  true 
until  it  was  proved  false.  And  now,  sir,  comes  the 
point  of  my  letter.  He  answered  with  every 
appearance  of  triumph  that  I  had  resorted  to  a 
question-begging  epithet,  the  epithet  of  "scandal- 
ous," and  was  therefore  out  of  court.  On  several 
others  of  the  company  this  cant  phrase,  "question- 
begging,"  acted  as  a  wire  to  a  marionette.  They 
had  learned  in  a  course  in  Argumentation  that 
uncomplimentary  adjectives  "beg  the  question." 
This  terror  of  the  epithet  has  become  such  a  com- 


mon fetish  that  I  venture  a  protest  to  you  on  the 
subject. 

What  is  it  to  beg  the  question  —  to  assume  as  a 
premise  the  conclusion  aimed  at?  Did  I  in  my 
simple  question,  ''Are  we  to  accept  every  scandal- 
ous story  as  true  until  it  is  proved  false*"  beg 
the  question  ?  Not  if  the  dictionary  is  to  serve  any 
useful  purpose. 

The  Century  Dictionary  defines  "scandal"  as 
follows:  "reproachful  aspersion;  defamatory 
speech  or  report;  something  uttered  which  is 
injurious  to  reputation;  defamatory  talk;  mali- 
cious gossip."  "Scandalous"  itself  is  defined  as 
either  (1)  "exciting  reproach  or  reprobation,"  or 

(2)  "opprobrious,  disgraceful  to  reputation,"  :or 

(3)  "defamatory."     I  submit  to  you,  sir,  and  to 
the  readers  of  THE  DIAL,  that  if  the  dictionary 
means  anything  to  persons  of  education,  the  use 
I  made  of  the  word  "scandalous"  cannot  beg  any 
question.     There  is  not  a  hint  in  any  one  of  the 
definitions  given  (nor  in  the  Standard  Dictionary 
either)  that  scandal  is  regarded  as  either  true  or 
false.    A  scandal  is  a  story  injurious  to  reputation, 
which  evidence  may  prove  true  or  may  prove  false. 
If  one  assumes  that  it  is  a  true  story  or  that  it  is 
a  false  story,  then  he  begs  the  question.    I  pointed 
this   out   to   my    opponent, —  but   the   dictionary 
means  nothing  to  one  who  can  win  a  decision,  sat- 
isfactorily  to   himself   at   least,   by    calling   your 
language  illogical.    Are  we  to  be  bullied  into  giving 
up  effective  English  words  because  there  are  per- 
sons who  decline  to  understand  them? 

THOMAS  PERCIVAL  BEYER. 
St.  Paul,  Minn.,  July  3, 1916. 


UNIONIZED  AUTHORSHIP. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

I  will  ask  the  courtesy  of  your  columns  for  a 
few  words  in  regard  to  the  proposed  affiliation  of 
the  Authors'  League  of  America  with  the  Amer- 
ican Federation  of  Labor. 

It  happens  that  I  have  had  some  personal  experi- 
ence in  an  affair  of  this  sort,  having  been  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Butte  Local  of  the  Newswriters  Union, 
holding  a  charter  from  the  Typographical  Union. 
At  the  time  the  Butte  Local  was  formed,  salaries 
ranged  from  $20.00  to  $50.00  per  week  for 
reporters  on  daily  papers.  By  a  ruling  of  the 
Union,  a  minimum  wage  of  $27.50  for  evening 
newspaper  reporters  and  $30.00  for  morning  news- 
paper reporters  was  established.  One  apprentice 
was  allowed  each  office  at  $15.00  per  week.  No 
reporter  could  join  the  Union  unless  he  had  been 
actively  engaged  in  daily  newspaper  work  for  a 
period  of  three  years.  Thus  a  man  who  had 
worked  for  two  years  and  who  might  be  worth 
$30.00  a  week,  must  either  work  for  $15.00  as  an 
apprentice  (should  there  be  a  vacancy)  or  not 
work  at  all.  The  Union  had  no  sooner  been  formed 
than  all  salaries  were  reduced  to  the  minimum 
scale. 

It  was  never  necessary  for  the  Newswriters  to 
call  upon  the  Typographical  Union  for  help  in 
any  form,  but  the  Typographical  Union  assessed 
the  Newswriters  for  printers'  strikes  in  various 
parts  of  the  country. 


52 


THE    DIAL 


[July  15 


There  were,  at  that  time,  thirteen  locals  or 
"chapels"  of  Newswriters  organized  under  char- 
ter from  the  Typographical  Union.  I  do  not 
believe  there  are  so  many  to-day.  Reporters  and 
editorial  workers  soon  found  that  under  the  Union 
they  had  everything  to  lose  and  nothing  to  gain, 
and  that  manual  labor  in  the  composing  room  was 
better  paid  under  the  Union  scale  than  brain  work. 

A  union  of  authors  —  magazine  and  book 
authors, —  if  such  a  thing  were  possible,  would 
be  even  less  advantageous  to  the  individual  writer. 
Since  authors  do  not,  as  a  rule,  work  upon  salary, 
the  only  possible  result  would  be  a  limitation  of 
the  writer's  income  and  a  curtailment  of  his  lib- 
erty. No  man  could  write  his  opinion  upon  public 
questions  if  he  did  not  hold  a  Union  card.  The 
periodical  press  would  be  most  effectively  muzzled. 

But  what  is  of  more  importance  to  the  Authors' 
League  of  America  —  because  it  is  a  more  immi- 
nent danger  —  is  the  fact  that  an  affiliation  of 
this  kind  would  most  probably  result  in  the  disor- 
ganization of  the  League.  As  at  present  consti- 
tuted, it  is  possible  for  the  Authors'  League  of 
America  to  do  a  great  deal  to  make  conditions 
easier  for  authors.  As  a  Union  the  League  would 
not  be  strengthened,  but  instead  weakened  by  the 
disaffection  of  hundreds  of  writers.  The  authors 
would  soon  find,  as  the  Newswriters  found,  that 
the  satisfaction  of  posing  as  laboring  man  and 
holding  a  Union  card  is  not  sufficient  to  overcome 
the  disadvantages  of  a  situation  where,  in  the 
words  of  the  once  popular  song,  it  is  "all  goin' 
out  and  nothin'  comin'  in."  ROBERT  j  SHORES 

New  York  City,  July  5,  1916. 


PEOBLEMS    IN    PUNCTUATION. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

In  your  very  complimentary  review  of  my  work 
on  punctuation  (THE  DIAL,  June  22)  you  give  an 
excellent  illustration  of  how  faulty  punctuation 
affects  the  meaning  of  language,  but  you  make 
what  seems  to  me  a  peculiar  comment  upon  the 
reason  for  the  improper  use  of  marks  in  your 
illustrative  sentence.  The  following  is  your  sen- 
tence :  "Her  costume  was  old-fashioned,  grotesque, 
unbecoming,  in  short,  positively  hideous."  You 
point  out  the  erroneous  relation,  as  implied  by  the 
punctuation,  between  what  precedes  and  what  fol- 
lows "in  short";  and  you  add;  "Yet  few  writers 
would  take  the  little  trouble  necessary  to  make 
this  clear  to  the  eye." 

What  is  the  "little  trouble"?  I  take  it  to  be  that 
"few  writers"  see  the  true  relation  between  the 
parts  of  the  sentence,  and  therefore  do  not  know 
how  to  indicate  to  the  eye  the  real  relation  between 
the  adjectives  in  the  sentence.  This  relation,  I 
think,  is  unmistakable.  The  writer  of  the  sentence 
began  a  series  of  adjectives  to  describe  a  costume. 
After  using  three,  he  broke  away  (dashed  off), 
and  sought  a  word  to  summarize  his  thoughts, 
expressed  and  unexpressed.  The  change  is  prop- 
erly shown  by  a  dash, —  just  as  it  is  shown  when 
a  series  of  details  is  begun,  and  the  writer  breaks 
off  and  summarizes  by  the  word  "all,"  followed 
by  the  verb  that  would  have  followed  the  com- 
pleted series. 


You  say  that  I  erroneously  assign  the  year  1826 
as  the  date  of  the  first  appearance  of  Wilson's 
work  on  punctuation.  It  seems  to  me  you  are 
hair-splitting  in  this  statement.  The  preface  to 
the  twentieth  edition  of  Wilson's  work  gives  1826 
as  the  date  when  an  edition  of  his  book  was  first 
published.  It  is  true  that  this  edition  was  designed 
solely  for  printers,  while  1844  was  the  date  of 
the  first  edition  of  his  "Treatise  on  Punctuation." 
As  I  did  not  name  the  foregoing  title,  it  can 
hardly  be  said  that  my  statement  is  erroneous. 

W.  L.  KLEIN. 

Minneapolis,  Minn.,  July  1,  1916. 


HOMER  IN  ENGLISH  HEXAMETERS. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

I  have  a  fellow  feeling  for  Mr.  Bayard  Quincy 
Morgan,  who  writes  in  your  issue  of  June  8  about 
"Homer  in  English  Hexameters."  Some  years  ago, 
when  I  was  teaching  Homer,  I  felt  just  as  he 
does.  I  collected  specimens  of  English  transla- 
tions, and  wrote  out  some  thoughts  on  translating 
Homer.  And  I  translated  enough  of  the  "Iliad 
to  make  a  little  pamphlet  to  show  what  I  could 
do ;  for  I  am  not  satisfied  with  discussion  —  I 
want  to  work  out  my  ideas,  just  as  Mr.  Morgan 
does.  As  he  suggests,  discussion  will  never  prove 
that  Homer  can  be  translated  into  good  English 
hexameter  poetry.  The  thing  must  be  actually 
done.  And  when  it  is  done,  discussion  is  needless. 
The  great  essential,  it  seems  to  me,  is  to  attain 
a  natural  English  style,  free  from  bookish  diction, 
straightforward,  masterly  yet  unpretending  in  its 
simplicity,  musical  and  poetical. 

Mr.  Morgan  asks  if  others  have  attempted  a 
hexameter  version.  Mr.  Prentiss  Cummings  has 
published  such  a  translation,  though  I  am  not 
acquainted  with  it.  The  "New  York  Evening 
Post"  of  January  21,  1911,  contained  a  letter  by 
Dr.  Edward  Robeson  Taylor  of  San  Francisco, 
giving  a  list  of  English  translations  of  Homer, 
including  four  hexameter  versions.  Indeed,  we 
might  possibly  start  a  "Homeric  Hexameter 

Society"!  CHARLES  D.  PLATT. 

Dover,  N.  J.,  June  26,  1916. 


A  REVIEWER'S  CORRECTIONS. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

To  my  great  chagrin  I  notice  to-day  ( ! )  that 
owing  to  my  dislike  for  Shakespeare's  bloody 
tragedy,  "Titus  Andronicus,"  I  very  absurdly  sub- 
stituted the  name  "Troilus  and  Cressida"  for  the 
former  play  in  my  review  of  Sir  Sidney  Lee's 
"Life  of  William  Shakespeare"  (THE  DIAL,  June 
8,  p.  540).  Incidentally  I  shall  also  take  advan- 
tage of  your  courtesy  to  correct  three  other  errors. 
Professor  Graves's  initials  are  T.  S.,  not  F.  S.; 
the  line  reference  to  "As  You  Like  It,"  Act  III, 
Scene  2,  should  be  "333,"  not  "233";  and  the  sen- 
tence (p.  539)  about  Shakespeare's  eternized 
friend  should  read:  "That  passion  was  a  forbid- 
den attachment  to  an  effeminate,  handsome,  accom- 
plished, young  man — the  typical  homo-psychic 
'love-object.'"  g  A  TANNENBAUM> 

New  York  City,  July  3,  1916. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


53 


THE  EUROPE  OF  TO-MORROW.* 

Posing  as  a  prophet,  Mr.  Wells  desires  not 
merely  to  anticipate  certain  developments,  but 
also  to  aid  in  bringing  them  about.  To  a 
superficial  observer,  the  opinion  of  the  indi- 
vidual, even  of  such  a  talented  individual  as 
Mr.  Wells,  seems  worthless  in  the  presence  of 
the  mighty  forces  of  the  war.  What  do  these 
governments,  or  these  armies,  care  for  dream- 
ers? Military  problems  must  be  settled  in 
military  ways,  and  if  the  Lord  is  on  the  side 
of  the  biggest  battalions,  no  heaven-sent  deci- 
sion regarding  the  ethics  of  the  contest  is  im- 
plied. Even  Mr.  Wells  becomes  cynical  over 
the  peace  movement,  and  the  impotence  of 
benevolent  opinion. 

Nearly  all  of  us  want  a  world  peace  —  in  a  ama- 
teurish sort  of  way.  But  there  is  no  specific  person 
or  persons  to  whom  one  can  look  for  the  initiatives. 
The  world  is  a  supersaturated  solution  of  the  will- 
for-peace,  and  there  is  nothing  for  it  to  crystallize 
upon.  There  is  no  one  in  all  the  world  who  is  respon- 
sible for  the  understanding  and  overcoming  of  the 
difficulties  involved.  There  are  many  more  people, 
and  there  is  much  more  intelligence  concentrated  upon 
the  manufacture  of  cigarettes  or  hairpins  than  there 
is  upon  the  establishment  of  a  permanent  world  peace. 

This  characteristically  exaggerated  passage 
accurately  conveys  the  helpless  feeling  of  the 
man  in  the  crowd,  who  cannot  make  his  will 
effective,  and  does  not  realize  that  the  trouble 
is  largely  with  himself, —  he  does  not  clearly 
know  what  he  wants.  The  cynicism  and  ridi- 
cule of  Mr.  Wells  is  intended  only  to  show  him 
how  incompetent  he  is, —  to  wake  him  up,  and 
make  him  receptive  to  definite  and  positive 
proposals.  The  supersaturated  solution  of 
good-will  is  to  crystallize,  at  least  in  part, 
around  the  book  before  us.  One  of  the  best 
chapters,  ''The  Outlook  for  the  Germans," 
describes  the  essence  of  the  difficulty  so  clearly 
that  we  hope  it  may  have  some  effect  even  on 
Germans  who  chance  to  read  it. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  British  intelligence 
has  grasped  and  kept  its  hold  upon  the  real  issue  of 
this  war  with  an  unprecedented  clarity.  At  the  outset 
there  came  declarations  from  nearly  every  type  of 
British  opinion  that  this  war  was  a  war  against  the 
Hohenzollern  militarist  idea,  against  Prussianism  and 
not  against  Germany.  In  that  respect  Britain  has 
documented  herself  up  to  the  hilt.  There  have  been, 
of  course,  a  number  of  passionate  outcries  and  wild 
accusations  against  Germans,  as  a  race,  during  the 
course  of  the  struggle;  but  to  this  day  opinion  is 
steadfast,  not  only  in  Britain,  but  if  I  may  judge 
from  the  papers  I  read  and  the  talk  I  hear,  through- 
out the  whole  English-speaking  community,  that  this 
is  a  war  not  of  races  but  ideas.  I  am  so  certain  of 
this  that  I  would  say  if  Germany  by  some  swift  con- 


*  WHAT   is   COMING?     A  European    Forecast.     By   H.    G. 
Wells.     New  York:    The  Macmillan   Co. 


vulsion  expelled  her  dynasty  and  turned  herself  into 
a  republic,  it  would  be  impossible  for  the  British  Gov- 
ernment to  continue  the  war  for  long,  whether  it 
wanted  to  do  so  or  not.  The  forces  in  favor  of 
reconciliation  would  be  too  strong. 

In  this  connection  it  is  well  to  note  an 
"Appeal  for  Cooperation  towards  Lasting 
Peace,"  recently  circulated  by  Dr.  David  S. 
Jordan  on  behalf  of  another  whose  name  is 
not  given.  It  is  issued  in  the  name  of  citizens 
of  the  United  States  who  were  themselves  or 
their  immediate  ancestors  born  in  one  of  the 
countries  now  at  war,  and  is  therefore  the  first 
definite  attempt  of  persons  of  these  different 
nationalities  to  get  together  on  a  common  plat- 
form. It  has  been  very  largely  signed,  but 
unfortunately  its  terms  are  so  ambiguous  that 
it  cannot  be  said  to  represent  a  true  solution 
of  the  issues  contested.  It  asks  for  an  immedi- 
ate and  lasting  peace,  "based  on  the  principles 
of  international  justice  and  not  dependent  on 
the  fortunes  of  war,"  and  urges  that  the 
United  States  should  throw  its  whole  weight 
in  this  direction.  With  this  proposal  we  must 
of  course  sympathize,  but  we  are  in  accord 
with  Mr.  Wells  in  believing  that  it  is  neces- 
sary frankly  to  define  the  issues,  and  conceal 
none  of  the  planks  of  the  platform  on  which 
men  of  all  nations  may  ultimately  meet.  Ger- 
mans, French,  and  English  must  work 
together  with  a  common  purpose  for  a  com- 
mon end,  but  let  us  be  honest  about  it: 

Let  us  build  no  false  hopes  nor  pretend  to  any 
false  generosities.  These  hatreds  can  die  out  only  in 
one  way:  by  the  passing  of  a  generation,  by  the 
dying  out  of  the  wounded  and  the  wronged.  Our 
business,  our  unsentimental  business,  is  to  set  about 
establishing  such  conditions  that  they  will  so  die  out. 
And  that  is  the  business  of  the  sane  Germans  too. 
Behind  the  barriers  this  war  will  have  set  up  between 
Germany  and  anti-Germany,  the  intelligent  men  in 
either  camp  must  prepare  the  ultimate  peace  they  will 
never  enjoy,  must  work  for  the  days  when  their  sons 
at  least  may  meet  as  they  themselves  can  never  meet, 
without  accusation  or  resentment,  upon  the  common 
business  of  the  World  Peace.  That  is  not  to  be  done 
by  any  conscientious  sentimentalities,  any  slobbering 
denials  of  unforgetable  injuries.  We  want  no  Pro- 
German  Leagues  any  more  than  we  want  Anti-German 
Leagues.  We  want  patience  —  and  silence. 

American  citizens  of  German  or  English 
origin  will  not  forget  these  things  because 
they  are  politically  aloof,  but  it  should  be 
much  easier  for  them  to  work  together  than 
for  their  relatives  in  Europe.  Becoming 
American,  they  have  already  adopted  a  plat- 
form and  a  system  of  ideas  which,  if  applied 
to  Europe,  would  remove  the  causes  of  the 
war.  They  have  not  themselves,  with  rare 
exceptions,  had  any  part  in  the  conflict. 
European  enough  to  care,  American  enough 
to  have  democratic  ideals,  they  should  be  able 
to  stand  together  for  a  radical  solution  of 
Europe's  troubles.  At  the  same  time,  if  they 


54 


[July  15 


are  sincere,  they  will  face  the  problems  as 
they  exist,  instead  of  evading  them  for  the 
sake  of  a  fictitious  harmony. 

Mr.  Wells 's  chapter  on  "What  the  War  Is 
Doing  for  Women"  shows  how  the  necessities 
of  the  nations  have  entirely  changed  the  posi- 
tion of  women,  who  have  shown  themselves 
capable  of  doing  the  most  varied  and  difficult 
work,  and  have  faced  dangerous  or  disagree- 
able tasks  with  equal  courage  and  equanimity. 
"There  can  be  no  question  that  the  behavior 
of  the  great  mass  of  women  in  Great  Britain 
has  not  simply  exceeded  expectation  but 
hope."  After  the  war,  it  will  be  impossible 
to  restore  the  ancient  conventions,  and  the 
emancipation  of  women  will  be  taken  as  a 
matter  of  course.  Says  Mr.  Wells: 

Those  women  have  won  the  vote.  Not  the  most 
frantic  outbursts  of  militancy  after  this  war  can 
prevent  them  getting  it.  The  girls  who  have  faced 
death  and  wounds  gallantly  in  our  cordite  factories  — 
there  is  a  not  inconsiderable  list  of  dead  and  wounded 
from  those  places  —  have  killed  for  ever  the  poor 
argument  that  women  should  not  vote  because  they 
had  no  military  value.  Indeed  they  have  killed  every 
argument  against  their  subjection.  .  .  It  is  not 
simply  that  the  British  women  have  so  bountifully 
produced  intelligence  and  industry;  that  does  not 
begin  their  record.  They  have  been  willing  to  go 
dowdy.  The  mass  of  women  in  Great  Britain  are 
wearing  the  clothes  of  1914.  In  1913  every  girl  and 
woman  one  saw  in  the  streets  of  London  had  an  air 
of  doing  her  best  to  keep  in  the  fashion.  Now  they 
are  for  the  most  part  as  carelessly  dressed  as  a  busy 
business  man  or  a  clever  young  student  might  have 
been.  They  are  none  the  less  pretty  for  that,  and 
far  more  beautiful.  But  the  fashions  have  floated 
away  to  absurdity.  .  .  It  is  in  America  if  any- 
where that  the  holy  fires  of  smartness  and  the  fashion 
will  be  kept  alive. 

The  chapter  on  the  United  States  empha- 
sizes the  necessity  for  the  development  of 
intelligent  opinion  in  this  country,  something 
really  dynamic  and  helpful. 

The  great  political  conceptions  that  are  needed  to 
establish  the  peace  of  the  world  must  become  the 
common  property  of  the  mass  of  intelligent  adults  if 
they  are  to  hold  against  the  political  scoundrel,  the 
royal  adventurer,  the  forensic  exploiter,  the  enemies 
and  scatterers  of  mankind.  The  French,  Americans 
and  English  have  to  realize  this  necessity;  they  have 
to  state  a  common  will  and  they  have  to  make  their 
possession  by  that  will  understood  by  the  Russian 
people.  Beyond  that  there  lies  the  still  greater  task 
of  making  some  common  system  of  understandings 
with  the  intellectual  masses  of  China  and  India.  At 
present,  with  three  of  these  four  great  powers 
enormously  preoccupied  with  actual  warfare,  there  is 
an  opportunity  for  guiding  expression  on  the  part  of 
America  such  as  may  never  occur  again. 

As  Mr.  Wells  notes,  America  has  advanced 
a  long  distance  from  her  earlier  position  of 
self-satisfied  isolation,  but  she  has  still  much 
to  learn.  It  is  still  to  be  decided  whether  we 
shall  chiefly  appear  to  Europe  as  a  jealous  and 
potentially  hostile  competitor,  or  as  a  leader 
in  the  movement  for  the  peace  and  progress 


of  the  world.  If  it  is  to  be  the  latter,  it  will 
be  because  those  of  the  larger  vision  have 
exerted  themselves  to  the  utmost  to  bring  it 
about.  In  the  contest  of  feeling  and  opinion 
which  now  stirs  the  country,  much  depends 
upon  the  clear  formulation  of  issues,  which 
party  politicians  and  newspapers  are  doing 
their  best  to  befog.  The  reformer  will  there- 
fore welcome  Mr.  Wells 's  new  book,  whether 
he  agree  with  all  of  it  or  not,  as  an  important 
aid  to  clarity  of  thought. 

T.  D.  A.  COCKERELL. 


VARIOUS  CHAPTERS  FROM  THE  BOOK  OF 
MATURE.* 


Setting  out  once  more,  imaginatively  and 
with  printed  page  to  serve  the  office  of  magic 
carpet,  for  the  beckoning  mountains  and 
waving  woods  and  murmuring  streams,  we 
begin  our  ramble  with  Mr.  Emerson  Hough's 
"Let  Us  Go  Afield,"  collected  chapters  from 
the  pen  of  an  enthusiastic  amateur  of  angling 
and  bear-hunting  and  camping  and  other 
healthful  pastimes  that  take  one  forth  into 
the  boundless  open.  To  go  bodily  with  Mr. 
Hough  into  that  open,  or  to  follow  in  his  foot- 
steps, would  be  impossible  for  most  of  us, 
since  he  pushes  his  excursions  as  far  afield 
as  the  borders  of  Mexico  and  the  remotest 
regions  of  Alaska  —  even  to  Kodiak  Island, 
"the  last  and  most  abandoned  of  our  national 
possessions."  To  accompany  him  in  imagina- 
tion is  a  diversion  already  esteemed  at  its 
proper  value  by  his  readers.  From  these  brisk 
and  practical  chapters  on  camping  and  hunt- 
ing and  fishing  we  quote  a  typical  passage. 
Evidently  the  writer,  if  he  is  a  sentimentalist, 
does  not  pose  as  one. 

Taking  life  just  as  it  has  come  to  me  from  the 
outside,  I  confess  that  I  personally  have  never  seen 
the  wild  animals  fashionable  in  the  New  Thought; 
and  I  have  never  hesitated  to  go  hunting,  when  I  got 
the  chance,  with  a  rifle,  and  not  a  notebook,  in  hand. 
I  have  never  met  a  soulful  wolverene,  have  never 
encountered  a  magazine  lynx,  and  never  run  across  a 
Sunday  newspaper  wolf  in  all  my  simple,  uneventful 
life.  I  have  seen  pictures  of  wild  animals  in  the 
magazines  which  gave  me  cold  shivers;  but,  without 
pride  or  shame,  I  can  say  that  in  a  fairly  broad 
experience  with  big  game  I  never  met  a  wild  animal 

*  LET  Us  Go  AFIELD.  By  Emerson  Hough.  Illustrated. 
New  York:  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 

THE  HILLS  OF  HINOHAM.  By  Dallas  Lore  Sharp.  Illus- 
trated. Boston:  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 

A  NORTHERN  COUNTRYSIDE.  By  Rosalind  Richards.  Illus- 
trated. New  York:  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 

THE  LATGHSTRING  TO  MAINE  WOODS  AND  WATERS.  By 
Walter  Emerson.  Illustrated.  Boston:  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 

ALONG  NEW  ENGLAND  ROADS.  By  W.  C.  Prime,  LL.D. 
Illustrated.  New  York :  Harper  &  Brothers. 

RAMBLES  OF  A  CANADIAN  NATURALIST.  By  S.  T.  Wood. 
Illustrated.  New  York:  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 

UNDER  THE  APPLE-TREES.  By  John  Burroughs.  With  por- 
trait. Boston:  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


55 


which  gave  me  any  shivers  at  all.  I  believe  this  is 
the  experience  of  most  big-game  hunters. 

In  first  planning  his  book,  "The  Hills  of 
Hingham,"  Professor  Sharp  had  intended  it 
"to  set  forth  some  features  of  the  Earth  that 
make  it  to  be  preferred  to  Heaven  as  a  place 
of  present  abode,  and  to  note  in  detail  the 
peculiar  attractions  of  Hingham  over  Bos- 
ton." But  then  came  the  war,  and  the  gates 
of  Hell  swung  wide  open,  so  that  Heaven 
began  to  seem  the  better  place;  and  lesser 
local  troubles  multiplied,  such  as  drouth, 
caterpillars,  rheumatism,  increase  in  commu-  ( 
tation  rates,  and  more  themes  to  correct  than 
could  comfortably  be  carried  back  and  forth 
between  Hingham  and  Boston.  Thus  the 
character  of  the  book  changed  in  the  making, 
and  practical  questions  crowded  to  the  fore 
as  the  writer  elaborated  his  chapters  on  and 
from  the  Hingham  hills.  Mullein  Hill,  the 
author's  place  of  abode,  is  the  particular  ele- 
vation that  figures  in  the  book  as  prominently 
as  the  low-lying  hills  of  Plymouth  County 
can  figure;  and  the  practical  problems  of 
Mullein  Hill  do  not  lessen  the  readability  of 
the  series  of  chapters  which  there  had  their 
genesis.  After  humorous  reference  to  the  pro- 
fessor in  the  small  college  of  Slimsalaryville 
who  confessed  himself  obliged  to  wear  long 
hair  and  let  his  wife  do  the  washing  in  order 
that  they  might  have  bread  and  "The  Eugenic 
Review,"  the  author  continues: 

To  walk  humbly  with  the  hens,  that's  the  thing  — 
after  the  classes  are  dismissed  and  the  office  closed. 
To  get  out  of  the  city,  away  from  books,  and  theories, 
and  students,  and  patients,  and  clients,  and  custom- 
ers —  back  to  real  things,  simple,  restful,  healthful 
things  for  body  and  soul,  homely  domestic  things  that 
lay  eggs  at  70  cents  per  dozen,  and  make  butter  at 
$2.25  the  5-pound  box!  As  for  me,  this  does  "help 
immensely,"  affording  me  all  necessary  hair-cuts  (I 
don't  want  the  "Eugenie  Review"),  and  allowing 
Her  to  send  the  family  washing  (except  the  flannels) 
to  the  laundry. 

But  let  it  not  be  supposed  that  the  homely 
domesticities  monopolize  the  pages  of  this  true 
lover  of  nature  as  well  as  of  naturalness. 
Though  he  writes  about  "spring  plowing"  and 
"mere  beans"  and  "a  pair  of  pigs,"  he  writes 
as  a  poet,  not  as  a  ploughman. 

Daughter  of  the  author  of  "Captain 
January,"  and  granddaughter  of  the  author 
of  "The  Battle  Hymn  of  the  Republic,"  Miss 
Rosalind  Richards  helps  to  perpetuate  in  the 
third  generation  the  literary  renown  of  her 
family  by  offering  to  lovers  of  rural  literature 
"A  Northen  Countryside."  With  a  map  of 
New  England  before  one,  and  Mrs.  Howe's 
biography  within  reach,  it  is  not  difficult  to 
spell  the  word  Maine  in  the  veiled  allusions 
and  changed  names  that  abound  in  this  agree- 
able description  of  a  region  and  people  un- 


mistakably Yankee  in  character  and  rich  in 
the  qualities  with  which  our  "do^m-East" 
parents  and  grandparents  (if  we  are  fortu- 
nate enough  to  number  any  such  in  our 
pedigree)  have  made  us  familiar  from 
infancy.  Retired  sea-captains  do  their  part 
also  to  fix  the  locality  referred  to  as  Watson's 
Hill,  perhaps,  or  Weir's  Mills,  or  the  Upper 
Ponds.  Miss  Richards  has  thought  best,  in 
her  kind  regard  for  possible  sensitiveness,  to 
disguise  both  family  and  geographical  names, 
and  there  is  no  danger  of  her  book's  breeding 
any  such  rancor  as  followed  the  appearance 
of  "Cape  Cod  Folks"  and  nobody  knows  how 
many  other  too  cleverly  realistic  pictures  of 
country  life.  Her  chapters  show  a  kindly 
affection  for  unurbanized  human  nature  and 
an  artist's  appreciation  of  inanimate  nature. 

Openly  and  exultantly  Mr.  Walter  Emerson 
sings  the  praises  of  the  Pine  Tree  State  in  his 
profusely  illustrated  book,  "The  Latchstring 
to  Maine  Woods  and  Waters."  The  precari- 
ous calling  of  politics,  he  tells  us,  has  taken 
him  many  times  to  all  parts  of  Maine,  and, 
he  humorously  adds,  "since  the  average  com- 
mon sense  of  all  the  people,  as  Mr.  Reed  used 
to  call  it,  can  always  be  trusted  to  express 
itself  at  the  polls,  I  have  invariably  had  time 
after  election,  not  only  to  consider  how  it  all 
happened,  but  to  appreciate  what  I  had  seen. " 
And  what  he  had  seen  convinced  him  that 
Maine  has  not  yet  won  from  the  world  the 
appreciation  that  is  her  due.  She  is  still  in 
the  making,  her  possibilities  remain  to  be 
developed,  and  the  latchstring  hangs  hospita- 
bly out  for  all  who  would  enter  her  fair 
domain  and  delve  in  her  mines  of  health  and 
wealth.  Description  and  panegyric,  anecdote 
and  quotation,  reminiscence  and  regretful 
note  of  wasted  resources,  mingle  in  readable 
fashion  throughout  the  book,  of  which  the  fol- 
lowing is  a  representative  passage : 

The  primitive  pines!  Alas,  they  are  going.  And 
on  many  a  Maine  hill,  where  flourisheth  the  portable 
sawmill,  deadly,  unpoetic,  and  commercial,  they  sough 
no  more.  But  there  is,  and  for  many  generations  will 
be,  a  wealth  of  spruce  of  many  varieties,  with  fre- 
quent white  and  gray  and  yellow  birches  to  relieve 
what  otherwise  might  be  an  evergreen  monotony. 

And  so,  for  the  present,  we  dismiss  what 
might  perhaps  now,  as  Mr.  John  Burroughs 
suggests,  better  be  called  the  Birch  Tree  State 
than  the  Pine  Tree  State. 

In  its  new  and  attractive  cover,  Dr.  William 
C.  Prime's  fourteen-year-old  book,  "Along 
New  England  Roads,"  suitably  swells  the 
number  of  volumes  now  appearing  in  the  field 
of  what  we  have  for  convenience  styled  rural 
literature.  The  author  has  been  dead  more 
than  eleven  years,  but  that  is  no  reason  why 
his  book  should  not  enjoy  a  green  old  age. 


56 


THE    DIAL 


[July  15 


Such  themes  as  sweet-scented  fern,  an 
angler's  August  day,  views  from  a  hill-top  in 
Southern  Vermont,  and  hints  for  carriage 
travel  are  never  out  of  date  —  unless,  unfor- 
tunately, it  be  the  last.  The  chapter  on  non- 
resistance  strikes  a  note  undesignedly  timely 
at  this  moment,  though  having  nothing  to  do 
with  trench  warfare  or  Zeppelin  outrages. 
The  book's  few  but  pleasing  woodcuts  help  to 
establish  its  maturity  of  years,  which  its  pub- 
lishers refrain  from  alluding  to  except  in 
small  print  on  the  reverse  of  the  title-page. 

"Rambles  of  a  Canadian  Naturalist,"  by 
Mr.  S.  T.  Wood,  has  striking  attributes  both 
in  text  and  illustrations.  Gently  humorous 
and  at  times  piquant  in  style,  it  entertains 
while  it  instructs;  and  the  delicately  and 
truthfully  colored  illustrations  by  Mr.  Robert 
Holmes,  with  decorative  headings  by  students 
of  the  Ontario  College  of  Art,  add  to  one's 
enjoyment  of  the  book.  Here  is  a  rather  good 
passage  on  the  night-hawk : 

This  bird  has  a  mouth  that  may  be  called  ridiculous, 
and  his  little,  insignificant  beak  is  but  the  handle 
to  it.  When  darting  at  insects  he  opens  his  mouth 
and  conceals  himself  behind  it.  Truly  it  is  a  mouth 
to  wonder  at.  If  you  undertake  to  open  the  diminu- 
tive beak  you  will  fancy  that  the  bird  has  been  cut 
in  two  horizontally.  The  Eel  Fly  or  Mosquito  which 
sees  that  mouth  approaching  never  lives  to  hum  the 
tale.  It  may  be  that  the  Night-hawk  is  ashamed  of 
the  cavernous  receptacle  with  which  he  has  been 
endowed,  for  he  feeds  at  higher  levels  during  early 
evening,  and  does  not  descend  till  night  draws  her 
sheltering  mantle  about  his  hideous  disfigurement. 

The  place  of  honor  in  this  brief  survey  of 
a  few  of  the  season's  outdoor  books  shall  be 
given  to  Mr.  John  Burroughs 's  "Under  the 
Apple-Trees,"  which  combines  in  the  writer's 
well-known  genial  fashion  both  natural  his- 
tory and  philosophy,  with  a  predominance  of 
the  former.  But  in  a  sense  it  is  all  natural 
history.  "We  live  in  a  wonderful  world," 
says  Mr.  Burroughs,  "and  the  wonders  of  the 
world  without  us  are  matched  by  the  wonders 
of  the  world  within  us.  This  interior  world 
has  its  natural  history  also,  and  to  observe 
and  record  any  of  its  facts  and  incidents,  or 
trace  any  of  its  natural  processes,  is  well 
worthy  of  our  best  moments. "  Hence  we  here 
have  from  his  pen  chapters  on  the  various 
forms  of  life  observed  in  an  apple  orchard, 
on  the  ancient  problem  of  fate  and  free  will, 
on  Dame  Nature  and  her  children,  on  the 
Bergsonian  philosophy  once  more,  on  the 
friendly  rocks,  and  on  the  primal  mind,  with 
various  other  themes  belonging  either  to  sci- 
ence or  philosophy,  or  to  the  border-land 
between  the  two.  By  no  means  unanimous 
will  be  the  assent  to  what,  in  a  vein  of  self- 
depreciation  and  gentle  humor,  is  thus 
expressed  in  the  preface  to  these  richly  sug- 


gestive and  richly  remunerative  essays: 
"While  writing  my  more  philosophical  dis- 
sertations, my  mind  often  turns  longingly 
toward  the  simple  outdoor  subjects  which 
have  engaged  me  so  many  years,  and  doubt- 
less the  mind  of  my  reader  does  also  when  he 
peruses  them."  PERCY  F.  BICKNELL. 


CAN  SOCIALISTS  STILL,  BE  CHRISTIANS?* 


One  of  the  pathetic  phenomena  of  the  latter 
half  of  the  nineteenth  century  was  the  bick- 
ering between  Science  and  Religion.  One  of 
the  most  regrettable  of  human  facts  was  the 
array  of  foolish  opinion  and  argument 
advanced  by  great  men  in  both  camps  while  it 
was  still  the  fashion  to  reconcile  the  two 
fields.  But  Humanity  does  not  quickly  or 
easily  drop  the  rudimentary  organs  which 
have  functioned,  however,  poorly,  in  the  past. 
The  vermiform  appendix  survives  after  a  hun- 
dred thousand  years  and  a  million  cutting 
arguments  against  its  human  utility;  and  in 
no  unlike  manner  does  the  old  quarrel, 
bequeathed  by  Science  to  Socialism,  continue 
to  prevail  against  "reason  and  the  Will  of 
God."  Science  and  Religion  could  not  agree 
because  they  were  essentially  unlike;  Social- 
ism and  Religion,  more  foolishly  in  the  family 
fashion,  quarrel  because  apparently  they  are 
so  nearly  alike  in  aim  and  ideal.  Because  the 
first  Socialists  (that  is,  the  first  scientific 
Socialists),  being  radically  minded,  were 
Darwinians,  and  because  many  of  them  were 
atheists  and  many  were  materialists,  (just  as 
many  were  devout  vegetarians  and  Baconians ; 
to  use  Mr.  Spargo's  illustration),  the  tradi- 
tion became  established  that  Socialism  is 
essentially  what  the  Socialists  of  Marx's  time 
generally  were.  And  this  tradition  has 
remained  even  more  impervious  to  moderation 
than  the  more  famous  one  in  regard  to  the 
irreconcilability  of  Science  and  Religion. 

The  task  Mr.  Spargo  has  set  himself  in  his 
book,  "Marxian  Socialism  and  Religion,"  is 
"a  careful  examination  of  the  relation  of  the 
Marxian  theories  to  the  fundamental  princi- 
ples of  religion."  The  task  itself  is  a  needed 
one,  despite  many  previous  half-hearted 
attempts  in  the  same  general  direction;  and 
the  author  is  with  little  question  the  best  man 
in  America  for  the  work,  as  the  profound 
impression  made  a  few  years  ago  by  his  lec- 
ture on  "The  Spiritual  Significance  of 
Modern  Socialism"  attests.  The  results  of 
Mr.  Spargo's  new  book  will  not  be  final,. 

*  MARXIAN  SOCIALISM  AND  RELIGION.  By  John  Spargo. 
New  York :  B.  W.  Huebsch. 


1916] 


THE   DIAL 


,57 


unhappily,  but  they  can  not  fail  to  be  com- 
mensurate with  the  effort. 

After  consideration  of  a  large  number  of 
fairly  representative  definitions  of  religion, 
the  following  composite  is  offered:  "Man's 
belief  in  and  worship  of  a  supreme  purposive 
Power  (or  powers)  called  God  (or  gods),  and 
the  regulation  of  his  life  according  to  what 
he  believes  to  be  the  pleasure  or  desire,  or 
the  commands,  of  the  God  (or  gods)  wor- 
shipped." Then  the  two  theories  which  rep- 
resent the  essentials  of  Marxism  are  stated. 
"The  first  of  these  theories  is  sociological, 
offering  an  explanation  of  the  evolution  of 
society;  the  second  is  economic,  offering  an 
explanation  of  the  mechanism  of  capitalist 
society.  The  first  is  the  well-known  material- 
istic conception  of  history ;  the  second  is  the 
theory  of  surplus  value."  It  is  not  the  pur- 
pose of  the  author  to  pass  judgment  upon 
these  theories  (though  his  readers  will  be 
inclined  to),  but  merely  to  inquire  if  the 
•'doctrines  themselves,  or  any  of  their  necess- 
ary implications,  conflict  with  the  essentials 
of  religion." 

The  most  valuable  single  feature  of  this 
book  is  its  review  of  the  first  Marxian  theory, 
to  which  great  violence  has  been  done.  The 
terms  of  its  statement  have  themselves  been 
most  unfortunate:  "materialistic  conception 
of  history"  and  "economic  determinism"  are 
not  tactful  avenues  of  approach  for  tender 
minds.  Though  Marx  at  no  time  fully  devel- 
oped this  famous  doctrine  which  underlies  all 
his  philosophy,  leaving  it  thereby  open  to 
much  misinterpretation,  he  did  in  "Das 
Kapital"  sharply  distinguish  between  histori- 
cal materialism  and  the  abstract  materialism 
of  natural  science.  The  former,  stated  in  its 
simplest  terms,  is  merely  this:  "Methods  of 
production,  distribution,  and  exchange,  .  . 
together  with  such  physical  factors  as  race, 
climate,  geographical  position,  and  fertility 
of  soil,  constitute  the  economic  environment 
which  is  the  predominant  factor  in  social 
evolution."  Engels,  the  co-worker  of  Marx, 
in  many  passages  contends  against  the  narrow 
interpretation  put  by  neo-Marxian  friends 
and  enemies  alike  upon  his  theory.  In  a 
notable  passage  from  "Der  Sozialistische 
Akademiker,"  quoted  by  Mr.  Spargo  from 
Seligman,  Engels  wrote:  "The  economic 
factor  is  the  basis,  but  the  various  elements 
of  the  superstructure  —  the  political  forms 
of  the  class  contests,  and  their  results,  the 
constitutions  —  the  legal  forms,  and  also  the 
reflexes  of  these  actual  contests  in  the  brains 
of  the  participants,  the  political,  legal,  philo- 
sophical theories,  the  religious  views  .  . 
all  these  exert  an  influence  on  the  develop- 


ment of  the  historical  struggles,  and  in  many 
instances  determine  their  form."  So  far  was 
Marx  from  regarding  this  theory  as  antagon- 
istic to  religion  that  he  announced  that  only 
by  means  of  it  could  the  scriptures  be  prop- 
erly interpreted, —  a  view  concurred  in  by 
higher  criticism. 

The  theory  of  class  conflicts,  part  and  par- 
cel of  historic  materialism,  and  so  bitterly 
assailed  as  un-Christian,  appears  in  Mr. 
Spargo  ?s  view  as  thoroughly  moral,  in  that 
it  merely  recognizes  a  condition  actually 
existing,  and  substitutes  principles  for  per- 
sonalities, attacking  a  system  rather  than 
individuals.  In  summary  of  this  first 
Marxian  principle,  Mr.  Spargo  says:  "The 
Marxian  theory  of  historic  materialism  has 
nothing  to  do  with  those  ultimate  problems 
which  lie  beyond  the  realms  of  science  and 
belong  peculiarly  to  the  realm  of  philosophy 
and  religion.  .  .  It  does  not  deny  that 
other  than  material  and  economic  factors, 
particularly  ethics  and  religion,  exert  direct 
and  independent  influence  upon  the  rate, 
manner  and  direction  of  the  social  evolution- 
ary process." 

The  second  fundamental  principle  of  Marx, 
the  theory  of  surplus  value,  needs  no  argu- 
ment to  prove  that  it  is  not  essentially 
opposed  to  religion,  except  perhaps  for  those 
who  interpret  the  idea  of  rendering  unto 
Caesar  as  a  divine  injunction  to  give  Caesar 
and  his  minions  all  the  things  they  have 
enjoyed  in  the  past  without  question  of  social 
justice  or  expediency. 

Many  open-minded  critics  of  Socialism  will 
no  doubt  be  ready  to  admit  with  Mr.  Spargo 
that  in  theory  Marx  does  not  directly  ques- 
tion the  validity  of  religion, —  he  simply  does 
not  occupy  common  ground ;  they  will  be 
glad  to  find  Mr.  Spargo  believing  that  to  the 
economic  appeal  must  be  added  the  ethical 
appeal ;  but  they  will  feel  that  the  real  issue 
against  present-day  Socialism  has  not  been 
met.  It  matters  little  what  Marx  and  Engels 
said;  it  matters  much  what  Socialists  now 
think  and  do.  Some  Socialist  lecturers 
openly  announce  that  since  everywhere  they 
find  organized  religion  opposed  to  Socialism 
they  are  going  to  strike  at  the  root  of  the  tree 
by  attacking  Christianity.  So  they  begin  by 
preaching  Rationalism.  These  are  the  foolish 
friends,  the  real  enemies,  of  Socialism,  for 
they  are  doing  their  best  to  discredit  the 
movement  with  truth-seeking  people.  Though 
Mr.  Spargo  does  not  directly  discuss  the  fool- 
ishly mixed  programme  of  these  propagand- 
ists, he  does  show  exhaustively  that  every 
important  body  of  Socialists  in  the  world  has 
done  its  best  to  set  itself  straight  by  announc- 


58 


THE    DIAL 


[July  15 


ing  that  it  does  not  presume  to  dictate  in  the 
field  of  religious  conviction.  The  movement 
is  not  interested  in  another  world;  its 
workers  may  have,  as  they  do  have,  the  same 
multiplicity  of  religious  opinion  and  faith 
that  obtains  in  the  world  at  large. 

The  author  ends  with  a  fine  plea  for  better 
understanding  and  more  enlightened  coopera- 
tion between  these  two  great  uplifting  forces 
in  the  world.  "Until  the  Socialist  State  is 
reached,  religion  will  be  subject  to  the  cruel 
limitations  and  restrictions  inseparable  from 
an  economic  system  fundamentally  unethical 
and  anti-religious.  .  .  The  Golden  Eule  of 
Jesus  will  be  crushed  by  the  rule  of  gold. 
.  .  .  In  a  real  sense,  then,  Socialism  is  the 
emancipator  of  religion.  What  matters  it 
that  many  Socialists  with  their  lips  deny  God, 
if  with  their  lives  they  serve  Him  and  do 
His  will?" 

The  body  of  Socialists  of  Mr.  Spargo  's  per- 
suasion is  growing  daily.  They  are  not  all  in 
good  party  standing.  Some  of  them  believe  the 
party  rule  tyrannical,  and  in  certain  respects 
the  antithesis  of  democracy.  Some  of  them 
believe  that  Individualism  is  not  and  must  not 
be  divorced  from  Socialism.  Some  of  them 
demand  that  the  ethical  be  given  a  place  in 
the  movement  as  high  as  its  importance  justi- 
fies, seeing  that  in  the  mobilization  of  all 
man's  noblest  impulses  religion  can  in  no 
wise  be  neglected.  But  all  of  them  find  in 
Socialism  the  live  ethic  of  religion.  The 
Church  can  thunder  its  commandment  to 
"Love  God,"  which  is  comparatively  easy; 
but  it  will  require  the  simple  mechanism  of 
Socialism  to  fulfil  the  more  difficult  injunc- 
tion to  "Love  thy  neighbor  as  thyself." 

THOMAS  PERCIVAL  BEYER. 


AMERICAN  SPEECH  AKD  SPEAKERS.* 


West  of  New  York  City  a  variety  of 
English  is  spoken  by  the  commonalty,  through 
the  northern  States  of  the  Union  to  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  a  variety  which  is  not  of  dis- 
tinction enough  to  constitute  a  dialect  and 
afford  itself  a  literature,  but  is  still  far  enough 
from  standard  English  to  enable  the  world  at 
large  to  say  of  those  using  it:  "What  bad 
English  theirs  is !  They  must  be  Americans." 

It  is  not  the  English  spoken  in  England  or 
Canada  or  Australia  by  good  speakers;  it  is 
not  the  English  spoken  by  "the  upper  classes 
in  our  large  cities" ;  it  is  not  the  English  of 
New  England  or  the  southern  States,  where 
there  are  fewer  foreign  influences;  it  is  not 

*  A  HANDBOOK  OF  AMERICAN  SPEECH.    By  Calvin  M.  Lewis, 
A.M.     Chicago:    Scott,  Foresman  &  Co. 


the  English  of  any  known  dictionary  of  the 
language ;  and  it  is  not  the  English  of  Irving 
and  Bryant,  Whittier  and  Holmes,  Lowell  and 
Longfellow,  Hawthorne  and  Dana,  Poe  and 
Lanier,  Emerson  and  Thoreau,  Hovey  and 
Moody,  Mrs.  Wharton  and  Mr.  Howells, 
Charlotte  Cushman  and  Ada  Eehan,  Booth 
and  Barrett,  Mansfield  and  Mr.  Drew,  Miss 
Anderson  and  Miss  Marlowe,  Mr.  Skinner  and 
Mr.  Sothern,  Webster  and  Choate,  Randolph 
and  Calhoun,  Mr.  Olney  and  Mr.  Root, 
President  Wilson  and  Mr.  Lansing,  Prescott 
and  Parkman,  Motley  and  Bancroft.  But  by 
accident  of  birth  and  environment  it  is  the 
English  of  Mr.  Calvin  L.  Lewis,  professor  of 
English  in  Hamilton  College,  Clinton,  N.  Y., 
and  he  has  embalmed  it  in  "A  Handbook  of 
American  Speech"  that  American  teachers 
may  teach  it  and  the  United  States  thus  con- 
tinue to  be  the  one  place  in  the  world  where 
the  abode  of  those  who  speak  English  betrays 
itself  by  the  poorness  of  their  speech. 

The  peculiarities  of  this  English,  coupled 
with  professorial  preferences  of  the  author, 
disclose  themselves  in  his  work,  and  are  to  be 
attributed  to  either  an  original  British  dialect, 
archaisms  held  against  living  speech,  foreign 
influences,  slovenliness,  affectation  and  over- 
precision,  or  two  or  more  of  these  in  combina- 
tion. Without  going  into  tedious  and  difficult 
analysis,  it  may  be  noted  that  Mr.  Lewis  has 
identified  in  his  list  of  "primary  vowel 
sounds"  the  sounds  of  a  in  "father"  and  a  in 
"boa"  and  o  in  "spot,"  of  a  in  "bare"  and  a 
in  "glass"  and  a  in  "ban,"  of  "her" 
(emphatic)  and  "her"  (unstressed),  respec- 
tively ;  and  he  announces  that  a  in  "fate"  and 
o  in  "blow"  are  primary  sounds.  No  diction- 
ary authorizes  such  a  departure  from  standard 
English,  with  the  possible  exception  of  a 
sound  or  two  here  and  there;  by  any  con- 
sensus they  are  condemned.  Why,  then,  are 
they  foisted  upon  American  youth? 

The  reason  may  possibly  be  found  on  pages 
38  and  39  of  the  book,  in  a  discussion  of  what 
Mr.  Lewis  calls  either  "terminal  r"  or  "r 
which  occurs  in  the  middle  of  a  word";  but 
which  should  be  stated  as  "r  before  a  conso- 
nant or  mute  e."  Here  he  commits  himself 
to  such  observations  as  these:  "While  it  is 
true  that  most  English  people  neglect  or  alto- 
gether omit  the  final  r,  and  many  Americans, 
particularly  those  of  the  upper  classes  in  our 
large  cities,  contrive  to  forget  it,  it  is  never- 
theless true  that  the  vast  majority  of  the 
educated  men  and  women  in  America  who  are 
simple  and  unaffected  do  retain  a  distinct 
trace  of  the  terminal  r.  .  .  The  lack  of  an 
r  is  felt  by  many  to  be  an  affectation." 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


59 


Questions  demanding  answer  from  one  cap- 
able of  such  statements  are  many.  "Why 
should  Mr.  Lewis  teach  what  by  his  own 
admission  is  middle  or  lower  class  or  rustic? 
Why  ignore  the  mother  country  ?  Why  ignore 
New  England  and  the  Southern  States  ?  Why 
the  sneer  in  "contrive  to  forget  it"?  Why 
speak  of  "the  vast  majority  of  the  educated 
men  and  women"  when  it  is  manifest  that 
their  education  and  cultivation  do  not 
extend  to  their  pronunciation?  How  can 
rustic  or  middle  class  speech  look  upon  itself 
as  "simple  and  unaffected"  when,  if  it  persist 
before  a  better  example,  it  becomes  that  worst 
of  affectations,  the  affectation  of  unaffected- 
ness  and  simplicity,  as  here?  And  how  can 
a  mode  of  pronunciation  having  the  authority 
in  America  of  the  names  we  have  cited  be 
held  an  "affectation"  except  through  igno- 
rance ? 

The  proper  use  of  the  fork  is  regarded  by 
some  persons  as  an  affectation.  So  are  good 
manners  by  the  underbred.  So  are  tooth- 
brushes and  daily  baths  by  many.  So,  "some- 
where east  of  Suez,"  are  the  Ten  Command- 
ments. There  is,  it  may  be  admitted,  a 
democratic  prejudice  against  any  mode  of 
speech  that  differentiates  one  from  one's 
countrymen,  especially  when  it  savors  of  wider 
travel  and  more  exclusive  associations.  But 
why  should  Mr.  Lewis  lend  himself  to  the 
word  "affectation"  in  the  premises?  Many 
of  us  hold  that  democracy's  function  is  not 
to  pull  down  the  superior  but  to  elevate  the 
inferior.  Why  should  he  take  a  contrary 
position  and  seek  to  teach  Americans  an 
English  poorer  than  the  best?  He  nowhere 
ventures  to  assert  that  the  English  spoken 
by  nearly  every  person  illustrious  in  Ameri- 
can letters,  drama,  statecraft,  and  oratory  is 
not  a  better  English  than  his  own,  but  he  does 
venture  upon  a  covert  sneer  thereat. 

Note  that  the  word  "educated"  in  this  con- 
nection begs  the  whole  question.  There  is  no 
doubt  that  "the  vast  majority"  of  American 
educational  institutions  pay  worse  than  no 
attention  to  English  speech.  There  is  no 
doubt  that  their  student  bodies  generally 
speak  an  English  branded  as  bad  by  those 
better  informed  and  made  none  the  better  by 
their  habitual  ridicule  of  good  speech.  There 
is  no  doubt  whatever  —  and  here 's  the  pity  — 
that  their  faculties,  recruited  from  such  stu- 
dent bodies,  set  bad  examples.  How,  then, 
can  "education"  in  such  institutions  carry 
the  slightest  authority  in  a  field  they  con- 
fessedly neglect  and  have  always  neglected, 
as  the  preface  to  Mr.  Lewis's  book  implies? 
And  how  is  such  instruction  as  his  book 


affords,  laden  with  inaccuracies  as  it  is,  going 
to  better  conditions? 

Why  not  face  the  facts?  Two  important 
bodies  in  the  United  States  do  pay  the  special 
attention  to  English  speech  which  Mr.  Lewis 
and  his  fellow-teachers  have  so  ignored  —  the 
American  stage  and  American  society,  both 
at  their  best.  There  are  also  a  few  schools 
and  colleges  where  every  student  is  exposed 
to  good  English  from  the  mouths  of  their 
faculties  and  most  of  their  pupils,  whether 
he  study  it  or  not.  Why  not  go  to  these 
accredited  sources  for  authority,  now  that  the 
schools  are  taking  up  the  subject  with 
untrained  and  ignorant  instructors,  as  Mr. 
Lewis  says?  WALLACE  RICE. 


RECENT  POETRY.* 


Our  present  sheaf  is  wholly  of  American 
poems,  and  may  be  appropriately  begun  with 
Mr.  Sterling's  odes  on  the  two  wonders,  God- 
made  and  man-made,  which  California  showed 
to  the  world  in  1915, —  the  Yosemite  Valley 
and  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition.  In  both 
cases  Mr.  Sterling  is  disposed  to  find  the  chief 
significance  of  his  theme  in  the  hope  of  human 
brotherhood,  and  this,  very  naturally,  is 
rather  easier  to  relate  to  the  Exposition  than 
to  the  Yosemite.  In  the  latter  instance  he 
leaps  rather  wilfully,  as  Shelley  often  did, 
from  sensueus  to  social  ideals. 

The  mountain  walla  send  up 
Their  eagles  on  the  morning,  ere  the  gleam 
Of  the  great  day-star  fall  on  wood  and  stream ; 

From  south  to  north 

What  golden  wings,  what  argent  feet  go  forth 
On  heaven  and  radiant  snows! 
What  archangelic  flights 
Of  seraphim  from  everlasting  heights, — 

*  YOSEMITE.  By  George  Sterling.  San  Francisco :  A-  M. 
Robertson. 

ODB  ON  THE  OPENING  OF  THE  PANAMA-PACIFIC  EXPOSITION. 
By  George  Sterling.  San  Francisco:  A.  M.  Robertson. 

THB  PILGRIM  KINGS.  By  Thomas  Walsh.  New  York:  The 
Macmillan  Co. 

POEMS.    By  Dana  Burnet.    New  York :    Harper  &  Brothers. 

DREAMS  AND  DCST.  By  Don  Marquis.  New  York :  Harper 
&  Brothers. 

SAPPHO  IN  LEVKAS,  and  Other  Poems.  By  William 
Alexander  Percy.  New  Haven :  Yale  University  Press. 

THB  MIDDLE  MILES,  and  Other  Poems.  By  Lee  Wilson 
Dodd.  New  Haven:  Yale  University  Press. 

THB  Houss  THAT  WAS,  and  Other  Poems.  By  Benjamin 
R.  C.  Low.  New  York:  John  Lane  Co. 

THB  JEW  TO  JESUS,  and  Other  Poems.  By  Florence  Kiper 
Frank.  New  York:  Mitchell  Kennerley. 

THB  MAN  AGAINST  THE  SKY.  By  Edwin  Arlington 
Robinson.  New  York:  The  Macmillan  Co. 

THB  WHITE  MESSENGER,  and  Other  War  Poems.  By  Edith 
M.  Thomas.  Boston:  Richard  6.  Badger. 

ITALY  m  ARMS,  and  Other  Poems.  By  Clinton  Scollard. 
New  York:  Gomme  &  Marshall. 

A  CHANT  OF  LOVE  FOR  ENGLAND,  and  Other  Poems.  By 
Helen  Gray  Cone.  New  York:  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 

SONGS  AND  SATIRES.  By  Edgar  Lee  Masters.  New  York: 
The  Macmillan  Co. 

" AND  OTHER  POETS."  By  Louis  Untermeyer.  New 

York:  Henry  Hoh  &  Co. 


THE   DIAL 


[July  15 


From  citadels  colossal,  where  the  song 

Of  giant  winds  is  strong, 

And,  washed  in  timeless  fire,  the  granite  glows 
With  silver  and  unutterable  rose! 

O  vaster  Dawn,  ascendant  and  sublime, 

That  past  the  peaks  of  Time 

And  midnight  stars'  array, 
Dost  bear  the  magnitude  of  skies  to  be, 

What  hopes  go  forth  to  thee! 

O  glad,  unrisen  Day! 

The  soul,  an  eagle  from  its  eyrie  yearning, 
Goes  up  against  the  splendor  and  the  burning — 
Goes  up,  and  sees  afar  the  world  made  free! 

These  lines,  near  the  close  of  the  Yosemite 
ode,  perhaps  do  justice  to  Mr.  Sterling's 
capacity  to  accomplish  occasional  fine  effects, 
both  of  rhythm  and  phrasing,  as  well  as  to 
the  nobility  of  his  double  theme.  There  is 
nothing  so  good,  I  think,  in  the  Exposition 
Ode ;  yet  on  the  other  hand  the  fitness  of  the 
latter  for  its  purpose  is  the  more  certain. 
The  somewhat  oratorical  effects  of  the  irreg- 
ular ode  form  are  well  adapted  to  an  audience 
and  an  occasion,  whereas  one  does  not  care  to 
contemplate  the  notion  of  Mr.  Sterling 
declaiming  his  lines  in  the  Yosemite  Valley. 
Mr.  Thomas  Walsh's  volume,  called  "The 
Pilgrim  Kings"  from  a  brief  but  finely  con- 
ceived interpretation  of  the  story  of  the  magi, 
takes  us  far  from  contemporary  men  and 
things.  It  is  especially  concerned  with  old 
Spain, —  its  princes,  artists,  and  architecture, 
—  and  sometimes  is  notably  successful  in  the 
reproduction  of  the  desired  atmosphere.  The 
more  conspicuous  poems  are  in  dramatic 
form,  studies  of  painters  like  Goya,  Velasquez, 
and  El  Greco,  at  imagined  moments  when  the 
character  of  themselves  or  their  pictures  can 
be  interpreted  in  fugitive  dialogue  somewhat 
reminiscent  of  the  monologues  of  Browning. 
Quite  worth  while  as  these  scenes  doubtless 
are,  they  do  not  seem  to  me  to  form  the  really 
satisfying  portion  of  the  volume,  partly,  per- 
haps, because  they  inevitably  challenge  com- 
parison with  the  richer  historic  interpreta- 
tions of  Browning,  and  partly  because  Mr. 
Walsh 's  blank  verse  is  undeniably  tame.  His 
rhymed  lines  are  often  well  wrought  and 
individual.  For  example,  take  this  "River 
Song"  from  a  group  of  Alhambra  lyrics : 
There  came  as  tribute  out  of  far  Bagdad 
Unto  Alhambra  once  a  minstrel  lad 
Who  all  day  long  touched  softly  on  the  strings 
The  river  song  the  Tigris  boatman  sings. 
A  sun-bronzed  slave  who  toiled  among  the  flowers 
O'erheard  a  sob  from  the  Sultana's  bowers, 
And  whispered, — "  Minstrel,  wake  that  note  no 

more; 

She  too  in  childhood  knew  our  Asian  shore; 
Fair  is  Alhambra, —  but  by  pool  or  dome, 
Sing  here  no  more  that  song  of  youth  and  home.*' 

With  Mr.  Burnet's  poems  we  return  again 
to  to-day;  they  are  of  the  war  in  Belgium,  of 


the  streets  of  New  York,  the  Woolworth 
Building  and  the  Subway.  Some  of  them  are 
up-to-date  in  ways  of  which  I  —  in  common, 
I  am  sure,  with  others  —  have  already  begun 
to  weary  a  little, —  the  effort,  for  instance, 
to  make  poetry  play  the  part  of  editorial  on 
problems  of  poverty  and  labor,  sweat-shops 
and  prostitution.  (Why  should  the  last- 
named  institution  be  forcibly  raised  to  lyrical 
quality  by  dubbing  its  representatives  "Sis- 
ters of  the  Cross  of  Shame"?)  But  with  this 
passing  protest  noted,  I  find  Mr.  Burnet's 
social  feeling,  and  his  poetic  feeling  too,  to 
be  on  the  whole  sound  arid  stimulating.  The 
finest  elaborate  poem  in  his  collection  is 
"Gayheart,  a  Story  of  Defeat,"  which 
attracted  some  attention  on  its  appearance  in 
a  periodical, —  the  story  of  a  young  journalist 
who  lost  his  idealism  in  a  New  York  board- 
ing-house. In  doing  so  he  found  worldly 
success. 

His  boyishness  had  died.     His  hard,  clean  youth 
Was  gone  for  ever  'neath  a  whelm  of  clay. 

Yet  as  I  looked  I  saw  him  lift  his  head, 
And  all  his  grossness  seemed  to  fall  away. 

His  hungry  look  went  straight  to  Heaven's  throne, 
High  up  into  the  folded  book  of  stars, 

And  on  his  face  I  saw  the  Quest  again  — 
He  was  the  seeker,  fainting  with  his  scars! 

This  last  line  exemplifies  an  annoying  weak- 
ness of  Mr.  Burnet's  —  his  willingness  to  let 
the  rhyme  make  his  phrasing.  Men  do  not 
faint  with  scars.  A  number  of  such  termina- 
tions mar  the  workmanship  of  the  poem ;  but 
I  am  quite  willing  to  admit  that  to  stress  them 
strongly,  in  the  face  of  the  poet's  veracious 
and  fine-spirited  portrayal  of  the  struggle 
of  youth  with  the  bigness  and  the  sordidness 
of  the  city,  would  be  the  mark  of  a  petty 
mind.  I  wish  that  the  volume  were  smaller, 
and  had  taken  a  little  longer  in  the  making. 
That  its  writer  can  sometimes  attain  beauty 
of  finish  let  this  little  lyric  attest : 

Love,  when  the  day  is  done, 
When  all  the  light  grows  dim, 

When  to  the  setting  sun 
Rises  the  Vesper  Hymn, 

Let  us  stand  heart  to  heart, 

We  who  have  toiled  so  far, 
Bidding  the  day  depart — 

Seeking  the  risen  star  I 

Mr,  Marquis's  "Dreams  and  Dust"  is  a 
book  that  appeals  strongly  either  to  one's 
amiability  or  one's  ill-temper,  according  as 
one  is  disposed  to  be  sympathetic  with  youth. 
(Having  said  which,  I  feel  bound  to  praise  it 
beyond  its  deserts!)  I  have  no  notion  what 
the  actual  age  of  the  author  may  be ;  but  his 
work  seems  to  me  to  be  singularly  typical  of 
what  a  sensitive  and  intelligent  young  person 
might  be  supposed  to  think  and  to  say  on 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


61 


almost  anything.     There  is  a  wide  variety  of 
themes,  and  on  almost  all  of  them  one  can 
predict  instantly,  on  their  being  introduced, 
what  will  be  said.    Yet  despite  this,  the  writer  j 
is  a  sufficiently  good  workman  to  avoid  mere  i 
triteness,  and  one  feels  that  the  sense  of  obvi- 
ousness   is    not    due    to    borrowing,    but    to 
natural  community  of  experience.     Here  is  a 
bit   out  of  a  "madrigal"  which  shows   Mr. 
Marquis's  lyrical  verse  at  its  pleasantest : 

Arise,  arise,  0  briar  rose, 
And  sleepy  violet! 

Awake,  awake,  anemone, 

Your  wintry  dreams  forget  — 

For  shame,  you  tardy  marigold, 
Are  you  not  budded  yetf 

Up,  blooms!  and  storm  the  wooded  slopes, 

The  lowlands  and  the  plain  — 
Blow,  jonquil,  blow  your  golden  horn 

Across  the  ranks  of  rain! 
To  arms!    to  arms!    and  put  to  flight 

The  Winter's  broken  train! 

More  vigorous,  on  the  other  hand,  and  indeed 
of  outstanding  individuality  in  the  whole  col- 
lection, is  a  poem  called  "The  Struggle," 
which  describes  a  conflict  between  the  speaker 
and  a  mysterious  being  — "man,  god,  or  devil" 
—  whom  he  has  come  upon  in  a  deep  gorge, 
and  whom  he  at  length  overcomes  and  throt- 
tles. It  ends  thus : 

Between  the  rifted  rocks  the  great  sun  struck 
A  finger  down  the  cliff,  and  that  red  beam 
Lay  sharp  across  the  face  of  him  that  I  had  slain; 
And  in  that  light  I  read  the  answer  of  the  silent 

gods 

Unto  my  cursed-out  prayer, 
For  he  that  lay  upon  the  ground  was  —  I ! 

There  are,  to  be  sure,  three  more  lines,  but 
there  ought  not  to  be,  so  I  stop  here  for  the 
poem's  sake. 

Another  volume  breathing  forth  the  spirit 
of  youth,  but  with  far  more  artistic  individu- 
ality, is  Mr.  William  A.  Percy's  "Sappho  in 
Levkas."     I  have  not  seen  for  some  time  a 
re-study  of  a  well-worn  classical  theme,  like 
this  of  the  passion  of  Sappho  for  Phaon,  show- 
ing so  much  fresh  poetic  charm.    If  the  author 
(I  say  again  in  ignorance)  indeed  be  young, 
he  is  fortunate  not  only  in  having  captured 
something  of  that  beauty  of  ancient  poesy 
which  was  once  —  but  is  not  now  —  the  com-  ! 
mon  heritage  of  educated  youth,  but  also  in 
having  the  traditionally  "classical"  combina-  ; 
tion  of  beauty  and  restraint.    I  cannot  think  ; 
the  metrical  form  of  the  poem  to  be  as  good 
as  it  deserves ;  the  moderately  irregular,  ode-  j 
like  rhythms  of  which  it  is  composed  seem  —  j 
so  experience  teaches  —  to  call  for  rhyme.    A  j 
passage  like  this,  therefore, — 

Beyond  the  violet-circled  isles,  yea,  to 
The  confines  of  the  habitable  world 
My  singing  reached;  nor  can  I  think 


The  times  come  ever  when  the  hearts  of  men 

So  stripped  of  brightness  be 
But  they  will  shake  with  rapture  of  my  songs — 

perplexes  the  senses  of  the  reader  as  approx- 
imating to  the  familiar  blank-verse  cadence 
yet  departing  from  it  without  the  accustomed 
compensation.  The  same  circumstance 
impairs,  for  me,  another  of  the  longer  poems 
in  the  volume  which  is  of  delightful  imagi- 
native quality;  it  represents  St.  Francis's 
reputed  sermon  to  the  birds.  From  this  I 
quote  what  space  will  allow,  knowing  that 
those  who  read  will  wish  for  more: 

O  swallows,  should  you  see,  when  evening  comes, 
One  leaning  from  his  darkened  window,  dark, 
His  eyes  unlighted,  bitter  with  the  day's  defeat, 
Toss  where  your  vagrant  flight  may  catch  his  gaze; 
For,  as  you  scatter  up  the  golden  sky, 
Haply  he  may  remember  Jacob's  dream, 
The  ladder  and  the  wings  and,  holpen,  send  his  heart 
In  God's  light  careless  way  to  climb  with  you. 

And  you,  sweet  singers  of  the  dark, 
That  tune  your  serenades  but  by  the  stars, 

Love  gardens  most; 
For  gardens  do  unlock  themselves 
With  magic  silentness  unto  your  spell, 
And  music  unto  sleepless  eyes  doth  bring 
The  lonely  solace  of  unloosened  tears. 
But  most,  you  morning  choristers,  that  haunt  the 

eaves,    .    .    . 

Fail  not  to  keep  your  matins  clear  for  us; 
And  should  you  know,  by  some  bird  craft  of  yours, 
The  room  wherein  an  almost  mother  lies, 
Choir  your  sweetest  there,  as  tho'  the  babe  to  come 
Were  son  of  God  —  for  so  he  is! 

Turn  we  now  from  youth  to  middle  age. 
This  is  the  meaning  of  Mr.  Dodd's  title, 
"The  Middle  Miles,"  and  he  is  explicit  to 
define  the  period  as  near  the  age  of  thirty- 
five.  It  is  a  depressing  time,  he  tells  us,  with- 
out the  consolations  of  either  youth  or  age; 
we  are  disposed  to  look  forward  with  some 
impatience  to  the  poet's  turning  forty,  that 
he  may  be  a  bit  less  self-consciously  melan- 
choly. To  speak  more  seriously,  the  volume 
represents  the  reflections  of  an  eminently 
cultivated  mind,  phrased  often  with  notably 
good  taste.  Many  of  the  poems  have  the  dis- 
tinctive charm  of  a  familiar  essay.  The  writer 
cannot  complain  if  the  reader  feels  what  he 
himself  so  clearly  does,  a  certain  lamented 
incapacity  to  sing  songs  "set  to  vital  tunes"; 
instead,  he  tells  us,  the  poets  of  to-day  (which 
seems,  in  a  way,  to  be  the  world's  middle  age) 

sing  remembered  memorable  days, 
Unforgettable  loves  tenderly  nursed  by  time, 
Mad  exquisite  deeds  worthy  a  thousand  voices, 
Sombre  and  delicate  visions,  permanent  in  perpetual 
evanescence, 

but  try  in  vain  to  "strike  out  crashing  seven- 
hued  chords."  After  all  this,  it  is  only  fair 
to  note  that  the  collection  includes  a  "Song 
Triumphant,"  ending  with  this  heartening, 
if  unnecessarily  formless,  strophe: 


62 


THE    DIAL 


[July  15 


Truth,  truth,  ye  cry! 

But  I 

Seek  not  to  fix  the  colored  spray, 

Seek  not  to  stay 

Wave,  wind,  or  gradual  star: 

To-day 

Is  mutable  as  these  things  are. 

Yet  the  vast  sway, 

The  under -rhythm  —  God's  pulse-beat  — 

shall  not  fail. 
God's   song   above    God's    silence   shall 

prevail. 

"The  House  that  Was"  is  a  skull,  and  Mr. 
Low  undertakes  to  recreate  from  it,  with  fine 
imaginative  insight,  the  riches  of  the  life  that 
had  been  lived  within  it. 

There  is  a  sound  in  thee,  cold  skull, 
Too  cobweb-thin  for  ears,  too  frail  to  die. 
Such  sound  as  follows  singing,  when  a  bird 
Has  fluted  once  and  flown,  and  sings  no  more: 
Such  sound  as  breathes  out  petal  sighs  that  fall 
When  stars  touch  roses,  or  a  late  moon  strays 
Through  sleeping  gardens  of  the  long  ago. 
Yes,  there  is  music  in  thee;  as  a  stone  — 
Shed  from  some  ancient  capital,  and  found, 
After  slow  centuries  of  creeping  mould, 
All  grown  with  moss  and  crumbled  with  decay — 
With  every  broken  leaf,  in  each  blurred  line, 
Sings  of  its  haughty  lineage  for  aye. 

Here,  one  sees  at  once,  is  the  authentic  touch 
of  poetry ;  and  it  is  almost  everywhere  in  Mr. 
Low's  book,  not  only  in  imagery  but  in 
method  of  thinking.  Delightful  is  the  little 
scene  of  boy  and  girl  love,  called  "  Once  Upon 
a  Time": 

Dear  God  I  —  to  see  you  where  the  wind  had  gone, 
All  in  soft  shadow,  still  as  Paradise, 
Knee-deep,  and  lifting  from  the  water's  brim 
Your  looped-up  garments    .    .     .     Star-eyed  sera- 
phim 

Came  down  and  kissed  you,  kneeling,  with  their 
eyes. 

Delightful,  too,  is  the  dialogue  between  the 
Little  Boy  and  the  Locomotive.  "All  night," 
says  the  boy, 

"in  dreams  when  you  pass  by 
You  breathe  out  stars  that  fill  the  sky, 
And  now,  when  all  my  dreams  are  true, 
I  hardly  dare  come  close  to  you." 

"But  you,"  says  the  locomotive, 

"you  drop  of  morning  dew, 
God  and  his  heaven  are  globed  in  you." 

This  little  volume  contains  no  outstanding  or 
astonishing  poem,  but  its  remarkably  high 
level  of  intensive  poetic  quality,  from  page  to 
page,  distinguishes  it  at  once  from  the  com- 
mon case  where  it  is  plain  that  the  half  would 
have  been  better  than  the  whole. 

Of  this  latter  sort  is  Mrs.  Frank's  collec- 
tion, which  is  professedly  a  reminiscent  kind 
of  portfolio,  in  part  covering  —  she  tells  us 
— 'her  "sixteen-year-old  period,"  and  as  such 
of  more  interest  to  her  immediate  friends  than 
to  the  public.  I  do  not  know  why,  even  so, 
she  should  have  cared  to  preserve  some  of  the 
contents,  such  as 


Half  the  stars  are  dim  with  weeping, 

Antoinette. 
See  the  moon  how  palely  sleeping, 

Antoinette. 

But  the  reader  whose  eye  lights  first  on  a 
piece  of  banality  like  this  is  presently  aston- 
ished to  find  close  by  it  one  or  another  poem 
of  distinctive  insight  and  force.  Barely  is 
the  form  as  good  as  the  thought,  but  some- 
times it  takes  care  of  itself  adequately,  even 
if  not  cared  for.  For  example,  note  these 
lines,  full  of  vivid  experience,  representing  a 
"Night-Mood": 

The  wind  of  the  world 
Is  on  our  cheeks.     Surely  the  infinite 
Blew  upon  us  and  we  shuddered.     The  fires  of  God 
Are  underneath  us,  and  this  planet's  sod 
Is  as  a  shell.    Where  shall  we  flee  from  God? 
He  presses  too  close  upon  us.     O,  in  all  space 
What  then  shall  shield  me  but  your  bending  face! 
Closer!    closer!     What  are  we?     A  shifting  breeze 
That  the  winds  of  the  world  will  gather. 

Still  better  is  a  poem  of  which  I  can  quote 
only  a  fragment,  called  "The  Mother": 
They  have  sought  wild  places, 

And  touched  the  wind-bound  Pole, 
But  I  shall  go  a-venturing 
After  a  soul. 

Stark  is  the  journey,  unknown; 

Yet  I  shall  traverse  pain, 
For  a  soul  is  a  shy,  wild  thing, 

And  strange  to  attain. 

I  shall  pluck  it  out  of  eternity. 

O,  I  shall  laugh  with  glee! 
And  high  in  my  hand  shall  I  hold  it 

For  God  to  see. 

A  new  volume  of  poems  by  Mr.  Edwin 
Arlington  Kobinson  is  fairly  certain  to  do 
two  things  for  us.  It  will  furnish  us  real 
creations  in  character,  like  those  of  dramatist 
or  novelist;  and  it  will  represent  further 
interesting  studies  in  the  problem  of  making 
diction  at  once  colloquial  and  poetical.  The 
collection  called  "The  Man  against  the  Sky" 
does  not  disappoint  us  in  either  particular. 
It  opens  with  a  fine  little  character  sketch  of 
"the  man  Flammonde";  it  includes  also  por- 
traits of  personages  as  different  as  old  King 
Cole,  Shakespeare  and  Jonson,  and  two  very 
real  quarrelsome  modern  lovers  called  John 
Gorham  and  Jane  Wayland.  I  find  —  per- 
haps because  of  its  fitting  into  the  recent  ter- 
centenary —  the  monologue  of  Jonson,  giving 
his  view  of  Shakespeare,  the  most  pleasing 
of  these  studies. 

I'll  meet  him  out  alone  of  a  bright  Sunday, 

Trim,   rather   spruce,   and  quite   the  gentleman. 

"What,  ho,  my  lord!"  say  I.    He  doesn't  hear  me; 

Wherefore  I  have  to  pause  and  look  at  him. 

He's  not  enormous,  but  one  looks  at  him. 

A  little  on  the  round,  if  you  insist, 

For  now,  God  save  the  mark,  he's  growing  old; 

He's  five  and  forty,  and  to  hear  him  talk 

These  days  you'd  call  him  eighty;  then  you'd  add 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


63 


More  years  to  that.    He's  old  enough  to  be 

The  father  of  a  world,  and  so  he  is. 

"Ben,  you're  a  scholar,  what's  the  time  of  dayt" 

Says  he;   and  there  shines  out  of  him  again 

An  aged  light  that  has  no  age  or  station  — 

The  mystery  that's  his  —  a  mischievous 

Half -mad  serenity  that  laughs  at  fame. 

The  title  poem  stands,  oddly  enough,  at  the 
-end  of  the  volume,  and  is  a  kind  of  final  mys- 
tical character-study  of  a  nameless  man 
who  becomes  —  from  being  seen  on  a  clearly 
outlined  hill-top,  descending  to  some  unknown 
place  —  a  type  of  Man  himself. 

Where  was  he  going,  this  man  against  the  skyf 

You  know  not,  nor  do  I. 

But  this  we  know,  if  we  know  anything: 

That  we  may  laugh  and  fight  and  sing, 

And  of  our  transience  here  make  offering 

To  an  orient  Word  that  will  not  be  erased, 

Or,  save  in  incommunicable  gleams 

Too  permanent  for  dreams, 

Be  found  or  known.     .     . 

No  planetary  trap  where  souls  are  wrought 

For  nothing  but  the  sake  of  being  caught 

And  sent  again  to  nothing,  will  attune 

Itself  to  any  key  of  any  reason 

"Why  man  should  hunger  through  another  season 

To  find  out  why    'twere  better  late  than  soon 

To  go  away  and  let  the  sun  and  moon 

And  all  the  silly  stars  illuminate 

A  place  for  creeping  things, 

And  those  that  root  and  trumpet  and  have  wings, 

And  herd  and  ruminate, 

Or  dive  and  flash  and  poise  in  rivers  and  seas, 

Or  by  their  loyal  tails  in  lofty  trees 

Hang,  screeching  lewd  victorious  derision 

Of  man's  immortal  vision. 

I  must  repeat  here,  what  I  said  in  a  former 
paper  in  connection  with  some  of  the  poetry 
of  Mr.  Percy  MacKaye,  that  this  sort  of  work- 
manship is  highly  significant  to  those  inter- 
ested in  the  poetic  art,  as  showing  how  all  the 
effects  of  directness,  veracity,  and  individual- 
ity can  be  obtained,  not  only  without  losing 
the  sense  of  beauty  but  —  what  is  especially 
pertinent  to  our  generation  —  without  losing 
the  sense  of  form. 

Poems  concerning  the  war  are  abundant, 
here  as  in  England,  and  for  the  most  part 
are  equally  negligible  here  as  there.  The 
obviousness  of  that  which  one  must  feel  con- 
cerning the  great  conflict  seems  to  pall  upon 
the  poetic  spirit,  like  trite  condolences  on  the 
day  of  a  funeral.  The  verse  of  Miss  Thomas 
is  always  to  be  listened  to  with  respect,  but 
her  little  volume  of  war  poems,  "The  White 
Messenger,"  has  not  escaped  the  unfavorable 
influences  of  which  I  have  spoken.  The  senti- 
ments are  such  as  almost  all  can  share,  but 
didactic  generalization  hangs  upon  a  great 
part  of  them.  This  little  poem,  called  "Spilt 
"Wine,"  escapes  it  because  it  frankly  keeps  to 
the  particular  moving  fact : 

A  flower  of  youth  —  a  Linus  boy, 
He  bore  a  glass  of  purple  wine; 


His  step  was  Pride,  his  glance  was  Joy  — 

A  flower  of  youth  divine! 

i 

One  shattering  blow!     The  crystal  broke — 
Fast  flowed  away  the  precious  wine. 
—  It  was  the  brutish  Earth  that  spoke, 
"I  drink  but  what  is  mine! 

"For  mother  of  all  fruits  am  I, 
Who  send  them  up,  to  tree  and  vine; 
To  give  them  back  should  none  deny, 
When  I  with  thirst  shall  pine." 

I  looked  again. —  So  quickly  shed, 
The  flower  of  youth,  his  blood  for  wine! 
And  brutish  Earth,  deep-murmuring,  said, 
"I  drink  but  what  was  mine." 

Mr.  Scollard's  new  volume,  on  the  other 
hand,  called  "Italy  in  Arms,"  touches  only 
the  edge  of  the  .war,  as  Italy  herself  has  done, 
and  it  is  the  title  poem  alone  which  assures 
us  that  the  poet  wishes  her  well  in  the  conflict, 
apparently  not  for  any  social  or  political 
reason,  but  because  of  the  groves  of  Vallom- 
brosa  and  similar  things.  The  book  is,  in 
effect,  a  kind  of  poet's  journal  of  travels  in 
the  land  best  loved  of  poets,  and  none  who 
know  Mr.  Scollard  's  verse  will  need  to  be  told 
that  it  is  compact  of  pleasant  images  and 
pleasant  melodies,  wholly  free  from  the  weight 
of  arduous  thinking.  This  sketch  of  "A 
Roman  Twilight"  is  perhaps  among  the  best 
of  the  traveller 's  memories : 

The  purple  tints  of  twilight  over  Rome; 
Against   the   sunset   great   Saint   Peter's   dome, 
And  through  the  gateways  peasants  wending  home. 

Shadows  that  gather  round  the  Aventine; 
And  just  above  the  dim  horizon  line 
The  star  of  Hesper,  like  a  light  divine. 

A  perfume  faint  as  of  forgotten  sweets, 

As  though   there   came,   far-borne   through   lonely 

streets, 
The  breath  of  violets  from  the  grave  of  Keate! 

Of  the  poems  called  forth  by  the  war,  which 
have  been  read  in  American  periodicals,  none 
attracted  more  interest  than  Miss  Cone's 
•'Chant  of  Love  for  England,"  written  in 
reply  to  the  German  Song  of  Hate.  This 
forms  the  title  poem  of  a  widely  varied  col- 
lection, marked  throughout  by  fine  feeling 
and  the  influences  of  the  intellectual  life,  with 
somewhat  uneven  workmanship.  From  the 
standpoint  of  the  interpretive  imagination, 
one  of  the  best  pieces  in  the  volume  is  that 
called  "The  Gaoler,"  in  which  the  soul  speaks 
of  the  body. 

To  be  free,  to  be  alone, 
Is  a  joy  I  have  not  known. 
To  a  keeper  who  never  sleeps 
I   was  given  at  the  hour  of  birth 
By  the  governors  of  earth; 
And  so  well  his  watch  he  keeps, 
Though  I  leave  no  sleight  untried, 
That  he  will  not  quit  my  side.     .     . 


64 


THE    DIAL 


[July  15 


I  have  cried  to  the  winds,  the  sea, 
"  Oh,  help  me,  for  ye  are  free ! " 
I  have  thought  to  escape  away, 
But  his  hand  on  my  shoulder  lay. 
From  the  hills  and  the  lifting  stars 
He  has  borne  me  back  to  bars; 
With  the  spell  of  my  murmured  name 
He  has  captived  and  kept  me  tame. 

I  have  also  found  unexpected  pleasure  in  Miss 
Cone's  ode  on  Lincoln,  written  for  the  cen- 
tennial in  1909, —  for  surely  one  does  not 
hope  for  much  from  more  odes  on  Lincoln. 
They  must  be  frankly  expository;  but  the 
exposition  rises  to  some  real  imaginative  effec- 
tiveness in  a  passage  like  this,  where  the 
"voices  of  the  outland  folk"  take  up  the 
sound  of  praise,  in  answer  to  those  of  English 
blood : 

You  shall  not  limit  his  large  glory  thus, 

You  shall  not  mete  his  greatness  with  a  span! 

This  man  belongs  to  us, 

Gentile  and  Jew,  Teuton  and  Celt  and  Euss 

And  whatso  else  we  be! 

This  man  belongs  to  Man! 

And  never,  till  a  flood  of  love  efface 

The  hard  distrusts  that  sever  race  from  race, 

Comes  his  true  jubilee! 

Much  has  been  expected  from  a  new  volume 
by  Mr.  Masters,  who  attained  a  somewhat 
ambiguous  fame  through  the  "Spoon  River 
Anthology";  but  the  book  of  "Songs  and 
Satires"  is  a  miscellany,  and  not  a  few  will  be 
disappointed  in  finding  in  it  only  a  few  mono- 
logues of  the  Spoon  River  type.  This  type, 
original  and  fascinating  though  somewhat 
inversely  to  its  characteristically  poetic 
appeal,  may  be  briefly  described  as  a  com- 
posite of  the  dominant  moods  of  Swift,  Walt 
Whitman,  and  Mr.  Bernard  Shaw.  Some 
readers  are  most  attracted  by  the  Swiftian 
power  of  merciless  but  not  unsympathetic 
observation  of  the  foul  and  ugly,  some  by  the 
Whitmanesque  affection  for  the  common  but 
unconventional,  some  by  the  Shavian  habit 
of  laughing  in  the  wrong  place.  The  result- 
ing effects  are  often  almost  important,  but 
usually  not  quite  important,  because  Mr. 
Masters,  unlike  the  three  writers  just  named, 
has  no  style.  By  style  I  mean  a  consistent 
medium  of  expression  used  with  a  sense  of 
form,  either  prosaic  or  poetic, —  a  thing  the 
very  want  of  which  has  proved  to  be  appeal- 
ing, for  a  large  portion  of  our  reading  public 
greatly  prefers  the  habit  which  dashes  reck- 
lessly and  amusingly  from  this  manner  to 
that.  With  this  in  mind,  I  am  tempted  to 
find  in  a  certain  elegant  simile  of  Mr. 
Masters 's  a  description  of  many  of  his  own 
effects:  "You  are  a  Packard  engine  in  a 
Ford."  For  there  is  no  denying  him  some  of 
the  admirable  qualities  which  I  attribute 
(wholly  by  hearsay)  to  a  Packard  engine.  On 
the  other  hand,  I  should  not  think  of  apply- 


ing to  him  the  neighboring  metaphor  from 
the  same  poem:  "A  barrel  of  slop  that  shines- 
on  Lethe's  wharf."  This,  it  will  be  observed, 
represents  one  of  his  taking  manners. 
Another  is  that  of  pure  prose,  not  even  cut 
into  rhythmic  lengths;  for  instance, — "This 
city  had  a  Civic  Federation,  and  a  certain 
social  order  which  intrigues  through  churches, 
courts,  with  an  endless  ramification  of  money 
and  morals,  to  save  itself."  But  these  are  not 
all.  There  are  not  only  the  moments  of  pene- 
trating insight  into  personality  —  insight  of 
novelist  or  comedian,  one  would  say,  charac- 
teristically,—  but  also,  on  occasion,  the  haunt- 
ing revelations  of  feeling  which  poetry  exists- 
to  communicate.  I  wish  indeed  that  many  of 
these  compositions  were  worthy  to  be  placed 
beside  this  one,  called  "The  Door"; 

This  is  the  room  that  thou  wast  ushered  in. 

Wouldst  thou,  perchance,  a  larger  freedom  win? 

Wouldst  thou  escape  for  deeper  or  no  breath? 

There  is  no  door  but  death. 

Do  shadows  crouch  within  the  mocking  light? 
Stand  thou!    but  if  thy  terrored  heart  take  flight 
Facing  maimed  Hope  and  wide-eyed  Nevermore, 
There  is  no  less  one  door. 

Dost  thou  bewail  love's  end  and  friendship's  doom,. 
The  dying  fire,  drained  cup,  and  gathering  gloom  t 
Explore  the  walls,  if  thy  soul  ventureth — 
There  is  no  door  but  death. 

There  is  no  window.     Heaven  hangs  aloof, 
Above  the  rents  within  the  stairless  roof. 
Hence,  soul,  be  brave  across  the  ruined  floor — 
Who  knocks?    Unbolt  the  door! 

Some,  I  conceive,  will  say  that  I  have  selected 
this  poem  for  praise,  with  vicious  tradition- 
alism of  spirit,  because  of  its  "thous"  and 
"wasts"  and  other  formal  signs  of  poetic  man- 
ner ;  on  the  contrary,  however,  it  is  the  worse 
for  them,  and  the  last  stanza  alone,  which  is 
wholly  direct  as  well  as  profoundly  imagina- 
tive, is  perfect. 

I  conclude 'with  Mr.  Untermeyer's  mysteri- 
ously titled  volume,  one  of  parodies  of  the 
verse  of  his  contemporaries.  He  imagines  a 
"banquet  of  the  bards,"  wherein  the  cele- 
brants display  their  various  poetic  modes  in 
so  characteristic  fashion  that  the  layman, 
might  well,  at  times,  have  difficulty  in  distin- 
guishing burlesque  from  reality.  With  cer- 
tain of  the  personages  represented  I  confess- 
to  having  no  acquaintance,  and  wonder  that 
they  should  deserve  the  fame  which  parody 
implies ;  but  contemporary  fame  is  a  swift 
and  mysterious  thing.  Most  enjoyable,  per- 
haps, are  Mr.  Untermeyer  's  representations  of 
such  current  phenomena  as  imagism,  free 
verse,  and  "polyphonic  prose."  Thus — 

The  iron  menace   of   the   pillar-box  is   threatening; 

the  virginity  of  night, 
and 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


65 


Zip!    the  thought   of  you  tears  in  my  heart     I 
fumble  and  start; 

the  first  of  these  lines  being  attributed  to  Mr. 
Ezra  Pound  and  the  second  to  Miss  Amy 
Lowell.  Mr.  Pound  is  also  made  to  say,  how 
characteristically  it  would  perhaps  be  unbe- 
coming to  observe : 

Come,  my  songs,  let  us  sing  about  something  — 
It  is  time  we  were  getting  ourselves  talked  about. 

And  Mr.  James  Oppenheim's  rasher  moments 
of  inspiration  are  represented  in  some  lines 
beginning : 

Oh  Nietzsche,  Whitman,   Havelock   Ellis,   Lincoln, 

Freud,  and  Jung, 
Help  me  to  cast  off  these  wrappers  of  custom  and 

prohibition, 
Tear  down  the  barriers  of  reticence! 

The  fact  is  that  free  verse,  and  the  other 
more  superficial  elements  of  exaggerated 
romanticism,  lend  themselves  rather  too  easily 
to  the  art  of  the  parodist  to  make  the  results 
very  highly  worth  while.  But  if  one  could 
find  a  poet  who  represented  them  in  a  really 
important  way,  and  could  then  exhibit  in 
burlesque  the  essential  spirit  as  well  as  the 
manner  in  question,  as  Calverley  did  (for 
example)  in  his  famous  parody  of  "The  Ring 
and  the  Book,''  he  might  do  a  service  of  both 
literary  and  social  significance.  If  Mr. 
Untermeyer  has  not  accomplished  this,  it  is 
perhaps  only  for  want  of  better  material. 
RAYMOND  M.  ALDEN. 


RECENT  FICTION.* 

All  who  think  of  the  Great  War  think  it 
will  be  a  turning  point  in  history.  Whatever 
life  is  to  be  when  the  war  is  over,  it  will  be 
different  from  what  it  is  now.  Just  what  the 
difference  is  to  be,  few  try  to  state,  but  they 
feel  that  things  cannot  be  the  same. 

One  can  see  this  in  fiction,  as  elsewhere.  In 
the  first  year  of  the  war  English  fiction  was 
much  what  it  usually  is.  But  by  this  time  one 
can  often  see  a  clear  effect.  Men  and  women 
are  interested  in  thinking  of  the  old  order 
which  has  come  to  an  end,  of  the  war  itself 
which  has  had  such  an  effect,  of  the  new  order 
which  will  arise. 

Miss  Mordaunt's  "The  Family"  has  not  on 
the  face  of  it  anything  at  all  to  do  with  the 
war.  It  is  the  story  of  an  English  country 
family,  at  first  not  very  unlike  in  its  subject 
and  story  a  good  many  novels  of  the  eighties 

*  THB  FAMILY.  By  Elinor  Mordaunt.  New  York :  John 
Lane  Co. 

THE  DARK  FOREST.  By  Hugh  Walpole.  New  York:  George 
H.  Doran  Co. 

THE  KING'S  MEN.  By  John  Leslie  Palmer.  New  York: 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

THB  NIGHT  COMETH.  By  Paul  Bourget.  Translated  by 
G.  Frederic  Lees.  New  York :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 


and  early  nineties.  Mr.  Hebberton  is  a  typical 
country  Squire,  he  and  his  wife  are  definite 
mid-Victorians  continuing  on  into  the  end-of- 
the-century  period,  the  children  are  not  mark- 
edly one  thing  more  than  another.  The  book 
might  superficially  interest  people  chiefly  as 
being  one  more  picture  of  that  extraordinary 
family  life,  which  (we  are  taught  to  believe 
in  novels)  English  people  not  only  endure  but 
like.  It  is  a  family  life  where  everyone 
pursues  his  or  her  object  with  no  regard  to 
anybody  else,  unless  the  anybody  can  be 
made  temporarily  useful;  where  each  one 
speaks  his  mind  out  without  any  considera- 
tion for  anybody  else,  and  with  an  invariable 
inclination  to  be  disagreeable  if  it  be  in  the 
least  degree  possible;  where  nobody  has  a 
notion  of  any  other  ideal  of  life  except  get- 
ting as  much  fun  as  one  can  out  of  the 
present ;  where  nobody  thinks  of  any  kind  of 
useful  occupation  (in  American,  of  earning  a 
living)  nor  has  or  conceives  any  possible  way 
of  paying  society  for  enduring  his  presence; 
and  in  which  all  live  in  the  greatest  affection 
for  each  other  and  in  the  highest  respect  from 
every  one  else.  So  the  story  begins.  But  as 
it  goes  on  the  family  disintegrates, —  one 
brother  enlists  as  a  private,  another  becomes 
a  prize-fighter,  one  goes  off  to  South  Africa, 
one  gets  on  the  stage ;  one  sister  goes  to  Can- 
ada and  travels  about  marrying  people,  one 
gets  into  a  big  store ;  Pauline  the  chief  figure 
marries,  becomes  a  widow,  and  settles  in  a 
small  house  in  London.  The  Squire  and  Mrs. 
Hebberton  give  up  the  family  place  and  go 
to  live  in  a  "villa"  somewhere.  Everything 
is  broken  up,  and  the  family  is  scattered  all 
about.  They  are  finally  got  together  some- 
how at  Pauline's  house  in  London.  At  a 
Christmas  dinner  at  Mr.  Rabbit's,  whom  one 
of  the  girls  has  married,  Pauline  was  struck 
by  their  look.  "There  was  nothing  of  the 
country-bred  family  left  about  them.  The 
city  had  got  them ;  would  keep  them  till  they 
were  dead  and  buried."  Pauline  was  con- 
scious that  it  was  part  of  a  great  change,  a 
change  coming  in  with  the  new  century.  "I 
wonder  if  the  world  will  be  any  better!" 
queried  Edward  Grice.  "I  don't  know,"  said 
Pauline,  "but  anyhow  it  will  be  different." 

Miss  Mordaunt  is  conscious  enough  that  the 
case  she  is  describing  is  significant.  She 
shows  a  phase  of  life  as  she  imagines  it;  in 
thinking  of  life  she  was  more  or  less  possessed 
by  the  thought  of  change,  of  disintegration, 
of  wreck,  and  she  naturally  conceived  a  story 
in  which  change,  disintegration,  and  wreck 
were  the  dominating  forces.  She  shows  us  one 
element  out  of  the  many  which  make  up 
English  society.  But  her  chief  interest  was 


66 


THE    DIAL 


[July  15 


truth  to  life,  and  by  aiming  chiefly  at  this  she 
was  able  to  gain  also  the  other  great  advan- 
tage of  giving  one  of  the  important  currents 
of  life  of  the  time  in  which  she  was  interested. 

Miss  Mordaunt  was  not  thinking  especially 
of  the  war, —  in  fact,  the  social  change  she  has 
in  mind  was  effective  before  the  war,  though 
it  must  have  been  hastened  by  it.  Mr.  Walpole 
in  "The  Dark  Forest,"  on  the  other  hand, 
deals  directly  with  the  war  itself.  He  has 
already  dealt  with  earlier  conditions ;  in  "  The 
Duchess  of  Wrexe"  he  had  in  mind  the  pass- 
ing of  the  old  aristocratic  leadership  and  the 
coming  in  of  a  new  democracy,  just  as  Miss 
Mordaunt  has  in  mind  the  break-up  of  the  old 
country  life  and  the  segregation  of  society  in 
cities.  Perhaps  Mr.  Walpole  may  feel  that 
the  war  has  made  his  earlier  subject  too  much 
a  matter  of  history.  At  any  rate,  in  this  book 
he  deals  only  with  some  phases  of  the  war  as 
it  actually  is,  without  much  regard  to  its 
effect  on  anyone  but  the  people  he  imagines 
and  writes  about. 

His  general  idea  seems  to  be  indicated  by 
the  name  of  the  book.  A  hospital  unit  in  the 
Russian  Red  Cross  service  leaves  Petrograd 
for  the  front,  and  finally  gets  settled  in  the 

Forest  of  S on  the  river  Nestor,  a  great 

stretch  of  woodland  and  open  country,  village 
and  wilderness.  The  forest  seems  to  typify 
one 's  state  of  mind  during  the  war,  any  one 's 
—  Mr.  Walpole 's,  yours,  or  mine, —  sombre 
but  exciting,  with  all  sorts  of  uncombined 
items,  terrible,  beautiful,  uninteresting,  any- 
thing you  can  imagine.  Such  is  the  war ;  one 
leaves  behind  all  relationships,  save  the  chance 
connections  of  the  service,  and  then  all  kinds 
of  things  happen.  At  the  end  one  is  much  as 
before, —  except  that  (as  Pauline  said)  things 
are  different.  It  is  clear  that  one  cannot  take 
up  the  old  threads  and  begin  over  again. 

This  is  not,  however,  exactly  the  form  of 
Mr.  Walpole 's  story.  In  the  story  he  is  par- 
ticularly interested  in  two  Englishmen  who 
had  volunteered  for  Red  Cross  service  in 
Russia, —  Durward  who  tells  the  story,  and 
Trenchard  of  whom  the  story  is  told.  Of  the 
latter,  his  love  for  Marie  Ivanovna,  and  his 
death  in  battle,  is  the  story  which  is  woven 
into  the  impressions  that  to  my  mind  are  the 
chief  element  of  it.  As  is  usual  with  Mr. 
Walpole,  it  is  the  place  and  the  people  that 
he  mostly  impresses  upon  us. 

The  Forest  of  S —  -  is  not  more  of  a 
kaleidoscope  than  was  life  before  they  got  to 
the  forest.  It  is  all  alike.  At  one  moment  a 
village  full  of  old  people  who  have  to  be  fed, 
a  miserable,  abandoned  fantastic  set  of  peo- 
ple ;  then  the  forest  itself,  green  and  delicate 
and  clear,  with  soft  cool  shadows  and  quiver- 


ing light  and  dark,  with  bird-song  and  silence ; 
a  village  where  they  had  the  cholera;  an 
empty  house  just  behind  the  firing  line,  in  a 
tangled  desolate  garden,  the  inside  bare  and 
dusty  with  a  few  old  odds  and  ends  left  in  it ; 
other  such  scenes,  and  throughout  moments  of 
deep  intensity  and  hours  of  monotonous  dul- 
ness.  Probably  the  war  is  like  that.  Mr. 
Walpole  is  not  concerned  with  what  used  to 
be  or  what  is  going  to  be,  or  with  anything 
but  what  is  at  the  moment  —  and  not  often 
with  that  after  the  moment  when  it  is  of 
importance  has  passed  away.  Yet  it  is  all 
important  to  those  people;  they  were  never 
the  same  again, —  some  were  dead,  but  those 
who  were  alive  went  back  to  a  life  where  they 
probably  never  picked  up  the  old  doings  and 
habits  they  had  left  when  the  war  began. 

Mr.  Palmer's  "The  King's  Men"  is  the  one 
of  these  three  books  most  especially  directed 
to  the  influence  of  the  war.  It  is  an  account 
of  how  the  war  affected  a  group  of  half  a 
dozen  young  men  of  the  general  class  of 
artists  and  workers.  It  is  not  a  survey  of  the 
changes  which  the  war  is  to  bring  about  in  our 
civilization,  but  it  does  show  what  is  the 
immediate  effect  of  the  war  on  some  individ- 
uals,—  which  is  probably  as  far  as  a.  sensible 
man  who  knows  anything  about  it  will  go  just 
now.  They  all  acted  differently:  Rupert 
Smith  saw  that  everybody  would  go ;  he  threw 
into  the  scrap-basket  a  novel  he  had  just  writ- 
ten, was  shortly  after  gazetted  and  went 
exuberantly  into  Goff's  to  buy  all  the  things 
he  could  be  persuaded  to  think  he  needed. 
Baddely  at  once  said,  "I'm  not  going  to  the 
war,"  for  he  was  a  comfortably  married  man 
in  government  service.  But  he  didn't  hold 
out  long;  he  enlisted  very  soon  without  say- 
ing anything  to  anybody.  Bob  Rivers,  being  "a 
linguist,  an  engineer,  and  an  Oxford  Terrier 
whose  enthusiasm  was  a  byword  in  several 
regimental  messes,"  very  soon  got  into  an 
active  service  regiment.  Kenneth  John 
remained  secretary  to  a  Junior  Whip  who 
gave  up  whipping  to  manage  a  weekly  which 
should  direct  public  opinion,  but  even  he  went 
to  the  front  pretty  soon  to  "study  conditions." 
Jim  Pelham  for  a  long  time  determined  that 
he  would  do  nothing  about  it.  He  hated  the 
idea  of  being  forced  by  public  opinion  to  do 
just  what  everyone  else  was  doing.  He  stuck 
it  out  longer  than  the  rest,  but  he  couldn't 
stand  the  pressure;  at  the  moment  of  his 
most  vigorous  denial  he  was  suddenly  con- 
verted. 

This  exhibition  of  various  typical  forms  of 
volunteering  may  not  be  as  really  significant 
as  one  case  of  something  a  little  different. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


67 


There  is  an  old  fellow  who  is  in  partnership 
with  his  son.  The  old  man  thinks  that  the 
question  of  what  the  firm  shall  do  in  the  crisis 
is  for  the  partners  to  decide ;  if  they  can  help 
the  government  and  make  a  big  profit  too, 
they  might  as  well  do  it.  His  son  thinks  that 
if  that  sort  of  thing  is  left  to  private  action, 
to  volunteering,  all  sorts  of  things  will  hap- 
pen. He  thinks  that  the  Government  ought 
to  take  a  hand  in  the  matter.  Of  course  this 
is  just  what  has  actually  happened.  Although 
until  lately  recruiting  was  conducted  on  a 
superficially  volunteer  basis,  all  sorts  of  mat- 
ters of  business  were  taken  in  charge  by  the 
Government.  Perhaps  that  may  be  a  sign  of 
the  future.  The  book  is  full  of  a  feeling  of 
change.  "Nothing  will  ever  again  be  where 
it  was  before,"  "All  the  old  pretences,  inter- 
ests, and  disputations  were  finished  now," 
"This  war  cleans  the  slate,"  "The  age  before 
the  war  —  an  age  already  so  remote," — such 
expressions  and  phrases  occur  on  almost  every 
page.  Mr.  Palmer  does  not  pretend  really  to 
study  the  effect  that  the  war  is  going  to  have 
on  civilization;  but  he  does  study  the  effect 
that  war  has  had  in  a  number  of  typical  cases, 
and  that  is  quite  as  much  as  anyone  can  do 
just  now. 

Not  a  study  of  the  war  itself,  nor  of  the 
new  possibilities  of  the  war,  is  M.  Paul 
Bourget's  "The  Night  Cometh,"  but  a  study 
of  an  old,  old  question  in  the  light  given  by 
these  new  events.*  M.  Bourget  has  been  a 
distinguished  figure  in  the  recent  literature 
of  France,  but  in  later  days  his  work  has  not 
been  of  just  the  kind  for  which  he  was  so 
much  admired  five  and  twenty  years  ago.  In 
this  book  the  Bourget  of  later  years  uses  the 
forms  and  figures  of  earlier  days, —  the  days 
of  "Studies  in  the  Psychology  of  Our  Own 
Time,"  of  "The  Disciple."  Marsal  the  lame 
doctor,  unable  to  go  to  the  front,  and  attached 
to  the  Clinique  of  Dr.  Ortegue,  is  the  specta- 
tor and  student  of  an  example  of  the  problem 
that  has  arisen  millions  of  times  in  the  last 
two  years, —  the  view  that  different  men  take 
of  death,  of  the  night  that  cometh  when  no 
man  can  work.  Marsal  himself  is  but  the 
chronicler,  the  recorder  of  the  psychical  clinic, 
the  observer  who  sets  down  his  conclusions 
from  the  phenomena  of  one  of  the  great 
experiments  which  the  war  prepares  each  day 
for  the  students  of  science,  philosophy,  and 
religion.  He  is  little  of  a  figure,  reminding 
one  of  Greslou,  the  unhappy  disciple  who 
wrote  in  his  cell  at  Rennes  that  study  in 
psychology  which  so  disproved  the  theories 


*  It  should  be  particularly  noted  that  the  translation  is 
excellent,  not  only  correct  and  French,  but  conveying  a 
decided  feeling  of  M.  Bourget's  very  special  style. 


of  his  master.  But  Dr.  Ortegue  reminds  us 
of  the  old  savant  himself,  the  man  of  the  days 
of  Taine,  the  man  who  held  virtue  and  vice 
to  be  results,  like  sugar  and  vitriol.  He 
believes  in  the  things  that  are  visible  and 
tangible  (he  is  a  great  surgeon)  or  to  be 
otherwise  perceived  by  the  senses.  But  at  the 
height  of  his  career  he  finds  himself  a  victim 
to  cancer.  To  his  hospital  is  brought  Lieu- 
tenant LeGallic,  a  young  man  wounded  in  the 
head,  a  Christian  of  the  deep  and  natural 
faith  of  his  Breton  family  and  ancestry.  He 
is  brought  to  the  hospital  from  the  battlefield 
where  day  by  day  he  has  lived  with  men  who 
are  proving  their  devotion  to  France  with 
their  lives.  To  each  one  the  night  comes. 

Marsal  relates  the  circumstances, —  the 
progress  of  the  doctor's  disease,  the  love  and 
devotion  of  his  charming  wife,  the  steadfast 
faith  of  the  soldier,  and  all  the  hundred 
events  and  incidents  of  the  hospital  tragedy. 
And  he  sums  up  the  results.  As  a  narrator 
he  is  earnest,  as  a  student  calm.  These  pages 
are  a  dissertation,  an  observation.  "Let  us 
sum  up,  then,  the  facts  the  establishment  of 
which  results  from  this  observation.  They 
are  to  be  grouped  under  two  headings.  I 
see,  on  the  one  hand,  a  superior  man, 
Ortegue.  .  .  I  see  on  the  other, —  and  this 
is  the  second  case, —  a  very  simple  man 
LeGallic,  a  man  of  action,  but  so  modest  in 
action. "  He  states  his  conclusions  concerning 
death. 

One  could  hardly  desire  a  book  more  repre- 
sentative of  the  author.  It  embodies  the  later 
breadth  of  view  of  Bourget,  with  the  earlier 
manner.  The  earlier  view  of  Bourget,  I 
believe,  has  had  its  day.  The  appearance  of 
"The  Disciple"  will  stand  in  the  minds  of 
those  who  look  back  on  the  recent  years  of 
French  literature  as  the  point  which  marks 
the  end  of  the  generation  of  Taine  in  the  intel- 
lectual life  of  France.  It  made  his  mode  of 
thought  impossible, —  not  perhaps  in  any  way 
that  Bourget  conceived  at  the  time,  but  in  a 
way  that  seems  plain  to  those  who  have 
studied  the  work  of  the  last  generation  in 
France,  the  generation  which  is  fighting  the 
war.  Dr.  Ortegue  is  a  figure  of  older  time; 
LeGallic  is  the  man  of  the  hour,  the  man  who 
has  grown  up  since  that  time.  He,  like 
Ernest  Psichari,  Charles  Peguy,  and  so  many 
others,  embodies  the  new  spirit  of  France. 
Ortegue  knew  himself  the  soldier  of  Science; 
LeGallic  felt  himself  a  soldier  of  the  Cross. 
In  the  two  figures  there  is  much  for  the 
student  of  the  France  of  our  day. 

EDWARD  E.  HALE. 


68 


THE    DIAL 


[July  15 


BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS. 


A  Filipino's  American  sentiment  regarding  the 
plea  for  Philippines  halts  between  the  broad 

independence.  path  of  expe(jiency  and  the  strait 
and  narrow  way  of  principle.  Unfortunately  for 
both  countries,  the  Americans,  many  of  them,  are 
so  obsessed  with  the  notion  that  they  are  doing 
the  Filipinos  good  that  they  will  not  see  any  other 
side  of  the  question,  and  therefore  ground  their 
expediency  upon  benevolence,  confounding  the 
forcing  of  their  charity  upon  an  unwilling  people 
with  principle.  In  such  a  case  as  this  it  would 
seem  that  the  opinion  of  the  Filipinos  themselves 
ought  to  be  the  determining  factor,  and  it  is  to  put 
this  opinion  more  plainly  before  the  American 
people  that  Mr.  Maximo  M.  Kalaw  has  prepared 
"The  Case  for  the  Filipinos"  (Century  Co.).  The 
author,  to  quote  the  introductory  words  of  Mr. 
Manuel  L.  Quezon,  resident  commissioner  from  the 
Philippines,  "has  been  educated  in  public  schools 
taught  by  American  teachers  who  have  endeavored 
to  instil  into  the  minds  of  their  pupils  the  belief 
that  it  is  the  destiny  of  the  Filipino  people  to 
remain  forever  under  the  control  of  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  States."  The  result  of  this 
education  is  no  more  marked  in  Mr.  Kalaw's  case 
than  in  that  of  every  other  pupil  of  his  race  so 
taught;  for  it  appears  that  there  is  nowhere 
among  the  native  population  a  faction,  large  or 
small,  that  believes  such  a  destiny  is  manifest  or 
such  control  to  be  tolerated.  This  his  book  makes 
clear;  after  nearly  twenty  years  the  Filipino  peo- 
ple are  as  determined  not  to  be  governed  against 
their  will  by  a  people  alien  in  speech,  law,  and 
religion,  in  open  violation  of  American  govern- 
mental ideals  themselves,  as  they  were  when  they 
fired  upon  the  invading  American  army  in  their 
war  for  independence  against  the  land  of  the  free 
and  the  home  of  the  brave.  The  book  is  as  remark- 
able for  its  omissions  as  for  the  clearness  with 
which  this  position  is  set  forth.  It  says  nothing 
of  the  earlier  points  in  controversy,  whereby  the 
imperialists  sought  to  befuddle  the  issue.  It  points 
out,  with  dignity  and  restraint,  that  the  American 
Government  has  never  considered  the  wishes  of  the 
Filipinos  themselves,  from  the  refusal  to  allow 
Sefior  Agoncillo  a  voice  in  the  framing  of  the 
Treaty  of  Paris  down  to  the  present.  Written 
before  the  thirty  renegade  Democrats  in  the  House 
of  Representatives  violated  the  platform  of  their 
party,  it  analyzes  the  bill  thus  defeated,  shows  its 
glaring  defects  and  injustices,  and  yet  hopes  for 
its  passage  as  granting  at  least  a  measure  of  inde- 
pendence. Every  American  who  places  principle 
before  expediency  should  rejoice  that  such  a  book 
can  emanate  from  one  educated  by  Americans;  in 
spite  of  his  teachers,  the  author  has  caught  our 
own  belief  in  freedom. 


A  book  of 
memories 
and  musings. 


An  unstudied  sincerity  not  always 
easy  to  attain  in  writing  of  oneself 
marks  the  reminiscences  of  Mr. 
William  Butler  Yeats  as  recorded  in  "Reveries 
over  Childhood  and  Youth"  (Macmillan).  The 
book  is  a  worthy  illustration  of  his  own 


early-adopted  literary  creed,  which  is  thus  set 
down  near  the  end  of  his  narrative :  "  If  I  can 
be  sincere  and  make  my  language  natural,  and 
without  becoming  discursive,  like  a  novelist,  and 
so  indiscreet  and  prosaic,  I  shall,  if  good  luck  or 
bad  luck  make  my  life  interesting,  be  a  great  poet ; 
for  it  will  be  no  longer  a  matter  of  literature  at 
all."  Yet  this  admirable  frankness  has  the  defects 
of  its  qualities:  it  has  led  in  the  present  publica- 
tion to  something  that  it  might  be  harsh  to  call 
garrulity,  but  that  nevertheless  does  lack  some- 
what of  the  restraint  and  form  and  proportion 
characteristic  of  literature  as  distinguished  from 
mere  written  utterance.  Incidents  and  thoughts, 
significant  and  trivial,  are  set  down,  one  after 
another,  with  running  pen,  all  chopped  into  chap- 
ters without  headings,  and  these  in  turn  into  loosely 
related  paragraphs.  But  if  the  whole  gives  us  a 
good  and  true  picture  of  the  writer,  why  should 
we  complain?  In  a  sense  there  is  nothing  trivial 
in  the  narrative,  since  all  is  significant  of  the  per- 
sonality behind  the  pen.  We  enjoy  the  unpremedi- 
tated delineation  of  Irish  character  and  Irish 
scenes;  we  glow  with  the  writer's  scorn  of  mere 
rhetoric  and  are  kindled  with  his  enthusiasm  for 
naturalness;  and  we  cannot  dissent  when  he  says, 
"We  should  write  out  our  own  thoughts  in  as 
nearly  as  possible  the  language  we  thought  them 
in,  as  though  in  a  letter  to  an  intimate  friend." 
But  it  always  remains  true  that  this  very  effort  to 
achieve  the  natural  and  the  unaffected  has  a  baf- 
fling trick  of  leading  one  into  unnaturalness  and 
affectation.  Where  nature  ends  and  art  begins, 
who  shall  say?  The  book  is  a  notable  one.  Its 
passages  of  intimate  spiritual  autobiography  are 
especially  good. 


Lovers  of  Dickens  of  not  too  exact- 
^nS  taste  will  find  pleasure  in  Mr. 
W.  Walter  Crotch's  "The  Pageant 
of  Dickens"  (Scribner).  In  this  appreciation,  Mr. 
Crotch  leads  before  our  imagination  the  host  of 
creatures  from  Dickens's  pen,  at  the  same  time 
classifying  them  and  making  entertaining  and  occa- 
sionally illuminating  comment  upon  them  and  their 
author.  There  is  no  attempt  at  anything  scholarly 
or  scientific,  but  rather  a  review  of  these  people, 
their  doings  and  relations  to  each  other,  with  lib- 
eral quotation  from  the  writings.  Along  with  this 
we  are  offered  a  somewhat  extravagant  praise  of 
their  creator  that  might  provoke  dissent  on  the  part 
of  less  enthusiastic  admirers.  Mr.  Crotch  finds  in 
Dickens  more  solid  qualities  than  are  commonly 
admitted,  calling  him  at  once  the  equal  of  Shake- 
speare in  tragedy  and  the  very  personification  of 
"the  Comic  Spirit  who,  Meredith  tells  us,  hovers 
overhead,  and,  looking  humanely  malign  upon  our 
poor  frailties  and  incongruities,  casts  an  oblique 
light  over  unconscious  humanity."  Both  Meredith 
and  George  Gissing  are  quoted  so  frequently  and 
impartially  that  one  might  toss  a  coin  to  discover 
which  of  the  two,  next  to  Dickens,  is  Mr.  Crotch's 
favorite  novelist.  That  Dickens  was  an  arch- 
humanitarian  most  of  us  are  prepared  to  believe, 
but  when  the  present  commentator  claims  for  him 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


69 


all  the  finest  qualities  of  the  humanist,  the  question 
arises  as  to  whether  he  makes  any  distinction  be- 
tween these  much  misused  terms.  It  is  perhaps 
invidious  to  call  attention  to  the  platitudes  with 
which  the  book  is  crowded,  for  its  appeal  is  only 
too  obviously  to  those  for  whom  platitudes  are  of 
sweet  savour,  who  will  not  be  piqued  at  being 
asked  to  swallow  without  a  wry  face  the  whole  of 
Victorian  economics,  sociology,  and  philosophy, 
and  who  will  give  a  willing  ear  to  every  good  thing 
said  of  an  author  for  whom  they  themselves  have 
nothing  but  pleasant  remembrance  and  praise. 
Oddly  enough,  Mr.  Crotch  in  his  remarks  about 
Dickens's  treatment  of  dogs  omits  to  mention  one 
of  the  most  conspicuous  and  impossible  of  the 
Dickens  canines, — "Merrylegs"  in  "Hard  Times," 
and  his  famous  feat  of  announcing  the  death  of 
his  master.  It  is  indeed  noteworthy  that  of  all  the 
immense  canvas  which  the  great  novelist  left  as  his 
picture  of  Victorian  England,  the  present  author 
finds  no  single  detail  out  of  drawing,  none  that  is 
not  representative  of  life  as  it  really  is.  Not  even 
Quilp  is  overdone.  Despite  its  faults,  however, 
Mr.  Crotch's  book  is  one  to  give  many  an  agreeable 
half -hour  to  the  casual  reader  who  has  devoured 
all  of  Dickens  and  wants  more. 


It  was  a  happy  idea  which  inspired 
Professor  Robert  Herndon  Fife  of 
Wesleyan  University  to  write  "The 
German  Empire  between  Two  Wars"  (Macmillan). 
A  knowledge  of  the  history  of  Germany  between 
1870  and  1914  furnishes  an  admirable  basis  for 
the  understanding  of  the  present  war,  inasmuch  as 
Grermany  has  been  the  focal  point  of  most  of  the 
great  international  controversies  which  are  now 
being  solved  by  blood  and  iron.  Thus  the  present 
volume,  while  not  a  war-book  strictly  speaking, 
becomes  most  useful  for  a  comprehension  of  the 
causes  and  setting  of  the  great  conflict.  Though 
Professor  Fife  is  a  neutral  to  the  extent  of  not 
disclosing  his  ultimate  feelings  about  the  war,  he  is 
by  no  means  colorless  in  the  discussion  of  specific 
issues,  and  he  is  particularly  emphatic  in  his  ex- 
pressions of  sympathy  with  the  more  democratic 
movements  in  German  life  and  thought.  The  book 
is  not  so  much  a  record  of  facts  chronologically 
arranged  as  a  description  of  conditions  and  ten- 
dencies. The  main  part  deals  with  the  foreign  and 
internal  policies  of  the  Empire.  A  very  valuable 
concluding  section  is  devoted  to  a  consideration  of 
Germany's  municipal  administration,  her  educa- 
tional system,  and  her  newspapers.  The  entire 
work  is  not  a  rehash  of  others'  opinions  but  a 
record  of  the  author's  own  observations  and 
experiences,  maturely  considered  and  attractively 
presented. 


A  seer  of 
vision*. 


To  plain  John  Smith,  office  clerk, 
the  Spirit  of  Understanding  chooses 
to  reveal  itself  all  of  a  sudden,  to 
the  boundless  astonishment  arrd  rapture  of  this 
otherwise  undistinguished  person ;  and  he  proceeds, 
like  the  good  husband  he  is,  to  communicate  these 
revelations  to  his  wife  when  he  goes  home  at 


night  to  Lonelyville.  "The  Case  of  John  Smith: 
His  Heaven  and  His  Hell"  (Putnam),  by  Mrs. 
Charles  W.  Wetmore,  better  known  as  Elizabeth 
Bisland,  sets  forth,  in  the  space  of  244  pages,  the 
whole  "course  of  cosmic  history,"  as  we  are  asked 
to  believe, —  "the  wonders  of  the  infinitely  great 
and  the  infinitely  minute,  the  growth  and  decay  of 
worlds,  the  development  of  life,  the  formation  of 
creeds,  the  error  and  evil  and  false  ideals  with 
which  the  world  has  battled."  This  Spirit  of 
Understanding,  otherwise  called  the  Shining  Lady, 
waits  upon  John  somewhat  as  the  Cumaean  Sibyl 
gave  herself  to  the  guidance  of  JEneas,  revealing 
things  undreamt  of  by  her  disciple.  It  is  an 
enlarging  and  inspiring  revelation,  disclosing  the 
hidden  possibilities  in  every  human  soul,  awaken- 
ing us  to  a  sense  of  our  fabulously  rich  heritage, 
and  nerving  us  for  the  attainment  of  goals  hitherto 
but  dimly  visible  to  our  myopic  vision.  In  the 
course  of  her  talks,  which,  as  the  story  proceeds, 
are  not  confined  to  John  alone,  the  Shining  Lady 
shows  herself  to  be  a  monist,  holding  that  matter 
and  spirit  "are  one  and  the  same,  and  also  a 
disbeliever  in  any  first  cause,  any  creative  act;  for 
she  explains  that  "there  was  no  need  of  a  spirit 
or  first  cause  to  create  matter,"  since  "the  two 
always  existed  at  the  same  time,  and  there  was  no 
act  of  creation  at  all."  Rather  deep  water,  this, 
for  her  ladyship;  but  she  shies  at  nothing,  even 
making  bold  to  elucidate  the  wherefore  of  war  and 
the  whereby  it  may  be  avoided.  In  depicting  the 
enlightened  course  we  shall  follow  in  the  better 
future,  this  wise  person  evinces  a  sadly  ungram- 
matical  preference  for  the  auxiliary  "will"  where 
"shall"  is  meant.  But  such  high  discourse  should 
not  be  scrutinized  with  the  grammarian's  micro- 
scope. 


France  from 
1870  to  the 
great  war. 


In  his  "History  of  the  Third  French 
Republic"  (Houghton),  Professor 
C.  H.  C.  Wright  of  Harvard  Uni- 
versity sketches  the  political  history  of  France 
from  1870  to  the  outbreak  of  the  present  European 
war.  The  causes  of  the  Franco-Prussian  war  of 
1870-71,  the  government  of  the  National  Defence 
and  the  reorganization  under  Thiers,  the  framing 
of  the  Constitution  of  1875,  the  conflict  between 
MacMahon  and  the  Republicans  in  1877  which 
resulted  in  the  downfall  of  the  monarchist  presi- 
dent and  the  triumph  of  the  Republicans,  the  work 
of  Gambetta  and  Jules  Ferry,  the  Boulanger  crisis, 
the  Panama  scandal,  the  Dreyfus  affaire,  the 
Colonial  adventures  of  France,  French  foreign 
policy,  relations  with  the  Papacy  and  the  dis- 
establishment of  the  church,  are  some  of  the  more 
important  events  which  the  author  reviews  in  turn. 
Although  the  present  history  of  these  forty-five 
years  of  stirring  events  is  little  more  than  a  rapid 
sketch,  all  too  brief  to  serve  the  purposes  of  the 
specialist,  it  is  accurate  and  readable  and  contains 
much  information  which  the  general  reader  will 
find  interesting  and  instructive.  Necessarily  it  is 
largely  a  story  of  rapidly  passing  cabinets,  for  it 
is  this  more  than  anything  else  which  distinguishes 
the  parliamentary  history  of  France  from  that  of 
Great  Britain.  While  five  ministries  have  governed 


70 


THE    DIAL 


[July  15 


England  since  1870,  some  fifty-five  have  come  and 
gone  in  France.  But  we  must  not  judge  the  char- 
acter of  cabinet  government  in  France  by  this  cir- 
cumstance, because  cabinet  changes  in  that  country 
do  not  have  the  significance  that  they  have  in 
England.  Often,  indeed,  they  have  no  significance 
at  all,  for  the  downfall  of  a  ministry  does  not  mean 
(as  it  does  in  England)  the  passing  of  the  govern- 
ment from  one  political  party  to  another.  Usually 
it  involves  merely  a  change  of  personnel,  and  may 
have  no  effect  on  the  policy  of  the  government. 
The  truth  is,  there  has  been  greater  continuity  of 
policy  and  political  stability  in  France  during  the 
past  fifteen  years  than  there  has  been  in  England, 
because  during  all  this  period  the  government  has 
been  in  the  hands  of  the  same  party.  The  author's 
division  of  his  book  into  chapters  according  to  the 
administrations  of  the  presidents  of  France  may  be 
criticized  on  grounds  of  logic,  since  in  France  the 
president  of  the  Republic  is  little  more  than  a 
figure-head,  with  no  real  power.  One  is  hardly 
justified,  therefore,  in  speaking  of  the  "adminis- 
trations" of  Loubet,  Fallieres,  and  other  presi- 
dents. A  division  according  to  ministries  would 
be  more  logical. 


Psychology 


The  widespread  interest  in  psychol- 
.  °Sy  as  a  subject  for  systematic 
study  has  brought  about  a  number 
of  expert  contributions  in  this  field.  Two  of  the 
latest  of  these  contributions  are  Professor 
TitchenerV'A  Beginner's  Psychology"  (Macmillan) 
and  Professor  Pillsbury's  "Essentials  of  Psychol- 
ogy" (Macmillan).  In  Professor  Titchener's  little 
book,  which  replaces  his  "Primer  of  Psychology," 
emphasis  is  placed  upon  principles  and  a  right 
approach  and  understanding.  The  field  is  admi- 
rably surveyed,  and  a  fair  perspective  of  the  topics 
is  maintained.  The  volume  is  written  with  a  mas- 
terly pen,  from  the  ripe  experience  of  years  of 
teaching.  It  is  rare  to  find  an  adept  equally  suc- 
cessful in  preparing  comprehensive  manuals  for 
the  most  advanced  students  and  for  the  guidance 
of  the  novice.  Professor  Pillsbury's  book  is  more 
conventional  and  less  distinctive;  but  it  reaches 
a  high  level  of  skill  and  insight  in  the  several 
chapters.  It  is  concerned  with  imparting  informa- 
tion and  clarifying  conceptions,  in  intelligible 
terms.  Text-books  inevitably  generate  a  generic 
similarity  uninviting  to  the  reviewer's  task;  but 
these  little  volumes  make  reasonable  approxima- 
tion to  an  exception  to  this  rule. 


Pre-war  relations  Of  the  many  books  written  during 
of  England  the  past  two  years  on  the  genesis  of 

and  Germany.          .•>  .*>  .      ... 

the  present  world  war,  it  is  likely 
that  only  a  very  few  will  have  permanent  value. 
While  most  of  the  writers  have  no  doubt  honestly 
tried  to  base  their  conclusions  on  facts,  in  many 
cases  only  a  relatively  small  body  of  facts  has 
been  studied  and  used;  and  in  the  interpretation 
of  these  facts  prejudice  has  too  often  taken  the 
place  of  judicial  thought.  There  are  certain  nota- 
ble exceptions,  however,  and  among  these  Dr. 
Bernadotte  E.  Schmitt's  "England  and  Germany" 


(Princeton  University  Press)  is  likely  to  take  high 
rank.  Dr.  Schmitt  proposes  to  give  an  account 
of  the  relations  of  England  and  Germany  from 
the  accession  of  Frederick  the  Great  in  1740  to 
the  outbreak  of  the  European  war  in  1914;  but 
the  discussion  of  these  relations  prior  to  1870  is 
very  slight,  and  adds  but  little  to  the  value  of  the 
study.  The  work  is  not  a  narrative  history;  it  is 
rather  a  series  of  essays  on  such  subjects  as  Ger- 
man expansion,  the  rivalry  between  England  and 
Germany  as  commercial,  imperialistic,  and  naval 
powers,  the  formation  of  the  Triple  Entente,  the 
problem  of  Morocco,  and  many  more.  The  author 
concludes  that  England  did  not  want  war  and  that 
all  her  diplomatic  efforts  were  directed  toward  the 
maintenance  of  peace  in  Europe  and  the  interests 
of  the  British  Empire.  The  English  people  surely 
did  not  wish  to  fight  for  commercial  advantages,  as 
they  believed  with  Norman  Angell  that  business 
and  war  are  incompatible.  In  the  quarrel  that  pre- 
ceded the  war  the  English  had  their  part;  but  the 
author  charges. Germany  with  the  greater  responsi- 
bility for  this  unfortunate  situation.  He  also  holds 
that  while  clumsy  diplomats  were  in  large  part  to 
blame  for  the  unfriendly  relations  with  which  the 
century  began,  the  moulders  of  public  opinion, 
publicists  like  Rohrbach  and  Delbriick,  and 
chauvinistic  journals  like  "The  Saturday  Review" 
were  almost  as  much  to  blame.  Dr.  Schmitt  finds, 
however,  that  just  prior  to  the  outbreak  of  war 
the  relations  between  these  two  peoples  were  im- 
proving, that  they  were  no  longer  regarding  each 
other  with  the  earlier  jealousy  and  fear,  and  that, 
if  the  crime  of  Serajevo  had  not  created  a  des- 
perate situation  in  southeastern  Europe,  the  old 
friendship  between  England  and  Germany  might 
have  been  speedily  restored.  The  war  is  traced  to 
the  trouble  in  the  Balkans  and  the  clash  between 
the  ambitions  of  Russia  and  Austria;  but  Ger- 
many, the  author  believes,  could  have  done  much 
more  than  she  did  do  to  restrain  her  belligerent 
ally.  Dr.  Schmitt's  book  is  written  from  the  British 
point  of  view,  but  its  tone  is  moderate,  and  the 
spirit  of  propagandism  is  wholly  wanting. 


_  ,        .    .         The    probation    system   of   dealing 

Reformatories  .,,    , r      ,         ,         *,  ,  ,        ,° 

without  waiie.  wlth  law-breakers  who  are  not  hard- 
ened criminals  costs  Massachusetts, 
the  first  state  to  adopt  it,  less  than  $150,000  yearly, 
and  it  handles  with  much  success  more  than  one- 
half  the  total  number  of  cases  that  under  the  old 
system  would  have  meant  so  many  commitments  to 
cells.  The  penal  machinery  other  than  the  proba- 
tionary part  of  it  'deals  with  less  than  one-half  the 
cases  and  costs  about  $2,000,000  each  year.  Herein 
is  one  argument  out  of  many  for  giving  at  least 
to  the  beginning  criminal  one  more  chance;  and 
this  "One  More  Chance"  is  the  subject  and  the 
title  of  a  very  humanly  interesting  series  of  chap- 
ters from  the  voluminous  records  of  a  Massachu- 
setts probation  officer,  Mr.  James  P.  Ramsay, 
editorially  assisted  by  Mr.  Lewis  E.  MacBrayne, 
an  unofficial  investigator  in  the  field  of  penology. 
To  be  exact,  the  title-page  places  the  latter  name 
first,  and  it  is  Mr.  MacBrayne  who  writes  the 
preface  and  appears  to  be  responsible  for  the 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


71 


form  in  which  the  entire  narrative  is  presented. 
Encouragement  and  satisfaction  speak  in  most  of 
these  stories  of  reclamation  work  among  various 
sorts  of  human  wreckage,  or  what  threatened  to 
become  such;  but  the  pathos  and  the  despair  of 
hopeless  failure  are  not  wanting,  as  indeed  was  to 
have  been  expected.  On  the  whole,  however,  the 
system  is  splendidly  vindicated  in  these  human 
documents,  and  it  is  no  cause  for  surprise  that  its 
workings  have  so  impressed  the  outside  world  as 
to  lead  to  the  adoption  of  similar  methods  all  over 
our  own  country  and  beyond.  The  whole  of 
Scotland  now  enjoys  the  benefits,  economic  and 
moral,  resulting  from  the  introduction,  largely 
through  Mr.  Ramsay's  efforts,  of  a  system  modelled 
after  that  here  referred  to.  The  book  is  one  of 
the  "Welfare  Series"  published  by  Messrs.  Small, 
Maynard  &  Co. 


Professor  Michael  F.  Guyer*s 
"Being  Well-Born"  (Bobbs-Merrill 
Co.)  is  an  admirable  statement  of 
the  eugenic  evidence,  principles,  argument,  and 
applications.  It  gives  the  facts  with  great  pre- 
cision and  a  confident  scientific  clearness.  It  is  a 
book  for  the  layman,  but  it  is  not  written  down 
to  a  "popular"  level.  The  understanding  of  the 
data  requires  close  attention;  and  the  subject 
deserves  the  effort.  The  composite  effect  of  the 
story  is  impressive.  It  has  the  good  effect  of 
making  the  reader  feel  the  importance  of  accurate 
foundations  in  microscopic  beginnings  and  the 
technical  refinements  of  the  biologist.  Equipped 
with  the  information  of  this  book,  the  layman  can- 
not but  achieve  an  appreciation  of  the  fundamental 
importance  of  the  biological  laboratory  and  its 
contributions  to  the  social  control  which  it  estab- 
lishes. The  book  may  do  more,  and  impart  a  sense 
of  responsibility  to  the  legislative  and  civic  con- 
science when  it  tries  to  regulate  the  forces  with 
which  human  society  must  deal.  The  concluding 
chapters,  devoted  to  the  broader  bearing  of  the 
principles  of  eugenics,  are  unusually  forcible  and 
clear.  In  view  of  the  low  price  of  the  book,  it  is 
likely  to  be  widely  circulated  and  to  become  a 
standard  introduction  to  a  vital  phase  of  public 
enlightenment. 


Lowell  declares  in  one  of  his  essays 
tnat  a  great  Xerxes-.army  of  words 
will  not  march  down  to  posterity, 
that  the  feat  is  to  be  accomplished  only  by  the 
compact  and  well  organized  Ten  Thousand.  The 
case  of  Robert  Southey  may  be  cited  to  substantiate 
this  theory.  Southey  is  dimly  remembered  as  hav- 
ing been  associated  with  Coleridge  in  the  Pantisoc- 
racy  scheme,  joined  with  Wordsworth  in  a  retire- 
ment to  the  English  lake  country  as  well  as  in  a 
reaction  to  religious  and  political  conservatism, 
and  pilloried  by  Byron  in  "The  Vision  of  Judg- 
ment" and  "Don  Juan."  Of  his  narrative  poems 
none  are  read  nowadays,  and  of  his  shorter  pieces 
but  two  —  his  description  of  the  falls  of  Lodore 
and  his  glimpse  at  the  battle  of  Blenheim  through 
the  eyes  of  old  Kaspar,  who  knew  only  that  "'twas 
a  famous  victory."  As  a  prose  writer  he  is  remem- 


bered scarcely  at  all  except  through  his  "Life  of 
Nelson";  his  tale  of  the  three  bears  is  thought  of 
as  a  piece  of  folk-lore.  Yet  he  was  a  prolific 
writer;  it  is  estimated  that  his  collected  works 
would  fill  about  two  hundred  octavo  volumes.  Only, 
his  works  have  never  been  collected,  confident 
though  he  was  that  they  would  be.  Their  bulk  is 
too  great  for  that,  their  level  of  attainment  not 
high  enough.  Scholars  have  known,  however,  that 
they  contain  articles  and  passages  of  considerable 
value,  as  we  might  indeed  expect  from  the  owner 
of  so  magnificent  a  private  library  and  from  so 
persistent  a  contributor  to  "The  Quarterly 
Review."  The  need  has  been  for  some  one  to  sep- 
arate the  wheat  from  the  chaff.  This  task  has  at 
last  been  performed  by  Dr.  Jacob  Zeitlin,  of  the 
University  of  Illinois,  whose  collection  of  "Select 
Prose  of  Robert  Southey"  (Macmillan)  contains 
nearly  four  hundred  pages  of  Southey's  most  read- 
able and  significant  prose.  It  is  introduced  by  a 
scholarly  analysis  of  his  ideas,  methods,  and  style. 
The  volume  makes  accessible  a  writer  who  has  been 
too  much  ignored.  Southey  always  wrote  fluently, 
sometimes  with  genuine  power.  It  is  a  pity  that 
the  volume  does  not  include  an  excerpt  from  the 
"Life  of  Nelson"  or  any  specimens  from  the  two 
valuable  collections  of  Southey's  letters. 


Antiquated          In  an  age  that  promises  long  life 

wtfvi'uf*  th*  onty  to  tne  individual,  city,  or 
nation  that  can  furnish  the  bigger 
gun  or  the  more  spectacular  "preparedness"  parade, 
there  is  something  anomalous  in  the  simultaneous 
publication  of  two  new  editions  of  the  quaint  dis- 
courses on  long  and  sober  living  by  Luigi  Cornaro, 
the  Venetian  centenarian  of  the  sixteenth  century. 
The  one, "Discourses  on  the  Sober  Life"  (Crowell), 
is  a  paraphrased  and  modernized  version;  the 
other,  "The  Art  of  Living  Long"  (Putnam),  is  a 
more  literal  translation  that  aims  to  preserve  the 
spirit  of  the  original.  After  lauding  temperance 
and  sobriety  and  stating  clearly  how  to  gain  and 
maintain  good  health,  Cornaro  gives  his  reasons 
for  wanting  to  live  to  a  ripe  old  age.  Foremost 
among  these  is  the  desire  to  do  service  to  his 
country,  and  this  is  the  good  old-fashioned  man- 
ner in  which  he  proposes  to  "take  his  own  part": 
"Oh,  what  a  glorious  amusement!  in  which  I  find 
infinite  delight,  as  I  thereby  show  her  [Venice] 
the  means  of  improving  her  important  estuary  or 
harbor  beyond  the  possibility  of  its  filling  for 
thousands  of  years  to  come;  so  as  to  secure  to 
Venice  her  surprising  and  miraculous  title  of  a 
maiden  city,  as  she  really  is,  and  the  only  one 
in  the  whole  world :  .  .  of  showing  this  maid  and 
queen  in  what  manner  she  may  abound  with  pro- 
visions, by  improving  large  tracts  of  land,  as  well 
marshes  as  barren  sands,  to  great  profit.  .  .  of 
showing  how  Venice,  though  already  so  strong  as 
to  be  in  a  manner  impregnable,  may  be  rendered 
still  stronger;  and,  though  extremely  beautiful, 
may  still  increase  in  beauty;  though  rich,  may 
acquire  more  wealth,  and  may  be  made  to  enjoy 
better  air,  though  her  air  is  excellent.  These  three 
amusements,  all  arising  from  the  idea  of  public 
utility,  I  enjoy  in  the  highest  degree." 


72 


THE    DIAL 


[July  15 


The  first  Phillips  Brooks  once  said,  "I  think 

Bishop  of  that  I  would  rather  have  written  a 

great  biography  than  a  great  book 
of  any  sort,  as  I  would  rather  have  painted  a  great 
portrait  than  any  other  kind  of  picture."  This 
is  declared  to  be  his  own  literary  ambition  by 
Bishop  Charles  H.  Brent  in  prefacing  his  biog- 
raphy of  the  late  Henry  Yates  Satterlee,  first 
Bishop  of  Washington.  "A  Master  Builder"  he 
names  the  book,  with  sub-title  explaining  that  it  is 
"the  Life  and  Letters"  of  Bishop  Satterlee.  A 
high  ideal  has  inspired  the  author's  labors,  and  he 
portrays  for  us  an  attractive,  a  devoted,  a  lovable 
personality  in  him  who  for  more  than  forty  years 
gave  himself  to  his  chosen  work  as  a  minister  of 
religion,  and  for  twelve  of  those  years  held  the 
high  office  to  which  he  was  elected  in  1895.  A 
peculiar  fitness  attends  the  choice  of  his  biographer, 
as  Bishop  Brent  was  himself  called  with  insistent 
urgency  to  fill  the  place  left  vacant  by  his  friend's 
death  in  1908.  But  his  own  duties  in  the 
Philippines  seem  to  have  outweighed  all  other 
claims.  The  book  is  well  illustrated  and  indexed. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


All  about  the  New  York  Public  Library  may 
be  learned  agreeably  and  in  a  short  time  from  the 
handsome  illustrated  "Handbook"  issued  at  the 
modest  price  of  ten  cents  by  the  library  itself. 
The  splendid  Central  Building  of  course  claims 
first  place  and  most  space  in  this  useful  guide; 
but  the  branches  and  the  travelling  libraries  and 
the  other  adjuncts  to  the  system  are  also  men- 
tioned. Especially  informing  is  the  ten-page 
"Historical  Sketch"  near  the  end. 

Two  hundred  and  ninety-nine  short  stories  by 
modern  American,  English,  French,  German,  and 
other  writers  are  indexed  in  "A  List  of  Short 
Stories"  compiled  by  Mr.  F.  K.  W.  Drury,  assist- 
ant librarian  of  the  University  of  Illinois,  who 
invites  suggestions  as  to  the  three-hundredth  story 
to  round  out  the  list.  The  pamphlet  appears  as 
an  issue  of  the  Bulletin  of  the  Illinois  Association 
of  Teachers  of  English,  and  is  distributed  by  the 
above-named  library.  The  classification  by  lan- 
guages places  Jokai,  conveniently  but  not  quite 
accurately,  among  "the  Russian  and  other  Slavic." 
Care  and  judgment  seem  to  have  guided  the  selec- 
tion, but  every  lover  of  short  stories  will  like  to 
reconstruct  it,  omitting  and  adding  to  suit  his  own 
taste. 

The  Rev.  David  Morton,  D.D.,  who  died  eighteen 
years  ago  at  the  age  of  sixty-five,  after  more  than 
forty  years  of  notable  work  in  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church,  South,  is  the  subject  of  a  biography 
by  Bishop  Elijah  Embree  Hoss,  of  the  same 
church.  Before  he  was  quite  twenty-one,  Mr. 
Morton  became  an  itinerant  preacher;  at  thirty- 
one  he  was  elected  President  of  the  Russellville 
Academy  for  Girls;  at  forty  he  was  made  a  Pre- 
siding Elder;  and  nine  years  later  he  entered 
upon  the  Church  Extension  work  to  which  his 
fame  is  largely  due.  As  one  of  bis  friends  has 
said  of  him,  he  was  a  child  of  nature,  unaffected, 


unsophisticated,  impatient  of  sham  and  pretence. 
He  loved  "nature  in  her  visible  forms,"  and  he 
loved  naturalness  in  men  and  women.  The  book, 
attractive  in  style  and  well  illustrated,  is  issued 
by  the  Publishing  House  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church,  South,  Nashville,  Tennessee. 

The  sixth  issue  of  "The  American  Year  Book," 
edited  by  Mr.  Francis  G.  Wickware,  has  recently 
been  issued  by  Messrs.  Appleton.  It  forms  a 
record  of  events  and  progress  for  the  year  1915, 
its  material  being  arranged  under  thirty-three 
departments,  in  which  are  grouped  articles  on 
related  subjects.  "The  American  Year  Book" 
holds  an  established  place  among  reference  books, 
and  comment  on  its  numerous  excellences,  sus- 
tained from  year  to  year,  is  superfluous.  The 
introductory  sentences  of  the  article  on  American 
History  reveal  the  far-reaching  effect  of  the  Great 
War:  "In  ways  unforeseen  and  to  an  extent 
undreamed  of  a  year  ago,  every  element  of  Amer- 
ican life  has  felt  the  influence  of  the  struggle. 
The  pages  of  this  volume  exhibit  the  amazing 
diversity  of  its  effects,  which  in  many  directions 
have  been  of  profound  and  permanent  impor- 
tance." 

In  the  first  edition,  published  four  years  ago, 
Mr.  Ernest  F.  Henderson's  "Short  History  of 
Germany"  (Macmillan)  closed  with  the  assump- 
tion of  the  imperial  crown  in  the  palace  of 
Versailles  on  January  18,  1871.  Now  reissued,  the 
two  volumes  contain  additional  chapters  on  events 
and  progress  in  Germany  since  that  date.  As  was 
pointed  out  in  these  columns  (July  1,  1902)  when 
the  work  first  appeared,  the  narrative  deals  with 
political  matters  rather  to  the  neglect  of  a  discus- 
sion of  the  country's  Kulturgeschichte;  but  the  new 
material  makes  up  in  part  for  this  deficiency  by 
its  emphasis  on  recent  economic  and  social  advance- 
ment. Indeed,  after  reading  the  new  chapters, 
one  is  more  than  ready  to  agree  with  the  author 
when  he  remarks:  "It  has  been  said  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  church  that,  with  its  sacraments  and  its 
required  duties,  it  watches  over  men  from  the 
cradle  to  the  grave.  The  same  is  true  of  the 
German  Empire." 

Dr.  William  Healy,  whose  work  in  the  Juvenile 
Court  of  Chicago  is  deservedly  well  known,  is  the 
author  of  a  small  volume  entitled  "Honesty:  A 
Study  of  the  Causes  and  Treatment  of  Dishonesty 
among  Children"  (Bobbs-Merrill  Co.).  It  is  a 
practical  treatise,  free  from  the  misleading  sim- 
plicity of  moral  suasion,  and  protected  by  a  sense 
of  the  complexity  of  the  influences  which  surround 
the  youthful  offender  in  the  complex  currents  of 
the  modern  city.  The  straight  and  narrow  path 
is  ever  harder  to  find  and  tread  amid  the  perplex- 
ing yet  inviting  mazes  of  the  city  street  and  the 
crowd  on  pleasure  bent.  Temptation  takes  new 
forms,  and  the  old  rules  fail  to  hold.  The  book 
is  a  valuable  guide  for  the  social  worker.  Its 
basis  is  empirical,  which  is  proper  for  the  prac- 
tical bent  of  the  volume.  It  does  not  exaggerate 
the  complexity  of  youth,  or  minimize  the  efficiency 
of  the  ten  commandments.  It  faces  the  situation  in 
an  enlightening  and  sympathetic  effort  to  'deal 
wisely  with  the  frailties  of  human  nature. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


73 


NOTES 


"Quaker  Born,"  a  romance  of  the  Great  War 
by  Mr.  Ian  C.  Hannah,  is  announced  for  Septem- 
ber publication  by  Mr.  G.  Arnold  Shaw. 

Mrs.  Ethel  Hueston  has  written  a  sequel  to 
"Prudence  of  the  Parsonage"  which  the  Bobbs- 
Merrill  Co.  will  publish  under  the  title,  "Prudence 
Says  So." 

Mr.  Owen  Johnson's  forthcoming  novel,  "The 
Woman  Gives,"  is  a  story  of  present-day  life  in 
New  York.  Messrs.  Little,  Brown  &  Co.  expect 
to  issue  the  book  early  in  the  autumn. 

The  American  Bookplate  Society  announces  the 
publication  of  a  volume  dealing  with  the  book- 
plates of  the  late  George  W.  Eve,  written  and 
compiled  by  Mr.  George  Heath  Viner. 

Dr.  Horace  Howard  Furness,  Jr.,  is  at  work  on 
"King  John,"  which  Messrs.  Lippincott  expect 
to  issue  next  year  as  the  nineteenth  volume  in 
their  "New  Variorum  Edition"  of  Shakespeare,  j 

A    "Bibliography    of    the    Works    of    Thomas 
Hardy,"  compiled  by  Mr.  A.  P.  Webb,  will  soon 
be  issued  in  a  handsomely  printed  limited  edition 
by  the  Torch  Press  Book  Shop,  of  Cedar  Rapids,  | 
Iowa. 

Among  early  publications  expected  from  Messrs. 
Macmillan  is  Professor  R.  A.  Gregory's  new  book, 
"Discovery;  or,  The  Spirit  and  Service  of  Science," 
pointing  out  the  value  and  nobility  of  scientific 
work. 

"From  Nature  Forward"  by  Harriet  Doan 
Prentiss,  a  volume  outlining  a  system  of  psycho- 
logical reform  to  meet  the  nervous  strain  of  mod- 
ern life,  is  announced  for  immediate  issue  by 
Messrs.  Lippincott. 

Three  volumes  to  be  added  to  the  "New  Poetry 
Series"  within  the  next  two  or  three  months  are 
"Mothers  and  Men"  by  Mr.  H.  T.  Pulsifer,  and  new 
collections  of  verse  by  Josephine  Preston  Peabody 
and  Anna  Hempstead  Branch. 

"A  Political  and  Social  History  of  Modern 
Europe,"  covering  the  period  from  1500  to  1915, 
has  been  written  by  Professor  Carlton  Hayes  of 
Columbia,  and  will  be  published  this  month,  in 
two  volumes,  by  the  Macmillan  Co. 

"Helen"  by  Mr.  Arthur  Sherburne  Hardy,  "The 
Wall  Street  Girl"  by  Mr.  Frederick  Orin  Bartlett, 
and  "Filling  His  Own  Shoes"  by  Mr.  Henry  C. 
Rowland,  are  three  novels  which  Messrs.  Houghton 
Mifflin  Co.  expect  to  issue  early  in  the  autumn. 
Two  interesting  volumes  to  be  issued  by  the 
Harvard  University  Press  during  the  early  Fall 
season  are  ''The  Spiritual  Interpretation  of  His- 
tory" by  Dean  Shailer  Mathews  of  the  University 
of  Chicago,  and  "Personality  in  German  Litera- 
ture" by  Professor  Kuno  Francke  of  Harvard. 

Near  the  end  of  August  Messrs.  Holt  expect  to 
issue  a  volume  on  Handel  by  M.  Romain  Rolland. 
The  first  half  of  the  volume  deals  with  the  life 
of  the  composer;  the  second  part,  dealing  with  his 
work,  places  as  much  emphasis  on  Handel's  operas 
and  his  instrumental  works  as  on  his  oratorios. 
Among  other  novels  to  be  issued  in  the  autumn 
by  Messrs.  Putnam  are  "The  Cab  of  the  Sleeping 


Horse"  by  Mr.  John  Reed  Scott,  " Twenty-Thr** 
Minutes  to  Five"  bv  Mrs.  Anna  Katherine  Green, 
"The  Breath  of  the'  Dragon"  by  Mr.  A.  H.  Fitch, 
and  "Desmond's  Daughter"  by  Miss  Maud  Diver. 
"The  Life  and  Letters  of  Lady  Dorothy  Nevill," 
edited  by  her  son,  which  is  now  in  preparation,  will 
form  both  a  biography  and  autobiography,  con- 
taining many  new  reminiscences  and  character 
studies  from  Lady  Dorothy's  pen.  The  corre- 
spondence includes  a  selection  of  hitherto  unpub- 
lished letters  from  her  circle  of  friends. 

Professor  L.  T.  Hobhouse  has  nearly  ready  a 
new  book  entitled  "Questions  of  War  and  Peace," 
discussing,  in  the  form  of  dialogues,  such  prob- 
lems as  the  fundamental  justification  of  the  war 
and  the  effect  of  the  struggle  upon  democracy. 
To  the  dialogues  is  added  an  address  on  the  pos- 
sibility of  effecting  some  form  of  international 
organization  to  prevent  future  catastrophes. 

"The  Founding  of  Spanish  California:  The 
Northwestward  Expansion  of  New  Spain,  1687- 
1783,"  is  the  title  of  a  forthcoming  work  by 
Professor  Charles  E.  Chapman,  of  the  University 
of  California.  Based  almost  wholly  on  hitherto 
unused  materials,  the  work  tends  to  show  that  the 
history  of  California  is  not  only  interesting  of 
itself,  but  that  it  is  also  important  in  the  devel- 
opment of  the  nation. 

Several  important  biographies  are  included  in 
the  preliminary  autumn  announcement  list  of 
Houghton  Mifflin  Co.  Among  others  are  Mr. 
Frank  Sanborn's  "Life  of  Thoreau,"  Mr.  John 
Spencer  Clark's  "Life  of  John  Fiske,"  and  Hon. 
Albert  J.  Beveridge's  "Life  of  John  Marshall." 
Interesting  biographical  material  will  also  be 
found  in  a  volume  of  "Letters  of  Richard  Watson 
Gilder,"  edited  by  his  daughter,  Miss  Rosamund 
Gilder. 

A  posthumous  work  of  Thomas  Macdonagh,  the 
Irish  rebel  and  poet,  who  was  recently  executed, 
is  ready  for  immediate  issue.  Macdonagh  was  a 
lecturer  at  University  College,  Dublin,  and  the 
author  of  two  other  volumes,  "Songs  of  Myself," 
and  a  treatise  on  "Thomas  Campion  and  the  Art 
of  English  poetry."  The  new  book  is  entitled 
"Literature  in  Ireland:  Studies  Irish  and  Anglo- 
Irish,"  and  represents  an  inquiry  into  the  char- 
acteristics of  what  the  author  calls  the  "Irish 
mode,"  the  various  features  of  which  are  illus- 
trated by  a  selection  of  pieces  showing  the  influ- 
ence of  Gaelic  verse. 

A  study  of  "The  Estate  of  George  Washington, 
i  Deceased";   described  in  the  sub-title  as  "a  his- 
torical and  legal  account  of  his  last  will  and  tes- 
tament  and   the   administration   thereof,   together 
with  documents  and  other  illustrations,"  is  being 
prepared    by    Mr.    Eugene    E.    Prussing    of    the 
i  Chicago  bar.    Mr.  Prussing  will  be  greatly  obliged 
to  all  librarians  and  others  who  will  communicate 
i  with  him  concerning  the  existence  and  possession 
of  material  relating  to  this  phase  of  Washington's 
j  history,  such  as  account  books,  legal  records  and 
,  papers,  the  location  and  subsequent  use  of  lands 
j  owned   by   Washington,   and   similar   data.      His 
address  is  Room  1122,  No.  112  W.  Adams  Street, 
Chicago. 


THE    DIAL 


[July  15 


We  learn  by  way  of  the  London  "Times"  that 
the  Harvard  College  Library  has  lately  come  into 
possession  of  a  remarkable  collection  of  English 
historical  broadsides  and  proclamations  printed 
between  1626  and  1700.  The  collection  has  been 
formed  during  the  past  quarter  of  a  century  by  a 
well-known  collector,  and  was  sold  on  his  behalf 
to  Harvard  by  Messrs.  Dobell,  of  London.  The 
only  collections  to  rival  that  of  Harvard  were 
those  of  Colonel  F.  Grant,  Mr.  J.  E.  Hodgkin 
(both  now  dispersed),  and  that  in  the  possession  of 
Lord  Crawford.  There  are  nearly  eight  hundred 
separate  pieces.  Four  relate  to  Nell  Gwynne  and 
the  Duchess  of  Portsmouth;  a  large  and  very  val- 
uable collection  concerns  the  Duke  of  Monmouth 
and  the  rising  in  the  West  of  England,  and  an 
even  more  wonderful  series  concerns  the  Rump 
Parliament,  among  which  are  many  of  a  satirical 
character.  Another  extraordinary  series  printed  in 
1659  deals  with  the  affairs  leading  up  to  the 
Restoration  of  the  Monarchy.  There  are  also 
various  ordinances  issued  by  the  Royalists  and  by 
the  Commonwealth  Parliaments,  and  a  large  num- 
ber concerning  the  doings  of  Charles  I.  during 
the  most  eventful  period  of  his  history.  Accounts 
of  fires  form  another  feature  of  the  collection. 


TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS. 

July,  1916. 


Agricultural  Revival  in   Massachusetts.     R.   S. 

Baker World's  Work 

America:  Rich  and  Hungry.  Allan  L.  Benson  .  Pearson's 
America,  Trans-National.  R.  S.  Bourne  .  .  .  Atlantic 
Andes,  A  Lost  City  of  the.  H.  A.  Franck  .  .  .  Century 
Animal-Breeding  Industry.  Raymond  Pearl  .  .  Scientific 
Armenians  under  Russia.  G.  F.  Herrick  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Australia:  A  Real  Democracy.  W.  M.  Hughes  .  Pearson's 
Balkans,  The  Simmering.  T.  L.  Stoddard  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Belgium,  A  Family  in.  Mrs.  Arthur  Gleason  .  .  Century 
Black  Death,  The.  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell  ....  Scientific 
Bomb-Thrower  in  the  Trenches.  Lieutenant  Z.  .  Scribner 

Brashear,  John  A.  Merle  Crowell American 

British  Imperial  Federation.  George  B.  Adams  .  .  Yale 
Buddhist  Art  in  India.  Ananda  Coomaraswamy  .  Scribner 
Banner,  H.  C.,  Uncollected  Poems  of.  Brander 

Matthews  Bookman 

China,  New  President  of.  H.  K.  Tong  .  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
China,  Trade  Organization  in.  A.  C.  Muhse  Am.  Econ.  Rev. 

Clowns.  Wyndham  Martin Pearson's 

College  Life,  Remaking  of.  G.  F.  Kearney  .  .  Scribner 
Columbus's  Fishing  Story.  C.  R.  Eastman  .  .  Scientific 
Connecticut's  Music  Festival.  Lawrence  Oilman  No.  Amer. 

Cooper's  Letters.  J.  Fenimore  Cooper,  Jr Yale 

Country  School,  Rebirth  of.  Carl  Holliday  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 

Crime,  Some  Fallacies  about Unpopular 

Daniels,  Josephus.  B.  J.  Hendrick  . .  .  World's  Work 
Davis,  Richard  Harding.  Theodore  Roosevelt  .  .  Scribner 
Democracy,  America  and.  W.  R.  Boyd  .  .  .  No.  Amer. 
Desert,  The  Variable.  J.  Arthur  Harris  .  .  Everybody's 
Drama,  Scrambled,  Action,  Reaction  and  the  .  Unpopular 
Drinking,  Jobs  and.  Edwin  F.  Bowers  .  .  .  American 
Eastland  Disaster,  The.  Edith  Wyatt  .  .  .Metropolitan 
Ecole  Normale  Superieure.  Maurice  Lavarenne  .  .  Yale 

Edinburgh.  Samuel  P.  Orth .  Century 

Educational  Biases Unpopular 

Efficiency,  The  Crime  of Unpopular 

Exports.  Charles  A.  Gilchrist Scientific 

Family,  Break-Up  of  the.  W.  L.  George  .  .  .  Harper 

Federalization,  Spread  of Unpopular 

Feminism  and  Psychology.  George  M.  Stratton  .  Century 
Fire  Insurance.  Maynard  M.  Metcalf  ....  Scientific 
Free  Speech,  Abuse  of.  Roger  B.  Wood  ....  Forum 

Gallipoli.  A.  John  Gallishaw Century 

Gallipoli,  With  Zionists  in.  J.  H.  Patterson  .  .  .  Forum 

Gavarnie.  Amy  Oakley Harper 

German  Autocracy.  Kuno  Francke Yale 

German-Americanism,  The  Failure  of  ....  Atlantic 
Germany  and  American  Preparedness  .  .  .  Unpopular 
Germany's  Frenzied  Trade.  Maurice  Milliod  .  World's  Work 

Girlhood  —  II.  Katherine  Keith  Atlantic 

Goethe  and  Eckermann Unpopular 


Greece  and  Science  and  Medicine.  D.  F.  Harris  Everybody's 

Haig,  Sir  Douglas.  A.  G.  Gardiner Century 

Harding,  Chester.  Robert  Shackleton  ....  Harper 
Harrison,  Nomination  of.  Wharton  Barker  .  .  Pearson's 
Hughes,  Charles  E.  William  B.  Shaw  .  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Illiterate,  The  American.  Winthrop  Talbot  .  World's  Work 
Immigrant,  Americanizing  the.  H.  P.  Fairchild  .  .  Yale 
Independence  Day,  The  New.  Howard  Wheeler  Everybody's 
International  Matters.  Theodore  Roosevelt  .  Metropolitan 

Iowa.  Herbert  Quick American 

Irish  Insurrection,  The.  Sydney  Brooks  .  .  .  No.  Amer. 
Italy,  Industrial  Future  of.  Raphael  Zon  ....  Yale 

James,  Henry.  William  Lyon  Phelps Yale 

Japanese  Peril,  The.  Sigmund  Henschen  ....  Forum 
Kalaupapa,  the  Leper  Settlement.  Katharine  F. 

Gerould  Scribner 

Kitchener  of  Khartoum.  Charles  Johnston  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Liberty  and  Discipline.  A.  Lawrence  Lowell  .  .  .  Yale 
Life,  Origin  and  Evolution  of.  H.  F.  Osborn  .  Scientific 
Literary  Property,  Concerning.  A.  B.  Maurice  .  Bookman 
Lusitania  Victim,  Communications  from  a  .  .  Unpopular 
McCormick,  Medill.  W.  A.  White  ....  Metropolitan 

Maine  Coast,  Along  the.  E.  P.  Morris Yale 

Mexico,  Socialism  in.  M.  C.  Rolland Forum 

Military  Training  in  Public  Schools.  L.  M. 

Green Rev.  of  Revs. 

Militia  "  Lobby,"  The  Organized.  G.  L.  Harding  Everybody's 
Monroe  Doctrine  and  the  War.  W.  M. 

Fullerton World's  Work 

Morningside  Heights,  New  York  City.  Simeon 

Strunsky Harper 

Motion  Study,  Magic  of.  R.  T.  Townsend  .  World's  Work 

Munition-Making,  Truth  about  Our Forum 

National  Conventions,  The.  George  Harvey  .  No.  Amer. 

Neighbors.  Eugene  Wood Century 

Novel,  English,  Advance  of  the — X.  W.  L.  Phelps  Bookman 
Pacifism,  Instinctive  Bases  of.  F.  L.  Wells  .  .  Atlantic 
Pacifists,  Nourishment  of  the.  Samuel  Crowther  .  Forum 
Panama  Canal,  The.  C.  E.  Grunsky  ....  Scientific 
Panda,  The  Plains  of.  G.  A.  Chamberlain  .  .  .  Century 
Parents  and  Schools.  Abraham  Flexner  .  .  .  Atlantic 
Pascoli,  Giovanni.  Ruth  S.  Phelps  ....  No.  Amer. 
Peace  Problem,  The.  John  B.  Moore  ....  No.  Amer. 
Pedagogy,  The  Professor  of  —  Once  More  .  .  Unpopular 
Perez,  J.  L.,  and  Yiddish  Literature.  H.  T. 

Schmittkind Bookman 

Peru,  Master  Weavers  of.  M.  D.  C.  Crawford  .  .  Harper 

Poetry,  What  Is  Meant  by Unpopular 

Political  Issues  of  1916.  John  H.  Hammond  .  .  .  Forum 

Preparedness.  Hiram  Bingham Yale 

Prohibition  Does  not  Prohibit.  Floyd  Keeler  .  .  Atlantic 

Public  Ownership.  R.  G.  Collier Pearson's 

Railroad  Right-of-Way.  A.  M.  Sakolski  .  Am.  Econ.  Rev. 

Railroads,  Government  Control  of Unpopular 

Railways  and  Their  Employees.  S.  O.  Dunn  .  No.  Amer. 
Readers,  Old  School.  Caroline  F.  Richardson  .  .  .  Yale 
Real  Estate  Business,  New  Conscience  in.  Herbert 

Quick World's  Work 

Red  Cross  and  R.  A.  M.  C.  W.  T.  Grenfell  .  .  Atlantic 

Rehan,  Ada.  Fola  La  Follette Bookman 

Rossetti's  Art.  Arthur  Symons No.  Amer. 

Rural  Credits.  Charles  Edward  Russell  .  .  .  Pearson's 
Russian  Offensive,  The.  Charles  Johnston  .  .  No.  Amer. 
Russia's  Great  Victory.  Frank  H.  Simonds  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 

Salt-Marshes.  Richard  Le  Gallienne Harper 

San  Antonio.  Ernest  Peixotto Scribner 

Socialist  Theory.  George  R.  Lunn  ....  Metropolitan 

Soldier,  Psychology  of  the Unpopular 

Sothern,  E.  H.,  Further  Reminiscences  of  ...  Scribner 
Spies  and  Snipers.  W.  J.  Robinson  .  .  .  World's  Work 
Switzerland's  Part.  Marie-Marguerite  Frechette  .  Atlantic 
Tax  Exemption.  T.  S.  Adams  ....  Am.  Econ.  Rev. 
Teachers  and  the  Pension  Bill.  Sonya  Levien  Metropolitan 
Trade,  Foreign,  through  Combination.  J.  D. 

Whelpley Century 

Values.  Arthur  Colton Yale 

Verdun.  Henry  Sheahan Atlantic 

Wage  Theories  in  Arbitration.  Wilson 

Compton Am.  Econ.  Rev. 

War,  After  the.  Maurice  Maeterlinck  ....  Forum 
War,  Economic  Effects  of  the.  A.  S.  Dewing  .  .  .  Yale 
War,  Financial  Illusions  of  the.  T.  W.  Lamont  .  Harper 
War,  Resources  in  Men  for.  H.  M.  Chittenden  .  Scientific 
War  and  the  Women.  Israel  Zangwill  .  .  Metropolitan 
War  Correspondent,  Experience  of  a.  Warrington 

Dawson  Atlantic 

War  Problems,  Our  Threatening.  H.  O.  Stickney  .  Forum 

War  Songs.  Brander  Matthews Everybody's 

Washington,  Literary  Landmarks  of.  Paul 

Wilstach Bookman 

Washington  and  "  Entangling  Alliances."  R.  G. 

Usher No.  Amer. 

Wells,  H.  G.  John  Haynes  Holmes  ....  Bookman 
Whittier  Poem,  An  Unpublished.  Agnes  Smith  .  Bookman 
Wilson  Administration,  The.  T.  R.  Marshall  .  .  Forum 
Wilson  the  Candidate.  L.  Ames  Brown  .  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 

Woman,  Joys  of  Being  a Unpopular 

Woman  Who  Writes,  The.  Winifred  Kirkland  .  Atlantic 
Yuan  Shi  Kai.  W.  E.  Griffis No.  Amer. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


LIST  OF  XEAV  BOOKS. 


[The  following  list,  containing  106  titles,  includes 
books  received  by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 

BIOGRAPHY    AND    REMINISCENCES. 

Alfred  RnBsel  Wallace:  Letters  and  Reminiscences. 
By  James  Marchant.  With  portrait,  8vo,  507 
pages.  Harper  &  Brothers.  $5. 

The  Life  of  Benjamin  Disraeli,  Earl  of  Beacons- 
field.  By  George  Earle  Buckle.  Volume  IV, 
1855-1868.  Illustrated  in  photogravure,  etc., 
large  8vo,  610  pages.  Macmillan  Co.  $3. 

The  Memoirs  of  a  Physician.  Translated  from  the 
Russian  of  Vikenty  Veressayev;  with  introduc- 
tion and  notes  by  Henry  Pleasants,  Jr.,  M.D. 
12mo,  374  pages.  Alfred  A.  Knopf.  $1.50. 

Napoleon  In  His  Own  Words.  By  Jules  Bertaut: 
translated  from  the  French  by  Herbert  Edward 
Law  and  Charles  Lincoln  Rhodes.  With  por- 
trait, 12mo,  167  pages.  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.  $1. 

Life  of  Henry  'Winter  Davis.  By  Bernard  C. 
Steiner.  With  portrait,  12mo,  416  pages.  Balti- 
more, Md.:  John  Murphy  Co.  $1.50. 

HISTORY. 

A  History  of  the  National  Capital.  By  Wilhelmus 
Bogart  Bryan.  Volume  II,  1815-1878.  Large 
8vo,  707  pages.  Macmillan  Co.  $5. 

Virginia  Loyalists,  1775-1783,  and  Other  Essays. 
Edited  by  D.  R.  Anderson,  Ph.D.  8vo,  355  pages. 
Richmond,  Va.:  Richmond  College  Historical 
Papers.  Paper,  $1. 

A  Short  History  of  Germany.  By  Ernest  F.  Hen- 
derson. New  edition;  in  2  volumes,  with  maps, 
large  Svo.  Macmillan  Co.  $3.50. 

GENERAL    LITERATURE. 

Shakespeare:  An  Address.  By  George  Edward 
Woodberry.  12mo,  36  pages.  New  York:  Wood- 
berry  Society.  $1.50. 

Dante:  How  to  Know  Him.  By  Alfred  M.  Brooks. 
With  portrait,  12mo,  387  pages.  Bobbs-Merrill 
Co.  $1.25. 

One  Hundred  Best  Books:  With  Commentary  and 
Essay  on  Books  and  Reading.  By  John  Cowper 
Powys.  12mo,  73  pages.  G.  Arnold  Shaw.  75  cts. 

A  Study  of  Archaism  In  Euripides.  By  Clarence 
Augustus  Manning,  Ph.D.  Large  Svo,  95  pages. 
Columbia  University  Press.  $1.25. 

On  the  Campus.  By  Thomas  H.  McBride.  Svo,  262 
pages.  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa:  The  Torch  Press. 
$1.25. 

A  Dominie's  Log?.  By  A.  S.  Neill,  M.A.  12mo,  219 
pages.  Robert  McBride  &  Co.  $1. 

VERSE    AND    DRAMA. 

Ephemera:     Greek    Prose    Poems.      By    Mitchell    S. 

Buck.    12mo,  65  pages.    Philadelphia:  Nicholas  L. 

Brown.     $2.25. 
Ships  In  Port.     By  Lewis  Worthington  Smith.    12mo, 

116  pages.     G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.     $1.25. 
Flashlights.      By    Mary    Aldis.      12mo,    130    pages. 

Duffleld  &  Co.     $1.25. 
Songs  of  Armageddon,  and  Other  Poems.    By  George 

Sylvester    Viereck.      12mo,    60    pages.      Mitchell 

Kennerley.     $1. 
Poems  of  the  Irish  Revolutionary  Brotherhood.    By 

Thomas  MacDonagh,  P.  H.  Pearse,  Joseph  Mary 

Plunkett,  Sir  Roger  Casement;  edited  by  Padraic 

Colum  and  Edward  J.  O'Brien.     16mo,  60  pages. 

Small,  Maynard  &  Co.     50  cts. 
••Adventurers     All"     Series.       First     volumes:      The 

Escaped   Princess,   and   other  poems,   by   W.    R. 

Childe;  Thursday's  Child,  by  Elizabeth  Rendall; 

Bohemian    Glass,    by    Esther    Lilian    Duff;    Con- 
tacts,   by    T.    W.    Earp.      Each    12mo.      Oxford: 

B.  H.  Blackwell.     Paper. 
Albion  and  Rosamond  and  The  Living  Voice:    Two 

Dramas.      By  Anna  Wolfrom.      12mo,    185   pages. 

Sherman,   French  &   Co.     $1.25. 
The  Son  of  Man:    An  Epic.     By  Percival  W.  Wells. 

Illustrated,    12mo,   152   pages.     Wantagh,   N.    Y.: 

Bartlett  Publishing  Co.     $1.25. 
Songs    of    a    Golden    Age,    and    Other    Poems.      By 

Elizabeth    F.    Sturtevant.      Illustrated,    12mo,    80 

pages.     Richard  G.  Badger.     $1. 
The    Rime    Nnove   of    Gionse    Cardnccl.      Translated 

from    the    Italian    by    Laura    Fullerton    Gilbert. 

12mo,   186  pages.     Richard  G.   Badger.     $1.25. 


Poems.     By  Chester  Firkins.     With  portrait,  12mo, 

198  pages.     Sherman,  French  &  Co.     $1.25. 
The    Pipes    o5    Pan:     A    Wood    Dream.     By    Sylvia 

Sherman.     Illustrated,   12mo,  81  pages.     Richard 

G.  Badger.     $1. 
Poems   of   Panama,   and    Other   Verse.      By    George 

"VTarburton   Lewis.      12mo,    56    pages.      Sherman, 

French  &  Co.     $1. 
Songs  of  a  Vagrom  Angel.     Written  down  by  Elsa 

Barker.      12mo,    55    pages.      Mitchell    Kennerley. 

Everyman  Militant:    A  Modern  Morality.    By  Ewing 

Rafferty.     12mo,   71  pages.     Sherman,  French  & 

Co.     $1. 
Epitaphs   of    Some    Dear   Dumb   Beasts.      By   Isabel 

Valle.     Illustrated,  12mo,  59  pages.     The  Gorham 

Press.     $1. 

FICTION. 

These  Lynnekers.  By  J.  D.  Beresford.  12mo,  456 
pages.  George  H.  Doran  Co.  $1.50. 

The  Human  Boy  and  the  War.  By  Eden  Phillpotts. 
12mo,  291  pages.  Macmillan  Co.  $1.25. 

Three  Son*  and  a  Mother.  By  Gilbert  Cannan. 
12mo,  547  pages.  George  H.  Doran  Co.  $1.50. 

The  Plunderers.  By  Edwin  Lefevre.  With  frontis- 
piece, 12mo,  334  pages.  Harper  &  Brothers. 
$1.25. 

Pierre  Noxlere.  By  Anatole  France;  translated 
from  the  French  by  J.  Lewis  May.  Svo,  283 
pages.  John  Lane  Co.  $1.75. 

The  World  Mender.  By  Maxwell  Gray.  12mo,  466 
pages.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  $1.35. 

Blow  the  Man  Down:  A  Romance  of  the  Coast.  By 
Holman  Day.  With  frontispiece,  12mo,  462  pages. 
Harper  &  Brothers.  $1.35. 

The  Bright  Eyes  of  Danger:  Being  a  Chronicle  of 
the  Adventures  of  Edmund  Layton  of  Darehope- 
in-Liddisdaill.  Written  by  himself  and  now 
edited  by  John  Foster.  With  frontispiece  in 
color,  12mo,  334  pages.  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co. 
$1.35. 

The  Old  House,  and  Other  Tales.  By  Feodor 
Sologub;  translated  from  the  Russian  by  John 
Cournos.  Second  edition:  12mo,  295  pages. 
Alfred  A.  Knopf.  $1.50. 

When  Pan  Pipes:  A  Fantastic  Romance.  By  Mary 
Taylor  Thornton.  12mo,  408  pages.  George  H. 
Doran  Co.  $1.35. 

Louise  and  Barnavaux.  By  Pierre  Mille;  trans- 
lated from  the  French  by  Berengere  Drillien. 
Illustrated  in  color,  266  pages.  John  Lane  Co. 
$1.25. 

Good  Old  Anna.  By  Mrs.  Belloc  Lowndes.  12mo. 
365  pages.  George  H.  Doran  Co.  $1.35. 

Tales  from  a  Boy's  Fancy:  A  Volume  of  Stories 
and  Poems.  By  Harvey  Shawmeker.  12mo,  320 
pages.  Kansas  City,  Mo.:  Burton  Publishing 
Co.  $1.50. 

TRAVEL  AND  DESCRIPTION. 

The   Gate   of   Asia:     A   Journey    from    the   Persian 

Gulf  to   the   Black    Sea.     By   William   Warfleld. 

Illustrated,     Svo,    374    pages.      G.    P.    Putnam's 

Sons.     $2.50. 
Early   Days   In   Old   Oregon.     By   Katherine   Berry 

Judson,  M.A.     Illustrated,  12mo,  263  pages.   A.  C. 

McClurg  &  Co.     $1. 

PUBLIC  AFFAIRS. — SOCIOLOGY,  ECONOMICS, 
AND  POLITICS. 

An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Organized  Labor 
In  America.  By  George  Gorham  Groat,  Ph.D. 
12mo,  494  pages.  Macmillan  Co.  $1.75. 

Principles      of      Constitutional       Government.       By 

Frank  J.  Goodnow,  LL.D.    Svo,  396  pages.   Harper 

&  Brothers.     $2. 
Americanism:    What   It   Is.     By   David  Jayne   HilL 

12mo,  280  pages.     D.  Appleton  &  Co.     $1.25. 
The  Function  of   Socialization   In   Social  Evolution. 

By  Ernest  W.  Burgess.     Svo,  237  pages.    Univer- 
sity of  Chicago  Press.     $1.25. 
Poverty  and  Social  Progress.   By  Maurice  Parmelee, 

Ph.D.     Svo,  477  pages.     Macmillan  Co.     $1.75. 
The  Tariff  Problem  In  China.     By  Chin  Chu,  Ph.D. 

Svo,     192     pages.      Columbia     University     Press. 

Paper,  $1.50. 
Social    Problems:     A    Study    of   Present-Day    Social 

Conditions.      By     Ezra     Thayer     Towne,     Ph.D. 

12mo,  406  pages.     Macmillan  Co.     $1. 
Democracy     or     Despotism.      By     Walter     Thomas 

Mills.    M.A.       With    portrait,     12mo,    246    pages. 

Berkeley.  Calif.:    International  School  of  Social 

Economy. 


76 


THE   DIAL 


[July  15 


Reclaiming:  the  Ballot.     By  Ward  Macauley.  12mo, 

109  pages.     Duffleld  &  Co.     75  cts. 
The  Super-State  and  the  Eternal  Values.    By  J.  Mark 

Baldwin,    Hon.    LL.D.      12mo,    38    pages.      Oxford 

University  Press.     Paper. 

THE    GREAT   WAR. — ITS    PROBLEMS,    CAUSES, 
AND    CONSEQUENCES. 

"What  Is  Coming?  A  European  Forecast.  By  H.  G. 
Wells.  12mo,  294  pages.  Macmillan  Co.  $1.50. 

Inter  Armai  Being  Essays  Written  in  Time  of 
War.  By  Edmund  Gosse,  C.B.  12mo,  248  pages. 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.50. 

The  Things  Men  Fight  Fori  With  Some  Application 
to  Present  Conditions  in  Europe.  By  H.  H. 
Powers,  Ph.D.  12mo,  382  pages.  Macmillan  Co. 
$1.50. 

Action  Front.  By  Boyd  Cable.  12mo,  295  pages. 
E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $1.35. 

From  Mons  to  Ypres  with  General  French!  A  Per- 
sonal Narrative.  By  Frederic  Coleman.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  381  pages.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $1.50. 

The  Restoration  of  Europe.  By  Alfred  H.  Fried; 
translated  from  the  German  by  Lewis  Stiles 
Gannett.  12mo,  157  pages.  Macmillan  Co.  $1. 

Prisoner  of  "War.  By  Andrfi  Warnod;  translated 
from  the  French  by  M.  Jordain.  Illustrated, 
12mo,  172  pages.  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.  $1. 

Instincts  of  the  Herd  In  Peace  and  War.  By  W. 
Trotter.  12mo,  213  pages.  Macmillan  Co.  $1.25. 

The  German  Republic.  By  Walter  Wellman.  12mo, 
202  pages.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $1. 

Dlxmude!  The  Epic  of  the  French  Marines.  By 
Charles  Le  Gome;  translated  from  the  French 
by  Florence  Simmonds.  Illustrated,  12mo,  164 
pages.  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.  $1. 

Under  Three  Flags*  With  the  Red  Cross  in  Bel- 
gium, France,  and  Servia.  By  St.  Clair 
Livingston  and  Ingeborg  Steen-Hansen.  12mo, 
238  pages.  Macmillan  Co.  $1. 

In  the  Field  (1914-1915):  The  Impressions  of  an 
Officer  of  Light  Cavalry.  By  Marcel  Dupont; 
translated  by  H.  W.  Hill.  12mo,  307  pages.  J.  B. 
Lippincott  Co.  $1. 

ART   AND    ARCHITECTURE. 

Gandler-Brzeskai  A  Memoir.  By  Ezra  Pound.  Illus- 
trated, large  8vo,  168  pages.  John  Lane  Co. 
$3.50. 

Community  Drama  and  Pageantry.  By  Mary  Porter 
Beegle  and  Jack  Randall  Crawford.  Illustrated 
in  photogravure,  etc.,  large  8vo,  370  pages.  Yale 
University  Press.  $2.50. 

The  Antique  Greek  Dance  after  Sculptured  and 
Painted  Figures.  By  Maurice  Emmanuel;  trans- 
lated from  the  French  by  Harriet  Jean  Beauley, 
with  drawings  by  A.  Collombar  and  the  author. 
Illustrated,  large  8vo,  304  pages.  John  Lane  Co. 
$3. 

A  History  of  Sculpture.  By  Harold  North  Fowler, 
Ph.D.  Illustrated,  12mo,  445  pages.  Macmillan 
Co.  $2. 

"The  Studio"  Year  Book  of  Decorative  Art,  1916. 
Illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  4to,  182  pages.  John 
Lane  Co.  Paper,  $2.50. 

English  Mural  Monuments  and  Tombstones.  By 
Herbert  Batsford;  with  introduction  by  Walter 
H.  Godfrey,  F.  S.  A.  Illustrated,  large  8vo. 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

Ideal  Homes  In  Garden  Communities!  A  Book  of 
Stock  Plans.  By  Francis  Pierpont  Davis  and 
others.  Illustrated,  8vo,  80  pages.  McBride, 
Nast  &  Co.  $1. 

Roma!  Ancient,  Subterranean,  and  Modern  Rome  in 
Word  and  Picture.  By  Albert  Kuhn;  with 
preface  by  Cardinal  Gibbons.  Parts  XIV,  XV, 
and  XVI.  Each  illustrated,  4to.  Benziger 
Brothers.  Paper,  each  35  cts. 

PHILOSOPHY,    PSYCHOLOGY,    AND    ETHICS. 

Rest   Days:    A  Study   in  Early  Law  and  Morality. 

By     Hutton     Webster,     Ph.D.       8vo,     325     pages. 

Macmillan  Co.     $3. 
Essays   In    Experimental   Logic.      By    John    Dewey. 

12mo,    444   pages.      University   of   Chicago   Press. 

$1.75. 
The  Human   Worth    of  Rigorous  Thinking!    Essays 

and    Addresses.      By    Cassius    J.    Keyser,    LL.D. 

12mo,  314  pages.     Columbia  University  Press. 
Peeps  Into  the  Psychic  World:   The  Occult  Influence 

of  Jewels  and  Many  Other  Things.     By  M.  Mac 

Dermot     Crawford.      12mo,     203     pages.      J.     B 

Lippincott  Co.     $1.25. 


The  Business  of  Being  a  Friend.    By  Bertha  Conde; 

with    introduction    by    Richard    C.    Cabot,    M.D. 

12mo,  122  pages.     Houghton  Mifflin  Co.     $1.25. 
Self-Reliance.     By  Dorothy  Canfleld  Fisher.     12mo, 

243     pages.       "Childhood     and     Youth     Series." 

Bobbs-Merrill  Co.     $1. 
The    Measurement    of    Intelligence.      By    Lewis    M. 

Terman.       12mo,    362    pages.      Houghton    Mifflin 

Co.     $1.50. 
Making  Happiness  Epidemic.     By  William  Vernon 

Backus.      16mo,    78    pages.      Henry    Holt    &    Co. 

50  cts. 

EDUCATION. — BOOKS   FOR   SCHOOL  AND 
COLLEGE. 

The  Education  of  the  Ne'er-Do-Well.  By  William 
H.  Dooley.  12mo,  164  pages.  "Riverside  Edu- 
cational Monographs."  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 
60  cts. 

A  Comprehensive  Plan  of  Insurance  and  Annuities 
for  College  Teachers.  By  Henry  S.  Pritchett. 
Large  8vo,  67  pages.  New  York:  Carnegie 
Foundation  for  the  Advancement  of  Teaching. 
Paper. 

Medieval  and  Modern  Times.  By  James  Harvey 
Robinson,  Ph.D.  12mo,  777  pages.  Ginn  &  Co. 
$1.60. 

Organic  Agricultural  Chemistry.  By  Joseph  Scudder 
Chamberlain,  Ph.D.  12mo,  319  pages.  Macmillan 
Co. 

Text-Book  of  Land  Drainage.  By  Joseph  A.  Jeff ery. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  256  pages.  Macmillan  Co. 
$1.25. 

Outlines  of  Industrial  Chemistry  t  A  Text-Book  for 
Students.  By  Frank  Hall  Thorp,  Ph.D.  Third 
revised  and  enlarged  edition;  illustrated,  8vo, 
665  pages.  Macmillan  Co.  $3.25. 

BOOKS    FOR   THE   YOUNG. 

Marooned  in  the  Forest  t  The  Story  of  a  Primitive 
Fight  for  Life.  By  A.  Hyatt  Verrill.  Illustrated, 
12mo,  230  pages.  Harper  &  Brothers.  $1.25. 

The  Monster-Hunters.  By  Francis  Rolt-Wheeler. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  348  pages.  Lothrop,  Lee  & 
Shepard  Co.  $1.25. 

War  Path  and  Hunting  Trail:  Adventures  of  Indian 
Boys.  By  Elmer  Russell  Gregor.  With  frontis- 
piece, 12mo,  203  pages.  Harper  &  Brothers. 
60  cts. 

Lafayette.  By  Martha  Foote  Crow.  With  portrait, 
12mo,  201  pages.  "True  Stories  of  Great  Ameri- 
cans." Macmillan  Co.  50  cts. 

BOOKS    OF    REFERENCE. 

Who's  Who  In  America!  A  Biographical  Dictionary 
of  Notable  Living  Men  and  Women  of  the  United 
States.  Edited  by  Albert  Nelson  Marquis.  Vol- 
ume IX,  1916-1917.  12mo,  3023  pages.  A.  N. 
Marquis  &  Co. 

The  New  International  Year  Book:  A  Compendium 
of  the  World's  Progress  for  the  Year  1915. 
Edited  by  Frank  Moore  Colby,  M.A.  Illustrated, 
4to,  752  pages.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. 

A  Handbook  of  American  Private  Schools  t  An 
Annual  Publication.  12mo,  604  pages.  Boston: 
Porter  E.  Sargent. 

A  List  of  Newspapers  In  the  Yale  University 
Library.  Volume  II,  Miscellany.  Large  8vo,  216 
pages.  Yale  University  Press.  $3. 

John  Milton:  Topical  Bibliography.  By  Elbert  N. 
S.  Thompson,  Ph.D.  12mo,  104  pages.  Yale  Uni- 
versity Press.  $1.15. 

English    for    Business    as    Applied    in    Commercial, 
Technical,    and    Other    Secondary    Schools.      By 
Edward  Harlan  Webster.     12mo,  440  pages.    New  ' 
York:    Newson  &  Co.     $1.20. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Making  Type  Work.  By  Benjamin  Sherbow.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  129  pages.  Century  Co.  $1.25. 

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versity Press.  Paper,  >1.50. 

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Dogs  of  All  Nations.  By  W.  E.  Mason.  Illustrated, 
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Eat  and  Be  Well*  Eat  and  Get  Well,  By  Eugene 
Christian,  F.S.D.  12mo,  131  pages.  Alfred  A. 
Knopf.  $1. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


77 


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VOLUME  LXI.                                                   JULY  15,  1916                                                     NUMBER  721 

INDEX  OP  BOOKS  REVIEWED  c 

PAGE 

Bisland,    Elizabeth.      Case    of    John    Smith     (Putnam, 
$1.25)     69 

R  MENTIONED  IN  THIS  ISSUE. 

PAGE 

Percy    W    A      Sappho  in  Levkas    (Yale.  $1  )  61 

Pillsbury,  W.  B.    Essentials  of  Psychology  (Macmillan)   70 
Prentiss,  Harriet  D.     From  Nature  Forward   (Lippin- 
cott)                 73 

Bourget,  Paul     The  Night  Cometh   (Putnam,  $1.35)..  67 
Brent,  C.  H.     A  Master  Builder   (Longmans,  $4.)  72 
Burnet,  Dana.     Poems    (Harper,  $1.20)  60 

Prime,  W.   C.     Along  New  England  Roads    (Harper, 
$1  )       65 

Burroughs,  John.     Under  the  Apple-Trees   (Houghton, 
$1.25)        56 

Chapman,  C.  E.     Founding  of  Spanish  California  73 
Cone,  Helen  G.     Chant  of  Love  for  England    (Dutton, 
$1.  )     63 

Quiller-Couch.  Arthur.     The  Art  of  Writing  (Putnam, 
$175)     48 

Ramsay,   J.   P.     One  More  Chance    (Small,  Maynard, 
$150)       70 

Cornaro,     Luigi.       Art     of     Living     Long      (Putnam, 
50   cts.)    71 

Richards,    Rosalind.     A   Northern   Countryside    (Holt, 
$1  50  )            55 

Cornaro,      Luigi.       Discourses     on     the     Sober     Life 
(Crowell.  25  cts.)    71 

Robinson,    E.   A.     Man   against  the   Sky    (Macmillan, 
$1  )         62 

Crotch,  W.  W.     Pageant  of  Dickens   (Scribner,  $2.25)   68 
Dodd,  Lee  W.     The  Middle  Miles   (Yale,  50  cts  )    61 

Rolland     Remain       Handel    (Holt)    73 

Drury,    F.    K.    W.      List   of   Short    Stories    (Univ.    of 
Illinois)     72 

Schmitt,    B.    E.      England   and   Germany    (Princeton, 
$2  )                      70 

Emerson,  Walter.    The  Latchstring  (Houghton,  $2.)..  55 
Fife,    R.    H.      German    Empire    between    Two    Wars 
(Macmillan,   $1.5.)    69 

Scollard,  Clinton.    Italy  in  Arms    (Gomme  &  Marshall, 
75   cts  )       63 

Sharp,  D.  L.     Hills  of  Hingham   (Houghton,  $1.25)..   55 
Spargo,      John.       Marxian     Socialism     and     Religion 
(Huebsch     $1  )                                          56 

Frank,    Florence   K.      The   Jew   to   Jesus    (Kennerley, 
$1.)     62 

Fur  ness,   IL  H.     Variorum  Edition  of  "  King  John  " 
(  Lippincott  )      73 

Sterling,  George.     Ode  on  Panama-Pacific  Exposition 
(Robertson,  $1.75)    59 

Gregory,   R.  A.     Discovery    (  Macmillan  )  73 

Sterling,  George.     Yosemite   (  Robertson,  75  ets.  )  69 

Guyer,  M.  F.     Being  Weil-Born    (Bobbs-Merrill,  $1.)..   71 
"  Handbook  of  the  New  York  Public  Library  "                 72 

Thomas,    Edith   M.      The   White   Messenger    (Badger, 
50   cts.)     63 

Hayes,  Carlton.     Political  and  Social  History  of  Mod- 

Titchener,  E.  B.    A  Beginner's  Psychology  (Macmillan, 
$1.)    70 

Healy,  William.     Honesty  (Bobbs-Merrill,  $1.)  72 

Untenneyer,   Louis.     "  and  Other  Poets  "    (Holt, 
$125)       64 

Henderson,      E.      F.       Short     History     of     Germany 
(Macmillan,  $3.50)    72 

Viner,  G.  H.   Bookplates  by  George  W.  Eve  (American 

Hoes,    E.    E.      David    Morton     (Methodist    Episcopal 
Church)     72 

Walpole,  Hugh.     The  Dark  Forest   (Doran,  $1.36)  66 
Walsh,     Thomas.       The     Pilgrim    Kings     (Macmillan. 

Hough,  Emerson.     Let  Us  Go  Afield  (Appleton,  $1.25)   54 
Hueston,   Ethel.     Prudence  Says  So    (Bobbs-Merrill)..  73 
Johnson,  Owen.     The  Woman  Gives   (Little,  Brown)..  78 
Kalaw,  M.  M.     Case  for  the  Filipinos   (Century.  $1.50)   68 
Lewis,  C.  M.     Handbook  of  American  Speech   (Scott, 

Webb,  A.  P.     Bibliography  of  Hardy's  Works    (Torch 
Press  )        73 

Wells,  H.  G.     What  Is  Coming?   (Macmillan,  $1.50)..  53 
Wiclrware,    F.    G.     American    Year   Book    (Appleton, 
$3.)     72 

"  Life  and  Letters  of  Lady  Dorothy  Nevill  "  73 

Wood,    S.    T.      Rambles    of    a    Canadian    Naturalist 
(Dutton    $2  )                                                                         56 

Low.  B.  R.  C.     The  House  That  Was   (Lane,  $1.25)..   62 
Macdonagh,  Thomas.     Literature  in  Ireland  73 

Wright,  C.  H.  C.    History  of  the  Third  French  Repub- 

Marquis,  Don.     Dreams  and  Dust    (Harper,  $1.20)  60 
Masters,  E.  L.     Songs  and  Satires   (Macmillan,  $1.25)   64 
Mordaunt,  Elinor.     The  Family   (Lane.  $1.35)  65 

Yeats,    W.    B.      Reveries    over    Childhood    and    Youth 
(Macmillan,  $2.)    68 

Zeitlin,   Jacob.     Select   Prose  of  Southey    (Macmillan, 
$1.50)       71 

Palmer,   J.   L.     The   King's  Men    (Putnam,  $1.35)  66 

As  some  of  the  books  indexed  above  are  still  forthcoming,  it  i*  not  possible  to  state  publisher  and  price  in  every  instance. 

78 


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Jfortmgfjtlp  journal  of  literarp  Criticism,  Discussion,  anfc  information. 


Vol.  LXI. 


AUGUST  15,  1916 


No.  723. 


CONTEXTS. 


EMILE  FAGUET.     James  F.  Mason     ...     83 

CASUAL   COMMENT 85 

Rabindranath  Tagore  on  Japan. —  The  Meet- 
ing of  the  National  Educational  Association. 
— "  The  Nation  "  puts  its  finger  on  the  spot. — 
The  two  Samuel  Butlers. —  Edgar  Allan  Poe. 

—  The  memory  of  Nathaniel  Hawthorne. — 
A    severe    young    poet. —  A    delegation    of 
French  educators. —  The  American  Academy 
of  Arts  and  Letters. —  The  death  of  James 
Whitcomb  Riley. —  When  a  new  and  promis- 
ing playwright  appears. —  The  most  famous 
serial. —  The     author     of      "  Home,     Sweet 
Home." 

COMMUNICATIONS 89 

Slips  of  the  Tongue  in  Shakespeare.    Samuel 

A.  Tannenbaum. 
Poetry  and  Other  Things.     H.  E.  Warner. 

RECENT  FICTION.    Edward  Hale     ....     94 

THE  SPIRIT  OF  GERMANY.    Charles  Wharton 

Stork 97 

PROPAGANDA  IN  THE  THEATRE.  By  Oliver 

M.  Sayler 98 

WHAT    IS    EDUCATION!      Thomas    Percival 

Beyer 101 

XEW  TRANSLATIONS  OF  SLAVIC  FICTION. 

Winifred  Smith 103 

ESSAYS  ON  ART.     Norman  Foerster     .      .      .104 

A   BRILLIANT   ECONOMIC   STUDY.     H.  M. 

Katten 106 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 107 

An  estimate  of  genius. —  A  study  in  genetics. 

—  A  bit  of  refreshing  fiction. —  A  new  book 
on    the    Shakespearean    theatre. —  The    Wirt 
System. —  A    sane   plea    for   preparedness. — 
An  American  girl  in  the  African  jungle. — 
A  beautiful  adaptation  of  prose. —  Labor  and 
Law. —  A  new  translation  of  Carducci. —  An 
important    manual. —  Three    Oxford    reform- 
ers.—  "A     New     History     of     France." — A 
memoir. —  The  Sublime  in   Science. 

NOTES  AND  NEWS 113 

TOPICS  IN  AUGUST  PERIODICALS     .      .      .113 
LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  .   115 


EMILE  FAGUET. 

In  the  recent  death  of  Emile  Faguet,  France 
has  lost  one  of  her  most  distinguished  men  of 
letters.  As  the  Professor  of  French  Poetry 
at  the  Sorbonne,  as  a  literary  critic,  as  a 
member  of  the  Academy,  he  exerted  a  wide- 
spread influence  both  in  his  own  country  and 
abroad.  Students  of  French  literature  have 
long  been  familiar  with  his  four  volumes  of 
remarkable  essays,  entitled  "Literary  Studies," 
devoted  to  the  representative  French  writers 
of  the  last  four  centuries,  while  another  series, 
"Statesmen  and  Moralists  of  the  XIX  Cen- 
tury" is  almost  as  well  known.  For  many 
years,  as  dramatic  critic  of  "le  Journal  des 
Debats, "  he  brought  to  the  discussion  of  mod- 
ern drama  a  rare  gift  of  analysis  and  appre- 
ciation. In  more  recent  years  he  has  written 
extensively  on  social  and  political  questions. 
His  entire  work  has  been  characterized  by 
those  typical  French  qualities  of  logic,  clarity 
of  thought,  and  brilliancy  of  style. 

As  a  critic  Faguet 's  primary  object  was 
analysis  and  exposition.  His  ability  to  dis- 
sect a  given  writer's  work,  to  discover  funda- 
mental ideas,  to  determine  upon  the  "master 
faculty"  has  been  equalled  only  by  Taine.  He 
held  that  the  critic  should  be  so  objective  and 
impartial  as  to  be  able  to  judge  his  own  work. 
Fortunately  he  had  an  opportunity  to  put  this 
theory  to  the  test  in  his  own  case.  He  contrib- 
uted to  the  "History  of  French  Literature," 
edited  by  M.  Petit  de  Julleville  and  written 
by  a  group  of  French  scholars,  the  article  on 
criticism  from  1850  to  1900  and  assigned  to 
himself  the  position  which  he  will  undoubt- 
edly occupy  in  the  history  of  criticism.  In 
his  method,  Faguet  resembled,  as  M.  Victor 
Giraud  has  aptly  remarked,  a  skilful  watch- 
maker, who  carefully  takes  the  watch  apart 
and  puts  it  together  again  in  order  to  under- 
stand its  mechanism.  By  this  process  of 
analysis  and  synthesis,  he  has  given  us  a  defi- 
nite impression  of  the  claim  a  writer  may 
have  upon  our  attention.  Because  of  his  mis- 
trust of  too  great  generalization,  he  limited 
himself  almost  exclusively  to  the  discussion 
of  individuals  rather  than  of  periods  and 
movements.  He  wrote  for  students  of  liter- 
ature, especially  the  young  men  of  the  French 
universities,  and  sought  to  arouse  their  inter- 
est to  the  point  of  desiring  a  more  extensive 
knowledge  of  the  subject,  which  would  allow 


84 


THE    DIAL 


[August  15 


them  to  formulate  their  own  ideas  and  opin- 
ions. The  dramatic  critic,  as  he  has  told  us, 
has  attained  his  goal  when  he  has  induced  the 
public  to  think  about  and  discuss  a  given  play 
and  especially  to  go  to  see  it,  "Initiation  into 
Literature,"  the  title  of  one  of  his  volumes, 
summarizes  the  greater  part  of  his  work.  His 
"Literary  Studies"  offers  excellent  short 
introductions  to  a  more  detailed  study  of  the 
representative  French  writers. 

Faguet  reckoned  literary  values  chiefly  in 
terms  of  ideas.  The  poet's  monumentum 
acre  perennius  must  have  a  foundation  of 
sound  thought.  Mere  beauty  of  form  cannot 
preserve  from  oblivion  what  intellectually  is 
of  slight  importance.  Theophile  Gautier,  for 
example,  in  whom  he  found  a  complete 
absence  of  ideas,  will  be  unknown  in  fifty 
years,  except  to  a  few  connoisseurs  of  poetry. 
While  Faguet  often  failed  to  understand  the 
imaginative  writer,  he  was  at  his  best  with  the 
thinkers  and  philosophers  of  literature  such 
as  Montaigne,  Bayle,  and  Montesquieu.  His 
interest  in  ideas  gradually  led  him  from 
purely  literary  to  social  and  political  ques- 
tions. From  a  literary  study  of  the  XVIII 
century  he  turned  to  "La  Politique  comparee 
de  Montesquieu,  Rousseau  et  Voltaire"  and 
from  the  poets  and  novelists  of  the  last  cen- 
tury to  the  "Statesmen  and  Moralists  of  the 
XIX  Century. "  He  has  left  us  a  small  volume 
on  Nietzsche  and  a  popular  introduction  to 
the  study  of  philosophy.  He  entered  into  the 
discussion  of  modern  questions  in  "Liberal- 
ism," "Political  Questions,"  and  "Feminism." 
His  best  known  work  of  a  non-literary  charac- 
ter, "The  Cult  of  Incompetence,"  attacks  the 
inefficiency  of  democracy.  Although  an  "old 
liberal,"  as  he  called  himself,  he  had  Kenan's 
mistrust  of  democracies.  The  old  battle  cry, 
"Liberty,  Equality,  Fraternity,"  he  held  to  be 
a  contradiction  in  itself  and  fearlessly  main- 
tained that  an  aristocracy  chosen  by  some 
intelligent  method  of  selection  and  distin- 
guished by  its  responsibilities  rather  than  its 
privileges  is  the  sine  qua  non  of  good  govern- 
ment. Here  as  in  his  literary  criticism  we 
meet  the  same  power  of  analysis  and  exposi- 
tion, the  same  clear  thinking,  and  above  all 
the  ability  to  understand  a  point  of  view  rad- 
ically different  from  his  own. 

Although  he  claimed  to  be  a  disciple  of 
Taine,  his  fear  of  dogmatism  saved  him  from 
the  tyranny  of  a  rigid  system.  Systems 
seemed  to  him  too  subjective.  He  agreed  with 
Brunetiere  that  the  critic  by  confining  him- 
self strictly  to  criticism  would  retain  that 
necessary  impartiality  which  he  might  lose,  if 
he  entered  the  field  of  creative  literature. 
Although  undogmatic,  he  did  not,  as  he 


accused  Sainte-Beuve  of  doing,  avoid  a  deci- 
sion as  to  the  merits  or  general  worth  of  a 
writer.  He  had  the  somewhat  vague  criterion 
of  common  sense  and  still  believed  in  what 
Boileau  and  the  XVII  century  called  'la 
raison. '  His  judgments  were  conservative  and 
in  accordance  with  the  best  literary  traditions. 
He  could  not  agree  with  Michelet  that  the 
XVIII  century  was  the  Golden  Age.  For  him 
the  century  of  Rousseau  and  Voltaire  was 
neither  Christian  nor  French.  He  aided 
Brunetiere  in  the  rehabilitation  of  the  XVII 
century  and  in  his  article  in  the  "Cambridge 
Modern  History"  entitled  "The  XVII  Cen- 
tury Literature  and  its  European  Influence" 
declared  that  "in  no  other  period  have  the 
distinguishing  characteristics  of  French  intel- 
lect and  genius  —  method,  logical  sequence  of 
ideas,  and  lucidity  of  style  —  been  so  con- 
spicuous. " 

In  spite  of  many  excellent  qualities, 
Faguet 's  criticism  has  grave  defects.  There 
is  a  lack  of  breadth  and  profundity.  He  con- 
tributed nothing  to  the  theory  of  criticism. 
His  desire  for  clearness  sometimes  led  him  to 
sacrifice  truth  to  simplification  and  to  put 
too  much  sequence  into  a  poet's  ideas.  Taine 
made  the  same  mistake  when  he  tried  to  fit 
Shakespeare  into  his  system  of  race  and  envi- 
ronment. Faguet  failed  to  realize  the  impor- 
tance of  the  introduction  of  scientific  methods 
into  the  study  of  literature.  The  contributions 
which  M.  Lanson  and  the  young  men  who 
have  been  trained  by  him  have  made  to  our 
knowledge  of  literary  history  cannot  be 
ignored  by  the  critic  of  to-day.  Faguet 's 
hatred  of  pedantry  caused  him  to  view  with 
suspicion  the  increase  of  "fichomanie,"  the 
card-cataloging  of  literature.  He  should  have 
seen  that,  whatever  the  dangers  of  these 
methods  in  other  countries,  the  instinctive 
appreciation  of  the  Frenchman  will  prevent 
the  study  of  literature  from  degenerating  into 
an  accumulation  of  statistics.  The  work  of 
both  M.  Lanson  and  M.  Bedier  is  quite  suffi- 
cient to  prove  that  Faguet 's  fears  in  this  mat- 
ter were  not  justified.  Faguet  has  also  been 
guilty  of  "a  certain  intellectual  incontinence." 
He  confessed  to  have  written,  although  not 
necessarily  published,  three  or  four  volumes 
a  year.  At  his  death  he  was  undoubtedly  the 
most  voluminous  writer  of  his  age  in  France. 
One  of  his  friends  has  recently  asked  the  ques- 
tion :  "  Who  has  read  all  his  books  ? "  Faguet 
of  late  has  too  frequently  repeated  himself 
and  has  often  explained  the  obvious. 

His  style  is  clear  and  brilliant,  though 
somewhat  free  and  unconventional.  It  lacks 
the  grace  and  charm  of  Jules  Lemaitre  or 
Anatole  France,  and  the  vigor  of  Brunetiere. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


85 


However  he  possessed  a  remarkable  felicity 
of  phrase  and  has  several  times  matched 
Sainte-Beuve  ?s  famous  description  of  Cha- 
teaubriand, "an  Epicurean  with  a  Catholic 
imagination. "  Faguet  's  summary  of  Voltaire, 
"un  chaos  d'idees  claires,"  has  become  quite 
as  well  known.  His  pages  are  filled  with 
these  apt  characterizations.  Montaigne  is  "le 
medeein  de  1'ame"  who  acted  as  the  "literary 
father-confessor  of  the  XVII  century." 
Balzac  has  "un  temperament  d 'artiste  avec 
1  "esprit  d'un  commis-voyageur, "  and  Mme.  de 
Stael  is  "un  esprit  europeen  dans  une  ame 
f rancaise. "  His  style,  whatever  its  faults  may 
be,  never  fails  to  interest  us  and  to  hold  our 
attention. 

The  ultimate  position  of  Faguet  in  the  his- 
tory of  French  criticism  will  not  be  of  much 
importance.  Since  the  creation  of  modern 
French  criticism  by  Sainte-Beuve,  who  still 
remains  the  master,  the  prominent  critics 
have  made  some  definite  contribution  to  what 
he  bequeathed  us.  Taine  endeavored  to  place 
criticism  on  a  strictly  scientific  basis,  to 
reduce  Sainte-Beuve 's  art  to  a  science. 
Brunetiere  applied  Darwinism  to  the  study  of 
literature  in  his  theories  of  the  evolution  of 
literary  genres.  Even  the  now  forgotten 
Hennequin  made  an  original  attempt  to  unite 
aesthetics  and  psychology  in  his  "aesthopsy- 
chology."  Lemaitre  and  Anatole  France, 
approaching  criticism  from  a  point  of  view 
entirely  different  from  that  of  their  predeces- 
sors, will  always  be  identified  with  the  intro- 
duction of  impressionism  into  criticism. 
Faguet  has  left  us  no  theory  by  which  we  may 
perpetuate  his  name,  no  disciples  to  carry  on 
his  work.  We  shall  always  admire  the  keen 
interest  which  he  evinced  in  bringing  us  to 
the  study  of  ideas  both  new  and  old.  He  will 
be  classed  with  those  lesser  men  of  French 
criticism  of  the  last  century,  Vinet,  Scherer, 
Montegut,  and  many  others,  who  have  upheld 
the  excellent  reputation  of  criticism  in  France 
and  who  in  other  lands,  where  the  standards 
of  criticism  are  not  as  high,  might  have 

attained  greater  fame. 

JAMES  F.  MASON. 


CASUAL  COMMEXT. 


RABINDRANATH  TAGORE  FINDS  that  the  j 
new  Japan  has  sold  her  birthright  for  a  mess 
of  pottage.  From  burial  in  feudalism  and 
the  meditations  of  Buddah.  she  has  been 
swept  into  the  whirlpool  of  modern  civiliza- 
tion, and  now  being  satisfied  with  externals 
she  lives  an  external  life  and  nothing  else. 
Her  crowds  jostle  you,  rapidly  take  note  of  i 


your  face,  offer  their  faces  to  you  for  obser- 
vation, and  pass  on.  Unessentials  are  satis- 
fying because  they  can  be  obtained  so  easily 
and  dropped  so  easily.  It  is  a  comfort  to  us — 
young  and  slandered — Americans  sometimes 
to  see  the  philosophic  scourge  laid  on  the 
backs  of  other  people.  One  is  tempted  to 
quote  in  this  connection: 

Suave,  mari  magno  turbantibus  aequora  ventis, 
e  terra  magnum  alterius  spectare  laborem. 

However,  perhaps  there  is  great  truth  in 
Tagore's  observations  made  in  his  address  at 
Osaka  to  the  merchants  of  Japan.  In  watch- 
ing others  swimming  in  the  materialistic  sea, 
let  us  look  out  for  the  waves  ourselves. 

In  the  autumn  the  famous  poet  comes  to 
America,  where  he  will  likewise  hold  the  mir- 
ror up  to  nature — after  he  has  finished  with 
Japan.  While  here,  he  will  deliver  a  series 
of  eighteen  lectures  at  some  of  the  leading 
American  universities. 


THE  NATIONAL  EDUCATIONAL  ASSOCIATION'S 
meeting  in  New  York  City  during  the  first 
part  of  July  proved  interesting  in  many  ways. 
Dr.  P.  P.  Claxton,  Federal  Commissioner  of 
Education,  delivered  an  address  in  which  he 
suggested  that  perhaps  an  efficient  way  to 
discover  the  best  system  of  education  for  the 
American  child  was  for  the  government,  at  its 
own  expense,  to  establish  educational  experi- 
mental stations  where  many  or  all  systems 
might  be  given  due  trial,  records  kept  of 
them  in  the  using,  and  also  records  of  the 
results  evident  in  the  after  life  of  the  various 
pupils  experimented  upon.  "If  a  million  dol- 
lars were  at  the  disposal  of  the  National 
Bureau  of  Education  I  would  select  several 
good  schools  in  various  parts  of  the  country 
that  would  try  the  experiments  that  seem 
worth  trying  through  a  period  of  years.  To 
spend  Government  money  on  such  an  under- 
taking for  a  short  time  would  be  to  waste  the 
money  without  learning  anything  that  could 
be  depended  upon.  It  should  run  through 
several  generations  of  the  school  and  through 
the  administrations  of  several  teachers  to 
eliminate  from  the  result  all  accidents  of 
personalities.  The  test  would  not  be  entirely 
complete  until  the  children  experimented 
upon  had  grown  up  and  shown  the  results  of 
their  schooling."  Such  are  his  words.  They 
have  a  ringing  sound;  but  why  not  consider 
the  poor  child  already  the  subject  of  over- 
experimentation.  Besides  after  all  is  it  not 
these  personalities  alone  which  make  any 
education  education?  Put  before  a  child  a 
course  of  great  and  glowing  personalities,  a 
book  of  "Plutarch's  Lives"  or  an  "Autobi- 


86 


THE    DIAL 


[August  15 


ography  of  Benjamin  Franklin,"  and  under 
the  direction  of  a  live  personality  he  must  be 
educated.  We  now  and  then  unfortunately 
forget  this  in  all  our  haste  to  shine  "in 
the  spangles  of  science."  However,  due  con- 
sideration ought  to  be  given  the  Federal 
Commissioner's  measured  words.  They 
bespeak  a  determination  to  build  solidly  and 
from  within.  .  .  . 

"THE  NATION"  PUTS  ITS  FINGER  on  the 
spot  which  hurts  in  contemporary  life:  the 
family  life  is  fast  disappearing  or  is  gone. 
The  automobile  and  cinametograph,  devices 
for  fast  and  exhilarating  entertainment, 
devices  which  have  disrupted  family  gather- 
ings at  evening  among  both  rich  and  poor, 
have  quite  abolished  the  old  reading  circles 
which  in  recent  generations  proved  so  great 
a  bond  of  union  and  education  in  the  home. 
The  germ  of  speed,  when  once  in  the  blood, 
has  proved  almost  ineradicable.  It  is  the 
very  bacillus  which  corrupted  the  Romans. 

•         •         • 

IN  THIS  YEAR  OF  THE  SHAKESPEARE  TERCEN- 
TENARY it  is  well  to  call  to  mind  some  of  those 
old  reading  hours,  when  Shakespeare  proved 
to  be  the  chiefest  author  of  the  evening.  In 
the  last  two  centuries,  most  prominent  among 
those  who  enabled  our  most  English  poet  to 
become  more  English,  was  Thomas  Bowdler, 
editor  of  the  first  "Family  Edition"  of 
Shakespeare's  works.  This  somewhat  noto- 
rious gentleman,  physician,  and  editor,  was 
born  at  Ashley,  near  Bath,  on  July  11, 
1754.  After  his  university  years  at  St.  An- 
drew's and  Edinburgh,  and  four  years  of 
travel,  he  settled  in  London,  where  he  became 
a  great  friend  of  the  "Bluestockings"  and 
other  wits  of  the  day  who  gathered  at  the 
house  of  the  brilliant  Mrs.  Montague,  wife  of 
the  wealthy  and  prominent  son  of  Lady  Mary 
Wortley  Montague.  He  was  an  energetic 
philanthropist  and  prison-worker;  and  in 
1818  published  the  edition  which  has  given 
his  name  to  the  language.  The  verb  "to 
bowdlerize,"  first  known  to  occur  in  General 
Perronet  Thomson's  "Letters  of  a  Represen- 
tative to  his  Constituents,"  1836,  signifies  "to 
expurgate  by  omitting  or  modifying  words 
or  passages  considered  indelicate  or  offen- 
sive," and  is  associated  with  false  squeamish- 
ness  or x  pruriency.  However,  this  obloquy  is 
perhaps  undeserved;  for  Dr.  Bowdler  was  at 
a  noble  task:  bringing  Shakespeare  to  the 
youths  of  his  country.  Swinburne  was  right 
in  saying  that  "nobody  ever  did  better  ser- 


vice to  Shakespeare  than  the  man  who  made 
it  possible  to  put  him  in  the  hands  of  intelli- 
gent and  imaginative  children." 


THE  TWO  SAMUEL  BUTLERS  have  a  way  of 
getting  themselves  tangled  up  together  in 
probably  more  minds  than  a  few.  Every  one 
knows  that  one  Samuel  Butler  wrote  Hudi- 
bras,  and  many  have  heard  of  a  second  Sam- 
uel Butler  who  wrote  "Erewhon,"  while  the 
fact  that  this  younger  Butler  was  the  grand- 
son of  still  another  of  the  same  name  may  or 
may  not  help  to  clarify  the  situation.  And 
recently  there  has  been  report  of  the  discon- 
tinuance of  the  annual  meetings  of  the  Sam- 
uel Butler  Society,  and,  to  add  to  the  general 
bewilderment,  the  newspapers  and  literary 
reviews  are  just  now  advertising  "The  Way 
of  All  Flesh,"  by  Samuel  Butler,  which 
might  implant  in  some  careless  minds  the 
notion  of  a  living  popular  author  thus  named. 
Certain  points  of  resemblance,  with  many 
more  of  difference,  in  the  two  Samuel  Butlers 
do  not,  on  the  whole,  very  much  assist  the 
man  in  the  street  to  keep  before  him  a  clear- 
cut  image  of  Samuel  senior  and  one  of  Sam- 
uel junior.  Perhaps  the  best  plan  in  all  this 
vexatious  snarl  is  to  open  one's  "Britannica" 
or  other  modern  reference  book  and  try  to 
puzzle  it  out  once  for  all. 


EDGAR  ALLAN  POE  HAS  RECENTLY  APPEARED 
in  a  complete  edition  of  five  volumes, 
"The  National  Library"  (Stokes).  Critics 
have  been  in  doubt  whether  to  class  Poe  as  an 
immortal  or  a  charlatan.  Henry  James  calls 
his  critical  ability  "the  most  complete  speci- 
men of  provincialism  ever  prepared  for  the 
edification  of  man";  George  Bernard  Shaw 
calls  him  "the  greatest  journalistic  critic  of 
his  times, " —  a  poet  whose  failures  were  more 
iridescent  than  the  most  complete  successes 
of  Lord  Tennyson.  Between  such  limits, 
Edgar  Allan  Poe  may  surely  find  a  resting 
place  indisputably  his  own.  Truly,  critics 
never  agree. 

THE  MEMORY  OF  NATHANIEL  HAWTHORNE 
is  soon  to  receive  a  belated  tribute.  Salem 
has  neglected  her  illustrious  citizen  too  long ; 
and  now  a  memorial  association  composed 
of  prominent  men  of  letters,  both  Ameri- 
can and  English,  is  taking  steps  to  render 
more  enduring  the  fame  of  the  great  novelist. 
The  devastating  fire  in  Salem  compelled  work 
on  similar  lines  to  be  abandoned  until  re- 
cently. Bela  L.  Pratt,  sculptor,  is  to  do  the 
proposed  statue  when  the  funds  are  gathered. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


87 


It  should  be  indeed  an  honor  to  commemorate 
the  man  who  perhaps  has  done  as  much 
as  any  single  author  to  extend  the  name  of 
American  literature  beyond  its  own  coasts. 


A  SEVERE  YOUNG  POET,   severe  with  that  | 
uncompromising    severity    characteristic    of  j 
youth  (youth  that  has  most  of  its  sins  still  in  '. 
the  future),  has  been  castigating  his  univer- 
sity,  his  class,  and  his  contemporaries  gener-  • 
ally.    Mr.  Robert  Cutler,  class  poet  at  Har- 
vard, laments  the  idleness  of  wasted  college 
days,  and  upbraids  his  Alma  Mater  for  hav- 
ing waxed  corpulent  in  body  and  dwindled  in  | 
soul,  for  having  "grown  and  grown  in  disre- 
gard  of   quality."    A   characteristic    stanza  j 
from  this  young  poet-reformer,  whom  we  shall  ' 
hope  to  hear  from  again  in  the  near  future  | 
when  he  shall  have  added  more  of  the  con-  j 
structive  element  to  his  criticism,  is  the  fol- 
lowing : 

The  measure  of  all  things  is  quality. 
Four  walls  have  never  made  a  college  yet, 
And  never  shall:    though  student  company 
From  distant  ends  of  earth  together  met 
Bepays  unnumbered  times  its  foster  debt, 
Yet  who  can  say  in  how  true  coin  or  whenf 
The  dullard  legion  is  not  worthy  yet 
To  supersede  the  bright,  industrious  ten. 
Give  us  a  university  of  minds,  not  men! 


A  DELEGATION  OF  FRENCH  EDUCATORS  re- 
cently visited  the  University  of  Leeds,  in 
order  to  further  the  union  of  the  French  and 
British  nations.  Professor  Gentil,  professor 
of  petrography  at  the  University  of  Paris, 
addressed  the  gathering  in  French,  offering 
the  hope  that  the  universities  would  seal  the 
friendships  which  their  brothers  in  arms  had 
already  cemented  on  the  battlefield.  After 
the  war  a  terrible  calamity  will  strike  both 
nations  even  more  poignantly  than  now:  the 
decimation  of  its  youth.  Those  universities 
in  either  country  which  have  answered  so 
nobly  the  call  of  their  land's  need — Oxford 
has  given  8,500  men  to  the  enlistment  rolls 
and  Cambridge  8,850 — will  have  it  on  their 
hands  to  recover  the  educational  status  of 
their  respective  nations,  and  in  the  face  of 
unprepared  and  poverty-stricken  students 
there  will  be  the  more  insurmountable  need 
of  enough  young  instructors  to  do  the  work. 
Already  many  of  the  more  vigorous  teachers 
have  gone  to  the  front,  and  the  task  of  those 
who  are  left  is  Herculean.  Always  and  every- 
where men  who  are  overworked  and  under- 
paid, they  now  are  forced  to  double  their 
exertions  in  order  to  fill  up  the  gaps  left  by 
their  absent  colleagues  and  to  adjust  their 


slender  incomes  to  the  new  economic  condi- 
tions. After  the  war,  particularly  in  the 
British  Isles,  the  panic  of  these  economic 
changes  will  stir  up  all  departments  of  the 
population  to' clamor  for  changes  in  that  edu- 
cational system  which  has  for  so  many  centu- 
ries cultivated  English  gentlemen  and  schol- 
ars in  order  to  make  way  for  a  new  school- 
ing, a  schooling  in  terms  of  individual  and 
national  practicality.  In  the  apotheosis  of 
carpentry  and  ditch-digging,  there  will  be 
great  danger  of  forgetting  that  "material 
efficiency  is  only  a  small  part  of  the  ends  of 
education  and  any  attempt  to  place  it  at  the 
forefront  of  concern  cannot  fail  of  condem- 
nation from  those  who  are  able  to  take  a  long 
view  on  such  matters."  It  is  an  axiom  that 
a  broadly  cultivated  man,  a  man  who  knows 
the  past  and  the  present,  their  tendencies, 
goods,  and  dangers;  a  man,  who 
To  his  native  center  fast, 
Shall  into  Future  fuse  the  Past, 
And  the  world's  flowing  fates  into  his  own 
mould  recast; 

is  of  more  value  to  his  country  than  the  man 
who  only  knows  his  particular  trade  or  hobby. 
The  one  can  rise  to  any  occasion  sooner  or 
later,  while  the  other  if  he  move  beyond  his 
sphere  is  worthless.  This  happy  attempt  at 
closer  union  between  the  French  and  British 
universities  ought  to  mean  much  for  better 
balance  in  the  days  of  post-bellum  reorgani- 
zation. 

•          •         • 

THE  AMERICAN  ACADEMY  OF  ARTS  AND 
LETTERS  has  recently  been  formally  incorpo- 
rated by  act  of  Congress.  It  has  become  a 
national  institution,  and  one  of  which  we  may 
be  proud.  Too  long  have  American  letters 
languished  for  recognition.  The  French  na- 
tion for  three  hundred  years  has  fully  recog- 
nized the  imperative  value  of  a  national  lit- 
erature nationally  received.  "We  who  are  so 
close  to  the  Frenchman  in  his  principles  of 
government,  so  close  in  many  of  our  artistic 
ideals,  should  be  thankful  for  this  adoption 
of  what  approximates  in  a  small  measure  the 
French  Academy.  Welcome,  Monsieur  La- 
visse !  Welcome,  Monsieur  Brieux !  We  thank 
you  for  the  greeting  from  your  illustrious 
body.  The  French  Academy,  which  will  soon 
celebrate  its  third  centenary,  wishes  a  long  and 
glorious  life  to  the  new-born  academy,  which 
bears  the  bright  name  of  American  Academy 
of  Arts  and  Letters.  Those  are  words  of 
good  will,  and  we  appreciate  them.  May  they 
be  fulfilled  as  splendidly  as  have  been  the 
dreams  of  that  great  Cardinal  who  builded 
well  both  a  nation  and  its  citadel  of  national 
literature. 


88 


THE    DIAL 


[August  15 


THE  DEATH  OF  JAMES  WHITCOMB  RILEY, 
July  22,  1916,  calls  to  mind  how  time  pro- 
gresses. Most  of  us  had  almost  considered  the 
venerable  poet  as  one  of  the  long-past  dead 
rather  than  as  one  of  the  vibrant  and  gesticu- 
lating living,  so  long  had  it  been  since  we  had 
heard  his  voice,  so  long  since  the  tenor  of  his 
verse  had  reflected  the  moving  spirit  of  his 
day.  Yet  his  pleasant  manners  and  sweet  and 
humble  characterizations,  his  humorous 
sketches,  and  whimsical  simplicity  of  observa- 
tion won  him  a  secure  place  as  "the  poet  of 
the  heart  and  home."  His  songs  were  grate- 
ful in  the  midst  of  much  mere  weariness  and 
prettiness,  and  although  theirs  was  not  the 
superabundant  exuberance  which  casts  its 
energies  around  the  planets  or  man  in  his 
titanic  and  creative  mode,  still  they  were 
delightfully  sincere  and  forgiving.  Truly,  the 
whole  nation  does  unite  in  President  Wilson 's 
message  of  condolence  with  the  family  of  the 
deceased  poet.  He  was  one  who  had  no 
enemies,  deserving  none. 


WHEN  A  NEW  AND  PROMISING  PLAYWRIGHT 
appears  before  the  public  the  public  should 
be  most  intensely  grateful,  but  how  much 
more  so  when  a  dramatist  appears.  Bernt 
Lie  was  known  exclusively  as  a  novelist  till 
recently;  now  in  a  most  worthy  fashion  he 
receives  the  mantle  of  Ibsen  in  giving  forth 
"En  Racekamp,"  a  three-act  play  of  subtle 
tragedy.  This  sombre  drama  —  this  "race- 
feud,"  to  render  in  English  its  Norwegian 
title — is  in  words  what  that  other  vivid  study 
of  Finnish  psychology,  "The  Finlandia"  of 
Sibellius,  is  in  music.  It  is  hard  to  say 
which  is  the  more  photographic.  A  family  of 
feudal  standing,  named  Skram,  has  for  gen- 
erations owned  a  rich  copper  mine  in  North 
Norway,  itself  among  an  alien  Turanian  pop- 
ulation. The  great  Peter,  grandfather  of 
the  present  owner,  ruled  his  principality  with 
a  heavy  hand,  and  lived  in  greatest  lux- 
ury, and  ruthlessness ;  but  on  his  death  every- 
thing went  to  ruin.  Peter  Skram,  the 
second,  returns  after  some  years  with  his 
young  wife,  Ingeborg,  and  determines  to 
reopen  the  mine.  Marja-Nilas,  the  Finnish 
overseer  of  her  husband's  property,  poisons 
her  contentment  with  his  extracts  from  the 
family  history.  Unconscious  of  his  steward's 
infidelity,  Skram  confidently  undertakes  to 
work  the  digging  on  a  more  humane  basis 
than  his  grandfather,  and  employs  the  assist- 
ance of  a  young  southland  engineer,  Kristian 
Sending.  Meanwhile,  through  connivance, 
the  governor  of  the  province  arrives,  and 
before  this  representative  of  civilized  law  the 


Finns  protest  against  the  reopening  of  the 
mines  and  the  iniquities  of  a  former  rule. 
Skram  becomes  so  infuriated  that  he  almost 
assaults  the  ringleader  of  the  natives.  The 
protests  of  the  Finns  are  in  vain;  the  great 
hall  of  the  mine  is  prepared  for  dynamiting. 
Then  the  party  from  the  manor  comes  to 
inspect  the  work.  Ingeborg  and  Sending,  old 
friends,  are  left  alone,  and  they  cannot  resist 
each  other.  Marja-Nilas,  whom  when  young, 
the  Great  Peter  had  robbed  of  a  woman's 
love,  throws  off  the  mask  of  his  hatred  for 
the  race  of  Skram,  and  conducts  the  second 
Peter  to  a  spot  where  he  can  see  the  two 
lovers.  A  struggle  ensues  between  the  tor- 
mented husband  and  the  goading  overseer;  a 
lamp  is  upset;  the  fuse  is  fired;  and  a  great 
explosion  involves  all  the  characters  in  de- 
struction. Much  would  depend  upon  the 
acting  of  the  actual  presentation  as  to 
whether  or  not  the  play  would  descend  into 
melodrama  or  be  sublimated  into  something 
approaching  true  tragedy. 

•          •          • 

THE  MOST  FAMOUS  SERIAL  ever  published, 
as  the  always  instructive  and  entertaining 
"Tit-Bits"  points  out,  was  that  which,  run- 
ning for  forty-three  numbers,  though  first 
planned  to  end  in  twelve,  in  "The  National 
Era,"  of  Washington,  sixty -five  years  ago, 
has  since  been  translated  into  twenty-two 
languages,  and  in  book  form  has  had  the 
.largest  circulation  of  any  book  in  the  world 
except  the  Bible.  So  says  our  English  author- 
ity, and  we  have  no  facts  or  figures  with 
which  to  refute  the  assertion.  The  story,  of 
course,  was  "Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,"  written  as 
it  ran,  and  bringing  to  its  author  three  hun- 
dred dollars  in  its  serial  form — a  princely 
remuneration  as  Mrs.  Stowe  was  inclined  to 
view  it  at  that  time.  But  when  the  book, 
timidly  rejected  by  a  prominent  publisher 
with  fears  of  alienating  Southern  patronage, 
and  finally  accepted  by  an  obscure  but  more 
venturesome  firm,  made  its  appearance,  it 
needed  only  six  months  to  bring  to  its  writer 
the  sum  of  twenty  thousand  dollars  on  a  ten 
per-cent  royalty.  It  is  curious  to  recall  that 
at  about  the  same  time  another  woman  writer 
achieved  an  astonishing  success  with  a  serial 
story  that  started  as  modestly  and  unexpect- 
edly as  did  Mrs.  Stowe 's  immortal  creation. 
"Jessica's  First  Prayer,"  by  a  contributor 
signing  herself  "Hesba  Stretton,"  was  ac- 
cepted by  the  editor  of  "Sunday  at  Home" 
and  won  immediate  success.  In  book  form 
this  simple  tale  has  run  into  the  millions  and 
been  read  with  delight  in  nearly  all  the 
tongues  of  the  civilized  world. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


89 


THE  AUTHOR  OF  ''HOME,  SWEET  HOME" 
was  in  many  ways  an  extraordinary  man; 
but  though  John  Howard  Payne  wrote  many 
poems  and  several  plays,  he  is  only  remem- 
bered by  this  ballad.  He  was  an  actor  and 
playright  of  some  ability,  and  a  great  habitue 
of  literary  circles  in  the  London  of  his  day. 
The  following  anecdote,  related  in  the  New 
York  "Mirror"  of  August  8,  1835,  is  illus- 
trative of  his  versatility  and  good  memory. 
William  Elliston,  theater  manager  in  Man- 
chester and  Birmingham,  had  gone  up  to 
London  in  search  of  "talent,"  and  while  there 
was  introduced  to  Payne,  who  at  the  time 
was  doing  editorial  work.  Becoming  friendly, 
he  invited  him  to  visit  him  at  Manchester  to 
see  the  way  they  treated  Shakespeare  in  that 
city.  Unfortunately,  the  night  they  arrived 
the  actor  who  was  to  play  Richard  III.  failed 
to  appear.  What  was  to  be  done  ?  Had  Payne 
played  the  part?  Yes,  but  long  ago;  he  had 
forgotten  it  entirely.  Elliston  requested  him 
to  repeat  what  he  remembered.  Payne  com- 
plied with  some  hesitation,  and  the  manager 
was  so  enthused  and  relieved  that  he  asked 
him  to  take  the  part  that  evening.  The  aston- 
ished Payne  refused.  Then  he  was  asked  if 
he  would  only  finish  what  he  had  just  begun. 
When  Payne  finished,  he  looked  around.  The 
manager  had  disappeared.  In  a  few  minutes, 
however,  he  returned.  Again  he  asserted  that 
he  could  not  possibly  undertake  a  role  whose 
business  he  had  utterly  forgotten.  Elliston 
insisted;  in  fact,  told  him  that  at  that  very 
instant  his  name  was  on  every  billboard  in 
the  city.  The  quick-witted  manager  had 
seized  his  opportunity  while  Richard  was 
evolving  from  the  unconscious  actor's  brain, 
and  had  taken  the  bull  by  the  horns.  Richard 
III.  was  never  acted  better  in  Manchester 
than  on  that  occasion;  although  afterwards 
the  leading  man  professed  that  he  had  only 
spouted  something  like  the  original. 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


SLIPS  OF  THE  TONGUE  IN  SHAKESPEAEE. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
In  his  truly  epoch-making  book,  "The 
Psychopathology  of  Every-Day  Life,"  Professor 
Freud,  the  greatest  reader  of  the  human  soul  since 
Shakespeare,  maintains  and  proves  that  "slips  of 
the  tongue"  are  not  the  meaningless  manifestations 
of  inattention  that  they  are  generally  considered 
to  be,  but  the  unintentional  expression  of  the 
speaker's  real  thoughts.  A  person  makes  a  slip 
of  the  tongue  when  he  speaks  of  one  thing  while 
thinking  of  another,  perhaps  without  even  being 
conscious  of  the  intruding  thought.  This  accounts 
for  a  large  class  of  neologisms  and  other  apparent 


absurdities  in  speech,  for  example,  saying  "brav- 
ageous"  when  one  is  choosing  between  the  words 
"brave"  and  "courageous."  This  also  accounts,  in 
part,  for  the  very  common  peculiarity  of  persons 
saying  the  opposite  of  what  they  intend.  The 
intruding  thought  always  stands  in  some  sort  of 
relationship  to  the  subject  the  speaker  is  discussing, 
and  is  a  manifestation  of  a  repressed  train  of 
thought.  Another  kind  of  slip  of  the  tongue  occurs 
when  a  speaker  is  about  to  say  something  that  is  in 
conflict  with  his  wishes.  Thus  an  embarrassed  and 
dissatisfied  presiding  officer  at  a  convention 
declared  the  meeting  "adjourned"  when  he  should 
have  said  "open."  A  third  class  of  slips  of  the 
tongue  occurs  when  a  person  utters  another  word 
or  name  than  the  one  intended.  This  happens 
only  if  some  disagreeable  experience  or  emotion 
is  associated  in  the  speaker's  mind  with  the 
intended  word  or  name.  Thus  some  time  ago  a 
psychoanalyst  spoke  of  the  joint  authorship  of 
Bleuler  and  Freud  when  he  meant  to  say  Breuer 
and  Freud.  The  explanation  for  the  slip  lay, 
among  other  things,  in  the  speaker's  dislike  for 
Breuer  because  he  was  not  as  favorably  disposed 
to  the  new  psychology  as  Bleuler  is  and  because  he 
regretted  Breuer's  association  with  Freud's  early 
work.  More  personal  causes  were  also  involved. 
The  resemblance  between  the  two  names  had  little 
to  do  with  it,  as  is  easily  enough  demonstrable. 
A  fourth  kind  of  slip  of  the  tongue  occurs  when 
a  speaker  involuntarily  divulges  something  he  is 
thinking  of  but  which  he  wants  to  conceal.  The 
error  is  due  to  insufficient  attention. 

Shakespeare,  like  many  others,  poets  and  novel- 
ists, with  the  intuition  characteristic  of  genius, 
understood  the  psychology  of  slips  of  the  tongue, 
and  now  and  then  introduced  one  into  his  plays  very 
effectively.  In  "As  You  Like  It"  (IV,  3,  132), 
Oliver,  describing  to  the  disguised  Rosalind  and 
Celia,  how  Orlando,  single-handed,  gave  battle  to 
|  a  hungry  lioness  that  he  might  save  from  death 
j  his  wicked  and  unnatural  brother,  betrays  his 
|  identity  by  a  slip  of  the  tongue.  Carried  away 
'  by  his  own  emotion  in  the  narration  of  the  stir- 
j  ring  encounter,  in  which  he  always  speaks  of  him- 
j  self  in  the  third  person,  he  exclaims:  "in  which 
hurtling  [=  din  of  conflict]  from  miserable  slumber 
7  awak'd."  This  facilitates  the  forward  movement 
of  the  play,  and  does  away  with  the  necessity  of 
a  formal  introduction.  (In  one  of  the  tales  of 
Margaret  of  Navarre  there  is  a  similar  betrayal 
of  identity  by  a  slip  of  the  tongue.)  A  little  later 
in  the  same  scene  .(IV,  3,  159),  Rosalind,  Celia's 
supposed  brother  (IV,  3,  88),  swoons  at  the  sight 
of  the  napkin  dyed  in  her  lover's  blood ;  thereupon 
Celia,  greatly  alarmed,  and  forgetting  the  role 
Rosalind  is  playing,  exclaims:  "Cousin!"  but  sud- 
denly realizing  her  mistake  she  seeks  to  correct  it 
by  exclaiming,  "Ganymede!"  Some  editors,  for- 
getting that  Rosalind  is  posing  as  Celia's  brother, 
say  there  is  no  slip  of  the  tongue  here  and  that 
"cousin"  is  "used  loosely"  as  often  by  Shakespeare, 
in  the  sense  of  "niece,  nephew,  uncle,  brother-in- 
law,  and  grandchild."  They  indicate  this  in  their 
text  by  reading  "Cousin  Ganymede!"  instead  of, 
as  Johnson  suggested,  "Cousin  —  Ganymede!" 


THE    DIAL 


[August  15 


Othello,  consumed  with  jealousy,  seeks  to  control 
his  passion  and  show  a  calm  exterior  while  read- 
ing the  letter  from  the  Venetian  senate  ordering 
his  recall;  but  so  overwhelmed  is  he  with  anger  on 
hearing  Desdemona  speak  of  her  "love  for  Cassio" 
that  he  cannot  contain  himself  and  bursts  out 
(IV,  1,  229)  with  the  words,  "Fire  and  brimstone!" 
before  he  is  aware  of  it,  and  thus  betrays  to  us 
the  volcanic  passion  that  is  raging  within  him. 
This  is,  of  course,  also  true  of  his  exclamation 
(IV,  1,  222),  "Are  you  sure  of  that?"  when  Ms 
unsuspecting  wife  says  to  her  kinsman  that  he 
"shall  make  all  well"  between  her  husband  and 
Cassio.  These  slips  of  his  prepare  us  for  the 
utter  loss  of  self-control  that  manifests  itself  when 
he  strikes  her  a  few  minutes  later.  His  pent-up 
passion  must  find  a  vent  or  precipitate  him  into 
another  epileptic  spell  —  which  would  be  inartis- 
tic, would  enlist  our  sympathies  in  his  behalf 
(instead  of  Desdemona's),  would  puzzle  the  senate, 
and  would  confuse  the  issues. 

An  admirable  instance  of  a  slip  of  the  tongue 
occurs  in  "Twelfth  Night"  (II,  5,  62).  Malvolio, 
the  priggish  and  conceited  Steward,  sitting  in  the 
orchard,  is  indulging  in  a  typical  day-dream  of 
future  greatness.  In  his  mind's  eye  he  sees  him- 
self married  to  the  Lady  Olivia  and  revels  in  the 
fantasy  of  lording  it  over  those  who  have  incurred 
his  displeasure.  He  orders  Sir  Toby,  his  pet 
aversion,  to  be  brought  before  him.  "Seven  of 
my  people,"  says  he,  "with  an  obedient  start  make 
out  for  him;  I  frown  the  while,  and  perchance 
wind  up  my  watch,  or  play  with  my  —  some  rich 
jewel."  The  dash  after  "my"  does  not  occur  in 
the  Folio,  and  some  modern  editors  omit  it,  inter- 
preting "my  some  rich  jewel"  to  mean  "some  rich 
jewel  of  mine."  Daniel  suggested  changing  the 
words  "my  some"  to  "my  handsome,"  and  Dyce 
proposed  omitting  the  word  "my"  as  an  accidental 
repetition  resulting  from  the  preceding  "my 
watch."  Collier  introduced  the  dash,  and  explained 
the  passage  thus:  "Malvolio,  after  mentioning 
his  watch,  wants  to  mention  some  other  jewelled 
ornament,  but  is  unable  to  think  of  one  at  the 
moment  and  therefore  merely  says  "some  rich 
jewel."  Nicholson,  retaining  Collier's  dash, 
explains  the  passage  in  a  manner  which  "carries 
instant  and  complete  conviction"  (Furness).  He 
says:  "There  is  here  a  true  touch  of  nature  and 
a  most  humorous  one.  While  Sir  Toby  is  being 
fetched  to  the  presence,  the  Lord  Malvolio  would 
f  rowningly  wind  up  his  watch  or  play  with  —  and 
here  from  force  of  habit  he  fingers  [the  chain 
about  his  neck,  his  badge  of  office],  and  is  about 
to  add  'play  with  my  chain,'  but  suddenly  remem- 
bering that  he  would  be  no  longer  a  steward,  or 
other  gold-chained  attendant,  he  stops  short,  and 
then  confusedly  [covers  up  his  slip  of  the  tongue 
and]  alters  his  phrase  to  —  'some  rich  jewel.'  " 
The  watch  may,  by  association,  have  suggested 
the  chain. 

A  striking  and  significant  slip  of  the  tongue, 
which  has  not  escaped  the  critics,  occurs  in 
"Macbeth"  (I.  5,  34— ed.  Furness).  Lady 
Macbeth,  her  mind  occupied  with  murderous 
thoughts  awakened  by  her  husband's  letter,  is 
impatiently  and  tigress-like  pacing  her  room 


when  one  of  her  servants  enters  and  announces 
the  coming  of  the  King.  In  her  then  state  of 
mind  it  would  have  been  madness  for  the  King 
knowingly  to  put  himself  in  her  power.  The 
shock  of  surprise  momentarily  robs  her  of  her 
self-control  and  she  bursts  out:  "Thou'rt  mad  to 
say  it."  Then,  fearing  that  she  has  betrayed  what 
is  beating  in  her  brain,  she  adds:  "Is  not  thy 
master  with  him?  who,  wer't  so,  would  have 
inform'd  for  preparation." 

In  "The  Tempest"  (III.  1,  36-37)  the  charming, 
innocent,  love-infected  Miranda  in  an  unguarded 
moment  betrays  her  name  —  which  she  was  for- 
bidden to  reveal  —  to  her  equally  infected  lover  by 
as  pretty  a  lapsus  linguce  as  may  be  found  any- 
where in  literature. 

Early  in  1910,  Dr.  Otto  Rank  announced  that 
he  had  discovered  in  one  of  Shakespeare's  plays, 
"The  Merchant  of  Venice"  (III.  2,  3-18),  an 
instance  of  a  lapsus  linguae  determined  by  "the 
disturbing  influence  of  a  suppressed  thought," 
namely,  in  Portia's  speech  to  Bassanio  just  before 
he  chooses  the  casket  that  is  to  determine  their 
fate.  She,  perfectly  happy  in  her  love,  is  content 
to  have  him  "peize  the  time,  eke  it  out  and  draw 
it  out  in  length,  to  stay  him  from  election";  but 
he,  impatient  and  impetuous  adventurer  —  and 
needy,  too  —  is  bent  on  getting  through  with  the 
business.  To  her  the  result  means  either  eternal 
misery  or  eternal  happiness;  to  him  the  gain  or 
loss  of  a  fortune  —  and  a  wife.  Under  these  cir- 
cumstances she  addresses  him  as  follows: 

"Forbear  a  while!  — 

There's  something  tells  me  —  but  it  is  not  love  — 
I  would  not  lose  you;   and  you  know  yourself, 
Hate  counsels  not  in  such  a  quality. 
But  —  lest  you  should  not  understand  me  well  — 
I  would  detain  you  here  some  month  or  two 
Before  you  venture  for  me.    I  could  teach  you 
How  to  choose  right,  but  then  I  am  forsworn; 
So    [i.  e.  forsworn]   will  I  never  be;   so  may  you 

miss  me; 

But  if  you  do,  you'll  make  me  wish  a  sin, 
That  I  had  been  forsworn. —  Beshrew  your  eyes, 
They    have    o'erlook'd    [=    bewitched]    me,    and 

divided  me; 

One  half  of  me  is  yours, —  th'  other  half  yours, 
Mine  own,  I  would   [=:  should]   say;    but  if  mine, 

then  yours, 
And  so  all  yours." 

Commenting  on  the  above  passage  Dr.  Rank  says: 
"  [Portia]  would  like  to  tell  [Bassanio]  that  even 
in  the  event  of  failure,  he  should  be  assured  of  her 
love ;  but  is  prevented  from  doing  so  by  her  solemn 
promise  to  her  father."  In  this  mental  discord  she 
addresses  her  suitor  with  the  words  quoted  and 
makes  the  slip  of  the  tongue  indicated  in  italics. 
According  to  Rank,  Portia  meant  to  say:  "One- 
half  of  me  is  yours,  the  other  half  mine,"  but  her 
tongue  slipped  into  saying  "the  other  half  yours." 
He  continues:  "What  she  intended  only  to  hint  at 
remotely,  because  she  ought  really  not  to  have  said 
anything  about  it,  namely,  that  she  loves  him  and 
is  wholly  his  even  before  he  chooses,  the  poet  — 
with  admirable  psychologic  insight  —  allows  to 
leak  out  in  a  slip  of  the  tongue  and  by  this  device 
manages  to  allay  the  unbearable  uncertainty  of  the 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


91 


lover  [ !]   and  the  distressing  tension  of  the  audi- 
ence as  to  the  outcome  of  the  selection." 

Dr.  Rank's  rendering  of  Portia's  meaning  and 
Shakespeare's  motive  does  not  satisfy  me.  I  can 
find  no  slip  of  the  tongue,  accidental  or  intentional, 
in  Portia's  disclosure  of  the  conflict  between 
her  love  and  her  determination  to  continue 
loyal  to  her  father's  behest.  It  is  impossible  to 
read  her  words  and  not  find  in  them  a  frank 
admission  of  her  love.  She  makes  no  attempt  to 
conceal  the  true  state  of  her  emotions.  This  love 
of  hers  is  too  serious  a  matter  for  trifling;  with 
her  earnestness  and  sincerity,  she  raises  the  choice 
of  the  caskets  to  the  dignity  of  a  solemn  religious 
ceremony,  and  thus  justifies  her  father's  strange 
injunction.  It  is  true  she  says,  "it  is  not  love  ; 
but  who  that  has  a  heart  does  not  feel  that  the 
words,  spoken  with  arch  playfulness,  mean  the 
direct  opposite  of  what  they  purport?  Then,  as 
if  fearing  that  Bassanio's  masculine  stupidity  in 
such  matters  might  not  interpret  her  aright  ("lest 
you  should  not  understand  me  well"),  and  as  if 
reproaching  herself  for  not  having  told  the  truth, 
and  perhaps  for  having  caused  him  a  moment's 
pain,  she  assures  him  that  "hate  counsels  not  in 
such  a  quality."  Any  actress  who  has  a  feeling  of 
her  business,  and  every  reader  that  has  but  half  a 
heart  and  a  little  imagination,  would  read  the  line 
in  question :  "  One-half  of  me  is  yours, —  th'  other 
half  .  .  yours/'  Portia,  having  just  confessed 
that  her  lovers  eyes  had  bewitched  and  divided  her, 
speaks  as  if  she  meant  to  say  that  she  retained 
one-half  of  herself  for  herself,  but  —  with  a  sudden 
ebullition  of  her  love  and  with  a  complete  self- 
surrender  —  she  frankly  admits  that  she  is  wholly 
his ;  one-half  of  me  is  yours, —  the  other  half  — 
is  also  yours.  In  this  way  we  rise  to  a  climax 
from  her  preliminary  "it  is  not  love"  to  her 
culminating  "all  yours."  Dr.  Rank  was  probably 
misled  in  his  interpretation  by  taking  the  word  "I 
would  say"  to  mean  "I  intended  to  say"  instead 
of  "I  should  [or  ought  to]  say" — a  meaning  that 
the  word  "would"  often  had  in  Shakespeare's  day. 
Incidentally  it  may  be  remarked  that  the  tension 
of  the  audience  (or  reader)  is  in  no  danger  of 
breaking.  Those  who  have  read  this  play  carefully 
and  are  acquainted  with  Shakespeare's  method 
know  that  Portia's  approval  of  Nerissa's  praises 
of  Bassanio,  and  a  few  other  touches  in  the  first 
two  acts,  sufficiently  apprise  the  audience  of  the 
fact  that  Bassanio  is  destined  to  choose  the  right 
casket.  That  is  perhaps  one  reason  why  the  great 
necromancer  does  not  treat  us  to  even  a  single 
love-scene  between  Portia  and  Bassanio. 

SAMUEL  A.  TAXXEJCBAUM. 

New  York,  June  28, 1916. 


POETEY  AND  OTHEB  THINGS. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
In  the  New  Republic  of  March  11,  Edward 
Storer  assures  us  that  free  verse  is  no  longer  an 
experiment  but  has  "become  a  recognized  medium 
of  literary  expression."  Almost  every  modern  poet 
uses  it  exclusively  or  in  addition  to  his  regular 
verse.  He  is  not,  however,  entirely  satisfied  with 
the  result:  "We  use  it  because  we  must,  because 


it  is  more  real  than  the  conventional  meters  and 
possesses  a  living  rhythm  as  opposed  to  their  dil- 
letante  rhythm,  and  also  because  it  is  directed  by 
an  intenser  rhythmical  ardor  than  prose."  Struc- 
turally then  it  stands  half  way  between  the  older 
poetry  and  prose.  The  poet  who  would  give 
expression  to  modern  realities,  he  says,  must  either 
use  it  or  prose.  The  only  reason  why  he  should 
not  resort  to  the  latter,  so  far  as  appears,  is  that 
there  would  be  a  loss  of  rhythmical  ardor.  The 
material  would  be  just  the  same. 

What  then  is  rhythmical  ardor?  What  is  a 
living  rhythm?  The  latter,  I  suppose,  is  a  natural 
as  opposed  to  a  studied  or  artificial  rhythm.  "All 
writing,"  he  tells  us,  meaning  all  spoken  language, 
"we  must  suppose,  has  a  rhythmical  beat  of  some 
kind,  and  language  as  it  tends  toward  a  greater 
symbolical  intensity  of  feeling  tends  also  toward 
a  more  pronounced  and  formal  rhythm."  This  I 
take  to  mean  that  there  is  a  sort  of  rhythm  in  the 
most  prosaic  prose,  and  as  the  feeling  which 
strives  to  clothe  itself  in  language  becomes  intense, 
the  language  will  become  more  rhythmic;  that  is, 
it  will  more  and  more  take  on  the  form  of  the  tra- 
ditional meters.  In  other  words,  prose  informed 
by  emotion,  will  pass  into  free  verse  on  its  way  to 
formal  or  regular  verse  which  it  will  not  quite 
reach.  But  this  in  no  way  explains  the  reason  for 
dividing  it  into  bines.  This  he  proceeds  to  make 
clear  to  himself. .  The  interior  rhythm  —  whatever 
that  may  be  —  existing  in  prose,  asserts  itself  in 
much  greater  degree  in  free  verse,  "Gathering 
intensity  and  form  as  it  develops  from  the  lax 
and  wayward  rhythm  of  prose,  it  tends  to  impose 
itself  on  the  eye  as  well  as  upon  the  interior  hear- 
ing and  to  demand  the  line  length." 

It  is  not  all  in  the  eye  however.  "The  verse 
may  be  said  rather  to  divide  itself  into  lengths 
according  to  some  almost  unconscious  combined 
action  of  ear  and  eye  pressed  into  the  service  of 
the  verse  by  the  dominating  impulse  of  the  poet." 
It  is  not  a  "cutting  up  prose  into  lines."  It  is 
an  "instinctive  impulse  of  the  verse  itself  whose 
interior  vigor  craves  such  an  arrangement." 

It  may  be  doubted  whether  verse,  apart  from 
the  mind  of  the  poet,  has  an  impulse  or  interior 
vigor  that  craves  anything  at  all.  So  far  as  form 
is  concerned  the  process  is  just  as  artificial  as  an 
arrangement  in  measured  lines.  It  is  a  matter  of 
carving,  rather;  it  requires  the  combined  action  of 
eye  and  hand.  The  poet  does  not  want  his  verse 
to  look  like  prose,  hence  the  division  into  variform 
lines  and  assorted  meters.  What  the  impulse  or 
interior  vigor  has  tried  to  do  he  tells  us  is  "to 
secure  a  regular  rhythmic  content  for  its  expres- 
sion. Free  verse  is  verse  true  in  material  and 
inspiration  which  has  not  succeeded  in  obtaining 
for  itself  a  definite  form."  This  means  that  free 
verse  would,  if  it  could,  express  itself  in  the  dille- 
tante  rhythm  and  ordered  meters  of  regular  verse. 
It  fails  because  its  material  cannot  be  forced  into 
the  traditional  moulds.  Here  again  we  might  sup- 
pose that  the  material  and  inspiration  of  free  verse 
would  depend  largely  on  the  poet,  and  indeed,  Mr. 
storer  recognizes  the  fact.  The  poet  fails,  he  tells 
us,  because  he  is  still  under  the  "debilitating  influ- 
ences of  a  dilletante  sense  of  poetry,  which  should 


92 


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[August  15 


really  be  content  with  the  old  conventional  verse 
forms."  "The  great  majority  of  rhymsters  and 
verse  makers"  should  in  fact  use  nothing  but  the 
old  forms.  They  will  produce  drawing-room 
poetry  which  will  please  themselves  and  their 
friends.  It  will  have  no  relation  with  modern  life. 
"They  will  pour  these  perfumed  ecstacies  into  the 
delicious  old  vessels,  where  all  their  life  and  char- 
acter will  be  lost." 

All  these  dissenters  from  the  orthodox  fold  have 
a  great  deal  to  say  about  the  realities  of  modern 
life.  Amy  Lowell  labels  Milton  and  Dante  back 
numbers,  because  they  are  completely  out  of  focus 
with  the  realities  of  modern  life.  What  are  these 
realities  and  how  do  they  differ  from  the  realities 
of  ancient  or  medieval  life?  All  life  is  made  up 
of  psychological  factors  which  react  against  the 
material  world.  The  old  poetry  dealt  with  the 
hopes  and  fears,  desires,  aspirations,  passions, 
love  and  hate  of  men  and  women  and  the  actions 
resulting  therefrom.  Modern  poetry  will  perhaps 
try  to  see  how  the  change  of  view  in  philosophy 
and  religion,  and  the  advance  of  science  and  indus- 
trial development  affects  these  primary  and  perma- 
nent motives.  This  field  is,  however,  pretty  fully 
occupied  by  the  novelist  and  story  writer,  who  have 
an  immense  advantage  over  the  free  versifier,  ham- 
pered as  he  is  by  the  harrowing  doubt  as  to  the 
proper  division  of  his  lines  and  the  debilitating 
influence  of  the  old  poetry  which  will  not  allow 
him  to  divide  into  paragraphs  or  periods  as  in 
other  forms  of  prose. 

Prose  it  is,  generally  speaking,  spite  of  protest. 
Poetic  material  it  may  sometimes  have  which 
deserves  a  better  setting.  A  few  examples  will 
make  this  clear.  In  the  April  "Atlantic"  Professor 
Lewis  Worthington  Smith  pays  his  disrespects  to 
some  verses  printed  in  a  daily  paper  which  had 
received  the  editorial  endorsement  that  they  were 
"worthy  of  place  in  any  anthology  of  English  lit- 
erature." Professor  Smith  criticises  them  as  com- 
monplace and  not  poetry  at  all.  With  the  subject 
matter  I  have  no  present  concern.  What  I  wish 
to  emphasize  is  that  apart  from  an  arbitrary  divi- 
sion into  lines  it  is,  in  structure,  just  prose.  Here 
it  is  before  the  eye  got  in  its  work. 

"I  will  arise:  I  will  go  up  into  the  lofty  places 
apart  from  all  man's  work,  and  there  commune 
with  God  and  mine  own  soul.  I  will  search  out  by 
lonely  thought  some  meaning  or  accord  or  radiant 
sanction  that  may  justify  the  ways  of  life.  The 
void  and  troubled  world  will  I  renounce,  to  gain 
in  solitude  what  the  world  gave  not  —  sense  of 
life's  design." 

Let  it  be  noted  here  that  this  is  far  more  met- 
rical than  most  free  verse,  and  the  division  of  lines 
as  will  be  seen  later,  is  not  very  remote  from 
ordinary  blank  verse.  Now  suppose  that  you, 
never  having  seen  the  poem,  should  hear  it  read, 
could  you  form  any  idea  at  all  as  to  how  the 
author  had  divided  his  lines?  Under  the  licence 
of  free  verse  there  are  a  half  a  dozen  ways  at 
least,  all  equally  good  and  none  of  them  changing 
the  value  in  the  least.  What  the  author  did  do  is 
this: 

I  will  arise; 

I  will  go  up  into  the  lofty  places 


Apart  from  all  man  's  work,  and  there  commune 

With  God  and  mine  own  soul.    I  will  search  out 

By  lonely  thought  some  meaning  or  accord 

Or  radiant  sanction  that  may  justify 

The  ways  of  life.     The  void  and  troubled  world 

Will  I  renounce,  to  gain  in  solitude 

What  the  world  gave  not  —  sense  of  life's  design. 

In  passing  I  may  note  the  fact  that  the  writer 
has  not  wholly  freed  himself  from  poetic  diction 
and  those  inversions  which  Amy  Lowell  considers 
the  bane  of  the  old  poetry.  Other  arrangement 
of  lines  I  leave  to  the  ingenuity  of  the  reader. 
Any  one  who  has  read  Dickens  will  recall  page 
after  page  more  regular  in  meter  than  the  above, 
which  could  be  easily  divided  into  lines  of  nearly 
uniform  length.  It  was  not  at  all  intended  to  be 
poetry.  The  rhythm  is  simply  that  in  which  the 
thought  of  the  writer,  driven  by  a  deep  emotion, 
took  form. 

Lincoln's  Gettysburg  speech  has  been  put  into 
the  form  of  free  verse,  without  changing  it  to  the 
ear  in  the  least.  It  remains  just  what  is  was,  a 
noble  bit  of  prose.  For  further  illustration  I  take 
an  extract  from  an  account  of  the  recent  flood  in 
Holland.  It  is  just  a  specimen  of  the  ordinary 
reporter's  English,  the  writer  having  not  the  most 
remote  suspicion  that  he  was  writing  poetry.  I 
shall  take  the  liberty  to  set  him  in  his  proper  place 
among  the  writers  of  free  verse: 

When  the  terrific  gale 

That  had  been  raging  many  days 

Came  to  a  climax  of  fury; 

First  the  moaning,  blood-curdling 

Song  of  the  waves, 

The  rumble  and  crash  of  thunder, 

And  the  roar  of  the  onslaught  on  the  dykes; 

Then  the  snapping  and  tearing 

As  the  sea  wall  gave  way 

And  the  shrieking  of  the  storm  gods 

As  the  ocean  poured  over  the  stricken  land. 

Notice  the  nearly  regular  meter  of  some  of  the 
lines.  Here  too  the  lines  might  be  variously 
divided. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  multiply  examples.  To 
those  who  disagree  with  me  they  would  prove  noth- 
ing. To  my  mind  they  show  clearly  that  the 
difference  between  impassioned  prose  and  free 
verse  is  merely  the  division  into  lines — it  is  poetry 
to  the  eye  only.  What  then  has  the  eye  to  do  with 
poetry  ? 

Without  being  too  minute  we  may  say  the  eye 
perceives  nothing  but  form  and  color  or  gradations 
of  light.  Structurally,  poetry  is  altogether  a  mat- 
ter of  sound  with  which  the  eye  has  nothing  to 
do;  and  this  is  of  course  equally  true  of  prose. 
What  it  is  to  the  mind  we  need  not  concern  our- 
selves here,  for  we  are  only  discussing  the 
mechanics  of  verse.  Spoken  language  long  pre- 
ceded the  written.  It  is  made  up  of  sounds  which 
at  some  time  resolved  themselves  into  long  and 
short  or  accented  and  unaccented  syllables  on 
which  rhythm  depends.  These  are  perceived  by 
the  ear  only  which  conveys  their  meaning  to  the 
mind.  Writing  is  a  sort  of  mechanical  memory. 
The  eye  reports  to  the  mind  certain  symbols  which 
represent  sounds  to  which  meanings  have  been 
attached.  In  reading  we  mentally  reproduce  these 
sounds,  or  if  not  fully,  their  rhythm.  In  speaking 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


93 


or    reading   aloud    we    actually    reproduce    them. 
Poetry  therefore,  aside  from  its  intellectual  con-  . 
tent  is  a  matter  of  sound  not  of  sight. 

Nor  must  we  forget  the  relation  of  poetry  to 
music  and  painting.    Music  is  the  language  of  emo-  '•. 
tion,  pure  and  simple.    Poetry  shares  its  rhythm  ; 
and  part  of  its  emotion  which  it  strives  to  embody  j 
in  language.    The  minstrel  sang  his  verses,  as  some  j 
modern  poets  do,  somewhat  as  the  priest  intones  | 
the  litany.    Music  conveys  no  specific  information  : 
but  does  communicate  its  emotion.     Poetry  loses  < 
a  part  of  the  simple  emotion  but  adds  a  certain,  ; 
intellectual  content.    In  prose  at  its  lowest  terms  j 
there  is  no  emotion,  but  definite  information  for  i 
the  intellect  only.    In  both  primarily,  the  ear,  not  ! 
the  eye,  is  addressed.    Painting  and  the  other  arts  j 
reveal  their  meaning,  part  emotion  and  part  know- 
ledge, to  the  eye.    Of  all  the  arts  poetry  and  music 
are  nearest  akin.    Hand  in  hand  they  have  come  j 
down  through  the  ages.   There  is,  to  be  sure,  a  new  , 
music  which  seeks  to  free  itself  from  the  old  forms 
but  its  capricious  and  vagrant  rhythm  does  not  j 
bring  it  into  nearer  accord  with  free  verse. 

But  once  more,  why  may  not  the  realities  of  | 
modern  life  be  put  in  regular  verse?    Is  it  more 
difficult  than  to  put  the  realities  of  any  age  into 
regular  verse?     Modern  life  is  immensely  com- 
plex in  its  activities  but  the  fundamental  facts  j 
and  motives  are  just  the  same  as  ''when  brains 
full-blooded   ticked   two   centuries   since."     "The  I 
Ring  and  the  Book"  deals  with  the  same  problems 
we  have  to-day  and  many  of  us  think  that,  despite  i 
much    which    may    be    criticised,    Browning    has  , 
handled  them  pretty  well.     There  has  been  great  i 
advance  in  science,  great  changes  in  philosophy  j 
and  religious  views  and  Milton  and  Dante  are  out 
of  focus  with  this  development  but  not  with  that 
of  their  own  age.     The  latter  is,  indeed,  in  touch 
with  the  deep  realities  of  all  life.    Which  of  our 
moderns  has  told  so  moving  a  story  as  that  of 
Francesca  da  Rimini  and  her  lover? 

That  which  greatly  separates  us  from  the  past 
is  our  enormous  industrial  development.  Ours  is 
the  age  of  great  factories,  rolling  mills,  railroads, 
telegraphs,  telephones,  automobiles,  Panama 
Canals,  great  engineering  projects,  the  "movies," 
and  machine  music.  The  poetic  material  in  all  this 
is  not  large  and  what  there  is  can  be  put  into  the 
old  poetic  forms  if  one  is  willing  to  spend  the 
necessary  time  and  labor.  Whether  this  is  worth 
while  is  another  question.  The  writer  of  free 
verse  thinks,  correctly  no  doubt,  that  with  less 
labor  he  can  use  a  great  deal  more  of  the  raw  j 
material.  It  does  not  occur  to  him  that  in  elimi- 
nating the  old  forms  he  has  destroyed  the  charac- 
teristic feature  of  poetry,  nor  that  he  could  use 
much  more  of  this  material  and  to  greater  satisfac-  j 
tion  in  prose.  He  quite  ignores  the  fact  that  prose  ! 
at  its  best  is  a  very  fine  art  indeed,  little  inferior  to 
real  poetry. 

Speaking  still  of  form  —  not  substance  —  there 
is  no  doubt  at  all  that  real  poets  have  plenty  of 
trouble  in  putting  their  thought  and  feeling  into 
regular  verse.  The  difficulty  is  extreme  and 
increases  with  the  artificiality  of  the  form.  It  does 
limit  the  thought.  The  sonnet,  perfect  in  its  music,  i 


without  redundance  or  padding  or  commonplace, 
is  almost  non-existent.  What  then?  These  forms 
were  chosen  for  their  intrinsic  beauty  not  because 
they  were  useful.  The  sonnet  is  a  gem,  not  a 
prize  squash.  • 

Go  back  as  far  as  we  please  we  shall  find  the 
same  limitations,  differing  perhaps  in  degree.  I 
do  not  believe  that  Homer,  in  a  state  of  mental 
exaltation,  improvised  his  hexameters,  to  the 
accompaniment  of  his  harp  but  that  he  spent 
laborious  days,  with  many  experiments,  in  prepar- 
ing that  which  he  would  recite  at  a  sitting.  I  do 
not  believe  that  Milton  "lisped  in  numbers"  except 
as  most  children  make  rhymes,  or  that  the  "num- 
bers came"  unsought.  Blank  verse  is  the  easiest 
of  all  and,  except  in  a  very  few  hands,  the  least 
satisfactory.  Rhyme,  nothing  in  itself,  adds  won- 
derfully to  the  effect  and  also  to  the  difficulty. 
The  arrangement  of  the  lines  in  the  stanza  is  a 
further  complication.  It  is  a  dull  ear  nevertheless 
that  does  not  find  an  increase  of  beauty  in  this 
complexity,  as  a  matter  of  sound  or  music. 

All  this  of  course  does  not  make  poetry  but  it 
is,  I  think,  an  integral  part  of  it.  There  must  be 
the  elevated  thought  and  vibrant  emotion,  which 
again  by  itself  does  not  make  poetry.  We  find 
this  in  kind  if  not  quite  in  degree,  in  prose  and 
perhaps  in  free  verse.  What  I  have  seen  in  free 
verse,  of  which  I  have  read  very  little,  is  a  certain 
extravagance  in  phrase  to  make  up  for  rather 
indifferent  matter.  Walt  Whitman  sending  "his 
barbaric  yawp  over  the  house  tops"  set  the  fashion. 
What,  in  the  extract  first  quoted,  is  a  "radiant 
sanction"?  And  does  light  ooze  "out  of  the  tree 
tops  into  the  white  gaps  of  the  sky"'?  And  does 
one,  after  a  bath,  "smell  the  stars"?  Mrs.  Comer 
in  her  "Poetry  of  To-day,"  in  the  April  "Atlantic," 
quotes  a  little  poem  of  which  she  says,  "It  would 
be  hard  to  recall  more  vividly  an  August  after- 
noon": 

O  wind 

rend  open  the  heat, 

cut  apart  the  heat, 

rend  it  sideways. 

Fruit  cannot  drop 
through  this  thick  air ; 
that  presses  up  and  blunts 
the  points  of  pears 
and  rounds  the  grapes. 

Cut  the  heat 
plough  through  it 
turning  it  on  either  side 
of  your  path. 

Now  to  start  with,  the  writer's  specifications  have 
no  place  "in  realities  of  modern  life"  or  any 
other.  The  air  of  an  August  afternoon  is  not 
thick  but  grows  thinner  in  proportion  to  the 
increase  of  heat.  It  does  not  press  up  but  on  all 
sides  of  the  pear  alike.  That  the  hot  air  should 
blunt  the  points  of  pears  is  one  of  those  extrava- 
gant conceits,  supposed  to  show  originality,  which 
to  an  alienist  would  tend  to  show  a  disordered 
mind.  But  now  let  us  see  how  it  looks  without  a 
division  into  lines.  I  have  in  one  place  substituted 
a  comma  for  a  semi-colon  which  clearly  does  not 
belong  there. 


94 


THE   DIAL 


[August  15 


"0  wind  rend  open  the  heat,  cut  apart  the  heat, 
rend  it  sideways.  Fruit  cannot  drop  in  this  thick 
air,  that  presses  up  and  blunts  the  points  of  pears 
and  rounds  the  grapes.  Cut  the  heat  plough 
through  it  turning  it  on  either  side  of  your  path." 
The  punctuation  could  still  be  much  improved  but 
it  would  not  make  poetry  of  that  which  is  only 
rather  poor  prose.  If  there  were  a  literary  Pure 
Food  Law  the  author  might  be  prosecuted  for  mis- 
branding. 

To  sum  up  in  a  word:  All  spoken  language  is 
made  up  of  sounds  to  which  meanings  have  been 
attached.  The  sounds  are  addressed  to  the  ear 
only;  the  meanings,  through  the  ear,  to  mind  and 
heart.  The  eye  has  nothing  to  do  with  either.  In 
written  language  the  eye  interprets  the  sound  sym- 
bols, nothing  more.  Prose  in  any  form  is  prose, 
but  poetry,  good  or  bad,  is  poetry  by  virtue  of  its 
form.  Destroy  that  and,  whatever  the  content  may 
be,  it  is  no  longer  poetry. 

I  cannot  believe  that  free  verse  is  to  become  a 
permanent  literary  form.  It  is  in  my  view  a 
hybrid  on  whose  sterility  we  may  pretty  certainly 


reckon. 


H.  E.  WARNER. 


RECENT  FICTION.* 


Perhaps  there  will  be  Americans  who  will 
discover  the  Lightning  Conductor  by  means 
of  C.  N.  and  A.  M.  Williamson's  new  book, 
which  tells  how  he  discovered  America. 
There  may  be  some  (there  was  till  lately  at 
least  one)  who  knew  that  remarkable  person 
only  through  report  and  the  covers  or  beau- 
tiful jackets  of  previous  works.  Those  who 
already  know  these  entertaining  books  will 
merely  skim  over  a  review  to  see  if  the  re- 
viewer agrees  with  them.  As  to  those  who 
do  not  know — although  Nars-ed-Din  in  the 
old  tale  said  "There  is  no  use  in  talking  to 
such  stupid  people" — yet  they  may  not  in 
this  case  really  be  stupid,  considering  the 
size  and  intelligence  of  our  reading  public. 
Such  people  may  be  told  that  this  book  is  a 
very  amusing  combination  of  narratism  and 
description:  narratism  in  an  exciting  and 
mysterious  love  story ;  description  in  accounts 
of  all  sort  of  attractive  places  in  New  York 
and  New  England. 

As  for  the  story,  it  is  of  the  sort  mentioned 
by  Miss  Patricia  Moore  herself,  the  chief 
young  lady,  the  model  for  the  frontispiece, 
writing  to  Adrienne  de  Montcourt  about  the 
events  in  which  she  is  playing  a  conspicuous 
part;  she  asks  herself  "can  such  things  go 

*  THE  LIGHTNING  CONDUCTOR  DISCOVERS  AMERICA.  By  C.  N. 
and  A.  M.  Williamson.  New  York :  Doubleday  Page  &  Co. 

FATHER  BERNARD'S  PARISH.  By  Florence  Olmstead.  New 
York  :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

THE  ROAD  TO  MECCA.  By  Florence  Irwin.  New  York: 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

THE  HOUSE  OF  WAR.  By  Marmaduke  Pickthall.  New 
York:  Duffield  &  Co. 


on"?  Miss  Moore  had  previously  written 
something  about  the  "writings  of  critics  who 
live  by  having  opinions  about  other  people." 
(This,  by  the  way,  is  only  her  imaginative 
way  of  putting  things;  nobody  lives  by  that 
means;  even  critics  live  otherwise  and  only 
have  opinions  to'  provide  themselves  with 
modest  luxuries.)  However  that  be,  Patricia 
goes  on  with  the  somewhat  original  view  "I 
see  by  them  that  romance  is  not  truth".  But 
this  is  satirical  on  her  part;  she  evidently 
thinks  that  her  romance  is  truth.  A  part  of 
it  obviously  is  true  because  it  is  about  actual 
places:  Long  Island,  Boston  and  the  North 
Shore;  the  White  Mountains  and  the  rest  of 
the  Ideal  Tour;  Patricia  herself  is  an  attrac- 
tive young  person  and  her  mastery  of  the 
English  language  is  excellently  conveyed. 
The  daughter  of  an  extravagant  American, 
educated  in  a  French  convent  and  coming  to 
America  for  the  first  time  since  childhood, 
she  is  peculiarly  open  to  adventure.  I  will 
not  cast  doubt  on  the  truth  of  any  of  these 
adventures,  though  some  strain  the  imagi- 
nation. For  one  thing,  I  do  not  think  that 
three  boys  (even  just  graduated  from  Har- 
vard) would  be  so  devoted  to  a  girl  who  is 
touring  in  a  Grayles  Gril  car  with  the  man 
she  was  engaged  to,  as  to  follow  her  from 
Boston  to  Great  Barrington  via  Bretton 
Woods  in  an  inferior  car  called  the  Hippo- 
potamus. There  may  be  some  foundation, 
but  on  the  surface  it  looks  as  unlikely  as  it  is 
that  Jack  should  have  crossed  "Whittier's 
beloved  Merrimac"  in  going  from  Swamp- 
scott  to  Marblehead.  Still  it  would  be  pe- 
dantic to  try  to  tie  the  authors  of  this  enter- 
taining book  down  to  absolute  and  bare  facts. 
Imagination,  romance,  and  tradition  is  what 
they  like,  and  if  they  can  find  it  in  conscien- 
tious old  New  England,  one  should  surely  not 
do  anything  to  discourage.  Jack  Winston 
has  a  fine  romantic  spirit :  he  is  full  of  all  the 
romantic  associations  of  the  places  through 
which  these  confirmed  motorists  make  their 
way.  I  do  not  know  which  of  these  able 
writers  supplies  the  local  color  and  which 
supplies  the  story,  nor  indeed  is  it  obvious 
that  the  book  is  written  in  just  that  way.  If 
it  is,  however,  each  has  fairly  surpassed  the 
other.  Not  only  do  we  have  attractive  and 
amusing  accounts  of  summer  in  New  Eng- 
land, as  seen  from  the  road,  but  we  also  have 
an  amusing  and  interesting  love  story  devel- 
oped by  means  of  the  motor  car  tours.  Neither 
of  these  things  are  impossibilities,  but  prob- 
ably neither  have  been  done  much  better  than 
in  the  present  book. 

If  the  novel  reader  cares  to  go  on  with 
"Seeing  America"  this  summer  he  will  nat- 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


95 


urally  run  across  "Father  Bernard's  Parish." 
Anyone  who  has  been  reading  about  New 
England  and  its  past  and  present  will  feel 
that  he  is  getting  into  a  totally  different 
country  in  turning  to  this  story  of  Irish  and 
German.  Italian  and  Pole  in  upper  New 
York.  Father  Bernard's  Parish  includes  Co- 
lumbus Avenue  about  One  Hundredth  Street 
and  the  adjacent  territory.  Among  his  parish- 
ioners are  Mrs.  Halligan,  who  goes  out  to  I 
cook,  her  daughter  Annie,  designated  for  the 
convent,  and  her  son  Tom,  expressman:  Mrs. 
Zuckerman.  in  whose  bakery  and  lunch  room 
works  Lena  Schramin,  a  Polish  girl,  Oscar 
Hauser  of  the  delicatessen  store  and  Fran- 
cisco Madeo.  a  gang-boss,  as  well  as  many 
others,  from  other  nations  still.  Among  these 
varied  people  the  only  person  who  suggests 
the  America  which  the  Lightning  Conductor 
discovered  is  George  Wagner,  the  drug-store 
clerk.  He  came  from  Hillsville,  a  little  old 
town  in  Pennsylvania,  "as  quiet  as  a  wheat 
field."  There  is  all  the  difference  in  the  world 
between  these  books.  The  difference  between 
the  noisy  city  and  the  charming  open  coun- 
tryside, between  the  rich,  or  at  least  those 
who  seem  to  have  little  occupation  except 
that  of  amusing  themselves,  and  the  plain 
common  every  day  people  who  do  the  work 
that  makes  the  world  go  'round.  But  there 
is  no  more  striking  difference  than  that  be- 
tween the  America  which  they  present  and 
the  America  of  the  Hudson  and  the  White 
Mountains,  of  Irving  and  Hawthorne  and 
Whittier.  and  the  American  of  the  present 
era  of  the  "Melting  Pot." 

But  it  is  not  at  all  the  thing  to  treat  Miss  : 
Olmstead's  book  merely  as  a  sociological  doc- 
ument. It  is  an  excellent  story  both  in  its  j 
study  and  in  its  working  out.  It  is  a  sign  of  j 
reality  in  a  book  when  the  writer  can  accom- 
plish his  purpose  by  acts  and  incidents  which 
though  unexpected  are  pretty  clearly  the  nat- 
ural expression  of  the  different  people  con- 
cerned. I  must  confess  that  I  do  not  know 
just  how  an  Italian  gang-boss  and  a  Polish 
waitress  would  act  under  given  conditions  and 
perhaps  I  know  no  more  about  an  American 
drug-store  clerk  or  an  Irish  expressman.  But 
Miss  Olmstead  seems  all  right  to  me.  Her 
characters  and.  of  course,  they  are  the  chief 
element  of  the  story,  are  drawn  in  a  most 
lively  and  definite  way,  and  though  they  do 
not  always  do  just  as  one  would  expect,  they 
do  at  least  what  seems  natural.  Father  Ber- 
nard alone  seems  rather  a  romantic  figure, 
but  he  is  certainly  all  that  such  a  father  ought 
to  be.  and  it  is  greatly  to  be  hoped  that  he  is  j 
a  fine  type  of  a  great  number. 


People  are  very  different  about  such  books 
and  about  such  phases  of  life.  Some  will 
merely  feel  repelled  by  such  an  uptown  street 
in  summer  with  its  stream  of  delivery  wagons, 
push-carts,  trucks,  automobiles,  trolleys,  ele- 
vated cars  running  forever  between  its  bound- 
aries of  poor  stores  and  little  restaurants 
with  their  rows  of  flats  above,  and  on  every 
hand  a  heterogeneous  and  discordant  nation- 
ality. They  find  much  more  charming  the 
lovely  old  time  villages  and  the  beautiful 
mountain-side  and  sea-shore  which  the  Light- 
ning Conductor  discovered  and  which  he  saw 
with  a  charm  heightened  by  the  associations 
of  literature  and  history.  Other  people  feel 
quite  differently.  It  does  not  matter  much 
how  people  feel :  each  book  presents  an  Amer- 
ica that  exists,  an  America  that  we  must  take 
account  of,  an  America  that  an  American  had 
better  know. 

One  might  query  a  little  as  to  whether  the 
same  thing  could  be  said  of  Miss  Florence 
Irwin's  "The  Road  to  Mecca."  Does  that 
represent  a  real  America?  The  book  is  one 
of  not  a  few  that  have  appeared  in  the  last 
few  years,  which  present  the  determined 
effort  of  an  attractive  woman  to  gain  a  place 
in  the  highest  society.  Ellie  Brewster  begins 
as  an  ordinary  young  woman  in  Allenbury, 
which  might  be  almost  any  small  town  not 
very  far  from  New  York.  She  has  ideas  of 
rising  in  the  world;  the  story  tells  how  she 
succeeds.  One  will  think  of  several  books  of 
late  which  have  told  much  the  same  story,  but 
the  career  of  Ellie  Brewster  differs  from  that 
of  the  others  in  that  they  usually  get  on  by 
their  beauty,  whereas  she.  though  she  has  a 
pretty  face,  really  gets  on  because  she  has  a 
good  head  behind  it. 

Theoretically  such  a  subject  is  even  more 
American  than  the  others  of  which  we  have 
been  speaking.  Quite  as  instructive  at  least 
as  scenery  and  tradition  on  the  one  hand,  or 
the  different  elements  of  the  meling  pot  on 
the  other,  is  the  general  possibility  in  Amer- 
ica of  passing  from  the  plainest  and  simplest 
phases  of  life  to  the  finest  and  highest.  In 
Miss  Irwin's  book,  however,  we  do  not  have 
exactly  that  change,  we  have  instead  some- 
thing which  has  probably  become  more  and 
more  a  popular  ideal  of  late,  namely  a  "social" 
rise.  Miss  Irwin  does  not  affect  to  believe 
that  such  a  change  in  social  position  is  worth 
while ;  indeed  it  is  very  clear  that  she  is  cer- 
tain that  it  is  not.  The  book  is  called  "The 
Road  to  Mecca"  as  though  it  looked  to  a  holy 
and  sacred  end,  but  the  prelude  and  after- 
piece show  that  such  is  not  the  aim  and  object 
of  Ellie  Brewster. 


96 


THE    DIAL 


[August  15 


It  may  be  that  the  social  climber  is  an 
exceptionally  American  figure.  It  is  certainty 
one  which  has  literary  possibilities  and  in  the 
present  enormous  popularization  of  interest 
and  acquaintance  with  the  doings  of  "wealth 
and  fashion,"  it  may  very  well  be  that  there 
are  not  a  few  girls  nowadays  who  resolve  to 
rise  from  being  social  nobodies  to  being  at  the 
top  of  the  social  ladder,  just  as  in  our  youth 
we  used  to  hear  of  the  poor  boy  who  was 
bound  to  be  President.  I  rather  doubt  though 
if  there  are  many  striking  cases.  It  seems  to 
one  rather  more  of  a  literary  conventionality 
than  an  actual  fact.  As  such,  however,  of 
course  Miss  Irwin  has  a  right  to  it  and  does 
well  with  it.  I  fancy  there  are  quite  as  many 
young  girls  from  Allenbury  who  become  lead- 
ers of  wealth  and  fashion,  as  there  are  English 
tourists  in  America  who  know  as  much  as 
Jac  Winstrom  did,  or  parish  priests  of  such 
certain  intuition  and  delicate  tact  as  Father 
Bernard. 

It  is  quite  a  change  from  these  American 
books  to  Marmaduke  Pickthall's  "The  House 
of  War."  Whoever  read  Mr.  Pickthall's  ear- 
lier book,  "Veiled  Women,"  will  be  sure  to 
remember  how  rich  it  was  in  local  color,  in 
its  knowledge  of  life  in  the  East  and  its  feel- 
ing for  it.  This  as  I  recall  it  was  the  striking 
thing  about  the  story  of  an  Englishwoman 
who  shocked  all  the  traditions  of  her  race  by 
marrying  the  son  of  an  Egyptian  Pasha.  This 
story  is  about  another  Englishwoman  in  the 
East  who  did  something  that  is  probably  more 
extraordinary.  Miss  Elsie  Wilding,  a  young 
Englishwoman,  independent  and  of  consid- 
erable fortune,  has  come  to  some  Eastern  city, 
in  Palestine  presumably,  to  visit  two  aunts 
who  have  for  many  years  maintained  a  quasi- 
missionary  school  in  memory  of  a  sister.  She 
is  herself  full  of  missionary  zeal  and  after 
a  short  time  at  the  aunts,  she  desires  to  go 
and  settle  in  a  native  village  that  she  may 
carry  on  some  work,  such  as  she  had  imag- 
ined. She  does  take  a  house  in  a  native  vil- 
Ige  and  attempts  work  among  the  Muslim. 
The  story  is  an  account  of  her  experience. 
Mr.  Pickthall's  sympathies  are  very  clear: 
Miss  Wilding  he  calls  a  "poor  demented  girl" 
and  her  missionary  zeal  is  "childlike  ardor  in 
a  foolish  faith."  His  presentation  bears  out 
his  language:  a  young  woman  must  be  de- 
mented who  thought  that  Muslim  villagers 
would  be  much  influenced  by  preaching  like 
the  following:  "Mahomet  is  not  good,  Ma- 
homet cannot  save  you,  Mahomet  is  a  liar,  he 
will  do  you  harm,  Mahomet  is  very  bad.  Isa 
is  good,  Isa  loves  you ;  Isa  died  for  you.  Come 
to  Isa.  Leave  Mahomet,"  and  so  on  intermi- 
nately.  I  do  not  know  whether  she  is  more 


demented  than  the  friends  who  allowed  a 
young  woman  with  plenty  of  money  to  go 
and  settle  all  by  herself  in  a  native  village 
with  no  companion  except  a  native  girl.  After 
it  was  all  over  the  Consul  said,  "No  child 
should  ever  be  allowed  to  play  near  gunpow- 
der. She  must  go  back  to  England."  But  at 
the  beginning  no  one  made  real  objections, 
which  certainly  seems  almost  impossible. 

I  confess  that  gives  rather  a  jar  to  my  feel- 
ing for  Mr.  Pickthall's  general  reliability, 
but  certainly  there  is  much  in  his  book  that 
is  interesting.  The  whole  local  situation, 
native  Christians,  native  Muslim,  governing 
Turk,  is  something  worth  knowing  about,  and 
his  typical  figures,  Hasan  Pasha,  Sheykh 
Bakir,  and  Amin  the  murderer,  all  seem  excel- 
lent. Of  course,  influence  of  America  is  pre- 
sented as  being  most  unpleasing:  Percy,  the 
son  of  the  miserable  old  bible-reader,  has  lived 
in  America  where  he  has  made  money.  He  has 
also  learned  to  speak  a  quaint  dialect  of  the 
English  .language  including  such  extremes  as 
"The  poison  of  that  proud  disdainful  girl  is 
in  my  veins"  and  "Sakes!  .  .  .  It's  you 
that 's  the  girl  for  me  and  not  that  yaller 
haired  refrigerator.  .  .  If  ever  I  get  quit  of 
this  here  fix,  I'll  take  you  and  ask  you  to  be 
Mrs.  Salaman  Dixby." 

But  with  all  the  disagreeable  things  that 
one  thinks  of  (and  there  are  not  a  few  of 
them).  Mr.  Pickthall  writes  an  interesting 
story  of  the  East.  When  it  is  obviously  in  his 
mind  to  press  a  point  he  is  (like  anyone  else) 
less  interesting  than  when  he  simply  exerts 
his  considerable  feeling  for  character  and  for 
humor  and  his  real  sentiment  for  local  color. 
But  if  one  will  waive  that  there  is  a  good  deal 
else  that  one  will  certainly  read  with  pleasure. 

EDWARD  HALE. 


A  new  publication  of  Messrs.  Allen  &  Unwin, 
Ltd.,  is  entitled  "Made  in  the  Trenches."  The 
book  is  edited  by  Sir  Frederick  Treves  and  George 
Goodchild  and  is  composed  entirely  of  contribu- 
tions by  men  serving  with  the  Colours.  The  con- 
tents are  of  a  miscellaneous  character  including 
poems,  short  stories,  articles,  anecdotes,  pen 
sketches,  and  in  fact  everything  which  can  express 
life  in  the  Sphere  of  War.  As  may  be  expected 
the  humourous  element  predominates  throughout. 
All  of  the  profits  from  the  sale  of  the  book  will 
be  devoted  to  the  Star  and  Garter  Endowment 
Fund  for  Paralysed  Soldiers. 

Nicholas  L.  Brown,  Publisher,  of  Philadelphia, 
announces  the  second  edition  of  "Such  Is  Life, 
by  Frank  Wedekind,  author  of  "The  Awakening 
of  Spring."  Second  edition  of  "Motherlove,"  by 
August  Strindberg,  will  be  ready  August  15th  or 
earlier. 


1916] 


THE   DIAL 


97 


THE  SPIRIT  OF  GERMANY.' 


Professor  Franeke's  small  volume  on  "The 
German  Spirit"  should  be  read  by  every 
American  who  is  willing  to  free  himself  of 
prejudice  with  regard  to  the  spirit  of  Ger- 
many in  the  present  war.  Of  the  many 
authors  presenting  the  side  of  Germany, 
Professor  Francke  alone  has  understood  how 
to  address  the  people  of  this  country.  When 
he  analyses  the  German  temperament  in  con- 
trast with  the  American,  he  is  at  once  author- 
itative and  impartial  —  a  German  would  be 
more  likely  to  resent  the  comparison  than 
would  a  citizen  of  the  United  States.  But  in 
applying  the  results  of  his  investigation  to  the 
present  war,  Professor  Francke  requires  some 
supplementing. 

The  book,  though  it  consists  of  three  sepa- 
rate articles,  is  a  fairly  consistent  whole.  The 
first  two  parts,  "German  Literature"  and 
"The  True  Germany,"  appeared  in  "The 
Atlantic  Monthly" ;  the  third  section,  hitherto 
unpublished,  is  in  reality  latent  in  the  other 
two.  The  presentation  is  remarkably  clear, 
and  the  author's  native  enthusiasm  is  tem- 
pered by  a  fine  spirit  of  cosmopolitanism,  in 
particular  by  an  appreciation  of  such  virtues 
as  are  especially  American.  Professor 
Francke  knows  not  only  of  whom  he  speaks 
but  to  whom  he  speaks. 

The  most  valuable  part  of  the  volume  is 
the  first  article,  which  was  written  before  the 
war  began.  In  this  essay  the  author 
expounds,  often  with  winning  humor,  the 
qualities  of  German  character  which  tend  to 
make  German  literature  unattractive  to 
Americans.  The  revelations  are  here  of  the 
greatest  value  because  they  were  made  with 
no  knowledge  of  the  purpose  for  which  they 
would  ultimately  be  used.  Professor  Francke 
had  not  imagined  that  by  the  time  the  article 
was  printed  Germany  would  have  put  herself 
radically  in  the  wrong  in  the  minds  of  nearly 
all  Americans,  even  many  of  those  who  had 
known  and  loved  Germany  in  the  past. 

This  brings  us  face  to  face  with  the  great 
problem.  Is  the  Germany  we  have  learned 
to  admire  and  have  sought  to  imitate, —  the 
Germany  of  Goethe,  Kant,  and  Beethoven, — 
is  this  the  country  we  see  and  hear  of  to-day  ? 
And  if  the  nation  really  is  the  same,  how  has 
this  violent  change  of  appearance  come  about  ? 
Professor  Francke's  book,  supplemented  by  a 
few  observations  which  it  naturally  suggests, 
explains  both  points. 


*  THE   GERMAN    SPIRIT. 
Henry  Holt  &   Co. 


By    Kuno    Francke.      New    York : 


The  German,  we  are  told  here,  is  by  nature 
slow,  prone  to  respect  authority,  distrustful 
of  the  vox  populi,  enamoured  of  the  infinite, 
and  easily  inclined  to  lose  himself  and  his 
judgment  in  some  great  passion.  These  qual- 
ities are  cited  to  explain  the  difficulty  an 
average  American  has  in  appreciating  a  liter- 
ature which  is  often  cumbersome,  undemo- 
cratic, vague,  and  extravagant.  To  character- 
ize the  faults  of  German  literature  in  English 
one  needs  an  equivalent  for  the  word 
schwdrmerisch,  which  means  at  once  wild, 
visionary,  and  fanatical.  This  explains  "Die 
Jungfrau  von  Orleans"  and  the  second  part 
of  "Faust."  But  does  it  not  explain  even 
better  the  attitude  of  the  German  people  in 
the  present  struggle  ?  Slow  to  act  in  a  crisis, 
the  common  people  found  themselves  at  war 
before  they  had  time  to  object  or  even  to  ask 
for  an  explanation.  Deferential  to  authority 
and  distrustful  of  themselves  in  the  mass,  they 
never  dreamed  of  criticizing  the  way  the  war 
was  begun  or  carried  on.  Emotional  and 
idealistic,  they  proceeded  to  devote  their  all 
to  the  service  of  the  Fatherland  with  a  hero- 
ism unexampled  in  history;  it  did  not  occur 
to  them  to  ask  whether  they  were  really 
defending  the  Fatherland  by  crushing  a  little 
country  they  were  pledged  to  protect  or  by 
sinking  a  great  passenger  ship  without 
warning. 

Professor' Francke's  second  article  under- 
takes to  prove  that  the  guiding  principles 
of  the  older  Germany  are  dominant  in  the 
Germany  now  at  war.  Kant's  belief  that 
"man's  dignity  and  freedom  consist  in  the 
unconditional  surrender  to  duty"  was  applied 
by  Prussian  statesmen  to  the  relations  of  the 
citizen  to  the  State.  Goethe's  "struggle 
toward  perfection"  was  also  given  a  national 
significance;  and  in  the  same  category, 
Nietzsche's  ideal  of  the  superman  was  trans- 
ferred by  Treitschke  and  Bernhardi  to  the 
conception  of  the  super-State.  Schiller's 
faith  in  the  power  of  art  to  uplift  the  soul  and 
reconcile  men  to  the  facts  of  life  has  resulted 
in  the  modern  idea  of  Kultur,  which  has  of 
late  been  so  thoroughly  misunderstood. 
Professor  Francke  gives  as  a  fine  instance  of 
this  faith  and  its  vitality  the  performance  of 
Goethe's  "Iphigenie"  before  the  German 
soldiers  at  Namiir.  The  soldier  must  indeed 
have  felt  that  he  was  sent  to  war  by  a  State 
"assiduously  cultivating  every  higher  tend- 
ency, every  refining  influence." 

If  these  things  are  so, —  and  the  greater  a 
man's  knowledge  of  Germany,  the  greater  will 
be  his  conviction  that  they  are  so, —  wherein 
lies  the  fallacy  of  Germany 's  present  attitude  ? 


98 


THE    DIAL 


[August  15 


We  must  here  again  supplement  Professor 
Francke,  for  it  is  evident  that  some  important 
change  has  taken  place  between  the  days  of 
Weimar  and  those  of  Potsdam.  Professor 
Francke  himself  supplies  the  key.  What  the 
older  Germany  lacked,  he  says,  was  self- 
assertion.  We  may  now  say:  What  has 
obscured  the  fine  qualities  of  the  older  Ger- 
many is  —  self-assertion.  Germany  is  not 
satisfied  to  say  that  her  ideals  of  duty,  of 
progress,  and  of  culture  are  good,  or  even  the 
best ;  she  insists  that  they  are  the  only  ideals. 
With  commendable  skill  and  intelligence,  the 
Germans  adopt  the  work  of  foreign  dramatists 
or  scientists,  but  never  think  of  crediting  the 
conditions  where  such  geniuses  are  produced. 
They  edit  Shakespeare  and  play  Shakespeare 
until  they  think  they  own  Shakespeare. 

But  behind  this  self-assertion  lies  a  deeper 
matter, —  the  idolization  of  the  State.  This, 
leading  to  a  narrow  and  aggressive  national- 
ism, has  produced  much  of  the  trouble.  It  is 
both  false  and  dangerous  to  suppose  that  the 
State,  to  quote  Professor  Francke,  is  "a  moral 
agency  superior  to  society."  On  the  con- 
trary, the  State  should  subserve  the  people, 
and  should  be  at  all  times  responsible  to  them. 
It  is  here  that  America  and  Germany  are  at 
opposite  extremes,  and  may  learn  each  from 
the  other, —  we  a  higher  and  more  imperative 
responsibility  of  the  individual  to  the  govern- 
ment, Germany  a  higher  and  more  imperative 
responsibility  of  the  government  to  the  indi- 
vidual. 

Professor  Dewey's  recent  article  in  "The 
Atlantic  Monthly"  gives  the  fairest  analysis  of 
Germany  that  has  yet  appeared.  As  he  shows, 
Germany  is  suffering,  not  from  materialism, 
but  from  misdirected  idealism.  Germany's 
ideal  of  nationalism  is  inspiring  and  enno- 
bling, but  it  has  at  present  two  fatal  defects : 
it  goes  too  far  and  it  does  not  go  far  enough. 
In  the  first  place,  it  confers  power  without 
demanding  an  equivalent  degree  of  responsi- 
bility; in  the  second  place,  its  application 
should  be  enlarged.  Everything  that  the 
German  believes  of  nationalism  would  be  true, 
if  he  did  but  scratch  out  the  word  and  write 
instead  "internationalism."  His  virtues  were 
fruitful  in  individualism;  they  were  still 
more  so,  Professor  Francke  feels,  in  national- 
ism. One  further  stage  remains  for  this  great 
people.  Their  increasing  business  and  com- 
merce were  opening  the  way  for  it.  A  fearful 
setback  has  come,  but  those  who  truly  know 
the  German  people  will  yet  look  with  confi- 
dence beyond  this  terrible  hour  to  the  future 
of  the  land  which  has  given  the  world  a 
Luther,  a  Goethe,  and  a  Wagner. 

CHARLES  WHARTON  STORK. 


PROPAGANDA  ix  THE  THEATRE.* 


In  that  larger  consistency  which  is  unafraid 
of  evolution  of  judgment,  it  is  sometimes  nec- 
essary to  rise  in  opposition  to  a  foundling 
whose  early  years  of  struggle  enlisted  our 
earnest  support.  This  freer  consistency  is 
probably  the  most  exacting  of  all  the  masters 
of  criticism,  demanding  not  only  an  open 
mind  for  the  apprehension  of  new  and  vital 
movements  in  literature  and  art  but  also  a 
mind  deaf  to  sentiment  in  order  to  prevent 
these  new  movements  from  usurping  an 
unwon  eminence.  In  its  present  state  of  flux, 
the  theatre  has  imposed  an  unusually  heavy 
burden  upon  the  critic  of  its  activities.  Real- 
ism, naturalism,  symbolism,  mysticism  have 
proved  to  be  hard  tests  of  catholicity  of  judg- 
ment. More  unruly  than  any  of  these,  how- 
ever, has  been  the  problem  of  propaganda  in 
the  theatre. 

When  Ibsen  and  Shaw,  with  Brandes  and 
Archer  as  their  heralds,  blasted  a  way  for 
propaganda  on  the  modern  stage,  only  a  few, 
beside  the  sociologists  who  came  to  the  theatre 
from  selfish  motives,  were  carried  away  by 
the  delusion  that  at  last  the  one  vital  func- 
tion of  the  theatre  had  been  discovered.  The 
rest  of  the  proponents  of  propaganda  in  the 
theatre  fought  for  it  sheerly  as  a  protest 
against  restriction,  as  a  defense  of  free  experi- 
ment. In  the  nature  of  the  case,  their  brief 
was  overstated,  and  their  fight  for  recognition 
of  the  new  function  brought  to  it  undeserved 
publicity  and  emphasis.  Conservatism,  too, 
made  its  inevitable  mistake  of  opposing  and 
thereby  advertising  and  nourishing  its  new 
foe,  enabling  it  to  grow  in  less  than  a  theatri- 
cal generation  to  such  an  estate  that  it 
required  no  defense.  Today,  the  newcomer 
needs  a  check  rather  than  a  defense.  And 
those  who  were  advocates  of  a  place  for  prop- 
aganda are  forced,  by  the  consistency  of  their 
larger  view  of  the  theatre,  at  least  to  define 
the  limits  of  this  particular  function  so  as 
to  keep  it  from  overshadowing  the  more  fun- 
damental purpose  of  the  theatre. 

Even  those  of  us  who  agree  most  willingly 
to  Granville  Barker's  free  and  sweeping  def- 
inition of  a  play  as  "anything  that  can  be 
made  effective  upon  the  stage  of  a  theatre  by 
human  agency,"  do  not  forget  that  the  theatre 
in  its  highest  form  is  one  of  the  arts  and  that 
as  one  of  the  arts,  the  chief  of  the  arts,  it 
sinks  all  other  aims  and  functions  in  the  aim 
and  function  of  beauty. 

*  WOMAN  ON  HER  OWN,  FALSE  GODS,  and  THE  RED  ROBE. 
By   Eugene  Brieux.     New  York :    Brentano's. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


99 


Writes  Gordon  Craig: 

I  cannot  be  expected  to  explain  to  you  all  that  the 
artist  means  by  the  word  beautiful;  but  to  him  it  is 
something  which  has  the  most  balance  about  it,  the 
justest  thing,  that  which  rings  a  complete  and  perfect 
bell  note.  Not  the  pretty,  not  the  smooth,  not  the 
superb  always,  and  not  always  the  rich,  seldom  the 
"effective"  as  we  know  it  in  the  Theatre,  although  at 
times  that,  too,  is  the  beautiful.  But  Beauty  is  so 
vast  a  thiiig,  and  contains  nearly  all  other  things 
—  contains  even  ugliness,  which  sometimes  ceases  to 
be  what  is  held  as  ugliness,  and  contains  harsh  things, 
but  never  incomplete  things. 

Bernard  Shaw  himself,  although  he  is 
commonly  looked  on  as  the  protagonist  of 
propaganda  on  the  English-speaking  stage, 
recognizes  the  breadth  of  the  theatre  beyond 
the  limits  of  a  political  and  sociological  forum. 
It  is  true  that  in  the  preface  to  "Man  and 
Superman,"  while  hitting  back  at  the  sim- 
ilarly narrow  advocates  of  "art  for  art's 
sake,"  he  writes:  "When  your  academic 
copier  of  fossils  declares  that  art  should  not 
be  didactic,  all  the  people  who  have  nothing 
to  teach  and  all  the  people  who  don't  want 
to  learn  agree  with  him  emphatically."  And 
elsewhere  he  says  that  art  without  a  social 
significance  is  worthless.  After  all,  though, 
Bernard  Shaw,  the  critic  of  art  and  music 
and  the  theatre,  knows  perfectly  well  that 
significance  in  art  is  all  the  more  powerful 
if  it  is  implicit  instead  of  explicit.  There  can 
be  no  other  import  in  these  lines  from  "The 
Sanity  of  Art,"  that  most  self-revealing  of 
all  the  Shavian  essays: 

The  claim  of  art  to  our  respect  must  stand  or  fall 
with  the  validity  of  its  pretension  to  cultivate  and 
refine  our  senses  and  faculties  until  seeing,  hearing, 
feeling,  smelling,  and  tasting  become  highly  conscious 
and  critical  acts  with  us,  protesting  vehemently 
against  ugliness,  noise,  discordant  speech,  frowzy 
clothing,  and  re-breathed  air,  and  taking  keen  inter- 
est and  pleasure  in  beauty,  in  music,  and  in  nature, 
besides  making  us  insist,  as  necessary  for  comfort 
and  decency,  on  clean,  wholesome,  handsome  fabrics 
to  wear,  and  utensils  of  fine  material  and  elegant 
workmanship  to  handle.  Further,  art  should  refine 
our  sense  of  character  and  conduct,  of  justice  and 
sympathy,  greatly  heightening  our  self-knowledge, 
self-control,  precision  of  action,  and  considerateness, 
and  making  us  intolerant  of  baseness,  cruelty,  injus- 
tice, and  intellectual  superficiality  or  vulgarity.  The 
worthy  artist  or  craftsman  is  he  who  serves  the 
physical  and  moral  senses  by  feeding  them  with  pic- 
tures, musical  compositions,  pleasant  houses  and  gar- 
dens, good  clothes  and  fine  implements,  poems,  fic- 
tions, essays,  and  dramas  which  call  the  heightened 
senses  and  the  ennobled  faculties  into  pleasurable 
activity.  The  great  artist  is  he  who  goes  a  step 
beyond  the  demand,  and,  by  supplying  works  of  a 
higher  beauty  and  a  higher  interest  than  have  yet 
been  perceived,  succeeds,  after  a  brief  struggle  with 
its  strangeness,  in  adding  this  fresh  extension  of 
sense  to  the  heritage  of  the  race. 

The  place  of  propaganda  in  the  theatre  — 
of  bald,  clear-eyed,  conscious  propaganda, 
unhoneyed  by  wit,  uninspired  by  imagination, 


depending  on  logic  for  its  dramatic  structure 

—  is  a  minor  one.    But  it  is  a  place  that  will 
never  and  should  never  be  surrendered  —  at 
least  as  long  a,s  there  is  a  middle  class  of 
intellect   that   can   be   reached   through   the 
theatre  more  effectively  than  from  the  lecture 
platform  or  the  street  corner  or  the  news- 
paper.    This  essentially  middle  class  func- 
tion of  the  propagandist  theatre  was  never 
better  illustrated  than  last  winter  when  John 
Galsworthy's  "Justice"   found  acclaim   and 
reward  from  middle  class  audiences  to  whom 
the  subject  of  prison  reform  was  a  new  and 
burning  topic.    Those  whose  minds  had  been 
graduated    from    such    a    primer    to    more 
advanced  subjects  and  who  found  in  the  play 
only  its  hint  of  Greek  tragedy  probably  would 
not  have  sustained  it  a  fortnight 

It  is  necessary  to  keep  in  mind,  however, 
that  the  propagandist  theatre  can  in  no  sense 
be  considered  an  art  form.  Except  for  its  use 
of  the  architectural  features  of  the  theatre 
and  the  structural  and  emotional  mechanism 
of  the  drama,  it  is  simply  what  it  would  be 
without  these  outward  advantages :  a  dialectic 
akin  to  the  debate,  the  text  book,  the  lecture, 
or  the  sermon.  I  can  conceive  of  a  legitimate 
objection  —  such  as  Gordon  Craig  expresses 

—  to  any  use  of  the   terms   "drama"   and 
"theatre"    for   such    plays    and    the    edifice 
which  houses  them.    It  may  be  that  the  thea- 
tre can  reach  its  estate  as  an  art  only  by  the 
use  of  hard  and  fast  definitions  and  discrim- 
inations.    I    like   to   think   of   the   theatre, 
though,  as  a  vast  social  institution  with  many 
and  diverse  uses  and  functions,  some  of  which 
may  not  yet  have  been  discovered  or  devel- 
oped, but  an  institution  which  reaches  its  full 
stature  only  as  one  of  the  arts.    Constant  care 
in  criticism  is  the  only  safeguard  against  the 
insidious  attempt  on  the  part  of  the  propa- 
gandist to  be  considered  more  important  than 
he  is.    We  must  defend  jealously  the  white 
flame  of  the  art  of  the  theatre,  hedging  it 
round  so  that  imitators  and  mountebanks  may 
not  steal  its  rewards  and  use  its  name  in  vain. 

The  most  unmistakable  contribution  to 
recent  propagandist  drama  is  the  new 
volume  of  three  plays  by  Eugene  Brieux 

—  simple,  unadorned  Brieux,  as  he  signs  him- 
self, after  the  manner  of  Caesar  and  Rameses 
and  Benrimo.     This  second  instalment  from 
the  author  of  "Damaged  Goods"  is  in  much 
the   same    sociological    vein    as    the    volume 
through   which    he    was   introduced    to    the 
American  public  several  years  ago.    "Woman 
On  Her  Own"  ("La  Femme  Seule")  makes 
about  as  dreary  a  muddle  of  the  problem  of 
woman  in  business  as  the  average  congres- 
sional report  does  of  a  strike  at  Paterson  or 


100 


THE    DIAL 


[August  15 


Leadville;  "False  Gods"  ("La  Foi")  just 
misses  imaginative  importance  by  the  play- 
wright's inherent  lack  of  imagination  and 
his  insistence  on  arguing  a  spiritual  and  mys- 
tical conception  as  if  it  were  a  question  of 
damages  for  the  loss  of  a  leg;  "The  Red 
Kobe"  ("La  Kobe  Rouge"),  long  one  of  the 
playwright's  most  praised  works  and  now  for 
the  first  time  available  in  English  translation, 
is  revealed  as  a  theatrical  rather  than  a  dra- 
matic treatment  of  a  murder  case  set  forth 
to  bait  the  unwary  into  a  consideration  of 
the  errors  and  faults  of  the  French  judicial 
system. 

It  is  manifestly  unfair  to  be  peevish  because 
Monsieur  Brieux  was  born  without  an  imag- 
ination. It  is  just  as  unfair  to  try  to  read 
into  his  plays  subtleties  and  nuances  and 
intentions  that  never  existed  in  the  play- 
wright's mind.  He  has  chosen  three  texts 
out  of  contemporary  life :  woman  in  business, 
religion,  and  the  administration  of  justice ;  and 
on  these  texts  he  preaches  three  sermons  or 
delivers  three  speeches  just  as  frankly  as  if 
he  were  standing  in  the  pulpit  or  on  the  ros- 
trum. Propaganda  they  are  and  as  propa- 
ganda they  must  be  judged  if  they  are  to  be 
judged  honestly.  But  it  is  hard  to  smother 
the  vision  of  what  each  play  might  have  been, 
especially  "False  Gods,"  which  just  misses 
greatness,  if  it  had  been  impelled  by  a  whiter 
flame  and  the  imagination  of  the  artist. 
.  "Woman  On  Her  Own"  is  easily  the  least 
interesting,  the  least  clear-cut  and  the  least 
logical  of  all  the  plays.  It  is  therefore  by 
far  the  least  successful  of  the  three,  because 
propaganda  must  be  judged  by  its  power  to 
hold  the  attention,  its  clarity,  and  its  logic. 
Those  who  know  "Damaged  Goods,"  espe- 
cially those  who  saw  it  played,  had  to  admit 
the  gripping  power  of  its  logic.  In  "Woman 
On  Her  Own,"  Brieux  shows  no  such  grasp 
of  his  subject.  Either  the  problem  of  woman 
and  labor  is  in  an  extremely  primitive  state 
in  France  and  the  play  is  a  page  out  of  past 
history  for  us,  or  else  the  playwright  him- 
self has  not  come  to  any  definite  impressions 
or  conclusions  on  his  subject.  His  story  is 
simply  that  of  a  young  girl,  too  independent 
to  attach  herself  to  bankrupt  foster-parents, 
who  flounders  miserably  in  literary  and  in- 
dustrial endeavors,  refuses  several  kinds  of 
marriage,  even  one  of  love,  and  takes  the 
train  back  to  Paris  and  a  future  on  which 
the  curtain  is  drawn.  Brieux 's  inference 
seems  to  be  that  Woman  On  Her  Own  is  an 
inconceivable  condition.  Millions  of  Ameri- 
cans know  that  is  not  true.  And  war  has 
brought  to  France  and  French  women  the 
same  knowledge.  Thirty  years  ago  when  the 


woman  problem  was  just  emerging,  such  an 
aimless  play  might  have  been  excusable,  mak- 
ing up  in  the  novelty  of  its  subject  matter 
what  it  lacked  in  interest  and  illumination. 
On  the  contrary,  it  is  one  of  Monsieur 
Brieux 's  latest  compositions,  although  ante- 
dating the  war. 

"False  Gods."  on  the  other  hand,  is  splen- 
didly conscious  of  its  purpose,  coherent  and 
dramatically  relentless.  Through  a  strangely 
exotic  Egyptian  atmosphere  and  through 
characters  out  of  an  ages-old  civilisation,  it 
hurls  an  insistent  question  at  the  religious 
hierarchy  not  only  of  that  bygone  time  but 
of  to-day.  It  is  conscious,  didactic  dramatic 
propaganda  at  its  best.  In  conception  it  is 
so  fine  a  play,  in  fact,  that  it  compels  regret 
that  poetic  imagination  has  not  carried  it  up 
to  the  heights  of  Dunsany  or  Maeterlinck. 
By  just  that  shortcoming  it  yields  even  to  a 
little  one  act  play,  "The  Broken  God,"  by 
Hortense  Flexner,  of  Louisville,  produced  by 
Samuel  A.  Eliot,  Jr.,  last  winter  at  the  Little 
Theatre  in  Indianapolis,  a  strange  bit  of  writ- 
ing, with  its  setting  on  the  planet  of  forgotten 
deities,  propounding  the  agnostic  question  by 
subtle  but  vivid  poetic  suggestion. 

Satni,  returning  from  foreign  lands  to 
Egypt  of  the  Middle  Empire,  dares  question 
the  power  of  Isis  and  the  priests  of  the  Nile 
religion.  When  the  people  see  him  violate 
sacred  places  and  sacred  names  unscathed, 
many  follow  him  as  a  new  god  or  the  inter- 
preter of  one,  although  he  insists  that  he  has 
no  divine  power.  His  hold  on  the  people  is 
so  strong  that  the  high  priest  tries  to  come 
to  terms  with  him,  offering  to  release  Yaouma, 
Satni 's  betrothed,  from  the  annual  sacrifice 
to  the  Nile,  if  he  will  leave  the  crowd  their 
gods.  In  a  tense  scene  in  the  temple,  the 
priest  entrusts  to  Satni  the  mechanism  for 
working  the  head  of  the  stone  idol  in  response 
to  the  annual  prayers  of  the  populace.  Over- 
come at  last  by  pity  for  their  pleading  faith 
in  the  miracle,  Satni  presses  the  lever.  From 
that  point  to  the  end,  "False  Gods"  is  the 
tragedy  of  a  broken  ideal,  the  cynical  tragedy 
of  human  weakness  vs.  human  strength. 

"The  Red  Robe,"  for  which  the  Academy 
crowned  Brieux  in  1909,  is  also  propaganda 
of  a  high  order.  In  it  the  playwright  replaces 
the  exotic  atmosphere  of  "False  Gods"  and 
the  logic  of  "Damaged  Goods"  with  a  frame- 
work of  deftly  contrived  melodrama  to  hold 
the  interest  while  he  plies  his  propagandist 
protest  against  the  French  judicial  system. 
The  story,  therefore,  is  negligible.  The  theme 
alone  is  important:  the  injustice  of  any  con- 
nection between  a  judge's  advancement  and 
his  success  in  winning  convictions.  The  tech- 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


101 


nicality  of  the  entire  play  somewhat  reduces 
its  value  as  propaganda  in  this  country  where 
the  range  of  its  application  is  limited  to  the 
political  maneuvers  of  state  and  circuit  judges 
for  reelection.  Aside  from  that,  it  is  little 
more  signicant  than  melodrama  of  the  order 
of  "Within  the  Law." 

The  English  versions  of  the  plays  have  been 
made  by  Mrs.  Bernard  Shaw,  J.  F.  Fagan. 
and  A.  Bernard  Miall  and  are  idiomatic, 
although  more  British,  of  course,  than  Amer- 
ican. 

There  is  no  escaping  the  feeling  on  com- 
pleting the  volume  that  even  Brieux,  who  is 
not  a  poet  and  does  not  pretend  to  be  one, 
might  have  written  greater  plays  in  all  three 
cases  if  he  had  not  been  obsessed  by  the  prop- 
agandist delusion.  The  spectacle  of  a  crafts- 
man working  in  inferior  material  is  always 
disheartening,  and  that  spectacle  perhaps 
more  than  any  other  is  to  be  found  in  the 
panorama  of  propaganda  in  the  theatre.  The 
Shaw  I  met  and  talked  with  in  Adelphi  Ter- 
race is  not  the  Shaw  you  picture  from  "Mrs. 
Warren's  Profession"  or  "Major  Barbara"  or 
any  of  his  plays,  unless  it  be  that  phenomenal 
and  always  brutally  smothered  third  act  of 
"Man  and  Superman."  The  Shaw  who 
expounded  to  me  the  glories  of  Chartres 
cathedral  and  of  twelfth  century  Gothic  is 
not  the  Shaw  who  has  twisted  himself  into  a 
preacher  for  the  public  gaze.  And  who  can 
read  Ibsen  from  first  to  last  without  bowing 
the  head  in  sorrow  when  the  master  poet  of 
"Brand"  and  "Peer  Gynt"  cramped  his  hand 
and  his  imagination  to  the  prosaic  task  of 
the  social  dramas! 

The  artist  is  teacher,  but  the  mere  teacher 
is  neither  artist  nor  teacher  in  the  finest  sense. 

OLIVEB  M.  SAYLER. 


WHAT  is  EDUCATION?* 


With  all  deference  to  the  gentlemen  who  i 
write  our  most  efficient  fiction  and  their  view 
that  there  are  no  critics  in  America,  it  must 
be  admitted  that  our  age  is  somewhat  given 
to  analysis,  to  the  examination  of  the  scaf- 
folding on  which  it  rests,  and  to  the  con- 
version of  said  scaffolding  into  a  scaffold  for 
many  a  moribund  tradition.  "What  is  beer?" 
and  "What  is  Shakespeare?"  have  a  certain 
spectacular  interest  entirely  wanting  in 
"What  is  education?";  yet  the  latter  mild 
inquiry  has  in  it  some  high  explosives  which 
are  likely  to  mark  the  first  quarter  of  the 

*  DEMOCRACY  AJJD  EDUCATION  :  An  Introduction  to  the 
Philosophy  of  Education.  By  John  Dewey.  New  York: 
Macmillan  Co. 


Twentieth  Century  as  revolutionary.  There 
have  not  been  many  epochal  stages  in  the  his- 
tory of  education  in  historic  times.  Plato 
represents  the  first  great  influence  with  his 
recognition  that  a  society  can  be  stably  organ- 
ized only  when  each  individual  is  educated 
along  the  line  for  which  nature  best  fits  him. 
Rousseau  gave  momentum  to  individual  de- 
velopment with  his  call  back  to  "Nature"; 
society  was  corrupt  and  artificial;  all  good 
and  right  impulses  were  within,  needing  only 
to  be  released.  "The  emancipated  individual 
was  to  become  the  organ  and  agent  of  a  com- 
prehensive and  progressive  society".  Today 
the  spiral,  so  well  known  in  social  evolution, 
is  completing  itself.  Back  from  the  individ- 
ualism of  Kousseau  we  are  returning  to  a 
restatement  of  the  social  ideal  of  education 
asserted  by  Plato, — but  with  a  difference. 
Plato's  environment  and  in  fact  his  ideal  was 
a  society  of  rigid  class  lines,  essentially  aris- 
tocratic; so  his  ideal  for  education  was  a 
hopeless  one.  To-day  the  growth  of  real 
democracy  is  gradually  bringing  its  realiza- 
tion to  fulfillment,  and  for  two  decades  in 
America  influences  have  been  quietly  at  work 
making  experiments  in  various  model  schools 
which  are  rudely  threatening  orthodox  tra- 
ditions. The  greatest  single  factor  in  this 
revolution  is  an  American  teacher  who  has 
vitalized  hundreds  of  disciples  in  his  classes 
and  is  now  reaching  thousands  through  his 
books.  He  is  of  course  none  other  than  Pro- 
fessor John  Dewey,  whose  recently  published 
treatise,  "Democracy  and  Education,"  sum- 
marizes in  an  admirably  adequate  form  the 
results  of  his  long  study  and  teaching. 

The  book  is  not  prepossessing  in  appear- 
ance. A  dull  brick-red  octavo  of  four  hundred 
pages  labelled  on  the  front  "Text-book  Series 
in  Education"  is  not  an  inspiring  sight.  An 
admiring  critic  has  before  remarked  that  the 
Democracy  of  Dewey  is  apparent  in  the  mis- 
cellaneity  and  uniform  commonplaceness  of 
the  physical  make-up  of  his  books.  However 
the  author  can  well  indulge  a  taste  for  osten- 
tatious severity,  securely  aware  that  Samuel 
Butler  to  the  contrary,  "for  purposes  of  mere 
reading  one  book  is"  not  "as  good  as 
another." 

Although  "Democracy  and  Education"  is 
conceived  and  written  as  a  text-book  in  chap- 
ters of  convenient  length,  ending  in  each  case 
with  a  summary,  it  is  not  so  easy  to  summa- 
rize the  whole  book.  The  author  himself  has 
in  the  chapter  "Philosophy  of  Education" 
made  an  analysis  of  his  discussion  somewhat 
as  follows:  The  first  chapters,  1-7,  deal  with 
education  as  a  social  need  and  function,  their 
purpose  "to  outline  the  general  features  of 


102 


THE   DIAL 


[August  15 


education  as  the  process  by  which  social 
groups  maintain  their  continuous  existence." 
It  was  shown  that  the  kind  of  society  aiming 
at  its  perpetuation  must  be  taken  into  con- 
sideration and  the  democratic  criterion  was 
adopted  for  the  subsequent  discussion.  Chap- 
ters 8-17,  inclusive,  make  up  the  second  part. 
On  the  basis  of  the  democratic  criterion  they 
develop  the  main  principles  of  method  and 
subject  matter.  The  third  part,  chapters 
18-23,  examines  the  present  limitations  of  the 
actual  realization  of  the  ideal,  mainly  spring- 
ing from  the  "notion  that  experience  consists 
of  a  variety  of  segregated  domains  or  inter- 
ests, each  having  its  own  independent  value, 
material  and  method,  each  checking  every 
other."  The  last  three  chapters  define  Phi- 
losophy of  Education  and  review  theories  of 
knowledge  and  morals. 

The  third  and  the  last  parts,  the  momen- 
tum of  the  previous  chapters  behind  them, 
are  naturally  of  most  interest.  Dewey  here 
attacks  the  various  dualisms  that  have  been 
set  up  with  vicious  results:  "labor  and 
leisure,"  "intellectual  and  practical,"  "cul- 
tural and  vocational,"  "physical  and  social," 
"The  individual  and  the  world,"  "duty  and 
interest."  Dualism,  if  we  interpret  Profes- 
sor Dewey  correctly,  is  the  devil.  (It  is 
unquestionably  true  that  the  capital  D  is  a 
product  of  metaphysical  dualism.)  The  first 
pair,  labor  and  leisure,  evoke  the  following: 
"If  democracy  has  a  moral  and  ideal  mean- 
ing, it  is  that  a  social  return  be  demanded 
from  all  and  that  opportunity  for  develop- 
ment of  distinctive  capacities  be  afforded  all." 
"The  problem  of  education  in  a  democratic 
society  is  to  do  away  with  the  dualism  and 
to  construct  a  course  of  studies  which  makes 
thought  a  guide  of  free  practice  for  all  and 
which  makes  leisure  a  reward  of  accepting 
responsibility  for  service,  rather  than  a  state 
of  exemption  from  it."  From  this  it  would 
appear  that  Professor  Dewey  reads  into  de- 
mocracy, not  more  than  the  spirit  implies 
certainly,  but  more  than  the  dictionary 
allows.  Such  a  society  is  not  merely  demo- 
cratic; it  is  socialistic. 

So  the  dualism  involving  culture.  "What 
is  called  inner  is  simply  that  which  does  not 
connect  with  others — which  is  not  capable  of 
free  and  full  communication.  What  is  termed 
spiritual  culture  has  usually  been  futile,  with 
something  rotten  about  it,  because  it  has  been 
conceived  as  a  thing  which  a  man  might  have 
internally — and  therefore  exclusively."  "As 
a  matter  of  fact  any  subject  is  cultural  in 
the  degree  in  which  it  is  apprehended  in  its 
widest  possible  range  of  meanings." 


But  what  is  education?  It  is  surely  time 
for  that  question  to  find  an  answer.  On  page 
89  is  Dewey 's  definition  illustrative  of  his  fine 
technical  skill  in  framing  proper  bounds  of 
ideas :  "  It  is  that  reconstruction  or  reorgani- 
zation of  experience  which  adds  to  the  mean- 
ing of  experience,  and  which  increases  ability 
to  direct  the  course  of  subsequent  experi- 
ence." How  far  this  is  from  mere  knowledge 
or  mere  training  or  mere  skill  will  be  appar- 
ent on  a  moment's  reflection.  Consider  the 
lecture  plan  of  instruction  borrowed  from  the 
university  and  now  even  operated  on  the  col- 
lege freshmen,  in  the  light  of  this  view  of 
education. 

The  pupils  are  deliberately  held  to  rehearsing 
material  in  the  exact  form  in  which  the  older  person 
conceives  it.  .  .  Teaching  them  ceases  to  be  an 
educative  process  for  the  teacher.  At  most  he  sim- 
ply learns  to  improve  his  existing  technique.  .  . 
Hence  both  teaching  and  learning  tend  to  become 
conventional  and  mechanical  with  all  the  nervous 
strain  on  both  sides  therein  implied. 

Such  instruction  handed  out  to  the  imma- 
ture student  curseth  him  that  gives  and  him 
that  takes. 

The  power  of  framing  clear,  purposeful, 
meaningful  definitions  is  with  little  doubt  the 
most  striking  feature  of  Dewey 's  style.  Note 
a  few.  "When  fairly  remote  results  of  a  defi- 
nite character  are  foreseen  and  enlist  persist- 
ent effort  for  their  accomplishment,  play 
passes  into  work."  "Work  which  remains 
permeated  with  the  play  attitude  is  art — in 
quality  if  not  in  conventional  design."  "Phi- 
losophy is  thinking  what  the  known  demands 
of  us — what  responsive  attitude  it  exacts." 
(Of  the  several  hundred  definitions,  so-called, 
of  philosophy  which  have  come  under  exam- 
ination this  will  be  found  nearly  if  not  quite 
the  most  satisfactory.)  "We  call  it  end  when 
it  marks  off  the  future  direction  of  the  activ- 
ity in  which  we  are  engaged;  means  when  it 
marks  off  the  present  direction." 

A  pleasant  trait  of  style  is  the  felicitous 
use  of  common  idiom  to  give  life  to  rather 
stiff  thinking.  "There  is  no  such  thing  as 
over-intellectuality,  but  there  is  such  a  thing 
as  a  one-sided  intellectuality.  A  person  '  takes 
it  out'  as  we  say  in  considering  the  conse- 
quences of  proposed  lines  of  action."  Again, 
"The  terms  'mental  realization'  and  'appre- 
ciation' are  more  elaborate  names  for  the 
realizing  sense  of  a  thing.  It  is  not  possible 
to  define  these  ideas  except  by  synonyms, 
like  'coming  home  to  one,'  'really  taking  it 
in,'  etc."  Probably  no  writer  on  philosoph- 
ical subjects  ever  reached  the  public  without 
a  degree  of  this  quality,  but  not  even  the  late 
Professor  James  was  able  to  resort  to  this 
method  of  "speaking  with  the  vulgar"  when 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


103 


occasion  demanded  with  less  imputation  of 
sophistry.  On  the  other  hand  it  must  be 
admitted  that  when  the  author  departs  from 
the  realm  of  definition  his  care  for  the  nice- 
ties of  English  suggests  his  great  contempo- 
rary only  in  its  differences. 

As  a  philosophical  discussion  one  point  at 
least  is  handled  unsatisfactorily.  Wherever 
the  question  of  knowledge  or  truth  is  involved, 
the  veritable  heel  of  Achilles  for  Pragmatism, 
there  is  a  disconcerting  confusion  found  no- 
where else  in  this  admirable  book.  On  page 
345  we  read.  "What  is  taken  for  knowledge 
—for  fact  and  truth  may  not  be  such.  But 
everything  which  is  assumed  without  ques- 
tion, which  is  taken  for  granted  in  our  inter- 
course with  one  another  and  nature  is  what, 
at  the  given  time,  is  called  knowledge." 
(Author's  italics.)  There  is  vacillation  in  the 
first  sentence:  it  does  not  hold  with  Dewey's 
view  expressed  elsewhere,  that  the  truth  is 
whatever  "works".  Certainly  it  is  hard  to 
join  it  even  by  a  "but"  to  the  second  sen- 
tence. Then  on  page  393  we  read,  "The 
development  of  the  experimental  method  as 
the  method  of  getting  knowledge  and  of  mak- 
ing sure  it  is  knowledge,  and  not  mere  opin- 
ion .  .  .  ,"  and  we  feel  sure  that  Professor 
Dewey.  like  the  rest  of  us,  believes  that  there 
is  a  certain  objectivity  to  knowledge,  that 
there  is  a  difference  between  assumptions 
that  are  true  and  assumptions  that  are  false, 
even  though  they  may  for  a  time  work. 

This  is  too  big  a  book  to  be  epitomized;  it 
is  a  book  for  study,  and  it  is  to  be  sincerely 
hoped  that  the  purposes  of  "recitation"  to 
which  colleges  and  normal  schools  will  put  it 
may  not  altogether  prevent  its  serious  read- 
ing even  by  the  prospective  teachers  in  those 
schools.  This  is  a  period  of  reconstruction 
(a  word  Dewey  loves)  and  Dewey  is  its 
prophet.  He  has  already  been  termed  one  of 
the  "Major  Prophets  of  Today";  it  seems 
hardly  too  much  to  conceive  that  the  Twenty- 
first  Century  will  study  three  great  stages  in 
educational  theory,  Plato,  Rousseau,  and 

THOMAS  PERCIVAL  BEYER. 


NEW  TRANSLATIONS  OF  SLAVIC  FICTION.* 


The  H.  "W.  Wilson  Company  announce  a  vol- 
ume of  interest  not  only  to  the  general  reader, 
but  to  librarians  in  particular,  a  volume  entitled 
"Libraries:  Addresses  and  Essays,"  by  John 
Cotton  Dana,  the  well-known  head  of  the  Newark 
iX.  J.)  Free  Public  Library. 

Harper  and  Brothers  announce  for  early  autumn 
publication  a  new  novel  by  Margaret  Deland,  the 
first  long:  novel  since  her  writing  of  "The  Iron 
Woman." 


The  war  has  as  yet  accomplished  nothing 
more  important  for  art  than  the  stimulation 
of  Anglo-Saxon  interest  in  Slavic  literature. 
The  new  series  of  novels  and  short  stories 
being  issued  by  Mr.  Alfred  Knopf  in  New 
York,  besides  other  single  volumes  from  vari- 
ous English  and  American  publishers,  are  all 
significant  of  an  influence  on  our  own  writing 
that  cannot  be  unfruitful.  Some  of  the  books 
are  by  authors  already  partly  known  in  this 
country, — Gogol,  Tchekhov,  Andreyev;  others 
are  by  men  totally  unfamiliar  in  English, — 
Lermontov,  Goncharov,  Dantchenko;  but  all 
are  worth  looking  into  as  expressions  of  a 
genius  none  too  well  known  here,  though  not 
all  are  of  equal  human  value  or  of  equally 
wide  appeal. 

Most  remarkable  of  the  recent  translations 
are  the  two  volumes  by  Goncharov,  an  artist 
almost  of  the  same  stature  as  the  great  trio, 
Turgenev,  Tolstoy,  and  Dostoievsky,  who  are 
so  much  better  known  to  us.  "Oblomov," 
which  Kropotkin  calls  "one  of  the  profound- 
est  productions  of  the  last  century,"  is  such 
a  classic  in  Russia  that  its  title  has  taken  on 
a  kind  of  proverbial  significance,  the  hero's 
name  having  become  a  symbol  of  the  national 
temperament.  The  book  is  merely  the  biog- 
raphy of  this  hero,  given  in  pictures  and 
descriptions  of  mood  rather  than  in  narra- 
tive of  violent  action.  From  the  opening 
chapter  with  its  unforgetable  odor  of  a  stuffy 
room  and  an  uncared-for  house,  through  the 
restrospective  visions  of  Oblomov 's  childhood 
home,  the  sunny,  sleepy,  tumble-down  great 
estate  of  his  parents  in  a  remote  province,  to 
the  final  sight  of  him  as  the  supine  pet  of 
his  landlady, — the  protagonist  is  never  once 
really  upright  on  his  feet,  not  even  in 
i  his  brief  passion  for  Olga,  another  of  the 
large-souled  women  who  move  through  Rus- 
sian literature,  the  finest  of  their  kind.  One 
recalls  "Virgin  Soil."  where  Turgenev  pre- 
sents in  his  central  figures  the  same  contrast 
between  the  man  and  the  woman,  but  he  fills 
out  his  theme  more  abundantly,  coloring  it 
with  action  of  a  more  externalized  sort  and 
with  minor  personages  of  independent  inter- 

*  OBLOMOV.  By  Ivan  Goncharov.  Translated  from  the 
Russian  hy  C.  J.  Hogarth.  Macmillan. 

THE  PRECIPICE.     By  Ivan  Goncharov.     Alfred  A.  Knopf. 

THE  LITTLE  ANGEL,  and  Other  Stories.  Translated  from 
the  Russian  of  L.  N.  Andreyev.  New  York:  Alfred  A. 
Knopf. 

THE  SIGNAL,  and  Other  Stories.  Translated  from  the 
Russian  of  W.  M.  Garshin.  New  York:  Alfred  A.  Knopf. 

RUSSIAN  SILHOUETTES.  More  Stories  of  Russian  Life. 
Translated  from  the  Russian  of  Anton  Tchekhov  by  Marian 
FelL  New  York:  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

THE  BET,  and  Other  Tales.  Translated  from  the  Russian 
of  Anton  Tchekhov  by  S.  Koteliansky  and  J.  M.  Murray. 
NTew  York:  John  W.  Luce  &  Co. 


104 


THE    DIAL 


est.  Goncharov  absolutely  subordinates  detail 
to  the  communication  of  the  hero's  semi-par- 
alyzed mood  and  its  reflections  in  his  sur- 
roundings and  upon  his  few,  his  very  few, 
associates. 

"Oblomov"  therefore  has  a  surprising  unity 
of  tone;  it  stays  in  the  memory  like  a  well- 
composed  landscape  rather  than  as  a  human 
drama.  "The  Precipice,"  on  the  contrary, 
tense  with  the  emotion  of  at  least  four  prin- 
cipal characters  and  rapidly  moving  with  an 
almost  melodramatic  plot,  is  a  much  more 
usual  kind  of  novel.  It  is  not  like  the  other 
book  a  tour  de  force,  giving  the  impression 
of  being  written  from  within  the  hero 's  mind ; 
it  presents  a  complicated  series  of  relations 
carefully  analyzed  from  without  and  once  or 
twice  linked  by  a  somewhat  desperate  wrest- 
ing of  probability  in  motives.  Yet  improba- 
bility is  troublesome  only  in  the  case  of  Mark, 
so  conventional  a  type  of  unconventional 
morality  as  to  be  readily  labelled  the  villain 
of  the  tale ;  the  two  heroines,  old  and  young, 
are  equally  interesting  and  convincing;  the 
sensitive  would-be  artist,  Raisky,  from  whose 
point  of  view  the  story  is  consistently  told,  is 
individualized  with  great  success.  The  book 
throbs  with  life  and  feeling  and  is  as  glori- 
ously innocent  of  thesis  as  of  scientific  inten- 
tion. Compared  to  Tolstoy  and  Dostoievsky, 
its  author  seems  quite  uninterested  in  practi- 
cal judgments ;  like  Turgenev  he  is  fascinated 
simply  by  the  process  of  analysis  and  pre- 
sentation, not  moved  to  it  by  reforming  zeal. 

On  the  whole  all  these  Russians  are  as 
objective  as  Balzac  or  Maupassant.  Perhaps 
at  heart  they  feel  that  revolt  against  the 
complex  forces  of  life  is  futile;  such  is  the 
conclusion  of  a  humble  philosopher  in  Gar- 
shin's  story,  "The  Signal,"  even  though  he 
refuses  to  stop  at  ultimate  nihilism  because 
he  protests  that  "to  put  everything  on  God 
and  sit  and  suffer  means,  Brother,  being  not 
a  man  but  an  animal."  This  determination 
to  study  and  to  understand  both  conditions 
and  causes  does  not  lead  to  much  assumption 
of  individual  responsibility  toward  society  or 
even  of  individual  freedom,  but  it  gives 
depth  and  richness  to  the  art  that  expresses  it. 

It  finds — this  scientific  passion  for  analy- 
sis— a  terrible  reflection  in  the  short  stories 
of  Garshin, — fearful  studies  of  physical  and 
mental  torture  created  by  a  mind  so  sensitive 
that  it  became  unhinged  by  the  difficulties  of 
adjustment  to  life.  "Four  Days,"  the  auto- 
biographical reminiscences  of  a  wounded  sol- 
dier who  lay  that  time  untended  among  the 
dead  after  a  great  battle,  is  too  nakedly 
frightful  to  be  read  at  all  in  the  sinister 
light  thrown  on  it  by  our  daily  dispatches 


from  Europe.  Other  tales  hold  an  even 
more  haunting  weight  of  spiritual  misery, — 
the  courtesan's  story  of  her  life,  "Nadjeja 
Nicolaivena,"  for  instance,  which  reminds 
the  reader  of  Tchekhov's  ironic  study,  "The 
Fit,"  in  the  volume  called  "The  Bet,  and 
Other  Tales." 

Tchekhov,  however,  would  by  average  read- 
ers be  considered  less  terrible  than  Garshin, 
simply  because  he  is  more  various  and  more 
subtle,  sometimes  more  suggestively  pro- 
found. His  short  stories  in  the  two  volumes, 
"The  Bet"  and  "Russian  Silhouettes,"  and 
the  tales  by  Andreyev  collected  under  the 
title  of  "The  Little  Angel  and  Other  Stories," 
are  the  most  delightful  of  recent  translations 
from  the  Russian.  National  traits  and  cus- 
toms are  revealed  incidentally,  but  with  re- 
markable penetration;  comedy  and  tragedy, 
and  every  shade  of  mood  between,  vitalize  all 
three  volumes.  Andreyev's  touching  story  in 
which  a  poor  boy's  one  treasure,  a  little 
waxen  angel,  slowly  melts  upon  the  stove 
wrhile  the  lad  sleeps,  is  offset  by  a  merry  jest 
of  one  of  Tchekhov's  college  youths,  trans- 
ported by  delight  at  seeing  his  name  in  the 
newspaper  for  the  first  time,  although  it  is 
there  because  he  was  hurt  in  a  drunken 
escapade. 

Garshin,  Tchekhov,  and  Andreyev  share 
the  enthusiastic  love  of  life,  even  at  its  most 
dreadful,  that  gives  such  beauty  to  Tur- 
genev's  work  and  that  is  the  saving  grace  in 
the  art  of  these  realists  who  are  also  poets, 
as  distinguished  from  realists  unilluminated 
by  the  sun  and  over-impressed  by  their  indi- 
vidual weight  of  duty  as  prophets.  The 
secret  of  such  depth  of  vision  seems  to  lie  in 
an  emotional  endowment  much  richer  than 
our  climate  and  institutions  have  yet  devel- 
oped,— a  temperament  not  to  be  imitated, 
however  much  to  be  studied  and  admired. 

WINIFRED  SMITH. 


ESSAYS  ox  ART.* 


As  a  critic  of  the  arts,  Arthur  Symons  is 
primarily  interested  in  the  personality  of  the 
artist — a  unique  blend  of  traits,  as  he  views 
it,  driven  by  an  inner  force  to  self-expres- 
sion, and,  through  the  leading  of  this  inner 
force,  finding  an  appropriate  vehicle  for  self- 
expression.  As  a  result,  the  criticism  of  Mr. 
Symons  is  mainly  interpretation — so  far  as 
possible  in  the  artist's  own  words;  in  this  lies 

*  STUDIES  IN  SEVEN  ARTS.  Revised  Edition.  By  Arthur 
Symons.  New  York:  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 

ESTIMATES  IN  ART.  By  Frank  Jewett  Mather,  Jr.  New 
York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


105 


his   distinction.     Insofar   as  his   criticism  is 
judgment,  on  the  other  hand,  it  is  all  too  often 
wilful,  opinionated,  impressionistic.     A  man 
with  unusually  wide  background,  especially  in 
the  arts  (as  the  title  of  the  present  volume 
suggests),  he  writes  with  charm  and  subtlety,  ! 
sometimes   with   elevation,    but   rarely   with  ; 
weight  or  penetration.     His  control  over  his 
background,    one    might    say,    is    emotional 
rather  than  intellectual.    His  style,  of  course, 
corresponds  with  these  characteristics — it  is 
deft,  nimble,  accomplished,  skilfully  colored, 
equally  capable  of  sustained  flow  and   epi- 
grammatic neatness.    Thus,  Watts  sees  "as  if 
with  tradition  in  his  eyesight" ;  the  music  of 
Strauss  consists  of  "many  voices  crying  out 
of  all  the  corners  of  the  orchestra,  and  seem- 
ing to  strive  after  an  articulate  speech  with 
the  anguish  of  dumb  things  tortured"  (who 
has  put  more  of  Strauss  into  a  few  words?)  ;  | 
the  pictures  of  Degas,  again,  "are  miracu-  j 
lous  pieces   of  drawing,   which   every  artist  j 
must  admire,  as  he  would  admire  a  drawing  j 
by  Leonardo;  but  there  they  end,  where  the  j 
Leonardo  drawing  does  but  begin." 

Mr.  Symons's  themes  in  this  volume  are  in 
the  main  of  the  nineteenth  century:  "The 
Painting  of  the  Nineteenth  Century"  (a 
review  of  MacColl),  "Watts,"  "The  Ideas 
of  Richard  Wagner,"  etc.  The  chapters  deal- 
ing with  music  represent  the  most  pains- 
taking study  as  well  as  the  keenest  pleasure. 
Before  writing  on  "The  Ideas  of  Richard 
Wagner,"  Mr.  Symons  clearly  did  some  pon- 
derous, if  not  always  enlightening,  reading. 
"The  Problem  of  Richard  Strauss,"  whom 
he  holds  literary  rather  than  musical,  is  per- 
haps the  most  thoughtful  of  the  essays  on  j 
composers.  At  times,  in  these  essays,  Mr. 
Symons  is  by  no  means  at  the  center.  Ac- 
cepting Pater's  romantic  dogma,  "All  art 
constantly  aspires  toward  the  condition  of 
music,"  he  tells  us  that  "Music  comes  speak- 
ing the  highest  wisdom  in  a  language  which 
our  reason  does  not  understand,  because  it  is  | 
older  and  deeper  and  closer  to  us  than  our 
reason" —  in  which  the  three  adjectives  surely 
need  careful  scrutiny.  "Why  is  it,"  he  asks 
elsewhere,  somewhat  surprisingly,  "that  music 
is  not  limited  in  regard  to  length,  as  a  poem 
is,  a  lyrical  poem,  to  which  music  is  most 
akin?  Is  it  not  because  the  ecstacy  of  music 
can  be  maintained  indefinitely  and  at  its  high- 
est pitch,  while  the  ecstacy  of  verse  is  short- 
ened by  what  is  definite  in  words  ? "  And  this 
of  Purcell  is  surely  delicious:  Germany,  he 
says,  "has  done  nothing  supreme  except  in 
music,  and  in  music  nothing  supreme  has 
been  done  outside  Germany  since  the  music 
of  Purcell  in  England."  On  the  other  hand, 


despite  his  predilection  for  the  Superman  in 
Wagner's  genius,  he  apparently  has  a  more 
whole-souled  enjoyment  of  Beethoven;  and 
the  following,  on  the  Pastoral  Symphony, 
manifests  not  a  little  hard  sense  as  well  as 
sympathy : 

In  the  whole  of  the  Pastoral  Symphony  one  cer- 
tainly gets  an  atmosphere  which  is  the  musical 
equivalent  of  skies  and  air  and  country  idleness  and 
the  delight  of  sunlight,  not  because  a  bird  cries  here 
and  there,  and  a  storm  mutters  obviously  among  the 
double  basses,  but  because  a  feeling,  constantly  at 
the  roots  of  his  being,  and  present  in  some  form  in 
almost  all  his  music,  came  for  once  to  be  concen- 
trated a  little  deliberately,  as  if  in  a  dedication,  by 
way  of  gratitude.  All  through  there  is  humor,  and 
the  realism  is  a  form  of  it,  the  bird's  notes  on  the 
instruments,  the  thunder  and  wind  and  the  flowing 
of  water,  as  certainly  as  the  village  band.  Here,  as 
everywhere,  it  was,  as  he  said,  "Expression  of  feel- 
ing rather  than  painting"  that  he  aimed  at;  and  it 
would  be  curious  if  these  humorous  asides,  done  with 
childish  good-humor,  should  have  helped  to  lead  the 
way  to  much  serious  modern  music,  in  which  natural 
sounds,  and  all  the  accidents  of  actual  noise,  have 
been  solemnly  and  conscientiously  imitated  for  theii1 
own  sakes. 

A  more  balanced  equipment  of  critical  fac- 
ulties, expressed  in  a  style  that  is  thoroughly 
serviceable  rather  than  eminent,  is  every- 
where manifested  in  the  "Estimates  of  Art" 
by  Frank  Jewett  Mather,  Jr.  Art  here  means 
painting,  and  the  painting  ranges  from  Bot- 
ticelli to  Color-Prints  of  Japan*.  Professor 
Mather,  like  Mr.  Symons,  has  a  wide  back- 
ground of  knowledge  in  the  arts,  especially, 
in  his  case,  in  painting;  and  this  background 
is  utilized,  not  only  by  flitting  emotion  that 
senses  analogy  and  illustration  and  touch- 
stones, but  also  by  a  mind  that  moves  with 
ease  and  firmness  in  an  endeavor  to  make 
distinctions  and  estimate  values.  He  has  a 
deep  interest  in  personality,  exemplified  most 
readily  by  the  pointed  biographical  sketches, 
in  the  French  manner,  that  occur  in  most  of 
the  essays.  He  has  also  an  instinct  for  the 
critical  task  proper,  the  denotation  of  what  is 
excellent  and  of  what  is  inferior,  and  the 
relation  of  the  artist  with  tradition.  A  bril- 
liant example  of  this  poised  criticism  is  "The 
Painting  of  Sorolla."  Admitting  with  pleas- 
ure the  man's  extraordinary  gusto,  Mr. 
Mather  deplores  his  coarseness, — his  lack  of 
"refinement  of  workmanship."  his  indulgence 
in  "big  sketches"  rather  than  finished  paint- 
ings. Sorolla  "has  the  genial,  roving  vision 
of  every  man";  "he  sees  much  as  the  kodak 
or  picnicking  mankind  see,  and  that  is  surely 
the  ground  of  his  enormous  popularity."  An 
extraordinary  vogue  Sorolla  certainly  had, 
and  in  some  quarters  still  has.  The  freshness 
of  his  color,  the  novelty  of  his  drawing  and 
choice  of  subject,  held  the  public  enthralled; 


106 


THE    DIAL 


[August  15 


and  no  one  who  has  seen  his  pictures  can  for- 
get them.  Yet  it  is  true  that,  except  for  one 's 
love  of  color  as  color  (a  worthy  instinct  in  all 
of  us,  according  to  Kuskin),  one  does  not  go 
back  to  Sorolla  with  satisfaction  —  his  paint- 
ing does  not  yield  the  serene  contentment  of 
authentic  "high  art."  It  is  not  only  that  he 
lacks  the  reflective  element,  but  also,  as  Mr. 
Mather  makes  very  clear,  that  his  pictures 
are  the  result  of  rambling  improvisation, 
rather  than  exquisite  insight. 

Two  of  Mr.  Mather's  "Estimates"  stand 
out,  not  so  much  as  the  disinterested  judg- 
ment of  a  well-informed  critic,  as  the  warm, 
though  guarded,  enthusiasm  of  a  fellow- 
craftsman, — those  on  Watts  and  La  Farge. 
Watts  brings  back  to  him,  if  anything,  "too 
vividly,"  "that  winter  of  the  New  York  exhi- 
bition of  1884,  when,  as  a  lad,  I  first  caught 
the  truth  that  great  painting  may  arouse  and 
calm  one  as  great  poetry  does  or  noble  music. " 
He  proceeds  to  analyze  the  motives  and  pas- 
sions of  this  typically  Victorian  painter  with 
a  solidarity  of  statement  that  leaves  Mr. 
Symons's  essay  on  the  same  theme  far  behind; 
his  conclusion  being  that  "in  the  resolute 
attack  upon  the  fundamental  problems  of 
form  and  color,  and  in  a  solution  personal, 
meaningful,  and  instinct  with  a  peculiar 
solemn  beauty,  Watts  may  surely  be  ranked 
with  the  very  few  great  technicians  of  his 
century."  Of  La  Farge,  Professor  Mather  is, 
of  course,  a  hearty  admirer — La  Farge,  "the 
most  learned  painter  of  our  times,"  who 
"restored  to  dignity  among  us  the  art  of 
mural  decoration,"  and  "invented  a  new  and 
beautiful  technic  for  stained  glass,"  not  to 
mention  vaguer  but  equally  signal  distinc- 
tions. In  industrial  America  of  the  nine- 
teenth century,  he  displayed  the  versatility 
and  ardor  of  the  Renaissance  artist :  of  which 
a  striking  illustration  is  his  renewal  of  the 
tradition  of  the  Renaissance  workshop.  The 
following  passage  is  instructive,  in  a  day 
when  painting,  flying  off  at  a  tangent,  is  fast 
melting  into  the  inane : 

From  1876  (when  he  organized  that  gallant 
emergency  squad  which  under  cruel  conditions  of 
time  and  convenience  decorated  Trinity  Church,  Bos- 
ton) Mr.  La  Farge  always  had  about  him  a  corps  of 
assistants,  ranging  from  intelligent  artisans  to 
accomplished  artists.  Upon  all  of  them  he  impressed 
his  will  so  completely  that  even  their  invention  cast 
itself  in  his  forma.  One  who  was  long  his  chief 
assistant  told  me  that  there  were  scores  of  drawings 
and  sketches  about  the  studio  which  might  be  his  or 
the  master's  —  he  honestly  could  not  tell.  A  well- 
known  art  critic  pleaded  that  the  cartoon  of  the 
"Confucius"  (every  stroke  of  which  was  executed  by 
this  assistant)  should  be  preserved  in  a  museum  as 
an  imperishable  memorial  of  La  Farge 's  handiwork. 
His  workshop  dealt  impartially  with  designs  for  glass 
or  wall,  accepting  also  humble  decorative  jobs,  and 


drawing  in   on   occasion   wood-carvers   and   inlayers, 
sculptors,  and  even  the  casual  visitor. 

And  here  I  am  reminded  of  a  club  discussion  con- 
cerning sculpture  by  proxy,  the  subletting  of  con- 
tracts, the  employment  of  students'  sketches,  etc. 
Mr.  La  Farge  diverted  an  argument  that  was  becom- 
ing too  emphatic  by  the  following  anecdote: 

"The  other  day,"  he  said,  "I  was  painting  on  the 
garden  of  the  '  Confucius  '  while  my  chief  assistant 
was  working  on  one  of  the  heads.  In  came  V.  I., 
and  I  set  him  at  a  bit  of  drapery.  Time  was  valu- 
able, you  see.  L.  looked  in,  and  I  set  him  at  a  bit 
of  foreground  foliage.  I  saw  that  the  dead  coloring 
of  the  sky  needed  deepening.  At  that  moment  my 
secretary,  Miss  B.,  entered  with  a  letter.  I  gave  her 
a  broad  brush,  showed  her  how  to  charge  it  and  sweep 
it  with  a  mechanical  stroke,  and  against  her  protest 
she,  too,  was  enlisted." 

With  that  ineffable  restrained  smile  of  his  he 
turned  to  me  and  asked:  "Now,  whose  picture  waa 
that?" 

And  I  was  lucky  enough  to  blunder  out:  "It  was 
a  fine  La  Farge." 

NORMAN  FOERSTER. 


A  BRILLIANT  ECONOMIC  STUDY.* 


There  appeared  in  1902  a  book  in  two  vol- 
umes called  "The  Bourgeois."  The  author 
was  Werner  Sombart,  one  of  the  newer  lights 
in  the  firmament  of  economic  scholarship  in 
Germany,  and  a  star  of  a  very  different  order 
from  the  customary  luminaries  in  the  dark 
reaches  of  that  intellectual  barren.  Sombart, 
although  a  professor  and  loaded  with  infor- 
mation, neither  thinks  nor  writes  like  one. 
His  touch  is  light,  his  style  incisive,  and  he 
has  ideas.  That  his  ideas  are  often  fanciful 
and  far-fetched,  even  from  the  regions  of  that 
conceited  absurdity  and  puffiness  of  German 
social  feeling  and  judgment  of  which  H.  S. 
Chamberlain  is  the  Pooh-bah,  is  irrelevant. 
They  turn  the  "dismal  science"  into  a  joy- 
ous adventure,  and  transmute  statistics  into 
a  vision  of  life.  Mr.  Epstein,  in  his  transla- 
tion, has  not  only  succeeded  in  transmitting 
many  of  these  qualities  of  the  original;  he 
has  added  something  of  his  own,  a  quality  of 
staccato  rhythm,  an  intense  shrillness.  At 
the  hands  of  no  man  has  economics  become 
so  like  romance  in  feeling,  as  it  has  ever  been 
in  content. 

In  order  to  understand  the  capitalistic 
temperament,  the  Bourgeois  as  a  social  type, 
Sombart  points  out,  it  is  first  necessary  to 
define  its  nature  and  to  trace  its  develop- 
ment, then  to  apprehend  its  causes.  Its  na- 
ture is  the  sum  and  substance  of  the  mental 
states  that  accompany  and  express  the  eco- 
nomic enterprise  of  the  modern  world.  It 

*  THE  QUINTESSENCE  OF  CAPITALISM.  A  Study  of  the  His- 
tory and  Psychology  of  the  Modern  Business  Man.  By 
Werner  Sombart.  Translated  and  edited  by  M.  Epstein, 
M.A.,  Ph.D.  New  York:  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


107 


defines  itself  distinctively  in  contrast  with 
the  "precapitalist^  man."  The  latter  is  the  j 
"natural  man."  He  has  no  interest  in  money,  i 
no  concern  in  calculation.  When  he  did 
work,  he  lived  in  his  work  as  an  artist,  mak- 
ing for  the  joy  of  making,  not  to  sell.  But 
he  didn't  care  much  about  work.  He  was  a  j 
greater  holiday  maker.  Such  wants  as  he  had 
were  standardized  for  him  by  the  economy  of 
his  social  class,  and  if  he  refused  to  pass 
below  that,  he  neither  sought  to  rise  above  it. 
Not  so  with  the  Bourgeois.  Above  all,  he  is 
gold-greedy.  He  wants  money,  and  his  life  is 
at  its  foundations  the  pursuit  of  money. 
Commerce,  treasure-seeking,  usury,  the  occu- 
pation of  public  office,  alchemy,  were  among 
the  methods  used  to  get  it.  Sombart  classi- 
fies all  the  methods  broadly  as  acquisition  by 
force,  by  magic,  by  financial  speculation,  and 
by  invention.  All  of  these  involved  under- 
taking of  some  sort ;  the  execution  of  a  plan 
of  exploitation  involving  the  cooperation  of 
many  people.  European  history  is  particu- 
larly marked,  however,  by  four  distinct  forms 
of  it:  the  martial,  the  landholding,  as  the 
manorial  system,  the  state,  and  the  church. 

The  attitude  of  mind  which  these  express — 
"the  spirit  of  enterprise  and  the  desire  for 
gain" — involves  furthermore  the  "middle- 
class  virtues."  They  are  recorded  for  the 
first  time  in  1450  by  Alberti  in  his  "Del  Go- 
verno  degli  Famiglia."  They  are  the  virtues 
of  industry-,  frugality,  and  honesty,  the  very 
ones  stressed  by  Defoe  and  by  Franklin,  to 
say  nothing  of  Rockefeller  and  other  worthy 
captains  of  industry.  The  old  bourgeois  dif- 
fered however  in  one  fundamental  respect 
from  the  modern  business  man:  he  regarded 
the  purpose  of  production  to  be  the  satisfac- 
tion of  wants;  the  modern  business  man 
considers  it  to  be  the  making  of  money.  Pri- 
marily he  wishes  to  see  his  business  thrive, 
but  as  it  cannot  thrive  without  a  surplus,  his 
acquisitiveness  is  forced  upon  him.  In  other 
respects  he  has  the  same  interests  and  wishes 
as  a  child;  he  is  enamorored  of  physical  big- 
ness :  is  always  on  the  move  seeking  to  break 
records,  always  in  pursuit  of  novelty,  and 
always  fond  of  the  sense  of  power  over 
inferiors. 

So  the  capitalistic  spirit  has  been  charac- 
terized, and  its  development  traced.  What 
are  its  causes?  Sombart  finds  four:  the  bio- 
logical, the  moral,  the  ethico-religious,  and 
the  social.  His  discussion  of  the  biological 
causes  is  the  most  fanciful,  and  his  discussion 
of  the  religio-ethical  the  most  strained.  Both 
are  permeated  by  the  spirit  of  the  absurd 
mythology  of  Chamberlain  and  both  are  as 
stimulating  as  they  are  amusing.  Biologically 


men  may  be  classified,  Sombart  thinks,  as 
spenders  and  savers;  open  men  and  closed 
men.  On  the  same  basis  he  might  say  human 
beings  might  be  classified  as  males  and  fe- 
males, the  former  being  spenders,  the  latter 
savers.  As  individuals  are  so  classified  so 
may  races  be;  consequently  some  races,  like 
the  Romans,  Normans,  Jews,  and  Scotch  are 
capitalistic,  others  like  the  Celts  and  Goths 
are  not.  If  they  become  so,  it  is  because  of 
the  infiltration  of  alien  capitalistic  blood,  or 
the  domination  of  the  "saving"  portion  of  the 
population.  Analogously  it  might  be  argued 
that  the  matriarchate  was  a  capitalistic  soci- 
ety and  that  the  enfranchisement  of  women 
must  mean  the  perpetuation  of  capitalism. 
The  whole  region  is  dark  and  unmapped,  and 
speculation  here  is  determined  by  the  will-to- 
believe  rather  than  by  experience. 

Sombart  is  something  of  a  socialist.  Con- 
cerning the  future  of  capitalism  he  believes 
with  Karl  Marx  that  it  must  break  down  of 
its  own  weight.  The  spontaneous  disintegra- 
tion of  the  economic  system  is,  he  thinks,  re- 
enforced  by  the  growth  of  bureaucracy  and 
the  decline  of  birthrate. 

Whatever  one  may  think  of  the  outcome  of 
the  book,  its  learning,  its  brilliancy,  and  per- 
suasiveness are  unique  in  this  field,  and  even 
more  unique  is  that  detachment  from  so  pres- 
ent and  all-embracing  an  economic  system 
which  renders  possible  to  see  and  to  judge  it 

as  a  whole. 

H.  M.  KALLEN. 


BRIEFS  Ox  XEW  BOOKS. 


,      Professor  Edwin  Leavitt  Clarke,  in 

An  estimate  of         ...  .  -,  „   _  '    . 

genius.  American  Men  of  Letters;    Their 

Nature  and  Nurture"  (Columbia 
University,  Longman's,  Green,  &  Co.),  makes  a 
commendable  attempt  to  evaluate  some  of  the 
factors  that  have  influenced  the  mental  develop- 
ment of  the  thousand  most  eminent  literati  born 
in  the  United  States  and  Canada  between  the  years 
1639  and  1850.  The  writer  draws  his  inferences 
from  a  large  mass  of  data  with  a  reserve  that  is 
not  always  noticable  in  studies  of  this  kind.  He 
is  lead  to  believe  that  while  nature,  in  the  form  of 
heredity,  plays  a  far  greater  role  than  he  had  at 
first  imagined,  it  nevertheless  counts  for  little  in 
the  absence  of  favorable  environmental  conditions. 
"It  happens  that  there  have  been  three  especially 
important  factors  in  the  development  of  American 
men  of  letters,  a  good  heredity,  furnishing  stock 
capable  of  being  developed,  an  education  adequate 
to  develop  latent  ability,  and  a  social  environment 
furnishing  incentive  to  the  naturally  endowed  and 
amply  educated  to  turn  their  attention  to  litera- 
ture." Not  the  least  valuable  part  of  the  work  is 


108 


THE   DIAL 


[August  15 


an  appendix  covering  fifty-four  pages  and  con- 
taining an  epitome   of  biography  for  American 

Letters.  

Very  interesting  and  instructive  is 

A  study  in  ,r,,,       ,       ,  j     r»        i 

genetics.  a   little   book   by   Raymond    Pearl 

entitled  "Modes  of  Research  in 
Genetics"  (Macmillan).  Compiled  largely  from 
earlier  papers  and  lectures,  it  is  somewhat  lack- 
ing in  unity  and  balance  but  it  does  contain  some 
very  lucid  discussions  of  the  possibilities  and  limi- 
tations of  the  current  methods  of  attacking  prob- 
lems in  heredity.  For  the  special  student  in  this 
field  it  will  prove  a  helpful  and  inspiring  critique 
and  for  the  general  reader  it  offers  an  insight  into 
the  methodology  of  an  important  branch  of 


science. 


A  bit  of 

refreshing 

fictton. 


of  popular  fiction  is 
generally  too  inclined  to  court  suc- 
cegg  jjy  appeal  to  what  may  be 
called  our  "gilded"  sensibilities,  giving  us  highly 
colored  tales  of  "society,"  in  which  the  easy  super- 
latives of  "paper"  emotion  are  the  dominating 
factor.  It  is  therefore  a  pleasure  to  find  in  Anne 
Shannon  Monroe's  "Happy  Valley"  (McClurg)  an 
atmosphere  of  actual  human  experience.  This  is  the 
record  of  a  young  man  who  goes  west,  though  not 
to  the  west  of  the  "movies,-"  where  he  gives  battle, 
not  only  with  the  forces  of  nature,  but  with  the 
inherited  force  of  intemperance.  The  story  is  so 
simply  and  vividly  told  that  it  becomes  one  of 
personal  interest  to  the  reader,  who  cannot  fail  to 
enter  into  the  life  of  the  little  pioneer  settlement 
with  as  keen  an  interest  as  if  the  settlers  were  his 
own  friends.  The  spirit  of  the  book  is  one  of 
fine  exhilaration  bred  by  arduous  labor,  by  love 
of  wide  horizons,  and  the  indomitable  will  of 
man's  finest  instincts.  It  is  certain  to  please  those 
readers  who  seek  entertainment,  rather  than  litera- 
ture, in  their  lighter  reading. 


in  England  and  in  America 
Shakespearean  complaint  has  been  made  of  late 
against  the  excessive  concern  of 
present-day  scholarship  with  sixteenth  century 
drama.  There  is  perhaps  good  ground  for  the 
remonstrance;  but  readers  of  Professor  Thorndike's 
elaborate  review  —  "Shakespeare's  Theatre"  (Mac- 
millan) —  of  theatrical  conditions  in  Shakespeare's 
time  are  likely  to  be  considerably  surprised  by  the 
evidence  of  the  very  great  advance  in  knowledge 
of  this  subject  achieved  since  the  year  1900.  The 
new  documents  discovered  within  the  past  dozen 
years  by  men  like  Professors  Wallace,  Feuillerat, 
and  Moore  Smith;  the  admirable  editorial 
methods  of  the  supporters  of  the  Malone  Society 
and  kindred  academies;  and  the  multiplication  of 
dramatic  monographs  by  Chambers,  Murray, 
Feuillerat,  and  many  others,  have  made  it  possible 
for  Professor  Thorndike,  working  in  the  new  light, 
to  produce  the  first  book  on  Shakespeare's  stage 
which  combines  definiteness  of  statement  with 
demonstrable  accuracy.  A  book  on  this  subject  is 
of  course  particularly  seasonable  in  Shakespeare's 
tercentenary  year,  and  it  comes  with  equal  fitness 


from  Columbia  University,  which  under  the  influ- 
ence of  Professor  Thorndike  and  Professor 
Brancler  Matthews  has  especially  signalized  itself 
by  researches  of  this  nature.  Certain  parts  of  the 
volume,  as  the  author  is  careful  to  note,  amount 
to  revised  summaries  of  well  known  Columbia  dis- 
sertations produced  under  the  writer's  direction, 
but  there  is  no  slighting  of  the  work  of  foreign 
students  and  no  lack  of  independent  judgment, 
though  Professor  Thorndike  wisely  attempts  to 
restrict  himself  in  general  to  the  statement  of 
facts  already  pretty  definitely  established.  As  a 
whole  the  book  well  attains  the  aim  announced 
in  the  preface  of  effecting  "an  amicable  approxi- 
mation toward  agreement  in  essentials"  regarding 
the  Shakespearean  theatre,  and  it  should  be  wel- 
comed as  the  most  readable  and  authoritative  com- 
pendium of  Elizabethan  stagecraft  yet  extant. 
The  chapters  on  the  leading  companies  in  the 
reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  James  I.  respectively  are 
particularly  convenient  for  reference,  while  the 
more  general  discussions  of  "The  Playhouses," 
"The  Dramatists,"  "Actors  and  Acting,"  and  "The 
Audience"  should  win  the  interest  of  a  wider  pub- 
lic. The  well-chosen  illustrations  add  to  the 
volume's  beauty  of  style  and  format. 


„,  The  proof  that  there  is  something 

system*  °f  original  and  positive  value  about 

the  Wirt  system  of  education  at 
Gary,  Indiana,  is  that  it  raises  up  so  many  enthu- 
siastic friends,  some,  though  not  many,  bitter 
enemies,  and  so  few  calm  critics.  Most  investiga- 
tors, casual  and  thorough,  seem  in  their  reports 
under  an  obsession  that  the  Royal  Road  to  Educa- 
tion has  at  last  been  discovered.  A  negligible  num- 
ber find,  it  is  true,  a  strong  Mephistophelian  odor 
in  the  vocational  emphasis;  but  none  of  the 
reports  that  have  come  under  the  writer's  notice 
has  maintained  the  note  of  enthusiasm  and  at 
the  same  time  succeeded  in  pointing  out  the  shal- 
lows. "The  Gary  Schools"  by  Randolph  S.  Bourne 
(Houghton  Mifflin)  is  no  exception.  This  book 
is  by  all  odds  the  most  complete  study  yet  pub- 
lished by  an  investigator  aiming  at  interpretation 
and  evaluation.  Its  clear  analysis,  admirable 
arrangement  of  material  and  adequate  style 
(although  he  does  say,  "every  kind  of  a  child") 
are  altogether  up  to  what  we  have  learned  to 
expect  of  the  young  author.  This  study  is  prob- 
ably the  most  important  one  made  so  far,  and 
worthy  to  stand  with  the  chapter  in  Professor 
Dewey's  "Schools  of  To-morrow"  with  which  it 
articulates  well,  as  a  consistent  exposition  of  the 
theory  of  education  which  Dewey  there  outlines. 
Now  what  is  the  danger  which  this  critic  as  well 
as  others  fails  to  chart  properly?  On  page  26  we 
read:  "The  Wirt  school  contemplates  bringing  all 
the  cultural  resources  of  the  community  to  bear  on 
the  school.  It  makes  the  school  the  proper  and 
natural  depository  for  whatever  the  community 
has  to  offer  in  artistic  interest  or  intellectual 
resource";  on  page  139:  "There  are  strictly 
speaking,  no  'extra-curricular  activities'  in  the 
Gary  schools.  The  curriculum  deliberately  pro- 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


109 


vides  for  all  wholesome  activities,  and  the  student 
interests  grow  out  of  it";  on  page  108:  u.  .  . 
it  is  hoped  to  be  able  to  send  students  from  the 
local  schools  at  the  age  of  eighteen  so  prepared 
that  they  may  complete  the  ordinary  college  course 
in  two  years."  Is  there  not  something  naive  in  the 
simple  trust  that  a  young  man  of  sixteen  will  find 
much  stimulus  in  continuing  to  go  for  daily  recita- 
tion two  years  longer  to  a  building  he  has  been 
infesting  since  he  was  six  (perhaps  four),  where 
all  his  activities  are  planned  by  the  providential 
superintendent,  and  from  which  he  will  be  sent 
at  eighteen,  a  lamb  to  the  slaughter,  to  consort 
with  college  juniors?  A  very  fine  system  it  is  for 
children,  but  it  is  surely  a  rash  friend  that  claims 
for  it  advantages  equal  to  or  compensating  for  the 
mental  stimulus  that  a  student  of  freshman  age 
requires.  Moreover,  when  the  school  furnishes 
every  intellectual  and  artistic  interest  even  up  to 
the  age  of  sixteen,  it  is  likely  to  produce  some- 
thing deadly  dull  and  machine-like.  There  is  a 
valuable  appendix  containing  tables  showing  dis- 
tribution of  expenditures  in  the  Gary  schools,  and 
reports  made  by  Superintendent  Wirt  on  the  reor- 
ganization of  the  New  York  schools  upon  his 
theories,  a  project  which  is  now  successfully  under 


The  problem  of  preparedness  has 

A  sane  plea  for       ,  ,  ,    ,  r  . 

preparedness.  been  brought  home  to  Americans  in 
a  new  and  forcible  manner  during 
the  past  two  months.  With  our  friends  literally 
torn  from  our  midst,  at  untold  sacrifice  of  profes- 
sional and  business  interests,  we  are  forced  to  won- 
der what  the  situation  might  have  been  had  the 
Mexican  crisis  culminated  in  war.  The  problem 
of  national  preparedness  is  not  a  sectional  nor  a 
class  problem,  but  one  confronting  every  man  or 
woman  who  lays  claim  to  American  citizenship. 
Nowhere  have  we  found  a  more  sane  and  dispas- 
sionate plea  for  preparedness  than  in  General 
Leonard  Wood's  book  "Our  Military  History:  Its 
Facts  and  Fallacies."  (Reilly  &  Britton.)  In 
discussing  our  present  scheme  of  defense  under 
the  present  volunteer  system,  he  says:  "We  have 
no  right  to  employ  the  services  of  loyal  and  will- 
ing men  under  a  system  which  ensures  the  maxi- 
mum loss  of  life  and  the  minimum  of  success, —  a 
system  which  has  been  condemned  by  military 
experts  the  world  over,  including  our  own."  Con- 
tinuing, he  makes  a  survey  of  our  military  history 
since  the  War  of  the  Revolution,  writing  with  that 
scientific  clarity  and  disinterestedness  which  char- 
acterizes the  true  military  critic.  It  is  nothing  less 
than  a  duty  which  every  honest  citizen  owes  to  his 
country  to  become  familiar  with  that  history,  with 
its  terrible  blunders,  its  sacrifice  of  brave  life, 
resulting  from  lack  of  military  efficiency.  In  clos- 
ing, General  Wood  says:  "Every  good  American 
honors  the  real  volunteer  spirit,  but  it  is  difficult 
to  understand  how  any  man  who  is  familiar  with 
our  country's  history  can  advocate  the  continuance 
of  the  volunteer  system,  with  its  uncertainties, 
unpreparedness,  and  lack  of  equality  of  service. 
The  lack  of  training,  the  cost,  the  confusion  —  all 
have  served  to  demonstrate  the  danger  of  the  pro- 
cedure ;  the  danger  to  us  has  been  greatly  increased 


by  the  force  of  modern  organization  and  the 
rapidity  with  which  armies  can  be  transported 
over  land  and  sea  to  deliver  attacks  on  foes." 
One  of  the  most  interesting  points  which  the  author 
makes  in  favor  of  universal  military  service,  and 
which  will  be  borne  out  by  every  one  who  has 
served  either  in  the  National  Guard  or  in  the 
military  training  camps  at  Plattsburg,  is  that: 
"the  training  which  men  get  in  the  army,  the 
knowledge  of  sanitation,  the  respect  for  law  and 
authority,  and  the  habits  of  discipline,  are  of 
inestimable  value  in  building  up  a  sane  and  sound 
people."  The  volume  also  contains  an  appendix 
describing  the  Australian  and  Swiss  systems  of 
defense.  

An  American  -^  Kamerun,  just  now  notable  for 
giriinth«  other  than  missionary  activities, 

African  jungle.       an(j     ^     the     flench     Congo,     Miss 

Jean  Kenyon  Mackenzie  spent  nine  years  of  use- 
fulness as  a  mission  worker,  and  she  relates  her 
experiences  in  "Black  Sheep"  (Houghton),  a 
series  of  familiar  letters  to  her  father.  These 
letters,  already  partly  known  to  readers  of  the 
"Atlantic"  and  "Woman's  Work,"  have  the  natur- 
alness, the  brightness,  the  frequent  touch  of 
feminine  wit  and  playful  humor,  that  made  so 
readable  "The  Letters  of  a  Woman  Homesteader," 
by  a  writer  of  similar  powers  of  observation  and 
description.  From  July,  1904,  to  October,  1913, 
Miss  Mackenzie  was  engaged  as  a  member  of  the 
West  Africa  Mission  in  ministering  to  the  heathen 
of  the  Dark  Continent,  and  her  book  records 
something  of  "the  amazing  development  of  this 
happy  epoch."  In  one  of  her  letters  she  says:  "I 
don't  see  how  I  can  make  you  feel  the  thrilling 
quality  of  the  work  here.  We  of  the  Kamerun 
interior  are  in  a  kind  of  golden  age,  a  blossoming 
season,  the  time  of  all  others  for  spectacular  effect 
and  for  exhibit.  .  .  From  the  standpoint  of 
a  visitor  this  is  the  time  for  a  visit,  for  we  are 
still  by  way  of  being  an  adventure,  still  primitive, 
still  romantic."  The  names  by  which  this  young 
shepherdess  was  called  by  her  "black  sheep"  are 
sometimes  amusing.  Forbidden  to  call  her 
"Mamma,"  the  common  form  of  address  in  such 
cases,  they  contented  themselves  as  best  they  could 
with  substitutes  like  "Matchenzie,"  "Tchensie," 
and  "Mr.  Matchenzie."  In  an  early  letter  the 
writer  describes  the  strange  beauty  of  the 
Kamerun  people,  "a  beauty  of  body  and  of  pos- 
ture, of  color  and  of  draping.  A  thousand  things 
would  remind  you  of  the  art  of  the  Renaissance. 
The  way  they  dress  their  heads  is  so  often  like 
Botticelli."  These  and  other  characteristics  of  the 
people  and  the  country  are  illustrated  in  the 
numerous  reproductions  of  photographs  taken  by 
Miss  Mackenzie's  fellow  missionan'Q.s. 


A  beautiful 
adaptation 
of  prose. 


"Ephemera:  Greek  Prose  Poems'' 
(Nicholas  L.  Brown),  Mitehel  S. 
Buck,  is  a  book  for  a  Sybarite,  a 
book  of  exquisite  pictures,  exquisite  rhythms,  ex- 
quisite format.  One  hardly  knows  whether  to 
praise  the  contents  less  or  the  actual  volume  more. 
The  very  Japan  vellum  of  the  pages  is  the  delicacy 


110 


THE    DIAL 


[August  15 


of  the  poems  themselves.  Their  prose  is  that  rhyth- 
mic prose  of  Baudelaire  and  Pierre  Louys  in  French, 
and  "The  Song  of  Songs"  or  certain  finer  passages 
of  Ossian  in  English.  Never  once  does  the  ques- 
tion of  prosody  or  form  intrude  upon  the  reader, 
so  adaptable  is  the  pen  of  the  writer.  Rightly  he 
calls  them  "pastels",  for  they  are  pictures  in  the 
true  antique  style,  pictures  of  Helas,  of  Aeolia,  of 
the  Archipelago,  bright  with  color,  rapidly  poised 
in  motion,  never  flustered,  sensuous  yet  somehow 
chaste.  Mitchel  S.  Buck  paints  with  the  precision 
of  an  Alexandrian  on  his  fine  wax-tablets,  though 
his  modern  eye,  an  eye  like  that  of  Paul  Manship, 
never  loses  sight  of  the  fact  that  he  is  working 
for  a  modern  audience.  This  is  the  word  that 
makes  Greece  live  again,  not  a  false  borrowing  of 
Grecian  imageries  and  legend.  Mr.  Buck's  Lesbia 
is  the  Lesbia  of  Sappho;  his  Aphrodite  is  the 
Knidian,  the  Kyprian  goddess. 

How  helozoistie  was  the  life  of  early  Greece: 
naturally,  Thales  formed  his  first  philosophy  on 
strongly  sympathetic  grounds.  After  all,  what  was 
the  difference  between  man  and  animal?  Were 
they  not  both  beloved  by  the  gods?  Did  not  the 
gods  alike  enter  their  forms?  Man  had  two 
natures,  and  both  had  equal  rights,  the  sensuous 
and  the  intellectual:  from  them  combined  the 
spiritual  was  formed,  or  rather  exhaled  as  the 
sweet  breath  of  a  lovely  poetry.  These  modern 
poems  are  truly  very  ancient:  so  near  can  art 
bring  Past  and  Present. 

"Down  the  shadowed  forest  glade  the  nymph 
flashes  like  a  silver  arrow  from  a  bow.  Her 
golden  hair  streams  out  like  a  flying  veil;  her 
eyes  are  bright  with  terror;  her  crimson,  sob- 
bing lips  are  salt  with  tears. 

"Behind  her,  a  dark  shadow  darting  nimbly 
over  the  silent  earth,  a  satyr  speeds,  his  cheeks 
all  flushed  with  red,  his  clutching  hands  stretched 
out.  ' — Ho,  ho,  ho!'  chuckles  an  old  man,  lean- 
ing upon  a  staff.  'Ho,  ho,  ho!  Why  dost  thou 
run?  Thou  wilt  be  caught!  Thou  will  be 
caught!'" 

Some  of  these  pieces  have  a  little  too  much 
activity  of  the  physical  existence  in  them,  but  still 
they  are  the  very  Sicilian  vases  before  the  eye. 


Labor  and 
Law, 


There  is  hardly  any  subject  which 
makes  heavier  demands  upon  the 
time  and  thought  of  our  legislature 
than  labor.  Formerly  our  lawmakers  attempted 
to  cover  every  detail  in  legislating  on  labor  prob- 
lems, leaving  it  to  the  courts  to  enforce  the  law. 
To-day  such  legislation  has  become  so  voluminous 
in  amount  and  highly  technical  in  character  that 
it  has  become  impossible  for  legislatures  to  cover 
every  detail.  Instead  it  has  been  found  better  to 
mark  out  certain  lines  of  action  based  on  certain 
underlying  principles  and  leave  the  details  to 
administrative  officers  who  are  always  on  the  job. 
In  "The  Principles  of  Labor  Legislation" 
(Harpers)  Professor  Common  and  Dr.  Andrews 
have  given  us  a  very  compact  and  complete  sum- 
mary of  legislation  on  almost  every  conceivable 
subject  directly  affecting  labor.  The  fundamental 
principle  of  all  such  legislation  is  that  it  must  be 


reasonable,  "But  reasonableness  in  labor  legisla- 
tion is  as  complicated  as  human  life  and  modern 
industry.  A  reasonble  standard  in  one  field  has 
no  meaning  in  another."  Health,  safety,  welfare, 
hours  of  labor,  periods  of  rest,  age  and  sex  of 
workers,  all  raise  a  great  variety  of  standards. 
Employer's  liability,  workmen's  compensation, 
sickmen  benefits,  old  age  pensions,  unemployment, 
woman  and  child  labor,  and  the  minimum  wage 
are  all  pushing  themselves  to  the  fore,  each  with 
its  own  standard.  What  that  standard  is  can  be 
determined  much  more  easily  by  an  administrative 
body  than  by  a  legislature.  All  the  subjects  named 
and  several  others  are  dealt  with  in  a  very  com- 
prehensive way  in  the  book  under  review.  The 
general  (and  gentle)  reader  interested  in  such 
subjects  will  find  his  vision  broadened  by  its 
perusal.  The  student  will  find  a  mine  of  valuable 
information  in  it  and  the  investigator  will  find 
many  helpful  guides  in  his  work. 


A  new  trans- 
lation of 
Carducci. 


There  is  actual  need  for  a  worthy 
translation  of  the  poems  of  the 
great  poet  and  prophet  of  the 
Risorgimento.  It  is,  therefore,  with  expectation 
that  one  approaches  "The  Rime  Nuove  of  Giosue 
Carducci"  (Badger)  translated  from  the  Italian  by 
Miss  Laura  Fullerton  Gilbert.  Unfortunately, 
that  expectation  is  not  satisfied.  The  extreme 
beauty  of  Carducci's  work,  its  serenity,  and  again 
its  passionate  ardor  couched  in  plastic  and  still 
Classieism,  its  flow,  its  picturing,  its  constant  good 
taste,  its  frequent  simple  sublimity,  are  all  gone. 
In  the  place  of  a  poet  of  the  first  rank  in  the 
Italian,  in  the  English  we  discover  hardly  a  poet 
of  the  second  order.  In  her  well-written  and  inter- 
esting introduction,  the  author  says  that  "the  pur- 
pose of  a  translation  is  preeminently  to  arouse 
interest  in  the  original,  and  if  the  quest  of  the 
unknown  adds  zest  to  the  seeking,  so  much  the 
better."  But  unfortunately  she  piques  no  curi- 
osity, nor  adds  a  zest  to  the  seeking.  Indeed,  a 
lover  of  Carducci  can  hardly  finish  the  volume. 

Someone  has  said  that  translation  is  a  sin 
against  the  Holy  Ghost, —  that  is,  a  failure  to 
believe  in  the  unchangeable  felicity  and  power  of 
an  original  transcription  of  a  spiritual  experience, 
a  taking  of  a  masterpiece  in  vain.  Be  that  so,  one 
who  attempts  translation  should  be  well  aware  of 
the  sin  accounted  unto  him:  not  if  he  fail  to 
translate  with  exactitude  the  visible  shells  of 
poetry,  but  if  he  fail  to  make  a  new  addendum  to 
his  native  language,  equal  in  beauty  and  ease  to 
the  father  of  his  work,  faithful  in  spirit  and  emo- 
tion. Carducci,  of  many  geniuses,  is  hardest  of 
all  among  the  Latin  races  to  translinguate,  by 
reason  of  the  Horatian  manner  of  his  composi- 
tion. The  dove-tailing  of  his  syntax,  meter,  and 
thought,  is  the  despair  of  the  Moderns.  Even  the 
eminently  scholarly  Bickersteth  has  failed  in 
reproducing  him  in  all  but  some  few  instances: 
a  less  eminent  person  might  think  long  indeed, 
before  entering  upon  an  equal  path  with  him. 

A  question  which  one  still  must  ask,  despite  the 
author's  introduction,  is:  why  not  translate  the 
"Odi  Barbare"?  That  were  a  gift;  something  to 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


111 


make  our  English  poets  gird  themselves  for  a  new 
inspiration.  May  such  a  work  come  soon,  but  let 
him  who  undertakes  it  pause  before  he  publishes. 
Padding,  false  sense  of  harmony  in  verse  or 
stanza,  bad  taste  in  rhymes,  will  ruin  it  com- 
pletely.   

Not  often  has  an  American  scholar 
A»  important  produced  a  reference  book  more 

manual.  .,  , 

urgently  needed  and  more  thor- 
oughly welcome,  although  a  comparatively  small 
audience  is  concerned,  than  "A  Manual  of  the 
Writings  in  Middle  English  1050-1400,"  by  John 
Edwin  Wells,  professor  of  English  in  Beloit 
College.  (Yale  University  Press).  This  splendid 
volume  of  941  pages,  beautifully  and  carefully 
made,  betokens  either  extreme  philanthropy  on  the 
part  of  the  publishers,  or  an  awakening  of  interest 
in  the  literature  of  the  fascinating  late  English 
Middle  Age.  The  author  classifies  all  the  English 
writing  of  the  period  indicated  (in  the  case  of 
Romance,  all  up  to  the  age  of  printing)  under 
main  types,  gives  the  probable  date,  the  sources 
when  known,  the  dialect  in  which  first  composed, 
and  the  generally  accepted  views  of  scholars.  To 
this  is  added  an  abstract  of  each  piece  of  any 
importance.  The  amount  of  work  involved  in  this 
performance  alone  is  enormous,  especially  as  there 
is  nothing  slip-shod  or  perfunctory  about  it.  At 
the  end  a  complete  bibliography  is  given  in  the 
order  of  their  description,  with  abundant  cross- 
references  which  give  the  work  a  high  degree  of 
efficiency  for  the  student.  The  large  and  impor- 
tant section  of  Romances  is  divided  according  to 
two  principles :  first  according  to  theme  and  origin 
into  English  and  Germanic  Legends,  Arthurian 
Legends,  Charlemagne  Legends,  Breton  Lais,  etc., 
second  according  to  probable  Chronology  and 
Dialect.  This  simple  but  exacting  device  will  be 
found  an  inestimable  boon  to  the  student  trying 
to  gain  a  comprehensive  survey  of  a  certain  type 
of  romance.  The  proportion  is  for  the  most  part 
perfect,  the  author  playing  no  favorites.  The  fact 
that  148  pages  are  devoted  to  Chaucer  merely  indi- 
cates the  more  intensive  cultivation  by  scholarship 
of  that  field.  There  is  one  surprising  feature, — 
and  a  little  disappointing.  Chapters  are  devoted 
to  Wycliffe,  to  Richard  Rolle  of  Hampole,  and  to 
the  Pearl  poet;  yet  one  will  look  in  vain  through 
the  table  of  contents  for  any  hint  of  the  name 
William  Langland,  or  even  Piers  Plowman,  though 
of  course  the  Piers  Plowman  sequence  is  discussed 
under  a  general  type.  However  one  should  not  be 
finicking;  there  is  so  much  benefit  here  for  the 
student  and  so  much  of  interest  to  the  curious 
reader  that  one  should  forgive  an  unintentional 
slight.  

„  ,    .  To  his  "Three  Oxford  Movements" 

TM  three  Oxford   ,  v       •»•>  -n      it     t  /-IT  i 

Reformers.  tne  Rev.   E.   Parkes   Cadman   has 

added  "The  Three  Oxford  Re- 
formers, Wycliffe,  Wesley  and  Newman"  (Mac- 
millan).  The  book  is  a 'substantial  collection  of 
evidence  and  accepted  opinion,  together  with  his- 
torical exposition  of  the  periods  involved,  written 
in  admirable  style  with  refreshing  fullness  of 
vocabulary.  Of  the  three,  Wycliffe  presents  most 


difficulty  for  satisfactory  treatment  to-day,  and 
Dr.  Cadman  has  wisely  adopted  the  results  of 
recent  writers.  Wesley  suffers  no  serious  change; 
but  one  may  question  whether  the  popular  idea 
of  Wesley,  the  enthusiast,  should  not  be  supple- 
mented by  a  fuller  account  of  his  labors  to  popu- 
larize knowledge,  ''natural  philosophy,"  and  the 
science  so  congenial  to  the  Deists  of  the  time. 
Wesley's  "Survey  of  the  Wisdom  of  God  in  the 
Creation,  or  a  Compendium  of  Natural  Philoso- 
phy" (1775)  maintained  its  popularity,  and  the 
second  American  edition  appeared  in  Philadelphia 
in  1816,  in  two  volumes.  The  book  is  good  read- 
ing to-day,  the  examples  are  chosen  for  their 
interest,  and  something  of  Wesley's  selective  sense 
might  well  be  cultivated  by  text-book  makers.  The 
consciousness  of  natural  religion,  partly  inspired 
perhaps  by  such  writing  as  that  of  Addison's 
great  hymns,  and  of  the  philosophical  pamphlets,  ' 
pervades  the  book.  It  must  have  appealed 
strongly  to  men  only  slightly  concerned  with  doc- 
trines of  personal  conversion.  For  Newman  Dr. 
Cadman  shows  a  sympathetic  understanding,  at 
its  best  when  describing  Newman's  rather  apathetic 
reception  into  the  Roman  communion.  Browning 
alone  could  have  done  justice  to  the  tragic  poetry 
of  Newman's  later  years.  Only  an  Englishman, 
perhaps,  can  read  between  the  lines  of  these  years  ; 
the  late  Wilford  Ward  might  have  done  that,  and 
one  may  venture  the  opinion  that  no  one  outside 
the  Anglican  church  has  more  successfully  done  so 
than  Dr.  Cadman.  The  book  is  testimony  to  an 
informing  and  constructive  spirit  of  Christianity 
in  the  writer.  The  audiences,  to  whom  these  studies 
were  originally  addressed,  are  to  be  congratulated. 
Popular  exposition,  of  such  a  high  level,  and  of 
so  scholarly  and  catholic  a  spirit,  is  rare  in  this 
country.  _ 

satisfactory  brief  history  of 
is  much  needed.  No  work 
in  English  does  for  France  what 
Henderson's  "Short  History  of  the  German 
People"  does  for  Germany.  G.  B.  Adams'  "Growth 
of  the  French  Nation"  is  admirable,  but  is  is 
merely  a  sketch.  A  new  work  of  the  compass  of 
J.  Moreton  Macdonald's  three  short  volumes 
(Macmillan)  is  certain,  therefore,  to  be  scanned 
with  eager  expectancy  by  those  who  wish  to  see 
the  various  phases  of  French  civilization  ade- 
quately set  forth.  To  many  such  readers  Mr. 
Macdonald's  work  will  prove,  on  the  whole,  disap- 
pointing. They  possess  solid  merits,  it  is  true, 
and  yet  this  makes  their  defects  the  more  annoy- 
ing, especially  in  the  case  of  the  volume  on  the 
period  from  the  outbreak  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion to  the  end  of  the  Franco-Prussian  War.  In 
the  first  place  the  author  retains  the  traditional 
subdivision  by  reigns,  and  so  inevitably  overem- 
phasizes the  military  and  political  aspects  of  his 
subject.  Such  a  chronological  framework  is  rarely 
suited  to  the  exposition  of  changes  in  industry,  in 
literature,  or  in  art.  For  example,  chapter  XIX 
bears  the  title  of  "Francis  I.  and  the  French 
Renaissance",  but  the  distribution  of  space  is  sig- 
nificant, two  or  three  paragraphs  of  random  com- 
ment on  the  Renaissance  being  followed  by 


"AN     a~ 


112 


THE    DIAL 


[August  15 


twenty-six  pages  about  wars  and  political  intrigue. 
Again,  the  introduction  of  machinery,  which  marks 
the  beginning  of  the  Industrial  Revolution,  is 
specifically  located  in  two,  if  not  in  three,  reigns, 
—  those  of  Louis  XVI,  Napoleon,  and  Louis 
Philippe.  Scarcely  anything  is  given  besides  a 
bare  mention,  and  the  uninstructed  reader  will  be 
left  in  mental  confusion  about  a  subject  the  great 
importance  of  which  the  author  expressly  states. 
The  author's  explanation  of  social  conditions  is 
much  clearer  and  more  interesting  for  the  late 
Roman  and  mediaeval  periods  than  for  modern 
times.  His  treatment  there  is  also  more  sym- 
pathetic. His  description  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion is  done  in  the  same  depreciatory  spirit  which 
characterized  the  chapters  which  he  contributed  to 
the  eighth  volume  of  the  Cambridge  Modern 
History.  Many  statements  of  fact  must  be  ques- 
tioned. The  assertion,  for  example,  that  after  the 
King  and  the  National  Assembly  were  transferred 
to  Paris  they  "were  completely  in  the  grip  of  the 
mob"  is  grossly  exaggerated.  A  little  further  on 
the  author  declares  that  the  new  municipal  organi- 
zation was  "ill-advised  in  the  moment  of  its  adop- 
tion." This  argues  a  slight  acquaintance  with  what 
happened  in  the  summer  of  1789,  when  the  old 
municipalities  were  overthrown  by  violence  or 
changed  by  common  consent.  The  Assembly 
could  not  restore  them;  some  scheme  of  reorgani- 
zation was  inevitable.  Mr.  Macdonald  calls  the 
system  vicious.  Stein's  collaborators  did  not 
think  so  in  1808,  when  they  reorganized  the  Prus- 
sian towns.  The  fatal  lack  of  control  by  the 
central  authority  was  simply  an  incident  of  the 
existing  distrust  of  the  monarchy,  and  was 
speedily  corrected  under  the  Consulate  by  the  intro- 
duction of  prefectures.  The  author's  prejudice 
against  the  work  of  the  Constituent  Assembly 
leads  him  to  make  the  ludicrous  statement  that  the 
law  on  the  franchise  withheld  the  vote  from  eighty- 
four  per  cent,  of  the  population.  As  a  matter  of 
fact  only  three-sevenths  of  the  men  were  disfran- 
chised. The  remainder  of  the  eighty-four  per 
cent,  is  made  up  of  women  and  children. 


It  is  to  be  feared  that  riot  many 
A  memoir.  people  in  America  will  have  the 

courage  or  even  the  curiosity  to 
open  Mr.  Pound's  "  Gaudier-Brzeska :  A  Memoir" 
after  a  glance  at  the  cover.  On  this  cover  is  repro- 
duced the  photograph  of  a  young  sculptor  with 
long  hair  and  an  unpleasant  leer,  in  front  of  whom 
is  a  work  entitled  "Bird  Swallowing  a  Fish", 
executed  in  what  is  roughly  (often  very  roughly) 
called  the  Cubist  style.  There  is  no  use  in  attempt- 
ing to  recommend  this  volume  by  concealing  the 
fact  that  it  is  written  by  an  extremely  modern 
poet  about  an  extremely  modern  sculptor. 

And  yet  to  those  who  are  not  already  discour- 
aged it  may  be  said  that  the  memoir  has  a  three- 
fold interest.  In  the  first  place  it  presents  an 
unusual  personality  and  a  "romantic"  career. 
Henri  Gaudier  was  an  eccentric  and  brilliant 
young  Frenchman  who  lived  and  wandered  about 
in  England  and  Germany  in  typical  Bohemian 
fashion,  finally  settling  in  London.  Here  he  first 


began  sculpture  and  allied  himself  to  the  "vor- 
ticist"  group,  a  number  of  writers,  painters  and 
sculptors  whose  official  organ  is  a  magazine 
called  "Blast."  At  the  outbreak  of  the  war 
Gaudier,  who  had  arbitrarily  added  to  his  name 
|  the  hyphen  Brzeska  (pronounced  Breshkah) 
returned  to  France  to  enlist.  But  as  he  had 
"skipped"  his  military  service,  he  was  arrested 
and  threatened  with  "ten  years  in  Africa."  That 
night  he  climbed  from  the  window  of  his  temporary 
prison,  escaped  to  England,  explained  his  case  to 
the  French  Embassy,  and  returned  with  better 
credentials  to. serve  in  the  trenches,  where  he  was 
killed  in  June,  1915.  His  letters  from  the  trenches 
to  Pound  and  others  are  the  most  vivid  impres- 
sions of  the  war  which  the  present  reviewer  has 
seen.  Brzeska  describes  the  whole  thing  as  a 
"bloody  bath  of  idealism."  With  a  barbaric  pride 
which  is  very  characteristic  he  takes  no  pains  ta 
conceal  his  delight  in  killing.  But  he  also  writes 
of  the  larks  and  nightingales,  "The  shells  do  not 
disturb  the  songsters.  .  .  They  solemnly  pro- 
claim man's  foolery  and  sacrilege  of  nature.  I 
respect  their  disdain."  The  life  of  such  a  man 
is  surely  worth  a  glance,  especially  as  it  was 
ended  at  the  age  of  twenty-three.  Of  his  sculp- 
ture anyone  may  judge  from  the  excellent  repro- 
ductions of  the  plates,  but  not  at  a  glance.  The 
present  reviewer  had  the  opportunity  of  knowing 
the  sculptor  and  seeing  his  work  in  the  summer 
of  1914,  and  though  he  was  by  no  means  converted, 
he  was  convinced  on  examination  that  Brzeska  was 
a  fine  craftsman  in  the  new  style  and  that  he  often 
succeeded  in  expressing  emotion  by  means  of  his 
"arrangement  of  planes"  and  "balance  of  masses." 
There  was,  however,  a  good  deal  of  malicious 
trickery  in  all  his  work.  The  third  field  of  interest 
in  Mr.  Pound's  book  is  —  Mr.  Pound ;  his  humor, 
his  rhetoric  against  the  Philistine,  and  especially 
the  theories  of  art  held  by  the  "vorticist"  group. 
Under  this  last  heading  Mr.  Pound  assumes,  not 
without  a  certain  right,  the  mantle  of  Whistler. 
Mr.  Pound  has  gained  much  in  sanity  and  in  clear- 
ness of  expression;  he  is  now  not  only  amusing, 
he  is  stimulating.  He  brings  out  Brzeska's  pref- 
erence for  the  barbaric  emotion  of  Egyptian  and 
Assyrian  sculpture  as  opposed  to  the  alleged 
effeminicy  of  the  Greek.  The  keynote  of  vorticism 
is  the  direct  interpretation  of  feeling.  As  to 
sculpture  this  ideal  is  best  stated  by  a  quotation 
from  Mr.  Binyon's  "Flight  of  the  Dragon."  "It 
is  not  essential  that  the  subject-matter  should 
represent  or  be  like  anything  in  nature;  only  it 
must  be  alive  with  a  rhythmic  vitality  of  its  own." 
This  is  at  least  worth  thinking  over,  and  the  book 
contains  much  else  that  is  equally  suggestive. 


The  sublime 
in  science. 


Poetic  idealism  comes  to  the  defense 
of  mathematics  in  "The  Human 
Worth  of  Rigorous  Thinking: 
Essays  and  Addresses"  by  Professor  Cassius  J. 
Keyser  (Columbia  University  Press).  The  author 
has  a  deep  sense  of  the  poetry  of  the  eternal  and 
the  immutable  and  in  pleasing  language  he  suc- 
ceeds in  conveying  something  of  this  feeling  to  his 
readers.  Besides  these  chapters  there  are  a  number 
of  excellent  essays  on  other  subjects  of  science. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


113 


XOTES   AND 


The  Publisher  of  THE  DIAL  takes  pleasure  in 
announcing  that  Dr.  Clinton  J.  Masseck  has  been 
appointed  Editor,  with  Mr.  Travis  Hoke  as  Asso- 
ciate, 

Dr.  Masseck  is  a  graduate  of  Tufts  College,  with 
an  A.M.  from  Harvard  University,  and  bears  in 
addition  the  degree  of  Docteur  de  I'universite  de 
Paris.  He  is  an  instructor  in  English  at  Wash- 
ington University,  St.  Louis.  Dr.  Masseck  is  per- 
haps best  known  for  his  association  with  modern 
drama  and  poetry  through  his  connection  with  the 
little  theatre  movement  and  as  sometime  lecturer 
at  Butler  College,  Indianapolis,  and  elsewhere. 

Mr.  Hoke  has  been  identified  with  various  news- 
papers of  the  Middle  West;  with  the  Greater  St. 
Louis  Committee  as  Secretary;  with  the  Civic 
League  of  St.  Louis  as  its  Assistant  Secretary; 
and  as  contributor  to  various  magazines. 

Mr.  Martyn  Johnson,  the  new  business  mana- 
ger, has  been  associated  with  "The  New  Republic" 
during  the  past  year  and  a  half.  He  has  contrib- 
uted articles  and  stories  to  English  and  American 
magazines. 

The  Thomas  Y.  Crowell  Company  announces  for 
earlv  publication,  "The  Story  of  Lord  Kitchener," 
by  Harold  F.  B.  Wheeler. 

"Hitting  the  Dark  Trail"  by  that  remarkable 
blind  naturalist,  Clarence  Hawkes,  is  being  pub- 
lished in  England  by  Messrs.  Harrap  and  Com- 
pany. 

The  Yale  University  Press  will  publish  in  the 
fall  "The  Tidings  Brought  to  Mary,"  a  translation 
of  "L'annonce  Faite  a  Marie,"  by  Paul  Claudel. 
The  work  will  be  done  by  Louise  Morgan  Sill. 

The  Yale  University  Press  has  in  preparation 
the  Book  of  the  Yale  Pageant.  The  University  is 
planning  a  great  pageant  for  October  to  celebrate 
the  two-hundredth  anniversary  of  the  establishment 
of  the  College  in  New  Haven. 

Students  of  English  18th  century  literature  will 
welcome  the  announcement  that  the  Yale  Univer- 
sity Press  will  publish  in  the  fall  "A  Bibliography 
of  Thomas  Gray,"  by  Clark  Sutherland  Northrup, 
Ph.D.,  Assistant  Professor  of  English,  Cornell 
University. 

James  Pott  &  Company  will  publish  about 
Sept.  15th  the  following  books:  "My  Siberian 
Year,"  bv  M.  A.  Czaplicka;  "Memoirs  of 
M.  Thiers*"  1870-1873,  by  Translation  by  F.  M. 
Atkinson,  and  "The  French  Renascence,"  by 
Charles  Sarolea, 

At  an  early  date  The  Roadside  Press  will  pub- 
lish "The  Chicago  Anthology,"  a  book  of  poems 
by  Chicago  writers.  It  will  contain  about  150 
selections  by  100  authors.  It  will  contain  an  intro- 
duction by  Mr.  Llewellyn  Jones,  literary  editor  of 
The  Chicago  Evening  Post. 

A  new  book,  "Our  Eastern  Question,"  by 
Thomas  F.  Millard,  is  announced  for  publication 
shortly  by  the  Century  Co.  In  bis  two  previous 
books,  "The  New  Far  East,"  and  "America  and  the 
Far  Eastern  Question."  the  author  has  established 
his  reputation  as  a  sound  critic  of  Eastern  affairs. 


TOPICS  ix  LEADING  PERIODICALS. 

August,  1916. 


Alcohol,    How    Business    Fights.      Burton    J. 

Hendrick Harper** 

Alcohol  and  Crime.  Robert  Blackwood  ....  Forum 
American  History,  A  New  Chapter  in.  Francis 

Arnold  Collins Bookman 

Ape    Man.    Environment    of    the.      Professor 

Edward  W.  Berry Scientific 

Art,  The  Field  of.     Ernest  Peixtto Seribner's 

Australia's  Part  in  the  Great  War.     Fred  S. 

Alford Rev.  of  Revs. 

Autographs,  A  Collection  of.  Agnes  Repplier  .  .  Century 
Bomb-Thrower  in  the  Trenches,  A.  Lieut.  Z.  .  Seribner't 
Box  Hill  and  Its  Memories.  Sir  Sidney  Colvin  .  Seribner's 

Calling  Out  the  Guard World's   Work 

Canada's  Two  Years  of  War  and  Their  Meaning. 

P.   T.   McGrath Rev.   of  Revs. 

Cancer,  The  Relation  of  Heredity  to,  in  Man 

and  Animals.  Dr.  C.  E.  Little  ....  Scientific 
Casement,  Sir  Roger,  and  Sinn  Fein.  H.  W. 

Nevinaon Atlantic 

Christianity    and    the    Sword.      Canon    Samuel 

McComb No.    Amer. 

Clarke,  Hon.  John  H.     Associate  Justice  of  the 

United  States  Supreme  Court  ....  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Defense  in  Mexico,  The  First  Line  of.  George 

Marvin World's     Work 

Defense,    The    National    Business    of.      Basil 

Miles World's    Work 

Democratic  Control  of  Foreign  Policy.     G.   Lowes 

Dickinson Atlantic 

Democratic  Despot,  A.  Helen  Nicolay  .  .  .  Century 
Dusk  of  the  Gods,  The:  Conversation  on  Art  with 

George  Moore.  John  Lloyd  Balderston  .  .  Atlantic 
Eastland  Disaster,  The.  Edith  Wyatt  .  .  Metropolitan 
England,  The  Genius  of.  Havelock  Ellis  .  .  No.  Amer. 
Evolution,  the  Role  of  Service  in.  Dr.  Hervey 

Woodburn   Shimer      .      , Scientific 

Figureheads  of  the  Old   Square-riggers.     Victoria 

Hayward .     Century 

Flecker,   James   Elroy — English   Parnassian.     Milton 

Bronner Bookman 

German  East  Africa.  James  B.  Macdonald  .  Rer.  of  Revs. 
Germany's  Frenzied  Trade.  Maurice 

Millioud World's    Work 

Germany   Loses   the   Initiative — Britain    Begins. 

Frank    H.    Simonds Rev.    of    Revs. 

Herbert  Spencer's  "The  Duty  of  the  State,"    William 

Howard     Taft Forum 

Hope  Farm  Man,  The.  J.  E.  Sandford  .  .  .  Forum 
Hughes,  The  Recall  of  Justice.  Burton  J. 

Hendrick World's     Work 

Ignominious    Neutrality.      Philip    Marshall 

Brown No.    Amer. 

I.  M.  M.,   The  Story  of  the.     Theodore  H. 

Price World's     Work 

Irish-German    Alliance,    What    an    Irishman    Thinks 

of   the.      Patrick    Francis    Egan     .....     Forum 

Is  It  Fair?     Howard  Wheeler Everybody's 

Japan  and  America  Bulwarks  of  Peace.     Dr.   Jakichi 

Takamine Forum 

Japanese    Bugaboo,    The Forum 

Kentucky    Mountains,    Changing    Conditions    in. 

B.    H.    Schockel Scientific 

Labor  Organizations,   Essentials  in  the  Study  of. 

Professor     Frank     T.     Carlton Scientific 

Library,  One  Way  to  Choose  Your.     Gilbert  Payson 

Coleman Bookman 

Manifold     Nature.       John     Burroughs     .      .      .     No.     Amer. 

Man    and    His    Machines World's     Work 

Merchant   Marine,   A   Federal      Paul   Revere 

Frothingham Atlantic 

Mexico,     Messages     From World's     Work 

Mexico,  Our  Navy  and.  Samuel  Crowther  .  .  .  Forum 
Mexico,  What  War  With  Means  ....  World's  Work 
National  Guard,  The:  Ite  Status  and  Its 

Defects Rev.   of  Revs. 

Niger  River,   Mystery  of  the.     Cyrus   C. 

Adams Rev.   of  Revs. 

Old   Dominion,   We   Discover   the.     Louise   Closser 

Hale Harper's 

Origin  and  Evolution  of  Life  Upon  the  Earth. 

Dr.     Henry     Fairfield     Osborn Scientific 

Pennsylvania.     Agnes  Repplier American 

Political    Pledges.       The    Editor No.    Amer. 

Politics,  The  Second-Rate  Man  in.     Meredith 

Nicholson Atlantic 

Prices,  The  Skyward  Career  of  AIL     J.   George 

Frederick Rev.    of   Revs. 

Promises  and  Performances  in  International 

Matters.      Theodore    Roosevelt     .  .      .     Metropolitan 

Ragtime,    The    Father    of.      James    L.    Ford     .      .     Bookman 
(Continued  on  page  114.) 


114 


THE    DIAL 


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(Continued  from  page  US.) 
Religion,  Revolution  or  Dissolution  for,  Which? 

Mercer   G.   Johnston Forum 

"R.   L.   S.",  South  Sea  Memories   of.     Maryland 

Allen Bookman 

Russia,  The  Better  Half  of.     Richard  Washburn 

Child Century 

Russian    Freedom,    a   Forecast   of Forum 

Russia's  State  of  Mind.  T.  Lothrop  Stoddard  .  Atlantic 
Saifna  Ahmar,  ya  Sultan  !  Alexander  Aaronsohn  .  Atlantic 
Schwab,  Chas.  M. — the  American  Krupp.  Edwin 

Wildman Forum 

Seas,  The  Freedom  of  the.  H.  Sidebotham  .  .  Atlantic 
Serbia  in  Retreat,  Glimpses  of.  Fortier  Jones  .  Century 
Squier,  Lieut.-Col.  George  O.,  U.  S.  A.,  Inventor. 

Frank   C.    Page World's    Work 

Smuts's,  General,  Campaign  in  German  East 

Africa.      Cyril    Campbell Atlantic 

Sockeye  Salmon,  The  Odyssey  of  the.     William 

Charles     Scully Atlantic 

Soldiers,    Sand,    and   Sentiment.      William   Ashley 

Anderson Harper's 

Spirit  of  America,  The.  Franklin  K.  Lane  .  Everybody's 
Sub  Specie  ^Eternitatis.  Henry  Osborn  Taylor  .  Atlantic 
Vineyard  of  Red  Wine,  The.  Henry  Sheahan  .  Atlantic 
War  and  the  Women,  The.  Israel  Zangwill  .  Metropolitan 
War  Selection  in  the  Philipines.  Dr.  Edwin 

Bingham    Copeland Scientific 

West,  The  Epic  Drama  of  the.     Charles  Wellington 

Furlong Harper's 

What   Can   a   Thin   Man    Do?     Charles   Phelps 

Cushing World's    Work 

What  is  a  New-Yorker?  Harrison  Rhodes  .  .  Harper's 
Who  Wants  Art  Now-a-days?  Mrs.  Schuyler  Van 

Rensselaer Harper's 

Why   the    Farmer   Does    Not    Reap    Profits.      J.    E. 

Kelly Forum 

Will  Carleton,  Memories  of.  A.  Elwood  Corning  .  Forum 
World  Struggle  for  Shipping  Supremacy.  George 

Weiss Forum 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


115 


OF  XEW  BOOKS. 


[The  following  list,  containing  110  title*,  includes 
books  received  by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 

BIOGRAPHY  AXD  REMIMSCEXCES. 

Potsdam  Princess:     An  Englishwoman's  Experiences 

as  Governess  to   the  Kaiser's  Sons. 
Dnlee    Do  mum    Bishop    Moberly:      His    Family    and 

Friends.      By    his    daughter,    C.    A.    E.    Moberly. 

Illustrated,     8vo,     312     pages.       John     Murray, 

England. 

HISTORY. 

The    Founding    of     Spanish     California.      By    Chas. 

Edward   Chapman.     Illustrated,   8vo,   485   pages. 

Macmillan    Co.      $3.50. 
A  History  of  the  Gold  Coast  and  Ashantl.     By  W. 

"Walton   Claridge.      2    vols.      8vo,    649-638    pages. 

John  Murray,   England.     $12.  per  set. 
French   Policy   and  the   American   Alliance  of  1778. 

By     Edw.     S.     Corwin,     Ph.D.       8vo,     430     pages. 

Princeton  University  Press.     $2. 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 

English  Literature.  By  Julian  W.  Abernethy,  Ph.D. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  591  pages.  Chas.  E.  Merrill 
Co.  $1.35. 

Echoes  of  Destiny.  By  Clarence  Stone.  Pamphlet, 
47  pages.  Arnold  Press.  40  cts. 

Holland's  Influence  on  English  Language  and 
Literature.  By  T.  de  Vries.  Illustrated,  8vo, 
398  pages.  C.  Grentzbach.  $2.50. 

Scraps  and  Bits.  By  Louis  James  Rosenberg. 
12mo,  98  pages.  R.  F.  Fenno  Co. 

Shakespeare  and  HI*  Fellows:  An  Attempt  to 
Decipher  the  Man  and  His  Nature.  By  The 
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122 


THE    DIAL 


[September  7,  1916 


NEW  AND  FORTHCOMING  NOVELS 

H.  G.  WELLS'  New  Novel 

MR.  BRITLING  SEES  IT  THROUGH 

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The  Green  Alleys 

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Multitude  and  Solitude 

John  Minefield's  Novel 

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does  from  a  Masefield  ballad. 
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Changing  Winds 

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The  Turtles  of  Tasman 

Jack  London  's  New  Book 

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The  Hungry  Stones  and 
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before  in  English. 
Ready  in  October 

Gold  Must  Be  Tried  By  Fire 

Richard  A.  Maker's  New  Novel 

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was  considered  by  many  as  one  of  the  most  inter- 
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Pilot 

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oughly enjoyable  story. 
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GEORGE  MOORE'S  New  Novel 

THE  BROOK  KERITH 

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THE  DIAL 

Jfortnigfjtlp  journal  of  lUterarp  Criticism,  Discussion,  anfc  information. 


SEPTEMBER  7,  1916 


No.  784 


CONTEXTS. 


THE  CRITICAL  COMPROMISE. 


THE    CRITICAL    COMPROMISE.      George   B. 

MacMinn 123 

LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IN  FRANCE.     (Special 

Correspondence.)     Theodore  Stanton    .      .   127 

CASUAL  COMMENT 130 

Unf  orbidden  fiction. —  Lord  Redesdale. — 
Signs  of  the  times  in  the  public  library. — 
Exhilaration  in  cataloguing. —  The  hopeful- 
ness of  language-inventors. —  Higher  book- 
prices. —  The  segregation  of  juvenile  read- 
ers.— The  beneficent  plagiarist. —  Books  lost 
to  sight. — The  need  of  books  on  the  Mexican 
border. 

COMMUNICATION         133 

In  Defence  of  Vers  Libre.    Amy  Lowell. 

A    PROPHET    OF    EVOLUTION.      I.    D.    A. 

CockereU 134 

THE  POWERS  OF  THE  FEDERAL  EXECU- 
TIVE.   Lindsay  Rogers 135 

* 

A  REAL  AMERICAN  DRAMATIST.    Archibald 

Henderson 136 

AN  AMBASSADOR,  IN  TRUTH.    Eollo  Walter 

Brown 138 

RECENT  FICTION.    Edward  E.  Hale     .      .      .141 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 143 

A  volume  of  intimate  letters. — An  embassy 
outlook  on  Mexico. —  Psychology  of  relaxa- 
tion.— A  physician's  opinion  of  medicine. — 
Pageants  and  plays  in  the  Elizabethan  age. 
— The  beginning  of  English  prose. — The 
Switzerland  of  New  England. — A  study  of 
comedy. 

NOTES  AND  NEWS 146 

TOPICS  IN  SEPTEMBER  PERIODICALS  .      .   147 
LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  .  148 


"Do  you  know  Friar  Claude?"  asks  Master 
Francis  Rabelais 's  Friar  John.  "Oh,  the  good 
companion  that  he  is!  But  I  wonder  what 
fly  has  stung  him.  He  does  nothing  but  study 
since  I  don't  know  when.  As  for  me,  I  study 
not  at  all.  We  are  no  students,  in  our  abbey, 
for  fear  of  the  mumps.  Our  late  abbot  was 
wont  to  say  that  it  is  a  monstrous  thing  to 
see  a  learned  monk." 

The  practitioners  of  criticism  in  the  present 
generation  are  divisible  into  two  grand  classes, 
the  Friar  Claudes  and  the  Friar  Johns,  and 
a  third  class  on  whom  these  two  waste  no 
respect.  The  Claudes,  stung  into  studious- 
ness  by  some  malicious  insect  hostile  to  eon- 
vivially  intellectual  spirits,  withdraw  them- 
selves from  friendly  conversation  about  books 
and  authors  so  that  they  may  devote  their 
talents  with  cumulative  zeal  to  problems  of 
influences,  tendencies,  decadences,  reversions, 
efflorescences,  anticipations,  and  whatever 
other  intensive  or  extensive  matters  of  mighty 
importance  may  be  submitted  to  the  prettily 
assembled  machinery  of  inductive  or  deduc- 
tive critical  processes.  They  have  no  leisure 
for  the  easy  chair  and  the  talkative  spright- 
liness  of  "literary  letter"  or  causerie.  They 
have  no  desire  to  please  any  but  a  reader  who 
wears  the  meticulous  nose-glasses  of  somewhat 
erudite  insistences.  They  like  to  astound  him 
whose  scholarship  is  palpably  circumscribed. 
They  cannot  warm  to  their  tasks  of  measure- 
ment and  assay  unless  they  are  mentally 
garbed  in  academic  cap  and  gown  or  some- 
thing correspondingly  formidable  and  austere. 

With  utmost  gravity  these  "savants"  (the 
name  by  which  the  newspapers  honor  and 
humor  them)  will  undertake  to  prove,  for 
instance,  that  some  short-lived  philanderer 
with  the  muses  in  the  seventeenth  century 
(a  "third-rater,"  probably,  whom  to  your 
shame  you  may  have  totally  forgotten),  that 
this  person,  had  his  span  been  longer,  would 
have  experienced  no  greater  visitations  of  the 
divine  afflatus  as  a  poet,  but  as  a  dramatist 
must  certainly  have  achieved  rare  technical 
power.  This  is  a  favorite  kind  of  enterprise 
with  them,  but  they  can  be  clever  at  other 


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[September  7 


sorts  of  critical  divination  and  disclosure. 
They  can  establish  a  sure  mark  of  artistic  con- 
sanguinity between  the  late  Paul  Hervieu  and 
Racine.  They  can  elaborate,  "philosophi- 
cally," the  paradox  that  Oscar  Wilde  was 
essentially  a  classicist  by  very  reason  of  his 
romanticism  (or  the  other  way  around).  But 
that  is  easy.  They  could  with  equal  dex- 
terity and  assurance,  did  the  notion  strike 
them,  make  it  apparent  that  Hazlitt  was  a 
disciple  of  Heraclitus  because  both  con- 
demned the  common  man.  At  their  best  they 
can  come  near  being  as  glibly  theoretical,  as 
impudent,  as  downright,  as  complacent,  as 
ingenious,  as  profound  as  the  masters  of  criti- 
cism, without  ever  for  a  moment  running  the 
risk  of  being  as  interesting  as  any  of  these. 
There  was  a  time  when  they  might  have 
been  good  companions,  but  now  they  are 
merely  students.  At  their  worst  they  are 
like  those  ancient  Chinese  scholars  whose 
learning  was  computed  by  loads.  A  book  in 
that  day  was  so  ponderous  that  a  yoke  of 
oxen  was  required  to  draw  it,  and  no  man 
could  qualify  as  a  scholar  worthy  of  homage 
until  he  had  mastered  five  carts.  The  Friar 
Claude  of  criticism  has  usually  mastered  his 
five. 

How  different  is  the  way  of  the  Friar 
Johns!  They  are  still  and  forever  a  light- 
hearted  (and  sometimes  perhaps  a  briskly 
light-headed),  irresponsible  crew.  They  never 
know  a  triste  hour.  The  day  is  hardly  long 
enough  to  allow  full  swing  to  their  high 
spirits.  If  they  locked  themselves  up  in  the 
refrigerating  cell  of  literary  research,  surely 
they  would  have  the  intellectual  mumps.  But 
as  it  is,  they  never  even  catch  a  cerebral  cold, 
never  get  snuffy  and  ill-tempered  like  the 
Friar  Claudes.  They  are  characteristically 
boisterous  and  gymnastic,  adept  at  verbal 
legerdemain,  given  to  the  mimicry  of  airs 
and  graces,  fond  of  shocking  grown-up  ladies 
whose  cultivation  is  of  the  most  elegantly 
lace-like  quality,  fond  of  pleasing  young 
people  who  have  a  frank  fancy  for  being 
amused  at  the  simplicity  of  their  elders. 
They  will  toss  you  off  a  coruscant  column 
every  day,  or  a  variegated  cluster  of  half  a 
dozen  columns  once  a  week,  or  a  dashing- 
cavalier  little  essay  once  a  month,  as  you 
prefer.  They  will  anatomize  for  you  the  book 
of  the  minute  or  an  old  survivor  from  less 
prolific  times  with  a  surgical  spontaneity  that 
is  delightfully  oblivious  to  the  welfare  of  the 


"case."  They  will  discover  for  you  a  "tre- 
mendous trifle"  or  a  variation  of  type  with 
as  much  skill  in  entertainment  as  if  they  were 
the  climactic  artists  in  the  programme  at  the 
vaudeville.  They  will  dazzle  you  with  a  tum- 
bling and  glittering  cargo  of  "Ivory,  Apes 
and  Peacocks"  until  your  mind  is  set  spin- 
ning like  a  Christmas  top.  They  will  give 
you  as  swift  a  ride  about  the  literary  world 
as  if  they  had  you  on  something  like  one  of 
those  contrivances  for  testing  the  nerves  and 
the  breathing  apparatus  at  a  summer  park. 
You  leap  and  fly  and  plunge  from  music  to 
drama,  to  novel,  to  poetry,  from  Russia  to 
Italy  and  from  Ireland  to  Japan.  It  is  amaz- 
ing, how  many  names  and  titles  and  phrases 
these  quick-witted  monologuists,  magicians, 
and  ventriloquists  of  criticism  have  at  their 
tongue 's  tip  all  the  time.  Knowledge  is  theirs 
in  inexhaustible  plenty,  but  it  would  be  mon- 
strous if  they  were  "learned."  Never  is  there 
any  suggestion  of  the  lamp,  of  the  long  session, 
in  studious  solitude,  with  the  multitudinous 
page.  Look  for  no  pallor  in  their  cheeks. 
Theirs  is  always  a  ruddy  hue. 

The  third  class  of  critics,  scorned  alike  by 
the  Claudes  and  the  Johns,  is  comprised  of 
those  polite  and  kindly  writers  who,  from 
their  comfortable  cushions,  in  their  beauti- 
fully appointed  studies,  surrounded  by  abun- 
dant but  not  vulgarly  numerous  rows  of 
eminently  distinguished  volumes,  are  the 
"interpreters"  of  literature  to  "the  people." 
They  are  very  fluent  and -graceful,  these  well- 
groomed  writers,  with  their  finely  manicured 
style.  Any  trimly  "cultured"  person  among 
their  many  thousands  of  devotees  will  testify 
that  they  have  charm.  What  is  more  signifi- 
cant, they  are  commonly  described  as  being 
very  "helpful."  They  are  fertile  in 
"Fireside  Talks,"  in  "Half-Hours  with  the 
Poets,"  and  in  those  stimulating  revelations 
that  are  most  fitly  gathered  under  the 
strangely  surprising  head  of  "Literature  and 
Life. "  The  world  of  woman  is  especially  dear 
to  these  excellently  gentlemanly  benefactors 
of  the  reading  public.  Their  essays  and  chap- 
ters are  particularly  suitable  for  reading 
aloud,  are  wealthy  and  readily  accessible 
mines  of  fortifying  quotation,  and  provide 
perfect  models  for  papers  to  be  delivered 
before  women 's  clubs.  The  copies  of  the  books 
by  these  "interpreters"  in  public  libraries 
(and,  to  the  impotent  disgust  of  professors, 
in  college  libraries  also)  are  always  well 


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125 


thumbed  and  smutched,  and  liberally  decor- 
ated with  marginal  pencillings.  The  pub- 
lishers' notices  always  assure  you  that  the 
new  books  by  these  favorites,  "now  ready," 
are  full  of  that  -'fine  flavor,"  that  "keen 
appreciation,"  that  "subtle  sense  of  values," 
and  that  "spiritual  insight"  for  which  "all 
true  lovers  of  literature"  are  perpetually 
athirst.  Besides,  these  attractively  wrapped 
packages  of  inspiration  are  frequently  illus- 
trated with  photographs  of  authors,  their 
homes,  their  wives,  their  horses,  their  work- 
tables,  etc.,  which  cannot  but  bring  us  nearer 
to  the  heart  of  the  personality  behind  a  book. 
The  interpretative  writer  of  this  neat  and 
"uplifting"  criticism  is  a  philanthropist,  a 
patron  who  graciously  gives  of  his  store  that 
all  may  be  enriched.  And  his  books  are  inval- 
uable as  gifts  when  the  holidays  tax  our  wits 
again  or  on  the  occasion  of  birthdays  and 
commencements.  But  Friar  Claude  will  curl 
his  lip,  and  Friar  John  will  throw  a  caustic 
jibe. 

Undoubtedly  there  is  room  in  the  world  for 
different  kinds  of  criticism,  perhaps  as  many 
different  kinds  as  there  are  varieties  of  litera-  • 
ture.  If,  in  spite  of  all  the  combustions  that 
keep  setting  parts  of  the  world  on  fire,  we  are 
willing  to  admit  that  we  live  in  a  humanitar- 
ian age,  when  even  the  incarcerated  felon  is  ! 
beloved  by  conductors  of  correspondence 
courses  and  when  a  large  fraction  of  civilized 
mankind  is  somewhat  scientifically  busied 
about  educating  the  other  fraction  in  every-  j 
thing  from  the  care  of  babies  to  folk 
dancing,  then  we  ought  to  be  willing  to  allow 
enough  range  of  appeal  in  criticism  to  admit 
all  classes  of  readers  to  a  share  in  its  , 
benefits.  Every  once  in  a  while  some  jealous 
cherisher  of  high  ideals  in  taste  protests 
against  the  encouragement  that  contemporary 
publication  gives  to  mediocrity,  and  reaffirms 
the  especial  privileges  as  mentors  that  belong 
to  the  cultivated  classes.  Just  recently  a  con- 
tributor to  one  of  our  most  unbending  maga- 
zines declared  that  the  established  classics  of 
literature,  being  essentially  aristocratic,  would 
prove  to  be  the  most  potent  corrective  of  those 
two  primary  weaknesses  in  democracy,  lack 
of  perspective  and  lack  of  discrimination, 
which  doom  the  democratic  experiment  to  per- 
manent failure.  But  the  literary  aristocrats, 
however  right,  would  seem  to  be  a  rather  tiny 
minority,  and  there  is  reason  to  believe  that 
a  vast  number  of  respectably  intelligent  and 


unassuming  people  are  willing  to  receive 
instruction  in  what  constitutes  the  difference 
between  the  true  and  the  meretricious,  the 
strong  and  the  weak,  the  longevous  and  the 
ephemeral,  both  in  the  books  that  we  have 
long  had  about  and  in  those  that  shower 
daily  on  our  heads,  and  yet  hold  themselves 
suspiciously  aloof  from  the  instructors  of  the 
highest  breeding.  If  this  view  be  taken,  then 
in  all  justice  we  should  endeavor  to  encourage 
a  type  of  criticism  which,  general  in  its 
address,  but  without  loss  of  dignity,  will  min- 
ister to  the  wants  of  the  entirely  estimable 
reader  who  carries  the  handicap  of  ordinary 
limitations  in  intellectual  and  imaginative 
capacity,  of  ordinary  poverty  in  knowledge 
of  literary  history  and  critical  opinion. 

Such  a  criticism  seems  likely  to  be  a  bundle 
of  compromises.  It  will  have  something  of 
Friar  Claude's  studiousness,  something  of 
Friar  John's  jauntiness,  something  of  the 
"uplifting  interpreter's''  talkative  kindliness. 
But  it  will  be  superior  to  all  three.  The  vir- 
tual but  untitular  "doctor  of  letters"  who 
ventures  upon  practising  the  profession  cre- 
ated by  this  ideal  must  be  the  possessor  of  a 
marvellous  tact.  The  moment  that  his  thought 
becomes  oversubtle,  or  that  his  air  is  the 
least  bit  patronizing,  the  moment  that  he 
appears  unwarrantably  to  relish  his  own 
cleverness  or  to  parade  his  learning,  he  fails 
of  his  proper  effect  and  falls  into  one  or 
another  of  the  classes  that  we  have  indicated. 
He  must  believe  that  superficial  clarity  is 
better  than  profound  obscurity,  and  yet  not 
be  afraid  of  taxing  for  all  it  is  worth  the  intel- 
ligence of  whomever  he  addresses.  He  must 
expect  to  be  sometimes  disappointing  to  the 
reader  whose  culture  has  mounted  several 
degrees  above  that  of  the  man  whose  pro- 
pensity for  books  is  countered  by  natural 
inhibitions  in  the  way  of  enjoying  and  mas- 
tering them.  He  must  expect  to  be  some- 
times unperspicuous  to  the  one  whose  culture 
lies  several  degrees  below.  Yet  he  must  try 
to  render  impressions  and  judgments  that  will 
deserve  the  attention  of  the  first  and  will  be 
interestingly  provocative  of  thinking  to  the 
second.  He  must  have  the  salt  of  humor  and 
the  sugar  of  winning  phrase.  The  essential 
simplicity  of  the  pretentiously  scholarly 
critic,  or  of  the  entertainer,  or  of  the 
"uplifter,"  cannot  be  his.  Complex  must  be 
his  method,  his  aim,  his  mode  of  speech.  He 
must  be  honorable  in  his  dealings  with  books 


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[September  7 


and  authors,  and  with  his  heterogeneous 
readers.  Yet  he  must  be  wily,  too,  in  the 
ordering  of  his  opinions,  in  his  application  of 
touchstones,  in  his  choice  of  allusion,  com- 
parison, quotation,  in  his  suggestion  of  coigns 
of  vantage  from  which  a  work  may  be  best 
regarded.  In  the  world  of  criticism  he  must 
correspond  to  the  ideal  representative  of  the 
people  in  the  legislature  or  the  judiciary  of 
a  democratic  state.  He  must  be  wiser  than 
his  constituents,  quicker  than  they  to  see 
how  the  wind  blows,  more  competent  to  detect 
fallacy  and  sham,  more  powerful  in  the 
accrediting  of  what  has  merit  and  perma- 
nence. At  the  same  time  he  must  be  of  them, 
not  superior  to  them.  He  must  be  their 
voice,  yet  his  own  voice  must  be  clearer  and 
stronger  than  theirs.  His  perceptions  must  be 
an  enriched  sublimation  of  common  sense. 
This  paragon  must  have  both  the  pride  and 
the  modesty  to  know  himself  as  a  respectably 
benevolent  institution  for  the  diffusion  of  good 
literary  judgment.  He  is  a  missionary  of  crit- 
ical curiosity,  scrupulousness,  and  wisdom 
to  the  general,  but  he  should  also  be  readable 
to  the  elect.  He  should  arm  every  man  so 
that  he  may  protect  himself  from  both  the 
open  and  the  insinuating  attacks  on  his  intel- 
ligence by  the  subsidized  reviewers,  the  pub- 
lishers' advocates,  and  all  the  other  workers 
of  confusion  wherever  there  ought  to  be  dis- 
crimination. Expert  competition  has  made 
the  advertising  page  that  exhibits  the  new 
wares  something  of  a  work  of  art,  correspond- 
ing to  the  Japanese  trick  of  ikebana  or  flower 
arrangement  which  a  recent  sceptical  exposi- 
tor has  described  as  "a  conglomeration  of 
science,  ignorance,  art,  etiquette,  and  amuse- 
ment." The  honest  and  beneficent  critic 
whose  outline  we  are  trying  to  draw  should 
be  an  offset  to  the  cunning  exorbitance  of  the 
advertiser.  Perhaps  that  is  his  prime  func- 
tion. If  so,  then  his  secondary  one  should  be 
constantly  to  urge  the  ethical  and  aesthetic 
good,  as  well  as  the  sheer  pleasurableness,  to 
be  won  by  a  return  to  those  dead  who  were 
able  to  write  "modern"  books  before  we  hap- 
pened to  be  born.  Just  to-day  a  critic  of  this 
order  reminded  us  that  "courage  in  facing 
and  veracity  in  reporting  the  facts  of  life 
are  no  more  characteristic  of  Theodore 
Dreiser  than  of  John,  Bunyan."  And  we 
should  certainly  be  less  foolish  children  if 
we  had  the  wit  to  conceive  that  a  rereading 
of  Robert  Browning's  dramatic  lyrics,  for 


example,  might  be  after  all  a  better  time- 
filler  than  an  excited  gulping  of  the  latest 
"imagists." 

"The  highest  criticism,"  observed  Emerson 
in  his  Journal,  "should  be  written  in  poetry." 
This  may  be  taken  as  meaning,  for  one  thing, 
that  all  good  criticism  should  have  style.  Now 
the  defenders  of  efficiency  as  a  comprehensive 
ideal  maintain  that,  like  logic,  it  is  merely  a 
means  to  an  end,  that  it  is  simply  the  shortest 
distance  between  two  points.  But  in  any 
kind  of  writing  that  belongs  to  literature, 
whether  as  a  proper  member  or  as  a  retainer, 
efficiency,  so  far  as  the  medium  of  expression 
is  concerned,  is  not  the  shortest  distance 
between  two  points.  There  is  a  kind  of  crit- 
icism, researchful  and  speculative,  to  which 
a  direct  and  undilated  style,  though  rare 
enough,  is  surely  the  most  valuable  instru- 
ment. The  self-regaling  kind  of  criticism  that 
frisks  and  flourishes  is  marked  by  a  style  in 
which  all  liberties  are  permitted,  all  sorts  of 
electrical  devices  for  the  agitation  and  delec- 
tation of  the  mind.  The  decorous  and  soft- 
tongued  style  of  the  "uplifters"  is  guilty  of 
no  extravagances  beyond  that  of  fluent  plati- 
tude. Each  of  these  several  styles  is  rela- 
tively homogeneous.  But  that  exercised  by 
our  fourth  kind  of  critic,  with  his  tactful  com- 
promise, must  be  variable  and  complex.  It 
must  allow  for  surprise  and  epigram,  for  ven- 
turous generalization,  for  the  pushing  of  fig- 
ure as  far  as  it  will  go,  for  the  sharp  thrust 
or  the  bludgeoning  blow  of  irony  or  ridicule, 
for  the  sober  tone  of  stern  moral  protest  or 
exhortation,  and  for  utmost  literal  precision 
of  phrase  wherever  definition  or  statement  of 
fact  or  principle  is  required.  Ideally  it  calls 
for  a  versatility,  a  daring,  and  a  restraint 
that  only  a  talent  extraordinary  to  the  point 
of  approaching  genius  can  entirely  command. 

Our  critic  who  achieves  the  broadly  benefi- 
cent compromise  must  hold,  also,  to  a  positive 
and  yet  flexible  doctrine  in  his  judgments,  a 
doctrine  both  hospitable  to  the  varieties  of 
literary  endeavor  and  severe  in  its  tests  of 
what  entitles  any  work  to  the  place  of  merit. 
In  one  of  his  lectures,  Walt  Whitman  once 
quoted  Baudelaire  as  follows :  "  The  immoder- 
ate taste  for  beauty  and  art  leads  men  into 
monstrous  excesses.  In  minds  imbued  with 
a  frantic  greed  for  the  beautiful,  all  the  bal- 
ances of  truth  and  justice  disappear.  There 
is  a  lust,  a  disease  of  the  art  faculties,  which 
eats  up  the  moral  like  a  cancer."  These  sen- 


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127 


tences  are  somewhat  violent,  and  are  appli- 
cable to  not  a  great  deal  of  the  writing  that 
belongs  to  our  own  time.  But  they  are  signifi- 
cant for  us  because  underlain  by  a  sound  phi- 
losophy (hardly  to  be  looked  for  in  such  quar- 
ters) ,  correspondent  to  that  which  Brunetiere 
was  careful  to  show  had  come  to  be  the  moti- 
vating force  in  the  later  criticism  of  Taine. 
Add  to  the  excesses  of  an  "immoderate  taste 
for  beauty  and  art"  those  .of  an  immoderate 
devotion  to  the  naturalistic  reporting  of  "facts 
of  experience";  add  to  the  "frantic  greed 
for  the  beautiful"  the  frantic  zest  for  the 
noisy,  the  savage,  the  mysterious,  the  funny, 
the  sentimental,  the  economic,  the  crass.  The 
right  philosophy  of  criticism,  recognizing  dis- 
tortion, incompetence,  and  misconception  in 
their  multiple  manifestations,  and  knowing 
divers  ways  of  exposing  them,  will  adapt  its 
various  means  to  its  general  end  of  correc- 
tion, so  that  first,  it  may  be  understood,  and 
second,  it  may  be  felt.  Friar  Claude  and 
Friar  John  will  still  prosper,  no  doubt,  and 
also  their  gentle  brother.  But  the  critic  who 
effects  the  happy  compromise  of  useful  quali- 
ties to  be  found  in  all  three,  and  escapes  the 
particular  foibles  of  each,  will  be  the  more 
admirable  member  of  society — unless,  as  is 
not  unlikely,  he  turn  out  to  be  an  illusion ! 
GEORGE  R.  AtAcMiNN. 


LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IN  FRANCE. 

(Special  Correspondence  of  THE  DIAL.) 

M.  Jouve,  the  French  poet,  said  to  me 
recently:  "We  have  confidence  in  America 
at  the  moment  when  the  life  of  Europe 
is  so  profoundly  menaced."  The  same  spirit 
pervades  the  reply  of  the  five  hundred  French 
intellectuals  to  the  address  of  the  five  hun- 
dred American  intellectuals.  This  reply  was 
drawn  up  under  the  auspices  of  the  Paris 
Society  of  Men  of  Letters,  which  reminds  me 
of  an  earlier  and  somewhat  similar  message 
from  this  same  body  but  sent  in  this  case  to 
a  single  American.  I  refer  to  the  very  long 
cablegram  received  early  last  spring  by 
ex-President  Eliot  of  Harvard,  "a  message  of 
appreciation  and  gratitude,"  he  writes  me, 
"based  on  the  publication  in  France  of  quo- 
tations from  my  letters  about  the  war  printed 
in  the  New  York  Times,  and  particularly 
from  the  letter  printed  in  the  Sunday  Times 
of  March  12. 1916."  In  the  letter  just  quoted, 
which  was  a  reply  to  one  from  me  in  which 


I  asked  Dr.  Eliot  if  he  was  disposed  to  make 
public  the  text  of  the  cablegram,  he  further 
says: 

I  have  thus  far  kept  the  despatch  from  President 
Lecomte  concealed  in  my  files,  because  I  thought  its 
publication  might  make  a  bad  impression  on  the 
American  public,  which  has  greatly  admired  the 
stoical  restraint  and  reticence  of  the  French  people 
during  their  heroic  struggle  against  the  German 
armies.  I  have  consulted  some  friends  who  know 
France  well  and  have  the  French  cause  very  much 
at  heart.  To  them  I  have  shown  the  cablegram. 
Their  opinion  is  the  same  as  my  own. 

Since  receiving  this  letter,  I  have  seen  the 
original  text  of  the  cablegram  in  question  and 
I  also  agree  with  President  Eliot  that  its 
tenor  is  undiplomatic;  it  is  too  severe  and 
shows  too  imperfect  a  knowledge  of  the  con- 
dition of  things  in  the  United  States  to  be 

|  made  public  on  the  American  side  of  the 
Atlantic.  But  in  extenuation  it  should  be 
remembered  that  this  telegram  was  composed 
in  the  midst  of  the  terrible  and  then  uncertain 
attack  on  Verdun  and  at  Paris  with  the 
Germans  only  seventy  or  eighty  miles  away, 
and  signed  by  a  father,  M.  Georges  Lecomte, 
whose  son,  I  believe  his  only  son,  had  recently 
been  killed  at  the  front. 

Professor  Maurice  Masson,  a  rising  scholar 
of  France,  also  fell  at  about  the  same  time 
as  the  son  of  President  Lecomte.  But  just 
before  the  war  broke  out,  he  had  completed 
an  extensive  work  on  Rousseau  which  he  pre- 
sented to  the  Sorbonne  as  a  thesis  for  the 
doctor's  degree.  The  day  was  fixed  for  this 
learned  second  lieutenant  to  run  down  to 
Paris  in  order  to  defend  his  thesis,  and  the 
necessary  leave  of  absence  had  been  obtained, 
when,  shortly  before  the  time  arrived,  he  was 
killed  at  the  front.  However,  on  the  appointed 
date,  the  professors,  attired  in  their  academic 
gowns,  with  Dean  Alfred  Croiset  at  their 
head,  met  and  took  their  seats  at  the  long 
table,  each  with  a  copy  of  the  thesis  before 
him,  while  at  the  end  of  the  table  stood  the 
empty  chair  of  the  heroic  candidate.  Then 
it  was  moved  that  he  be  given  the  doctor's 
degree  and  the  award,  which  was  made  unani- 
mous, aroused  the  deepest  feeling  on  the  part 
of  professors  and  on-lookers.  A  few  weeks 
later  this  decision  of  the  Sorbonne  was 
approved  by  the  French  Academy,  which,  con- 
tinuing the  delicate  custom  established  since 
the  war  of  conferring  its  literary  prizes  on  the 
young  men  of  letters  fallen  in  defence  of  their 
country,  bestowed  the  Grand  Prize  of  Liter- 
ature on  Professor  Maurice  Masson. 

This  sad  episode  brings  out  in  a  striking 
way  the  present  disposition  in  France,  men- 
tioned in  the  letter  of  President  Eliot  quoted 

I  above,  to  suffer  in  silence.    Thus,  at  the  begin- 


128 


THE    DIAL 


[September  7 


ning  of  Professor  Masson 's  thesis,  "La 
Religion  de  Jean- Jacques  Rousseau. "  a  superb 
volume  of  some  450  pages,  are  an  "Avant- 
Propos,"  a  "Post-Scriptum,"  and  a  "Note 
Preliminaire,"  and  at  the  end  of  the  volume 
is  an  "Addendum";  but  in  none  of  these  is 
there  anything  to  indicate  that  the  author 
was  killed  in  battle  on  April  16  last,  though 
in  the  post-scriptum  he  seems  to  have  had  a 
premonition  of  his  tragic  end,  for  he  refers 
to  "the  hypothetical  leisure  of  a  peace  which 
I  may  never  know."  On  the  contrary,  every 
thing  appears  to  have  been  done  to  lead  the 
reader  to  suppose  that  the  soldier-professor 
is  among  the  living.  Thus,  on  the  title-page, 
after  his  name,  he  is  declared  to  be  "Professor 
of  French  Literature  at  the  University  of 
Freiburg,  Switzerland,"  where,  by  the  way, 
he  had  risen  to  be  the  dean  of  the  faculty 
of  letters;  and  in  the  long  bibliography  at 
the  end  of  the  volume,  the  last  title  given  is 
that  of  a  book  by  him  on  Chateaubriand, 
which  "is  to  appear."  The  only  thing  that 
could  awaken  suspicion  as  to  the  real  situ- 
ation was  the  visiting  card  of  Madame 
Maurice  Masson,  with  its  deep  border  of  black, 
which  accompanied  the  sending  of  the  thesis. 
These  same  remarks  hold  true  of  the  three- 
volume  edition  of  the  thesis  issued  for  the 
public  (Paris:  Hachette,  3  fr.  50  each).  In 
fact,  the  supposition  that  Professor  Masson 
is  still  alive  is  further  increased  by  this  edi- 
tion because  facing  the  title-page  in  each 
volume  is  a  list  of  his  works,  and  the  last 
one,  "Lamartine,"  is  stated  to  be  "in  prep- 
aration. " 

Perhaps  before  quitting  the  subject  of 
Rousseau,  I  should  call  attention  to  a  rather 
curious  little  "find"  made  by  M.  Julien 
Tiersot,  the  French  composer  and  librarian 
of  the  Paris  Conservatory,  consisting  of  an 
unedited  musical  composition  of  Rousseau, 
and  report  that  in  this  connection  M.  Tiersot 
has  re-expressed  to  me  his  pleasant  recollec- 
tions of  America,  where  he  lectured  some  ten 
years  ago  on  musical  subjects  before  several 
of  our  universities  and  colleges.  He  then 
received  "an  ineffaceable  impression  of  the 
lakes  and  cascades  of  the  Cornell  region  and 
of  the  sympathetic  and  attentive  listeners  of 
Wells  College." 

But,  to  return  to  the  Sorbonne,  the  first 
example  of  the  presentation  there  of  a  posthu- 
mous thesis  was  that  of  the  artillery  lieuten- 
ant, Jean  Daniel,  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Champagne,  on  September  24,  1915,  two  days 
after  he  had  finished  correcting  the  final 
proofs  of  what,  I  am  told,  was  an  important 
work  on  vegetable  anatomy  and  biology  for 
the  doctorate  of  sciences.  The  unfortunate 


candidate  was  the  son  of  Professor  Lucien 
Daniel  of  Rennes  University,  and  the  jury, 
presided  over  by  the  well  known  botanist, 
Professor  Gaston  Bonnier,  awarded  him  the 
degree  "with  highest  honors,"  on  December 
18  last. 

Still  another  young  French  scholar  was 
lost  on  the  firing-line,  September,  1914.  "Son- 
nets a  Laure"  (Paris:  L'Art  du  livre,  20  rue 
de  Conde),  edited  by  M.  Landry,  whose  real 
name  was  Lebegue,  son  of  Professor  Henri 
Lebegue,  one  of  the  Sorbonne  philologists, 
was  the  last  book  of  this  cultured  youth,  of 
whom  the  afflicted  father  thus  speaks  in  a 
recent  letter: 

In  less  than  six  months  my  son  edited  four  works, 
including  ones  by  Ovid,  Petrarch  and  Eonsard.  He 
was  more  interested  in  the  artistic  than  the  philolog- 
ical side  of  his  studies,  but  if  he  had  lived  longer,  I 
would  have  advised  him  to  use  more  authentic  texts 
than  those  he  did  use. 

Abbe  Jean  Welter,  a  highly  cultivated 
graduate  of  the  Paris  College  of  the  Social 
Sciences,  who  has  been  in  the  trenches  since 
the  beginning  of  the  war,  has  been  more  for- 
tunate than  the  scholars  just  mentioned.  In 
a  letter  written  last  month  from  the  Verdun 
front,  he  says: 

I  went  to  Paris  on  May  27th,  and  defended  my 
thesis  at  the  Sorbonne.  I  had  the  best  of  luck. 
The  professors  awarded  me  a  cum  laude.  And  then  I 
came  back  to  the  struggle  here  on  the  Meuse.  So 
far  Divine  Providence  seems  to  have  watched  over 
me  in  this  combat  and  I  trust  it  will  be  so  to  the 
end.  I  dare  not  try  to  tell  you  of  the  fight  we  have 
been  keeping  up  here  since  February  21st.  It  sur- 
passes all  that  the  mind  can  imagine.  But  the  tide 
of  defeat  is  turning  against  the  violators  of  the  sacred 
laws  of  humanity.  We  soldiers  know  that  the  gen- 
erous sympathies  of  your  fellow  countrymen  have  ever 
been  with  us.  I  trust  that  the  war  is  now  nearing 
its  end  and  that  Alsace-Lorraine  will  again  form  a 
part  of  the  French  nation. 

And  he  signs  his  name,  not  Jean  Welter, 
which  looks  too  Teutonic  and  might  endanger 
his  life,  but  Jean  Gauthier,  and  adds,  "For 
military  reasons  I  have  changed  my  name 
until  the  end  of  the  war." 

Abbe  Welter's  thesis  was  an  annotated  edi- 
tion of  "Speculum  Laicorum,"  a  collection  of 
pious  anecdotes  compiled  in  Great  Britain  at 
the  end  of  the  thirteenth  century,  a  learned 
review  of  which  work  by  Professor  T.  F. 
Crane  may  be  found  in  "The  Romanic 
Review"  for  April- June,  1915. 

By  the  way,  I  cannot  let  pass  this  occasion 
to  show  that  scholarship,  so  apt  to  be  denied 
to  our  country,  is  often  flatteringly  recognized 
by  Europeans.  Thus,  in  a  previous  letter, 
Abbe  Welter  wrote  to  Professor  Crane,  who, 
as  you  know,  stands  high  as  a  folk-lorist  on 
both  sides  of  the  Atlantic: 


1916] 


THE   DIAL 


129 


After  Professor  Charles  V.  Langlois,  my  teacher 
at  the  Sorbonne,  now  director  of  the  National 
Archives,  I  regard  you  as  my  master.  So  please 
accept  the  expression  of  the  gratitude  which  a  pupil 
should  feel  for  his  venerated  master. 

After  what  has  just  been  said,  it  is  no 
wonder  that  Professor  Andre  Lalande,  also 
of  the  Sorbonne,  should  write  to  the  July 
"Philosophical  Review"  that  on  account  of 
the  dearth  of  professors,  killed  or  at  the  front, 
French  women  holding  a  philosophical  degree 
have  been  put  in  charge  of  classes  of  college 
boys  almost  old  enough  to  be  called  to  the 
colors ;  which  reminds  me  of  another  notable 
advance  which  woman  has  made  recently  in 
the  French  field  of  university  instruction, 
where  Mile.  Jeanne  Duportal,  the  first  woman 
in  France  to  receive  the  degree  of  doctor  of 
letters,  is  also  the  first  woman  to  lecture  before 
the  faculty  of  letters  at  the  Sorbonne.  Pro- 
fessor Duportal  makes  a  speciality  of  art 
subjects  and  her  last  course  was  on  the  history 
of  French  engraving,  "which  I  hope  to  con- 
tinue next  year, "  she  said  to  me  not  long  ago. 

In  connection  with  this  whole  subject  of 
the  French  universities  in  the  present  crisis, 
let  me  call  attention  to  two  excellent  articles 
in  the  "Revue  des  Deux  Mondes"  of  July  15 
and  August  1, —  "L'Universite  de  France  et 
la  Guerre,"  by  M.  Raymond  Thamin. 

A  conversation  which  I  have  had  with 
M.  Yves  Guyot  also  touches  on  some  of  these 
same  university  questions  brought  to  the  fore 
by  the  war.  M.  Guyot  is  the  well  known  polit- 
ical economist  and  politician,  and  he  always 
holds  decided  and  original  views  on  every 
thing  he  speaks  about.  Here  is  what  he  said : 

Yes,  there  will  be  considerable  difficulty  in  finding 
our  future  college  professors  when  the  peace  comes, 
if  for  no  other  reason  than  that  some  130  pupils  of 
the  great  feeder  of  our  faculties,  the  Paris  Superior 
Normal  School,  have  already  perished  at  the  front. 
Then  too  there  will  be  a  great  increase  in  French 
patriotism  and,  I  am  happy  to  say,  a  consequent  loss 
of  German  university  prestige  among  a  large  number 
of  our  professors  who  were  more  or  less  affected  by 
the  disease.  I  hope  now  we  will  get  rid,  in  our  intel- 
lectual work,  of  German  style  and  German  ways, — 
heavy  theses,  an  accumulation  of  trivial  facts,  use- 
less bibliographies,  a  lot  of  artificial  means  which 
these  Teutons  gave  out  to  be  real  learning,  but  which 
were  in  truth  only  mechanical  devices.  Then  again, 
also  through  Germanic  influence,  economic  science  as 
taught  in  our  great  Paris  law  school  had  been 
turned  from  the  right  path  by  Cauwes,  who,  without 
knowing  any  thing  about  the  subject,  accepted  the 
first  chair  created  there  on  that  matter,  about  1880, 
and  who  thereupon  began  doling  out  to  his  students 
Schmoller  and  Adolf  Wagner  from  over  the  Ehine. 
But  Girard  and  Briere,  the  Paris  publishers,  brought 
out  a  French  edition  of  these  men's  works,  and  when 
we  could  get  a  somewhat  clear  idea  of  what  they  were 
saying,  all  their  prestige  quickly  faded  away.  The 
law  school  began  to  break  away  from  these  teachings 
about  1895  and  the  war,  I  think,  will  completely 
emancipate  it.  I  hope  also  the  war  will  put  an  end 


to  another  Teutonic  importation,  if  I  am  not  mis- 
taken,—  our  university  system  of  competitive  exam- 
inations which  make  Chinese  of  us  all. 

Largely  on  account  of  this  same  anti-Teu- 
tonic feeling,  the  centennial  of  the  birth  of 
Count  de  Gobineau  did  not  pass  entirely  unno- 
ticed at  Paris  this  summer.  His  biographer 
and  expounder,  Baron  Ernest  Seilliere,  has 
been  showing  in  a  series  of  able  articles  that, 
contrary  to  the  opinion  of  some  of  his  country- 
men, Gobineau  must  not  be  regarded  as  one 
of  the  protagonists  of  Pan-Germanism,  not- 
withstanding his  having  been  taken  over  long 
ago,  bag  and  baggage,  by  the  Teutons;  and 
M.  Paul  Souday  in  "Le  Temps"  shows  that 
he  shares  the  view  of  Baron  Seilliere,  and  then 
adds :  "  Gobineau  was  in  reality  a  Merimee  or 
a  Stendhal,  and  at  least  the  equal  of  the  first 
if  not  wholly  the  equal  of  the  second." 

Perhaps  this  is  the  moment  to  call  attention 
to  the  rather  interesting  fact  that  one  of  the 
very  earliest  appreciators  of  Gobineau  was  the 
late  Dr.  Charles  D.  Meigs,  the  distinguished 
Philadelphia  physician  and  surgeon,  who  in 
the  sixties  translated  one  of  Gobineau 's  novels, 
for  this  rather  vaporous  and  very  versatile 
author  wrote  history  that  was  fiction  and  fic- 
tion that  was  history,  his  enemies  used  to 
say.  In  the  introduction  to  this  novel,  Dr. 
Meigs  offers  a  eulogistic  estimate  of  Gobineau 
that  would  warm  the  cockles  of  the  heart  of 
the  whole  tribe  of  German  extremists,  and 
when  he  sent  the  delighted  count,  then  a 
prophet  wholly  without  honor  at  home,  a  copy 
of  this  novel,  he  slipped  into  it  a  photograph 
of  himself  on  the  back  of  which  he  wrote: 

i  "With  the  most  sincere  expression  of  perfect 
admiration  and  true  affection,  with  gratitude 
for  the  best  teacher  I  ever  had  in  the  world." 
This  volume  and  photograph  are  still  cher- 
ished by  one  of  the  daughters  of  Gobineau  and 
the  grandson  shows  them  with  evident  pleas- 

i  ure  at  this  moment  when  a  certain  section  of 
the  ultra-patriotic  French  intellectuals  cast 
out  their  progenitor  as  little  else  than  a 
"Boche";  and  the  living  descendants  of  Dr. 
Meigs  also  take  a  just  pride  in  the  perspicac- 

1  ity  of  their  father  and  grandfather  in  singling 
out  for  veneration  a  writer  who,  then  over- 
looked by  the  learned  world,  is  to-day  one  of 
the  most  "discussed"  thinkers  of  modern 
France. 

The  tri-centennial  of  Shakespeare  has  also 
received  due  attention  in  various  parts  of 
the  continent.  Perhaps  the  most  interesting 
of  these  celebrations  was  that  held  in 
Denmark,  because  it  took  place  at  Elsinore, 
made  famous  by  "Hamlet,"  where  the  chief 
speaker  was  the  well-known  Shakespearean 

;  critic,  Georg  Brandes,  who  has  sent  me  the 


130 


THE    DIAL 


[September  7 


full  text  of  his  remarks,  striking  in  many  par- 
ticulars, from  which  I  take  this  single  passage : 
Hamlet  is  the  guardian  spirit  of  Denmark;  much 
more  celebrated  than  any  Dane  who  has  ever  lived, 
and  who,  though  not  the  product  of  any  Dane,  is 
nevertheless  our  strongest  claim  to  the  world's  fame. 
.  .  Never  has  a  Dane  been  able  to  do  for  Denmark 
what  this  Briton,  Shakespeare,  has  done  for  us. 

And  while  the  Danes  at  home  were  cele- 
brating the  memory  of  the  great  bard,  a 
Danish  publicist  of  Paris,  F.  de  Jessen,  went 
a  step  further  and,  taking  up  a  subject  which 
has  been  considerably  refurbished  this  year, 
declares  in  "Le  Temps"  that  there  is  much 
ground  for  believing  that  Shakespeare  had 
actually  been  at  Elsinore;  apropos  of  which 
view  he  writes  me: 

Denmark  is  particularly  rich  in  a  literature  on 
this  subject,  and  Mr.  Julius  Clausen,  librarian  of  the 
Copenhagen  Eoyal  Library,  has  published  recently  a 
well  documented  study  on  this  subject  in  which  he  is 
one  of  the  best  authorities. 


August  25,  1916. 


THEODORE  STANTON. 


CASUAL  COMMENT. 


UNFORBIDDEN  FICTION,  like  unforbidden 
fruit,  lacks  the  charm  of  the  forbidden. 
Already  mention  has  been  made  here  of  the 
surprising  apathy  with  which  the  removal  of 
library  restrictions  on  fiction  —  the  abolition 
of  the  one-novel  rule,  for  instance  —  has  been 
received  by  the  very  persons  who  had  before 
been  clamoring  for  larger  liberties  in  novel- 
reading.  Letting  down  the  bars  to  the  pleas- 
ant pastures  of  romance  does  not  result,  as 
it  might  have  been  expected  to  result,  in  any 
noticeable  increase  in  the  circulation  of  fic- 
tion. At  first  a  few  novel-gluttons  may 
indulge  in  an  orgy  of  sensational  thrillers,  if 
the  library  has  them,  but  the  general  average 
of  book-circulation  in  this  department  is  soon 
restored.  A  recent  Report  of  the  Pratt  Insti- 
tute Free  Library  shows  that  a  five-year 
average  of  fifty-two  per  cent  for  fiction  cir- 
culation in  that  library  had  not  been  dis- 
turbed in  the  slightest  by  the  granting  of 
larger  privileges.  The  librarian  adds :  "  This 
matter  of  placing  fiction  on  equal  terms  with 
other  literature  as  the  people's  privilege, 
though  seemingly  a  somewhat  radical  step, 
proved  a  measure  of  easy  adoption  that  gave 
no  shock  to  the  ordering  of  our  work.  There 
has  been  revealed  no  insatiate  appetite  for 
novels  that  has  clamored  for  precipitate  indul- 
gence, but  the  wholesome  public  taste  has  been 
exhibited  in  the  moderate  percentage  of  fic- 
tion that  the  year's  circulation  shows.  More- 
over, the  perplexities  at  the  charging  desk 
have  been  reduced  by  no  longer  requiring  a 


strict  differentiation  in  the  books  brought  for 
stamping.  The  always  irritating  question- 
ing of  the  individual's  choice  of  books  has 
been  abolished,  and,  still  better,  the  various 
subterfuges  which  the  public  everywhere 
devise  with  surprising  ingenuity  in  order  to 
evade  restrictions,  need  less  be  brought  to  bear 
upon  our  patience  and  credulity." 

LORD  REDESDALE,  like  many  another  writer 
before  him,  was  at  his  best  when  relating  his 
personal  experiences.    His  recent  death  at  the 
ripe  age  of  seventy-nine  brings  again  to  pub- 
lic notice  those  engaging  volumes  in  which  he 
has   told  of  his   social   and   diplomatic   and 
literary  activities,  and  of  the  many  friends 
whose  sayings  and  doings  contribute  no  little 
to  the  charm  of  those  reminiscences.  Algernon 
Bertram  Freeman-Mitford,  first  Baron  Redes- 
dale   of  Redesdale,   was  born   February   24, 
1837;    was   educated  at  Eton  and   Oxford; 
and  began  his  life  in  the  wide  world  by  enter- 
ing the  Foreign  Office  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
one.     He  was  appointed  Third  Secretary  of 
Embassy  at  St.   Petersburg  in  1863  — long 
before  "Petrograd"  was  dreamed  of;   trans- 
ferred to^Pekin  two  years  later,  and  to  Japan 
in  1866,  becoming  Second  Secretary  of  Lega- 
tion there  in  1868.     Various  other  offices  and 
dignities  came  to  him,  and  he  was  decorated 
for  his  public  services.     Besides  the  above- 
named  "Memories"  he  wrote  "Tales  of  Old 
Japan,"     "The     Bamboo     Garden,"     "The 
Attache  at  Peking,"  "The  Garter  Mission  to 
Japan,"  and  "A  Tragedy  in  Stone."    Always 
near  the  top  in  London  social  life,  he  enjoyed 
the  close   friendship   of  King  Edward,   and 
was   acquainted   with    other    sovereigns.      A 
happy  ease  of  manner  is  said  to  have  graced 
all  his  performances,  whether  diplomatic  or 
political  or  social.     From  the  many  quoted 
passages  of  conversation  in  his  autobiographic 
volumes  —  conversation  with  countless  nota- 
bilities of  his  time  —  we  quote,  as  not  void  of 
interest  to-day,  the  following  from  Garibaldi's 
lips:   "Is  it  true,  is  it  possible  it  can  be  true, 
that  there  are  in  England  people  who  are 
desirous  to  abolish  the  existing  order  of  things 
and  set  up  a  republic  in  place  of  your  mon- 
archy ?    They  must  be  fools.    In  England  you 
have  the  finest  form  of  government  in  the 
world  —  a  republic   of  which  the   president 
rules  by  the  will  of  the  people,  and,  being 
hereditary,  depends  on  no  political  cry  of  the 
moment.     There  is  not  the  continual  danger 
of  some  one  saying,  'Come  out  of  that  place, 
that  I  may  get  into  it,'  and  so  no  perpetual 
risk  of  upheavals.     I  only  wish  I  could  see 
Italy  blessed  with  such  a  republic;    then  I 
should  be  quite  content." 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


131 


SIGNS  OF  THE  TIMES  IX  THE  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

are  usually,  but  not  always,  encouraging  to 
those  interested  in  the  advancement  of  learn- 
ing and  the  spread  of  good  literature.  It  has 
chanced  of  late  that  some  evidences  have 
shown  themselves  of  a  certain  increase  of 
lawlessness,  or  carelessness,  among  the  fre- 
quenters of  our  public  libraries. —  a  sort  of 
demoralization  that  might  seem  to  denote  a 
contagious  influence  exerted  on  our  local  civil- 
ization by  the  war-rent,  passion-torn,  semi- 
brutalized  countries  of  the  Old  World  now 
locked  in  a  desperate  strife  that  pays  small 
regard  to  the  sanctities,  much  less  to  the 
amenities,  of  a  well-ordered  mode  of  existence. 
A  library  in  one  of  our  large  cities  has  just 
reported,  among  items  more  pleasing  to 
review,  an  increase  during  the  past  year  of 
thefts  and  mutilations  in  the  reading-room. 
One  hundred  periodicals  have  been  illegally 
removed,  and  sixty-six  mutilated.  Sixty-nine 
books  disappeared,  but  only  one  book-thief 
was  detected;  and  while  the  annual  loss 
amounts  to  but  five  in  ten  thousand  volumes, 
that  is  far  beyond  the  recorded  average  for 
the  last  eighteen  years.  At  the  outbreak  of 
the  war  dire  predictions  were  current  of  the 
inevitable  demoralizing  effect,  even  upon 
peaceful  countries,  of  so  conspicuous  an  exhi- 
bition of  the  baser  side  of  our  common  human 
nature,  with  all  the  unedifying  current  liter- 
ature, especially  in  newspaper  form,  that  was 
sure  to  be  forthcoming  as  one  of  the  by-prod- 
ucts of  the  conflict.  The  apparent  fulfilment, 
in  some  degree  at  least,  of  these  prophecies 
induces  increased  longing  for  the  closing  of 
the  temple  of  Janus. 

•         •         • 

EXHILARATION  ix  CATALOGUING  is  something 
the  non-cataloguer  finds  it  hard  to  conceive 
of  as  possible.  Nevertheless  this  bibliographic 
game  does  yield  its  thrills  and  furnish  its 
triumphs  to  the  impassioned  player.  Imagine 
the  proud  sense  of  superiority  felt  by  the 
learned  maker  of  library  catalogues  in  being 
able  to  puzzle  the  unlearned  users  thereof  by 
entering  in  his  author  index,  very  correctly, 
"Wilson,  Thomas  Woodrow:  History  of  the 
American  People"  before  "Wilson,  Sir 
William  James  Erasmus:  Student's  Book  of 
Diseases  of  the  Skin."  The  man  in  the  street 
naturally  expects  to  find  "Wilson,  Woodrow," 
after  "Wilson.  Erasmus" — these  two  writers 
having  in  early  life  dropped  the  superfluous 
names  which  the  painfully  correct  cataloguer 
feels  bound  to  retain.  Reference  cards  from 
the  longer  to  the  shorter  forms  are.  however, 
condescendingly  supplied  where  indulgent 
consideration  unites  with  rigorous  accuracy 


in  the  same  cataloguer.     Imagine,  again,  the 
delight  of  the  young  follower  of  the  catalogu- 
ing profession  who  discovers  for  himself  the 
little-known  fact  that  the  full  name  of  the 
author  of  "David  Copperfield"  was  Charles 
John  Huffam  Dickens,  which  he  immediately 
substitutes     for     the     carelessly    incomplete 
"Dickens,  Charles,"  of  the  ordinary  catalogue. 
Conceive  if  you  can,  still  further,  the  proud 
triumph  of  him  who  should  at  last  settle  by 
i  incontrovertible  argument  the  long  dispute 
|  over   the   proper    catalogue    form    for   joint 
!  authorship.     Should  one,  for  example,  write 
j  "Crowe,    Joseph    Archer,    and    Cavalcaselle, 
!  Giovanni  Battista"  or  "Crowe,  Joseph  Archer. 
j  and  Giovanni  Battista  Cavalcaselle"?    What 
j  undiscovered  genius  shall  win  the  gratitude 
of  cataloguers  yet  unborn  by  deciding  for  all 
time  this  vexed  question  ?    There  is  no  lack  of 
worlds   to    be   conquered   by   the   ambitious 
Alexander  of  the  card  catalogue.    As  Mr.  J. 
Christian  Bay  reminded  his  hearers  at  the 
A.  L.  A.  conference  this  summer,  cataloguing 
is  a  science  still  in  its  formative  stage.     His 
stirring    address    on    "Inspiration    through 
Cataloguing"  will  be  found  in  the  August 
"Library  Journal."    Its  tone,  let  it  be  added, 
is  in  a  higher  key  than  that  of  the  present 
passing  comment. 

•         •         • 

THE  HOPEFULNESS  OF  LANGUAGE-INVEN- 
TORS, those  ingenious  designers  of  the  various 
forms  of  world-speech  that  have  been 
expected,  each  in  its  day,  to  gather  all  man- 
kind into  one  linguistic  fold,  is  something 
bordering  upon  the  pathetic.  Dr.  Zamenhof 
christened  his  invention  "Esperanto,"  or  "the 
hoper,"  having  already  adopted  the  name  as 
his  own  pseudonym.  Of  course  the  Latin 
sperare,  the  French  esperer,  our  own  esper- 
ance,  and  so  on,  are  seen  in  the  root  chosen  for 
this  expressive  designation  of  the  sanguine 
successor  to  Volapiik,  which  in  its  time,  thirty 
or  forty  years  ago,  was  fondly  expected  by 
its  creator,  Johann  Martin  Schleyer,  to  undo 
the  confusion  wrought  at  Babylon  in  the  dim 
dawn  of  history;  and  doubtless  every  other 
attempt  to  make  mankind  unilingual  has  been 
attended  with  equal  confidence  of  success.  So 
j  it  was,  two  centuries  and  a  half  ago,  with 
Bishop  Wilkins's  "Essay  toward  a  Real  Char- 
acter and  a  Philosophical  Language."  and  so 
also  in  a  still  greater  degree  with  George 
Edmonds's  book,  promisingly  entitled,  "A 
Universal  Alphabet,  Grammar,  and  Language. 
Comprising  a  Scientific  Classification  of  the 
Radical  Elements  of  Discourse,"  published 
in  1856.  It  would  be  little  short  of  a  crime 
to  seek  wantonly  to  quench  the  spirit  of  any- 
one cherishing  the  high  hope  of  promoting  by 


132 


THE    DIAL 


[September  7 


some  linguistic  device  the  brotherhood  of  man. 
Such  sense  of  brotherhood  was  never  more 
needed  than  to-day.  Therefore  let  no  discour- 
aging or  flippant  word  fall  from  the  lips  of 
him  who  reads  in  a  late  number  of  "World- 
Speech,"  the  monthly  advocate  of  "Ro,"  pub- 
lished at  Marietta,  Ohio,  these  brave  words 
from  its  editor  and  publisher,  who  is  also  the 
inventor  of  the  new  language:  "Ro  is  grow- 
ing constantly  and  becoming  easier,  more 
euphonious  and  more  logical.  We  sincerely 
think  it  is  destined  to  be  the  language  of  the 
whole  earth."  A  noble  faith,  the  convinced 
Ro-ist  will  say,  and  a  not  extravagant  hope; 
to  doubt  would  be  disloyalty,  to  falter  would 
be  sin. 

•          •          • 

HIGHER  BOOK-PRICES,  like  higher  food- 
prices,  are  the  order  of  the  day,  especially  in 
the  belligerent  countries ;  and  the  worst  of  it 
is  that,  having  once  gone  up,  prices  are  very 
reluctant  to  come  down  again.  Both  books 
and  beef  climb  with  agility  in  the  price-list, 
but  descend  as  unwillingly  as  a  boy  returns 
to  school  after  Labor  Day.  From  London 
comes  the  news  that  Messrs.  Nelson  have 
announced  the  advance  of  their  seven-penny 
books  to  ninepence  net,  while  their  Shilling 
Library  will  become  a  shilling-and-threepence 
library.  Probably  London  publishers  gener- 
ally will  follow  this  lead.  The  seven-penny 
book  has  always  stood  on  a  precarious  foot- 
ing, financially,  only  the  Nelsons,  with  their 
exceptional  facilities,  making  it  an  assured 
success,  and  its  increased  price  is  likely  to 
be  permanent.  Meanwhile  the  six-shilling 
novel  becomes  more  firmly  established  than 
ever,  all  the  publishers  agreeing  that  it  stands 
in  no  danger  of  being  superseded  by  its 
cheaper  rival.  As  one  publisher  expresses 
it,  "Until  authors  learn  to  live  on  beans  and 
black  bread,  the  six-shilling  or  five-shilling 
net  novel  is  safe."  In  war,  as  on  other  occa- 
sions of  extraordinary  outlay,  it  is  the  helpless 
consumer  that  pays  the  cost. 

THE    SEGREGATION    OF    JUVENILE   READERS    in 

our  public  libraries  has  made  for  the  welfare 
of  all  concerned.  Children's  rooms  were 
scarcely  known  twenty-five  years  ago;  now 
they  are  a  recognized  feature  of  the  well- 
equipped  library.  Even  separate  buildings 
for  the  young  folk  have  recently  been  coming 
into  use.  The  first  of  its  kind  —  in  Brooklyn, 
we  believe  —  was  soon  followed  by  a  second, 
at  Medford,  Mass.,  and  the  adult  reader  is  by 
no  means  disposed  to  view  with  disfavor  the 
increasing  separation  between  him  and  the 
inevitably  unquiet  juvenile  element  that  has 


no  legitimate  place  within  the  hushed  pre- 
cincts of  the  library  proper.  Rather  than 
suffer  from  the  annoyance  caused  by  such  a 
disturbing  factor,  even  a  lover  of  children 
may  forego  his  library  privileges  altogether. 
At  one  of  the  branches  of  the  New  Haven 
Public  Library,  as  the  librarian  reports, 
"owing  to  the  number  of  children  using  the 
library  it  is  almost  certain  that  many  adults 
feel  crowded  out."  And  this  inference  is 
strengthened  by  what  has  been  noted  at 
another  branch  in  the  same  city,  where  "it 
has  been  found  that  a  decrease  of  the  num- 
ber of  children  using  the  library  has  been 
attended  by  an  increase  in  the  number  of 
adults  as  users. "  In  all  this  there  is  intended 
no  disparagement  of  the  healthily  active  and 
noisy  youngster.  He  is  merely  out  of  harmony 
with  his  environment  in  a  resort  intended 
primarily  for  his  quieter  elders. 

•          •         * 

THE  BENEFICENT  PLAGIARIST  is  he  who  ren- 
ders again  what  he  has  appropriated,  with  an 
added  touch  of  excellence.  When  Longfellow 
adopted  Sir  Francis  Drake's  expressive 
phrase  and  gave  it  to  us  in  memorable  verse 
("He  has  singed  the  beard  of  the  king  of 
Spain")  he  did  no  injury  to  the  English 
naval  hero's  memory,  but  rather  the  reverse, 
and  at  the  same  time  enriched  our  literature 
with  a  line  that  has  long  been  a  "familiar 
quotation."  When  Edward  Dyer  wrote  "My 
mind  to  me  a  kingdom  is,"  he  handed  on,  in 
improved  form,  Seneca's  saying,  "Mens  reg- 
num  bona  possidet."  When  Shakespeare 
assured  the  world  that  "good  wine  needs  no 
bush,"  he  did  us  a  service  by  reducing  to 
epigrammatic  form  the  longer  and  less  con- 
venient maxim  of  Publius  Syrus.  When  Bacon 
said  of  wives  that  they  are  "young  men's 
mistresses,  companions  for  middle  age,  and 
old  men's  nurses,"  he  only  neatly  abbreviated 
what  had  already  been  expressed  in  more 
labored  form  by  earlier  writers.  Professor 
Mustard,  of  Haverford  College,  in  his  "Clas- 
sical Echoes  of  Tennyson,"  collects  some  of 
the  instances  of  that  poet's  indebtedness  to 
the  Greek  and  Latin  authors  read  by  him  in 
his  student  days.  Plagiarisms  these  instances 
should,  of  course,  not  be  called,  nor  will  they 
be  so  called  even  by  the  poet's  detractors; 
for  the  thought  or  conception  of  an  earlier 
author  may  properly  be  regarded  as  "his  at 
last  who  says  it  best."  Pope,  himself  a  fre- 
quent borrower  of  other  men's  ideas  (and  he 
returned  the  loan  to  the  world  with  handsome 
interest),  has  left  us  a  memorable  definition 
of  true  wit, —  "What  oft  was  thought,  but 
ne'er  so  well  expressed." 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


133 


BOOKS  LOST  TO  SIGHT,  but  to  memory  dear, 
are  not  unheard  of  even  in  comparatively 
small  private  libraries.  How  much  more  fre- 
quently this  temporary  eclipse  occurs  in  large 
public  libraries,  all  public  librarians  know 
only  too  well.  An  inventory  of  its  books  just 
taken  by  the  Cambridge  (Mass.)  Public 
Library  reveals  misplacement,  and  hence  tem- 
porary loss,  of  556  volumes,  though  the 
shelves  were  re-arranged  not  long  ago.  Seven 
hundred  volumes  were  found  to  have  incor- 
rect shelf  numbers  —  another  source  of  con- 
fusion and  perplexity.  Worst  of  all.  the  open 
shelves  (for  only  a  partial  open-shelf  sys- 
tem prevails  at  Cambridge)  showed  a  loss, 
presumably  due  to  bibliokleptomania  —  how 
much  less  ugly  a  term  than  theft! — of  538 
volumes.  On  the  other  side  of  the  account, 
one  is  glad  to  add,  must  be  placed  the  dis- 
covery of  twenty-six  books  that  had  been 
mourned  as  lost  and  had  been  replaced.  The 
librarian,  in  his  report  of  these  losses  and 
recoveries,  offers  a  grain  of  comfort  for  the 
former  in  the  assertion  that  where  unlimited 
open-shelf  privileges  are  granted  the  disap- 
pearance of  books  is  much  greater  than  where 
only  such  restricted  freedom  is  allowed  as  at 
Cambridge.  Sadly  apparent  is  it  that  not  by 
any  means  in  all  cases  can  the  librarian  treat 
his  public  in  the  generous  spirit  of  Lowell's 
lines: 

Be  noble!  and  the  nobleness  that  lies 
In  other  men,  sleeping  but  never  dead, 
Will  rise  in  majesty  to  meet  thine  own. 


THE     XEED     OP     BOOKS     ON     THE     MEXICAN 

BORDER,  to  relieve  the  tedium  of  our  boys  in 
khaki,  who  of  course  cannot  fill  with  military 
drill  all  the  time  of  their  watchful  waiting, 
has  prompted  the  Rockefeller  Foundation  to 
give  fifteen  thousand  dollars  for  libraries  for 
the  soldiers.  The  Red  Cross  also  contributes 
a  large  collection  of  reading  matter,  and  the 
Y.  M.  C.  A.  cooperates  in  this  work.  Public 
libraries,  too,  in  some  of  the  Texas  cities, 
notably  San  Antonio  and  Mercedes,  are  send- 
ing out  books  to  the  military  camps.  Scien- 
tific and  descriptive  works  of  local  interest  are 
provided,  but  the  indispensable  novel,  to  chase 
dull  care  away,  will  also  be  supplied,  especi- 
ally the  standard  and  wholesome  fiction 
always  in  demand  with  normal  readers.  Next 
to  the  essentials  of  bodily  sustenance  and  com- 
fort, the  soldiers  in  both  hemispheres  crave  the 
wherewithal  to  enliven  the  deadly  monotony 
of  military  service;  and  the  most  unfailing 
instrument  to  this  end  is  a  good  book. 


COMMUNICATION. 


IN  DEFENCE  OF  VERS  LIBBE. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

In  your  issue  of  August  15  appears  a  letter 
entitled  "Poetry  and  Other  Things,"  by  Mr.  H.  E. 
Warner.  In  this  letter,  Mr.  Warner  states  that 
"Amy  Lowell  labels  Milton  and  Dante  back  num- 
bers." This  is  very  specific;  unfortunately  I  have 
never  said  any  such  thing.  Great  art  can  never 
be  a  "back  number."  What  must  have  confused 
Mr.  Warner  is  that  I  have  often  stated  that  art 
takes  on  new  forms  in  succeeding  generations,  and 
that  an  artist  must  express  himself  in  the  form 
natural  to  him  and  his  time.  Milton  did  not  write 
in  the  forms  which  suited  Langland;  Dante  did 
not  express  himself  in  the  Latin  of  the  Middle 
Ages, 

Of  course,  poetry  is  a  spoken  art.  Writing  is 
a  mere  symbol  by  which  thought  can  be  reproduced 
to  anyone  cognizant  of  the  symbol.  It  never  seems 
to  occur  to  Mr.  Warner  that  the  lines  are  a  part 
of  the  symbol,  and  quickly  give  the  rhythm  to  a 
trained  eye.  It  is  true  that  vers  litre  could  be 
written  as  prose;  for  that  matter,  so  could  a 
sonnet.  But  the  lines  are  in  one,  as  in  the  other, 
a  sure  guide  to  the  reader.  It  shows  a  very  slight 
conversance  with  the  prosodies  of  other  times  to 
consider  metrical  rhymed  verse  the  only  form 
proper  to  poetry.  Doubtless  it  is  this  ignorance 
which  has  caused  so  much  hysterical  fear  on  the 
subject. 

That  vers  libre  has  come  to  stay  is  undoubtedly 
the  ease.  It  has  been  with  us  for  some  three 
hundred  years  already.  The  choruses  to  Milton's 
"Samson  Agonistes"  are  in  vers  libre,  so  is  much 
of  Dryden's  "Threnodia  Augustalis,"  and  Blake 
wrote  many  of  his  prophetic  books  in  the  form,  to 
say  nothing  of  modern  writers,  such  as  Matthew 
Arnold,  W.  E.  Henley,  Francis  Thompson,  etc. 

A  little  knowledge  of  the  history  of  English 
versification  would  serve  as  an  anodyne  for  these 
agitated  conservatives.  That  vers  libre  will  abso- 
lutely supersede  metrical  verse  in  English  poetry 
is,  to  say  the  least  —  problematic.  Art,  like  life, 
is  subject  to  evolution;  but,  also  like  life,  it  has 
a  way  of  returning  upon  itself  after  a  time.  The 
whole  Renaissance  movement  was  merely  the 
result  of  a  renewed  interest  in,  and  understanding 
of,  antiquity.  Mr.  Warner  and  his  ilk  should  take 
heart  in  the  thought  that  possibly  in  a  hundred 
years  or  so,  poets  will  be  rediscovering  the  sonnet 
and  glorying  in  its  practice. 

But  why  do  people  take  the  trouble  to  write 
pages  and  pages  to  prove  that  what  is,  is  not, 
and  more,  cannot  possibly  bef  The  word  "poetry" 
seems  to  intrigue  them.  We  care  nothing  for  the 
word,  all  we  are  concerned  with  is  the  thing.  And 
do  these  excited  gentlemen  not  realize  that  for  a 
form  of  art  to  rouse  them  to  such  vigorous  protest 
can  only  mean  that  the  movement  it  represents  is 
instinct  with  vitality? 

Still,  even  when  roused,  misquotation  is  hardly 
a  fair  weapon.  AMY 

Dublin    JT.  H.,  August  28,  1916. 


134 


THE    DIAL 


[September  7 


A  PROPHET  OF  EVOL.TJTIOX.* 


Although  a  voluminous  Life  of  Wallace  was 
published  ten  years  ago,  we  welcome  Mr. 
Merchant's  volume  as  a  useful  summary  of 
the  labors  of  that  great  naturalist.  It  is  by 
no  means  a  mere  abstract  of  the  autobiogra- 
phy; it  not  only  covers  the  last  years  of 
Wallace's  life,  subsequent  to  the  publication 
of  the  larger  work,  but  includes  many  new 
letters  of  great  interest  belonging  to  the 
earlier  periods.  The  whole  of  the  corre- 
spondence between  Darwin  and  Wallace,  so 
far  as  preserved,  is  given.  The  chapter  on 
home  life,  by  Wallace's  son  and  daughter,  is 
charming.  From  every  point  of  view,  it  must 
be  said  that  Mr.  Marchant  has  been  successful 
in  producing  a  book  which  will  remain  as  one 
of  the  more  important  and  permanently  val- 
uable biographies  of  scientific  men. 

Our  interest  in  Wallace  has  much  less  to 
do  with  the  external  circumstances  of  his  life 
than  with  the  development  of  his  ideas  and 
the  expression  of  his  remarkable  personality. 
He  was  a  great  amateur,  and  as  such  con- 
trasted strongly  with  the  usual  American 
type  of  naturalist,  produced  by  the  colleges. 
Those  who  have  been  brought  up  in  the  rela- 
tively narrow  paths  of  scientific  and  academic 
orthodoxy  may  well  be  amazed  at  Wallace's 
strange  and  diverse  opinions,  or  at  his  broad 
interests.  If  we  hold  that  he  would  have  been 
wiser  to  confine  his  activities  to  a  narrower 
field,  or  if  we  believe  that  his  freedom  was 
only  justified  by  his  genius,  we  may  yet  ask 
ourselves  whether  we  are  not  likely  to  err  in 
an  opposite  direction.  English  nineteenth 
century  science  was  dominated  by  a  set  of 
men  who  could  hardly  have  developed  as  they 
did  in  any  other  country  or  period ;  in  certain 
respects  the  very  weakness  of  academic  and 
official  life  in  scientific  fields  gave  them  their 
opportunity.  To-day  our  young  men  are  fed 
into  the  jaws  of  a  machine, —  a  splendid  and 
beneficent  machine  to  be  sure,  but  still  a 
machine,  which  produces  types  rather  than 
individuals.  It  is  unthinkable  that  we  should 
do  without  our  institutions  for  higher  educa- 
tion; the  very  fabric  of  our  civilization 
depends  upon  their  development.  But,  like 
all  institutions,  they  have  tendencies  to  be 
fought  and  guarded  against.  Fortunately  the 
interplay  between  the  different  foci  of  scien- 
tific activity  all  over  the  world  affords  a  fair 
guarantee  against  excessive  rigidity  of  doc- 

*ALFRED  RUSSEL  WALLACE.  Letters  and  Reminiscences. 
By  James  Marchant.  With  portrait.  New  York:  Harper 
&  Brothers. 


trine.  It  is  not  to  be  expected  or  feared  that 
science  will  ever  develop  an  orthodoxy  com- 
parable to  that  of  certain  churches;  but  it  is 
possible  through  educational  processes  to 
influence  the  mind  in  such  a  manner  that 
without  any  visible  constraint  it  will  move  in 
narrow  circles.  One  so  trained  could  never 
do  the  work  of  a  Darwin  or  a  Wallace,  though 
he  might  do  things  which  they  could  not. 

The  relations  between  Darwin  and  Wallace 
have  often  been  described,  but  now  that  every- 
thing is  set  forth  in  full  we  can  appreciate 
even  better  than  before  the  admirable  spirit 
shown  by  both  men.  Upon  the  appearance  of 
the  "Origin  of  Species,"  Wallace  wrote  in 
1860  to  his  friend  Bates: 

I  know  not  how  or  to  whom  to  express  fully  my 
admiration  of  Darwin 's  book.  To  him  it  would  seem 
flattery,  to  others  self-praise;  but  I  do  honestly 
believe  that  with  however  much  patience  I  had  worked 
up  and  experimented  on  the  subject,  I  could  never 
have  approached  the  completeness  of  his  book  —  its 
vast  accumulation  of  evidence,  its  overwhelming  argu- 
ment, and  its  admirable  tone  and  spirit.  I  really 
feel  thankful  that  it  has  not  been  left  to  me  to  give 
the  theory  to  the  public.  Mr.  Darwin  has  created  a 
new  science  and  a  new  philosophy,  and  I  believe  that 
never  has  such  a  complete  illustration  of  a  new  branch 
of  human  knowledge  been  due  to  the  labors  and 
researches  of  a  single  man.  Never  have  such  vast 
masses  of  widely  scattered  and  hitherto  utterly  dis- 
connected facts  been  combined  into  a  system,  and 
brought  to  bear  upon  the  establishment  of  such  a 
grand  and  new  and  simple  philosophy! 

About  fifty  years  later,  at  the  jubilee  meeting 
of  the  Linnean  Society,  Wallace  said : 

I  should  have  had  no  cause  for  complaint  if  the 
respective  shares  of  Darwin  and  myself  in  regard  to 
the  elucidation  of  nature's  method  of  organic  devel- 
opment had  been  henceforth  estimated  as  being, 
roughly,  proportional  to  the  time  we  had  each 
bestowed  upon  it  when  it  was  thus  first  given  to  the 
world  —  that  is  to  say,  as  twenty  years  is  to  one 
week.  For,  he  had  already  made  it  his  own. 

Mr.  Marchant  points  out,  and  his  book 
abundantly  shows,  that  this  modesty  regard- 
ing his  own  work  and  desire  to  recognize  that 
of  others  were  characteristic  of  Wallace 
throughout  his  life.  Indeed,  his  tolerance  of 
others  and  readiness  to  believe  in  their  good 
intentions  more  than  once  led  him  into 
trouble,  though  fortunately  in  Darwin  he 
found  a  man  fully  equal  to  himself  in  his 
generosity  and  sense  of  justice.  As  he  grew 
older,  Wallace  came  to  what  might  appear 
paradoxical  conclusions  concerning  human 
nature  and  society.  It  seemed  to  him  that 
"our  whole  system  of  society  is  rotten  from 
top  to  bottom,  and  the  social  environment  as 
a  whole  in  relation  to  our  possibilities  and  our 
claims  is  the  worst  that  the  world  has  ever 
seen";  while  at  the  same  time  he  felt  that 
practically  all  human  nature,  given  favorable 
conditions,  was  capable  of  good.  So  he  said : 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


135 


It  is  therefore  quite  possible  that  all  the  evil  in  the 
world  is  directly  due  to  man,  not  to  God,  and  that  v 
when  we  once  realize  this  to  its  full  extent  we  shall 
be  able  not  only  to  eliminate  almost  completely  what 
we  now  term  evil,  but  shall  then  clearly  perceive  that 
all  those  propensities  and  passions  that  under  bad  con- 
ditions of  society  inevitably  lead  to  it,  will  under  good 
conditions  add  to  the  variety  and  the  capacities  of 
human  nature,  the  enjoyment  of  life  by  all,  and  at  the 
same  time  greatly  increase  the  possibilities  of  devel- 
opment of  fiie  whole  race. 

These  may  be  exaggerated  statements,  but 
they  express  the  necessary  aims  of  moralists, 
who  may  be  permitted  to  show  the  optimism 
of  workers  in  another  field,  who  look  forward 
to  the  day  when  the  last  of  the  infectious 
diseases  will  disappear  before  the  attacks  of 
medical  science. 

Wallace  never  became  converted  to  any 
definite  programme  of  eugenics,  but  he 
believed  that  with  the  increasing  education 
and  independence  of  women,  indirectly 
eugenic  results  would  come  from  more  intelli- 
gent choice  in  mating,  defective  types  being 
eventually  eliminated.  War  he  regarded  as 
barbarous  and  inexcusable,  and  among  his 
last  writings  were  some  letters  to  the  "London 
Daily  News,''  suggesting  that  it  should  be 
made  a  law  of  nations  that  flying  machines 
should  not  be  used  to  drop  bombs  on  towns, 
etc.  The  present  reviewer  made  an  attempt 
at  the  time  to  get  one  of  these  letters  repro- 
duced in  an  American  journal  ("The  Out- 
look"), but  without  success.  In  this,  as  in  so 
many  other  matters,  Wallace  was  ahead  of 
current  public  opinion. 

A  very  useful  appendix  gives  for  the  first 
time  a  practically  complete  list  of  Wallace's 
writings.  Mr.  Marchant  states  in  the  preface 
that  the  available  letters  and  documents  by 
or  concerning  Wallace  would  fill  four  volumes 
instead  of  one.  Possibly  at  some  future  date 
some  of  these  materials  may  be  published,  but 
they  will  only  add  details  to  the  essentially 
adequate  and  clear  account  which  he  has 
given  us.  T.  D.  A.  COCKERELL. 


THE  POWERS  OF  THE  FEDERAL 
EXECUTIVE.* 


The  fact  that  this  is  a  presidential  year 
makes  particularly  timely  the  publication  of 
three  volumes  dealing  with  the  powers  and 
duties  of  the  federal  executive.  Two  of  these 
volumes  have  an  especial  interest  in  being  by 
ex-President  Taft.  The  one  entitled  "The 

*  THE  PRESIDENCY  :  Its  Duties,  Its  Powers,  Its  Opportuni- 
ties, and  Its  Limitations.  By  William  Howard  Taft.  New 
York  :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

OUR  CHIEF  MAGISTRATE  A>;D  His  POWERS.  By  William 
Howard  Taft.  New  York :  Columbia  University  Press. 

THE  FEDERAL  EXECUTIVE.  By  John  Philip  HilL  Boston: 
Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 


Presidency''  consists  of  three  lectures  on  the 
Barbour-Page  Foundation  at  the  University 
of  Virginia ;  while  fuller  than  this  book,  and 
to  some  extent  inclusive  of  it,  is  "Our  Chief 
Magistrate,"  which  contains  six  Columbia 
University  lectures  in  the  series  which 
includes  President  Wilson's  "Constitutional 
Government  of  the  United  States." 

Mr.  Taft  has  made  no  attempt  to  give  an 
exhaustive  discussion  of  the  Presidency;  he 
has  spoken  and  written  for  the  general  reader 
rather  than  the  special  student.  Both  books 
are,  to  be  sure,  clear  and  accurate  statements 
of  what  the  President  of  the  United  States 
should  and  should  not  do;  but  their  chief 
value  lies  in  the  fact  that  Mr.  Taft's  personal 
touches  and  excellent  stories  illustrative  of 
the  principles  he  discusses  make  the  reader 
see  one  branch  of  the  government  as  it  actu- 
ally is  and  realize  the  not  very  obvious  truth 
of  what  Mr.  Wilson  told  Congress  when  he 
first  appeared  there,  "that  the  President  of 
the  United  States  is  a  person,  and  not  a  mere 
department  of  the  Government,  hailing  Con- 
gress from  some  isolated  island  of  jealous 
authority." 

To  the  practice  of  reading  the  presidential 
messages  Mr.  Taft  gives  his  cordial  approval ; 
he  believes  that  the  chief  executive  should  be  a 
real  leader,  that  there  should  be  greater  coop- 
eration between  the  President  and  Congress, 
that  the  Cabinet  officers  should  have  seats  in 
the  legislature,  that  the  merit  system  should 
be  greatly  extended,  and  that  the  finances  of 
the  government  should  be  controlled  by  a 
responsible  budget  system.  The  discussion  of 
these  suggested  reforms  is  particularly  able 
and  furnishes  powerful  arguments  for  read- 
justments in  the  direction  of  parliamentary 
government. 

As  was  to  be  expected,  Mr.  Taft  is  emi- 
nently conservative  and  judicial.  He  is  no 
narrow  constructionist  but  he  realizes  that 
there  is  a  federal  constitution.  The  reader  of 
these  volumes,  with  their  detailed  considera- 
tion of  the  powers  of  the  President  to  veto 
legislation,  to  make  appointments,  to  execute 
the  laws,  to  command  the  army  and  navy,  to 
pardon,  and  to  exert  in  foreign  relations  an 
authority,  the  enormous  extent  of  which  recent 
events  have  for  the  first  time  made  fully  clear, 
cannot  fail  to  gain  a  clearer  conception  of  the 
functions  of  the  presidency,  of  the  directions 
in  which  the  office  should  develop,  and  also 
of  his  own  responsibilities  as  a  citizen  partici- 
pating in  the  choice  of  a  chief  magistrate. 

Both  the  judicial  and  legislative  branches 
of  the  federal  government  have  retained  their 
machinery  practically  unchanged,  but  far- 
reaching  modifications  have  occurred  in  the 


136 


THE   DIAL 


[September  7 


executive  department  since  the  Constitution 
was  adopted.  It  is  the  purpose  of  Mr.  Hill's 
book  to  trace  the  creation  and  development 
of  the  federal  executive  departments  which 
are  now  ten  in  number,  the  last,  the  Depart- 
ment of  Labor,  having  been  created  in  1913. 
This  gradual  development  has  been  the  result 
of  the  growth  of  the  nation  together  with  the 
co-incident  extension  of  federal  control  to 
include  many  new  functions. 

First  of  all,  Mr.  Hill  points  out  the  meagre 
constitutional  basis  of  the  federal  executive. 
The  Constitution  provides  that  the  executive 
power  shall  be  vested  in  the  President,  who 
is  also  given  the  administrative  authority  of 
appointment,  if  Congress  so  provides,  to  such 
offices  as  may  be  created,  and  he  may  require 
written  opinions  from  the  principal  officers 
of  the  departments.  It  was  evidently  the 
intention  of  the  framers  that  the  power  of  the 
President  should  be  political  and  military 
rather  than  administrative,  but  there  has 
grown  up  the  extra-constitutional,  complex 
system  of  executive  departments  provided  for 
by  acts  of  Congress. 

After  an  explanation  of  the  legal  status  of 
each  department  and  a  general  consideration 
of  how  the  federal  executive  is  organized,  Mr. 
Hill  proceeds  to  a  more  detailed  discussion 
of  the  departmental  functions.  These  he 
divides  into  four  arbitrary  but  sufficiently 
logical  groups,  in  accordance  with  Preamble 
to  the  Constitution.  The  Departments  of 
State,  the  Treasury,  and  the  Interior  perform 
the  function  of  maintaining  "a  more  perfect 
Union" ;  the  Departments  of  War,  the  Navy, 
and  Justice  "insure  domestic  tranquility"; 
the  Departments  of  Agriculture,  Commerce, 
and  Labor  promote  "the  general  welfare," 
and  the  Post  Office  secures  "the  blessings  of 
liberty. "  The  author  concludes  his  book  with 
an  analysis  of  the  part  played  by  Presidents 
in  extending  the  executive  power,  and  a  dis- 
cussion of  probable  developments  in  the 
future.  He  thinks  that  the  creation  of  Secre- 
taries of  Education  and  Transportation  in 
charge  of  Departments  will  be  the  next  step, 
although  he  deprecates  any  increase  in  the 
size  of  the  Cabinet.  Contrary  to  Mr.  Taft, 
he  thinks  that  "the  presence  of  the  Cabinet 
in  Congress  would  seriously  interfere  with  the 
power  of  the  Executive." 

Mr.  Hill's  volume  covers  ground  which  is 
by  no  means  unexplored,  and  it  seems  to  the 
reviewer  that  he  has  missed  two  capital  oppor- 
tunities to  make  a  real  contribution  to  political 
literature  rather  than  a  re-statement  of  the 
sufficiently  known.  The  outstanding  fact  of 
the  federal  administrative  power  is  the  enor- 
mously increased  scope  of  its  activities,  all 


accurately  indicative  of  an  extended  federal 
control  which  is  not  widely  known,  and  which 
is  largely  among  the  non-essential  functions 
of  the  state.  The  consideration  of  this  is 
very  meagre. 

In  the  second  place,  it  would  seem  proper 
if  not  necessary  in  any  discussion  of  the  fed- 
eral executive  that  there  be  included  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  ordinancermaking  powers,  not  only 
of  the  President,  but  also  of  his  executive 
officers.  Congress  has,  in  many  instances, 
delegated  its  law-making  powers,  but  Mr.  Hill 
(or  for  that  matter  Mr.  Taft)  does  not  advert 
to  this  important,  and  from  the  standpoint  of 
Anglo-Saxon  legal  traditions,  revolutionary 
development.  Within  its  limited  scope,  how- 
ever, the  work  is  well  done.  It  is  doubtful 
whether  the  subject  matter  bears  out  the  claim 
that  the  volume  is  related  to  the  question  of 
preparedness.  LINDSAY  ROGERS. 


A  REAL,  AMERICAN  DRAMATIST.* 


Not  long  ago  I  read  an  elaborate  history  of 
American  literature  which  has  been  widely 
read  abroad,  with  a  consciousness  that  the  per- 
spective of  our  literary  historians  must  be 
imperfectly,  nay  blindly,  caught.  In  the 
entire  length  and  breadth  of  this  work,  there 
was  no  recognition  of  the  existence  of  such 
an  entity  as  "the  American  drama,"  and,  an 
even  more  remarkable  circumstance,  no  ref- 
erence, even  the  most  casual,  to  any  American 
play.  It  is  not  enough  to  say  that  one  cannot 
write  about  a  non-existent  quantity ;  it  is  not 
an  adequate  excuse  to  affirm  that  it  is  humil- 
iating to  refer  to  the  pathetically  inept  and 
crudely  provincial  attempts  at  drama  put 
forth  in  this  country.  Employing  European 
standards  of  valuation  in  criticism  of  the 
drama,  I  have  found  that  few  dramas  pro- 
duced in  this  country  are  entitled  to  consid- 
eration in  the  larger  movements  of  the  drama 
in  the  contemporary  era.  Among  the  very 
small  group  of  dramatists  who  have  flowered 
up  out  of  our  soil  must  be  included  the  name 
of  Clyde  Fitch,  whose  versatility  in  technique, 
skill  in  catching  the  just  sheen  of  local  color, 
and  power  to  cross  frontiers  with  ease  and 
distinction  compel  his  considerate  inclusion 
in  future  adequate  histories  of  American  lit- 
erature. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  publication 
of  the  collected  dramatic  works  of  any  Ameri- 
can dramatist,  in  especial  of  Clyde  Fitch,  is 
an  event  of  no  little  importance  in  American 
literary  history.  Indeed,  if  I  were  asked  to 

*  PLAYS.  By  Clyde  Fitch ;  edited  by  Montrose  J.  Moses 
and  Virginia  Gerson.  In  four  volumes.  Memorial  Edition. 
Boston :  Little,  Brown  &  Co. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


137 


pronounce  a  judgment  upon  the  present  status 
of  the  drama  as  a  branch  of  literature  in  this 
country,  I  should  be  forced  to  acknowledge 
that  the  outlook  is  drear  and  the  accomplished 
works  inconsiderable  in  number.  The  lack 
of  a  single  published  history  of  the  American 
drama  does  not  conclusively  demonstrate  its 
non-existence;  the  extreme  rarity  and  inac- 
cessibility of  very  many  specimens  of  our 
American  drama  may  well  have  successfully 
interposed  a  barrier  to  research,  of  very  for- 
midable proportions.  The  real  significance 
in  the  appearance  of  the  four  volumes  now 
under  review  is  found  in  the  reflection  that 
at  last  there  has  been  developed  in  this  coun- 
try a  reading  public  for  plays.  How  slow 
this  movement  has  been  in  English-speaking 
countries,  how  startlingly  rapid  the  recent 
changes  in  this  respect,  is  evidenced  by  the 
fact  that  Mr.  Henry  Arthur  Jones  details 
the  following  conversation  of  only  ten  years 
ago :  "On  talking  over  the  matter  with  a  lead- 
ing American  dramatist,  I  was  delighted  to 
find  him  one  with  me%  in  desiring  that  the 
immediate  publication  and  circulation  of 
plays  may  become  an  established  custom 
among  us."  The  primary  reason  for  desiring 
this,  to  be  sure,  is  not  merely  that  the  public 
may  read  theatre  pieces  which  for  one  cause 
or  another  they  are  denied  the  opportunity 
of  seeing  in  the  theatre,  but  that  the  drama- 
tist may  consciously  strive  for  the  creation  of 
literature  which  shall  stand  the  grilling  test 
of  print,  as  well  as  the  cruder,  and  wholly 
different,  test  of  stage  production.  I  repeat, 
the  publication  of  these  plays,  written  for  the 
theatre  by  Clyde  Fitch,  is  an  event  of  real 
importance  in  the  history  of  the  American 
drama. 

If  we  go  over  the  list  of  his  plays,  adapted 
from  foreign  sources,  written  in  collaboration 
with  others,  or  solely  his  own  creations,  we 
are  confronted  with  a  formidable  array  of 
some  fifty-odd  pieces,  ranging  from  the  dis- 
creditable and  salacious  "Blue  Mouse," 
adapted  from  the  German,  and  the  graciously 
charming  "Beau  Brummel,"  written  in  col- 
laboration with  the  late  Richard  Mansfield, 
to  such  powerful  and  original  works  as  "The 
Climbers,"  "The  City,"  and  "The  Truth." 
The  restraint  and  good  judgment  displayed 
by  the  editors  are  well  attested  by  the  fact 
that  the  works  included  in  the  volumes  under 
review  number  only  twelve,  in  the  following 
order:  "Beau  Brummel,"  "Lover's  Lane," 
"Nathan  Hale,"  "Barbara  Frietchie,"  "Cap- 
tain Jinks  of  the  Horse  Marines,"  "The 
Climbers,"  "The  Stubbornness  of  Geraldine," 
"The  Girl  with  the  Green  Eyes,"  "Her  Own 
Way,"  "The  Woman  in  the  Case,"  "The 


Truth,"  and  "The  City."  These  plays 
are  of  very  uneven  merit,  and  readily  fall  into 
three  classes :  historical,  in  the  sense  of  being 
based  on  historical  events  and  personages; 
topical  and  provincial,  lightly  dealing  with 
American  and,  in  particular,  New  York  types 
and  figures,  at  a  definite  period  in  our  history : 
and  genuine  modern  comedies,  written  in  this 
latter  day  of  Hervieu,  Sudennann,  and  Gals- 
worthy. 

It  would  be  a  task  of  supererogation  and 
cruelty  combined  to  point  out  the  faults  of 
Clyde  Fitch  as  a  dramatist.  No  one  familiar 
with  his  acted  as  well  as  his  printed  plays  can 
deny  that  he  possessed  certain  qualities  which 
stamped  him  as  a  craftsman  of  more  than 
ordinary  excellence.  In  the  superficial  exter- 
nals of  life,  the  trivial  indicia  of  a  period,  the 
pastel  shadings  of  local  color,  he  possessed  a 
skill  that  was  as  patent  as  it  was  shallow. 
His  figures  were  often  portraits  of  certain 
actors,  or  rather  actresses;  the  plays  them- 
selves were  not,  then,  original  productions, 
but  adumbrations, —  Fitchean  projections  of 
these  players'  personalities  and  temperaments 
and  idiosyncrasies.  The  man  was  effeminate 
in  nature,  juvenile  in  mentality,  bird-like  in 
a  sort  of  empty  sprightliness.  His  plays 
were  often  a  delight  to  the  American  public, 
full  of  a  sort  of  obvious,  yet  genuine,  clever- 
ness of  dialogue  and  ripost,  which  were  ele- 
mentary enough  to  be  grasped  by  the  most 
ordinary  type  of  brain ;  and  dripping  with  a 
brand  of  glucose  sentimentality,  cloying  and 
immature,  which  is  one  of  the  most  conspicu- 
ous marks  of  the  emotive  arrest  in  the 
development  of  our  national  character.  Imag- 
ine an  Ibsen  or  a  Hauptmann,  at  the  last 
moment,  considerately  dashing  off  a  small 
part,  in  one  of  his  completed  plays,  for  a  dis- 
appointed actress,  somewhat  passee,  who  did 
not  meet  the  requirements  of  one  of  the  major 
roles  for  which  she  was  cast!  Yet  that  was 
Fitch  —  kind  heart,  conscienceless  craftsman. 

It  cannot  be  gainsaid  that  Fitch  was  a  psy- 
chologist of  subtle  insight  —  along  theatrical 
lines,  a  "master,"  in  a  small  way,  in  feminine 
psychology.  His  "Girl  with  the  Green  Eyes" 
is  a  definite  enlargement  of  our  conception 
of  the  role  of  feminine  jealousy;  "The  Truth" 
is  a  study  in  the  habit  of  lying  almost  equally 
interesting  as  a  piece  of  psychological  analy- 
sis. "The  City,"  gruesome  as  is  the  theme, 
has  always  impressed  me  as  Fitch's  strongest 
claim  to  recognition  for  its  genuine  and 
graphic  picture  of  the  New  York  point  of 
view,  in  regard  to  the  value  of  money  as  an 
instrument  for  happiness.  The  play's  signi- 
ficant thesis  is  revealed  in  George's  climactic 
speech,  in  which  he  proclaims  that  it  was  not 


138 


THE    DIAL 


[September  7 


the  City,  but  the  characters  of  the  city-mad 
people  which  assure  their  own  downfall.  The 
City  merely  serves  as  an  excuse,  not  as  a  first 
cause,  for  exposing  the  secret  rifts  and  hidden 
defects  in  their  characters  and  their  souls. 
When,  after  the  great  catastrophe  which  has 
involved  them  all,  the  others  declare  that  the 
City  alone  was  to  blame  for  all  their  troubles, 
George  passionately  declares: 

No!  You're  all  wrong!  Don't  blame  the  city. 
It's  not  her  fault!  It's  our  own!  What  the  city 
does  is  to  bring  out  what's  strongest  in  us.  If  at 
heart  we're  good,  the  good  in  us  will  win.  If  the  bad 
is  strongest,  God  help  us!  Don't  blame  the  city. 
She  gives  the  man  his  opportunity;  it  is  up  to  Mm 
what  he  makes  of  it!  .  .  A  man  goes  to  the  gates 
of  the  city  and  knocks!  .  .  And  she  takes  him 
in  —  and  there  she  strips  him  naked  of  all  his  dis- 
guises —  and  all  his  hypocrisies, —  and  then  she  says 
to  him,  "Make  good  if  you  can,  or  to  Hell  with  you." 
And  what  is  in  him  comes  out  to  clothe  his  naked- 
ness, and  to  the  city  he  can't  lie! 

It  is  gratifying  to  recall  that  Fitch,  by 
reason  of  his  cleverness,  his  expert  crafts- 
manship, his  psychological  insight,  his  flash- 
ing and  cosmopolitan  humor,  and  his  real 
power  in  portrayal  of  characteristic  phases  of 
American  metropolitan  life,  had  a  foreign 
vogue  by  no  means  inconsiderable.  A  legiti- 
mate reflection  upon  American  standards  of 
appraisal  and  a  reductio  ad  absurdum  of  the 
crystallized  American  view  of  Fitch's  talent 
was  the  genuine  foreign  success  of  "The 
Truth,"  notably  in  England,  Hungary, 
Russia,  and  Scandinavia,  and  its  conspicuous 
failure  (commercially)  in  the  United  States. 
The  cosmopolitanism  of  the  contemporary 
European  stage  is -well  illustrated  in  the  for- 
eign success  of  so  melodramatic  a  piece  as 
"The  Woman  in  the  Case."  It  is  surprising, 
in  a  way,  that  Fitch  did  not  win  greater  for- 
eign vogue;  for  he  was  an  avid  student,  "on 
the  ground,"  of  foreign  popular  successes, 
and  wasted  much  time,  to  his  great  financial 
profit,  in  adapting  glittering  foreign  farces 
and  light  comedies  for  the  American  stage. 
Beyond  doubt,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  Fitch 
was  the  American  dramatist  with  a  voice  of 
the  greatest  carrying  power  —  or  should  we 
say,  one  who  could  manufacture  machines 
which  had  the  smoothest  running  gear  and 
ran  furthest  on  the  smallest  supply  of  petrol  ? 
His  published  plays  reveal  all  the  weaknesses 
of  even  his  best  efforts.  He  wrote  but  one 
"Climbers,"  the  type-drama  which  held  the 
richest  possibilities,  scarcely  realized,  for  his 
future  development  as  a  dramatist  of  sus- 
tained power  and  broad  scope.  With  all  his 
cleverness,  he  possessed  one  ineradicable 
fault:  he  was  deficient  in  general  ideas  of 
sufficient  importance  to  give  to  his  plays  the 
real  vitality  of  contemporary  classics.  Daz- 


zled by  the  returns  of  the  box-office,  doped  by 
the  momentary  success  of  superficial  dramatic 
recreations,  he  basked  joyously  in  the  esteem 
of  flattered  actresses  and  wasted  forever  the 
precious  talents  which,  though  they  could 
never  have  been  mistaken  for  genius,  might 
well  have  made  secure  for  him  beyond  per- 
adventure  a  really  elevated  position  in  the 
earlier  history  of  the  American  drama. 

ARCHIBALD  HENDERSON. 


AMBASSADOR,  IN  TRUTH.* 


Though  we  may  often  smile,  with  the  cynic, 
at  the  shadowy  part  which  diplomats  have 
played  in  international  affairs,  we  occasionally 
have  an  opportunity  to  make  the  acquaintance 
of  an  ambassador  who  has  really  helped  two 
nations  to  a  better  and  more  cordial  under- 
standing of  each  other.  And  in  these  days 
when  everyone  talks  glibly  of  "the  enemy" 
and  "liars"  and  "atrocities"  it  is  all  the  more 
refreshing  to  find  such  an  ambassador  writing 
a  book  that  from  cover  to  cover  is  full  of 
good  will.  No  American  need  be  reminded  that 
M.  Jusserand,  the  present  French  ambassa- 
dor, has  been  intimately  connected  with  the 
life  of  the  United  States  during  a  long  period 
of  years.  Yet  one  is  rather  startled  when 
told  in  concrete  terms  just  how  long  the 
period  has  been: 

Thirteen  years  is  a  long  space  of  time  in  an  ambas- 
sador 's  life;  it  is  not  an  insignificant  one  in  the  life 
of  such  a  youthful  nation  as  the  United  States;  I 
have  now  witnessed  the  eleventh  part  of  that  life. 
Something  like  one-fourth  or  one-fifth  of  the  popula- 
tion has  been  added  since  I  began  service  here.  There 
were  forty-five  States  then  instead  of  forty-eight; 
the  commercial  intercourse  with  France  was  half  of 
what  it  is  now  ;  the  tonnage  of  the  American  navy  was 
less  than  half  what  it  is  at  present;  the  Panama 
Canal  was  not  yet  American;  the  aeroplane  was 
unknown;  the  automobile  practically  unused.  Among 
artists,  thinkers,  humorists,  critics,  scientists,  shone 
LaFarge,  McKim,  Saint-Gaudens,  William  James, 
Mark  Twain,  Furness,  Newcomb,  Weir  Mitchell,  who, 
leaving  a  lasting  fame,  have  all  passed  away. 

This  long  association  with  American  life,  and 
a  growing  conviction  that  France  and 
America  have  "a  similar  goal  ahead  of  them, 
and,  to  a  great  extent,  similar  hard  problems 
to  solve,"  led  M.  Jusserand  to  prepare  his 
illuminating  volume,  "With  Americans  of 
Past  and  Present  Days." 

Somewhere  in  one  of  his  chapters  M. 
Jusserand  speaks  about  a  peculiar  trait  of  the 
French  people,  namely,  "their  aptitude  for 
disinterested  enthusiasm  for  a  cherished 
idea."  It  is  scarcely  too  much  to  say  that 
the  entire  volume  is  at  once  an  exposition  and 

*  WITH  AMERICANS  OP  PAST  AND  PRESENT  DAYS.  By  J.  J. 
Jusserand.  New  York  :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


139 


an  amplification  of  this  theme.  The  seven 
papers  that  constitute  the  book,  though  on 
widely  different  subjects,  keep  reminding  us 
in  many  agreeable  ways  that  France  has  had 
a  "disinterested  enthusiasm*'  for  America: 
and  the  conscientious  labor  required  in  the 
preparation  of  the  more  important  papers 
attests  the  enthusiasm  of  M.  Jusserand 
himself. 

The  first  and  longest  paper.  "Rochambeau 
and  the   French  in  America."   is  the  most 
obvious  contribution  to  the  author's  theme. 
Although  it  is  full  of  interesting  sidelights  on 
many  aspects  of  the  American  Revolution,  j 
and  would  be  valuable  for  these  alone  since 
it  is  based  upon  unpublished  documents,  its 
chief  purpose  is  to  show  that  the  French  came  i 
to  the  aid  of  the  Colonists  not  because  they 
wished  to  humiliate  England,  as  all  American 
schoolboys  have  been  told,  but  because  the  I 
Colonists  were  struggling  for  the  very  liberty  j 
that  was  becoming  a  cherished  idea  in  France.  ' 
The  author  reminds  us  that  there  was  "an 
immense     aspiration"     among     the     French 
people  at  that  time ;  that  the  "  French  masses 
were    becoming    more    and    more    thinking 
masses" ;  that  only  six  years  elapsed  between 
the  end  of  the  American  Revolution  and  the 
beginning  of  the  French;  and  that  a  decade 
before   the   French   Revolution   the    French 
people   looked  upon   America   as   the   place 
where  democratic  institutions  might  be  estab- 
lished with  the  least  possible  difficulty.    Fur-  i 
thermore,  he  suggests  that  there  was  little  j 
anti-English    feeling    either    in    France    or 
among  the  French  soldiers  in  America : 

It  is  often  forgotten  that  this  time  was  not  in 
France  a  period  of  Anglophobia,  but  of  Anglomania. 
Necker,  so  influential,  and  who  then  held  the  purse- 
strings,  was  an  Anglophile;  so  was  Prince  de  ' 
Montbarey,  minister  of  war;  so  was  that  Duke  de 
Lauzun  who  put  an  end  for  a  time  to  his  love-affairs 
and  came  to  America  at  the  head  of  his  famous 
legion.  All  that  was  English  was  admired  and,  when 
possible,  imitated:  manners,  philosophy,  sports, 
clothes,  parliamentary  institutions,  Shakespeare,  just 
translated  by  Le  Tourneur,  with  the  King  and  Queen 
as  patrons  of  the  undertaking;  but,  above  all,  wrote 
Count  de  Segur,  uwe  were  all  dreaming  of  the  liberty, 
at  once  calm  and  lofty,  enjoyed  by  the  entire  body 
of  citizens  of  Great  Britain." 

Among  the  soldiers  in  America  there  was 
scarcely  more  evidence  of  hostility  toward 
the  English.  When  the  battle  was  on,  the 
French  fought  valiantly;  but  they  fought 
because  the  only  way  to  establish  liberty  in 
America  and  carry  out  the  experiment  of 
self-government  was  by  defeating  England. 
"During  the  intervals  between  military  opera- 
tions relations  were  courteous,  and  at  times 
amicable.  The  English  gave  the  French  news 
of  Europe,  even  when  the  news  was  good  for 
the  latter,  and  passed  to  them  newspapers. 


'We  learned  that  news'  ( Necker 's  resigna- 
tion), writes  Blanchard,  'through  the  English, 
who  often  sent  trumpeters  and  passed  gazettes 
to  us.'"  And  although  these  practices  did 
not  please  the  Americans,  they  seem  to  have 
been  in  keeping  with  the  official  attitude  of 
the  French.  In  a  paragraph  on  the  surrender 
at  Yorktown  —  a  paragraph  that  ought  to  be 
forwarded  to  all  the  warring  nations  of 
Europe  before  the  final  battle  is  fought  —  we 
have  these  words: 

No  trace  of  a  triumphant  attitude  toward  a  van- 
quished enemy  appeared  in  anything  they  did  or  said. 
Even  in  the  surrendering,  the  fact  remained  apparent 
that  this  was  not  a  war  of  hatred.  "The  English," 
writes  Abbe  Robin,  "laid  down  their  arms  at  the 
place  selected.  Care  was  taken  not  to  admit  sight- 
seers, so  as  to  diminish  their  humiliation. "  Henry  Lee 
(Light  Horse  Harry),  who  was  present,  describes  in 
the  same  spirit  the  march  past:  ~  Universal  silence 
was  observed  amidst  the  vast  concourse,  and  the 
utmost  decency  prevailed,  exhibiting  in  demeanor  an 
awful  sense  of  the  vicissitudes  of  human  life, 
mingled  with  commiseration  for  the  unhappy." 

This  pro-American  attitude  was  most  effec- 
tively carried  into  practice  by  Rochambeau. 
Although  he  was  fifty-five  years  of  age  and  ill 
when  he  was  called  to  Versailles  in  the  middle 
of  the  night  to  "receive  the  instructions  of 
his  Majesty,"  he  soon  forgot  his  inflammatory 
rheumatism,  and  put  the  zeal  and  energy  of  a 
young  man  into  his  preparation  for  the  Amer- 
ican enterprise.  When  he  arrived  with  his 
five  thousand  men  he  succeeded  in  overcom- 
ing the  prevailing  prejudices  against  the 
French,  and  he  gave  no  one  any  ground  *f or 
complaint  against  his  soldiers.  "I  can 
answer  for  the  discipline  of  the  army."  he 
writes:  "not  a  man  has  left  camp,  not  a  cab- 
bage has  been  stolen,  not  a  complaint  has 
been  heard."  This  would  be  astonishing 
enough  if  we  were  not  told  a  little  later  that 
the  apples  on  the  trees  overhanging  the 
soldiers'  tents  remained  untouched!  "He 
seemed,  Segur  said  in  his  memoirs,  'to  have 
been  purposely  created  to  understand  Wash- 
ington, and  be  understood  by  him.  and  to 
serve  with  republicans.  A  friend  of  order, 
of  laws,  and  of  liberty,  his  example  more  than 
his  authority  obliged  us  scrupulously  to 
respect  the  rights,  properties,  and  customs  of 
our  allies. ' '  And  when  the  siege  of  York- 
town  was  over,  Rochambeau  not  only  invited 
Cornwallis  to  dine  with  him.  but  learning 
that  he  stood  in  need  of  money,  lent  him  as 
much  as  he  desired.  Later,  when  a  building 
at  the  College  of  William  and  Mary,  occupied 
by  the  French  as  a  hospital,  accidentally 
burned.  Rochambeau  immediately  paid  for  it. 
He  cherished  the  good  will  of  America.  Noth- 
ing in  his  conduct,  as  it  is  revealed  in  the 
documents*  M.  Jusserand  employs,  suggests 


140 


THE   DIAL 


[September  7 


that  he  and  his  army  were  in  this  country 
merely  on  a  mission  of  hate. 

The  second  paper  in  the  volume  is  a  study 
of  Major  Pierre  L 'Enfant  and  his  work  as 
original  architect  of  the  city  of  Washington. 
L 'Enfant  came  to  America  in  1777,  at  the 
age  of  twenty-three.  Fifteen  years  later, 
when  it  was  decided  to  establish  a  federal 
city,  he  was  favorably  known  as  an  artist  and 
engineer.  He  was  known  also  as  a  person  of 
very  bad  temper,  "being  haughty,  proud,  and 
intractable."  Despite  his  disagreeable  per- 
sonal characteristics,  President  Washington 
asked  him  to  plan  the  new  city,  since  he  evi- 
dently had  more  of  the  required  ability  than 
anyone  else  in  the  country.  M.  Jusserand 
has  given  an  interesting  account  of  the  boyish 
enthusiasm  with  which  L 'Enfant  began  his 
work ;  the  grand  scale  on  which  he  conceived 
the  city ;  his  superstitious  fear  of  speculators 
at  the  time  the  city  was  about  to  be  opened; 
and  the  manifestations  of  temper  that  finally 
caused  him  to  be  dismissed.  He  has,  more- 
over, written  the  pathetic  chapter  of 
L'Enf ant's  last  days  when  he  was  the  "per- 
manent guest"  of  the  Digges  family  in  their 
house  near  Washington,  and  when  his  earthly 
possessions,  consisting  of  two  or  three  watches 
and  some  surveying  instruments,  were  valued 
at  forty-six  dollars.  The  story  would  have 
been  unspeakably  pathetic  had  it  ended  with 
the  close  of  L 'Enfant 's  life.  But  M.  Jusserand 
has  told  us  of  the  reports  of  the  Park  Com- 
mission and  the  Senate  committee  in  1902, 
with  their  recommendation  that  L'Enf  ant's 
original  plan  of  the  city  be  carried  out,  and 
that  departures  already  made  from  this  plan 
be  remedied  wherever  possible.  He  has  told 
us,  too,  of  the  tardy  but  impressive  ceremonies 
attendant  upon  the  removal  of  L'Enf  ant's 
ashes  from  their  resting  place  on  the  Digges 
property,  where  their  location  was  marked 
only  by  a  tree,  to  the  Arlington  cemetery  in 
1909.  So  we  find  that  fate  was  not  wholly 
heartless,  after  all. 

The  third  paper,  "Washington  and  the 
French,"  is  complementary  to  "Rochambeau 
in  America."  It  is  not  based  upon  so  much 
unpublished  evidence  as  the  first  paper,  and 
the  subject  treated  lacks  the  comparative 
freshness  of  the  second ;  yet  it  is  scarcely  less 
interesting  than  either  of  these.  It  acquaints 
us  with  Washington 's  early  prejudices  against 
the  French,  due  to  his  Anglo-Saxon  associates 
and  probably  to  his  reading  of  the 
"Spectator,"  and  then  reveals  the  manner 
in  which,  after  Braddock's  defeat,  he  came 
slowly  to  respect  the  French  and  to  under- 
stand their  "disinterested  enthusiasm."  We 
learn  anew  of  Washington's  affection  for 


Rochambeau  and  Lafayette,  and  his  interest 
in  the  French  Revolution ;  and  we  gain  some 
knowledge  of  his  advent  as  an  heroic  char- 
acter on  the  French  stage  in  1791.  Incident- 
ally, we  have  a  welcome  account  of  the  last 
days  of  Citizen  Genet,  whose  activities  had 
been  so  burdensome  to  Washington.  This 
paper,  as  well  as  the  first  one,  helps  to  disa- 
buse the  minds  of  all  those  who  are  accus- 
tomed to  look  upon  Washington  as  a  marble 
statue.  It  is  comforting  to  anyone  who  likes 
to  think  of  the  great  as  being  quite  human, 
to  know  that  when  it  was  learned  that 
DeGrasse  was  coming  to  the  rescue  with  his 
fleet,  Washington  threw  himself  into  the  arms 
of  Rochambeau.  Evidently  this  is  the  same 
Washington  who,  on  a  wager,  danced  for  three 
hours  with  the  wife  of  General  Greene  without 
leaving  the  floor. 

These  three  essays  constitute  more  than 
three-fourths  of  M.  Jusserand 's  volume.  The 
other  four,  "Abraham  Lincoln,"  "The 
Franklin  Medal, "  "  Horace  Howard  Furness, " 
and  "From  War  to  Peace,"  are  less  impor- 
tant ;  but  they  contribute  to  the  author 's  pur- 
pose of  showing  the  close  relation  in  history 
and  in  spirit  that  exists  and  should  exist 
between  France  and  the  United  States.  The 
one  on  Lincoln,  though  full  of  deep  feeling, 
can  scarcely  be  as  interesting  to  American 
readers  as  the  one  on  Washington.  It  throws 
interesting  light,  however,  on  the  attitude  of 
France  toward  the  Union  during  the  Civil 
War,  and  it  makes  clear  the  wide  and  perma- 
nent influence  that  Lincoln  has  exerted  on 
French  life. 

One  puts  down  the  book  with  a  new  con- 
ception of  the  large  part  that  France  has 
played  in  the  destiny  of  America,  and  a  recon- 
structed notion  of  the  motives  that  prompted 
her  support  of  America's  cause.  One  cannot 
read  the  volume  without  the  overwhelming 
conviction  that  there  might  have  been  no 
American  independence,  at  least  for  the  time, 
had  there  not  been  a  spirit  of  liberty  grow- 
ing irresistibly  in  France.  And,  though  many 
are  deeply  indebted  to  M.  Jusserand  for  all 
that  he  has  previously  contributed  to  know- 
ledge, this  new  volume  will  undoubtedly  sur- 
round him  with  a  still  larger  circle  of 
admirers.  Without  it,  even  in  spite  of  the 
new  revelation  of  French  strength  of  char- 
acter that  the  present  war  has  made,  we 
might  easily  have  gone  on  for  generations 
without  a  just  notion  of  what  France  has 
really  contributed  to  the  "great  American 
experiment."  Yet  in  the  volume  there  is  no 
attempt  at  self-glorification,  either  for  France 
or  for  the  author.  The  book  professes  to  be 
only  a  series  of  collected  papers;  yet  it  is 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


141 


representative  of  an  admirable  kind  of  schol- 
arship that  belongs  peculiarly  to  France.  It 
is  sound,  modest,  and  simple.  Much  know- 
ledge was  required  to  produce  it,  but  little 
is  required  to  understand  it.  In  giving  the 
volume  to  the  public,  M.  Jusserand  has  ren- 
dered a  service  not  only  to  America  but  to 
the  cause  of  understanding  and  truth. 

HOLLO  WALTER  BROWN. 


RECENT  FICTION.* 


Mr.  J.  D.  Beresford  and  Mr.  Gilbert 
Cannan  come  in  the  unarranged  numbers  of 
"younger  men"  of  whom  English  fiction  has 
a  cheerfully  prosperous  number.  Mr.  Bennett, 
Mr.  Wells,  Mr.  Galsworthy,  and  Mr.  Conrad 
are  become  fairly  well  fixed  in  the  general 
mind,  but  people  are  not  very  sure  about  Mr. 
Hugh  Walpole,  Mr.  Compton  Mackenzie,  Mr. 
D.  H.  Lawrence,  Mr.  W.  L.  George,  Mr.  Oliver 
Onions.  Miss  Ethel  Sidgwick,  Mr.  Somerset 
Maugham,  or  Mr.  Beresford  and  Mr.  Gilbert 
Cannan.  Each  has  a  little  group  of  admirers, 
but  if  you  ask  someone  who  knows  all  about 
Mr.  Walpole  who  Mr.  Beresford  is,  you  are 
likely  enough  to  meet  with  blank  ignorance 
and  vice  versa.  In  fact  it  is  wholly  possible 
to  say  that  Mr.  Beresford  is  one  of  the  "first 
six  living  realists"  and  few  could  positively 
deny  it,  partly  because  they  would  not  know 
just  who  the  five  other  realists  might  be,  and 
partly  because  they  would  not  know  what 
Mr.  Beresford  had  done  which  made  him 
worthy  of  inclusion  in  any  such  vague  (and 
curtailed)  pleiad. 

Mr.  Beresford 's  previous  work,  however,  is 
well  worth  being  better  known  than  it  seems 
to  be  (in  America  at  least),  and  "These  Lyn- 
nekers"  is  even  better,  in  that  it  is  more  com- 
pletely definite  and  more  obviously  what  its 
author  intended.  The  three  volumes  about 
Jacob  Stahl  had  something  of  that  large 
vagueness  which  is  common  in  the  recent  bio- 
graphies of  modern  fiction,  and  lacked  that 
feeling  of  completeness  and  single  impression 
which  one  wants  in  art,  but  this  book  is  more 
condensed  and  more  satisfactory  in  that  one 
can  get  a  fair  impression  of  it  all  at  once. 
Jacob  Stahl  was  a  type  of  the  sensitive  man 
of  letters.  This  book  is  the  story  of  a  worker. 

Richard  Lynneker  is  rather  the  best  of  the 
modern  figures  in  which  recent  English  nov- 
elists have  tried  to  present  the  emergence  of 
the  twentieth  centurv  from  the  smoothed-over 


*  THESE   LYNNEKERS. 
George  H.  Doran  Co. 

THREE  SONS   AND  A   MOTHER. 
York:    George  H.  Doran  Co. 


By   J.    D.    Beresford.      New   York: 
By   Gilbert   Cannan.     New 


chaos  of  Victorianism.  Edwin  Clayhanger  is 
doubtless  the  best  in  presentation,  but  in  him- 
self is  hardly  typical  of  modern  characteris- 
tics, Mr.  Wells 's  Remingtons  and  Ponderevos 
are  clearly  nothing  but  rapid  conjectures,  Mr. 
Galsworthy's  half-dozen  rebels  against  the  old 
regime  are  all  drawn  with  an  ironical  insist- 
ence on  their  weaknesses  and  impossibilities. 
Of  the  later  figures  Philip  Morel  in  "Sons 
and  Lovers"  and  Michael  Fane  in  "Youth's 
Encounter"  are  the  most  memorable,  but 
one  of  them  is  an  artist  and  the  other  an 
aesthete,  and  it  is  not  clear  that  the  twentieth 
century  is  to  be  particularly  artistic  or  aes- 
thetic. Dickie  Lynneker  was  a  worker.  He 
came  from  an  old  family  settled  down  into 
conservative  self-indulgence  in  a  rectory  just 
outside  Medborough,  a  cathedral  town  not  far 
from  London.  His  father,  his  mother,  his 
elder  brothers  (both  clerical),  his  elder 
maiden  sister,  all  represent  an  acquiescence  or 
a  subservience  in  the  established  order  in 
which  they  comfortably  exist.  His  younger 
sister  kicks  over  the  traces  and  is  for  the 
time  lost.  Dickie,  the  youngest  brother, 
buckles  down  to  the  different  necessities  and 
possibilities  of  life,  and  comes  out  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  twentieth  century  on  the  sure 
road  to  be  somebody.  The  family  and  the 
man  are  well  drawn,  but  Mr.  Beresford 's 
most  original  achievement  lies  in  his  concep- 
tion. We  are  by  this  time  very  familiar  with 
the  idea  of  the  new  man  or  the  new  woman 
rebelling  against  the  imbecilities  of  old  con- 
vention, and  insisting  on  "being  himself"  or 
herself.  We  have  had  plenty  of  accounts  of 
how  people  got  rid  of  all  sorts  of  religious 
rigidities,  moral  interferences,  social  tedious- 
nesses,  and  so  on.  Losing  one's  faith,  one's 
principles,  one's  habits  (everything  but  one's 
honor,  and  often  enough  that  too), —  that 
is  something  we  have  got  well  accustomed  to 
imagining,  for  it  has  been  presented  in  the 
last  few  years  with  great  vigor  in  a  score 
of  striking  if  slightly  sketched-out  forms.  To 
us  in  America  at  least,  that  sort  of  thing 
seems  rather  old-fashioned  and  indeed  con- 
ventional. With  us  the  eighties  and  nineties, 
whatever  they  were,  were  not  especially  a  time 
of  the  freeing  of  the  individual  from  old 
restraints.  With  us  (as  with  the  French), 
they  were  rather  a  time  of  positive  building 
up  of  new  ideals  of  life  out  of  all  sorts  of 
national  material  which  had  come  to  easy 
notice  after  the  unhappy  reactions  of  a  great 
war.  With  us,  as  with  the  French,  the  thing 
the  present  generation  had  to  do  when  young 
men  and  women  was  not  to  get  free  of  bind- 
ing conventionalities  but  to  prepare  itself  for 
the  many  ways  that  offered  of  making  life 


142 


THE   DIAL 


[September  7 


effective.  It  is  by  being  that  kind  of  person 
that  Richard  Lynneker  seems  to  get  into  touch 
with  the  real  currents  of  life  better  than  any 
of  the  other  figures  (attractive  though  they 
be)  of  which  current  English  writers,  includ- 
ing Mr.  Beresford  himself,  have  offered  us  so 
many. 

Such  a  conception  is  in  itself  something 
worth  while,  though  not  enough  for  greatness. 
Mr.  Beresford  has  here  happily  succeeded  in 
realizing  his  idea  in  a  set  of  figures  and  an 
atmosphere  indisputably  human  and  presum- 
ably true.  As  to  just  what  may  have  been 
life  in  a  country  rectory  in  the  eighties  and 
nineties  the  average  reader  will  have  but  the 
vaguest  idea ;  but  Mr.  Beresford 's  figures  cer- 
tainly seem  absolutely  and  actually  real.  It 
may  be  that  if  we  knew  better  we  should  crit- 
icize a  little.  When  it  comes  to  things  that 
I  think  I  know  about  I  do  criticize.  For 
instance,  Adela  after  five  years  in  Canada 
comes  back  with  American  habits  of  thought 
and  ways  of  speech;  she  says  her  brother 
looked  "as  if  he  was  rubbering  at  the  freaks 
in  a  dime  museum."  How  it  may  have  been 
in  Toronto  I  cannot  say,  but  in  "the  States" 
no  one  would  ever  have  said  that  because  the 
dime  museum  period  was  over  and  done  with 
before  the  word  "rubbering"  came  into  use. 
In  like  manner,  one  of  Adela 's  children  (who 
"spoke  pure  American")  "remarked  on  the 
cuteness  of  the  back  seat  of  the  'wagon.'  ! 
The  word  "cute"  Mr.  Beresford  must  have 
got  from  books ;  few  use  it  at  present,  and  no 
one  who  did  would  apply  it  to  the  back  seat 
of  a  "wagon"  either  in  Toronto  or  anywhere 
else.  So  in  very  minor  ways  Mr.  Beresford, 
where  he  does  not  happen  to  know  the  life 
he  is  presenting,  depends  on  false  authorities, 
and  it  may  be  that  he  does  so  in  larger  ways. 
But  the  general  impression  is  quite  the  con- 
trary ;  his  book  on  the  face  of  it  is  a  rich  and 
true  working  out  of  a  sound  and  good  con- 
ception, and  that  in  a  form  which  will  be 
likely  to  make  a  much  more  definite  impres- 
sion than  the  larger  and  somewhat  vaguer 
picture  of  life  in  the  trilogy  of  Jacob  Stahl. 
It  naturally  lacks  the  variety  of  that  fine 
work ;  it  has  in  it  nothing  quite  so  good  as  the 
best  of  it  (the  beginning  of  "A  Candidate 
for  Truth"),  but  taken  as  a  whole  it  should  do 
more  to  give  people  a  high  idea  of  its  author. 

However  much  Mr.  Beresford  and  Mr. 
Cannan  may  be  alike  (their  publishers  call 
them  both  realists  and  other  people  have 
called  both  "younger  men")  there  is  not  much 
superficial  resemblance  between  "These  Lyn- 
nekers"  and  "Three  Sons  and  a  Mother," 
unless  it  be  that  both  are  about  families.  The 
former  is  one  of  the  biographies  not  uncom- 


mon in  fiction  to-day,  or  perhaps  autobiog- 
raphies or  near-autobiographies.  Mr.  Cannan 
has  written  such  books  himself;  in  fact  he 
is  rather  apt  to  take  up  a  person,  get  him  out 
of  old  surroundings  into  new  ones,  and  then 
show  how  life  gets  along  de  novo.  That  is 
always  something  of  a  biography,  which  may 
begin  with  birth  and  end  with  marriage,  or 
begin  anywhere  else  and  end  nowhere  in  par- 
ticular, as  is  apt  to  be  the  case  with  modern 
realists.  The  present  book  is  on  the  face  of 
it  different;  it  presents  itself  at  least,  as  the 
story  not  so  much  of  an  individual  as  of  the 
development  of  the  life  of  a  family.  One 
gathers  from  some  prefatory  lines  that  it 
is  a  story  of  Mr.  Cannan 's  own  family,  though 
of  just  what  element  is  not  very  clear;  we 
certainly  do  not  have  Mr.  Cannan 's  own 
youth,  for  he  did  not  grow  up  in  the  days 
when  Victoria  Eegina  was  a  young  woman 
unless  his  age  is  nearer  one  hundred  than  is 
likely.  Nor  would  Mr.  Cannan  be  apt  to 
present  his  own  youth  and  that  of  his  brothers 
in  any  such  manner.  However  that  be,  the 
book  gives  a  curious  study  of  the  Victorian 
age  in  its  early  days  which  is  interesting 
reading  along  with  Mr.  Beresford 's  study  of 
later  Victorianism.  Just  why  these  able 
chroniclers  of  current  history  should  betake 
themselves  to  the  history  of  the  day  before 
yesterday  and  the  day  before  that  is  hard  to 
say.  Many  nowadays  who  are  not  absorbed 
in  the  moment  are  at  least  thinking  of  expla- 
nations of  the  moment.  Mr.  Caiman  is  at  least 
frankly  historical.  "History"  wrote  the 
maiden  sister  who  had  lived  in  Germany  and 
Italy,  "is  concerned  with  the  absurd  and 
rather  theatrical  doings  of  a  few  people." 
Mr.  Cannan  gives  us  an  amorphous  history  of 
e#rly  Victorianism:  we  have  the  financial 
security,  the  subordination  of  everything  to 
obvious  success,  the  individual  comfort  and 
independence,  the  stagnant  wealth  and  the 
unconsidered  squalidnesses  of  poverty,  the 
remoteness  of  religion,  the  theoretical  free- 
dom and  the  actual  tyrannies  of  day-to-day 
life,  the  constant  talk  and  discussion,  the 
usual  lack  of  beauty,  thinking,  comradeship, 
liberty  (the  phrases  are  mostly  Mr. 
Cannan 's),  that  we  associate  with  the  immedi- 
ate past. 

This  view  of  Victorianism,  however,  does 
not  come  to  the  surface  till  one  has  got  well 
along  in  the  book.  On  the  face  of  it  the 
story  is  of  a  Scotch  widow  with  five  young 
children,  who  set  out  to  make  their  fortune 
or  fortunes  in  England.  Margaret  Lawrie 
had  brothers  who  had  "done  well"  in  Eng- 
land. First  Jamie  the  oldest  boy  goes  down 
to  Thrigsby,  the  growing  North-of-England 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


143 


cotton  metropolis  of  the  forties;  he  gets  a 
foothold  and  brings  down  his  mother  and  the 
rest  of  the  family,  and  the  story  concerns  their 
life,  or  at  least  the  lives  of  the  boys,  who  grow 
up,  get  on  in  business,  marry,  and  so  on. 
Such  at  least  is  the  ostensible  topic  of  the 
book ;  in  reality  Jamie  Lawrie  is  the  only  one 
with  whom  the  reader  is  given  any  sympathy, 
so  that  the  book  gets  round  to  the  common 
theme  of  the  man  of  genius  amid  impossible 
surroundings.  At  the  end  Jamie  goes  to 
America  to  make  certain  journalistic  studies ; 
the  book  ends  as  he  leaves  England  with  a 
vague  longing  and  a  passionate  hope,  "going 
towards  the  New  World  where  there  had  been 
wars  of  liberty. "  Possibly  Mr.  Cannan  medi- 
tates a  trilogy. 

This  much  on  the  subject,  however,  does 
not  really  give  us  a  sufficient  idea  of  the  book 
which  is  Victorian  in  its  large  inclusiveness 
and  its  detail.  The  publishers  speak  of  Mr. 
Cannan  as  a  realist.  Of  course  that  word 
may  mean  almost  anything,  but  if  it  gives  the 
idea  of  one  who  presents  things  as  they  really 
appear  to  an  observer  of  life,  who  gives  a 
picture  of  life,  then  Mr.  Cannan  is  not  a  real- 
ist. Since  the  time  of  Balzac  the  writers  of 
fiction  have  generally  worked  to  give  us  an 
idea  of  how  their  people  and  their  scenes 
appeared  to  the  eye,  to  present  us  with  some- 
thing of  a  panorama  of  the  world.  Mr. 
Cannan  throws  all  that  overboard  and  deals 
with  people  almost  in  the  spirit.  Not  that 
he  says  absolutely  nothing  about  appearance 
and  form,  but  he  never  carries  on  his  account 
so  that  we  are  tempted  to  visualize  it.  Some- 
where or  other  he  calls  his  work  a  "comic 
vision  • '  and  such  it  is ;  comic  in  the  Meredith  - 
ian  sense,  and  vision,  not  because  it  deals  with 
something  seen  but  because  it  deals  mostly 
with  spiritualities  and  states  of  mind  with 
only  form  enough  to  make  them  comprehen- 
sible. There  is  much  more  to  say  on  this 
subject  which  must  be  left  out  here,  but  so 
much  it  was  well  to  say  for  the  sake  of  the 
reader  who  might  easily  be  bewildered  in  the 
current  of  short  statements  of  fact  that  make 
the  book,  without  much  idea  of  whither  it 
was  carrying  him.  One  will  have  to  get  half 
through  the  book  before  beginning  to  appre- 
ciate it, —  at  least  I  did. 

The  End  of  the  Century  and  Early  Victor- 
ianism, —  are  both  of  these  curious  topics  for 
our  modern  realists?  When  one's  own  time 
becomes  impossible  then  one  may  well  enough 
turn  to  history.  When  everything  seems 
shifting,  unstable,  ephemeral,  one  may  well 
enough  try  to  be  free  from  passing  impres- 
sions. English  literary  taste  to-day  is  said 


to  be  turning  to  "more  serious"  things.  These 
two  novels,  at  least,  are  more  serious  in  inten- 
tion than  the  great  mass  of  our  American 
fiction,  and  being  well  done  are  better  worth 
reading.  EDWARD  E.  HALE. 


BRIEFS  ox  XEW  BOOKS. 


In  one  of  the  letters  of  Mrs.  Anna 
intimate  letter*.    Jameson     there     is     a     humorous 

account  of  her  preparation  when 
she  was  to  be  presented  to  the  Grand  Duchess  at 
Weimar.  Her  friend,  Madame  von  Goethe,  said 
very  firmly,  "Now  Anna,  remember  that  she  is 
Imperial  Highness  and  talk,  talk,  talk!!  Do  some 
credit  to  your  own  celebrity."  It  is  with  hope  of, 
such  "talk"  that  a  reader  opens  the  thick  volume 
of  Letters  (1812-60)  edited  by  Mrs.  Steuart 
Erskine,  for  although  Mrs.  Jameson  is  less  of  a 
celebrity  to-day  than  she  once  was,  there  is  still 
due  to  her  admiration  and  respect  for  her  service 
as  critic  of  art  and  literature.  Much  of  her  work 
has  been  relegated  to  the  limbo  where  go  the  senti- 
mental and  the  ultra- Victorian,  yet  "Sacred  and 
Legendary  Art"  is  still  useful,  and  still  marks  an 
epoch  in  which  women  entered  brilliantly  into  the 
fields  of  criticism,  poetry,  and  fiction.  The  daugh- 
ter of  an  impecunious  Irish  miniature  painter,  the 
wife  of  an  English  barrister  from  whom  she  speed- 
ily separated  because  of  complete  incompatibility, 
Mrs.  Jameson  labored  unceasingly  that  she  might 
help  support  her  mother  and  her  sisters  as  well 
as  herself.  Of  her  many  sorrows  and  perplex- 
ities, her  personal  trials,  the  letters  give  little  sign. 
They  are  the  chatty,  rather  objective,  always 
spirited  records  of  her  travels  and  of  her  social 
experiences.  She  said  much  about  others,  little 
about  her  own  work  and  her  deeper  life;  but  one 
finds  a  fascinating  amount  of  material  regarding 
her  friendships,  her  relationships,  formal  and 
informal,  with  distinguished  folk  of  many  lands 
to  which  her  studies  had  led  her.  She  travelled  in 
Italy,  France,  Germany,  Austria,  Canada,  and  the 
United  States,  gaining  a  breadth  of  outlook  quite 
unusual  for  a  woman  in  those  days.  Quick  to 
note  natural  beauty,  or  traits  of  character,  or  sig- 
nificant facts  in  art  or  architecture,  she  wrote  in 
a  lively,  anecdotal  style,  and  her  whimsical,  fem- 
inine, Celtic  minuteness  of  detail  gives  her  letters 
zest.  Who  can  deny  the  charm  of  intimacy,  at 
second  hand,  with  the  good  and  the  great  who 
appear  in  these  pages?  Mrs.  Jameson's  dearest 
friend  was  Lord  Byron's  widow;  her  next  dearest 
was  Goethe's  daughter-in-law.  Harriet  Martineau, 
Maria  Edgeworth,  Adelaide  Proctor,  Margaret 
Fuller,  Miss  Mitford,  Mrs.  Gaskell,  Ralph  Waldo 
Emerson,  Grote,  W.  E.  Channing,  "Barry 
Cornwall,"  Samuel  Rogers,  and  Washington 
Irving  were  all  known  to  her,  in  greater  or  less 
degree.  Her  friendship  with  Miss  Barrett  was  a 
very  great  joy  to  the  poetess,  and  it  was  Mrs. 
Jameson  who  played  guardian  angel  to  the  young 
couple  when  the  Brownings  arrived  in  Paris  after 
their  marriage.  Pictures  of  various  members  of 


144 


THE    DIAL 


[September  7 


her  family,  a  photograph  of  Gibson's  bust  of 
Mrs.  Jameson,  and  facsimiles  of  autograph  letters 
by  the  Brownings  and  others  appear  in  the  volume, 
•which  is  a  genuine  contribution  to  the  literary 
history  of  the  Victorian  Era.  It  reveals  the 
world  of  that  day  as  seen  through  the  eyes  of  an 
eager,  hard-working,  and  high-minded  gentle- 
woman. (E.  P.  Button  &  Co.) 


An  embassy  Mrs-  Nelson  O'Shaughnessy,  in  her 
outlook  on  letters  from  Mexico  to  her  mother, 

Mexico.  now  published  with  the  title,   "A 

Diplomat's  Wife  in  Mexico"  (Harper),  makes 
no  attempt  to  disguise  her  favorable  opinion  of 
Huerta,  who  seems  to  have  impressed  her  as  little 
short  of  a  hero.  The  period  of  Mr.  O'Shaughnessy's 
occupancy  of  the  American  Embassy  as  chief  rep- 
resentative and  defender  of  our  interests  in  the 
troubled  republic  is  covered,  with  much  detail  such 
as  only  a  bright  and  observant  woman  could  so 
vividly  and  vivaciously  give,  in  these  informal 
chats  with  the  writer's  mother.  Little  more  than 
half  a  year  elapses  in  the  356  pages  that  contain 
such  parts  of  this  correspondence  as  were  deemed 
fit  for  publication,  and  one  cannot  find  the  nar- 
rative too  long  drawn  out.  Entering  into  the  spirit 
of  this  narrative,  and  shutting  one's  eyes  to  all 
other  aspects  of  the  writer's  theme,  one  can  hardly 
fail  to  regret  that  the  strong  man  so  admired  by 
Mrs.  O'Shaughnessy  had  not  been  left  unmolested 
to  work  out  the  destinies  of  his  distracted  country. 
In  certain  moods  he  is  certainly  no  unpreposses- 
sing figure,  as  when  he  says  of  the  imminent  pros- 
pect of  death  that  confronts  him:  "It  is  the 
natural  law,  to  which  we  must  all  submit.  We 
were  born  into  the  world  according  to  the  natural 
law,  and  must  depart  according  to  it  —  that  is 
all."  Two  pages  further  on  the  author  writes: 
"Whatever  else  life  might  have  in  reserve  for  me, 
this  last  conversation  with  a  strong  man  of  another 
psychology  than  mine  will  remain  engraven  on 
my  heart  —  his  calm,  his  philosophy  on  the  eve 
of  a  war  he  knows  can  only  end  in  disaster  for 
himself  and  his  people.  His  many  faults,  his 
crimes,  even,  his  desperate  expedients  to  sustain 
himself,  his  non-fulfilments  —  all  vanish.  I  know 
his  spirit  possesses  something  which  will  see  him 
safely  over  the  dark  spaces  and  hours  when  they 
come."  It  is  a  book  well  worth  reading,  even  his- 
torically valuable  in  some  of  its  first-hand  evi- 
dence. It  is  well  illustrated. 


Professor  Patrick  of  the  University 

Psychology  of  ,          ,  ,  , , 

relaxation.  °*   Iowa   has   brought   together  an 

interesting  group  of  essays  written 
with  a  consistent  unity  of  purpose  under  the 
engaging  title,  "The  Psychology  of  Relaxation" 
(Houghton  Mifflin  Co.).  The  theme  includes  such 
seemingly  unrelated  expressions  of  human  nature 
as  play,  laughter,  profanity,  alcohol,  and  war; 
yet  they  each  express  a  significant  form  of  the 
activities  by  which  the  tedium  of  life  is  relieved 
and  a  mental  equilibrium  restored.  The  theme  is 
peculiarly  timely  with  likewise  a  special  pertinence 
to  the  American  public.  For  the  spirit  of  a  people 


conies  forward  as  characteristically  in  its  recrea- 
tions as  in  its  labors;  both  reveal  the  temperamen- 
tal traits.  The  restless  American  finds  expression 
in  the  amusement-mad  pursuit  of  the  "movies," 
the  new  dances,  the  treating  saloon,  the  comic 
supplements,  the  addiction  to  drugs,  poker,  the 
base-ball  game,  and  the  tendency  to  fads  and  isms. 
A  saner  employment  would  develop  a  more  poised 
recreation.  Underlying  these  varied  expressions 
is  a  comprehensive  psychology  that  takes  its  clue 
from  the  deeper  meaning  of  play;  for  we  all 
must  play,  and  even  in  business  find  the  pattern 
of  interest  in  playing  the  game.  Theory  and 
practice  are  equally  illuminated  by  the  expert 
psychological  touch  of  the  trained  observer.  The 
reader  is  carried  along  intelligently  to  an  insight 
into  the  meaning  of  the  social  expressions  of  the 
day.  The  most  serious  theme  is  that  of  war,  which 
attracts  and  concentrates  the  intenser  strivings 
that  make  life  vivid  and  real;  naturally  one  must 
count  the  cost.  But  it  is  significant  that  war 
sidetracks  the  social  unrest,  as  fads  absorb  the 
energy  generated  by  spiritual  unrest.  How  a 
people  responds  to  these  persistent  demands  must 
ever  remain  a  matter  of  moment  to  the  intelligent 
observer  of  life. 


A  physician's        Remarkable  in  a  great  many  ways 
opinion  of  is  "The  Memoirs  of  a  Physician, 

translated  from  the  Russian  of 
Vikenty  Veressayev  by  Mr.  Henry  Pleasants,  Jr., 
and  published  by  Mr.  Alfred  Knopf  of  New  York. 
It  is  the  recorded  reaction  of  "an  average  practi- 
tioner, with  average  ability  and  average  knowl- 
edge" to  the  conditions  of  life  and  work  which 
meet  such  a  man.  His  writing  gives  every  evi- 
dence, even  at  cost  to  himself,  of  that  absolute 
frankness  which  his  introduction  promises.  With- 
out effort  at  concealment  or  evasion  the  author 
discusses  the  shortcomings  of  the  equipment  where- 
with the  young  medical  man  undertakes  practice; 
he  reveals  the  pitfalls  of  unforeseeable  event,  acci- 
dent, and  mistake  which  surround  his  path,  una- 
voidable despite  the  most  conscientious  endeavor. 
He  does  not  conceal  the  despair  of  his  own  soul  at 
the  realization  of  the  insecure  foundations  whereon 
so  much  of  therapeutics  rests;  he  rejoices  in  the 
recital  of  those  things  upon  which  he  may  with 
security  lay  hold  and  base  his  work.  M. 
Veressayev  enters  very  thoroughly  into  a  consid- 
eration of  the  problems  attendant  on  examination 
and  autopsy  as  practised  in  public  and  academic 
clinics;  he  discusses  the  difficulties  of  diagnosis; 
he  writes  of  the  appalling  lack  of  technique  preva- 
lent among  young  doctors,  and  of  the  avoidable 
and  inevitable  risks  of  surgery.  The  status  of  medi- 
cine as  an  art,  not  a  science,  is  treated  in  scholarly 
fashion ;  the  ancient  bugbear  of  vivisection  receives 
a  quietus  at  the  hands  of  common-sense.  The 
translator  appends  -notes,  many  of  which  are 
valuable  commentaries  upon  the  text.  The  style 
of  the  book  is  easy,  even  colloquial  at  times,  and 
not  unpleasantly  burdened  with  medical  terminol- 
ogy. The  translation  seems  adequate,  though  it  is 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


145 


not  above  splitting  an  occasional  infinitive.  The 
book  should  interest  and  profit  any  who  have  occa- 
sion ever  to  consult  a  physician,  so  ably  does  it 
set  out  the  professional  element  of  the  equation 
governing  the  relations  of  doctor  and  patient. 


Pageants  and        The   interest   aroused   by   the   ter- 
piays  in  the          centennial  of   Shakespeare's   death 
Elizabethan  age.    ^  iargeiy  the  occasion  of  a  very 
helpful   though   not   especially   original   work   by 
Miss     0.     L.     Thatcher    called     "A     Book     for 
Shakespeare  Plays  and  Pageants"  (Button).    The 
book  is  primarily  intended  for  those  who  would  j 
celebrate  in  an  intelligent  way  the  greatness  of  j 
Shakespeare  and  his  time  by  presenting  his  plays  , 
with  due  regard  to  contemporary  conditions  and 
by  producing  pageants  illustrative  of  Elizabethan 
festivals  and  activities;   but  it  also  will  serve  as  a 
guide  to  the  student  of  the  Elizabethan  drama  in 
that  it  brings  together  in  compressed  form  much 
information    about    the    external    conditions    that 
surrounded  Shakespeare  as  a  citizen  and  dramatist.  ; 
Miss  Thatcher  brings  out  the  significance  in  the 
production  of  plays  and  pageants  of  the  royal 
revels  and  progresses,  of  the  theatres  and  actors,  : 
of  amusements,  music,  and  dress,  of  Shakespeare's  j 
life  and  plays.    The  second  part  of  the  book,  which 
is   called    UA    Guide   to    the   Pageant,"    contains 
valuable  directions  about  the  nature  and  consti-  I 
tution  of  processions.     The  order  of  some  actual  \ 
processions  is  given,  based  on  the  state  records;   I 
such  as,  Elizabeth's  triumphal  procession  through  | 
London   on   the   way   to   her  coronation   and   her  j 
procession  in  1588,  the  year  of  the  Armada.    The  j 
order  of  other  processions  is  made  up  of  fact  and 
tradition,  such  as  those  of   Shakespeare's  earlier 
years    at    Stratford    and    Shakespeare's   London. 
The    suggestion    is    made    that    the    processional 
elements  of  fact  and  tradition  be  distinguished  by 
external  symbols  so  that  the  episodes  of  the  deer- 
stealing  in  Shakespeare's  life  be  marked  off  from 
known  biographical  facts.     Two  chapters  of  this 
book  contain  the  music  of  songs  and  dances  with 
directions  for  the  latter,  and  another  gives  consid- 
erable   information    about    contemporary   costum- 
ing.   The  illustrations  are  helpful  and  very  numer- 
ous.    On  the  whole  the  book  is  an  excellent  guide 
to   the   plays   and   the   pageants   of   the   age   of 
Elizabeth.  

In    his    latest     volume     Professor 

The  beginning         r7.  „    „    .        ,  .         ,  ,          , 

of  English  prose.  Krapp  of  Columbia  shows  that  he 
is    more    than    a    philologist    and 
Anglo-Saxon  scholar.     "The  Rise  of  English  Lit- 
erary Prose"  (Oxford)  establishes  him  as  a  literary 

historian  of  wide  and  accurate  learning.  His  object  j 

is  to  trace  from  Wy cliff e  to  Bacon  "the  growth  of  ' 

a  temper  and  attitude  of  mind  towards  the  use  of  I 

speech."     His  method,  except  for  separate  chap-  j 

ters  on  Wy  cliff  e  and  Bacon,  is  to  summarize  his-  : 

torically  in  six  sections  various  genres  or  move-  > 

ments  or  groups  such  as  the  Courtly  Writers,  the  i 

Modernists,  History  and  Antiquity,  etc.     There  is  j 
surprisingly  little  technical  discussion  of  style  itself 

except  in  the  chapter  on  Courtly  Writers.     Indeed  ' 

a  large  part  of  the  book  consists  of  rather  detailed  ! 


accounts  of  the  many  works  treated  often  without 
any  mention  of  style.  The  book  is  therefore  a 
history  of  English  prose  from  its  real  beginnings 
in  Wycliffe  down  to  Bacon,  more  than  a  history 
of  English  prose  style.  Many  will  feel  that  there 
is  far  too  much  biography  and  too  much  repeti- 
tion of  the  ordinary  facts  easily  accessible  in  the 
text-books.  We  could  wish  that  Professor  Krapp 
had  used  some  of  this  space  to  discuss,  for  example, 
the  much  vexed  problem  of  the  essay  form.  These 
are,  however,  not  vital  objections.  The  volume 
throws  light  into  many  dark  and  unknown  corners. 
The  attitude  of  the  author  is  broad  and  humane 
throughout.  The  style  is  always  readable.  Now 
we  want  from  Professor  Krapp  another  volume 
to  cover  the  period  from  Milton  to  G.  K. 
Chesterton.  

Tht  Switzer-  From  Indian  legend  and  history  to 
land  of  competitive  automobile  ascents  of 

New  England.       Mt   ^ashing^  Mr.  Frederick  W. 

Kilbourne's  "Chronicles  of  the  White  Mountains" 
(Houghton)  presents  in  full  and  readable  form  a 
more  detailed  and  systematic  history  of  our  New 
England  Alps  than  has  before  been  attempted. 
No  other  mountains,  except  those  of  Switzerland, 
declares  a  student  of  the  literature  of  the  subject, 
have  been  more  written  about,  and  it  is  rather 
strange  that  a  really  comprehensive  chronological 
survey  of  the  theme  was  not  long  ago  given  to  the 
world.  In  Mr.  Kilbourne's  four  hundred  ample 
pages  we  find  the  earliest  legends  and  history  of 
the  region,  an  account  of  its  exploration  and  settle- 
ment, its  first  and  later  hotels,  its  visitors  from 
abroad  and  their  impressions  of  the  country,  its 
invasion  by  scientific  exploring  parties  and  also 
by  railway-builders,  its  famous  trails,  its  notable 
characters,  its  lumber  industry,  its  devastating 
fires,  the  disasters  overtaking  its  too  adventurous 
mountain-climbers,  and  many  other  details  of  his- 
torical and  human  interest.  Maps  and  numerous 
illustrations  are  not  wanting,  and,  in  short,  the 
book  seems  to  be  exactly  the  right  one  for  White 
Mountain  visitors  and  intending  visitors,  as  also 
for  those  who  would  like  to  be  but  cannot  be 
visitors,  to  read  and  enjoy  at  this  season  or  any 
season  of  the  year. 


.       .  "The  Drama  of  Sensibility"   (Ginn 

comedy.0  &  Co.),  by  Dr.  Ernest  Bernbaum, 

makes  an  attempt  by  skilful  argu- 
ment to  establish  a  new  view  of  sentimentalism  in 
the  eighteenth  century.  The  author  finds  that  in 
direct  contrast  to  the  humanistic  view  of  life,  senti- 
mentalism is  based  on  the  confidence  in  the  good- 
ness of  human  nature.  Thus,  "true  comedy"  holds 
up  the  vices  and  follies  of  mankind  for  ridicule; 
sentiemntal  comedy  distorts  and  palliates  these 
vices  and  follies,  and  by  an  illegitimate  appeal  to 
the  emotions  makes  them  appear  mere  peccadilloes. 
"Domestic  tragedy,"  moreover,  makes  us  weep  with 
pity  and  joy  over  the  suddenly  reformed  and  bliss- 
fully virtuous  sinner.  Most  of  us  will  find  it 
impossible  to  believe  with  Dr.  Bernbaum  that 
restoration  comedy  has  consistently  high  moral 
purpose,  but  his  argument  always  provokes 
thought. 


146 


THE    DIAL 


[September  7 


AND  NEWS. 


Mr.  Samuel  Merwin's  novel,  "The  Trufflers,"  now 
appearing  serially,  will  be  published  late  this 
autumn  by  the  Bobbs-Merrill  Co. 

"The  Wonderful  Year"  is  the  title  of  Mr. 
William  J.  Locke's  immediately  forthcoming  novel, 
which  is  announced  by  the  John  Lane  Co. 

A  volume  of  short  stories  of  the  stage  by  Mr. 
Henry  Kitchell  Webster  is  announced  by  Messrs. 
Bobbs-Merrill  Co.  under  the  title,  "The  Painted 
Scene." 

Mr.  Edgar  Lee  Masters's  forthcoming  volume  of 
verse  will  be  entitled  "The  Great  Valley."  It  will 
resemble  his  "Spoon  River  Anthology"  in  method 
and  treatment. 

"Wit  and  Its  Relation  to  the  Unconscious",  is 
the  title  of  Professor  Sigmund  Freud's  forthcom- 
ing volume,  which  Messrs.  Moffat,  Yard  &  Co.  will 
publish  shortly. 

"Enoch  Crane,"  planned  and  begun  by  F. 
Hopkinson  Smith  and  completed  by  his  son, 
Mr.  F.  Berkeley  Smith,  is  to  be  published  soon  by 
Messrs.  Scribner. 

Professor  William  Lyon  Phelps's  studies  of  the 
novel  which  have  recently  been  published  in  "The 
Bookman"  are  now  promised  in  book  form  by 
Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. 

A  volume  of  "Memories"  by  Mr.  Edward  Clodd 
is  in  train  for  early  publication.  It  will  contain 
reminiscences  of  Meredith,  Huxley,  Hunt,  Mary 
Kingsley,  Mrs.  Lynn  Lynton,  and  others. 

Mr.  E.  H.  Sothern's  reminiscences  of  stage  life, 
which  have  been  appearing  serially  in  "Scribner's 
Magazine,"  will  soon  be  issued  in  book  form  with 
the  title,  "The  Melancholy  Tale  of  'Me.'  " 

Mr.  Joseph  Pennell's  "Pictures  of  the  Wonder 
of  Work,"  scheduled  for  early  publication  by 
Messrs.  Lippincott,  will  contain  fifty-two  draw- 
ings and  lithographs  representing  the  dignity  of 
modern  labor. 

Dr.  Charles  A.  Eastman,  whose  Indian  name  is 
Ohiyesa,  is  engaged  in  writing  his  eventful  life 
story  which  will  be  published  by  Messrs.  Little, 
Brown  &  Co.  under  the  title  of  "From  the  Deep 
Woods  to  Civilization." 

Mr.  W.  L.  George  will  be  represented  on  Messrs. 
Little,  Brown  &  Co.'s  autumn  list  with  a  volume 
of  essays  on  feminism,  which  have  been  appearing 
in  the  "Atlantic  Monthly"  and  "Harper's  Maga- 
zine." The  title  of  the  book  will  be  "The  Intelli- 
gence of  Woman." 

A  companion  volume  to  Lafcadio  Hearn's 
"Interpretations  of  Literature"  is  announced  by 
Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  The  new  book,  like  its 
predecessor,  is  composed  of  lectures  by  Hearn  to 
his  Japanese  pupils  and  will  bear  the  title, 
"Studies  in  Poetry." 

A  new  series  of  books,  described  by  its  title, 
"Irishmen  of  To-day,"  is  announced  by  Messrs. 
Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  The  first  volumes  to  appear 
are:  "Sir  Edward  Carson,"  by  Mr.  St.  John  G. 
Ervine;  "George  Moore,"  by  Miss  Susan  Mitchell; 
and  "A.  E."  (George  W.  Russell),  by  Mr.  Darrell 
Figgis. 


A  new  volume  of  essays  by  Mr.  E.  V.  Lucas, 
entitled  "Cloud  and  Silver,"  will  be  published 
shortly.  Most  of  the  essays  have  been  written 
during  the  war,  the  first  part  dealing  with  France 
and  the  Marne.  Included  in  the  collection  is  the 
series  of  fantasies  which  appeared  in  "Punch" 
under  the  title,  "Once  upon  a  Time." 

Mr.  Theodore  Dreiser  is  represented  on  the 
announcement  list  of  the  John  Lane  Co.  by  two 
new  volumes.  In  "The  Bulwark,"  a  novel,  the 
author  depicts  the  struggle  of  a  Quaker  to  bring 
up  his  children  in  the  orthodox  way;  "A  Hoosier 
Holiday"  is  an  account  of  a  motor  trip  from 
New  York  City  to  scenes  of  the  author's  boyhood 
days  in  Indiana. 

"Multitude  and  Solitude"  is  the  title  of  Mr. 
John  Masefield's  new  novel  which  Messrs 
Macmillan  will  issue  next  month.  From  the  same 
house  will  come:  "Mr.  Britling  Sees  It  Through," 
by  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells;  "The  Green  Alleys,"  by  Mr. 
Eden  Phillpotts;  "Changing  Winds,"  by  Mr.  St. 
John  G.  Ervine;  and  a  novel,  yet  unnamed,  by 
Mr.  Hermann  Hagedorn. 

Several  interesting  volumes  of  essays  appear  on 
the  autumn  announcement  list  of  Messrs.  Houghton 
Mifilin  Co.  Among  others  are:  "How  to  Read," 
by  Mr.  J.  B.  Kerfoot;  "The  Pleasure  of  an 
Absentee  Landlord,"  by  Mr.  Samuel  McChord 
Crothers;  "Speaking  of  Home,"  by  Miss  Lillian 
Hart  Tryon;  and  "French  Perspectives,"  by 
Miss  Elizabeth  Shepley  Sergeant. 

Mrs.  Harriet  Prescott  Spofford,  in  her  eighty- 
first  year,  with  her  pen  still  active,  has  written  for 
autumn  publication  "The  Little  Book  of  Friends," 
in  which  she  tells  of  the  lives  of  such  gifted  women 
as  Celia  Thaxter,  Gail  Hamilton,  Anne  Whiting, 
Louise  Chandler  Moulton,  Sara  Orne  Jewett,  Rose 
Terry  Cooke,  and  Mrs.  Annie  Fields.  Messrs. 
Little,  Brown  &  Co.  will  publish  the  book. 

A  new  book  by  Mr.  C.  R.  Enock  is  announced, 
entitled  "Can  We  Set  the  World  in  Order?  The 
Need  for  a  Constructive  World  Culture."  It  is 
described  as  "an  appeal  for  the  development  and 
practice  of  a  science  of  corporate  life,  as  con- 
trasted with  perennial  economic  strife,  waste,  and 
warfare:  a  new  science  of  human  geography  and 
industry-planning,  or  constructive  economic  biol- 

ogy."  ' 

"Lord  Kitchener  in  His  Own  Words"  is  the  title 
of  a  forthcoming  book  by  Messrs.  J.  B.  Rye  and 
H.  G.  Groser.  The  authors  have  based  their  nar- 
rative on  a  large  collection  of  Lord  Kitchener's 
published  papers,  dispatches,  speeches,  and  other 
pronouncements,  linking  his  own  words  together 
with  a  running  commentary.  Personal  estimates 
by  colleagues  like  Lord  Cromer  and  Lord  Roberts 
are  included. 

"The  Long  Road  of  Woman's  Memory,"  by 
Miss  Jane  Addams,  is  announced  for  immediate 
issue  by  Messrs.  Macmillan.  In  her  volume  Miss 
Addams  endeavors  to  develop  the  theme  that  many 
of  the  manifestations  of  modern  society  can  be 
traced  back  to  old  tribal  customs,  and  one  of  the 
most  curious  matters  she  deals  with  is  the  super- 
stition of  "the  devil  baby"  which  not  long  ago 
sprang  up  in  the  neighborhood  of  Hull  House. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


147 


THE  DIAL 


a  jFortmff&tl?  journal  of  iiterarp 

Criticism,  Discussion,  and  Information 


C.  J.  MASSECK,  Editor 


TRAVIS  HOKE,  Associate 


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TOPICS  ix  IJEADIXG  PERIODICALS. 

September,  1916. 


Abbott,  Lyman,  and  "The  Outlook."    Theodore 

Roosevelt Metropolitan 

Actors,  Salaries  of.  Rennold  Wolf  ....  American 
America  and  the  Russo-Japanese  Alliance. 

K.  K.  Kawakami Rev.  of  Revs. 

American  College,  The.  David  Starr  Jordan  .  .  Forum 
American  Diplomatic  Service.  G.  B.  Baker  .  .  Bookman 
Arnold,  Matthew,  and  the  Drama.  Brander 

Matthews  Bookman 

Bethmann-Hollweg  and  German  Policy. 

W.  C.  Dreher Century 

Brusiloff.      Charles    Johnston      ......     Atlantic 

Cancer,  Scientific  Investigation  of.  Leo  Loeb  .  Scientific 
Chemistry,  Substances  without.  John  Waddell  .  Scientific 
Chinese  Finance.  A.  P.  Winston  .  .  Quar.  Jour.  Econ. 

Civilization  Adrift.  R.  K.  Hack Atlantic 

Danish  West  Indies.  T.  Lothrop  Stoddard  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Davis,  Richard  Harding,  and  the  Real  Olancho. 

W.  H.  Porter Bookman 

Differential  Rates.  G.  P.  Watkins  .  .  Quar.  Jour.  Econ. 
Direct  Government,  Problem  of  Percentages  in. 

C.  O.  Gardner Am.  Pol.  Sc. 

Disruption,  Political  Theory  of.  H.  J.  Laski  .  Am.  Pot  Sc. 
Drama  for  Rural  Communities.  A.  G. 

Arvold Rev.  of  Revs. 

Duncan's  Death  in  "Macbeth."  Bernard  Rosenberg  .  Forum 
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before  the  advent  of  civilization — which  are  the  springs  of  politics  and  government.  It  is  a 
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Henry" James;   A  Critical  Study  By  FORD  MADOX  HUEFFER 

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Fifty  Years  of  a  Londoner's  Life  By  H.  G.  HIBBERT 

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the  music-hall,  "from  pothouse  to  palace."  Illustrated.    8vo.    $3.00 

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Mahomet,  Founder  of  Islam  By  G.  M.  DRAYCOTT 

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How  to  Study  Architecture  By  CHARLES  HENRY  CAFFIN 

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The  Art  of  Interior  Decoration 

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The  Art  of  Looking  at  Pictures 

By  CARL  H.  P.  THURSTON 
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Religion  in  Europe  and  the  World  Crisis  By  CHARLES  E.  OSBORNE 

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The  War  and  the  Soul  By  REV.  R.  J.  CAMPBELL 

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The  Adventures  of  a  Despatch  Rider  By  CAPTAIN  W.  H.  L.  WATSON 

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A  History  of  Ornament 

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Betty  at  Fort  Blizzard 

By  MOLLY  ELLIOTT  SEAWELL 

Four  illustrations  in  color  and  decorations  by  Edmund  Frederick.  Net  $1.50 

This  is  a  straightaway  army  love  story,  with  the  scene  laid  at  a  post  in  the 
far  Northwest.  It  is  a  sequel  to  the  famous  "Betty's  Virginia  Christmas,"  so 
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presented  in  a  delightfully  dainty  gift  book  style,  it  makes  a  charming  Christmas 
present. 

For  Boys  and  Girls 
With  Sam  Houston  in  Texas 

A   New   Trail   Blazer 
By  EDWIN  L.  SABIN 

Illustrated  by  Charles  H.  Stephens,  in  color  and  black  and  white.     Portrait  of 
Houston,  and  maps.  Net  $1.25 

Full  of  patriotism,  adventure  and  fight  with  the  Mexicans  is  this  new  story 
of  Houston  and  the  Lone  Star  State. 


Blackboard's  Island  :   A  Boy  Scout  Adventure 

By  RUPERT  SARGENT  HOLLAND 

Frontispiece  in  color.      Five  illustrations  in   black   and   white   by    Will   Thomson. 

Net  $1.25 

Three  boy  scouts  search  for  the  gold  of  Blackboard,  the  pirate,  amid  numerous 
adventures  in  the  islands  off  the  coast  of  South  Carolina. 


Ian  Hardy  Fighting  the 
•Moors 

By  COMMANDER  E.  HAMILTON 
CURREY 

Colored  illustrations.  Net  $1.50 

This  is  the  fourth  volume  in  a  series 

which  has  attained  unusual  popularity. 

A  School  Girl's  Diary 

By  MAY  BALDWIN 
Illustrated.  Net   $1.25 

There  are  few  writers  of  girls'  stor- 
ies who  lay  such  emphasis  upon  style 
as  does  Miss  Baldwin. 

Daring  Deeds  of  Famous 
Pirates 

By  LIEUT.  E.  KEBLE  CHATTERTON 
Many  illustrations  in  color.     Net  $1.25 

Stubbs  and  I 

By  FRANK  FORTUNE 

Six   illustrations   in   color.       Net   $1.25 
A  boy  scout  story  of  the  war. 


Marvels  of  Aviation 

By  CHARLES  C.  TURNER 

Flight  Lieutenant,  R.  N.  V.  R. 

Many  illustrations.  Net  $1.25 

The  Outlaw  of  the  Shell 

By  JOHN  FINNEMORE 
Six   illustrations  in   color.       Net   $1.25 
A    new   school   story  by   the    creator 
of  Teddy  Lester. 

Hollyhock 

By  LAURA  T.  MEADE 
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Miss  Meade's  story  of  school  life  will 
be  even  more  popular  than  "The 
Darling  of  the  School." 

Daring  Deeds  of  Trappers 
and  Hunters 

By  ERNEST  YOUNG,  B.  Sc. 
Many  illustrations  in  color.     Net  $1.25 

A  Boy  Scout  with  the 
Russians 

By   JOHN    FINNEMORE 
Six   illustrations   in   color.       Net   $1.25 


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By  C.  MATLACK  PRICE 

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The  War  and 
Humanity 

By  JAMES  M.  BECK 

Author  of  "The  Evi- 
dence in  the  Case" 
etc. 

The  more  than  a  mil- 
lion readers  who  were 
enthusiastic  over  "The 
Evidence  in  the  Case" 
will  welcome  this  keen 
"Analysis  of  the  Rights 
and  Immunities  of  Non- 
Combatants  and  of  the 
Duty  of  the  United 
States."  The  subjects 
considered  are :  "The 
Submarine  Contro- 
versy," "The  Case  of 
Edith  Cavell,"  "The 
Foreign  Policy  o  f 
George  Washington," 
"Where  There  Is  No 
Vision." 

12° 

Approximate  price 

$1.25 

The  Backwash 
of  the  War 

By  ELLEN  N.  LA  MOTTE 

Author  of  "The  Tuber- 
culosis Nurse,"  etc. 

This  is  war  of  to-day 
—  not  magnificent  and 
glorious,  but  naked, 
loathsome,  as  seen  in  an 
evacuation  hospital  a 
few  miles  behind  the 
French  lines.  These 
sketches  are  all  faith- 
fully true,  first-hand 
reports  from  the  front, 
written  in  the  bitterness 
of  the  moment,  not  by 
an  hysterical  assistant 
but  by  a  trained  scien- 
tist of  world-wide  rep- 
utation. 


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The  Home  Care  of  Consumptives 

By  EOY  L.  FRENCH 

In  understandable  language,  the  author  sets  forth 
truthfully  and  conscientiously  that  hope  and  encour- 
agement combined  with  sound  advice,  which  is  essen- 
tial to  improvement  in  all  tubercular  cases.  The 
instructions  are  very  clear,  not  only  as  to  how  to 
avoid  acquiring  tuberculosis,  but  how  to  avoid  giving 
it  to  others.  12°.  Illustrated.  $1.00 

Collected  Poems 

By  ARTHUR  PETERSON 

"There  are  many  things  which  poetry  now  strug- 
gles to  be  that  we  do  not  find  in  the  metrical  writings 
of  Arthur  Peterson,  but  we  do  find  themes  poetical  in 
themselves,  and  we  find  everywhere  the  sound,  manly 
common-sense  which  distinguished  the  earlier  genera- 
tion of  American  poets." — Richard  Henry  Stoddard. 

12°.    $1.25 


Compiled  by  KENNETH  GRAHAME 

Author  of  "Dream  Days,"  "The  Golden  Age," 

"Wind  in  the  Willows,"  etc. 

This  volume  is  compiled  for  children  and  not  about 
them.  Mr.  Grahame  has  made  his  collection  chiefly 
one  of  lyrical  verse,  because,  as  he  says,  "As  an  intro- 
duction to  English  Poetry  there  is  no  better  portal 
than  this."  The  volume  is  indexed  by  authors  and 
first  lines;  the  contents  are  classified. 
Crown  8°.  Picture  End  Papers.  $1.50 

One  Thousand  Shorter  Ways  Around 
The  House 

By  MAE  SAVELL  CROY 

A  handbook  of  the  home — its  building,  its  furnish- 
ing, and  its  management.  A  vast  number  of  hints  to 
the  housekeeper,  practical  and  valuable,  covering 
everything  from  garret  to  cellar.  1%°,  $1.50 

The  Complete  Auction  Player 

By  FLORENCE  IRWIN 

Author  of  "Fine  Points  of  Auction  Bridge" 
"Auction  High  Lights,"  etc. 

Miss  Irwin's  readers,  whom  she  has  guided  uner- 
ringly through  the  mazes  of  Auction,  will  be  glad  to 
learn  that  she  has  brought  together  into  one  volume 
all  the  important  points  heretofore  spread  through 
four.  This  volume  is  not  a  combining  of  the  others, 
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Reminiscences 
of  a  War-Time 
Statesman 
and  Diplomat 

1830-1915 

By 

FREDERICK  W.  SEWARD 

Assist.-Sec'y  of  State 
during  administrations 
of  Lincoln,  Johnson, 
and  Hayes. 

The  son  of  William 
Henry  Seward,  Secre- 
tory of  State  tinder  Lin- 
coln, Mr.  Seward  had  a 
remarkably  interesting 
and  distinguished  career. 
He  was  sent  to  warn 
Lincoln  of  the  plot  to 
assassinate  him  in  1861. 
He  was  Assistant  Secre- 
tary of  State  for  twelve 
years.  He  was  nearly 
murdered  in  his  father's 
defense  April  14,  1865, 
and  later  participated 
in  many  events  of  na- 
tional importance. 

5°.  6  Illustrations.  $330 


Recollections 
of  a  Happy  Life 

By  ELIZABETH 
CHRISTOPHERS  HOBSON 

From  the  opening 
chapters,  which  deal 
with  a  voyage  in  a  clip- 
per ship  around  the 
Horn  and  a  wedding 
trip  across  the  Isthmus 
in  the  fifties,  to  the  rec- 
ord of  the  organization 
of  the  Bellevue  Train- 
ing School  for  Nurses, 
thence  to  chapters  in- 
volving contact  with 
many  foreign  notabili- 
ties in  Europe  and  the 
Orient,  this  memoir,  rich 
in  personality  and  anec- 
dote, offers  the  variety 
of  interest  that  attaches 
to  a  replete  and  happy 
life.  8°.  $1.25 


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Addresses  of  Charles  Evans  Hughes 

With  an  Introduction  by  JACOB  GOULD  SCHURMAN 
President  of  Cornell  University 

In  these  public  utterances  are  contained  the  polit- 
ical philosophy  of  Hughes,  his  views  on  national  issues, 
his  statesmanship,  and  practical  grasp  of  affairs, — 
so  vital  to  the  proper  understanding  of  the  candi- 
date's qualifications  for  the  highest  office  at  the  dis- 
posal of  the  Nation.  No  voter  can  neglect  this  vol- 
ume, which  is  a  record,  in  the  candidate's  own  words, 
of  his  political  convictions.  12°.  $1.00 

The  French  Revolution 

By  Louis  MADELIN 

The  Eighteenth  Century  in  France 

By  CASIMTR  STRYIENSKI 

Though  separate  in  themselves,  these  volumes  con- 
stitute two  additions  to  the  National  History  of 
France,  edited  by  FT.  Funck-Brentano,  of  which 
Batiffol's  "Century  of  the  Renaissance"  has  already 
been  issued.  Both  of  these  volumes  have  been  crowned 
by  the  French  Academy,  "The  French  Revolution" 
having  won  the  much  coveted  Gobert  Prize. 

8°.    Each  $2.50 

PREVIOUSLY  PUBLISHED 

The  Renaissance  By  Louis  BATTIFOL 

VOLUMES  IN  PREPARATION 
The  Middle  Ages     By  FR.  FUNCK-BRENTANO 
The  Great  Century    By  JACQUES  BOULENGER 
The  Empire  By  Louis  MADELIN 

The  Seven  Wonders  of  the 
Ancient  World 

By  EDGAR  J.  BANKS 
Author  of  "Bismya"  etc. 

Everyone  refers  glibly  enough  to  the  seven  wonders 
—  how  many  can  name  them  all?  Yet  these  seven 
wonders  awed  ages  that  produced  the  civilizations  of 
Greece  and  Rome.  The  author  skilfully  describes  and 
places  them  in  their  proper  historical  setting,  sketch- 
ing the  times  and  conditions  that  produced  them. 

12°.    33  Illustrations  and  2  Maps.    $1.50 

The  Woman  Who  Wouldn't 

A  Play  In  Four  Acts 

By  ROSE  PASTOR  STOKES 

No  imaginative  play,  but  a  stern  picture  of  real 
life  —  harsh,  brutal,  strong.  The  scene  is  a  mining 
town,  and  before  the  reader  passes  the  terrible 
struggle  for  existence,  of  a  typical  miner's  family. 
In  the  development  of  her  heroine  —  the  girl  who  is 
big  enough  to  look  straight  at  the  future  —  the  author 
discloses  more  than  mere  talent. 

12°.   Approximate  Price,  $1J25 

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THE  CONTROL  OF  HUNGER  IN  HEALTH  AND  DISEASE 

by  Professor  A.  J.  Carlson.  A  book  of  more  than 
300  pages,  based  on  twenty  years  of  study  and  experi- 
mentation and  giving  by  far  the  most  complete  treat- 
ment of  this  subject  obtainable  in  book  form.  Ready 
September  25.  Price  $2.00,  postage  extra. 

THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE  EARTH,  in  which  Professor 

Thomas  C.  Chamberlin  rejects  the  older  views  of  the 
origin  of  our  planet  and  constructs  a  radically  new 
view  based  on  a  new  dynamic  foundation.  The  third 
volume  to  be  issued  in  the  University  of  Chicago 
Science  Series.  Price  $1.50,  postage  extra. 

THE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  RELIGION,  by  Professor  George 

A.  Coe.  The  firsl:  genuine  textbook  to  appear  on  this 
subject  and  delightfully  readable.  The  product  of  large 
experience,  profound  thinking,  and  idealistic  vision. 
Ready  in  November.  Price  $1.50,  postage  extra. 

In  THE  STORY  OF  THE  NEW  TESTAMENT  Edgar 

Johnson  Goodspeed  has  applied  the  modern  historical 
method  to  the  New  Testament  without  argument  or 
defense,  and  gives  an  illuminating  study  of  each  New 
Testament  book.  Price  $1.00,  postage  extra. 

ORIGIN  AND  GROWTH  OF  THE  HEBREW  RELIGION 

by  Henry  Thatcher  Fowler,  like  the  two  preceding 
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adult  classes  known  as  Handbooks  of  Ethics  and  Reli- 
gion. Ready  in  November.  Price  $1.00,  postage  extra. 

A  GUIDE  TO  THE  STUDY  OF  THE  CHRISTIAN  RELIGION 

edited  by  George  Birney  Smith,  furnishes  an  up-to- 
date,  comprehensive  survey  of  the  entire  field  of 
theological  scholarship.  Ready  in  October.  Price 
$2.50,  postage  extra. 

In  PRINCIPLES  OF  MONEY  AND  BANKING,  a  volume 

of  800  pages,  Harold  Glenn  Moulton  has  gathered  the 
besl  that  hundreds  of  students  have  written  on  the 
various  branches  of  money  and  banking  and  for 
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ductions. Price  $3.00,  postage  extra. 

ESSAYS  IN  EXPERIMENTAL  LOGIC— a  volume  contain- 
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THE  BLUE  CHINA  BOOK 

By  Ada  Walker  Camehl 

which  makes  a  specialty  of  the  Pottery  which  was 
decorated  with  pictures  of  American  historical  events, 
landscapes,  views  of  towns,  etc.,  in  the  early  days  of 
our  country's  history. 

But  the  book  does  not  confine  itself  to  this  single 
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of  Dr.  Edwin  Atlee  Barber. 

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CHARLES  E.  HUGHES 

The  Statement*  a*  Shown  in  the 
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Edited  by  his  daughter-in-law,  Castalia,  Countess  Granville. 

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the  political  and  social  life  of  Europe.  He  was  British  Ambassador  at  St.  Petersburg,  1804-1805, 
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By  the  Author  of  "The  Blindness  of  Virtue" 

THE  SINS  OF  THE  CHILDREN  SLSSS8 

A   vital   American   novel  by  the  author  of   "The  Blindness   of   Virtue."     The   relationship   between    father   and 
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Written  by  the  author  of  "The  Salamander."     Inga  Sonderson,  gifted,  beautiful,  having  much  to  give,  gives 
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splendid  achievement.     Illustrations  by  Howard  Chandler  Christy.                                                                           $1.40  net 

MISS  THEODOSIA'S 
HEARTSTRINGS 

By   ANNIE    HAMILTON   DONNELL 

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by   FANNIE   HEASLIP  LEA 

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PETEY  SIMMONS  AT 
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By  GEORGE  FITCH 
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More   breezy   accounts   of   Siwash   College,   the   last 
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The  Testament  of  William 
Windune,  and  Other  Poems 

By  JAMES  H.  WALUS 

By  HENRY  ST.  GEORGE  TUCKER 

"An  individual  and  new  note  in  contempo- 

The issue  between  Hughes  and  Wilson   on 

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this  question  makes  t.hig  book  of  crucial  in- 

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terest. 

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Jordan  Farms 

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Author  of  "The  World  That  God  Destroyed, 

and  Other  Poema" 

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and  Other  Poems 

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Drama 

Jeffersonian  Democracy  in 

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New  England 

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By  PAUL  CLAUDKL 

The  political  movement  whose   growth   and 

Translated  by  Louise  Morgan  Sill 

activity  are  discussed  by  the  author  have  an 

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Some  Cursory  Remarks 

Pepys  on  the  Restoration  Stage 

Made  by  James  Birket  in  His  Voyage  to  North 

Edited,  with  an  Introduction,  by 

America,  1750-1751 

HELEN  MCAFEE 

Birket    traveled    down    the    Atlantic    Coast, 
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Portsmouth  to  Philadelphia. 

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By  EDWIN  OVIATT 

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has  created  an  absorbingly  interesting  story. 

Contains  a  scenario  of  the  Pageant,  to  be 
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BOOKS  Fon 


^4  Fine  "The    Real    Mother    Goose,"    from    the 

Mother  Goose          Rand,  McNally  Press,  is  a  new  issue  of 

the   old    favorite   and   is    a   remarkable 

:  book,  containing  as   it  does   177   illustrations,   all  in  full 

color,  by   Blanche   Fisher  Wright  and  more   verses  than 

any  Mother  Goose  Book  we  have  seen.     The  new  volume 

is  called  "The  Real  Mother  Goose,"  a  fitting  title. 

No  pains  have  been  spared  to  give  full  value,  as  there 
are  32  full  pages  in  color  and  145  smaller  colored  illus- 
trations scattered  all  through  the  text.  These  are  the 
gayest  pictures,  lively,  humorous,  and  simple  in  treat- 
ment and  bright  in  coloring,  just  the  sort  to  delight  the 
clean,  sweet  mind  of  a  child. 

Mothers,  teachers  and  all  other  lovers  of  children  will 
surely  unit*  in  pronouncing  The  Real  Mother  Goose  as 
in  every  way  desirable  and  we  predict  for  it  a  wonder- 
ful success,  representing  as  it  does  all  that  is  best  in  text, 
illustrations  and  make  up.  It  is  printed  on  excellent 
paper  and  has  an  attractive  jacket  in  color  by  Milo 
Winter.  (Rand  McNally  &  Co.  $1.60.) 


Bobbie 
Bubbles 


This  a  delightful  story  of  the  dream  adven- 
tures of  a  email  boy  journeying  through  the 
skies  in  a  bubble,  written  jointly  by  E.  Hugh 
Sherwood  and  Maud  Gridley  Budlong.  It  is  prettily  con- 
ceived, full  of  color  and  movement,  and  teems  with  odd 
situations  and  harmless  excitement.  Mr.  Sherwood  has 
contributed  40  excellent  illustrations  in  color  and  line 
which  are  as  airy  as  the  little  story  itself.  (Rand  Mc- 
Nally &  Co.  Net  50  cents.) 


Adventures  of 
Sonny  Bear 


Bear,  and  his  big,  big  father  and 
This  collection  of  little  stories  by 
Frances  Margaret  Fox,  about  Sonny 
middle-sized  mother,  is  ideal.  Not  only  is  the  style  un- 
usually winning  but  the  characters  as  well  are  to  be 
loved  dearly.  Unfailing  good-humor,  tenderness,  and 
sympathy  are  displayed  by  all  the  members  of  the 
family,  and  so  poignant,  appealing,  and  altogether 
pleasant  are  the  simple  virtues  made  to  appear  that 
the  little  book  is  positively  inspiring.  The  secret  of  its 
grip — for  it  has  grip — probably  lies  in  the  fact  that  it  is 
brimful  of  fun.  At  the  end  of  every  story  you  feel  like 
taking  Sonny  Bear  up  and  giving  him  a  good  hug.  The 
key-note  of  Father  Bear's  existence  is  "Ta-de-dum-dum- 
dum,"  a  slogan  that  is  indeed  funny  when  echoed  by 
Sonny  Bear.  Mother  Bear  is  jolly  and  efficient  at  all 
times.  16  full  page  illustrations  in  color ;  20  in  black  and 
white.  (Rand  McNally  &  Co.  Net  50  cents.) 


This  delightful  book,  by  Arland  D. 
Playdayson  Weeks,  is  devoted  to  the  doings  of  a 

Plum  Blossom  family  of  bears,  whose  characteristics 
Creek  will'  appeal  strongly  to  children.  Mr. 

Bear,  fussy  and  comical,  is  inclined  to 
laziness,  while  Mrs.  Bear  is  always  thinking  of  his  com- 
fort and  the  happiness  of  her  funny  little  children. 
From  the  first  chapter,  where  they  sally  forth  to  a  pic- 
nic, to  the  last,  where  a  motorcycle  sets  them  guessing 
and  causes  them  to  leave  their  old  home  on  the  creek,  a 
sense  of  reality  pervades  these  stories,  which  cannot  fail 
to  hold  and  amuse  young  readers.  16  colored  and  15  black 
and  white  illustrations  by  Warner  Carr.  (Rand  McNally 
&  Co.  Net  75  cents. 


The  Land  of  This  *s  a  "zipping,"  fantastic  story,  by 

n  ,  Lilian  Bell,  full  of  puns  and  nonsensical 

verse  that  will  keep  children  laughing 
Want-To  much  as  do  Lewis  Carroll's  books.  The 

Land  of  Don't-Want-To  is  a  land 
peopled  by  little  boys  and  girls,  winds,  and  various  other 
things  that  don't  want  to  do  the  things  that  they  ought 
to  do,  and  a  very  confusing,  uncertain  place  it  is.  Billy, 
having  said,  "I  don't  want  to"  more  times  than  he  should 
have,  is  snatched  from  his  home  by  the  Don't-want-tos, 
but  is  rescued  from  them  by  the  Fairy  Nimbus,  who  asks 
him  to  help  in  the  difficult  task  of  finding  the  South 
Pole,  which  has  tired  of  its  post  and  left.  They  start 
out  in  a  wondrous  craft,  The  Flying  Lobster,  and  many 
thrilling  adventures  are  theirs  before  the  reign  of  King 
Harmony  and  Queen  Gentledeed  puts  an  end  to  the  Land 
of  Don't-Want-To  itself.  The  character  of  these  inci- 
dents may  be  guessed  from  such  names  as  Mrs.  Seal, 
Mrs.  Spank- You,  the  Scorpion,  the  Vacuum,  the  Fixed 
Star,  the  Polar  Bear,  the  Equine  Ox — who  appears  and 
disappears  like  the  Cheshire  Cat  in  "Alice  in  Wonder- 
land," but  is  a  loquacious  person  greatly  given  to  speak- 
ing rhyme.  10  full  page  illustrations  in  color  and  25  in 
black  and  white  by  Milo  Winter.  (Rand  McNally  &  Co. 
Price  $1.25.) 


/  Wonder          This    is    a    volume    of    simple    verses,    by 
.„,  Elizabeth  Gordon,  each  of  which  seems  to 

express  a  question  which  is,  at  one  time  or 
another,  in  the  mind  of  the  child.  The  topsy-turvy  reflec- 
tions in  the  brook,  the  arrival  of  the  little  brother,  the 
strange  effect  upon  objects  seen  through  the  opera  glass, 
the  mystery  of  the  words  that  seem  to  flow  from  the 
pencil's  point,  and  the  echo — these  and  similar  subjects, 
quaintly  illustrated  by  M.  T.  ("Penny")  Ross,  form  the 
contents  of  this  whimsical  little  book.  16  colored  and  48 
black  and  white  illustrations.  (Rand  McNally  &  Co. 
Net  50  centts. 


When  Little 
Thoughts 
Go  Rhyming 


To  read  this  charming  book  of  verse,  by 
Elizabeth  Knobel,  brings  a  vision  of  a 
gentle  little  angel-face  wandering  "with 
the  roses  in  the  Land  o'  the  Supposes." 
Writing  with  a  true  poetic  sense,  the 
author  clothes  the  most  delightful  child  fancies  in  verse 
of  pleasing  smoothness  and  rhythm,  shining  with  the 
author's  ideas  of  gentleness,  content,  love  of  the  beauti- 
ful in  nature.  Treasured  in  memory  they  will  perpetuate 
the  inestimable  qualities  of  childhood  in  the  child,  and 
help  adults  to  be  again  as  little  children,  "lifting  eyes 
from  dusty  roads  to  shining  skies."  10  full  page  illustra- 
tions in  color  and  35  in  black  and  white  by  Maginel 
Wright  Enright.  (Rand  McNally  &  Co.  Net  75  cents.) 


Two  New 

Windermere 

Books 


Rand  McNally  &  Company  have  brought 
out  two  additions  to  the  popular  Win- 
dermere Series,  superbly  illustrated  in 
color  by  Milo  Winter.  They  are 
"Alice  in  Wonderland  and  Through  the 
Looking  Glass,"  by  Lewis  Carroll  and  "Andersen's  Fairy 
Tales."  The  ever-popular  Carroll  stories,  with  such 
splendid  illustrations  by  Mr.  Winter,  will  make  an  acept- 
able  gift  for  both  young  and  old,  while  the  Andersen 
Fairy  Tales  make  a  volume  that  will  prove  attractive  to 
both  parents  and  children.  Each  book  has  14  full  page 
illustrations  in  color.  (Net  $1.35.) 

Other  titles  in  the  Windermere  Series  are:  Arabian 
Nights  Entertainments,  Grimm's  Fairy  Tales,  Robinson 
Crusoe,  A  Wonder  Book,  Treasure  Island,  Tanglewood 
Tales,  and  Gulliver's  Travels.  (Rand  McNally  &  Co. 
Cloth.  Net  $1.35.  Reinforced  binding,  net  $1.50.) 


These  Attractive  New  Books  for  Children  Are  Now  Ready 

RAND  McNALLY  &  CO.     Publishers    Chicago 


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FICTION 


THE    WORLD    FOR    SALE      By  Sir  Gilbert  Parker 

A  vivid  story  of  the  Canadian  Northwest  picturing  the  rivalry  between  an  empire-builder  and  a  gipsy  for  the 
girl  who  loved  both  the  hearth  and  the  wild,  and  the  rivalry  between  the  inhabitants  of  two  lawless  frontier  towns. 
Barker  weaves  into  a  fascinating'  whole  the  loves,  hates,  and  ambitions  of  Indians,  gipsies,  French  coureurs  de 
bob,  a  musician,  a  wastrel,  and  the  great  builder.  Illustrated.  $U5  net 


Second  Choice 


By  WILL  N.  HARBEN 

Quickened  by  the  spirit  of  youth  with  its  aspira- 
tions and  its  love-glow,  and  containing  a  chuckling 
new  vein  of  humor — a  novel  of  Georgia  by  Will  N. 
Harben,  but  more  than  that,  a  novel  of  intensely 
human  people  for  every  reader  everywhere. 

Frontispiece.     $U5  net 

Peace  and  Ouiet 

By  EDWIN  MILTON  ROYLE 
Author  of  "The  Squaw  Man" 

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THE    DIAL 


[September  21,  1916 


NEW  FALL  MACMILLAN  BOOKS 


H.  G.  WELLS'  New  Novel 

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Ready  in  September 

The  Dublin  Insurrection 

By  JAMES  STEPHENS.  Written  day  by  day  during 
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really  interpret  its  unusual  spirit. 

Ready  in  October.     (2.00 


The  Hungry  Stones  and 
Other  Stories 

RABINDRANATH'S  TAGORE'S  new  book.  Mr.  Tagore's 
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by  native  Indian  artists.  None  of  the  material  in 
this  volume  has  ever  appeared  before  in  English. 

Ready  in  October 

The  Locked  Chest  and  the 
Sweeps  of  Ninety-Eight 

Two  new  one-act  plays.  By  JOHN  MASEFIELD. 
Most  interesting  examples  of  Mr.  Masefield's  power 
as  a  dramatist.  The  edition  is  limited  and  is  printed 
from  type  on  fine  paper.  Ready  in  September 

Industrial  Idealism  in  Practice 

By  IDA  M.  TARBELL.  Embodies  the  results  of  Miss 
Tarbell's  prolonged  investigation  in  the  field  of  busi- 
ness. It  is  an  amazing  story  of  men  who  have  risen 
from  the  smallest  beginnings  and  of  the  new  spirit 
now  manifest  in  all  large  enterprises. 

Ready  in  October 

The  Long  Road  of  Woman's 
Memory 

By  JANE  ADDAMS.  A  book  of  surpassing  interest 
enriched  by  numerous  anecdotes  and  stories  drawn 
from  the  author's  long  and  varied  experience. 

Ready  October  4 


GEORGE  MOORE'S  New  Novel 

THE  BROOK  KERITH 


NOW  THIRD  EDITION 


He 


"In  'The  Brook  Kerith'  George  Moore  employs  his  finest  art  in  an  audacious  way. 
evokes  ...  as  does  Flaubert  in  'Salammbo, '  a  vanished  land,  a  vanished  civilization  .  .  . 
in  a  style  that  is  artistically  beautiful.  Never  has  he  written  with  such  sustained  power,  inten- 
sity and  nobility  of  phrasing,  such  finely  tempered,  modulating  prose." — New  York  Sun. 

"He  vitalizes  Jesus,  Paul,  Joseph  and  all  his  characters  .  .  .  touches  the  furthest  imag- 
inative reaches.  .  .  In  many  respects  even  more  plausible  than  the  accepted  story." — Boston 
Transcript. 

1 '  A  compelling  novel  ...  a  remarkable  literary  achievement.  .  .  Nothing  George  Moore 
has  written  has  such  sustained  beauty  and  dignity.  " — The  Bookman.  $1.50 


The  Macmillan  Company     :     Publishers     :      New  York 


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THE  DIAL 

3  jf ortntgttlp  journal  of  Utttrarp  Criticism,  Discussion,  anb  information. 


Vol.  LXI 


SEPTEMBER  21,  1916 


No.  7g5 


COXTEXTS. 


HENRI  DE  REGNIER.     Bichard  Aldington  ;  .   171 

THE    ART    OF    JOSEPH    CONRAD.      George 

Bernard  Donlin 172 

CASUAL  COMMENT 175 

Ancient  Greek  prototypes  of  free  Terse. — 
A  war  of  attrition  on  our  orthography. — 
Penalties  of  literature. — A  stimulus  to  epis- 
tolary art. — The  question  of  book  fines. — 
The  catalogue  game.  —  A  new  use  for 
"  Esquire. " —  Unwelcome  literary  visitors. — 
By  the  shores  of  old  romance. — Promoting 
popularity  of  the  dictionary. — The  Round 
Table. — Interest  in  poetry. 

COMMUNICATIONS        .....     ..',    .       179 

The    New    Sappho    Fragment.      Benjamin 
Horton. 

Prosper    Merimee    and    "The    Pied    Piper." 
Benj.  A.  Woodbridge. 

Disavowal  and  a  Protest.     Lewis  Worthing- 
ton  Smith. 

Psychology  and  Free  Verse.  E.  W.  Dolch,  Jr. 

A  PROPHET  LOOKS  BACKWARD.     Norman 

Foergter 182 

THE  AMERICAN  CITY.    Frederic  Austin  Ogg  185 

A  NEW  LIGHT  ON  A  DARK  PROBLEM.   Paul 

Blackwelder 186 

MANY  ASPECTS   OF   THE  WAR.     T.  D.  A. 

CocTcerell 187 

WITH  THE  ALLIES.    Travis  HoTce  .      .      .      .189 

MR.     GEORGE     MOORE'S     NEW     CKRIST. 

Edward  Garnett    .  .   191 


RECENT  FICTION.    Edward  E.  Hale 


.   193 


THREE    NOT    OF    A    KIND.      William    Lyon 

Phelps 196 

NOTES  ON  NEW  NOVELS 197 

A  TANTALUS  IN  THE  BOOK  FLOOD.   Percy 

F.  Bicknell 213 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 215 

An  account  of  our  National  Capital,  1815- 
18.  —  The  psychology  of  vocations.  —  New 
England  essays. — The  supernatural  in  trag- 
edy.—  On  the  campus. —  Germans  in  Ger- 
many 's  defense.  —  Sir  Henry  Lucy 's  remi- 
niscences. 

THE  FALL  ANNOUNCEMENT  LIST  .      .      .218 
LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  .   231 


HENRI  DE  RGGNIER. 


In  the  garden  of  an  old  French  country 
mansion  is  a  round  marble  fish-pond  in  the 
midst  of  which  stands  a  green  bronze  Triton 
spouting  a  white  thread  of  water  from  his 
twisted  shell.  The  garden  is  carefully 
ordered,  with  wide  neat  lawns  bordered  with 
myrtles,  and  with  smooth  paths  between  box- 
wood hedges.  Along  the  sunniest  wall  are 
robust  espalier  fruits,  downy  peaches,  sav- 
oury pears,  and  fragrant  apricots.  Graceful, 
tenuous,  delicate  people  move  along  these 
paths  and  across  these  lawns ;  beautiful  girls 
scatter  rose  petals  in  the  water  under  the 
bronze  Triton;  philosophic  abbes  taste  with 
rapture  the  juice  of  a  "ladies-thigh"  pear, 
and  couples,  gallant  and  highbred,  sigh 
beneath  the  myrtles  or  consummate  their 
affection  behind  a  screen  of  bays,  under  the 
benign  smile  of  a  marble  goddess,  chipped 
and  faintly  stained  with  green  moss. 

In  that  garden  pass  many  of  the  scenes  of 
M.  de  Regnier's  tranquil  and  exquisite  novels 
—  a  tranquillity  which  sometimes  is  broken 
by  tragedy,  more  often  by  a  gentle  laugh ;  an 
exquisiteness,  palpable  in  his  characters  and 
in  his  silver  prose,  an  exquisiteness  never  lost 
even  in  his  most  "galant"  or  realistic 
moments. 

For  M.  de  Begnier  loves  France,  and  he 
loves  the  eighteenth  century  without  dis- 
daining his  own;  he  loves  everything  that 
can  minister  to  senses  delicate  in  themselves 
and  refined  with  connoisseurship  and  good- 
breeding. 

He  loves  Italy. 

Somewhere  or  other  —  in  his  "Passe 
Vivant"  perhaps, —  he  has  a  character  who 
longs  to  travel  in  Italy  and  to  re-live,  with 
his  memoirs,  the  adventures  of  Casanova. 
Those  extraordinary  memoirs  of  an  extra- 
ordinary man,  which  once  read  are  never 
forgotten,  seem  to  have  fascinated  M.  de 
Regnier.  One  can  well  imagine  him  in  Venice 
walking  through  the  narrow  "calli"  behind 
the  Piazza  in  search  of  the  scene  of  some 
Casanovian  exploit,  or  taking  a  gondola  for 
Chioggia  and  reading  on  the  way  Casanova's 


172 


THE    DIAL 


[September  21 


account  of  his  pleasant  and  unpleasant  adven- 
tures in  that  now  inconsiderable  town. 

M.  de  Regnier  has  written  several  novels, 
and  there  is  hardly  one  which  does  not  touch, 
at  least  in  part,  upon  Italy,  the  Italy  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  "La  Double  Maitresse," 
which  to  me  is  M.  de  Regnier 's  most  attrac- 
tive work,  passes  partly  in  provincial  France 
and  partly  in  Rome,  in  a  Rome  so  sensitively 
felt  and  presented  that  it  becomes  mingled 
witli  the  pictures  one's  memory  keeps  of  the 
real  Rome  and  creates  another  and  more 
fairy-like  city  of  sun  and  churches  and  bells, 
antique  monuments,  cardinals  and  rogues! 
To  the  tradesman  and  to  the  Futurist  no  city 
is  more  uninteresting  than  Rome,  though  it 
be  striated  with  tram-ways  and  leprous  with 
white-plaster  imitations  of  American  archi- 
tecture. For  a  person  of  imagination,  its 
attraction  is  inexhaustible.  M.  de  Regnier 
cannot  speak  of  it  without  making  us  love  it 
more. 

For  he  is  not  of  those  who  make  literature 
from  violence  and  from  hatred.  He  is  as 
much  of  an  intellectual  Epicure  as  Anatole 
France;  and  since  in  his  novels  he  philoso- 
phizes less  and  enjoys  more,  the  better  Epi- 
curean he!  I  do  not  know  another  writer 
living  whose  mere  use  of  words  gives  me  such 
pleasure  as  does  M.  de  Regnier;  if  he  con- 
siders life  from  the  Epicurean  standpoint, 
how  much  more  literature!  One  seems  to 
taste  his  sentences,  cool,  savoury,  and  deli- 
cious. His 'books  are  baskets  of  fruits,  warm, 
golden  with  sunshine,  and  colored  —  red 
apples,  yellow  pears,  gold  grapes,  purple 
grapes  —  which  he  presents  us  with  princely 
hauteur.  RICHARD  ALDINGTON. 


THE  ART  OF  JOSEPH  CONRAD. 


The  spectacle  presented  by  such  a  writer  as 
Joseph  Conrad  is  disturbing.  He  has  been 
publishing  tales  and  novels  for  twenty  years 
now ;  yet  he  has  so  little  adaptability  that  he 
actually  retains  many  of  the  virtues  of  the 
amateur :  not  the  least  of  which  is  a  complete 
innocence  of  mind  with  regard  to  the  public's 
view  of  his  task.  He  refuses  to  see  himself 
in  the  role  of  popular  entertainer;  it  is  hardly 
surprising,  therefore,  if  a  good  many  people 
fail  to  find  him  entertaining.  He  is  notori- 
ously wilful:  he  persists  in  writing  what  he 
wishes  to  write,  precisely  as  he  wishes  to  write 


it,  without  stopping  to  ask  whether  it  is  what 
the  public  may  want  to  read.  In  fact,  he  has 
the  air  of  deferring  to  his  audience  as  little 
as  possible.  He  has  the  simplicity,  or  the 
effrontery,  to  assert  that  the  artist  has  his 
own  dignity;  that  he  has  a  responsibility  to 
his  talent,  whatever  it  may  be ;  and  that  this 
responsibility  is,  after  all,  his  chief  concern. 
In  an  age  so  triumphantly  commercial  that 
even  the  writer's  trade  may  be  made  commer- 
cially profitable,  this  is  surely  a  suicidal  her- 
esy. A  discreet  author  holding  such  views 
would  at  least  keep  them  to  himself ;  Mr.  Con- 
rad has  no  tact.  He  reveals  the  full  measure 
of  his  innocence  in  the  preface  to  "The  Nig- 
ger of  the  Narcissus,"  where  he  dares  to  plead 
for  the  artist's  right  to  be  accepted  on  his 
own  terms,  to  be  allowed  to  do  what  he  can 
do  best: 

The  sincere  endeavor  to  accomplish  this  creative 
task  [the  perfect  blending  of  form  and  substance], 
to  go  as  far  on  that  road  as  his  strength  will  carry 
him,  to  go  undeterred  by  faltering,  weariness,  or 
reproach,  is  the  only  valid  justification  of  the 
worker  in  prose.  And  if  his  conscience  is  clear 
his  answer  to  those  who,  in  the  fulness  of  a  wis- 
dom which  looks  for  immediate  profit,  demand 
specifically  to  be  edified,  consoled,  amused;  who 
demand  to  be  promptly  improved,  or  encouraged, 
or  frightened,  or  shocked,  or  charmed,  must  run: 
My  task  which  I  am  trying  to  achieve  is,  by  the 
power  of  the  written  word,  to  make  you  hear,  to 
make  you  feel, — it  is,  before  all,  to  make  you  see. 
That  —  and  no  more,  and  it  is  everything.  If  I 
succeed,  you  shall  find  there  according  to  your 
deserts:  encouragement,  consolation,  fear,  charm — 
all  you  demand  and,  perhaps,  also  that  glimpse  of 
truth  for  which  you  have  forgotten  to  ask. 

Owing  to  this  stiff-necked  attitude,  it  is 
absolutely  necessary,  if  you  are  to  read  Mr. 
Conrad's  books  at  all,  to  accept  both  his 
method  and  his  personality,  a  personality  in 
which  they  are  veritably  steeped,  a  person- 
ality that  is  never  repressed  in  the  interest 
of  any  so-called  objective  rendering  of  things. 
Natures  like  his  easily  surrender  the  objective 
ideal  as  an  allusion.  However  much  the 
familiar  human  gesture  may  solicit  their  sym- 
pathy, it  hardly  tempts  them  to  facile  inter- 
pretations. They  remain  wary  and  more  than 
a  bit  skeptical.  Where  so  much  remains 
unknown,  why  assume  a  knowing  air  over  a 
few  trifles?  It  is  a  part  of  their  veracity  to 
present  everything  from  a  definite  point  of 
view:  their  own.  So  far  as  Mr.  Conrad  is 
concerned,  he  has  avowedly  accepted  the  say- 
ing of  Anatole  France  that,  when  we  no  longer 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


173 


have  the  self-control  necessary  to  keep  silent, 
we  can  talk  only  of  ourselves.  All  his  work 
has  the  air  of  a  personal  confession :  his  nov- 
els and  tales  no  less  than  the  strange  and 
delightful  books,  full  of  mixed  perspectives, 
a  little  umbrageous  here  and  there,  in  which 
he  has  talked  frankly  to  his  readers  as  man 
to  man.  Indeed,  he  has  already  given  us  so 
much  the  measure  of  his  tastes,  opinions,  and 
convictions  in  his  fiction  that  attentive  read- 
ers must  have  found  little  for  which  they 
were  unprepared  in  "A  Personal  Record."  It 
served  to  clench  our  impressions ;  that  was  all. 

Our  curiosity  as  to  facts  is  so  much  greater 
than  our  curiosity  as  to  opinions  that  a  writer 
with  a  relentlessly  personal  way  of  seeing 
things  succeeds,  if  he  succeeds  at  all,  in  spite 
of  his  point  of  view.  Mr.  Conrad's  success 
is  not  even  now  a  broad  one.  Many  readers, 
I  know,  think  of  him  as  paring  life  ruthlessly 
down  to  his  preconceptions,  and  they  will  not 
have  it.  A  habit  that  grows  really  out  of  his 
humility  in  the  face  of  a  puzzling  world 
seems  to  them  the  expression  of  an  immense 
and  uneasy  ego.  They  resent  it  especially  in 
" Youth,"  in  "Chance,"  in  all  the  series  of 
tales  in  which  Marlow  appears  as  spokesman 
and  Greek  chorus.  Now,  it  is  certainly 
Marlow  who  gives  the  tone, — a  little,  in  its 
unity  and  sobriety,  the  tone  of  time, — and 
who  is  Marlow  but  Mr.  Conrad  ?  they  want  to 
know.  Well,  the  point  might  be  debated ;  but 
let  us  yield  it  fully  and  freely, — let  us  admit 
that  Marlow  is  Mr.  Conrad.  What  then? 
For  those  of  us  who  know  how  to  savor  it, 
that  tone  is  precisely  one  of  the  charms  of 
our  author ;  it  is  what  we  would  least  willingly 
spare  in  him.  It  gives  us  the  sense  of  com- 
paring notes  with  an  experienced  and  subtle 
observer  who  does  us  the  honor  of  letting  us 
completely  into  the  secret,  who  does  not  keep 
us  in  the  dark  as  to  his  own  values.  But  even 
such  candor  as  his  often  goes  for  nothing, — 
actually  helps,  indeed,  to  build  up  a  false 
impression. 

Mr.  Conrad  passes  with  many  readers  for 
an  ironical  spirit ;  it  is  one  of  the  adjectives 
most  frequently  applied  to  him  —  wrongly,  as 
I  believe.  At  least  of  the  irony  that  is  truly 
wounding  he  has  almost  nothing.  A  mature 
writer,  he  spares  us  his  illusions.  Certainly 
he  avoids  sentimentality ;  but  when  has  a  nov- 
elist been  forced  to  choose  between  irony  and 
its  reverse?  Doubtless  he  is  suspect  because 
of  what  is  known  of  his  tastes.  Anyone  can 


see  that  he  has  formed  himself  on  French 
rather  than  English  models.  His  eloquence 
and  his  volubility  are  not  in  the  best  English 
tradition,  any  more  than  his  fastidiousness  is. 
His  admiration  for  Flaubert  is  no  secret. 
Indeed,  I  suspect  him  of  having  read  with 
a  peculiar  sympathy  the  whole  group  of  artis- 
tic writers  that  flourished  towards  the  end  of 
the  last  century.  But  if  these  Frenchmen  did 
influence  him,  it  was  rather  on  the  plastic 
side.  In  the  first  place,  he  has  none  of  the 
inhumanity  of  the  studio  writers, — a  moral 
obtuseness  more  shocking  to  good  sense  than 
any  mere  insensibility  to  beauty.  And  then, 
he  does  not  intellectualize  his  impressions. 
He  sees  everything  through  the  softening, 
reconciling  light  of  the  emotions:  the  plight 
of  Lord  Jim,  the  simple  and  tremendous  devo- 
tion of  Captain  Whalley,  the  bizarre  fate  of 
the  unspeakable  Kurtz.  Irony  lies  in  him 
close  to  pity,  the  pity  of  the  great  Slavic 
writers  whose  inspiration  he  is  fortunate 
enough  to  share.  It  is  as  far  as  possible  from 
the  irony  of  a  Maupassant  or  of  an  Anatole 
France,  from  that  of  the  Gallic  genius  gen- 
erally. It  seems  to  me  to  be  nothing  more 
heartless  than  an  alert  sense  of  the  amusing 
and  tragic  disproportion  of  things,  a  pardon- 
able reluctance  to  figure  as  the  dupe  of  one's 
outraged  emotions.  It  is  pity  stiffened  and 
made  virile  by  a  calm  acceptance  of  the  ter- 
restrial show.  Such  pity  will  hardly  be  hys- 
terical or  exasperated;  it  will  have  its  own 
decent  reserves. 

Mr.  Conrad's  stoical  acceptance  of  things 
as  they  are,  creates  something  of  the  effect  of 
a  reasoned  philosophy.  In  reality,  he  is 
unique  among  modern  writers  in  the  degree 
in  which  he  combines  a  complicated  manner 
with  the  greatest  simplicity  of  substance.  His 
values  have  undergone  no  transvaluation  with 
Nietzsche  or  with  Ibsen ;  it  is  hard  to  imagine 
him  breathing  the  same  air  with  Mr.  Shaw. 
It  is  no  use  denying  that  if  he  did  not  claim 
and  delightfully  vindicate  his  right  to  make 
an  added  charm  even  of  his  limitations,  his 
philosophy  would  hardly  suffice  to  grapple 
with  so  bristling  a  problem  as  our  modern 
industrial  civilization.  Its  characteristic  vir- 
tues too  often  escape  his  eye ;  its  vices  stand 
out  like  quills  on  the  porcupine.  He  suspects 
us  dwellers  in  cities  of  vast  sophistries,  of 
oblique  and  incalculable  processes.  The 
hypocrisy  and  intrigue  of  business  revolt  him. 
They  are  constantly  driving  him  to  take  ref- 


174 


THE    DIAL 


[September  21 


uge  on  the  sea,  among  men  whose  vices  are 
the  instinctive  animal  vices  and  whose  inno- 
cence emerges  triumphant  from  pothouse  and 
brothel.  Observe  how  he  bridles  when  he 
seeks,  in  "Chance,"  to  give  us  some  notion  of 
the  whole  twisted  and  inexplicable  structure 
of  modern  finance.  He  really  cannot  bring 
himself  to  depict  for  us  the  chicane  by  which 
de  Barral  kept  himself  precariously  afloat.  We 
are  led  to  suspect  that  he  does  not  understand 
it.  He  frets,  like  his  own  Captain  Anthony, 
to  be  away  on  the  sea,  where  men  lead  clean 
lives  and  struggle  only  with  the  elements, 
trafficking  in  real  things  and  not  in  money. 
This  contempt  for  trade  runs  like  a  refrain 
through  tale  after  tale  of  the  tropical  oceans. 
He,  ignores,  in  other  words,  precisely  that 
aspect  of  our  modern  world  that  is  most 
worthy  of  attention. 

Nor  is  it  our  trade  alone  that  he  finds  dis- 
tasteful :  our  whole  complicated  way  of  taking 
things  strikes  him,  I  fancy,  as  a  little  confus- 
ing. Intellectual  virtuosity,  especially  in  the 
realm  of  morals,  leaves  him  cold.  Mankind 
ought,  he  says,  to  be  impressionable  rather 
than  reflective.  "Nothing  humanely  great  — 
great,  I  mean,  as  affecting  a  whole  mass  of 
lives  —  has  come  from  reflection."  Or, 
again:  "Those  who  read  me  know  my  con- 
viction that  the  world,  the  temporal  world, 
rests  on  a  very  few  simple  ideas;  so  simple 
that  they  must  be  as  old  as  the  hills.  It  rests 
notably,  among  others,  on  Fidelity!"  There 
is  nothing  revolutionary  in  such  a  confession 
of  faith.  Mr.  Conrad  renders  homage  to  a 
few  august  or  simple  moods  of  the  human 
spirit:  to  courage,  on  the  one. hand,  and  to 
loyalty;  on  the  other,  to  that  unheroic  ade- 
quacy to  the  day's  work  which  is  the  cement 
of  society.  He  likes  to  see  these  primitive 
virtues  given  their  freest  play  in  a  primitive 
world.  He  delights  to  show  how  the  wild 
places  of  the  earth  work  upon  and  alter  our 
conventional  attitudes  and  judgments.  Such 
as  survive  the  test  are  men.  But  even  so,  they 
must  be  prepared  to  get  along  without  the 
rewards.  In  Mr.  Conrad's  pages  people  never 
win  happiness  by  deserving  it.  His  veracity 
will  allow  nothing  of  the  sort.  Nor  does  he 
feel  any  obligation  to  make  out  so  facile  a 
case  for  the  morality  of  the  universe.  "The 
ethical  view  of  the  universe  involves  us  at  last 
in  so  many  cruel  and  absurd  contradictions, 
where  the  last  vestiges  of  faith,  hope,  charity, 
and  even  reason  itself,  seem  ready  to  perish, 


that  I  have  come  to  suspect  that  the  aim  of 
creation  cannot  be  ethical  at  all.  I  would 
fondly  believe  that  its  object  is  purely  spec- 
tacular: a  spectacle  for  awe,  love,  adoration, 
or  hate,  if  you  like,  but  in  this  view  —  and 
in  this  view  alone  —  never  for  despair!"  If 
living  in  such  a  universe  Mr.  Conrad  is  still 
not  a  pessimist,  I  suspect  it  is  largely  because 
he  finds  people  acquitting  themselves  with  a 
decent  show  of  courage.  The  spectacle  of  that 
courage  is,  I  feel  sure,  one  of  the  things  he 
prizes  most;  his  tranquility  in  a  world  he 
thinks  of  as,  on  the  whole,  rather  cruel  and 
hard  is  doubtless  the  result  of  his  waiting  so 
confidently  for  some  fresh  evidence  of  the 
sufficiency  of  man's  spirit.  But  for  such  an 
attitude  no  very  profound  kind  of  philosophy 
is  required. 

Two  qualities  stand  between  Mr.  Conrad 
and  a  wide  public:  his  veracity  and  his  love 
of  beauty.  The  splendid  cadence  of  his  prose 
makes  more  irritating  the  "barbaric  yawp" 
of  much  contemporary  verse.  His  style  is 
rich,  harmonious,  and  varied,  living  and  full 
of  warmth.  Only  occasionally  does  one  feel 
the  tedium  of  word  painting, — never  in  his 
later  work.  Yet  he  abounds  in  pictures  struck 
off  swiftly  and  with  fine  imaginative  suffi- 
ciency,— pictures  of  the  gleaming  tranquility 
of  waters  under  a  tropical  sun;  of  the  sud- 
den, appalling  onrush  of  storms  and  their 
maniacal  fury;  of  the  immemorial  calm  of 
the  jungle,  brooding  inert  over  a  teeming  and 
mysterious  activity.  The  effect  is  always 
large  and  free,  as  of  a  globe  swimming  in 
ether,  a  sea  empty  to  the  horizon.  And  this 
vastness,  this  aloofness  of  nature  is  set  over 
against  the  feverish  comings  and  goings  of 
men,  crawling  with  oars  up  tropical  rivers 
between  endless  banks  of  mud,  risking  infec- 
tion, madness,  death,  all  manner  of  nameless 
evils  for  the  sake  of  a  little  bread.  No  one  is 
a  more  consummate  master  of  atmosphere, — 
not  the  atmosphere  of  places  alone,  but  the 
atmosphere  in  which  certain  profound  inner 
moods  develop  as  well.  What  one  of  his  early 
French  critics  called  a  puissant  dreamer,  he  is 
a  writer  who  must  absolutely  be  read  on  his 
own  terms.  You  have  to  yield  to  him,  to  his 
compelling  moods,  to  his  point  of  view,  to  his 
values,  while  you  read.  But  the  effort  is  well 
worth  making ;  for  he  is  one  of  the  few  living 
writers  of  romance  who  can  take  readers  out 
of  themselves  without  taking  them  out  of  real- 
itv  also.  GEORGE  BERNARD  DONLIN. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


175 


CASUAL  COMMENT. 


ANCIENT  GREEK  PROTOTYPES  OF  FREE  VERSE 
seem  to  come  readily  enough  to  mind  if  one 
looks  back  upon  one's  school  and  college  days 
when,  in  the  good  old-fashioned  classical 
course,  a  stern  struggle  with  the  Greek  tragic 
poets  was  a  part  of  the  curriculum.  How 
hard  it  was  to  scan  those  irregular  lines  of  the 
chorus,  which  of  course  had  no  rhyme,  and 
seemed  at  first  equally  devoid  of  reason  in 
their  metrical  structure.  But  it  was  not  in 
accord  with  the  severity  of  the  Greek  genius  : 
to  run  riot  all  over  the  page  even  with  these 
hard-to-scan  verses.  It  was  to  our  schoolboy 
eyes  a  mighty  maze,  but  we  still  had  confi- 
dence that  it  was  not  without  a  plan;  and 
occasionally  this  plan  was  indicated  in  the 
notes  by  a  succession  of  those  symbols  used 
to  designate  long  and  short  syllables,  with  the 
accents  properly  distributed  and  the  whole 
divided  into  feet.  It  is  of  interest  in  this  con- 
nection to  chance  upon  a  writer  in  the  Lon- 
don "Nation"  (of  no  very  recent  date,  it  is 
true,  but  none  the  less  quotable)  who  has  not 
failed  to  note  the  classical  antiquity  of  the 
style  of  verse  here  referred  to.  He  says  with 
truth  that  "many  things  in  the  modern  poet- 
ical movement  which  pass  for  new  are  very 
old  indeed.  The  vers  libre  is  an  example. 
The  Greeks  had  their  irregular  dithyrambic 
verse,  while  in  English  we  had  Skelton's  rag- 
ged rhyme,  and  the  irregular  verses  of  Blake 's 
Prophetic  Books."  French  examples  are  also 
cited,  and  the  undeniable  rarity  of  any  new 
thing  under  the  sun  is  again  impressed  upon 
us.  But  there  is  such  a  thing  as  inferior  imi- 
tation of  a  very  old  and  at  one  time  highly- 
approved  pattern,  and  so  the  writer  does  well 
to  add  :  "There  are  poems  by  some  of  our 
latest  poets  which  remind  one  of  the  artist, 
an  imitator  of  Titian,  who.  gazing  in  admira- 
tion at  one  of  his  own  pictures,  exclaimed  : 
'  What  would  old  Tit  think  of  this?'" 


A  WAR  OF  ATTRITION  ON  OUR  ORTHOGRAPHY 

is  always  being  waged,  and  its  slow  and  sure 
results    are    not    all    to   be    regretted.     For 
instance,  the  early  forms,  authour  and  roiall, 
have  wisely  been  discarded  for  the  simpler  ) 
and  etymologically  preferable  spellings  now  in  j 
use.    No  violence  is  done  to  things  inviolable  j 
by  such  simplifications.     Somewhat  less  inno-  i 
cent  are  the  modifications  not  long  ago  sanc- 
tioned by  the  Illinois  Daily  Newspaper  Asso- 
ciation in  adopting  the  "list  of  twelve  words 
proposed  in  1898  and  in  use  since  by  the 
National  Education  Association. "  This  list  is 
as  follows  :  "Tho,  altho,  thru,  thruout,  thoro,  ' 


thoroly,  thoro  fare,  program,  prolog,  catalog, 
decalog,  pedagog."  And  yet  there  is  something 
to  be  said  either  on  etymological  or  analogical 
grounds,  or  both,  for  each  of  these  abbrevi- 
ated forms.  The  librarians  have  long  since 
made  us  familiar  with  catalog,  and  little  pro- 
test is  raised  except  when  it  comes  to  cata- 
loged and  cataloging  and  cataloger,  which  vio- 
lates a  good  rule  concerning  hard  g  and  soft  g. 
Thru,  tho,  and  thoro,  with  their  derivatives, 
are  a  little  hard  for  the  queasy  stomach  to 
digest,  but  the  other  proffered  pills  are  easier 
of  assimilation.  Twelve  words  in  seventeen 
years  is  not  so  rapid  a  rate  of  progress  as  the 
Simplified  Spelling  Board  would  like  to  see, 
although  if  that  comparatively  swift  trans- 
formation of  our  spelling  were  to  be  gener- 
ally approved  and  were  to  continue,  grave 
concern  might  well  be  aroused.  At  present 
let  us  be  thankful  that  matters  are  no  worse. 
No  newspaper  association  exerts  unbounded 
influence  in  things  of  this  sort,  and  it  may 
well  be  seven  times  seventeen  years,  or  even 
longer,  before  the  English-writing  world 
becomes  reconciled  to  thru  and  tho;  and  by 
that  time  even  a  possible  deluge  would  have 
little  interest  for  ns. 


PENALTIES  OF  LITERATURE  —  that  is,  of  the 
literary  calling  — are  very  real.  Some  would 
say  they  overbalance  its  pleasures.  No  man, 
it  has  been  plausibly  maintained,  loves  the 
work  that  he  is  compelled  to  do  for  daily 
bread.  Perhaps  this  work  has  something  of 
the  character  of  the  typical  woman,  the 
woman  to  whom  a  man  finds  himself  attached 
and  whom  he  can  neither  get  along  with  nor 
without.  Charles  Lamb,  under  contract  to 
furnish  six  jokes  daily,  at  sixpence  a  joke',  to 
the  "Morning  Post,"  found  only  drudgery  in 
what  had  before  been  a  recreation  and  delight. 
"No  Egyptian  taskmaster,"  he  moaned,  "ever 
devised  a  slavery  like  to  that,  our  slavery.  ,  '. 
Half  a  dozen  jests  in  a  day  (bating  Sundays, 
too),  why,  it  seems  nothing!  We  make  twice 
the  number  every  day  in  our  lives  as  a  mat- 
ter of  course,  and  claim  no  Sabbatical  exemp- 
tion. But  then  they  come  into  our  head.  But 
when  the  head  has  to  go  out  to  them  —  when 
the  mountain  must  go  to  Mahomet  —  reader, 
try  it  once,  only  for  one  short  twelvemonth." 
Leslie  Stephen,  on  the  rare  occasions  when  he 
was  called  out  of  the  eighteenth  century  to 
view  his  literary  pursuits  as  a  means  of  earn- 
ing bread  for  himself  and  family,  was  wont 
to  become  panic-stricken,  and  "there  would  be 
thunderings  and  lightnings  and  the  gloomiest 
vaticinations,"  as  his  biographer  tells  us. 
"The  doors  of  the  workhouse  would  yawn 


176 


THE    DIAL 


[September  21 


before  his  eyes,"  and  the  writer's  calling 
would  seem  the  most  wretched,  the  least 
remunerative,  of  all  possible  occupations.  A 
certain  successful  London  journalist  of  twelve 
.years'  standing,  who  has  recently  become  a 
successful  novelist,  is  quoted  in  the  Boston 
"Transcript"  as  follows:  "When  I  was  work- 
ing in  a  draper's  shop  I  yearned  to  be  a 
journalist ;  but  I  have  had  as  much  as  I  want 
of  it.  The  strain  of  it,  the  need  for  being  ever- 
lastingly on  the  lookout  for  new  ideas,  the 
horror  of  seeing  your  circulation  fluctuate 
and  threaten  to  fall  off  —  the  worry  of  it  all 
isn't  good  enough.  I  think  of  the  happiness 
and  ease  of  my  old  drapery  days  with  real 
regret."  And  he  is  now  looking  for  a  place 
in  a  draper's  shop  at  two  pounds  a  week,  or 
even  a  little  less,  "well  outside  London."  He 
concludes  :  "Ambition  is  all  very  well,  but 
I  want  a  life  that's  worth  living."  Another 
successful  journalist  and  novelist,  quoted  by 
the  same  writer,  complains  of  the  precarious- 
ness  of  his  calling.  "What  I  long  for,"  he 
declares,  "is  a  dead  certainty  and  work  in 
the  open  air.  I  want  to  get  back  to  something 
more  like  what  I  was  used  to  before  I  began 
pushing  the  pen."  Accordingly  he  is  now 
exerting  himself  to  secure  an  appointment  as 
keeper  at  Richmond  Park,  where  he  will  have 
nothing  to  do  but  walk  about  and  look  after 
the  deer.  "It  will  only  mean  thirty  shillings 
or  so  a  week,"  he  admits,  "but  I'm  a  single 
man  and  can  live  on  that  and  be  happy." 
Our  notions  of  success  in  life  undergo  remark- 
able modifications  as  we  grow  older. 

•         •          • 

A    STIMULUS    TO    EPISTOLARY   ART    should    be 

hailed  with  a  joyous  welcome  in  these  days 
of  alleged  decline  in  the  elegant  accomplish- 
ment of  letter-writing;  and  such  a  stimulus, 
cheering  the  beholder  like  a  fair  flower  spring- 
ing from  a  noisome  bog,  we  see  exerted  by  the 
present  lamentable  quarrel  of  nations  on  the 
other  side  of  the  Atlantic.  Hardly  a  news- 
paper can  one  open  without  encountering  a 
racy  selection  of  "letters  to  the  editor,"  sifted 
out  of  a  mass  far  too  bulky  to  be  printed  in 
full;  and  the  richness  of  epithet  with  which 
the  editorial  attitude  toward  the  war  is  alter- 
nately commended  and  condemned,  by  differ- 
ent correspondents,  goes  a  long  way  toward 
proving  that  the  art  of  vigorous  and  pictur- 
esque expression  in  epistolary  form  has  suf- 
fered little  or  no  decline  since  Madame  de 
Sevigne  and  Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu 
and  Horace  Walpole  unbosomed  themselves 
so  freely  and  fluently  to  their  distant  friends. 
So  indulgent  toward  their  correspondents  of 
every  creed  and  party  are  our  latter-day 


editors  that  one  may  enjoy,  in  these  columns 
thus  generously  given  up  to  open  letters  from 
all  parts  of  the  world,  the  most  varied  exhi- 
bitions of  enthusiastic  assent  to  the  views  of 
the  journal  concerned,  and  of  the  very  dissi- 
dence  of  dissent.  Surely,  for  variety  and 
spice,  the  correspondence  page  of  the  news- 
paper, in  the  troublous  times  we  are  now 
passing  through,  is  not  so  dreary  reading  as 
it  might  be. 

THE  QUESTION  OF  BOOK-PINES  will  long 
remain  a  fruitful  theme  for  discussion  wher- 
ever and  whenever  library  topics  are  in  order. 
The  small  penalty  of  two  cents  a  day  imposed 
for  retention  of  a  book  over  time  has  caused  a 
disproportionate  amount  of  vexation  and  irri- 
tation to  all  concerned.  This  irritant  —  or 
counter-irritant  one  might  call  it  where  fines 
are  paid,  or  quarreled  over  and  not  paid,  at 
the  counter  devoted  to  the  return  of  books  — 
seems  to  be  a  necessary  evil,  human  nature 
and  human  delinquency  being  what  they  are. 
A  library  of  the  size  of  that  used  by  the  citi- 
zens of  Cleveland,  for  instance,  receives  more 
than  ten  thousand  dollars  a  year  in  fines ;  but 
against  this  should  be  set  the  time  and  trouble 
and  expense  of  collecting  the  tens  of  thou- 
sands of  small  sums  composing  this  total.  At 
Grand  Rapids,  as  the  latest  library  Report 
from  that  city  indicates,  213  notices  were 
sent  out  to  as  many  persons  in  an  attempt  to 
collect  $72.28  in  unpaid  fines.  Postage  on 
these  polite  duns  was  of  course  at  letter  rates, 
or  $4.26  for  the  213  notices.  Envelopes, 
printing,  about  sixteen  hours  spent  in  looking 
up  addresses  and  preparing  the  messages  for 
mailing,  with  other  details-,  must  have  added 
considerably  to  the  cost  of  the  undertaking; 
and  the  total  returns  amounted  to  $13.58  paid 
by  62  of  the  213  delinquents.  More  consci- 
entious than  many  of  these  151  obdurate  ones 
are  likely  ever  to  show  themselves,  was  the 
person  who,  after  more  than  fifteen  years  of 
unresponsiveness,  finally  paid  a  book-fine  of 
something  over  a  dollar  into  the  treasury  of 
the  Grand  Rapids  Public  Library  —  and 
enjoyed  thenceforth,  it  is  to  be  presumed,  an 
appreciable  ease  of  mind.  In  the  ideal  library 
of  our  dreams  there  will,  of  course,  be  no 
fines:  books  will  not  be  returnable  on  any 
fixed  date,  and  yet  they  will  always  be  found 
in  their  places  on  the  shelves  when  they  are 
wanted;  and  the  latest  popular  novel  will 
never  be  asked  for  in  vain. 


THE  CATALOGUE  GAME,  as  it  is  called,  with 
a  slightly  different  spelling,  in  the  annual 
Report  of  the  Oak  Park  Public  Library,  is 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


177 


there  described  in  a  passage  that  is  likely  to 
interest  some  readers  of  this  paragraph. 
(But,  first,  and  by  way  of  parenthesis,  why 
do  the  Oak  Park  library  authorities  assume 
that  their  Oak  Park  is  the  Oak  Park  of  Amer- 
ica? There  are  four  places  of  this  name  in 
the  United  States,  as  enumerated  in  the  "  Cen- 
tury Atlas,"  so  that  the  addition  of  "Illinois" 
in  this  instance  would  not  come  amiss.  How- 
ever, "Oak  Park,"  pure  and  simple,  is  less 
perplexing  than  would  be  "Oak  Grove,"  a 
name  borne  by  no  fewer  than  nineteen  towns 
and  villages  and  other  communities  in  this 
country.)  "The  catalog  game,"  we  read, 
"included  children  of  the  fifth  as  well  as  the 
sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth  grades,  and  the 
interest  was  keen  thruout  the  contest.  Fol- 
lowing the  talks  referred  to  in  the  school 
libraries  report,  the  catalog  game  in  the  chil- 
dren's  room  came  as  one  of  the  most  inter- 
esting and  probably  the  most  helpful  of  the 
year's  activities.  Every  Saturday  for  several 
weeks  a  set  of  three  questions  was  posted  near 
the  catalog  in  the  children's  room.  The 
answers  to  the  questions  found  by  the  use  of 
the  catalog  were  written  out  and  handed  in 
for  correction,  and  an  honor  roll  was  posted 
each  week,  giving  the  successful  contestants 
as  well  as  the  successful  schools.  A  similar 
contest  was  held  at  the  south  branch,  and  in 
all  more  than  a  thousand  papers  were  handed 
in  for  correction,  prizes  being  given  to  the 
successful  contestants.  As  a  result  of  the 
game  the  catalog  is  used  with  greater  free- 
dom and  intelligence."  More  than  one  over- 
worked librarian  and  assistant  will  wish  that 
some  such  game  might  become  popular  among 
adult  library-users,  so  often  do  these  latter 
needlessly  and  thoughtlessly  throw  the  bur- 
den of  catalogue-consultation  upon  the  mem- 
bers of  the  librarv  staff. 


A  NEW  USE  FOE  "ESQUIRE"   Suggests  itself 

to  a  writer  in  "The  Sphere,"  and  the  sug- 
gestion ought  to  be  welcome;  for  no  more 
meaningless    or    more    carelessly    used    title 
exists  in  our  language.    This  remnant  of  the 
"frippery  of  the  Middle  Ages,"  as  Matthew 
Arnold  once  called  it,  has  come  to  be  indis- 
criminately applied  to  the  land-owner,   the 
lawyer,  the  man  of  letters,  the  financier,  the 
gentleman  of  leisure,  and,  in  our  country, 
to  nearly  every  one  of  the  male  sex  and  adult  j 
years.     All  this  is  finely  democratic,  and  if  j 
the    rag-picker    likes    to    have    his    letters  I 
addressed  "Mr.  Joseph  Judkins,  Esq.,"  who  j 
shall  deny  him  the  right  to  this  wealth  of  i 
titles  ?  But  such  usage  does  not  make  for  pre-  1 
eision    in    the    choice    of   terms.     Since   the  i 


squire,  or  esquire,  is  etymologically  a  shield- 
bearer  (as  scutarius,  from  scutum,  indicates), 
why  not,  it  is  asked,  let  the  title  be  henceforth 
given  to  those  who  have  borne  arms  in  war- 
fare on  land  or  have  served  in  the  navy,  and 
have  retired  to  private  life?  Thousands  of 
brave  and  worthy  young  Englishmen  would 
thus,  after  the  present  war,  receive  graceful 
recognition  of  their  gallantry  in  their  coun- 
try's service.  It  is  true,  our  traditional 
scorn  of  titles  (which  coexists  with  an  increas- 
ing addiction  to  academic  and  other  distinc- 
tions) deprives  this  question  of  vital  interest 
for  us ;  but  the  etymologist  and  the  lover  of 
nice  accuracy  in  the  use  of  language  will 
applaud  this  attempt  to  reinvest  a  good  old 
word  with  something  like  its  original  meaning. 

•         •         • 

UNWELCOME  LIBRARY  VISITORS  have  fur- 
nished a  theme  for  various  writers,  notably 
Mr.  William  Blades,  whose  readable  treatise 
on  "The  Enemies  of  Books"  is  known  to  most 
bookish  persons  of  this  country  and  England. 
But  while  he  discourses  learnedly  and  enter- 
tainingly on  the  bookworm,  the  black  beetle, 
the  rat,  the  lepisma,  and  sundry  other  ani- 
mate and  inanimate  foes  to  literature,  he  says 
not  a  word  about  the  white  ant,  which  Mr 
Samuel  H.  Ranck  of  Grand  Rapids  reports 
to  have  committed  sad  ravages  in  the  library 
of  which  he  is  the  head.  It  is  true  that  the 
attacks  of  this  proverbially  industrious  insect 
were  not  directed  primarily  against  the  books ; 
but  the  resultant  damage  to  them  might  have 
been  considerable  had  not  the  mischief  been 
discovered  before  it  became  irreparable. 
Through  cracks  in  the  concrete  floor  of  the 
catalogue  room,  where  strips  of  wood  had 
been  used  for  nailing  down  the  cork  matting, 
the  invading  hosts  had  made  their  entrance 
and  had  declared  war  on  the  oak  bookcases 
of  the  library.  Varnish  or  paint,  let  it  be 
noted,  had  checked  their  progress,  but  into 
unfinished  surfaces  of  oak  they  bored  their 
way  with  destructive  effect.  Several  hundred 
dollars'  worth  of  bookcases  proved,  upon 
examination,  to  be  so  infested  and  honey- 
combed as  to  be  a  total  loss.  These  cases  were 
burned  and  precautions  were  taken  to  render 
the  others  ant-proof.  Tar  for  the  bottom  and 
varnish  elsewhere  were  applied.  Mr.  Ranck 
writes,  in  closing  his  account  of  this  cam- 
paign :  "Some  of  the  oak  cases  infested  by 
the  ants  were  literally  honeycombed.  From 
the  outside  they  looked  as  substantial  as  ever, 
but  one  could  run  a  knife  through  an  inch 
and  a  half  piece  of  what  was  presumably  solid 
white  oak.  Enough  of  the  wood  remained 
to  keep  the  cases  from  collapsing  from  the 


178 


THE    DIAL 


[September  21 


weight  upon  them,  but  some  were  in  such  a 
condition  that  they  would  soon  have  crumbled 
from  the  weight  upon  them  had  we  not  dis- 
covered the  ants."  The  obvious  moral  of  all 
this  is  that  either  metal  cases  should  be  used 
in  book-shelf  construction,  or  if  wood  is  used 
it  should  be  kept  well  varnished  and  should 
be  made  especially  ant-proof  where  it  rests 
on  the  floor. 

•         •         • 

BY  THE  SHORES  OF  OLD  ROMANCE  there  may 
be  found,  almost  any  week-day,  at  one  or 
more  of  the  branches  of  a  large  city  library, 
a  group  of  eager-eyed  children  listening  to 
the  story-teller  whose  duty  and  pleasure  it  is 
to  hold  their  undivided  attention  to  some 
entrancing  bit  of  fiction  during  the  story- 
hour.  Of  course  we  presuppose  here  a  skilled 
story-teller  and  a  juvenile  audience  from 
which  the  hopelessly  inattentive  have  been 
weeded  out.  What  the  Boston  Public  Library 
(as  a  fair  sample)  is  doing  for  the  young 
folks  in  this  branch  of  its  work  may  be  gath- 
ered from  a  passage  or  two  selected  from  its 
current  Report.  "One  can  hardly  overesti- 
mate," it  is  stated,  "the  value  of  the  story- 
hour,  not  only  as  an  introduction  to  good 
reading,  but  as  a  civilizing  and  refining  influ- 
ence in  the  lives  of  the  boys  and  girls.  It  devel- 
ops concentration,  self-control,  sympathy, 
mutual  understanding,  and  happy  comrade- 
ship. Those  who  have  frequented  the  story 
hour  for  a  year  are  a  leaven  among  the  shift- 
ing company  in  the  children's  room  that  may 
be  made  a  help  in  setting  and  keeping  stand- 
ards of  conduct  there."  And  further:  "The 
story-hour  has  made  its  place  in  the  Library 
on  its  merits.  There  are  none  now  to  ques- 
tion its  position.  Our  own  group  here  at  the 
library  is  composed  of  about  75  to  100  boys 
who  have  attended  regularly  since  the  first 
hour  three  years  ago.  .  .  Many  of  them 
who  have  attended  from  the  beginning  are 
now  in  high  school,  but  are  not  yet  'too  big' 
for  stories.  In  fact,  to  some  of  them  the  story- 
hour  has  proven  a  connecting  link  between 
the  fields  of  grammar  school  endeavor  and  the 
many  strange  paths  opened  to  them  in  high 
school.  If  he  has  heard  the  story  of  the 
Odyssey  or  the  JEneid,  the  boy  will  at  least 
know  that  what  he  is  trying  to  read  in  Greek 
or  Latin  is  really  worth  reading,  though  it  is 
rather  difficult  to  translate."  It  should  be 
added,  to  correct  a  possible  wrong  impression 
from  the  foregoing,  that  in  Boston  as  else- 
where the  girls  considerably  outnumber  the 
boys  as  story-hour  attendants. 


PROMOTING  THE  POPULARITY  OP  THE  DIC- 
TIONARY, as  a  book  either  of  entertainment  or 
of  eagerly  desired  knowledge,  might  seem  to 
be  a  well-nigh  hopeless  undertaking.  Yet 
with  a  very  little  encouragement  the  public 
may  develop  an  astonishing  interest  in  this 
far  from  sensational  product  of  the  pen.  At 
Buffalo,  as  is  reported  from  the  free  library 
of  that  city,  an  experiment  has  been  made  in 
offering  for  circulation,  on  the  open  shelves, 
a  number  of  the  best  small  English  diction- 
aries; and  they  have  speedily  become  popu- 
lar, which  has  led  to  the  addition  of  similar 
dictionaries  and  also  grammars  of  the  Ger- 
man, French,  Italian,  and  Spanish  languages. 
Many  copies  of  these  books  are  now  in  con- 
stant use,  it  is  said,  whereas  before  their 
exposure  to  public  view  there  was  compara- 
tively little  demand  for  them.  All  this  goes 
to  prove  once  more  the  existence  among  the 
people  of  a  considerable  book-hunger  of  a 
vague  sort,  which  can  be  and  ought  to  be 
directed  toward  a  wholesome  and  appetizing 
literary  diet.  Wholesome  the  dictionary  has 
always  been  acknowledged  to  be;  appetizing 
it  remained  for  Mr.  Walter  L.  Brown  and  his 
staff  to  prove  it  to  be. 


THE  ROUND  TABLE  has  figured  prominently 
in  story  and  legend,  in  poem  and  romance,  so 
that  the  very  name  carries  with  it  charmed 
associations.  When  King  Arthur  married 
Guinevere  he  received  as  a  wedding  present 
the  famous  table  made  by  Merlin,  which 
would  seat  one  hundred  and  fifty  knights; 
and  with  it  he  also  received  a  hundred 
knights,  who  became  the  Knights  of  the 
Round  Table,  as  all  the  world  knows.  At 
Winchester  there  is  on  exhibition  a  table 
known  as  "Arthur's  Round  Table,"  but  very 
little  like  the  famous  piece  of  furniture 
described  by  Malory.  A  legendary  king  of 
Ireland,  father  of  Christabelle,  also  had  his 
"knights  of  the  Round  Table,"  and  Roger  de 
Mortimer  established  at  Kenilworth  still 
another  Round  Table  for  "the  encourage- 
ment of  military  pastimes."  Somewhat  later 
Edward  III.  had  his  Round  Table  at  Wind- 
sor, and  it  was  said  to  be  two  hundred  feet 
in  diameter,  which  would  provide  for  a  very 
goodly  company  of  knights  and  still  leave 
room  for  their  ladies.  And  a  circle  compris- 
ing both  sexes  we  do  indeed  find  in  a  much 
later  age  —  the  transition  is  rather  violent  — 
as  described  in  the  following  passage  from 
Mr.  Brett's  Report  of  the  Cleveland  Public 
Library:  "Staff  Round  Table.  One  of  the 
pleasant  features  of  the  life  in  the  Library 
is  a  meeting  of  the  heads  of  departments  and 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


179 


branch  librarians  for  the  purpose  of  review- 
ing and  examining  the  new  books,  and  dis- 
cussing questions  of  Library  policy  and  prac- 
tice, and  other  matters  of  current  interest. 
These  meetings  are  held  usually  on  alternate 
Thursday  mornings,  sometimes  more  fre- 
quently when  the  books  are  coming  in  large 
numbers,  and  at  longer  intervals  during  the 
summer.  A  couple  of  hours  are  spent  in 
reviewing  the  books  which  have  been  read  and 
are  reported  on  by  the  various  members  of 
the  staff.  A  social  half-hour  follows,  which 
affords  the  members  of  the  staff,  who  are 
widely  scattered  throughout  the  city,  the 
opportunity  of  becoming  better  acquainted, 
comparing  notes,  and  receiving  some  of  that 
stimulus  which  comes  with  the  association  of 
those  engaged  in  the  same  work."  From  Cam- 
elot  to  Cleveland,  Ohio,  is  a  far  cry ;  but  this 
speedy  covering  of  enormous  distances  is 
nothing  new  to  the  twentieth  century. 

•         •         • 

THE  INTEREST  IN  POETRY,  and  literature 
about  poetry,  has  been  most  astonishing  and 
pleasant  to  behold  of  late.  Everybody  is  talk- 
ing about  poets,  or  attempting  to  write  poems. 
The  English  Association  announces  that  the 
demand  for  poetry  in  England  has  been  out 
of  all  proportion  to  any  previous  records. 
Wordsworth.  Shelley,  and  Rupert  Brooke 
are  alike  selling  at  an  unusual  rate.  The 
Poetry  Society  of  America  has  just  awarded 
two  prizes,  of  $125  each.  Rewards,  like  that 
of  the  Art  League  of  St.  Louis,  $150  in  value, 
for  the  best  lyric  poem  submitted  by  an 
American,  indicate  an  official  interest  in 
poetry.  Katherine  Howard  is  traveling  the 
West  organizing  so-called  poetry  societies. 
In  various  universities  the  revival  has  been 
marked.  Washington  University  and  Har- 
vard University  both  possess  groups  of  stu- 
dents who  gather  to  criticize  their  own  poet- 
ical productions.  A  strong  and  flourishing 
Poetry  Society  has  been  established  at  the 
University  of  Michigan,  from  whose  faculty 
it  has  obtained  for  the  following  year,  a 
course  whose  subject  the  society  will  choose. 
Such  books  as  "Methods  and  Aims  in  the 
Study  of  Literature :  a  Series  of  Extracts  and 
Illustrations,"  by  Lane  Cooper  (Ginn  &  Co.), 
are  being  printed  for  the  advancement  of 
these  interests  in  children.  The  present  gen- 
eration will  be  brought  up  on  newer  and 
fresher  methods  of  education.  No  longer  in 
the  schools  will  poetry  be  studied  as  a  mere 
succession  of  "soul  thrills."  but  as  "an  intel- 
lectual wrestling  with  the  poet's  spirit,  a 
determination  like  Jacob's,  not  to  let  the 
gpirit  depart  without  a  blessing/' 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


THE  NEW  SAPPHO  FRAGMENT  IN 

ENGLISH  VEBSE. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
Reading  the  clean-cut  and  melodious  prose  trans- 
lation of  the  lately  discovered  Sappho  fragment 
recently  printed  in  your  pages,  I  venture  to  send 
you  the  following  rendition  of  the  same  poem  in 
the  Sapphic  verse  itself.  It  is  heresy,  of  course, 
even  to  attempt  those  rhythms  which  Horatius 
Flaccus  found  so  difficult  in  his  antique  and  quan- 
titative Latin.  But  where  Swinburne  has  opened 
up  such  a  fluent  and  melodious  poetic  path  in 
English,  perhaps  it  were  the  better  policy  if  we 
tread  it  before  the  language  changes  and  the 
blazed  posts  are  felled.  I  have  endeavored  in  this 
paraphrase  (for  it  is  hardly  a  translation)  to 
avoid  those  common  pitfalls  of  the  participles  and 
articular  verse-endings  which  so  often  have 
destroyed  in  English  the  effects  and  beauties  of  the 
^Eolic  medium.  Verse  for  verse's  sake  has  been 
my  principle. 

O  great  Hera,  sovereign  of  wind  and  water, 
Bid  that  shining  vision  to  stand  beside  me 
Wrapt  in  dreams,  the  beauteous  wraith  appear- 
ing 

Softly  aforetime, 

When  the  storied  lords  of  the  seed  of  Atreus 
Prayed  to  thee,  great  .queen,  and  it  rose  beside 

them, 

Answer  bright  of  prayer,  and  they  brought  to 
finish 

Ilion's  leaguer. 
For  when  first  they  launched  in  the  sea  their 

vessels, 

Left  at  last  Scamander,  and  turned  them  hither, 
Home  they  might  not  reach,  nor  their  wives, 
nor  children, 

Ere  that  a  season 

Fain  was  Atreus'  seed  for  a  prayer  in  trouble, 
Lifting  up  their  mantle  to  thee,  white  Hera, 
Thee  with  shining  Zeus,  and  besought  the  lovely 

Child  of  Thyone. 

Even  now,  my  goddess,  I  pray  as  they  prayed, — 
Yearn  that  I  through  thee,  as  of  old,  may  suffer 
There  among  the  maidens  of  Mytilene 

Only  the  sweetest, 

Noblest,  purest  deeds,  as  of  old  I  suffered, 
Once  again  —  the  maidens  of  Mytilene 
Whom  thy  Sappho  led  in  the  melic  chorus 

Feast  day  to  feast  day; 
Yea,  and  as  through  thee  and  the  gods  about 

thee, 

Even  Atreus'  seed  of  aforetime  ventured 
Forth  from  Troy,  embarqued  on  the  wine-dark 
billows, 

Turning  prows  homeward, 
Even  so  I  too  in  this  prayer  beseech  thee, 
Gentle  Hera,  sovereign  of  wind  and  water, 
Aid    thou   me   this   barque   on   the   homeward 
voyage, 

Fain  for  thy  shelter! 

BENJAMIN  HORTOK-. 
Carterville,  Mo.,  Sept.  12,  1916. 


180 


THE    DIAL 


[September  21 


PEOSPER  MERIMEE  AND   "THE  PIED  PIPER 

OF  HAMELIN." 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
Where  did  Browning  find  the  story  which  he 
turned  into  verse  to  amuse  sick  little  William 
Macready?  I  have  at  hand  the  "Fireside  Edition" 
of  the  poet's  works,  in  which  I  read:  "Browning 
found  it  in  Nathaniel  Wanley's  Wonders  of  the 
Little  World,  or  A  General  History  of  Man,  pub- 
lished in  1678;  but  he  probably  used  also  the 
version  given  in  Richard  Verstegan's  Restitution 
of  Decayed  Intelligence  published  in  1605."  A 
learned  friend  refers  me  to  James  Howell's 
"Familiar  Letters,"  section  6,  number  47.  Finally, 
in  his  "Browning  Bibliography,"  Professor 
Furnivall  refers  in  a  note  to  Prosper  Merimee's 
"Chronique  du  Regne  de  Charles  IX,"  where  the 
same  story  is  told.  I  have  not  seen  Wanley's 
account;  Howell's  version  is  very  brief,  and  is 
supposed  to  be  based  on  Verstegan.  The  incident 
as  related  by  Merimee  bears  very  close  resemblance 
to  Browning's  poem,  and  in  common  with  it  con- 
tains some  touches  that  are  not  in  Verstegan  (as 
quoted  in  the  "Fireside  Edition")  nor  in  Howell. 
On  the  other  hand,  there  are  touches  in  Verstegan 
and  Browning  which  are  not  in  Merimee.  Among 
the  former  I  would  mention  the  church  window 
and  the  end  of  the  mountain  story.  In  Merimee's 
account,  a  young  Protestant  cavalier  named  Mergy 
falls  in  with  a  wandering  band  of  German  mer- 
cenaries accompanied  by  two  women.  One  of  these 
women,  "une  jeune  boheme"  called  Mila,  relates 
the  following  story: 

"  Captain,  you  have  without  doubt  been  at  Hameln  ?  " 

"Never." 

"And  you,  Cornette?" 

"No." 

"What!  Shall  I  find  no  one  who  has  been  at 
Hameln  I" 

"I  have  passed  a  year  there,"  said  a  cavalier,  com- 
ing forward. 

'Well,  Fritz,  you  have  seen  the  church  at  Hameln?" 

'More  than  a  hundred  times." 

'And  its  colored  windows?" 

'Certainly." 

'And  what  did  you  see  painted  on  those  windows?" 

'On  those  windows?  —  On  the  window  at  the  left, 
I  think  there  is  a  tall  black  fellow  who  is  playing  the 
flute,  and  some  small  children  who  are  running  after 
him." 

"Precisely.  Well,  I  am  going  to  tell  you  the  story 
of  that  black  fellow  and  those  children.  A  great 
many  years  ago  the  people  of  Hameln  were  tormented 
by  an  innumerable  multitude  of  rats  who  came  from 
the  north,  in  troops  so  thick  that  the  earth  was  black 
with  them.  No  carter  would  have  dared  to  drive  his 
horse  across  a  road  where  these  animals  were  march- 
ing. Every  thing  was  devoured  in  less  than  no  time, 
and  in  a  granary  it  was  a  smaller  matter  for  those 
rats  to  eat  a  hogshead  of  wheat  than  for  me  to  drink 
a  glass  of  this  good  wine."  She  drank,  wiped  her 
mouth  and  continued: 

"Mouse  traps,  rat  traps,  all  kinds  of  traps,  poison, 
were  useless.  They  got  from  Bremen  a  boat  loaded 
with  eleven  hundred  cats,  but  nothing  availed.  For 
a  thousand  that  they  killed,  ten  thousand  came  back, 
more  famished  than  the  first.  In  short,  if  there  had 
not  come  a  remedy  for  this  scourge,  not  a  grain  of 
wheat  would  have  remained  in  Hameln  and  all  the 


inhabitants  would  have  died  of  hunger.  Then  on  a 
certain  Friday  there  came  before  the  burgomaster  of 
the  city  a  tall  fellow,  tanned,  dried-up,  with  big 
eyes,  a  mouth  that  reached  from  ear  to  ear,  clad  in 
a  red  doublet,  with  a  pointed  hat,  wide  breeches, 
furbished  with  ribbons,  gray  stockings,  and  slippers 
with  fine  colored  rosettes.  He  had  a  little  leathern 
sack  at  his  side.  It  seems  to  me  that  I  see  him  still." 

All  eyes  turned  involuntarily  toward  the  wall  on 
which  Mila  was  fixing  her  eyes. 

"You  saw  him,  then?"  asked  Mergy. 

"No,  not  I,  but  my  grandmother;  and  she  remem- 
bered so  well  his  face  that  she  could  have  painted 
his  portrait." 

"And  what  did  he  say  to  the  burgomaster?" 

"He  offered,  for  one  hundred  ducats,  to  deliver  the 
city  of  the  pest  which  was  devastating  it.  You  may 
easily  imagine  that  the  burgomaster  and  the  towns- 
men agreed  at  once.  Immediately  the  stranger  drew 
from  his  sack  a  bronze  flute,  and  standing  in  the 
market-place  before  the  church,  but  with  his  back  to 
it  —  note  that  —  he  began  to  play  a  strange  air,  such 
a  one  as  never  German  flutist  had  played.  Behold 
that  on  hearing  this  air  rats  and  mice,  by  hundreds, 
by  thousands,  ran  towards  him  from  all  the  lofts, 
from  all  the  wall  holes,  from  beneath  the  rafters 
and  the  tiles  of  the  roofs.  The  stranger,  always 
playing,  started  toward  the  Weser;  there,  having 
pulled  off  his  trousers,  he  entered  the  water  followed 
by  all  tho  rats  of  Hameln,  and  they  were  promptly 
drowned.  There  no  longer  remained  but  a  single  one 
in  all  the  city,  and  you  shall  see  why.  The  magician 
— •  for  he  was  one  —  asked  a  sluggard  who  had  not 
yet  entered  the  Weser  why  Klauss,  the  white  rat, 
had  not  come.  'Seigneur,'  answered  the  rat,  'he  is 
so  old  that  he  can  no  longer  walk.'  'Go,  then,  and 
bring  him  yourself,'  answered  the  magician.  And 
the  rat  turned  back  toward  the  city,  whence  he  soon 
returned  with  the  big  white  rat,  so  old,  so  old,  that 
he  could  not  drag  himself  along.  The  two  rats,  the 
younger  pulling  the  older  by  the  tail,  both  entered  the 
Weser  and  were  drowned  like  their  comrades.  Thus 
was  the  city  purged  of  them.  But  when  the  stranger 
presented  himself  at  the  city  hall  to  receive  the  prom- 
ised recompense,  the  burgomaster  and  the  townsmen, 
reflecting  that  they  had  nothing  more  to  fear  from 
rats,  and  imagining  they  could  easily  rebuff  a  man 
without  protection,  were  not  ashamed  to  offer  him 
ten  ducats,  instead  of  the  hundred  they  had  promised. 
The  stranger  protested;  they  mocked  him.  He 
threatened  to  exact  a  dearer  price  if  they  did  not 
co'mpletely  fulfill  their  bargain.  The  townsmen  burst 
out  in  great  peals  of  laughter  at  this  threat,  and 
put  him  out  of  the  town  hall,  calling  him  'Fine  rat- 
catcher I '  an  insult  which  the  children  of  the  city 
repeated  as  they  followed  him  through  the  streets 
as  far  as  the  Porte  Neuve.  The  following  Friday, 
at  the  noon  hour,  the  stranger  reappeared  in  the 
market  place,  but  this  time  with  a  hat  of  purple 
color,  turned  up  in  a  very  strange  fashion.  He  drew 
from  his  sack  a  flute  quite  different  from  the  first, 
and,  as  soon  as  he  had  begun  to  play,  all  the  boys 
of  the  city,  from  six  to  fifteen  years,  followed  him 
and  left  the  city." 

"And  the  inhabitants  of  Hameln  let  them  be  led 
away?"  asked  at  the  same  time  Mergy  and  the 
captain. 

"They  followed  as  far  as  the  mountain  of  Koppen- 
berg,  to  a  cavern  which  is  now  blocked  up.  The  flute 
player  entered  the  cavern  and  all  the  children  with 
him.  The  sound  of  the  flute  was  heard  for  some  time, 
gradually  died  away,  and  finally  was  heard  no  more. 
The  children  had  disappeared,  and  since  then  have 
never  been  heard  from." 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


181 


The  gypsy  stopped  to  observe  upon  the  features  of 
her  audience  the  effect  produced  by  her  recital. 

The  mercenary  who  had  been  at  Hameln  observed: 
"This  history  is  so  true  that,  when  they  speak  at 
Hameln  of  any  extraordinary  event,  they  say:  "That 
happened  twenty  years,  ten  years,  after  the  departure 
of  our  children  —  the  seigneur  of  Falkenstein  pil- 
laged our  city  sixty  years  after  the  departure  of  our 
children. ' 

"But  the  most  curious  thing,"  said  Mila,  "is  that 
at  the  same  time  there  appeared,  very  far  from 
there  in  Transylvania,  certain  children  who  spoke 
good  German,  and  who  could  not  tell  whence  they 
<-ame.  They  married  in  the  country,  taught  their 
language  to  their  children,  whence  it  comes  that  even 
to  this  day  German  is  spoken  in  Transylvania." 

"Are  those  the  children  of  Hameln  that  the  devil 
transported  there?"  asked  Mergy,  smiling. 

"I  attest  that  that  is  true! "  cried  the  captain,"  for 
I  have  been  in  Transylvania,  and  I  know  that  German 
is  spoken  there,  while  all  around  they  speak  an  infer- 
nal gibberish." 

The  attestation  of  the  captain  was  worth  many  of 
the  proofs  of  which  we  have  a  profusion. 

i 

I  have  translated  the  Trench  as  accurately  as  j 
possible.     The  reader  must  draw  his  own  conclu-  ' 
sions.     Merimee  was  a  gifted  linguist,  and  knew  ; 
many   tongues,   including   English.      Perhaps    he  • 
found  the  story  in  folk-lore,  which  is,  I  suppose,  : 
its   original   home.      Or    perhaps    he   read    (and 
amplified)   one  of  the  accounts  mentioned  above,  i 
But  it  seems  difficult  to  deny  that  Browning  took 
hints  from  him.     Merimee's  story  was  published 
in  1829;   Browning's  poem  appeared  in  1842. 

BEXJ.  M.  WOODBRIDGE. 

A  itstin,  Texas,  September  9,  1916. 


It  is  impossible  for  me  to  get  any  pleasure  out 
of  a  song  in  which  the  singer  gives  this  word 
with  the  long  i.  Now  and  then,  when  in  the  class 
room  I  have  to  read  it  in  some  old-fashioned  poet, 
I  am  afraid  that  I  spoil  the  poem  for  my  hearers 
by  some  snarl  meant  properly  to  barb  my  disgust. 
So  much  in  the  imagist  gospel  should  be  taken 
to  heart  by  all  the  poetasters  —  and  all  others 
who  may  need  it.  Let  us  be  long-winded  with  lit- 
erary confections  in  the  place  of  real  English 
speech  no  more. 

LEWIS    WORTHINGTON    SMITH. 

Des  Moines,  Iowa,  Sept.  16,  1916. 


A   DISAVOWAL  AND   A   PKOTEST. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Li  the  issue  of  THE  DIAL  for  August  15  there 
is  a  communication  from  Mr.  H.  E.  Warner  in  j 
which  he  quotes  from  my  article   in   the  April  , 
"Atlantic"   several   lines  of  verse  beginning,   "I 
will   arise,"   and   follows  my   assumption  in   the 
article  that  these  lines  are  free  verse.     I  wish  to  i 
disavow  that  understanding  of  them.     How  they 
came  to  be  so  interpreted  in  the  article  would  be 
too  long  to  tell,  and  of  too  little  general  interest;  i 
but  they  were  written  as  blank  verse  of  a  transi- 
tional sort,  being  part  of  a  long  poem.    No  long  ' 
poem  can  be  or  should  be  continuously  at  a  high 
level.     If  these  lines  are  "just  prose,"  they  are  I 
so  in  the  way  of  and  under  the  conditions  of  a 
great  deal  of  the  blank-verse  prose  of  Shakespeare. 
This  much  seems  rather  called  for  as  a  matter  of  i 
keeping  the   record   straight, —  a  thing   of   some  j 
moment   in   the   present   tangle   of   our   literary  I 
affairs. 

In  spite  of  my  very  thorough  disbelief  in  the  ! 
imagists,  one  comment  I  feel  inclined  to  add  here:  ' 
In  the  Boston  "  Transcript"  for  September  2,  Miss 
Amy  Lowell  levels  a  long-deserved  blow  at  the  • 
pronunciation  wynde  for  our  common  wind.   This  • 
has  been  one  of  my  greatest  detestations.     Some- 
how it  has  settled  itself  in  my  mind  as  the  symbol 
of  all  the  artificialities  that  to  some  minds  make 
up   poetry.     Singers   are  the  greatest  offenders. 


PSYCHOLOGY  AND  FREE  VEESE. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
In  his  condemnation  of  free  verse  in  THE  DIAL 
of  August  15,  Mr.  Warner  bases  his  argument 
upon  what  appears  to  me  inaccurate  psychology. 
His  fundamental  statement  is:  "The  sounds  [of 
poetry]  are  addressed  to  the  ear  only;  the  mean- 
ings, through  the  ear,  to  mind  and  heart.  The 
eye  has  nothing  to  do  with  either.  In  written 
language  the  eye  interprets  the  sound  symbols, 
nothing  more."  We  can  all  follow  Mr.  Warner 
as  far  as  spoken  poetry  is  concerned.  We  can 
even  agree  with  him  regarding  written  poetry 
when  it  is  read,  as  all  "regular  verse"  is  intended 
to  be  read,  slowly  and  half  aloud.  But  when 
written  language  is  not  read  this  way,  what 
becomes  of  the  argument? 

It  is  certain  enough  that  up  to  the  advent  of 
the  modern  magazines  written  language  was  read 
by  almost  everyone  in  this  slow,  half-vocal  fash- 
ion. And  upon  this  custom  of  reading,  it  seems 
to  me,  all  the  elaborate  structure  of  poetical  tech- 
nique has  been  built.  But  an  educated  person 
reads  that  way  no  longer.  A  vast  amount  of  read- 
ing has  so  trained  his  eye  and  modified  its  connec- 
tion to  the  brain  that  it  fairly  flits  along  the  lines, 
picking  up  the  meaning  without  hardly  becoming 
conscious  of  the  words  in  which  it  is  expressed. 
Such  a  reader  reads  for  the  thought  and  feeling 
content,  not  for  the  artistry  of  expression.  Most 
"regular  verse"  is  wearyingly  slow  to  him;  it  is 
not  direct;  it  clothes  its  thought  with  trivial  con- 
ceit and  expresses  it  with  shallow  artifice. 

For  such  readers  free  verse  is  intended.  It  is 
not  so  much  to  be  "read"  as  it  is  to  be  "grasped." 
Knowing  that  it  will  be  seized  upon  practically  a 
line  at  a  time,  the  author  makes  such  line  divi- 
sions as  will  cause  his  idea  to  strike  home  with 
the  maximum  emotional  effect.  His  aim  is  to 
convey  an  emotionalized  idea;  if  his  medium 
serves  the  purpose  perfectly  by  every  principle  of 
art,  it  is  the  correct  one. 

Such,  it  seems  to  me,  is  in  part  at  least  the 
analysis  of  the  case  of  free  verse.  I  do  not  claim 
it  to  be  the  final  one;  but  I  insist  that  if  there 
is  to  be  any  conclusion  of  the  question  it  must  be 
arrived  at  through  psychology  and  not  through 
any  marshalling  or  remarshalling  of  the  stock 
opinions  we  are  all  familiar  with. 

E.  W.  DOLCH,  JR. 
Ames,  Iowa,  Sept.  12,  1916. 


182 


THE    DIAL 


[September  21 


A  PROPHET  LOOKS  BACKWARD.* 


•Edward  Carpenter  "found"  himself,  he 
tells  us  (oddly  enough,  "without  knowing 
where  I  was")  "in  the  middle  of  that  strange 
period  of  human  evolution,  the  Victorian 
Age,  which  in  some  respects,  one  now  thinks, 
marked  the  lowest  ebb  of  modern  civilized 
society," — 

a  period  in  which  not  only  commercialism  in  public 
life,  but  cant  in  religion,  pure  materialism  in  science, 
futility  in  social  conventions,  the  worship  of  stocks 
and  shares,  the  starving  of  the  human  heart,  the 
denial  of  the  human  body  and  its  needs,  the  huddling 
concealment  of  the  body  in  clothes,  the  "impure 
hush"  on  matters  of  sex,  class-division,  contempt  of 
manual  labor,  and  the  cruel  barring  of  women  from 
every  natural  and  useful  expression  of  their  lives, 
were  carried  to  an  extremity  of  folly  difficult  for  us 
now  to  realize. 

Born  into  this  Tinspeakable  age,  Edward 
Carpenter  himself,  of  course,  had  none  of  its 
weaknesses ;  one  will  look  in  vain  in  his  life, 
as  in  his  writings,  for  commercialism,  con- 
ventions, and  the  impure  hush;  instead,  one 
finds  the  undiluted  soulfulness  of  a  very 
interesting  type  of  rebel,  pseudo-mystic,  and 
bearded,  sandalled  prophet.  Having  outlived 
the  Victorian  age,  he  finds  himself  —  perhaps 
still  without  knowing  where  he  is  —  in  the 
far  more  estimable  twentieth  century;  but 
so  rapidly  does  the  time-spirit  change,  that  he 
already  feels  some  concern  lest  he  have  the 
stamp  of  the  past  on  him.  "In  '96,"  he  says, 
"no  'respectable'  publisher  would  touch 
'Love's  Coming-of-Age, '  and  yet  to-day 
(1915)  the  tide  of  such  literature  has  flowed 
so  full  and  fast  that  my  book  has  already 
become  quite  a  little  old-fashioned  and 
demure!" 

The  Brighton  parade  and  the  title-tattle 
of  drawing-rooms, — "the  would-be  fashion- 
able world  which  I  hated," — together  with 
the  sea  and  the  downs,  formed  the  environ- 
ment of  his  boyhood  and  youth.  No  doubt 
he  was  happier  and  more  nearly  at  home  than 
he  supposed  on  looking  backward  from  the 
vantage  ground  of  seventy :  even  a  born  rebel 
and  weaver  of  dreams  is  for  some  years  also 
a  child.  Much  he  accepted  with  joy  —  even 
the  vision  of  a  meek  young  curate,  "probably 
of  feeble  mind,"  whom  he  envied  with  the 
fervor  of  a  boy  of  fourteen, —  "Oh,  happy 
Mr.  Cass,  if  only  I  could  be  like  you  when  I 
grow  up."  At  about  this  time  he  began  to 
form  an  intention  of  entering  the  Church, 
and  in  his  piety  reached  the  decision  that, 

*  MY    DAYS   AND   DREAMS.      By   Edward    Carpenter.      New 
York :    Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 


in  the  event  of  fire  breaking  out  in  the  house, 
he  would  save  first  his  prayer-book.  He  was 
naturally  dreamy,  given  to  formless  brood- 
ing, as,  in  lower  degree,  his  father  had  been. 
Apparently  his  father  was  Victorian  in  his 
family  relations  and  enlightened  in  the  pri- 
vacy of  his  thoughts  —  a  "respectable 
rentier"  with  "a  kind  of  Broad  Church  mys- 
ticism" that  melted,  under  the  influence  of 
German  philosophy,  into  "a  religious  and 
philosophic  mysticism  without  much  admix- 
ture of  the  Broad  Church  at  all."  Not  with- 
out vividness  is  the  following  domestic 
picture : 

Of  an  evening,  after  dinner  or  supper,  how  we 
sat  round  the  drawing-room  table,  or  in  scattered 
chairs,  reading.  My  father  would  get  out  his  Fichte 
or  his  Hartmann  and  soon  become  lost  in  their  pe- 
rusal. Occasionally  he  would,  when  he  came  to  a 
striking  passage,  play  a  sort  of  devil's  tattoo  with 
his  fingers  on  the  table,  or,  getting  up,  would  walk 
to  and  fro  quarterdeck  fashion,  with  creaky  boots, 
and  reciting  his  authors  to  himself.  Then  my  mother 
or  perhaps  my  eldest  sister  would  remonstrate,  and 
after  a  time  he  would  settle  down  again.  Sometimes 
if  he  was  very  quiet  one  might  look  up  from  one's 
book  and  see  from  his  upturned  eyes  and  half -open 
lips  that  he  had  lapsed  into  inner  communion  and 
meditation. 

Meanwhile,  "My  mother  sat  on  a  low  chair, 
with  a  book  on  her  knee  and  some  knitting 
in  her  hands,  but  occasionally,  tired  with  the 
work  of  the  day,  would  drop  asleep."  A 
more  active  strain  was  brought  into  the 
family  by  this  mother,  practical,  prompt, 
"with  a  kingly  sense  of  duty  and  courage." 
Of  the  nine  children,  some  were,  like  Edward, 
imaginative  and  brooding,  others  active  and 
adventurous  —  e.  g.,  his  brother  Charlie,  who 
was  first  in  everything  (whether  classics  or 
cricket)  in  college,  and  a  fine  specimen  of  the 
young  Englishman  in  Indian  Service,  and  his 
younger  brother  Alfred,  who  at  fourteen 
entered  the  Navy  and  began  to  make  abund- 
ant use  of  his  "dare-devil  temperament." 

Like  his  brothers,  Edward  was  trained  for 
the  University  at  the  Brighton  College,  save 
for  a  year  at  a  lycee  in  Versailles.  The 
methodical  routine  of  schooling  was  hardly 
to  his  taste.  At  the  lycee,  "The  games  were 
limited  and  regulated.  Everything  was  regu- 
lated. It  was  said  that  the  Minister  of  Edu- 
cation at  Paris  could  at  any  hour  of  the  day 
place  his  finger  on  the  line  of  Virgil  that  was 
being  translated,  or  the  proposition  of  Geom- 
etry that  was  being  proved  at  that  moment 
in  all  the  Lycees  alike  over  the  face  of  the 
land."  One  can  readily  believe  that  the 
bounding,  multitudinous  instincts  of  the  boy 
revolted  against  this  type  of  monotony,  as, 
at  home,  they  revolted  against  social  decorum. 
The  influence  of  music  counted  for  not  a  little 
in  these  years.  He  longed  to  learn  to  play 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


183 


the  piano ;  but  alas,  as  he  lived  in  Victorian 
England,  he  must  yield  place  to  six  dear  sis- 
ters, "who  had  to  be  taught,  poor  things, 
whether  they  liked  it  or  not."  Nevertheless, 
he  contrived  to  tutor  himself  by  playing  late 
in  the  evening,  when  the  rest  of  the  family 
had  withdrawn  upstairs ;  and  with  some  help 
from  his  mother,  he  was  at  length  ready  even 
for  Beethoven's  Sonatas.  The  hour  of  prac- 
tice at  the  piano  was  for  a  long  time  one  of 
the  chief  events  of  his  day.  Later,  he  tried 
to  compose  music,  before  he  had  written  any 
verse.  But  his  chief  refuge  from  his  social 
environment  was  nature.  Since  the  family 
lived  within  two  hundred  yards  of  the  surge, 
the  influence  of  the  sea  on  the  impressionable 
boy  was  ever  active.  Still  more  important 
was  the  influence  of  the  downs.  "On  sunny 
days  I  would  wander  on  over  them  for  miles, 
not  knowing  very  clearly  where  I  was  going 
—  in  a  strange  broody  moony  state  —  glad 
to  find  some  hollow  (like  that  described  in 
Jefferies'  Story  of  My  Heart}  where  one 
could  lie  secluded  for  any  length  of  time  and 
see  only  the  clouds  and  grasses  and  an  occa- 
sional butterfly."  What  a  cheerful,  gentle 
companion,  these  pale,  chalky,  blue-green 
downs  bathed  in  sunshine  —  bringing  peace, 
and  tranquil  thought,  and  balm  for  all 
wounds ! 

Before  going  to  Cambridge,  the  boy 
attended  school  for  a  time  in  Heidelberg  — 
and  here  once  more  nature  drew  him  to  her. 
"What  I  chiefly  remember  ...  is  those 
long  moony  rambles  through  the  woods  —  not 
very  clearly  thinking  about  anything  that  I 
can  make  out,  but  wondering,  and  just  wait- 
ing —  and  every  now  and  then  chancing  in 
some  secluded  glade  or  gorgeous  sunset  scene 
upon  something  that  caught  my  breath  and 
held  me  still."  Then,  at  last,  to*Trinity  HaU. 
A  curious  mode  of  life  awaited  him  here  — 
curious,  that  is,  not  to  an  American  of  this 
day,  but  to  a  moony  mystic : 

The  whole  College  was  given  up  to  boating.  Not 
to  row  or  help  in  the  rowing  in  some  way  or  other 
was  rank  apostasy.  A  few  might  read  besides,  and 
a  few  —  a  dozen  or  two  at  most  —  did  so.  I  boated 
and  talked  boating  slang;  was  made  stroke  of  the 
second  boat,  and  it  went  down  several  places;  became 
Secretary  of  the  Boat  Club;  and  for  two  years  wore 
out  the  seat  of  my  breeches  and  the  cuticle  beneath 
with  incessant  aquatic  service. 

That  is  almost  as  strange  a  phenomenon  as 
Francis  Thompson  devouring  cricket  scores. 
Of  his  studies,  mathematics  interested  him 
most;  indeed,  for  three  years  mathematics 
"nearly  entirely  absorbed"  his  energy  as  a 
student.  That  energy,  however,  was  not  cen- 
tral in  his  life.  As  before,  he  lived  mainly  in 
himself,  and  in  those  fleeting  glimpses  of  him- 


self that  outer  nature  yielded.  How  much 
of  the  wild  romantic  heart  of  youth  is  there 
in  these  sentences  and  stanzas: 

How  well  I  remember  going  down,  as  I  so  fre- 
quently did,  alone  to  the  riverside  at  night,  amid  the 
hushed  reserve  and  quiet  grace  of  the  old  College 
gardens,  and  pouring  my  little  soul  out  to  the  silent 
trees  and  clouds  and  waters!  I  don't  know  what 
kind  of  longing  it  was  —  something  partly  sexual, 
partly  religious,  and  both,  owing  to  my  strangely 
slow-growing  temperament,  still  very  obscure  and 
undefined;  but  anyhow  it  was  something  that 
brooded  about  and  enveloped  my  life,  and  makes  those 
hours  still  stand  out  for  me  as  the  most  pregnant 
of  my  then  existence.  .  . 

O  hanging  cloud,  O  scarcely  stirring  trees, 
O  velvet  waters  moved  to  sound 
By  the  gliding  fishes'  bound, 
O  willow,  whispering  to  the  fitful  breeze, 
0  gentle  touch  of  the  sweet  summer  air, 
O  solitary  owl,  alone, 
Nursing  thy  joy  in  low  weird  tone 
Within  thy  leafy  lair! 
O  one  and  all,  unveil!  and  let  us  see 
The  naming  soul  of  world-wide  Love 
Burning  behind  you,  far  above, 
Beneath,  deep-fountained  life,  strange  mystery! 
Unveil!      O    night    that    washest    Earth's    dark 
shore, 

O  suns,  through  space  that  ever  roll, 
O  Love,  clasping  us  body  and  soul 
For  evermore! 

What  Carpenter  was  really  moving  toward, 
one  can  readily  see,  is  the  radical  chanting  of 
"Towards  Democracy";  what  he  was  super- 
ficially approaching  is  the  priesthood.  In 
June,  1869,  he  was  ordained  Deacon  by  the 
Bishop  of  Ely :  an  odd  fact  in  his  biography, 
to  be  regarded  not  as  an  expression  of  his 
essential  nature,  but  rather  as  his  most  strik- 
ing concession  to  the  Zeitgeist.  The  next  year 
he  was  ordained  priest.  He  became  uneasy, 
moved  from  his  moorings  without  knowing 
it,  found  himself  in  an  ever  more  false  posi- 
tion, and  in  1871,  taking  advantage  of  an  ill- 
ness, he  cut  himself  free. 

Meanwhile  more  genuine  ties  were  forming. 
Carpenter's  significant  literary  enthusiasms 
came  late  in  his  youth:  first  Wordsworth, 
then  Shelley  (more  truly  akin  to  him),  finally 
Whitman  (his  prototype). 

It  was  in  the  summer  of  '68.  .  .  that  one  day 
H.  D.  Warr  —  one  of  the  Fellows  of  Trinity  HaU,  and 
a  very  brilliant  and  amusing  man  —  came  into  my 
room  with  a  blue-covered  book  in  his  hands,  William 
Rossetti's  edition  of  Whitman's  poems  only  lately 
published,  and  said: — 

"Carpenter,  what  do  you  think  of  this!" 

I  took  it  from  him,  looked  at  it,  was  puzzled,  and 
asked  him  what  he  thought  of  it. 

"Well,"  he  said,  "I  thought  a  good  deal  of  it 
at  first,  but  I  don 't  think  I  can  stand  any  more  of  it. " 

With  those  words  he  left  me;  and  I  remember 
lying  down  then  and  there  on  the  floor  and  for  half 
an  hour  poring,  pausing,  wondering.  I  could  not 
make  the  book  out,  but  I  knew  at  the  end  of  that 
time  that  I  intended  to  go  on  reading  it.  In  a  short 
time  I  bought  a  copy  for  myself,  then  I  got  Demo- 


THE    DIAL 


[September  21 


cratic  Vistas,  and  later  on,  after  three  or  four  years, 
Leaves  of  Grass  complete. 

From  that  time  forward  a  profound  change  set 
in  within  me.  I  remember  the  long  and  beautiful 
summer  nights,  sometimes  in  the  college  garden  by  the 
riverside,  sometimes  sitting  at  my  own  window 
which  itself  overlooked  a  little  old-fashioned  garden 
enclosed  by  grey  and  crumbling  walls;  sometimes 
watching  the  silent  and  untroubled  dawn;  and  feel- 
ing all  the  time  that  my  life  deep  down  was  flowing 
out  and  away  from  the  surroundings  and  traditions 
amid  which  I  lived  —  a  current  of  sympathy  carrying 
it  westward,  across  the  Atlantic.  I  wrote  to  Whitman, 
obtained  his  books  from  him,  and  occasional  post- 
cardial  responses.  But  outwardly,  and  on  the  sur- 
face, my  life  went  on  as  usual. 

What  drew  him  to  Whitman  was  first  of  all 
his  celebration  of  comradeship.  That  chimed, 
in  the  physical  form  it  took  in  Whitman,  with 
his  own  predilections,  for  underneath  his 
aversion  to  life  as  it  is  lived  had  been  a  long- 
ing for  a  rough-and-ready,  arm-in-arm  cam- 
erado  relationship  with  a  few  kindred  spirits. 
Then,  the  frank  sensuality  of  Whitman  exem- 
plified his  own  early  convictions  as  to  the 
Tightness  of  openness  and  the  wrongness  of 
lies  and  indirections  and  shams.  These  con- 
victions were  corroborated,  he  thought,  by 
Greek  sculpture,  with  which  he  became 
acquainted  in  Italy  in  1873.  The  result  of 
these  influences,  and  of  his  development  in  the 
Cambridge  years,  was  a  second  "unfrocking." 
As  he  had  abandoned  the  Church,  so  he  now 
abandoned  the  University,  and,  responding 
to  a  sudden  inspiration,  decided  to  "go  and 
make  my  life  with  the  mass  of  the  people  and 
the  manual  workers." 

This  brings  us  to  the  end  of  the  first  period 
of  his  life.  Of  his  more  familiar  later  activi- 
ties —  his  goings  up  and  down  as  a  distraught 
University  Extension  lecturer,  his  market 
gardening  at  Bradway  (immediately  follow- 
ing his  inheritance  of  £6000),  his  "simple 
life"  at  Millthorpe,  where  he  received  every 
manner  of  crotchety  guest  and  looked  out 
upon  the  world  with  disdain  but  also  with 
large  hope  —  nothing  need  be  said  here,  the 
most  valuable  part  of  the  book  being  the  story 
of  his  early  years.  A  few  titles  drawn  from 
the  list  of  his  works  contained  in  the  appen- 
dix will  suggest  something  of  the  range  of 
his  interests:  "Homogenic  Love  and  Its 
Place  in  a  Free  Society,"  "Vivisection," 
"Non-Governmental  Society,"  "The  Inner 
Self,"  "Proof  of  Taylor's  Theorem  in  the 
Differential  Calculus,"  "The  Smoke-Nuisance 
and  its  Eemedy,"  "On  English  Hexameter 
Verse. " 

Of  the  countless  personalities  that  pass 
before  the  reader  of  these  reminiscences, 
many  are  well-nigh  unforgettable  in  their 
various  eccentricities  and  more  or  less  genial 


aberrations;  but  few  great  names  appear. 
Here  is  one  who  was  both  eccentric  and  great 
—  through  borrowed  light  —  Trelawny  of 
the  "Eecords" : 

A  quite  old  man  of  about  eighty-seven  or  eighty- 
eight,  rugged  to  a  degree,  with  sunken  eyes  and  pro- 
jecting cheek-bones,  but  with  a  strange  gleam  of 
fire  about  him  even  at  that  age  —  not  unlike  some 
semi-extinct  volcano  —  and  the  appearance  of  what 
had  once  been  a  rather  massive  and  powerful  frame. 
He  was  sitting  in  a  high  chair  near  the  fire  with  a 
pile  of  books  on  the  floor  beside  him.  "You  are 
interested  in  Shelley,"  he  said.  And  then  without 
waiting  for  a  reply:  "He  was  our  greatest  poet 
since  Shakespeare."  And  then:  "He  couldn't  have 
been  the  poet  he  was  if  he  had  not  been  an  Atheist." 
That  was  a  pretty  good  beginning;  he  rolled  out  the 
"  Atheist"  with  evident  satisfaction.  Presently  he 
points  out  an  oil-portrait  of  Mary:  "She  did  him 
no  good,"  he  said — "was  always  a  drag  on  him".  .  . 
"Poets,"  he  continued,  "ought  never  to  marry.  It's 
the  greatest  mistake.  A  poet  ought  to  be  as  free 
as  air  —  free  to  say  and  do  what  he  pleases  —  and  he 
cannot  be  free  if  he  is  married." 

And  Trelawny  himself,  as  Carpenter  goes  on 
to  say,  "had  four  wives  at  least  —  no  one 
knew  how  many  more!" 

In  America,  Carpenter  met,  among  others, 
our  foremost  writer,  of  whom  we  are  given 
this  pen  portrait : 

Emerson  was  very  charming  and  friendly.  .  . 
His  eyes  greyish-blue,  the  corners  of  his  lips  often 
drawn  upward  —  altogether  a  wonderful  bird-like 
look  about  his  face,  enhanced  by  his  way  of  jerk- 
ing his  head  forward  —  the  look  sometimes  very 
straight  and  intense,  then  followed  by  a  charming 
placid  smile  like  moonlight  on  the  sea.  His  domes- 
tic life  seemed  admirable.  In  his  library  he  talked 
much  about  books  and  authors  —  handling  his  books 
in  a  caressing  loving  way.  .  .  He  expressed  his 
admiration  for  Carlyle  and  Tennyson;  his  want 
of  the  same  for  Matthew  Arnold;  and  his  plain  con- 
tempt of  Lewes'  Life  of  Goethe.  .  .  When  I 
spoke  of  Walt  Whitman  he  made  an  odd  whinnying 
sound:  "Well,  I  thought  he  had  some  merit  at  one 
time:  there  was  a  good  deal  of  promise  in  the  first 
edition  —  burt  he  is  a  wayward  fanciful  man.  I  saw 
him  in  New  York  and  asked  him  to  dine  at  my 
Hotel.  He  shouted  for  a  'tin  mug'  for  his  beer. 
Then  he  had  a  noisy  fire  engine  society.  And  he 
took  me  there  and  was  like  a  boy  over  it,  as  if  there 
had  never  been  such  a  thing  before." 

Characteristically,  Carpenter  crossed  the 
Atlantic  as  a  steerage  passenger  —  this  was 
in  1884  —  and  so  relished  the  experience  that 
he  repeated  it  on  the  return  voyage.  "The 
fact  of  my  venturing  it,"  he  says,  "shows  the 
determination  with  which  I  was  working 
down  into  a  knowledge  of  the  life  of  the 

NORMAN  FOERSTER. 


Mr.  Alfred  A.  Knopf  has  arranged  to  bring  out 
an  English  version  of  Alexander  Benois's  famous 
work,  "The  Russian  School  of  Painting."  Mr. 
Christian  Brinton  will  furnish  an  introduction  in 
appreciation  of  Benois  and  his  work. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


185 


Tm:  AMERICAN  CITY.* 


In  1909  Professor  William  B.  Munro  pub- 
lished a  volume  entitled  "The  Government 
of  European  Cities,"  and  in  1913  another 
entitled  "The  Government  of  American 
Cities."  Both  books  dealt  with  the  frame- 
work of  city  government,  and  made  no  pre- 
tense of  covering  the  broad  subject  commonly 
designated  "municipal  functions."  The  pur- 
pose was  to  reserve  this  portion  of  the  subject 
for  separate  treatment;  and  in  the  recently 
published  volume,  "The  Principles  and 
Methods  of  Municipal  Administration,"  this 
purpose  has  been  achieved. 

The  aim  of  the  new  volume,  in  the  author's 
words,  is  "to  show  how  various  city  depart- 
ments are  organized,  what  work  they  have  to 
do,  and  what  problems  they  usually  encounter 
in  getting  things  done. "  It  would  be  difficult 
to  imagine  a  book  which,  within  the  limits 
set,  should  more  completely  attain  this  aim. 
In  the  first  place,  the  author  avoids  the  mis- 
take of  attempting  to  cover  within  five  hun- 
dred pages  every  portion  of  the  limitless  field 
of  municipal  administration.  He  writes  in 
considerable  detail  of  city  planning  and  street 
arrangement,  of  water  supply  and  lighting, 
of  waste  disposal  and  sewerage,  of  police 
administration,  and  fire  prevention  and  pro- 
tection, of  school  administration,  and  of 
finance.  But  he  does  not  cover  health  admin- 
istration, building  regulation  in  relation  to 
housing,  charities  and  corrections,  street  rail- 
ways, subways,  ferries,  docks,  markets,  and 
other  of  the  important  functions  and  utilities 
of  the  city.  He  omits  from  the  present  volume 
topics  sufficient  to  fill  a  companion  volume, 
such  as  it  may  he  hoped  that  he  eventually 
will  write. 

Professor  Munro  attains  his  purpose,  in  the 
second  place,  because  he  has  mastered  his  sub- 
ject and  is  able  to  write  with  unimpeachable 
authority.  The  literature  is  abundant,  but 
the  documents  are  in  many  respects  defective, 
and  it  has  been  no  ordinary  task  to  arrive  at 
authenticated  facts  and  demonstrable  conclu- 
sions. Prolonged  investigation  of  the  written 
materials,  re-enforced  by  personal  observa- 
tion and  by  consultation  with  leading  stu- 
dents in  the  field,  has  yielded  results  of 
exceptionally  satisfactory  character.  Finally 

*  PRINCIPLES  AND  METHODS  OF  MUNICIPAL  ADMINISTRATION. 
By  William  Bennett  Munro.  New  York:  The  Macmillan  Co. 

CITY  PLANNING,  with  Special  Reference  to  the  Planning 
of  Streets  and  Lots.  By  Charles  Mulford  Robinson.  Illus- 
trated. New  York:  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

CITY  PLANNING.  A  Series  of  Papers  Presenting  the 
Essentials  of  a  City  Plan.  Edited  by  John  Nolen.  Illus- 
trated. New  York:  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 

THE  AMERICAN  CITY.  An  Outline  of  Its  Development 
and  Functions.  By  Henry  C.  Wright.  Chicago:  A.  C. 
McClurfr  &  Co. 


must  be  mentioned  the  fact  that  the  author 
has  imparted  to  his  discussions  substantial 
literary  quality.  Accuracy  and  readableness 
are  happily  combined. 

No  book  in  which  it  is  proposed  to  describe 
the  administration  of  municipal  affairs  in 
recent  decades  and  at  the  present  day  can 
fail  to  be  largely  a  chronicle  of  shortcomings. 
The  most  striking  fact  about  Professor 
Munro 's  volume,  none  the  less,  is  the  tone  of 
optimism  with  which  it  is  pervaded. 
"American  cities,"  we  are  told  at  the  outset, 
"have  made  more  progress  in  the  direction  of 
clean  and  efficient  government  within  the  last 
ten  years  than  they  were  able  to  make  during 
the  preceding  fifty."  And  a  careful  reading 
of  the  record  of  administrative  advance  as  set 
down  in  the  succeeding  chapters  leads  inevi- 
tably to  concurrence  in  the  assertion.  In  the 
judgment  of  the  author,  the  two  features  of 
municipal  development  in  the  past  decade  to 
which,  mainly,  is  attributable  the  improve- 
ment that  has  taken  place  are  the  "radical 
simplification  of  governing  machinery"  and 
the  "progress  of  the  efficiency  movement,  so- 
called,  involving  the  use  of  new  administra- 
tive implements  and  the  adoption  of  improved 
business  methods."  Another  development 
which,  he  says,  promises  to  be  at  once  the 
culmination  of  these  reforms  and  the  guaran- 
tee of  their  permanence  is  the  "spread  of  more 
accurate  popular  knowledge  concerning  the 
city's  affairs."  And  in  this  connection  whole- 
some stress  is  laid  upon  the  fact  that,  while 
technical  expertness  in  administration  is  to  be 
desired,  the  exponents  of  "efficiency"  in  late 
years  have  overshot  the  mark  by  encouraging 
the  people  to  believe  that  municipal  affairs 
are  too  abstruse  to  be  understood  or  deter- 
mined by  them.  The  fundamental  requisite 
of  wholesome  municipal  government,  it  is 
insisted,  is  intelligent  citizenship, —  "an 
interested  and  informed  community."  The 
form  of  the  government  is  important,  but  if 
the  public  attitude  is  right  satisfactory  results 
can  be  attained  under  any  structural  arrange- 
ments. And  while  the  personnel  of  the  munic- 
ipal official  body  is  important,  it  may  be 
depended  upon  to  be  acceptable  if  only  the 
people  have  an  enlightened  interest  in  their 
public  affairs.  The  methods  of  educating 
the  public  in  municipal  matters  are  discussed 
succinctly,  and  it  is  affirmed  that  a  main 
object  of  the  chapters  which  make  up  the 
body  of  the  book  is  "to  translate  many  so- 
termed  complicated  questions  into  ordinary 
language,  to  show  that  most  matters  of  muni- 
cipal administration  resolve  themselves  into 
broad  questions  of  principles  or  method  which 
any  ordinary  mind  can  grasp." 


186 


THE    DIAL 


[September  21 


One  of  the  most  suggestive  of  Professor 
Munro's  chapters  deals  with  city  planning. 
And  within  a  year  there  have  been  published 
several  volumes  devoted  exclusively  to  this 
new  and  fascinating  subject.  Two  of  the 
best  of  these  are  Mr.  C.  M.  Robinson's  "City 
Planning"  and  Mr.  John  Nolen's  "City 
Planning."  Mr.  Robinson's  volume  is  a  revi- 
sion of  a  book  entitled  "The  Width  and 
Arrangement  of  Streets,"  published  in  1911. 
It  contains,  however,  a  large  amount  of  mat- 
ter that  is  new, —  notably  a  series  of  five  chap- 
ters on  city-planning  legislation,  a  phase  of 
the  subject  on  which  little  indeed  could  be 
written  even  so  recently  as  1911.  As  its  sub- 
title suggests,  the  book  discusses  mainly  the 
planning  of  streets  and  lots,  and  considers 
only  incidentally  the  subject  of  parks.  But 
so  far  as  it  goes  it  covers  the  ground  very 
satisfactorily.  The  text  is  simple,  and  the 
numerous  illustrations  lend  vividness.  No 
stronger  argument  for  scientific  planning  of 
street  construction,  in  accordance  with  the 
interests  of  property  owners  and  of  the  muni- 
pality  as  well,  has  been  made. 

The  volume  edited  by  Mr.  Nolen  appears  in 
a  series  published  under  the  authority  of  the 
National  Municipal  League.  It  is  correctly 
denominated  a  handbook,  and  there  has  been 
no  attempt  to  expand  it  into  a  comprehensive 
treatise.  It  contains  chapters  by  sixteen 
writers,  although,  as  the  editor  justly  affirms, 
it  is  not  merely  a  loose  collection  of  essays  on 
city  planning  subjects,  but  rather  a  related 
series  which,  taken  together,  covers  the  essen- 
tial elements  of  a  city  plan.  The  contributors 
are  men  of  recognized  qualifications,  and  most 
of  them  have  technical  knowledge  of,  and 
experience  in,  the  portion  of  the  field  upon 
which  they  have  written.  Among  them  are 
Frederick  Law  Olmsted,  Arthur  A.  Shurtleff, 
George  R.  Wadsworth,  James  Ford,  J.  Horace 
McFarland,  and  Charles  M.  Robinson.  The 
subject  of  street  arrangement  is  covered  less 
thoroughly  than  in  Mr.  Robinson's  volume. 
But  on  the  other  hand  there  are  chapters  on 
park  systems,  recreation  facilities,  water 
supply  in  relation  to  the  city  plan,  railroads 
and  industrial  districts,  the  effect  of  rapid 
transit  on  the  city  plan,  and  the  finances  of 
city  planning.  There  are  serviceable  chapter 
bibliographies  and  helpful  diagrams  and 
illustrations.  Altogether,  the  volume  is  more 
generally  useful,  for  Americans  at  all  events, 
than  any  other  upon  the  subject. 

Mr.  Henry  C.  Wright's  "The  American 
City"  is  essentially  a  primer,  designed  to 
afford  a  bird's-eye  view  of  municipal  govern- 
ment and  municipal  activities  in  this  country. 
It  would  not  be  expected  that  a  book  of  the 


kind  should  contain  new  facts,  and  the  high- 
est qualities  that  could  reasonably  be  looked 
for  are  accuracy  and  proportion.  On  both 
of  these  scores  Mr.  Wright's  little  volume 
must  be  pronounced  satisfactory.  The  lay- 
man will  find  it  a  serviceable  introduction  to 
the  subject  of  which  it  treats. 

FREDERIC  AUSTIN  OGG. 


LIGHT  ON  A  DARK  PROBLEM.* 


In  these  days  of  easy  superlatives  much 
is  said  of  the  epoch-making  event.  "Society 
and  "Prisons"  cannot  be  called  an  epoch-mak- 
ing book;  but  in  the  field  of  prison  reform 
Mr.  Thomas  Mott  Osborne  is  not  far  from 
being  an  epoch-making  man.  This  conclusion, 
at  any  rate,  is  left  with  one  who  reads  his 
latest  book. 

Though  Mr.  Osborne  was  an  expert  in 
prison  matters  before  certain  malign  powers 
forced  him  out  of  the  wardenship  of  Sing 
Sing,  he  has  now  the  advantage  of  a  national 
reputation.  This  he  needs,  and  society  also, 
in  order  to  give  a  wide  currency  to  his  beliefs. 
The  present  book,  appearing  fortunately  at 
the  time  of  his  reinstatement  as  Warden  of 
Sing  Sing,  is  therefore  a  peculiarly  happy 
event  in  the  development  of  prison  reform. 
Invited  to  give  the  Dodge  Lectures  at  Yale 
in  1915,  Mr.  Osborne  seized  the  opportunity 
to  present  his  mature  views  not  only  to  his 
hearers,  but  also  to  the  general  public.  The 
eight  lectures  published  in  the  present  vol- 
ume thus  form  an  admirable  text-book  on 
prisons  and  punishment. 

From  the  beginning,  Mr.  Osborne  contends 
that  the  prisoner  must  be  studied  as  an  indi- 
vidual, and  treated  according  to  his  character, 
if  not  before  at  least  after  incarceration.  To 
class  criminals  as  first  offenders  or  recidiv- 
ists, as  long  termers  or  short  termers,  is  as 
sensible  as  dividing  them  according  to  stature 
or  color  of  hair.  Each  prisoner  is  a  man, 
however  marred,  and  each  has  his  peculiar 
temperament.  There  can  be  no  classification. 
If  the  judge  cannot  learn  to  know  the  man 
as  a  man  —  and  often  he  cannot, —  the  war- 
den of  the  prison  must  learn  to  know  him 
so.  And  when  the  prisoner  has  won  by  his 
conduct  the  right  to  freedom  he  should  have 
it.  In  other  words,  the  indeterminate  sen- 
tence, in  Mr.  Osborne 's  opinion,  is  a  funda- 
mental necessity  in  prison  reform.  In  this 
connection,  Mr.  Osborne  denies  the  existence 
of  the  "hardened  criminal."  No  criminal 
is  hopeless  unless  insane,  and  then  he  is  sick 


*  SOCIETY  AND  PRISONS.     By  Thomas  Mott  Osborne.     New 
Haven :     Yale   University  Press. 


1916] 


THE   DIAL 


187 


and  should  be  treated  as  a  sick  man. 
Lombroso's  "criminal  type"  has  no  place  in 
Mr.  Osborne's  philosophy;  and  he  shows  a 
grim  satisfaction  in  paying  hisr  respects  to 
Mr.  Havelock  Ellis,  whose  book  entitled  "The  I 
Criminal"  transmits  to  the  English  and  i 
American  public  many  of  the  theories  of  the  ! 
celebrated  Italian.  Mr.  Ellis  has  discovered 
— or  was  it  Lombroso  himself! — that  "among 
the  characteristics  of  criminals  is  a  love  of 
animals  and  pets,"  and  also  that  "family 
affection  is  by  no  means  rare  among  crimi- 
nals," "One  is  tempted  to  add,"  remarks 
Mr.  Osborne,  "as  a  no  less  important  contri- 
bution to  penology,  that  criminals,  as  a  rule, 
have  two  legs,  and  are  sometimes  partial  to 
chops  and  tomato  sauce. "  Mr.  Osborne  in  his 
long  experience  has  known  so  many  men  who 
might  have  been  in  prison  but  are  now  suc- 
cessful, and  so  many  others  who  might  have 
been  successful  but  who  got  caught  and  were 
later  ruined  in  prison,  that  he  frankly  won- 
ders what  a  criminal  is.  Take  the  case  of 
"Jimmy  D.,"  who  as  office  boy  used  to  filch 
small  sums  from  the  pay  envelopes  of  the 
men.  He  was  discovered  and  discharged. 
Long  afterward  Mr.  Osborne  was  addressed 
in  a  theatre  by  a  well-dressed  man  who  said 
he  was  "Jimmy  D.,"  and  who  gave  a  very 
good  account  of  himself.  "Had  I  met  him 
in  Sing  Sing,"  says  Mr.  Osborne,  "I  should 
have  been  less  surprised,  for  thirty  years  ago 
if  there  ever  was  a  mischievous  little  devil, 
he  was  it." 

The  fundamental  disagreement  between  Mr. 
Osborne  and  the  old  order  of  criminologists 
lies  in  point  of  view.     Mr.  Osborne  believes 
that  prisons  should  exist  not  for  punishment 
but  for  reform.     Why  should  society  wreak  | 
its  vengeance  upon  a  man  who  has  injured  it, 
only  to  set  him  free  after  a  few  years,  bitter  : 
and  hopeless,  and  resolved  to  have  revenge  in  I 
his   turn?     Yet   there   is   no   question   that  j 
society,  through  its  present  laws,  intends  to 
send  the  criminal  to  prison  for  punishment,  j 
This  attitude  of  mind  has  of  course  survived  j 
from  the  past.     The  forces  of  order  resent  j 
violence,  and  proceed  to  deprive  the  violent 
of  liberty  and  happiness.    Mr.  Osborne  would 
pursue  a  different  course,  which  he  presents  i 
in  the  following  imaginary  charge  of  a  judge  : 
to  a  convicted  man: 

Friend  and  brother,  it  has  been  determined  by 
an  unprejudiced  tribunal  of  your  fellowmen  that  you 
have  done  this  thing.  As  for  your  intentions,  we  do 
not  presume  to  judge;  as  for  your  motives,  they 
can  be  known  only  to  yourself  and  God;  as  for 
your  act,  it  makes  no  difference  what  it  was,  so  long 
as  it  is  dangerous  to  society.  You  are  an  impediment 
to  its  onward  march;  you  are  out  of  gear  with  its 
intricate  machinery.  Your  relations  with  God  we 


leave  with  God,  for  we  neither  grade  your  crime 
nor  brand  any  man  as  a  criminal.  Your  relation 
with  society,  society  has  a  right  to  regulate;  and 
society  decrees  that  you  remain  in  exile  from  it  until 
you  have  shown  by  your  conduct  that  you  are  fit  to 
return  to  it.  Every  help  will  be  given  you,  every 
incentive  will  be  offered  you,  to  learn  your  lesson. 
Then  when  you  have  learned  it, —  be  that  time  long 
or  short, —  society  will  welcome  you  back  again  in 
its  midst.  It  will  not  turn  its  back  upon  you  because 
your  very  return  will  show  that  you  have  worked  out 
your  own  salvation, —  that  from  the  bitterness  of 
experience  you  have  learned  the  truth  you  would 
not  or  could  not  learn  without  it.  Friend  and  brother, 
until  that  time  comes,  farewell  and  may  God  go 
with  you. 

Sincerity  characterizes  the  book  through- 
out. One  can  hear  Mr.  Osborne's  voice  ring 
when  he  describes  old  prison  systems  with 
their  stupid  cruelties,  the  most  frightful  of 
which  is  solitary  confinement ;  when  he  retells 
the  story  of  his  week  in  Auburn  Prison 
(described  in  detail  in  an  earlier  book, 
"Within  Prison  Walls")  ;  and  in  his  fervent 
support  of  the  Honor  System,  tried  out  so 
successfully  in  Auburn  and  Sing  Sing.  The 
Mutual  Welfare  League,  the  agent  of  self- 
government  in  these  prisons,  has  placed 
responsibility  on  the  men,  won  them  new 
privileges,  brought  them  health,  and  given 
them  hope.  It's  motto,  "Do  good  —  Make 
good,"  has  inspired  in  the  prisoners  a  new 
desire  to  make  something  of  their  broken 
lives,  and  in  that  Mr.  Osborne  sees  the  sure 
promise  of  a  better  day  for  prisons  and 

society.  _,     

PAUL  BLACKWELDER. 


MASY  ASPECTS  OF  THE  WAR.* 


In  one  of  Mr.  Zangwill's  speeches,  re- 
printed in  the  volume  before  us,  occurs  a 
passage  which  gave  so  much  pain  to  a  mother 
of  soldiers  that  she  wrote  to  "The  Pall  Mall 
Gazette"  in  protest.  Mr.  Zangwill  refers  to 
this  in  a  footnote,  and  wonders  why  she 
should  have  objected.  We  do  not  wonder; 
we  wonder  rather  that  the  author  should  be 
so  little  aware  of  his  lapses  into  the  super- 
ficial frivolity  of  the  journalistic  method,  so 
wholly  unconscious  of  a  certain  discrepancy 
between  his  literary  style  and  his  entirely 
serious  purpose.  Such  discrepancies  are  com- 
mon enough  in  the  English  literature  of  to- 
day, and  Mr.  Zangwill  is  by  no  means  one  of 
the  most  extreme  examples.  The  skill 
expended  on  these  efforts  to  catch  the  ear 
of  a  more  or  less  trifling  public  will  scarcely 
create  a  permanently  valuable  form  of  lit- 
erary art,  but  the  thoughts  expressed  may  yet 

*  THE   WAK   FOB   THE   WORLD.      By   Israel   Zangwill.      New 
York:    The  Macmillan  Co. 


188 


THE    DIAL 


[September  21 


find  an  important  place  in  the  history  of 
progress. 

Thus,  though  Mr.  Zangwill's  new  book  is 
a  collection  of  not  altogether  contemporary 
miscellanea;  though  the  style  is  largely  that 
of  ephemeral  writings ;  nevertheless,  we  have 
before  us  the  reactions  of  an  extremely  keen 
and  sagacious  observer,  who  is  entirely  in 
earnest  and  essentially  in  advance  of  his  time. 
Perhaps  the  key  to  his  whole  position  is  best 
found  in  the  charming  essay  "Paradise  Lost," 
extracted  from  "King  Albert's  Book."  It 
begins  with  a  picture  of  the  British  fleet 
guarding  the  North  Sea,  the  constant  vigi- 
lance, the  chances  of  instant  death.  The  men 
have  sent  home  most  of  their  property ;  there 
is  little  on  board  which  is  not  designed  for 
the  uses  of  war.  Yet  in  the  midst  of  all  this 
a  young  officer  is  found  with  a  book,  reading 
in  the  intervals  of  his  duties, —  "Paradise 
Lost" !  Taking  this  as  typical,  Mr.  Zangwill 
continues : 

Now,  whatever  be  the  rights  or  wrongs  of  war, 
one  thing  seems  clear.  The  weapons  are  wrong. 
My  young  friend,  with  his  fine-spun  brain  and  his 
spiritxial  delight  in  Milton's  harmonics,  ought  not 
to  be  annihilated  by  a  piece  of  raw  matter.  One 
does  not  fight  a  Sevres  vase  with  a  stone.  .  .  No, 
if  fighting  there  must  be  let  my  young  friend  fight 
against  Nietzsche-worshippers  —  let  the  lucid  lines 
of  the  Puritan  poet  confound  the  formless  squadrons 
of  the  Pagan  dithyrambist.  Brain  against  brain, 
soul  against  soul,  thought  against  thought,  art 
against  art,  man,  in  short,  against  man  —  there  lies 
the  fight  of  the  future.  If  my  young  friend  were 
a  man  of  science,  he  would  be  kept  awake  not  by 
the  German  torpedoes  but  by  the  German  treatises; 
were  he  only  a  tailor,  he  should  never  throw  away  his 
yard-stick  for  a  lance  but  with  his  good  old  scissors 
cut  out  the  Teutonic  tailor. 

Such  a  fight  has  indeed  long  been  in  progress, 
and  the  Germans  have  won  many  well- 
deserved  victories.  Why,  then,  should  they 
"challenge  the  world  on  the  lower  plane  of 
brute  matter"?  Why  was  it  not  sufficient  to 
conquer  by  civilized  means?  "Fatal  perver- 
sity of  Germany  —  to  have  misunderstood 
her  own  greatness!  Proud  in  her  pseudo- 
philosophy,  she  has  repeated  'man's  first  dis- 
obedience '  —  she  has  ignored  the  divine  voice, 
she  has  listened  to  the  lower  promptings  of 
the  serpent." 

In  another  chapter,  however,  we  are  asked 
to  consider  Germany's  commercial  and  polit- 
ical efficiency;  and  the  question  is  raised, 
whether  it  is  worth  while  to  enter  into  compe- 
tition on  her  basis : 

A  professor  of  chemistry  at  a  great  provincial 
university  announced  a  lecture  (during  the  war)  on 
"How  to  Capture  the  German  Dye-Trade"!  Charlie 
Chaplin  himself  could  not  have  drawn  a  more 
numerous  or  eager  audience.  "First  of  all,"  he  began, 
and  every  ear  was  pricked  up,  and  every  eye  glistened, 
"no  week-ends!"  The  faces  fell.  A  dim  presenti- 


ment that  German  trade  was  capturing  them  chilled 
the  ardent  assembly.  In  point  of  fact,  what  did  it 
mean,  that  Germany  was  "dumping"  goods  on  Eng- 
land? That  in  her  cousinly  devotion  to  the  interests 
of  our  masses  she  was  toiling  night  and  day  to  supply 
them  with  commodities  as  cheaply  as  possible.  Poor 
patient,  drudging  Teuton!  Pitiful  helot,  bearing  our 
British  burdens!  We  did  not  want  to  be  a  nest  of 
ants  with  a  slave-colony.  But  if  Germans  ever,  ever, 
ever,  will  be  slaves  what  is  to  be  done? 

Mr.  Zangwill  pleads  eloquently  for  the 
attempt  to  shorten  the  war  by  beginning  nego- 
tiations looking  toward  peace.  He  quotes 
Bloch  and  recent  experience  in  favor  of  the 
view  that  no  decision  or  final  military  out- 
come is  to  be  expected.  Thus  eventually  it 
must  be  a  matter  of  negotiations,  and  why 
not  begin  now?  Is  there  so  much  to  gain 
in  a  military  sense  that  it  will  pay  for  the 
enormous  suffering  and  loss  going  on  in  the 
meantime?  Mr.  Zangwill  has  no  sympathy 
with  the  unconditional  Pacifist,  who  is  "a 
shirker  not  of  military  duty  but  of  unpleasant 
facts,"  but  he  finds  what  he  calls  the  "Mili- 
tary Pacifists"  even  less  bearable. 

Their  notion  of  ending  war  by  wiping  out  Germany 
is  the  most  dangerous  form  of  homicidal  mania  now 
endemic.  .  .  As  a  rule,  Utopians  do  no  harm,  if 
little  good.  But  in  chasing  the  mirage  of  a  Germany 
in  ruins,  they  may  work  woeful  mischief  to  England, 
setting  her  fortunes,  as  they  do,  on  the  fall  of  a 
single  die,  and  declaring,  as  they  do,  that  nothing 
matters  —  not  even  bankruptcy  —  so  long  as  the  pur- 
sual  of  their  Will-o '-the-Wisp  is  unrelaxed. 

In  a  chapter  on  "Novelists  and  the  War,'' 
we  are  reminded  that  the  novelist  is,  after 
all,  a  "professor  of  human  nature,"  and  as 
such  may  have  useful  things  to  say  on  public 
affairs.  "To  the  novelist  human  and 
unashamed  the  strategy  of  war  is  not  so 
fascinating  as  its  psychology,  as  its  patholog- 
ical problems."  Better  than  many  others,  he 
understands  the  mysteries  of  double  person- 
ality, and  the  effects  of  circumstances  on  the 
mind.  So,  says  Mr.  Zangwill,  the  emergence 
of  the  "hyphenated"  in  America  is  no  more 
proof  of  the  failure  of  the  fusive  process 
which  is  making  an  American  nation,  than 
sea-sickness  is  a  proof  of  the  unreality  of 
digestion.  So  again  in  actual  war:  "as  the 
deadly  poison-gas  of  the  Germans  may  be  got 
by  decomposing  common  salt,  so  the  common 
man  may  be  decomposed  into  a  demon.  But 
he  returns  gladly  to  his  simple  table  self." 
Under  conditions  of  war,  the  judgment  is 
warped,  and  lies  pass  current  for  truth;  it 
even  becomes  unpatriotic  to  attempt  to  be 
just : 

This  is  the  true  "  fog  of  war " —  that  we  no  longer 
see  each  other,  that  we  hack  blindly  in  the  dark  at 
the  monstrous  images  we  have  made  of  each  other. 
The  German  crimes  are  largely  the  outcome  of  an 
inhuman  logic  pushed  to  extremes  by  panic  fear, 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


189 


and  the  bulk  of  the  Germans  are  no  more  responsible 
for  them  than  you  or  I  for  the  deaths  in  the  Darda- 
nelles. When  we  last  caught  sight  of  their  faces  — 
on  Christmas  Eve  in  the  trenches  —  what  was  there 
but  the  lineaments  of  our  common,  our  poor,  pitiful 
humanity? 

Four  chapters  are  devoted  to  the  woman 
question,  and  the  latter  part  of  the  book 
contains  a  very  illuminating  discussion  of  the 
Jewish  people,  particularly  in  relation  to 
Russia.  As  to  the  first :  "Not  only  has  female 
militancy  ceased  —  it  has  been  replaced,  as 
we  have  seen,  by  female  service,  service  so 
devoted,  so  multifarious,  so  self-sacrificing 
and  so  heroic  as  to  make  any  further  denial  of 
equal  footing  as  futile  as  it  would  be  ungrate- 
ful. .  .  Everywhere,  you  see,  the  distinc- 
tion between  the  sexes  is  being  reduced  to  its 
proper  sphere  —  which  is  with  few  exceptions 
the  sphere  of  privacy.  Sex's  place  is  the 
home."  The  Jewish  problem  is  presented  as 
one  which  is  especially,  at  this  time,  the  con- 
cern of  England.  The  treatment  of  the  Jews 
in  Russia  remains  abominable,  in  spite  of  the 
fact  that  they  have  fought  so  well  in  the  war. 
England,  now  allied  with  Russia,  has  some 
right  to  demand  better  things,  as  we  all 
thought  the  Germans  should  nave  demanded 
of  the  Turks  in  Armenia.  The  Jews  indeed 
have  not  been  the  only  sufferers,  and  natur- 
ally the  liberals  of  Russia  looked  for  aid  to 
the  liberal  sentiment  of  England.  "What 
will  they  say  in  liberty-loving  England?" 
exclaimed  a  speaker  in  the  Duma.  But  alas ! 
in  England  they  had  little  or  nothing  to  say, 
at  any  rate  officially. 

Our  first  impression  of  a  certain  undue 
lightness  of  treatment  vanishes  as  we  absorb 
the  contents  of  this  many-sided  book, —  not 
that  it  was  altogether  mistaken,  but  because 
we  forget  it  in  our  interest  in  the  great  ques- 
tions discussed  and  the  sincerity  and  ability 
shown  in  the  treatment. 

T.    D.   A.    COCKERELL. 


Addressed  to  members  of  the  Anglican  Church 
in  America  as  well  as  to  all  American  Christians, 
be  they  professional  Churchmen  or  not,  Rev.  Wm. 
A.  R.  Goodwin's  "The  Church  Enchained" 
(Button)  is  an  eloquent  and  worthy  effort  to 
arouse  Christians  to  the  appalling  crisis  which 
faces  them.  What  are  the  Church's  responsibil- 
ities, and  what  her  labor  to  fulfill  that  high  calling 
appointed  unto  herT  If  she  be  failing,  why  did 
she  fail?  and  how  may  she  correct  herself?  These 
are  the  immediate  and  necessary  questions  to  be 
asked  and  answered  by  Christians  everywhere. 
Additional  weight  is  given  to  this  appeal  by  reason 
of  its  introduction  written  by  the  Rt.  Rev.  David 
H.  Greer,  Bishop  of  the  Diocese  of  New  York. 


WITH  THE  ALLIES.* 

It  may  be  that  years  hence  some  Homer 
will  write  an  epic  on  the  retreat  of  the  Serbian 
army  in  the  year  1915,  or  that  a  Bennett  will 
detail,  in  three  volumes,  the  emotions  of  an 
individual  refugee,  but  just  now  Mr.  Fortier 
Jones,  an  American,  has  recorded  the  impres- 
sions of  an  eye-witness  to  the  actual  happen- 
ing— the  rout  of  a  nation.  Or  it  may  be,  with 
the  passing  of  years,  that  succeeding  incidents 
and  a  broader  perspective  will  arrange  values 
to  an  extent  preventive  of  epics,  or  even  of 
trilogies.  But  the  chances  are  that  the  event 
of  which  Mr.  Jones  has  written  will  always  be 
considered  one  of  the  most  tremendous  catas- 
trophes in  history. 

Mr.  Jones  was  with  the  retreating  army 
from  the  Danube  to  the  Adriatic,  and  in  pow- 
erful terms  he  sets  forth  the  tragedy  of  the 
flight.  He  tells  of  the  sudden  approach  of 
defeat,  of  the  cold  and  sleet  and  snow,  of 
almost  impassable  roads  blocked  solid  for 
miles  with  struggling  men  and  women,  with 
oxen  and  automobiles ;  he  tells  of  hunger  and 
disease,  of  superb  fighting  spirit,  of  lack  of 
ammunition,  of  adherence  to  an  ideal. 

His  narrative  is  one  of  striking  contrasts, — 
the  heroic  "cheechas,"  feeble  old  men  in  the 
last  line  of  reserve  with  empty  stomachs  and 
cheerful  grins,  and  the  boys  not  quite  old 
enough  for  service,  who  were  herded  together 
and  sent  to  the  sea,  which  only  a  few  ever 
reached,  that  they  might  be  saved  from  the 
advancing  Teutons  and  Bulgars  for  a  "to- 
morrow" of  vengeance.  He  presents  single 
episodes  that  express  the  whole  feeling  of 
the  nation, — a  soldier  accidentally  knocking 
an  old  woman  into  the  snow  and  throwing 
down  his  own  equipment  that  he  might  carry 
her,  and  the  old  woman  cursing  him  and 
pointing  to  his  gun.  He  tells  of  the  unbecom- 
ing conduct  of  the  British  attaches,  and  the 
splendid  fortitude  of  the  British  nurses  whom 
he  conducted  throughout  the  greater  part  of 
the  retreat.  He  speaks,  also,  of  the  over-adver- 
tised aid  that  the  United  States  rendered 
during  the  typhus  epidemic,  and  offers  the 
statement  that  other  nations,  notably  Russia, 
did  more  and  said  less. 

*  WITH  SERBIA  INTO  EXILE.  By  Fortier  Jones.  New 
York:  The  Century  Co. 

PRISONER  OF  WAR.  By  Andre  Warned.  Philadelphia: 
J.  B.  Lippincott  Co. 

THE  GREAT  PUSH.  By  Patrick  MacGilL  New  York: 
George  H.  Doran  Co. 

A  WOMAN'S  DIARY  OF  THE  WAR.  By  S.  MacNaughtan. 
New  York:  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 

MICHAEL  CASSIDY,  SERGEANT.  By  "Sapper."  New  York: 
George  H.  Doran  Co. 

IN  THE  FIELD.  By  Marcel  Dupont.  Philadelphia:  J.  B. 
Lippincott  Co. 


190 


THE    DIAL 


[September  21 


All  these  things  he  tells,  and  in  simple, 
direct  language.  He  seems  to  have  realized  the 
effectiveness  of  fact  rather  than  its  impres- 
siveness.  For  these  things  were  stark  facts 
to  him,  and  if,  because  of  this,  he  loses  at 
times  the  writer's  self -consciousness,  it  is  not 
to  his  discredit.  And  thereby  does  he  present 
more  convincingly  the  thought  with  which,  as 
a  prediction,  he  concludes  the  book :  That  the 
national  soul  of  Serbia  shall  not  die. 

Throughout  the  book  the  personal  pronoun 
is  suppressed,  but  it  is  easily  seen  what  part 
Mr.  Jones  played  in  the  events  which  he  nar- 
rates. And  an  interest  attaches  to  the  per- 
sonality of  the  writer  because  of  the  nature 
of  those  events.  His  decision  to  join  the  relief 
expedition  and  his  departure  within  twenty- 
four  hours  hint  at  a  mere  impetuous  eager- 
ness for  adventure,  but  contact  with  raw, 
naked  life  may  have  played  an  important 
part  in  a  development  of  character.  For  the 
quality  of  the  thought  shows  plainly  that  he 
has  caught  much  of  the  spirit  of  service. 
However  that  may  be,  it  would  certainly 
seem  that  the  book  is  the  honest  writing  of 
a  gallant  gentleman. 

Quite  different  in  method  is  the  "Prisoner 
of  War,"  by  Andre  "Warnod,  a  Parisian  jour- 
nalist., who  was  taken  captive  by  the  Germans 
and  confined  in  a  detention  camp  with  thou- 
sands of  other  prisoners, — Russians,  Moroc- 
cans, Highlanders,  Belgians.  With  what  is 
obviously  an  intention  of  giving  the  "home 
folks"  an  accurate  idea  of  existence  in  these 
surroundings,  he  has  written  of  the  living 
conditions  of  the  camp,  the  attitude  of  Ger- 
man soldiers  and  civilians,  and  the  spirit  of 
the  prisoners.  He  gives  descriptions  and 
sketches,  in  words  and  drawings,  of  the  fea- 
tures of  camp  life, —  the  concerts  with  instru- 
ments fashioned  from  boxes,  the  Christmas 
mass  with  its  terrible  depression,  the  theatre 
with  scenery  painted  on  sheets  of  paper,  the 
prisoner-vendors  of  food  and  drink  and 
trinkets,  the  fire  drill. 

In  everything  he  is  the  Parisien  and  the 
artist.  The  wretchedness  of  the  prisoners  is 
emphasized  when  he  tells  of  it  in  cheerful 
vein ;  he  sees  the  pictorial  value,  the  color,  in 
every  incident  of  the  life  around  him.  He 
laughs  at  German  "thoroughness,"  which 
provides  beds  but  no  bedding,  and  stoves 
without  coal;  he  returns  an  indictment  of 
tactlessness  against  the  Germans  as  their 
worst  sin ! 

Patrick  MacGill,  who  wrote  "Children  of 
the  Dead  End,"  "The  Rat  Pit,"  and  "The 
Red  Horizon,"  was  with  the  Royal  Irish  at 
Loos  when  the  regiment  kicked  a  football 
across  the  field  to  the  German  trenches,  and 


this  charge  is  the  "big  scene"  in  his  book, 
"The  Great  Push."  At  least  one  has  the  feel- 
ing that  the  book  was  written  around  this 
incident  and  the  advertising  tends  to  indi- 
cate it. 

It  is  a  "big  scene,"  and  thrilling  and  dra- 
matic and  convincing,  and  all  the  other  stock 
adjectives.  But  it  is  not  as  thrilling  by  half 
as  the  scene  just  before  it,  where  the  men  are 
waiting  to  go  "over  the  top"  of  the  trenches, 
nor  as  dramatic  as  "The  Ration  Party,"  nor 
as  convincing  as  the  episode  of  Gilhooley,  the 
Bomber.  However,  he  draws  interesting 
figures, — Bill,  Teake,  Pryor,  Chaplain  Lane- 
Fox,  M 'Crone, — men  whose  traits  of  charac- 
ter in  peace  times  show  through  in  the  most 
curious  ways  in  the  metamorphoses  of  war. 

These  men,  and  the  argot  of  the  trenches, 
and  such  incidents  as  the  stemming  of  a 
retreat  and  the  picking  up  of  the  wounded 
are  sketched  with  a  good  deal  of  skill.  Alto- 
gether there  is  presented  the  very  essence  of 
the  war,  or  as  Bill  would  say,  the  smell  of  it. 
At  times  Mr.  MacGill  comes  dangerously  close 
to  the  crime  of  "fine  writing,"  but  most  of 
the  book  was  written  on  the  scene  of  action, 
and  the  wonder  of  it  is  that  he  wrote  as  sim- 
ply as  he  did. 

After  reading  Mr.  Fortier  Jones's  account 
of  the  British  nurses  in  the  Serbian  retreat, 
it  is  especially  interesting  to  follow  the  adven- 
tures of  a  woman  of  the  same  stripe  as 
those  for  whom  he  has  so  much  admiration. 
Miss  S.  MacNaughtan,  a  novelist,  joined  the 
Red  Cross  at  the  beginning  of  the  war,  went 
through  the  siege  and  evacuation  of  Antwerp, 
and  was  with  her  unit  at  Furnes  and  La' 
Panne.  Hers  is  the  intimate  view  of  the 
behind-the-lines  phase  of  the  war,  the  contact 
with  suffering  without  the  opportunity  for 
counter-aggression. 

In  attractively  simple  language  she  de- 
scribes the  handling  of  the  wounded  and  the 
cheerful  persistence  with  which  the  nurses 
"did  their  bit."  There  is  not  a  little  humor 
in  the  book  and  a  great  deal  of  earnestness. 
Surely  a  nation  with  the  spirit  of  Mr.  Jones's 
and  Miss  MacNaughtan 's  women  is  uncon- 
querable. 

"Sapper"  is  an  English  officer  of  Engineers, 
and  he  has  written  a  book  called  "Michael 
Cassidy,  Sergeant."  And  Michael  Cassidy  is 
not  Kiplingesque.  This,  incredibly,  despite 
the  sub-title:  "'Plain  Tales'  of  the  Great 
War" ! 

Michael  Cassidy  is  in  London,  wounded, 
when  the  author  reaches  the  city  on  his  way 
to  the  front.  In  a  number  of  short  stories, 
more  or  less  connected,  he  tells  of  what  has 
befallen  him.  Later  on  Michael  disappears, 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


191 


and  his  place  is  taken  by  other  characters, — 
such  as  the  "nut"  who  enlisted,  and  after  his 
first  shelling,  found 

that  there  were  other  things  besides  cocktails  and 
whisky  sours  and  amusing  women,  and  that  a  new 
force  was  at  work  —  the  force  of  Death  —  which 
made  them  all  seem  very  petty.  The  ancestors 
seemed  a  bit  petty,  the  money  that  came  from  tins 
seemed  a  bit  petty;  he  only  remembered  a  head  roll- 
ing toward  him  with  gaping  mouth  and  staring  eyes. 
It  struck  him  that  his  might  have  been  the  head. 

Michael  Cassidy  is  not  astoundingly  real, 
though  he  is  quite  a  ladies'  man,  and  his 
dialect,  with  what  one  might  call  its  procras- 
tinating verbs,  and  its  inversions,  is  so  deter- 
minedly Irish  that  it  is  almost  German ! 

But  he  is  interesting,  as  are  the  other  char- 
acters, and  the  stories  "grip,"  which,  after 
all,  is  the  final  test. 

Very  simply  and  modestly,  Marcel  Dupont, 
a  lieutenant  of  Chasseurs,  speaks  of  "things 
I  have  seen  with  my  own  eyes,  in  the  little 
corner  of  the  battle-field  occupied  by  my  regi-  j 
ment, "  in  "  In  the  Field. "  By  way  of  preface, 
he  says: 

Further,  I  gladly  offer  these  "impressions"  to  any 
non-combatants  they  may  interest.  They  must  not  look 
for  the  talents  of  a  great  story-teller,  nor  the  thrill- 
ing interest  of  a  novel.  All  they  will  find  is  the 
simple  tale  of  an  eyewitness,  the  unschooled  effort  of 
a  soldier  more  apt  with  the  sword  than  with  the 
pen. 

What  "they"  do  find  is  some  very  effective 
work;  stories  with  a  distinct  charm,  and  a 
distinct,  though  unconscious,  purpose.  Be- 
cause he  was  with  the  cavalry  arm  M.  Dupont 
saw  more  of  the  ancient  glory  of  war, 
at  first,  than  would  have  been  his  fortune  had 
he  been  in  the  trenches  from  the  beginning; 
but  later  on  he  came  face  to  face  with  "the 
other  thing."  The  stories,  "Sister  Gabrielle" 
and  "The  First  Charge"  are  particularly 
good. 

"They"  who  read  are  sure  to  glimpse 
somewhat  of  the  spirit  that  makes  for  the 
wonderful  relations  between  officer  and  man, 
the  spirit  that  animates  the  French  army  and 
the  French  Kepublic.  If  they  be  American, 
"They"  may  perceive  a  quality  to  which  our 
own  Republic  must  attain  if  it  is  to  survive. 

TRAVIS  HOKE. 


MR.  GEORGE  MOORE'S  XEW  CHRIST.* 


The  little  poems  of  Barbara  Erskine  have  been 
gathered  together  and  printed  in  simple  book  form 
by  The  Trow  Press.  They  were  found  in  note- 
books, tucked  into  volumes  of  poetry  she  had  loved 
and  read,  and  taken  from  letters  to  friends.  The 
book  contains  75  pages  and  is  printed  on  French 
hand-made  paper,  with  a  full-page  illustration  in 
pen  and  ink  by  Lewis  E.  Macomber,  which  is 
printed  on  vellum.  Miss  Erskine  was  the  daughter 
of  Elia  W.  Peattie,  of  the  "Chicago  Tribune,"  a 
well-known  writer  of  short  stories. 


Mr.  George  Moore's  novel  on  the  life  of 
Christ,  "The  Brook  Kerith,"  could  not  have 
been  published  at  a  more  appropriate  time. 
One  thing  that  the  Great  War  has  settled 
for  good,  though  I  fear  many  honest  people 
are  too  stupid  to  recognize  it,  is  that  in  the 
life  of  the  modern  world  Christianity  is  like 
a  best  suit  of  clothes  worn  to  please  ourselves 
and  impress  the  neighbors.  The  warring 
nations  are  each  like  a  citizen  who,  strolling 
in  his  orchard  on  a  Sunday,  after  meeting, 
has  seen  an  armed  foreigner  getting  through 
the  hedge.  What  does  the  citizen  do!  He 
runs  back  to  his  house  for  his  loaded  gun  and 
tries  to  get  in  the  first  shot  at  the  intruder. 
Afterwards  he  protests  that  he  has  always 
been,  and  will  always  remain,  a  firm  and 
devout  Christian.  No  doubt  some  American 
readers  have  heard  the  story  of  the  patriotic 
clergyman's  reply  to  the  pacific-minded 
socialist, — "Where  are  the  Christians,  Sir. 
you  ask ?  The  Christians  are  all  at  the  front!" 
And  I  believe  this  is  now  coming  to  be  true, 
for  the  reason  that  those  who  have  suffered 
the  horrors  of  war  are  far  nearer  to  under- 
standing Christ's  teaching  than  those  who, 
staying  safe  at  home,  pray  for  victory  over 
the  enemy.  Mr.  George  Moore's  careful 
study  of  the  figure  of  Jesus  of  Nazareth,  one 
which  I  understand  is  fortified  by  his  own 
impressions  of  Palestine,  the  people  and  the 
country,  is  therefore  doubly  welcome  to  any- 
one who,  forced  to  face  the  atrocious  facts  of 
the  most  hideous  war  known  to  history,  exam- 
ines for  himself  the  foundations  of  Christ's 
teaching. 

Let  me  say  at  once  that  though  Mr.  George 
Moore's  conception  and  interpretation  of 
Jesus  seem  to  me  essentially  inadequate,  his 
clever  novel  should  help  to  stimulate  people 
generally  to  separate  the  kernel  from  the 
husk  of  Christ's  teaching.  I  say  "clever," 
for  could  the  author  have  risen  to  the  height 
of  the  main  conceptions  embodied  in  the 
Sermon  on  the  Mount,  as  Tolstoy  did,  and 
have  kept  the  psychological  drama  on  the 
plane  of  that  highest  human  altitude,  the 
book  would  have  been  one  of  rare  genius. 
Mr.  George  Moore's  genius,  however,  is  of  a 
feline  order,  as  the  admirers  of  "Ave  atque 
Vale"  know, —  one  that  reminds  us  of  a 
woman  suavely  receptive,  yet  seriously  pre- 
occupied with  the  effect  of  the  last  dress  she 
has  put  on.  Her  malice  she  keeps  for  her 
dear  friends,  while  her  art  is  devoted  to  her 
own  adornment. 

•THE  BROOK  KERITH.  By  Georze  Moore.  New  York: 
The  Macmillan  Co. 


192 


THE    DIAL 


[September  21 


"The  Brook  Kerith"  is,  as  one  might  expect, 
most  able  in  its  reflection  of  an  Eastern 
atmosphere,  of  the  Jewish,  Pagan,  and  early 
Christian  ideas  of  the  period,  of  the  concep- 
tions and  practices  of  primitive  sects,  such 
as  the  Essenes.  Mr.  Moore  has  always  shown 
extraordinary  skill  in  assimilating  and  repro- 
ducing, in  a  manner  all  his  own,  the  literary 
model  he  has  studied.  First  it  was  Baudelaire, 
then  Zola,  then  Manet,  and  Whistler's  art 
criticism,  then  Wagner's  operas,  Catholicism, 
and  Ireland,  successively  claimed  his  atten- 
tion. Lastly  he  gave  us  his  brilliant,  witty, 
and  studiously  indiscreet  series  of  reminis- 
cences of  himself  and  his  contemporaries,  vol- 
umes in  which  his  genius  for  posing  made  for 
as  much  delight  as  his  confidences  about  his 
old  friends.  And  now  he  has  placed  in  his 
debt  all  lovers  of  literature  as  well  as  all  the 
polite  professors  of  drawing-room  Christian 
ethics.  From  "The  Brook  Kerith"  the  latter 
will  learn  that  Jesus,  resuscitated  by  Joseph  of 
Arimathea  after  he  had  lain  in  the  sepulchre 
and  secreted  by  him  many  months  in  his 
home  on  Mount  Scropas,  returned  to  the 
eenoby  of  the  Essenes  on  the  Jordan,  where 
he  abjured  his  mission,  looked  with  horror 
on  his  claim  to  be  the  promised  Messiah,  j 
repented  of  the  revolutionary  violence  of  his  I 
teaching  in  Jerusalem,  and  lived  out  his 
thirty  remaining  years  of  life  as  an  obscure 
humble  shepherd,  leading  his  flocks  on  the 
mountains  above  Jordan.  Lest  the  disciple 
of  Church  Christianity  accuse  our  author,  in 
Dean  Swift's  words,  of  being  one  of  those 
who  "learn  polite  behavior  by  making  gibes 
against  their  Savior,"  let  us  insist  that  "The 
Brook  Kerith"  is  a  work  of  high  artistic 
skill  and  genuine  imaginative  intensity.  Mr. 
Moore  has  doubtless  studied  Renan  and  the 
latter-day  exponents  of  modern  Biblical  crit- 
icism ;  and  he  has  been  at  the  utmost  pains  to 
construct,  out  of  the  palimpsest  of  the  New 
Testament's  varied  narratives,  a  Christ 
humanly  credible  in  relation  to  his  Jewish 
atmosphere  and  environment. 

So  far  as  cunning  actuality  of  local  color 
into  which  a  chosen  mosaic  of  historical  evi- 
dence has  been  artfully  worked,  can  take 
us,  "The  Brook  Kerith"  is  a  tour  de  force, 
masterly  by  virtue  of  its  homogeneous  atmos- 
phere, harmony  of  tone,  and  exquisite  style. 
From  the  aspect  of  artistic  craftsmanship,  the 
picture,  by  its  general  arrangement,  mellow 
harmony  of  tone,  and  perfect  drawing  of  the 
figures  and  landscape,  vies  with  an  old  Dutch 
master,  say  Terburg.  Learned  critics  may, 
for  aught  we  know,  pick  to  pieces  this  his- 
torical tapestry,  and  demonstrate  that  the 
life  of  Joseph  of  Arimathea 's  household,  of 


the  Essene  eenoby,  of  the  fisher  disciples  of 
Galilee,  of  the  Pharisees  and  Saducees  in 
Jerusalem  is  false,  historically  and  socially. 
But  even  should  this  be  so,  Mr.  Moore  would 
find  himself  in  the  company  of  Rembrandt, 
whose  Scriptural  scenes  are  imaginative 
masterpieces,  albeit  his  figures  in  street  and 
tabernacle  are  palpably  transmogrified  Dutch 
burghers  and  beggars  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury. As  a  cunning  literary  artist,  Mr.  Moore 
in  "The  Brook  Kerith"  is,  we  repeat,  beyond 
reproach ;  and  though  a  strong  note  of  affec- 
tation is  audible  in  the  detailed  narrative  of 
Jesus  of  Nazareth's  shepherd  preoccupation 
with  scab  and  wolves  and  shearing-time  and 
scarcity  of  good  strains  of  rams,  oddly  enough 
this  affectation  damages  very  little  the 
harmony  of  the  picture.  At  times  one  thinks 
that  Mr.  Moore  has  palpably  overdone  the 
stupidity  of  Simon  Peter  and  the  simplic- 
ity of  the  disciples ;  but,  after  all,  what  mat- 
ter? To  atone,  his  portrait  of  Paul,  the 
worldly  Christian  zealot  who,  confronted  with 
Jesus  of  Nazareth  in  the  flesh,  thirty  years 
after  the  Crucifixion,  struggles  hard  to  con- 
vert him  to  his  faith  that  there  is  but  one 
Mediator  between  God  and  Man,  Christ  Jesus 
our  Lord,  who  came  to  redeem  the  world 
by  his  death  on  the  cross, —  his  portrait  of 
Paul,  we  repeat,  is  one  of  great  literary 
cunning.  Mr.  Moore  has  carefully  led  up  to 
this  ironical  situation:  Jesus  recoiling  in 
horror  from  the  fictitious,  supernatural  Christ 
of  Paul's  imagining,  and  from  the  whole 
fabric  of  the  legend  of  God's  raising  His  Son 
from  the  dead. 

It  is  a  situation  which  would  greatly  delight 
Anatole  France,  and  one  no  doubt  which 
may  shock  the  feelings  of  that  great  public 
which  is  so  concerned  with  the  preservation 
of  the  husk  of  Christianity  that  it  troubles 
little  about  the  kernel.  But  the  grace  and 
suavity  of  the  scene  in  which  the  Apostle  Paul 
is  led  to  declare  that  he  is  laboring  to  bring 
the  whole  world  to  Christ,  while  the  mature 
utterances  of  Jesus  the  Shepherd  walking  by 
his  side  he  rejects  as  those  of  an  evil  spirit  or 
of  a  madman,  cannot  blind  us  to  our  author's 
root  psychological  failure.  Mr.  Moore,  like 
so  many  of  the  commentators,  has  been  sadly 
perplexed  by  the  seeming  contradiction 
between  the  Christ  who  uttered  the  command- 
ment "Resist  not  evil,"  and  the  Christ  who 
in  wrath  scourged  the  hypocrites  and  Phari- 
sees and  drove  the  money-changers  out  of  the 
Temple.  And  he  cuts  the  Gordian  knot  by 
making  Jesus  in  his  solitude  repent  of  his 
presumption  and  pride  when  he  believed  that 
he  was  the  Messiah,  and  condemn  as  evil  and 
blasphemous  all  his  anger  and  harshness 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


193 


against  the  priest,  and  the  iniquities  of  the 
world : 

It  came  to  me  to  understand  that  all  striving  was 
vain  and  worse  than  vain.  The  pursuit  of  a  corrupt 
crown  as  well  as  the  pursuit  of  an  incorruptible 
crown  leads  us  to  sin.  If  we  would  reach  the 
sinless  state  we  must  relinquish  pursuit.  What  I 
mean  is  this,  that  he  who  seeks  the  incorruptible 
crown  starts  out  with  words  of  love  on  his  lips  to 
persuade  men  to  love  God  and  finding  that  men  do 
not  love  him  he  begins  to  hate  them  and  hate  leads 
on  into  persecution.  Such  is  the  end  of  all  wor- 
ship, Paul. 

Jesus  is  made  to  relapse  into  a  state  of 
Buddhistic  passivism;  and  though  this  spir- 
itual refuge  may  seem  the  only  logical  solu- 
tion to  Mr.  Moore,  the  grandeur  of  Christ's 
divine  pity  for  the  weak  and  the  suffering 
undergoes  almost  complete  eclipse.  So  much 
so  indeed  that  in  one  of  the  last  scenes  we  see 
Jesus  hurrying  away  from  a  great  crucifixion 
of  robbers  near  Jerusalem,  ordained  by  the 
Roman  procurator,  so  that  he,  Jesus,  may 
escape  the  memory  of  their  cries  and  faces; 
and  then  he  becomes  lost  in  a  vision  of  his 
own  story,  his  own  mistakes,  his  own  sins! 
In  short,  the  creator  of  the  great  command- 
ment, "Thou  shalt  love  thy  neighbor  as  thy- 
self," steadily  shrinks  into  a  being  perfectly 
comprehensible,  in  thought  and  act,  to  Mr. 
Moore's  philosophic  reason.  We  fear  that 
Humanity  will  not  gain  by  the  exchange, 
and  that  the  stricken  millions,  dying,  will 
still  instinctively  call  on  the  name  of  the  old 
Christ.  None  the  less,  we  are  grateful  to 
Mr.  Moore  for  "The  Brook  Kerith,"  and  we 
anticipate  that  the  book  may  stimulate  many 
Christian  clerics  to  the  production  of  some 
very  moving  sermons.  __ 

EDWARD  GARNETT. 


RECENT  FICTIOX.* 


Some  time  ago  there  appeared  a  newspaper 
article  which  began  with  the  question,  "Why 
shouldn't  American  novelists  be  American?" 
When  one  first  reads  a  remark  like  this,  one 
is  tempted  to  say,  Why  indeed?  and  to  won- 
der who  wishes  to  prevent  American  novelists 
from  being  American.  But  an  answer  was 
provided  in  the  next  sentence :  "Why  do  cer- 
tain critics  insist  that  they  should  be  French 
or  Russian  or  English  with  an  Oxford 
accent?"  It  appeared  that  Mr.  Stephen 

*  THE  WOMAN  GIVES.  By  Owen  Johnson.  Boston :  Little, 
Brown  &  Co. 

Wrrre  ARRIVES.  By  Elias  Tobenkin.  New  York: 
Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co. 

THE  HEART  or  RACHAEL.  By  Kathleen  Norris.  New 
York:  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co. 

THE  SAILOR.  By  J.  C.  Snaith.  New  York:  D.  Appkton 
&  Co. 

CASUALS  OF  THE  SEA.  By  William  McFee.  New  York: 
Doubleday,  Page  &  Co. 


Whitman  (author  of  ''Children  of  Hope"  and 
the  "Isle  of  Life"),  whose  utterances  were 
voiced  some  time  since  by  Mr.  Joyce  Kilmer, 
was  calling  for  a  literary  Declaration  of 
I  Independence. 

I  wish  very  much  not  to  put  myself  on 

j  either  side  (if  there  be  sides)  in  such  a  dis- 

|  cussion.     It  might  be  said  that  a  good  many 

J  American  novelists  are  American.   Take  three 

'  such   books    as   Miss    Canfield's    "The   Bent 

!  Twig,"    Miss    Gather's    "The    Song    of    the 

I  Lark,"   and   Mrs.   Watt's   "The   Rudder"— 

books  which  are  among  the  best  novels  of  the 

year;  they  are  certainly  American  enough, 

not  only  in  subject   (that  is  not  the  whole 

thing)    but  in  manner  of  thought,  mode  of 

expression,  everything.    And  so  a  great  many 

other  of  our  current  novels  are  American  in 

all  sorts  of  ways. 

There  is  one  reason,  however,  why  Ameri- 
can novelists  should  not  be  American,  or 
rather  why  they  are  not  American,  and  that 
is  because  they  either  can  not  or  will  not  study 
the  life  which  they  see  and  get  their  ideas 
and  impressions  at  first-hand.  For  instance, 
take  Mr.  Owen  Johnson  and  his  book,  "The 
Woman  Gives."  Of  this  book  the  publishers 
say:  "As  you  read  you  joy  in  the  youth  and 
love  of  Bohemian  life,  you  are  enthralled 
by  the  mystery  of  Dangerfield's  past,  and 
touched  to  the  heart  by  the  greatness  of 
Inga's  sacrificial  spirit."  And  those  elements 
are  certainly  in  the  book  (as  well  as  pictures 
by  Mr.  Christie)  ;  but  as  you  read  for  your- 
self you  can  see  why  Mr.  Johnson,  for  one, 
is  not  American.  It  is  not  because  anyone 
wants  him  to  be  Russian,  French,  or  anything 
else,  but  simply  because  he  does  not,  probably 
cannot,  study  American  life  at  first-hand,  but 
instead  makes  his  book  out  of  tried  and  tested 
literary  conventions  of  which  he  readily  imag- 
ines interesting  illustrations.  When  Mr. 
Johnson  first  wrote  his  Lawrenceville  stories, 
people  in  general  (who  had  no  conception  of 
Lawrenceville)  were  astonished  and  delighted 
in  his  revelations  of  boy-life;  when  he  wrote 
"Stover  at  Yale"  there  arose  murmurs  about 
Yale  life  not  really  being  like  that;  when  he 
proceeded  to  "The  Fifty-first  Second"  people 
at  once  said,  "Now  I  don't  believe  your  pro- 
digious Hickey,"  because  it  became  clear  that 
Mr.  Johnson  had  his  eye  on  life  merely  to 
fill  in  the  molds  and  forms  otherwise  existing 
in  his  own  mind,  which  molds  and  forms  had 
come  there,  not  as  being  made  by  life  itself, 
but  as  a  result  of  reading  books.  All  the 
accuracy  of  touch  and  detail  in  "The  Woman 
Gives"  cannot  make  it  really  American  or 
really  good.  There  is  doubtless  Bohemian- 
ism,  mystery,  and  sacrifice  in  American  life, 


194 


THE    DIAL 


[September  21 


but  in  Mr.  Johnson's  book  it  does  not  ring 
true.  It  sounds  too  much  like  literature,  too 
much  like  other  things  we  have  read,  too 
much,  indeed,  like  the  movie  and  the  popular 
monthly.  People  may  read  it  for  amusement 
or  for  thrills,  but  hardly  for  some  real  pre- 
sentation (not  to  say  interpretation)  of  the 
life  either  about  us  or  anywhere  else. 

Perhaps  it  is  not  worth  while  to  say  so 
much  about  Mr.  Owen  Johnson.  He  repre- 
sents a  kind  of  literature  that  will  always 
exist,  and  people  will  always  enjoy  his  books 
who  doubtless  will  never  read  these  lines.  We 
may  pass  from  his  story  of  New  York  life  to 
another  book  which  also  may  be  called  Amer- 
ican. This  is  "Witte  Arrives,"  by  Mr.  Elias 
Tobenkin.  This  book,  we  are  told,  is  "the 
great  American  novel  which  Eobert  Herrick 
once  said  an  immigrant  would  rise  and 
write."  But  if  an  immigrant  writes,  is  it  not 
too  likely  that  we  may  have  something  of 
those  dreadful  foreign  influences  which  some 
people  think  are  crushing  out  our  natural  lit- 
erature ?  Especially  is  it  not  possible  that  one 
who  would  seem  (from  this  story)  to  be  a 
Russian  Jew  might  have  something  of  that 
"black,  brooding  melancholy"  which  Mr. 
Whitman  discerns  in  the  Russians  in  America 
and  which  he  rightly  takes  to  be  something 
very  different  from  the  American  attitude  of 
mind? 

Such  apprehensions  may  be  at  once  put 
aside.  Mr.  Elias  Tobenkin,  though  he  has  little 
of  that  "optimistic  commercialism"  which  is 
to  be  seen  in  many  American  books,  has  not 
much  of  that  delight  in  woe  which  some 
people  think  characteristic  of  Russian  books. 
In  fact,  he  has  little  of  anything  traditional 
or  conventional  about  him.  It  is  not  that  he 
has  discovered  new  and  profoundly  original 
sources  of  American  nationality,  nor  new  or 
profoundly  original  ideas  as  to  the  American 
future.  It  may  be  that  Mr.  Tobenkin 's  book 
may  not  have  quite  the  success  that  awaited 
the  first  production  of  Elias  Witte,  his  hero. 
The  American  public  is  likely  enough  to  think 
it  has  read  of  such  matters  before.  So  indeed 
it  has.  Almost  anyone  can  remember  books 
of  the  last  few  years  in  which  immigrants  or 
the  children  of  immigrants  have,  by  their  sym- 
pathetic presentation  of  things  that  as  immi- 
grants they  knew,  been  able  to  arouse  the 
interest  of  the  American  public.  But  whether 
there  be  other  such  books  or  not  is  hardly  to 
the  point.  This  book  resembles  Witte 's  book 
in  one  respect  (which  was  probably  in  the 
author's  mind),  namely,  that  it  has  distinctly 
the  air  of  being  made  up  of  "things  one  has 
lived  through,  sufferings  one  has  experienced 
in  one's  own  soul." 


How  this  little  Russian  who  settled  in  the 
West  became  an  American  not  only  as  Ameri- 
can as  the  rest  but  rather  more  so,  is  the  sub- 
ject of  Mr.  Tobenkin 's  book,  and  it  is  a  subject 
on  which  he  has  first-hand  knowledge.  I  think 
myself  that  his  knowledge,  though  first-hand 
(and  therefore  fit  subject  for  good  litera- 
ture), is  not  as  broad  as  may  be  imagined  by 
some.  It  is  written  of  Witte,  on  a  first  visit 
to  a  municipal  lodging  house,  that  "it  took 
but  a  single  keen  look  to  discern  and  separate 
the  few  derelicts  in  the  crowd  from  the  hon- 
est, well-intentioned  working  men,  clerks  and, 
here  and  there,  even  a  professional  man."  I 
must  doubt  if  that  single  keen  look  really  dis- 
cerned and  separated  correctly  in  that  most 
most  difficult  chaos  of  humanity  to  be  found 
on  such  occasions.  It  is  not  of  much  impor- 
tance :  Mr.  Tobenkin  may  at  times  fill  in  the 
gaps  in  his  real  knowledge  of  real  life  with 
other  matters.  There  seems  little  ground  for 
thinking  that  Witte 's  editorials  "attracted 
attention  particularly  by  their  Emersonian 
flavor" ;  they  may  have,  but  if  so  it  must  have 
been  an  injected  flavor,  for  in  Witte 's  earlier 
life  one  sees  very  little  of  the  spirit  of  Emer- 
son. But  these  matters  are  trifles.  The  main 
thing  is  that  the  book  really  does  put  into  lit- 
erary form  one  of  those  experiences  that  may 
teach  us  much  about  America. 

Another  of  the  newer  books  may  also  be 
spoken  of  here, — Mrs.  Norris's  "The  Heart 
of  Rachael. "  Perhaps  one  would  not  feel  that 
this  book  is  distinctively  American,  for  it 
deals  with  that  phase  of  life  which  on  the 
surface  seems  made  up  of  tennis,  golf,  danc- 
ing and  bridge,  flirtations  and  gossip,  cock- 
tails and  dinners,  clubs  and  country-houses; 
and  such  life  is  perhaps  no  more  American 
than  anything  else.  But  Mrs.  Norris  is  not 
much  concerned  with  the  superficial  aspects 
of  such  existence ;  she  takes  it  because  it  pre- 
sents something  which  she  probably  thinks  is 
really  one  of  the  characteristic  phases  of  the 
life  of  our  day.  The  book  presents  a  view  of 
the  question  (if  it  be  one)  of  divorce.  Rachael 
is  a  woman. who  married  a  young  man  who 
had  been  divorced.  He  was  a  man  of  loose 
and  careless  habits,  who  drank  too  much  and 
made  life  for  his  wife  intolerable.  There 
were  various  circumstances  which  aggravated 
the  misunderstandings,  but  in  course  of  time 
she  became  convinced  that  she  could  not  live 
with  him,  applied  for  a  divorce,  and  as  he 
made  no  resistance,  got  it.  It  must  be  con- 
fessed that  about  the  time  she  found  it  impos- 
sible to  live  with  her  husband  she  found  that 
she  was  in  love  with  an  old  friend  and  he 
with  her.  As  soon  as  she  was  free  they  were 
married. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


195 


So  much  seems,  when  baldly  told,  little 
more  than  extravaganza,  although  Mrs.  Nor- 
ris  of  course  makes  it  seem  not  unnatural.  It 
may  be  that  in  the  circles  which  she  has  in 
mind  such  things  are  common  enough.  But 
common  or  not,  the  real  story  begins  at  this 
point.  Here  Mrs.  Norris  has  a  chance  to  pre- 
sent the  influence  of  loose  and  easy  views  of 
divorce  on  married  life  and  upon  life  in  gen- 
eral. And  though  doubtless  her  main  interest 
lay  in  her  people  and  what  they  were  to  do 
and  how  they  did  it,  yet  her  chief  idea,  as  one 
may  say,  was  to  present  the  prevalent  view  of 
divorce,  the  loose  and  easy  modes  of  regard- 
ing marriage  that  prevail  today,  the  effective 
power  of  the  finest  married  life,  the  impres- 
sive character  of  real  if  apparently  limited 
religion,  and  other  such  things  as  develop  out 
of  this  well  imagined  situation.  No  very 
great  original  ideas,  these,  nor  does  Mrs. 
Xorris  present  them  as  such;  they  are  inter- 
woven with  the  life  she  presents  in  such  a 
way  that  one  feels  them  to  be  the  testimony 
of  life.  And  that  makes  a  good  book  :  per- 
haps people  will  not  like  it  as  much  as  "The 
Story  of  Julia  Page" ;  it  certainly  has  not  the 
variety  of  phases  of  human  life  that  one 
found  there,  nor  should  I  say  there  was  quite 
so  much  good  character  drawing.  But  char- 
acter drawing  does  not  seem  to  be  Mrs.  Nor- 
ris 's  strong  point, — though  her  people  are 
real  and  natural  enough,  they  do  not  make  a 
very  lasting  impression.  She  is  at  her  best 
when  she  is  showing  what  are  so  often  called 
the  deeper  things  of  life,  as  they  come  to  the 
surface  by  one  or  another  incident  or  situ- 
ation. And  this  she  does  in  the  present  book 
as  she  has  often  done  before. 

Let  us  turn  from  these  American  novels  to 
some  English  books,  particularly  the  two 
which  will  naturally  come  together  in  people's 
minds.  Mr.  Snaith's  "The  Sailor"  and  Mr. 
McFee's  "Casuals  of  The  Sea"  will  almost 
inevitably  be  compared.  Some  will  like  one 
better,  others  will  like  the  other;  but  both 
books  are  good,  especially  for  people  who  like 
that  sort  of  thing.  It  has  been  a  question 
with  us  as  to  whether  this  or  that  book  really 
and  rightly  presented  or  interpreted  the  con- 
ditions of  the  life  of  our  time,  American 
or  any  other.  That,  however,  seems  very 
clearly  the  object  of  both  Mr.  McFee  and  Mr. 
Snaith.  Each  undoubtedly  has  first  interest 
in  his  chief  character,  but  the  method  of  each 
is  distinctly  in  the  direction  of  realizing  con- 
ditions of  life.  It  may  be  for  this  reason  that 
neither  writer  steers  clear  of  the  deep  gloom 
which  Mr.  Whitman  reprehends  as  being  so 
un-American  and  so  characteristic  of  foreign 
writers. 


It  might  be  said  at  once  that  neither  of 
these  stories  is  distinctly  a  sea-story.  Mr. 
Snaith  is  a  well-known  and  effective  novelist 
without  especial  predilection  for  the  sea.  Mr. 
McFee,  a  new  writer,  is  a  practical  sailor 
familiar  with  the  sea  at  first-hand;  but  he 
does  not  make  the  sea  the  dominating  element 
in  his  book.  The  very  title,  "Casuals  of  the 
Sea,"  has  a  figurative  turn;  he  uses  the 
expression  not  only  directly  as  applied  to 
tramp  steamers  but  also  figuratively  to  drift- 
ers here  and  there  upon  the  sea  of  life, — "cas- 
uals of  the  way-worn  earth,"  he  calls  them  in 
his  Dedication. 

To  discern  between  the  excellencies  of  these 
two  books  will  be  for  many  an  interesting 
exercise  of  the  critical  faculty,  nor  would  it 
be  worth  while  to  anticipate  such  comparison 
and  criticism.  Mr.  Snaith  has  in  mind  a  new 
rendering  of  a  subject  of  perennial  interest, 
the  development  of  a  man  of  genius.  Henry 
Harper  has  a  miserable  childhood  in  the  slums 
of  a  provincial  town,  a  hard  experience  as  a 
sailor  for  several  years,  a  brief  excitement 
when  he  gets  back  from  his  voyage,  as  a  bril- 
liant football  player,  and  then  settling  in 
London  he  is  led  by  curious  circumstances  to 
find  himself  a  great  novelist.  All  this  is  excel- 
lently done.  Mr.  Snaith  never  loses  sight  of 
his  subject,  which  he  views  with  a  dry  and 
somewhat  cynical  air.  If  one  can  stand  the 
accumulated  misery  of  the  beginning,  one  will 
like  the  book.  The  surroundings  have  the  air 
of  real  life ;  and  though  Mr.  Snaith's  personal 
attitude  seems  almost  to  preclude  sympathy 
for  his  people,  yet  the  interest  keeps  up.  The 
main  figure,  however,  seems  to  me  too  silently 
and  idiotically  stupid  ever  to  have  lived  long, 
not  to  say  developed  into  a  great  novelist. 
But  that,  of  course,  is  Mr.  Snaith's  thesis,  in 
a  way, — to  show  how  the  artistic  tempera- 
ment grew  and  developed  in  a  nature  so 
utterly  unable  to  master  the  practical  things 
of  life. 

Mr.  McFee's  book  will  be  read  for  some- 
thing different, — not  so  much  for  his  chief 
figure  or  figures  as  for  the  general  "slice  of 
life"  which  he  presents.  The  scenes  at  sea 
are  immensely  interesting,  but  not  so  much 
so  (in  my  mind)  as  the  career  of  Minnie 
which  precedes  it.  The  fortune  of  a  sister 
and  a  brother  is  what  interests  Mr.  McFee, 
and  that  one  should  be  a  sailor  does  not  make 
the  book  a  sea  story  any  more  than  that  the 
other's  wayward  and  casual  life  makes  the 
book  anything  else.  What  I  relish  most  is  the 
general  tone  of  the  thing, — a  picture  of  life  it 
is  doubtless,  but  seen  through  a  very  decided 
temperament.  I  wish  I  could  give  more  study 
and  more  space  to  Mr.  McFee's  view  of  life. 


196 


THE    DIAL 


[September  21 


his  disposition,  his  way  of  putting  things.  He 
is  not  merely  the  sailor,  he  has  ideas  and 
opinions,  and  also  eyes  with  which  he  has 
seen  many  interesting  things  and  people.  Mr. 
McFee  is  just  as  interesting  to  me  when  he 
writes  about  advertising  as  when  he  writes  of 
the  sea, — perhaps  more.  It  is  his  quality  that 

is  really  the  thing. 

EDWARD  E.  HALE. 


THREE  NOT  OF  A  KIND.* 

Grace  King  really  knows  New  Orleans. 
She  was  born  there,  "raised"  there,  and  lives 
there  now.  She  was  an  impressionable  little 
girl  when  the  city  was  captured  by  the  Yan- 
kees, and  she  possessed  exactly  the  right  num- 
ber of  years  to  comprehend  the  horrors  of 
the  reconstruction  regime.  Her  book,  "New 
Orleans,  the  Place  and  the  People,"  has 
delighted  the  inhabitants  and  instructed  the 
tourists;  she  is  a  specialist  in  the  social  life 
of  the  South.  Her  historical  works,  her  essays 
in  biography,  her  short  stories,  all  deal  with 
scenes  on  land  and  water  familiar  to  her  mem- 
ory and  to  her  senses.  Yet  there  is  one  respect 
in  which  this  new  book  transcends  all  the  oth- 
ers in  importance  :  They  were  notable  for 
their  accurate  knowledge,  for  their  contribu- 
tive  value.  This  new  book  gives  her  a  definite 
place  as  a  literary  artist.  Literary  artists  are 
rarer  than  competent  historians. 

I  have  seen  "The  Pleasant  Ways  of  St. 
Medard"  advertised  as  "a  lament  for  the  old 
South  at  the  close  of  the  civil  war  and  the 
humiliation  of  a  ruined  family."  I  do  not 
need  the  word  "pleasant"  in  the  title  to  con- 
vince me  of  the  ineptitude  of  this  description. 
Lamentation  is  not  the  right  word  for  the 
golden  fruits  of  autumn  or  for  the  soft  haze 
of  Indian  Summer.  Furthermore  our  author, 
whose  personality  has  appeared  clearly 
enough  in  her  preceding  books,  has  neither 
talent  nor  inclination  for  mourning.  These 
sketches  have  the  charm  of  "II  Penseroso" 
rather  than  the  bitterness  of  woe.  And  out 
of  the  ruins  of  health,  and  wealth,  and  aristo- 
cratic assurance  rises  Character  in  these 
pages  —  indomitable,  indestructible.  Such  a 
result  is  not  a  defeat,  it  is  the  highest  victory 
attainable  by  humanity.  I  close  this  volume 
therefore  with  a  sense  of  elation  —  with  that 
intellectual  salute  that  moral  victories  always 
receive.  And  as  I  am  a  Yankee  of  the  Yan- 

*  THE  PLEASANT  WAYS  OF  ST.  MEDABD.  By  Grace  King. 
New  York:  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 

WINDY-  MCPHEBSON'S  SON.  By  Sherwood  Anderson.  New 
York:  John  Lane  Co. 

WATERMEADS.  By  Archibald  Marshall.  New  York:  Dodd, 
Mead  &  Co. 


kees,  I  am  grateful  to  the  author  for  a  bril- 
liant demonstration  of  Browning's  line, — 

Leave  the  fire  ashes,  what  survives  is  gold. 
The  journey  into  a  far  country,  with  which 
the  book  begins,  is  rather  remarkable  for  its 
dispassionate  calm.  It  describes  how  the 
proud  family  moved  in  a  horse-car  through 
streets  crowded  with  shabby  Confederates  and 
smart  Federal  soldiers,  free  and  independent 
negroes  impeding  pedestrians  on  the  pave- 
ment, to  a  suburb  where  decayed  gentility 
must  somehow  contrive  to  exist  without  a 
grimace.  The  complete  absence  of  harsh 
emphasis  will  make  this  Hegira  all  the  more 
impressive  to  discriminating  readers.  Then 
as  we  advance  into  the  succeeding  chapters, 
new  characters  appear,  at  first  vaguely,  then 
sharpening  in  outline,  until  we  feel  intimacy. 
Perhaps  I  shall  remember  Tommy  Cook  the 
longest.  For  the  last  few  chapters,  describ- 
ing the  fight  with  fever,  and  the  interview 
between  Tommy  and  his  sick  master  show 
something  rare  in  American  literature  — 
intense  feeling  controlled  by  perfect  art. 
One  shade  the  more,  one  ray  the  less, 
Had  half  impaired  the  nameless  grace. 

If  a  word  of  advice  to  readers  be  not  imper- 
tinent, let  me  suggest  that  this  book  be  read 
slowly,  a  chapter  at  a  time.  It  is  a  work  to 
be  savored,  and  cannot  be  enjoyed  if  devoured. 

"Windy  McPherson's  Son,"  with  the  hor- 
rible tautology  of  sound  in  the  title,  differs 
from  "The  Pleasant  Ways  of  St.  Medard"  as 
a  frontiersman  differs  from  a  Southern  gentle- 
man. This  novel  has  a  certain  raw  vitality 
lacking  in  Miss  King's  pages;  but  its  crudity 
jars.  One  longs  for  less  matter,  with  more 
art.  Not  a  single  person  in  this  book  seems 
real  to  me,  and  the  reason  is  just  the  opposite 
from  the  common  one.  Most  characters  in 
works  of  fiction  are  unreal  because  their  out- 
lines are  faint,  vague,  confused;  the  author 
has  never  realized  them  himself.  Here  each 
person  is  stressed  with  such  force,  the  color 
laid  on  with  such  daubing  profusion,  that 
each  man  and  woman  is  to  me  a  caricature. 
They  represent  the  reductio  ad  absurdum  of 
certain  traits  and  tendencies.  Nor  is  there 
any  architectural  skill  displayed.  Like  so 
many  "life"  novels  of  the  twentieth  century, 
there  is  a  plentiful  supply  of  incidents  with- 
out any  plot.  The  hero  is  a  little  newsboy 
when  we  see  him  first,  and  well  on  in  years, 
with  a  recrudescent  paunch,  when  we  see  him 
last  —  the  story  progresses  in  time,  but  not 
in  art.  The  last  third  of  the  book  is  picar- 
esque. The  hero  takes  to  the  road,  and  passes 
through  a  series  of  indiscriminate  adventures, 
which  might  have  taken  twenty,  or  twenty 
thousand  pages,  instead  of  the  hundred  arbi- 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


197 


trarily  allotted  by  the  author.  Yet  although 
I  cannot  admire  this  book  as  an  achievement, 
I  think  its  failure  contains  the  seeds  of  suc- 
cess. It  is  more  promising  than  many  novels 
which  surpass  it  in  dignity.  The  conglomer- 
ation of  incident  and  the  exaggeration  of 
human  characteristics  display  an  abundant 
vitality  and  a  high  aim.  The  author  has  done 
his  level  best  to  write  the  great  American 
novel,  to  represent  unsparingly  what  he 
believes  to  be  the  truth.  Some  day  his  decided 
natural  gifts  will  ripen ;  he  will  not  only  see 
things  in  their  proportion,  he  will  be  able  to 
draw  them  according  to  scale;  and  he  will 
read  many  pages  of  this  work  with  a  smile. 

Archibald  Marshall  is  as  reliable  as  the 
weather  in  San  Diego,  and  fully  as  agreeable. 
It  is  difficult  to  analyse  the  extraordinary 
charm  of  his  stories,  for  they  are  simpler  than 
simplicity.  He  takes  us  to  a  pleasant  coun- 
try-house, introduces  us  to  a  charming  family, 
where  each  member  has  a  distinct  individu- 
ality, and  the  novel  moves  along  like  beautiful 
voices  with  orchestral  accompaniment  —  each 
individual  in  turn  singing  an  air,  while  the 
fortunes  of  the  whole  family  supply  a  basal 
interest.  Mr.  Marshall  never  disappoints  us, 
for  we  know  exactly  what  to  expect  in  his 
work.  I  have  read  all  his  novels,  and  have 
never  finished  one  without  wishing  it  were 
longer,  without  wishing  that  we  could  follow 
his  people  farther.  To  read  his  books  is 
exactly  like  entering  into  intimate  relations 
with  people  whom  we  should  like  to  know  in 
real  life  —  not  at  all  because  of  their  social 
position,  but  because  of  their  real  worth. 
His  good  characters  are  fundamentally  good. 
They  are  seldom  brilliant,  seldom  social 
reformers.  They  are  more  altruistic  than 
philanthropic.  They  possess  the  fine  old  vir- 
tues of  purity,  wholesomeness,  generosity, 
loving  kindness,  honesty,  loyalty,  considera- 
tion; such  people  are  always  lovable  in  real 
life,  and  they  are  lovable  in  "Watermeads." 
And  his  villains  are  hardly  villains  at  all. 
His  heroes  are  not  saviours  of  society,  they 
are  simply  a  daily  blessing  to  all  who  know 
them ;  and  his  villains  commit  no  crimes,  and 
never  smack  of  melodrama.  They  are  incon- 
siderate, stupid,  tactless  —  in  real  life  we 
cannot  endure  them,  and  they  here  receive  the 
inevitable  punishment  of  unpopularity.  Mr. 
Marshall  gives  us  on  every  page  the  delight 
of  recognition  —  these  characters  are  so  per- 
fectly drawn  that  we  have  the  illusion  of  liv- 
ing with  them.  He  particularly  excels  in  the 
portrayal  of  young  girls  —  healthy,  affection- 
ate young  girls  who  enjoy  out-door  sport,  and 
who  are  full  of  the  kindlier  virtues  that  assure  j 
happy  family  life.  Furthermore  the  setting  ! 


of  these  novels  is  exceedingly  beautiful.  Mr. 
Marshall  loves  the  English  country  in  sum- 
mer and  winter.  No  one  has  given  better 
pictures  of  the  country-side  in  rain  and  sun- 
shine, in  cold  and  heat ;  and  to  sit  down  with 
the  whole  family  in  Watermeads  to  afternoon 
tea,  in  a  fine  old  wainscoted  hall,  with  the  late 
autumn  sunshine  streaming  through  the  tall 
windows,  is  simply  to  share  in  the  pure  do- 
mestic happiness  of  the  scene.  If  there  are 
any  readers  who  do  not  like  Mr.  Marshall's 
novels,  I  am  sorry  for  them. 

Yet  these  stories  are  not  merely  entertain- 
ing. Beneath  the  current  of  trivial  incident 
and  light  conversation  we  find  an  idea  that 
exerts  in  the  reader's  mind,  almost  uncon- 
sciously, a  moral  force.  This  idea  has  been 
illustrated  in  such  a  variety  of  ways  in  his 
books  that  I  believe  it  to  be  the  foundation 
of  the  author's  moral  philosophy.  It  is  simply 
this, — different  individuals,  different  social 
classes,  different  nationalities  dislike  and  dis- 
trust each  other  simply  through  ignorance. 
He  would  not  say  with  the  French,  to  under- 
stand is  to  forgive,  he  would  say,  to  under- 
stand is  to  respect,  to  admire,  to  love.  The 
inefficient  aristocrat  and  the  self-made  mil- 
lionaire despise  each  other,  the  high  church- 
man and  the  "Wesleyan  distrust  each  other's 
motives  until  they  are  really  brought  together 
by  circumstances  into  an  enforced  intimacy; 
with  the  surprising  and  agreeable  result  — 
"Why,  he's  an  entirely  different  fellow  from 
what  I  thought  he  was!"  What  individuals 
and  nations  need  is  more  intelligence,  more 
imagination  —  then  sympathy  will  follow  as 
a  matter  of  course.  Could  the  English  nation 
and  the  German  nation  meet  as  individuals 
the  English  would  discover  that  the  Germans 
are  not  brutish  beasts,  and  the  Germans  would 
find  that  the  English  are  not  hypocrites.  All 
of  Mr.  Marshall's  novels  in  their  quiet,  artistic 
beauty  are  really  an  attack  on  that  citadel  of 
stupidity — Prejudice. 

WILLIAM  LYON  PHELPS. 


NOTES  ox  XE\V  FICTION. 

Sylvia  Lynd  has  written  rather  an  extraordinary 
first  novel  in  "The  Chorus"  (Button),  extraordi- 
nary because  of  the  high  quality  of  her  character- 
izations. The  story  deals  with  a  group  of  artists, 
craftsmen  and  dilettanti  who  have  gathered  about 
Anthony  Hamel  in  his  country  studio.  One  of 
his  apprentices,  Hilda  Concannon,  has  stumbled 
upon  a  sixteen-year-old  waif  in  a  Bloomsbury  pen- 
sion, and  partly  because  she  is  fascinated  by  the 
girl's  rare  beauty  and  partly  because  her  Scotch 
sense  of  duty  impels  her  to  take  a  hand  in  dis- 


198 


THE    DIAL 


1916] 


ciplining  another's  life,  she  brings  Nelly,  her  pro- 
tegee, down  to  the  country.  Against  a  skilfully 
drawn  background  of  studio  and  country-house 
life  Nelly  takes  her  place  as  the  heroine  of  an 
idyllic  romance.  It  is  easy  to  understand  the  mag- 
ical fascination  which  she  exerts  upon  those  who 
meet  her,  just  as  it  is  entirely  comprehensible  that 
Hamel,  verging  upon  the  seared  emotions  of  the 
forties,  should  experience  a  flare  of  adolescent 
infatuation.  In  dealing  with  the  subtler  emotions 
Miss  Lynd  has  a  delicacy  and  firmness  of  touch 
which  are  often  lacking  in  more  experienced 
writers.  It  is  this  quality  which  makes  the  book 
entirely  worth  while  for  the  sophisticated  reader 
who  enjoys  playing  with  two-edged  tools.  The 
novel  is  marred  in  the  end  by  the  author's  whim- 
sical indifference  to  all  demands  of  plot.  She 
merely  abandons  her  characters,  scattering  them 
with  the  petulance  of  a  child  weary  of  its  toys, 
granting  but  one  glimpse,  and  that  too  bizarre  to 
be  considered  seriously,  of  Nelly  and  her  ultimate 
fate. 

It  would  be  interesting  might  one  know  just  why 
Miss  A.  H.  Fitch  wrote  "The  Breath  of  the 
Dragon"  (Putnam).  Was  she  possessed  with  the 
desire  to  qualify  as  the  author  of  a  "best  seller" 
or  did  she  believe  that  two  years'  residence  in  the 
American  Legation  at  Peking  had  given  her  an 
insight  into  Chinese  psychology?  We  cannot  but 
suspect  it  was  the  former  impulse  which  inspired 
this  "thriller,"  which  concerns  itself  with  the  res- 
cue of  a  young  revolutionist  condemned  to  death. 
There  is  no  lack  of  villainy,  no  lack  of  suspense, 
no  lack  of  hair-breadth  escapes  for  the  hero,  his 
lovely  Manchu  fiancee,  and  his  American  friend, 
whose  ability  to  slip  in  and  out  of  Chinese  disguise 
will  amaze  anyone  who  really  knows  China.  The 
story  is  a  harmless  —  and  commonplace  —  bit  of 
melodrama  with  all  the  old  tricks  set  out  in  a  new 
but  none-too-truthfully  portrayed  scene.  It  is  to 
be  regretted  that  in  a  land  so  fertile  with  material 
for  subtle  adventure,  the  author  has  been  content 
to  write  only  a  lurid  "penny  dreadful." 

There  is  a  certain  serenity,  borne  of  an  indom- 
itable spirit,  to  be  found  in  the  sketches  of  English 
life  during  the  war,  which  make  up  Alfred  Olli- 
vant's  little  volume  "The  Brown  Mare"  (Knopf). 
Their  chief  interest  lies  in  the  fact  that  they  are 
as  simple  and  unassuming  as  personal  letters  would 
be  during  such  a  period.  They  are  no  more  than 
wisps  of  life,  little  impressions  gleaned  at  dinner, 
down  Piccadilly,  at  the  theatre,  in  the  Park;  anec- 
dotes of  men  home  on  leave,  men  in  hospital,  and 
the  others  who  will  not  go  back  to  the  trenches. 
So  much  has  been  written  of  the  war  that  is  hectic 
in  its  attempt  to  give  the  secure  reader  an  impres- 
sion of  vast  frightfulness,  that  we  are  inclined  to 
overlook  the  fact  that  even  war  after  a  time 
becomes  monotonous  and  drab,  just  as  does  the  life 
far  behind  the  lines  at  home.  These  are  pictures  of 
home,  and  they  have  that  quality  of  homely  ten- 
derness, fortitude,  and  patience  which  endears  the 
British  race.  Those  who  have  known  and  loved 
England  in  happier  days  will  find  in  these  pages 
something  precious  and  intimate  and  friendly. 


NOTES  AND 


The  publisher  of  THE  DIAL  announces  that 
owing  to  the  pressure  of  his  duties  at  Washington 
University,  Dr.  C.  J.  Masseck  has  resigned  his 
editorship  of  THE  DIAL.  It  is  further  announced 
that  on  January  1,  1917,  the  subscription  price  of 
THE  DIAL  will  be  increased  to  $3.00  the  year.  This 
increase  in  the  subscription  rate  has  been  made 
necessary  by  the  advanced  cost  of  paper.  The 
size  of  the  regular  issue  will  be  increased  from 
32  pages  to  40  pages,  and  the  best  critical 
writers  in  this  country  and  England  will  be  fre- 
quent contributors.  Further  particulars  regarding 
the  future  plans  of  THE  DIAL  may  be  found  on 
page  236  among  the  advertisements. 

Messrs.  Stewart  &  Kidd  Co.  announce  "Tales 
from  the  Old  World  and  the  New,"  by  Sophie  M. 
Collmann,  author  of  "Art  Talks  with  Young 
Folks." 

The  Penn  Publishing  Co.  announce  "Richard 
Richard,"  by  Hughes  Mearns,  and  "Cap'n  Gid," 
by  Elizabeth  Lincoln  Gould.  Mr.  Mearns  is  a 
teacher  in  the  Philadelphia  public  schools;  Miss 
Gould  is  remembered  as  one  of  the  editors  of  "The 
Youth's  Companion." 

"Witte  Arrives,"  by  Elias  Tobenkin,  is  an- 
nounced as  one  of  Freedrick  A.  Stokes  Co.'s 
most  notable  fall  books.  Mr.  Tobenkin  is  a  young 
journalist  first  known  for  editorial  work  on  "The 
Chicago  Tribune"  and  now  writing  on  economic 
subjects  for  the  "Metropolitan." 

Mr.  Robert  H.  Dodd  of  New  York  has  arranged 
to  publish  the  third  and  enlarged  edition  of  Ben- 
jamin F.  Thompson's  "History  of  Long  Island." 
Mr.  Charles  Werner  has  written  an  introduction 
and  a  short  biography  of  the  author,  and  the  book 
will  be  published  under  his  editorship.  It  will  be 
issued  in  two  volumes,  and  will  contain,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  original  illustrations,  some  reproduc- 
tions of  rare  prints  and  engravings  from  Mr. 
Werner's  collection.  The  first  edition  was  pub- 
lished in  1839,  and  the  second  edition  appeared  in 
1843. 

An  important  book  published  September  16  by 
Houghton  MifHin  Co.  is  the  "Variorum  Edition 
of  Shakespeare's  Sonnets,"  edited  by  Raymond 
McDonald  Alden.  The  text  of  the  quarto  of  1609 
is  printed  verbatim  et  literatim,  and  each  sonnet 
is  followed  by  the  variant  readings  of  the  most 
authoritative  editions  and  by  interpretative  notes 
from  the  leading  commentators.  Other  books 
which  appeared  on  the  same  date  are :  "  The  Motor- 
ists' Almanac,"  by  W.  L.  Stoddard;  "Letters  from 
France,"  translated  by  H.  M.  C.;  "The  Story  of 
Scotch,"  by  Enos  A.  Mills;  "Speaking  of  Home," 
a  collection  of  essays,  by  Lillian  Hart  Tryon;  a 
new  and  revised  edition  of  Edward  Stanwood's 
"History  of  the  Presidency";  "Prints  and  their 
Makers,"  by  FitzRoy  Carrington;  a  new  and  sep- 
arate edition  of  William  Dean  Howells's  "Buying 
a  Horse,"  a  paper  which  heretofore  has  been  acces- 
sible only  in  a  collection  now  out  of  print;  an 
edition  in  limp  leather  of  Candace  Wheeler's 
"Content  in  a  Garden." 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


199 


c_^l  Treasure  House  of  Golden  Tales  and  Fascinating  Conjecture 

MYTHOLOGY 


MONROE'S 

CYCLOPEDIA  OF 

EDUCATION: 

"It  would  seem  to 
be  highly  important 
to  compare  the  myth- 
ologies o  f  various 
nations  in  all  stages 
of  civilization  in  or- 
der to  gain  a  broader 
view." 

NEW  YORK  TIMES: 

"Monumental  in  its 
plan  and  signifi- 
cance." 


OF  ALL  RAGES 

Under  the  General  Editorship  of 

LOUIS   HERBERT   GRAY,   M.A.,   Ph.D. 

Late  Associate  Editor  of  Easting's  Encyclopaedia 

of  Religion  and  Ethics 

For  the  general  reader  who  desires  breadth  of 
understanding  and  culture,  Mythology  is  as 
important  a  study  as  the  history  of  nations,  or 
the  biography  of  men.  It  has  to  do  with  what 
the  childhood  of  our  race  has  thought  of  the 


MAX  MULLER 
SAYS: 

"Mythology  not  only 
pervades  the  sphere 
of  religion  and  tra- 
dition, but  infects 
more  or  lesa  the 
whole  realm  of 
thought." 

BOSTON 

TRANSCRIPT: 

"Will  test  and  en- 
compass the  skill  of 
scholars  throughout 
the  -world," 


mysteries  of  nature  and  of  life,  and  how  it  has  endeavored  to  interpret  the  spiritual 
forces  governing  human  destiny  which  still  feed  our  universal  curiosity  and  provoke  the 
never-answered  WHY?  of  our  inward  thoughts. 

Tap  Mythology,  the  well-spring  of  our  customs,  religion,  literature,  art, 
philosophy,  and  music,  and  see  the  prehistoric  phases  of  our  own  beliefs. 
Enjoy  the  quaint,  beautiful,  informative,  or  inspiring  tales  to  which  any 
given  modern  doctrine,  legend,  or  superstition  may  usually  be  traced  back. 
Feel  the  quickening  and  sympathy  which  come  with  reading  of  those  distant 
ages  and  distant  men  as  soon  as  we  realize  that  here  is  the  story  of  our  own 
race — indeed,  of  our  own  selves. 

Teachers  owning  or  having  access  to  this  magnificent  work  can  open  a  new  world  to  their  students.  The  stories, 
or  very  many  of  the  myths  entire,  may  be  used  in  all  grades  of  work  from  primary  to  college  post-graduate. 
They  can  be  made  to  correlate  in  teaching  with  biology,  history,  biography,  English,  and  ethics  in  elementary  and 
secondary  school  work,  with  music  and  art,  philosophy,  religion,  philology,  and  anthropology  as  a  source-book  for 
advanced  and  research  students.  The  many  classical  dictionaries  and  text-books  bear  testimony  as  to  the  impor- 
tance of  mythology  as  a  cultural  study,  and  this  it  the  first  exhaustive  and  authoritative  work  on  the  subject  in 
the  English  language. 


"May    safely   be    pronounced    one    of   the    most    important 

enterprises     of     this     age     of    co-operative     scholarship." 

-Prof.    George  F.  Moon,   LLD.,  Harvard  Univertity. 


Each  volume  is  the  worlc  of  a  scholar  pre-eminent  in  his  particular  field,  but  "written  in  a  fashion 
so  popular  that  they  cannot  fail  to  interest  the  general  reader."  In  the  whole  13  volumes  which 
the  work  comprises  there  are  more  than  800  beautiful  illustrations,  many  in  color,  from  native 
sources,  including  photogravures,  four,  three,  and  two-color  prints,  half  tones,  and  line  plates.  Over 
five  years  have  been  spent  to  make  this  set  in  point  of  interest,  scholarship,  and  elegance,  "a  thing 
of  beauty,  and  a  joy  forever." 


For  $78  a  complete  set  will  be  delivered  free  to  any  address 
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of  Nebraska.  The  others  will  appear  at  frequent  intervals,  the 
Oceanic  volume  by  Dr.  Roland  Burrage  Dixon  of  Harvard  Uni- 
versity being  promised  for  early  October. 


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highway  duly  set  forth,  for  the  benefit  of 

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roll  was  the  outcome  of  a  sadly  misunder- 

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swift    adventure,     abloom    with     charming 

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A  NEW  BORZOI  BOOK  BY  HUDSON 

TALES  OF  THE  PAMPAS 

By  W.  H.  HUDSON,  Author  of  "Green  Mansions"  etc. 

The  publication  of  a  new  book  by  the  author  of  Green  Mansions  is  a  literary  event  of  real 
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THE  BORZOI  PLAYS 

I      WAR— A   Plav  in  Four  Acts 

Translated   from    the    Russian    of 
Michael  Artzibashef  by  Thomas  Seltxer 

War,  in  its  classic  simplicity  and  restraint,  is 
worthy  of  Turgenev.  Uniquely  bound  in  a  strik- 
ing design  in  colors  by  a  Continental  artist. 

II  MOLOCH 

By  Beulah  Marie  Dlx.     A  play  In  a  prologue. 

three  acts  and  an  epilogue 
This  is  unmistakably  the  finest  play  that  the  war 
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III  "MORAL"— A  Comedy  in  3  Acts 

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IV  THE  INSPECTOR-GENERAL 

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MODERN  RUSSIAN  HISTORY 

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JOURNALISM  VERSUS  ART 

By   Max    Eastman,    Editor   of   "The    Masses," 
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A  DRAKE,  BY  GEORGE! 

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A  Beautiful  Art  Book 

The  Mind  of  Germany  at  Work 

THE  BOOK  OF  THE 

MODERN  GERMANY 

DANCE 

IN1RELATION  TO  THE 

By  ARNOLD  GENTHE 

GREAT  WAR 

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BY  VARIOUS  GERMAN  WRITERS 

With    the    Dance."      Special  paper  edition,  linen 

binding,  stamped  in  gold.     Slide  case.              $6.00 

Translated  by  William  Wallace  Whitelock 

Large  12mo.  Cloth.    632  pp.  $2.00 

Eighty-nine   full    page   photograph*,  six  in  color. 

"At  last  we  have  in  English  a  scholarly  and 

"As  such  photographs  should  be,  they  are  truth- 

dignified presentation  of  the  German  view  of  the 

ful   records   of   the   static   instant   or   the   flying 

European  war  in  all  its  phases,  considered  from 

moment,   of  the  exfoliating  curve  or  the  broken 

the    German    point    of    view."  —  Brooklyn    Daily 

rhythm.    As  such  plates  by  no  means  always  are, 

Eagle. 

they   are   also   records   glamored   by   imagination 

"The  value  of  the  book  is  to  be  found  in  the 

and  touched  with  a  rare  intuition  for  the  change- 

lucid presentation  it  makes  of  the  German  con- 

ful  beauty  they   would  isolate  and  impart.     .     . 

ception    of    German    civilization,    ideals,    achieve- 

Not in  the  dozen  pages  of  print,  but  in  the  hun- 

ments, and  humanity.    Germany  pictures  Germany 

dred  pages  of  picture  lie  the  interest,  worth  and 

in  the  essays  of  these  university  professors,  and 

rareness  of  Dr.  Genthe's  volume."  —  Boston  Even- 

the picture  is  interesting  and  important."  —  New 

ing  Transcript. 

York  Times. 

MITCHELL    KENNERLEY  ^  PUBLISHER,    NEWfcYORK 

THE  MOSHER  BOOKS  Ready  in  October 

To-morrow's  Road  and  Later  Poems,  Gertrude  M.  Hort 

When  To-morrow's  Road  first  came  out  in  London  it  was  seen  that  a  writer  of  unusual  merit  had  manifested 
herself  before  those — '"The  saving  remnant" — who  love  poetry.  The  booklet  as  issued  seemed,  as  Swinburne 
declared  of  Fitzgerald's  Omar,  "In  beggarly  disguise  as  to  paper  and  print,  but  magnificent  vesture  of  verse." 

The  later  poems  now  included  in  my  edition  confirm  what  a  discerning  critic  declared  in  the  English.  Review: 
"Great,  bare,  plain  words  like  Wordsworth's  or  Vaughan's  flash  out  sometimes.  .  .  a  style  which  sometimes 
recalls  Browning  but  is  quite  individual  in  its  simplicity  of  diction  and  phrase." 

500  copies,  Post  8vo,  on  Van  Gelder  hand-made  paper,  decorated  boards,  $1.50  net. 

At  the  Sign  of  the  Lion  and  Other  Essays,  Hilaire  Belloc 

These  five  essays,  At  the  Sign  of  the  Lion,  The  Autumn  and  the  Fall  of  Leaves,  On  Sacramental  Things,  On 
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Magic  in  Kensington  Gardens :  Five  Nature  Essays,  James  Douglas 

1  am  safe  in  comparing  these  essays  in  miniature  with  what  Richard  Jefferies  has  made  familiar  to  us  in 
Nature  Near  London.  The  same  thing  on  a  more  extended  scale  is  found  in  Alexander  Smith's  Dreamthorp. 
And  to  think  that  they  first  appeared  as  casual  contributions  to  a  daily  newspaper ! 

950  copieSj   narrow  8vo,  decorated  boards,  $1.00  net 

A  Quiet  Road,  Lizette  Woodworth  Reese 

Ihat  unique  and  exquisite  lyrist,  Lizette  Woodworth  Reese,  .  .  .  holds  the  same  relative  position  that 
Housman  and  his  A  Shropshire  Lad  holds  in  England.  .  .  With  a  lyric  voice  to  carry  so  clear  and  far,  she 
need  take  no  thought  as  to  what  time  will  do  with  her  song. — Jessie  B.  Rittenbouse. 

450  copies,  foolscap  4to,  decorated  boards,  $1.50  net.     25  on  Japan  vellum,  $3.00  net. 

A  Wayside  Lute,  Second  Edition 

The  many  admirers  of  Miss  Reese  will  not  fail  to  welcome  her  latest  collection  of  poetry.  As  Miss  Ritten- 
house  in  her  Younger  American  Poets  has  well  said,  her  "art  is  its  apparent  lack  of  art,  of  conscious  effort.  .  . 
Whitman's  mystical  words :  'All  music  is  what  awakes  from  you  when  you  are  reminded  by  the  instruments,' 
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450   copies,   foolscap   4to,  decorated  boards,  $1.50  net. 

The  Poems  of  Master  Francois  Villon 

This  constitutes  my  fourth  and  final  edition  of  John  Payne's  translation  and  is  practically  the  text  entire, 
save  a  few  expurgations  admittedly  necessary  if  the  work  was  not  to  remain  a  sealed  book  for  scholars  only. 
In  this  new  edition  a  number  of  facsimiles  of  title-pages  and  illustrations  from  the  original  French  edition  of  1489 
have  been  added,  a  few  new  notes  inserted  with  a  brief  memoir,  and  a  photogravure  portrait  of  the  late  translator. 

725  copies,  foolscap  4to,  Van  Gelder  paper,  old-style    boards,    Uncut,  15.00  net. 

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COMING  OCTOBER  7th  — A  WONDERFUL  NOVEL 


By  a  Wonderful  Author 

WILLIAM  J.  LOCKE 

Author  of  "Jaffery,"  "The  Beloved 
Vagabond,"  etc. 

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A  Gigantic  Searchlight 
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BENIGHTED 
EXICO 


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A  first-hand  analytical  study  of  conditions 
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TRAVEL  —  BELLES    LETTRES  -  SATIRE 
THE  DUNE  COUNTRY 

By  EARL  H.  REED,  author  of  "The  Voices  of  the 

Dunes,"  etc. 
With  60  illustrations.  Cloth,  $2.00  net 

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graphic,  the  pictures  are  even  more  worth  while,  and 
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Outlook. 

IRELAND'S     LITERARY     RENAISSANCE 

By   ERNEST    A.    BOYD,    formerly    editor   of    The 

Irish  Review. 
Svo,  cloth,  416  pages.  $2.00  net.         October  15th 

The  purpose  of  this  important  and  exhaustive  work 
is  to  give  an  account  of  the  literature  produced  in 
Ireland  during  the  last  thirty  years,  under  the  impulse 
of  the  Celtic  Renaissance. 

A  HOOSIER  HOLIDAY 

By  THEODORE  DREISER,  author  of  "A  Traveller 
tions  by  Franklin  Booth. 

at  Forty,"  "The  'Genius,'  "  etc.  With  32  illustra- 
te, boards.  $2.50  net  October  S7th 
An  account  of  an  automobile  tour  of  the  author's 
old  haunts  in  Indiana,  where  he  was  born  and  spent 
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A  LITTLE  BOOK  IN  C  MAJOR 

By  H.  L.  MENCKEN        ISmo,  cloth.     50  cents  net 

A  collection  of  about  225  original  epigrams,  chiefly 

in  the  French  form  made  familiar  by  Chamford,   La 

Bruyere    and    La   Rochefoucauld,    and    in    English    by 

Oscar  Wilde. 


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Vol.  LZI 


SEPTEMBER  21,  1916 


A  TANTALUS  IN  THE  BOOK-FLOOD. 


It  used  to  be  related  of  a  mythical  Yankee 
postmistress  that  when  the  postcard  was 
introduced  she  felt  compelled  to  resign  her 
place  because  she  could  not  find  time  to  read 
all  the  cards  that  passed  through  her  hands. 
Similarly,  though  with  less  of  myth,  more 
than  one  librarian  has  deemed  it  best  to  vacate 
a  position  in  which  the  temptation  to  read 
clashes  with  the  call  of  duty.  This  conflict 
has  notably  increased  with  the  swelling  of  the 
yearly  book-flood,  a  torrent  in  which  the  lit- 
erature-loving librarian  and  the  intellectually 
alert  bookseller  find  themselves  subjected  to 
torments  not  unlike  those  inflicted  upon 
Tantalus.  But  the  victim  of  Jove's  wrath 
could  by  no  effort  slake  his  thirst  in  the 
slightest  degree,  whereas  this  modern  Tanta- 
lus can  drink  long  draughts  if  he  is  willing 
to  pay  the  penalty.  The  librarian  who  reads 
(to  the  neglect  of  duty)  is  lost,  or,  rather, 
his  position  is  in  danger  of  being  lost,  as  all 
the  world  knows;  and  the  bookseller  whose 
nose  is  buried  in  a  book  instead  of  being 
uplifted  to  sniff  the  trade-winds  is  likely  to 
lose  his  business. 

Consequently  it  can  no  longer  be  uncondi- 
tionally affirmed,  as  we  find  it  affirmed  by  the 
worthy  Jared  Bean  (whom  we  are  perhaps 
unduly  fond  of  quoting),  that  "there  is  none 
so  Felicitous  as  the  Librarian,  and  none  with 
so  small  a  Cause  of  Ill-Content,  Jealousy  or 
Rancour."  In  these  modern  times  of  stren- 
uous library  activity,  of  increasing  effort  to 
make  every  volume  on  the  shelves  circulate 
with  maximum  briskness,  how  can  there  be 
perfect  content  where  the  hungry  one  is 
daily  doomed  to  witness  the  delights  of  feast- 
ing in  which  he  has  small  part?  Let  us  for 
a  brief  space  imagine  the  esurient  sensations 
of  him  who  presides  at  the  literary  banquet- 
board  now  bounteously  spread  for  us,  but 
must  himself  leave  its  successive  courses  all 
but  untouched.  His  is  the  trying  part  of 
commending,  as  Elia  has  put  it,  "the  flavour 
of  his  venison  upon  the  absurd  strength  of 
his  never  touching  it  himself."  But  the 
metaphor,  or  simile,  is  here  becoming  sadly 


mixed,  and  instead  of  a  Tantalus  we  now 
have  a  Rabbi  Ben  Ezra,  whose  lot  it  is  to 
"provide  and  not  partake."  No  great  harm 
is  done,  however ;  so  we  will  push  on. 

Fiction,  appealing  to  the  largest  class  of 
readers,  holds  the  most  prominent  place  in 
the  publishers'  announcements,  and  among 
the  "new  and  forthcoming"  novels  Mr. 
Howells's  completed  serial,  "The  Leatherwood 
God,"  must  for  obvious  reasons  take  no  sub- 
ordinate position.  Another  shorter  serial 
from  the  pages  of  the  same  magazine,  and  not 
inferior  in  power  to  hold  the  attention,  is 
"The  Dark  Tower,"  ascribed  to  Phyllis 
Bottome.  The  late  F.  Hopkinson  Smith's 
posthumous  romance,  "Enoch  Crane,"  com- 
pleted by  his  son  on  the  plan  sketched  in 
sufficient  detail  by  the  author,  is  sure  of  a 
wide  reading.  Among  other  notable  contrib- 
utors to  current  fiction  occur  the  familiar 
names:  Hewlett,  Dreiser,  Bennett,  Locke, 
Snaith,  Parker,  London,  Masefield,  McCutch- 
eon,  George  Moore,  Lucas  Malet,  Elinor 
Glyn,  Mrs.  Barr,  and  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Castle. 
It  may  be  of  interest,  and  perhaps  reassur- 
ing, to  add  that  Mr.  Dreiser,  whose  book, 
"The  Genius,"  has  recently  been  raised  to 
unanticipated  celebrity  by  the  Society  for  the 
Prevention  of  Vice,  has  been  adjudged  not 
guilty  by  the  Authors'  League  of  America, 
a  society  of  which,  be  it  noted,  he  is  not  now 
and  never  has  been  a  member.  On  the  whole, 
it  is  very  evident  that  there  is  no  lack  of 
diversion  offered  in  the  form  of  romance  to 
relieve  the  strain  of  the  anxious  and  troubled 
times  in  which  we  live.  The  novel  more  than 
holds  its  own  against  the  war-book  as  a  pop- 
ular favorite. 

This  war-book  class,  whatever  its  qualities 
as  literature,  is  this  year  superior  in  quantity 
even  to  last  year's  similar  product.  Without 
question  the  world  has  never  before  seen  so 
prodigal  a  shedding  of  ink  accompanying  so 
frenzied  a  flow  of  blood.  A  whole  library 
building  has  been  devoted  in  one  country, 
supremely  militarist  in  its  policy  and  tradi- 
tions, to  the  preservation  of  books  and  docu- 


214 


THE    DIAL 


[September  21 


ments  on  the  war.  Whatever  their  permanent 
interest  and  worth,  readers  will  not  be  lacking 
for  such  present-day  claimants  upon  public 
attention  as  "My  Second  Year  of  the  Great 
War,"  by  Mr.  Frederick  Palmer ;  "The  Dublin 
Insurrection,"  by  Mr.  James  Stephens; 
"Gallipoli,"  by  Mr.  Masefield;  "Priests  on 
the  Firing  Line,"  by  M.  Rene  Gaell,  and  "A 
French  Mother  in  War  Time,"  by  Madame 
Edouard  Drumont.  Of  similar  though  more 
serious  interest  are  "The  War  and  the  Soul," 
by  the  Eev.  E.  J.  Campbell;  "The  Christian 
Ethic  of  War"  (a  seeming  contradiction  in 
terms),  by  Dr.  P.  T.  Forsyth;  "The  Hope  of 
the  Great  Community,"  by  the  late  Professor 
Eoyce;  and  "To-morrow,"  by  Professor 
Miinsterberg. 

Turning  for  relief  to  something  more  like 
pure  literature,  if  there  be  any  such  thing, 
one  notes  with  anticipations  of  enjoyment 
Professor  William  Lyon  Phelps's  book  on 
"The  Advance  of  the  English  Novel,"  Dr. 
Crothers's  collection  of  essays,  "The  Pleasures 
of  an  Absentee  Landlord,"  Mr.  Galsworthy's 
offering  of  "A  Sheaf  of  Wild  Oats,"  Mr.  Ford 
Madox  Hueffer's  "Henry  James:  A  Critical 
Study,"  Mr.  Ernest  Boyd's  "Ireland's 
Literary  Eenaissance,"  Professor  Eichard 
Burton's  "Bernard  Shaw:  The  Man  and  the 
Mask,"  and  other  equally  attractive  produc- 
tions of  scholarship  and  taste. 

Poetry  and  drama  offer  something  of  worth 
to  the  few  and  select  readers  of  such  litera- 
ture —  few  in  a  comparative  sense,  of  course, 
and  increasing  encouragingly  every  year.  A 
collection  of  the  late  John  Hay's  poems, 
including  many  pieces  never  before  put 
between  covers,  must  take  a  leading  place  in 
any  enumeration  of  current  publications  in 
verse.  Younger  versifiers  this  year  promi- 
nently mentioned  are  represented  in  the  pub- 
lishers' lists  by  such  names  as  Noyes, 
Masefield,  Yeats,  Masters,  Eabindranath 
Tagore,  Hagedorn,  Amy  Lowell,  and  many 
more.  The  "Modern  Drama  Series"  contains 
much  good  reading  of  its  kind,  and  separate 
works  from  our  industrious  young  play- 
wrights are  to  be  had  in  plenty  —  an  abun- 
dance strongly  in  contrast  with  the  scarcity 
of  only  a  few  years  ago,  before  the  printed 
play  had  fairly  begun  to  vie  with  the  acted 
play  as  a  source  of  entertainment. 

In  history  occur  such  scholarly  works  as 
"Ireland  under  the  Stuarts  and  during  the 
Interregnum,"  by  Mr.  Eichard  Bagwell — this 


magnum  opus  is  now  in  its  third  volume; 
"Christianity  and  Nationalism  in  the  Later 
Eoman  Empire,"  by  Mr.  E.  L.  Woodward ;  "A 
Political  and  Social  History  of  Modern 
Europe,"  by  Mr.  C.  J.  H.  Hayes;  a  rather 
formidable  work  on  Mongolia,  limited  in  its 
edition  but  less  limited  in  its  price;  a  study 
of  Poland's  social  and  economic  history;  an 
economic  and  social  history  of  Europe,  by 
Mr.  Frederic  Austin  Ogg ;  and  other  like  vol- 
umes in  sufficient  number  to  prove  that  the 
world  is  interested  in  something  besides  war 
and  romance. 

Biography,  which  is  history  in  another 
form,  offers  books  of  note.  Most  attractive, 
in  a  cursory  survey  of  titles,  is  "The  Life  of 
John  Fiske,"  by  Mr.  John  Spencer  Clarke, 
a  lifelong  friend  and  associate  of  the  histo- 
rian. Fiske 's  earlier  work  as  librarian  makes 
him  especially  interesting  to  the  profession, 
though  it  plays  but  little  part  in  his  rich  and 
varied  life  as  a  whole.  That  so  accomplished 
a  chronicler  of  other  men's  lives  should  have 
waited  so  long  to  have  his  own  life  written  in 
full  may  not  prove  to  be  cause  for  regret 
when  that  finished  work  at  last  appears.  A 
promising  biography  of  Chief  Justice 
Marshall,  on  an  equal  scale,  comes  from  the 
pen  of  ex-Senator  Beveridge.  Lives  of  Booker 
T.  Washington,  Sir  John  Henniker  Heaton, 
and  "0.  Henry"  will  not  go  begging  for 
buyers  and  readers.  "My  Eemembrances," 
by  Mr.  E.  H.  Sothern,  completes  its  serial 
appearance  and  takes  more  permanent  and 
convenient  form.  That  strongly  marked  char- 
acter, already  known  to  readers,  Mr.  Charles 
A.  Eastman,  takes  them  still  further  into  his 
confidence  in  a  volume  entitled  "From  the 
Deep  Woods  to  Civilization :  Chapters  in  the 
Autobiography  of  an  Indian."  Eichard 
Watson  Gilder's  letters  form  another  of  the 
season's  most  inviting  volumes. 

Let  us  conclude  with  a  few  scattering  titles 
of  varied  character.  Dr.  Grenf ell's  "Tales  of 
the  Labrador"  are  true  stories  of  toil  and 
hardship  and  perilous  adventure  in  the  far 
North,  picturing  the  life  and  occupations  of 
his  people  in  the  bleak  latitudes  of  almost  per- 
petual snow  and  ice.  A  timely  presentation 
of  "Caribbean  Interests  of  the  United 
States"  is  from  the  careful  pen  of  Mr.  Chester 
Lloyd  Jones.  "Mediation,  Investigation,  and 
Arbitration  in  Industrial  Disputes,"  by  Mr. 
George  E.  Barnett  and  Mr.  David  A.  McCall, 
is  such  a  work  as  was  never  more  needed  than 


1916] 


THE   DIAL 


215 


now.  "The  Clan  of  Munes,"  which  purports 
to  be  "the  true  story  of  the  wonderful  new 
tribe  of  fairies  discovered  by  Frederick  Judd 
"Waugh,"  excites  curiosity. 

The  person  of  long  experience  in  handling 
books  and  reading  book-titles,  such  as  is  the  j 
gray-haired  librarian  or  the  elderly  book- 
seller, can  hardly  fail  to  remark  with  concern 
the  somewhat  alarming  scarcity  that  is  mak- 
ing itself  felt  in  the  supply  of  new  names 
for  the  products  of  literary  industry.  This 
season  sees  the  repetition  of  several  old  titles, 
as  in  Miss  Amy  Lowell's  "Men,  Women  and 
Ghosts,"  a  book  of  poems  not  reminiscent  of 
Elizabeth  Stuart  Phelps  in  anything  but 
name.  Admiral  Fitzgerald  gives  us  "From 
Sail  to  Steam,"  a  book  of  naval  recollections 
similar  in  character  to  Captain  Mahan  's  work 
of  precisely  the  same  name.  But  Mrs.  Barr  's 
"Profit  and  Loss"  will  not,  it  is  safe  to  pre- 
dict, be  confounded  with  Mr.  Alphonso  A. 
Hopkins  :s  "Profit  and  Loss  in  Man."  Remi- 
niscent touches  of  this  sort  in  book-titles  are 
what  the  trained  librarian,  more  particularly 
if  he  be  also  a  trained  cataloguer,  is  qualified 
to  appreciate.  Not  exactly  alien  to  this  genus, 
either,  is  the  continuation  of  Professor  Arne 
Fisher's  learned  treatise  on  "The  Mathemat- 
ical Theory  of  Probabilities  and  its  Applica- 
tion to  Frequency  Curves  and  Statistical 
Methods."  With  this  manual  in  hand  the 
librarian  ought  to  grapple  successfully  with 
questions  of  library  statistics  and  the  fre- 
quency of  book-losses  and  other  periodic 
occurrences  within  his  domain.  Again,  if  he 
(or  more  probably  she)  be  a  children's  libra- 
rian, interest  will  be  awakened  by  the 
announcement  of  the  forthcoming  "Bunny- 
fluffkins,"  and  "Twinkletoes  and  Nibblenuts," 
and  the  "Tin  Owl  Stories." 

But  our  space  is  filled,  the  printer's  devil 
waits  at  the  door,  and  still  a  quantity  of  good 
things  in  store  for  readers  must  remain 
unmentioned.  Other  departments  of  litera- 
ture here  passed  over  in  silence  all  have 
their  new  books  of  worth  and  some  of  con- 
spicuous merit.  But  a  good  book  is  its  own 
best  advertiser,  and  its  failure  to  receive 
prominent  mention  in  any  preliminary  and 
partial  survey  will  work  it  no  lasting  injury. 
The  reviewer,  like  the  librarian  and  the  book- 
seller, is  tantalized  by  the  wealth  before  him, 
and  must  forego  the  pleasure  even  of  calling 
others '  attention  to  much  that  he  himself  may 
never  hope  to  enjoy.  P£RCY  R  BlCKNELL. 


BRIEFS  ON  XEW  BOOKS. 


The  second  and  concluding  vol- 
national  ume  of  Mr.  W.  B.  Brvan  s  "His- 
•"•  tory  of  the  National  Capital" 
(Macmillan)  carries  the  account  through  the 
period  1815-18,  or  until  the  adoption  of  the 
existing  organic  act  for  the  government  of 
the  District  of  Columbia.  To  the  wider  pub- 
lic it  is  a  period  less  interesting  than  the 
period  of  foundation,  or  than  the  most  recent 
period  of  enlightened  return  to  the  concep- 
tions of  the  founders;  for  it  is  a  period  of 
relative  pettiness,  neglect,  and  enforced  self- 
dependence.  The  apathy  of  Congress  to  the 
national  responsibility  for  the  capital,  and 
the  efforts  of  citizens  toward  improvement, 
through  various  forms  of  local  government, 
fill  a  large  part  of  the  volume.  National 
movements,  such  as  abolition,  temperance,  or 
enfranchisement,  find  also  local  exemplifica- 
tions, though  not  of  extraordinary  signifi- 
cance. The  minutize  of  development  in  taxa- 
tion, education,  public  improvements,  and  so 
on,  are  for  the  most  part  faithfully  chron- 
icled, although  occasionally  there  are  sur- 
prising omissions.  The  same  discursiveness 
and  lack  of  larger  organization  which  marked 
the  previous  volume  are  apparent  in  this  one. 
which  nevertheless  forms  a  rich  collection  of 
information  for  students  of  particular  ques- 
tions as  well  as  for  those  specially  interested 
in  the  city  of  Washington. 


There  can  be  no  question  that 
Professor  Hollingworth  writes 
upon  a  timely  theme  in  his 
"Vocational  Psychology"  (Appleton).  It  is 
also  a  theme  open  to  a  variety  of  pretenders, 
who  advertise  their  ability  to  determine  what 
you  are  fit  for  and  to  improve  the  quality  of 
your  capacities.  The  topic  is  raised  to  a  high 
practical  interest  by  the  fact  that  men  must 
seek  and  find  employment,  and  the  determi- 
nation of  fitness  has  a  market  value.  Profes- 
sor Hollingworth  reviews  the  ambitious 
attempts  in  past  and  present  to  short-cut 
the  road  to  information  and  find  the  land- 
marks of  human  capacities.  He  shows  how 
inevitably  the  problem  was  reshaped  by  the 
laboratory  methods  of  modern  psychology. 
The  testing  of  mental  ability  has  become  an 
art,  though  one  imperfectly  established.  If 
modestly  applied,  it  at  the  least  discovers  the 
incompetent  and  submits  criteria  for  more 
rigid  selection.  When  compared  with  the 
tests  of  schools  and  with  the  impressionistic 
methods  of  the  employer,  it  demonstrates  its 
superiority.  Professor  Hollingworth 's  book 


216 


THE    DIAL 


is  in  substance  the  first  to  set  forth  the  scien- 
tific basis  of  vocational  fitness;  if  it  fails  to 
go  as  far  as  one  could  wish,  it  lays  the  foun- 
dations solidly  and  shows  how  cautiously  one 
must  proceed.  It  is  at  once  a  review  of  meth- 
ods and  results  and  a  guide  to  the  study  of 
aptitudes.  One  of  the  topics  most  fully  and 
ably  considered  is  the  discussion  of  what 
traits  go  together;  and  another  is  the  study 
of  judgments  of  ability  and  their  value.  A 
chapter  contributed  by  Mrs.  Hollingworth 
makes  a  study  of  the  aptitudes  of  men  and 
women.  The  negative  findings  of  tests  are 
emphasized,  and  from  them  is  drawn  a  con- 
clusion as  to  comparability  of  quality  which 
may  arouse  question, — the  question  whether 
the  qualities  tested  in  any  manner  exhaust 
the  significant  points  of  difference  or  merely 
play  about  the  edges.  At  all  events  the  book 
may  be  recommended  to  those  who  are  per- 
sonally or  professionally  interested  in  the 
study  of  the  qualities  which  the  world  uses 
and  selects  in  its  complicated  business. 


Mr.  James  Phinney  Munroe  is 
Assays. nala™  known  as  a  thoughtful  essayist 

and  public-spirited  citizen,  with 
wide  interests  wisely  pursued.  His  recent 
volume  takes  its  title  from  the  opening  essay, 
"The  New  England  Conscience"  (Badger), 
and  discourses  discerningly  upon  that  curi- 
ous product.  In  his  view,  "those  whom  it 
now  tortures  with  its  hot  pincers  of  doubt 
and  self-reproach  are  sacrificed  to  a  cause 
long  since  won."  For  in  these  days,  alike 
democratic  and  cosmopolitan,  "the  narrow 
has  become  the  broad  road  with  a  demi-tasse 
substituted  for  a  pie."  The  typical  examples 
by  which  he  adds  unity  to  the  volume  range 
over  a  considerable  diversity  of  interesting 
subjects.  "Samuel  Adams,  the  New  England 
Democrat,"  "Josiah  Quincy,  the  New  Eng- 
land Aristocrat,"  "The  Town  of  Lexington," 
"The  Destruction  of  the  Ursuline  Convent  at 
Charlestown," — this  latter  an  amazing  tale  of 
religious  prejudice  and  mob  law  in  1834,  in 
which  the  dramatis  personnce  are  a  tactless 
mother  superior,  an  ignorant  girl  who  spread 
mysterious  stories  of  abuse,  and  a  group  of 
young  ladies  undergoing  training  in  the 
accomplishments  of  needlework,  painting, 
dancing,  and  the  use  of  the  globes ;  while  the 
concluding  essays  are  devoted  to  Theodore 
Parker,  "The  Heart  of  the  United  States" 
(the  middle  west),  Lincoln,  "The  Eternal 
Feminine,"  and  Madame  de  Maintenon.  The 
entire  series  of  essays  is  sustained  upon  a 
high  level  of  critical  analysis  and  timely  com- 
ment, which  give  the  volume  substantial  value 
along  with  readability  and  charm. 


The  modern  doctor's  dissertation 

^as  in  manv  cases  taken  ™to 

itself  the  form  and  comeliness  as 
well  as  the  portliness  of  the  comfortable 
octavo,  so  that  in  outward  appearance  it 
differs  not  from  other  books.  But  usually 
the  contents  are  the  same  in  kind  and  degree, 
if  not  in  quantity,  as  those  of  the  more  modest 
unbound  pamphlets  of  the  author's  own  pub- 
lication. So  Dr.  Charles  E.  Whitmore's  "The 
Supernatural  in  Tragedy"  comes  out,  with 
the  imprimatur  of  the  Harvard  University 
Press,  as  a  respectable  volume  of  370  pages, 
including  an-  index.  It  takes  all  tragedy  for 
its  material,  that  is,  all  the  tragedy  of 
"Greece,  Italy,  France,  and  England  in  both 
ancient  and  modern  times,"  and  shows  how 
the  supernatural  appears  in  this  portentous 
body  of  literature.  Such  a  task  involves  the 
outlining  of  many  plots,  than  which  nothing 
is  more  painful  reading,  and  in  the  work 
before  us  it  is  accomplished  without  the 
slightest  charm  of  style.  The  various  forms 
of  the  supernatural  are  considered,  such  as 
Fate,  devils  and  angels,  witches  and  ghosts, 
and  certain  manifestations  of  nature  with 
supernatural  suggestions  such  as  storms  and 
the  sea,  and  these  are  treated  as  intrinsic,  that 
is,  with  influence  upon  character,  and  as  dec- 
orative, that  is,  for  purely  passing  effect.  A 
marked  series  of  stages  is  seen  in  Greek 
tragedy,  from  the  surpassing  skill  of  JEschy- 
lus  through  the  subordination  of  the  super- 
natural in  Sophocles  into  the  declining  and 
conventionalized  treatment  of  Euripides. 
The  mediaeval  sacred  drama  is  treated  at 
great  length,  disproportionately  so,  consider- 
ing the  relative  dramatic  and  aesthetic  value 
of  the  supernatural  in  this  drama.  The  whole 
period  of  Elizabethan  drama  is  given  only 
about  twenty  pages  more.  One  might  ques- 
tion, too,  whether  more  is  not  made  of  the 
supernatural  in  "Julius  Caesar"  in  regarding 
the  ghost  as  the  dominant  agent  in  the  down- 
fall of  the  conspirators,  as  if  Caesar's  spirit 
were  to  be  considered  in  the  same  light  as  the 
ghost  in  "Hamlet."  "Some  modern  aspects" 
of  the  supernatural  are  taken  up  in  the 
periods  of  the  Restoration  and  the  eighteenth 
century,  and  in  the  modern  revival  in  Eng- 
land and  the  works  of  Ibsen,  D  'Annunzio,  and 
Maeterlinck.  The  Greek  spelling,  as  "Klytai- 
mestra,"  "Aischylos,"  etc.,  provides  the 
needed  pedantic  touch. 


"On  the  Campus"  (Torch 
Press),  by  President  Thomas  H. 
Macbride  of  the  State  Univer- 
sity of  Iowa,  is  not  a  book  descriptive  of 
college  life,  but  a  collection  of  addresses 


Lectures  to 

college 

audiences. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


217 


delivered  at  various  times  and  places  in  the 
last  fifteen  years  before  university  and  col- 
lege audiences.     These  addresses,  fourteen  in 
number,  treat  of  educational  questions  and 
topics  in  natural  science,  six  of  them  having 
to  do  with  plant  life,  if  we  include  in  the  six 
an   admirable   literary-botanical    dissertation 
on  "The  Botany  of  Shakespeare"  and  one  on 
"The  Folk-lore  of  Plants."     Literary  allu- 
sions are  not  lacking  in  other  parts  of  the 
book,  and  occasional  apt  quotations  from  the 
poets  give  charm  and  variety  to  the  discourse. 
In  the  very  first  of  these  quotations  it  is  some- 
thing of  a  shock,  one  must  confess,  to  find  a 
familiar   couplet   from   Shelley's   "Skylark" 
strangely  misquoted,  which  the  author's  revi- 
sion of  his  lectures  for  publication  would  not 
have  led  us  to  expect.    Significant  is  the  fol- 
lowing    from     this     experienced     educator: 
"There  is  very  little  that  education,  however  | 
fortunate,  is  competent  to  do  for  any  man.  .  .  ! 
No  system  of  training  ever  devised  can  make  ; 
a  man  wise;  no  system  save  that  of  Nature 
herself,   and  Nature's   system   demands   the 
whole  of  a  human  life,  and  even  then  is,  I  ; 
am  sure,  not  always  successful."  From  "The 
Gifts  of  Science"  we  select  a  few  lines  as  j 
illustrative  of  the  author's  felicitous  style:  | 
"But  by  far  the  greatest  part  of  the  debt  of  ! 
science  to  the  world  is  paid  in  service.  Apollo  ; 
must   needs    guide   the   flocks   of   Admetus. 
'  Whoever  will  be  greatest  among  you,  let  him  i 
be  your  minister.'    .    .    Everywhere   science  j 
serves:     discovery    passing    into    invention,  j 
research  resulting  in  appliance." 


Germans  in 
Germany's 
defense. 


of  the  utterances :  neither  the  justice  nor  the 
expediency  of  any  act  of  the  German  authori- 
ties is  called  in  question.  There  is  nothing  of 
the  frankness  or  intellectual  suppleness  which 
characterize  the  writings  of  that  brilliant 
free-lance,  Maximilian  Harden,  a  collection  of 
whose  editorials  would  be  vastly  more  reveal- 
ing than  the  outpourings  of  the  whole  mobil- 
ized professionate.  The  essays  appear  to  have 
been  written  in  the  spring  of  1915;  much 
water  has  flowed  under  our  bridges  since  then. 
The  translator,  Dr.  William  Wallace  White- 
lock,  has  performed  his  task  acceptably,  and 
has  also  edited  his  material  somewhat  for  the 
better  information  and  convenience  of  Ameri- 
can readers. 


"Deutschland  und  der  Welt- 
krieg,"  a  collection  of  essays  by 
a  number  of  leaders  of  thought 
in  Germany,  has  been  translated  into  Eng- 
lish under  the  title  of  "Modern  Germany  in 
Relation  to  the  Great  War"  (Kennerley). 
The  book  constitutes  the  most  pro-German 
argument  that  has  yet  been  presented  to  the 
American  public.  The  nineteen  authors  of 
these  essays  are,  with  two  exceptions,  univer- 
sity professors.  The  two  exceptions  are  state 
functionaries;  but  as  a  university  professor 
in  Germany  is  also  a  state  functionary  of 
another  kind,  the  whole  book  has  inevitably 
an  official  and  governmental  air  about  it.  The 
authors  (among  them  such  well-known  men  as 
Delbriick,  Schmoller,  and  Oncken  speak  ex 
cathedra,  and  the  reader  gains  the  impression 
that  it  is  thus  and  not  otherwise  that  the  Ger- 
man government  would  have  its  people  and 
the  world  at-  large  believe.  This  impression 
is  heightened  by  the  rigidity  and  uniformity 


More  of  sir  Thirty-five  years  ago  there  began 
Henry  Lucy's  to  appear  in  "Punch"  a  series 
""•  of  parliamentary  reports  in  the 
form  of  the  diary  of  "Toby,  M.  P.,"  the  mem- 
ber from  Barkshire,  who  in  private  life  was 
"Mr.  Punch's  dog."  These  reviews  were 
written  by  Henry  Lucy,  an  obscure  journal- 
ist, who  later  rose  to  great  fame  in  the  Eng- 
lish editorial  world  and  finally  was  honored 
with  knighthood.  The  "diary"  was  a  success 
from  the  very  first,  and  it  was  with  real  regret 
that  the  readers  of  "Punch"  learned  last  Feb- 
ruary that  Toby  had  applied  for  the  steward- 
ship of  the  Chiltern  Hundreds.  The  genial 
reporter  could  not,  of  course,  include  all  his 
observations  in  his  newspaper  contributions; 
but  many  have  been  saved  for  us  in  his  books, 
especially  in  a  series  of  three  volumes  devoted 
chiefly  to  parliamentary  men  and  manners, 
of  which  the  third,  "Nearing  Jordan"  (Put- 
nam), has  recently  appeared.  This  volume 
is  made  up  of  anecdotes  and  sketches  of  public 
men  whom  Sir  Henry  knew  more  or  less  inti- 
mately, and  covers  approximately  the  last 
two  decades  of  the  nineteenth  century.  While 
the  author  has  most  to  say  about  parliamen- 
tary leaders  and  statesmen,  he  also  has 
included  several  interesting  chapters  on  "cap- 
tains of  the  Boer  war,"  prominent  men  of  let- 
ters, and  the  great  leaders  in  English  art.  The 
whole  is  done  in  the  inimitable  style  of  the 
man  who  Balfour  once  said  has  "the  secret  of 
making  even  the  House  of  Commons  amus- 
ing." But  although  Sir  Henry  has  written  a 
most  enjoyable  book,  and  one  that  maintains 
its  interest  to  the  last  line,  it  contains  very 
little  important  information  that  is  really 
new,  and  as  a  contribution  to  recent  English 
history  its  value  is  very  slight. 


218 


THE    DIAL 


[September  21 


ANNOUNCEMENTS  OF  FALL  BOOKS. 


In  accordance  with  the  long-established 
custom  of  THE  DIAL,  there  is  here  presented 
the  annual  classified  list  of  books  announced 
for  fall  and  winter  publication.  Exclusive 
of  the  departments,  "School  and  College 
Text-Books,"  "Books  for  the  Young,"  and 
"Holiday  Gift-Books,"  which,  as  usual,  have 
been  carried  over  to  the  next  issue,  this  year 's 
list  comprises  approximately  1,500  titles,  from 
some  60  publishers.  The  list  has  been  com- 
piled from  data  obtained  directly  from  the 
publishers,  and  is  as  nearly  complete  as  con- 
ditions in  the  publishing  business  permit.  On 
page  213  will  be  found  an  article  commenting 
upon  some  of  the  more  notable  features  of 
the  list. 

BIOGRAPHY   AND   REMINISCENCES. 

Life  and  Letters  of  Theodore  Watts-Dunton,  by 
Thomas  Hake  and  Arthur  Compton  Eickett,  2  vols., 
illus.,  $7.50. — The  Letters  of  Henry  Brevoort  to 
Washington  Irving,  edited,  with  introduction,  by 
George  S.  Hellman,  limited  edition,  2  vols.,  $10. — 
The  Life  and  Times  of  David  Humphreys,  by 
Frank  L.  Humphreys,  2  vols.,  illus.,  $7.50. — Remi- 
niscences of  a  War-Time  Statesman  and  Diplomat, 
1830-1915,  by  Frederick  W.  Seward,  illus.,  $3.50.— 
Portraits  of  the  Seventeenth  Century,  by  C.  A. 
Sainte-Beuve,  popular  edition,  2  vols.,  $3.50. — A 
Daughter  of  a  Puritan,  by  Caroline  A.  Stickney 
Creevey,  illus.,  $1.50. — Isaac  Mayer  Wise,  the 
founder  of  American  Judaism,  by  Max  B.  May,  $2. 
— Recollections  of  a  Happy  Life,  by  Elizabeth 
Christophers  Hobson,  $1.25.  (G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.) 

The  Melancholy  Tale  of  "Me,"  My  Remembrances, 
by  E.  H.  Sothern,  illus.,  $3.50. — Recollections  Grave 
and  Gay,  by  Mrs.  Burton  Harrison,  popular  edition, 
$1.50 — Reminiscences  of  a  Soldier's  Wife,  by  Mrs. 
John  A.  Logan,  popular  edition,  illus.,  $1.50 — 
Autobiography  of  George  Dewey,  illus.,  popular 
edition,  $1.50. — Poe's  Helen,  by  Caroline  Ticknor, 
illus.,  $1.50. — Father  and  Son,  biographical  recol- 
lections, by  Edmund  Gosse,  with  photogravure 
frontispiece,  $1.25.  (Charles  Scribner's  Sons.) 

The  Life  and  Letters  of  Sir  John  Henniker  Heaton, 
Bart.,  by  his  daughter,  Mrs.  Adrian  Porter,  illus., 
$3.  net.  (John  Lane  Co.) 

Handel,  by  Romain  Rolland,  translated  and  edited, 
with  introduction,  by  A.  Eaglefield  Hull,  illus., 
$1.50. — Makers  of  the  Nineteenth  Century,  edited 
by  Basil  Williams,  new  vol.:  Abraham  Lincoln  by 
Lord  Charnwood,  with  frontispiece,  $1.75. — Bernard 
Shaw,  the  man  and  the  mask,  by  Richard  Burton, 
$1.50.  (Henry  Holt  &  Co.) 

Chapters  from  My  Official  Life,  by  Sir  C.  Rivers 
Wilson,  edited  by  E.  MacAlister,  with  portrait, 
$3.50. — From  Sail  to  Steam,  naval  recollections, 
1878-1905,  by  Admiral  C.  C.  Penrose  Fitzgerald, 
illus.,  $3.50. — The  Reminiscences  of  the  Right  Hon. 
Lord  O'Brien,  Lord  Chief  Justice  of  Ireland, 
edited  by  Georgina  O'Brien,  with  portrait,  $3. — 
The  Right  Hon.  Sir  Henry  Enfield  Roscoe,  by  Sir 
Edward  Thorpe,  $2. — Memoir  of  Dr.  Thomas 
Hutchinson  Tristram,  late  Chancellor  of  the  Diocese 
of  London,  $1.25.  (Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.) 

The  Journal  of  an  Author,  by  Fyodor  Dostoevsky, 
$1.25.  (John  W.  Luce  &  Co") 


Life  of  John  Marshall,  by  Albert  J.  Beveridge,  illus., 
2  vols.,  $7.50. — Life  of  John  Fiske,  by  John 
Spencer  Clark,  illus.,  2  vols.,  $7.50. — Life  of  Ulysses 
S.  Grant,  by  Louis  A.  Coolidge,  illus.,  $2. — General 
Botha,  the  career  and  the  man,  by  Harold  Spender, 
$2. — Portraits  of  Women,  by  Gamaliel  Bradford, 
illus.,  $2.50. — The  Penny  Piper  of  Saranac,  Robert 
Louis  Stevenson  at  the  Lake,  by  Stehen  Chalmers, 
with  preface  by  Lord  Guthrie,  illus.,  75  cts. — 
Charles  the  Twelfth,  Sweden's  King,  by  John  A. 
Gade,  illus.,  $2.50.  (Houghton  Mifflin  Co.) 

The  Romance  of  Isabel,  Lady  Burton,  by  herself  and 
W.  H.  Wilkins,  illus.,  $3.50.— Memories  of  the 
Fatherland,  by  Anne  Topham,  illus.,  $3. — Famous 
Painters  of  America,  by  J.  Walker  McSpadden, 
illus.,  $2. — Mahomet,  founder  of  Islam,  by  G.  M. 
Draycott,  $3. — The  Empress  Eugenie  and  Her  Son, 
by  Edward  Legge,  illus.,  $3.25. — The  Last  Days  of 
Archduke  Rudolph,  edited  by  Hamil  Grant,  illus., 
$3. — Fifty  Years  of  a  Londoner's  Life,  by  H.  G. 
Hibbert,  illus.,  $3.25. — Irishmen  of  Today,  new 
vols.:  Sir  Edward  Carson,  by  St.  John  G.  Ervine; 
George  Moore,  by  Susan  Mitchell;  "A.  E."  (George 
W.  Russell),  by  Darrell  Figgis;  per  vol.,  $1.  (Dodd, 
Mead  &  Co.) 

Ella  Flagg  Young  and  a  half -century  of  the  Chicago 
public  schools,  by  John  T.  McManis,  illus.,  $1.25. 
(A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.) 

The  Austrian  Court  from  Within,  by  Princess 
Catherine  Radziwill,  illus.  in  photogravure,  $3. 
— Cicero,  a  sketch  of  his  life  and  works,  by  Hannis 
Taylor,  illus.,  $3.50.  (Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co.) 

A  Country  Chronicle,  by  Grant  Showerman,  illus., 
$1.50.  (Century  Co.) 

The  Making  of  an  American,  by  Jacob  Riis,  new  edi- 
tion, with  a  preface  by  Theodore  Roosevelt,  illus., 
$1.50. — David  Livingstone,  by  C.  Silvester  Home, 
new  edition,  illus.,  $1.25.  (Macmillan  Co.) 

The  Wind  of  Destiny,  an  intimate  picture  of  O. 
Henry,  by  Sara  Lindsay  Coleman,  limited  edition, 
$10. — An  O.  Henry  Biography,  by  C.  Alphonso 
Smith,  in  2  vols.,  $2.50. — Booker  T.  Washington, 
by  Lyman  Beecher  Stowe  and  Emmett  J.  Scott, 
illus.,  $2.  (Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.) 

From  the  Deep  Woods  to  Civilization,  chapters  in  the 
autobiography  of  an  Indian,  by  Charles  A.  East- 
man, illus.,  $2. — A  New  England  Childhood,  by 
Margaret  Fuller,  $1.50. — A  Little  Book  of  Friends, 
by  Harriet  Prescott  Spofford,  $1.25. — Four  French 
Statesmen,  by  William  Morton  Fullerton,  $1.25. 
(Little,  Brown  &  Co.) 

Rubens,  the  story  of  his  life  and  work,  by  Louis 
Hourticq,  illus.,  $2. — In  Seven  Lands,  by  Ernest 
H.  Vizetelly,  illus.,  $4.— Dante,  by  C.  H.  Grand- 
gent,  $1.50.  (Duffield  &  Co.) 

The  Life  and  Times  of  Booker  T.  Washington,  by 
D.  F.  Riley,  illus.,  $1.50. — Mrs.  Percy  V.  Penny- 
backer,  an  appreciation,  by  Helen  Knox,  illus.,  $1. 
(Fleming  H.  Revell  Co.) 

Charles  E.  Hughes,  the  statesman,  as  shown  in  his 
judicial  opinions,  by  William  L.  Ransom,  $1.50. — 
Life  and  Letters  of  Dorothy  Novell,  edited  by  her 
son. — Sporting  Reminiscences,  by  Dorothy  Conyers. 
(E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.) 

Recollections  of  an  Alienist,  by  Dr.  Allan  McLane 
Hamilton,  illus.,  $3.50. — My  Table-Cloths,  a  few 
reminiscences,  by  Mrs.  Alee-Tweedie,  F.R.G.C., 
illus.,  $3.50. — In  Spite  of  the  Handicap,  by  Rev. 
James  D.  Corrothers,  illus.,  $1.25.  (George  H. 
Doran  Co.) 

The  Fighting  Man,  an  autobiography,  by  William  A. 
Brady,  with  portraits,  $1.50. — Charlie  Chaplin's 
Own  Story,  illus.,  $1.  ( Bobbs-Merrill  Co.) 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


219 


Memoirs  of  M.   Thiers,   1870-1873,  trans,   by  F.   M. 

Atkinson,  $2.50.     (James  Pott  &  Co.) 
Russell  H.  Conwell,  the  man  and  his  work,  by  Agnes 

Bush  Burr,  $1.     (John  C.  Winston  Co.) 
Leonardo  da  Vinei,  by  Sigmund   Freud,  authorized 

trans,  by  A.  A.  Brill,  $1.25.     (Moffat,  Yard  &  Co.) 
Davis,  soldier-missionary,  by  J.  Merle  Davis,  illus., 

$1.50.     (Pilgrim  Press.) 
Joseph  Fels,  his  life-work,  by  Mary  Fels,  $1.     (B.  W. 

Huebsch.) 

Strindberg,  the  man,  by  Gustaf  Uddgren,  with  pref- 
ace and  notes  by  Axel  J.  Uppvall,  $1.25.  (Four 

Seas  Co.) 
The  Heart  of  Washington,  by  Wayne  Whipple,  with 

portrait,    50    cts.;    leather,    $1.25.       (George    W. 

Jacobs  &  Co.) 
The  Early  Life  of  Robert  Southey,  by  William  Haller. 

— St.  Jean  de  CreVecoeur,  by  Julia  Post  MitchelL — 

The  Book  of  the  Popes,  by  Louise  Ropes  Loomis. 

(Columbia  University  Press.) 
Abraham  Lincoln,  by  Brand  Whitlock,  illus.  edition, 

$1.     (Small,  Maynard  &  Co.) 
Andrew  Johnson  as  Military  Governor  of  Tennessee, 

by  Clifton  R.  Hall.     (Princeton  University  Press.) 
Works  of  William  Oughtred,  by  Florian  Cajori,  $1. 

(Open  Court  Publishing  Co.) 

HISTORY. 

Russia,  Mongolia,  China,  A.  D.  1214-1676,  by  John 
F.  Baddeley,  limited  edition,  with  photogravure 
illustrations,  $55. — The  History  of  South  Africa, 
by  George  McCall  Theal,  8  vols. — The  Early 
History  of  Cuba,  1492-1586,  by  Irene  A.  Wright, 
$2. — The  Middle  Group  of  American  Historians, 
by  John  Spencer  Bassett,  Ph.D.,  $1.50. — A  History 
of  the  Pacific  Northwest,  by  Joseph  Schaefer,  Ph.D. 
new  edition,  revised  and  rewritten,  $1.50. — The 
History  of  Colonization,  by  Henry  C.  Morris,  new 
edition,  with  preface  and  new  chapter,  2  vols. — 
The  Pacific  Ocean  in  History,  edited  by  H.  Morse 
Stephens  and  Herbert  E.  Bolton. — The  Founda- 
tion and  Growth  of  the  British  Empire,  by  J.  H. 
Morgan. — A  Short  History  of  the  English  People, 
by  John  Robertson  Green,  with  an  epilogue  by  Mrs. 
J.  R.  Green,  continuing  the  history  to  the  present 
day.  (Macmillan  Co.) 

The  Successors  of  Drake,  by  Julian  S.  Corbett,  LL.M., 
new  and  cheaper  edition,  illus.,  $3.50. — Ireland 
under  the  Stuarts  and  during  the  Interregnum,  by 
Richard  Bagwell,  LL.D.,  Vol.  III.,  1660-1690,  $5. — 
Le  Strange  Records,  by  Hamon  Le  Strange,  M.A.  | 
(Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.) 

The  Passing  of  a  Great  Race,  by  Madison  Grant,  with 
foreword  by  Henry  Fairfield  Osborn,  illus.,  $2. — 
Original  Narratives  of  Early  American  History, 
new  vol.:  Early  Narratives  of  the  Northwest,  by 
Louise  Phelps  Kellogg,  $3.  net.  (Charles  Scribner  's 
Sons.) 

Our  Nation  in  the  Building,  by  Helen  Nicolay, 
illus.,  $2.50.— The  Golden  Book  of  the  Dutch 
Navigators,  by  Hendrik  Willem  van  Loon,  illus., 
$2.50.  (Century  Co.) 

National  History  of  France,  new  vols.:  The  French 
Revolution,  by  Louis  Madelin;  The  Eighteenth 
Century  in  France,  by  Casimir  Stryienski;  per 
vol.,  $2.50. — American  Debate,  by  Marion  Mills 
Miller,  2  vols.,  per  vol.,  $2. — France,  England,  and 
European  Democracy,  1215-1917,  by  Charles  Cestre, 
$1.50. — Sweden  and  Denmark  with  Finland  and 
Iceland,  by  Jon  Stefansson,  illus.,  $1.50. — The 
Fight  for  the  Republic,  an  account  of  the  signifi- 
cant events  in  the  War  of  Secession,  by  Rossiter 
Johnson,  illus.,  $1.75. — Aspects  of  Roman  History,  I 
by  Thomas  S.  Jerome.  (G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.) 


The  Civilization  of  the  Ancient  Egyptians,  by  A. 
Bothwell  Gosse,  $2. — Great  Nations'  Series,  new 
vols.:  Scotland  from  the  earliest  times  to  the 
present  day,  by  R.  L.  Mackie;  England  from  the 
earliest  times  to  the  Great  Charter,  by  Gilbert 
Stone;  each  illus.,  per  vol.,  $3. — The  False  Dmitri, 
described  by  British  eyewitnesses,  1604-1612, 
edited,  with  preface,  by  Sonia  E.  Howe,  illus., 
$2. — Nations'  Histories,  new  vols.:  Germany,  by 
W.  T.  Waugh;  Japan,  by  F.  H.  Davis;  Poland, 
by  G.  E.  Slocumbe;  per  vol.,  $1.25.  (Frederick 
A.  Stokes  Co.) 

The  Philippines  to  the  end  of  the  military  regime, 
by  Charles  Burke  Elliott,  illus.,  $3.50. — Alsace- 
Lorraine,  a  study  in  conquest,  by  David  Stan- 
Jordan,  $1.  (Bobbs-Merrill  Co.) 

The  Mother  of  California,  an  historical  sketch  of 
lower  California,  by  Arthur  Walbridge  North,  illus., 
$2.  (Paul  Elder  &  Co.) 

Light  and  Shade  in  Irish  History,  by  Tara. — The 
Private  Correspondence  of  Lord  Granville  Leveson 
Gower,  1781-1821,  edited  by  Castalia,  Countess 
Granville,  2  vols.  (E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.) 

The  Mississippi  Valley  in  British  Polities,  by  Clarence 
W.  Alvord,  2  vols.,  $10.  (Arthur  H.  Clark  Co.) 

Modern  Russian  History,  by  Alexander  Kornilov, 
trans,  from  the  Russian  by  Alexander  S.  Kaun, 
2  vols.,  with  maps,  $5.  (Alfred  A.  Knopf.) 

The  Balkan  Wars,  1912-13,  third  edition,  with  intro- 
duction on  the  Balkan  situation,  by  Jacob  Gould 
Schurman.  (Princeton  University  Press.) 

The  French  Renascence,  by  Charles  Sarolea,  illus., 
$2.  ( James  Pott  &  Co.) 

Young  India,  an  interpretation  and  a  history  of  the 
nationalist  movement  from  within,  by  La  j  pat  Rai, 
with  portraits,  $1.50.  (B.  W.  Huebseh.) 

The  Book  of  Texas,  by  John  A.  Lomax  and  H.  M. 
Benedict.  (Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.) 

Magna  Carta,  and  Other  Addresses,  by  William  D. 
Guthrie,  $1.50. — The  Purpose  of  History,  by  Fred- 
erick J.  E.  Woodbridge,  $1. — English  Domestic 
Relations,  1487-1653,  by  Chilton  Latham  Powell. — 
The  History  of  the  Franks  by  Gregory  Bishop 
of  Tours,  by  Ernest  Brehaut.  (Columbia  Univer- 
sity Press.) 

Poland,  its  social  and  economic  history,  by  A. 
Zeleski  and  others,  $3.  (Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.) 

An  Outline  History  of  China,  by  Herbert  H.  Gowen, 
new  revised  edition,  $1.75.  (Sherman,  French  & 
Co.) 

The  New  Purchase,  by  Baynard  Rush  Hall,  new  edi- 
tion, with  introduction  and  notes  by  James  A. 
Woodburn. — Egyptian  Records  of  Travel,  Vol.  II., 
by  David  Paton.  (Princeton  University  Press.) 

Some  Cursory  Remarks,  made  by  James  Birket  in  his 
Voyage  to  North  America,  1750-1751,  $1.  (Yale 
University  Press.) 

The  French  Revolution  and  Napoleon,  1789-1815,  by 
Charles  Downer  Hazen,  $2.  (Henry  Holt  &  Co.) 

Intolerance  in  the  Reign  of  Elizabeth,  Queen  of 
England,  by  Arthur  J.  Klein,  $2. — A  Short  History 
of  Poland,  by  Julia  Swift  Orvis,  $1.50.  (Hough ton 
Mifflin  Co.) 

British  Colonial  Policy,  1783-1915,  by  C.  H.  Currey. 
(Oxford  University  Press.) 

Slavery  in  Germanic  Society,  by  Matilde  Wergeland. 
(University  of  Chicago  Press.) 

GENERAL    LITERATURE. 

Letters  of  Richard  Watson  Gilder,  edited  by  Rosa- 
mond Gilder,  illus.,  $3.50. — Henry  David  Thoreau, 
a  critical  study,  by  Mark  Van  Doren,  with  photo- 
gravure frontispiece,  $1.25. — How  to  Read,  by  J. 


220 


THE    DIAL 


[September  21 


B.  Kerfoot,  $1.25. — French  Perspectives,  by  Eliza- 
beth Shepley  Sergeant,  $1.25. — The  New  Reserva- 
tion  of  Time,  by  William  Jewett  Tucker,  $1.50. — 
The  Pleasures  of  an  Absentee  Landlord,  by  Samuel 
McChord  Crothers,  $1.25. — Speaking  of  Home, 
essays  of  a  contented  woman,  by  Lillian  Hart 
Tryon,  $1. — Saints'  Legends,  by  Gordon  Hall 
Gerould,  $1.50.  (Houghton  Mifflin  Co.) 

The  Cambridge  History  of  American  Literature, 
edited  by  William  P.  Trent,  John  Erskine,  Carl 
van  Doren,  and  S.  P.  Sherman,  2  vols.,  each  $2.50. 
— The  Cambridge  History  of  English  Literature, 
edited  by  A.  W.  Ward  and  A.  R.  Waller,  new 
vols.:  Vol.  XII.,  The  Nineteenth  Century,  I.;  Vol. 
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Literature  in  Ireland,  by  Thomas  MacDonagh,  $2.75. 
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Eussian  Folk  Tales,  as  told,  by  the  peasants  of  Great 
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English  Poets  of  the  Nineteenth  Century,  by  Mary 
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terson.— The  Sanskrit  Poems  of  Mayura,  by  G. 
Payn  Quackenbos. — Studies  in  Magic  from  Latin 
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field; The  Story  of  a  Round  House  and  Other 
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field; A  Mainsail  Haul,  by  John  Masefield;  The 
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Satires,  by  Edgar  Lee  Masters;  Spoon  River 
Anthology,  by  Edgar  Lee  Masters;  Sword  Blades 
and  Poppy  Seed,  by  Amy  Lowell;  A  Dome  of 
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War,  by  Lincoln  Colcord;  Battle  and  Other  Poems, 
by  Wilfrid  Wilson  Gibson;  Daily  Bread,  by  Wil- 
frid Wilson  Gibson;  Borderlands  and  Thorough- 
fares, by  Wilfrid  Wilson  Gibson;  The  Congo  and 
Other  Poems,  by  Vachel  Lindsay;  General  Booth 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


221 


Enters  into  Heaven  and  Other  Poems,  by  Vachd 
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by  Rabindranath  Tagore;  The  Crescent  Moon,  by 
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dranath Tagore;  Chitra,  by  Rabindranath  Tagore; 
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trans,  by  Louise  Morgan  Sill,  $1.50. — The  Book 


222 


THE    DIAL 


[September  21 


of  the  Yale  Pageant,  edited  by  George  H.  Nettleton, 
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Play  Production  in  America,  by  Arthur  Edwin  Krows, 
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Modern  Icelandic  Plays,  by  Johann  Sigurjonsson, 
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$1.35. — Head  Winds,  by  James  B.  Connolly, 
illus.,  $1.35. — After  the  Manner  of  Men,  by  Francis 
Lynde,  illus.,  $1.35. — Xingu,  and  other  stories,  by 
Edith  Wharton,  $1.35. — The  Eternal  Feminine,  by 
Mary  Raymond  Shipinan  Andrews,  illus.,  $1.35. — 
Souls  Resurgent,  by  Marion  Hamilton  Carter,  $1.35. 
— Unfinished  Portraits,  stories  of  artists  and 
musicians,  by  Jennette  'Lee,  $1.25.  (Charles 
Scribner's  Sons.) 

The  Bulwark,  by  Theodore  Dreiser,  $1.50. — The 
Wonderful  Year,  by  William  J.  Locke,  $1.40.— 
In  Spacious  Times,  by  Justin  Huntly  McCarthy, 
$1.35. — The  Invisible  Balance  Sheet,  by  Katrina 
Trask,  $1.35. — The  Hampstead  Mystery,  by  Arthur 
J.  Rees  and  J.  R.  Watson,  $1.35. — The  Bigamist, 
by  F.  E.  Mills  Young,  $1.35. — The  Amethyst  Ring, 
trans,  by  B.  Drillien,  $1.75  net. — Germany  from 
Within  Out,  by  Stephen  Leacock,  $1. — A  Little 
Question  in  Ladies'  Rights,  by  Parker  H.  Fillmore, 
illus.,  50  cts.  (John  Lane  Co.) 

Casuals  of  the  Sea,  by  William  McFee,  $1.50. — The 
Emperor  of  Portugallia,  by  Selma  Lagerlb'f,  trans, 
by  Velma  Swanston  Howard,  $1.50. — The  Circuit 
Rider's  Widow,  by  Corra  Harris,  illus.,  $1.50. — 
The  Leopard  Woman,  by  Stewart  Edward  White, 
illus.,  $1.35. — The  Wishing  Moon,  by  Louise 
Dutton,  illus.,  $1.35.— The  Bird  House  Man,  by 
Walter  Prichard  Eaton,  illus.,  $1.35. — The  House 
of  Fear,  by  C.  Wadsworth  Camp,  illus.,  $1.35. — 
Somewhere  in  Red  Gap,  by  Harry  Leon  Wilson, 
illus.,  $1.35. — Penrod  and  Sam,  by  Booth  Tarking- 
ton,  $1.35. — The  Further  Side  of  Silence,  by  Sir 
Hugh  Clifford,  $1.35. — The  Preacher  of  Cedar 
Mountain,  by  Ernest  Thompson  Seton,  illus.,  $1.35. 
— Beef,  Iron  and  Wine,  by  Jack  Lait,  $1.25. — 
The  Grizzly  King,  by  James  Oliver  Curwood,  illus., 
$1.25. — Short  Stories  from  "Life,"  with  introduc- 
tion by  Thomas  L.  Masson,  $1.25.  (Doubleday, 
Page  &  Co.) 

Watermeads,  by  Archibald  Marshall,  $1.50. — Damaris, 
by  Lucas  Malet,  $1.40. — Love  and  Lucy,  by  Maurice 
Hewlett,  $1.35.— The  Streets  of  the  Blank  Wall, 
by  Jerome  K.  Jerome,  $1.25. — The  Autobiography 
and  Deliverance  of  Mark  Rutherford,  edited  by  his 
friend,  Reuben  Shapcott,  new  edition,  $1.50. — The 
Tutor's  Story,  by  Charles  Kingsley,  a  posthumous 
novel  completed  by  the  author's  daughter,  Lucas 
Malet  (Mrs.  Mary  St.  Leger  Harrison),  $1.35. — 
The  Old  Blood,  by  Frederick  Palmer,  illus.,  $1.40. 
—The  Woman  Who  Killed,  by  Jules  Bois,  $1.35.— 
In  Another  Girl's  Shoes,  by  Berta  Ruck  (Mrs. 
Oliver  Onions),  $1.35. — A  Russian  Priest,  by  J. 
N.  Potapenko,  $1.35. — The  Chief  Legatee,  by  Anna 
Katherine  Green,  $1.35. — From  the  Housetops,  by 
George  Barr  McCutcheon,  illus.,  $1.40. — Jim-Un- 
classified, by  Robert  J.  Kelly,  $1.35. — A  Divine 
Egotist,  by  Vingie  E.  Roe,  $1.35.— The  Delight 
Makers,  by  Adolf  F.  Bandelier,  illus.,  $2.— The 
Short  Cut,  by  Jackson  Gregory,  illus.,  $1.35. 
(Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.) 

The  Lion's  Share,  by  Arnold  Bennett,  $1.50. — A 
Gilded  Vanity,  by  Richard  Dehan,  $1.40. — Leather- 
face,  by  Baroness  Orczy,  $1.35. — The  Triumph  of 
Tim,  by  Horace  Annesley  Vachell,  $1.40. — Local 
Color,  by  Irvin  S.  Cobb,  $1.35. — Kinsmen,  by 
Percival  J.  Cooney,  $1.50. — The  Complete  Gentle- 
man, by  Bohun  Lynch,  $1.35. — The  Towers  of 
Ilium,  by  Ethelyn  Leslie  Huston,  $1.35. — The 
Average  Woman,  by  W.  Dane  Bank,  $1.35. — The 
Last  Ditch,  by  W.  L.  Comfort,  $1.35.— The  Ver- 
million  Box,  by  E.  V.  Lucas,  $1.40. — Dead  Yester- 
day, by  Mary  Agnes  Hamilton,  $1.50. — The  Snow 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


223 


Burner,  by  Henry  Oyen,  $1.25. — The  Unknown  Mr. 
Kent,  by  Roy  Norton,  $1.25. — The  Power-House, 
by  John  Buchan,  $1.25. — The  Daughter  Pays,  by 
Mrs.  Baillie  Reynolds,  $1.25. — Barnacles,  by  J. 
MacDougall  Hay,  $1.40.  (George  H.  Doran  Co.) 

The  World  for  Sale,  by  Sir  Gilbert  Parker,  illus., 
$1.35. — Second  Choice,  by  Will  N.  Harben,  with 
frontispiece,  $1.35, — Rainbow's  End,  by  Rex 
Beach,  $1.35. — Between  Two  Worlds,  by  Philip 
Curtiss,  with  frontispiece,  $1.35. — Every  Soul  Hath 
its  Song,  by  Fannie  Hurst,  with  frontispiece,  $1.30. 
— Peace  and  Quiet,  by  Edwin  Milton  Royle,  with 
frontispiece,  $1.35. — A  Voice  in  the  Wilderness,  by 
Grace  L.  H.  Lutz,  with  frontispiece,  $1.30. — 
(Harper  &  Brothers.) 

The  Voice  in  the  Wilderness,  by  Robert  Hichens, 
$1.50. — Lydia  of  the  Pines,  by  Honore  Willsie, 
illus.,  $1.25. — Witte  Arrives,  by  Elias  Tobenkin, 
with  frontispiece,  $1.25. — The  Little  Hunchback 
Zia,  by  Frances  H.  Burnett,  illus.,  75  cts. — John- 
stone  of  the  Border,  by  Harold  Bindloss,  with 
frontispiece  in  color,  $1.35. — Earth  to  Earth,  by 
Richard  Dehan,  $1.35. — Mr.  Wildridge  of  the 
Bank,  by  Lynn  Doyle,  $1.30. — The  Nest  Builder, 
by  Beatrice  F.  R.  Hale,  with  frontispiece,  §1.35. — 
The  Guiding  Thread,  by  Beatrice  Harraden,  $1.35. 
— The  Impossible  Mrs.  Bellew,  by  David  Lisle,  with 
frontispiece.  $1.30. — The  Six-Pointed  Cross  in  the 
Dust,  by  John  Roland,  with  frontispiece,  $1.30. 
(Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co.) 

The  Crushed  Flower,  by  Leonid  Andreyev,  trans, 
from  the  Russian  by  Herman  Bernstein,  $1.50. — 
Sussex  Gorse,  by  Sheila  Kaye-Smith,  $1.50. — A 
Drake,  by  George!  by  John  Trevena,  $1.50. — Royal 
Highness,  by  Thomas  Mann,  trans,  by  A.  Cecil 
Curtis,  $1.50. — Pointed  Roofs,  by  Dorothy  Rich- 
ardson, with  introduction  by  J.  D.  Beresford,  $1.35. 
—Tales  of  the  Pampas,  by  W.  H.  Hudson,  $1.25. 
— The  Brown  Mare,  by  Alfred  Ollivant,  $1.  (Alfred 
A.  Knopf.) 

Hatchways,  by  Ethel  Sidgwick,  $1.40. — Doctor  Nick, 
by  L.  M.  Steele,  illus.,  $1.40. — Pincus  Hood,  by 
Arthur  Hodges,  illus.,  $1.40. — The  House  of  Luck, 
by  Harris  Dickson,  illus.,  $1.35. — The  Beloved  Son, 
by  Fannie  Kemble  Johnson,  with  frontispiece  in 
color,  $1.35. — The  Stranger  at  the  Hearth,  by 
Katharine  Metealf  Roof,  with  frontispiece,  $1.35. 
—The  Clue  of  the  Twisted  Candle,  by  Edgar  Wal- 
lace, with  frontispiece  in  color,  $1.25.  (Small, 
Maynard  &  Co.) 

El  Supremo,  by  Edward  L.  White,  $1.90. — A  Little 
House  in  War  Time,  by  Agnes  and  Egerton  Castle, 
$1.50. — Graven  Image,  by  Hilda  Plumings,  $1.50. 
— The  Romances  of  Escapes,  by  Tighe  Hopkins, 
$1.50. — Jitny  and  the  Boys,  by  Bennet  Coppleston, 
$1.50. — The  Highwaymen,  by  Bailey,  $1.50. — 
Shadows  of  Yesterday,  by  Bowen,  $1.50. — The 
Whirlpool,  by  Victoria  Morton,  $1.35. — The  Tam- 
ing of  Calinga,  by  C.  L.  Carlsen,  $1.35. — The 
Chorus,  by  Sylvia  Lynd,  $1.35. — The  Outlaw,  by 
Charles  B.  Hudson. — The  Enlightenment  of 
Paulina,  by  Ellen  Wilkins  Tompkins. —  Belle  Jones, 
by  Allen  Meacham. — Our  Minnesota,  by  Hester 
Pollock. — The  Grail  Light,  by  Zephine  Humphrey, 
— Julius  Levallon,  by  Algernon  Blackwood.  (E.  P. 
Dutton  &  Co.) 

Filling  His  Own  S%oes,  by  Henry  C.  Rowland,  illus., 
$1.35. — Helen,  by  Arthur  Sherburne  Hardy,  $1.35. 
—The  Wall  Street  Girl,  by  Frederick  Orin  Bart- 
lett,  illus.,  $1.35. — Skinner's  Dress  Suit,  by  Henry 
Irving  Dodge/ illus.,  $1. — Tales  of  the  Labrador,  by 
Wilfred  T.  Grenfell,  M.D.,  with  frontispiece,  $1.25. 
— The  Romance  of  Martin  Connor,  by  Oswald 


, 


Kendall,  illus.  in  color,  $1.25. — The  Man  of  Athens, 
by  Julia  D.  Dragoumis,  $1.50.  (Houghton  Mifflin 
Co.) 

The  Magnificent  Adventure,  by  Emerson  Hough,  illus., 
$1.35. — Mary-'Gusta,  by  Joseph  C.  Lincoln,  illus., 
$1.35.— The  Sailor,  by  J.  C.  Snaith,  $1.40.— The 
Five-Barred  Gate,  by  E.  Temple  Thurston, 
$1.40. — Paradise  Garden,  by  George  Gibbs,  illus., 
$1.35. — The  Winged  Victory,  by  Sarah  Grand,  $1.50. 
— Profit  and  Loss,  by  Amelia  E.  Barr,  illus.,  $1.30. 
— Fondie,  by  Edward  C.  Booth,  $1.40. — Wind's 
Will,  by  Agnes  and  Egerton  Castle,  illus.,  $1.35. — 
The  Career  of  Katherine  Bush,  by  Elinor  Glyn, 
illus.,  $1.30. — The  Madness  of  Philip,  by  Josephine 
Daskam  Bacon,  new  edition,  illus.,  $1.25. — Hermione 
and  Her  Little  Group  of  Serious  Thinkers,  by  Don 
Marquis,  $1.25. — Emmy  Lou's  Road  to  Grace,  by 
George  Madden  Martin,  illus.,  $1.30. — The  Look  of 
Eagles,  by  John  Taintor  Foote,  with  frontispiece 
in  color,  50  cts.  (D.  Appleton  &  Co.) 

The  Kingdom  of  the  Blind,  by  E.  Phillips  Oppen- 
heim,  with  frontispiece,  $1.35. — The  Woman  Gives, 
by  Owen  Johnson,  illus.,  $1.40. — The  Sins  of  the 
Children,  by  Cosmo  Hamilton,  with  frontispiece, 
$1.40. — Chloe  Malone,  by  Fannie  Heaslip  Lea, 
illus.,  $1.35. — The  Heritage  of  the  Sioux,  by  B.  M. 
Bower,  with  frontispiece,  $1.35. — Clover  and  Blue 
Grass,  by  Eliza  Calvert  Hall,  with  frontispiece, 
The  Whale  and  the  Grasshopper,  and  other  fables, 
by  Seumas  O'Brien,  with  frontispiece,  $1.25. — 
The  Worn  Doorstep,  by  Margaret  Sherwood,  $1.25. 
— Miss  Theodosia's  Heartstrings,  by  Annie  Hamil- 
ton Donnell,  illus.,  $1.  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.) 

The  More  Excellent  Way,  by  Cyrus  Townsend  Brady, 
with  frontispiece  in  color,  $1.35. — The  Cab  of  the 
Sleeping  Horse,  by  John  Reed  Scott,  with  frontis- 
piece in  color,  $1.35. — A  Slav  Soul,  and  other 
stories,  by  Alexander  Kuprin,  with  introduction  by 
Stephen  Graham,  $1.50. — The  Breath  of  the  Dragon, 
by  A.  H.  Fitch,  with  frontispiece  in  color,  $1.35. — 
To  the  Minute,  by  Anna  Katharine  Green,  with 
frontispiece  in  color,  $1.  (G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.) 

The  Druid  Path,  by  Marah  Ellis  Ryan,  $1.35. — 
"Contraband,"  by  Randall  Parrish,  illus.,  $1.35. — 
The  Range  Boss,  by  Charles  Alden  Seltzer,  illus., 
$1.30. — Aunt  Liza's  "Praisin'  Gate,"  by  Effie 
Graham,  illus.,  75  cts.  (A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.) 

The  Web  of  Steel,  by  Cyrus  Townsend  Brady  and  son, 
illus.,  $1.35. — The  Trail  to  the  Hearts"  of  Men, 
by  A.  E.  Cory,  illus.,  $1.35. — The  Klondike  Clan, 
by  S.  Hall  Young,  $1.35.— The  Castle  of  Cheer,  by 
Charles  H.  Lerrigo,  $1.25.  (Fleming  H.  Revell 
Co.) 

The  Certain  Hour,  by  James  Branch  Cabell,  $1.35. — 
Pod,  Bender  &  Co.,  by  George  Allan  England,  $1.35. 
(Robert  M.  McBride  &  Co.) 

Thirty  Pieces  of  Silver,  by  Francis  Neilson,  illus., 
$1.50. — The  Painted  Scene,  stories  of  the  real 
stage,  by  Henry  Kitchell  Webster,  illus.,  $1.50. — 
Prudence  Says  So,  by  Ethel  Hueston,  illus.,  $1.25. 
— Tumbleweed,  by  Alice  M.  Colter,  illus.,  $1.25. — 
Loot,  by  Arthur  S.  Roche,  illus.,  $1.25.  (Bobbs- 
Merrill  Co.) 

The  Last  Book  of  Wonder,  by  Lord  Dunsany,  $1.50. — 
A  Dreamer's  Tales,  The  Sword  of  Welleran,  The 
Gods  of  Pegana,  each  by  Lord  Dunsany,  author- 
ized American  editions,  illus.,  per  vol.,  $1.50.  (John 
W.  Luce  &  Co.) 

In  the  Garden  of  Delight,  by  L.  H.  Hammond,$l. — 
A  Dreamer  of  Dreams,  by  Oliver  Huckel,  illus., 
$1.25.  (T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.) 


224 


THE    DIAL 


[September  21 


The  Far  Cry,  by  Henry  M.  Hideout,  illus.,  $1.25. — 
The  Cross  of  Heart's  Desire,  by  Gertrude  Pahlow, 
$1.25. — Blind  Understanding,  by  Maude  Annesley, 
$1.25. — The  House  of  War,  by  Marmaduke  Pick- 
thall,  $1.25.  (Duffield  &  Co.) 

The  Eainbow,  by  D.  G.  Lawrence,  $1.50. — Dubliners, 
by  James  Joyce,  $1.50. — Tales  of  the  Eevolution, 
by  M.  Artzibashef,  $1.40. — The  Prussian  Officer, 
and  other  stories,  by  D.  H.  Lawrence,  $1.50. — War 
the  Creator,  by  Gelett  Burgess,  illus.,  60  cts.  (B. 
W.  Huebseh.) 

The  Mountains  of  the  Morning,  by  Guy  Fitch  Phelps, 
illus.,  $1.35.— Ted  of  McCorkle's  Alley,  by  Isabelle 
Horton,  with  frontispiece,  35  cts.  (Abingdon 
Press.) 

Half  Lights,  short  stories,  by  Guy  Fleming,  $1.10. 
(Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.) 

At  the  Sign  of  the  Three  Birches,  by  Amy  Brooks, 
illus.,  $1.25.  (Lothrop,  Lee  &  Shepard  Co.) 

The  Men  Who  Wrought,  by  Eidgwell  Cullum,  illus. 
in  color,  etc.,  $1.35.  (George  W.  Jacobs  &  Co.) 

Canaan,  by  Graca  Aranha,  $1.50. — Ayesha  of  the 
Bosphorus,  by  Stanwood  Cobb.  (Four  Seas  Co.) 

His  Unknown  Wife,  by  Louis  Tracy,  $1.35.  (Edward 
J.  Clode.) 

The  Tutored  Soul,  by  Estelle  Z.  Huselton,  $1.25. 
(Sherman,  French  &  Co.) 

The  Cinderella  Man,  by  Edward  C.  Carpenter,  illus., 
$1.35.— The  Golden  Blight,  by  George  Allan  Eng- 
land, with  frontispiece,  $1.35. — Dabney  Todd,  by 

F.  N.  Westcott,  illus.     (H.  K.  Fly  Co.) 
Frederica     Dennison-Spinster,     by    Elizabeth    Price, 

illus.,   $1.25.— The   Genius  of  Elizabeth  Anne,   by 
Mabel  H.  Bobbins,  illus.,  $1.25.     (Pilgrim  Press.) 
Eichard   Eichard,   by   Hughes   Mearns,   illus.,    $1.35. 
(Penn  Publishing  Co.) 

TRAVEL  AND  DESCRIPTION. 

A  Thousand  Mile  Walk  to  the  Gulf,  by  John  Muir, 
illus.,  $2.50. — Bonnie  Scotland,  by  William  Elliot 
Griffis,  illus.,  $1.25.  (Houghton  Mifflin  Co.) 

London  Again,  by  E.  V.  Lucas,  illus.,  $2.  (George 
H.  Doran  Co.) 

Two  Summers  in  the  Ice  Wilds  of  Karakoram,  by 
William  H.  Workman,  illus.,  $8. — Shakespeare's 
England,  by  P.  H.  Ditchfield,  illus.,  $2.50.— Travels 
in  the  Middle  East,  by  Captain  Trenchard  C. 
Fowle,  $2.50. — Potential  Eussia,  by  Eichard  Wash- 
burn  Child,  $1.50. — Wayfarer 's  Library,  new  vols. : 
Unbeaten  Tracks  of  Japan;  Lady  Lile  in  the 
Eocky  Mountains;  each  illus.,  per  vol.,  40  cts. 
(E.  P.  Button  &  Co.) 

With  Scott,  the  silver  lining,  by  Griffith  Taylor,  illus., 
$5. — Eoumania,  by  Oscar  Brilliant,  illus.,  $4. — A 
Woman  in  the  Balkans,  by  Mrs.  Will  Gordon,  illus., 
$3.50. — Sport,  Travel  and  Adventure,  edited  by  A. 

G.  Lewis,    illus.,    $3. — The    Chequered    Cruise,    by 
Ealph  Stock,  illus.,  $2.50. — Across  Asia  Minor  on 
Foot,  by  W.   J.   Childs,  illus.,   $2.50. — Eeclaiming 
the  Arid  West,  by  George  Wharton  James,  illus., 
$2. — The    Tourist's    Northwest,    by    Euth    Kedzie 
Wood,    illus.,    $1.50. — Sicilian    Studies,    by    Hon. 
Alexander    Nelson    Hood,    illus.,    $1.50.       (Dodd, 
Mead  &  Co.) 

Our  Hispanic  Southwest,  by  Ernest  Peixotto,  illus. 
by  the  author,  $2.50. — Hawaii,  scenes  and  impres- 
sions, by  Katharine  Fullerton  Gerould,  illus.,  $1.50. 
(Charles  Scribner's  Sons.) 

Winter  Journeys  in  the  South,  by  John  Martin 
Hammond,  illus.,  $3.50.  (J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.) 

A  Hoosier  Holiday,  by  Theodore  Dreiser,  illus.,  $2.50. 
(John  Lane  Co.) 


Midsummer  Motoring  in  Europe,  by  DeCourcy  W. 
Thorn,  illus.,  $2.50. — The  Seven  Wonders  of  the 
Ancient  World,  by  Edgar  J.  Banks,  illus.,  $1.50. 
(G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.) 

The  Andes  of  Southern  Peru,  by  Isaiah  Bowman, 
illus.,  $3. — Language  and  Nationality  in  Europe, 
by  Leon  Dominian,  with  20  maps,  $3. — Eider's 
Guides,  edited  by  Fremont  Eider;  Eider's  Guide  to 
New  York  City,  $3.10.  -  (Henry  Holt  &  Co.) 

An  Irish  Woman  in  China,  by  Mrs.  de  Burgh  Daly, 
illus.,  $3.50.— The  Call  of  the  West,  by  Captain 

E.  M.  Galloway,  illus.,  $3.50. — The  Book  of  Italy, 
by  Baffaelo  Piccoli,  illus.,  $2.50. — The  Little  Towns 
of    Flanders,   by   Albert   Delstanche,   illus.,   $1.25. 
(Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co.) 

Tramping  through  Mexico,  Guatemala,  and  Honduras, 
by  Harry  A.  Franck,  illus.,  $2. — The  New  Map  of 
Africa,  by  Herbert  Adams  Gibbons,  $2.  (Century 
Co.) 

My  Siberian  Year,  by  M.  A.  Czaplicka,  illus.,  $3. 
(James  Pott'&  Co.) 

The  Last  Voyage  of  the  "Karluk,"  by  Eobert  A. 
Bartlett  and  Ealph  T.  Hale,  illus.,  $2.  (Small, 
Maynard  &  Co.) 

Eussia 's  Message,  by  William  English  Walling,  re- 
vised and  cheaper  edition,  illus.,  $2.  (Alfred  A. 
Knopf.) 

Finding  the  Worth  While  in  California,  by  Charles 

F.  Saunders,  illus.,   $1.      (Eobert  M.   McBride   & 
Co.) 

From  an  Oregon  Eanch,  by  "Katharine,"  illus.,  $1. 

(A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.) 
The  Leavening  of  the  Levant,  by  Joseph  K.  Greene, 

$1.50.     (Pilgrim  Press.) 
Seeing   America,    by   Logan   Marshall,    new   edition, 

$1.25.     (John  C.  Winston  Co.) 
Ireland,  a  critical  examination,  by  Francis  Hackett, 

$1.50. — Twilight    in    Italy,    by    D.    H.    Lawrence, 

$1.50.     (B.  W.  Huebseh.) 

PUBLIC  AFFAIRS.— SOCIOLOGY,   ECO- 
NOMICS,  AND   POLITICS. 

Politics,  by  Heinrich  von  Treitschke,  trans,  from  the 
German  by  Blanche  Dugale  and  Torben  de  Bille, 
with  introduction  by  the  Et.  Hon.  Arthur  James 
Balfour,  with  American  foreword  by  A.  Lawrence 
Lowell,  2  vols.,  $7. — The  Long  Eoad  of  Woman's 
Memory,  by  Jane  Addams,  $1.25. — Social  Life  in 
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ism in  Practice,  by  Ida  M.  Tarbell,  $1.50. — Some 
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ization,  by  Francis  Lynde  Stetson,  James  Byrne, 
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H.  Montague,  George  S.  Coleman,  and  William  D. 
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sociological  study,  by  E.  M.  Maclver. — Political 
and  Literary  Essays,  III.,  by  the  Earl  of  Cromer. 
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Jurisprudence,  by  Eoscoe  Pound. — The  Macmillan 
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of  Jesus  and  the  Problems  of  Democracy,  by  Henry 
C.  Vedder;  Democracy  and  Eace  Friction,  by  John 


1916] 


THE   DIAL 


225 


Moffat  Mecklin;  The  Fanner  of  To-morrow  by 
Frederick  Irving  Anderson ;  Wage  Earning  Women, 
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Our  Eastern  Question,  by  Thomas  F.  Millard,  illus., 
$3. — Society's  Misfits,  by  Madeleine  Z.  Doty,  illus., 
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Grant  McPherson,  $2. — Wilson  and  the  Issues,  by 
George  Creel,  60  cts.  (Century  Co.) 

Contemporary  Politics  in  the  Far  East,  by  Stanley 
K.  Hornbeck,  $3. — Exporting  to  Latin  America, 
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S.  Bowe,  $3. — The  Panama  Canal  and  Commerce, 
by  Emory  R.  Johnson,  illus.,  $2. — Caribbean  Inter- 
ests of  the  United  States,  by  Chester  Lloyd  Jones, 
$2.50. — The  Tide  of  Immigration,  by  Frank  Julian 
Warne,  illus.,  $2.50. — Principles  of  Railroad  Trans- 
portation, by  Emory  R.  Johnson  and  T.  W.  Van 
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Military  and  Naval  America,  by  Captain  H.  S. 
Kerrick,  illus.,  $2. — Hesitations,  the  American  crisis 
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English  Influence  on  the  United  States,  by  W. 
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Lucien  Howe,  M.D.,  $1. — Addresses  of  Charles 
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Schurman,  $1. — A  Brief  History  of  Panics  and 
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duction, by  DeCourcy  W.  Thorn,  third  edition,  $1.25. 
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The  Taxation  of  Land  Values,  by  Yetta  Scheftel,  $2. 
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Jeffersonian  Democracy  in  New  England,  by  William 
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Ethics  of  Democracy,  by  Louis  F.  Post,  $1.50. — 
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Mutual  Aid,  a  factor  of  evolution,  by  P.  Kropotkin, 
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Cotton  as  a  World  Power,  by  James  A.  B.  Scherer, 
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Labor  and  Social  Revolution  in  the  United  States, 
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$1.25. — The  Great  Decision,  by  Walter  E.  Weyl. — 
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LeBon.  (Maemillan  Co.) 


226 


THE    DIAL 


[September  21 


Termination  of  War-Treaties  of  Peace,  by  Coleman 
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man Policy  before  the  War,  by  G.  W.  Prothers,  $1. 
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Told  in  a  French  Garden,  August,  1914,  by  Mildred 
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Trenching  at  Gallipoli,  by  A.  John  Gallishaw,  illus., 
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Journal  of  Madame  Edouard  Drumont,  trans,  by 
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War,  by  Sir  Henry  Newbolt,  illus.  in  color,  etc., 
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1915,  by  Lieut.-Col.  E.  D.  Swinton  and  Captain  the 
Earl  Percy,  $1. — Two  Months  in  Eussia,  July- 
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The  Eoad  to  Liege,  the  path  of  crime,  by  Gustave 
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France,  her  people  and  her  spirit,  by  Laurence 
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tion by  Col.  F.  Feyler,  illus.,  $1.25.  (Eobert  M. 
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Financial  Chapters  in  the  War,  by  Alexander  Dana 
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War  Bread,  by  Edward  Eyre  Hunt,  illus.,  $1.75. 
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What  the  War  is  Teaching,  by  Charles  E.  Jefferson, 
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weiler,  $1. — The  Backwash  of  War,  by  Ellen  N. 
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State  Socialism  after  the  War,  what  it  is  and  how 
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Both  Might  and  Eight,  by  Morton  C.  Hartzell,  with 
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To-morrow,  by  Hugo  Miinsterberg,  $1. — Patriots  in 
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The  Art  of  Eodin,  with  leaves  from  his  note-books, 
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F.  Hamlin,  illus.,  $2.50. — The  New  Interior,  by 
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American  Pictures  and  their  Painters,  by  L.  M. 
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The  Eussian  School  of  Painting,  by  Alexandre  Benois, 
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How  to  Study  Architecture,  by  Charles  Henry  Caftiu, 
illus.,  $3.50. — The  Art  of  Interior  Decoration,  by 
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ton,  illus.,  $1.75.  (Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.) 

English  Furniture  of  the  Eighteenth  Century,  by 
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Etchings  and  Dry  Points,  by  Frank  W.  Benson,  com- 
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— A  Catalogue  of  Arretine  Pottery,  by  George  H. 
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French  Etchers  of  the  Second  Empire,  by  William 
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Practical  Book  of  Early  American  Arts  and  Crafts, 
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illus.  in  color,  etc.,  $6. — Practical  Book  of  Architec- 
ture, by  C.  Matlack  Price,  illus.,  $6. — Parks,  their 
design,  equipment,  and  use,  by  George  Burnap, 
illus.,  $6. — Old  Glass  and  How  to  Collect  It,  by  J. 
Sydney  Lewis,  illus.  in  color,  etc.,  $3. — The  Wonder 
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Jacopo  Carucci  da  Pontormo,  his  life  and  work,  by 
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lection, belonging  to  Yale  University,  by  Oswald 
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Eenaissance  Tombs  of  Borne,  by  Davies,  illus.,  $6. — 
The  Art  of  George  Frederick  Munn,  by  Margaret 
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Book,  by  Ada  Walker  Camehl,  $3. — Bookbinding, 
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Historic  Silver  of  the  Colonies  and  its  Makers,  by 
Francis  H.  Bigelow,  illus.,  $3.50. — An  Introduction 
to  the  Study  of  Landscape  Design,  by  Henry  V. 
Hubbard  and  Theodore  Kimball,  illus. — The  Myce- 
naean Age,  a  study  of  the  monuments  and  culture 
of  pre-Homeric  Greece,  by  Dr.  Chrestos  Tsountas 
and  J.  Irving  Manatt,  Ph.D.,  illus. — Domestic 
Architecture,  by  Lawrence  E.  Eobinson. — Interior 
Decoration  for  the  Small  Home,  by  Amy  L.  Eolfe. 
— A  History  of  Music,  by  Sir  Charles  Villiers 
Stanford  and  Cecil  Forsyth,  illus.,  $2.  (Macmillan 
Co.) 

Giotto  and  Some  of  His  Followers,  by  Oswald  Siren, 
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French  Sculpture  of  the  13th  Century,  by  Arthur 
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Archaeology  of  Central  America  and  the  West  Indies, 
by  T.  Athol  Joyce,  illus.,  $3.75. — The  Greek  House, 
by  Bertha  Carr  Eider,  illus.  (G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons.) 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


227 


The  Enjoyment  of  Architecture,  by  Talbot  P.  Hamlin, 

illus.,     $1.50. — Garden    Ornaments,    by    Mary    H. 

Xorthend,  illus.,  $2.50.     (Duffield  Co.) 
Gothic  Architecture:    The  Art  Institute  of  Chicago. 

(University  of  Chicago  Press.) 
Japanese  Art  in  Belation  to  Home  Life,  by  Masaharu 

Anesaki,  LittJX     (Marshall  Jones  Co.) 
The  Livable  House   Series,  by  Aymar   Embury,  II., 

4  vols.,  each  illus.,  per  vol.,  $2.50.     (Moffat,  Yard 

&Co.) 
Book  of  Garden  Plans,  by  Stephen  F.  Hamblin,  illus., 

$2.      (Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.) 
Love  Songs  the  Whole  World  Sings,  edited  by  Albert 

E.  Wier,  75  cts. — Sacred  Music  the  Whole  World 

Loves,   edited   by   Albert   E.    Wier,    75    cts.      (D. 

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Advent  Songs,  a  revision  of  old  hymns  to  suit  modern 

needs,  by  Simon  X.  Patten,  $1.     (B.  W.  Huebsch.) 
Prints  from  the  Etchings  of  E.   T.   Hurley,  75  cts. 

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NATURE   AND   OUTDOOR   LIFE. 

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Bird  Friends,  by  Gilbert  H.  Trafton,  illus.,  $2. — 
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cts.  (Hough ton  Mifflin  Co.) 

The  Birds  of  the  Yellowstone,  by  M.  P.  Skinner, 
illus.,  $1.75. — Our  Field  and  Forest  Trees,  by  Maud 
Going,  illus.,  $1.50. — The  Horse,  how  to  raise,  train, 
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Whale  Hunting  with  Gun  and  Camera,  by  Boy  Chap- 
man Andrews,  illus.,  $2.50. — The  Book  of  For- 
estry, by  Frederick  F.  Moon,  illus.,  $1.75. — Planta- 
tion Bird  Legends,  by  Martha  Young,  illus.,  $1.50. 
(D.  Appleton  &  Co.) 

The  Moose  Book,  by  Samuel  Merrill,  $3.  (E.  P. 
Button  &  Co.) 

Hunting  in  the  Upper  Yukon,  by  Thomas  Martindale, 
new  edition,  illus.,  $1.50.  (George  W.  Jacobs  & 
Co.) 

The  Migrations  of  Fish,  by  Alexander  Meek,  illus., 
$4.50.  (Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.) 

Famous  Four-Footed  Friends,  by  G.  C.  Harvey,  illus., 
$1.50.  (Robert  M.  McBride  &  Co.) 

My  Garden,  by  Louise  Beebe  Wilder,  illus.,  $1.50. — 
How  to  Make  Friends  with  the  Birds,  by  Niel 
Morrow  Ladd,  illus.,  $1.  (Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.) 

Studies  in  Gardening,  by  A.  Glutton  Brock,  with 
introduction  and  notes  by  Mrs.  Francis  King,  $2. 
(Charles  Scribnerjs  Sons.) 

Humble  Annals  of  a  Backyard,  by  Walter  A.  Dyer, 
illus.,  $1.  (Pilgrim  Press.) 

Gulliver  the  Great,  and  other  dog  stories,  by  Walter 
A.  Dyer,  illus.,  $1.35.  (Century  Co.) 

SCIENCE  AND  INVENTION. 

Masters  of  Space,  by  Walter  K.  Towers,  illus.,  $1.25. 
(Harper  &  Brothers.) 

Submarines  and  Sea  Power,  by  C.  W.  Domville-Fife, 
illus.,  $2.25. — Aircraft  of  To-day,  by  Charles  C. 
Turner,  illus.,  $1.50.  (J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.) 

A  Short  History  of  Science,  by  W.  T.  Sedgwick  and 
H.  W.  Tyler. — The  Mathematical  Theory  of  Prob- 
abilities and  its  application  to  frequency  curves 
and  statistical  methods,  by  Arae  Fisher,  F.S.S., 
vol.  II. — Learning  to  Fly,  by  Graham  White  and 
Harry  Harper. — Aviation,  by  Paul  Painleve,  trans, 
by  Felix  Oswald,  sixth  edition.  (Macmillan  Co.) 


Introduction  to  the  Development  and  Theory  of 
Telephone  Apparatus,  by  George  D.  Shepardson, 
$3. — The  Book  of  Electricity,  by  A.  Frederick 
Collins,  illus.,  $1.  (D.  Appleton  &  Co.) 

A  Manual  of  the  Common  Invertebrate  Animals,  by 
Henry  Sherring  Pratt,  illus.,  $3.50.  (A.  C.  McClurg 
&  Co.) 

The  Emission  of  Electricity  from  Hot  Bodies,  by 
O.  W.  Richardson,  illus.,  $2.75. — Buler  and  Com- 
passes, by  Hilda  P.  Hudson,  illus.,  $1.80. — Arboreal 
Man,  by  F.  Wood-Jones,  illus.,  $2.40.  (Longmans, 
Green,  &  Co.) 

The  Organism  as  a  Whole,  from  a  physico-chemical 
viewpoint,  by  Jacques  Loeb,  $2.  (G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons.) 

All  about  Inventions  and  Discoveries,  by  F.  A. 
Talbot,  illus.,  $1.50.  (Funk  &  Wagnalls  Co.) 

Flying  Men  and  their  Machines,  by  Winchester,  $3. 
— Chemical  Discoveries  of  the  Twentieth  Century, 
by  Sir  William  Tilden.  (E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.) 

A  Critique  of  the  Theory  of  Evolution,  by  Thomas 
Hunt  Morgan. — Chemical  Affinity  and  Chemical 
Equilibrium,  by  Hugh  S.  Taylor.  (Princeton 
University  Press.) 

Model  Aeroplanes  and  their  Motors,  by  George  A. 
Cavanagh,  illus.,  $1.  (Moffat,  Yard  &  Co.) 

The  Geometrical  Lectures  of  Isaac  Barrow,  trans, 
from  a  first  edition  copy,  with  introduction  and 
notes,  by  J.  M.  Child,  with  portrait,  $1.25.  (Open 
Court  Publishing  Co.) 

Book  of  the  Sea,  by  Archibald  Williams,  illus.,  $1.20. 
(Sully  &  Kleinteich.) 

Finite  Collineation  Groups,  by  Hand  F.  Blichfeldt, — 
Parallaxes  of  Twenty-Seven  Stars,  by  Frederick 
Sloeum  and  Alfred  "Mitchell. — The  Electron,  by 
Robert  Andrews  Millikan.  (University  of  Chicago 
Press.) 

RELIGION  AND  THEOLOGY. 

The  Fulness  of  Christ,  by  Frank  Weston,  D.D.,  $2. — 
Letters  of  the  R«v.  H."  H.  Jeaffreson,  edited  by  C. 
E.  Lambert,  with  foreword  by  the  Bishop  of  Win- 
chester, with  portrait,  $1.50. — A  Book  of  Instruc- 
tion for  Church  of  England  People,  by  the  Rev. 
Walter  Carey. — The  Folk-Element  in  Hindu  Cul- 
ture, by  Benoy  Kumar  Sarkar  and  Hemendra  K. 
Rakshit,  $3.50. — Faith  and  Life,  by  Benjamin  B. 
Warfield,  $2. — Christianity  and  Nationalism  in  the 
Later  Roman  Empire,  by  E.  L.  Woodward. — Have 
You  Understood  Christianity  f  by  the  Rev.  Walter 
Carey,  65  cts. — Let  God  Arise,  by  the  Rev.  8.  C. 
Carpenter,  30  cts. — The  Patience  of  God,  by  the 
Rev.  E.  A.  Burroughs,  20  cts.  (Longmans,  Green, 
&  Co.) 

The  Belief  in  God  and  Immortality,  by  James  H. 
Leuba,  $2. — The  Essentials  of  Religious  Education, 
by  Charles  W.  Heathcote,  $1.50.— The  Social 
Teachings  of  the  Jewish  Prophets,  by  William  B. 
Bizzell,  $1.25. — Religious  Rheumatism,  by  J.  B. 
Baker,  $1.35.  (Sherman,  French  &  Co.) 

The  Whole  Armour  of  God,  by  J.  H.  Jowett,  D.D., 
$1.25. — "Special  Days"  in  the  Sunday  School,  by 
Marion  Lawrence,  illus.,  $1.25.  (Fleming  H.  ReveU 
Co.) 

The  Religion  of  Power,  by  Rev.  Harris  E.  Kirk,  $1.50. 
— The  Grand  Adventure,  sermons  by  Dr.  Robert 
Law,  $1.25. — Toys  and  Things,  by  Herbert  Booth, 
$1. — Wandering  Stars,  fifty  ten-minute  sermons  to 
the  Junior  Congregation,  by  R«v.  Andrew  Hansen, 
$1.  (George  H.  Doran  Co.) 

Faith  Justified  by  Progress,  by  Henry  Wilkes  Wright, 
Ph.D.,  $1.25.  (Charles  Scribner's  Sons.) 


228 


THE    DIAL 


[September  21 


Jesus  and  the  Christian  Eeligion,  by  Francis  A. 
Henry,  $2.50. — Buddha  and  the  Gospel  of  Budd- 
hism, by  Ananda  Coomaraswamy,  D.Sc.,  illus.  in 
color,  etc.,  $3.75. — Christian  Science  and  the  Ordi- 
nary Man,  by  Walter  S.  Harris,  $1.50. — The  Death 
of  a  Nation,  by  Abraham  Yohannan,  illus.,  $1. 
(G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.) 

An  Introduction  to  the  Old  Testament  Chronologically 
Arranged,  by  Harlan  Creelman,  Ph.D.,  $2.50. — A 
Commentary  on  the  Holy  Bible,  by  various  writers, 
edited  by  the  Eev.  J.  E.  Dummelow,  new  edition. — 
A  General  View  of  the  History  of  the  English 
Bible,  by  Brooke  Foss  Westcott,  D.D.,  new  edition, 
$3.50. — Some  Outlines  of  the  Eeligion  of  Exper- 
ience, by  Horace  J.  Bridges,  $1.50. — The  Inner 
Life,  by  Eufus  M.  Jones,  $1. — The  Church  and 
Missionary  Service,  by  Bishop  Charles  H.  Brent. — 
The  Christian  Ministry  and  Social  Problems,  by 
Bishop  Charles  D.  Williams. — Bible  Stories,  by 
F.  J.  Gould. — Catholic  Mysticism,  by  Baron  Fried- 
rich  von  Hugel. — Zionism  and  the  Jewish  Future, 
by  H.  Sacher. — Essays  on  the  Early  History  of 
the  Church  and  Ministry,  by  Henry  B.  Swete. — 
Folk-Lore  of  the  Old  Testament,  by  Sir  James  G. 
Frazer. — Sacred  Tales  of  India,  by  Divijendra  Nath 
Neogi,  illus.  (Macmillan  Co.) 

The  Books  of  the  Pentateuch,  their  origin,  contents, 
and  significance,  by  Frederick  C.  Eiselen,  $1.50. — 
Modern  Messages  from  Great  Hymns,  by  E.  E. 
Smith,  illus.,  $1.25. — The  Undiscovered  Country, 
by  George  W.  Osmun,  $1.25. — If  I  Had  Not  Come, 
things  taught  by  Christ  alone,  by  Bishop  Eugene 
E.  Hendrix,  $1. — A  Working  Conference  of  the 
Union  of  American  Methodism,  by  various  con- 
tributors, $1. — The  Man  of  Power,  studies  in 
Christian  efficiency,  by  Lynn  Harold  Hough,  75 
cts. — Minutes  of  the  Annual  Conferences  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  spring  conferences, 

1916,  edited   by   Oliver   S.   Baketel,   $1.— Finding 
Out  God's  Secrets,  by  Claude  A.  McKay,  50  cts. 
— The  MidTWeek  Service,  by  Halford  E.  Luccock 
and  Warren  F.  Cook,  35  cts. — At  Mother's  Knee, 
by  Ozora  S.  Davis,  25  cts. — Prayers  for  Eventide, 
by   Christian   F.   Eeisner,   25   cts. — The  Methodist 
Year  Book,  1917,  edited  by  Oliver  S.  Baketel,  25 
cts. — The   Discipline    of   the   Methodist   Episcopal 
Church,  1916,  edited  by  David  G.  Downey,  35  cts. 
— Primer  of  Teacher  Training,  by  Arlo  A.  Brown, 
30    cts. — The    Superintendent's    Helper,    1917,    by 
Jesse  L.  Hurlbut,  25  cts. — The  Lesson  Handbook, 

1917,  by  Henry  H.  Meyer,  25  cts. — Books  of  Devo- 
tions, devotional  addresses  delivered  by  the  Bishops 
during  the  general  conference  session  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church,  May,  1916. — Appendix  to 
"A  Fourfold  Test  of  Mormonism,"  by  Henry  C. 
Sheldon,  10  cts. — The  Eeturn  to  Faith,  and  other 
essays,  by  William  North  Eice.     (Abingdon  Press.) 

The  New  Archaeological  Discoveries  and  their  bear- 
ing upon  the  New  Testament  and  upon  the  life  and 
times  of  the  primitive  church,  by  Camden  M. 
Cobern,  $2.50.  (Funk  &  Wagnalls  Co.) 

Where  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  Stands,  by 
Eev.  Edward  McCrady,  $1.75. — Wayfarer 's  Library, 
new  vols. :  Thoughts  on  Life  and  Eeligion,  by  Max 
Muller;  Sermon  on  the  Mount,  by  Gore;  per  vol., 
40  cts.  (E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.) 

Mastering  the  Books  of  the  Bible,  by  Eobert  A. 
Armstrong,  $1.25. — In  the  Light  of  the  Spirit,  by 
Christian  D.  Larson,  $1.  (T.  Y.  Crowell  Co.) 

A  Guide  to  the  Study  of  the  Christian  Eeligion,  by 
Gerald  B.  Smith. — Origin  and  Growth  of  the 
Hebrew  Eeligion,  by  Henry  T.  Fowler. — The 
Psychology  of  Eeligion,  by  George  A.  Coe. 
(University  of  Chicago  Press.) 


Mohammed  and  Islam,  by  Ignaz  Goldhizer,  Ph.D., 
trans,  by  Kate  Chambers  Seelye,  Ph.D.,  $3.  (Yale 
University  Press.) 

Hinduism,  the  world  ideal,  by  Harendranath  Maitra, 
with  introduction  by  G.  K.  Chesterton,  $1.25. 
(Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.) 

The  Syrian  Christ,  by  Abraham  Mitrie  Ehibany, 
$1.50. — Aspects  of  the  Infinite  Mystery,  by  George 
A.  Gordon,  $1.50. — Gleanings  from  Old  Shaker 
Journals,  an  account  of  the  Shakers  and  their  ways, 
compiled  by  Clara  Endicott  Sears,  illus.,  $1.25. 
(Houghton  Mifflin  Co.) 

Judaism  at  the  Beginning  of  the  Christian  Era,  by 
George  Foot  Moore. — The  Spiritual  Interpretation 
of  History,  by  Shailer  Mathews. — The  Aramaic 
Source  of  Acts  1-15,  by  Charles  C.  Torrey,  D.D. — 
The  Pauline  Idea  of  Faith  in  its  Eelation  to  Jew- 
ish and  Hellenistic  Eeligion,  by  William  H.  P. 
Hatch,  D.D.  (Harvard  University  Press.) 

The  Individuality  of  St.  Paul,  by  E.  H.  Strachan, 
$1.25. — The  Pictureland  of  the  Heart,  by  William 
A.  Knight,  illus.,  $1.25. — History  of  Bangor  The- 
ological Seminary,  1816-1916,  by  Calvin  M.  Clark. 
— Art  Studies  in  the  Life  of  Christ,  by  Albert  E. 
Bailey,  illus.,  $1. — Stories  for  Sunday  Telling,  by 
Carolyn  S.  Bailey,  $1. — The  Appeal  of  Jesus,  by 
T.  S.  Cairncross,  $1. — Monday  Club  Sermons  for 
1917,  $1.— The  Children's  Bread,  by  Edgar  J. 
Park,  75  cts. — The  Pilgrim  Pastor's  Manual,  by 
George  M.  Boynton,  tenth  edition,  revised  and  en- 
larged, 75  cts. — Christian  Certainties,  a  catechism 
of  the  Christian  faith,  by  Eobert  E.  Brawn  and 
Leslie  H.  Perdriau,  65  cts. — Studies  in  the  Life  of 
Christ,  by  Charles  E.  Brown. — The  Mystery  of 
Jesus,  by  Albert  J.  Lyman,  50  cts. — Whatsoever 
a  Man  Soweth,  by  W.  H.  Snyder,  50  cts.— The  Min- 
istry, an  appeal  to  college  men,  by  Chas.  F.  Thwing, 
50  cts.  (Pilgrim  Press.) 

Faith  in  a  Future  Life,  by  Alfred  W.  Martin.  (D. 
Appleton  &  Co.) 

The  Prosecution  of  Jesus,  its  date,  history,  and 
legality,  by  Eichard  W.  Husband.  (Princeton 
University  Press.) 

Our  Self  after  Death,  by  Eev.  Arthur  Chambers,  $1. 
(George  W.  Jacobs  &  Co.) 

ClearNUtype  Eeference  and  Teachers'  Bible,  $2.72. 
— ClearNUtype  Text  Bible,  $1.  (John  C.  Winston 
Co.) 

PHILOSOPHY,  PSYCHOLOGY,  AND 
ETHICS. 

Analytical  Psychology,  by  C.  G.  Jung,  edited  and 
trans,  by  Constance  Long,  $3.50. — Wit  and  its 
Eelation  to  the  Unconscious,  by  Sigmund  Freud, 
authorized  translation  by  A.  A.  Brill,  $2.50. — 
Our  Senses  and  What  They  Mean  to  Us,  edited  by 
George  Van  Ness  Dearborn,  first  vols.,  per  vol., 
$1.  (Moffat,  Yard  &  Co.) 

The  Psychology  of  Behavior,  by  Dr.  Elizabeth  Severn, 
$1.50.  (Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.) 

The  Soul  and  its  Story,  by  Norman  Pearson,  $3. 
(Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.) 

The  Philosophy  of  William  James,  by  T.  Flournoy, 
trans,  by  Edwin  B.  Holt  and  William  James,  Jr., 
$1.25. — Creative  Intelligence,  by  John  Dewey  and 
others,  $1.75. — Fellow  Captains!  by  Sarah  N. 
Cleghorn  and  Dorothy  Canfield  Fisher,  $1.30. 
(Henry  Holt  &  Co.) 

Living  for  the  Future,  a  study  in  the  ethics  of  im- 
mortality, by  John  Eothwell  Slater,  $1.  (Houghton 
Mifflin  Co.) 

Steps  in  Human  Progress,  by  Christian  D.  Larson, 
$1. — Illumination,  by  James  Porter  Mills,  $1. — 
The  Way,  by  James  Porter  Mills,  $1.25. — What 


1916] 


THE   DIAL 


229 


Eight  Thinking  Will  Do,  by  Christian  D.  Larson, 
80  cte. — The  Good  Side  of  Christian  Science,  by 
Christian  D.  Larson,  80  cts.  (Edward  J.  Clode.) 

The  Kingdom  of  the  Mind,  by  James  M.  Keniston, 
$1.25.— Growth  in  Silence,  the  undertone  of  life, 
by  Susanna  Coeroft,  $1.50.  (G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons.) 

A  History  of  Mediaeval  Jewish  Philosophy,  by  Isaac 
Husik. — A  Realistic  Universe,  by  John  E.  Boodin. 
— An  Interpretation  of  Nature  from  Aristotle  to 
Bergson,  by  J.  A.  Thompson. — Elements  of  Folk 
Psychology,  by  Wilhelm  Wundt,  trans,  by  Leroy 
Schaub.  (Macmillan  Co.) 

Creative  Involution,  by  Cora  Lenore  Williams,  with 
introduction  by  Edwin  Mar^ham,  $1.50.  (Alfred 
A.  Knopf.) 

Your  Right  to  Be  Happy,  by  F.  S.  Van  Eps,  $1. 
(Robert  M.  McBride  &  Co.) 

The  Contingency  of  the  Laws  of  Nature,  by  Emile 
Boutroux,  trans,  by  Fred.  Roth  well,  with  portrait, 
$1.50. — The  Philosophy  of  Wang  Yang-Ming,  by 
Frederick  G.  Henke,  $2.50. — George  Boole's  Col- 
lected Logical  Works,  Vol.  II.,  Laws  of  Thought, 
$3. — Diderot's  Early  Philosophical  Works,  trans, 
and  edited  by  Margaret  Jourdain,  with  portrait, 
$1.25. — A  Modern  Job,  an  essay  on  the  problem 
of  evil,  by  Etienne  Giran,  trans,  by  Fred  Rothwell, 
with  introduction  by  Archdeacon  Lille,  75  cts, 
(Open  Court  Publishing  Co.) 

The  Joy  of  Love  and  Friendship,  by  Arthur  L. 
Salmon,  75  cts.  (Forbes  &  Co.) 

Human  Nature,  a  psychological  study,  by  David 
Jordan  Higgins,  with  frontispiece,  $1. — Theosophy 
and  New  Thought,  by  Henry  C.  Sheldon,  50  cts. — 
Girlhood  and  Character,  by  Mary  E.  Moxcey. 
(Abingdon  Press.) 

The  Power  of  Mental  Demand,  by  Herbert  Edward 
Law,  new  edition,  with  an  additional  chapter  on 
the  psychology  of  efficiency,  $1.25.  (Paul  Elder 
&  Co.) 

How  to  Face  Life,  by  Stephen  S.  Wise,  50  cts.  (B. 
W.  Huebsch.) 

Liberty  and  Discipline,  a  talk  to  freshmen,  by  A. 
Lawrence  Lowell,  LL.D.,  50  cts.  (Yale  University 
Press,) 

EDUCATION. 

A  History  of  the  Cliosophic  Society  of  Princeton 
University,  by  Charles  R.  Williams.  (Princeton 
University  Press.) 

The  Gary  Plan,  the  conflict  between  the  new  and  the 
old  in  education,  by  Alice  Barrows  Fernandez,  with 
preface  by  William  A.  Wirt,  illus.,  $1.50.  (Dodd, 
Mead  &  Co.) 

Montessori  for  Elementary  Schools,  by  Maria 
Montessori,  $1.75.  (Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co.) 

The  Manual  of  Natural  Education,  by  Winifred 
Sackville  Stoner,  illus.,  $1. — Anns  and  the  Boy, 
military  training  in  schools  and  colleges,  by  CoL 
L.  R.  Gignilliat,  with  introduction  by  Secretary 
of  War  Newton  D.  Baker,  illus.,  $1.50.  (Bobbs- 
Merrill  Co.) 

Documentary  History  of  Yale  University,  edited  by 
Franklin  Bowditch  Dexter,  LittD.,  $4. — .The  Begin- 
nings of  Yale,  by  Edwin  Oviatt,  illus.,  $3.50.  (Yale 
University  Press.) 

Experimental  Education,  by  Frank  N.  Freeman,  $1.30. 
— The  Measurement  of  Intelligence,  an  explanation 
of  the  Binet-Simon  intelligence  scale,  by  Lewis 
M.  Terman,  $1.50;  Complete  Test  Material,  50 
cts. — Establishing  Industrial  Schools,  by  Harry 
Bradley  Smith. — The  Psychology  of  the  Common 
Branches,  by  Frank  N.  Freeman,  $1.25. — The  Moti- 


vation of  School  Work,  by  H.  B.  and  G.  M.  Wilson, 
$1.25. — A  Study  of  Fairy  Tales,  by  Laura  F. 
Kready. — Kindergarten  Theory  and  Practice,  by 
Nora  Atwood,  60  ets. — The  Education  of  the  Ne  'er- 
Do-Well,  by  William  H.  Dooley,  60  cts. — Economy 
in  Secondary  Education,  by  Wiliam  F.  Russell,  35 
cts. — A  Chart  for  Diagnosing  Faults  in  Hand- 
writing, by  Frank  N.  Freeman.  (Houghton  Mifflin 
Co.) 

How  to  Learn  Easily,  by  George  Van  Ness  Dearborn, 
$1.  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.) 

Truancy  and  Non-Attendance  in  Chicago,  by 
Sophonisba  P.  Breckinridge  and  Edith  Abbott. — 
Teaching  of  High  School  Latin,  by  Josiah  B. 
Game.  (University  of  Chicago  Press.) 

The  Christian  College,  by  Herbert  Welch,  Henry  C. 
King,  and  Thomas  Nicholson,  50  cts.  (Abingdon 
Press.) 

Outlines  and  Suggestive  Methods  and  Devices  on  the 
Teaching  of  Elementary  Arithmetic,  by  Franklin 
P.  Hamm,  25  cts.  (J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.) 

BUSINESS  AND  BUSINESS  AFFAIRS. 

:    Business  Law  for  Business  Men,  by  Judge  Utley  E. 

Crane,  $3.50.     (John  C.  Winston  Co.) 
;    The  Administration  of  Business  Enterprises,  by  Ed- 
ward D.  Jones.     (Longmans,  Green  &  Co.) 

What  Every  Business  Man  Should  Know,  by  L.  C. 
Kearney,  $1.60.  (Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co.) 

An  Approach  to  Business  Problems,  by  A.  Wilkinson 
Shaw.  (Harvard  University  Press.) 

Vocational  Psychology,  by  Harry  Levi  Hollingworth. 
— Fundamentals  of  Salesmanship,  by  Norris  A. 
Briseo,  $1.50.  (D.  Appleton  &  Co.) 

Talks  on  Business  Correspondence,  by  William  Gush- 
ing Bamburgh,  $1.  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.) 

Training  for  the  Newspaper  Trade,  by  Don  C.  Seitz, 
illus.,  $1.25. — Training  for  the  Street  Railway 
Business,  by  C.  B.  Fairchild,  Jr.,  illus.,  $1.25.  (J. 
B.  Lippincott  Co.) 

Business  Competition  and  the  Law,  by  Gilbert  H. 
Montague,  $1.25.  (G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.) 

The  Ambitious  Woman  in  Business,  by  Eleanor  Gil- 
bert, illus.,  $1.50.  (Funk  &  Wagnalls  Co.) 

Selling  Things,  by  O.  S.  Marden,  $1.  (T.  Y.  Crowell 
&  Co.) 

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Brothers.) 

Short  Cuts  in  Figures,  by  A.  Frederick  Collins,  $1. 
(Edward  J.  Clode.) 

Advertising  and  its  Mental  Laws,  by  Henry  Foster 
Adams.  (Ma^mill^n  Co.) 

The  Private  Secretary,  by  Edward  Jones  Kilduff. 
illus.,  $1.20.  (Century  Co.) 

AGRICULTURE  AND  FARMING. 

Agriculture,  the  Business  of  Farming,  by  Oscar  H. 
Benson  and  George  H.  Betts,  illus.  in  color,  etc., 
$3.  (Bobbs-Merrill  Co.) 

Tropical  Agriculture,  by  Earley  Vernon  Wilcox, 
illus.,  $2.50.  (D.  Appleton  &  Co.) 

Experimental  and  Agricultural  Botany,  by  MeL  T. 
Cook,  illus.,  $1.50.— School  Gardening,  by  Kary  C. 
Davis,  $1.  (J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.) 

The  Standard  Cyclopedia  of  Horticulture,  edited  by 
L.  H.  Bailey,  new  edition,  6  vols.,  illus.,  voL  V., 
P-R,  each  $6. — Around  the  Year  in  the  Garden,  by 
Frederick  F.  Rockwell,  illus.  $1.50. — Greenhouse 
Construction  and  Heating,  by  David  Lumsden,  illus., 
$1.75.— The  Potato,  by  Arthur  W.  Gilbert,  Ph.D., 
$1.75. — The  Strawberry  in  North  America,  by  S. 
W.  Fletcher,  illus.,  $1.75. — The  Rural  Manual 
Series,  new  vols.:  A  Manual  of  Fruit  Diseases,  by 


230 


THE    DIAL 


[September  21 


Lex  E.  Hesler  and  Herbert  H.  Whetzel;  The  Prun- 
ing Manual,  by  L.  H.  Bailey,  eighteenth  edition, 
revised  and  reset;  A  Manual  of  Dairy  Products,  by 
W.  A.  Stocking,  Jr.;  each  illus.,  per  vol.,  $2. — 
Principles  of  Feeding  Farm  Animals,  by  Sleeter 
Bull. — The  Rural  Text-Book  Series,  new  vols. :  Ani- 
mal Breeding,  by  B.  F.  Mumford;  Field  Crops  for 
the  Cotton -Belt,  by  James  Oscar  Morgan;  The 
Feeding  of  Animals,  by  W.  H.  Jordan;  Dairy 
Farming,  by  C.  H.  Eckles,  and  G.  F.  Warren. 
(Macmillan  Co.) 

HEALTH  AND  HYGIENE. 

Serums,  Vaccines,  and  Toxins  in  treatment  and  diag- 
nosis, by  William  C.  Bosanquet  and  John  W.  Eyre, 
third  edition  revised  and  enlarged,  $2.75. — Hay 
Fever,  its  prevention  and  treatment,  by  William 
C.  Hollopeter,  $1.25.  (Funk  &  Wagnalls  Co.) 

Standards  of  Health  Insurance,  by  I.  M.  Eubinow, 
$1.50.  (Henry  Holt  &  Co.) 

The  Layman's  Book  of  Medicine,  with  special  refer- 
ence to  social  workers,  by  Eichard  C.  Cabot,  $1.50. 
(Houghton  Mimin  Co.) 

Feeding  the  Family,  by  Mary  Swartz  Eose,  illus., 
$2. — Mechanisms  of  Character  Formations,  an  intro- 
duction to  psychoanalysis,  by  William  A.  White, 
M.D. — Anatomy  and  Physiology  for  Nurses,  by 
Percy  M.  Dawson,  M.D. — Organic  Chemistry  for 
Medical  Students,  by  Elmer  V.  McCollum,  Ph.D.— 
Materia  Medica  for  Nurses,  by  A.  S.  Blumgarten, 
M.D.,  second  revised  edition,  $2.50. — Children's 
Diseases  for  Nurses,  by  Herman  Schwartz,  M.D., 
and  A.  S.  Blumgarten,  M.D. — The  Home  Making 
Series,  by  Helen  Kinne  and  Anna  M.  Cooley,  B.S. : 
new  vols.:  Food  and  Health;  Clothing  and  Health. 
(Macmillan  Co.) 

The  Healthful  House,  by  C.  C.  O  'Donnell  and  Lionel 
Eobertson,  illus.,  $2.50. — The  New  Treatment  of 
Diabetes,  by  Dr.  J.  H.  Kellogg, — Hygiene  of  In- 
fancy, by  Dr.  J.  H.  Kellogg,  illus.,  $1.25. — Head- 
aches, how  to  prevent  them,  by  W.  H.  Eiley,  M.D. 
(Good  Health  Publishing  Co.) 

Adenoids  and  Tonsils,  by  Algernon  Coolidge,  M.D. — 
The  Order  of  Nature,  by  Lawrence  J.  Henderson, 
M.D.— Diet,  by  Percy  Goldthwait  Stiles.— State 
Sanitation,  a  review  of  the  work  of  the  Massachu- 
setts State  Board  of  Health,  1869-1914,  by  George 
Chandler  Whipple.  (Harvard  University  Press.) 

Fight  for  Food,  by  Leon  A.  Congdon,  $1.25. — Before 
the  Baby  Comes,  by  Joseph  Brown  Cooke,  M.D., 
illus.,  $1. — Health  Stories  for  Little  Folks,  by  May 
F.  Jones,  illus.,  60  cts.  (J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.) 

Notes  on  the  Causation  of  Cancer,  by  Eollo  Eussell, 
with  preface  by  Dr.  Dawtrey  Drewitt,  $1.25. 
(Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.) 

The  Home  Care  of  Consumptives,  by  Eoy  L.  French, 
$1.  (G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.) 

How  to  Live  Long,  by  William  Lee  Howard,  M.D., 
$1.  (Edward  J.  Clode.) 

Eat  Your  Way  to  Health,  by  Dr.  Eobert  H.  Eose, 
$1.  (Eobert  J.  Shores.) 

The  Health  of  the  Child,  by  O.  Hildesheim,  50  cts.— 
Health  for  the  Middle  Aged,  by  Seymour  Taylor, 
50  cts. — The  Prevention  of  Common  Cold,  by  O. 
K.  Williamson,  50  cts. — Throat  and  Ear  Trouble, 
by  MacLeod  Yearsley,  50  cts.  (Frederick  A. 
Stokes  Co.) 

Baldness,  its  cure,  prevention,  and  treatment,  by 
Eichard  W.  Muller.  (E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.) 

Sex  Problems  of  Man  in  Health  and  Disease,  by 
Moses  Scholtz,  M.D.,  $1.  (Stewart  &  Kidd  Co.) 


NEW   EDITIONS   OF  STANDARD 
LITERATURE. 

The  Control  of  Hunger  in  Health  and  Disease,  by 
Anton  J.  Carlson.  (University  of  Chicago  Press.) 

The  Essays  and  Plays  of  Maurice  Maeterlinck,  lim- 
ited autographed  and  illustrated  edition;  The  Es- 
says, 10  vols.,  $50.;  the  Plays,  9  vols.,  $45.  (Doddr 
Mead  &  Co.) 

The  Works  of  J.  M.  Barrie,  in  10  vols.,  per  vol., 
$1.65;  per  set,  $16.50.  (Charles  Scribner's  Sons.) 

The  Portrait  of  a  Lady,  by  Henry  James,  memorial 
edition,  2  vols.,  with  a  photogravure  reproduction 
of  the  Sargent  portrait  of  Mr.  James,  $2.50. — The 
Novels  of  William  Makepeace  Thackeray,  Eiverside 
pocket  edition,  9  vols.,  with  photogravure  frontis- 
pieces, per  vol.,  $1.75. — A  Life  of  Nelson,  by 
Eobert  Southey,  new  edition,  with  introduction  by 
Henry  Newbolt,  illus.  in  color  by  McCormick,  $1.75. 
— The  Iliad,  trans,  by  William  Cullen  Bryant,  new 
Eiverside  popular  edition,  illus.,  $1.50. — The  Home 
Poets,  comprising:  Burns;  Emerson;  Harte; 
Holmes;  Keats;  Longfellow;  Lowell;  Scott; 
Tennyson;  Whittier;  per  vol.,  $2.50.  (Houghton 
Mifflin  Co.) 

Oscar  Wilde's  Works,  Eavenna  edition,  new  vol.: 
Vera,  or,  The  Nihilists,  together  with  The  Soul 
of  Man  under  Socialism,  and  Miscellanies,  $1.25. 
(G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.) 

The  Works  of  Dostoevsky,  comprising:  The  Brothers 
Karamazov;  Crime  and-  Punishment;  The  Idiot; 
The  Possessed;  A  Eaw  Youth;  House  of  the  Dead; 
The  Insulted  and  Injured;  The  Eternal  Husband; 
trans,  by  Constance  Garnett,  per  vol.,  $2. — The 
Works  of  Eabindranath  Tagore,  Bolpur  edition, 
comprising:  Chitra;  The  Crescent  Moon;  The  Gar- 
dener; Gitanjali;  The  King  of  the  Dark  Chambers; 
The  Songs  of  Kabir;  Sadhana;  The  Post  Office; 
per  vol.,  $1*0. — The  Works  of  Ivan  Turgenev, 
new  edition,  comprising:  Eudin;  A  House  of  Gen- 
tlefolk ;  On  the  Eve ;  Father  and  Children ;  Smoke ; 
Virgin  Soil,  2  vols.;  Sportsman's  Sketches,  2  vols.; 
Dream  Tales  and  Prose  Poems;  The  Torrents  of 
Spring,  etc.;  The  Lear  of  the  Steppes;  A  Dairy  of 
a  Superfluous  Man;  A  Desparate  Character;  The 
Jew,  etc.,  per  vol.,  $1.  (Macmillan  Co.) 

Ibsen's  Brand,  turned  into  English  verse,  rhymed 
and  in  the  original  metre,  by  Miles  M.  Dawson, 
$1.50. — Cervantes 's  Einconete  and  Cortadillo,  trans, 
by  Mariano  J.  Lorente,  with  introductory  essay  and 
notes  by  E.  B.  Cunninghame-Graham,  illus.,  $1.25. 
(Four  Seas  Co.) 

Eiley 's  An  Old  Sweetheart  of  Mine,  decorated  by 
Earl  S.  Crawford,  $1. — Eiley  Child-Verse,  Series  L 
and  II.,  illus.  by  Ethel  Franklin  Betts,  per  vol.,. 
$1.  (Bobbs-MerrUl  Co.) 

BOOKS  OF  REFERENCE. 

The  Mythology  of  All  Eaces,  new  vols.:  III.,  Celtic, 
Slavic,  by  Canon  John  A.  MacCulloch,  D.D.,  and 
Jan  Machal,  Ph.D.;  IV.,  Finno-Ugric,  Siberian, 
by  Uno  Holmberg,  Ph.D.;  VI.,  Indian,  Iranian, 
by  A.  Berriedale  Keith,  D.C.L.,  and  Albert  J. 
Carnoy,  Ph.D.;  VIII.,  Chinese,  Japanese,  by  U. 
Hattori,  Litt.D.,  and  Masaharu  Anesaki,  Litt.D. ; 
IX.,  Oceanic,  by  Eoland  Burrage  Dixon,  Ph.D.; 
XII.,  Egypt,  Far  East,  by  W.  Max  Muller,  Ph.D., 
and  Sir  James  George  Scott,  K.C.I.E.,  illus.,  each 
volume,  $6.  (Marshall  Jones  Co.) 

An  English  Pronouncing  Dictionary,  by  Paul  Jones, 
$3. — Medical  Dictionary,  by  W.  B.  Drummond,  $3. 
(E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.) 

The  Encyclopaedia  of  Music,  by  eminent  authorities, 
$3.50. — The  Encyclopaedia  of  Agriculture  and  For- 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


231 


estry,  by  eminent  authorities,  $3.50.  (Dodd,  Mead 
&Co.) 

Writings  on  American  History,  1914,  a  bibliography, 
compiled  by  Grace  Gardner  Griffin,  $2. — Cornell 
Studies  in  English,  new  vol.:  A  Bibliography  of 
Thomas  Gray,  compiled  by  Clark  Sutherland 
Northrup,  Ph.D.  (Yale  University  Press.) 

A  Dictionary  of  Similes,  by  Frank  J.  Wilstach,  $2.50. 
— Workmanship  in  Words,  by  James  P.  Kelley, 
$1.  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.) 

Every-Day  Words  and  Their  Uses,  by  Robert  P. 
Utter,  $1.25.  (Harper  &  Brothers.) 

Twenty-five  Thousand  Words  Frequently  Mispro- 
nounced, by  Frank  H.  Vizetelly,  $1.50.  (Funk  & 
Wagnalls  Co.) 

WOMAN  AND  THE  HOME. 

Motherhood,  by  C.  Gasquoine  Hartley,  $2.  (Dodd, 
Mead  &  Co.) 

The  Mother  and  Her  Child,  by  William  S.  and  Lena 
K.  Sadler,  illus.,  $1.50. — "Dame  Curtsey's"  Book 
of  Hints  to  Housewives,  by  Ellye  Howell  Glover, 
75  cts.  (A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.) 

The  Mothereraft  Manual,  by  Mary  L.  Bead,  illus., 
$1.25. — Games  and  Parties  for  Children,  by  Grace 
Lee  Davison,  $1.  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.) 

The  Myrtle  Reed  Cook  Book,  $1.50. — Mrs.  Norton's 
Cook  Book,  by  Mrs.  J.  Y.  Norton,  $2.50. — One 
Thousand  Shorter  Ways  around  the  House,  by 
Mae  Savell  Croy,  $1.50.  (G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.) 

Clothing  for  Women,  its  selection,  design  and  con- 
struction, by  Laura  I.  Baldt,  illus.  in  color,  $2. — 
Canning  and  Preserving,  by  Ola  Powell,  illus., 
$1.75.  (J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.) 

How  to  Be  Well  Dressed,  by  Belle  Armstrong  Whit- 
ney, illus.,  $2.50.  (Good  Health  Publishing  Co.) 

Needlework  without  Specimens,  by  E.  P.  and  C.  A. 
Claydon,  $1.50.  (E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.) 

The  Modern  Knitting  Book,  by  Flora  Klickmann, 
illus.,  75  cts.  (Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co.) 

The  Home  and  the  Family,  in  connection  with  the 
Home  Making  Series,  by  Helen  Kinne  and  Anna 
M.  Cooley,  B.S.  (Macmillan  Co.) 

The  Effective  Small  Home,  by  Lillian  Bayliss  Green. 
(Robert  M.  McBride  &  Co.) 

True  Food  Values  and  their  Low  Costs,  by  W.  S. 
Birge,  50  cts.  (Sully  &  Kleinteich.) 

The  Woman 's  Manual  of  1000  Ideas  for  the  Home,  by 
Aurora  Reed.  (Laird  &  Lee.) 

The  Worth  of  a  Girl,  by  Bertha  P.  King,  25  cts. 
(T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.) 

SPORTS,  GAMES,  AND  AMUSEMENTS. 
Football  Days,  by  William  H.  Edwards,  illus.,  $2.50. 

— Golf  for  Women,  by  a  woman  golfer,  illus.,  $2.50. 

(Moffat,  Yard  &  Co.) 
The  Camera  Man,  with  practical  suggestions  for  the 

amateur,    by    Francis    A.    Collins,    illus.,    $1.30. 

(Century  Co.) 
The    Complete   Auction    Player,   by   Florence   Irwin, 

$1.50.     (G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.) 
The  Simplicity  of  the  Golf  Swing,  by  A.  P.  Layer, 

60  cts.     (James  Pott  &  Co.) 
Biblico,  a  Bible  game,  by  Mary  W.  Calkins,  50  cts. 

(Pilgrim  Press.) 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

A  Little  Book  in  C.  Major,  by  H.  L.  Mencken,  50  cts. 
(John  Lane  Co.) 

Obvious  Adams,  by  Robert  R.  Updegraff,  50  cts. 
(Harper  &  Brothers.) 

One  Hundred  Cartoons,  by  O.  E.  Cesare,  $2. — Ama- 
teur Joinery  in  the  Home,  by  George  A.  and 
Berthold  Audsley,  illus.,  $1.  (Small,  Maynard  & 
Co.) 


Studies  in  Forensic  Psychiatry,  by  Bernard  Glueck, 
$2.50.  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.) 

Mohammedan  Laws  of  Marriage  and  Divorce,  by 
Ahmed  Shukri. — Milk  Production  Cost  Accounts, 
by  Carl  W.  Larson.  (Columbia  University  Press.) 

By  Haunted  Waters,  by  P.  A.  Talbot. — Cotton,  by 
Thomas  Woodhouse. — A  Polity  for  the  Empire,  by 
J.  H.  Morgan. — Arms  and  Armor,  by  Guy  F. 
Laking,  2  vols.,  illus.  (Macmillan  Co.) 

The  Story  of  the  Cigarette,  by  William  W.  Young, 
illus.,  $1.25.  (D.  Appleton  &  Co.) 

Glimpses  of  the  Cosmos,  a  mental  autobiography,  by 
Lester  F.  Ward,  Vol.  V.  (G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.) 

The  Soldier's  Catechism,  compiled  by  Captains  F. 
C.  Bolles  and  E.  C.  Jones  and  Lieut.  J.  S.  Upham, 
with  introduction  by  Ma j. -Gen.  Hugh  L.  Scott, 
illus.,  $1.  (Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.) 

The  Navy  as  a  Fighting  Machine,  by  Rear -Admiral 
Bradley  A.  Fiske,  $2.  (Charles  Scribner's  Sons.) 

Life  at  the  U.  S.  Naval  Academy,  by  Commander 
Ralph  Earle,  with  introduction  by  Franklin 
Roosevelt,  illus.,  $1.50. — On  the  Writing  of  English, 
by  George  T.  Warner,  $1.50.  (G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons.) 

Hospital  Accounting  and  Statistics,  by  W.  V.  S. 
Thorne,  $1.25.  (E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.) 

A  Short  History  of  the  United  States  Navy,  by 
Captain  George  R.  Clark,  William  O.  Stevens,  and 
others,  new  edition,  illus.,  $3.  (J.  B.  Lippincott 
Co.) 

Extracts  from  the  Itineraries  and  Other  Miscellanies 
of  Ezra  Stiles,  D.D.,  1755-1794,  with  a  selection 
from  his  correspondence,  edited  by  Franklin  Bow- 
ditch  Dexter,  Litt.D.,  $3. — Early  English  Law 
Texts,  first  vols.:  Ranulf  de  Glanville,  Tractatus 
de  Legibus  et  Consuetudinibus  Regni  Angliae; 
Ralph  de  Hengham,  Summae,  Magna  et  Parva. 
(Yale  University  Press.) 

Humorous  Masterpieces  from  American  Literature, 
3  vols.,  $3.75.  (G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.) 

Penultimate  Words,  by  August  Shestov,  $1.25.  (John 
W.  Luce  &  Co.) 

Human  Animals,  by  Frank  Hamel,  $2.40.  (Fred- 
erick A.  Stokes  Co.) 

The  Sexes  in  Science  and  History,  by  Eliza  Burt 
Gamble,  $1.50.  (G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.) 

Handicrafts  for  the  Handicapped,  by  Herbert  J. 
Hall  and  Mertice  M.  C.  Buck,  illus.,  $1.50.  (Moffat, 
Yard  &  Co.) 

The  Triumph  of  the  Man  Who  Acts,  by  Edward  Earle 
Purinton,  $1.35. — Seven  Secrets  of  Success,  by 
Madison  C.  Peters,  75  cts.  (Robert  M.  McBride 
&  Co.) 

Thrift,  by  Bolton  Hall,  $1.     (B.  W.  Huebsch.) 

Talks  on  "Talking,  by  Grenville  Kleiser,  75  cts.  (Funk 
&  Wagnalls  Co.) 

' '  Take  It  From  Me. ' '  a  look-in  on  the  other  fellow, 
by  Vance  Thompson,  $1.  (Fleming  H.  Revell  Co.) 

Vivisection,  a  heartless  science,  by  the  Hon.  Stephen 
Coleridge,  $1.50.  (John  Lane  Co.) 

How  We  Elected  Lincoln,  by  A.  J.  Dittenhoefer,  50 
cts.  (Harper  &  Brothers.) 


or  XEW  BOOKS. 


[The  following  list,  containing  187  titles,  includes 
books  received  by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 

ESSAYS    AND    GENERAL    LITERATURE. 
The    Sonnets    of    Shakespeare.      Variorium    edition, 

edited   by  Raymond   M.  Alden.      Large  8vo,   542 

pages.      Houghton  Mifflin   Co.     $6. 
English  Literature,  from  Widsith   to  the   Death  of 

Chaucer.       By     Allen     Rogers     Benham.     Ph.D. 

Large    8vo,    634    pages.      Yale   University    Press. 

$2.50. 


232 


THE   DIAL 


[September  21 


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A  Classical  Dictionary  of  Hindu  Mythology  and 
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HISTORY. 

History  of  the  Jew*  in  Russia  and  Poland.     By  S. 

M.  Dubnow;  translated  by  I.  Friedlander.     Vol. 

1.,     12  mo,     413     pages.       Philadelphia:      Jewish 

Publication   Society. 
The  Primates  of  the  Four  Georges.     By  Aldred  W. 

Rowden.     With  portraits,  large  8vo,  430  pages. 

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The    Commerce    of    Louisiana    during;    the    French 

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Ph.D.     Large  8vo,  476  pages.     Columbia  Univer- 
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American  Debate.     By  Marion  Mills  Miller,  Litt.D. 

In  2  vols.,  8vo.   G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    Per  vol.,  f  2. 
The  French   Revolution.     By   Louis   Madelin.     New 

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By  ALGERNON  BLACKWOOD 
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of  the  less  fortunate  portion  of  mankind  by  opposing  the 
crazes  which,  under  that  misused  name,  now  so  effectively 
delay  the  process. 


Contents  of  the  October-December  (1916)   Number: 


The  Devil  and  the  Deep  Sea 
The  Problem  of  Poverty 
I.     By  a  Platonist 
II.    By  an  Aristotelian 
Some  Considerations  on  Literature  for 

Ladies 

Peace  by  Force 
Domestic  Free   Trade,   and   Organized 

Labor 
The  Philosophy  of  Terrorism 


Errata  and  Conventions 
England 's  Place  in  the  Sun 
Tango-Time 

In  Praise  of  Nursery  Lore 
The  Eternal  Feminine 
The  War  and  the  Professor  of  Litera- 
ture 

Unmasking  a  Fraud 
More  Hypnotism  and  Telepathy 
En  Casserole 


Contents  of  the  July-September  (1916)  Number: 

THE  SPREAD  OF  FEDERALIZATION,  William  D.  Parkinson. 

THE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  THE  SOLDIER,  Michael  A.  E.  White,  Late  Captain  Cameronians,  Scottish 
Rifles. 

GERMANY  AND  AMERICAN  PREPAREDNESS,  Edward  B.  Reed,  Professor  in  Yale. 

THE  JOYS  OF  BEING  A  WOMAN,  Winifred  Kirkland. 

THE  PROFESSOR  OF  PEDAGOGY— ONCE  MORE,  Anonymous. 

GOETHE  AND  ECKERMANN,  George  Dunning  Gribble. 

THE  GREAT  UNSCRAMBLING  OF  1925,  Mary  Hamilton  Hadley. 

WHAT  DO  WE  MEAN  BY  POETRY?  Arthur  W.  Colton. 

SOME  FALLACIES  ABOUT  CRIME,  Fabian  Franklin,  A*.  T.  Evening  Post,  late  Professor  in 
Johns  Hopkins. 

EDUCATIONAL  BIASES,  Anonymous. 

ACTION,  REACTION  AND  THE  SCRAMBLED  DRAMA,  Arthur  Pollock. 

THE  CRIME  OF  EFFICIENCY,  Emily  R.  Boole. 

A  LUSITANLi  VICTIM  SPEAKS?  comments  by  the  Editor. 

EN  CASSEROLE:  Our  Quadrennial  Upset — What,  in  Our  Case,  is  in  a  Name — Pacificist  and 
Pacifist — As  to  Scraps  of  Paper — Denkmalitis — An  Example — Patience  Worth  and  the  Ozark 
Dialect — Olympia  in  Transit — The  Liquor  Question — The  Illiberal  Liberal — Suffrage  Sabot- 
age— A  Shameless  Confession — To  the  Faithful. 


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LXI. 


OCTOBER  5,  1916 


No.  7S6. 


OUR  CHANGING  POETRY. 


CONTENT-. 


OUR  CHAXGIXG  POETRY.     Odell  Shepard     .  247 

LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IX  LOXDON.     (Special 

London  Correspondence.)     J.  C.  Squire     .  250 

CASUAL  COMMENT 252 

One  of  the  world 's  greatest  thinkers. —  The 
cult  of  William  Blake. —  The  shape  of 
Shakespeare 's  earth. —  A  silent  lyre. —  "  The 
mannerly  Stevenson." — Bookselling  to  libra- 
ries.—  The  odium  of  self-appointed  censor- 
ship.— Where  "Ramona"  is  the  most  popular 
novel. 

COMMUNICATIONS 255 

Mr.    George    Moore's    New    Christ.      W. .  E. 

Chancellor. 
Blake's     Designs     for     "Night     Thoughts." 

J.  Foster  Howe. 

The  World  of  To-Morrow.  Erving  Winslow. 
By  Virtue  of  Form?  John  Gould  Fletcher. 

DIVERSIONS   OF   A    DIPLOMAT.     Percy   F. 

Biclcnett  .   ...   .  • 257 

A  STOREHOUSE  OF  MYTHOLOGY.    Helen  A. 

Clarice 259 

THE  LIFE  STORY  OF  A  REFORMER.     Alex. 

MackendricTc 262 

A  MASTER-MUSICIAN.     Eussell  Eamsey     .     .  263 

RUSSIA  AND  ITS  POSSIBILITIES.     Nathan 

Hasten  Dole   .    .    . 265 

MORE    TRANSLATIONS   OF  RUSSIAN  FIC- 
TION.     Winifred    Smith     .     .     .     .     .     .267 


RECENT  FICTION.    Edward  E.  Hale 


.  268 


BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 271 

Two  types  of  the  present-day  soldier. —  A 
Russian  biography  of  Dostoievsky. —  Two 
new  books  about  "  a  waning  classic. " —  Crime 
and  the  economic  environment. —  Impressions 
of  Rome. —  Botha  of  South  Africa. —  The 
eternal  feminine  in  Charlotte  Bronte. — 
Through  Latin  America  on  foot. 

NOTES  AND  NEWS 274 

ANNOUNCEMENTS     OF     FALL     PUBLICA- 
TIONS—LT 275 

TOPICS  IX'  OCTOBER  PERIODICALS     .     .     .281 
LIST  OF  XEW  BOOKS  .  282 


About  one  hundred  years  ago  the  poets  of 
France  were  smitten  with  a  devastating 
disease  —  megalomania.  They  came  to  feel 
that  the  poet  is  the  pinnacle  of  the  social 
fabric,  the  flower  and  crown  of  God's  crea- 
tion. To  Victor  Hugo  the  poet  was  half 
prophet  and  half  mage ;  to  Madame  de  Stael 
he  was  the  spokesman  of  heaven;  to  Alfred 
de  Vigny  he  was  alternately  the  chosen  con- 
fidant and  the  enraged  antagonist  of  God. 
These  enthusiasts  found  not  even  a  half-truth 
in  Malherbe's  gruff  remark:  "A  poet  is  of 
about  as  much  use  to  the  State  as  a  player 
of  ninepins."  They  saw  man's  only  hope  of 
betterment  in  a  religious  attendance  upon  the 
divine  message  of  the  poet-seer. 

This  doctrine  of  the  poet's  message  had 
lived  for  ages  in  the  world  and  had  done  no 
harm.  It  became  pernicious  only  when  sup- 
ported by  that  sentimental  humanitarianism 
of  the  Romantic  Era  which,  like  all  things 
sentimental,  was  egoistic  at  the  core.  The 
romantic  poet,  whether  of  France,  Germany, 
or  England,  cared  supremely  for  himself.  He 
used  this  fiction  of  an  altruistic  mission  as 
one  of  the  many  veils  and  disguises  in  which 
he  cloaked  his  egoism.  "My  heart  sickens,*' 
says  de  Vigny,  "when  I  consider  how  long 
it  takes  for  the  idea  of  a  solitary  thinker  to 
penetrate  to  the  hearts  of  the  people."  But 
what  "idea"  has  the  lonely  Messiah  in  mind 
here?  He  is  thinking  of  his  own  semi-auto- 
biographical "  Chatterton. "  and  fearing  that 
its  central  theme  —  the  brutally  stupid  treat- 
ment of  genius  by  envious  mediocrity  —  will 
not  make  a  sufficiently  overwhelming  effect 
upon  the  "vulgar." 

This  belief  that  the  poet  is  God's  messenger 
to  an  ignorant  and  stiff-necked  generation 
filled  Europe  for  a  time  with  melancholy, 
self-immolating  Messiahs  who  naively  and 
quite  sincerely  gauged  their  own  greatness  on 
the  scale  of  their  real  or  imagined  woes.  It 
accounts  for  much  of  what  is  saddest  and  most 
perplexing  in  the  career  of  Shelley  and  for 
nearly  all  that  is  clearest  and  most  amus- 
ing in  the  "Byron  legend."  Yet  it  was  sud- 


248 


THE    DIAL 


[October  5 


denly  and  almost  completely  abandoned  when 
it  failed  any  longer  to  serve  the  poet's  main 
purpose  of  self-aggrandizement.  Suddenly 
we  are  told  that  art  has  nothing  to  do  with 
truth.  Poetry  cedes  to  science  the  didactic 
robe  and  the  prophet's  wand,  retaining  for 
itself  a  purely  decorative-  function.  In  the 
years  of  slack  and  welter  preceding  Tennyson, 
when  the  imposing  if  not  always  profound 
philosophies  of  earlier  romanticism  were  quite 
abandoned,  Byron  dwindles  into  Barry 
Cornwall  and  Shelley  declines  into  Beddoes. 
In  place  of  Shelley 's  titan  fronting  an  immor- 
tality of  torture  to  serve  mankind  —  a  figure 
which,  with  all  its  cloudy  grandeur,  is  only 
the  gigantic  portrait  of  the  man  of  genius 
as  painted  by  himself  upon  the  sky  —  we  get 
the  rather  pitiful 

World-losers  and  world-forsakers 
On  whom  the  pale  moon  gleams 

of  Arthur  O  'Shaughnessy.  The  poet  no  longer 
pretends  to  any  desire  to  uplift  humanity. 
Rather,  he  wishes  to  crowd  it  down  beneath 
his  own  level.  Contemporaneous  with  the 
rise  of  the  middle  classes  and  Sauerteig's 
"hell  of  not  making  money"  was  the  poet's 
hell  of  not  distinguishing  himself.  His  best 
efforts  were  put  forth  not  in  the  service  of 
truth,  not  even  in  the  quest  for  pure  beauty, 
but  pour  la  gloire,  et  pour  ennuyer  les  philis- 
tins.  He  seems  to  have  said  to  himself,  in  the 
words  of  a  recent  parodist, 

Come,  my  songs,  let  us  sing  about  something; 

It  is  time  we  were  getting  ourselves  talked  about. 

There  needs  no  digging  into  the  past  to 
show  how  the  poet  set  about  this  purely  ego- 
istic task.  His  methods  are  painfully 
familiar  to  readers  of  contemporary  verse. 
To  be  incomprehensible,  he  thought  in  his 
childlike  way,  would  get  him  a  reputation  for 
profundity.  To  be  obscure  would  be  to  seem 
elevated.  He  sought  out  novel  emotions,  pas- 
sions, and  ideas  in  far  lands,  in  abnormal 
psychology,  in  strange  mixtures  and  confu- 
sions of  the  senses,  in  strange  mixtures  and 
confusions  of  the  arts.  He  ransacked  science 
and  magic  for  bizarre  and  horrible  effects. 
With  a  diabolic  instinct  for  that  which  would 
most  bewilder  his  middle-class  audience,  he 
treated  vice  and  immorality  in  a  sympathetic 
or  at  least  tolerant  way.  He  enunciated  the 
sophism,  to  which  his  whole  attack  on  the 
parochial  virtues  seemed  to  give  the  lie,  that 
art  has  nothing  to  do  Math  morality  or  with 
truth.  He  invented  the  poisonous  heresy  of 


"art  for  art's  sake."'  In  his  life  as  in  his 
work,  he  strove  to  emphasize  the  divergence 
between  himself  and  the  common  herd.  He 
claimed  exemption  from  the  duties  and 
responsibilities  of  civil  and  domestic  life. 
"  To  think  that  the  poet  should  be  required  to 
stop  in  the  middle  of  a  stanza."  exclaims 
Charles  Morice  indignantly,  "to  go  and  com- 
plete his  twenty-eight  days'  training  in  the 
army!"  The  poet  insisted  that  genius  made 
laws  unto  itself.  He  would  have  his  conduct 
tried  by  a  code  of  his  own  framing,  very 
elastic  and  vague  even  in  his  own  mind. 
Grocers  and  mechanics  paid  their  debts,  there- 
fore he  would  not.  Artisans  and  laborers 
were  rational,  methodical,  law-abiding.  He 
would  be  capricious,  spasmodic,  riotous.  More 
than  for  anything  else  he  sought  for  novelty, 
which  he  confused  with  originality  and  which 
is  as  easy  to  secure  as  it  is  trivial  and  value- 
less when  secured.  In  his  search  for  novelty, 
he  ignored  or  defied  the  tradition  of  his  art 
in  theme,  manner,  and  form.  He  had  derived 
from  his  romantic  ancestry  the  fixed  convic- 
tion that  the  poet  should  not  know  much,  that 
he  should  be  the  creature  and  the  prey  of 
emotion,  that  he  should  have  no  theories. 
Grammarians  are  learned :  the  poet  should  be 
ignorant  or  at  least  an  obscurantist.  Mathe- 
maticians use  the  reasoning  faculties:  the 
poet  should  succumb  to  rudderless  emotion. 
Politicians  have  theories:  the  poet  should 
"write  on  the  lintels  of  the  door  post, 
WHIM."  As  a  sure  receipt  for  novelty  in 
his  art,  the  poet  should  be  in  his  own  person 
a  creature  unprecendented  and  unique. 

In  the  fulness  of  time  appeared  as  a  Paris- 
ian poet  an  astonishingly  irrational  person 
who  yet  had  unmistakable  genius,  a  creature 
who  seemed  to  have  in  common  with  normal 
humanity  only  the  broken  body  and  five  senses 
which  he  abused,  a  lecher  and  vagabond  who 
roused  himself  between  fits  of  drunken  slum- 
ber to  scribble  on  dirty  cafe  menu-cards  songs 
ribald  and  foul  or  tyrics  of  the  sweetest  and 
most  fragile  beauty,  according  as  the  mood 
found  him.  For  there  was  room  in  some  quiet 
and  unsullied  corner  of  his  heart  for  an  angel 
that  discoursed  most  excellent  music.  The 
puddle  of  filth  was  clear  enough  to  reflect  a 
star.  Paul  Verlaine  was  the  culmination  of 
his  type.  In  his  generation  and  after  it, 
debauchery  was  thought  almost  as  necessary 
an  accompaniment  and  criterion  of  genius  as 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


249 


was  mysterious  sadness  during  the  reign  of 
Byron.  The  divorce  of  imagination  from 
reason,  the  breach  between  beauty  and  real- 
ity, had  brought  about  this  result :  the  fore- 
most poet  in  Paris  was  a  man  who  stood  in 
equal  need  of  a  hospital,  an  insane  asylum, 
and  a  jail. 

Gradually  the  poet  came  to  realize  that  he 
had  gone  too  far.  After  all,  his  effort  had 
been  from  the  first  little  more  than  an  elabor- 
ate posturing  before  the  world  —  a  little  boy- 
ish, a  little  pitiful,  more  than  a  little  weak. 
From  the  first,  it  depended  for  success  upon 
what  the  world  might  think  of  it.  The  public 
felt  instinctively  that  true  greatness  must  be 
broadly  based  upon  a  common  humanity  and 
that  in  any  poetic  message  worth  attending  to 
we  somehow  hear  the  voices  of  the  millions 
supporting  the  voice  of  the  one.  For  all  the 
stupidity  of  which  it  was  accused,  the  public 
understood  that  there  was  something  vaguely 
wrong  with  these  men  who  claimed  to  repre- 
sent humanity  because,  forsooth,  they  were 
unique.  Accordingly,  the  poet  discovered,  in 
the  midst  of  his  attitudes,  that  the  world  was 
not  paying  attention.  The  public,  that  had 
listened  at  first  with  some  concern  to  his 
tirades  of  morbid  pride  and  self-pity,  looked 
on  with  amusement  and  at  last  with  indiffer- 
ence as  he  wandered  farther  and  farther  into 
deliberate  eccentricity.  Finally  it  went  away 
and  ignored  him  altogether,  and  he  found 
himself  acting  before  an  empty  theatre.  In 
shuddering  chagrin  he  retired  into  his  palace 
of  art, —  first  to  work,  then  to  dream,  and 
finally  to  weep. 

Then  began  anew  that  morbid  praise  of 
solitude  which  seems  to  be  an  integral  phase 
of  the  romantic  mood  and  which  usually 
amounts  to  a  dispraise  of  society.  But  soli- 
tude is,  in  reality,  a  thing  that  the  egoist 
cannot  endure.  "He  who  can  bear  to  live  in 
solitude  must  be  either  a  wild  beast  or  a  god, " 
says  a  wise  ancient,  and  the  egoist  is  neither 
of  these.  In  his  apparent  and  studied  indif- 
ference to  opinion,  he  had  increased  his 
dependence  upon  opinion  beyond  all  bounds. 
And  now,  in  his  enforced  retirement,  there 
came  upon  him  pessimism,  sterility,  and  dis- 
gust,—  indubitable  signs  of  bankruptcy  and 
defeat. 

Here,  then,  and  in  something  like  this  way, 
although  the  process  of  course  differed  widely 
from  one  individual  and  from  one  nation  to 
another,  was  completed  that  breach  between 


the  artist  and  his  public  which  has  lasted  now 
for  several  generations,  to  the  impoverish- 
ment of  art  and  public  alike.  The  poet  has 
suspected  something  wrong  when  he  has 
stumbled  upon  popularity  in  his  own  time. 
And  he  is  not  entirely  in  error,  for  the  public 
has  learned  to  look  to  science  for  truth ;  from 
art,  like  Shakespeare's  Theseus,  it  expects 
only  relaxation  and  refined  amusement.  The 
poetry  to  which  it  continues  to  give  some 
yawning  attention  is  likely  to  be  sickly  with 
sentimentality  or  else  a  glorification  of  the 
obvious  domestic  virtues,  if  not  of  mere  vul- 
garity. 

Unfortunately,  our  current  and  popular 
critical  impressions  draw  from  no  source 
more  remote  than  the  very  movement  that 
has  just  been  hastily  traced.  As  a  result,  the 
common  notion  of  a  poet,  even  to-day,  is  that 
of  a  pallid,  lonely,  lugubrious  person  who 
neither  finds  nor  seeks  a  place  in  active  life 
and  who  puzzles  a  preoccupied  world  with 
unsolicited  exposures  of  his  own  strange  and 
recondite  woes.  It  requires  a  literary  scholar- 
ship beyond  the  ordinary  to  realize  that  the 
important  poets  of  the  world  have  been,  with 
few  exceptions,  resolute  and  cheerful  souls 
busily  engaged  in  the  common  affairs  of  life, 
delighting  in  wholesome  relations  with  real 
men  and  women. 

But  there  is  excellent  reason  to  suppose  that 
this  fixed  conviction  of  the  popular  mind  no 
longer  holds  good.  This  whole  teaching  and 
belief  that  the  poet  is  a  very  exceptional  per- 
son compact  of  excellent  differences  from  the 
mass  of  men  belonged  primarily  to  a  school 
of  writers  which  died  out  in  France  many 
years  ago.  In  England  it  is  dying  linger- 
ingly,  with  the  last  of  the  "aesthetes."  In 
America,  which  sometimes  seems  to  be  the 
catch-all  of  assorted  European  ideas,  it  still 
drags  about  a  crippled,  anemic  existence.  A 
mountain  stage-driver  once  said  to  me,  point- 
ing to  one  of  the  four  horses  upon  which  my 
life  depended,  "That  there  hoss  is  dead,  but 
he  ain't  got  sense  enough  to  lay  down."  We 
still  have,  for  our  sins,  some  writers  of  verse 
among  us  who  confuse  a  deliberately  erratic 
individualism  with  genius  and  who  flaunt 
their  contempt  for  all  forms  of  restraint 
under  the  name  of  liberty.  There  are  not  a 
few  who  mistake  the  convulsive  throes  and 
death-rattle  of  the  old  for  the  mother-pangs 
of  some  wonderful  new  birth.  All  this  has 
happened  before  and  is  easily  understood.  It 


250 


THE    DIAL 


[October  5 


can  do  harm  only  as  it  helps  to  perpetuate 
among  those  who  should  know  better  a  certain 
intolerance  of  contemporary  poetry. 

The  fact  is  that  already  certain  strong 
fresh  voices,  both  in  England  and  America, 
are  beginning  to  shame  the  laggards  into 
silence.  The  poetry  that  really  counts  to-day 
— and  it  is  certainly  not  too  soon  to  affirm 
one's  conviction  that  there  is  such  a  poetry — 
is  devoid  of  shallow  egoism.  It  has  little  of 
the  morbid  self-analysis  that  has  poisoned  so 
much  poetry  of  the  immediate  past  at  its 
source.  It  is  returning  from  the  novelty- 
hunting  vagaries  of  other  years  to  the  broad 
C  major  of  our  common  life. 

Our  tardy  recognition  of  this  sound  and 
forward-looking  poetry  is  due  in  no  small 
degree  to  our  lack  of  a  reliable  criticism 
which  might  have  apprised  us  of  its  existence. 
For  in  spite  of  the  still  prevalent  charge  of 
Alexandrianism  against  our  time,  criticism  is 
in  a  far  worse  plight  with  us  than  poetry.  On 
the  one  hand  we  are  perplexed  and  antag- 
onized by  a  shallow  and  facile  "appreciation" 
that  proclaims  a  masterpiece  in  three  out  of 
every  five  volumes  of  verse  that  fall  from  the 
press.  On  the  other  hand  we  are  chilled  and 
intimidated  by  a  pococurantic  criticism  which 
reveals  its  academic  origins  in  a  somewhat 
supercilious  attitude  toward  the  present  — 
and  which  seems  convinced,  with  the  melan- 
choly Frenchman,  that  "all  the  verses  are 
written."  Poet  and  public  get  little  guid- 
ance from  either. 

Meanwhile,  and  for  the  present,  the  old 
decadent  voices  are  louder  than  ever.  Their 
swan-song  is  strangely  unmelodious.  It  is 
difficult  indeed  to  find  any  promise  for  the 
future  in  the  heat  and  dust  of  the  hour.  All 
the  more  need,  then,  of  a  criticism  at  once 
sympathetic  and  rigorous,  at  once  hospitable 
and  sound.  Granted  that  criticism  of  one's 
contemporaries  is  most  difficult  and  hazard- 
ous, it  is  far  from  impossible.  It  provides, 
indeed,  as  Sainte-Beuve  saw,  the  supreme  test 
of  any  critical  theory,  of  any  critical  powers. 
More  than  this,  it  has  the  great  advantage 
over  any  criticism  of  the  past  that  it  may  make 
poetry  available  to  the  very  generation  out 
of  which  it  has  grown  and  to  which  it  is 
primarily  addressed.  More  and  more  cer- 
tainly and  confidently  year  by  year  a  few 
poets,  not  as  yet  the  greater  number  or  the 
best  known,  are  doing  their  part,  performing 
the  indispensable  service  of  keeping  a-gleam, 


in  a  time  of  terror  and  eclipse,  some  light  of 
the  ideal.  Constantly  greater,  therefore, 
grows  the  need  of  a  criticism  aware  and  rev- 
erent of  the  old  things  but  fearless  and  alert 
to  face  and  greet  the  new,  a  criticism  able  to 
winnow  what  is  moribund  and  tottering  to  its 
fall  from  that  which  is  fresh  and  of  the  dawn. 

For  each  age  is  a  dream  that  is  dying 
Or  one  that  is  coming  to  birth. 

ODELL  SHEPARD. 


LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IN  LONDON. 


(Special  Correspondence  of  THE  DIAL.) 
Twenty  years  ago  Mr.  George  Moore's 
Biblical  story,  "The  Brook  Kerith,"  would 
have  created  an  uproar.  Bishops  would  have 
preached  sermons  against  it.  Town  Councils 
would  have  passed  resolutions  excluding  it 
from  their  libraries.  Parish  priests  would 
have  publicly  burnt  it.  And  all  the  daily  and 
weekly  papers  would  have  been  full  of  con- 
troversies about  it,  in  which  the  words  "blas- 
phemy" and  "obscurantism"  and  the  phrases 
"defiler  of  sacred  things"  and  "untrammelled 
freedom  of  human  thought"  would  have  been 
worked  very  hard.  But  twenty  years  of 
extravagant  language  about  every  established 
thing  in  heaven  and  earth  have  done  their 
work.  The  bishops  stand  helpless,  like  Virgil's 
peasant  who  saw  the  flood  sweeping  away 
trees,  animals,  and  buildings,  and  refrain, 
except  on  rare  occasions,  from  protest.  "Un- 
trammelled freedom, "  in  this  and  most  depart- 
ments of  discussion,  is  enjoyed  and  sometimes 
even  abused  without  question;  and  Mr. 
Moore's  engaging  theory  that  our  Lord  did 
not  die  on  the  Cross  but  was  taken  down 
alive  and  went  into  a  monastery,  whilst 
St.  Paul  built  up  a  church  on  a  monstrous 
great  lie,  has  been  received  with  lamblike 
mildness.  The  book,  which  Mr.  Moore  (let 
us  hope,  mendaciously)  says  will  be  his  last, 
is  about  the  most  perfectly  written  of  all  his 
works;  but  the  subject  is  quietly,  almost 
solemnly,  treated;  and  even  the  supreme 
interests  of  the  events  dealt  with  and  the 
unorthodoxy  of  Mr.  Moore's  approach  do  not 
make  it  exciting  reading.  The  most  striking 
thing  about  it  is  its  cover,  which  looks  like  the 
cover  of  a  ledger  with  a  paper  label  stuck  on. 
It  is  not  an  altogether  successful  experiment 
in  binding,  but  it  is  at  least  an  experiment, 
and  the  publisher  has  obviously  thought  about 
it.  The  binding  of  ordinary  English  books 
is  certainly  improving,  but  many  English  pub- 
lishers still  do  not  bother  about  the  task  of 
their  bindings  at  all,  or  else  lay  themselves 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


251 


out  to  appeal  to  the  vulgarest  taste.  In 
America  things  appear  to  me  to  be,  if  any- 
thing, worse.  Bad  colors  and  debased  letter- 
ing are  predominant.  I  got  one  American 
novel  the  other  day,  the  publisher  of  which 
had  ornamented  the  cover  with  huge  lower- 
case letters  all  tumbling  different  ways.  Per- 
sonally, I  should  advise  every  author  who  is 
at  all  concerned  about  the  appearance  of  his 
books  to  thrust  his  views  on  his  publisher 
before  publication.  It  is  very  comic  to  see  (as 
one  often  does)  books  advocating  the  regen- 
eration of  public  taste,  the  diffusion  of  Art, 
etc.,  ete.,  coming  out  in  ugly  type  and  within 
the  vilest  covers. 

The  two  most  conspicuous  novels  announced 
for  the  autumn  are  Mr.  Arnold  Bennett's 
"The  Lion's  Share"  and  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells 's 
"Mr.  Britling  Sees  It  Through."  The  latter 
has,  I  believe,  been  serialized  on  your  side; 
here,  it  is  still  running  in  "The  Nation," 
which,  being  an  ordinary  sixpenny  weekly, 
cannot  give  up  a  great  deal  of  space  to  each 
instalment,  and  has  been  issuing  it  for  some 
considerable  time.  But  the  announcement  of 
the  volume  shows  that  Mr.  Britling 's  efforts  to 
see  things  through  are  doomed  to  failure  this 
journey.  "When  Mr.  "Wells  began  the  book  he 
may  have  thought  that  its  termination  could 
be  neatly  arranged  to  coincide  with  the  end 
of  Armageddon.  But  though  the  French 
general  who  said  that  the  first  five  years  of 
the  war  would  be  the  worst  was  perhaps 
unduly  pessimistic,  it  still  promises  to  tax 
Mr.  Britling 's  endurance  for  some  time 
longer;  and  Mr.  Wells  may,  later  on,  feel 
called  upon  to  add  a  sequel,— "Mr.  Britling 
Really  Does  See  It  Through." 

The  autumn's  poetry  will  be  more  than 
usually  interesting.  Mr.  Walter  de  la  Mare, 
one  of  the  finest  of  the  younger  writers,  has 
a  new  book  in  the  press;  Mr.  W.  H.  Davies 
is  issuing  a  volume  of  selections  from  his  three 
hundred  lyrics.  And  there  are  at  least  two 
interesting  volumes  of  "Collected  Poems." 
One  will  be  somewhat  small:  that  of  Mr. 
Ralph  Hodgson,  author  of  "The  Gull"  and 
"The  Song  of  Honour."  Mr.  Hodgson  was  the 
last  recipient  of  the  Poliquac  Prize,  an  award 
of  £100  given  annually  to  the  writer  who  has 
(in  the  opinion  of  the  Academic  Committee 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature  —  the 
nearest  thing  we  have  to  the  French  Acad- 
emy) written  the  most  promising  new  book  of 
prose  or  verse.  He  is  a  poet  of  very  restricted 
output,  and  has  only  managed  to  publish  a 
few  dozen  poems  in  leisure  hours  snatched 
from  the  cultivation  of  bull-terriers.  But 
almost  everything  he  has  done  is  equal  to  his 
best.  At  the  end  of  this  month  Mr.  Seeker 


will  publish  (I  may  as  well  explain  that  I 
have  edited  this  volume  myself)  the  "Collected 
Poems"  of  the  late  James  Elroy  Flecker.  A 
friend  of  Rupert  Brooke's,  Flecker  went  to 
both  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  then  worked  in 
the  Consular  service  in  Turkey  and  Syria,  and 
died  in  Switzerland  twenty  months  ago  at 
the  age  of  thirty.  His  was  a  great  loss. 
He  combined  enthusiasm  for  life  with  the  most 
painstaking  craftsmanship ;  and  the  degree  of 
promise  that  his  consumption  cut  short  can 
be  perceived  by  anyone  who  goes  through  the 
poems  chronologically  and  observes  the  rapid 
and  continuous  improvement  in  technique  and 
strengthening  of  imagination.  Some  of  his 
poems,  such  as  "The  Golden  Journey  to 
Samarkand,"  became  popular  during  his  life- 
time ;  but  the  body  of  good  work  that  he  left 
behind  is  much  larger  than  is  generally 
known.  His  published  works  included, 
besides  several  books  of  verse,  a  novel,  some 
fantastic  short  stories,  a  dialogue  on  education 
(called  "The  Grecians"),  and  an  Italian 
grammar.  A  play,  "Hassan,"  and  another 
play  on  "Don  Juan"  remain  unpublished. 

Mr.  Maurice  Hewlett  is  about  to  issue  a 
long  poetical  chronicle,  "The  Hodjiad,"  which 
traces  the  history  of  the  English  peasantry 
from  the  time  when  Britain  first  arose  from 
out  the  azure  main  until  the  close  of  the 
present  war,  when  the  rural  soldiers  will 
return  from  the  trenches  with  a  strong  con- 
viction that  something  ought  to  be  done  for 
them.  A  propagandist  conclusion  to  such  a 
poem  may  certainly  be  excused.  Mr.  Hewlett, 
who,  unlike  many  popular  novelists,  is  not 
content  to  go  on  imitating  his  own  past  suc- 
cesses, is  also  translating  the  Iliad.  Trans- 
lating Homer  has  long  been  popular  with 
English  poets,  and  even  with  English  politi- 
cians. From  Chapman  to  William  Morris, 
scores  of  men  have  tried  to  produce  something 
like  the  original,  and  each  has  done  no  more 
than  convey  some  of  its  aspects  to  his  own 
contemporaries.  Pope's  couplets  are  now  as 
out  of  fashion  as  Cowper's  mild  Miltonics. 
Mr.  Hewlett's  medium  is  a  very  free  and 
elastic  blank  verse.  Selecting  the  nearest 
thing  to  an  equivalent  of  the  Homeric 
Hexameter  is  the  first  and  greatest  difficulty. 
1  know  one  man  who  has  been  at  the  Iliad 
for  ten  years.  He  started  by  doing  sixteen 
books  in  rhymed  couplets.  Then  he  tore 
those  up  and  got  almost  as  far  in  Dante's 
terza  rima.  Then  he  changed  his  mind  once 
more,  and  fell  back  on  blank  verse,  in  which 
he  was  still  embedded  when  he  last  wrote  to 
me.  Men  will  go  on;  for  it  seems  feeble  to 
have  to  admit  that  the  best  translation  of 


252 


THE    DIAL 


[October  5 


Homer    we    have    is    the    prose    version    by 
Butcher,  Lang,  and  Leaf. 

Possibly  there  will  be  less  of  this  transla- 
tion in  the  future.  For  it  is  obvious  that 
after  this  war  the  assault  on  the  teaching  of 
Latin  and  Greek  will  be  resumed.  The 
apostles  of  all  the  physical  sciences  are  wait- 
ing to  spring.  We  are  going  to  be  told  louder 
than  ever  that  chemistry,  biology,  geology, 
zoology,  morphology,  pathology,  and  the  rest 
of  the  numerous  company  (most  of  which,  by 
an  irony,  have  Greek  names)  are  what  the 
modern  world  requires ;  and  that  the  study  of 
humane  letters  never  taught  anybody  how  to 
make  aniline  dyes,  turbines,  Zeppelins,  or 
poison  gas.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  in  the 
future  those  who  appreciate  the  value  of 
studies  which  have  some  relation  to  the  mind 
and  soul  of  man  will  not  idiotically  concen- 
trate, as  they  have  so  often  done  in  the  past, 
on  the  mere  affirmation  of  the  inestimable 
value  of  a  compulsory  smattering  of  the  clas- 
sics to  the  ordinary  man.  If  they  have 
any  sense  they  will  shift  their  ground  to  the 
much  more  defensible  trenches  of  history  and 
English  literature, —  recognizing,  at  the  same 
time,  that  even  the  physical  sciences  (though 
they  themselves  have  been  in  the  habit  of 
calling  them,  generically,  "stinks")  have  their 
place  in  an  educational  scheme.  The  English 
are  a  nation  of  extremists. 


London,  Sept.  22,  1916. 


J.  C.  SQUIRE. 


CASUAL  COMMENT. 


ONE  OP  THE  WORLD'S  GREATEST  THINKERS 
has  passed  in  the  death  of  Josiah  Royce.  Some 
of  his  associates  in  philosophy  called  him 
unreservedly  the  greatest  thinker  America 
has  produced.  William  James  referred  to  him 
repeatedly  as  his  master,  despite  his  own  con- 
siderable seniority  in  years,  and  noted 
scholars  of  other  lands  were  glad  to  sit  at  his 
feet.  The  outline  of  his  life  —  his  birth  in 
California  nearly  sixty-one  years  ago,  his  edu- 
cation at  the  University  of  California,  Johns 
Hopkins,  Leipzig,  and  Gottingen,  his  long  ser- 
vice as  teacher  of  philosophy  at  Harvard,  his 
lectures  at  home  and  abroad,  and  his  numer- 
ous honors  from  institutions  of  learning  — 
hardly  needs  rehearsal  here.  The  early  rip- 
ening of  his  genius  and  the  tone  of  authority 
that  marks  even  his  first  books  are  noteworthy. 
One  of  Edward  Rowland  Sill's  letters  of 
nearly  forty  years  ago  makes  favorable  men- 
tion of  young  Royce,  who  for  a  while  was 
assistant  to  Sill  in  the  English  department 
at  the  University  of  California.  But  Har- 
vard, ever  on  the  watch  for  promising  talent 


in  whatsoever  quarter,  soon  called  him  east- 
ward, and  from  that  time  he  rose  rapidly  to 
prominence  in  the  world  of  philosophy,  win- 
ning for  himself  a  foremost  place  among  the 
exponents  of  absolute  idealism,  and  of  late 
years  commanding  a  more  general  hearing  by 
his  advocacy  of  " loyalty,"  of  faithfulness  to 
a  high  and  pure  ideal  of  conduct.  "The  Phil- 
osophy of  Loyalty"  is  among  the  best  and 
the  most  widely  read  of  his  books.  "War 
and  Insurance,"  written  soon  after  the  out- 
break of  hostilities  in  Europe,. is  his  contribu- 
tion toward  the  problem  created  by  the 
immeasurable  destructiveness  of  modern  war- 
fare. Other  noted  works  of  his  are  "The 
Religious  Aspect  of  Philosophy,"  "The  Spirit 
of  Modern  Philosophy"  (a  really  entrancing 
book  to  the  reflective  reader),  "The  World 
and  the  Individual,"  "Studies  of  Good  and 
Evil, "  and  the  Bross  lectures  on  "  The  Sources 
of  Religious  Insight."  He  wrote,  too,  with 
admirable  sympathy,  of  his  one-time  col- 
league, Professor  William  James,  and  gave 
in  handy  form  an  estimate  and  a  review  of 
Herbert  Spencer.  Curiously  enough,  this 
thinker  whom  few  among  general  readers 
could  honestly  profess  to  understand  and 
enjoy,  tried  his  hand  at  fiction  and  produced 
one  novel,  "The  Feud  of  Oakfield  Creek," 
published  twenty-nine  years  ago.  It  is,  as  it 
could  not  have  failed  to  be,  logically  con- 
structed and  clearly  written;  and  it  is  also 
interesting.  An  early  "History  of  California," 
in  the  "American  Commonwealths"  series,  is 
another  of  his  works  outside  the  domain  of 
philosophy.  As  a  public  speaker  he  never 
failed  to  be  impressive,  and  probably  his  most 
impressive  platform  utterance  was  his  late 
eloquent  protest,  at  Tremont  Temple  in 
Boston,  against  the  spirit  of  inhumanity  exem- 
plified in  the  sinking  of  the  "Lusitania." 


THE  CULT  OP  WILLIAM  BLAKE  is  so  widely 
at  variance,  so  grotesquely  at  variance,  one 
might  say,  with  the  aims  and  ideals  that  seem 
to  be  moving  the  world  in  this  ninetieth  year 
after  his  death,  that  attention  must  be 
arrested  by  the  recent  meeting,  at  Brighton, 
England,  of  those  Blake  enthusiasts  who  have 
constituted  themselves  the  Blake  Society  and 
are  doing  noble  work  in  trying  to  keep  alive 
Blake's  spirit  and  arouse  interest  in  his  work 
as  poet,  painter,  and  mystic.  A  clipping  from 
the  Brighton  "Herald"  comes  to  hand, 
through  the  kindness  of  a  member  of  the 
society,  with  an  account  of  the  proceedings  at 
this  meeting,  including  the  substance  of  two 
addresses, —  one  from  the  Mayor  of  Brighton, 
the  other  from  Mr.  J.  Foster  Howe,  a  vice 


1916] 


THE   DIAL 


253 


president  of  the  society.  A  few  words  from 
Mr.  Howe's  paper,  which  was  the  "feature" 
of  the  occasion,  as  the  reporter  would  phrase 
it,  may  serve  to  convey  something  of  the  spirit 
of  this  small  but  hopeful  band  of  apostles. 
"In  Blake  we  see  the  marvellous  powers  of 
the  mind  exercised  not  upon  mere  fanciful 
subjects  of  comparative  unimportance,  such 
as  are  ordinarily  attributed  to  the  imaginative 
faculty,  but  upon  the  great  fundamental 
realities  of  life,  death,  and  immortality.  His 
mind  seems  to  have  been  opened  in  a  more 
than  ordinary  degree  to  that  which  is  above 
and  beyond  this  merely  transitory  stage  of 
things."  As  Wordsworth  once  said  of  him, 
"there  is  something  in  the  madness  of  this 
man  that  interests  more  than  the  sanity  of 
Lord  Byron  and  Walter  Scott."  A  reawak- 
ening of  this  interest  at  this  time  can  surely 
be  no  cause  for  regret. 


THE  SHAPE  OF  SHAKESPEARE'S  EARTH  is  not 
precisely  known.  Whether  he  conceived  our 
planet  to  be  a  perfect  sphere,  or  an  oblate 
spheroid,  or  cylindrical  in  pattern,  or  of  the 
form  of  a  cheese,  who  shall  say?  But  he 
surely  was  not  a  believer  in  a  flat  earth.  Yet 
a  few  days  ago  a  prominent  journal  —  let  a 
charitable  silence  veil  its  name  —  printed  this 
astonishing  assertion  from  its  London  literary 
correspondent:  "Shakespeare  believed  in  a 
square  earth  like  most  of  his  generation,  so 
far  as  we  know. "  But  we  know  very  well  that 
Shakespeare  made  his  Puck  promise  to  "put 
a  girdle  round  about  the  earth  in  forty  min- 
utes." Moreover,  his  contemporary,  Chapman, 
used  almost  the  same  phrase  when  he  wrote, 
"To  put  a  girdle  round  about  the  world." 
Were  they  girdling  a  "square  earth"  in  this 
bit  of  imagery?  Granted  that  neither 
Shakespeare  nor  Chapman  could  have  known 
anything  about  the  canals  of  Mars  or  the 
existence  of  Uranus  and  Neptune,  yet  that 
either  of  them  could  have  conceived  of  the 
earth  as  rectangular  almost  a  century  after 
its  first  circumnavigation  is  highly  improb- 
able. 

•         •         • 

A  SILENT  LYRE,  too  early  silent,  and  not 
soon  to  be  touched  again  by  so  light  and  sure 
a  hand  as  that  which  once  swept  its  strings, 
is  that  of  Frank  Dempster  Sherman,  who  died 
on  the  nineteenth  of  September  in  his  fifty- 
seventh  year.  Though  the  teaching  of  archi- 
tecture was  the  vocation  that  claimed  his  more 
serious  attention,  it  was  his  avocation  as  poet 
that  brought  him  enviable  fame.  His  facility 
and  fecundity  in  light  verse  assure  him  a 
place  among  those  whom  he  himself  has  sung, 


—  "the  lords  of  rhyme  from  Homer's  down 
to  Dobson's  time."    With  Dobson,  of  course, 
rather  than  with  Homer  he  will  be  ranked, 
and   there   is   an   unmistakable   nearness   of 
kinship  between  these  two  masters  of  the  short 
and  graceful  lyric.    Even  in  his  student  days 
at  Columbia,  as  the  writer  of  this  well  remem- 
bers, Sherman's  contributions  of  verse  to  his 
college  paper  attracted  more  than  local  atten- 
tion ;  and  it  was  no  surprise  to  see  him  after- 
ward quickly  make  a  name  for  himself  in 
the  larger  world  with  his  pen.    It  is  strange 
to  relate  of  one  thus  gifted  that  he  excelled 
also  as  an  expert  genealogist  and  as  an  accom- 
plished mathematician.    A  fondness  for  archi- 
tecture,  which   he   taught  at   Columbia   for 
nearly  three  decades,  is  easily  intelligible  in 
a  poet;   but  the  tracing  of  pedigrees  and  the 
manipulation  of  numerals  do  not  so  manifestly 
appeal   to  the   poetic   imagination.     Among 
Sherman's  best-known  bits  of  verse  will  be 
recalled  the  lines  beginning,   "Give  me  the 
room  whose  every  nook  is  dedicated  to  a  book" 
—  lines  that  excellently  describe  the  charms 
of  the  library  —  and  also,  perhaps,  the  apos- 
trophe to  Fancy,  which  ends : 
Is  there  any  magic  lure 
That  will  win  you  quick  and  sure? 
Is  there  any  fetter  strong 
That  will  hold  you,  soul  of  song? 
Tell  me,  Fancy,  so  that  I 
May  not  let  you  slip  me  by. 


"THE      MANNERLY      STEVENSON,"      as      Mrs. 

Wyatt  Eaton  says  she  has  heard  him  called 
(see  her  book,  "A  Last  Memory  of  Stevenson," 
noticed  on  another  page),  charmed  by  the 
very  unconventionally  of  his  instinctive 
gentlemanliness,  and  demonstrated  in  his 
sometimes  grotesquely-clad  person  the  truth  of 
Spenser's  saying  that  "A  man  by  nothing  is. 
so  well  betrayed  as  by  his  manners."  Fur- 
ther particulars  of  Stevenson's  appearance 
and  bearing  are  to  be  noted  through  Mrs. 
Eaton's  minutely  observing  eyes.  "His  hands- 
were  of  the  psychic  order,  and  were  of  marble 
whiteness,  save  the  thumb  and  first  finger  of 
the  right  hand,  that  were  stained  from  con- 
stant cigarette  rolling  —  fot  he  was  an  invet- 
erate smoker  —  and  had  the  longest  fingers  I 
have  ever  seen  on  a  human  being ;  they  were, 
in  fact,  part  of  his  general  appearance  of^ 
lankiness,  that  would  have  been  uncanny,  but* 
for  the  geniality  and  sense  of  bien  etre  that 
he  gave  off.  His  voice,  low  in  tone,  had  an 
endearing  quality  in  it,  that  was  almost  like 
a  caress.  He  never  made  use  of  vernacular- 
isms and  was  without  the  slightest  Scotch 
accent ;  on  the  contrary,  he  spoke  his  English 
like  a  world  citizen,  speaking  a  universal 


254 


[October  5 


tongue,  and  always  looked  directly  at  the  per- 
son spoken  to."  Very  interesting  and 
unusual,  as  well  as  attractive,  must  have  been 
the  combination  in  Stevenson  of  a  certain 
courtliness  that  bespoke  the  "world  citizen" 
with  those  opposite  characteristics  of  his  that 
marked  the  solitary  and  the  dreamer.  Charm- 
ing all  by  his  mere  presence,  he  yet  avoided 
society  and  shrank,  not  from  "the  great 
unwashed,"  as  he  was  wont  to  declare,  but 
from  "the  great  washed." 
•  •  • 

BOOKSELLING  TO  LIBEARIES  has  come  to  be 
recognized  by  the  trade  as  not  richly  remun- 
erative in  direct  returns  expressed  in  dollars 
and  cents,  so  keen  is  the  librarian  in  his  quest 
for  the  very  lowest  of  low  competitive  prices ; 
and  therefore  more  than  one  dealer  has  ceased 
to  solicit  library  orders.  But  there  are 
indirect  advantages  connected  with  the  mod- 
estly-paid business  of  catering  to  libraries. 
Books  that  would  not  otherwise  pass  through 
the  dealer's  hands  come  into  his  shop  and 
serve  as  samples  for  the  securing  of  many  an 
occasional  order  that  brings  him  good  profit 
and  that  would  have  escaped  him  under  other 
conditions.  The  librarian,  too,  is  not  unwill- 
ing to  turn  custom  in  the  direction  of  one 
who  has  served  him  fairly  and  honorably  in 
the  filling  of  orders ;  and  the  mere  display  of 
current  literature  on  the  library  shelves  serves 
as  an  advertisement  from  which  the  one  who 
supplied  that  literature  stands  a  chance  of 
profiting  in  subsequent  private  sales.  Much 
has  been  written  and  still  more  has  been  orally 
uttered  on  the  subject  of  library  book-buying 
and  library  discounts,  and  much  more  will 
doubtless  be  written  and  uttered ;  but  not 
until  its  recent  appearance  in  the  "Bulletin" 
of  the  American  Booksellers'  Association  have 
we  had  knowledge  of  the  novel  plan  by  which, 
if  it  should  go  into  effect,  library  orders  would 
be  filled  by  the  publisher  directly,  while  he 
would  soothe  the  feelings  of  the  neglected 
local  bookseller  by  presenting  him  with  a  ten- 
per-cent  commission,  if  it  may  be  so  called, 
on  all  such  sales.  The  scheme  involves  obvious 
difficulties,  and  there  will  be  no  cause  for  sur- 
prise if  it  does  not  speedily  demonstrate  its 
practicability.  ,  .  . 

THE   ODIUM    OP    SELF-APPOINTED    CENSORSHIP 

may  and  often  does  more  than  counterbalance 
the  justness  of  an  adverse  criticism,  espe- 
cially when  the  criticism  has  to  do  with  the 
.delicate  question  of  decency,  or  moral  purity. 
That  we  see  only  what  we  have  eyes  to  see, 
that  we  find  in  a  book  only  what  we  find  in 
ourselves,  is  a  truth  that  may  well  deter  one 


from  advertising  one's  discoveries  of  alleged 
indecency  in  a  writer's  pages.  And  so  it  is 
that  the  present  censorious  assaults  upon  Mr. 
Theodore  Dreiser  are  quite  as  likely  to  work 
injury  to  the  assailants  as  to  Mr.  Dreiser; 
more  likely,  in  fact.  In  a  brief  and  well-con- 
sidered protest  from  the  Authors'  League 
against  "the  efforts  now  being  made  to  destroy 
the  work  of  Theodore  Dreiser,"  it  may  be 
that  these  efforts  are  taken  too  seriously,  and 
that  the  fear  expressed  lest  they  "do  great 
damage  to  the  freedom  of  letters  in  the  United 
States"  is  groundless;  but  there  is  some  truth 
in  the  assertion  that  "the  method  of  the 
attack,  with  its  attempt  to  ferret  out  blas- 
phemy and  indecency  where  they  are  not,  and 
to  condemn  a  serious  artist  under  a  law 
aimed  at  common  rogues,  is  unjust  and 
absurd."  A  general  protest  on  the  part  of 
writers  is  asked  for  against  "interference  by 
persons  who,  by  their  own  statement,  judge 
all  books  by  narrow  and  impossible  stand- 
ards," and  a  plea  is  made  for  "such  amend- 
ments to  the  existing  laws  as  will  prevent  such 
persecutions  in  future."  Mr.  Harold  Hersey, 
33  West  42d  Street,  New  York,  is  sending 
out  copies  of  this  protest  for  signature  by 
American  writers.  After  all,  there  is  a 
humorous  aspect  to  this  whole  affair,  serious 
though  it  be  in  the  eyes  of  the  Authors' 
League ;  and  Mr.  Dreiser  will  not  be  the  last 
person  to  see  it.  His  books  are  receiving  the 
best  imaginable  free  advertising,  as  his  next 
semi-annual  check  for  royalties  will  very 
agreeably  prove  to  him. 

•          •         • 

WHERE  "RAMONA"  is  THE  MOST  POPULAR 
NOVEL  need  not  puzzle  any  reader  of  the  book 
to  determine  very  quickly.  California,  the 
scene  of  the  romance,  is  naturally  the  region 
where  its  hold  on  readers  shows  least  sign  of 
slackening.  At  Redlands,  for  example,  a 
city  of  about  ten  thousand  inhabitants,  it 
requires  fifteen  or  more  copies  of  the  book  to 
supply  the  constant  demand  at  the  public 
library.  We  say  advisedly  "fifteen  or  more," 
for  though  fifteen  have  been  bought  by  the 
library,  the  librarian  reports  the  book  scarcely 
ever  "in,"  and  four  copies  have  been  read 
to  pieces  and  thrown  away.  This  excellent 
romance,  it  is  further  announced  by  the  same 
authority,  is  now  going  (or  already  has  gone) 
to  press  for  its  seventy-seventh  edition,  which 
means  that  it  has  run  through  an  average  of 
more  than  two  editions  each  year  since  its 
.first  appearance  thirty- three  years  ago;  and 
the  number  of  copies  put  into  circulation 
reaches  the  grand  total  of  three  million  eight 
hundred  thousand. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


255 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


MR.  GEORGE  MOORE'S  NEW  CHRIST. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Three  questions  are  involved  in  the  case  of  "The 
Brook  Kerith,"  by  Mr.  George  Moore,  so  intelli- 
gently and  presciently  reviewed  in  your  latest 
issue.  First,  is  it  defensible  as  art  to  seize  upon 
an  historical  character  of  high  importance  and 
deliberately  to  transform  that  character?  So  much 
as  this  is  true  that  the  Jesus  of  the  New  Testament 
is  not  the  Jesus  of  this  piece  of  literary  work. 
The  motives  involved  in  this  falsification  are  so 
obvious  and  so  reprehensible  as  to  create  at  once 
a  prejudice  against  the  fabrication.  And  a  preju- 
dice against  anything  assuming  to  be  an  art-prod- 
uct is  evidence  against  its  claims  to  merit. 

It  is  bad  enough  to  seize  upon  an  historical 
character  and  then  for  the  purposes  of  fiction  to 
set  forth  its  logical  development  outside  the  realm 
of  reality.  But  this  is  another  case. 

The  second  question  raised  by  the  novel  is 
whether  or  not  an  offense  has  been  committed 
against  the  truth.  If  Jesus  as  presented  in  the 
New  Testament  is  not  essential  truth,  then  Chris- 
tianity is  false  and  should  perish;  for  in  any 
warfare  between  a  religion  and  truth,  the  religion 
must  and  should  fail.  But  by  various  devices 
aiming  at  verisimilitude,  the  novelist  in  "The 
Brook  Kerith"  assumes  the  falsity  of  the  ancient 
documents,  thereby  begging  the  question  involved. 
Now  this  question  happens  to  be  a  critical  one  to 
individuals  and  to  mankind;  for  if  the  Jesus  of 
the  Scriptures  is  essentially  false,  then  every  part 
of  the  Christian  civilization  founded  upon  this 
falsity  must  ultimately  fail.  The  tremendous 
import  of  this  proposition  is  such  as  to  lift  it 
out  of  the  field  of  fiction  into  that  of  science  in 
its  most  serious  mood. 

This  reflection  forces  one  into  the  disposition 
to  inquire  whether  the  novelist  is  intellectually 
competent  for  the  task  assumed.  It  takes  more 
than  even  Odysseus  to  bend  this  bow.  We  are 
now  asking  once  more :  Which  is  more  incompre- 
hensible, that  some  writers  should  have  invented 
Jesus  or  that  he  was  what  he  said  he  was?  Here 
opens  the  twenty-centuries  controversy,  into  which 
Mr.  George  Moore  has  thrown  his  frail  contribu- 
tion. 

The  third  question  is,  why  any  novelist  should 
consider  the  religious  mind  as  fair  game.  The 
orthodox  believer,  for  whatever  reason,  from 
whatever  instinct,  in  whatever  his  circumstances 
of  life,  is  a  very  familiar  figure  because  of  his 
compounding  of  the  apparently  diverse  qualities 
of  positive  convictions  and  of  quick  and  often 
extreme  sensitiveness.  The  one  result  of  such  a 
novel  is  to  harden  his  heart  against  all  novels, 
good  and  bad.  There  are  millions  of  Christian 
believers  who  never  open  a  novel  because  they 
fear  to  come  upon  things  of  this  kind.  Thereby 
the  market  for  novels  is  greatly  limited ;  and 
what  is  far  worse,  many  a  truly  great  and  good 
book  goes  unread  by  the  orthodox. 

Unreasonable?  Not  in  the. least.  There  are  tens 
of  thousands  of  good  books  not  novels.  Not  only 


so,  but  a  very  large  number  of  orthodox  believers 
who  will  never  read  novels  are  readers  of  more 
or  less  scientific  books  that  search  the  foundations 
of  Christianity.  A  serious  man  inquiring  for  truth 
has  a  dignity  whence  he  derives  the  right  to  be 
considered.  But  the  man  of  imagination  and 
sentiment  invading  carelessly  and  wantonly  a  world 
beyond  his  range  and  powers  can  but  bring  his 
own  performances  into  such  questions  as  are  here 
raised. 

The  person  of  Jesus  is  no  more  available  prop- 
erty for  inventive  novel-writing  than  is  a  cathedral 
a  suitable  theatre  for  vaudeville.  And  the  novel- 
producer  who  does  not  see  this  is  as  much  to  be 
pitied  as  is  the  man  who  is  color-blind  in  a  world 
of  beauty.  w  E  CHANCELLOE> 

College  of  Wooster,  Ohio,  September  28, 1916, 


BLAKE'S  DESIGNS  FOR  YOUNG'S  "NIGHT 

THOUGHTS." 
(To  the  Editor  of  THB  DIAL.) 

In  Gilchrist's  "Life  of  William  Blake"  (page 
136)  there  is  a  reference  to  the  537  designs  made 
by  Blake  in  illustration  of  Young's  "Night 
Thoughts,"  which  were  at  that  time  in  the  posses- 
sion of  Mr.  Bain  of  the  Haymarket,  London. 
Forty-three  of  these  designs  were  published  on 
this  side,  but  I  understand  that  the  remaining  494 
drawings  were  sold  to  America  some  years  ago. 
Can  any  of  your  readers  inform  me  if  these  latter 
have  ever  been  published,  and  in  whose  hands 
they  now  are?  It  is  the  wish  of  our  recently- 
formed  Blake  Society,  of  which  I  am  a  Vice- 
President,  to  cooperate  in  the  publication  of  these 
designs,  if  such  work  is  contemplated,  and  to  be 
brought  into  communication  with  their  present 

J.  FOSTER  HOWE. 
Fairhaven,  Lewes,  England,  September  16,  1916. 


THE  WORLD  OF  TO-MORROW. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
It  may  be  assumed  that  the  kind  of  "discussion" 
proper  to  your  columns  should  be  postulated  upon 
the  literary  treatment  of  subjects  rather  than  upon 
the  subjects  themselves,  historical,  philosophical, 
or  political.  But  where  a  critic  takes  occasion  to 
use  an  author's  text  for  the  enforcement  of  his 
own  views  upon  a  tremendous  practical  issue,  it 
may  be  permitted,  perhaps,  in  the  way  of  dissem- 
inating "information" — another  specification  of 
your  programme  —  to  point  out  how  the  views  of 
the  author  and  his  critic  are  actually  being  pro- 
moted. Mr.  H.  G.  Wells  .(whose  counsel  to  the 
Germans,  that  the  continuance  of  the  war  would 
be  unlikely  if  they  would  overthrow  the  Hohen,- 
zollern  dynasty,  should  have  been  embodied  in 
tracts  dropped  into  Berlin  by  aviators)  is  all  for 
a  frank  definition  of  issues  and  the  creation  of 
conditions  based  on  principles  of  international 
justice,  that  hatreds  and  jealousies  may  die  out. 
Meeting  the  vagueness  of  the  "pacifist,"  the  per- 
petuated menace  of  preparedness,  and  the  permar 
nent  militarism  of  the  "League  to  Enforce  Peace," 
we  of  the  Free  Trade  League  ought  to  win  the 


256 


THE    DIAL 


[October  5 


approval  of  Mr.  Wells  and  his  reviewer  in  our 
propaganda  of  "free  exchanges"  as  the  best  basis 
of  world  peace. 

Leaders  in  the  nations  now  engaged  in  the  great 
European  war  have  lately  put  forth  certain 
schemes  for  new  tariff  enactments,  or  business 
international  boycotts,  to  be  brought  into  force 
after  the  close  of  the  war,  thus  inaugurating  a 
great  economic  struggle,  involving  losses  and  dis- 
asters which  might  in  the  end  prove  to  be  greater 
than  those  that  have  resulted  from  the  conflict  of 
arms.  On  the  contrary,  we  should  look  forward 
to  the  evolution  of  a  real  international  spirit. 
The  governments  of  the  world  are  increasingly 
coming  under  the  control  of  the  peoples  them- 
selves, and  these  peoples  must  be  aroused  to  a 
sense  of  the  truth  that  their  interests,  their  wel- 
fare, and  their  safety  can  be  secured  only  through 
civilized  international  relations.  The  settlement 
that  will  bring  about  an-  assured  peace  will  not 
be  secured  through  the  action  of  the  rulers  or  of 
'"empire-builders."  It  must  be  the  work  of  repre- 
sentatives of  the  people,  of  upholders  of  demo- 
cratic principles,  of  men  ready  to  work  for  the 
service  of  mankind.  Here  is  a  plain  duty, —  to 
arouse  public  opinion  in  the  United  States  in 
support  of  the  contention  that  protection  is  itself 
a  form  of  war,  that  war  brings  about  an  extreme 
application  of  .protection,  and  that  freedom  of 
trade  constitutes  an  essential  factor  towards  secur- 
ing and  maintaining  the  peace  of  the  world.  Thus 
may  our  influence  and  our  example  be  utilized, 
In  the  settlement  that  is  to  follow  this  war,  towards 
.breaking  down  the;  protective  barriers  between 
nations, —  barriers  which  do  so  much  to  create 
prejudice  and  to  bring  about  the  irritations  that 
have  too  often  resulted  in  war.  The  fullest  possi- 
ble interchange  between  peoples  of  the  world,  not 
only  of  goods  but  of  ideas,  ideals,  and  human 
sympathy,  constitutes  the  essential  foundation  for 
such  a  world's  federation  as  is  the  hope  of  all 
who  are  striving  for  the  higher  principles  of 
civilization  and  of  humanity. 

ERVING  WINSLOW. 

Boston,  Mass.,  September  26,  1916.   •. 


BY  VIRTUE  OF  FORM? 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

In  your  issue  of  August  15,  Mr.  H.  E.  Warner 
comes  to  the  conclusion  that  free  verse  is  prose, 
"generally  speaking,  spite  of  protest,"  and  that 
""poetry,  good  or  bad,  is  poetry  by  virtue  of  its 
form,"  by  which  he  apparently  means  the  rhymed 
stanza  form.  He  slides  over  the  blank-verse  diffi- 
culty by  remarking  that  "blank  verse  is  the  easiest 
•of  all,  and  except  in  a  few  hands,  the  least  satis- 
factory." "Rhyme  adds  wonderfully  to  the  effect 
and  also  to  the  difficulty.  It  is  a  dull  ear,  never- 
theless, that  does  not  find  an  increase  of  beauty 
in  this  complexity,"  etc. 

It  is  useless  to  argue  with  a  critic  of  this  sort. 
If  poetry  is  such  by  virtue  of  its  form,  primarily, 
and  if  the  complexity  of  the  form  means  an 
increase  of  beauty,  then  de  Banville's  pantoums 
and  Andrew  Lang's  double  ballades  are  the  highest 
poetry  we  possess.  And  if  the  sonnet  is  a  "form 
•of  intrinsic  beauty,"  "a  gem  not  a  prize  squash," 


why   is   it  that  in   the   next  breath,  Mr.   Warner 
admits  that  the  perfect  sonnet  does  not  exist? 

No  sane  architectural  critic  would  dare  to  sug- 
gest that  because  of  'its  wonderful  complexity  of 
pattern  designing,  the  Alhambra  was  the  finest 
building  in  the  world;  no  musical  critic  would 
hold  Josquin  des  Pres  the  greatest  of  composers, 
because  he  wrote  double  canons  and  triple  fugues; 
no  critic  of  painting  would  hold  that  a  Persian 
enamelled  tile  was  better  art  than  Titian's 
"Bacchanal."  Are  we  to  apply  the  same  standard 
to  poetry  that  has  been  applied  to  other  arts  for 
centuries?  or  are  we  to  go  on  classifying  poetry 
as  something  artificial,  remote,  useless,  and  diffi- 
cult, like  chess-playing? 

I  pass  over  Mr.  Warner's  feeble  attempt  to 
analyze  the  substance  of  certain  vers  libre  poets, 
and  once  again,  come  to  grips  with  him  on  this 
matter  of  form.  Like  all  critics  of  his  stamp,  he 
tries  the  well-worn  device  of  printing  poetry  as 
prose,  and  prose  as  poetry,  declaring  that  the 
lines  in  each  case  might  be  variously  divided. 
Here  is  another  case  of  the  same  thing  in  which 
similarly,  as  he  might  say,  the  lines  can  be 
divided  variously: 

The  barge  she  sat  in,  like  a  burnished  throne, 
burned  on  the  water;  the  hoop  was  beaten  gold, 
purple  the  sails,  and  so  perfumed  that  the  winds  were 
lovesick  with  them,  the  oars  were  silver,  which  to  the 
tune  of  flutes  kept  stroke  and  made  the  water  which 
they  beat  to  follow  faster  as  amourous  of  their 
strokes.  For  her  own  person,  it  beggared  all  descrip- 
tion ;  she  did  lie  in  her  pavilion  —  cloth-of -gold  of 
tissue  —  o  'er  picturing  that  Venus  where  we  see  the 
fancy  outwork  Nature;  on  each  side  her  stood 
pretty  dimpled  boys,  like  smiling  cupids  with  divers- 
colored  fans,  whose  wind  did  seem  to  glow  the  deli- 
cate cheeks  which  they  did  cool,  and  what  they  undid, 
did. 

Will  Mr.  Warner  please  answer  plainly  the 
plain  question:  Is  that  prose,  or  poetry? 

JOHN  GOULD  FLETCHER. 

London,  England,  September  18,  1916. 


Among  the  forthcoming  books  of  Messrs.  G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons  is  a  problem  play  by  Rose  Pastor 
Stokes,  in  which  the  question  is  raised  and 
answered  whether,  even  though  there  be  the  most 
compelling  reason  for  marriage,  with  disgrace  as 
the  alternative,  a  man  and  a  woman  have  the  moral 
right  to  enter  matrimony  when  love  is  wanting  to 
sanctify  the  relation. 

Dr.  Gaston  Bodart's  recently  published  mono- 
graph on  "Losses  of  Life  in  Modern  Wars,"  under 
the  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace, 
will  shortly  be  followed  in  the  same  series  by  a 
study  of  "Epidemics  Resulting  from  Wars,"  writ- 
ten by  Dr.  Friedrich  Prinzing  and  edited  by 
Professor  Harold  Westergaard,  of  the  University 
of  Copenhagen.  Dr.  Prinzing's  survey,  which  is 
coming  from  the  Oxford  University  Press,  goes 
back  beyond  the  Thirty  Years'  War  and  comes 
down  to  the  last  Balkan  campaign,  with  a  closing 
chapter  on  "Epidemics  in  Besieged  Strongholds," 
from  the  siege  of  Mantua  (1796-7)  to  that  of 
Port  Arthur  (1904). 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


257 


DIVERSIONS  OF  A  DIPLOMAT.* 


With  hat  cocked  over  one  ear  and  arms 
akimbo  Lord  Redesdale  looks  jauntily  out 
from  the  frontispiece  of  his  "Memories,"  a 
generously  inclusive  collection  of  personal 
anecdote  and  reminiscence  covering  a  long 
life  of  public  service  and  varied  private  activ- 
ities and  interests.  The  author 's  recent  death 
at  nearly  eighty  years  of  age  has  helped  to 
draw  attention  to  these  diverting  volumes,  in 
which  so  many  of  the  titled  and  famous  of 
his  time  give  distinction  as  well  as  animation 
to  his  pages. 

Leaving  to  the  curious  in  such  matters  the 
details  of  ancestry,  of  pedigree,  of  family 
history,  with  which  the  opening  chapter  deals, 
let  us  pass  at  once  to  the  store  of  anecdote, 
historic,  diplomatic,  political,  literary,  and 
of  many  other  kinds,  constituting  the  bulk  of 
the  work.  Versatility  speaks  in  every  chap- 
ter; for  Lord  Redesdale  was  an  author,  a 
musician,  an  art  connoisseur,  a  traveller,  a 
big-game  hunter,  at  one  time  an  enviably 
successful  horse-racer  (if  one's  envy  turn  in 
that  direction),  and  long  a  leader  in  London 
society,  besides  being  versed  in  the  secrets  of 
the  Foreign  Office  and  in  the  subtleties  of 
diplomacy.  A  seat  in  Parliament  and  vari- 
ous high  offices  at  home  came  to  him,  or  were 
won  by  him,  in  addition  to  his  appointments 
at  St.  Petersburg,  Pekin,  and  Tokio.  Above 
all.  he  shows  a  gift  of  more  than  casual  obser- 
vation, an  alertness  to  many  sorts  of  signifi- 
cant occurrences  by  the  way.  a  receptivity  to 
manifold  impressions,  and  a  remarkably 
retentive  memory.  It  was  only  near  the  end 
of  his  life  that  he  began  to  record  his  recol- 
lections, but  with  rapid  and  seemingly  not 
inaccurate  pen  he  fills  two  large  volumes  with 
an  uninterrupted  succession  of  more  or  less 
minute  details.  He  gives  point  to  his  nar- 
rative, too,  with  many  an  apt  and  ready 
quotation  or  allusion  both  from  classic  and 
modern  sources. 

That  he  was  a  good  classical  scholar  is  to 
be  inferred  not  only  from  his  own  writings 
but  also  from  a  commendatory  word  quoted, 
with  justifiable  satisfaction,  from  Dean 
Gaisford.  Of  this  Oxford  dignitary  he  pre- 
sents us  an  imposing  picture  in  a  few  pen- 
strokes. 

Dean  Gaisfor<l  was  a  great  potentate:  not  only 
was  his  scholarship  superb,  but  he  was  also  a  ruler 
of  men.  When  he  nodded,  Olympus  trembled.  When 
he  stood  up  at  the  altar  in  Christ  Church  and 

•MEMORIES.  By  Lord  Redesdale.  G.C.V.O.,  K.C.B.  In 
two  volumes.  Illustrated.  New  York:  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 


thundered  out  the  first  Commandment,  with  a  long 
pause  after  the  "I"  and  a  strong  insistence  on  the 
"Me,"  he  would  look  round  the  cathedral  sternly,  as 
much  as  to  say,  "I  should  like  to  see  the  undergrad- 
uate, or  the  graduate  either,  for  that  matter,  who  will 
dare  to  dispute  that  proposition."  His  famous  utter- 
ance in  a  sermon,  "St.  Paul  says,  and  I  partly  agree 
with  him,"  has  become  a  classic.  But  he  was  like 
the  Nasmyth  Hammer:  he  could  crush  a  rock  or 
flatten  out  a  rose-leaf.  Jelf  had  a  good  story  of  the 
way  in  which  he  once  petrified  a  very  young  Don  who 
at  one  of  his  dinners  ate  an  apple  in  a  way  which 
he  did  not  consider  to  be  quite  orthodox. 

Something  approaching  intimacy  marked 
the  relations  between  Lord  Redesdale  and  the 
late  King  Edward,  which  will  account  for  the 
considerable  space  devoted  to  that  sovereign's 
sayings  and  doings  in  the  nobleman's  book. 
"My  recollection  of  the  King,  which  I  wish 
to  place  on  record,"  he  says  in  one  place,  "is 
that  of  a  character  made  up  of  various  qual- 
ities —  a  monarch  deeply  impressed  with  the 
duties  and  obligations  of  his  exalted  station ; 
a  man  intensely  human,  and,  let  his  critics 
say  what  they  will,  altogether  lovable."  Sig- 
nificant at  this  time  is  the  author's  remem- 
brance of  King  Edward's  agitation  upon  hear- 
ing of  Austria's  annexation  of  Bosnia  and 
Herzegovina,  in  1908,  in  violation  of  the 
Treaty  of  Berlin.  The  King  had  only  recently 
visited  the  Austrian  Emperor  at  Ischl,  where 
the  Eastern  Question  had  been  discussed  with 
apparent  frankness  and  intimacy,  and  there 
had  been  a  most  friendly  parting,  with  full 
assurance  on  the  side  of  the  departing  guest 
that  no  cloud  lurked  on  the  horizon.  But,  as 
the  writer  proceeds, — 

Now,  without  a  word  of  warning,  all  was  changed. 
The  King  was  indignant,  for  nobody  knew  better 
than  he  did  the  danger  of  tampering  with  the  pro- 
visions of  the  Treaty  of  Berlin,  and  he  saw  that 
to  make  any  change  in  the  Turkish  provinces  was  to 
light  a  fuse  which,  sooner  or  later,  was  bound  to 
fire  a  powder  magazine.  Personally,  the  King  felt 
that  he  had  been  treacherously  deceived.  His  fore- 
cast of  the  danger,  which  he  communicated  at  the 
time  to  me,  showed  him  to  be  possessed  of  that  pre- 
vision which  marks  the  statesman.  Every  word  that 
he  uttered  that  day  has  come  true. 

As  the  author  observes  in  the  next  paragraph, 
the  King  recognized  his  limitations  as  a  con- 
stitutional ruler ;  it  was  not  for  him  to  start 
alliances,  but  he  could  make  them  possible. 
"There  were  Ministers  before  his  time;  could 
they  have  removed  obstacles  and  softened 
asperities  as  he  did?  He  knew,  moreover, 
that  no  Sovereign,  no  Government,  could 
utter  a  command  like  that  of  the  first  day  of 
creation :  '  Let  there  be  peace. '  He  knew  that 
he  must  work  for  it,  and  he  did  —  incessantly. 
To  the  world ' s  sorrow  another  monarch  in 
another  country  has  said.  'Let  there  be  war!' 
and  there  was  war." 


258 


THE    DIAL 


[October  5 


An  acquaintance  with  Carlyle  extending 
"from  before  1850  to  the  time  of  his  death" 
has  contributed  something,  but  not  so  much 
as  could  be  wished,  to  the  book's  collection 
of  pen  portraits.  Mention  is  made  of  the 
well-known  Carlyle  peculiarities,  and  the 
attractive  qualities  are  affectionately  dwelt 
upon.  "He  did  not  suffer  fools  gladly,"  the 
author  admits,  "and  he  could  not  brook  being 
lionized,  but  during  all  the  years  that  I  knew 
him  .  .  he  was  always  kind  to  everybody 
with  whom  I  saw  him  —  kind  and,  in  his 
rough  way,  considerate.  .  .  I  have  walked 
with  him  and  sat  with  him  by  the  hour,  with- 
out hearing  him  say  an  ill-natured  word  of 
man  or  woman."  Of  Mrs.  Carlyle  not  quite 
so  pleasing  a  picture  is  painted.  Though  it 
is  denied  emphatically  that  she  was  in  the 
least  jealous  of  Lady  Ashburton,  it  is  asserted 
that  "there  was  something  else  of  which  the 
lady  was  jealous,  and  that  was  the  agony  of 
concentration  which  her  husband's  work 
meant  for  him.  At  moments  her  sceva  indig- 
natio  against  'that  Carlyle,'  as  she  would 
somewhat  contemptuously  call  him,  passed  all 
bounds."  An  example  follows,  which,  as  it  is 
given  on  another's  authority,  may  perhaps 
safely  be  taken  with  modifications : 

One  day  my  aunt  went  to  call  upon  her  and  found 
her  in  one  of  her  tantrums  —  what  was  the  matter, 
she  asked.  "Oh,  my  dear,  it's  just  that  Carlyle! 
Would  you  believe  it,  I  have  had  a  headache  for  three 
days,  and  he's  only  just  found  it  out.  'I'm  afraid 
you're  not  quite  well,  my  dear,'  he  said  —  and  all 
the  time  he  has  been  working,  working!  I  just  threw 
a  tea-cup  at  his  head."  Petruchio  had  a  bad  time 
of  it  that  day. 

Exaggeration,  so  inevitable  in  gossip,  must 
have  colored  this  anecdote.  Perhaps  Mrs. 
Carlyle  was  moved  to  exclaim,  "I  could  have 
thrown  a  tea-cup  at  his  head,"  but  any  such 
actual  passage  of  table-ware  is  inconceivable. 
So  too  is  the  alleged  occurrence  that  immedi- 
ately follows,  which  will  be  found  on  page 
653  of  the  second  volume,  but  is  hardly 
quotable  in  this  place. 

Here  is  a  passing  sketch  of  Browning,  lover 
of  music,  and  maker  of  music  in  verse,  but 
strangely  unmusical  in  vocal  utterance : 

He  was  very  pleasant  and  agreeable,  handsome  in 
a  rather  leonine  way,  but  his  conversation  lost  some 
of  its  charm  owing  to  his  rasping,  grating  voice.  I 
once  heard  him  read  one  of  his  poems,  "The  Eide 
to  Ghent,"  at  the  house  of  Lady  Stanley  of  Alderly. 
There  were  only  about  a  dozen  people  present;  it 
was  not  a  pleasing  performance;  the  effect  of  the 
poetry  was  marred  by  that  hoarse  croak,  like  that 
of  Edgar  Allan  Poe's  raven,  and  though  he  read  with 
intense  emotion  he  failed  to  touch.  Had  he  pos- 
sessed the  attraction  of  a  musical  speaking  voice  he 
would  have  been  irresistible. 

A  visit  to  America  in  1873  fills  two  chapters 
of  some  length,  in  which  a  buffalo-hunt  and 


the  vastness  of  the  great  West  receive  espe- 
cial emphasis,  with  considerable  attention 
given  to  Brigham  Young  and  the  Mormons. 
Russia,  China,  and  Japan  furnish  their 
expected  liberal  supply  of  interesting  matter 
to  the  book,  some  of  the  author's  best  years 
having  been  spent  in  his  country's  service  in 
those  distant  lands.  Here  is  his  presentation 
of  the  Mikado  of  half  a  century  ago,  an  appar- 
ition destined  ere  long  to  fade  in  the  rapid 
encroachment  of  occidental  upon  oriental 
manners  and  customs: 

He  was  dressed  in  a  white  coat  with  long  padded 
trousers  of  crimson  silk  trailing  like  a  lady's  court- 
train.  His  head-dress  was  the  same  as  that  of  his 
courtiers,  though  as  a  rule  it  was  surmounted  by  a 
long,  stiff,  flat  plume  of  black  gauze.  I  call  it  plume 
for  want  of  a  better  word,  but  there  was  nothing 
feathery  about  it.  His  eyebrows  were  shaved  off  and 
painted  in  high  up  on  the  forehead;  his  cheeks  were 
rouged  and  his  lips  painted  with  red  and  gold.  His 
teeth  were  blackened.  It  was  no  small  feat  to  look 
dignified  under  such  a  travesty  of  nature;  but  the 
sangre  azul  would  not  be  denied. 

Lord  Redesdale's  "Memories"  is  a  book 
without  rancor,  as  such  a  book  ought  to  be; 
but  its  judgments  of  men,  while  charitable, 
necessarily  have  something  of  that  personal 
prejudice  without  which  any  collection  of 
memoirs  would  be  in  danger  of  insipidity. 
With  Gladstone's  name  the  author  couples 
"the  unhappy  dislocation  caused  by  his  Irish 
policy,"  and  adds:  "It  has  taken  forty-four 
years  to  show  the  full  value  of  the  theft  of 
Alsace  and  Lorraine.  What  will  be  said  of 
Home  Rule  forty-four  years  hence?  Let  us 
pray !"  Portraits  and  other  illustrations  play 
their  customary  welcome  part  in  these  vol- 
umes, which  contain  many  a  spare  half-hour 
of  good  reading  if  their  bulk  should  deter 
from  consecutive  perusal  —  a  treatment  of 
books  that  many,  including  Dr.  Johnson, 
have  scouted  as  an  excess  of  obsequious  defer- 
ence. 

PERCY  F.  BICKNELL. 


A  STOREHOUSE  OF  MYTHOLOGY.* 


There  are  few  subjects  upon  which  more 
learning  has  been  expended  by  scholars  of 
distinction  than  that  of  mythology.  Conjec- 
tures in  regard  to  the  origins  and  distribution 
of  myths  have  given  rise  to  numerous  theories 
both  startling  and  fascinating. 

Many  of  these  scholars  have  been  possessed 
by  a  preconceived  idea,  which  led  each  one  to 

•THE  MYTHOLOGY  OF  ALL  RACES.  Edited  by  Louis  Herbert 
Gray,  A.M.,  Ph.D.,  and  George  Foot  Moore,  A.M.,  D.D., 
LL.D.  Volume  X.,  North  American  Mythology,  by  Hartley 
Burr  Alexander,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of  Philosophy,  University 
of  Nebraska.  Illustrated  in  color,  etc.  Boston :  Marshall 
Jones  Co.  (Sold  only  in  sets  of  thirteen  volumes,  by 
subscription.) 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


259 


explain  all  myths  by  his  own  especial  for- 
mula. The  Solar  School,  and  the  Anthropo- 
logical School,  for  example,  with  Max  Miiller 
and  Andrew  Lang  as  their  respective  leaders, 
waged  great  intellectual  battles,  each  insist- 
ing upon  the  paramountcy  of  its  own  explana- 
tion. In  the  midst  of  the  battle,  Sir  James 
G.  Frazer,  like  the  dog  in  the  nursery  tale, 
carried  off  the  bone  with  his  tree  and  vegeta- 
tional  hypothesis.  But  the  bone  did  not 
remain  long  in  his  sole  possession,  for  to-day 
the  survey  of  the  whole  field  of  mythology 
perceives  that  every  scholar  has  a  right  to 
his  nibble  at  the  bone,  and  that  each  one  has 
evolved  a  theory  which  explains  one  or  more 
elements  in  the  origins  and  growth  of  myth. 
The  task  now  before  the  scholar  is  to  make 
these  various  theories  fit  into  some  general 
scheme. 

In  the  meantime,  lay  readers,  for  the  most 
part  unconscious  of  the  profound  interest 
taken  by  men  of  learning  in  the  early  thoughts 
and  imaginings  of  the  human  race,  have  read 
myths,  or  rather  mutilations  of  myths,  simply 
because  they  found  them  interesting  as  stories. 

When  one  considers  the  vast  amount  of 
expert  knowledge  which  has  been  for  years 
accumulating  about  the  myths  of  all  races, 
it  would  seem  as  if  the  appropriate  moment 
had  arrived  for  the  initiation  of  the  general 
reader  into  a  deeper  and  more  widespread 
understanding  of  mythology  as  a  cultural 
study,  recording  the  religious,  scientific,  and 
imaginative  development  of  the  human  mind. 
The  art  and  literature  of  the  world  cannot  be 
properly  comprehended  without  a  knowledge 
of  Culture  Mythologies;  while  in  primitive 
myths,  the  beginnings  of  religious  aspiration, 
scientific  method,  and  philosophical  conjecture 
are  found.  Primitive  man  had  as  strong  a 
desire  to  know  the  causes  of  things  as  has 
the  scientist  to-day.  Observation,  curiosity 
about  the  things  observed,  a  wish  to  control 
natural  forces,  aided  by  a  most  astonishing 
imagination,  led  on  the  one  hand  to  myths  of 
explanation,  and  on  the  other  to  ceremonies 
in  sympathetic  magic;  and  from  these  grew 
primitive  religion,  literature,  and  art.  To 
know  the  story  of  the  development  of  myths 
is  to  know  the  first  chapter  in  sociology  and 
psychology, —  a  chapter  rich  in  a  strangeness 
and  variety,  arousing  wonder  and  admiration 
hardty  to  be  called  forth  by  any  subsequent 
chapter  in  human  development. 

It  is  a  source  of  genuine  satisfaction,  there- 
fore, that,  under  the  general  editorship  of  Dr. 
Louis  Herbert  Gray,  one  who  is  thoroughly 
equipped  in  this  field,  a  comprehensive  work 
upon  the  "Mythology  of  All  Races"  has  been 
undertaken,  and  is  now  issuing  from  the  press. 


This  work  will  be  completed  in  thirteen  vol- 
umes, five  of  which  are  to  be  ready  by  Decem- 
ber of  this  year.  The  thoroughness  of  the 
survey  and  the  assurance  of  scholarly  and 
authoritative  work  are  evidenced  in  the  titles 
of  the  volumes,  and  the  names  of  their  respec- 
tive authors.  The  first  volume,  on  Greek  and 
Roman  Mythology,  is  by  Professor  W. 
Sherwood  Fox,  of  Princeton  University.  The 
second  volume,  devoted  to  Teutonic  Mythol- 
ogy, is  by  Dr.  Axel  Olrik,  of  the  University 
of  Copenhagen,  author  of  "The  Epic  Poetry 
of  Denmark"  and  other  important  works.  The 
third  volume  is  divided  between  Celtic  and 
Slavic:  Canon  John  A.  MacCulloch,  Rector 
of  St.  Saviour's,  Bridge  of  Allan,  Scotland, 
and  author  of  "The  Childhood  of  Fiction," 
etc.,  writes  on  the  Celtic  Myths;  and  the 
Slavic  section  is  written  by  Professor  Jan 
Machal,  of  the  Bohemian  University  of 
Prague,  the  author  of  important  works  on 
Slavic  Mythology  which  have  never  been 
translated.  In  the  fourth  volume,  Dr.  Uno 
Holmberg,  of  the  University  of  Finland, 
writes  of  the  Finno-Ugric  and  Siberian 
Mythology.  The  fifth  volume,  on  Semitic 
Mythology,  is  by  Captain  R.  Campbell 
Thompson,  the  author  of  several  well  known 
works  upon  Oriental  mythological  subjects. 
The  sixth  volume  is  divided  between  India 
and  Persia, —  the  first  being  dealt  with  by 
Professor  A.  Berriedale  Keith,  of  Edinburgh 
University,  author  of  the  "Vedic  Index  of 
Names  and  Subjects,"  and  the  second  by 
Professor  A.  J.  Carnoy  of  the  University  of 
Louvain,  author  of  the  "Religion  of  the 
Avesta"  and  other  works.  The  seventh  vol- 
ume includes  Armenian  Mythology,  by  Pro- 
fessor Neardiros  Anani  Kian,  of  the  Kennedy 
School  of  Missions,  and  the  Mythology  of  the 
Pagan  Africans  by  George  Foucart,  head  of 
the  French  Institute  of  Oriental  Archaeology 
at  Cairo  and  the  author  of  "La  Methode 
Comparative  dans  1'Histoire  des  Religions." 
Chinese  Mythology,  by  Professor  U.  Hattori 
of  the  Imperial  University  of  Tokio,  and 
Japanese  Mythology  by  Professor  Masaharu 
Anesaki,  also  of  the  University  of  Tokio, 
make  up  the  eighth  volume.  The  ninth  volume, 
by  Professor  Roland  Burrage  Dixon  of  Har- 
vard University,  author  of  "Maidu  Texts," 
discusses  the  Mythology  of  the  Nealayo- 
Polynesian  and  Australian  peoples.  The 
tenth  and  eleventh  volumes  treat  of  North 
American,  Central  and  South  American 
Indian  Mythology,  and  both  are  by  Professor 
Hartley  B.  Alexander,  of  the  University  of 
Nebraska,  author  of  numerous  articles  on  the 
American  Indians.  The  twelfth  volume 
includes  ancient  Egyptian  Mythology  by  Pro- 


260 


THE    DIAL 


[October  5 


fessor  Max  Miiller  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  author  of  "Egyptological 
Researches,"  etc.,  and  the  Mythology  of 
Burma,  Siam,  and  Annam,  by  Sir  George 
Scott,  editor  of  "The  Upper  Burma  Gazet- 
teer. " 

Much  of  this  material  —  as  for  example, 
the  mythologies  of  the  Slavs,  the  Armenians, 
the  Australians,  and  the  Siberians — will 
come  before  English  readers  for  the  first  time. 

In  planning  this  set  of  books,  the  authors 
and  publishers  have  had  in  mind  both  the 
needs  of  the  general  reader  who  is  awaking 
to  the  importance  of  a  more  unified  study  of 
mythology,  and  those  of  the  student.  The 
general  reader  will  find  in  the  body  of  the 
text  a  broad  survey  of  "simple  facts"  as  they 
have  been  presented  chiefly  by  travellers, 
missionaries,  and  anthropologists.  The  inten- 
tion, as  outlined  by  Dr.  Gray  in  his  preface, 
is  not  to  bring  forward  any  special  theory  of 
mythology  which  seeks  to  solve  every  problem 
by  one  and  the  same  formula,  but  to  give  the 
facts  in  the  case,  leaving  the  theories  to  take 
care  of  themselves,  as  they  can  safely  be 
trusted  to  do  when  built  upon  solid  founda- 
tions; and  yet  so  to  relate  the  different  vol- 
umes that  they  will  not  form  a  chance 
collection  of  monographs,  but  an  organic 
whole.  The  work  aims  to  be  scientific  in  the 
best  sense,  and  at  the  same  time  eminently 
readable, —  "to  set  forth  myths  as  living 
entities,  and,  because  each  writer  knows  and 
loves  the  mythology  of  which  he  treats,  to 
fill  the  reader  with  enthusiasm."  Further- 
more, as  Dr.  Gray  expresses  it,  "there  will  be 
nothing  in  our  series  that  can  be,  in  Roman 
Catholic  phrase,  '  offensive  to  pious  ears. '  " 
The  student  will  find  information  of  a  tech- 
nical nature  in  copious  notes  at  the  end  of 
each  volume,  a  bibliography  of  the  works 
consulted  in  the  preparation  of  the  volume, 
and  in  the  thirteenth  volume  an  Index,  pre- 
pared by  the  Editor,  which  will  give  not 
merely  the  names  and  subjects  discussed  in 
the  various  volumes,  but  also  a  topical 
arrangement  by  which  variant  myths  and 
mythic  themes  of  the  different  peoples  may 
be  found  readily  and  accurately. 

The  plan  is,  on  the  whole,  an  excellent  one. 
It  will  be  recognized  at  once,  however,  that 
the  value  of  the  work  to  scholars  will  be 
somewhat  discounted  by  the  consideration 
accorded  to  "pious  ears."  On  the  other  hand, 
the  scholar  will  not  be  harmed  by  dwelling 
upon  the  more  beautiful  consummations  of 
primitive  imagination ;  while  the  general 
reader  will  find  only  what  will  delight  and 
stimulate  him.  It  was  no  doubt  also  a  sensi- 
ble determination  that  no  preconceived  the- 


ories were  to  be  adopted  in  the  interpretation 
of  myth.  But  it  may  be  said  that  the  day  of 
a  "single  key  to  all  the  mythologies"  has 
passed  away  with  the  passing  of  George  Eliot's 
Casauban.  In  a  general  sense,  the  various 
collaborators  may  be  able  to  live  up  to  the 
determination  of  presenting  "mere  facts," 
but  it  is  doubtful  whether  any  genuine  scholar 
in  mythology  can  be  wholly  satisfied  with 
mere  description.  If  he  ventures  upon  any 
interpretation  whatever,  it  must  be  colored  by 
his  own  or  received  theories  in  regard  to 
origins,  variations,  and  distributions.  Nor 
would  such  coloring  of  fact  detract  in  the 
least  from  the  interest  felt  by  the  general 
reader.  Rather  would  it  help  to  coordinate 
and  fix  in  his  mind  the  knowledge  he  has 
gained,  and  indicate  to  him  the  true  value  of 
mythology  in  mind-development.  Fortun- 
ately, each  author  is  given  full  latitude  to 
plan  and  arrange  his  own  section;  and  we 
confidently  prophesy  that  the  presentation  of 
"mere  facts"  will  be  enriched  by  much  inter- 
esting interpretation  in  line  with  the  most 
advanced  scholarship.  Indeed,  the  prophecy 
is  already  fulfilled  in  the  first  volume  to 
appear, —  that  on  "North  American  Mythol- 
ogy," by  Dr.  Hartley  Burr  Alexander. 

In  his  Introduction,  Professor  Alexander 
has  passed  in  review  the  sources  of  primitive 
inspiration, —  all  of  which  once  belonged  in 
the  region  of  the  hypothetical  conjectures  of 
scholars.  These  are  the  suggestions  of  envir- 
oning nature,  the  analogies  of  human  nature, 
both  psychical  and  physiological,  imagination 
and  borrowings.  Enlarging  upon  these  sug- 
gestions, he  gives  a  most  interesting  and  com- 
prehensive sketch  of  the  general  character- 
istics of  North  American  Mythology,  in  the 
course  of  which  he  touches  upon  many  of  the 
theories  which  have  been  advanced. 

In  Professor  Alexander's  opinion  a  distinc- 
tion must  be  made  between  myth  and  religion 
proper;  though  intimately  related,  they  are 
not  identical.  "The  Indian's  religion,"  he 
tells  us,  "must  be  studied  in  his  rites,  while 
many  mythic  heroes  are  not  important  in 
ritual  at  all."  Myths,  he  declares,  belong 
more  properly  to  the  realm  of  science  and 
aesthetics  than  to  that  of  religion, —  or,  as  he, 
continues,  myths  detailing  causes,  so  being 
related  to  science  in  its  infancy,  are  "perhaps 
the  only  stories  that  may  properly  be  called 
myths."  It  may  be  questioned  whether  the 
"search  for  the  cause"  is  not  the  chief  under- 
lying element  in  both  religion  and  science, — 
one  differentiating  through  various  stages  in 
which  magic  plays  a  part  into  ceremonies  for 
the  honor  or  propitiation  of  the  cause;  the 
other  through  magic  also  into  ceremonies  for 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


261 


the  control  of  the  cause.  Imagination,  color- 
ing every  stage,  finally  breaks  loose  and  works 
solely  on  its  own  account.  Then  we  leave  the 
purely  aesthetic  myth, —  in  which,  however, 
are  survivals  of  the  previous  stages.  Why 
are  they  not  all  mythology  in  different  phases 
of  growth?  Professor  Alexander  himself 
proves  the  impossibility  of  getting  away  from 
religion  when  writing  on  mythology,  for  he 
constantly  describes  the  gods  of  the  different 
Indian  tribes,  which  descriptions  he  evidently 
derives  from  both  ritual  and  explanatory 
myths. 

It  is  a  matter  of  some  regret  to  the  reviewer 
that  Professor  Alexander  does  not  give  in  his 
Introduction  a  detailed  account  of  animism 
and  its  relations  to  clan  totemism  and  per- 
sonal totemism  or  guardian  spirits;  also,  of 
the  practices  of  sympathetic  magic,  even  if 
some  points  here  are  still  in  the  "precon- 
ceived idea''  stage.  Certainly  primitive  civili- 
zation based  upon  these  ideas  underlies  the 
mythology  of  the  savage,  just  as  surely  as 
our  civilization  to-day  underlies  all  our  liter- 
ature. One  already  possessed  of  the  knowl- 
edge feels  everywhere  in  the  description  and 
myths  the  prevailing  influence  of  animism; 
yet  it  is  nowhere  expressly  dealt  with  except 
in  a  short  note.  Again,  totemism  is  only  men- 
tioned expressly  in  the  text  in  connection  with 
the  Indians  of  the  North  Pacific  Coast,  though 
there  are  a  few  references  to  it  in  the  notes. 
These  omissions  from  the  Introduction  may 
be  due,  as  already  hinted,  to  the  fact  that 
many  points  in  regard  to  these  subjects  are 
still  in  the  controversial  stage,  and  the  author 
may  therefore  have  decided  that  it  would  be 
better  to  refer  to  them  only  in  connection  with 
the  separate  descriptions  in  the  body  of  the 
text,  generally  under  other  terms.  Or  it  may 
be  due  to  the  fact  that  Professor  Alexander 
seems  to  be  especially  interested  in  the  cosmic 
and  geographical  aspects  of  myths. 

This  brings  us  to  the  body  of  the  text,  which 
shows  an  amazing  knowledge  of  the  myths, 
especially  the  cosmogonic  and  hero  types,  of 
the  North  American  Indian.  The  influence 
of  geographical  situation  and  climate  is  every- 
where traced;  and  comparisons  of  the  myths 
of  different  regions  are  made,  bringing  out 
the  similarities  and  variations.  Many  curious 
parallels  are  also  drawn  between  American 
myths  and  those  of  classical  antiquity. 

Professor  Alexander  has  certainly  fulfilled 
with  conspicuous  success  the  task  he  set  for 
himself. —  that  is,  "a  kind  of  critical  recon- 
struction of  a  North  American  Mythology." 
This  was  an  immensely  difficult  task.  "  Beliefs 
vary  from  tribe  to  tribe,  even  from  clan  to 
clan;  yet  throughout,  if  one's  attention  be 


broadly  directed  there  are  fundamental  simi- 
larities and  uniformities  that  afford  a  basis'' 
for  such  a  reconstruction.  No  single  tribe 
and  no  group  of  tribes  has  completely 
expressed  this  mythology  —  much  less  has 
any  realized  the  form;  but  the  student  of 
Indian  lore  can  scarcely  fail  to  become  con- 
scious of  a  coherent  system  of  myths,  of  which 
the  Indians  themselves  might  have  become 
aware  in  course  of  time  if  the  intervention  of 
Old  World  ideas  had  not  confused  them.  All 
who  read  the  book  will  feel  that,  for  the  first 
time,  they  truly  know  the  North  American 
Indian  in  all  his  fantasticalness  and  in  all  his 
profundity. 

Under  divisions  treating  of  such  tempting 
subjects  as  "The  Great  Spirit,"  "The 
Deluge,"  "The  Theft  of  Fire,"  "Tricksters 
and  Wonder  Folk,"  "Spirits,  Ghosts,  and 
Bogies,"  "Prophets  and  Ghost  Dances,"  "Sun 
Worship,"  besides  the  cosmogonic  myths  of 
Algonquians,  Athapascans,  Iroquoian,  Pueblo, 
Zuni,  and  many  others,  will  be  found  a  rich 
mine  of  Indian  lore,  made  especially  valuable 
both  to  ordinary  readers  and  to  the  student 
by  the  illuminating  observations  and  interpre- 
tations of  the  author.  The  notes  at  the  end 
add  much  valuable  information  on  technical 
points,  with  references  to  their  sources,  and, 
with  the  full  bibliography  and  map  of  the 
distribution  of  American  linguistic  stocks, 
add  scholarly  weight  to  the  volume. 

A  word  should  be  said  of  the  admirable 
scheme  of  illustration,  which  aims  to  include 
pictures  of  deities  or  of  mythic  incidents  as 
delineated  by  the  people  who  themselves 
believed  in  those  deities  or  incidents.  In  the 
volume  before  us  the  illustrations  are  full  of 
interest,  not  only  for  the  light  they  throw 
upon  the  text,  but  for  their  intrinsic  signifi- 
cance and  the  excellence  of  their  reproduction. 
Good  paper,  large  and  handsome  type,  and 
substantial  binding  in  brown  buckram  lend 
their  aid  to  the  permanent  value  of  the  series. 

Publishers  and  authors  alike  are  to  be  con- 
gratulated upon  this  brilliant  inaugural  vol- 
ume, which  in  constructive  interpretation 
and  fascinating  information  more  than  ful- 
fills the  promises  of  its  author  and  the  general 

edltor<  HELEN  A.  CLARKE. 


The  following  volumes,  among  others,  are 
announced  for  early  issue  by  the  Open  Court 
Publishing  Co.:  "The  Contingency  of  the  Laws 
of  Nature,"  by  M.  Emile  Boutroux;  "A  Modern 
Job:  An  Essay  on  the  Problem  of  Evil,"  by  M. 
Etienne  Giran;  and  the  "Works  of  William 
Oughtred,"  edited  by  M.  Florian  Cajori. 


262 


THE    DIAL 


[October  5 


THE  IiIFE-STORY  OF  A  REFORMER.* 


It  has  been  a  matter  of  common  knowledge 
that  Mrs.  Mary  Fels  had  no  need  to  shine  in 
the  reflected  light  of  her  altogether  unique 
husband,  but  that  she  is  in  a  very  real  sense 
what  the  astronomers  call  "self-luminous." 
If  proof  of  this  were  required,  it  is  given 
conclusively  in  her  book  recently  published, 
"Joseph  Fels:  His  Life-Work."  It  would  be 
difficult  to  over-praise  this  biography  as  an 
achievement  in  that  most  delicate  of  the  fine 
arts,  the  art  of  literary  portrait-painting. 
When  the  subject  and  author  stand  to  each 
other  in  the  relationship  of  husband  and  wife, 
it  can  be  no  easy  task  to  subordinate  the  part 
of  lover  and  companion  to  that  of  the  impar- 
tial biographer ;  but  this  Mrs.  Fels  has  accom- 
plished with  signal  success,  and  has  presented 
a  portrait  which  will  be  universally  accepted 
as  a  faithful  and  life-like  memorial  of  one 
who  may  well  be  regarded  as  typical  of  all 
that  is  best  in  the  progressive  spirit  of  our 
seething  times.  Mrs.  Fels  has  painted  with  a 
full  brush,  a  firm  hand,  a  delicate  sense  of 
color,  high  lights,  and  shadows;  yet  with  a 
certain  reserve  and  restraint  that  go  far  to 
contribute  to  the  charm  of  the  book.  We  are 
not  troubled  with  that  undue  attention  to 
detail  which  is  so  common  a  weakness  in  those 
biographies  in  which  the  affections  are  deeply 
engaged;  and  the  breadth  of  treatment  is 
such  as  to  satisfy  the  most  impressionistic  of 
literary  tastes.  The  knowledge  and  under- 
standing of  the  underlying  principles  of 
political  economy  displayed  by  the  author 
hold  the  reader's  attention  from  beginning  to 
end ;  and  the  various  phases  in  the  evolution 
of  Mr.  Fels's  attitude  towards  the  social  prob- 
lem, showing  the  transition  from  the  platform 
of  the  philanthropist  to  that  of  the  apostle  of 
liberty,  are  presented  in  their  proper  order. 

Accepting  the  Carlylean  dictum  that  uni- 
versal history  is  at  bottom  the  history  of  the 
great  men  who  have  descended  among  us, 
and  that  "if  we  could  see  them  well  we  should 
get  some  glimpses  into  the  very  marrow  of 
the  world's  history,"  then  we  cannot  have 
too  many  biographies  of  the  sort  we  now  so 
heartily  welcome.  For  it  is  only  through  a 
clear  comprehension  of  the  psychological  and 
spiritual  forces  latent  and  active  in  our  great 
men  and  women,  especially  those  of  revolu- 
tionary tendencies,  that  we  can  rightly  under- 
stand the  essential  nature  of  the  society  that 
produced  them  and  their  probable  reaction 
upon  that  society.  That  Joseph  Fels  was  in 
mind  and  character  the  product  of  the  world- 

*  JOSEPH  FELS  :  His  LIFE-WORK.  By  Mary  Feb.  New 
York:  B.  W.  Huebsch. 


conditions  under  which  he  lived  and  worked, 
particularly  of  the  new-world  conditions  pre- 
vailing in  the  United  States,  we  cannot  doubt. 
No  other  time  could  have  evolved  him,  and 
probably  no  other  country  than  America  as 
it  has  been  during  the  last  few  decades.  His 
life  shows  in  macrocosm  the  same  features 
exhibited  by  the  corporate  life  of  the  Amer- 
ican people  in  macrocosm, —  the  seemingly 
incongruous  combination  of  practicality  with 
idealism,  the  healthy  boyish  delight  in  the 
great  game  of  business  for  its  own  sake,  the 
frankly-admitted  shrewdness  in  the  driving 
of  bargains,  the  underlying  sense  of  justice 
and  fair-play  that  refuses  to  blind  itself  to 
the  fact  that  the  scales  are  somehow  loaded 
in  his  favor  and  against  the  losers  in  the  game, 
the  experimental  and  futile  attempts  to  dis- 
cover and  remedy  this  bias  in  the  balance  of 
economic  forces, —  in  all  these  experiences  we 
trace  a  similarity  to  the  course  through  which 
the  collective  mind  of  the  nation  is  slowly 
threading  its  way.  And  herein  lies  the  value 
of  such  lives, —  that  in  them  the  larger  world 
sees  itself  reflected.  In  so  far  as  they  have 
failed  to  solve  the  sphinx's  riddle,  society  is 
warned;  in  so  far  as  they  have  succeeded, 
society  is  encouraged;  but,  more  important 
than  all,  through  them  the  inextinguishable 
spark  of  hope  is  fanned  into  a  flame,  and  a 
faith  in  the  principle  of  progress  and  the 
justice  of  the  eternal  order  takes  the  place  of 
that  pessimism  which  pictures  our  present 
society  as  rushing  headlong  to  chaos  and 
destruction, —  like  the  fate  that  physicists  tell 
us.  awaits  the  planet  when  the  centrifugal 
forces  shall  have  worn  themselves  out  and 
nothing  hinders  our  precipitate  plunge  into 
the  fires  of  the  sun. 

A  life  of  incessant  action  must  necessarily 
be  full  of  dramatic  interest;  and  when  a 
man's  activities,  though  running  counter  to 
all  the  conservative  forces  of  his  age  and 
sympathetically  to  that  tide  of  aspiration 
which  is  each  generation's  witness  to  the  per- 
sistence of  the  will-to-live,  are  supported  by 
the  kudos  which  wealth  brings  and  the  respect 
which  intellect  and  altruism  always  command, 
he  inevitably  attracts  from  all  classes  of 
society  those  whose  spirits  vibrate  to  the  same 
rhythm.  Thus  we  feel  no  surprise  at  the 
intimate  friendships  formed  by  Mr.  Fels  with 
Henry  George  and  Tom  L.  Johnson  in  Amer- 
ica; and  with  Keir  Hardie,  General  Booth, 
Israel  Zangwill,  George  Lansbury,  Patrick 
Geddes,  Margaret  MacMillan,  and  others 
across  the  Atlantic.  "The  American  who 
came  interfering  in  the  domestic  affairs  of 
England"  did  much  to  quicken  the  moral 
sense  of  that  country,  to  stimulate  its  zeal 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


263 


for  reform,  to  enlighten  it  as  to  the  meaning 
of  freedom,  and  to  liberate  it  from  the  mental 
thraldom  induced  by  centuries  of  habituation 
to  hereditary  aristocracies.  It  is  not  easy  for 
Americans  to  realize  the  strange  feeling  of 
partly  pleased,  partly  alarmed,  surprise  with 
which  Englishmen  regarded  the  appearance 
of  a  land-reformer  exhibiting  not  a  vestige  of 
that  traditional  respect  for  the  titles  and 
symbols  of  nobility  which  has  woven  itself  into 
the  warp  and  woof  of  the  British  mind ;  who 
could  write  an  open  letter  to  the  Duke  of 
Montrose  as  from  one  exploiter  of  industry  to 
another,  reminding  His  Grace  that  in  spite 
of  his  gentility  he  was  doing  no  better  than 
the  worst  of  them  in  robbing  the  people  of 
Glasgow  of  a  large  sum  of  money  as  the  price 
of  permission  to  take  water  at  their  own 
expense  from  the  natural  reservoir  of  Loch 
Katrine. 

The  contact  of  Mr.  Fels  with  British  mem- 
bers of  parliament  and  the  poor-law  author- 
ities in  his  many  efforts  to  provide,  through 
the  utilization  of  waste  lands  and  by  means  of 
farm  colonies,  some  kind  of  employment  for 
the  poor  that  would  be  free  of  that  stigma  of 
charity  which  he  hated  as  by  an  inborn 
instinct,  is  full  of  romantic  interest.  It  is 
indeed  reminiscent  at  many  points  of  the 
struggle  of  his  great  kinsman  Moses  with  the 
conservative  forces  of  Egypt  on  behalf  of  the 
oppressed  Israelites;  and  the  total  response 
accorded  to  his  efforts  might  appropriately 
have  been  summed  up  in  the  words  of  the 
writer  of  Exodus:  "They  be  idle;  therefore 
let  more  work  be  laid  upon  them  that  they 
may  labor  therein;  and  let  them  not  regard 
vain  words. "  His  impeachment  of  the  institu- 
tion of  landlordism,  onwards  from  the  point 
at  which  he  became  convinced  that  here  he 
had  discovered  the  pivot  on  which  the  entire 
social  problem  revolves,  recalls  the  denuncia- 
tions of  the  later  Hebrew  prophets  of  the 
iniquity  of  "  adding  field  to  field  so  that  the 
people  have  no  room." 

The  passages  which  tell  of  the  encourage- 
ment and  assistance  given  by  Mr.  Fels  to  the 
cause  of  woman  suffrage  are  interesting  as 
showing  the  keenness  of  instinct  by  which 
he  detected  every  line  of  approach  to  that 
condition  which  must  underlie  all  human 
progress, —  the  condition  of  freedom ;  and 
the  author's  own  defense  of  the  feminist 
movement,  covering  three  or  four  pages,  is 
perhaps  one  of  the  clearest  and  most  incisive 
statements  of  the  case  for  the  emancipation  of 
women  that  has  yet  been  seen.  The  few  pages 
which  Mrs.  Fels  devotes  to  dealing  with  the 
attitude  of  Mr.  Fels  to  the  Zionist  movement 
are  of  deep  interest,  especially  in  view  of  the 


recent  developments  of  enthusiasm  among  the 
Jewish  people  on  the  subject  of  the  coloniza- 
tion of  Palestine. 

By  a  fine  artistic  fitness  the  purely  domestic 
part  of  this  impressive  career  is  reserved  for  a 
short  chapter  at  the  close  of  the  book  and  is 
headed  "personal."  Without  this  the  volume 
would  have  been  incomplete ;  yet  the  author, 
with  a  discrimination  we  much  admire,  has 
frankly  recognized  that  the  chief  interest  of 
the  public  in  its  great  men  lies  in  their  rela- 
tion to  the  Zeitgeist,  or  the  larger  currents 
of  thought  and  movements  of  political  opin- 
ion. By  the  aid  of  two  excellent  portraits, 
the  few  personal  details  given  in  this  final 
chapter  recall  the  living  man  as  he  walked 
among  us,  with  a  vividness  that  is  almost 
magical.  Those  who,  like  the  reviewer,  were 
privileged  to  know  Mr.  Fels  with  even  a  small 
degree  of  intimacy,  will  feel  towards  his  biog- 
rapher a  large  sense  of  gratitude  for  having 
provided  us  with  a  fitting  memorial  of  a 
lovable  friend,  but  still  more  so  for  having 
given  to  the  wo*ld  an  interior  view  of  a  type 
of  character  that  may  yet  redeem  America 
from  the  charge  under  which  she  lies  of  sub- 
serviency to  the  god  Mammon;  and  which 
indeed,  in  the  largest  sense  possible,  may 
prove  the  ultimate  salvation  of  our  unhappy 

civilization. 

ALEX.  MACKENDRICK. 


A  MASTER  MUSICIAN.* 


One  of  the  signs  of  musical  appreciation 
is  the  evidence  of  interest  in  the  personality 
of  the  great  master  spirits  of  music.  Music 
is  fundamentally  a  medium  for  the  emotions ; 
but  it  has  its  intellectual  aspect  We  cannot 
intelligently  contrast  the  music  of  Palestrina 
and  Liszt,  for  example,  without  knowing 
something  of  the  historic  background  of  these 
men ;  nor  are  we  fitted  to  speak  of  a  Haydn 
symphony  and  a  Strauss  tone-poem  unless  we 
know  why  it  was  mechanically  impossible  for 
Haydn  to  obtain  a  Strauss  effect  Yet  if 
you  should  place  in  a  hat  the  names  of  a 
score  of  the  world's  greatest  composers,  how 
many  average  concert-goers  could  even 
arrange  them  in  chronological  order,  let  alone 
give  a  concise  statement  of  their  several  places 
in  music  f  Not  that  the  survival  of  such  a  test 
is  essential  to,  or  guarantees,  the  inner  qual- 
ity that  makes  for  understanding  and  assimi- 
lation of  the  divine  in  music;  but  surely  he 
is  a  better  channel  for  the  indescribable 
surge  of  great  music  who  has  acquired  some 

*  HANDEL.  By  Remain  Holland.  Translated  by  A.  Eagle- 
field  Hull.  New  York :  Henry  Hok  *  Co. 


264 


THE    DIAL 


[October  5 


definite  knowledge  of  the  evolution  of  musical 
art  and  of  the  lives  of  those  precious  few  who 
could  listen  to  the  music  of  the  gods  and 
reduce  it  to  vibrations  that  ordinary  mortal 
ears  can  register.  So  all  that  helps  to  an 
acquaintance  with  the  lives  of  musical  com- 
posers, with  the  periods  of  musical  develop- 
ment in  which  they  lived,  and  with  the  spirit 
of  the  times  in  which  they  labored,  is  of  the 
greatest  value  not  merely  to  the  few  who  seek 
technical  proficiency,  but  to  the  many  who 
attempt  to  be  what  have  happily  been  called 
"creative  listeners."  - 

This  is  the  service  which  Romain  Holland 
performed  in  "Musicians  of  Former  Days" 
and  "Musicians  of  To-day,"  and  which  he 
repeats  in  his  brief  but  excellent  sketch  of 
the  life  and  technique  of  George  Frederick 
Handel.  The  book  is  written  in  a  popular 
style,  for  the  general  reader,  and  occupies 
a  field  quite  apart  from  that  of  the  elaborate 
works  of  Chrysander  and  Schoelcher.  Yet 
M.  Rolland  makes  his  book  readable  by  sound 
methods.  He  does  not  deal  with  the  legendary 
Handel ;  he  gives  no  weight  to  such  stories  as 
that  of  Handel's  learning  to  play  on  a  clavi- 
chord smuggled  into  the  garret,  or  of  Handel 's 
following  on  foot  the  carriage  in  which  his 
father  journeyed  to  Weissenfels  (where  the 
Duke  of  Saxony  obtained  paternal  consent  to 
the  boy's  musical  education),  which  are 
recounted  even  in  Grove's  Dictionary.  The 
narrative  is  straightforward  and  authenti- 
cated, and  gives  an  excellent  impression  of 
the  historicity  of  the  man  who  was,  in  a  sense, 
Beethoven's  John  the  Baptist. 

The  book  is  particularly  valuable  for  the 
illuminating  background  which  M.  Rolland 
furnishes  by  his  description  of  places  and  con- 
temporary persons  and  events.  As  no  great 
creative  artist  is  a  lone  figure  when  you  under- 
stand his  environment,  it  is  of  the  first 
importance  to  know  how  men  and  things  have 
influenced  the  development  of  his  art.  In 
such  matters  M.  Rolland  shows  his  under- 
standing of  the  office  of  biographer;  his 
incisive  sketches,  for  example,  of  Keiser, 
Mattheson,  Buxtehude,  Steffani,  Bononcini, 
and  Zachau  (Handel's  teacher)  aid  us  greatly 
in  understanding  the  real  Handel. 

M.  Rolland  regards  Handel  as  a  unique  fig- 
ure in  his  early  musical  maturity.  Musical 
biographers  usually  take  some  pains  to  trace 
the  transformation  from  stage  to  stage  of 
their  subject's  development.  Thus  it  is  possi- 
ble to  divide  the  Beethoven  sonatas  or  Wagner 
music-dramas  into  classes  or  periods,  with 
chronological  tags.  M.  Rolland  has  no  such 
task.  Handel  had  no  early  style  per  se  to 
contrast  with  later  styles.  He  reached  his 


zenith  of  power  very  quickly  —  and  remained 
there.  It  is  only  approximately  accurate  even 
to  speak  of  his  operas  as  belonging  to  an  ear- 
lier period  than  his  oratorios,  for  his  first  ora- 
torio was  composed  before  his  first  opera,  while 
the  fact  that  his  operas  as  a  whole  are  earlier 
than  his  oratorios  is  due  to  a  practical  reason, 
and  his  greater  attention  to  oratorio  in  his 
later  years  was  due  to  the  exigencies  of  per- 
sonal politics.  In  addition,  Handel 's  oratorios 
are  essentially  dramatic  in  their  character. 

This  brings  us  to  the  second  important 
point  which  M.  Rolland  establishes, —  namely, 
that  Handel  is  falsely  rated  as  a  church 
musician.  He  rarely  wrote  for  the  church. 
Aside  from  his  "  Psalms "  and  "Te  Deum,"  he 
wrote  music  only  for  concerts  (including 
open-air  performances)  and  the  theatre.  His 
oratorios  were  written  for  the  theatre,  and 
.some  of  the  early  ones  were  really  acted.  He 
resolutely  opposed  the  production  of  his  ora- 
torios in  the  church,  even  to  the  extent  of 
arousing  the  enmity  of  religious  bigots,  and 
insisted  to  the  end  that  he  worked  and  wrote 
for  a  free  theatre.  The  contrary  impression 
doubtless  has  arisen  from  the  fact  that  his 
subjects  are  mainly  of  Biblical  origin.  But 
Handel's  oratorios  are  in  their  very  nature 
music-dramas;  and,  instead  of  religious 
inclinations  leading  him  to  Biblical  sources, 
he  was  guided  in  his  choice  by  the  fact  that 
this  material  had  a  much  more  vital  appeal 
to  the  audience  he  addressed  than  had  profane 
mythology.  Yet  so  tenacious  are  traditions 
that  probably  for  a  long  time  will  Handel 
the  preacher  be  forced  in  the  popular  esteem 
to  obscure  Handel  the  artist. 

M.  Rolland  shows  the  versatility  of  Handel 
and  his  adaptability  to  all  styles.  He  gives 
an  impressive  list  of  examples  to  demon- 
strate Handel 's  use  of  all  styles  without  choos- 
ing any  one  permanently,  likening  him  to 
Gluck  alone  in  this  respect.  Handel's  art 
was  universal  in  its  nature.  His  genius  was 
attracted  to  everything  good ;  and  this 
explains  his  general  use  not  only  of  methods 
but  also  of  materials.  It  dissolves  the  so- 
called  plagiarisms.  He  never  hesitated  to 
adopt  the  ideas  of  others,  or  to  re-work  his 
own ;  but  always  because  his  genius  found 
therein  some  beauty  that  had  been  over- 
looked. "Handel  has  evoked  from  the  very 
depths  of  these  musical  phrases,  their  secret 
soul,  of  which  the  first  creators  had  not  even 
a  presentiment.  It  needed  his  eye,  or  his 
ear,  to  discover  in  the  serenade  of  Stradella 
its  Biblical  cataclysms.  .  .  Handel  heard 
great  storms  passing  through  the  gentle  quiv- 
ering of  Stradella 's  guitar." 


1916] 


265 


Then  there  is  the  romanticism  of  Handel's 
music.  Perhaps  M.  Holland  might  have 
emphasized  a  little  more  Handel's  foreshad- 
owing of  the  romantic  school,  though  he  does 
call  him  a  "Beethoven  in  chains"  and  quotes 
Beethoven  and  Haydn  as  pronouncing  Handel 
the  greatest  of  all  composers.  It  would  have 
been  enlightening,  however,  to  have  traced 
more  definitely  Handel's  influence  on  his 
successors.  Haydn.  Beethoven,  Mozart, 
Schumann,  Liszt,  and  "Wagner  were  only  a 
few  of  those  who  drew  ideals  from  HandeL 
His  music  is  picturesque  and  descriptive.  It 
is  a  "picture  gallery  of  nature"  in  portraying 
the  sea.  storm,  night,  moonlight,  sunshine,  and 
awakening  birds.  It  did  not  escape  criticism 
for  its  non-conformity  to  precedent.  This  was 
said  of  him  by  one  of  his  critics:  "He  cannot 
give  people  pleasure  after  the  proper  fashion, 
and  his  evil  genius  will  not  allow  him  to  do 
this.  He  imagines  a  new  grandiose  kind  of 
music,  and  in  order  to  make  more  noise  he  has 
it  executed  by  the  greatest  number  of  voices 
and  instruments  which  one  has  ever. heard 
before  in  a  theatre.  He  thinks  thus  not  only 
to  rival  the  god  of  musicians,  but  even  all 
the  other  gods,  like  Idle,  Neptune,  and 
Jupiter :  for  either  I  expected  that  the  house 
would  be  brought  down  by  his  tempest,  or 
that  the  sea  would  engulf  the  whole.  But 
more  unbearable  still  was  his  thunder.  Never 
have  such  terrible  rumblings  fallen  on  my 
head.''  After  that  we  can  acquit  even 
Schoenberg  and  Scriabin ! 

The  list  of  Handel's  compositions,  the  bibli- 
ography, and  the  index  are  all  useful.  Dr. 
Hull's  translation  is  quite  satisfying.  There 
seem  to  be  no  important  errors  other  than 
the  confusion  as  to  the  Mercier  portrait,  which 
is  attributed  to  Thornhill  in  the  table  of  con- 

RUSSELL  RAMSEY. 


RUSSIA  AXD  ITS  POSSIBILITIES.* 


The  most  colossal  mistake  that  one  can 
make  is  to  speak  of  Russia  as  "she."  That 
common  form  of  personification  has  been 
responsible  for  many  misjudgments  of  nations 
and  for  many  wars.  That  abstract  concept, 
"the  Mother  Country,"  is  for  Russia  and 
nearly  all  other  countries  a  very  definite 
Power  represented  by  tax-collectors,  rural 
police,  military  men, — by  a  tyranny,  in  other 
words,  which  makes  life  hard  for  the  great 
majority  of  the  millions  that  constitute  that 
country.  "She" — of  a  graft-permeated  bu- 

*  POTENTIAL  RUSSIA.  By  Richard  Washburn  Child.  New 
York:  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 


reaucracy;  "she"  of  a  Tsar  who,  though  per- 
sonally brave,  honorable,  and  well-intentioned, 
is  so  superstitious  that  if  a  visitor  happens 
to  speak  of  God  instantly  stands  at  salute 
with  his  hand  at  his  cap  like  a  private  before 
a  sergeant;  "she"  of  a  regime  that  could  sum- 
mon twelve  millions  of  men  for  mobilization 
and  fail  to  arm  them  even  with  sticks! 

In  two  vivid  chapters  of  his  book  entitled 
"Potential  Russia,"  Mr.  Child  depicts  the 
fatalistic  self-sacrificing  spirit  of  Maxim,  the 
typical  Russian  muzhik, — tall,  clean,  lighk 
haired,  amused  at  the  flock-like  disposition  of 
the  troops,  as  they  are  packed  into  uncom- 
fortable trains, — who  goes  forth  to  give  his 
all  for  Mother  Russia.  Of  course  Maxim  has 
not  the  gleam  of  an  idea  why  he  is  torn  away 
from  his  sweetheart  and  his  izba,  but  he 
I  makes  no  complaint;  he  is  only  one  of  the 
|  two  millions  who  were  ruthlessly  sacrificed  in 
|  the  Mazurian  marshes  because  the  shells  which 
would  have  rendered  the  fatal  charge  unnec- 
essary "had  been  dumped  in  the  snow  by  the 
order  of  some  railroad  official."  He  did  not 
know  that  the  freight  cars  which  had  car- 
ried them  had  been  taken  to  Archangel  and 
reloaded  with  the  imported  goods  of  a  Rus- 
sian merchant  in  Petrograd.  He  did  not 
know  that  the  railroad  official  had  received 
100  roubles  a  car  for  his  part  in  the  transac- 
tion. He  did  not  know  that  it  was  Russians 
who  were  killing  Russians.  He  thought  the 
enemy  was  responsible. 

Mr.  Child  was  sent  to  Russia  to  study  at 
first  hand  the  effect  of  the  war  on  that  great 
unknown  country.  Not  knowing  the  language, 
he  had  to  depend  on  conversations  in  French. 
— English  and  German  being  under  a  ban. — 
and  he  had  the  disadvantage  of  getting  much 
of  his  information  through  an  interpreter. 
But  he  has  returned  to  this  country  with  a 
fairly  definite  notion  of  the  problems  which 
!  Russia  must  face  when  the  war  is  ended,  and 
(what  is  more  important)  with  definite  and 
extremely  sensible  views  as  to  the  duties  and 
the  opportunities  which  lie  before  America. 

The  importance  of  his  book  is  not  so  much 
in  the  pictures  that  he  paints  of  actually 
existing  conditions. — the  gradual  awakening 
of  the  Slav  giant,  the  horrible  sufferings  of 
the  refugees  wandering  into  the  interior  of 
Russia  without  property,  without  hope,  dying 
like  grasshoppers.— though  he  can  find  even 
in  these  by-products  of  war  wonderful  results 
in  human  sympathy,  in  "a  revival  of  social 
consciousness."  the  promise  of  "a  new  era  of 
,  recognition  of  a  spiritual  life."  It  is  rather 
'  in  the  final  chapters,  where  he  tells  the  Amer- 
ican people  that  if  we  should  share  in  the 
marvellous  development  that  is  certain  to 


266 


THE    DIAL 


come  we  must  be  represented  in  Russia  by 
a  Minister  who  shall  be  worthy  of  the  position 
and  by  business  men  who  shall  equal  the  Ger- 
mans in  catering  to  the  needs  of  the  people, 
who  shall  be  high-minded  and  honorable  and 
who  shall  not  be  trying  to  get  all  and  give 
nothing. 

Mr.  Child  thinks  that  the  Russian  Bureau- 
cracy, after  the  war,  will  have  learned  a  les- 
son and  will  come  to  recognize  and  fear  the 
popular  will,  which  is  bound  to  be  enlight- 
ened. But  he  is  fair  even  to  bureaucracy,  and 
shows  quite  conclusively  that  the  stories  com- 
monly circulated  about  "graft"  are  greatly 
exaggerated.  It  is  unpleasant,  he  says,  "to 
find  foreign  commercial  representatives  charg- 
ing their  expense  accounts  with  the  payment 
of  graft  which  was  never  paid,  or  to  find  for- 
eign business  men  reciting  stories  of  Russian 
graft  which  have  no  better  foundation  than 
that  no  one  will  require  proof  of  them."  He 
himself  travelled  about  Russia  extensively, 
and  "was  impressed  by  the  fact  that,  with 
the  pleasant  smile  of  those  who  regard  the 
foreigner  as  a  guest,  his  offers  [of  fees]  almost 
without  exception  were  refused  by  policemen, 
gendarmes,  customs  examiners  and  soldiers." 
Indeed,  he  puts  graft  last  among  the  three 
chief  reasons  for  the  difficulty  which  Russia 
is  still  having  in  furnishing  weapons  and  mis- 
siles for  her  reserve  strength  of  men;  the 
others  being  incompetence  and  transportation 
difficulties. 

One  chapter,  entitled  "Russia's  Better 
Half,"  is  devoted  to  the  position  and  influ- 
ence of  women.  Here  Mr.  Child  records  the 
fact  that  the  Russian  Intelligentsia  (which  he 
elsewhere  spells  "Intelligenza"}  "has  in  its 
vague  membership  a  startling  proportion  of 
women. "  It  includes  titled  ladies  of  immense 
wealth,  and  peasant  girls  who  speak  half  a 
dozen  languages  and  at  the  age  of  nineteen 
publish  pamphlets.  He  found  himself,  how- 
ever, sympathizing  with  the  bureaucratic  fear 
of  ultimate  industrial  revolt: 

The  autocratic  government  of  Eussia  is  at  least  a 
government.  At  times  it  takes  terrible,  and  often 
stupid,  measures  to  suppress  the  people.  A  censor- 
ship, whether  in  war  or  peace,  which  aims  to  deceive, 
is  a  fact  before  the  eyes  of  the  awakening  intelli- 
gence more  irritating  than  those  truths  which  the 
censorship  can  conceal.  The  fact  that  only  half- 
truths  go  about  in  rumors  leads  to  exaggerations. 
Secret  police  activities  have  stimulated  rather  than 
restrained  the  spirit  of  revolt.  But  were  revolt  to 
come  successfully,  the  people  of  Eussia  could  not 
to-day  supply  a  goverment  which  would  last.  The 
intelligent  class  might  set  one  up;  but  it  would  be 
too  idealistic  to  be  firm,  and  the  unintelligent  mass 
and  mob  would  tear  it  down.  It  would  be  a  Mexico 
raised  to  the  nTH  power;  and  it  is  fortunate  that 
the  war  and  other  influences  have  come  to  give  the 


people  a  national  spirit  and  a  sense  of  restraint 
and,  in  the  end,  a  more  deliberate  manner  of  seeking 
reform. 

Naturally,  therefore,  Mr.  Child  does  not 
believe  that  the  war  will  be  followed  by  revo- 
lution like  that  abortively  started  after  the 
Russo-Japanese  War. 

A  remarkable  chapter  of  Mr.  Child's  book 
is  devoted  to  the  abolition  of  liquor-selling, 
which  he  calls  "a  Miracle  Measure,"  and 
which  he  credits  to  the  initiative  of  the  Em- 
peror even  before  the  outbreak  of  hostili- 
ties. Mr.  Child  went  to  Russia  "an  opponent 
of  any  national  prohibition,"  and  expected 
to  come  away  with  support  for  his  views.  But 
he  confesses  that  he  was  routed,  and  his 
description  of  the  marvellous  success  of  the 
repression  of  the  vodka  traffic  will  rejoice  the 
heart  of  total  abstainers.  He  sets  down  the 
following  to  the  credit  of  prohibition : 

An  orderly  mobilization. — A  better  trained  and 
more  efficient  army. — A  reduction  of  crime  and 
immorality. — A  lessening  of  pauperism. — A  general 
public  opinion  in  favor  of  prohibition  and  its  main- 
tenance.— An  increase  of  industrial  efficiency,  which 
manufacturers  and  government  investigators  estimate 
at  not  less  than  30  per  cent. — A  decrease  in  the 
economic  waste  involved  in  the  consumption  of  alco- 
hol.—  A  more  certain  resource  for  government 
revenue. —  A  new  era  of  thrift. —  A  new  generation 
of  youth  free  from  the  alcoholic  appetite. —  Better 
babies. 

After  two  chapters  prophesying  the  future 
of  Russia  and  outlining  its  almost  infinite 
riches,  still  mainly  undeveloped,  the  volume 
closes  with  the  climax-chapter,  "A  Call  to 
America. " 

Mr.  Child  has  written  a  valuable  book, — 
eminently  dispassionate,  friendly,  critical,  and 
on  the  whole  free  from  the  glaring  errors 
which  a  series  of  journalistic  snap-shots  might 
naturally  have  contained.  There  are  some 
misprints.  In  the  table  of  contents  the  first 
chapter  is  designated  "Heat  for  Cannon." 
Mr.  Child  invariably  calls  the  Emperor  "the 
Czar,"  which  has  no  excuse — at  least  in  spell- 
ing. On  page  158  the  word  gorodovoi'  mas- 
querades as  gordovoy.  The  style  is  generally 
vivid,  although  sometimes  reportorial  and 


even  incorrect. 


NATHAN  HASKELL  DOLE. 


Paul  Elder  &  Co.  have  just  issued  "Great  Spir- 
itual Writers  of  America,"  by  George  Hamlin 
Fitch.  This  is  the  third  and  last  volume  in  the 
series  on  great  books  of  the  world,  begun  with 
"Comfort  Found  in  Good  Old  Books."  The  new 
volume  treats  of  representative  American  authors 
who,  in  the  judgment  of  the  author,  illustrate  the 
national  genius.  Mr.  Fitch  was  literary  editor  of 
the  "San  Francisco  Chronicle"  for  thirty  years, 
and  recently  has  removed  to  London,  where  he  is 
engaged  in  literary  and  journalistic  work. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


267 


MORE  TRANSLATIONS  OF  RUSSIAN 
FICTION.* 

When  Miss  Isabel  Hapgood  made  her  first 
translations  of  Gogol  and  of  the  Russian  epic 
songs,  more  than  twenty  years  ago,  she  found 
a  very  small  public  willing  to  follow  her 
enthusiasm  for  Slavic  literature.  Now  gen- 
eral interest  in  Russia  is  so  great  that  she  has 
been  urged  to  reissue  a  number  of  her  earlier, 
almost  still-born,  volumes,  and  to  supplant  her 
selections  from  Gogol's  "Taras  Bulba"  by  a 
version  of  the  complete  work.  Few  pioneers 
in  a  new  field  can  have  had  a  more  genuine 
satisfaction  in  the  reward  of  their  labor  than 
this  unusualty  competent  student;  for  in  her 
rendering  she  gives  the  sense  of  being  always 
close  to  her  original,  carrying  over  into  Eng- 
lish the  nuances  of  style  and  the  numerous 
provincialisms  which  give  individual  flavor 
to  this  vivid  and  full-blooded  tale  of  a  semi- 
savage,  sixteenth-century  Ukraine  hero. 

The  picture  in  the  book  is  one  to  be  remem- 
bered by  readers  of  later  Slavic  fiction,  for 
its  retrospect  on  the  warlike  and  coarsely 
masculine  clan  life  of  the  Steppe  makes  possi- 
ble an  understanding  of  some  contradictory 
phases  in  the  later  culture  so  faithfully 
revealed  by  Goncharov,  Turgeniev,  and  their 
fellows.  The  racial  superstition  which  gives 
to  the  State  Church  the  terrible  power  that 
Gorky's  "Confession"  shows  it  to  have,  the 
general  worship  of  military  status  that  allows 
"A  Hero  of  Our  Time"  to  prey  upon  society, 
the  traditional  patriarchal  despotism  of  heads 
of  families  that  partly  causes  Anna's  tragedy 
in  Dantchenko's  "With  a  Diploma," — all 
these  elements  remain  in  the  very  fibre  of  the 
Russian  race.  Old  Taras  Bulba,  with  his 
immense  love  of  life,  his  zeal  for  activity 
motived  actually  only  by  itself,  instead,  as  he 
fondly  believes,  by  love  of  country  and  the 
faith, — this  ancient  tribal  hero  seems  indeed 
at  first  sight  very  far  in  spirit  from  the  sensi- 
tive, introspective,  and  profoundly  tragic 
figures  of  many  Russian  stories,  yet  he  is  not 
so  unlike  them  as  he  appears;  for  emotional 
power  and  a  craving  for  experience  charac- 

•TARAS  BULBA.  A  Tale  of  the  Cossacks.  Translated  from 
the  Russian  of  Nicola  V.  Gogol  by  Isabel  F.  Hapgood. 
New  York:  Alfred  A.  Knopf. 

THE  CONFESSION.  By  Maxim  Gorky.  Translated  from  the 
Russian  by  Rose  Strunsky.  New  York:  F.  A.  Stokes  Co. 

A  HERO  OF  OUR  TIME.  Translated  from  the  Russian  of 
M.  Y.  Lermontov  by  J.  H.  Wisdom  and  Marr  Murray. 
New  York:  Alfred  A.  Knopf. 

WITH  A  DIPLOMA,  and  THE  WHIRLWIND.  By  V.  L 
Nemirovitch-Dantchenko.  Translated  from  the  Russian  by 
W.  J.  Stanton-Pyper.  Boston:  John  W.  Luce  &  Co. 

THE  LITTLE  DEMON.  By  Feodor  Solog-ub.  Authorized 
translation  by  John  Cournos  and  Richard  Aldington.  New 
York:  Alfred  A.  Knopf. 

MAKAR'S  DREAM,  and  Other  Stories.  By  Vladimir 
Korolenko.  Translated  from  the  Russian  by  Marian  FelL 
New  York:  Duffield  &  Co. 


terize  them  all  alike.  In  his  case,  however, 
the  outward  goal  —  leadership  —  is  easily 
attainable,  for  he  is  unhesitating  straightfor- 
wardness itself;  most  of  the  others  are  so 
fevered  by  conflicting  impulses  that  their 
ability  to  choose  among  several  courses  of 
action  is  entirely  obscured. 

Gorky's  Matvei,  whose  "Confession"  is  said 
to  be  non-autobiographic,  is  perhaps  the 
extremest  contrast  to  Bulba  among  the  men 
presented  in  these  recently  translated  vol- 
umes. His  search  for  God,  beginning  in  his 
lonely  childhood  and  continued  after  the  death 
of  his  dearly  loved  wife  and  little  son,  leads 
him  through  scenes  of  frightful  revelation. 
First  he  discovers  the  falseness  of  miracles 
and  the  venality  of  the  secular  clergy;  next 
the  rottenness  of  the  orthodox  monasteries 
and  the  futility  of  ascetic  renunciation; 
finally  he  comes  to  a  vision  of  the  awakening 
People,  the  humble  workers  and  plodding 
thinkers,  true  creators  of  the  God  who  shall 
ultimately  exist  when  justice  and  mercy  shall 
have  become  more  than  hollow  words  among 
men.  This  modern  Pilgrim's  Progress  is  as 
replete  with  hope  and  as  poignantly  touching 
as  Bunyan's  other-worldly  search,  notwith- 
standing the  bitterness  of  satiric  intention 
underlying  Matvei 's  naively  simple  style.  It 
has  neither  the  triteness  of  motive  nor  the 
touch  of  sentimentality  that  makes  so  popu- 
larly appealing  Korolenko 's  pleas  for  social 
justice, —  "Makar's  Dream"  and  "In  Bad 
Company";  but  it  has  a  far  larger  canvas 
and  a  much  wider  range  of  thought  than  they. 

As  art,  however,  "The  Confession"  is  not 
to  be  compared  to  Dantchenko's  two  short 
stories, —  as  modern  as  it  in  general  point  of 
view,  more  detached  than  it  in  method  of  tell- 
ing. "With  a  Diploma"  is  the  brief  life-history 
of  a  woman  of  ordinary  intelligence  and  of 
more  than  ordinarily  strong  character,  the 
mistress  and  almost  wife  of  a  landed  propri- 
etor. When  she  discovers  that  her  lord  despises 
her  for  lack  of  knowledge  and  for  dependence 
on  him,  she  resolves  through  hard  study  to 
educate  herself  to  independence  as  a  nurse 
hoping  that  evidence  of  her  capacity  will  bind 
him  firmly  to  her.  But  irony  crowns  the  end. 
Anna  returns  from  her  two  years'  exile  in 
Petrograd  hospitals  to  find  the  man  for  whom 
she  has  been  laboring  to  perfect  herself 
entirely  cold  to  her,  and  ready  to  cast  her  off 
completely  for  another  and  a  younger  woman. 
Out  of  the  ruin  that  confronts  her,  this  com- 
monplace woman  is  shown  as  capable  of  wrest- 
ing victory,  of  a  subdued  and  disillusioned 
sort,  because  each  situation  that  came  before 
the  climax  had  been  met  by  her  with  an 
honesty  and  directness  impossible  for  the 


268 


THE    DIAL 


[October  5 


meanness  and  cruelty  of  her  master  to  wreck. 
The  man,  like  Lermontov  's  Pechorin  —  an 
acidly  drawn  type  of  the  worldly  egoism 
developed  in  officer's  barracks  —  is  almost  too 
utterly  contemptible  to  be  convincing;  Pech- 
orin, like  him,  seems  to  exist  chiefly  in  order 
to  accent  the  characters  of  the  women  who 
love  him  and  of  whom  he  so  quickly  tires. 

Russian  artists  are  apparently  somewhat 
obsessed  by  the  fascinations  of  a  study  of 
egoism  in  all  varieties  of  its  manifestation, 
especially  as  a  morbidity  akin  to  madness. 
Feodor  Sologub  prefaces  the  new  translation 
of  "The  Little  Demon"  by  an  explanation  that 
might  introduce  appropriately  not  only  his 
own  absorbing  novel  but  many  of  the  tales 
here  briefly  reviewed.  After  a  word  of  com- 
pliment to  his  translator  he  says : 

I  should  like  to  warn  my  readers  against  the 
temptation  of  seeing  only  Russian  traits  in  this  novel. 
The  portrait  of  Peredonov  [the  hero]  is  an  expres- 
sion of  the  all-human  inclination  towards  evil,  of  the 
almost  disinterested  tendency  of  a  perverse  human 
soul  to  depart  from  the  common  course  of  universal 
life  .  .  and,  taking  vengeance  upon  the  world  for 
its  own  grievous  loneliness,  to  bring  into  the  world 
evil  and  abomination.  .  .  A  soul  marred  by  this 
tragic  affliction,  that  of  a  morose  separation  from  the 
world,  is  borne  along  by  a  sovereign  justice,  which 
rules  worlds  and  hearts,  upon  disastrous  paths, 
towards  madness  and  towards  death.  .  .  In  what 
blessed  land  is  not  man  tormented  with  this  agoniz- 
ing sadness,  these  true  tokens  of  the  same  morose  and 
sombre  affliction?  .  .  This  novel  will  not  be 
accepted  by  you  in  condemnation  of  my  country  — 
my  country  has  not  a  few  enchantments  which  make 
her  beloved,  not  only  by  her  own,  but  also  by  the 
observant  stranger.  Perhaps  the  attentive  reader  will 
find  even  in  this  sombre  novel  certain  reflections  of 
enchanting  Eussian  nature,  and  of  the  live  Russian 
soul. 

WINIFRED  SMITH. 


RECENT  FICTION.* 

A  year  ago  "The  New  Statesman,"  which 
is  generally  very  well  intentioned  about 
America,  and  also  well  informed,  noticed 
what  it  called  a  "slump"  in  American  litera- 
ture; now  the  same  authority  (speaking 
rather  casually  and  not  in  any  really  judicial 
manner)  says  that  American  literature  is 
insolvent.  Of  course,  this  may  not  be  very 
important  even  if  true,  and  even  though  true 
and  important  it  may  not  be  without  remedy. 
A  generation  ago  our  representative  critic  in 
a  representative  magazine  (well  informed  and 

*ENOCH  CRANE.  By  F.  Hopkinson  Smith  and  F.  Berkeley 
AFTER  THE  MANNER  OF  MEN.  By  Francis  Lynde.  New 
AFTER  THE  MANNER  OF  MEN.  By  Francis  Lynde.  New 

York :    Charles   Scribner's   Sons. 

THE    WALL    STREET    GIRL.      By    Frederick    Orin    Bartlett. 

Boston :     Houghton   Mifflin   Co. 

SOMEWHERE   IN   RED  GAP.     By   Harry   Leon   Wilson.      New 

York:    Doubleday,   Page  &  Co. 
THE     PAINTED     SCENE.       By     Henry     Kitchell     Webster. 

Indianapolis:    The  Bobbs-Merrill.  Co. 


well  intentioned  as  to  England)  said  that 
England  was  notably  behind  the  rest  of 
Europe  in  the  matter  of  fiction  at  least.  Many 
would  think  England  to  have  been  equally 
behindhand,  in  those  days,  in  poetry  and  the 
drama ;  yet  think  what  has  been  done  since 
then !  How  finely  English  fiction,  poetry, 
drama  has  recovered  from  what  were  called 
bad  days!  Even  if  things  be  badly  off  with 
our  own  literature,  there  are  still  possibilities. 

I  would  not,  even  in  fancy,  offer  myself  for 
the  position  of  receiver  in  any  such  matter  as 
this.  It  would  be  immensely  interesting  to 
take  a  literary  survey,  a  sort  of  inventory  or 
account  of  stock,  in  the  matter  of  American 
literature,  to  see  what  we  really  have  and  to 
try  to  form  an  opinion  as  to  how  far  American 
literature  fulfils  the  promises  it  made  years 
ago.  I  suppose  insolvency  means  that  one 
can  not  pay  one's  obligations, — that  one  can 
not  live  up  to  the  hopes  one  has  aroused.  It 
would  be  interesting  to  look  over  the  ground 
and  see  what  we  had  in  American  literature 
to  produce,  when  people  questioned  our  sol- 
vency. "Produce  the  books."  people  say, 
when  there  is  talk  of  anything  of  the  sort, — 
what  is  there  that  we  have  done?  It  would 
take  more  information,  more  judgment,  more 
taste,  to  be  able  to  tell,  and  much  more  room 
than  is  at  the  moment  available.  Still  as  (I 
suppose)  on  a  hint  of  a  slump,  or  on  a  sug- 
gestion of  insolvency,  men  are  likely  to 
look  about  them  to  see  what  they  have  and 
what  it  may  be  worth,  so  we  may  look  at  the 
books  coming  out  (mere  novels  though  they 
be)  with  rather  a  broader  view  than  usual 
and  try  to  estimate  what  they  can  do  to  make 
good  the  promises  that  American  literature 
has  made. 

I  do  not  myself  care  for  the  novels  of  F. 
Hopkinson  Smith,  but  they  have  pleased 
many  readers.  Mr.  Smith  had  to  a  great 
degree  the  gift  of  presenting  attractive  and 
interesting  phases  of  life  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  arouse  in  many  a  glow  of  admiring  interest. 
He  felt  keenly  what  people  vaguely  call 
"charm."  The  quality,  the  .atmosphere,  of 
an  old  inn  or  a  good  club,  of  a  fine  old 
gentleman  or  a  dear  old  lady, —  these  were 
things  that  appealed  to  him  and  that  he  made 
appeal  to  others.  I  used  to  think  that  he 
failed  to  come  very  close  to  life  itself,  as  most 
of  us  know  it, —  that  he  presented  what  we 
might  call  an  aristocratic  view  of  life,  if  we 
had  in  mind  chiefly  the  aristocracy  of  the 
club  or  the  library  or  the  comfortable  bank 
account.  I  never  saw  many  of  his  pictures, 
but  those  which  I  recall  were  like  his  novels 
in  that  they  showed  a  great  gift  of  seeing  what 
was  charming,  fine,  and  beautiful,  and  ren- 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


269 


dered  it  so  that  we  thought  it  was  charming, 
fine,  and  beautiful.  Many  will  think  art  need 
go  no  further,  and  that  we  may  be  lucky 
if  it  gets  as  far  as  that.  Mr.  Smith  was 
impressed,  for  one  thing,  with  the  charm  of 
what  we  may  call  (in  this  day  of  constant 
changes)  "old"  New  York,  and  he  often  ren- 
dered it  in  his  novels.  In  "Felix  O'Day"  he 
had  in  mind  a  characteristic  bit  of  old  Fourth 
Avenue;  it  is  the  bit  about  Washington 
Square  and  Waverley  Place  that  is  the  locality 
of  "  Enoch  Crane. "  a  novel  of  which  his  plan 
has  been  carried  out  by  his  son. 

Mr.  F.  Berkeley  Smith,  in  trying  to  catch 
the  tone  of  his  father's  reminiscence,  has  gone 
rather  farther  into  the  past  than  was  neces- 
sary. The  period  of  "Enoch  Crane''  is  pre- 
sumably about  a  generation  ago.  It  was 
somewhere  in  the  days  of  horsecars;  but  I 
can  not  think  of  any  definite  time  when 
Harrigan  and  Hart  were  old  and  when  ham- 
merless  guns  were  new,  because,  as  a  matter 
of  fact,  the  latter  chronologically  preceded  the 
former.  But  doubtless  Mr.  Smith  has  the 
eighties  in  mind.  In  his  book,  however,  he 
gets  much  farther  back  than  that :  his  char- 
acters and  their  ways  of  doing  things  belong 
to  a  period  long  before  the  eighties ;  they  are 
positively  archaic.  The  villain  is  certainly 
the  contemporary  of  the  fine  old  vintages 
which  Mr.  Smith  so  appreciatively  mentions; 
one  waits  expectantly  to  hear  Sue  say, 
"Unhand  me,  sir!"  He  belongs  not  to  the 
time  of  Harrigan  and  Hart,  but  to  the  first 
years  of  Tony  Pastor  and  even  the  epoch 
which  preceded  Pastor. 

Enoch  Crane  himself  has  an  interest  per- 
haps factitious;  he  appears  to  me  to  be  not 
unlike  Mr.  F.  Hopkinson  Smith  himself.  Of 
course  he  had  his  differences, —  he  was  a 
retired  lawyer  and  so  on.  But,  like  Mr.  Smith, 
Enoch  Crane  was  preeminently  a  gentleman, 
a  man  who  loved  what  was  fine  and  noble  in 
life  and  hated  what  was  low  and  bad.  One 
may  be  thankful  for  that,  though  it  takes 
more  than  that  to  be  a  novelist.  Enoch  Crane 
had  views  on  art  and  artists, —  he  declared 
the  need  of  "men  who  saw  nature  freshly  and 
vigorously,  with  open  eyes,  and  the  clear  cour- 
age of  their  convictions  to  smash  pat  on  the 
canvas  something  that  was  really  real.''  That 
was  something  that  we  may  imagine  American 
literature  ought  to  do  as  well  as  American 
painting.  Whether  the  best  way  to  render 
the  really  real  is  to  smash  it  pat  on  the  canvas 
I  have  my  doubts,  but  I  have  none  whatever 
as  to  the  need  of  artists  looking  at  life  freshly 
and  vigorously.  That  is  something  that  both 
Mr.  F.  Hopkinson  Smith  and  Mr.  F.  Berkeley 
Smith  understand  clearly,  and  perhaps  both 


looked  at  life  in  that  way. —  though  I  think 
few  would  get  any  such  idea  from  "Enoch 
Crane"  or  its  predecessors. 

It  is  a  very  easy  matter  to  talk  about, — 
this  looking  at  life  freshly  and  vigorously; 
but  when  you  come  to  use  it  as  a  touchstone  of 
art  or  literature,  it  makes  sad  havoc.  Mr. 
Francis  Lynde  for  some  years  has  been  known 
as  a  writer  of  interesting  and  popular  stories. 
Are  they  popular  and  interesting  because  they 
give  us  a  fresh  and  vigorous  view  of  life? 
Why  is  it  that  in  "After  the  Manner  of  Men" 
Mr.  Lynde  writes  of  a  man  pursuing  a  busi- 
ness enterprise  in  spite  of  the  most  violent 
and  underhand  opposition  of  an  unscrupulous 
trust?  Is  it  because  he  has  " looked  freshly 
and  vigorously  at  life"?  No, —  it  is  because 
about  twenty  years  ago  Mr.  H.  K.  Webster 
and  Mr.  Samuel  Merwin  looked  freshly  and 
vigorously  at  life  and  saw  men  struggling 
against  corporations;  Mr.  Lynde  has  looked 
at  them  or  their  books  or  their  followers.  Why 
does  Mr.  Lynde  locate  his  coal-mine  in  the 
mountains  of  Tennessee?  Was  it  because  he 
had  looked  at  life  freshly  and  vigorously,  and 
found  in  the  mountains  of  Tennessee  some- 
thing that  he  must  render?  Miss  Mary  N. 
Murfree  looked  at  life  in  those  mountains  a 
generation  ago.  and  since  her  day  they  have 
been  one  of  the  conventional  scenes.  Why 
does  Mr.  Lynde  have  a  mine-manager  with  "a 
clean-cut  face  and  a  resolute  jaw,"  a  sweet- 
faced  young  millionaire  with  a  cherubic 
smile,  a  fine  old  crusted  Southern  judge,  and 
so  on?  Not  surely  because  he  has  looked 
freshly  and  vigorously  at  life,  but  (I  suppose) 
because  in  his  mind  such  things  taken 
together  make  an  interesting  and  attractive 
story. 

We  may  ask  ourselves  the  same  questions 
with  many  another  book.  They  are  not  cer- 
tain tests  partly  because  one  can  not  always 
be  sure  that  one  applies  them  rightly,  and 
partly  because  some  people  can  write  very 
agreeably  without  much  notion  of  life  itself. 
But  in  a  general  way  it  is  some  direct  impres- 
sion of  life  that  we  want.  Take  Mr.  F.  0. 
Bartlett's  "The  Wall  Street  Girl."  This 
attractive  tale  at  once  raises  the  question,  Can 
such  things  be  ?  Grant  that  they  can  be,  and 
you  get  along  very  nicely.  That  is  in  accord 
with  some  of  the  old  characteristics  of  Ameri- 
can literature.  What  lots  of  stories  there  used 
to  be  with  a  much  more  impossible  assump- 
tion at  bottom  treated  as  though  they  were 
the  merest  matters  of  fact, —  a  whole  row  of 
them  from  "The  Diamond  Lens"  on,  and  even 
before  that.  So  in  Mr.  Bartlett's  story  we 
need  not  quarrel  with  the  man's  being  dead 
broke  because  of  the  father's  strange  will, 


270 


THE    DIAL 


[October  5 


and  the  nice  stenographer  lending  him  two 
dollars  to  get  egg  sandwiches  with.  Still,  as 
one  goes  on  it  does  not  seem  the  closest 
realism. 

Realism  has  for  some  time  been  one  of  the 
great  cards  of  American  literature.  Back  in 
the  seventies,  some  will  remember,  Mr. 
Howells  and  Mr.  James  were  making  great 
beginnings  as  realists;  that  is,  they  seemed 
so  in  the  public  mind,  though  nowadays  it  is 
hard  to  see  how  any  one  could  have  thought 
of  them  as  doing  anything  to  be  described  by 
the  same  word.  Perhaps  they  really  did 
both  put  aside  literary  traditions,  fancy  under 
the  name  of  romance,  idyllic  sentiment,  and 
go  in  for  the  real  thing.  Plenty  of  Americans 
have  done  so  since  that  day,  though  perhaps 
we  have  done  nothing  much  better  than  many 
other  people.  But  I  do  not  believe  we  can 
put  Mr.  Bartlett's  novel  under  the  head  of 
realism, —  any  way,  of  the  old-time  kind.  It 
is  impossible  for  me  to  say  that  the  life  of 
clerk  and  stenographer  in  a  Wall  Street  office 
is  different  from  the  picture  that  he  draws, 
for  such  life  is  something  that  I  only  know 
about  from  such  periodicals  as  "The  Ladies 
Home  Journal,"  and  so  on.  But  it  bears  the 
stamp  in  my  mind  of  fancy  and  sentiment 
and  tradition.  It  is  a  charming  idyll  of 
Wall  Street  and  old  New  England;  but  it 
does  not  give  that  so  desirable  thrill  which, 
comes  somehow  when  we  get  the  real  thing. 

Certainly  there  is  much  that  would  seem  as 
an  asset  in  "Somewhere  in  Red  Gap."  I  am 
not  "up"  (as  used  to  be  said)  in  the  work  of 
Mr.  Harry  Leon  Wilson ;  even  Ruggles  of  the 
same  Red  Gap  is  unknown  to  me  except  by 
report,  which,  of  course,  is  very  favorable.  But 
such  ignorance  may  be  a  help  to  an  unprej- 
udiced judgment.  Here  is  a  book  which  in 
some  respects  is  just  what  might  be  expected 
in  American  literature,  at  least  just  what  the 
English  might  expect.  It  is  humorous,  for 
one  thing;  and  humor,  though  rather  hard 
to  appreciate  in  the  passage  of  time,  is  a 
characteristic  American  quality.  If  we  could 
hold  our  own  in  humor  we  should  be  all  right 
in  one  great  element.  Americans  themselves 
have  not  always  appreciated  their  own  humor, 
and  even  foreigners  sometimes  have  not.  The 
humor  of  Abraham  Lincoln  was  often  best 
enjoyed  by  himself.  It  seems,  indeed,  as 
though  Mr.  Wilson  were  a  little  esoteric,  as  if 
he  belonged  to  an  inner  circle  with  thought 
and  language  relating  especially  to  it;  it 
seems  as  if  you  had  to  have  been  submitted  to 
a  sort  of  initiation  into  American  life,  to  have 
been  a  good  deal  tumbled  round  by  it  in 
fact,  to  appreciate  him.  But  when  you  have 
such  initiation  you  will  find  the  stories  of  Red 


Gap  not  only  very  humorous,  but,  like  all 
good  humor,  something  beside.  The  main 
conceptions  are  rather  conventional,  but  that 
is  only  a  means.  Take  "The  Red  Splash  of 
Romance," — there  is  much  in  the  story:  if 
people  would  read  it  and  take  it  to  heart 
where  they  need  to,  our  great  American 
audience  would  be  vastly  improved  in  aesthetic 
taste  and  perhaps  moral  character.  There  was 
the  fat  Hobo  Poet  on  a  coast-to-coast  walking 
tour,  who  went  to  peoples'  offices  and  handed 
out  a  card  with  a  poem  on  it, —  a  poem  com- 
parable with  the  best  of  Euphemia  Hemans 
Simpson  or  Mary  C.  Burke.  The  account  of 
his  subsequent  recital  at  the  Country  Club 
and  his  leaving  town  is  rather  a  conventional 
extravagance;  but  in  spite  of  that  the  story 
is  an  excellent  satire,  and  full  of  delightful 
things.  Many  will  think  it  a  bit  crude,  but 
it  has  a  tonic  quality.  It  has  all  the  unex- 
pected hyperbole,  the  generalizations  in  whim- 
sical national  traits,  the  observation  of  absurd- 
ities grown  common  by  daily  habit,  the 
ingenious  use  of  literary  journalistic  chest- 
nuts, that  come  so  naturally  (it  would  seem) 
to  the  American  humorist.  "Somewhere  in 
Red  Gap"  is  at  least  American;  no  other 
nation  could  have  produced  it. 

I  should  think  "Somewhere  in  Red  Gap" 
ought  to  be  counted  as  an  asset,  and  I  feel 
quite  sure  Mr.  Webster's  new  book,  "The 
Painted  Scene"  is  an  asset.  One  of  the  nice 
things  about  this  last  is  that  it  does  so  much 
to  explain  itself,  as  far  as  such  things  ever 
can  be  explained.  One  of  the  people  in  it  is 
a  young  dramatist  who  had  just  made  a  strik- 
ing success.  An  expert  explained  to  him  that 
his  work  had  followed  some  of  the  profound- 
est  maxims  of  the  theatre,  but  he  himself  felt 
differently.  His  own  explanation  was  that 
"he'd  had  the  luck  to  get  hold  of  a  good 
story,  that  it  concerned  itself  with  the  sort  of 
people  he  understood,  and  that  he  'd  managed 
to  present  it  and  them  with  a  kind  of  fresh- 
ness and  honesty  that  proved  attractive." 
That  is  not  so  different  from  Enoch  Crane's 
thoughts  on  art.  Whether  so  or  not,  it  is 
not  very  different  from  what  Mr.  Webster 
has  done.  Here  is  something  that  rings  the 
bell  (to  use  a  favorite  figure  of  the  author), 
—  which  shows  us  in  a  minute  that  it  is  worth 
while.  Perhaps  another  might  account  for  it 
by  the  profoundest  maxims  of  the  short-story ; 
I  am  better  satisfied  with  Mr.  Webster's  way 
of  putting  it. 

"The  Painted  Scene"  is  a  set  of  sketches  of 
the  world  of  the  theatre,  or  rather  of  that 
particular  part  of  the  theatre  known  as 
musical  comedy, —  which  has  had  its  place 
before  in  Mr.  Webster's  work.  It  is  not  a 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


271 


novel,  and  does  not  pretend  to  be.  But  though 
it  has  not  the  definite  structure  of  action  and 
character  that  so  often  seems  the  necessary 
thing  to  make  the  right  impression,  it  has 
something  else  that  does  quite  as  well.  It  is 
full  of  amusing  details,  colloquialisms  and 
slang,  simple  mention  of  generalities  of  life 
not  always  noticed,  light  allusions  to  the  stock 
white  checks  of  theatrical  thought,  easy  tech- 
nicalities, and  so  on.  But  these  things  alone 
would  not  carry  a  collection  of  stories.  There 
is  something  else, —  something  different  from 
these  things,  which  in  one  form  or  another  are 
not  unusual.  That  proverbial  "difference," — 
Mr.  Webster  of  course  knows  all  about  it. 
Take  the  pair  who  met  at  the  stage  door, 
went  to  one  of  the  regular  restaurants  and 
ordered  one  of  the  regular  suppers,  including 
a  quart  of  the  regular  champagne, —  the  only 
thing  that  made  them  amusing,  worth  telling 
about,  something  with  a  punch,  was  the  fact 
that  after  those  ordinary  beginnings  came  a 
difference.  We  may  look  at  Mr.  Webster 
just  as  he  looked  at  them. 

Mr.  Webster  seems  to  know  pretty  well 
what  he  is  about,  and  that  I  suppose  is  art. 
As  his  own  musical  director  said,  his  work  "is 
good.  Very  nice.  It  has  charm  and  some 
originality."  But  it  has  also  the  one  other 
thing  needful, —  the  "something  to  whistle." 
This.  I  presume,  means  that  it  has  something 
that  fixes  itself  in  your  mind  with  a  recurrent 
obsession  which  if  it  lasts  long  enough,  SBSthe- 
ticians  say,  is  one  of  the  few  unvarying  notes 
of  beauty,  in  art  or  anywhere  else.  But  I 
doubt  if  it  is  good  to  go  farther  with  my 
abstract  generalizations  of  what  is  so  easy  to 
get  in  a  particular  and  concrete  form.  I,  at 
least,  like  it  better  as  Mr.  Webster  puts  it. 

EDWARD  E.  HALE. 


BRIEFS  ox  XEW  BOOKS 


Two  types  of 
ike  present- 
day  soldier. 


The  "hero"  of  Mr.  Edward 
Morlae's  "A  Soldier  of  the 
Legion"  (Houghton)  is  very 
unlike  the  famous  person  who  lay  dying  in 
Algiers.  Whatever  may  be  the  historical 
merits  of  the  little  narrative  or  the  personal 
merits  of  its  author, —  opinions  differ  on  both 
points, —  the  book  certainly  steers  clear  of  the 
moralistic  comment  now  so  wearisome  to 
every  reader  of  war  "impressions."  The  nar- 
rative records  the  deed  of  a  sergeant  and  one 
company  of  the  Foreign  Legion,  who  fought 
in  the  great  Champagne  offensive.  As  an 
elegy  of  the  2me  Stranger  now  disbanded,  it 
is  harsh  and  crude  enough  —  as  perhaps  it 
ought  to  be ;  it  is  apparently  untouched  with 


pity;  there  may  even  be  a  pose  in  its  seem- 
ingly consistent  heartlessness.  But  surely 
many  men  see  and  feel  in  battle  as  this  man 
saw  and  felt.  Horrors  become  so  common  as 
to  be  unworthy  even  of  bored  remark;  men 
live  literally  in  and  for  the  passing  seconds, 
with  no  thought  of  before  and  after.  "Je 
m 'excite!"  exclaims  an  angry  legionary  — 
because  he  cannot  recover  a  bit  of  chocolate 
from  the  knapsack  of  a  dead  comrade.  The 
soldiers  of  the  Legion,  or  of  Sergeant  Morlae's 
company,  were  no  "bloomin'  'eroes";  but, 
at  the  very  least,  most  of  them  died  in  a  not 
ignoble  manner. — It  is  a  peculiar  relief  to 
read  Mr.  Morlae's  book  after  Mr.  C.  Lewis 
Hind's  "A  Soldier  Boy"  (Putnam).  The 
people  of  these  "sketches  and  cameos"  seem 
to  live  on  a  diet  of  Watts 's  pictures, 
Mendelssohn's  music,  and  the  worst  of 
Henley's  poetry.  A  thin  coat  of  conventional 
devotionalism  whitewashes  the  whole  surface 
of  the  book.  It  is  hard  to  believe  that  "soldier 
boys"  tolerate  such  humid  sentimentality. 
Beer  and  skittles  and  soldiers  of  the  legion 
are  more  probable  stuff. 


A  Russian 
biography  of 
Dostoievsky. 


M.  Soloviev's  study  of  "Dostoi- 
evsky: His  Life  and  Literary 
Activity"  (Macmillan)  is  ad- 
dressed so  distinctly  to  a  Russian  public  thor- 
oughly familiar  with  Dostoievsky's  writings 
that  one  wonders  what  motives  have  led  to  its 
translation.  The  book  is  a  sort  of  review 
of  previous  biographies,  and  presupposes  a 
considerable  knowledge  of  the  subject.  The 
uninitiated  reader  gets  little  but  a  few  scat- 
tering glimpses  instead  of  a  clear  idea  of  the 
personality  of  the  man,  and  misses  a  general 
discussion  of  his  novels  and  literary  crafts- 
manship. Dostoievsky 's  works  are  notoriously 
subjective,  yet  there  is  little  attempt  to  point 
the  relation  between  them  and  his  varied 
experience.  The  most  interesting  chapters  in 
the  book  —  perhaps  the  only  ones  to  which 
the  general  reader  will  care  to  turn  a  second 
time  —  are  the  introduction  and  the  conclu- 
sion. The  first,  while  containing  nothing  new, 
draws  a  clear  distinction  between  the  genius 
of  Dostoievsky  and  that  of  his  great  contem- 
poraries, Tolstoy  and  Turgenev;  it  explains 
the  difficulties,  mental  and  material,  under 
which  the  former  had  to  work,  and  sketches 
his  philosophy  of  life.  The  last  chapter,  draw- 
ing largely  on  the  "Diary  of  a  Writer,"  is  an 
exposition  of  Dostoievsky 's  attitude  toward 
social  questions  in  Russia.  Always  an  ardent 
sympathizer  with  the  third  estate,  his  dom- 
inant idea  is  insistence  on  what  may  be 
learned  from  the  people  and  what  must  be 
done  for  the  people. 


272 


THE    DIAL 


[October  5 


TWO  new  books  A  recent  book  dismisses  Dante 
about  "a  waning  and  others  as  "waning  classics." 
Florentine  and  Miltonie  theolo- 
gies are  outworn,  no  doubt;  and  it  stands  to 
the  further  and  vast  discredit  of  the  theolo- 
gians that  they  have  nothing  specific  to  say 
about  such  pulsating  "modern"  interests  as 
movies,  submarines,  suffrage,  and  the  Gary 
School  System.  In  spite  of  these  damning 
facts,  Professor  Alfred  Brooks,  in  his  volume 
on  "Dante:  How  to  Know  Him"  (Bobbs- 
Merrill),  has  the  hardihood  to  say  that  "The 
Divine  Comedy"  "deals  with  those  questions 
only,  which  are  of  perennial  concern  to  man, 
in  every  generation. "  And  one  of  the  favorite 
themes  exploited  in  Professor  J.  F.  Fletcher's 
little  study  of  Dante  in  the  "Home  University 
Library"  (Holt)  is  "The  Modernness  of 
Dante. "  These  two  books  are  both  "  popular, " 
in  purpose, —  both  are  written  for  cheap  series 
of  wide  circulation.  Of  course  both  profes- 
sors are  exponents  of  an  aristocratic  and 
effete  culture,  and  they  are  therefore  highly 
prejudiced  and  dangerous  judges.  Mr. 
Brooks 's  work  follows  the  general  design  of 
the  series  to  which  it  belongs.  There  is  a 
brief  and  very  elementary  introduction,  fol- 
lowed by  extracts  from  "The  Divine  Comedy," 
illuminated  by  notes  and  a  running  commen- 
tary. The  introduction  and  comment  read 
simply  and  smoothly;  and  the  prose  of  the 
translations,  while  not  distinguished,  is  quite 
tolerable.  Mr.  Fletcher's  exposition  of 
Dante's  corpus  of  work  is  more  extended  and 
authoritative.  The  three  main  chapters  deal 
with  Dante's  Personal  Confessions,  his  Teach- 
ing, and  his  Art.  The  wonderful  architec- 
tonics of  "The  Divine  Comedy"  are  exhibited 
in  considerable  detail,  and  yet  with  entire 
simplicity  and  conciseness.  Perhaps  the  best 
thing  about  Mr.  Fletcher's  book  is  the  clear- 
ness with  which  the  author  explains  the 
rigorous  unity  of  purpose  that  welds  into  one 
body  all  of  Dante's  books.  The  visions  do 
more  than  "charm  mankind  exclusively  as 
poetry."  "A  social  justice  bent  on  giving 
each  individual  .  .  his  fullest  scope  .  .  ; 
an  individual  and  collective  service  wholly 
dedicated  and  efficiently  controlled  to  the  real- 
ization of  human  perfection  .  .  ;  liberty, 
equality,  fraternity,  interpreted  essentially  in 
the  spirit  of  the  twentieth  century, " —  such  is 
said  to  be  Dante's  "message."  A  great  and 
sweeping  claim  indeed!  And  Mr.  Fletcher 
goes  far  toward  its  justification.  Perhaps  it 
is  ungracious  to  pick  a  flaw  in  such  a  book, 
but  one  wishes  the  author  had  used  transla- 
tions of  his  own  instead  of  those  by  Mr. 
Henry  Johnson,  which  are  new  and  doubtless 
faithful  but  are  not  poetry. 


Crime  and 
the  economic 
environment. 


A  somewhat  laborious  study  of 
"  Criminality  and  Economic 
Conditions,"  translated  from  the 
Dutch  of  William  Adrian  Bonger  by  Mr. 
Henry  P.  Horton,  is  a  late  addition  to  the 
noteworthy  "Modern  Criminal  Science  Series" 
(Little,  Brown,  &  Co.).  The  first  part  is 
historical  in  character  and  deals  with  the 
treatment  given  the  subject  by  more  than 
fifty  writers, —  from  Thomas  More  down  to 
men  of  to-day.  The  general  conclusion  of 
this  survey  is  that  these  writers,  with  few 
exceptions,  had  but  little  comprehension  of 
the  very  important  bearing  of  economic  con- 
ditions on  crime.  The  author's  point  of  view 
toward  his  subject  is  based  on  the  Marxian 
philosophy  that  the  forms  of  production  con- 
dition the  life  and  ideals  of  the  people.  So 
strong  is  his  faith  in  the  economic  interpreta- 
tion of  social  life  that  he  devotes  one  chapter 
to  a  discussion  of  the  present  economic  sys- 
tem, and  another  to  the  different  social  classes. 
These  latter,  he  concludes,  owe  their  origin 
not  to  innate  differences  in  capacity  but  to 
the  existing  system  of  production.  Likewise, 
the  different  forms  of  marriage  are  similarly 
determined.  The  family  has  a  peculiarly 
definite  economic  basis.  Prostitution,  whether 
the  result  of  environment,  ignorance,  poverty, 
or  other  causes,  is  the  consequence  of  exist- 
ing social  conditions  which  relate  back  to 
the  economic  system ;  although  in  a  few  cases 
degeneracy  or  defectiveness  may  be  charged 
with  the  blame.  Elaborate  statistics  are  pro- 
duced to  demonstrate  the  argument  relating 
to  prostitution.  Alcoholism  is  largely  the 
result  of  poverty,  and  has  oppressed  civiliza- 
tion because  of  the  increasing  development  of 
capitalism ;  individual  or  pathological  causes 
are  negligible  factors.  In  Book  II.,  entitled 
"  Criminality, "  the  author  contends  that  prim- 
itive man  was  no  more  egoistic  than  his  mod- 
ern descendant,  and  that  the  economic  system 
which  has  produced  the  proletariat  must  be 
charged  with  the  mass  of  crimes  that  are  being 
committed  in  the  present  era.  A  vast  array  of 
statistics  is  presented  showing  the  relation  of 
crime  to  illiteracy,  poverty,  occupation,  and 
conjugal  condition.  Crimes  against  poverty 
and  against  persons  are  discussed,  and  the 
low  average  of  criminality  among  women  is 
explained.  Crimes  of  vengeance  form  the 
largest  group,  followed  by  economic,  sexual, 
and  political  crimes.  An  examination  of  these 
various  forms  of  crime  reveals  the  conclusion 
that  even  here  the  prevailing  economic  condi- 
tions are  the  chief  determining  factors.  No 
one  can  read  this  book  without  feeling  the 
manifest  bias  of  the  author.  It  is  indeed  a 
powerful  presentation  of  a  plausible  theory, 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


273 


and  the  facts  are  skilfully  marshalled  to  prove 
the  author  's  contentions.  But  the  reader  feels 
that  he  is  listening  to  the  advocate  rather  than 
to  the  judge.  The  causes  of  crime  seem  to  be 
too  readily  reduced  to  one  underlying  cause 
thoroughly  to  convince  the  open-minded 
reader.  Nevertheless,  the  book  should  impel 
men  and  women  to  consider  at  once  a  practi- 
cable programme  for  improving  the  economic 
environment.  _ 


*"  *0/ 


M.  Andre  Maurel's  "A  Month 
i*  Rome"  (Putnam)  is  what 
might  be  called  a  sentimental 
guide-book  —  sentimental  in  the  good  sense. 
Facts  it  contains  in  abundance,  but  no  one 
should  look  to  it  as  a  substitute  for  the  practi- 
cal guide-book.  The  sentence  M.  Maurel 
applies  to  himself  on  his  visit  to  Hadrian's 
Villa,  "a  simple  pilgrim,  interested  only  in 
impressions,  I  have  no  other  thought  than 
.  .  to  note  down  the  passing  reflections  that 
they  [the  places]  arouse,"  describes  his  atti- 
tude toward  his  subject.  The  book  is  a  com- 
ment on  facts  rather  than  a  statement  of  facts, 
and  assumes  on  the  part  of  the  reader  an 
already  considerable  familiarity  with  them. 
This  accounts  for  its  strength,  which  is  to 
help  the  visitor  among  Rome  's  wealth  of  mon- 
uments to  a  spiritual  interpretation  of  them, 
and  also  for  its  weakness,  which  is  the  fitful- 
ness  of  its  appeal  to  the  reader  of  ordinary 
equipment.  It  will  be  used  with  greatest 
profit  by  the  actual  visitor  in  Rome,  and  next 
by  the  returned  visitor.  Its  make-up  is 
unique.  It  is  divided  into  thirty  "Days," 
representing  as  many  rambles  and  excursions 
in  and  about  the  city.  Each  "Day"  has  at 
its  head  a  map  of  the  section  to  be  visited,  is 
given  a  suggestive  title,  such  as  "  The  Paternal 
Mansion  —  the  Forum,"  or  "Ruskin's  Mis- 
take —  Minerva,  Cosmedin,  "  and  is  accompa- 
nied by  good  illustrations.  The  spirit  of  the 
book  is  what  might  be  expected  in  a  work 
written  by  the  author  of  "Little  Cities  of 
Italy."  M.  Maurel  is  genial  and  suave,  never 
quarrelsome  nor  iconoclastic  ;  he  is  well 
informed,  yet  not  pedantic.  ''A  Month  in 
Rome1"  is  the  familiar  yet  polished  discourse 
of  one  possessed  of  receptive  mind  and  heart 
who  has  read  and  meditated  upon  Roman  and 
Italian  history,  art,  and  literature  in  the 
places  of  their  creation,  and  enjoys  communi- 
cating his  impressions.  It  is  greatly  to  be 
regretted  that  many  such  inaccuracies  as 
"Cataline,  "  "Thebian."  "Santa  Agnesa,"  and 
"  marcellum,"  mar  the  text.  Whether  they  are 
to  be  charged  to  the  author,  or  (what  is  more 
likely)  to  the  translator,  the  effect  is  to  lessen 
the  reader's  confidence  and  respect. 


Any  authoritative  book  that 
s^fc  Africa.  throws  light  on  the  romantic 

career  of  Louis  Botha  is  welcome 
in  these  days,  so  that  Mr.  Harold  Spender's 
"General  Botha:  The  Career  and  the  Man" 
(Houghton)  is  certain  of  a  reading.  Nor  will 
Mr.  Spender 's  readers  be  disappointed  if  they 
look  for  no  more  than  an  account  of  Botha's 
chief  activities,  from  his  boyhood  to  the  con- 
clusion of  the  conquest  of  German  South- 
West  Africa.  The  book  is  a  well  written  and 
entertaining  account  of  the  succession  of 
apparent  miracles  achieved  by  Botha,  but  we 
are  given  no  clue  to  the  methods  by  which 
the  miracles  were  achieved.  Although  Mr. 
Spender  devotes  his  last  chapter  to  Botha  the 
man,  he  succeeds  in  doing  little  more  than 
whetting  our  appetite.  We  are  given  an 
account  of  Botha's  daily  activities,  together 
with  some  impression  of  his  outward  char- 
acteristics ;  but  the  man 's  thoughts  —  his 
doubts,  temptations,  moods  —  remain  undis- 
closed. Here  and  there,  however,  we  get 
glimpses  that  prove  more  enlightening  than 
chapters  of  description.  The  bald  fact  that, 
rather  than  disturb  old  memories,  Botha  has 
never  revisited  the  farm,  "Waterval."  which 
had  been  home  to  him  until  the  British 
burned  it,  comes  as  a  momentary  flood  of 
light.  In  the  course  of  the  war  we  see  him 
acting  as  a  decoy,  to  draw  pursuing  British 
regiments  away  from  the  last  remaining  mem- 
bers of  the  Transvaal  Government.  We  see 
him  make  a  miraculous  escape  by  night 
through  a  gap  in  the  surrounding  circle  of 
his  enemies,  sitting  upright  that  he  may  pro- 
tect the  body  of  his  son  from  rifle  fire.  And. 
perhaps  best  of  all,  when  his  one-time  friend 
and  now  bitter  political  opponent  Hertzog 
seeks  to  improve  relations  between  Dutch  and 
British  by  talk  about  the  possible  treachery 
of  British  rule,  we  hear  his  retort:  "He 
reminds  me  of  a  man  on  his  honeymoon  tell- 
ing people  what  he  would  do  if  his  wife 
became  unfaithful  to  him."  Doubtless  the 
fact,  referred  to  more  than  once,  that  Botha 
looks  back  on  the  Boer  War  with  feelings  only 
of  sadness,  and  that  he  steadfastly  refuses  to 
be  drawn  into  talk  about  it.  even  rebuking 
mention  of  it  at  his  own  table  by  his  children, 
is  an  obstacle  not  easy  for  the  would-be  biog- 
rapher to  overcome.  Yet  without  attempting 
a  formal  biography,  Mr.  Spender  has  estab- 
lished Louis  Botha's  position  as  one  of  the 
great  men  in  modern  history  and  one  of  the 
noblest ;  and  he  has  stirred  desire  to  the  point 
of  insistence  on  a  true  biography  to  follow. 
His  book  will  be  read  and  enjoyed,  but  with 
the  sort  of  gratitude  that  is  a  keen  sense  of 
more  and  better  things  to  come. 


274 


THE    DIAL 


[October  5 


The  eternal  ^  books  about  Charlotte  Bronte 
feminine  in  there  promises  to  be  no  end,  nor 
8  is  any  end  desired,  so  interesting 
a  character  is  she.  Though  no  later  work  will 
displace  Mrs.  Gaskell's  absorbing  biography 
of  her  friend,  there  is  always  room  for  such 
sympathetic  studies  of  this  enigmatic  person 
as  Miss  Maud  Goldring's  "Charlotte  Bronte 
the  "Woman"  (Scribner).  It  is  the  hopeless 
love  of  a  human  heart  that  the  writer  offers 
to  our  view  in  the  three  chapters  of  her  little 
book.  "Preparation,"  "The  Coming  of  Love," 
"Loneliness  and  Fame"  are  the  headings  to 
these  chapters ;  and  of  course  it  is  the  much- 
discussed  attachment  of  Charlotte  to  her 
Brussels  schoolmaster  that  forms  the  writer's 
main  theme.  Delicately,  and  with  a  woman's 
sympathy  and  insight  Miss  Goldring  handles 
her  subject,  not  with  the  gleeful  malice 
that  has  inspired  other  recent  writers  on 
what  has  seemed  to  them  merely  the  ludic- 
rously pathetic  passion  of  a  lovesick  old 
maid.  A  very  human  and  lovable  Charlotte 
Bronte,  and  one  who  knows  how  to  preserve 
her  dignity  even  in  her  heartbroken  letters 
to  her  "dear  master,"  moves  with  sad  steps 
across  the  pages  of  the  little  book,  which  closes 
with  a  few  hitherto  unpublished  Bronte  frag- 
ments.   

Through  Latin     A  born  traveller,  with  a  good 
America  deal  of  the  irreclaimable  tramp 

on  foot.  ,     .        .       ,  .  ,x.  -rr 

or  hobo  in  his  composition,  Mr. 
Harry  A.  Franck  (who  candidly  calls  him- 
self "an  incurable  vagabond")  is  also  a  briskly 
entertaining  writer  on  the  countries  and 
peoples  he  has  seen  with  humorously  observ- 
ant eyes  in  the  course  of  his  peregrinations. 
"Tramping  through  Mexico,  Guatemala,  and 
Honduras"  (Century  Co.)  has  the  same  care- 
less swing,  the  same  inoffensive  self-assertive- 
ness,  as  "A  Vagabond  Journey  around  the 
"World,"  by  the  same  pen.  Its  chronological 
place  is  just  before  "Zone  Policeman  88,"  the 
writer's  account  of  five  months  in  the  Canal 
Zone,  and  it  clears  the  stage,  as  a  foreword 
explains,  "for  a  larger  forthcoming  volume 
on  South  America  giving  the  concrete  results 
of  four  unbroken  years  of  Latin-American 
travel. "  Frequent  photographs  by  the  author 
help  to  paint  the  moral  of  his  rambling  narra- 
tive, though  neither  text  nor  illustrations  go 
far  toward  solving  the  Mexican  problem  that 
gives  a  peculiar  present  interest  to  such  vol- 
umes as  his.  The  shrewd  observation,  buoy- 
ant spirits,  and  gusto  for  adventure  in  this 
second  Josiah  Flynt  will  make  him,  if  they 
have  not  already  made  him,  a  favorite  with 
readers  of  travel  literature.  A  spice  of 
danger  piquantly  seasons  some  of  his  hardy 
undertakings  in  quest  of  new  experience. 


NOTES  AND  NEWS. 


One  of  the  few  books  on  the  Gallipoli  cam- 
paign is  "On  the  Anzac  Trail,"  to  be  published 
shortly  by  Messrs.  Lippincott  &  Co. 

By  the  death  of  Miss  Mary  Plummer  Wright, 
library  students  and  librarians  have  lost  a  most 
influential  leader.  For  over  thirty  years  she 
directed  her  energies  to  the  study  of  library 
science,  and  labored  to  teach  librarians  how  best 
to  perform  their  duties  and  to  inspire  in  young 
and  old  a  love  of  purposeful  reading  of  books. 
Her  "Hints  to  Small  Libraries"  has  been  of  ines- 
timable value  to  librarians  in  the  smaller  cities. 
Miss  Plummer  also  did  creative  work  in  poetry 
as  well  as  prose. 

John  Trevena,  after  a  long  silence,  is  represented 
among  the  forthcoming  announcements.  His  novel 
is  entitled  "A  Drake,  By  George!"  and  his  pub- 
lisher is  Mr.  Alfred  A.  Knopf.  The  story  nar- 
rates the  romantic  adventures  of  a  group  of  char- 
acters who  live  in  Devonshire,  among  them  old 
Captain  Drake,  who  bluffs  himself  into  a  virtual 
dictatorship  of  the  village  of  Highfield;  his 
nephew,  who  is  forever  looking  for  the  man  who 
invented  work;  and  Miss  Sophy,  who  is  always 
forgetting  the  things  that  actually  happen  and 
imagining  situations  that  do  not. 

Spain  has  lost  one  of  her  most  distinguished 
men  of  letters  and  dramatists  by  the  death  of 
Jose  Echegaray.  He  produced  nearly  fifty  plays, 
of  which  the  best  known  is  "El  Gran  Galeoto," 
the  title  taken  from  Dante,  and  a  play  which 
depicts  the  fatal  mischief  which  may  arise  from 
malicious  gossip.  Other  of  his  better  known  plays 
are  "El  Hijo  de  Don  Juan"  ("The  Son  of  Don 
Juan"),  "Mariana,"  and  "O  Locura  O  Santidad" 
("Folly  or  Saintliness").  Echegaray  began  his 
career  as  a  professor  of  mathematics,  and  through- 
out all  his  dramas  there  runs  a  thread  of  the 
exactness  which  came  with  his  long  training  as  a 
mathematician. 

In  October  the  committee  of  the  Dramatic 
Museum  of  Columbia  University  is  issuing,  in 
limited  editions,  the  third  series  of  documents 
dealing  with  the  theatre:  "How  Shakespeare 
Came  to  Write  'The  Tempest,'  "  by  Rudyard 
Kipling,  with  an  introduction  by  Ashley  H. 
Thorndike;  "How  Plays  are  Written,"  letters 
from  Augier,  Dumas,  Sardou,  Zola,  and  others, 
translated  by  Dudley  Miles,  with  an  introduction 
by  William  Gillette;  "A  Stage  Play,"  by  Sir 
William  Schenck  Gilbert,  with  an  introduction 
by  William  Archer;  "A  Theory  of  the  Theater," 
by  Francisque  Sarcey,  translated  by  H.  H.  Hughes, 
with  an  introduction  by- Brander  Matthews;  a 
catalogue  of  models  and  stage  sets  in  the  Dramatic 
Museum  of  Columbia  University. 

Mr.  Roland  Holt  for  some  years  has  been  in  the 
habit  of:  sending  (on  request  only,  of  course)  to 
authors  wJaose  manuscripts  have  been  rejected  by 
his  publishing  house,  Messrs.  Henry  Holt  &  Co., 
a  list  of  books  which  he  "timidly  recommends"  for 
the  study  of  would-be  novelists  as  being  in  his 
judgment  among  the  best  examples  f6f  clear,  sin- 
cere, and  simple"  writing.  The  books  are  as 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


275 


follows:  "Conquest  of  Canaan,"  by  Booth  Tarking- 
ton;  "Honorable  Peter  Sterling,"  by  Paul  L. 
Ford;  "Soldiers  of  Fortune,"  by  R.  H.  Davis; 
"The  House  of  Mirth,"  by  Edith  Wharton;  "The 
Soul  of  Margarita,"  by  Josephine  Dodge  Daskam 
(Mrs.  Bacon) ;  "The  Four  Million  (short  stories)," 
by  0.  Henry;  "The  Virginian,"  by  Owen  Wister; 
"Amoa  Judd,"  by  J.  A.  Mitchell;  "Ekkehard," 
by  Scheffel;  "Hereward  the  Wake,"  by  Charles 
Kingsley;  uOn  the  Face  of  the  Waters,"  by  Mrs. 
Steel:  "Rupert  of  Hentzau,"  by  Anthony  Hope; 
"The  Forest  Lovers,"  by  Maurice  Hewlett. 


OF  PAUL,  BOOKS. 


The  length  of  THE  DIAL'S  annual  list  of 
books  announced  for  fall  publication,  con- 
tained in  the  issue  of  September  21,  made  it 
necessary  to  carry  over  to  the  present  number 
the  following  entries,  comprising  the  full 
announcement  list  of  text-books,  juvenile,  and 
holiday  gift-books  of  the  season. 


BOOKS  FOR  SCHOOL  AND  COLLEGE. 

International  Cases,  Vol.  I.,  Peace,  by  Ellery  C. 
Stowell  and  Henry  F.  Munro,  $2.50. — Types  of 
News  Writing,  by  Willard  C.  Bleyer,  §1.40. — Oral 
Beading,  by  Lee  Emerson  Bassett. — Problems  of 
Keligion,  by  Durant  Drake. — Shakespeare  Ques- 
tions, an  outline  for  the  study  of  the  leading 
plays,  by  Odell  Shepard,  50  cts. — The  Year  Out- 
of-Doors,  by  Dallas  Lore  Sharp. — Industrial  Read- 
ers, by  Eva  March  Tappan,  comprising:  The 
Farmer  and  His  Friends,  Diggers  in  the  Earth, 
Makers  of  Many  Things,  Travelers  and  Traveling; 
each  illus.,  per  vol.,  45  cts. — Practical  English 
Composition,  by  Edwin  L.  Miller,  Book  IV.,  35 
cts. — A  Rural  Arithmetic,  by  Irwin  A.  Madden  and 
Edwin  A.  Turner. — Once  Upon  a  Time  in  Con- 
necticut, by  Caroline  Clifford  Newton,  illus.,  60  cts. 
— Fairy- Tale  Bears,  edited  by  Clifton  Johnson, 
school  edition,  illus. — High  School  Prize  Speaker 
and  Reader,  edited  by  W.  L.  Snow.  (Hough ton 
Mifflin  Co.) 

Constructive  English,  by  Ina  C.  Emery,  80  cts. — 
Selections  from  Sidney  Lanier,  verse  and  prose, 
edited  by  Henry  W.  Lanier,  50  cts. — George  Sand 's 
La  Mare  au  Diable,  edited  by  Marie  Karcher 
Brooks,  50  cts. — Gerstacker's  Irrfahrten,  edited 
by  William  R.  Price,  50  cts. — Von  Wildenbruch  's 
Das  Edle  Blut,  edited  by  Charles  Holzwarth,  50 
cts. — French  Songs,  selected  and  arranged  by  Max 
Walter  and  Anna  Woods. — The  Country  Life 
Reader,  edited  by  O.  J.  Stevenson. — Story-Land 
Dramatic  Reader,  by  Catherine  T.  Bryce,  illus., 
40  cts. — Natural  Method  Third  Reader,  by  H.  T. 
McManus  and  John  H.  Haaren,  illus.  in  color. — 
Cicero's  Selected  Orations  and  Letters,  edited  by 
Arthur  W.  Roberts  and  John  C.  Rolfe. — A  Har- 
mony of  the  Synoptic  Gospels  for  Historical  and 
Critical  Study,  by  Ernest  DeWitt  Burton  and 
Edgar  Johnson  Goodspeed. — A  Manual  of  Dress- 
making, by  Jane  Fales. — A  Phonetic  French 
Reader,  by  Anna  Woods  Ballard. — Short  Stories  for 
Oral  Spanish,  by  C.  O.  Stewart. — Grammar  School 
Songs,  by  C.  H.  Farnsworth.  (Charles  Scribner's 
Sons.) 

A  Political  and  Social  History  of  Modern  Europe, 
1500-1915,  by  Carlton  J.  H.  Hayes,  2  vols. — Sir 


Walter  Raleigh,  poet,  soldier,  explorer,  historian, 
selections  from  his  poetry  and  prose,  edited  by 
Frank  W.  C.  Hersey. — A  Guide  to  Good  English, 
by  Henry  Noble  MacCracken  and  Helen  E. 
Sandison. — A  Course  in  Qualitative  Chemical  Analy- 
sis, by  Charles  Baskerville  and  Louis  J.  Curtman, 
revised  edition. — General  Physics,  by  Henry 
Crew,  revised  edition. — A  Text-Book  of  Botany  for 
Colleges,  by  William  F.  Ganong. — An  Introduction 
to  Astronomy,  by  Forest  Ray  Moulton,  new  edi- 
tion.— Morphology  of  Invertebrate  Types,  by 
Alexander  Petrunkevitch. — The  Fundamentals  of 
Psychology,  by  W.  B.  Pillsbury. — Differential  and 
Integral  Calculus,  by  Clyde  E.  Love. — Electrical 
Measurements,  by  C.  M.  Smith  and  Earle  Raymond 
Hedrick. — Elements  of  Analytic  Geometry  by 
Alexander  Ziwet,  Louis  Allen  Hopkins,  and  Earle 
Raymond  Hedrick. — Principles  of  Commerce,  by 
Harry  Gunnison  Brown. — The  Outlines  of  Econom- 
ics, by  Richard  T.  Ely,  new  edition,  revised  and 
enlarged  by  the  author,  Thomas  S.  Adams,  Max  O. 
Lorenz,  and  Allyn  A.  Young. — Applied  Sociology, 
by  H.  P.  Fairchild. — The  Principles  of  Insurance, 
bv  W.  F.  Gephart,  Vol.  L,  Life,  Vol.  II.,  Fire.— 
Modern  Currency  Reforms,  by  E.  W.  Kemmerer. 
— Readings  in  Money  and  Banking,  selected  and 
adapted  by  Chester  A.  Phillips. — A  Laboratory 
Course  of  Practical  Electricity,  by  Maurice  J. 
Archbold. — History  of  Commerce,  by  Cheesman  A. 
Herrick. — The  Macmillan  Spanish  Series,  compris- 
ing: A  Practical  Spanish  Grammar,  by  Ventura 
Fuentes  and  Victor  Francois;  An  Elementary 
Spanish -American  Reader,  by  B.  M.  A.  DeVitis;  A 
South  American  Historical  Reader,  by  Edward 
Watson  Supple  and  Frederick  B.  Luquiens;  Leyen- 
<]as  Historicas  Mejicanas,  by  James  Bardin;  Span- 
ish-American Commercial  Reader,  by  Glenn  Levin 
Swiggett. — Household  Accounting  and  Economies, 
by  W.  A.  Sheaffer. — Pocket  Classic  Series,  new 
vols.:  A  Collection  of  Letters,  edited  by  Margaret 
Coult;  Lowell's  Essays,  selected  and  edited  by  Er- 
nest G.  Hoff sten ;  Representative  Short  Stories, 
edited  by  Nina  Hart  and  Edna  Perry;  Selections 
from  American  Poetry,  edited  by  Margaret  S.  Car- 
hart;  Shakespeare's  Richard  TIL,  edited  by  A.  R. 
Brubacher;  Short  Stories  and  Selections,  edited  by 
Emilie  Kip  Baker;  Southey's  Life  of  Nelson, 
edited  by  Frederick  H.  Law;  Shakespeare's  Romeo 
and  Juliet,  edited  by  Jennie  F.  Chase;  Dickens 's 
Oliver  Twist,  edited  by  Frank  W.  Pine;  A  Collec- 
tion of  Essays,  edited  by  Eric  Parson. — Agricultural 
Arithmetic,  "by  W.  T.*  Stratton,  A.M.,  and  B.  L. 
Remick,  illus.,  50  cts. — The  Ideal  Catholic  Readers, 
by  a  Sister  of  St.  Joseph,  new  vols.:  The  Fourth 
Reader,  The  Fifth  Reader,  The  Sixth  Reader;  per 
vol.,  45  cts. — Elements  of  the  Theory  and  Practice 
of  Cookery  by  Mary  E.  Williams  and  Katharine 
Rolston  Fisher,  revised  and  enlarged  edition,  $1. — 
Manual  of  Physical  Training  and  Preparation  for 
Military  Training  for  Schools  of  the  United  States, 
by  Frederick  A.  Kuenzli  and  Henry  Panzer. — Con- 
structive-Play Problems,  by  William  S.  Marten. — 
Everyday  Bookkeeping,  by  Artemus  M.  Boele. — A 
Child's  "Book  of  Holiday  Plays,  by  Frances 
Gillespy  Wickes. — A  Child's  Book  of  Verse,  by 
Ada  Skinner  and  Frances  Gillespy  Wickes,  Books 
I.,  II.,  and  III. — Letters  of  Polly,  the  Pioneer,  by 
Stella  Humphrey  Nida. — The  Romance  of  Labor, 
by  Frances  Doane  Twombly  and  John  Cotton  Dana. 
— Farm  Spies,  how  boys  investigated  field  crop 
insects,  by  .A.  F.  Conradi  and  W.  A.  Thomas. — 
Oceania,  by  James  Franklin  Chamberlain,  Ed.B., 
and  Arthur  Henry  Chamberlain,  B.S.^Every- 
child's  Series:  The  Knight  of  the  Lion,  by 


THE   DIAL 


[October  5 


Annette  B.  Hopkins;  How  Man  Makes  Markets,  by 
William  B.  Werthner;  How  the  Present  Came  from 
the  Past,  by  Margaret  E.  Wells;  Old  Stories  for 
Young  Readers,  by  Laura  A.  Large;  A  Visit  to 
the  Farm,  by  Laura  A.  Large;  Heroes  of  Conquest 
and  Empire,  by  Etta  M.  Underwood;  each  illus., 
per  vol.,  40  cts.  (Macmillan  Co.) 

English  Literature  for  High  Schools,  by  Edwin  L. 
Miller,  illus.,  $1.50. — Brief  History  of  the  United 
States,  by  Matthew  P.  Andrews,  illus.,  $1. — Text 
Book  of  Domestic  Science,  by  Elizabeth  B.  Kelley, 
$1. — Animal  Husbandry,  a  high  school  text-book, 
by  Carl  W.  Gay,  illus.,  $1.50.  (J.  B.  Lippineott 
Co.) 

Laboratory  Manual  of  General  Chemistry,  by  Arthur 
Becket  Lamb,  Ph.D. — Genetics  and  Eugenics,  a 
text  book  for  students  of  biology,  by  William 
Ernest  Castle.  (Harvard  University  Press.) 

Second-Year  Mathematics  for  Secondary  Schools,  by 
Ernst  R.  Breslieh. — University  of  Chicago  Science 
Series,  new  vols. :  The  Electron,  by  Robert  Andrews 
Milliken;  Finite  Collineation  Groups,  by  Hand  F. 
Blichfeldt. — Parallaxes  of  Twenty-Seven  Stars,  by 
Frederick  Slocum  and  Alfred  Mitchell.  (University 
of  Chicago  Press.) 

The  Use  of  the  Infinite  instead  of  the  Finite  Verb 
in  French,  by  BeSjamin  F.  Luker,  Ph.D.  (Colum- 
bia University  Press.) 

Ibsen 's  Ein  Volksfeind,  edited  by  J.  Lassen  Boysen. 
— Goethe's  Hermann  und  Dorothea,  edited  by  F. 
W.  C.  Lieder.  (Oxford  University  Press.) 

Readings  in  Social  Problems,  by  A.  B.  Wolfe. — 
Outlines  of  European  History,  by  Robinson  and 
Beard,  Part  II. — A  Guidebook  td  the  Biblical 
Literature,  by  J.  F.  A.  Genung. — Southern  Life  in 
Southern  Literature,  by  Fulton. — Scott's  Ivanhoe, 
edited  by  Lewis. — International  Modern  Language 
Series,  new  vol.:  Daudet's  Le  Petit  Chose.  (Ginn 
&  Co.) 

Physics  and  Chemistry  for  Nurses,  by  Amy  Eliza- 
beth Pope,  illus.,  $1.75.  (G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.) 

Grammar  Lessons,  by  Charles  A.  McMurry,  60  cts. 
— Language  Lessons,  by  Charles  A.  McMurry,  40 
cts.  (Bobbs-Merrill  Co.) 

Play  Awhile,  a  dramatic  reader,  by  Margaret  A. 
Doheny,  illus.,  50  cts. — Wide  Awake  Junior,  an  easy 
primer,  by  Clara  Murray,  illus.,  30  cts.  (Little, 
Brown  &  Co.) 

The  Contemporary  Short  Story,  by  Harry  T.  Baker. 
— Oral  English  for  High  Schools,  by  Antoinette 
Knowles. — Working  Composition,  by  John  B. 
Opdycke. — Heywood  's  A  Woman  Killed  with  Kind- 
ness and  The  Fair  Maid  of  the  West,  edited  by 
Katherine  Lee  Bates. — Wycherley's  The  Country 
Wife  and  The  Plain  Dealer,  edited  by  George  B. 
Churchill. — The  Arden  Series,  new  vols.:  Part  II. 
of  Shakespeare's  King  Henry  IV.,  edited  by  L. 
Winstanley;  The  Tempest,  revised  by  Katherine 
Lee  Bates. — American  Patriotic  Prose,  edited  by 
A.  W.  Long. — Five  Hundred  Practical  Questions 
on  Economics  by  a  Committee  of  the  New  England 
History  Teachers'  Association. — European  History, 
Part  I.,  by  Hutton  Webster. — Physical  Chemistry, 
by  A.  T.  Lincoln. — Vocational  Mathematics  for 
Girls,  by  W.  H.  Dooley. — Halevy's  L'Abbe  Con- 
stantin,  new  illus.  edition  by  Thomas  Logie. — 
Alternative  Exercises  for  Fraser  and  Squair's 
Shorter  French  Course. — France's  Le  Crime  de 
Sylvestre  Bonnard,  edited  by  J.  L.  Borgerhoff. — 
Lettres  sur  la  Guerre  de  1914,  edited  by  Neil  C. 
Arvin. — A  Notebook  of  Modern  Languages,  by  I. 
H.  B.  Spiers. — Gender  and  Declension  of  German 
Nouns,  by  Caroline  T.  Stewart. — Freytag's  Die 
Journalisten,  with  vocabulary,  edited  by  W.  S. 


Toy. — Herzog's  Die  Burgkinder,  edited  by  O.  G. 
Boetzkes. — Guerber  's  Marchen  und  Erzahlungen, 
Part  I.,  with  direct  method  exercises,  by  W.  R. 
Myers. — Elements  of  German  Grammar  for  Review, 
by  M.  H.  Haertel  and  G.  C.  Cast. — Progressive  Les- 
sons in  German,  by  R.  W.  Huebsch  and  R.  F. 
Smith. — -Spanish  Commercial  Correspondence,  by 
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Reader,  by  Ernesto  Nelson. — Dickens 's  Cuentos  de 
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Ulpiano  B.  Sencial. — Lectura  Infantil,  by  J.  G. 
Ginorio. — Platform  Pieces  for  the  Sixth  Grade,, 
selected  by  H.  G.  Hawn. — Series  of  Readers,  by 
Calvin  N.  Kendall.  (D.  C.  Heath  &  Co.) 

Descriptive  Mineralogy,  by  William  Shirley  Bayley, 
$3.50.  (D.  Appleton  &  Co.) 

Physiology,  including  a  section  on  physiologic 
apparatus,  by  A.  P.  Brubaker,  M.D.,  fifth  edition, 
revised,  illus.  in  color,  etc.,  $3.  (Blakiston's  Son 
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Rieonete  and  Cortadillo,  by  Miguel  de  Cervante,  in 
Spanish  text,  with  notes  for  the  student.  (Four 
Seas  Co.) 

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The  Water-Babies,  by  Charles  Kingsley,  illus.,  in 
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Adventures  of  Mabel,  by  Harry  Thurston  Peck, 
illus.  in  color,  etc.,  by  Harry  Rountree,  $2. — The 
Blue  Rose  Fairy  Book,  by  Maurice  Baring,  illus. 
in  color,  $1.50. — Left  Guard  Gilbert,  by  Ralph 
Henry  Barbour,  illus.,  $1.25 — Nutcracker  and 
Mouse  King,  by  E.  Gordon  Browne,  illus.,  $1.25. 
— Little  Dwarf  Nose  and  the  Magic  Whistle,  by 
E.  Gordon  Browne,  illus.,  $1.25. — The  Boys'  Book 
of  Firemen,  by  Irving  Crump,  illus.,  $1.25. — Patty's 
Fortune,  by  Carolyn  Wells,  illus.,  $1.25. — Stories 
of  Polar  Adventure,  by  H.  W.  G.  Hyrst,  illus., 
$1.25. — The  Story  of  Our  Army  for  Young  Ameri- 
cans and  The  Story  of  Our  Navy  for  Young  Ameri- 
cans, by  Willis  J.  Abbot,  2  vols.,  new  editions 
brought  up  to  date,  each  illus.,  per  vol.,  $2. — The 
Story  of  the  Mince  Pie,  by  Josephine  Scribner 
Gates,  illus.  in  color,  $1.25. — Young  People's  Story 
of  Massachusetts,  by  Herschel  Williams,  illus., 
$1.25. — The  Big  Family,  by  John  Rae,  illus.  by  the 
author,  $1.25. — Two  Little  Women  and  Treasure 
House,  by  Carolyn  Wells,  illus.,  $1. — The  Maid 
Marvellous :  Jeanne  d  'Arc,  by  Magdalene  Hors- 
fall,  $1.25. — The  Animal  Drawing  Book,  by  Mabel 
L.  Frank,  illus.  in  color,  etc.,  $1. — Stories  for  the 
Story  Hour,  by  Ada  M.  Marzials,  with  frontispiece, 
$1.25.  (Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.) 

King  Arthur  and  the  Knights  of  the  Round  Table, 
by  Sir  Thomas  Malory,  edited  by  Clifton  Johnson, 
illus.  in  color,  etc.,  by  Rodney  Thomason,  $1.50. — 
Water-Babies,  by  Charles  Kingsley,  edited  by  Clif- 
ton Johnson,  illus.  by  Frank  A.  Nankivell,  $1.50. 
— Amateur  Circus  Life,  by  Ernest  Balch,  illus., 
$1.50. — Blithe  McBride,  by  Beulah  Marie  Dix, 
illus.,  $1.25. — Isabel  Carleton's  Year,  by  Margaret 
Ashmun,  illus.,  $1.25. — The  Key  to  Betsey's  Heart, 
by  Sarah  Noble  Ives,  illus.,  $1.25. — Master  Simon's 
Garden,  by  Cornelia  Meigs,  illus.,  $1.25. — Polly 
Trotter,  Patriot,  by  Alden  A.  and  Emily  B. 
Knipe,  illus.  by  Mrs.  Knipe,  $1.25. — The  Three 
Pearls,  by  J.  W.  Fortesque,  illus. — Edmee,  by  Mrs. 
Molesworth,  illustrated  edition. — The  Macmillan 
Juvenile  Library,  comprising:  A  Lad  of  Kent,  by 
Herbert  Harrison;  Hoof  and  Claw,  by  Charles  G. 
D.  Roberts;  The  Jingle  Book,  by  Carolyn  Wells, 
per  vol.,  50  cts. — True  Stories  of  Great  Americans, 


1916] 


THE   DIAL 


277 


new  vols. :  La  Salle,  by  Louise  S.  Hasbrouck;  John 
Paul  Jones,  by  L.  Frank  Tooker;  George  Wash- 
ington, by  W.  H.  Rideing;  George  Armstrong  Cus- 
ter,  by  F.  S.  Dellenbaugh;  each  illus.,  per  vol.,  50 
<>ts. — Everychild's  Series,  trade  edition,  compris- 
ing: Camp  and  Trail  in  Early  American  History, 
by  Marguerite  Stockman  Dickson;  Indian  Legends, 
by  Margaret  Bemister;  In  Those  Days,  by  Ella  B. 
Hallock;  Pioneers  and  Patriots  in  American  His- 
tory, by  Marguerite  Stockman  Dickson;  each  illus., 
per*  vol.,  50  cts. — The  King's  Highway  Series,  by 

E.  Hershey   Sneath,   Ph.D.,   George   Hodges,   D.D., 
and  Henry  Hallam  Tweedy,  M.A.,  new  vols.:     The 
Way  of  the  Gate;  The  Way  of  the  Green  Pastures; 
The  Way  of  the  Mountains;  The  Way  of  the  King's 
Gardens';   The  Way  of  the  Stars;   The  Way  of  the 
King's  Palace;    each  illus.      (Macmillan  Co.) 

The  King  of  Ireland's  Son,  by  P&draic  Colum,  illus. 
in  colors,  etc.,  by  Willy  Pogany,  $2. — The  Auto- 
biography of  Benjamin  Franklin,  edited  with  intro- 
duction by  Frank  W.  Pine,  illus.  by  E.  Boyd  Smith, 
$1.50. — In  the  Land  of  Make-Believe,  by  E.  Boyd 
Smith,  illus.  in  colors,  etc.,  by  the  author,  $1.50. — 
Understood  Betsy,  by  Dorothy  Canfield,  illus.,  $1.35. 
— Tom  Strong,  Third,  by  Alfred  Bishop  Mason, 
illus.,  $1.30.— The  Tin  Owl  Stories,  by  William 
Rose,  illus.,  $1.40. — On  Parole,  by  Anna  and  Fran- 
ces Pierpont  Siviter  illus.,  $1.30. — Jungle  Chums, 
by  A.  Hyatt  Verrill,  illus.,  $1.35.  (Henry  Holt 
&  Co.) 

The  Allies'  Fairy  Book,  selected  illustrations  in 
color,  etc.,  with  page  decorations,  by  Arthur  Rack- 
ham,  $1.75. — ^Esop's  Fables,  illus.  in  color,  etc.,  by 

F.  Opper,  $1.50. — Mother  Goose,  new  edition,  illus. 
in  color,  etc.,  by  F.  Opper,  $1.50. — Ian  Hardy  Fight- 
ing the  Moors,"  by  Commander  E.  Hamilton  Currey, 
illus.  in  color,  $1.50. — With  Sam  Houston  in  Texas, 
by   Edwin   L.   Sabin,   illus.   in   color,   etc.,   $1.25. — 
Blackbeard 's    Island,    a    boy    scout   adventure,    by 
Rupert  Sargent  Holland,  illus.  in  color,  etc.,  $1.25. 
— Stories    All    Children    Love    Series,    new    vols.: 
Defoe's   Robinson   Crusoe,   illus   in   color   by   John 
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by  Maria  L.  Kirk;  per  vol.,  $1.25. — Hollyhock,  by 
Laura    T.    Meade,    illus.,    $1.25. — A    School    Girl's 
Diary,    by    May    Baldwin,    illus.,    $1.25. — A    Boy 
Scout  with  the  Russians,  by  John  Finnemore,  illus. 
in  color,  $1.25. — Stubbs  and  I,  by  Frank  Fortune, 
illus.  in  color,  $1.25. — The  Outlaw  of  the  Shell,  by 
John  Finnemore,  illus.,  $1.25. — Marvel  Library,  new 
vols.:    Marvels  of  Scientific  Invention,  by  Thomas 
W.    Corbin;    Marvels    of   Aviation,    by    Charles    C. 
Turner;  each  illus.,  per  vol.,  $1.25. — Daring  Deeds 
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Pirates,    by    Lieut.    E.    Keble    Chatterton;    Daring 
Deeds  of  Trappers  and  Hunters,  by  Ernest  Young; 
each   illus.  in  color;    per   vol.,   $1.25. — War   Inven- 
tions  and   How   They   Were   Invented,   by   Charles 
R.   Gibson,   illus.,   $1. — Bounty   Boy,   by   Frank   T. 
Bullen,  illus.,  $1. — Moni  the  Goat  Boy,  by  Johanna 
Spyri,  trans,  by  Elisabeth  P.  Stork,  illus.  in  color, 
50  cts.     (J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.) 

Hollow  Tree  Nights  and  Days,  by  Albert  Bigelow 
Paine,  illus.,  $1.50. — The  Arabian  Nights,  illus.  by 
Louis  Rhead,  $1.50. — Liberty  Hall,  by  Florence 
H.  Winterburn,  illus.,  §1.25". — The  Trail  of  the 
Pearl,  by  Garrard  Harris,  illus.,  $1. — Worth-While 
People,  by  F.  J.  Gould,  illus.,  75  cts.— Told  by  the 
Sandman,  by  Abbie  P.  Walker,  illus.,  50  cts. 
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The  Young  Folks'  Book  of  Ideals,  by  Dr.  William 
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Sr-ience  and  Construction,  by  Alfred  P.  Morgan, 
illus.,  $2. — Handicraft  for  "Handy  Girls,  by  A. 


Neely  Hall  and  Dorothy  Perkins,  illus.,  $2. — Our 
Davie  Pepper,  by  Margaret  Sidney,  illus.,  $1.50. 
— The  Boy  with  the  U.  S.  Mail,  by  Francis  Rolt- 
Wheeler  illus.,  $1.50. — Dave  Porter  and  His  Double, 
by  Edward  Stratemeyer,  illus.,  $1.25. — Archer  and 
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The  Unofficial  Prefect,  by  A.  T.  Dudley,  illus., 
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illus.,  $1. — Physical  Training  for  Boys,  by  M.  N. 
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the  author,  $1.20. — Dorothy  Dainty's  New  Friends, 
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and  Clara  A.  Urann,  illus.,  $1.  (Lothrop,  Lee  & 
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The  Cambridge  Book  of  Poetry  for  Children,  edited 
by  Kenneth  Grahame,  $1.50. — Betty's  Beautiful 
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children,  by  Lady  Gregory,  illus.  in  color,  $1.75. — 
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by  Mrs.  George  de  Home  Vaizey,  illus.,  $1.25. — A 
College  Girl,  by  Mrs.  George  de  Home  Vaizey, 
illus.,  $1.25. — Twenty  Thousand  Leagues  under  the 
Sea,  by  Jules  Verne,  new  popular  edition,  illus., 
$1.25. — Mr.  Midshipman  Easy,  by  Captain  Fred- 
erick Marryat,  new  popular  edition,  illus.,  $1.25. 
(G.  P.  Putman's  Sons.) 

The  Boy  Scouts'  Year  Book,  1916,  edited  by  Walter 
P.  McGuire  and  Franklin  K.  Mathiews,  illus.,  $1.50. 
— The  Hunters  of  the  Hills,  by  Joseph  A.  Altsheler, 
illus.  in  color,  $1.35. — Rivals  for  the  Team,  by 
Ralph  Henry  Barbour,  illus.  in  color,  $1.30. — The 
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color,  $1.35. — Israel  Putnam,  by  Louise  H.  Has- 
brouck, illus.,  $1.35. — The  Norfolk  Boy  Scouts,  by 
Marshall  Jenkins,  illus.  in  color,  $1.35. — Paul 
Revere,  by  Belle  Moses,  illus.,  $1.35. — Making  Good 
with  an  Invention,  by  W.  O.  Stoddard,  Jr.,  illus.  in 
color,  $1.35. — The  Trail  of  the  Mohawk  Chief,  by 
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in  color,  $1.30. — Elizabeth  Fry,  the  angel  of  the 
prisons,  by  Laura  E.  Richards,  illus.,  $1.25. — Cap- 
tain Fair-and-Square,  by  William  Heyliger,  illus. 
in  color,  $1.25. — T.  Haviland  Hicks,  Senior,  by  J. 
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$1. — Bruce  Wright,  by  Irving  Williams,  illus.  in 
color,  $1.25. — Uncle  Sam 's  Secrets,  by  O.  P.  Austin, 
new  edition,  illus.,  90  cts.  (D.  Appleton  &  Co.) 

Granny's  Wonderful  Chair,  with  preface  and  illus- 
trations in  color,  etc.,  by  Katherine  Pyle,  S2.50. — 
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houn. — Treasure  Flower:  Japan,  by  Ruth  Gaines, 
$1.25.  (E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.) 

Favourites  of  a  Nursery  of  Seventy  Years  Ago,  with 
some  others  of  a  later  date,  edited  by  Edith 
Emerson  Forbes,  illus.,  $2. — Stories  to  Tell  the 
Littlest  Ones,  by  Sarah  Cone  Bryant,  illus.  by 
Willy  Pogany,  $1.50. — Bible  Stories  to  Read  and 
Tell,"  by  Frances  Jenkins  Olcott,  illus.  by  Willy 
Pogany",  $2. — Tom  Anderson,  Daredevil,  a  young  Vir- 
ginian in  the  Revolution,  by  Edward  Mastyn  Lloyd, 
illus.  in  color,  $1.50. — Apauk,  Caller  of  Buffalo,  by 
James  Willard  Schultz,  illus.,  $1.25. — June,  by 
Edith  Barnard  Delano,  illus.,  $1.25. — Sarah  Brew- 
ster's  Relatives,  by  Elia  W.  Peattie,  illus.,  $1. — 


278 


THE    DIAL 


[October  5 


The  Cave  Twins,  by  Lucy  Fitch  Perkins,  illus.,  $1. 
— About  Harriet,  by  Clara  Whitehill  Hunt,  illus.  in 
color,  $1. — The  Great  Dot  Mystery,  by  Clifford  L. 
Sherman,  illus.,  $1. — The  Farmer  and  His  Friends, 
by  Eva  March  Tappan,  illus.,  60  cts. — What  Dad- 
dies Do,  by  Eobert  Livingston,  illus.,  75  cts. 
(Houghton  Mifflin  Co.) 

The  Story  of  the  United  States,  by  M.  L.  Herdman, 
illus.  in  color,  $2.50. — Cossack  Fairy  Tales,  by  B. 
Nisbet  Bain,  illus.  in  color,  $2.75. — American 
Animal  Life,  by  E.  W.  Deming,  illus.  by  the  author, 
$2. — Wonders  of  Animal  Life,  by  W.  S.  Berridge, 
illus.  by  the  author,  $2. — A  Nursery  His.tory  of  the 
United  States,  by  Lucy  L.  Barber,  illus.  in  color, 
$2. — The  Boys'  Prescott,  by  H.  W.  Banks,  illus. 
in  color,  $2. — Andersen's  Fairy  Tales,  trans,  by 
H.  O.  Sommer,  illus.,  $1.60. — The  Indian  Fairy 
Book,  compiled  by  Henry  E.  Schoolcraft,  illus., 
$1.50. — The  Jolly  Book  of  Playcraft,  by  Patten 
Beard,  illus.,  $1.35. — The  Magic  String  Book,  by 
Alice  Beard,  illus.  in  color,  $1.25. — Inventing  for 
Boys,  by  A.  Frederick  Collins,  illus.,  $1.25. — Ani- 
mal Folk  of  Wood  and  Plain,  by  E.  W.  Deming, 
illus.,  $1.25. — Four  Footed  Wilderness  People,  by 
E.  W.  Deming,  illus.,  $1.25. — Forest  Friends,  by 
Eoyal  Dixon,  illus.  in  color,  $1.25. — Uncle  Sam, 
Detective,  by  W.  A.  Dupuy,  illus.,  $1.25. — Mar- 
jorie's  Literary  Dolls,  by  Patten  Beard,  illus., 
$1.25. — Goop  Encyclopedia,  by  Gelett  Burgess, 
illus.,  $1.25. — Self -Made  Pictures  for  Children,  by 
C.  Durand  Chapman,  illus.  in  color,  $1. — Chickadee- 
Dee  and  His  Friends,  by  L.  W.  Sanderson,  illus. 
in  color,  $1.25. — The  Little  Girl's  Knitting  and 
Crochet  Book,  by  Flora  Klickmann,  illus.,  75  cts. — 
The  War,  1915,  for  Boys  and  Girls,  and  The  War, 
1916,  for  Boys  and  Girls,  by  Elizabeth  O'Neill,  2 
vols.,  each  illus.  in  color,  per  vol.,  60  cts. — Daddy's 
Bedtime  Animal  Stories,  by  Mary  G.  Bonner,  illus., 
50  cts. — Daddy's  Bedtime  Fairy  Stories,  by  Mary 
G.  Bonner,  illus.,  50  cts. — The  Children's  Poets, 
new  vol.:  Herrick,  edited  by  Mary  Macleod,  illus. 
in  color,  50  cts. — Comic  Juveniles,  comprising: 
Buster  Brown  the  Little  Eogue,  and  Foxy  Grand- 
pa's Merry  Book;  each  illus.  in  color,  per  vol.,  60 
cts. — The  Three  Bears,  by  F.  J.  H.  Darton,  illus. 
in  color,  etc.,  50  cts. — Heroes  of  All  Time  Series, 
new  voL:  Oliver  Cromwell,  by  Estelle  Eoss,  illus., 
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Built,  Who  Killed  Cock  Eobin?  each  75  cts. — Won- 
derland Series,  comprising:  Bunnyfluffkins,  Little 
Bunnie  Gulliver,  Twinkletoes  and  Nibblenuts,  Little 
Mousie  Crusoe,  Little  Wee  Cupid,  The  Magic  Kiss; 
each  illus.  in  color,  per  vol.,  25  cts.  (Frederick 
A.  Stokes  Co.) 

The  Fullback,  by  Lawrence  Perry,  illus.,  $1.25.— The 
Strange  Gray  Canoe,  by  Paul  G.  Tomlinson,  illus., 
$1.25. — Little  Folks  in  Busy-Land,  by  Ada  van 
Stone  Harris  and  Mrs.  E.  T.  Waldo,  illus.  in  color, 
$1.25. — Nursery  Ehymes  from  Mother  Goose,  illus. 
by  Grace  G.  Drayton,  $1. — The  Banner  of  the  White 
Horse,  a  tale  of  the  Saxon  conquest,  by  Clarence 
Marsh  Case,  with  frontispiece  in  color,  $1. — Nur- 
sery Tales  Primer,  by  Hannah  T.  McManus  and 
John  H.  Haaren,  illus.,  50  cts.  (Charles  Scribner's 
Sons.) 

Historic  Events  of  Colonial  Days,  by  Eupert  S.  Hol- 
land, illus.,  $1.50.-*— Brave  Deeds  of  Confederate 
Soldiers,  by  Philip  A.  Bruce,  illus.,  $1.50v— Songs 
with  Music,  from  Stevenson's  A  Child's  Garden  of 


Verses,  with  music  by  Thomas  Crawford,  illus.  in 
color  by  Margaret  Tarrant,  $1.25. — Jean  of  Green- 
acres,  by  Izola  L.  Forrester,  illus.  in  color,  $1.25. — 
Joan's  California  Summer,  by  Emilia  Elliott,  illus., 
$1.25. — The  Grimms'  Fairy  Tales,  selected  from 
the  accepted  translations  by  Lucy  Crane,  Mrs. 
Edgar  Lucas,  and  M.  Edwardes,  illus.,  in  color,  $1. 
— Bob  Hunt  in  Canada,  by  George  W.  Orton,  illus., 
$1. — The  Dutch  Paint  Book,  illus.  by  May  Audubon 
Post,  50  cts. — Betty  Bonnet,  her  family  and 
friends,  two  series  of  paper  dolls,  designed  by 
Sheila  Young,  per  series,  50  cts.  (George  W. 
Jacobs  &  Co.) 

The  Boys'  Book  of  Mechanical  Models,  by  William 
B.  Stout,  illus.,  $1.50. — Wonder  Tales  Eetold,  by 
Katharine  Pyle,  illus.  in  tint  by  the  author,  $1.35. 
— Drake  of  Troop  One,  by  Isabel  Hornibrook,  illus., 
$1.25 — Ice-Boat  Number  One,  by  Leslie  W.  Quirk, 
illus.,  $1.20. — Pilgrims  of  To-Day,  by  Mary  Hazel- 
ton  Wade,  illus.,  $1. — Mother  West  Wind  "How" 
Stories,  by  Thornton  W.  Burgess,  illus.,  $1. — Fairy 
Operettas,  by  Laura  E.  Eichards  illus.,  $1. — Three 
in  a  Camp,  by  Mary  P.  Wells  Smith,  illus.,  $1.20. — 
Chandra  in  India,  by  Etta  B.  McDonald,  illus.  in 
color,  etc.,  50  cts. — Little  White  Fox  and  His 
Arctic  Friends,  by  Eoy  J.  Snell,  illus.  in  color,  75 
cts. — Merry  Animal  Tales,  by  Madge  A.  Bigham, 
illus.  in  color,  etc.,  75  cts. — Mother  Goose  Children, 
by  Etta  Austin  Blaisdell  and  Mary  F.  Blaisdell, 
illus.  in  color,  50  cts. — Bedtime  Story-Books,  by 
Thornton  W.  Burgess,  new  vols. :  The  Adventures 
of  Prickly  Porky,  and  The  Adventures  of  Old 
Man  Coyote;  each  illus.,  per  vol.,  50  cts.  (Little, 
Brown  &  Co.) 

Heroes  of  the  Great  War,  or,  Winning  the  Victoria 
Cross,  by  G.  A.  Leask,  illus.,  $1.50. — Boys'  Life  of 
Lord  Kitchener,  by  Harold  F.  B.  Wheeler,  illus. 
in  color,  etc.,  $1.50. — Story  of  the  Indian  Mutiny 
and  Boys'  Book  of  Pirates,  by  Henry  Gilbert,  2 
vols.,  each  illus.,  per  vol.,  $1.50. — Defoe's  Eobinson 
Crusoe,  illus.  by  Gordon  Eobinson,  $1.25. — The 
Boy  Settler,  by  Edwin  L.  Sabin,  $1. — Stories  about 
Bears,  by  Lilian  Gask,  illus.  in  color,  $1. — A  Child's 
Pigrim's  Progress,  simplified  by  H.  G.  Tunnicliff, 
illus.  in  color,  75  cts. — Picture  Birthday  Book  for 
Girls  and  Boys,  bv  Frank  Cole,  illus.  in  color,  50 
cts. — The  Eose  Child,  by  Johanna  Spyri,  trans,  by 
Helen  B.  Dole,  illus.  in  color,  50  cts. — The  Gray- 
mouse  Family,  by  Nellie  M.  Leonard,  illus.,  50  cts. 
— Daddy  Gander  Ehymes,  by  Maude  M.  Hankins, 
illus.,  50  cts.  (T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.) 

The  Boys'  Book  of  Famous  Warships,  by  William  O. 
Stevens,  illus.  in  color,  etc.,  by  John  D.  Whiting, 
$1.60. — Stirring  Deeds  of  Britain's  Sea  Dogs,  by 
Harold  F.  B.  Wheeler,  illus.  by  Montague  Dawson 
and  other  marine  artists,  $1.50. — Tell  Me  Why 
Stories  about  Great  Discoveries,  by  C.  H.  Claudy, 
illus.,  $1.50.  —  Wonderdays  and  Wonderways 
through  Flowerland,  by  Grace  Tabor,  illus.,  $1.50. 
— A  Eussian  Garland  of  Fairy  Tales,  edited  by 
Eobert  Steele,  illus.  in  color,  $1.50. — The  Sleepy 
Song  Book,  compiled  by  H.  A.  Campbell,  new  and 
cheaper  edition,  illus.,  $1.65. — Into  the  Wilds  of 
New  Guinea,  by  J.  S.  Zerbe,  illus.,  $1.25. — Dick 
Judson,  Boy  Scout  Eanger,  by  George  Frederick 
Park,  illus.,  $1.  (Eobert  M.  McBride  &  Co.) 

The  Boys '  Book  of  Hunting  and  Fishing,  practical 
camping  and  game-fishing,  and  wing-shooting,  by 
Warren  H.  Miller,  with  foreword  by  Dan  Beard, 
illus.,  $1.25. — The  Woodcraft  Girls  at  Camp,  by 
Lillian  E.  Eoy,  illus.,  $1.25. — The  Wandering  Dog, 
by  Marshall  Saunders,  illus.,  $1.50. — Little  Billy 
Bowlegs,  by  Emile  Blackmore  Stapp,  illus.  in  color, 

-  $1.25. — Eod  of  the  Lone  Patrol,  by  H.  A.  Cody, 
$1.25,  (George  H.  Doran  Co.) 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


279 


The  Princess  Pocahontas,  by  Virginia  Watson,  illus. 
in  color  etc.,  $2.50. — Baldy  of  Nome,  by  Esther  B. 
Darling,  illus.  in  color,  etc.,  $1.75. — Little  Mother, 
by  Euth  B.  MacArthur,  illus.  in  color,  etc.,  $1.50. — 
Jane  Stuart,  Comrade,  by  Grace  M.  Remick,  illus., 
$1.25. — Ross  Grant,  Gold  Hunter,  by  John  Garland, 
illus.,  $1.25. — Philip  Kent  in  the  Lower  School,  by 
T.  Truxton  Hare,  illus.,  $1.25. — Beth  Anne,  Really- 
for-Truly,  by  Mary  P.  Ginther,  illus.,  $L — The 
Young  Farmer  at  College,  by  W.  A.  Freehoff,  illus., 
$1.— The  Safety  First  Club,  by  W.  T.  Nichols, 
illus.,  $1. — The  Three  Gays  at  Merryton,  by  Ethel 
C.  Brown,  illus.,  90  cts. — Miss  Ann  and  Jimmy, 
by  Alice  Turner  Curtis,  illus.,  90  cts. — A  Little 
Maid  of  Bunker  Hill,  by  Alice  Turner  Curtis,  90 
cts. — The  Story  of  Glass,  by  Sarah  Ware  Bassett, 
illus.,  75  cts. — Letty's  Springtime,  by  Helen  S. 
Griffith,  illus.,  50  cts. — The  Rambler  Club  in 
Panama,  by  W.  Crispin  Sheppard,  illus.,  50  cts. — 
Baby  Kangaroo  and  Lilly  Lamb,  and  Baby  Rein- 
deer and  the  Silver  Fox,  by  C.  E.  Kilbourne,  2  vols., 
each  illus.,  in  color,  etc.,  per  vol.,  50  cts.  (Penn 
Publishing  Co.) 

On  the  Battle-Front  of  Engineering,  by  A.  Russell 
Bond,  illus.,  $1.30. — Boyhood  Stories  of  Famous 
Men,  by  Katherine  D.  Gather,  illus.,  $1.25. — The 
Sapphire  Signet,  by  Augusta  Huiell  Seaman,  illus., 
$1.25. — St.  Nicholas  Book  of  Plays  and  Operettas, 
second  series,  illus.,  $1 — Will  Bradley 's  Wonder- 
Box,  illus.  by  the  author,  $1.  (Century  Co.) 

My  Book  of  Beautiful  Legends,  retold  by  Christine 
Chaundler  and  Eric  Wood,  illus.  in  color,  $1.50. — 
All  about  Inventions  and  Discoveries,  by  F.  A. 
Talbot,  illus.,  $1.50. — The  Boys'  Book  of  Pioneers, 
by  Eric  Wood,  illus.,  $1.25. — With  Jellicoe  in  the 
North  Sea,  by  Captain  Frank  H.  Shaw,  illus.  in 
color,  $1.25.  (Funk  &  Wagnalls  Co.) 

The  Ruby  Story  Book,  tales  of  heroism  and  daring, 
compiled  by  Penrhyn  W.  Coussens,  with  frontispiece 
in  color  by  Maxfield  Parrish,  $1.50. — Memoirs  of  a 
White  Elephant,  by  Judith  Gautier,  trans,  by  S. 
M.  P.  Harvey,  illus.,  $1.50.— The  Golden  City, 
adventure  in  unknown  Guiana,  by  A.  Hyatt  Ver- 
rill,  illus.,  $1.25. — Fairy  Tale  Plays,  by  Marguerite 
Merington,  illus.,  $1.25. — Heroes  of  the  American 
Revolution,  by  Oliver  Clay,  illus.,  $1.25.  (Duffield 
&  Co.) 

Old,   Old    Tales   from   the   Old,   Old   Book,   by   Nora 
Archibald   Smith,   illus.,   $1.50 — Morning  Face,   by   I 
Gene     Stratton -Porter,     illus.     from     photographs   i 
taken  by  the  author,  $1.50.      (Doubleday,  Page  & 
Co.) 

The  Mary  Frances  First  Aid  Book,  by  Jane  Eayre 
Fryer,  illus.,  $1. — The  Red  Cross  Girls  in  Belgium,  j 
The  Red  Cross  Girls  with  the  Russian  Army,  by 
Margaret  Vandercook,  2  vols.,  each  illus.,  per  vol., 
35  cts. — Miss  Pat  and  Company,  Limited,  Miss 
Pat's  Holidays  at  Greycroft,  by  Pemberton  Gin- 
ther, 2  vols,  each  illus.,  per  vol.,  35  cts.  (John  C. 
Winston  Co.) 

The   Real   Mother   Goose,   illus.   in   color   by   Blanche 
Fisher   Wright,    $1.50. — Alice   in   Wonderland    and 
Through  the  Looking-Glass,  by  Lewis  Carroll,  illus. 
in  color  by  Milo  Winter,  $1.35. — Andersen's  Fairy   j 
Tales,  illus.  in  color  by  Milo  Winter,  $1.35. — The   | 
Land  of  Don 't-Want-To,  by  Lilian  Bell,   illus.   in   i 
color   by   Milo   Winter,    $1.25. — Hans   Brinker,    or,   j 
The  Silver  Skates,  by  Mary  Mapes  Dodge,  illus.  in 
color  by  Milo  Winter,  $1. — Kidnapped,  by  Robert   ; 
Louis  Stevenson,  illus.  in  color  by  Milo  Winter,  $1.   i 
— King  Arthur  and  His  Knights,  by  Maude  Radf  ord   i 
Warren,    illus.,    $1. — Kipling's    Boy    Stories,    illus.   i 
in   color,    $1. — Playdays   on   Plum   Blossom    Creek, 
by  Arland  D.  Weeks,  illus.,   75  cts. — When  Little 


Thoughts  Go  Rhyming,  by  Elizabeth  Knobel, 
illus.,  75  cts. — Adventures  of  Sonny  Bear,  by 
Frances  Margaret  Fox,  illus.  in  color,  50  cts. — The 
Black  and  White  Book,  by  Charlotte  Vimont  Ar- 
nold, illus.,  50  cts. — Bobbie  Bubbles,  by  E.  Hugh 
Sherwood  and  Maud  Gridley  Budlong,  illus.,  50  cts. 
— I  Wonder  Why?  by  Elizabeth  Gordon,  illus.  in 
color,  etc.,  50  cts.  (Rand  McNally  &  Co.) 

The  House  of  Delight,  by  Gertrude  C.  Warner,  illus., 
$1.25. — Chimney-Corner  Tales,  by  Caroline  S. 
Allen,  illus.,  $1. — The  Jolly  Year,  by  Patten 
Beard,  illus.,  $1. — Uncle  David's  Little  Nephew, 
by  Emma  C.  Cram,  illus.,  75  cts. — The  Wise  Man's 
Story,  by  Albert  E.  Bailey,  illus.,  75  cts.  (The 
Pilgrim  Press.) 

The  Twins  "Pro"  and  "Con,"  by  Winifred  Arnold, 
illus.,  $1.25.  —  Tell  Me  a  Hero  Story,  by 
Mary  Stewart,  illus.,  $1.25. — Billy  Topsail,  M.D., 
by  Norman  Duncan,  illus.,  $1.25. — Billy  Burns  of 
Troop  5,  by  I.  T.  Thurston,  illus.,  $1. — Boy  Scout 
Crusoes,  by  Edwin  C.  Burritt,  illus.,  $1.25.  (Flem- 
ing H.  Revell  Co.) 

Bobby  of  the  Labrador,  by  Dillon  Wallace,  illus., 
$1.25. — The  Boy  Scouts  of  the  Shenandoah,  by 
Byron  A.  Dunn,  illus.,  $1.10. — Good-Night  Stories, 
by  Clara  Ingram  Judson,  illus.,  50  cts.  (A.  C. 
McClurg  &  Co.) 

When  the  Sand-Man  Comes,  by  Gertrude  Alice  Kay, 
illus.  in  color,  etc.,  $2. — When  Mother  Lets  Us 
Draw,  by  Emma  R.  Lee  Thayer,  illus.,  75  cts. — 
When  Mother  Lets  Us  Make  Playthings,  by  G. 
Ellingwood  Rich,  illus.,  75  cts.  (Moffat,  Yard  & 
Co.) 

How  Boys  and  Girls  Can  Make  Money,  by  C.  C. 
Bowsfield,  $1.  (Forbes  &  Co.) 

Anne,  Princess  of  Everything,  by  Blanche  Eliza- 
beth Wade,  illus.  in  color,  $1. — How  Janice  Day 
Won,  by  Helen  Beecher  Long,  illus.,  $1.25. — Lucile 
Triumphant,  by  Elizabeth  M.  Duffield,  illus.,  $1. — 
Practical  Things  with  Simple  Tools,  by  Milton 
Goldsmith,  illus.,  $1.  (Sully  &  Kleinteich.) 

Tales  from  the  Old  World  and  the  New,  by  Sophie  M. 
Collmann,  illus.,  $1.50.  (Stewart  &  Kidd  Co.) 

Bob  Hazard,  Dam  Builder,  by  Carl  Brandt,  illus.,  $1. 
(Reilly  &  Britton  Co.) 

Indiana  Authors,  a  representative  selection  for  young 
people,  by  Minnie  Olcott  Williams,  $1;25. — What 
the  Stars  Saw,  stories  from  the  life  of  Christ, 
by  Caroline  Kellogg,  illus.  by  Harold  Speakman, 
$1. — Pioneer  Life,  for  little  children,  by  Estella 
Adams,  illus.  by  Harrison  Fisher,  and  others,  60 
cts.  (Bobbs-Merrill  Co.) 

The  Thorn  Fortress,  by  Mary  Eliza  Bramston,  50  cts. 
— Ted  of  McCorle  's  Alley,  by  Isabelle  Horton,  with 
frontispiece,  35  cts.  (Abingdon  Press.) 

Half -True  Stories  for  Little  Folk,  by  Stanton  D. 
Kirkham,  illus.  in  color  by  the  author,  $2. — The 
Clever  Mouse,  by  Stella  G.  S.  Perry,  illus.,  50  cts. 
(Paul  Elder  &  Co.) 

HOLIDAY   GIFT-BOOKS. 

In  Dickens 's  London,  by  F.  Hopkinson  Smith,  new 
cheaper  edition,  with  charcoal  drawings  by  the 
author,  $2. — The  Black  Arrow,  by  Robert  Louis 
Stevenson,  illus.  in  color  by  N.  C.  Wyeth,  $2.25. — 
New  Cartoons,  by  Charles  Dana  Gibson,  $2.50 — The 
Clan  of  Munes,  the  true  story  of"  the  wonderful 
new  tribe  of  fairies  discovered  by  Frederick  Judd 
Waugh,  illus.,  $2.50. — The  Baby  Journal,  illus.  in 
color  by  Blanche  Fisher  Wright,  $2.  (Charles 
Scribner's  Sons.) 

The .  Jumal  Mansion,  by  William  Henry  Shelton, 
limited  edition,  illus.  in  color,  etc.,  $10. — Wash- 
ington's Accounts,  annotated  by  John  C.  Fitz- 


280 


THE    DIAL 


[October  5 


patrick,  limited  edition,  with  photogravure 
frontispiece,  $10. — The  Poems  of  John  Hay,  con- 
taining many  pieces  now  first  collected,  with  intro- 
duction by  Clarencee  Hay,  limited  edition,  with 
photogravure  frontispiece,  $5. — Old  Tavern  Signs, 
an  excursion  in  the  history  of  hospitality,  by 
Fritz  Endell,  limited  edition,  illus.  in  color,  etc., 
by  the  author,  $5. — The  Seven  Vagabonds,  by 
Nathaniel  Hawthorne,  new  edition,  illus.  by  Helen 
Mason  Grose,  $1. — The  Eomance  of  a  Christmas 
Card,  by  Kate  Douglas  Wiggin,  illus.  in  color  by 
Alice  Ercle  Hunt,  $1. — Buying  a  Horse,  by  William 
Dean  Howells,  illus.  by  George  Emmel,  50  cts. — 
The  Motorists'  Almanac,  by  W.  L.  Stoddard,  illus. 
by  Gluyas  Williams,  $1.  (Hough ton  Mifflin  Co.) 

Saints  and  Their  Emblems,  by  Maurice  and  Wilfred 
Drake,  illus.,  in  color,  etc.,  $10. — Eings,  by  George 
Frederick  Kunz,  illus.  in  color,  etc.,  $6. — The 
Golden  Book  of  English  Sonnets,  edited  by  William 
Robertson,  with  frontispiece,  $1.25;  velvet  calf,  $2. 
— Betty  at  Fort  Blizzard,  by  Molly  Elliot  Seawell, 
illus.  in  color,  etc.,  by  Edmund  Frederick,  $1.50. 
(J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.) 

Indian  Tales,  by  Eudyard  Kipling,  4  vols.,  with 
frontispieces  by  Frank  T.  Merrill,  per  set,  $2; 
leather  $4. — Dickens 's  Christmas  Books,  five  vols., 
each  with  frontispiece  in  color,  per  set  $1.75; 
leather  $2.50. — Eubaiyat  of  Omar  Khayyam,  illus., 
$1.50. — Last  Memory  of  Eobert  Louis  Stevenson, 
by  Charlotte  Eaton,  50  cts. — Eefiections  of  a  Corn- 
field Philosopher  by  E.  W.  Helms,  50  cts.;  leather, 
$1. — The  "Dainty"  Birthday  Books,  comprising: 
The  Poetical  Birthday  Book,  The  Scripture  Birth- 
day Book,  The  Floral  Birthday  Book,  The  Birthday 
Book  of  Proverbs;  each  with  frontispiece  in 
color,  per  vol.,  35  cts.;  leather,  75  cts. — The  Choice 
Treasury  Series,  comprising:  Great  Thoughts  from 
Emerson,  Great  Thoughts  from  Browning,  Great 
Thoughts  from  Stevenson,  Great  Thoughts  from 
Kipling,  Great  Thoughts  from  Longfellow,  Great 
Thoughts  from  Tennyson,  Great  Thoughts  on 
Friendship,  Great  Thoughts  on  Happiness;  each 
with  frontispiece  in  color,  per  vol.,  35  cts. — Baby 
and  other  Record  Books,  comprising:  The  Baby, 
50  cts.,  leather,  $1.25;  The  Wedding,  50  cts., 
leather,  $1.25;  School  Days,  50  cts.,  leather,  $1.25; 
The  Boy  Scouts'  Diary,  50  cts.;  The  Kitchen  Day 
Book,  50  cts.  (T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.) 

Chats  on  Old  Silver,  by  Arthur  Hayden,  illus.,  $2.50. 
Chats  on  Old  Clocks,  by  Arthur  Hayden,  $2.50. — 
The  Book  of  Italy,  by  Eaffaelo  Piccoli,  illus.,  $2.50. 
— The  Little  Towns  of  Flanders,  by  Albery  Del- 
stanche,  with  preface  by  Emile  Verhaeren,  illus., 
$1.25. — Chats  on  Military  Curios,  by  Stanley  C.  John- 
son, illus.,  $2.50. — Jacobean  Furniture,  by  Helen 
C.  Candee,  illus.,  $1.25. — A  Book  of  the  Childhood 
of  Christ,  A  Book  of  the  Passion  of  Our  Lord, 
each  illus.  in  color,  per  vol.,  $1.25. — Record  Series, 
comprising:  Golden  Days,  a  baby  record,  illus.  in 
color,  $2.;  A  Eecord  Baby's  Book,  illus.  in  color, 
$1;  Baby's  Photographs,  with  decorations  in  color, 
$1. — The  Blot  Book,  50  cts.  (Frederick  A.  Stokea 
Co.) 

The  Woodcarver  of  Salem:  Samuel  Mclntire,  his  life 
and  work,  by  Frank  Cousins  and  Phil.  M.  Eiley, 
limited  edition,  illus.,  $7.50.— The  Quest  of  the 
Quaint,  by  Virginia  Eobie,  illus.,  $2.— The  Three 
Things,  by  Mary  Eaymond  Shipman  Andrews,  holi- 
day edition,  illus.  by  Sears  Gallagher,  $1.  (Little, 
Brown  &  Co.) 

Old  Christmas,  by  Washington  Irving,  illus.  in  color, 
etc.,  by  Frank  Dadd,  $2.50.— And  Thus  He  Came, 
a  Christmas  fantasy,  by  Cyrus  Townsend  Brady,  $1. 
— Old  Pottery  and  Porcelain,  by  F.  W.  Burgess, 
illus.,  $2.50.  (G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.) 


Vanished  Towers  and  Chimes  of  Flanders,  by  George 
Wharton  Edwards,  illus.,  $5. — The  Book  of  Boston, 
by  Robert  Shackelton,  illus.,  $2.  (Penn  Publishing 
Co.) 

Relics  and  Memorials  of  London  City  and  London 
Town,  by  James  S.  Ogilvy,  2  vols.,  illus.  in  color 
by  the  author,  $15.  (Funk  &  Wagnalls  Co.) 
The  Shaving  of  Shagpat,  an  Arabian  entertain- 
ment, by  George  Meredith,  with  introduction  by 
George  Eliot,  illus.  by  John  Kettelwell,  $5.  (Alfred 
A.  Knopf.) 

Salt  Water  Poems  and  Ballads,  by  John  Masefield, 
illus.  in  color,  etc.,  by  Charles  Pears,  $2. — Spoon 
Eiver  Anthology,  by  Edgar  Lee  Masters,  new 
edition  with  new  poems,  illus.  by  Olive  Herford,  $2. 
— The  Russian  Story  Book,  retold  by  Richard 
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Frances  Clary  Morse,  revised  and  enlarged  edition, 
illus.,  $3. — Historic  Silver  of  the  Colonies  and  its 
Makers,  by  Francis  Hill  Bigelow,  illus.,  $3.50. 
(Maemillan  Co.) 

Three  Midnight  Stories,  by  Alexander  Wilson  Drake, 
with  introduction  by  Albert  Bigelow  Paine,  illus.  in 
photogravure,  etc.,  $5.  (Century  Co.) 
Rhymes  of  a  Rolling  Stone,  by  Eobert  W.  Service, 
edition  de  luxe,  illus.  in  color,  $3.50. — Hawaii,  Past 
and  Present,  by  William  E.  Castle,  Jr.,  new  edition 
de  luxe,  illus.  in  color,  $3.50. — We  Discover  the  Old 
Dominion,  by  Louise  Closser  Hale,  illus.  by  Walter 
Hale,  $2.50. — We  Discover  New  England,  by  Louise 
Closser  Hale,  illus.  by  Walter  Hale,  new  edition, 
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Yeats,  $1. — The  Child  in  the  House,  by  Walter 
Pater,  $1. — The  Days  of  Auld  Lang  Syne,  by  Ian 
Maclaren,  new  edition,  illus.,  $1.50  (Dodd,  Mead 
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Mount  Vernon,  Washington's  home  and  the  nation's 
shrine,  by  Paul  Wilstach,  illus.,  $2.;  edition  de 
luxe,  $10. — Ivory  and  the  Elephant,  by  George  F. 
Kunz,  Ph.D.,  illus.,  $7.50.  (Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.) 

Her  Golden  Hours,  the  confidences  of  a  modern  girl, 
illus.  in  color  by  Lester  Ralph,  $2.50.— The  Land 
of  the  Blue  Flower,  by  Frances  Hodgson  Burnett, 
illus.  in  color,  $1.25.  (Moffat,  Yard  &  Co.) 

The  Gospel  in  Art,  by  Albert  E.  Bailey,  illus.  in  color, 
etc.  $2.  (The  Pilgrim  Press.) 

Modern  Farm  Bunldings,  by  Alfred  Hopkins,  new 
and  cheaper  edition,  illus.,  $2.50. — Efficient  Living, 
by  Edward  Earle  Purinton,  gift  edition,  $1.60. — 
When  the  Yule  Log  Burns,  by  Leona  Dalrymple, 
illus.,  $1.60.  (Eobert  M.  McBride  &  Co.) 

Seven  Maids  of  Far  Cathay,  compiled  by  Bing  Ding, 
illus.,  $1.25.  (Paul  Elder  &  Co.) 

Sunflowers,  a  book  of  Kansas  poems,  compiled  by 
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Th  Baby  Book,  by  Eleanor  Taylor  MacMillan,  illus. 
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Old  Forty  Dollars,  by  Frank  Wing,  illus.  by  the 
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The  Little  Children  of  the  Luxembourg,  by  Herbert 
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Gifts  from  the  Desert,  by  Fred  B.  Fisher,  illus., 
50  cts.  (Abingdon  Press.) 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


281 


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TOPICS  ix  L.EAi>rxG  PERIODICALS. 

September,  1916. 


Alassio,  A  Memory  of.  Mary  K.  Waddington  .  Scribner 
Alps,  A  "First-Class"  Climb  in  the.  Dora  Keen  .  Seribner 

Americanism.  Roger  B.  Woods Forum 

Arbitration,  Cumpubory,  Norway  Adopts  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Army  Act,  The  New,  and  the  Militia.  Eric  F.  Wood  Century 
Art  Education,  Fallacy  of  the  Short  Cut  in.  Adeline 

Adams Scribner 

Artistic  Conscience,  Quickening  America's. 

F.  A.  Collins Bookman 

Athletic  Stars,  First  Appearances  of.  W.  B. 

Hanna Everybody1^ 

Automobile  Business.  The  Five  Billion  Dollar.  G.  Weiss  Forum 
Bacon  against  Shakespeare.  F.  E.  Pierce  .  .  Yale  Rev. 
Bathing  In  and  Near  New  York.  H.  O'Hara  .  Pearson 
Beaux  Arts  at  the  Front.  L.  Baury  .  .  .  Bookman 
Belgium  in  England.  Henri  Davignon  .  .  .  Yale  Rev. 
Best  Sellers  of  Yesterday— VII.,  Mrs.  E.  D.  E.  N. 

Southworth.  Edna  Kenton Bookman 

"Biglow  Papers,  The,"  Fifty  Years  after.  E.  M. 

Chapman  .  .  ' Yale  Rev. 

Book  Hunters  in  South  America,  Two.  Belle  and 

Kermit  Roosevelt Bookman 

Botany,  Thomas  Jefferson  and.  R.  H.  True  .  Scientific 

Carranza's  Perquisites Pearson's 

Casserole,  En Unpopular 

Child  Labor  Law,  The  Federal.  A.  J.  McKelway  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Church,  Case  against  the.  M.  G.  Johnston  .  .  Forum 

College  Department  of  Education Scientific 

Consular  Service,  American.  H.  G.  Dwight  .  Bookman 

Conventions,  Errata  and Unpopular 

Country  Church,  Decline  of  the.  Anton  T. 

Boisen Am.  Jour.  Soc. 

Country  Store,  How  Three  Young  Men  Developed  a  American 
Craftsmen,  American.  Hazel  H.  Adler  .  .  .  Century 
Democratic  Party's  Achievements,  The.  Charles  W. 

Eliot Atlantic 

Democratic  Record,  The.  William  H.  Taft  .  .  Yale  Rev. 

Devil  and  the  Deep  Sea,  The Unpopular 

Discount  Market,  The  New.  H.  V.  Cann  .  .  Century 

Dixie,  Why  I  Like  My  Home  in American 

Drama,  Surprise  in  the.  Clayton  Hamilton  .  Bookman 
Edward  VIL,  Love  Stories  of — L  Frank  Harris  .  Pearson 

England's  Place  in  the  Sun Unpopular 

Fauna,  Native,  Conservation  of.  W.  P.  Taylor  .  Scientific 

Feminine,  The  Eternal. Unpopular 

Firing  Line,  A  British  Officer's  Letters  from  the  .  Forum 
"Flag,  Dallying  'Round  the."  Porter  E.  Browne  .  McClure 

Flanders,  Out  of.  James  N.  Hall Atlantic 

Folk-Tales  and  Myths,  Development  of.  F.  Boas  .  Scientific 

Ford,  Henry.  J.  Reed Metropolitan 

Fraud,  Unmasking  a Unpopular 

Free  Trade,  Domestic,  and  Organized  Labor  .  Unpopular 
Germany  in  Retreat — Rumania.  F.  H.  Simonds  Rev.  of  Revs. 


Grasse,    Perfumes  and   Perspectives   of.   Herbert   A. 

Gibbons Harper 

Great  Britain,  Our  Relations  with.  A.  Bullard  .  Atlantic 
Greek  in  the  New  University.  T.  D.  Goodell  .  .  Yale  Rev. 
Greenwich  Village  as  It  Is.  Djuna  Barnes  .  .  Pearson 
Harrison,  Paul  W. — Medical  Missionary  in  Arabia  American 
Hawaiian,  The  Vanishing.  Vaughan  MacCaughey  Pearson 
Heavens  through  a  Spectroscope,  The.  C.  G.  Abbot  Harper 
Hometown  Revisited.  Seymour  Deming  .  .  .  Atlantic 
Hueffer,  Ford  Madox — Impressionist.  M.  Bronner  Bookman 

Hughes.  William  B.  Meloney Everybody's 

Hughes,— Why  He  Should  Be  Elected.  W.  R.  Willcox  Forum 
Hull-House,  The  Devil  Baby  at.  Jane  Addams  .  Atlantic 

Hypnotism  and  Telepathy,  More Unpopular 

111,  On  Being.  Henry  D.  Sedgwick  ....  Attantj'c 
Immigrant  Women,  Protection  of.  Lolita  C.  Van 

Rensselaer Forum 

Indian  Problem,  Social  Elements  of  the.  A.  C. 

Parker Am.  Jour  Soc. 

Indian  Railway,  On  the.  Thornton  Oakley  ."  .  Harper 
Ireland's  Sorrows.  Lady  Aberdeen  ....  Yale  Rev. 

Irish  Martyrs,  The Pearson 

Irish  Surnames,  Origin  of.  E.  J.  Bruen  .  .  .  Pearson 
Islam,  Disruption  of.  Duncan  B.  Macdonald  .  Yale  Rev. 
JofiFre  and  Haig,  Generals.  F.  Harris  ....  Pearson 
Journalism,  Opportunity  and  Duty  in.  V.  S. 

Yarros Am.  Jour.  Soc. 

Kitchener — England's  Man  of  Iron.  Lady  St.  Helier  Harper 

Laboratory  Reacts,  The Atlantic 

Latin.  The  Case  of.  A.  G.  Keller Yale  Rev. 

Law,  The  Woman  outside  the.  Anna  S.  Richardson  McClure 
Life,  Origin  and  Evolution  of.  H.  F.  Osborn  .  Scientific 
Literature  for  Ladies,  Considerations  on  .  .  Unpopular 
Living  and  Loving,  Long, — IL  Cleveland  Moffett  McClure 
Living,  Implications  of  a  Standard  of.  M.  B. 

Hexter Am.  Jour.  Soc. 

Lloyd-George — Conservative?  S.  K.  Ratcliffe  .  Century 
London,  Jack — Farmer.  Bailey  Millard  .  .  .  Bookman 
London  Memories, — I.  Brander  Matthews  .  .  Scribncr 
Marne,  In  the  Wake  of  the.  G.  HazeHon  .  .  .  Forum 
Minimum  Wage  by  Law,  The  ....  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Mining  Boom,  The  Greatest,  in  History.  W.  V. 

Woehlke Rev.  of  Revs. 

Morgans,  Three  Generations  of  Pearson 

Mothers'  Pension  Law,  The  Michigan.  F.  Harvey  Pearson 
Motor,  Putting  the.  on  the  Counter.  J.  H.  Collins  McClure 
Motor  Truck,  The  Army  and  the.  R.  W.' 

Hutchinson,  Jr Rev.  of  Revs. 

Movies  of  the  Future McClure 

Munition  Plants,  Shall  the  Government  Own?  F.  C. 

Howe Pearson 

Munitions,  Coke-Oven  Ammonia  for.  J.  W. 

Turrentine  .     „    ", Rev.  of  Revs. 


282 


THE    DIAL 


[October  5 


Just  Published 

PERSONALITY  IN 

GERMAN  LITERATURE 

BEFORE  LUTHER 

By  KUNO  FRANCKE 

Professor   of   the   History   of  German   Culture  in 

Harvard    University 

An  attempt  to  trace  in  the  literary  and  intellectual 
life  of  the  centuries  preceding  the  Reformation  a 
steady  line  of  transition  from  aristocratic  to  demo- 
cratic conceptions  of  personality. 

8vo.     240  pages.     $1.25 

HARVARD  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 

CAMBRIDGE,  MASS.  NEW  YORK  CITY 


If 


I  you  believe  in  the  literary  future  of 
the  Middle  West,  you  should  know 


The  Midland 

Some  of  the  contributors:  Arthur  Davison 
Ficke,  John  G.  Neihardt,  Keene  Abbott,  Ayery 
Abbott,  Mahlon  Leonard  Fisher,  Burton  Kline, 
William  Ellery  Leonard,  Edward  J.  O'Brien, 
H.  B.  Alexander. 

Published  Monthly  at  Iowa  City,  Iowa.  i$1.50  a  year. 
Sample  copies  gladly  furnished. 


ECHOES  OF  DESTINY 


BY  CLRENCE  STONE 


A    brief    book    of    values    and 
vignettes;  forty  cents  postpaid 

THE    ARNOLD    PRESS 

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OUR    CHIEF    MAGISTRATE 
AND  HIS  POWERS 

By   WILLIAM   HOWARD   TAFT 

22mo,  cloth,  pp.  vii  +  165.     $130  net. 
A  notably  comprehensive   statement  of  the 
duties  and  the  responsibilities  of  the  Chief  Ex- 
ecutive  from  the  intimate  point  of  view  of  a 
President  of  the  United  States. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  GOVERN- 
MENT  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 

By  WOODROW  WILSON 

12tno,  cloth,  pp.  vii  +  236.     $1.50  net. 
Of  particular  interest  is  the  chapter  on  "The 
President  of  the  United  States,"  written  by  Mr. 
Wilson  before  his  election  to  the  Presidency. 

COLUMBIA    UNIVERSITY    PRESS 

Lemcke  and  Buechner,  Agents 
30-32  West  27th  Street  New  York  City 


Musical  Shop,  Criers  of  the.  S.  B.  Gass  .  .  .  Atlantic 
Nation  in  the  Building,  Our, — conclusion,  As  Others 

Saw  Us.  Helen  Nicolay Century 

National  Guard  Mobilization,  Truth  about  Our.  C. 

Merz Everybody's 

National  Prosperity,  Our.  C.  A.  Gilchrist  .  .  Scientific 
Neutrality  after  the  War,  American.  Norman  Angell  Yale  Rev. 
New  Jersey's  Insects.  H.  B.  Weiss  ....  Scientific 
Night  Court  for  Women,  The  New  York.  F.  Harris  Pearson 

Nursery  Lore,  In  Praise  of Unpopular 

Old  Dominion,  We  Discover  the — III.  Louise  Closser 

Hale Harper 

Peace  by  Force Unpopular 

Poets,  Minor,  Gregariousness  of  the.  S.  M.  Crothers  Atlantic 
Popular  Songs,  Fortunes  Made  in.  E.  M.  Wickes  American 
Pork  Barrell,  Inside  of  the.  Charles  E.  Russell  .  Pearson 
Postal  Employees,  Unionising.  F.  Monroe  .  .  Pearson 

Poverty,  Problem  of Unpopular 

Prussian  Militarism,  Death-Grapple  with.  A.  F. 

Pollard Yale  Rev. 

Railroad  Eight-Hour  Law,  The.  W.  Z.  Ripley  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Railroad  Regulation,  Ten  Years  of.  S.  O.  Dunn  .  Scribner 

"Raw  Land."  Kate  Smith Forum 

Riley,  James  Whitcomb.  Meredith  Nicholson  .  Atlantic 
Rippin,  Jane  Deeter — "Mender  of  Broken  Hearts."  American 
Rodin's  Conception  of  Art  and  Nature.  Compiled  by 

J.  Cladel  and  S.  K.  Star Century 

Rods  and  Gunnels.  Jack  London Bookman 

Rumania's  Transylvanian  Neighbors.  L.  S. 

Smith Rev.  of  Revs. 

Salonica,  From.  Albert  Kinross Atlantic 

Save  Money,  "Get  in  Debt"  to,  Advice  of  Louis  F. 

Swift American 

Schwab,  Charles  M.,  Own  Story  of— I.  Merle 

Crowell American 

Science,  Historical  Continuity  of.  T.  B.  Robertson  Scientific 
Sentimentalist,  Satirist,  Realist.  W.  Follett.  .  .  Atlantic 
Shaw,  George  Bernard! — I.  F.  Harris  .  .  .  Pearson 

Slocum,  Col.  Herbert  J.:  American  Soldier.  A.  W. 

Little Pearson 

Snyder,  Billy— Keeper  of  Central  Park  Zoo. 

G.  McCafferty American 

Social  Reform,  Sentimentality  and.  A.  J.  Todd  Am.  Jour.  Soc. 
Stevens,  Harry — Vendor  of  Goodies  to  Baseball  Fans  American 
Stevenson,  In  California  with.  Nellie  van  de 

Grift  Sanchez Scribner 

Tango-Time Unpopular 

Taxes,  The  New,  for  National  Defense.  C.  F. 

Speare Rev.  of  Revs. 

Terrorism,  Philosophy  of Unpopular 

Theatrical  Audiences,  New,  for  Old.  Louis  Sherwin  Pearson 
Trade,  Freedom  of.  George  H.  Putnam  .  .  .  Forum 
Unpreparedness,  Fruits  of.  Theodore  Roosevelt  Metropolitan 
Verdun,  With  the  Iron  Division  at.  L.  O.  Philippe  Atlantic 
War,  After  Two  Years  of.  A.  D.  Noyes  .  .  .  Scribner 

War,  Aftermath  of.  Hugh  F.  Fox Forum 

War  and  the  Democratic  State.  L.  L.  Bernard  Am.  Jour.  Soc. 
War,  The,  and  the  Professor  of  Literature  .  .  Unpopular 
Wedlock,  Durable  Monogamous.  J.  E.  Cutler  Am.  Jour.  Soc. 
Will,  Organization  of.  Edward  A.  Ross  .  Am.  Jour.  Soc. 
Wilson,  Business  Men  against.  C.  P.  Connolly  Everybody's 
Wilson  or  Hughes.  Norman  Hapgood  .  .  .  Yale  Rev. 
Wilson,  Real  Grievances  against.  A.  L.  Benson  Pearson 
"X107,"  Poems  and  Letters  of:  A  Soul  in  Prison  .  Harper 
Yser,  Behind  the.  Maud  Mortimer Atlantic 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 


[The  following  list,  containing  103  titles,  includes 
books  received  ~by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 


BIOGRAPHY   A\D   HKMIMSC'ENCES 

The   Melancholy   Tale   of   "Me":   My   Remembrances. 

By    Edward    H.    Sothern.      Illustrated    in    photo- 

gravue,   etc.,   8vo,  407   pages.     Charles   Scribner's 

Sons.     $3.50. 
The    Chevalier    de    Boufflerst     A    Romance    of    the 

French     Revolution.       By     Nesta     H.     Webster. 

Illustrated,    8vo,    441    pages.       B.    P.    Dutton    & 

Co.      $4. 
Handel.      By    Remain    Rolland.      Illustrated,    12mo, 

210   pages.     Henry  Holt  &  Co.     $1.50. 
Abraham   Lincoln.     By   Lord   Charnwood.      "Makers 

of     the     Nineteenth     Century     Series";     8vo,     479 

pages.     Henry  Holt  &  Co.     $1.75. 
General    Botha:      The     Career    and     the    Man.       By 

Harold   Spender.     With  portrait,  8vo,   348  pages. 

Houg'hton   Mifflin    Co.      $2. 
The  Life  and  Times  of  Booker  T.  Washington.     By 

B.     F.     Riley.       Illustrated,     12mo,     301     pages. 

Fleming  H.   Revell   Co.     $l.r>0. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


283 


Helnrloh  Conj-Ied.  By  Montrose  J.  Moses.  Illus- 
trated, 12rao,  367  pages.  Thomas  Y.  Crowell  Co. 
$2.50. 

Autobiography  ot  George  Dewey.  Illustrated.  8vo, 
337  pages.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.50. 

Recollections  Grave  and  Gay.  By  Mrs.  Burton 
Harrison.  Popular  edition;  8vo,  386  pages. 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.50. 

Reminiscences  ot  a  Soldier's  "Wife.  By  Mrs.  John 
A.  Logan.  Popular  edition;  illustrated,  8vo, 
470  pages.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.50. 

A  Little  Book  of  Friends.  By  Harriet  Prescott 
Spofford.  12mo,  184  pages.  Little,  Brown,  &  Co. 
$1.25. 

A  Xew  England  Childhood:  The  Story  of  the  Boy- 
hood of  Edmund  Clarence  Stedman  (1833-1908). 
By  Margaret  Fuller.  12mo,  294  pages.  Little, 
Brown,  &  Co.  $1.50. 

Great  Victorians:  Memories  and  Personalities.  By 
T.  H.  S.  Escott.  With  photogravure  portrait, 
8vo,  384  pages.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

Sixty  Years  of  the  Theater:  An  Old  Critic's  Mem- 
ories. By  John  Ranken  Towse.  Illustrated, 
8vo,  464  pages.  Funk  &  Wagnalls  Co.  $2.50. 

Portraits  of  the  Seventies.  By  the  Right  Hon. 
George  W.  E.  Russell.  With  portraits,  8vo, 
485  pages.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

The  Fighting  Man.  By  William  A.  Brady.  With 
portraits,  12mo,  227  pages.  Bobbs-Merrill  Co. 
$1.50. 

An  Episode  In  Stevenson's  Life.  By  Stephen  Chal- 
mers; with  Preface  by  Lord  Guthrie.  With 
frontispiece,  16mo,  65  pages.  Houghton  Mifflin 
Co.  75  cts. 

In  Slams  and  Society:  Reminiscences  of  Old 
Friends.  By  James  Adderley.  With  portrait, 
12mo,  302  pages.  E.  P.  Button  &  Co.  $1.50. 

Father  and  Son.  By  Edmund  Gosse.  12mo,  355 
pages.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.25. 

The  Autobiography  and  Deliverance  of  Mark  Ruth- 
erford. Edited  by  Reuben  Shapcott.  New  edi- 
tion; 8vo,  264  pages.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $1.50. 

Leaders  In  Xorway,  and  Other  Essays.  By  Agnes 
Mathilde  Wergeland;  edited  and  arranged  by 
Katharine  Merrill.  Illustrated,  12mo,  193  pages. 
Menasha,  Wis. :  George  Banta  Publishing  Co. 

Memoirs    of    M.    Thiers,    1870-1873.      Translated    by 

F.  M.    Atkinson.      8vo,    384    pages.      James    Pott 
&  Co. 

McClellan:  A  Vindication  of  the  Military  Career  of 
Gen.  George  B.  McClellan,  a  Lawyer's  Brief.  By- 
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Living  for  the  Future:  A  Study  in  the  Ethics  of 
Immortality.  By  John  Rothwell  Slater,  Ph.D. 
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The  Ethics  of  Euripides.  By  Rhys  Carpenter.  Large 
8vo,  48  pages.  "Archives  of  Philosophy." 
Columbia  University  Press.  Paper. 

EDUCATION    AND    SCHOOL    AFFAIRS 

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William  Hall  and  Alice  Cynthia  King  Hall;  with 
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Converging  Paths.  By  E.  T.  Campagnac.  12mo, 
113  pages.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  75  cts. 

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Oxford  University  Press.  $1. 

Shakespeare's  Much  Ado  About  Nothing.  Edited 
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Statement  of  the  Ownership,  Management,  Circulation,  Etc.,  Required  by  the  Act  of  Congress  of  August  24, 19 1 2, 


of    The    Dial,    published    semi-monthly    at    Chicago,    111.,    for 
October,  1916.     State  of  Illinois,  County  of  Cook,  ss. 

Before  me,  a  notary  public  in  and  for  the  state  and 
county  aforesaid,  personally  appeared  Martyn  Johnson, 
who,  having  been  duly  sworn  acording  to  law,  deposes  and 
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lication for  the  date  shown  in  the  above  caption,  required 
by  the  Act  of  August  24,  1912,  embodied  in  section  443, 
Postal  Laws  and  Regulations,  printed  on  the  reverse  of  this 
form,  to  wit : 

1.  That  the  names  and  addresses  of  the  publisher,  editor, 
managing    editor,    and    business    managers    are :      Publisher, 
The    Dial    Publishing    Company,    608    So.    Dearborn    Street, 
Chicago.       Managing     Editor,     Martyn     Johnson.       Business 
Manager,  Martyn  Johnson,  608  So.  Dearborn  Street,  Chicago. 

2.  That  the  owners  are:     (Give  names  and  addresses   of 
individual  owners,   or,   if  a  corporation,   give  its   name  and 
the  names  and  addresses  of  stockholders  owning  or  holding 
1   per   cent   or   more   of   the   total    amount   of   stock.)      The 
Dial  Publishing   Company.     Martyn   Johnson,   608  So.   Dear- 
born   Street    Chicago,    111.      Willard    C.    Kitchel,    50    So.    La 
Salle    Street,    Chicago,    111.      Mary    Aldis,    Lake    Forest,    111. 
Mary  L.  Snow,  Dearborn,  Mich.     Laird  Bell,  134  So.  La  Salle 
Street,   Chicago,   111. 

3.  That    the    known    bondholders,    mortgagees,    and    other 
security    holders    owning    or    holding    1    per    cent    or    more 


of    total    amount    of    bonds,    mortgages,    or    other    securities 
are  :     ( If  there  are  none,  so  state. )      None. 

4.  That    the    two    paragraphs    next    above,    giving    the 
names   of  the   owners,   stockholders,    and   security   holders,   if 
any,    contain   not   only   the   list   of   stockholders    and   security 
holders    as    they    appear    upon    the    books    of    the    company 
but   also,   in   cases   where  the   stockholders   or  security  holder 
appears   upon   the   books   of   the   company   as   trustee  or  in 
any    other    fiduciary    relation,    the    name    of    the   person    or 
corporation  for  whom  such  trustee  is  acting,  is  given ;  also 
that  the  said  two  paragraphs   co_ntain   statements  embracing 
affiant's    full   knowledge   and   belief   as    to   the   circumstances 
and   conditions  under  which  stockholders  who  do  not  appear 
upon   the  books  of  the  company  as  trustees,   hold  stock   and 
securities    in    a    capacity    other    than    that    of    a    bona    fide 
owner ;    and  this  affiant  has  no  reason  to   believe  that  any 
other    person,    association,    or    corporation    has    any    interest 
direct  or  indirect  in  the  said  stock,  bonds,  or  other  securities 
than  as  so  stated  by  him. 

5.  That   the   average    number   of   copies    of   each    issue   of 
this    publication    sold    or    distributed,    through    the    mails    or 
otherwise,    to    paid    subscribers    during   the   six    months    pre- 
ceding   the    date    shown    above    is.       (This    information    is 
required  from   daily  publications  only.) 

MARTYN    JOHNSON. 

Sworn    to    and    subscribed    before    me    this    29th    day    of 
September    1916. 

[SEAL.]        WILLARD  C.   KITCHELL. 
(My   commission    expires,    Jan.    20,    1920.) 


1916] 


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JOHN  G.  NEIHARDT 

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mented :  "  The  genius  of  American  poetry  is 
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POEMS  OF  THE  GREAT  WAR 

By  J.  W.  CUNLIFFE 

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Brooke,  John  Masefield,  Lincoln  Colcord, 
William  Benet,  Wilfrid  Wilson  Gibson,  Her- 
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OCTOBEE  19,  1916 


No.  7X7. 


CONTEXTS. 


OUR    HOSPITABLE    AGE.      George    Bernard 

Donlin 293 

LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IN  FRANCE.     (Special 

Correspondence.)      Theodore    Stanton     .      .  295 

CASUAL  COMMENT  .  .  .'.  .,.'..'.  298 
Treitschke  in  his  lecture  room. — The  evolu- 
tion of  Lord  Dundreary. — Readers'  rapture. 
— Popular  appreciation  of  imagism  and  free 
verse. — Literature  of  power  versus  literature 
of  knowledge. — Editorial  colloquialisms. — 
Criticizing  the  critics. — Reading  and  teach- 
ing.— Better  than  a  reading  room. — Some 
aspects  of  superannuation. — The  startling 
style. — Literature  for  ladies. — The  pub- 
lisher's burden. 

COMMUNICATIONS     .    V     .     .     .     .     .      .303 

Poe  's  Playmates  in  Kilmarnock.  Lewis  Chase. 

A  Biography  of  Stevenson's  Wife.  Nellie 
Van  de  Grift  Sanchez. 

Will  Shakespeare's  Earnings.  Warwick 
James  Price. 

THE  TWO  CANDIDATES.    Harold  J.  Laslci     .  304 

AN   ACTOR'S    REMEMBRANCES.     Percy   F. 

Biclcnell     .     .      .  :  '.     .     .     «r    .     .      .  306 

NEW    LINCOLN    LITERATURE.      Luther   E. 

Bobinson 307 

GASPARD  THE  GREAT.     E.  Preston  Dargan  311 
RECENT   FICTION.     Edward  E.  Hale      .     .  313 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 315 

Correspondence  of  a  Georgian  peer. — The 
measurement  of  intelligence. — Studies  of 
China  and  the  Chinese  people. — Presidential 
nominations  and  elections. — Two  Stevenson 
episodes. — The  fine  art  of  correct  expression. 
— For  a  free  India. — Inter-relations  of 
thought  and  action. — A  handbook  on  the 
German  Government. 

NOTES  AND  NEWS .  319 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS 320 


OUB  HOSPITABLE  AGE. 


"I  cannot,"  says  Mr.  Chesterton,  "under- 
stand the  people  who  take  literature  seriously ; 
but  I  can  love  them,  and  I  do."  This  is  not, 
it  seems  to  me,  simply  another  confession  of 
Mr.  Chesterton's  innocent  passion  for  all 
things  obsolete.  It  is  a  confession  also  of  his 
deep,  instinctive  militancy.  He  delights  in 
smashing  heads  —  always,  of  course,  in  a 
spirit  of  hilarious  Christian  charity.  To 
the  gratification  of  such  a  taste,  serious  people 
are  necessary,  for  on  the  frivolous  no  quarrel 
can  be  fastened.  Whatever  he  may  say,  how- 
ever, I  cannot  feel  that  the  people  who  take 
literature  seriously  have  really  earned  Mr. 
Chesterton's  love:  they  have  not  supplied 
him  with  a  single  good  row.  His  peculiar 
romanticism  has  been  as  provocative  as  fore- 
thought and  afterthought  could  make  it.  It 
has  been  carefully  wild  and  regularly  eccen- 
tric. In  vain!  Nobody  has  minded.  As 
romantic  in  a  world  of  realists,  he  can  tempt 
no  one  to  hurl  a  stone  at  him.  Luckily  for 
him,  people  who  take  other  things  seriously 
are  less  complacent,  and  he  has  been  able, 
by  making  political,  religious,  and  social 
orthodoxy  terrifying  to  the  orthodox,  to  stir 
up  as  much  trouble  as  he  liked. 

If  schools  no  longer  divide  us,  neither  do 
smaller  technical  squabbles  generally.  Surely 
there  never  was  a  time  when  the  breaking  of 
rules  was  less  exciting  for  the  innovators.  We 
have,  indeed,  an  immense  zest  for  freshness; 
we  seem  actually,  for  the  moment,  to  have  put 
the  pleasure  of  surprise  on  a  level  with  the 
pleasure  of  recognition.  In  strangeness  we 
find  a  delightful  challenge.  I  know  that  an 
occasional  protest  is  heard.  There  are  critics, 
for  example,  who  deny  that  Mr.  Shaw  writes 
plays,  but  such  judgments  rouse  no  animosity. 
They  neither  pack  nor  empty  the  playhouse; 
they  inspire  no  manifestoes.  And  if  those 
who  utter  them  fancy  they  have  wounded  Mr. 
Shaw,  they  have  failed  to  grasp  the  signifi- 
cance of  the  fact  that  his  irreverent  treatment 
of  Shakespeare  as  moralist  and  thinker  was 
not  in  the  least  mitigated  by  his  respect  for 
Shakespeare  as  dramatic  artist.  In  other 
words,  they  have  failed  to  take  the  hint  that 


294 


THE    DIAL 


[October  19 


a  dramatist  as  such  need  not  rank  too  high 
in  his  scale  of  values,  and  it  is  not  surprising 
if  even  his  intemperate  enthusiasm  for  Brieux 
has  left  them  without  a  clue.  Critics,  again, 
will  occasionally  complain  that  Mr.  "Wells  has 
mixed  his  modes,  has  been  so  careless  or  so 
perverse  as  to  spoil  a  promising  treatise  by 
casting  it  in  fictional  form,  and  such  com- 
plaints are  often  sufficiently  just.  Only,  I 
hardly  think  they  help  us  to  understand  Mr. 
Wells.  I  imagine  that  one  of  the  things  he 
finds  most  exasperating  at  times  is  the  silly 
popular  bias  in  favor  of  fiction.  If  he  has 
yielded  to  it,  if  he  has  continued  to  write 
novels  year  after  year,  is  it  not  largely  because 
he  has  been  unwilling  to  restrict  himself  to 
an  audience  of  specialists,  indurated  theorists 
whom  no  theory  can  be  expected  to  prick  into 
action  ?  He  wanted  to  vitalize  unsophisticated 
minds.  All  his  passion  has  been  so  expended ; 
he  has  none  left  over  to  discuss  whether  he 
really  is  a  novelist.  Besides,  it  is  clear  enough 
that  he  does  not  regard  the  novel  as  sacrosanct. 
It  is  only  a  means  to  the  more  ample  and 
passionate  apprehension  of  reality ;  it  may  be 
copious  and  loose,  as  with  the  Russians,  or 
neatly  articulated,  as  with  Flaubert,  and  be 
a  novel  none  the  less. 

If  the  writers  themselves  have  been  rel- 
atively indifferent  to  the  metaphysics  of  lit- 
erary forms,  the  public  has  been  even  more 
so.  Indeed,  this  is  the  wholesome  instinct  of 
the  public  in  every  age,  an  instinct  invaluable 
to  the  initiator.  The  public  has  asked,  as 
always,  simply  to  be  amused,  to  be  stimulated, 
to  be  diverted,  to  be  shocked,  to  be  touched  or 
consoled,  without  stopping  to  inquire  how 
these  admirable  and  mysterious  effects  are  to 
be  achieved.  It  has  sensibly  left  all  that  to 
the  craftsmen.  Discussions  of  theory  may 
have  fluttered  the  coterie,  but  even  there 
they  have  been  far  from  violent.  It  is 
not,  we  may  be  sure,  that  fanatics  are  no 
longer  born  in  our  luminous  time;  fanatics 
enliven  every  period,  and  the  coterie  has  for 
them  a  fatal  fascination.  It  is  rather  that  the 
literary  allegiances  of  yesterday  —  excited 
attachments  to  realism,  romanticism,  what 
not? — have  ceased  everywhere  to  be  passions 
and  have  become  simple  preferences.  Even  a 
fanatic  will  not  walk  to  the  stake  for  a  pref- 
erence,— simply  to  vindicate  his  inborn  fanat- 
icism. As  for  the  average  man,  supposing 
him  to  have  any  interest  in  the  matter  at  all, 
a  large  and  free,  if  not  always  quite  intelli- 


gent, skepticism  has  sufficed.  It  is  a  way  of 
avoiding  passionate  error,  and  perhaps  he  has 
acted  unknowingly  on  the  hint  of  Renan,  who 
was  able  to  found  a  whole  philosophy  on  the 
fear  of  dupery.  "Ah !  je  fais  bien  mes  com- 
pliments a  ceux  qui  sont  surs  de  ces  choses- 
la !  Le  mieux  est  de  ne  rien  affirmer,  ou  bien 
de  changer  d  'avis  de  temps  en  temps.  Comme 
ga,  on  a  des  chances  d 'avoir  ete  au  moins  une 
fois  dans  le  vrai." 

In  all  this  growing  mildness  and  reason- 
ableness, it  is  easy  to  trace  the  gradual  pene- 
tration of  the  literary  consciousness  by  an 
idea  that  had  already  cast  its  reconciling 
light  over  the  squabbles  of  philosophers  and 
scientists.  I  mean,  of  course,  the  idea  of  the 
relativity  of  things,  of  the  provisional  nature 
of  our  truth.  That  idea  has  long  been  so 
familiar  that  we  find  it  difficult  to  realize 
what  hecatombs  of  victims  were  sacrificed  in 
the  past  to  the  Absolute  —  absolute  truth, 
absolute  beauty.  I  suppose  few  critics  would 
be  inclined  nowadays  to  dispute  Pater's  dic- 
tum that  the  definition  of  beauty  becomes 
unmeaning  and  useless  in  proportion  to  its 
abstractness,  and  that  to  find  for  it  no  univer- 
sal formula,  but  the  formula  which  expresses 
most  adequately  this  or  that  special  manifesta- 
tion of  it,  is  the  true  business  of  students  of 
aesthetics.  Obviously  this  is  a  task  which  can 
never  be  finished,  as  long  as  we  write  at  all. 
And  it  is  a  task  which  may  well  fascinate  us 
by  reason  of  the  play  it  gives'  to  all  that  is 
supple,  ingenious,  and  sympathetic  in  our 
minds.  But  the  critic  has  another  reward: 
he  is  able  to  repay,  in  a  measure,  the  debt 
he  is  under  to  such  as  have  given  him  pleas- 
ure, and  to  repay  it  in  the  most  satisfying 
way,  by  communicating  his  pleasure  to  others. 
He  will  be  on  his  guard  against  any  premature 
stiffening  of  the  sensibilities,  which  would 
restrict  his  pleasure.  Convinced  that  beauty, 
like  everything  else,  is  relative,  he  will  speak 
mild  words.  He  will  be  little  likely  to  repeat 
the  gesture  of  Canute.  He  will,  with  what- 
ever reluctance,  grant  to  realists,  romantics, 
symbolists,  impressionists, —  yes,  he  will  grant 
also  to  imagists  and  futurists, — the  right  to 
live. 

Such  catholicity  is  irresistibly  seductive  to 
the  critic,  whose  business  is  appreciation  and 
who  has  no  higher  hope  than  to  make  visible 
beauty  that  was  formerly  hidden.  Fortunate 
are  the  Olympians  —  a  Pater,  an  Anatole 
France  —  who  are  privileged  to  rebuke  by 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


295 


silence  alone,  and  who,  in  the  very  act  of 
selection,  register  a  judgment.  The  journey- 
man critic  can  never  hope  to  be  so  fastidious ; 
the  presses  set  him  his  task.  He  will  have  to 
bear  more  than  they  the  distrust  which 
attaches,  in  some  measure,  to  all  who  dis- 
criminate their  enthusiasms.  He  works  in 
haste;  he  wants  detachment,  If  he  has  been 
bored  and  happens  to  have  wit,  he  will  not 
always  restrain  the  impulse  to  be  pungent. 
Well,  these  are  human  limitations,  and  even 
pungency  is  not  despicable.  I  think  we  would 
not  spare  the  touch  of  malice  that  has  sharp- 
ened more  than  one  critic's  vision  in  the  past, 
and  it  would  be  sheer  hypocrisy  to  pretend 
that  we  have  become  too  tender  to  relish  the 
joys  of  gladiatorship.  We  are  not  ready  to 
ask  the  critic  to  refrain  from  judging  on  the 
ground  that  he  may  be  throttling  an  infant 
truth.  As  long  as  the  progeny  of  error  is  at 
least  equal  to  the  progeny  of  truth,  a  little 
throttling  will  be  in  order.  Besides,  the  critic 's 
modesty  mercifully  delivers  him  from  a  pom- 
pous and  cautious  responsibility.  To  Assume 
it  would  be  to  show  that  he  cherished  illusions 
as  to  his  own  importance,  and  that  he  had 
forgotten  how  little  harm  the  follies  of  criti- 
cism have  done  in  the  past. 

Where  so  much  mildness  is  the  modern 
rule,  however,  there  is  one  quarrel  that  has 
not  been  composed.  This  is  really  a  human, 
rather  than  a  literary  quarrel:  the  quarrel 
between  parents  and  children, —  the  old  up- 
holding the  authority  of  departed  gods,  the 
young  striving  to  enlarge  the  Pantheon. 
Although  we  now  understand  this  quarrel  in 
all  its  pathetic  implications,  we  do  not, 
luckily,  remain  indifferent  to  its  successive 
manifestations.  How  stirring  most  of  us 
found  the  assault  on  the  Victorians  at  the 
turn  of  the  century !  Only  now  is  the  bitter- 
ness losing  its  force.  The  lately  dead  are 
rivals  of  the  living.  Yes,  and  they  are  more 
than  rivals.  They  are,  often  enough,  dis- 
carded props  and  models  as  well.  A  vigorous 
ego  will  revenge  itself  for  such  servitude  as 
immoderate  admiration  implies.  It  is  too 
wounding  to  self-esteem.  Witness  the  venom 
with  which  Nietzsche  vindicated  his  maturity 
against  discipleship  to  Schopenhauer.  And 
those  whom  Zola  had  warmed  in  his  bosom, 
buried  their  fangs  in  his  flesh.  Zola  has  been 
terribly  reviled.  I  think  we  ought  to  remem- 
ber the  nobility  of  his  acquiescence:  "After 
all,  it  is  the  eternal  law  —  children  devour 


their  fathers.    I  make  no  complaint.    Nature 
has  willed  it  so." 

Apart  from  the  antagonistic  interests  that 
divide  youth  from  age,  apart  from  the  dif- 
ference of  animal  heat  and  consequently  of 
emotional  values,  apart  from  the  difference 
of  experience  and  vision,  there  is  another 
reason  for  their  eternal  quarrel:  I  mean  the 
difference  in  their  curiosity.  There  is  no  use 
in  pretending  that  our  curiosity  lasts  for- 
ever. No,  it  wears  out  like  youth,  like  beauty, 
like  ardor,  like  everything  else.  Our  curiosity, 
which  is  always  scourging  us  as  with  a  lash 
to  renewed  effort,  is  opposed  even  from  the 
first  by  our  natural  human  indolence;  and 
there  comes  a  time,  whether  early  or  late, 
when  indolence  triumphs.  Why  not?  What 
could  be  more  exhausting  than  a  prolonged 
exercise  of  the  critical  faculty,  always  alert, 
always  challenging,  and  yet  flexible  enough 
to  submit  itself  to  one  enthusiasm  after 
another  ?  To  be  asked  to  make  up  one 's  mind 
afresh  about  the  merits  of  every  youngster 
that  comes  up  out  of  the  unknown,  becomes 
at  last  intolerable  to  most  of  us.  Small 
wonder,  then,  if  occasionally  an  aging  pon- 
tiff, anxious  to  keep  for  a  little  his  hard-won 
certitudes,  invokes  the  terror  of  the  law  and 
consigns  the  newest  aspirant  to  perdition. 
What!  are  there  not  gods  enough  already! 
It  is  a  cry  that  can  stir  our  sympathy  in 
moments  of  weariness  and  disenchantment, 
but  to  accept  it  involves  a  denial  of  life 

GEORGE  BERNARD  DONLIN. 


LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IN  FRANCE. 


(Special  Correspondence  of  THE  DIAL,.) 
There  seems  to  be  no  diminution  in  the 
output  of  war  books  in  all  the  European 
capitals.  For  instance,  the  well-known  Paris 
publisher,  Delagrave,  said  to  me  recently: 
"In  our  list  of  new  publications  to  appear 
during  the  hostilities,  you  will  find  that  most 
of  them  bear  on  the  events  of  the  moment, 
which  is  in  fact  the  dominant  feature  of 
about  all  that  issues  from  the  French  press 
at  this  time";  and  in  the  catalogue  which  he 
gave  me,  I  noted  that  twenty-two  out  of  the 
twenty-eight  volumes  mentioned  have  to  do 
with  the  present  conflict  or  with  subjects 
connected  therewith. 

In  England  the  native  supply  does  not 
satisfy  the  craving  for  war  literature;  so  the 
London  publishers  turn  to  Paris  for  a  fresh 


2% 


THE    DIAL 


[October  19 


supply.  One  of  the  more  recent  and  best  of 
these  translations  is  that  of  the  book  of 
Lieutenant  Paul  Hyacinthe  Loyson,  men- 
tioned in  my  April  contribution  to  THE  DIAL, 
which  in  its  English  dress  will  appear  under 
the  title,  "Our  Fight  for  Right,"  or  "The 
Gods  in  the  Battle," — the  author  and  pub- 
lisher not  being  agreed  on  this  point  in  the 
last  letter  which  I  received  from  London. 
But  they  were  of  one  mind  as  regards  the 
sub-title, — "A  French  Democrat's  Answer  to 
'Above  the  Battle'  of  Romain  Rolland."  The 
translator  will  be  Lady  Frazer,  wife  of  the 
author  of  "The  Golden  Bough,"  and  the 
preface  will  be  by  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells,  "the  great 
novelist  and  pro-allied  socialist,"  as  Lieu- 
tenant Loyson  describes  him  to  me.  In  the 
English  edition,  the  text  will  be  reduced  by 
a  third. 

One  of  the  best  of  the  French  war  books 
has  not,  I  think,  reached  America;  though 
I  believe  it  has  appeared  in  London.  I  refer 
to  the  "Journal  d'un  Simple  Soldat"  (Paris: 
Hachette,  3  frs.  50),  by  Gaston  Riou,  a  young 
man  remarkable  in  many  respects.  The 
volume  is  dedicated  to  Guglielmo  Ferrero,  and 
the  preface  is  by  Senator  Edouard  Herriot, 
Mayor  of  Lyons.  The  author  travelled  in 
Germany  before  the  present  war,  and  you 
see  and  feel  on  almost  every  page  that  he 
knew  well  and  liked  the  older  and  better 
Fatherland.  It  was  his  duty  at  the  front  to 
pick  up  the  wounded ;  and  while  engaged  in 
this  dangerous  work,  he  himself  was  wounded 
and  taken  prisoner  by  the  Germans.  From  a 
long  unpublished  letter  by  M.  Riou,  I  select 
the  following  passages,  chiefly  because  they 
so  well  illustrate  the  splendid  moral  and  gay 
spirit  of  the  French  soldier  of  to-day : 

I  wrote  this  book  when  I  was  starving  in  prison. 
I  wished  to  leave  to  my  intended  something  of  myself. 
The  reader  will  perceive  that  the  tone  which  pervades 
it  is  intimate.  I  say  little  about  ideas,  which  is  the 
reason,  perhaps,  why  it  has  succeeded.  In  a  word, 
this  book  is  truly  a  "sacred  union"  one;  it  is  myself, 
my  dream,  my  reason  for  living.  Well,  I  did  not  have 
to  bore  my  fiancee  too  much  with  it,  for  as  soon  as 
the  packages  began  to  come  from  France,  my  com- 
panions in  captivity  chose  me  as  their  president  and 
I  was  kept  so  busy  distributing  the  food  that  I  found 
time  to  write  only  two  more  chapters.  I  have  now 
married  her  whom  I  often  refer  to  in  my  book,  and, 
though  my  wounds  have  healed,  my  leg,  which  con- 
tinues to  be  weak,  allows  me  to  take  only  short  walks 
with  her.  This  wife  has  a  fine  voice  and  she  would 
sing  you  the  songs  that  I  like;  and  because  she  is 
proud  of  her  poilu,  she  would  read  you  the  high- 
sounding  mention,  which  I  have  just  received,  in 
dispatches. 

My  dream  has  been  a  France,  the  apostle  and 
champion  of  intellectual  liberty  and  fraternity.  There 
was  nothing  chauvinistic  in  this.  I  do  not  like  the 
French  who  wish  for  a  Prussianized  France.  I  am  a 
son  of  '89,  and  not  one  of  those  who  say,  This  idea 
is  true  because  it  is  French,  but  rather,  This  idea 


will  become  French  because  it  is  true.  Montaigne, 
Eabelais,  Calvin,  Pascal,  Descartes,  La  Bruyere,  Jean 
Jacques,  Voltaire,  Michelet,  Lamennais, — all  are  inno- 
vators; and  if  they  lived  to-day,  they  would  defend 
France  not  only  as  one  defends  his  land,  his  factory, 
but  as  something  ideal,  sacred,  human,  and  by  so 
doing  would  defend  in  her  one  of  the  best  champions 
of  the  ideal  of  humanity.  Viewed  in  this  light,  they 
are  true  Christians,  for  in  the  free  spirit  of  these 
great  Frenchmen  there  is  more  true  Christianity  than 
in  the  political  clericalism  of  our  most  sincere  present- 
day  French  catholics. 

The  illustrator  of  the  book  was  a  fellow 
captive  of  the  author;  and  this  is  how  M. 
Riou,  a  Protestant,  presents  his  collaborator, 
a  Jew,  thus  offering  us  another  charming 
description  of  the  French  soldier  and  a 
further  example  of  the  "sacred  union"  which 
now  prevails  in  France: 

Jean  Heles,  an  interesting  artist,  is  the  pseudonym 
of  Jean  Le  Seyeux,  who,  a  boy,  was  doing  his  mili- 
tary service  when  the  war  broke  out.  His  father 
is  a  well-to-do  dealer  in  antiques  and  his  mother  is 
of  Jewish  origin.  He  is  the  nephew  of  the  actors 
Worms  and  Barretta.  Full  of  animal  spirits,  always 
in  good  humor,  the  gayest  of  our  band,  he  was  so 
starved  with  the  rest  of  us  that  he  could  not  rise 
from  his  bed  of  straw.  But  yet  he  killed  the  heavy 
hours  by  making  cubist  caricatures,  while  I  managed 
to  smuggle  in  the  food  necessary  to  keep  his  body 
and  soul  together  until  the  home  packages  began  to 
arrive.  And  all  the  time  he  kept  on  drawing  and 
drawing.  Some  of  the  work  made  under  these  semi- 
tragic  conditions  is  found  in  the  pages  of  my  book. 
Little  by  little  I  learned  Jean 's  history, —  how  he 
made  the  designs  for  a  large  fashionable  dress-maker 
of  Paris,  how  he  was  the  author  of  a  successful 
"revue,"  etc.  He  is,  too,  a  born  decorator,  and  I 
am  sure  he  will  make  his  mark. 

In  strong  contrast  with  this  light-hearted 
study  of  the  war  is  the  more  scientific 
"Enseignements  Psych ologiques  de  la  Guerre" 
(Paris:  Flammarion,  3  frs.  50),  by  the 
learned  Dr.  Gustave  Le  Bon.  This  book 
shows  us  that  the  present  struggle  absorbs 
not  only  the  energy  of  men  of  action  like 
Gaston  Riou,  but  also  occupies  the  attention 
of  philosophers.  Dr.  Le  Bon  finds  in  this 
conflict  a  grandiose  illustration,  a  striking 
confirmation,  of  the  psychologic  principle 
which  he  has  already  striven  in  other  works 
to  establish.  He  had  applied  these  principles 
to  the  study  of  diverse  historical  crises,  espe- 
cially to  the  French  Revolution ;  and  now  by 
applying  them  to  the  conflagration  raging  at 
this  moment,  the  author  throws  much  welcome 
light  on  certain  of  its  obscure  sides,  while  at 
the  same  time  he  does  not  let  his  patriotism 
run  too  much  away  with  his  judgment.  In 
this  connection  he  has  written  me: 

I  have  been  very  much  absorbed  of  late  with  my 
new  book,  "Les  Premieres  Consequences  de  la  Guerre," 
where  is  to  be  found  more  than  one  consequence  inter- 
esting to  Americans.  Naturally  the  chief  one  is  that 
the  assimilation  of  your  Germans,  which  you  thought 
complete,  has  not  at  all  been  accomplished,  and  what 
is  more,  could  not  be  accomplished.  Your  Germans 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


297 


are  the  enemy  within.  We  have  them  from  without. 
But  the  danger  from  the  first  is  not  less  than  that 
from  the  second. 

The  state  of  public  mind  which  produces 
these  high-spirited  books  is  echoed  in  any 
afternoon 's  conversation  in  the  literary  circles 
of  Paris.  Let  me  give  some  examples  of  this. 
An  academician  said  to  me  apropos  of  the 
German  excesses  in  poor  Belgium:  "Talley- 
rand summed  the  whole  thing  up  when  he 
remarked:  'It  is  easy  to  militarize  a  civilian 
but  impossible  to  civilize  a  soldier.'"  A 
leading  critic  added :  "A  great  people  is  not 
the  one  that  concocts  the  most  asphyxiating 
gases  but  the  one  that  does  most  to  advance 
civilization."  And  here  is  the  language  of 
the  venerable  Rene  Fouret,  head  of  the  great 
publishing  house  of  Hachette,  who  had  retired 
from  business  long  before  the  war  broke  out, 
but  who  immediately  went  into  harness  again : 

We  have  entered  upon  the  third  year  of  the  struggle, 
and  I  think  that  our  friends  the  English  and  Russians 
and  we  may  consider  with  a  certain  pride  the  route 
we  have  traversed  together.  What  an  enormous  effort 
we  have  had  to  make  to  be  able  to  stand  up  success- 
fully against  the  attacks  of  the  most  powerful  enemy 
that  has  ever  existed.  I  find  myself  ever,  asking 
myself  the  question  by  what  miracle  we  have  been 
able  to  escape  that  iron  grip.  The  sympathy  we 
have  awakened  among  the  true  friends  of  France  is 
very  precious  to  us  and  sustains  us  in  this  hard  trial. 

And  another  elder,  Camille  Flammarion,  the 
popularizer  of  astronomy,  has  attained  the 
calmness  of  soul  which  permits  him  to  be 
engaged  at  the  present  moment  "in  classing 
my  papers  for  a  future  volume  of  psychic 
studies. " 

We  should  expect  to  find  the  same  temper 
prevalent  in  the  art  circles  of  aesthetic 
France;  and  such  is  indeed  the  case.  I  give 
a  single  example  of  this.  The  city  of  Rheims 
organized  a  few  months  ago  a  public  subscrip- 
tion to  come  to  the  aid  of  "the  victims  of  the 
bombardment,"  and  invited  one  of  its  ablest 
sculptors,  M.  Leon  Chavalliaud,  to  prepare  an 
appropriate  commemorative  plaquette,  which 
he  has  done  most  artistically  and  at  the  same 
time  most  cuttingly.  On  the  obverse  we  see 
the  Kaiser,  torch  in  hand,  skulking  away  over 
the  prostrate  form  of  a  mother  and  her 
suckling  babe ;  in  the  background,  the  grand 
old  cathedral  in  flames,  while  two  avenging 
angels,  with  drawn  glave,  are  driving  before 
them  the  cowering  imperial  incendiary. 
Across  the  bottom  of  the  bronze  is  engraved 
this  verse  of  Victor  Hugo's: 

Qu'est  cela?    C'est  la  nuit. 

On  the  reverse  is  represented  the  grand  square 
of  Rheims,  with  the  statue  of  Joan  of  Arc  in 
the  centre;  in  the  foreground,  the  Gallic  cock 
standing  proudly  erect  on  the  breast  of  the 
fallen  Prussian  eagle,  while  the  morning  sun, 


rising  resplendent  in  the  background,  lights 
up  the  motto  of  France,  "Liberty,  Equality, 
Fraternity."  At  the  bottom  one  reads  the 
continuation  of  the  poet's  line: 

Et  que  sera  la  fin  T  L'Aurore. 
I  seize  the  occasion  to  add  that  M. 
Chavalliaud  is  not  alone  in  France  to-day 
in  receiving  inspiration  from  Victor  Hugo, 
whose  clear  and  virile  poems  of  the  First 
Empire  and  the  defeat  of  1870  are  now  on 
everybody's  lips.  You  see  them  in  newspaper 
editorials,  they  are  quoted  in  parliamentary 
speeches  and  in  funeral  orations,  and  they 
are  sung  in  the  hospitals  to  the  wounded 
soldiers.  Victor  Hugo  was  never  so  great  in 
his  home-land  as  he  is  at  the  present  hour. 

Before  dismissing  this  art  object,  let  me 
say,  in  case  any  Americans  may  wish  to  aid 
in  the  good  work  which  it  promotes,  that 
this  beautiful  plaquette  is  made  of  four 
different  metals  ranging  in  price  from  those 
in  bronze  at  10  francs  to  those  in  gold  at 
1,800  francs;  and  they  can  be  had  from  M. 
Mirguet,  Treasurer  of  the  Compagnie  de 
Sauveteurs,  Rheims. 

And  all  this  fine  national  and  patriotic 
spirit  comes  well  out  in  the  noble  language 
of  a  great  public  man  of  France  who  flour- 
ished over  a  century  before  Talleyrand,  whom 
I  was  quoting  a  moment  ago, — Guillaume  du 
Vair,  statesman  and  orator,  chancellor  of 
France  during  the  sixteenth  century  and 
author  of  an  admirable  book,  admirable  espe- 
cially at  this  time,— "Traite  de  la  Constance 
et  Consolation  es  Calamities  Publiques" 
(Paris:  Recueil  Sirey,  3  frs.  50).  This  new 
edition,  the  first  in  three  hundred  years,  has 
been  edited  by  the  learned  Professor  Jacques 
Flach,  of  the  College  of  France  and  member 
of  the  Institute.  Written  during  the  siege  of 
Paris  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XII.,  it  is  a  fine 
example  of  courage  and  faith  under  great 
difficulties,  and  hence  its  significance  and" 
value  to-day.  The  frontispiece  is  a  portrait 
of  the  Chancellor,  showing  a  strong  and  brave 
face.  Might  it  not  be  well  just  now  to- 
translate  this  vigorous  and  manly  book  for 
American  readers? 

This  whole  subject  of  civic  courage  suggests: 
the  telling  here  of  the  history  of  one  of  the 
literary  incidents  of  the  never-to-be  forgotten- 
or  forgiven  destruction  of  Louvain,  particu- 
larly as  I  am  able  to  give  it  in  the  words,  here 
published  for  the  first  time,  of  one  of  the 
actors  on  the  scene.  Professor  C.  de  la  Vallee- 
Poussin,  the  distinguished  mathematician  of 
the  late  University  of  Louvain,  who  spent  the 
last  college  year  in  America,  thus  relates  the 
rise  and  fall  of  one  of  his  books: 


298 


THE    DIAL 


[October  19 


The  burning  of  Louvain,  which  I  witnessed  from 
beginning  to  end,  began  on  the  evening  of  August 
25th,  and  was  conducted  systematically  under  the 
direction  of  the  German  authorities,  who  removed  the 
inhabitants  on  the  27th.  The  conflagration  continued 
until  the  end  of  the  month.  The  centre  of  the  city, 
with  the  exception  of  the  City  Hall,  where  were  the 
German  headquarters,  was  entirely  destroyed.  On  the 
27th  or  28th,  my  publisher's  printing  office,  which 
was  in  that  part  of  the  town,  was  completely  gutted, 
and  a  majority  of  the  works  of  the  professors  of  the 
university,  kept  there  in  stock,  wiped  out.  That  is 
how  my  "Cours  d 'Analyse"  was  lost.  The  third  edi- 
tion of  Volume  II.  was  in  press  when  the  catastrophe 
happened,  the  first  200  pages  having  been  printed. 
All  that  is  left  is  the  series  of  proof-sheets  which  I 
had  in  my  possession  at  the  time.  But  the  new  mat- 
ter contained  in  that  volume  has  been  completed  and 
published  in  my  article  which  appeared  in  this  year's 
"  Transactions  of  the  American  Mathematical  Society. " 
This  same  matter  will  also  be  given  in  a  work  which 
is  on  the  point  of  being  printed  in  the  "Collection 
des  Monographies  Borel,"  under  the  title,  "Integrates 
de  Lebesgue."  (Paris:  Gauthier-Villars,  3  frs.) 

The  third  edition  of  Volume  I.  of  this  work 
is  exceedingly  rare  because  the  stock  was  also 
burnt  at  Louvain.  Professor  Herman  Betz, 
of  Cornell,  says  on  this  point: 

I  have  never  been  able  to  understand  why  this 
third  edition  of  Volume  I.  could  not  be  had  during 
1914  in  bookstores  or  anywhere  else  on  the  continent. 
Yet  when  I  was  in  Paris  that  year  Gauthier-Villars 
and  other  concerns  told  me  the  entire  supply  was 
exhausted.  Finally,  on  my  return  to  Germany,  I 
found  one  copy  at  G.  Fock  &  Co. 's,  in  Leipsic,  and  I 
was  told  it  was  the  only  one  for  sale  in  the  whole 
country. 

Professor  Oswald  Veblen,  of  Princeton,  says : 
•"I  should  guess  that  there  are  not  over  a 
dozen  copies  of  this  third  edition  in  this 
country.  I  got  mine  second  hand."  Professor 
M.  B.  Porter,  of  the  University  of_  Texas,  who 
has  reviewed  this  volume  in  the  "Transactions 
of  the  American  Mathematical  Society,"  Vol- 
ume XX.,  p.  77,  says:  "There  were  perhaps 
four  copies  of  this  third  edition  imported  by 
G.  E.  Stechert,  of  New  York,"  and  this  last 
named  firm  informs  me: 

We  happen  to  have  two  copies  of  Volume  II.  in  the 
second  edition.  Of  Volume  I.  in  the  third  edition, 
we  secured  a  copy  from  one  of  our  customers  in  order 
to  make  a  photographic  reprint  abroad.  This  reprint 
may  soon  be  finished  and  we  hope  to  import  some 
copies  via  Switzerland.  The  reprint  will  be  about  as 
good  as  the  original.  The  original  publisher  could 
not  have  made  the  reprint  at  the  present  time,  such 
things  being  best  done  in  Germany. 

Naturally  the  Louvain  publisher  "could 
not  have  made  the  reprint  at  the  present 
time,"  his  printing-office  being  in  ashes;  but 
I  know  of  at  least  one  Paris  house  that  could 
have  done  the  work  quite  as  well  as  any 
German  house,  and  it  is  highly  probable  that 
the  same  thing  is  true  of  the  Clarendon  Press 
of  Oxford.  Furthermore,  in  this  way  not 
only  would  the  uncertainties  of  transporta- 
tion "via  Switzerland"  have  been  avoided, 


but  there  would  be  no  ground  for  those  mixed 
feelings,  to  use  a  mild  term,  which  Professor 
de  la  Vallee-Poussin  is  sure  to  experience 
when  he  learns  that  the  subjects  of  the  same 
nation  who  ruthlessly  destroyed  his  book  and 
his  home  are  imperfectly  restoring  the  first; 
and  the  poignancy  of  his  dissatisfaction  will 
not  be  lessened  by  the  fact  that  at  this  moment 
he  is  seeking  a  refuge  in  France,  where  he 
was  recently  made  a  corresponding  member 
of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  in  place  of  Pro- 
fessor Felix  Klein,  of  Goettingen,  who 
resigned  for  "patriotic  reasons,"  as  he  stated. 

THEODORE  STANTON. 
September  25,  1916. 


CASUAL  COMMENT. 


TREITSCHKE  IN  HIS  LECTURE-ROOM,  or  in  fact 
anywhere  and  in  any  circumstances,  has  an 
interest  for  us  now  that  he  would  not  have 
had  three  years  ago.  Hence  the  readiness  of 
attention  turned  to  one  of  the  pages  of  a 
learned  society's  report  in  which  the  famous 
Berlin  professor  figures  with  some  of  the  nat- 
uralness of  life.  The  published  account  of 
the  third  annual  meeting  of  the  National 
Institute  of  Social  Sciences  has  a  reminiscent 
paper  by  President  Nicholas  Murray  Butler 
descriptive  of  his  first  visit  to  Europe  thirty 
years  ago.  In  Berlin  he  attended  lectures  at 
the  university,  and  among  others  "there  were 
the  Monday  evening  popular  discourses  by 
von  Treitschke,  who  was  at  the  very  height 
of  his  influence  and  power.  To  listen  to  these 
discourses  was,  for  the  first  few  moments,  dis- 
tinctly disagreeable,  since  von  Treitschke 's 
deafness  left  him  without  any  power  to 
control  his  voice.  In  consequence  it  was 
frequently  almost  painful  to  listen  to  his 
utterance.  It  was  not  long,  however,  before 
one  forgot  the  utterance  in  the  vividness  and 
vigor  of  what  the  man  was  saying.  That  at 
the  end  of  a  generation  his  social  and  political 
philosophy  was  to  shake  the  whole  world  with 
the  evidence  of  its  power  was  little  dreamed 
of  in  those  days.  True,  von  Treitschke 's 
attacks  on  England,  and  on  America  as  well, 
seemed  even  then  to  be  very  bitter  and  very 
frequent.  But  they  proceeded  so  plainly  from 
a  complete  misconception  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
character  and  temperament  that  they  did  not 
seem  likely  to  be  practically  influential. 
Treitschke 's  favorite  complaint  against  both 
Englishmen  and  Americans  was  that  they 
were  hypocrites  and  nations  of  mere  shop- 
keepers making  pretense  to  the  possession  of 
cultivation.  More  than  once  he  said,  with  the 
most  astonishing  emphasis,  that  England  and 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


299 


Englishmen  were  lost  to  all  idealism  and  that  ' 
they  possessed  no  national  vigor.     Interest-  i 
ing  as  this  was,  it  was  not  long  before  the  '. 
basis  on  which  it  rested  made  itself  plain. 
Treitsehke    could   not   understand   how   any 
nation  or  people  could  prefer  common  sense  i 
to  logical  perfection,  and  so,  when  the  Anglo- 
Saxons,  deterred  by  common  sense,  failed  to  i 
carry  out  to  their  logical  conclusions  certain 
professed  principles  of  conduct,  he  accused 
them  of  hypocrisy." 

THE  EVOLUTION  OP  LORD  DUNDREARY  from  ! 
an  inconspicuous  old-man  part  of  a  few  lines 
to  the  highly  amusing  creation  of  which  our 
elders  have  told  us  in  their  reminiscences  of 
the  elder  Sothern,  has  just  been  related  by 
the  latter 's  son  in  his  volume  of  personal 
recollections,  one  of  the  notable  books  of  the 
season.  The  same  story  in  its  hero's  own 
words  and  handwriting,  is  contained  in  a  five- 
page  manuscript  that  has  lately  come  into  the 
possession  of  a  New  York  collector,  Mr. 
Walter  R.  Benjamin.  It  runs  in  part  as  fol- 
lows :  "After  being  at  Laura  Keene's  Theatre 
three  months,  'Our  American  Cousin'  was 
produced.  The  part  of  Dundreary  was  given 
to  me.  It  was  a  second  old  man  of  about  fifty 
or  sixty  lines  at  utmost,  I  refused  to  play  it 
unless  I  might  entirely  rewrite  it  and  put  in 
new  scenes.  Permission  was  given  and  the 
piece  ran  about  150  nights."  The  ambiguous 
beginning  of  this  passage  refers  of  course  to 
Sothern 's  three  months  of  not  very  notable 
work  at  Laura  Keene's  Theatre  before  the 
chance  offered  for  making  a  name  for  himself 
in  the  part  of  an  indolent,  inept,  stammering 
English  lord.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  Tom 
Taylor's  comedy,  as  written  by  him,  put  but 
forty-seven  lines  into  the  mouth  of  Dundreary. 

•         •         • 

READERS'  RAPTURE  is  as  old  as  written 
romance.  A  classic  instance  from  compara- 
tively modern  times  is  that  of  the  Spanish 
student  mentioned  in  Barrano  Porreno's  "Life 
and  Deeds  of  Philip  III."  The  king  was 
standing  one  day,  says  the  historian,  on  the 
balcony  of  the  palace  at  Madrid,  when  his 
attention  was  arrested  by  the  strange  conduct 
of  a  student  who  was  reading  a  book  on  the 
opposite  bank  of  the  Manzanares  and  every 
now  and  then  stopped  to  beat  his  forehead 
and  make  other  gestures  indicative  of  mirth 
and  ecstasy.  "Yonder  student,"  remarked 
the  king,  "is  either  out  of  his  wits  or  is  read- 
ing the  history  of  Don  Quixote."  Another 
well-known  illustration  of  the  absorbing 
power  of  a  book  (this  time  not  a  work  of 


fiction,  but  a  romance  of  real  life)  occurs  in 
Boswell's  "Johnson."  On  his  return  from 
Italy  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  chanced  upon 
Johnson 's  life  of  Savage  somewhere  in  Devon- 
shire and  began  to  read  it,  though  he  knew 
nothing  of  its  author,  as  he  stood  with  his 
arm  resting  on  a  chimney-piece.  So  strongly 
did  it  seize  upon  his  attention  that  he  could 
not  lay  the  book  down  until  he  had  finished 
it,  when  to  his  astonishment  he  found  his  arm 
quite  benumbed.  Once  more,  and  this  time 
from  an  incident  at  the  other  end  of  the 
world.  Professor  Frederick  M.  Padelford 
tells  the  following  anecdote  in  the  current  vol- 
ume of  the  "Journal  of  the  National  Institute 
of  Social  Sciences,"  his  paper  being  entitled 
"The  National  Growth  in  Culture."  He  says: 
"One  day  I  chanced  to  be  in  the  circulation 
room  of  the  Seattle  Public  Library,  and  I 
noticed  a  man,  rather  shabbily  dressed  and 
rather  grimy  in  appearance,  doubled  over  a 
table  and  so  absorbed  in  his  book  that  he  had 
not  taken  time  to  sit  down.  There  he  hung 
in  an  agony  of  interest,  one  leg  twisted  around 
the  leg  of  the  table  by  way  of  anchorage.  My 
curiosity  got  the  best  of  me,  and  I  was  rude 
enough  to  glance  at  the  title  of  the  book  It 
was  the  'Metaphysics  of  Aristotle!'  Well,  if 
this  man  was  reading  that  book,  what  were 
the  other  fifty  men  reading?"  Many  besides 
the  hero  of  Emily  Dickinson's  little  poem  eat 
and  drink  the  precious  words  of  a  good  book. 


POPULAR  APPRECIATION  OP  IMAGISM  AND  FREE 
VERSE  exceeds  expectation  and  gives  food  for 
thought  as  to  the  enduring  merits  of  these 
latest  forms  of  imaginative  literature.  It  is 
significant  that  our  large  public  libraries  are 
recording  a  growing  demand  for  the  poems 
of  certain  recent  writers  whom  the  more  con- 
servative refuse  to  recognize  as  poets  at  all. 
Whatever  our  personal  preferences,  however 
much  we  may  prefer  "In  Memoriam"  to  the 
"Spoon  River  Anthology,"  we  cannot  blink 
the  fact  that  the  love  of  poetry  now  noted 
with  approval  where  formerly  the  love  of 
fiction  held  undisputed  sway,  is  not  confined 
to  appreciation  of  Tennyson  and  Longfellow 
and  Browning  and  Lowell.  Interesting  evi- 
dence of  this  popular  liking  for  later  writers, 
in  this  domain  of  literature  is  furnished  by 
the  observant  official  in  charge  of  the  open- 
shelf  room,  as  it  is  called,  in  the  St.  Louis 
Public  Library.  She  reports:  "In  point  of 
issue,  the  most  noteworthy  fact  has  been  the 
sudden  interest  attaching  to  modern  poetry. 
The  work  of  the  great  poets  has  never  lacked 
appreciation,  but  the  contrary  has  been  true 
of  those  untried  by  time,  up  to  the  present 


300 


THE    DIAL 


[October  19 


year,  when  the  greatest  demand  for  present- 
day  poets,  such  as  Masefield,  Noyes,  Bynner, 
Masters,  the  Imagists  and  writers  of  free 
verse  has  developed.  Masters 's  'Spoon  River 
Anthology'  has  never  found  a  place  on  the 
regular  shelves,  having  been  steadily  reserved 
since  its  publication,  while  '  The  Poetry  Jour- 
nal '  is  in  constant  demand.  That  this  interest 
is  general  is  evident  from  the  assertions  of 
the  book-sellers,  whose  sales  along  this  line 
have  been  amazingly  large." 


LITERATURE  OP  POWER  VERSUS  LITERATURE 
OP  KNOWLEDGE  seems  in  a  certain  manifest 
sense  —  a  too  grossly  manifest  sense,  it  may 
be  objected  —  to  have  got  the  worst  of  it,  for 
the  time  being  at  least.  Goethe  and  Schiller 
and  Lessing  and  Wieland  and  Herder  have 
gone  down  before  Treitschke  and  Bernhardi 
and  a  few  others  of  that  truculent  company. 
At  a  meeting  of  the  New  York  Library  Asso- 
ciation a  year  ago  Mr.  John  Cotton  Dana 
delivered  himself,  in  a  characteristic  and 
highly  acceptable  manner,  of  some  rather 
acidulous  reflections  on  the  public  library's 
place  and  work  in  the  world  of  to-day.  His 
remarks,  unlike  the  cut-and-dried  addresses 
commonly  heard  in  such  conferences,  pictured 
unsparingly  the  undeniable  paucity  of  influ- 
ence exerted  by  the  library  on  the  progress 
of  events  and  the  destinies  of  nations.  In 
accents  of  something  like  bitterness  and  cha- 
rgrin  he  went  on :  "Some  have  said  to  me  that 
it  were  better  for  mankind  if  in  my  own 
library  work  I  put  less  emphasis  on  industry 
and  more  on  culture  and  uplift;  less  on  mere 
"books  and  more  on  books  of  power;  less  on 
•directories  and  more  on  Walter  Pater  and 
Henry  Van  Dyke.  And  I  must  reply  by  saying 
that  the  nations  that  have  most  freely  wal- 
lowed for  several  centuries  in  'books  of 
power '  are  the  ones  which  are  now  wading 
deepest  in  one  another's  blood."  Neverthe- 
less there  is  at  least  a  possibility  of  fallacy 
in  the  implied  argument  —  the  fallacy  of  post 
hoc  ergo  propter  hoc.  How  immeasurably 
more  deplorable  might  have  been  the  world's 
condition  to-day  if  it  had  never  worked  its 
way  up  to  a  literature  of  power ! 


EDITORIAL  COLLOQUIALISMS,  or,  in  less  stilted 
phrase,  slang  from  the  sanctum,  may  be  found 
rather  freely  used  in  those  neat  little  notes 
-of  regretful  rejection  with  which  it  is  appar- 
ently expected  that  the  pang  of  getting  back 
•an  unacceptable  manuscript  will  be  rendered 
less  poignant.  At  first  it  used  to  suffice  to 
allege  "unavailability"  in  a  rejected  offering; 


and  this  would  tend  to  elicit  the  indignant 
even  though  unuttered  query,  "Why  unavail- 
able? A  thing  is  unavailable  when  it  cannot 
be  availed  of  or  turned  to  use;  and  that  is 
just  what  no  one  can  truthfully  say  of  my 
story  [or  poem,  or  essay],  which  is  the  most 
available  thing  ever  written."  Later  it  would 
be  politely  objected  by  the  courteous  editor 
that  the  contribution  so  unwillingly  returned 
by  him  was  somewhat  lacking  in  appeal,  or 
failed  to  convince,  or  showed  a  deficiency  of 
compelling  power.  Still  later  it  became  cus- 
tomary to  affect  a  sort  of  jocular  sympathy 
with  the  unfortunate  one  in  his  or  her  fruit- 
less attempt  to  carry  the  editorial  outworks, 
and  perhaps  the  contributor's  failure  to  "put 
it  over"  this  time  would  be  rendered  less  dis- 
appointing by  an  invitation  to  "come  back" 
with  something  else  in  the  near  future.  The 
October  "Atlantic"  has  a  short  humorous- 
satiric  essay  on  "Some  Keasons  for  Being 
Rejected,"  and  among  the  reasons  are  alleged 
lack  of  "ginger,"  of  "pep,"  of  "kick,"  and 
of  "punch."  After  all,  is  it  of  much  use  to 
try  to  sugar-coat  the  pill  of  rejection?  By 
any  writer  of  experience  the  refusal  of  a  man- 
uscript can  be  gulped  down  in  its  unsweet- 
ened form  with  less  of  nausea  than  when 
soaked  in  a  saccharine  solution. 


CRITICIZING  THE  CRITICS  has  long  been  a 
peculiarly  gratifying  exercise  of  intellectual 
acumen  among  those  who  find  their  delight  in 
splitting  hairs.  If  the  critical  scholarship  of 
a  Wolf  could  demolish  the  traditional  Homer, 
how  much  more  glorious  must  it  be  to  over- 
throw Wolf!  Augustus  De  Morgan,  para- 
phrasing Swift,  printed  in  his  "Budget  of 
Paradoxes"  some  witty  lines,  beginning: 

Great  fleas  have  little  fleas  upon  their  backs  to 

bite   'em, 

And  little  fleas  have  lesser  fleas,  and  so  ad  infin- 
itum. 

The  last  and  least  in  this  chain  of  parasites 
probably  imagines  itself  the  lord  of  all  the 
rest.  Among  the  season's  books  is  a  bright 
and  thoughtful  treatise  by  Mr.  James  P. 
Kelley  on  the  right  use  of  English — "Work- 
manship in  Words" — in  which  the  author 
takes  occasion  to  criticize  the  critics,  and 
among  them  Professor  Lounsbury,  Professor 
Brander  Matthews,  and  Matthew  Arnold. 
Not  in  a  malicious  or  unworthy  spirit  is  this 
done,  however,  but  rather  with  the  feeling 
that,  as  the  author  expresses  it,  "he  who  does 
anything  for  the  right  use  of  words,  does  so 
much  for  character,  for  conduct,  for  happi- 
ness," and  that  careless  writing  is  discourtesy 
to  the  reader.  Protest  is  rightly  raised  against 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


301 


the  incorrect  use  of  "shall"  and  "will," 
though  it  might  have  sufficed  to  censure  the 
wrong  use  of  "will"  alone,  since  "shall"  has 
become  almost  obsolete  with  the  mass  of  cur- 
rent writers.  Another  useful  book  that  this 
season  has  produced  in  the  same  branch  of 
critical  scholarship  is  Miss  Dora  K.  Ranous's 
"Good  English  in  Good  Form."  Here  there 
is  no  calling  of  names,  no  citing  of  specific 
instances  of  error  from  designated  authors; 
and  a  captious  reader  should  feel  the  less 
incentive  to  pick  flaws  in  the  work.  Neverthe- 
less he  might  remark  with  some  surprise  that 
so  correct  a  writer  and  so  keen  a  detective  of 
even  minor  mistakes  allows  herself  to  write: 
"However  one  may  find  his  subject,  in  order 
to  do  good  work  he  should  always  look  up  the 
facts  regarding  it,  wherever  they  can  be 
found."  For  "his"  and  "he"  a  careful  writer 
might  be  expected  to  substitute  "one's"  and 
"one,"  or  it  would  perhaps  be  better  to 
remodel  the  sentence.  It  is  an  endless  game 
of  chase,  this  criticism  of  critics,  and  doubt- 
less leads  too  often  (as  this  very  paragraph  is 
in  danger  of  illustrating)  to  an  absurd  exalta- 
tion of  trifles. 

•         •         • 

READING  AND  TEACHING  do  not  always  go 
hand  in  hand.  Just  as  the  author  who  was 
questioned  as  to  his  favorite  books  proudly 
replied,  "I  don't  read  books;  I  write  'em," 
so  the  teacher,  if  similarly  interrogated,  might 
be  tempted  to  answer,  "It  is  not  my  function 
to  acquire  knowledge,  but  to  impart  it."  In 
a  manual  just  issued  in  its  second  annual  edi- 
tion and  entitled  "A  Handbook  of  American 
Private  Schools" — a  notably  full  and  well- 
informed  volume  of  anonymous  editorship, 
but  presumably  compiled  by  its  publisher, 
Mr.  Porter  E.  Sargent,  of  Boston  —  the  more 
dryly  statistical  body  of  the  book  is  preceded 
by  a  number  of  papers  on  educational  topics ; 
and  among  them  is  a  short  account  of 
"Recent  Educational  Literature,"  by  Profes- 
sor Clayton  C.  Kohl,  of  New  York  University. 
He  quotes  from  a  trustworthy  source  the 
number  of  our  last  year's  books  and  other 
writings  on  education  as  not  far  from  two 
thousand,  but  adds:  "In  spite  of  the  fact 
that  the  literature  of  pedagogy  is  so  rich  as 
it  is,  and  so  cheap  as  things  go,  the  fact 
remains  that  teachers  in  service  read  very 
little  and  buy  few  books.  The  thoughtful 
reading  of  one  good  book  each  month,  a  very 
simple  and  easy  requirement,  would  work 
wonders  in  the  teaching  profession."  It  may 
be  that  the  writer  over-estimates  the  number 
of  unreading  teachers,  or  he  may  under-esti- 
mate  their  number;  but  we  all  know  of  more 
than  a  few  instances  of  teachers  who  do  read. 


Perhaps  their  bright  example  blinds  us  to  the 
large  body  of  those  who  (to  use  a  homely  met- 
aphor) try  to  give  out  at  the  spigot  without 
putting  in  at  the  bung-hole. 


BETTER  THAN  A  READING  ROOM,  in  many 
emergencies,  is  a  writing  room.  All  public 
libraries  have  their  reading  rooms,  or,  at  the 
very  least,  some  corner  or  alcove  or  table 
where  the  reader  may  consider  himself  in 
some  degree  secured  from  interruption  and 
assured  of  quiet.  Not  many  libraries  have 
their  well-appointed  writing  rooms;  in  fact, 
only  one  public  library  has  specialized  in  this 
direction,  and  that  is  the  St.  Louis  institu- 
tion under  the  competent  management  of  Dr. 
Arthur  E.  Bostwick.  His  innovation  of  two 
years  ago  was  appreciatively  mentioned  in 
these  columns  soon  after  its  introduction,  and 
now  it  gives  satisfaction  to  note  the  evident 
increasing  success  of  this  elaborately  equipped 
department.  Used  at  first  almost  entirely  by 
persons  out  of  work  and  desirous  of  turning 
an  honest  penny  with  the  pen,  or  of  answer- 
ing "want"  advertisements,  it  is  now  resorted 
to  more  generally  and  even  attracts  out-of- 
town  visitors,  who  often  come  to  the  library 
purposely  to  see  its  writing  room  and  to 
write  a  letter  home  "to  tell  the  folks  what  St. 
Louis  has  that  we  haven't,"  as  one  man 
expressed  it.  Its  free  service  to  all  includes 
pens,  ink,  and  letter-heads,  while  for  a  reason- 
able fee  other  valuable  service  is  rendered. 
Its  custodian  is  a  public  stenographer  and  a 
notary  public,  ready  to  serve  all  comers  at 
current  rates.  Special  assistance  in  research 
work,  copying,  compiling,  the  preparation  of 
manuscript  for  publication,  and  similar  serv- 
ices, may  here  be  obtained,  as  is  to  be  gath- 
ered from  the  current  yearly  Report  of  the 
library  to  which  it  has  brought  some  little 
addition  of  more  than  local  repute. 


SOME  ASPECTS  OP  SUPERANNUATION,  particu- 
larly among  those  engaged  in  intellectual 
pursuits,  are  presented  in  a  practical  and  at 
the  same  time  rather  entertaining  manner  in 
what  might  at  first  seem  a  formidable  and 
uninteresting  document,  namely, — "Bulletin 
Number  Nine"  of  the  Carnegie  Foundation 
for  the  Advancement  of  Teaching.  It  con- 
tains "A  Comprehensive  Plan  of  Insurance 
and  Annuities  for  College  Teachers,"  by  the 
president  of  the  Foundation,  Dr.  Henry  S. 
Pritehett.  The  reader  learns,  among  other 
things,  that  retired  teachers  prove  to  be  so 
abnormally  tenacious  of  life — their  mortality 
rate  is  so  "far  below  the  most  conservative 


302 


THE    DIAL 


[October  19 


tables" — that  the  Carnegie  pension  fund  is 
in  danger  of  serious  strain  as  the  years  roll 
and  the  pensioners  grow  both  in  number  and 
in  vigorous  old  age.  Here  is  a  sidelight  on 
the  condition  and  habits  of  these  veterans: 
"Only  a  single  teacher  gives  expression  to  the 
feeling  that  he  has  found  retirement  irksome. 
Others,  according  to  health  and  inclination, 
have  enjoyed  their  well-earned  leisure  in  read- 
ing, in  rural  life,  in  travel,  or  have  continued 
in  varying  measure  their  former  occupations. 
Physical  activity  has  varied  from  little  or 
none  to  that  of  a  professor  of  seventy-one, 
who  built  a  house,  constructed  and  played  on 
three  tennis  courts,  and  wrote  a  book,  all  in 
one  year. "  Is  it  any  wonder  that  there  is  felt 
to  be  room  for  a  contributory  system  of  annu- 
ities and  insurance  "in  which  the  teacher,  his 
college,  and  the  Carnegie  Foundation  may 
cooperate,"  and  "which  shall  rest  upon  a  true 
social  philosophy  and  upon  a  sound  financial 
basis"?  To  such  a  supplementary  system  the 
writer  gives  his  earnest  attention  in  the  sixty 
and  more  broad  pages  of  the  pamphlet. 

THE  STARTLING  STYLE  is  hardly  a  compli- 
ment to  the  reader's  intellectual  powers.  It 
implies  a  drowsiness  in  him  that  needs  every 
other  instant  to  be  dispelled  by  violent  means, 
rather  than  an  alert  intelligence  open  to  all 
that  is  of  real  interest  and  importance.  How 
many  French  writers,  especially  the  feuille- 
tonistes  (there  seems  to  be  not  even  an  approx- 
imate English  equivalent  for  this  word), 
offend  by  straining  to  arrest  attention!  So 
great  a  genius  as  Victor  Hugo  did  not  disdain 
the  cheaply  sensational  in  literary  method. 
In  periodical  literature  the  explosive  manner 
is,  of  course,  a  commonplace ;  and  among  our 
own  periodicals  there  is  one  not  widely  cir- 
culated New  York  weekly  that  challenges 
attention  as  at  the  pistol's  point.  Its  amus- 
ingly appropriate  name  is  "The  Bang."  It 
proclaims  itself  "issued  every  week  by  its 
editor,"  and  it  is  open  to  surmise  that  it  is 
also  written  by  him.  That  it  is  now  in  its 
eleventh  half-year  speaks  volumes  (ten  of 
them)  for  its  staying  power.  It  is  evidently 
no  pop-gun  repercussion,  no  toy  torpedo 
crack,  no  flash  in  the  pan,  but  a  resonant  and 
prolonged  bang!  Long  may  it  reverberate! 
Its  many-paragraphed,  generously  leaded  col- 
umns are  certainly  of  a  sort  that  he  who  runs 
may  read.  Here  are  a  few  examples  of  its 
short,  widely  spaced  paragraphs,  all  from  a 
recent  issue:  "Think  of  it!"  "In  vain!" 
"The  plates  are  taken."  "That  settles  it." 
"Yes,  yes!"  Printed  in  large,  clear  type,  and 
thus  cut  up  into  short  and  easy  portions,  it 


almost  recalls  by  its  appearance  the  primer 
of  our  first  happy  school  days.  But  it  lacks 
the  woodcuts,  and,  to  be  truthful,  its  matter 
is  far  in  advance  of  the  primer  grade. 

•         •          * 

LITERATURE  FOR  LADIES  receives  some  amus- 
ingly sarcastic  jabs  from  a  sharp-pointed  pen 
in  the  current  "Unpopular  Review."  The 
pen,  if  one  were  to  venture  a  guess,  might 
be  located  in  Philadelphia,  in  the  deft  and 
practiced  hand  of  Miss  Agnes  Repplier;  but 
nothing  is  more  hazardous  than  to  try  to  lift 
the  veil  of  anonymity.  Whoever  the  writer, 
the  writing  is  certainly  highly  readable. 
"Why  is  it,  I  wonder,"  she  asks,  "that  the 
women's  periodicals,  always  shrilly  asseverat- 
ing their  noble  ideal  of  Woman,  are  nearly 
all  carefully  adapted  in  their  text  to  infantile 
or  arrested  intelligence?"  And  in  plaus- 
ible explanation  she  replies:  "However,  it 
has  occurred  to  me  as  a  comforting  reflection 
that  a  probable  explanation  of  all  this  is  that 
most  of  the  women 's  periodicals  —  at  any  rate 
those  with  the  most  glaring  ear-marks  of  their 
type  (Can  an  ear-mark  glare?  It  can) — are 
edited  by  men.  A  man  makes  his  Authorized 
Version  of  the  feminine  creation,  and  assumes 
the  existence  of  no  other  version."  So  feeble- 
foolish  does  the  writer  find  "literature  for 
ladies"  to  be  that  the  wonder  is  she  has 
thought  it  worthy  of  her  steel.  Apparently, 
from  her  account  of  it,  it  is  meant  for  "sales- 
ladies" and  others  of  the  sex  far  less  richly 
endowed  intellectually  than  she  herself.  Let 
her,  then,  devote  herself  to  literature  for  gen- 
tlemen, or,  better  still,  literature  for  men. 

•          *          • 

THE  PUBLISHER'S  BURDEN,  it  is  well  to  note 
before  grumbling  over-much  at  any  unwel- 
come increase  in  the  price  of  his  wares,  seems 
in  these  distracted  times  to  be  taking  on  pro- 
portions comparable  with  those  of  the  pro- 
verbial camel 's  load  which  needs  only  a  straw 
to  become  a  back-breaker.  Briskness  in  the 
munitions  market  makes  for  torpor  in  the 
trade  of  books  and  other  reading  matter, 
because  high  explosives  use  up  at  a  ruinous 
rate  materials  needed  by  makers  of  the  paper 
on  which  those  books  are  printed.  A  recent 
estimate  made  by  "The  Publishers'  Weekly" 
sets  the  average  cost  of  all  classes  of  book  and 
periodical  paper  at  ninety  per  cent  in  advance 
of  its  cost  before  the  war.  War-promoted 
prosperity,  has  not  been  shared  in  by  the  pub- 
lisher. He  is  forced  to  pay  more  for  both 
labor  and  material,  while  a  world  caught  in 
a  cataclysm  is  not  the  likeliest  sort  of  world 
to  buy  books  and  devote  itself  to  the  calm 
delights  of  their  perusal. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


303 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


POE'S  PLAYMATES  IN  KILMARNOCK. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
Through  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  R.  M.  Hogg,  who 
is  the  chief  authority  on  Edgar  Allan  Poe's  Scot- 
tish associations,  and  also  indirectly  through  the 
courtesy  of  Mr.  John  Haggo,  I  am  permitted  to 
publish  the  following  letter.  Its  value  lies  in 
the  fact  that  it  stamps  the  local  tradition  of  Poe's 
sojourn  in  Kilmarnock,  documentary  evidence  of 
which  has  only  very  recently  been  found  in  Amer- 
ica —  almost  simultaneously  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Whitty, 
Professor  Killis  Campbell,  and  Miss  M.  E. 
Phillips.  It  is  but  just  to  add,  however,  that  the 
fact  has  long  been  known  privately  by  Professor 
C.  W.  Kent,  of  the  University  of  Virginia,  who 
has  contributed  to  the  Kilmarnock  press. 


Dear  Sir, 


Chamberlain's  Office, 

Kilmarnock 

1st  Feb.,  1916. 


I  was  duly  favoured  with  your  letter  of  the 
28  optimo  and  have  pleasure  in  sending  you  the 
following  information  which  I  hope  will  be  of 
interest. 

Mr.  James  Anderson  died  26  December,  1887, 
aged  84,  son  of  the  late  Mr.  William  Anderson, 
Session  Clerk  for  this  Parish  and  in  early  life 
was  accountant  in  the  Union  Bank.  For  a  long 
period  he  was  auditor  for  the  corporation  of 
Kilmarnock,  acting  trustee  as  well  as  Secretary 
and  Treasurer  of  Bellfield  Trust,  latterly  Chair- 
man and  Treasurer. 

He  was  born  and  brought  up  in  the  Townsend, 
near  the  head  of  Nelson  Street,  within  a  few 
yards  of  the  house  occupied  by  the  late  Mr.  Allan 
Fowlds  (which  was  removed  some  years  ago) 
and  he  had  a  distinct  recollection  of  playing  as 
a  boy  with  Edgar  Allan  Poe  when  that  ill-starred 
genius  spent  a  few  weeks  in  Kilmarnock,  along 
with  his  guardian  Mr.  Allan  of  Richmond, 
Virginia,  on  a  visit  to  Mr.  Fowlds'  who  was  his 
brother-in-law.  This  was  in  1816  [1815]  (see 
"Kilmarnock  Standard"  31  Dec.,  1887).  Miss 
Anderson,  sister  of  the  above,  died  in  1892  the 
last  surviving  member  of  the  family. 

Yours  truly, 

John  Haggo 
[An  intimate  friend  of 
Anderson's  and  his  suc- 
cessor as  Secretary  and 
Treasurer  of  the  Bell- 
field  Trust.] 
To  R.  M.  Hogg,  Esq. 

The  late  Mr.  Gregory  of  Nelson  Street, 
Kilmarnock,  a  close  neighbor  of  Allan  Fowlds', 
told  the  same  story  about  knowing  Poe.  Both 
Anderson  and  Gregory  were  men  of  standing  in 
the  town.  Mr.  Whitty  notes  that  Anderson 
remembered  Poe  as  "a  curmudgeon,  but  self- 
willed,"  and  as  "much  petted  by  the  Allans." 
Poe  was  seven,  and  Anderson,  thirteen  years  old 
at  that  time.  From  the  first  the  latter  must  have 


had  vivid  recollections  of  the  former.  It  is  a  thou- 
sand pities  that  his  recollections  could  not  have 
been  jotted  down  at  the  time, —  that  the  fine  comb 
of  research  which  has  been  so  industriously  applied 
to  Poe  in  America  could  not  have  been  extended  to 
Ayrshire  earlier.  All  the  more  gratitude,  there- 
fore, is  due  to  Mr.  Hogg  for  taking  it  in  hand  now. 

LEWIS  CHASE. 
University  of  Wisconsin,  October  12,  1916. 


A  BIOGRAPHY  OF  STEVENSON'S  WIFE. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Being  engaged  in  collecting  material  for  a 
"Life"  of  my  sister,  the  late  Mrs.  Robert  Louis 
Stevenson,  I  should  be  greatly  obliged  to  any 
persons  possessing  letters  of  hers,  or  any  other 
information  bearing  upon  the  subject,  if  they 
would  communicate  with  me  at  their  earliest  con- 
venience. In  case  it  is  desired  to  retain  the  original 
letters,  copies  either  of  the  whole  or  in  part  will 
serve  the  purpose  quite  as  welL 

All  communications  on  this  subject  may  be  ad- 
dressed to  me  in  care  of  Charles  Seribner's  Sons, 
Fifth  Avenue  at  48th  Street,  New  York  City. 

NELLIE  VAN  DE  GRIFT  SANCHEZ. 

Berkeley,  Col.,  October  9,  1916. 


WILL  SHAKESPEARE'S  EARNINGS. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

In  this  peculiarly  Shakespearean  year,  now 
passing,  it  may  be  of  somewhat  general  interest  to 
try  and  reach  a  reasonable  reply  to  the  not  infre- 
quently asked  question:  "What  did  Will  of  Strat- 
ford make,  financially,  from  his  '  play-acting '  and 
writing?"  I  heard  the  matter  debated  recently  by 
those  who  should  know,  if  familiarity  with  Eliza- 
bethan life  and  letters  counts  for  anything,  and  I 
venture  to  pass  along  to  THE  DIAL  audience  the 
outcome. 

The  author  of  "Macbeth,"  "Hamlet,"  and  "King 
Lear"  is  said  to  have  received  twenty  pounds  a 
year  from  his  written  plays,  and  five  or  six  times 
as  much  for  his  acting,  say  one  hundred  and  thirty 
pounds  each  twelfth-month  in  all.  Allowing  for 
the  difference  in  money  values  then  and  now,  this 
would  mean  a  purchasing  power  of  probably 
$8,000  a  year,—  possibly  $10,000. 

The  usual  purchase  price  for  a  play  through  the 
closing  years  of  the  sixteenth  century  was  from 
six  to  fourteen  or  fifteen  pounds,  while  the  rate 
advanced  so  slowly  even  during  another  century 
and  a  half  that  the  records  show  Dick  Steele 
receiving  only  twenty-two  pounds  for  ''The  Lying 
Lover."  Farquhar  thirty  for  his  "Beaux's  Strata- 
gem," and  Southerne  thirty-six  for  his  phenom- 
inally  successful  "Fatal  Marriage." 

One  imagines  Barrie  making  considerably  more 
than  that  each  week,  in  royalties, —  while  there  is 
Charlie  Chaplin  earning  a  litte  matter  of 
$1,835.34  daily,  Sundays  and  holidays  included. 
And  I  once  heard  of  a  mere  laboring  man  who  got 
a  dollar  a  word, —  though  that  was  for  talking 
back  to  a  judge.  WARWICK  JAMES  PRICE. 

Philadelphia,  October  12,  1916. 


304 


THE    DIAL 


[October  19 


THE  Two  CANDIDATES.* 


When  Nathaniel  Hawthorne  gave  up  to 
Franklin  Pierce  what  was  meant  for  mankind, 
he  did  not  know  of  how  numerous  a  progeny 
he  would  be  the  inspiring  ancestor.  What  he 
did  supremely  well,  Mr.  Creel  and  Judge 
Ransom  have  done  in  a  curiously  undistin- 
guished fashion.  Mr.  Creel's  volume  has  the 
single  merit  of  vigor ;  but  it  makes  of  caution 
and  soberness  most  complete  and  boisterous 
abstractions.  His  book  is  a  very  jolly  book, 
and  it  doubtless  springs  from  an  intimate 
conviction;  but  it  fails  to  impress  one  as 
based  upon  any  careful  consideration  of  the 
facts  at  issue.  Judge  Ransom's  compilation 
is  admirable  when  he  quotes  from  Mr. 
Hughes 's  judicial  opinions;  but  a  verbatim 
reprint  of  the  latter  would  have  been  far  more 
serviceable.  As  it  is,  the  quotations  break 
off  exactly  at  the  point  where  they  become 
really  interesting;  and  the  constant  intru- 
sion of  Mr.  Ransom's  hyperbolic  and  rhetor- 
ical explanations  becomes  at  once  irritating 
and  unintelligent. 

Neither  of  these  explanations  explain.  We 
are  still  faced  by  the  enigma  of  Mr.  Wilson's 
mysticism  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  problem 
of  Mr.  Hughes 's  possibilities  on  the  other. 
Mr.  Wilson  is  a  mystery  which  the  useful  little 
reprint  of  one  of  his  early  lectures,  "The 
President  of  the  United  States,"  does  but 
little  to  explain.  He  might  easily  have  been 
one  of  the  first  men  of  letters  in  America. 
When  still  a  young  man  he  wrote  a  book  on 
American  government  which  is  not  only 
unequalled  in  its  critical  sagacity,  but  even 
challenges  comparison  with  the  best  European 
work  in  a  similar  field.  In  the  nineties  he 
wrote  some  essays  on  Bagehot  which  are 
unquestionably  the  most  brilliant  study  of  the 
English  De  Tocqueville.  He  has  written  a 
history  of  the  United  States  which,  while  it 
is  not  to  be  taken  seriously  as  a  work  of 
research,  is  yet  not  unworthy  of  that  delicate 
age  when  it  was  the  fashion  for  high-souled 
gentlemen  to  embark  upon  a  formidable  lit- 
erary enterprise.  No  one  can  read  this  lec- 
ture on  the  Presidency  without  understanding 

*  WILSON  AND  THE  ISSUES.  By  George  Creel.  New  York : 
The  Century  Co.  60  cts. 

CHARLES  E.  HUGHES.  The  Statesman  as  Shown  in  His 
Judicial  Opinions.  By  William  L.  Ransom.  New  York: 
E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $1.60. 

THE  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  An  Interpretation 
of  the  Presidential  Office  in  the  Light  of  Historical  Evolu- 
tion. By  Woodrow  Wilson.  New  York :  Harper  &  Brothers. 
60  cts. 

YALE  LECTURES  ON  CITIZENSHIP.  By  Charles  E.  Hughes. 
New  Haven :  Yale  University  Press. 


why  its  author  was  a  successful  teacher  of 
political  science ;  and  if  his  face  was,  through- 
out his  educational  career,  set  firmly  towards 
the  declining  sun  of  an  ungenial  Benthamism, 
still  his  work  seems  to  have  been  influential 
and  important.  When  he  became  Governor 
of  New  Jersey  he  had  an  admirable  oppor- 
tunity to  give  his  theories  the  practical  test  of 
experimental  proof.  Certainly  he  was  a  not- 
able Governor ;  and  his  elevation  to  the  high- 
est office  democratic  government  can  offer  was 
an  intelligible  tribute  to  the  enthusiasm  he 
inspired. 

It  is  curious  to  read  the  history  of  Mr. 
Wilson's  Presidency  in  the  light  of  his  own 
interpretation  of  it.  The  expert  who  had 
spent  his  life  in  the  formulation  of  theories  to 
meet  the  concrete  event  became  again  as  a 
little  child.  He  seemed  to  foresee  nothing  and 
to  plan  for  nothing.  He  waited  for  the  advent 
of  crises,  and  then  allowed  himself  to  be 
pushed  boldly  into  mid-stream  in  the  certainty 
that  the  current  must  secure  his  movement. 
His  tenure  of  office  has  been  the  apotheosis  of 
opportunism.  This  may  be,  as  Mr.  Creel 
says,  the  expression  of  "almost  mystic  pas- 
sions"; but  the  difficulty  to  an  external 
observer  is  to  find  the  sense  of  mastery  in  his 
inactivity.  Passion,  however  mystic,  is  of 
little  avail  unless  it  is  harnessed  to  thought; 
and  Mr.  Wilson  seems  to  lack  entirely  any 
coherent  scheme  of  deliberate  endeavor.  He 
has  been  unwilling,  almost,  to  adjust  himself 
to  changing  ideals  and  changed  necessities. 
He  has  been  singularly  unreceptive  to  criti- 
cism; and  it  is  hardly  sufficient  response  to 
urge,  as  Mr.  Creel  does  so  anxiously,  that  no 
president  has  been  so  unsparingly  criticised. 
He  has  rarely  welcomed  inquiry.  The  very 
people  he  might  have  been  expected  to  wel- 
come he  has  denounced.  For  the  administra- 
tive efficiency  of  which  he  so  continually 
emphasized  the  importance,  he  has  done  prac- 
tically nothing.  His  economic  attitude  has 
been  too  often  the  erection  of  laissez-faire  into 
a  dogma.  "  Governments, "  he  has  himself  said, 
"are  what  the  politicians  make  them,"  yet  he 
has  rarely  admitted  their  creative  possibilities 
until  they  have  been  thrust  upon  him.  Though 
he  has  written  of  presidential  leadership  as  the 
enforcement  of  the  president's  views  upon  the 
people,  his  practical  demonstration  of  his  faith 
has  been  the  watchful  regard  of  the  fluctuat- 
ing currents  of  the  inconstancies  of  public 
opinion.  Mr.  Creel  has  a  high  regard  for  Mr. 
Wilson's  foreign  policy;  yet  even  his  enthu- 
siasm finds  it  difficult  to  extract  from  Mr. 
Wilson's  notes  any  genuine  indication  of  con- 
sistent purpose.  Yet  there  have  undoubtedly 
been  great  moments  in  Mr.  Wilson's  tenure 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


305 


of  office.  He  spoke  finely  when  he  pledged 
America  to  the  construction  of  a  new  world. 
He  spoke  finely  when,  in  the  midst  of  the 
threatened  railway  strike,  he  made  the  coun- 
try understand,  as  it  had  never  understood 
before,  the  social  significance  of  leisure  and  of 
rest.  But  he  enunciated  neither  policy  until 
events  had  driven  him  to  the  utterance.  He 
seems  to  be  capable  of  acts,  but  unwilling  to 
admit  the  ideas  which  underlie  them ;  and  the 
acts  are  always  of  that  hasty  character  which 
betray  the  absence  of  coherent  and  connected 
thought. 

The  enigma  of  Mr.  Wilson  is  simply  why 
a  man  who  has  spent  the  greater  part  of  his 
life  in  the  teaching  of  politics  should  be  so 
unwilling  to  lend  to  its  practice  the  aid  of 
scientific  method.  Everything  he  wrote  before 
1912  was  a  hymn  to  its  praise.  Since  that 
time  he  has  sought  the  beatification  of  the 
average  man.  He  has  abandoned  the  lonely 
path  of  the  trained  thinker  for  that  lonelier 
avenue  where  conclusions  are  gained  from 
mystic  intuitions  incapable  of  logical  demon- 
stration. What  Mr.  Creel  fails  to  understand 
is  the  disconcerting  fact  that  Mr.  Wilson's 
tenure  of  office  makes  us  seriously  wonder  if 
it  is  ever  to  be  possible  to  train  men  for  high 
political  office,  or  whether  the  best  training 
is  totally  to  neglect  the  opportunity  for  expe- 
rience and  inference.  Mr.  Creel  is  so  obsessed 
by  this  large  democratisation  of  intelligence 
which  is  implied  in  the  "average  man"  theory 
of  government  that  he  does  not  sufficiently 
realize  its  other  implications.  In  the  complex 
future  that  lies  ahead  it  would  be  a  distres- 
sing thing  if  America  were  compelled  to 
depend  on  the  incompetent  benevolence  of 
untrained  amateurs.  There  is  really  some- 
thing to  be  said  for  wholesale  and  forehanded 
thinking.  There  is  really  something  to  be 
said  for  the  mobilisation  of  trained  political 
intelligence.  The  scepticism  Mr.  Wilson 
raises  is  something  of  which  Mr.  Creel  is 
entirely  unaware.  It  is,  of  course,  a  scepti- 
cism not  of  a  man  but  of  a  system.  It  is  the 
scepticism  which  refuses  to  believe  that  any 
man  has  the  right  to  neglect  the  power  of 
organized  political  thought.  And  that  scepti- 
cism is  the  more  convincing  when  it  is  remem- 
bered that  precisely  this  lesson  it  was  for  long 
Mr.  Wilson 's  privilege  insistently  to  inculcate. 

If  Mr.  Creel  leaves  problems  unanswered, 
Mr.  Ransom  does  not  wholly  resolve  some 
kindred  hesitations  of  Mr.  Hughes.  The  latter 
was  an  able  governor  of  New  York,  courageous 
and  fearless  even  if  he  was  rarely  inspired. 
As  a  judge  the  mere  record  of  his  opinions 
is  evidence  that  he  never  stopped  learning. 
His  mind  showed,  as  the  great  opinions  in  the 


rate  cases  make  evident,  an  amazing  power 
of  growing  to  the  issues  he  was  called  upon 
to  decide.  Yet  the  difficulty  his  campaign  has 
raised  is  emphatically  the  difficulty  of  igno- 
rance. His  speeches  have  been  sincere  and 
fair  minded,  but  they  resemble  his  Yale  lec- 
tures on  Citizenship  in  their  unerring  instinct 
for  the  antique  and  the  obvious.  He  seems, 
when  he  is  away  from  judicial  issues,  to  mis- 
take truisms  for  truths.  He  does  not  seem  to 
have  caught  the  challenge  of  a  new  age.  The 
Yale  lectures  revealed  curious  stretches  of 
ignorance  which  are  as  disconcerting  as  they 
are  dangerous.  We  know  that  he  believes 
passionately  in  good  administration;  that  of 
which  we  feel  uncertain  is  as  to  whether  he  is 
aware  of  the  issues  about  which  he  will  have 
to  administrate.  It  is  not  enough  to  believe 
in  a  democracy  of  expert  agents ;  the  trouble 
is  that  it  is  the  president  who  decides  their 
commissions.  His  fine  attitude  to  the  Frank 
case  showed  how  keenly  he  believes  in  justice. 
But  so,  probably,  does  Mr.  Rockefeller;  and 
so  does,  in  the  abstract  at  least,  Tammany 
Hall.  But  the  abstract  conception  is  worth- 
less until  it  is  turned  into  terms  of  the  con- 
crete happinesses  of  men  and  women.  Judge 
Ransom  brings  out  clearly  Mr.  Hughes 's  belief 
in  the  necessity  for  continuous  thought  before 
action  is  taken;  but  he  does  not  convey  the 
assurance  that  Mr.  Hughes  is  really  aware  of 
the  issues  upon  which  thought  is  essential. 
Many  of  his  remarks  on  the  labor  problem,  for 
instance,  read  like  the  utterances  of  a  Rip 
Van  Winkle  who  went  to  sleep  about  the  time 
of  the  Civil  War.  He  tells  us  confidently  that 
if  he  is  elected,  he  will  rule.  No  one  can  read 
Mr.  Ransom 's  book  without  gaining  the  assur- 
ance that  Mr.  Hughes  has  the  character  and 
sincerity  to  live  up  to  that  significant  decision. 
But  one  feels  about  his  theories  what  it  is  so 
difficult  not  to  feel  about  Mr.  Wilson's  prac- 
tice —  the  fear  that  his  thought  comes  too  late 
to  give  social  satisfaction.  Legislation  is  a 
science  and  not  a  guesswork  competition ;  yet 
a  certain  speed  is  essential.  We  are  not 
immortal,  and  Mr.  Hughes 's  mind  will  be  out- 
side the  dignified  leisure  of  the  Supreme 
Court.  It  will  no  longer  be  able  to  weigh 
nicely  this  argument  and  that,  to  amble 
gently  in  the  restful  shades  of  countless  pre- 
cedents. He  will  be  called  upon  to  make  a 
mass  of  immediate  judgments  upon  problems 
he  has  never  confronted.  The  central  fact 
Mr.  Ransom  does  not  face  is  the  serious  one 
that  Mr.  Hughes 's  first  Congress  may,  if  he  is 
elected,  meet  in  less  than  six  months.  He  fails 
to  see  that  it  is  placing  an  enormous  burden 
upon  the  interval  to  expect  Mr.  Hughes  to 
acquaint  himself  at  all  fully  with  the  issues 


306 


THE    DIAL 


[October  19 


of  to-morrow.  "Success  in  a  lottery," 
Bagehot  once  remarked,  "is  no  argument  for 
lotteries."  The  revelation  Mr.  Hughes  gives 
us  of  his  mind  suggests  that  we  are  again 
gambling  in  incredible  futures.  But  the  suc- 
cess of  1860  ought  to  remind  us  that  political 
aloes  have  a  rigid  habit  of  blossoming  but 
once  in  a  century. 

Books  like  these  enforce  an  obvious  lesson. 
They  are  unsatisfactory  because  they  fail  so 
entirely  to  realize  the  larger  issues  involved  in 
the  problems  they  raise.  The  election  of  1916 
will  pass  away;  but  the  fundamental  prob-' 
lems  of  government  which  are  personified  in 
the  characters  of  its  protagonists  remain  and 
oppress  us.  There  is  no  sovereign  remedy 
against  the  need  of  thought.  From  ceaseless 
analysis  and  ceaseless  interpretation  the  char- 
acter of  our  age  will  give  us  no  release.  And 
it  is  better  to  face  squarely  that  supreme  fact 
rather  than  emulate  the  reckless  pamphleteer- 
ing of  Mr.  Creel  on  the  one  hand  or  the  rhet- 
orical documentation  of  Mr.  Eansom  on  the 
other.  It  is  otherwhere  that  salvation  lies. 

HAROLD  J.  LASKI. 


AN  ACTOR'S  REMEMBRANCES. 


Born  of  a  handsome  and  gifted  father  whose 
name  still  recalls  vivid  memories  of  excellent 
acting  and  some  unusually  clever  practical 
jokes,  and  of  a  beautiful  and  impulsive 
mother  who  also  in  her  time  trod  the  boards, 
Mr.  Edward  H.  Sothern  has  no  lack  of  stage 
reminiscences  and  other  personal  and  family 
history  and  anecdote  with  which  to  fill  a  book. 
His  younger  brother,  named  George  and 
therefore  called  Sam  by  the  father  and  "Ta" 
by  himself,  the  nurse,  Sarah  Tame,  nick- 
named "Kluklums,"  the  incurably  romantic 
Uncle  Hugh,  the  sisters,  Eva  and  Tilly,  the 
strikingly  handsome  elder  brother,  Lytton  — 
tnese  are  some  of  the  characters  in  the  domes- 
tic drama  which,  with  other  dramatic  inci- 
dents, helps  to  make  up  "The  Melancholy  Tale 
of  'Me',"  as  its  author  somewhat  fancifully 
names  his  contribution  to  autobiography. 

The  gift  of  dramatic  narrative,  as  well  as 
that  of  dramatic  impersonation,  is  agreeably 
evident  in  Mr.  Sothern;  and  though  he  goes 
to  excess  in  his  presentation  of  the  objectified 
"Me"  in  his  earlier  chapters,  and  needlessly 
mystifies  us  with  his  "fairy  godmother" 
throughout,  he  writes  with  the  pen  of  a  born 
story-teller  —  the  pen  of  one  who  can  be 
depended  upon  not  to  spoil  a  good  story  in 

*  THE  MELANCHOLY  TALE  OF  "Ms."  My  Remembrances. 
By  Edward  H.  Sothern.  Illustrated.  New  York:  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons.  $3.50. 


the  telling.  Among  the  illustrations,  too, 
there  are  evidences  of  the  actor-author's  talent 
in  still  another  branch  of  art.  How  much 
further  his  versatility  extends,  the  reader  is 
left  to  conjecture. 

Yet,  strange  as  it  may  seem,  the  son  of 
"Dundreary"  Sothern  showed  in  his  first 
dramatic  attempts  a  decided  inaptitude  for 
the  stage,  so  that  even  the  presumably  for- 
bearing father  was  moved  to  say  to  him 
emphatically:  "It's  no  use;  you'd  better 
give  up  the  stage,"  and  the  manager  chimed 
in  with  a  decisive,  "No,  he  won't  do.  Eddy 
has  not  the  mouth  for  an  orator."  But 
whether  he  followed  the  example  of  Demos- 
thenes in  curing  his  defect  of  speech,  or 
applied  some  less  strenuous  remedy,  it  was 
not  many  years  before  he  found  himself 
billed  as  a  star  in  letters  so  tall  that  he  feared 
he  could  never  live  up  to  them.  Among  the 
actors  not  yet  famous,  but  destined  to  achieve 
fame,  with  whom  Mr.  Sothern  struggled  for 
a  foothold  in  his  profession  were  Richard 
Mansfield,  Joseph  Haworth,  Cyril  Maude,  and 
others  of  equal  note.  He  relates  a  desperate 
adventure  in  Chicago,  where  "Called  Back" 
and  "Lost"  were  played  to  almost  empty 
houses  until  courage  was  lost  and  one  of  the 
company,  at  least,  was  called  back  to  New 
York  by  a  timely  telegram  offering  an  engage- 
ment. This  was  accepted  and,  in  the  author's 
words  descriptive  of  his  conquest  of  success, — 

I  played  in  "Favette"  and  failed.  I  played  in 
another  play,  "Mona,"  with  Miss  Dauvray,  and  I  met 
with  some  success.  I  was  engaged  then  for  Bronson 
Howard's  new  play,  "One  of  Our  Girls."  I  was  so 
bad  at  rehearsal  that  Frazer  Coulter  was  secured  to 
take  my  place.  Suddenly  I  began  to  develop  a  bit, 
and  was  permitted  to  play  the  part  of  Captain 
Gregory.  Fortune  favored  me  in  that  character,  and 
the  sun  began  to  shine. 

It  is  clear  from  Mr.  Sothern 's  chronicle  that 
he  made  his  way  to  the  front  on  his  own 
merits,  not  on  his  father's.  Indeed,  he  seems 
to  have  received  on  the  road  some  rude 
reminders  that  talent  is  not  always  heredi- 
tary, and  it  is  very  possible  that  the  elder 
Sothern 's  celebrity  was  a  handicap  and  not 
a  help  to  the  younger.  Yet  the  father  in  his 
time  had  fought  his  own  hard  battles  with 
adversity.  At  the  age  of  twenty-five,  with  no 
fewer  than  396  parts  in  his  repertory,  he  had 
written  from  England  to  the  manager  of  the 
National  Theatre  in  Boston,  asking  for  an 
engagement,  and  was  promptly  taken  on  for 
leading  comedy  parts.  But,  as  his  son  unspar- 
ingly relates  the  painful  episode, — 

His  failure  was  so  complete  that  the  audience  in 
an  uproar  interfered  with  the  progress  of  the  play 
["The  Heir-at-Law, "  in  which  the  imported  star 
attempted  to  impersonate  Doctor  Pangloss].  My 
father  approached  the  footlights,  holding  up  his  hand 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


307 


for  silence,  which  having  been  granted,  he  said: 
"Ladies  and  gentlemen,  if  you  will  permit  me  to 
finish  the  play  I  will  go  home  and  learn  how  to 
act."  He  was  allowed  to  continue  and  at  the  end  of 
the  performance  he  was  discharged  for  incapacity. 
It  was  no  unusual  thing  then,  especially  in  England, 
for  audiences  to  declare  their  displeasure  with  the 
utmost  violence.  Only  so  lately  as  the  year  1825  had 
Edmund  Kean  been  hooted  from  the  stage  of  a 
Boston  theatre. 

But  the  unappreciated  English  actor,  in  this 
instance,  "accepted  his  dismissal  with  the 
buoyancy  of  youth,  fortified  perhaps  by  the 
distresses  of  greater  actors  than  himself,  and 
applied  with  a  light  heart  to  the  manager  of 
the  Howard  Athenaeum,"  where  he  was 
engaged  at  nine  dollars  a  week  to  play  two 
new  parts  each  week,  with  two  performances 
a  day.  It  was  in  Boston  that  the  memorable 
friendship  was  formed  between  the  elder 
Sothern  and  Mrs.  Vincent  —  a  friendship 
bequeathed  at  his  death  to  his  son,  who 
records  that  "to  the  last  of  her  days  she  could 
never  speak  of  him  without  uncontrollable 
laughter"  at  the  memory  of  his  mad  pranks. 
In  her  memoirs  she  calls  her  old  friend  "the 
most  impudent,  audacious,  good-for-nofhing, 
good-hearted  fellow."  Here  is  an  incident 
touching  the  two: 

Mrs.  Vincent,  all  her  life  long,  was  devoted  to 
a  modest  and  quiet  charity,  and  she  found  at  once 
a  ready  disciple  in  my  father.  Early  in  their  friend- 
ship he  deposited  with  her  a  magic  hundred  dollars 
which  was  never  to  grow  less.  When,  in  the  course 
of  her  ministrations  to  the  unfortunate  the  low-water 
mark  of  twenty  dollars  was  reached,  my  father  was 
to  be  notified  and  the  balance  restored.  When  Mrs. 
Vincent  died,  a  twenty-dollar  bill  was  found  by  Miss 
Mina  Berntsen  under  the  paper  of  her  bureau  drawer 
where  she  habitually  kept  it  —  part  of  this  fairy 
fund  which  had  maintained  its  evergreen  quality  for 
twenty  years. 

To  return  to  the  subject  of  the  autobiog- 
raphy, Mr.  Edward  H.  Sothern  records  mid- 
way in  his  book,  the  place  and  .date  of  his 
birth,  and  adds  that  his  father,  "careful  to 
remember  unimportant  details,  made  a  mem- 
orandum in  a  scrap-book  of  theatrical  notices ; 
among  other  notes,  such  as  the  sum  due  his 
landlady,  and  the  number  and  variety  of  arti- 
cles of  clothing  in  the  wash,  he  had  jotted 
down:  'December  6,  1859,  4  A.  M.,  79  Bien- 
ville  Street,  New  Orleans,  boy  born.'  "  A 
baby  may  be  mislaid,  remarks  the  author,  and 
it  is  always  wise  to  make  notes.  To  the  father 
of  Kate  Claxton  the  happy  father  of  the 
infant  wrote :  "Dear  Cone :  The  long  expected 
youth  has  at  last  arrived.  The  very  first 
thing  he  did  was  to  sneeze,  so  the  least  we  can 
do  is  to  call  him  Dundreary  Sothern."  At 
this  time  Edward  A.  Sothern  was  playing  in 
a  stock  company  in  New  Orleans.  His  son 
writes  : 


It  was  shortly  after  the  successful  production  of 
"Our  American  Cousin"  at  Laura  Keene's  Theatre 
in  New  York.  This  present  enterprise  was  my 
father's  venture,  and  the  theatre  was  called  for  the 
occasion  "  Sothern 's  Varieties."  Here  a  large  and 
varied  repertoire  was  played,  my  mother  doing  her 
share  of  this  work  and  even  adapting  a  drama  from 
the  French,  called  in  English  "Suspense,"  which  was 
a  great  success.  Lawrence  Barrett  and  John  T. 
Raymond  were  members  of  the  organization. 

Anecdotes  of  actors  are,  oftener  than  not, 
amusing  and  worth  repeating;  hence  the 
temptation  to  "lift,"  as  the  expressive  collo- 
quialism puts  it,  a  considerable  number  of 
choice  little  stories  from  Mr.  Sothern 's  chatty 
pages.  But  even  his  snappiest  stories  cover 
some  space,  and  few  of  them  would  look  quite 
right  out  of  their  setting,  therefore  the  best 
course  to  follow  is  to  commend  the  book's 
entertaining  quality  to  the  reader  who  knows 
it  not  already  from  the  pages  of  the  period- 
ical that  first  gave  in  serial  form  the  greater 
part,  at  least,  of  these  richly  reminiscent 
chapters.  Old  stage  favorites,  not  a  few,  are 
met  with  again,  and  the  illustrations  second 
the  pen  in  recalling  many  a  face  and  many 
a  part  dear  to  the  veteran  theatre-goer.  "Why 
the  author  should  have  chosen  so  doleful  a 
title  for  his  by  no  means  doleful  book,  is  not 

PERCY  F.  BICKNELL. 


X  LITERATURE.* 


At  this  date,  a  new  work  on  Lincoln  must  be 
expected  either  to  contribute  information  not 
generally  known  before  or  to  provide  an  inter- 
pretation of  the  old  more  acceptable  than  has 
already  been  given.  Every  student  of  Lincoln 
is  aware  that  much  of  what  has  been  made 
current  about  him  is  purely  apoehryphal. 
Often,  too,  in  the  heat  of  political  controversy 
his  words  have  been  caught  up  and  given  a 
hasty  and  unconsidered  meaning.  New  lit- 
erature on  Lincoln,  therefore,  should  furnish 
us  with  an  enlightening  criticism  or  should 
attempt  a  synthesis  of  his  views  upon  the 
problems  that  confronted  him,  and  show  how 
far  his  words  and  acts  may  claim  an  original 
and  fore-reaching  significance. 

A  welcome  move  in  this  direction  is  made  by 
Mr.  John  T.  Richards,  of  the  Chicago  bar,  in 
his  study  of  "Abraham  Lincoln,  the  Lawyer- 
Statesman."  This  book  contains  the  results 
of  a  good  deal  of  investigation  exceedingly 

*  ABRAHAM  LINCOLN,  THE  LAWYER-PRESIDENT.  By  John  T. 
Richards.  Boston:  Hough  ton  Mifflin  Co.  $2.50. 

PERSONAL  RECOLLECTIONS  or  ABRAHAM  LINCOLN.  By 
Henry  B.  Rankin.  New  York:  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $2. 

LINCOLN,  AND  EPISODES  OF  THE  CIVIL  WAR.  By  William 
E.  Doster.  New  York:  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $1.50. 

ABRAHAM  LINCOLN.  By  Lord  Charnwood.  "Makers  of 
the  Nineteenth  Century"  Series.  New  York:  Henry  Hoh 
&  Co.  $1.75. 


308 


THE   DIAL 


[October  19 


worth  while.  Lincoln's  rank  as  a  lawyer  has 
been  a-  subject  of  much  misconception  and  no 
little  dispute.  Many  people,  including  well- 
known  statesmen  and  members  of  the  bar, 
have  admiringly  exploited  "this  rough  back- 
woodsman" as  practicing  in  the  courts  upon 
the  results  of  "random  reading,  on  the  wing, 
of  a  few  miscellaneous  law  books"  and  "with- 
out a  library,"  at  a  time  when  "common  sense, 
force  of  character,  .  .  ready  wit  and 
power  of  speech  .  .  supplied  all  the  defi- 
ciencies of  learning."  Lincoln's  biographers 
have  done  surprisingly  little  to  draw  his  por- 
trait as  a  lawyer  with  true  perspective.  They 
have  too  often  sought  to  make  mere  anecdotes 
take  the  place  of  facts, —  possibly  because  it 
requires  time  and  pains  to  discover  and  verify 
facts.  Mr.  Richards 's  book  will  go  far  toward 
remanding  to  the  class  of  juvenilia  the  aver- 
age biographical  treatment  of  Lincoln's  legal 
history.  Moreover,  it  has  been  little  suspected 
that  the  greatness  of  Lincoln's  statesmanship 
rested  potently  upon  his  greatness  as  a  lawyer. 

This  is  the  thesis  supported  by  Mr. 
Richards,  whose  first  chapter  is  concerned 
with  Lincoln's  early  education  and  initiation 
into  law  and  politics.  Nothing  new  is 
attempted  in  these  points.  The  absence  of 
college  training  and  a  natural  thirst  for 
knowledge  imposed  the  necessity  of  self- 
instruction,  which  became  a  life  habit.  Con- 
sidering Lincoln's  native  abilities,  these  facts 
appear  sufficient  to  explain  the  remarkably 
good  English  he  employed  at  the  age  of 
twenty-three,  and  the  mastery  of  State  prob- 
lems he  had  acquired  as  a  member  of  the 
legislature  before  his  admission  to  the  bar  in 
1837.  Lincoln's  education  has  been  subjected 
to  as  much  speculation,  often  as  wide  of  the 
mark,  as  his  law  practice.  His  intellectual 
attainments  ascribed,  for  example,  in  a  well- 
known  essay  by  a  distinguished  American 
educator,  to  genius,  are  rightly  attributed  by 
Mr.  Richards  to  "deep  study."  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  Lincoln  was  one  of  the  best  educated 
men  of  his  day.  This  result  happened,  too, 
as  Professor  Emerton  shows  it  happened  in 
the  case  of  Erasmus,  "by  the  only  pedagogical 
method  which  ever  yet  produced  any  results 
anywhere, —  namely,  by  the  method  of  his  own 
tireless  energy  in  study  and  practice."  There 
is  probably  very  little  necessity  for  the  myth 
of  genius  when  the  facts  of  Lincoln's  study 
habits  and  passion  for  knowledge  are  properly 
appreciated. 

Although  Lincoln's  education  was  by  no 
means  limited  to  the  study  and  practice  of 
law,  that  subject  formed  the  core  of  his  train- 
ing. Mr.  Richards  cannot  agree  with  those 
biographers  who  assert  that  Lincoln  was  not 


a  great  and  well-read  lawyer.  He  contends 
that  "no  careful  student  of  Mr.  Lincoln's 
career  at  the  bar  can  arrive  at  any  other  con- 
clusion than  that  he  was  thoroughly  familiar 
with  the  standard  works  of  his  day  on  the 
various  branches  of  the  law."  There  is,  of 
course,  a  popular  conception  of  Lincoln  as 
riding  the  circuit  on  horseback,  swapping 
stories  with  his  colleagues  of  a  verdant  west- 
ern bar,  en  route,  and  at  the  county  seat  tav- 
erns, and  winning  small  cases  by  the  superior- 
ity of  his  witty  appeals  to  the  bucolic  jurors 
of  the  day.  The  impressive  array  of  evidence 
brought  forward  in  this  volume  successfully 
contradicts  Lincoln's  humble  position  as  a 
lawyer.  Leonard  Swett's  declaration  that  he 
never  knew  Lincoln's  superior  before  a  jury 
is  first-class  testimony  on  the  forensic  side,  for 
Swett  was  one  of  the  most  learned  lawyers  in 
the  country  at  that  time.  Judge  David  Davis, 
of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  averred 
that  "in  all  the  elements  that  constitute  a 
great  lawyer  he  [Lincoln]  had  few  equals. 
He  was  great  both  at  nisi  prius  and  before  an 
appellate  tribunal."  Similar  testimony  was 
given  by  Thomas  Drummond  of  the  United 
States  Circuit  Court  and  by  Sidney  Breese 
and  John  D.  Caton,  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Illinois.  The  author's  most  incontrovertible 
evidence  is  to  be  found  in  an  Appendix  to  the 
volume,  in  which  he  gives  brief  summaries  of 
one  hundred  and  seventy-five  cases  in  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Illinois  in  which  Lincoln 
appeared  as  counsel.  Two  additional  sum- 
maries are  given  of  cases  in  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States,  to  the  bar  of  which 
Lincoln  was  admitted  in  1849,  following  his 
term  in  Congress.  In  the  first  of  these  cases 
Chief  Justice  Taney  rendered  the  decision 
against  Lincoln's  contentions;  in  the  second 
case,  in  which  Lincoln  won,  Salmon  P.  Chase 
appeared  as  counsel  on  the  other  side.  As 
the  author  points  out,  such  a  record  as  this 
in  the  higher  courts  would  be  exceptional  to- 
day ;  and  this  is  not  to  mention  the  record  of 
Lincoln's  practice  in  the  lower  courts  of  the 
State. 

Upon  the  basis  of  his  estimate  of  Lincoln 
as  a  lawyer,  Mr.  Richards  devotes  one  of  his 
best  chapters  to  a  review  of  Lincoln's  policies 
as  President.  He  classifies  our  Presidents  into 
those  who  "have  not  hesitated  to  take  upon 
themselves  .  .  powers  granted  to  coordi- 
nate branches  of  the  government  whenever 
they  have  believed  that  the  general  welfare 
required  it. "  Lincoln,  however,  together  with 
Madison,  John  Adams,  and  Jefferson,  he 
places  in  the  other  and  greater  class,  because 
of  their  thorough  understanding  of  the  consti- 
tutional limitations  circumscribing  the  execu- 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


309 


tive.  Irrespective  of  this  mootable  observation, 
one  has  no  difficulty  in  discovering  Lincoln's 
profound  respect  for  law.  "Let  reverence  for 
the  laws  be  breathed  by  every  American 
mother  to  the  lisping  babe.  .  .  Let  it  be 
taught  in  the  schools,  in  seminaries,  in  col- 
leges. .  .  Let  it  be  preached  from  the  pul- 
pit; proclaimed  in  legislative  halls,  and 
enforced  in  courts  of  justice.  .  .  Let  it 
become  the  political  religion  of  the  nation." 
These  were  Lincoln's  words  as  early  as  1837. 
Their  spirit  lay  behind  his  later  declarations 
on  capital  and  labor,  as  well  as  on  other  sub- 
jects. Indeed,  there  is  some  ground  for 
believing  with  Mr.  Richards  that  Lincoln's 
knowledge  of  the  principles  of  the  Constitu- 
tion has  never  been  surpassed  by  any  Amer- 
ican statesman. 

Reasons  in  support  of  this  opinion  exist  in 
Lincoln's  works,  as  well  as  in  support  of  the 
author's  belief,  already  widely  held,  that  had 
Lincoln  lived  the  handling  of  the  negro  prob- 
lem would  have  been  simplified  and  made  the 
occasion  of  less  passion  and  injustice  than  was 
actually  engendered.  Lincoln's  writings 
amply  exhibit  his  opposition  to  unrestricted 
negro  suffrage,  to  "carpet-bag"  government, 
and  to  the  act  which  placed  the  election 
machinery  of  the  rebellious  States  under  the 
control  of  the  national  government.  He  would 
doubtless  have  had  recourse  to  the  election 
laws  existing  in  the  States  before  "the  so- 
called  act  of  secession."  This  view  of  his 
reconstruction  policy,  had  he  lived  to  carry 
it  out,  seems  to  be  reasonably  supported  by 
his  proclamations  of  December  8,  1863,  and 
July  8,  1864. 

Supplementing  in  several  important 
respects  what  is  already  available  concerning 
Lincoln  is  the  charmingly  readable  book  by 
Mr.  Henry  B.  Rankin,  who,  at  the  age  of 
eighty,  contributes  his  "Personal  Recollections 
of  Abraham  Lincoln. "  As  a  young  man  just 
out  of  college,  Mr.  Rankin  read  law  in  the 
office  of  Lincoln  and  Herndon  for  several 
years  and  possessed  unusual  opportunity  to 
know  the  two  men  well.  He  writes  with  the 
dignity  and  calm  of  a  ripe  judgment.  There 
is  no  attempt  at  an  orderly  treatise,  but  rather 
the  more  attractive  manner  of  one  who,  well 
informed,  might  be  asked  to  set  down  en 
caitserie  his  own  impressions  and  those  of  his 
neighbors  intimate  with  Lincoln  through 
many  years.  Believing  that  an  adequate 
biography  of  Lincoln  has  yet  to  be  written, 
Mr.  Rankin,  like  Mr.  Richards,  embodies  in 
his  own  volume  some  material  that  will  have 
to  be  taken  into  account  by  whoever  achieves 
a  definitive  "Life"  of  the  great  emancipator. 
Toward  the  elimination  of  much  that  is  futile, 


and  the  finding  of  a  correct  point  of  view 
from  which  to  work  out  a  more  authentic 
interpretation  of  his  mind  as  well  as  his  deeds, 
these  two  books  will  be  invaluable  aids. 

Mr.  Rankin  strongly  corroborates  the  gen- 
eral impression  of  Herndon 's  defects  as  a 
biographer  of  Lincoln.  Many  others  have  felt 
his  incompetency  "to  reflect  adequately  .  . 
the  history  of  so  great  a  life."  The  fabled 
insanity  of  Lincoln,  for  a  time,  over  the  death 
of  Ann  Rutledge  and  the  traditional  fiction 
of  uncongeniality  between  Lincoln  and  his 
wife,  become  the  mere  apparitions  of  tale- 
bearers, who  found  it  easier  to  judge  d'apres 
les  apparences  than  avec  verite.  The  mutual 
sympathy  and  helpfulness  of  husband  and 
wife,  as  portrayed  by  this  octogenarian,  pre- 
pares the  reader,  far  better  than  some  of  the 
older  biographers  have  done,  to  believe  that 
"without  Mary  Todd  for  his  wife,  Abraham 
Lincoln  would  never  have  been  President. 
Without  Abraham  Lincoln  for  her  husband, 
Mary  Todd  would,  probably,  never  have  been 
a  President's  wife." 

The  chastening  of  old  tales,  springing  in 
part  from  provincial  surroundings,  forms  but 
an  incidental  merit  of  these  reminiscences.  An 
account  of  Lincoln's  law-partnerships  throws 
many  interesting  sidelights  upon  his  char- 
acter and  methods  of  work,  and  supplements 
the  impressions  derived  from  Mr.  Richards 's 
study.  Even  after  Lincoln's  immersion  in 
Republican  politics  made  close  attention  to 
law  practice  impossible,  his  seniority  in  the 
office  called  for  his  presence  at  the  trial  of  the 
most  important  cases,  the  details  of  which 
were  prepared  by  the  office  force.  Mr.  Rankin 
writes: 

It  was  wonderful  to  us  young  men  how  quickly  the 
chief  grasped  everything  in  the  cases  thus  prepared 
and  presented  for  his  consideration.  Such  summaries 
of  evidence  and  decisions  pertinent  to  these  cases 
were  usually  brought  to  his  attention  just  before  the 
trial,  in  night  meetings  at  the  office.  His  days  were 
full  of  other  affairs.  His  capacity  and  power  for 
intense  mental  concentration  at  such  conferences 
enabled  him  to  master,  in  a  very  brief  time,  the 
important  points  involved  in  the  suits  into  which  he 
was  called  by  Mr.  Herndon.  So  thorough  was  this 
mastery  that  he  took  the  principal  part  in  conducting 
these  cases,  whether  the  trial  was  before  juries  or  the 
judge.  Some  of  the  most  important  cases  in  which 
he  ever  appeared  were  tried  during  these  last  two 
years  of  his  active  legal  practice. 

As  Mr.  Richards  enrolls  Lincoln  "among 
the  foremost  orators  of  any  age,"  so  also  Mr. 
Rankin  would  place  him  among  the  noblest. 
He  heard  the  Farewell  Address  at  Springfield, 
and  gives  a  version  varying  but  slightly  from 
those  previously  published.  He  would  rank  it 
with  the  Gettysburg  Speech.  Lincoln's  habit 
was  to  revise  all  he  had  written,  "down  to  the 
latest  hour  possible  before  delivery."  The 


310 


THE    DIAL 


[October  19 


Cooper  Union  Address  "grew  very  slowly. 
Herndon's  patience  was  sorely  tried  at  times 
to  see  him  loitering  and  cutting,  as  he  thought, 
too  laboriously;  but  when  the  speech  was 
completed,  he  admitted  .  .  that  it  would 
be  the  crowning  effort  of  Lincoln's  life  up  to 
that  time. " 

Any  light  upon  Lincoln's  cultural  reading 
has  always  been  welcome,  and  Mr.  Rankin 
speaks  authoritatively  on  this  point.  He  shows 
that  the  law  office  of  Lincoln  and  Herndon 
was  itself  an  intellectual  centre,  where  many 
of  the  best  books  were  read  and  discussed. 
Lincoln  was  a  diligent  reader  in  the  State 
Library,  which  was  rapidly  growing.  Another 
stimulus  was  Newton  Bateman,  State  Super- 
intendent of  Public  Instruction,  whose  office, 
with  its  continual  supply  of  new  books,  ad- 
joined Lincoln's  and  these  two  remarkable 
men  spent  many  hours  together  in  intel- 
lectual camaraderie.  Lincoln  leaned  toward 
poetry,  and  read  Holmes,  Lowell,  Whittier, 
Whitman,  Burns,  and  Shakespeare.  He  read, 
also,  Hawthorne,  the  elder  Abbott,  and  the 
addresses  of  Beecher  and  Theodore  Parker. 
One  of  the  latter 's  political  sermons  was  read 
aloud  by  Herndon  in  the  office,  in  1857,  to 
which  Lincoln  "listened  attentively,  discus- 
sing the  political  and  rhetorical  peculiarities 
of  it  with  Herndon  and  the  two  young  men 
then  present."  This  discourse  contained  the 
words  to  which  Lincoln  gave  literary  immor- 
tality in  the  closing  phrases  of  the  Gettysburg 
Address  six  years  afterward. 

The  nature  of  Lincoln's  reading  in  con- 
temporary politics  is  also  clearly  presented; 
and  it  so  happened  that  out  of  his  connection 
with  politics  came  the  occasion  of  the  clearest 
and  apparently  the  most  authentic  statement 
of  his  religious  convictions.  This  was  during 
the  heated  campaign  of  1856,  when  Lincoln 
defeated  the  famous  Methodist  preacher, 
PeteP  Cartwright,  for  Congress.  Lincoln's 
political  foes  circulated  a  charge  of  religious 
infidelity  against  him.  It  is  due  to  the  mem- 
ory of  Cartwright  that,  in  1862,  he  publicly 
disavowed  the  truth  of  the  accusation.  Mr. 
Herndon,  however,  in  a  lecture  on  Lincoln  at 
Springfield,  in  1874,  reasserted  his  law  part- 
ner's anti-Christian  views.  Mr.  Bankin  is 
able  to  reproduce  his  mother's  account  of 
Lincoln 's  own  statement  of  his  religious  views, 
which  he  gave  to  her  while  a  guest  in  her 
home  during  the  congressional  race  in  which 
his  opponents  were  seeking  to  discredit  him. 
Declaring  that  his  own  thinking,  as  well  as 
contact  with  men  of  "widest  culture,"  had 
opened  up  to  him  a  "sea  of  questionings," 
through  which  he  had  groped  his  way  to  "a 
higher  grasp  of  thought"  reaching  beyond 


this  life  with  "clearness  and  satisfaction,"  he 
continued : 

I  do  not  see  that  I  am  more  astray  —  though  per- 
haps in  a  different  direction  —  than  many  others 
whose  points  of  view  differ  widely  from  each  other 
in  the  sectarian  denominations.  They  all  claim  to  be 
Christians,  and  interpret  their  several  creeds  as 
infallible  ones.  Yet  they  differ  and  discuss  these 
questionable  subjects  without  settling  them  with  any 
mutual  satisfaction  among  themselves. 

I  doubt  the  possibility,  or  propriety,  of  settling  the 
religion  of  Jesus  Christ  in  the  models  of  man-made 
creeds  and  dogmas.  It  was  a  spirit  in  the  life  that 
He  laid  stress  on  and  taught,  if  I  read  aright.  I 
know  I  see  it  to  be  so  with  me. 

The  fundamental  truths  reported  in  the  four  gos- 
pels as  from  the  lips  of  Jesus  Christ,  and  that  I  first 
heard  from  the  lips  of  my  mother,  are  settled  and 
fixed  moral  precepts  with  me.  I  have  concluded  to 
dismiss  from  my  mind  the  debatable  wrangles  that 
once  perplexed  me  with  distractions  that  stirred  up, 
but  never  absolutely  settled  anything.  I  have  tossed 
them  aside  with  the  doubtful  differences  which  divide 
denominations, —  sweeping  them  all  out  of  my  mind 
among  the  non-essentials.  I  have  ceased  to  follow 
such  discussions  or  to  be  interested  in  them. 

I  cannot  without  mental  reservations  assent  to  long 
and  complicated  creeds  and  catechisms.  If  the  church 
would  ask  simply  for  assent  to  the  Savior's  statement 
of  the  substance  of  the  law:  "Thou  shalt  love  the 
Lord  God  with  all  thy  heart,  and  with  all  thy  soul, 
and  with  all  thy  mind,  and  thy  neighbor  as  thyself," 
—  that  church  would  I  gladly  unite  with. 

General  William  E.  Doster's  volume  on 
"Lincoln,  and  Episodes  of  the  Civil  War" 
records  many  interesting  experiences  and 
observations  of  the  author  during  his  incum- 
bency of  the  office  of  Provost  Marshal  of 
Washington,  from  1862-1863.  The  first  forty 
pages  contain  an  address  on  Lincoln  delivered 
by  General  Doster  before  the  students  and 
faculty  of  Lehigh  University  in  1909.  This 
address,  filled  with  personal  recollections  of 
the  years  immediately  before  and  during  the 
war,  is  interesting  reading,  and  is  worthy  of 
the  permanent  form  it  has  been  given  in  this 
volume.  The  more  historical  chapters  describe 
the  feverish  conditions  prevailing  in  Wash- 
ington during  the  first  year  of  preparations 
for  putting  down  the  rebellion.  They 
describe  also  the  Old  Capitol  and  Carrol 
prisons  for  the  detention  of  various  sorts  of 
prisoners.  An  intimate  picture  of  Stanton 
and  his  administration  of  the  War  Office  adds 
to  our  knowledge  of  his  personality;  and  a 
chapter  on  "The  Capital  in  1864"  contains 
a  diary  of  the  author's  comments  on  the  resig- 
nation of  Secretary  Chase,  as  well  as  observa- 
tions about  Fessenden,  Grant,  and  other  per- 
sons and  events  of  contemporary  moment. 
The  final  chapter  gives  the  author's  personal 
record  and  commentary  on  the  trial  of  the 
conspirators  implicated  in  the  assassination 
of  President  Lincoln,  for  two  of  whom  Gen- 
eral Doster  acted  as  counsel.  This  chapter  is 
a  document  of  historical  value ;  albeit  such  an 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


311 


expose  of  the  military  adjudication  of  these 
prisoners'  fate,  including  the  probability  of 
Mrs.  Surratt's  innocence,  becomes  less  con- 
genial reading  with  the  lapse  of  years. 

Lord  Charnwood 's  Yolume-oiLjjiincoln,  con- 
tributed to  the  "Makers  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century"  series, /is  the  first  well-considered 
attempt  of  an  Englishman  to  exhibit  Lincoln 's 
personality  and  place  in  American  statesman- 
ship. Although  written  primarily  for  British 
readers,  the  book  will  be  highly  interesting  to 
Americans  for  its  well  studied  point  of  view. 
It  is  the  most  successful  portrait  of  Lincoln, 
in  a  single  volume,  drawn  upon  a  clearly  con- 
ceived background  of  political  evolution,  that 
has  so  far  appeared/  The  author's  admirable 
condensation  of  our  political  history,  from 
the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  to  the  close 
of  the  Civil  War,  is  heightened  in  interest  by 
his  sparkling  cameo  descriptions  of  certain  of 
the  most  notable  men  who  have  influenced  our 
national  development.  Jefferson,  "scholar, 
musician,  and  mathematician,  without  deli- 
cacy, elevation,  or  precision  of  thought  or 
language,"  was  the  author  of  "not  a-  very 
candid  State  paper,"  about  which  grew  up 
"sentiments  not  wholly  free  from  humbug"; 
yet  he  was  a  man  who  "  contributed  that  which 
was  most  needed  for  the  evolution  of  a  vig- 
orous national  life."  Hamilton  was  "in  all 
senses  a  great  man."  Calhoun,  powerful  of 
intellect,  delighted  in  "elaborate  deductions 
.  .  .  which  he  was  too  proud  to  revise." 
Andrew  Jackson  was  a  "sincere  Puritan" 
whose  "ferocious"  and  "shocking  character 
is  refreshing  to  the  student  of  the  period." 
Lincoln's  is  naturally  the  figure  in  leading 
relief,  yet  it  is  treated  with  such  restraint  that 
he  is  seen  more  as  the  product  of  our  expand- 
ing nationalism  than  as  a  creature  of  special 
dispensation  or  of  political  fortuity.  As  one 
would  expect  from  this  point  of  view,  the 
book  is  comparatively  free  from  those  provin- 
cial sidelights  made  traditional  by  trite 
biographers.  Here  the  subject  is  raised  to 
the  dignity  of  historic  conception  and  treated 
with  the  detachment  befitting  a  sober  sense  of 
perspective.  Lincoln  is  shown  as  responsive 
to  the  strength  as  well  as  the  weaknesses  of 
his  environment, —  a  man  with  no  "frigid  per- 
fections," but  possessed  of  greatness  in 
patience  and  having  "some  unexampled  qual- 
ity of  heart  and  mind"  which  he  gave  to 
whatever  he  did.  Lord  Charnwood  makes  no 
attempt  to  define  or  estimate  Lincoln's  great- 
ness. He  feels  that  it  is  sufficient  to  appre- 
ciate the  circumstances  under  which  he  lived 
and  worked.  He  ascribes  to  Lincoln's  depth 
of  thought  the  beauty  of  his  classic  utterances. 


He  feels  that  as  a  statesman  Lincoln  had  no 
theory  in  either  his  words  or  his  acts ;  that  if 
he  had  any  theory  of  democracy,  it  consisted 
in  his  hostility  to  the  mastery  of  one  man  over 
another.  This  volume  contributes  nothing 
new  to  our  information  about  its  subject,  but 
it  succeeds  admirably  in  its  author's  obvious 
purpose  to  set  forth  a  succinct  and  luminous 
impression  of  a  great  personality  as  it 
unfolded  under  the  stress  of  an  untoward 
environment  in  both  private  and  public 
experience.  LUTHER  E.  ROBINSON. 


GASPARD  THE  GREAT.* 


From  the  new  literature  of  war  the  captains 
and  the  kings  depart,  and  the  common  soldier 
reigns  in  their  stead.  Such  is  the  spirit 
underlying  the  first  epic  story  of  the 
cataclysm  —  Rene  Benjamin's  "Gaspard,"  a 
masterpiece  which  has  obtained  the  prize  of 
the  Goncourt  Academy  as  the  most  original 
book  of  the  year.  Picturing  the  side-scenes 
of  combat  rather  more  than  the  lurid  front, 
the  author  combines  pathos  with  the  princi- 
ples of  a  thorough  realism.  He  is  grave  and 
temperate  toward  the  enemy  when  speaking 
in  his  own  person;  and  he  fortifies  this 
objectivity  by  cleaving  mainly  to  the  stand- 
point of  the  poilu.  The  individual  Gaspard 
is  detached  against  the  mass  of  which  he 
forms  a  unit.  He  and  no  monarch  is  now  the 
central  figure  in  the  heroic  tapestry. 

A  regiment  composed  half  of  provincials, 
half  of  Parisians,  is  forming  in  a  little 
Norman  town.  The  Parisians  detrain,  among 
them  Gaspard.  That  impudent  denizen  of  the 
Rue  de  la  Gaite,  "Pantruche,"  mocks  at  the 
lordly  station-master  and  goes  roaming 
through  the  village,  restless,  blagueur,  boast- 
ful, with  his  emotional  nose  in  the  air.  This 
nose  has  an  inquisitive  twist  to  one  side;  it 
is  a  feature  full  of  character,  like  the  nose  of 
Cyrano. 

Entrusted,  unconventionally,  with  handing 
out  chance-fitting  uniforms  to  his  comrades, 
and  later  with  equally  amateur  cooking  for 
the  regiment,  Gaspard  the  Great  somehow 
succeeds  with  both.  He  is  capable  of  any- 
thing, he  slangs  and  over-rides  everybody 
with  his  clamorous  personality;  ironic  before 
the  unknown,  whether  Kaiser  or  loafer, 
trustful  with  his  "pals,"  who  are  successively 
a  journalist,  an  interne,  and  a  professor. .  And 
these  "high-brows"  all  love  Gaspard,  the 
uneducated  child  of  the  people. 

*  PRIVATE  GASPARD.  A  Soldier  of  France.  Translated  from 
the  French  of  Rene  Benjamin.  New  York :  Brentano's. 


312 


THE    DIAL 


[October  19 


The  massed  regiment,  monotonous,  imper- 
sonal, temporarily  sinking  self  in  the  greatest 
common  idea,  now  departs.  Once  on  the 
cattle-train,  Gaspard  cannot  keep  still.  He 
and  his  companions  overflow  the  compart- 
ments, drop  off  at  the  least  provocation,  and 
snap  up  any  unconsidered  trifle,  such  as  a 
barrel  of  beer.  They  arrive  by  night  in 
Lorraine,  a  mysterious  country  of  strange 
winds,  under  dim  stars.  The  frontier  is 
beneath  their  feet. 

Gaspard  declares  they  will  be  in  Berlin 
tomorrow, — he  is  also  positive  that  a  hundred 
thousand  of  the  enemy  fell  before  Liege,  and 
that  the  German  shells  do  not  explode.  He 
forages  and  cooks  under  the  direction  of  the 
scrupulous  captain.  He  dances  with  delight 
at  the  prospect  of  battle.  "Now  we  can  scrap 
without  minding  the  cops!"  But  there  are 
long  marches — rain — dead  weariness.  The 
signs  of  war  are  seen  and  heard :  refugees  and 
famished  retreating  regiments,  the  first 
mutter  of  cannon,  and  always  dead  weariness. 
Again  the  grumbling  men  are  appeased  by 
the  prospect  of  a  soup.  Like  comforted  chil- 
dren, they  gather  eagerly  around  the  pot — 
and  the  captain  orders  them  to  upset  it! 
Gaspard,  stunned,  obeys.  The  first  shiver  of 
battle  is  upon  them.  Shells  are  bursting 
around, — for,  after  all,  they  do  explode.  "Do 
they  take  us  for  tenpins?"  howls  Gaspard, 
who  refuses  to  be  serious  when  his  best  friend 
talks  of  death.  But  when  that  "pal"  is  hit, 
Gaspard,  himself  badly  wounded,  painfully 
carries  him  to  safety  and  the  ambulance.  And 
only  then  does  he  break  down  and  weep  for 
all  the  miseries  of  war. 

There  follow  two  fantastic  scenes.  The 
wounded  lie  all  night  on  the  stones  of  a  pro- 
vincial church.  The  moonlight  floods  in 
mournfully,  shining  on  a  broken  figure  of 
Christ,  on  Gaspard  and  another  soldier  who 
group  themselves,  like  the  two  thieves,  around 
that  figure.  A  stranger  picture  still  is  that 
of  the  midnight  chase  of  the  wailing  mad- 
woman which  Gaspard,  lame  but  subtle, 
leaves  the  hospital  train  to  undertake. 

Then,  passing  through  Touraine,  the  beauty 
of  life  comes  gently  back  to  the  wounded  in 
their  cattle-train  of  torments.  The  flowers 
and  daughters,  the  fruit  and  laughter  of 
sweet  Touraine  are  as  balm  to  the  bruises  of 
Gaspard.  In  the  hospital,  comic  and  grateful, 
he  is  the  pet  of  the  nurses, — and  the  figures 
of  these  three  nurses  stand  out  as  the  three 
consoling  graces  of  France  militant. 

The    hospital    wards    continue    the    mixed 


tumultuous  pattern  of  life.  A  dying  sergeant, 
trying  to  struggle  through  the  night,  longs 
for  the  crow  of  the  cock  to  show  that  his  vigil 
is  over.  It  is  near  dawn,  they  tell  him,  and 
still  the  cock  will  not  crow.  Gaspard  crawls 
out  of  bed,  out  of  doors,  imitates  the  call  of 
Chantecler,  and  the  sergeant  dies  in  peace. 
But  by  this  service  Gaspard  reopens  his 
wound  and  suffers  anew. 

It  is  this  mingling  of  comic  and  tragic,  the 
revival  of  Hugo's  old  "theory  of  the  gro- 
tesque," that  gives  the  book  its  authentic 
appeal.  You  feel  that  it  is  so,  that  Gaspard 
lived  that  way,  that  the  war  offers  these 
contrasts.  Gaspard  continues  to  live  that  way 
after  he  gets  back  to  the  front — where  in  a 
a  few  short  hours  he  loses  his  leg.  Then, 
characteristically  enough,  he  becomes  not  a 
piteous  cripple,  but  a  cocky  over-gallant  cafe 
hero,  trying  the  patience  of  his  new-made 
wife.  He  goes  gloriously  back  to  "Pantruche," 
and  we  leave  him,  with  uplifted  nose,  coming 
to  a  private  understanding  with  the  dome  of 
the  Invalides. 

Throughout,  the  heroism  of  the  soldier  is 
larded  with  eccentricities.  Between  battles 
he  returns  to  his  beloved  Rue  de  la  Gaite,  in 
order  loyally  to  marry  and  "legitimize  his 
brat."  But  he  steals  two  extra  days  beyond 
his  furlough,  and  gets  into  abundant  hot 
water;  his  perplexed  captain  bundles  him 
hastily  off  to  the  trenches,  to  avoid  the  angry 
civil  authorities.  If  Gaspard  piously  carries 
home  the  news  of  a  comrade's  death,  he 
wilfully  rearranges  the  facts  to  suit  the 
hearers.  In  the  midst  of  service,  he  flies  into 
a  passion;  he  is  saucily  obedient,  foul- 
mouthed  and  sublime.  He  has  the  most 
endearing  faults,  the  most  poignant  laughter. 

He  is  one  among  many.  But  the  many  are 
now  one,  and  this  one  is  always  himself.  At 
the  same  time,  he  is  the  spirit  of  new  France, 
manifest  in  the  humblest  of  her  children. 
"Bayard  is  in  the  saddle  again" — and  Bayard 
is  now  a  democrat.  An  illiterate  mischievous 
~bon  dicible,  Gaspard  the  Great  unites  the  soul 
of  Cyrano  with  the  gestures  of  Tartarin.  He 
revels  in  slang,  in  swagger  and  myths,  and 
he  revolts  against  machine-discipline  and 
ignores  tickets  and  labels.  But  Gaspard  also 
represents  his  kind  in  his  gallant  humorous 
acceptance  of  his  lot,  in  his  devotion  to  the 
light  as  he  sees  it.  And  the  blood  and  iron 
of  this  little  epic  are  compounded  in  the 
daring  fortitude  of  a  race  that  can  intelli- 
gently receive  an  idea  and  staunchly  live  and 
die  for  it.  K  PRESTON  DARGAN. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


313 


RECEXT  FICTIOX  * 


A  famous  English  man  of  letters  thinking 
of  "subjects"  for  fiction  spoke  long  ago  of  the 
"human  and  social  suggestiveness"  of  "an  old 
English  country-house,  round  which  experi- 
ence seems  piled  so  thick."  He  was  but  an 
American  story -writer  at  the  time,  and  it  may 
be  that  there  was  in  his  particular  thought 
something  of  the  passionate  (if  provincial) 
sentiment  of  his  own  pilgrim  to  such  a  lovely 
shrine.  Yet  many  Englishmen  must  have  had 
much  of  the  same  feeling,  for  there  have  been 
in  the  past  fifty  years  hundreds  of  novels  that 
did  little  else  than  present  the  life  of  an 
English  country  family.  THE  DIAL  has  of 
late  spoken  of  three,  Miss  Mordaunt's  "The 
Family,"  Mr.  Marshall's  "Watermeads,"  and 
Mr.  Beresford's  "These  Lynnekers,"  in  which 
those  acute  observers  had  seen  in  the  life  of 
the  country  family  signs  of  the  times  that 
suggested  things  interesting  to  the  fiction 
writer,  for,  after  all,  these  country  families 
have  given  England  most  of  her  great  men. 
One  sees  the  sterner  side  in  Lucas  Malet's 
"Damaris." 

"Damaris"  is  not  the  story  of  an  English 
country-house  or  anything  of  the  sort;  it  is 
a  story  of  the  English  in  India.  But  Charles 
Verity,  living  as  "Commissioner-Sahib"  in 
the  Sultan-i-hagh,  at  Bhutpur,  was  of  an  old 
family  "whose  beautiful  place,  Canton  Magna,  j 
lies  in  a  fold  of  the  chalk  hills  looking  toward 
the  Sussex  border,"  and  even  when  absorbed 
in  Indian  administration  he  looks  back  at 
times  to  "Deadham  Hard,  the  rambling  patch- 
work of  a  house"  where  he  spent  his  holidays 
as  a  schoolboy.  Doubtless  the  other  English 
people  at  Bhutpur,  from  the  old  Judge  and 
the  old  General  down  to  the  young  secretaries, 
had  much  the  same  sort  of  recollections,  j 
These  English  have  gone  out  of  their  country- 
houses  to  rule  the  earth. 

There   is  something  in  the  country-house 
life  beside  the  gaiety  and  charm  —  as  well  as 
the  meaninglessness  and  futility  —  that  one 
understands  at  once.    Henrietta  Pereira  is  an 
Englishwoman    in    spite    of    the    Portugese 
name  of  her  husband,  an  Englishwoman  of 
good  country  family.     But  she  is  incurably 
light,  charming,  beautiful,  full  of  schemes  and  j 
desires,  bent  on  gratifying  her  fancies  and  I 
whims.     The  power  of  the  book  lies  in  its 

showing  how  such  a  woman  looked  beneath 



*  DAMARIS.      By   Lucas    Malet.      New    York :     Dodd,    Mead    ! 
&   Co.      $1.40. 

THE  WONDERFUL  YEAR.     By  William  J.  Locke.     New  York: 
John   Lane   Co.      $1.40. 

MR.   BRITLING   SEES   IT  THROUGH.     By  H.   G.   Wells.     New 
York:    The  Macmillan  Co.   $1.50. 


the  surface  of  life  and  drew  back.  One  feels 
the  power  of  what  she  felt. 

But  however  we  may  be  interested  in  see- 
ing in  Mrs.  Harrison's  novel  an  indication  of 
the  national  vigor  of  the  English  in  India  as 
elsewhere,  she  herself  had  little  of  such  a 
notion  in  mind,  or  more  accurately  she  was 
thinking  chiefly  of  something  else.  Titles  do 
not  of  necessity  show  chief  motives,  but 
though  a  reader  may  at  first  be  most 
impressed  by  this  iron-handed  English  pro- 
consul and  this  wanton  English  lady,  we  may 
easily  suppose  that  to  Mrs.  Harrison  the  chief 
interest  lay  in  neither,  but  rather  in  the  little 
five-year-old  girl  who  gives  its  name  to  the 
book.  A  quaint  and  pathetic  little  person 
she  is,  and  indeed  must  have  been  from  the 
beginning.  She  was  early  left  motherless,  but 
as  though  that  were  not  enough,  the  years 
of  her  childhood  were  passed  in  the  atmos- 
phere, so  extraordinary  to  us,  of  a  great  house 
in  India,  a  house  which  seemed  to  carry  into 
its  use  by  the  dominant  race  something  which 
had  come  to  it  by  centuries  of  Oriental  life. 
If  an  English  country-house  has  a  human  and 
social  suggestiveness,  if  experience  be  piled 
thick  around  it,  what  will  one  say  of  the  sum- 
mer palace  of  a  native  prince  ?  And  what  will 
be  the  result  of  this  suggestiveness  in  the 
character  of  a  little  girl  ?  That  is  something 
that  comes  out  in  the  book  over  and  over 
again,  the  influence  of  the  spirit  of  the 
Sultan-i-hagh  not  only  on  Damaris  but  on 
others  within  the  ancient  walls..  As  for  the 
little  girl  (Mrs.  Harrison  writes  of  the  influ- 
ences of  the  summer  palace),  "They  brought 
her  very  close  to  Nature;  to  the  silent  life 
of  the  innumerable  garden  birds  and  gro- 
tesque or  charming  little  garden  animals. 
Dim,  wistful  intuition  stirred  in  her,  more- 
over, of  the  eternal  mysteries  of  Birth  and 
Death,"  and  more  beside.  All  that  is  very 
well  done  indeed.  Nor  is  it  in  the  main  so 
unlike  the  thing  we  were  speaking  of. 
Henrietta  Pereira  comes  very  "close  to 
Nature,"  too,  in  some  of  her  moments  with 
Colonel  Verity.  She  finds  out  that  Nature, 
even  in  people  born  and  brought  up  in  Eng- 
lish country-houses,  is  often  very  different 
from  the  external  crust  formed  even  by  cen- 
turies of  easy,  graceful,  amusing  existence. 

The  true  nature  of  anyone  comes  out  in 
moments  of  stirring  passion, —  of  war,  or  of 
anything  else.  Another  book  about  the 
English  in  this  time  of  war  is  Mr.  W.  J. 
Locke's  "The  Wonderful  Year."  I  confess 
that  I  cannot  ever  take  Mr.  Locke  very  seri- 
ously; I  think  of  him  as  a  sort  of  modified 
Ouida.  He  is,  of  course,  more  modern  than 
Ouida,  which  makes  one  read  him  more  unsus- 


314 


THE    DIAL 


[October  19 


piciously,  but  he  is  not  so  original  as  she  was 
nor  so  true  to  life.  I  presume,  however,  that 
those  who  think  Mr.  Locke's  books  are  won- 
derful novels  by  a  wonderful  author  (among 
whom  would  seem  to  be  included  his  pub- 
lishers) are  not  much  exercised  in  these  direc- 
tions. Mr.  Locke  always  has  a  certain  sort  of 
amusing  originality  in  his  conceptions,  of  his 
principal  characters  at  least.  This  time  he 
varies  the  personnel  of  his  charming  Bohemia 
of  student  quarter  and  old  French  inn  by  a 
whimsical  personage  whose  occupation  is  the 
beneficent  one  of  providing  happiness  for 
those  who  wish  it.  More  crudely,  he  advises 
those  who  are  "up  against  it"  in  their  strug- 
gles with  the  world,  always  charging  five 
francs  as  a  fee  for  services  that  are  often 
worth  thousands.  But  Mr.  Locke  has  such 
a  passion  for  the  lovely,  exquisite,  charming, 
and  also  easy  going  that  he  never  can  get  to 
the  bottom  of  any  serious  problem,  and  so  he 
does  not  give  us  anything  really  fundamental 
on  the  theory  of  happiness.  Mr.  Daniel 
Fortinbras,  Marchand  de  Bonheur,  in  the  two 
principal  cases  in  question,  advises  his  clients 
to  capitalize  their  possessions  and  have  a  good 
time.  This  he  does  that  they  may  find  food 
for  their  souls.  Martin  and  Corinna,  sent  by 
Fortinbras  on  a  bicycle  trip  to  Brautome 
designed  at  first  to  exhaust  their  finances,  do 
find  food  for  their  souls,  find,  indeed,  happi- 
ness by  following  this  apparently  eccentric 
advice.  It  is  not  clear,  however,  that  we  can 
draw  a  general  lesson  from  their  case.  Per- 
haps that  is  natural;  a  man  who  lives  by 
giving  advice  will  hardly  put  his  advice  in  a 
form  in  which  it  will  be  as  useful  to  humanity 
as  to  his  especial  clients.  Otherwise  we  should 
be  inclined  to  compare  the  counsel  of  M. 
Fortinbras  with  that  of  another  great 
Marchand  de  Bonheur  who  also  said,  "Take 
no  thought  for  the  morrow."  The  chief  dif- 
ference that  a  casual  study  shows  between  the 
two  is  that  the  earlier  teacher  advised  people 
to  sell  what  they  had  and  give  to  the  poor, 
while  the  more  recent  adviser  advised  these 
people,  at  least,  to  spend  what  they  had  in 
having  a  good  time  and  thereby  feeding  their 
souls.  Some  readers  will  think  it  mighty 
lucky  for  them  that  the  war  came  along  and 
gave  them  something  to  be  really  serious 
about.  The  war  was  useful  to  Mr.  Locke's 
young  couple  in  that  it  recalled  them  from 
light  ideals  to  matters  of  more  permanent 
importance. 

It  is  not  screwing  around  these  things  into 
perverted  shapes  that  we  are  doing  when  we 
interpret  specimens  of  current  fiction  in  the 
fearful  and  lurid  light  of  the  present  war. 
It  is  always  possible  to  abstract  oneself,  for 


the  time  at  least,  from  current  trials  and  read 
or  write  books  that  seem  as  clear  and  free 
from  contemporary  disturbance  as  the  remote 
mountain  brook  seems  to  the  city-dweller.  But 
we  in  America  are  (most  of  us)  so  vitally 
interested  in  England's  doings  in  this  war 
that  we  can  not  long  think  of  English  men 
and  women  without  some  influence  of  that 
tremendous  disturbance  of  old  customs  and 
old  manners  of  life  and  thought.  It  comes 
up  as  we  read  all  sorts  of  things.  And  just 
at  the  moment  there  is  a  book  in  which  the 
author  has  addressed  himself  directly  to  the 
matter  which  so  often  colors  our  thoughts 
indirectly.  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells  has  published 
his  view  of  the  English  mind  as  affected  by 
the  war  under  the  name  "Mr.  Britling  Sees 
It  Through." 

I  usually  read  Mr.  Wells  with  such  an 
exhilarated  intensity  that  I  never  have  much 
critical  opinion  on  what  I  have  read.  When 
I  am  not  reading  him,  it  is  true,  I  can  see 
that  he  is  not  a  great  novelist  in  the  sense  that 
Henry  James  is,  or  Mr.  Arnold  Bennett.  His 
books  sometimes  have  and  sometimes  have  not 
the  things  that  I  commonly  think  necessary 
for  good  novels.  Perhaps  he  ought  to  be 
called  a  publicist  as  he  calls  Mr.  Bernard 
Shaw  and  others.  He  seems  to  regard  Mr. 
Britling  as  a  publicist,  and  I  presume  that 
Mr.  Britling  in  general  position  must  have 
been  very  like  Mr.  Wells  himself.  A  pub- 
licist is  not  a  bad  kind  of  person  to  be,  now 
that  the  older  diplomatic  meaning  has  been 
superseded  by  more  popular  use.  If  a  pub- 
licist is  a  person  who  publishes  his  thoughts 
on  public  affairs,  Mr.  Wells  is  one,  and  "Mr. 
Britling  Sees  It  Through"  is  an  excellent 
piece  of  work.  If  one  must  criticise  it  as  a 
novel  there  will,  in  some  minds  at  least,  be 
difficulties. 

Mr.  Britling  was  a  distinguished  man  of 
letters  living  at  Matching 's  Easy,  a  pleasant 
Old  English  sort  of  place  in  Essex.  The 
book  tells  how  the  war  affected  him.  So  much 
any  publicist  could  have  done,  who  was  inter- 
ested in  giving  an  account  of  the  mind  of 
England  during  the  past  two  years.  What 
Mr.  Wells  does  in  his  non-publicist  capacity 
is  to  put  these  matters,  which  easily  grow  gen- 
eral and  abstract,  into  terms  of  actual  life. 
And  that  must  be  one  of  the  necessary  gifts 
of  the  novelist,  to  imagine  things  in  terms 
of  people ;  at  any  rate,  that  is  what  Mr.  Wells 
does.  He  gives  us  a  realizing  idea  of  the  com- 
fortable easy-going  country  life  (with  its 
vigorous  and  extraordinary  game  of  hockey)  ; 
of  the  way  people  thought  and  talked,  of  the 
confident  and  vague  divagations  about  Ulster, 
the  tentative  reflections  about  Kitchenerism 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


315 


and  efficiency  and  being  fit,  of  the  facile  and 
futile  information  about  Sarajevo  and  Bosnia 
and  assassination  as  a  political. method,  of  the 
disquisitions  concerning  England's  foreign 
policy,  of  Aunt  Wiltshire's  winning  twenty- 
five  cocoanuts  by  throwing  sticks  at  them  at 
the  Flower  Show  at  the  time  the  Germans 
were  entering  Belgium.  Then  he  goes  on 
through  the  two  years  of  the  war,  limiting 
matters  to  Mr.  Britling,  only  I  suppose, 
because  it  would  make  too  big  a  book  to  pre- 
sent all  sorts  and  conditions  of  English 
thought  and  feeling. 

Mr.  Britling  is  a  very  real  sort  of  person. 
It  may  seem  wonderful  that  he  should  be 
entangled  in  a  wrong  and  foolish  love-affair, 
that  he  should  be  intensely  absorbed  in  learn- 
ing to  drive  a  motor  car,  that  he  should  be 
troubled  about  the  future  of  his  son,  that  he 
should  think  longingly  now  and  then  of  finish- 
ing that  great  beautiful  thing  of  his  called 
"The  Silent  Places'';  wonderful  in  a  novel 
about  the  war,  but  natural,  necessary,  and 
quite  right  and  interesting,  too.  Mr.  Britling 's 
ideas  change.  First  he  conceives  the  idea  that 
the  war  was  brought  about  and  carried  on  by 
a  Prussian  war-party;  then  he  speculates  as 
to  the  End  of  War  and  a  Supreme  Court  of 
the  nations  at  Delhi  or  Samarkand  or  some- 
where else;  then  he  begins  gradually  to 
understand  what  England  is  up  against,  and 
sees  that  the  nation  must  do  something  beside 
sympathize  with  the  army  and  read  the 
papers;  then  he  appreciates  that  everyone 
must  get  to  work,  that  sons  and  lovers  must 
go  into  the  army,  his  son  among  others. 

One  cannot  work  through  the  whole  book, 
nor  would  it  be  worth  while.  I  don't  discuss 
Mr.  Wells 's  account ;  I  cannot  but  take  it  as 
history.  Such  a  course  of  things  occurred  in 
one  mind  at  least ;  these  things,  or  others  like 
them,  one  has  seen  a  hundred  times  else- 
where. Such  a  book  is  a  great  feat  of  the 
imagination;  not  conclusive,  of  course,  but 
showing  a  way  of  thinking  and  feeling, —  a 
way  much  broader  and  more  refined  and  more 
complex  than  the  ordinary  country-house  feel- 
ing about  the  war,  such  as  the  people  at 
Watermeads  would  have  had,  or  such  as  the 
people  in  "The  Wonderful  Year"  did  have. 
At  bottom,  probably,  there  is  just  the  same 
thing.  In  all  the  hatred  of  the  war,  the 
anguish,  the  loathing,  the  weariness,  even  in 
the  reluctances  and  backslidings,  there  must 
be,  not  only  to  Hugh  Britling  or  Cecily 
Corners,  the  satisfaction  of  what  has  long  been 
a  desire, —  the  desire,  in  all  these  years  of 
ease  and  happiness  and  luxury,  for  something 
real  to  happen,  a  real  happening  being,  as 
Cecily  said,  that  one  does  something,  some- 


thing beside  playing  hockey  and  having  tea. 
That  is  a  good  thing  for  us  in  America  to 
think  of  as  well  as  for  people  in  England  to 
experience.  Wrhether  it  be  in  war  or  in 
politics  or  in  education  or  in  business  or  in 
religion,  it  is  a  fine  thing  to  be  able  to  do 
something  real,  and  if  one  gets  aroused  to 
that  notion  by  reading  novels,  the  thing  is 
worth  more  than  it  sometimes  seems. 

EDWARD  E.  HALE. 


BRIEFS  ox  NEW  BOOKS. 


Correspondence      In  the  daVS  °f  the  GeorgCS,  they 

of  a  Georgian       made  a  serious  business  of  letter- 
writing.     It  is  not  surprising, 
therefore,  that  the  carefully  culled  selection 
from  Earl  Granville's  private  correspondence 
(Button,  2  vols.,  $10.),  edited  by  his  daughter- 
in-law,  Countess  Granville,  should  occupy  two 
large  volumes,  of  from  five  to  six  hundred 
pages  each.  But  however  voluminous,  this  cor- 
respondence possesses  marked  historical,  so- 
cial, and  personal  interest.    By  far  the  larger 
proportion  of  the  letters  are  from  the  Count- 
ess of  Bessborough  to  Lord  Granville.  Between 
these  two,  from  the  time  of  their  first  meeting 
in  1794  to  the  Countess's  death  in  1821,  there 
existed  a  loyal  friendship,  which,  on  her  part 
at  least,  touched  an  ideally  beautiful  plane. 
Her  letters  reveal  a  woman  of  mind  and  heart, 
with  a  wider  and  more  sympathetic  outlook 
upon  life  than  was  usual  in  the  society  in 
which  she  moved, —  a  society  which  has  been 
described  as  presenting  a  strange  combination 
of  dissipation  and  intellectual  refinement.    A 
wonderfully  vivid  picture  of  the  social  life 
of  the  time  is  given  in  her  letters,  with  lively 
descriptions  of  the  noted  people  she  was  con- 
stantly meeting;    and,  there  are  interesting 
side-lights    upon    the    political    complexities 
which  then  harassed  England.     Her  letters 
from  Paris,  first  under  the  Napoleonic  regime 
and  later  after  the  Restoration,  are  especially 
entertaining.     Lady  Bessborough 's  letters,  a 
number  from  Earl  Granville's  mother,  Lady 
Stafford,  and  a  few  from  Pitt,  Canning,  and 
others,  have  been  selected  and  arranged  with 
a  view  to  throwing  light  upon  the  career  and 
character  of  Earl  Granville.    Unfortunately, 
there  are  very  few  of  his  own  letters,  those  to 
Lady   Bessborough   having   been   almost   all 
destroyed  by  him,  so  that  one  is  obliged  to 
construct  the  portrait  of  the  protagonist  from 
the  hints,   allusions,   and  encomiums  of  his 
friends.    From  the  few  letters  of  his  that  are 
included  one  would  hardly  gather  that  he  was 
so  extremely  gifted  or  so  superlatively  fas- 
cinating as  his   friends   assuredly   regarded 


316 


THE    DIAL 


him;  for  not  only  do  Lady  Bessborough  and 
Lady  Stafford  constantly  bear  witness  to  his 
diplomatic  and  social  successes,  but  the  few 
letters  from  Pitt  and  Canning  show  in  what 
high  estimation  he  was  held  by  these  brilliant 
lights.  Lady  Bessborough,  perhaps,  allowed 
the  enthusiasm  of  her  admiration  to  go  almost 
too  far  at  times,  but,  as  she  often  says  of 
herself,  she  never  could  love  anything  by 
halves.  Only  second  in  interest  to  Lady 
Bessborough 's  letters  are  those  of  Granville's 
mother,  Lady  Stafford.  Though  she  was  not 
so  brilliant  as  her  son 's  friend,  a  remark- 
able sweetness  of  nature  is  revealed  in  her 
letters.  She  adored  her  husband  and  loved 
her  son.  It  is  to  be  remarked  to  Lord 
Granville's  credit  that  he  seems  uniformly  to 
have  taken  in  good  part  the  criticisms  of 
himself  by  his  mother  and  his  friend,  and  on 
the  whole  he  must  have  profited  by  their 
advice, —  as  is  witnessed  by  his  successful  dip- 
lomatic career,  and  his  final  most  happy  mar- 
riage to  the  niece  of  Lady  Bessborough,  Lady 
Harriet  Cavendish.  Much  might  be  said  of 
the  historical  interest  of  this  correspondence; 
but,  after  all,  its  chief  value  probably  lies  in 
its  intimate  picture  not  of  Lord  Granville  but 
of  the  unusual  personality  of  Lady  Bessbor- 
ough, who  joined  to  her  keen  interest  in 
political  and  social  affairs,  and  her  friendly 
enthusiasms,  an  intellectual  appreciation  of 
the  best  in  art  and  literature.  Her  literary 
judgments  upon  the  many  books  she  was  con- 
stantly reading  have  a  piquant  originality 
quite  refreshing.  The  two  volumes  are 
adorned  by  many  finely  reproduced  portraits 
of  unusually  handsome  people. 


General  interest  in  the  testing 
of  intelligence,  especially  in  the 
terms  of  age  development,  has 
now  received  recognition  in  a  volume  survey- 
ing the  field,  and  also  introducing  a  critical 
conception  of  method  and  application.  "The 
Measurement  of  Intelligence"  (Houghton  Miff- 
lin),  by  Professor  Lewis  M.  Terman,  of  Stan- 
ford University,  serves  as  an  admirable  hand- 
book to  the  subject.  The  Binet  tests  began 
with  the  attempt  to  furnish  age-norms  for  chil- 
dren from  three  years  to  twelve.  The  fact  that 
almost  all  tests  imply  a  special  ability  of  one 
kind  or  another  led  to  the  introduction  of  the 
point-scale,  in  which  relative  failure  in  one 
test  might  be  balanced  by  accomplishment  in 
another.  Going  beyond  this,  the  Stanford 
system  uses  the  conception  of  an  intelligence- 
quotient,  which  expresses  the  place  of  the 
individual  tested  in  terms  of  the  average  abil- 
ity of  his  class.  The  last  has  the  distinct 


advantage  that  age-norms  can  be  calculated 
from  it,  while  it  yet  allows  for  alternate  tests 
and  the  adjustment  of  test  to  special  circum- 
stances. The  theory  of  the  test  is  set  forth, 
the  data  are  reported,  the  detailed  practical 
instructions  are  given,  and  the  whole  is 
arranged  for  the  year-by-year  advance.  The 
volume  thus  furnishes  a  complete  handbook 
for  the  practitioner,  as  well  as  a  basis  of  com- 
prehension for  the  student.  It  is  well  con- 
ceived and  admirably  executed.  There  is  the 
danger  that  the  tests  will  become  too  mechan- 
ical, and  their  application  obscure  the  issue 
for  the  method  ;  the  only  way  to  avoid  this  is 
by  adequate  training  of  those  who  make  the 
tests.  As  to  the  scope  of  the  tests,  they  have 
proved  their  ability  to  reveal  more  of  the 
nature  of  individual  capacity  in  a  few  hours 
than  any  other  estimate,  such  as  that  of  school 
work  or  general  judgment.  Naturally  they 
leave  untested  many  of  the  qualities  which  the 
social  and  industrial  world  cherishes;  but 
within  their  legitimate  province,  the  tests 
form  precisely  the  kind  of  additional  guage 
which  the  school  and  the  industrial  employer 
require  for  their  protection.  The  elimination 
of  the  unfit  and  the  determination  of  normal- 
ity, especially  in  connection  with  proceedings 
in  Juvenile  Courts,  adds  to  the  interest  attach- 
ing to  an  important  phase  of  applied  psychol- 
ogy. 


studies  of  European  war  has  for  two 

china  and  the       years  so  absorbed  our  interest 

se  people.       that    lesg    than    the    ugual    atten_ 

tion  has  been  given  to  the  Orient.  Yet  there 
is  ample  reason  for  bestowing  upon  the  Orient 
at  this  time  more  thoughtful  consideration 
than  at  any  period  of  the  past.  For  a  con- 
flict greater  than  the  present  tremendous 
struggle  among  the  branches  of  the  white 
race  threatens  to  array  the  white  against  the 
colored  races  of  mankind,  unless  some  means 
can  be  found  for  reconciling  the  conflicting 
interests  of  those  peoples.  Moreover,  events 
are  moving  rapidly,  and  such  a  means  of  allay- 
ing hostility  must  be  discovered  without 
undue  delay.  First  of  all,  the  spread  of  cor- 
rect information  among  us  concerning  the 
Asiatics  is  greatly  to  be  desired,  in  order  that 
race  prejudice,  the  mother  of  hostility  and 
war,  may  be  dispelled.  Special  attention 
should  therefore  be  given  to  those  dealing 
with  Asia,  and  particularly  to  books  dealing 
with  the  profounder  aspects  of  the  problem 
of  the  Asiatic  peoples.  Two  such  books 
recently  from  the  press  are  to  be  highly  com- 
mended, —  Mr.  G.  L.  Harding  's  "The  Present- 
Day  China"  (Century),  and  Dr.  J.  W. 
Bashford's  "China:  An  Interpretation" 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


317 


( Abingdon  Press) .  The  volume  first  mentioned  i 
gives  the  impressions  formed  by  an  unusually  j 
capable,    observant,    and   sympathetic   corre-  I 
spondent  during  a  prolonged  stay  in  China,  i 
covering  especially  the  period  of  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Republic,  and  his  estimate  of  the  | 
significance  of  more  recent  events.     Like  so  j 
many     other     open-minded     observers,     Mr. 
Harding  holds  the   Chinese  people  in  high  i 
regard,  and  treats  their  struggle  for  consti-  | 
tutional  government  with  the  utmost  serious-  j 
ness,   as   one  of  the   outstanding  events  in  j 
history.     His  observations  give  evidence  not 
only  of  breadth  of  interest  and  responsiveness  | 
to  human  events,  but  also  of  unusually  full 
and  accurate  information.     The  book  is  of 
much  greater  value  than  its  small  compass 
would  seem  to  indicate.     "China:   An  Inter- 
pretation,"  by   a   Bishop   of  the   Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  resident  for  many  years 
in  China,  is  a  very  satisfactory  'companion 
volume.     That  two  writers  so  unlike,  one  a 
correspondent  and  traveller,  the  other  a  mis- 
sionary and  old  resident,  should  so  closely 
resemble    each    other    in    their    attitude    of 
friendliness  and  respect  toward  the  Chinese, 
and  optimism  with  regard  to  the  potentialities 
of  the  race,  gives  added  weight  to  that  view  of 
the  situation  in  the  Far  East.     For  a  fairly 
comprehensive  treatment  of  the  whole  subject 
of    China,    containing    information    gleaned 
from  many  authoritative  sources  and  from 
wide  travel  and  intimate  intercourse  with  the 
Chinese  people,  Dr.  Bashford's  book  will  bear 
comparison  with  any  volume  with  which  the 
present  reviewer  is  familiar.     Not  only  does 
it  commend  itself  as  a  general  introduction  to 
the   whole  field,    but   it   presents   also  well 
reasoned  consideration  of  some  of  the  most 
pressing  problems  growing  out  of  the  rela- 
tions of  China,  Japan,  and  the  United  States. 


Presidential 
nominations 
and  elections. 


The  most  interesting  —  perhaps 
the  most  important  —  develop- 
ment in  American  political  his- 
tory has  been  the  extra-constitutional  growth 
of  parties;  but  the  story  of  this  development 
is  to  some  extent  neglected  by  political  histo- 
rians except  so  far  as  the  actions  taken  by  the 
parties  have  had  a  direct  influence  on  the  gov- 
ernment. Of  particular  value,  therefore,  in  a 
year  when  the  importance  of  the  national 
political  organizations  is  strikingly  evident 
to  everyone,  is  Mr.  Joseph  Bucklin  Bishop's 
"Presidential  Nominations  and  Elections:  A 
History  of  American  Conventions,  National 
Campaigns,  Inaugurations,  and  Campaign 
Caricature"  (Scribner).  "What  the  author  has 
to  say  about  the  origin  of  conventions  and 


caucuses  is  fairly  well  known ;  in  1763  John 
Adams  wrote  of  the  "caucus  club"  which  met 
in  a  garret,  the  members  smoking  "tobacco 
till  you  cannot  see  from  one  end  of  the  room 
to  the  other,"  and  regularly  choosing  the 
representatives  "before  they  were  chosen  in 
the  town."  The  first  national  conventions, 
however,  were  held  in  1830  and  1831;  the 
requirement  of  the  Democrats  that  the  nomi- 
nee must  receive  a  two-thirds  vote  was 
invented  by  Jackson  in  1831,  for  what  reason 
Mr.  Bishop  does  not  venture  an  opinion.  The 
so-called  "unit  rule"  abandoned  by  the  Dem- 
ocrats in  1912  is  of  later  origin.  Many  facts 
of  similar  nature  with  reference  to  the  early 
conventions  are  of  great  interest,  and  fur- 
nish an  introduction  for  what  is  the  most 
readable  portion  of  the  volume  —  that  which 
deals  with  the  defeated  aspirations  of 
Webster,  Clay,  and  Blaine.  One  is  likely  to 
remember  these  men  for  their  public  achieve- 
ments rather  than  for  their  failure  to  get 
presidential  nominations,  and  the  story  told 
by  Mr.  Bishop  is  therefore  valuable.  Prac- 
tically all  of  the  conventions  are  covered  by 
the  book,  including  the  story  of  the  "steam- 
roller" at  Chicago  in  1912*  and  the  bolt  of 
the  Progressives.  Very  interesting  chapters 
deal  with  the  development  of  the  inaugura- 
tion ceremony  to  its  present  scope,  and  with 
cartoons  as  moulders  of  public  opinion  —  the 
author  thinks  that  their  influence  is  "incal- 
culable." Nearly  fifty  illustrations  (many  of 
them  cartoons)  add  greatly  to  the  value  of 
the  book.  

A  near  view  of  Robert  Louis 
Stevenson  at  Saranac  Lake  is 
given  by  Mr.  Stephen  Chalmers, 
one-time  secretary  to  Dr.  Trudeau,  in  "The 
Penny  Piper  of  Saranac"  (Houghton  Mifflin), 
and  a  still  more  vivid  picture  of  him  as  seen  a 
little  later  at  Manasquan,  New  Jersey,  by 
Mrs.  Wyatt  Eaton,  in  "A  Last  Memory  of 
Robert  Louis  Stevenson"  (Crowell).  The 
"Penny  Piper"  sketch  is  thought  by  its  author 
to  have  exerted  an  influence  "that  led  to  the 
Saranac  Lake  Stevenson  Memorial";  for  it 
was  first  published  four  years  ago  in  a  pop- 
ular periodical,  and  it  is  only  its  present  form 
that  is  new,  with  its  brief  preface  by  Lord 
Guthrie  and  its  introductory  note  by  the 
author.  Some  of  its  passages  will  be  found 
in  substance,  and  occasionally  in  exact  detail, 
in  the  same  writer's  book,  "The  Beloved 
Physician."  It  was  in  collaboration  with  this 
physician,  Dr.  Edward  Livingston  Trudeau, 
that  "The  Penny  Piper"  was  written.  A  pho- 
tograph of  the  Stevenson  memorial  tablet  is 
inserted  as  frontispiece.  Mrs.  Eaton's  remi- 


318 


THE    DIAL 


[October  19 


niscent  sketch  portrays  in  even  more  lifelike 
detail  the  "frail  and  distinguished-looking" 
wizard  of  romance.  Being  a  woman,  as  well 
as  a  fervid  admirer  of  Stevenson,  she  could 
observe  more  minutely  the  many  little  pecu- 
liarities, the  nameless  idiosyncrasies,  that 
went  to  the  making  of  the  man.  Incidentally 
she  tells  us  which  of  his  works  he  considered 
his  best,  and  which  his  worst.  They  are, 
respectively,  "Will  o'  the  Mill"  and  "Dr. 
Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde."  But  who  knows 
whether  the  tricksy  R.  L.  S.  did  not  change 
his  mind  the  next  day  and  reverse  his  judg- 
ment? To  the  now  considerable  mass  of 
Stevensoniana  these  little  books  by  two  close 
observers  of  the  man  are  welcome  additions. 


The  fine  art         Compact,  scholarly,  and  useful 
of  correct  is  the  small  manual  on  "Good 

English  in  Good  Form"  (Sturgis 
&  Walton  Co.),  by  Miss  Dora  Knowlton 
Ranous.  Experienced  in  editing  and  trans- 
lating, and  also  a  writer  in  her  own  name, 
she  is  —  or  was,  for  she  died  two  months 
before  her  book  appeared  —  well  qualified  to 
discuss  the  principles  of  good  prose  composi- 
tion. Counsels  of  perfection  she  necessarily 
gives  us  on  every  page,  and  he  might  be 
branded  as  a  pedant  who  should  observe  all 
her  rules.  But  there  is  no  danger  of  any 
too  scrupulous  following  of  these  directions. 
Her  censure  of  the  misuse  of  will  and  would, 
a  misuse  that  she  calls  "absolutely  shocking," 
is  none  too  strong,  and  is  as  sadly  needed  as  it 
will  be  carelessly  disregarded.  Her  plea  for 
conciseness  as  well  as  accuracy  in  urging  the 
omission  of  certain  redundancies  is  also  to  be 
commended.  Among  "words  and  phrases  to 
be  avoided"  she  condemns  "averse  from," 
whereas  for  etymological  reasons  it  is  pref- 
erable to  "averse  to,"  though  usage  has 
familiarized  us  with  the  latter  form.  A  chap- 
ter is  given  to  punctuation,  precept  and  exam- 
ple being  well  combined  in  the  brief  space 
assigned  to  the  subject.  Twelve  is  given  as 
the  number  of  punctuation  marks,  but  what 
these  twelve  are  is  not  clearly  indicated.  It 
would  be  hard  to  make  up  a  round  dozen  with- 
out including  the  mark  of  quotation  and  other 
symbols  not  commonly  regarded  as  punctua- 
tion marks.  Rules  for  the  preparation  of 
manuscript  for  print  are  also  added,  with 
directions  for  proof-reading  and  the  prepara- 
tion of  illustrations.  Much  space  is  filled, 
perhaps  rather  ill-advisedly,  with  a  list  of 
words  derived  from  the  Latin  and  Greek.  An 
index  or  a  more  detailed  table  of  contents 
would  have  improved  the  book.  But  it  is 
a  good  and  useful  and  handy  little  volume  as 
it  stands. 


For  a 
free  India. 


Under  the  title,  "Young  India" 
(Huebsch),  Mr.  La j  pat  Rai  sets 
forth  the  plea  of  his  party  for 
Indian  self-government.  The  author  is  a  well 
educated  lawyer,  who  had  been  an  influential 
public  man  before  his  expatriation;  and  he 
has  given  us  a  book  that  is  distinctly  above 
the  average  of  this  propagandist  literature. 
All  of  the  traditional  arguments  against 
British  rule  are  skilfully  propounded;  but, 
unfortunately,  the  old  failure  to  face  reali- 
ties is  also  in  evidence.  For  instance,  the 
author  himself  italicizes  this  summary  of  an 
important  paragraph :  "Illiteracy  the  Fault 
of  the  British  and  No  Bar  to  Self-Govern- 
ment." Obviously,  the  question  of  blame  may 
be  debatable;  but  if  illiteracy  is  no  bar  to 
self-government  in  the  twentieth  century,  we 
must  surely  stop  and  recast  a  lot  of  funda- 
mental conceptions.  Again,  our  author  may 
not  be  responsible  for  the  "foreword"  by  Mr. 
J.  T.  Sutherland ;  but  it  is  simply  fatuous  to 
state:  "The  truth  is,  not  one  fact  can  be 
recited  to  show  that  India  cannot  govern  her- 
self well  if  given  a  chance."  If  the  problem 
were  as  simple  as  that,  it  would  not  exist.  We 
have  not  space  to  review  the  volume  at  length  ; 
but  the  following  four  features  should  be 
noted:  An  account  of  Indian  disaffection 
since  the  beginning  of  the  war ;  a  description 
of  the  various  types  of  "nationalists"  ;  a  state- 
ment that  Hindus  and  Mohammedans  are  now 
in  hearty  accord ;  and,  above  all,  the  assertion 
that  the  movement  for  liberation  has  become 
a  living  force  among  the  common  people.  If 
it  were  true  that  the  two  great  religious  bodies 
could  now  live  side  by  side  in  peaceful  har- 
mony, and  that  the  villager,  the  ultimate 
atom  of  Indian  humanity,  has  actually  been 
aroused,  then  the  great  change  would  not  be 
far  off.  But  is  it  true  ?  To  all  thinking  Amer- 
icans we  can  recommend  the  volume ;  and 
unthinking  Americans  do  not  care  about 
India  anyway.  

inter-relations      The  voluTme  on  "Movement  and 
of  thought  Mental  Imagery"    (Houghton), 

by  Professor  Margaret  Floy 
Washburn  of  Vassar  College,  forms  one  of 
a  series  commemorative  of  the  Vassar  semi- 
centennial. It  is  a  thoughtful  and  scholarly 
work,  treating  an  important  problem  in  a 
difficult  field.  The  author  brings  to  bear 
upon  it  the  combined  methods  of  experimental 
attack  and  delicate  analysis.  While  the 
appeal  of  the  book  is  distinctly  to  the  tech- 
nical student  of  psychology,  the  wider  bear- 
ings of  the  conception  are  well  considered. 
The  fundamental  search  is  for  the  inner  proc- 
esses that  accompany,  if  indeed  they  do  not 


1916] 


THE   DIAL 


319 


direct,  the  movement  of  thought;  and  the 
emphasis  is  upon  the  movement  system  which 
finds  its  typical  expression  in  action.  Thought 
is  suppressed  action ;  if  the  movement  tenden- 
cies disappear,  the  thesis  asserts  that  thought 
itself  will  vanish.  Complete  paralysis  would 
be  the  extinction  of  thinking.  The  association 
of  ideas  is  subjected  to  the  same  interpreta- 
tion, and  is  inextricably  woven  with  the  slight 
initial  motor  habits  that  support  them.  The 
abnormal  field  is  included,  and  dissociation 
becomes  an  invasion  of  the  motor  processes 
through  which  the  action  takes  place  but  is 
divorced  from  its  normal  report.  We  think 
in  so  far  as  we  control  muscles ;  if  our  muscles 
were  to  become  animated  by  impulses  unre- 
lated to  the  normal  habit,  personality  would 
become  a  myth.  At  every  point  the  motor 
integrity  is  indispensable  to  intellectual  unity. 
The  book  is  largely  devoted  to  the  ramification 
of  details  which  support  or  oppose  one  theory 
or  another.  This  survey  of  the  problem  is 
a  distinct  aid  to  the  psychological  student. 


A  handbook  Notwithstanding  the  voluminous 
on  the  German  aspect  of  the  literature  of  Euro- 
pean politics,  there  is  a  dearth  of 
brief  and  trustworthy  treatises  in  English  on 
the  governmental  systems  of  the  principal 
countries.  The  need  bids  fair  to  be  supplied, 
however,  by  a  series  of  "Government  Hand- 
books," planned  and  edited  by  Professors 
David  P.  Barrows  and  Thomas  H.  Reed,  of 
the  University  of  California.  The  initial  vol- 
ume in  this  series,  Fritz-Konrad  Kriiger's 
"Government  and  Politics  of  the  German 
Empire"  (World  Book  Co.),  has  recently 
appeared;  and  it  is  agreeable  to  record  that 
the  standard  of  accuracy  and  readableness 
which  it  sets  is  high.  The  book  was  written 
before  the  outbreak  of  the  present  war,  and 
the  author  asserts  that  neither  the  contents 
nor  the  opinions  expressed  have  been  affected 
by  the  events  of  the  past  two  years.  With  the 
spirit  of  the  work  no  one  can  find  fault.  After 
introductory  historical  chapters,  the  Imperial 
governmental  system  is  described  in  all  of  its 
characteristic  aspects,  and  there  are  included 
reasonably  full  resumes  of  the  parliamentary 
history  of  the  country,  of  foreign  policy  since 
1871,  and  of  the  government  of  dependencies. 
Treatment  of  all  subjects  is  necessarily  brief, 
but  space  is  well  apportioned,  and  in  most  of 
the  chapters  a  surprising  amount  of  informa- 
tion is  packed  into  a  few  pages.  A  feature  of 
value  is  the  Critical  Bibliography;  although 
it  would  be  possible  to  dissent  from  the 
appraisal  of  certain  titles. 


XOTES 


Captain  Ian  Hay  Beith,  author  of  "The  First 
Hundred  Thousand,"  is  now  in  this  country  in  the 
interest  of  the  Allies'  Exposition. 

A  definitive  "Live  of  John  Marshall,"  upon 
which  former  Senator  Albert  J.  Beveridge  has 
been  engaged  for  some  time,  will  be  published 
early  in  November  by  the  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 

The  third  edition  of  "The  Federal  Reserve," 
completely  revised  by  the  author,  Mr.  H.  Parker 
Willis,  secretary  of  the  Federal  Reserve  Board, 
is  now  in  preparation  by  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co. 

Among  the  early  publications  of  George  H. 
Doran  Co.  is  a  volume  entitled,  "A  Visit  to  Three 
Fronts,"  containing  three  articles  by  Sir  Arthur 
Conan  Doyle,  describing  the  British,  French,  and 
Italian  battle  lines. 

The  late  Wilhelm  Creizenach,  a  distinguished 
Polish  authority  and  professor  of  the  University 
of  Cracow,  was  the  author  of  "  The  English  Drama 
in  the  Age  of  Shakespeare,"  which  the  Lippincott 
Co.  will  issue  the  end  of  this  month. 

With  a  view  to  the  recognition  of  a  new  field 
of  activity  for  women,  a  course  in  Book  Sales- 
manship and  Library  Science  has  been  inaugu- 
rated at  the  William  Penn  Evening  High  School 
for  Women,  Philadelphia,  in  charge  of  Miss  Bessie 
Graham. 

Mr.  William  J.  Locke,  whose  new  novel,  "The 
Wonderful  Year,"  was  issued  this  month  by  the 
John  Lane  Co.,  has  just  returned  to  England  from 
the  Somme.  He  went  to  the  Front  as  a  dis- 
tinguished guest,  with  a  special  order  from  Mr. 
Lloyd  George. 

Judge  Robert  Grant,  author  of  "The  High 
Priestess,"  "Unleavened  Bread,"  etc.,  has  now 
written  a  war  book,  "  Their  Spirit :  Some  Impres- 
sions of  the  English  and  French  during  the  Sum- 
mer of  1916,"  which  the  Houghton  Mifflin  Co.  will 
issue  early  in  November. 

Mr.  Coningsby  Dawson,  whose  "Slaves  of 
Freedom"  has  just  been  issued  by  Messrs.  Henry 
Holt  &  Co.,  is  now  in  France,  a  Lieutenant  in  the 
Canadian  Field  Artillery.  His  two  younger 
brothers  are  members  of  the  British  Naval 
Reserve  known  as  the  "Mosquito  Fleet." 

"Art,  by  Auguste  Rodin;  "Abraham  Lincoln," 
by  Brand  Whitlock,  "The  Last  Voyage  of  the 
Karluk,"  by  Robert  A.  Bartlett  and  Ralph  T. 
Hale;  and  "Hatchways,"  by  Ethel  Sidgwick  are 
among  the  announcements  of  Messrs.  Small, 
Maynard  &  Co.  for  publication  on  November  11. 

Mr.  W.  Somerset  Maugham,  whose  novel  "Of 
Human  Bondage"  made  so  favorable  an  impression 
last  year,  recently  arrived  in  New  York  City  after 
two  years'  service  in  France  as  a  field  surgeon. 
The  purpose  of  Mr.  Maugham's  visit  to  this  coun- 
try is  the  rehearsing  of  two  new  comedies: 
"Caroline"  and  "Our  Betters."  George  H.  Doran 
Co.  will  publish  shortly  Mr.  Maugham's  first  novel, 
"Mrs.  Craddock,"  and  "Liza  of  Lambeth,"  a  short 
story  considered  in  England  to  be  one  of  the  finest 

Berkeley,  Cal.,  Oct.  9,  1916. 


320 


THE    DIAL 


[October  19 


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Abraham  Lincoln 

By  LORD  CHARNWOOD 


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and  of  his  era  in  American  political  life. 

"He  divines  Lincoln,  and  the  antecedents  and  the  circumstances  of  his 
career,  with  exceptional  sympathy  and  correctness.  He  shows  throughout  a 
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From  The  New  York  Evening  Post: 

"Well  conceived,  sometimes  brilliant  in  its  interpretation,  and  animated 
by  a  high  reverence  for  Lincoln's  greatness  and  goodness." 

From  The  Springfield  Republican: 

"  The  first  serious  attempt  by  an  Englishman  to  give  a  complete  picture  of  the 
great  war  president.  The  author,  better  known  as  Godfrey  Kathbone  Benson,  is 
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drawn,  perhaps,  by  one's  own  fellow-countrymen.  In  this  Lord  Charnwood  has 
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Charnwood's  advantages  as  a  biographer  of  Lincoln — he  writes  as  an  experienced 
politician,  familiar  with  the  questions  of  organization,  conciliation  and  popular 
appeal  which  the  politician  is  perpetually  called  upon  to  solve." 

"Its  qualities  of  information,  judgment  and  style  will  probably  win  for  it  an  enduring 
place  in  historical  literature." 

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MONTAGUE 

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EDUCATION  BY 
EVERYMAN'S  LIBRARY 

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Longfellow.     Poems 

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Gibbon.      Decline    and    Fall    of    the 

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Franklin.     Autobiography 
Dickens.     Tale  of  Two  Cities 
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Eliot.     Adam  Bede 

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Lytton.     Last  Days  of  Pompeii 

Dumas.     Three  Musketeers 

Macaulay.     History  of  England. 

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a  Kempis.     The  Imitation  of  Christ 
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Dumas.     Count  of  Monte  Cristo 
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Goldsmith.     Vicar  of  Wakefield 
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Huxley.     Essays 
Eliot.     Silas  Marner 
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Holmes.     Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast 

Table 


Andersen.    Fairy  Tales 

Eliot.     Romola 

Dickens.    Oliver  Twist 

VirgiL     The  Aeneid 

Cellini.     Autobiography 

Spencer.    Essays  on  Education 

Thoreau.     Walden 

Dickens.     Old  Curiosity  Shop 

Epictetus.     Moral  Discourses 

Motley.    Dutch  Republic.   (3  vol.) 

Austen.     Pride  and  Prejudice 

Fielding.     Tom  Jones.     (2  vol.) 

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Scott.     Kenilworth 

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(2  voL) 

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Roget's  Thesaurus.  (2  vol.) 
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(2  vol.) 

Montaigne.     Essays.      (3  voL) 
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Whitman.     Leaves  of  Grass 
Cousin.    Dictionary  of  English 

Literature 
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\. 


Reminiscences  of  a  War-Time 

Statesman 

and 

3«u^  Diplomat 

»•% 1830-1915 

By  Frederick  W.  Seward 

Assistant  Secretary  of  State   daring   the   Administrations   of  Lincoln,  Johnson,  and  Hayes 
With  Portraits.     Octavo.     500  pages.     $3.50  net 

Frederick  William  Seward,  the  son  of  Lincoln's  Secretary  of  State,  had  a 
remarkably  interesting  and  distinguished  career.  He  was  sent  to  warn  Lincoln 
of  the  plot  to  assassinate  him  in  Baltimore  during  the  year  1861.  He  was 
Assistant  Secretary  of  State  from  1861-9  and  from  1877-81.  As  Acting  Secretary 
of  State  he  sat  in  the  Cabinets  of  Lincoln,  Johnson,  and  Hayes.  He  was  nearly 
murdered  in  his  father's  defense  during  the  fatal  events  of  April  14,  1865.  In 
1867  he  was  sent  on  a  mission  with  Admiral  Porter  to  negotiate  West  Indian 
treaties.  He  participated  in  the  purchase  of  Alaska  and  in  the  negotiations  for 
Pago-Pago  Harbor,  Samoa.  He  held  many  other  posts  of  honor  and  participated 
in  events  of  national  and  international  importance.  His  survey  of  men.  scenes 
and  activities  during  an  exceedingly  important  epoch  in  the  history  of  the 
Republic  constitutes  an  invaluable  record. 

Purchasers  of  the  delightful  Life  of  John  Hay  published  last  year 
will  realize  that  here  is  a  volume  of  the  same  class  and  one  which 
will  prove  equally  acceptable  as  a  Christmas  Gift. 


PRESS  COMMENT: 

"Is  a  difficult  book  to  review  for  the  reason  that  its  nearly  500  large  pages  are  so  com- 
pletely filled  with  matters  of  the  most  intense  interest  to  every  live  American  that  the 
reviewer  has  the  utmost  difficulty  in  deciding  what  to  refer  to." — Brooklyn  Eagle. 

"Far  more  fascinating  than  a  novel,  this  lively  volume;  richer,  too,  in  the  quality  called 
atmosphere  and  in  suggestive  inspiration.  The  kind  of  book,  in  addition,  that  may  be  read 
over  and  over,  reopened  anywhere." — Chicago  Herald. 

"Frederick  William  Seward  had  a  career  almost  as  remarkable  as  that  of  his  illustrious 
father.  .  .  A  delightful  treat  in  store  for  the  reader." — Washington  Times. 


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[November  2,  1916 


The  New  Bolpur  Edition  of 


"No  one  interested  in  modern  literature  should  neglect 
reading  these  remarkable  books.  In  the  poems,  plays, 
and  essays  o/  this  great  Indian  seer  will  be  found  the 
authentic  voice  o/  Eastern  culture  —  the  expression  of 
an  individual  spirit  singularly  in  touch  with  our  time" 

\  THE  NEW  BOLPUR  EDITION 

This  beautiful  new  edition,  called  the  Bolpur  edition,  after  Tagore's  famous 
school  in  India,  is  a  fitting  celebration  of  the  distinguished  poet's  visit  to  America 
this  season.  There  are  ten  volumes  in  the  Bolpur  edition,  each  having  the  title  page 
and  end  papers  in  colors  and  a  photogravure  frontispiece.  Here  will  be  found  all  of 
Tagore's  previously  published  works  as  well  as  his  two  new  books  just  published. 


The  Hungry  Stones 

and  Other  Stories 

Some  of  the  more  notable  of  Tagore's 
short  stories  are  here  presented  in  transla- 
tions by  the  author.  Now,  for  the  first 
time,  readers  already  familiar  with  Tagore's 
poetry,  are  given  the  opportunity  of 
acquainting  themselves  with  a  new  Tagore. 
None  of  the  material  in  this  volume  has 
ever  appeared  before  in  English. 


Fruit  Gathering 


Perhaps  of  all  of  Tagore's  poetry  the 
most  popular  volume  is  Gitanjali.  It  was 
on  this  work  that  he  was  awarded  the  Nobel 
Prize  in  Literature.  These  facts  lend 
special  interest  to  the  announcement  of  this 
book,  which  is  a  sequel  to  that  collection  of 
religious  "Song  Offerings." 


Rabindranath  Tagore's  Other  Works  in  the  Bolpur  Edition: 

(SEE  THESE  BEAUTIFUL  BOOKS  AT  YOUR  BOOKSTOEE) 


CHITKA.  A  lyrical  drama  based  upon  an  incident 
in  the  Mahabharata — a  rare  bit  of  idealistic  writ- 
ing as  beautiful  in  its  thought  as  it  is  in  expres- 
sion. 

THE  CRESCENT  MOON.  Poems  touching  with  ex- 
quisite delicacy  and  charm  upon  the  subject  of 
childhood.  Illustrations  in  color  from  drawings  by 
a  native  artist. 

THE  GARDENER.  A  volume  of  lyrics  of  love  and 
life,  most  of  which  were  written  much  earlier  than 
the  series  of  Song  Offerings  entitled,  "Gitanjali." 

GFTANJAIX  Song  Offerings.  With  an  Introduction 
by  W.  B.  Yeats  and  Frontispiece.  A  collection  of 
prose  translations,  poetical  in  that  they  express  the 
"essence  of  all  poetry  of  East  and  West  alike,  the 
language  of  the  soul." 


THE  KING  OF  THE  DARK  CHAMBER.  A  Play. 
"The  most  essentially  representative  and  the  most 
perfect  expression  of  Tagore's  genius." — The 
Drama. 

SONGS  OF  KABIR.  With  an  Introduction  by  Evelyn 
Underbill.  Sympathetic  versions  of  the  spiritual 
songs  of  a  great  Hindu  reformer. 

SADHANA.  The  Realization  of  Life.  The  ancient 
spirit  of  India  as  revealed  in  the  sacred  texts  and 
manifested  in  the  life  of  today. 

THE  POST  OFFICE.  A  Play.  Shows  the  idealistic 
qualities  which  have  distinguished  the  writings  of 
this  poet  of  the  Orient  and  his  wonderful  under- 
standing of  the  life  of  the  child. 


Each  volume  in  the  Bolpur  Edition,  $1.50.    Limp  leather,  $2.00 
Send  for  an  illustrated  booklet  giving  a  sketch  of  Tagore's  interesting  life 


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THE 


Jfortntgfjtlp  journal  of  Hiterarp 


anfc  3trformation. 


Vol.  LXI. 


NOVEMBER  2,  1916 


No.  7Z8. 


COXTEXTS. 


THE    DECLINE   AND   FALL   OF    MAURICE 

HEWLETT.    John  L.  Hervey      ....  337 

LITEBAEY  AFFAIRS  IN  LONDON    (Special 

Correspondence.)     J.  C.  Squire     ....  339 

CASUAL  COMMENT 341 

International  copyright  in  war-time. — 
Library  ramification. —  Poetry  in  apples. — 
Confiscating  an  enemy's  literary  property. 
— "Good  Book  Week." — The  return  of  the 
palimpsest. — The  true  story  of  the  children's 
library  building. —  Further  items  from  the 
information  desk. — The  varied  achievements 
of  Xorman  Duncan. —  The  mention  of  the 
new  poetry. 

NEW  STUDIES  OF  HENRY  JAMES.    William 

B.   Cairns 344 

A  STUDY  OF  SINGLE  TAX  PHILOSOPHY. 

Alex.  Mackendrick       346 

PROBLEMS  AND  LESSONS  OF  THE  WAR. 

Frederic  Austin  Ogg 349 


RECENT  FICTION.     Edward  E.  Hale 


.  351 


NOTES  ON  NEW  FICTION 354 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 355 

Words  and  their  uses. —  Rhymes  on  homely 
themes. —  Uncritical  studies  of  native  writ- 
ers.—  Songs  of  the  Russian  peasants. — 
Maeterlinck 's  war  essays. — A  baffling  genius. 
— Germany  as  a  republic. — A  source-book 
of  early  English  literature. — References  for 
the  study  of  Milton. — Legal  rights  and 
liabilities  of  religious  bodies. —  For  students 
of  international  relation. 

TOPICS  IN  NOVEMBER  PERIODICALS     .     .  359 
LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  .  360 


THE  DECLINE  AND  FALL  OF 
MAURICE  HEWLETT. 


Glancing  idly  through  the  "display"  col- 
umns of  one  of  our  literary  journals  the  other 
day,  my  eye  encountered  an  advertisement 
which  involuntarily  gave  me  pause.  The 
major  portion  of  it  was  taken  up  with  the 
announcement  of  a  new  novel  by  George  Barr 
McCutcheon  —  and,  tucked  away  in  a  small 
corner  beneath,  was  that  of  a  new  novel  by 
Maurice  Hewlett. 

I  repeat,  it  gave  me  pause.  For  this 
reason  —  that  George  Barr  McCutcheon  is  the 
author  of  "Graustark"  and  "Brewster's 
Millions,"  while  Maurice  Hewlett  is  the 
author  of  "The  Forest  Lovers"  and  "Richard 
Yea-and-Nay. "  That  is  to  say,  the  former  is 
a  purveyor  of  literary  chaff  and  the  latter 
is  a  literary  creator.  I  do  not  know  that 
Maurice  Hewlett  has  ever  contended  that  his 
books  are  literature.  But  I  do  know  that 
divers  of  them  have  been  so  acclaimed  by  the 
most  discriminating  critics  and  readers; 
while,  on  the  contrary,  Mr.  McCutcheon  has 
given  us  his  word  for  it,  through  the  medium 
of  a  published  interview  which,  so  far  as  I 
am  aware,  has  never  been  denied,  that  his 
books  pretend  to  nothing  above  the  status  of 
the  best-seller. 

What,  then,  is  the  implication  of  the  adver- 
tisement ?  Is  it  the  old,  old  story  of  art  in  the 
market-place  ?  Perhaps  —  but  it  is  also  some- 
thing more,  something  which  involves  other 
considerations  and  leads  to  other  conclusions. 
As  a  matter  of  fact,  not  so  many  years  ago 
the  positions  of  Mr.  Hewlett  and  Mr. 
McCutcheon  would,  in  such  circumstances, 
have  been  reversed.  The  former  would  have 
been  the  "top-liner,"  and  the  latter  would 
have  occupied  the  left-over  corner.  At  that 
time  publishers  fairly  fought  for  the  priv- 
ilege of  printing  Hewlett.  The  fortunate  one 
that  landed  him  bought  up  the  rights  in  his 
earlier  works,  and  brought  him  out  superbly 
in  a  limited  edition  de  luxe,  in  style  and  form 
similar  to  that  with  which  a  grand  maitre, 
Walter  Pater,  had  but  recently  been  hon- 
ored. August  academic  journals  sung  his 
praises,  and  Olympian  critics  belauded  him. 


338 


THE    DIAL 


[November  2 


At  the  same  time,  idols  of  the  lyric  stage  and 
editors  of  comic  "colyums"  in  unison  pro- 
claimed him  their  favorite  author.  Not  only 
were  his  brows  crowned  with  laurel, —  his 
pockets  bulged  with  gold.  He  had  achieved 
the  impossible  —  namely,  the  creation  of 
masterpieces  of  literary  art  that  were  best- 
sellers also.  His  new  book  was  the  event  of 
the  season  so  far  as  fiction  was  concerned. 
Both  Grub  Street  and  Parnassus  bowed 
before  him. 

And  now  —  the  difference! 

If  outward  and  visible  signs  afford  any 
criterion  for  correct  judgment,  the  vogue  of 
Maurice  Hewlett  is  a  thing  of  yester-year. 
His  glory  has  departed.  The  publishers  of 
the  edition  de  luxe  long  since  yielded  him  to 
a  rival,  and  that  rival  to  another,  and  his 
successive  books  show  an  increasing  variety 
of  imprints.  His  new  novel  of  this  fall  of 
1916  creeps  obscurely  into  publicity  in  the 
shadow  of  the  exploitation  of  George  Barr 
McCutcheon — whose  vogue,  apparently,  grows 
ever  greater.  Personally,  I  do  not  read 
McCutcheon,  but  those  who  do  assure  me  that 
he  writes  better  nowadays  than  he  did  in  the 
days  of  "Graustark."  This,  at  best,  is  rather 
a  negligible  item ;  but,  alas,  it  is  impossible  to 
say  of  Maurice  Hewlett  that  he  writes  better 
than  he  did  in  the  days  of  "The  Forest 
Lovers."  On  the  contrary,  he  writes  much 
less  well.  But,  whatever  and  however  he 
writes,  the  public  no  longer  cares  for  him  — 
this  being  true  not  only  of  the  Many-Headed, 
but  of  his  own  particular  part  thereof. 

The  last  Hewlett  book  I  read  was  "The 
Song  of  Renny."  It  was  a  Tauchnitz  edition, 
which  in  Berlin  cost  me  but  forty  cents,  as 
against  the  dollar-fifty  that  the  American  edi- 
tion commanded.  On  that  account  I  held  it 
very  caressingly  in  my  hand;  but,  all  the 
same,  I  could  never  have  finished  it  but  for 
the  fact  that  I  was  at  the  time  in  the  middle 
of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  with  nothing  else  to  fall 
back  upon.  So  I  persevered  to  the  end,  which 
I  reached  in  a  condition  of  more  or  less 
•exhaustion.  Since  then  I  have  tried  one  more 
—  "Bendish,"  on  which  I  did  not  squander 
my  money,  prudently  obtaining  it  from  a 
lending  library.  As  I  was  unable  to  get 
through  even  the  first  hundred  pages,  I  con- 
gratulated myself  upon  my  economic  fore- 
sight. The  other  day  I  saw  a  big  stack  of 
books  in  a  familiar  binding  exposed  ignomin- 
iously  upon  the  bargain-counter  of  a  depart- 


ment store,  abaft  the  soda-fountain  and 
adjacent  to  the  union-suits.  I  drew  near  — 
and  the  premonition  of  my  prophetic  soul 
was  verified.  It  was  a  "remainder"  of  a 
Hewlett  romance  that  had  come  from  the 
press  originally  one  little  year  ago.  But  — 
and  this  was  still  more  cruel  —  even  at  the 
price  marked,  a  fraction  of  its  pristine  value, 
I  had  no  use  for  it. 

The  decline  and  fall  of  Maurice  Hewlett 
is  a  topic  to  which  our  most  learned  literary 
doctors  might  profitably  devote  themselves,  or 
so  one  would  think.  But  none  of  them  seems 
interested,  and  I,  a  mere  sweeper-out  of  the 
temple  and  fagot-gatherer  in  the  grove  of 
the  muses,  perforce  find  myself  committed 
thereto. 

"Whom  the  gods  love  die  young."  The 
images  arise  of  Keats,  of  Byron,  of  Shelley, 
of  Chatterton, —  but,  in  truth,  did  not  Balzac 
die  young  at  fifty-nine?  And  will  not 
William  de  Morgan,  if  he  lives  to  be  a  hun- 
dred? In  the  case  of  Maurice  Hewlett,  how- 
ever, it  is  difficult  not  to  believe  that  had  he 
been  so  beloved  of  the  gods  as  to  have 
"passed"  upon  the  morrow  of  the  publication 
of  "Richard  Yea-and-Nay"  he  would  have 
descended  in  literary  history  —  or,  rather,  in 
literature,  that  thing  so  ineffably  greater  — 
in  incontestable  enjoyment  of  a  magnificent 
fame,  one  which  Time  could  not  lessen  but 
would  with  an  immortal  finger  seal  forever. 
Beside  that  glorious  volume,  upon  a  small 
shelf,  jealously  sacred  to  a  consecrated  master, 
would  repose  "Earthwork  out  of  Tuscany," 
"The  Forest  Lovers,"  "Little  Novels  of 
Italy,"  and  "New  Canterbury  Tales,"  together 
with  those  verses  which  include  "Pan  and  the 
Young  Shepherd,"  "Songs  and  Meditations," 
and  the  "Masque  of  Dead  Florentines."  Ten- 
derly the  eye  of  the  lover  of  literature  would 
dwell  upon  that  shelf,  and  beneath  his  breath 
he  would  say  softly,  "  Infinite  riches  in  a  little 
room ! " 

As  it  is,  I  have  these  volumes  not  only,  but 
many  others,  all  blazoned  with  the  name  of 
Hewlett.  They  fill  one  long  shelf,  and  over- 
flow upon  another ;  but  I  really  care  only  for 
those  few  which,  I  fondly  think,  bear  upon 
their  pages  the  glowing  impress  of  a  genius 
unique  and  incomparable,  to  whom  I  owe 
enchanted  hours  and  golden  dreams.  The 
others  —  well,  of  a  truth  I  should  not  like  to 
part  with  "The  Road  in  Tuscany,"  but  per- 
haps more  on  account  of  Pennell's  pictures 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


339 


than  of  Hewlett's  text.  I  should  hate  also 
to  give  up  "The  Fool  Errant,"  which  is  of  a 
peculiar  and  complete  delectability ;  or  divers 
of  the  conies,  namely,  that  of  Buondelmonte 
and  that  called  "The  Ruinous  Face."  And 
there  are  passages  in  the  Senhouse  series  that 
thrill  and  vibrate ;  still,  I  could  live  without 
them.  But  the  sacred  half-dozen  I  do  not 
think  I  could  forego.  "What,  then,  is  the  dif- 
ference betwixt  "these"  and  "those"?  What 
has  led  to  the  decline  and  fall  ? 

It  must,  I  think,  resolve  itself  into  the 
irresistible  conclusion  that  a  great  literary 
artist  cannot  live  by  style  alone.  It  is  true, 
to  cite  an  instance,  that  according  to  a  pop- 
ular superstition,  Walter  Pater  does  so;  but 
this  is  only  a  superstition,  and  obtains  only 
among  those  who  have  never  read  him,  or, 
having  done  so,  are  incapable  of  fathoming 
the  depth  of  his  thought  or  feeling  the  vital- 
ity of  his  matter.  But  the  style  of  Maurice 
Hewlett,  that  style  which  led  a  critic  once  to 
write  of  it  as  "something  mysteriously  beau- 
tiful, like  a  piece  of  ancient  arras,"  has  degen- 
erated into  a  mere  galvanism,  incapable  of 
imparting  to  his  later  pages  more  than  a 
factitious  value.  If  his  early  ones  were  like 
to  ancient  arras,  those  of  to-day  resemble 
nothing  else  so  much  as  mere  wall-paper. 
There  is  something  of  the  old  gorgeous  pat- 
tern, something  of  the  old  flaming  and  smould- 
ering hues,  something  of  the  old  jewelled 
lustres;  but  it  is  only  an  imitation, —  that 
worst  of  all  imitations,  a  writer  deliberately 
imitating  himself. 

None  of  us  can  escape  his  destiny,  and  it 
is  only  fair  to  Maurice  Hewlett  to  say  that 
he  perceived  his  own,  and  the  dolor  of  it, 
and  tried  to  escape.  From  the  impasse  which 
he  beheld  himself  approaching,  as  an  avenue 
to  freedom  he  set  his  feet  in  the  pathway  that 
George  Meredith  had  marked  out  —  an 
unfortunate  choice  in  that  he  failed  to  see 
that  only  Meredith  might  walk  therein.  The 
result  was  "The  Stooping  Lady"  and  its  con- 
geners,—  books  which,  I  doubt  not,  brought 
him  money  but,  in  justice  to  his  fame,  were 
for  the  most  part  better  unwritten.  Now  he 
appears  to  be  gravitating  aimlessly  back  and 
forth  from  one  genre  to  another,  and  produces 
alternately  such  volumes  as  "Frey  and  his 
Wife"  and  "Love  and  Lucy,"  books  which  it 
is  hardly  more  than  necessary  to  glance 
through  in  order  to  recognize  as  mere  futili- 
ties of  virtuosity  in  vacuo. 


The  moral?  If  you  must  have  one,  it  is 
the  moral  of  overproduction,  of  the  bastard 
litter  procreated  by  the  commercialization  of 
art.  Maurice  Hewlett  was  an  artist,  in  his 
own  metier  a  consummate  one,  truly  un 
prosateur  parfait, —  until  from  his  altars  he 
tore  down  their  old  divinities,  and  in  their 
stead  erected  the  graven  image  of  the  Great 

God  Success.  T    ,, 

JOHN  L.  HEBVEY. 


LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IN  LONDON. 

(Special  Correspondence  of  THE  DIAL.) 

In  Mr.  E.  V.  Lucas's  new  book  of  essays, 
"Cloud  and  Silver,"  there  is  an  interesting 
chapter  on  "Martin  Boss"  and  E.  CE. 
Somerville,  the  two  ladies  who  wrote  "Some 
Experiences  of  an  Irish  R.M.,"  and  other 
books.  The  former  (Miss  Violet  Martin) 
recently  died,  so  that  the  partnership  will 
produce  no  more.  It  is  certainly  a  loss  to 
letters, —  few  people  here,  and  probably 
fewer  in  America,  realize  how  considerable  a 
loss.  For  these  two  ladies  were  not  mere 
ordinary  writers  of  Irish  sketches.  Their 
material  has  been  used  by  scores  of  people; 
but  none  of  their  predecessors  in  the  field 
has  written  as  well  as  they.  They  were  not 
the  usual  cultured  and  intelligent  ladies  pro- 
ducing something  readable  and  ephemeral  for 
the  vicarages  of  England.  They  were  artists. 
Or  rather  they  were  an  artist;  for  nothing 
short  of  the  word  of  two  women  of  unimpeach- 
able veracity  could  have  persuaded  one  that 
their  books  were  the  work  of  anything  but  a 
single  hand.  The  characters  are  so  clear  and 
consistent;  the  humor,  the  run  of  the  sen- 
tences, the  choice  of  unexpected  yet  absolutely 
Bright"  epithet,  are  so  individual.  I  open  a 
book  at  random  (critics  are  always  saying 
they  ha\e  done  this;  but  this  time  it  is  not 
a  falsehood)  and  I  light  at  once  on  a  para- 
graph which  illustrates  the  flow  of  their  style 
on  its  ordinary,  not  on  its  best,  level : 

Philippa  assured  me  she  could  not  read  it  all. 
During  the  previous  winter  she  had  had  five  lessons 
and  a  half  in  the  Irish  language  from  the  National 
Schoolmaster,  and  believed  herself  to  be  one  of  the 
props  of  the  Celtic  movement.  My  own  attitude  with 
regard  to  the  Celtic  movement  was  sympathetic,  but 
a  brief  inspection  of  the  grammar  convinced  me  that 
my  sympathies  would  not  survive  the  strain  of  trip- 
thongs,  eclipsed  consonants,  and  synthetic  verbs,  and 
that  I  should  do  well  to  refrain  from  embittering  my 
declining  years  by  an  impotent  and  humiliating  pur- 
suit of  the  most  elusive  of  pronunciations.  Philippa 
had  attained  to  the  height  of  being  able  to  greet  the 
schoolmaster  in  Irish,  and,  if  the  day  happened  to  be 
fine,  she  was  capable  of  stating  the  fact;  other 
aspects  of  the  weather,  however  remarkable,  she 


340 


THE    DIAL 


[November  2 


epitomised  in  a  brilliant  smile,  and  the  schoolmaster 
was  generally  considerate  enough  not  to  press  the 
matter. 

There  is  no  need  to  go  to  extremes  and  pre- 
tend that  their  books  are  more  important 
then  they  are;  these  two  women  have  done 
a  minor  thing  about  as  well  as  it  can  be  done. 
Their  comedies  are  as  necessary  to  anyone 
who  wants  to  get  a  good  idea  of  Ireland  as  are 
the  far  more  farcical  and  exaggerated  studies 
of  "G.  A.  Birmingham." 

One  is  reminded  again  of  the  amount  of 
good  literature  of  all  kinds  that  has  come 
from  Ireland  in  the  last  generation.  Large 
and  small,  almost  half  our  respectable  authors 
in  the  period  have  come  from  Ireland :  Wilde, 
Shaw,  Yeats,  George  Moore,  "A.E.,"  Synge, 
Lady  Gregory,  besides  dozens  of  lesser  or 
younger  people  like  James  Stephens,  James 
Joyce,  Lennox  Eobinson,  and  Joseph  Camp- 
bell, who  have  done  memorable  work  and 
may  do  much  more.  Had  it  not  been  for  a 
strain  of  queer  pessimism  which  prevented 
him  from  taking  his  writing  seriously,  T.  M. 
Kettle,  the  young  Nationalist  ex-M.P.  who 
just  died  in  battle  at  Ginchy,  might  have 
been  one  of  the  best-known  of  them  all.  His 
book  of  essays,  "The  Day's  Burden,"  and  a 
brilliant  little  introduction  to  a  "Life  of 
Nietzsche"  are  almost  all  that  remains  of  him. 
I  knew  him  only  very  slightly;  but  he  was 
certainly  one  of  the  best  talkers  I  have  ever 
met.  He  was  very  widely  read,  especially  in 
philosophy.  He  wore  his  knowledge  very 
lightly ;  but  although  his  talk  coruscated  with 
epigrams,  the  point  of  view  was  never  sacri- 
ficed to  the  well-shaped  witticism,  and  the  wit 
always  had  a  tinge  of  poetry.  Harold  Chapin, 
the  Anglo-American  dramatist  whose  war 
letters  have  just  appeared  here,  asked  in  one 
of  the  last  letters  he  wrote  before  he  was 
killed:  "Why  do  all  the  best  ones  get  done 
in?"  The  thought  is  at  least  as  old  as 
Sophocles.  Chapin 's  book,  though  very  few 
of  the  letters  (mostly  to  his  wife  and  child) 
betray  the  professional  artist,  is  extremely 
interesting  reading.  It  is  the  best  war-book 
of  the  season  so  far,  with  the  exception  of  Mr. 
Masefield's  "Gallipoli,"  a  very  picturesque 
and  stirring  narrative  marred  only  by  an 
occasional  too  transparent  attempt  at  fine 
writing  and  the  grand  style. 

It  has  been,  so  far,  a  thin  season.  The  new 
Wells  and  Bennett  novels  have  had  little  to 
compete  with,  though  Mr.  E.  F.  Benson  has 
done  it  again,  and  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward  has 
produced  a  story  of  Oxford  with  a  very  odd 
hero  and  startling  revelations  of  the  melo- 
dramatic way  in  which  undergraduates 
behave.  Mr.  Arthur  Symons's  book  of 


"Tragedies"  has  the  interest  of  coming  from 
a  distinguished  man;  but  they  are  no  more 
satisfactory  than  Mr.  Symons's  earlier  poems. 
The  best  of  them,  a  Cornish  peasant-drama, 
is  as  artificial  as  Mr.  Masefield's  "Nan," 
which  is  saying  a  good  deal,  and  it  lacks  the 
convincing  patches  that  "Nan"  has.  You  feel 
that  it  does  not  spring  from  any  urgent 
impulse  in  Mr.  Symons's  breast, —  that  he 
merely  sat  down  to  write  a  play  with  a  strong 
theme.  Some  of  the  speeches  are  very  well 
written,  but  they  lose  their  effect,  as  we  do 
not  believe  that  the  characters  concerned 
would  have  spoken  them.  There  are  draw- 
backs in  being  a  critic  of  chameleon-like  sym- 
pathy, who  is  able  to  feel  with  and  expound 
every  kind  of  art  and  artist. 

Macmillans,  who  have  taken  over  the  pub- 
lication of  Mr.  Yeats 's  works,  are  to  issue 
this  autumn  two  new  volumes  by  him, —  a 
collection  of  poems  and  a  book  of  "Reveries." 
Private  issues  of  these  already  have  come  from 
the  Cuala  Press,  which  is  run  by  Mr.  Yeats 's 
sister.  These  Cuala  Press  books,  which  are 
very  pretty,  may  be  commended  to  collectors. 
One  of  the  best  of  them  was  a  beautiful  col- 
lection of  Mr.  Yeats 's  "Love  Poems,"  pub- 
lished in  1913.  Mr.  Yeats  has  for  some  years 
been  writing  his  full  reminiscences.  Very 
probably,  Mr.  George  Moore  would  like  to 
see  them.  But  I  do  not  think  they  will  be  on 
view  for  a  good  many  years. 

One  by  one  the  authors  of  England  are 
being  officially  invited  to  inspect  the  Allied 
fronts.  It  is  a  good  idea.  One  can  hardly 
say,  I  suppose,  that  its  object  is  to  secure 
publicity  for  the  war, —  even  although  one 
military  tribunal  did  encounter  the  other  day 
a  rural  laborer  who  said  he  had  never  heard 
of  it.  Mr.  Wells  and  Mr.  Noyes  are  the  latest 
to  survey  the  field.  Mr.  Wells  has  spent  a 
month  in  France  and  Italy,  and  will  produce 
his  impressions  almost  immediately.  Mr. 
Noyes  has  been  doing  the  Grand  Fleet ;  per- 
haps his  poems  about  the  Navy  will  improve 
a  bit  now.  I  take  it  that  his  return  from 
America  must  leave  you  almost  denuded  of 
British  authors, —  a  most  unusual  situation 
for  you.  But,  presumably,  there  will  be  the 
usual  winter  invasion  of  lecturers.  One  at 
least  you  will  receive  who  has  never  visited 
America  before.  This  is  Mr.  Walter  de  la 
Mare,  the  poet,  who  crosses  the  Atlantic  some 
time  this  month.  As  I  have  probably 
remarked  before,  Mr.  de  la  Mare  is  not  half 
so  well  known  as  he  should  be.  His  volume, 
"The  Listeners,"  contains  some  of  the  most 
exquisite  lyrics  of  our  time.  He  is  not  a 
prolific  writer.  He  is  over  forty  and  has  pub- 
lished, I  think,  only  four  books  of  verse  and 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


341 


three  of  prose, —  a  very  clean  record  for  a 
twentieth-century  author.  But  his  books  are 
all  good.  He  takes  immense  pains  with  every- 
thing he  does.  His  critical  work  is  done 
mostly  for  the  "Times  Literary  Supplement," 
and  it  is  extraordinary  subtle  and  delightful, 
—  written  in  a  poet's  prose,  full  of  original 
and  illuminating  imagery.  I  gather  that  Mr. 
W.  H.  Davies,  the  poet  and  author  of  "The 
Autobiography  of  a  Supertramp,"  may  fol- 
low him  later  on.  After  the  war  you  will 
probably  get  a  great  rush  of  us.  A  novelist 
I  was  dining  with  the  other  day  told  me  that 
the  best  thing  for  us  to  do,  however,  would 
be  to  write  for  America,  where  remuneration 
is  largest,  and  live  in  Spain,  where  food  costs 
nothing  and  you  can  rent  a  Castle,  with 
towers,  ghosts,  and  loopholes,  for  a  dollar  a 

week-  J.  C.  SQUIRE. 

London,  October  5, 1916. 


CASUAL  COMMENT. 


INTERNATIONAL,  COPYRIGHT  IN  WAR-TIME 
incurs  risk  of  violation.  How  serious  the 
actual  violation  has  been  during  the  present 
war,  it  is  too  early  to  determine.  But  even 
among  embittered  belligerents  there  is  not 
lacking  a  feeling  that  respect  for  copyright 
should  be  observed  even  amid  the  din  of 
arms.  The  German  Booksellers'  Union, 
through  its  Board  of  Directors  in  consulta- 
tion with  the  German  General  Staff,  admits 
that  copyright  laws  with  enemy  countries 
have  lost  their  validity,  but  adds  that  works 
published  in  these  countries  before  the  war 
continue  nevertheless  to  receive  copyright 
protection;  and  the  honorable  sentiment  fol- 
lows that  even  for  books  now  appearing  in 
enemy  countries  the  law  of  copyright  should 
hold.  But  it  is  further  added,  perhaps  lest 
this  should  seem  too  idealistic  a  view  of  the 
situation,  that  were  open  piracy  resorted  to 
the  German  book-trade  might  suffer  serious 
injury  through  reprisals  on  the  part  of  hostile 
nations.  Reprisal  is  something  all  can  under- 
stand in  these  days,  however  it  may  be  with 
abstract  right  or  wrong.  We  no  longer  live 
in  the  primitive  times  of  Crabbe's  Squire, 
with  whom  "  'twas  a  maxim  he  had  often  tried, 
that  right  was  right,  and  there  he  would 
abide." 

LIBRARY  RAMIFICATION  goes  on  apace,  espe- 
cially in  this  country.  In  addition  to  the  excel- 
lent public  libraries  dotted  over  the  land  we 
have  an  increasing  number  of  special  libra- 
ries, devoted  to  all  subjects  from  poetry  to 
patent  rights;  and  nearly  every  state  has 


its  legislative  reference  library,  most  large 
cities  have  their  municipal  reference  libraries, 
and  now  our  largest  city  is  to  have  its  public 
health  library,  as  a  division  of  or  adjunct  to 
its  municipal  reference  library.  State 
libraries  and  city-hall  libraries  and  chamber- 
of-commerce  libraries  are,  of  course,  common- 
places by  this  time.  No  wonder  it  has  been 
complained  —  as,  for  example,  by  Dr.  C.  C. 
Williamson  in  his  address  at  Asbury  Park 
last  June  —  that  the  word  "library"  is  becom- 
ing sadly  overworked.  A  new  term,  several 
new  terms,  in  fact,  are  needed  to  denote  suc- 
cinctly and  unmistakably  the  differing  char- 
acters and  purposes  of  the  many  offshoots 
from  the  parent  library  stem.  How  little  did 
Benjamin  Franklin  foresee  what  was  to  come 
in  the  library  world  when  he  and  his  fellow 
members  of  the  Junto  started  what  has  been 
called  the  mother  of  all  subsequent  subscrip- 
tion libraries  in  America,  which  in  turn 
opened  the  way  for  our  great  public  library 
system.  It  is  worth  while  to  turn  back,  now 
and  then,  and  read  his  own  account  of  that 
modest  but  memorable  undertaking.  When 
he  settled  in  Philadelphia,  he  tells  us,  there 
was  no  good  bookshop  south  of  Boston,  and 
far  less  any  good  library.  "Those  who  lov'd 
reading  were  oblig'd  to  send  for  their  books 
from  England;  the  members  of  the  Junto 
had  each  a  few.  We  had  left  the  alehouse, 
where  we  first  met,  and  hired  a  room  to  hold 
our  club  in.  I  propos'd  that  we  should  all  of 
us  bring  our  books  to  that  room,  where  they 
would  not  only  be  ready  to  consult  in  our 
conferences,  but  become  a  common  benefit, 
each  of  us  being  at  liberty  to  borrow  such  as 
we  wish'd  to  read  at  home.  This  was  accord- 
ingly done,  and  for  some  time  contented  us." 
And  lucky  it  was  for  posterity  that  the  con- 
tentment was  only  temporary. 

•         •         • 

POETRY  IN  APPLES  has  no  less  reality,  to  the 
discerning,  than  tongues  in  trees,  or  books  in 
the  running  brooks,  or  sermons  in  stones. 
Immortalized  by  the  poets  are  the  golden 
apples  given  as  a  wedding  present  to  Juno 
by  Ge  (Earth)  and  guarded  by  the  maidens 
known  as  the  Hesperides.  Significant  to  us 
in  America  is  the  fact  that  these  superb 
examples  of  their  kind  were  ascribed  in  classic 
legend  to  the  far  West,  or  sometimes  to  the 
distant  North.  Thus  the  ancients,  whether 
by  design  or  accident,  placed  the  best  apples 
where  as  a  matter  of  fact  they  do  actually 
grow.  Here  is  no  place  for  an  apple  bibliog- 
raphy, but  any  reference  to  the  apple  in  lit- 
erature can  hardly  fail  to  call  to  mind  the  fine 
appreciation  of  this  fruit  shown  by  Mr.  John 


342 


THE    DIAL 


[November  2 


Burroughs  in  his  writings.  Poetic  apprecia- 
tion of  the  apple  has  lately  been  evinced  in  a 
far  different  and  very  unexpected  quarter. 
The  International  Apple  Shippers'  Associa- 
tion, in  some  of  its  "literature"  (not  so  inap- 
propriately named  in  this  instance)  quotes 
with  excellent  effect  from  the  popular  poetry 
on  the  subject.  What  could  be  better  of  its 
sort  than  that  briskly  jingling  set  of  pomolog- 
ical  rhymes  entitled  "The  Bulliest  Fruit  of 
Them  All"?  Here  is  a  sample  stanza,  to  go 
with  the  next  rosy-cheeked  Baldwin  the 
reader  has  the  good  fortune  to  enjoy : 

There's  a  tang  to  the  taste  of  an  apple, 
A  zest  like  the  keen  autumn  breeze, 

With  a  savor  that's  won  from  the  smile  of  the 

sun 
When  it  ripened  the  fruit  on  the  trees. 


CONFISCATING  AN  ENEMY'S  LITERARY  PROP- 
ERTY wears  in  some  respects  an  uglier  look 
than  the  confiscation  of  an  equal  amount  in 
real  estate  or  barrels  of  flour  or  tons  of  pig- 
iron;  for  in  the  republic  of  letters  there  is 
supposed  to  be  no  clash  of  arms,  and  mutual 
respect  of  personal  rights  is  taken  for  granted. 
England's  action  in  giving  parliamentary 
sanction  to  the  violation  of  the  Berne  Con- 
vention, so  far  as  enemy  countries  are  con- 
cerned, is  deplorable.  The  appointment  of  a 
Public  Trustee  to  guard  the  interests  of  the 
enemy  author,  whose  literary  work  is  repro- 
duced without  his  consent,  will  not  suffice  to 
make  this  breaking  of  a  treaty  seem  right  and 
honorable.  It  is  a  tortuous  casuistry  that 
seeks  to  defend  it.  It  will  not  fail  to  be 
noted  that  Germany  has  thus  far  refrained 
from  making  "a  scrap  of  paper"  of  the  Berne 
agreement. 

"Gooo  BOOK  WEEK,"  known  last  year  as 
"Safety  First  Juvenile  Book  Week,"  will  be 
observed  early  in  December  —  from  the  4th 
to  the  9th  inclusive.  This  will  be  the  second 
observance  of  what  has  proved  to  be  a  very 
successful  literary  festival.  Last  year  more 
than  three  hundred  cities  and  towns  shared 
in  this  success,  and  nearly  sixty  thousand 
copies  of  the  specially  prepared  list,  "Books 
Boys  Like  Best,"  were  distributed.  The  Chief 
Scout  Librarian  of  the  Boy  Scouts  prepared 
the  list,  with  the  help  of  an  official  Library 
Commission;  and  the  same  list,  revised  and 
somewhat  enlarged,  will  this  year  again  be 
circulated.  "The  Publishers'  Weekly"  prints 
the  list  as  a  supplement  to  its  issue  of  October 
14,  and  announces  its  purpose  to  supply  the 
trade  with  copies  at  cost.  Public  libraries, 
as  was  to  have  been  expected,  have  taken 
active  part  in  this  effort  to  raise  the  standard 


of  boys '  reading ;  and  schools,  churches,  news- 
papers, and  literary  periodicals  have  also  for- 
warded the  movement.  Such  an  enterprise, 
so  well  organized,  and  supported  by  an  asso- 
ciation like  that  of  the  Boy  Scouts  of  America, 
with  the  cooperation  of  American  librarians, 
cannot  end  in  failure.  Good  results,  already 
noted,  will  be  followed  by  better ;  and  in  this 
connection  even  the  mounting  price  of  paper 
may  prove  a  blessing  in  disguise  by  curtailing, 
if  not  altogether  stopping,  the  supply  of  cheap 
sensational  trash  such  as  boys  in  the  past  have 
indulged  in  with  too  little  restraint. 


THE  RETURN  OF  THE  PALIMPSEST  may  be  one 
of  the  results  of  the  portentous  rise  in  the 
price  of  paper.  Already  old  stock  is  made 
over  again  into  paper  with  much  more  of  care 
to  avoid  waste  than  has  been  known  before  in 
the  lifetime  of  the  oldest  observer.  If  a  cheap 
and  effective  process  could  be  invented  for 
removing  print  from  paper,  something  like 
the  ancient  custom  of  using  parchment  more 
than  once  might  come  into  vogue.  Meanwhile 
word  comes  from  Canada  that  the  paper 
industry  there  is  in  as  critical  a  condition  as 
in  our  own  country.  Not  only  forest-destruc- 
tion and  a  scarcity  of  chemicals  used  in  this 
industry  have  helped  to  create  a  shortage,  but 
labor  is  also  unobtainable  in  a  supply  equal  to 
the  demand,  so  many  men  have  enlisted  for 
the  war.  Thus  in  material,  in  labor,  and 
probably  also  in  capital,  paper-manufacture 
is  a  sufferer  from  the  European  conflict.  But 
is  there  any  industry,  except  the  making  of 
munitions,  or  any  class,  except  the  makers  of 
munitions,  that  does  not  suffer  from  the  same 
cause?  The  world  needs  some  Menenius 
Agrippa  to  bring  it  to  its  senses  by  putting 
into  apposite  fable  the  interdependence  of  all 
the  members  of  the  cosmopolitan  body. 

THE  TRUE  STORY  OF  THE  CHILDREN'S  LIBRARY 

BUILDING  ought  to  be  told  here  in  correction  of 
an  earlier  chronological  error  in  this  depart- 
ment of  bibliothecal  history.  As  Miss  A.  L. 
Sargent,  librarian  at  Medford,  Mass.,  has  been 
kind  enough  to  point  out,  Brooklyn  is  not 
entitled  to  first  honors  as  inaugurator  of  the 
separate  library  building  for  young  people; 
nor  indeed  is  Medford,  as  she  had  at  first 
believed,  the  pioneer  in  this  movement.  She 
has  now  very  kindly  and  carefully  straight- 
ened out  the  whole  matter  for  us,  and  with 
full  confidence  in  the  accuracy  of  her  findings 
we  are  glad  to  name  in  the  order  of  their 
age  the  separate  juvenile  library  buildings  in 
America — so  far  as  Miss  Sargent's  researches 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


343 


have  discovered  their  existence.  New  London, 
Conn.,  opened  its  children's  library  building 
in  June,  1906;  Medford  took  similar  action 
Jan.  7,  1912 ;  Hartford,  Conn.,  followed  suit 
later  in  the  same  year,  that  is  on  the  23d  or 
24th  of  October ;  and  Brooklyn  fell  into  line 
Sept.  24,  1914.  If  there  are  any  slighted 
candidates  for  admission  to  this  list,  let  them 
declare  themselves. 


FURTHER  ITEMS  FROM  THE  INFORMATION 
DESK,  which  has  more  than  once  been  men- 
tioned in  these  columns  in  comment  on  library 
happenings,  may  find  an  interested  reader  or 
two.  The  St.  Joseph  (Mo.)  Public  Library 
has  in  the  last  year  established  an  informa- 
tion desk,  where  in  seven  months  no  fewer 
than  twenty-five  hundred  questions  were 
asked — some  easy  and  others  so  difficult  as  to 
approach  the  character  of  conundrums.  The 
librarian  reports:  "Over  the  telephone  have 
come  questions  concerning  spelling,  pronun- 
ciation, etiquette,  the  population,  location, 
and  altitude  of  places,  with  such  inquiries  as 
'What  great  man's  mother  died  when  he  was 
a  baby?'  'Receipt  for  marshmallows';  and 
'On  what  dates  did  Thursdays  come  in  May, 
1911?'"  Let  us  try  to  imagine  the  bewilder- 
ment caused  at  another  information  desk,  no 
matter  just  where,  by  a  rather  unusual  in- 
quiry sent  over  the  telephone  in  tearful  tones 
by  a  person  conjectured  to  be  an  anxious 
wife  or  mother.  The  question  was  this:  "Will 
you  please  tell  me  what  are  those  little  white 
things  men  have  in  their  heads  that  bite?" 
It  was  not  until  the  next  day  that  even  the 
nimble-witted  functionary  in  charge  of  the 
desk  was  able  to  answer  this  conundrum. 
Then  a  sudden  light  illumined  the  darkness, 
and  the  inquirer  having  been  rung  up,  the 
monosyllabic  reply  was  sent  back, — "  Teeth ! " 
It  will  need  a  harder  question  still  to  score  a 
point  against  that  desk. 


THE     VARIED      ACHIEVEMENTS     OF     NORMAN 

DUNCAN,  author,  traveller,  teacher  of  litera- 
ture and  rhetoric,  and,  not  least  of  all, 
admirer  of  Dr.  Grenfell  and  expounder  of 
the  missionary  movement  headed  by  the  latter 
in  Labrador,  are  enough  to  fill  more  space 
than  can  here  be  allotted  to  them.  His  death 
on  the  18th  of  October  cut  short  his  activities 
in  the  mid-forties.  He  was  born  in  Ontario 
in  1871,  educated  at  Toronto  University,  was 
on  the  staff  of  the  New  York  "Evening  Post" 
from  1896  to  1901,  filled  the  Chair  of  Rhetoric 
at  Washington  and  Jefferson  College  from 
1902  to  1906,  taught  English  literature  as 


adjunct  professor  at  the  University  of  Kansas 
from  1896  to  1901,  filled  the  Chair  of  Rhetoric 
himself  chiefly  to  writing  and  travel.  To 
various  magazines  he  contributed  articles  on 
Newfoundland,  Labrador,  Syria,  Palestine, 
the  Arabian  desert,  Australia,  Papua,  and  the 
Dutch  East  Indies.  Among  his  numerous 
books  may  be  named  "The  Way  of  the  Sea," 
"Dr.  Luke,"  "The  Mother,"  "Dr.  Grenf  ell's 
Parish,"  "The  Adventures  of  Billy  Topsail," 
"The  Cruise  of  the  Shining  Light,"  "Every 
Man  for  Himself,"  "The  Measure  of  a  Man," 
and  "The  Best  of  a  Bad  Job."  Though  made 
an  honorary  Litt.D.  by  Pittsburgh  University 
in  1912,  his  breezy  narratives  of  adventure  on 
sea  and  land  show  him  to  have  been  far  from 
our  conception  of  the  typical  doctor  of  letters 
—  as  his  many  readers  have  convinced  them- 
selves, to  their  enjoyment  and  advantage. 


THE    MENTION   OF   THE   NEW   POETRY   recalls 

the  fact  that  there  has  recently  appeared  an- 
other periodical  devoted  entirely  to  the  publi- 
cation of  verse.  We  have  already  had  in  our 
midst  for  varying  periods  "Poetry,"  "The 
Poetry  Journal,"  and  "Contemporary  Verse," 
not  to  cite  several  English  publications.  Now 
appears  "The  Poetry  Review,"  edited  by  Wil- 
liam Stanley  Braithewaite,  and  published  at 
Cambridge.  An  inspection  of  the  first  two 
numbers  inclines  the  disinterested  critic  to 
agree  with  Mr.  Brian  Hooker  in  his  frank  let- 
ter of  criticism  of  the  initial  number,  a  criti- 
cism, by  the  way,  engagingly  printed  in  the 
succeeding  June  issue.  Briefly,  the  new  maga- 
zine, while  generous  and  inclusive  in  its  pro- 
nouncement to  further  the  poetical  art  and 
its  criticism  to  the  fullest,  falls  short  in 
achievement.  Barring  a  somewhat  painfully 
vivid  but  very  interesting  poem  by  Amy 
Lowell — in  the  free  manner — there  was 
scarcely  anything  of  note  in  the  first  two 
numbers  read.  Platitudinous  and  indiscrim- 
inate praise,  and  verse  that  only  too  fre- 
quently savors  of  the  "pretty-pretty"  of  the 
so-called  regular  magazines,  does  not  serve  to 
carry  out  Mr.  Braithewaite 's  professed  inten- 
tion to  wage  war  against  this  sort  of  thing. 
The  same  qualities  of  discrimination — or  lack 
of  discrimination — in  critical  judgments  mar 
also,  it  seems  in  the  opinion  of  many  critics, 
the  editorial  comment  and  selection  in  Mr. 
Braithewaite 's  annual  "Anthology  of  Maga- 
zine Verse."  But  Mr.  Braithewaite 's  long- 
acknowledged  and  unremitting  devotion  to 
the  furtherance  of  a  love  of  poetry,  particu- 
larly contemporary  poetry,  should  in  the  end 
prove  a  sufficient  corrective  of  the  present 
lack  of  balance  in  "The  Poetry  Review." 


344 


THE    DIAL 


[November  2 


NEW  STUDIES  OF  HENRY  JAMES.* 

Most  published  criticisms  of  the  work  of 
Henry  James  give  little  aid  to  the  reader  who 
would  clarify  and  crystallize  his  own  judg- 
ments of  that  author.    Indeed,  one  need  spend 
but  an  hour  or  two  with  essays  and  magazine 
articles  to  gather  a  collection  of  the  most 
diverse  opinions.    Mr.  Brownell  asserts  that 
no  one  ever  cares  to  read  the  novels  a  second 
time.    Mr.  Howells  makes  much  of  the  fact 
that  they  invite  repeated  re-readings.     One 
critic  remarks  that  "He  sees  his  subject  not 
as  a  spot,  detached,  isolated;    he  sees  it  in 
its  place,  as  part  of  a  whole,  of  a  system." 
Another  says:    "The  actors  in  Mr.  James's 
books  appear  to  have  the  world  entirely  to 
themselves:    there  is  no  suggestion  or  sense 
that  other  lives  are  being  lived  around  them." 
We  are  told  that  he  puts  his  own  personality 
into  every  one  of  his  characters,  and  that  he 
never  expresses  his  personality  at  all;    that 
the  novels  suffer  from  the  limitations  of  his 
narrow   Puritanism,   and   that  they   are   so 
licentious  that  they  would  be  suppressed  if 
they  could  be  understood.    "And,"  as  his  own 
characters  so  often  say,  "there  you  are!" 

Much  of  this  confusion  comes  from  a  failure 
of  critics   to   apply   and  real   standards  to 
make  the  criticism  actually  meet  with  the 
work   criticized.      Henry   James   had,    more 
probably  than  any  other  writer  of  fiction,  an 
idea  of  what  a  novel  should  be.    He  expounded 
this  idea  with  care,  and  he  elucidated  it  by 
frank  discussions  of  his  own  stories.     The 
only  profitable  criticism  of  such  an  author  is 
that  which  considers  as  its  essential  problems 
how  far  his  conception  of  the  literary  form  is 
sound,  and  how  well  he  has  lived  up  to  his 
theory.    The  expression  of  personal  likes  and 
dislikes,  the  clever  recording  of  impressions 
produced  by  particular  tales,  or  the  judg- 
ment of  work  by  implied  standards,  however 
conventional,  which  the  author  himself  rejects, 
can  have  little  value,  and  may  be  confusing. 
This  misfit  criticism  was  to  be  expected  in  the 
earlier  years,  before  it  was  wholly  evident 
what  Mr.  James's  conception  of  a  novel  was; 
but  since  he  has  explained  this  in  his  essays 
and  prefaces,  and  exemplified  it  in  a  score  or 
two  of  volumes,  mere  hit-or-miss  comment 
seems  unnecessary.    Nevertheless,  the  period- 
ical articles  called  forth  by  James's  death, 
though  full  of  brilliant  and  telling  observa- 

*  HENRY  JAMES.  By  Rebecca  West.  "Writers  of  the  Day" 
Series.  New  York:  Henry  Holt  &  Co.  60  cts. 

HENRY  JAMES  :  A  Critical  Study.  By  Ford  Madox  Hueffer. 
New  York:  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $2. 


tions,  are  largely  unsystematic  and  inad- 
equate, and  the  same  must  be  said  of  the  two 
new  volumes  on  James  that  we  have  now  to 
consider. 

The  lesser  of  these,  a  little  book  by  Miss 
Rebecca  West,  in  the  "Writers  of  the  Day" 
series,  is  announced  as  "a  biography  and  a 
critical  estimate  of  his  works,  with  portrait 
and  bibliography,"  but  the  biographical  infor- 
mation is  of  the  slightest,  and  the  bibliog- 
raphy is  merely  a  list  of  "first  editions  of 
publications  in  book  form."     The  standards 
of  style  which  the  author  sets  herself  may  be 
inferred  from  the  occurrence  of  such  sen- 
tences as  this :  "He  was  becoming  a  European 
and  for  several  years  to  come  was  to  spend  his 
time    slowly     mastering     its     conventions." 
Although  the  "Author's  Note"  naively  thanks 
the  publishers  for  the  loan  of  the  "New  York 
Edition"  of  James's  works,  there  is  no  evidence 
of  the  reading  of  the  remarkable  prefaces  in 
that  edition.     The  "critical   estimates"   are 
mostly  brief  comments  on  novels  and  tales. 
At  first  glance  these  may  seem  to  be  com- 
pounded according  to  the  simple  rule  of  a 
shovelful  of  censure  and  a  shovelful  of  praise, 
but  more  careful  reading  shows  that  they  are 
based  on  certain  unsystematized,  and  in  some 
instances  conflicting,  personal  standards  which 
the  author  brings  to  her  work.     Evidently 
she   is   an   advanced   social   reformer.      She 
speaks  of  "the  caste  of  cretins  who  edit  the 
magazines  and  reviews  of  this  unhappy  coun- 
try";  she  is  irritated  by  a  society  that  con- 
siders   a    chaperone    desirable    for    young 
women;     she    sneers    at   the    New    England 
"respect  for  spinsters  and  pastors  of  bleached 
lives";    and  her  contempt  for  "Victorian" 
writings  is  so  great  that  she  would  prove 
James's  utter  incompetence  as  a  critic  by  the 
fact  that  he  once  wrote  a  gracious  sentence 
about  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward.    But  along  with 
these  sociological  conceptions  goes  a  sense  of 
the  importance  of  art,  and  a  real  feeling  for 
some  of  the  finer  things  of  life.    Such  heter- 
ogeneous collections  of  ideas  and  ideals  are 
common  enough  to-day.    A  university  teacher 
finds  them   with   painful   frequency   in   the 
minds  of  really  womanly  young  women  who 
have  felt  it  their  duty  to  go  in  for  social 
psychology  and  eugenics  and  criminology,  and 
who  have  absorbed  notions  more  rapidly  than 
they  can  reconcile  and  correlate  them.     The 
master  himself  might  have  enjoyed  the  game 
of    guessing    in    advance    how    a    mind    so 
equipped  would  respond  to  the  appeal  of  his 
various  stories.     The  reader  of  Miss  West's 
book  who  indulges  in  this  amusement  may  or 
may  not  be  surprised  to  learn  that  "The 
American"  is  "an  exposition  of  the  way  things 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


345 


do  not  happen,"  largely  because  the  char- 
acter of  Madame  de  Centre  cannot  be  recon- 
ciled with  approved  ideas  of  heredity.  He  will 
be  told  that  the  critic  finds  "Washington 
Square"  highly  praiseworthy.  Of  the  "For-  1 
trait  of  a  Lady"  he  will  read  in  a  character- 
istic sentence:  "The  conduct  invented  for 
Isabel  is  so  inconsistent  and  so  suggestive  of 
the  nincompoop,  and  so  clearly  proceeding 
from  a  brain  whose  ethical  world  was  but  a 
chaos,  that  it  is  a  mistake  to  subject  the  book 
to  the  white  light  of  a  second  reading."  True, 
he  may  never  know  whether  it  was  James  or 
Isabel  "whose  ethical  world  was  but  a  chaos," 
or  which  of  the  two  the  writer  would  like 
to  call  a  nincompoop,  but  he  can  hardly  miss 
the  tone  of  the  criticism.  He  will  be  told  that 
in  the  "Princess  Casamassima"  James  "pro- 
duced a  picture  gallery  where  he  had  intended 
a  grave  study  of  social  differences,"  and  that 
the  "The  Turn  of  the  Screw"  is  "the  best  ghost 
story  in  the  world. "  He  will  also  find  that 
"The  Wings  of  the  Dove"  deserves  the  high- 
est praise,  "The  Better  Sort"  and  "The  Awk- 
ward Age"  are  "twitterings  over  teacups," 
and  "The  Golden  Bowl"  "is  not  good  as  a 
novel."  But  he  who  would  learn  more  must 
read  the  book  for  himself,  even  to  the  last 
sentence,  which  concludes  the  strange  mixture 
of  judgments  more  rhetorically  than  logically : 
"And  on  28th  February,  1916,  he  died,  leav- 
ing the  white  light  of  his  genius  to  shine  out 
for  the  eternal  comfort  of  the  mind  of  man." 
Mr.  Ford  Madox  Hueffer's  critical  study, 
now  first  brought  out  in  America,  appeared  in 
London  early  in  1914,  and  is  reprinted  appar- 
ently without  change.  It  takes  no  account, 
therefore,  of  the  important  events  of  the  last 
two  years  of  Henry  James's  life,  and  it  gains 
no  advantage  from  the  clearing  and  illumina- 
tion of  the  critical  view  that  comes  with  an 
author's  death.  As  in  all  his  essays  Mr. 
Hueffer  writes  of  many  things,  and  perpetu- 
ally indulges  his  fondness  for  epigrams  and 
superlatives.  He  tells  the  reader,  for  example, 
that  Defoe,  Fielding,  Richardson,  Scott, 
Dickens,  Thackeray,  and  Meredith  hadn't  a 
pennyworth  of  art  among  them;  that  the 
really  great  writers  of  our  day,  besides  James, 
are  Mr.  Joseph  Conrad  (who  has  had  the  j 
honor  of  collaborating  with  Mr.  Hueffer)  and  I 
Mr.  W.  H.  Hudson;  that  business  "is  a  mat- 
ter of  dirty  little  affairs  incompetently 
handled  by  men  of  the  lowest  class  of  intelli- 
gence"; and  that  "The  Yellow  Book"  "rep- 
resents the  high-water  mark  of  English 
achievement  in  the  world  of  the  arts."  All 
these  dicta  are  somehow  connected  in  the 
mind  of  the  author,  if  not  in  that  of  the 
reader,  with  the  supreme  dictum  that  Henry 


James  "is  the  greatest  man  now  living" 
(1914). 

A  work  written  at  such  a  time,  in  such  a 
spirit,  and  after  such  a  plan,  cannot  be  the 
definitive  criticism  of  Henry  James ;  but  Mr. 
Hueffer  knows  his  author  thoroughly,  and  is 
himself  a  practitioner  of  the  same  art.  More- 
over, he  has  thought — earnestly  if  erratically 
—  on  many  of  the  problems  with  which  the 
elder  novelist  was  concerned;  and  his  ideas, 
when  once  the  reader  has  extracted  them  from 
the  verbiage,  are  suggestive  and  worthy  of 
consideration  even  by  those  least  likely  to 
accept  them.  Among  the  contentions  that  he 
ingeniously  supports  is  one  to  the  effect  that 
indirection  of  statement  is  an  Anglo-Saxon 
characteristic,  and  that  elaborate  figurative 
indirection  is  more  American  than  English; 
so  that  "As  far  as  his  phraseology  goes  he 
[James]  has  expressed  his  race."  In  another 
connection  he  traces  a  line  of  literary  descent 
from  Richardson  through  a  series  of  Contin- 
ental writers  —  Diderot,  Chateaubriand, 
Stendhal,  Flaubert,  Turgenieff,  and  back  to 
England  with  James.  He  finds  the  latter 
novelist  wholly  without  "compassion  or  any 
desire  to  be  helpful."  He  gives  much  space 
to  showing  that  James,  after  his  earlier  years, 
was  obsessed  by  a  profound  sense  of  sadness, 
of  the  wretchedness  of  life, —  that,  in  short, 
his  attitude  may  be  seen  from  the  remark  of 
the  Passionate  Pilgrim  that  most  persons 
haven 't  souls.  These  are  a  few  of  the  opinions 
that  the  present  reviewer  would  gladly  dis- 
cuss if  his  space  were  unlimited;  and  every 
interested  reader  is  likely  to  find  a  different 
list  which  will  seem  to  him  equally  worthy  of 
controversial  comment. 

The  critic  carries  on  his  discussion  under 
three  headings:  Subjects,  Temperaments, 
Method.  In  characteristic  fashion  he  tells  us 
that  the  third  of  these  is  the  only  one  in 
which  he  is  interested,  but  that  he  shall  say 
little  about  it,  since  "Mr.  James  has  done  it 
himself"  in  the  prefaces.  But  for  more  than 
one  reason  few  persons  read  the  prefaces  of 
the  "New  York  Edition,"  and  those  who  do 
are  tempted,  not  to  silence,  but  to  a  fuller 
discussion  of  the  principles  there  set  forth 
with  so  much  originality.  It  is  just  these 
matters  treated  in  the  prefaces  which  Mr. 
Hueffer,  himself  a  novelist  with  serious  ideas 
concerning  his  art,  owed  it  to  the  reader  to 
discuss.  It  seems  that  mere  perversity  and  the 
desire  to  do  the  unexpected  thing  must  have 
led  Him  to  put  in  this  last  chapter  only  a 
few  generalizations  and  a  number  of  long 
quotations  from  James  himself. 

The  competent,  scholarly,  and  judicial  eval- 
uation of  Henry  James's  work,  and  of  his- 


THE    DIAL 


[November  2 


place  in  the  development  of  the  English  novel, 
is  still  to  appear.  When  it  is  written  it  will 
doubtless  contain  a  chapter  on  the  criticisms 
that  were  published  during  the  life  of  the 
novelist;  and  in  this  there  should  be  some 
interesting  paragraphs  on  this  clever,  sugges- 
tive, and  slightly  amusing  study  by  Mr. 

Hueffer.  T.    ~ 

WILLIAM  B.  CAIRNS. 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  SINGLE  TAX 
PHILOSOPHY.* 


It  must  be  generally  felt  by  the  thoughtful 
public  that  some  authoritative  statement 
is  now  due  as  to  how  we  stand  in  relation  to 
the  agitation  for  a  freer  use  of  the  land  and 
natural  resources  of  the  country.  That  agita- 
tion has  expressed  itself  in  many  and  various 
ways.  We  have  had  outcries  about  the 
upward  tendency  in  the  prices  of  commodi- 
ties, due,  as  is  affirmed,  to  the  restricting  of 
output  made  possible  by  the  monopolistic  con- 
trol of  the  sources  of  supply.  We  have  had 
complaints  of  the  action  of  railroad  companies 
in  withholding  from  use  the  large  tracts  of 
land  originally  given  to  them  by  government, 
and  the  capitalization  of  their  potential  value 
as  a  basis  on  which  to  pay,  as  dividends,  the 
excess  earnings  which  ought  to  have  gone  to 
increase  the  efficiency  of  service  or  to  the 
reduction  of  rates.  We  have  had,  through 
the  labors  of  the  Industrial  Relations  Com- 
mission, a  revelation  of  the  helplessness  of 
vast  masses  of  laborers  in  the  hands  of  organ- 
ized capital,  forcing  upon  us  the  suspicion 
that  this  helplessness  is  largely,  if  not  wholly, 
due  to  the  restriction  of  opportunity  for  self- 
employment,  and  the  consequent  prevention 
of  that  natural  drafting-away  of  those  small 
margins  of  over-supply  of  labor  which  con- 
stitute the  real  menace  to  the  security  of  the 
worker.  Finally,  we  have  had  those  various 
efforts  at  fiscal  reform,  local  option  in  taxa- 
tion, lower-rent  movements,  anti-poverty 
societies,  exemption  of  personal  property  and 
improvements,  etc.,  all  of  which  are  not 
unreasonably  suspected  of  being  expedients 
directed  toward  one  ultimate  end, —  the  con- 
centration of  public  burdens  upon  the  unim- 
proved value  of  land,  or,  in  a  word,  to  the 
Single  Tax. 

It  seems,  then,  as  though  the  time  is  ripe 
for  just  such  a  book  as  "The  Single  Tax 
Movement  in  the  United  States,"  by  Dr. 
Arthur  Nichols  Young.  And  that  a  right 
understanding  of  what  the  Single  Tax  really 

*  THE  SINGLE  TAX  MOVEMENT  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
By  Arthur  Nichols  Young,  Ph.D.  Princeton  University 
Press.  $1.50. 


means  may  be  best  brought  home  to  us  by  an 
account  of  its  early  beginnings  and  a  history 
of  its  unfolding  and  development,  every 
careful  reader  of  this  book  will  acknowledge. 
An  idea,  demanding  structural  changes  in  the 
economic  relations  between  men,  can  only 
have  come  into  existence  in  response  to  some 
real  need,  or  as  a  consequence  of  some  felt 
injustice,  discomfort,  or  wrong;  and  to  under- 
stand the  nature  of  this  wrong  is  half  way  to 
understanding  the  meaning  of  the  innovating 
idea.  This  idea,  making  as  it  does  for  equity 
or  equality  in  men's  relationship  to  the  nat- 
ural resources  of  the  planet,  is  as  old  as  his- 
tory; and  wherever  it  is  found  it  is  always 
in  association  with  a  revolt  of  the  moral  sense 
against  the  inequalities  of  fortune,  the 
unearned  and  undeserved  luxuries  of  the  rich, 
and  the  equally  undeserved  miseries  of  the 
poor  and  down-trodden.  Dr.  Young  says  in 
his  Introduction: 

An  attempt  to  consider  the  numerous  manifesta- 
tions of  the  idea  to  which  land  reformers  of  all 
times  have  appealed  .  .  would  take  us  too  far 
afield.  Hardly  any  agrarian  movement  fails  to 
exhibit  some  manifestation  of  this  idea,  which  dates 
back  at  least  to  the  time  when  the  author  of 
Ecclesiastes  wrote  that  the  "profit  of  the  earth  is 
for  all." 

But  indications  of  "the  idea"  are  to  be  found 
even  further  back  in  history.  When  Moses 
laid  down  the  law  that  there  should  be  a 
year  of  Jubilee  in  which  all  land  tenures 
should  cease  and  a  re-apportionment  take 
place,  it  is  obvious  that  he  was  simply  adopt- 
ing an  expedient  for  averting  the  inequal- 
ities in  condition  that  he  saw  must  inevitably 
arise  if  unrestricted  private  control  of  the 
land  were  continued  indefinitely.  To  both  of 
those  great  souls  the  idea  had  revealed  itself 
that  the  well-being  of  a  people,  including  all 
its  future  possibilities  of  moral  and  spiritual 
development,  depends  upon  the  ease  or  diffi- 
culty with  which  access  can  be  had  to  the 
source  of  all  wealth,  the  land.  It  is  a  reason- 
able postulate,  therefore,  that  if  we  wish  to 
deal  intelligently  with  the  question,  and  to 
assess  rightly  the  importance  of  the  land- 
reform  movement,  we  must  seek  to  realize  its 
honorable  pedigree,  its  emergence  in  the 
minds  of  the  early  masters  in  the  art  of 
sociology,  and  its  persistence  in  some  form  in 
the  philosophies  of  all  great  thinkers  of  sub- 
sequent ages. 

Dr.  Young  quotes  Francis  A.  Walker  as 
having  declared  in  1890  that  political  econ- 
omy, especially  in  the  United  States,  had 
"suffered  inexpressibly  from  public  indiffer- 
ence," and  that  "the  few  who  have  professed 
and  cultivated  it  have  had  things  all  their 
own  way  simply  because  no  one  cared  enough 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


347 


about  it  to  contest  or  criticize  their  conclu- 
sions." This  charge  of  popular  indifference 
can  be  preferred  no  longer.  Many  indica- 
tions, which  can  be  ignored  only  by  the  wil-  j 
fully  blind,  point  to  a  growing  interest  in  the 
science  of  economics,  and  a  determination  on 
the  part  of  the  masses  to  have  the  "social 
problem"  probed  to  the  bottom.  In  the  same 
year  Professor  Ely  wrote,  as  quoted  by  Dr. 
Young:  "Are  property  rights  safe?  I  have 
no  fear  about  the  property  rights  of  the 
individual,  but  I  have  much  fear  that  the 
property  of  the  public  will  be  stolen  in  the 
future  as  it  has  been  too  frequently  in  the 
past."  While  one  may  experience  a  slight  shock 
of  surprise  on  finding  so  conservative  a  writer 
using  an  expression  suggestive  of  deliberate 
fraud,  yet  a  candid  survey  of  the  past  twenty- 
five  years  must  convince  us  that  the  fears 
of  Professor  Ely  have  been  realized.  Immense 
blocks  of  public  property  have  been  "appro- 
priated" to  private  purposes.  The  free  offer- 
ings of  nature  in  the  form  of  oil  wells,  iron 
and  copper  deposits,  water-powers,  etc.,  to 
which  public  necessities  and  public  expendi- 
tures in  providing  governmental  facilities 
have  given  a  monopoly  value,  have  been  taken 
possession  of  and  exploited  for  private  profit. 
These  facts  are  being  driven  home  to  the  con- 
sciousness of  the  plain  man  in  the  most  effec- 
tive way,  through  an  increase  in  the  cost  of 
living,  and  this  makes  it  impossible  that  the 
indifference  to  the  science  of  sociology  can 
continue.  The  plain  man  wants  to  under-  j 
stand  the  meaning  of  the  increasing  strenuos- 
ity  in  the  struggle  to  live,  and  an  instinct 
warns  him  that  this  can  only  come  through 
a  right  comprehension  of  that  science  of 
economics  in  conforming  to  which  must  lie 
all  our  chances  of  attaining  social  well-being. 
Dr.  Young  has,  in  the  most  admirable  man- 
ner, adopted  and  maintained  the  attitude  of 
"the  man  from  Mars,"  the  impartial  observer 
and  reporter.  Without  sympathy  for  the 
social  regeneration  at  which  the  Single  Tax 
aims,  it  would  have  been  impossible  for  him 
to  have  reached  so  complete  an  understanding 
of  its  meaning, — as  indeed  we  may  affirm  that 
it  is  not  possible  to  understand  anything  fully 
if  not  approached  in  a  sympathetic  spirit. 
But  so  carefully  has  the  role  of  the  expositor 
been  kept  uppermost  and  dominant  that  no 
trace  of  the  partisan  can  be  discovered.  So 
far  as  the  Single  Tax  is  to  be  regarded  merely 
as  a  fiscal  measure,  as  an  ideal  method  of 
revenue-raising,  Dr.  Young  may  be,  for  all 
that  we  can  find  in  his  writing,  an  opponent 
of  its  central  principle, —  that  of  concentrat- 
ing all  public  burdens  on  economic  rent  and 
abolishing  other  taxes.  But  that  he  has  been 


signally  successful  in  laying  before  his  readers 
the  whole  case,  for  and  against,  its  failures 
and  successes,  its  dangers  and  weaknesses  as 
well  as  its  essential  elements  of  strength,  every 
sincere  critic  must  admit. 

The  outstanding  fact  which  our  author 
recognizes,  and  which  must  be  conceded  by  all 
whose  memories  extend  backward  for  thirty 
years,  is  that  the  doctrine  of  Henry  George 
seems  to  have  lost  the  hold  it  then  had  taken 
in  the  minds  of  the  thoughtful  classes. 
Whether  this  is  due,  as  has  been  maintained 
by  Mr.  Fillebrown,  to  its  having  been  made 
a  political  issue,  and  thereby  the  cause  of 
antagonisms,  misrepresentations,  and  misun- 
derstandings, may  be  a  question  on  which 
difference  of  opinion  will  be  found  among 
Single  Taxers.  The  perspective  in  which 
recent  events  are  seen  is  proverbially  untrue, 
and  the  atmosphere  which  only  time  can  pro- 
vide seems  always  necessary  for  the  grouping 
of  facts  in  their  proper  relations.  Of  one 
thing  we  may  feel  sure,  however, —  that  if 
the  minds  of  the  more  cultured  classes  have 
become  more  or  less  closed  by  the  political 
propaganda  and  its  consequences,  those  of  the 
masses  have  been  opened  to  the  fact  that 
there  is  an  economic  problem  underlying 
their  miseries,  and  that  a  solution  of  it  has 
been  offered  by  Henry  George.  This  last 
consideration  should  be  kept  in  mind  to  bal- 
ance any  regrets  a  Single  Taxer  may  feel 
regarding  the  loss  of  countenance  from  the 
platform  and  the  professorial  chair,  and  as 
an  offset  to  the  words  of  Dr.  Young:  "It  is 
an  important  practical  question  for  Single 
Taxers  as  to  whether  any  given  political  cam- 
paign is  timely.  Whatever  advance  the  Single 
Taxers  can  make  when  their  program  is  under- 
stood, they  can  manifestly  expect  little  when 
it  is  not  understood."  That  some  combination 
of  influences  has  during  the  past  thirty  years 
estranged  the  sympathies  of  those  whose  sup- 
port it  is  essential  to  capture,  is  attested  by 
many  circumstances ;  and  unless  we  may  con- 
fidently believe  that  this  is  counterbalanced 
by  an  increased  recognition  on  the  part  of 
the  masses  of  the  great  issue  that  has  been 
presented  to  the  country,  the  outlook  would 
indeed  be  depressing.  In  the  meantime,  it 
is  a  matter  of  satisfaction  that  influences  have 
been  and  are  at  work,  making  appeal  in  terms 
of  sweet  reasonableness  to  the  minds  of  those 
whose  sympathies  have  been  lost  by  the  cam- 
paigning methods  and  the  controversial  dust 
raised  thereby.  Chief  among  these  we  must 
reckon  the  writings  of  Mr.  Fillebrown,  whose 
"A.  B.  C.  of  Taxation"  and  series  of  pam- 
phlets are  remarkable  not  more  for  their 
clarity  of  thought  than  for  their  freedom 


348 


THE    DIAL 


[November  2 


from  all  that  can  offend  refined  and  sincere 
thinkers  or  obscure  the  issues  involved  by  the 
raising  of  class  feeling.  Dr.  Young  has  done 
no  more  than  justice  to  the  educational  value 
of  Mr.  Fillebrown's  writings  in  classifying 
him  with  Mr.  Shearman  as  "perhaps  the  ablest 
and  most  successful  propagandist  writers 
since  Henry  George";  and  it  will  greatly 
gratify  the  admirers  of  both  these  teachers 
that  the  memory  of  the  one  and  the  past  and 
present  activities  of  the  other  are  given  due 
recognition. 

Until  1887  "the  Henry  George  movement," 
"the  land  restoration  movement,"  and  other 
such  expressions  had  sufficed  to  identify  the 
wave  of  enthusiasm  that  had  spread  itself 
across  two  continents ;  but  the  need  was  being 
felt  for  a  shorter  and  more  convenient  term 
which  might  be  expected  to  find  acceptance 
in  all  countries.  About  this  time  Mr.  Thomas 
G.  Shearman  suggested  to  Mr.  George  the 
adoption  of  the  term  "Single  Tax"  as  a 
description  of  the  method  proposed  for  the 
restoration  of  society's  rights  in  the  rental 
of  land,  and  under  this  name  the  movement 
has  since  been  known.  Its  inadequacy  as  an 
expression  of  the  full  creed  of  the  Single 
Taxer  has  been  felt  increasingly  as  the  years 
have  gone  by;  and  many  of  Henry  George's 
disciples  have  since  regretted  that  Mr.  Shear- 
man did  not  in  1887  suggest  the  title  under 
which  he  subsequently  published  his  masterly 
work,  "Natural  Taxation:  An  Enquiry  into 
the  Practicability,  Justice,  and  Ethics  of  a 
Scientific  and  Natural  Method  of  Taxation." 
Had  the  movement  been  known  since  1887  as 
a  demand  for  a  "natural  tax,"  much  misun- 
derstanding might  have  been  avoided.  The 
title  seems  almost  self-explanatory.  It  sug- 
gests as  in  a  flash  what  Shearman's  book  so 
lucidly  expounds, —  that  Nature  has  provided 
a  simple  method  by  which  each  citizen  auto- 
matically and  inevitably  pays  a  yearly  sum 
exactly  proportional  to  the  benefits  he  receives 
from  the  attentions  of  governments,  local  and 
national,  and  that  the  landlords  or  land- 
owners are  the  officials  appointed  by  Nature 
for  the  collection  of  this  natural  public  rev- 
enue. The  further  implication  seems  almost 
to  thrust  itself  upon  a  reflective  mind,  that 
if  these  natural  tax-collectors  did  what  tax- 
collectors  are  supposed  to  do, —  if  they  handed 
over  their  collections,  minus  an  adequate 
remuneration  for  their  labors,  to  the  respec- 
tive governments  who  had  authorized  their 
functioning  in  this  way, —  all  would  be  well, 
and  justice  would  prevail.  Under  such  con- 
ditions it  would  no  longer  be  necessary  to  tax 
labor,  or  the  wealth  that  is  produced  by  labor, 
for  the  support  of  governments.  It  would 


then  be  possible  to  abandon  completely  the 
unnatural  principle  of  taking  the  citizen's 
degree  of  affluence  as  a  measure  of  his  moral 
obligation  to  make  contribution  to  the  public 
exchequer,  and  to  adopt  instead  the  principle 
upon  which  we  pay  our  electric  current  and 
water  bills, —  the  principle  that  payment  shall 
be  proportional  to  the  amount  consumed  or 
to  the  degree  of  benefit  received.  For  it  is 
surely  obvious,  when  the  proposition  is  pre- 
sented as  a  fact  in  natural  science  and  apart 
from  the  disturbing  atmosphere  which  class 
controversy  generates,  that  all  the  benefits  a 
man  derives  from  living  in  a  special  locality 
(police  protection,  postal  facilities,  well-kept 
roads,  etc.),  are  all  accurately  reflected  in  the 
price  he  must  pay  for  the  privilege  of  living 
there, —  not  in  the  price  of  the  house,  for  that 
is  determined  by  the  cost  of  production,  but 
in  the  added  value  of  the  advantageous  situa- 
tion, with  all  its  publicly  created  conveniences 
and  amenities.  The  superiority,  we  repeat,  of 
"the  natural  tax"  over  "the  single  tax"  as  a 
name  for  the  George  movement,  is  that  it 
seems  to  provoke  the  above  reflections,  and  at 
the  same  time  to  suggest  its  own  explanation 
instead  of  inviting  misunderstanding. 

In  recounting  the  various  metaphysical 
difficulties  that  have  stood  in  the  way  of  a 
broader  acceptance  of  Single  Tax  principles, 
Dr.  Young  rightly  places  first  the  conflict  of 
ideas  between  George's  definition  of  "the 
rightful  basis  of  property"  as  being  rooted 
in  a  man's  right  to  himself  and  his  labor,  or 
what  he  called  "natural  rights,"  and  the 
opposite  idea  so  strongly  upheld  by  Huxley, 
Ritchie,  Ely,  and  others,  which  denies  the 
reality  of  natural  rights  and  derives  all  rights 
from  social  utility.  There  is,  it  must  be  con- 
fessed, an  apparent  paradox  or  antinomy 
here;  but  to  one  who  has  not  acquired  a 
mechanical  turn  of  mind  through  habitual 
logic-chopping,  and  who  has  retained  some- 
thing of  the  power  of  intuitive  perception, 
there  persists  the  suspicion  that  the  contra- 
diction is  only  a  seeming  one,  and  can  be 
resolved  in  thought  if  not  in  argument.  May 
it  not  be,  one  instinctively  asks,  that  each  of 
the  apparently  contradictory  concepts  is  con- 
tained in  the  other  ?  In  accepting  and  follow- 
ing either  to  its  furthest  conclusions,  is  it  not 
possible  or  probable  that  we  shall  find  our- 
selves reaching  the  other?  If  we  concede  to 
the  orthodox  student  of  social  problems  the 
postulate  that  social  utility  is  the  final  test 
and  justification  of  human  rights,  it  is  hardly 
conceivable  that  the  adoption  of  this  principle 
could  lead  us  to  an  infringement  of  the  other 
principle  that  wealth  should  be  left  in  the 
hands  of  him  who  produces  it.  If,  on  the 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


349 


other  hand,  we  start  from  an  acceptance  of  \ 
what  George  called  natural  rights,  and  deter- 
mine to  respect  them,  it  is  equally  inconceiv- 
able that  this  could  lead  to  any  inutility; 
rather  do  the  probabilities  indicate  that  the 
highest  social  utility  would  be  subserved  in 
this  way.  On  the  whole,  therefore,  the  seem- 
ing paradox  appears  hardly  worth  the  effort 
of  discussion.  We  are  probably  dealing  once 
more  with  the  opposite  aspects  of  the  same 
truth  as  seen  from  different  points  of  view, — 
like  the  assumed  opposition  between  justice  ; 
and  expediency,  which  all  moralists  know  to 
be  a  false  one,  nothing  being  in  the  end  just 
that  is  not  expedient  and  nothing  expedient 
that  is  not  just. 

On  one  point  only  we  venture  to  join  issue 
with  Dr.  Young,  and  this  merely  as  to  the 
interpretation  of  an  indisputable  fact.  Some 
Single  Taxers  have  recently  exhibited  a  tol- 
erance if  not  a  sympathy  for  income  taxes; 
but  this  we  believe  does  not  "signify  a  ten- 
dency to  relax  the  strictness  of  the  phrase 
single  tax,  or  presage  a  weakening  of  the  view 
that  condemns  all  taxes  but  land  taxes,  on 
a  priori  grounds. "  Impatience  with  the  blun- 
derings  and  injustices  incident  to  the  attempts 
to  enforce  property  taxes  upon  those  "intan- 
gible" forms  that  can  be  easily  hidden  has  ' 
engendered  a  willingness  to  countenance  any  ! 
method  of  revenue-raising  that  promises  to 
be  better  than  the  prevailing  system. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  Dr.  Young's  book  j 
will  serve  the  double  purpose  of  an  appeal  to 
that  greater  public,  the  people  of  all  classes 
who  in  the  last  resort  are  the  custodians  of 
the  public  conscience,  for  an  unbiassed  con- 
sideration of  the  Single  Tax  philosophy ;  and 
as  a  note  of  friendly  warning  to  Single  Taxers 
to  learn  by  their  past  failures  as  well  as  by 
their  successes,  as  to  the  attitude  it  were 
wisest  to  adopt  in  the  future.  It  may  be 
that  a  patient  education  of  the  public  mind, 
with  all  the  advantage  of  a  probable  reflex 
action  upon  the  minds  of  the  educators  them- 
selves, will  in  the  end  be  the  more  direct 
method  of  achieving  the  objects  aimed  at.  If 
it  is  indeed  a  fundamental  and  eternal  truth 
that  underlies  the  idea  of  the  Single  Tax,  the 
compelling  power  of  such  a  truth  should 
require  no  aid  from  diplomacy,  policy,  cun- 
ning, or  any  of  the  powers  that  fear  the  light. 
There  should  be  no  need  to  conceal  the  remot- 
est implications  of  such  a  truth,  to  whatever 
conclusions  that  they  may  seem  to  point.  We 
heartily  commend  this  latest  contribution  to 
the  literature  of  the  Single  Tax  movement. 
AT.KX,  MACKENDRICK. 


PROBLEMS  AXD  LESSOXS  OF  THE  WAR.* 

During  the  course  of  each  academic  year 
there  is  held  at  Clark  University  a  conference 
upon  some  large  problem  of  world  politics. 
Having  become  an  institution,  this  conference 
attracts  notable  groups  of  publicists,  diplo- 
mats, university  professors,  and  other  persons 
interested  in  international  affairs.  And  the 
several  volumes  of  papers  and  discussions 
which  preserve  the  proceedings  of  the  con- 
ference form  interesting  and  valuable  addi- 
tions to  the  fast-growing  literature  of  a 
critically  important  subject. 

One  can  well  believe  that,  as  President  G. 
Stanley  Hall  reports  in  his  "Foreword"  to 
"The  Problems  and  Lessons  of  the  War,"  it 
was  not  without  some  natural  hesitation  that 
the  authorities  of  the  University  approved  the 
plan  to  devote  the  conference  of  December, 
1915,  to  a  topic  that  "has  aroused  throughout 
the  world  an  intensity  of  feeling  and  a 
diversity  of  opinion  which  is  without  prece- 
dent in  history,"  namely,  the  causes,  char- 
acter, and  meaning  of  the  war  in  Europe. 
The  plan,  however,  was  admirably  conceived. 
For  if  sane  and  impartial  discussion  of  the 
subject  can  be  had  anywhere,  it  is  most  likely 
to  be  within  the  precincts  of  academic  walls ; 
and  the  cataclysm  was  not  so  new  but  that 
it  was  beginning  to  be  possible  for  scholarly 
men  to  view  it  with  some  degree  of  perspec- 
tive. Notwithstanding  initial  misgivings,  the 
conference  was  eminently  successful,  in 
respect  not  only  to  the  representative  char- 
acter of  the  persons  who  participated  in  it 
but  also  to  the  spirit  which  prevailed  and  the 
high  quality  of  most  of  the  addresses 
delivered. 

Under  the  editorship  of  Professor  Blakeslee, 
twenty-three  of  these  addresses  and  papers 
are  gathered  in  a  volume  entitled  "The 
Problems  and  Lessons  of  the  War."  In  addi- 
tion to  a  "Foreword"  by  President  Hall, 
discussing  briefly  the  psychology  of  the  war, 
there  is  an  Introduction  by  Professor 
Blakeslee,  containing  a  useful  survey  of  the 
proposed  solutions  of  the  war  problem.  The 
twenty-three  papers  fall  into  eight  groups. 
Six  relate  to  the  question  of  preparedness; 
four  to  economic  aspects  of  war;  five  to  pro- 
posals for  restricting  or  eliminating  war ;  two 
to  the  "test"  of  war;  two  to  the  relation  of 

*  THE  PROBLEMS  AND  LESSONS  OF  THE  WAR.  Clark 
University  Addresses,  1915.  Edited  by  George  H.  Blakeslee. 
New  York:  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $2. 

NATIONALISM  AND  WAR  IN  THE  NEAR  EAST.  By  a 
Diplomatist.  Edited  by  Lord  Courtney  of  Penwith.  New 
York:  Oxford  University  Press.  $4.16. 

THE  RESTORATION  OF  EUROPE.  By  Alfred  H.  Fried. 
Translated  by  Lewis  Stiles  Gannett.  New  York:  The 
Macmillan  Co.  $1. 


350 


THE    DIAL 


[November  2 


naturalized  Americans  to  the  present  conflict ; 
two  to  the  British  and  German  points  of  view ; 
one  to  the  effect  of  the  war  upon  Pan-Amer- 
ican cooperation ;  and  one  to  the  influence  for 
peace  of  the  Red  Cross  work.  It  is  equally 
impossible  to  characterize  in  general  terms  a 
group  of  papers  of  such  extensiveness  and  to 
speak  of  individual  contributions  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  others.  But  when  it  is  stated  that 
included  among  the  authors  are  Norman 
Angell,  George  Haven  Putnam,  "William  E. 
Walling,  Roger  W.  Babson,  Rear  Admiral 
Chadwick,  Samuel  J.  Elder,  Kuno  Francke, 
and  Senhor  de  Oliveira  Lima,  some  idea  is 
conveyed  of  the  nature  and  worth  of  the 
book.  It  may  be  added  that  with  practically 
no  exceptions  the  contributors  have  taken 
their  task  —  or  their  opportunity  —  seriously, 
and  that  the  volume  is  pregnant  with  the  best 
of  contemporary  thought  in  this  country  upon 
both  the  war  in  Europe  and  the  lessons  of  the 
conflagration  for  the  United  States. 

When,  a  number  of  years  ago,  the  work  of 
the  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International 
Peace  was  organized,  provision  was  made  for 
a  Division  of  Economics  and  History,  under 
the  directorship  of  Professor  John  B.  Clark, 
of  Columbia  University,  having  as  its  purpose 
to  "promote  a  thorough  and  scientific  investi- 
gation of  the  causes  and  results  of  war."  In 
1911  the  Division  convoked  at  Berne  a  con- 
ference of  statesmen  and  economists  which 
drew  up  an  ambitious  programme  of  investi- 
gations pertinent  to  the  Division's  objects. 
One  of  these  investigations  had  to  do  with 
"the  conditions  under  which  the  last  wars  in 
the  Balkans  were  begun  and  waged,  the  situ- 
ation in  which  they  left  the  combatant  states, 
and  the  prospects  of  the  future  which  might 
be  anticipated  as  possible  and  probable. "  This 
piece  of  work  was  entrusted  to  a  European 
scholar  and  diplomat  whose  name  has  been 
kept  from  the  public;  and  the  recently  pub- 
lished volume  entitled  "Nationalism  and  War 
in  the  Near  East"  is  the  fruit  of  the  investi- 
gation. Lord  Courtney  of  Penwith,  who  edits 
the  volume,  assures  us  that  the  author  knows 
the  Near  East  at  first  hand,  that  he  "has 
moved  in  and  out  among  Chancelleries,"  and 
that,  in  short,  he  has  special  qualifications  for 
the  task  committed  to  him.  It  would  seem 
very  desirable,  however,  that  the  mask  of 
anonymity  should  have  been  dropped. 

The  book  was  written  before  the  outbreak 
of  the  Great  War  in  1914;  and  on  that 
account  several  passages  in  it — for  example, 
one  wherein  the  position  of  the  Prince  of 
Wied  is  described  as  very  secure  and  satis- 
factory— now  make  curious  reading.  The 
author's  keenness  of  perception,  however,  is 


demonstrated  by  his  interpretation  of  the 
Near  Eastern  situation  as  one  which  was  very 
likely  to  be  productive  of  a  conflict  of  the 
greater  powers.  In  content  the  volume  is 
substantially  a  study  of  the  connection 
between  nationalism  and  war,  as  exhibited  in 
recent  events  in  the  Near  East;  and  the 
author  expressed  the  hope  that  the  picture 
which  he  painted  would  suggest  some  warn- 
ings to  Western  civilization  of  the  fool's 
paradise  in  which  Europe  was  at  the  time 
living.  In  the  excessive  development  of 
nationalism  the  author  finds  the  fundamental 
cause  of  modern  war ;  and  it  may  be  remarked 
that  in  a  paper  by  Professor  Krehbiel,  in  the 
above-mentioned  "Problems  and  Lessons  of 
the  War,"  the  same  conception  is  set  forth 
with  convincing  effect.  Nationalism,  we  are 
told,  has  been  more  prone  to  war-like  expres- 
sion in  Eastern  Europe  than  in  Western 
Europe,  because  the  former  is  less  highly 
developed.  But  even  in  the  West  the  fail- 
ure of  democracy  to  assert  its  control  over 
diplomacy  has  meant  that  nationalism  has 
continued  to  maintain  a  basis  essentially  mili- 
taristic and  to  be  continually  provocative  of 
war.  Only  "the  re-establishment  of  the  inter- 
national structure  on  a  sounder  foundation" 
can  prevent  the  recurrence  of  armed  conflict. 

The  chief  importance  of  this  admirably 
planned  and  executed  volume  lies  in  its  inter- 
pretation of  the  Near  Eastern  conditions  im- 
mediately antedating  the  present  war.  These 
conditions  furnished  the  occasion,  and  to  a 
considerable  extent  the  remoter  causes,  of  the 
conflict.  "It  is,"  the  author  affirms,  "the 
expansive  force  of  the  South  Slav  nationality 
communicating  itself  to  Russia  that  has 
exploded  the  mines  and  magazines  with  which 
diplomatists  and  militarists  had  sapped  the 
foundations  of  the  European  social  structure. 
The  South  Slavs  have  been  the  fighting  slaves 
and  the  farming  serfs  of  Central  Europe  for 
centuries,  and  it  is  their  struggle  for  freedom 
that  has  upset  the  European  equilibrium  and 
set  in  motion  the  mobilization  machines.  It 
is  in  part  a  visitation  for  the  sins  of  their 
fathers  toward  the  nations  of  the  Near  East 
that  to-day  the  freemen  of  Europe  are  being 
rounded  up  by  millions,  railroaded  to  the 
front,  and  fed  to  the  machine  guns." 

A  useful  feature  of  the  volume  is  a  liberal 
collection  of  diplomatic  documents  covering 
Balkan  affairs  in  the  years  1912-13.  Alto- 
gether, the  enterprise  of  the  Foundation  and 
the  work  of  the  anonymous  author  must  be 
commended  without  reserve. 

For  a  number  of  years  Dr.  Alfred  H.  Fried 
has  been  numbered  among  Europe's  keenest 
thinkers  and  ablest  writers  on  international 


1916] 


351 


affairs.  During  decades,  indeed,  he  has  been 
attacking  medisevalism  and  militarism  in  the 
German  and  Austrian  Empires.  A  quarter 
of  a  century  ago  he  assisted  in  the  formation 
of  the  German  Peace  Society.  For  fifteen 
years  he  published  the  Friedens-Warte 
("Watch-tower  of  Peace)  in  Berlin,  and  since 
the  outbreak  of  the  present  war  he  has  con- 
tinued it  in  Zurich.  He  has  written  a  score 
of  books,  the  best  known  in  America  being 
"Der  Kaiser  und  die  Weltfriede" ;  and  in 
1911  he  was  awarded  the  Nobel  Peace  Prize. 

A  new  volume  by  Dr.  Fried,  entitled  "The 
Restoration  of  Europe,"  takes  rank  easily 
among  the  sanest  and  most  thoughtful  of  the 
hundreds  of  books  whose  publication  has  been 
prompted  by  the  war.  In  a  chapter  on  the 
causes  of  the  contest  the  author  sets  up  the 
thesis  that  the  war  is  the  logical  outcome  of 
the  kind  of  "peace"  that  preceded  it,  and  in 
succeeding  chapters  he  abundantly  substanti- 
ates his  thesis  by  analyzing  the  international- 
anarchy  which  blind  adherence  to  the  prin- 
ciple of  nationalism  has  entailed.  In  a 
trenchant  chapter  on  the  conflict's  lessons  to 
date  he  urges  that,  with  a  view  to  the  future 
prevention  of  war,  the  present  struggle  be 
studied  very  closely,  in  its  economic  and  socio- 
logical, and  not  merely  its  military,  aspects. 
Among  the  lessons  which,  it  is  affirmed,  the 
war  has  enforced  already  are  the  fallacy  of 
the  time-honored  maxim  Si  vis  pacem  para 
bell  urn.  the  ineffectiveness  of  attempts  to 
humanize  and  regulate  warfare,  the  empti- 
ness of  the  notion  that  war  is  but  a  wholesome 
blood-letting  and  that  there  is  something 
romantic  about  it,  the  impossibility  under 
present-day  conditions  of  localizing  an  inter- 
national conflict,  and  the  tendency  of  modern  j 
warfare  (as  M.  Jean  Bloch  pointed  out  twenty 
years  ago)  to  be  indecisive  in  its  results. 

Finally,  Dr.  Fried  writes  inspiringly  of  the 
reconstruction   which,   as  he  hopes,  will  be  j 
undertaken  when  the  war  shall  close.     The  | 
world,  he  says,  must  not  be  satisfied  to  have  j 
the  war  end  in  a  peace;  it  must  insist  that  j 
there  be  established  a  durable  peace — that  the  j 
war  shall  destroy  its  own  source,  international 
anarchy,  and  result  in  the  establishment  of  a 
rational  state-system.     A  first  conference  of  i 
the  powers  must  arrange  a  cessation  of  hostil- 
ities,  through   the   medium   of  an   ordinary 
treaty  of  peace ;  but  a  second  must  bring  into 
being  a  new  European  international  organi- 
zation.   In  the  building  up  of  the  new  Euro-  ' 
pean  state-system  compulsion  must  not  enter. 
Rather  the  stimulant  must  be  national  self- 
interest.  And  it  is  suggested  that  a  reasonably 
close  analogy  to  the  cooperative  union  which 
is  to  be  desired  is  the  Pan- American  system 


of  the  western  hemisphere.  With  this  new 
order  must  come  a  complete  transformation 
of  the  character  of  diplomacy,  a  sharp  relaxa- 
tion of  the  "antiquated  conception"  of  sover- 
eignty, an  abandonment  of  the  system  of 
alliances  whereby  the  great  states  have  been 
set  off  one  against  another,  and  a  regeneration 
of  the  political  press.  Europe,  in  short,  must 
be  recognized  in  a  Cooperative  Union,  with 
Pan-European  Conferences  and  a  Pan-Euro- 
pean Bureau,  affording  the  instrumentalities 
whereby  the  nations  may  discuss  together  and 
reach  conclusions  upon  their  policies  and 
interests.  The  programme  may  appear 
impracticable,  but  Dr.  Fried  advocates  it  con- 
vincingly ;  and  stranger  things  have  happened 
than  that,  in  its  essentials,  it  should  be 

realized.  _ 

FREDERIC  AUSTIN  OGG. 


RECEXT  FICTIOX.* 


I  remember,  even  after  thirty  years  or 
more,  the  surprise  with  which  I  listened  to 
a  man  of  the  finest  literary  taste,  who  was 
enthusiastic  about  a  book  which  told  how  a 
number  of  Englishmen  had  the  most  exciting 
adventures  in  the  jungles  and  veldts  of  South 
Africa,  in  their  effort  to  find  certain  mines 
of  gold  which  had  been  unknown  for  cen- 
turies, in  fact  since  the  time  of  King  Solomon. 
It  seemed  very  strange  that  a  man  who  got 
pleasure  out  of  Trollope  and  Hardy,  James 
and  Howells,  should  care  for  what  appeared 
to  be  simply  a  story  of  adventure.  Yet  my 
friend  was  not  exceptional  in  that  respect,  but 
indeed  was  an  early  though  typical  voice  in 
the  general  acclaim  of  popular  approval  which 
greeted  the  work  of  Rider  Haggard,  Steven- 
son, Kipling,  Conan  Doyle,  and  many  more 
whom  we  remember  to-day  better  than  the 
milder  Blacks  and  Walfords  and  Norrises 
whom  they  rather  displaced  in  the  popular 
mind.  Fiction  in  1886,  say,  had  got  so  much 
the  color  of  everyday  life  that  there  were 
those  who  thought  it  monotonous  (in  fact, 
even  tedious),  and  gray  or  drab.  Stevenson 
in  "A  Penny  Plain  and  Twopence  Colored" 
pointed  out  that  we  really  like  color  better 
than  plainness,  and  he  himself  offered  his 
generation  plenty  of  the  color  that  he  liked, 
as  well  as  other  things. 

*  THE  ROMANCE  OF  THE  MAKTIN  CONNOR.  By  Oswald 
Kendall.  Boston:  Houghton  Mifflin  Co.  $1.25. 

THE  LEOPARD  WOMAN.  By  Stewart  Edward  White.  New 
York:  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.  $1.35. 

MULTITUDE  AND  SOLITUDE.  By  John  Masefield.  New  York: 
Macmillan  Co.  $1.36. 

THE  TURTLES  OF  TASMAN.  By  Jack  London.  New  York: 
Macmillan  Co.  $1.25. 

THE  FURTHER  SIDE  OF  SILENCE.  By  Sir  Hugh  Clifford. 
New  York:  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.  $1.35. 


352 


THE    DIAL 


[November  2 


That  change  in  popular  and  artistic  taste 
has  often  seemed  something  particular,  of  its 
own  day  and  generation,  a  turning-point  in 
literary  history,  a  sign  of  "romantic  reac- 
tion, "  and  so  forth,  but  in  reality  it  was  but  a 
marked  manifestation  of  a  very  general  char- 
acteristic. There  are  always  people  who  like 
the  excitement  of  adventure,  just  as  there  are 
always  people  who  like  the  observation  of  cur- 
rent existence;  sometimes  there  are  more  of 
one  kind,  sometimes  of  the  other.  But  there 
are  always  both  kinds;  in  fact,  generally, 
each  individual  is  in  varying  degree  of  both 
kinds.  There  are  plenty  of  people  to-day  who 
read  with  excitement  Mr.  Arnold  Bennett's 
chronicles  of  the  Five  Towns  and  also  Mr. 
Joseph  Conrad's  restless  tales  of  the  Malay 
Islands  and  the  South  Seas.  Certainly  al- 
though there  are  plenty  of  novels  of  current 
life  nowadays,  one  can  also  pick  out  of  the 
new  books  plenty  of  stories  of  adventure, — 
as  well  as  of  romance  and  mystery,  those 
other  delightful  matters  so  often  mentioned 
together. 

Few  such  tales  are  more  entertaining  than 
"The  Romance  of  the  Martin  Connor,"  by 
Oswald  Kendall,  the  story  of  an  expedition 
of  an  ocean  tramp  steamer  into  the  remote 
divagations  of  the  upper  Amazon.  It  seems 
an  eccentric  combination,  the  tossings  about 
in  the  ocean  and  the  confused  complications 
of  the  tropical  jungle,  but  just  that  eccen- 
tricity seems  characteristic  of  the  Amazon 
which  has  at  once  the  vastness  of  the  ocean 
and  the  seclusion  of  the  forest.  Mr.  Kendall 
appreciates  this  thoroughly  and  uses  his  abil- 
ities easily  in  both  ways;  the  account  of  the 
typhoon  is  fine  and  so  is  that  of  the  myste- 
rious reaches  of  the  upper  river.  But  what 
will  leave  the  strongest  impression  in  the 
reader's  mind  is  the  curious  assortment  of 
humanity  that  has  gathered  itself  together  in 
the  "Martin  Connor."  "We  have  at  once  such 
a  sympathy  with  them  that  it  is  a  great 
delight  to  feel  sure  that  they  will  get  safely 
through  all  their  difficulties,  and  a  great 
pleasure  finally  to  know  that  they  all  attained 
at  the  end  a  successful  competence,  for  which 
they  doubtless  cared  less  than  we  should. 
"Cert'nly  Wilfred"  the  cook  is  the  bright 
particular  star,  but  the  others  are  very  worthy 
associates,  and  all  together  they  make  such  a 
sensible  and  cordial  combination  that  in  spite 
of  a  certain  amount  of  kickings,  beatings,  and 
poundings,  the  story  is  a  good  tonic  for  the 
mind  depressed  about  the  condition  of  things 
at  sea  as  it  is  presented  by  various  more  real- 
istic adventurers  in  current  fiction.  That 
seems  a  very  good  thing ;  if  you  can  get  your 
story  of  adventure  with  anything  amusing  or 


interesting  in  the  way  of  character  thrown  in, 
so  much  the  better.  There  surely  ought  to  be 
something  beside  adventure  even  in  a  story  of 
adventure,  perhaps  a  view  of  some  new  kind 
of  country  that  seems  strange  but  interesting 
to  us  who  stay  at  home,  perhaps  a  view  of 
some  form  of  human  feeling  that  seems  out  of 
the  way  and  fine  to  us  who  have  got  accus- 
tomed to  the  ordinary  forms  of  current  life. 
One  may  get  both  from  Mr.  Kendall's  tale, 
and  perhaps  it  will  be  that  that  makes  his 
book  a  bit  more  than  a  story  of  exciting 
things. 

Something  of  the  same  sort  might  be  said 
of  Mr.  White's  book  of  African  adventure, 
except  that  Mr.  White  is  a  pretty  well-known 
figure  in  our  world  of  letters,  and  known 
for  other  things  than  exciting  doings  and  inci- 
dents. He  has  given  us  many  an  impression 
of  the  vast  forests  and  plains  to  the  north  of 
us,  as  well  as  of  the  mountain  country  in  the 
west.  Of  late  he  has  been  in  Africa  and  it 
is  no  surprise  to  have  from  his  pen  this  story 
of  the  land  of  which  he  has  otherwise  written. 
This  is  a  story,  by  a  man  who  knows  the  land 
of  the  veldt  of  equatorial  Africa,  not  a  forest, 
yet  not  open,  sunbaked  and  yet  full  of  life. 
Into  the  midst  of  this  unknown  region  go  the 
people  of  Mr.  White 's  story.  One  must  admit, 
though  it  is  not  very  important,  that  the 
people  rather  lack  the  novel  freshness  of  the 
sailor  men  of  Mr.  Kendall's  story, —  Kingozi 
the  African  traveler,  the  Leopard  Woman  her- 
self, Winkleman  the  scientist,  though  not 
exactly  conventional,  have  not  the  touch  of 
originality  that  one  feels  in  Cert'nly  Wilfred 
and  Captain  Hawkes.  Winkleman  is  the  best, 
the  great  hunter  is  rather  conventional,  and 
the  Leopard  Woman  rather  too  extraordinary. 
But  that  is  a  slight  matter  in  such  a  book, 
of  which  the  main  thing  is  to  be  that  it  is 
to  show  us  exciting  incidents  and  phases  of 
life  in  a  strange  and  out  of  the  way  corner  of 
the  now  too  well  known  surface  of  the  earth. 
Here  in  the  remote  depths  of  unknown  Africa 
come  influences  from  the  chaos  of  European 
life  to-day.  England  and  Germany  are  each 
bent  on  gaining  over  the  great  M'tela,  an 
almost  mythical  ruler  who  holds  great  terri- 
tories on  a  needed  line  of  communication. 
There  certainly  is  good  material  even  for  a 
lesser  hand  than  Mr.  White's.  That  I  feel 
something  wanting  in  the  book  probably  comes 
from  a  middle-aged  spirit  that  will  not  be 
satisfied  with  the  excitements  of  incidents  and 
the  alleviations  of  suspense.  I  cannot  but 
ask  for  some  more  actual  touch  of  the  way 
people  live  and  feel  in  that  remote  and  savage 
and  even  appalling  country,  some  actual  touch 
of  the  European  in  Africa  and  of  the  native 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


353 


African  himself.  But  that  was  perhaps  out- 
side of  Mr.  White's  plan,  in  spite  of  two  or 
three  African  figures  and  the  excellent 
account  of  the  adventures  with  the  magic 
bone.  The  curiosities  of  a  wonderful  scene, 
the  exhilaration  of  plans  carried  through 
despite  determined  opposition,  these  were  the 
main  things  in  mind,  and  though  his  story  is 
not  without  its  touches  of  reality  either 
European  or  African,  its  main  interest  will 
be  as  a  story  of  adventure. 

This  will  not  be  said  of  "Multitude  and 
Solitude,"  one  of  Mr.  Masefield's  earlier  books 
now  republished.  Though  spoken  of  as  a 
story  of  adventure,  and  though  much  of  the 
action  takes  place  in  Africa,  yet  the  adven- 
tures are  really  those  of  the  spirit,  and  the 
scene  is  really  that  of  the  human  soul.  It  is 
indeed  almost  by  false  pretences  that  the  book 
finds  a  place  along  with  such  others  as  Mr. 
White's  and  Mr.  KendaU's.  Roger  Naldrett 
is  a  man  whose  life  is  absorbed  in  the  love  of 
a  beautiful  woman  and  in  the  excitement  of 
the  art  of  letters.  He  meets  disappointment. 
That  his  play  is  boo'd  by  a  commonplace 
audience  is  not  disastrous,  but  that  Ottalie 
should  be  drowned  means  an  absolute  wreck 
of  everything.  It  is  under  such  influences 
that  he  strangely  gets  in  mind  the  thought  of 
the  sleeping-sickness  in  Africa,  and  is  led  to 
a  determination  to  try  to  do  something  worth 
while  in  the  fight  against  that  terrible  scourge. 
In  following  out  this  idea  he  does  go  to  Africa, 
and  in  Africa  there  are  adventures.  But  it 
is  neither  adventures  nor  Africa  that  were  of 
chief  interest  to  the  author,  nor  will  they  be 
to  the  reader.  Mr.  Masefield  seems  to  have 
been  feeling  his  way  in  the  great  question, 
What  is  worth  while  in  life  ?  It  is  not  enough 
if  life  is  full  of  motor-cars  and  golf.  It  is  not 
enough  that  there  should  be  sport  and  war. 
Is  it  enough  even  if  it  be  full  of  plays  and 
poetry  ?  Is  it  enough  even  if  it  have  the  love 
of  one  so  fine  as  Ottalie  ?  Much  the  same  sort 
of  question  may  come  in  a  minor  way  into  the 
mind  of  one  who  reads  books.  Mr.  Masefield 
was  searching  for  something  worth  while.  To 
get  at  something  worth  while, —  it  was  that 
which  led  Roger  and  his  friend  and  guide  into 
those  distant  and  lonely  and  appalling  regions 
where  he  was  enabled  to  do  his  little  part  in 
the  general  struggle  of  those  who  would  put 
humanity  a  little  way  ahead  in  the  great 
progress  of  centuries. 

Mr.  Jack  London's  last  collection  is  a  very 
characteristic  one.  It  shows  us  Jack  London, 
not  in  all  his  phases,  but  in  many.  There  is 
the  tale  of  the  big  California  ranch,  the  tale 
of  the  prehistoric  tribe,  of  the  winter  trails 
of  the  Yukon,  of  the  down-and-out  hobo,  of 


the  mismanaged  institution,  of  the  pseudo- 
metaphysical  and  philosophic  explorer  of  the 
secrets  of  existence.  Nor  does  Mr.  London 
seem  at  all  conventional  in  following  these 
trails  wherein  he  has  walked  before;  affec- 
tion does  not  seem  to  stale  his  infinite  variety. 
He  has  the  same  terse  vigor  with  which  he 
presents  the  point  which  seems  to  him  worth 
while.  For  some  point  there  generally  appears 
to  be;  he  generally  has  something  in  mind 
beside  the  interest  of  the  people  or  the  inci- 
dents he  tells  about.  I  should  like  to  read 
him  better  if  I  were  more  apt  to  agree  with  his 
points.  It  may  not  be  a  very  critical  ground 
to  take  —  that  one  does  not  like  the  philosophy 
of  the  story-teller.  Certainly  the  lover  of 
adventure  finds  himself  in  something  of  a 
dilemma  in  "The  Turtles  of  Tasman,"  the 
story  which  gives  its  name  to  the  book.  In 
this  sketch  we  have  a  modern  form  of  the 
Prodigal  Son  and  his  Elder  Brother.  There 
is  no  father  in  this  case,  so  that  the  contrast 
is  more  obvious  than  in  the  original.  Here 
are  two  brothers,  good  examples,  the  one  of 
the  vigorous  and  intelligent  citizen,  the  other 
of  the  attractive,  indeed  entrancing  adven- 
turer. Mr.  London  takes  an  almost  unfair 
advantage  by  allowing  the  returned  prodigal 
a  daughter  of  irresistible  charm  and  dash, 
while  the  millionaire  stay-at-home  has  an 
heiress  whom  nobody  can  care  about  in  more 
than  a  formal  way.  That  is  heaping  it  up  a 
little,  but  we  might  as  well  take  conditions  as 
we  find  them.  The  story  certainly  suggests 
the  question  why  not  all  be  adventurers? 
Indeed  I  suppose  that  question  must  some- 
times occur  even  to  us  older  readers  of  books 
of  adventure.  If  it  is  such  fun  going  up  the 
Amazon  or  across  the  veldt  or  into  the  jungle, 
and  if  it  also  brings  out  all  that  is  fine  and 
loveable  and  attractive  in  a  man,  why  do  we 
timidly  stick  to  our  slippers  and  our  chimney 
corner,  and  satisfy  our  longings  with  sterile 
emotive  and  abortive  fancies?  Mr.  London, 
of  course,  is  perfectly  consistent ;  he  has  not 
done  so,  and  does  not,  and  in  this  story  he 
tells  us  why.  The  reader  may  perhaps  be 
able  to  work  out  the  puzzle  for  himself. 

If  in  dealing  with  such  ideas,  the  reader 
desires  to  know  a  little  something  about  what 
the  life  of  adventure  really  is,  he  may  be 
recommended  a  reading  of  Sir  Hugh 
Clifford's  "The  Further  Side  of  Silence." 
This  collection  of  stories  and  sketches  of  life 
in  the  Malayan  peninsula  is  a  very  striking 
thing,  for  it  gives  us  almost  at  first  hand  a 
picture  of  actual  life  in  what  is  quite  as  good 
a  field  for  adventure  as  the  Amazon  or  the 
veldts  or  jungles  of  Africa  or  the  Yukon. 
These  stories  have  been  compared  with  those 


354 


THE    DIAL 


[November  2 


of  Mr.  Conrad,  but  this  must  be  chiefly 
because  Mr.  Conrad  and  Sir  Hugh  are  telling 
stories  of  much  the  same  sort  of  country,  so 
that  some  of  the  same  general  figures  may  be 
seen  in  each.  But  with  that  resemblance 
ceases,  and  that  for  the  reason  that  while 
Mr.  Conrad  almost  always  looks  on  the  Malay 
life  from  the  outside,  as  a  European,  Sir 
Hugh  comes  very  near  to  presenting  it  from 
the  inside,  as  near  as  any  European  can 
come.  Such  a  story  as  "At  a  Malayan  Court" 
gives  me,  at  least,  a  more  vivid  idea  than 
even  Mr.  Conrad's  art  of  what  life  actually 
is  in  such  a  place.  When  one  reads  these 
stories  of  native  life,  the  tales  of  the  adven- 
tures of  white  men,  say  in  the  same  unknown 
country,  seem  slight  and  sophisticated.  If  you 
compare  Mr.  White's  account  of  how  Cul- 
bertson  shot  a  rhinoceros  and  Sir  Hugh's 
story  of  how  a  tiger  did  up  a  household  of 
seven  Malayans  you  will  feel  a  difference.  A 
life  of  adventure,  as  we  think  of  it,  is  a  life 
where  exciting  things  are  always  likely  to 
happen.  But  in  these  lives  of  actual  and 
invariable  contest  and  struggle  with  rude 
nature  and  rude  man  there  is  a  fierce  inten- 
sity that  seems  somehow  more  the  real  thing 
than  one  can  get  in  any  temporary  excursion 
into  the  African  veldt  or  the  South  American 
forest.  It  is  terribly  in  earnest;  it  is  not 
so  much  adventure  as  tragedy.  It  is  playing 
a  game  with  the  odds  against  one;  playing 
for  keeps,  as  the  boys  used  to  say,  and  pretty 
deadly  keeps  at  that.  But  whether  so  or 
not,  it  is  an  immensely  interesting  collection 
of  stories  and  well  worth  reading  for  other 
reasons  than  the  natural  love  of  exciting 
incident.  It  has  the  touch  of  vitality  that 
does  so  much  to  make  fiction  absorbing  in  its 
interest,  whether  it  deal  with  exciting  adven- 
tures in  the  strange  places  of  the  earth  or 
the  simpler  existence  in  the  quiet  life  of 

home.  .„   TT 

EDWARD  E.  HALE. 


ox  NEW  FICTIOX 


A  story  of  a  small  town  in  Ireland,  with  its 
petty  jealousies,  its  prejudices,  and,  above  all,  its 
gossip  —  such  is  "Mr.  Wildridge  of  the  Bank,"  by 
Lynn  Doyle  (Stokes,  $1.30).  The  awakening  of 
the  town  through  the  agency  of  Anthony  Wild- 
ridge,  who  mingles  love  with  finance  in  a  not 
altogether  incongruous  way,  is  the  "reason"  for 
the  novel.  It  is  interesting  as  a  study  of  char- 
acter and  local  color.  The  characters,  although 
many  are  somewhat  extreme,  are  well  portrayed; 
their  movements  are  quite  germane  to  the  plot. 


Mr.  E.  Phillips  Oppenheim,  in  "The  Kingdom 
of  the  Blind"  (Little,  Brown,  $1.35),  has  produced 
another  of  those  entertaining  yarns  which  mark 
him  in  the  favor  of  those  who  love  a  story  for  the 
sake  of  what  Stevenson  has  called  the  "brute 
incident."  Few  men  to-day  write,  not  so  great  a 
novel  but  so  good  a  tale,  as  Mr.  Oppenheim  has 
produced  in  some  quantities.  "The  Kingdom  of 
the  Blind"  is  a  moving  tale  of  hairbreadth  'scapes 
by  land  and  sea,  not  the  least  narrow  of  which 
is  that  of  the  hero  and  his  beloved  (enshrined  also 
in  the  villain's  affections,  of  course)  from  a 
British  hospital  ship,  torpedoed  in  the  Channel  by 
the  directions  of  this  same  villain,  Captain  Granet, 
of  the  British  Army  and  the  German  Secret  Intelli- 
gence Service.  The  treachery  of  a  great  British 
statesman  and  financier,  a  Zeppelin  raid,  and  some 
views  of  London  society  during  the  war  are  com- 
ponents of  this  very  readable  story. 

"The  Bird  House  Man,"  by  Walter  Pritchard 
Eaton  (Doubleday,  Page,  $1.35),  is  acclaimed  on 
its  wrapper  as  "a  charming  story  of  a  New  Eng- 
land village,  of  the  love  stories  that  make  up  its 
life,  and  of  the  Bird  House  Man  who  is  a  friend 
to  every  flower  and  bird,  and  whose  specialty  is 
making  matches  and  mending  hearts."  From 
which  qualification  it  may  be  judged  what  manner 
of  book  "The  Bird  House  Man"  may  be.  Senti- 
mentalism  run  riot  is  the  pith  of  the  work.  This 
Bird  House  Man,  without  visible  means  of  support 
other  than  a  vast  capacity  for  rambling  about  the 
woods  with  a  pair  of  field-glasses,  appears  as  the 
arbiter  amorum  of  Southmead,  and  consummates 
within  the  compass  of  some  three  hundred  and 
fifty  pages  so  many  matches  among  the  youth  of 
his  neighborhood,  and  among  those  not  so  young 
as  well,  that  one  lays  aside  the  book  with  the 
thought  that  he  will  be  forced  to  an  Alexandrine 
sigh  for  more  worlds  to  marry.  The  book  is 
recommended  to  all  who  revel  in  sentimentality. 

The  writer  who.  engages  upon  the  construction  of 
an  historical  novel  must  meet  certain  difficulties, 
often  enumerated  by  the  critics,  not  the  least  of 
them  being  the  problem  of  the  language  his  char- 
acters shall  employ.  Emerson  Hough  has  been 
hard  put  to  it,  in  the  matter  of  the  speech  of 
Aaron  Burr,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Meriwether  Lewis, 
and  sundry  other  great  figures  of  American  history 
whom  he  employs  in  "The  Magnificent  Adventure," 
(Appleton,  $1.35).  There  is  material  in  the 
explorations  of  Lewis  and  Clark  and  in  the 
unhappy  love  of  Captain  Lewis  and  Theodosia 
Burr  for  a  novel  of  really  great  qualities,  but 
Mr.  Hough  has  been  unable  to  turn  it  to  the  best 
account.  Thomas  Jefferson  as  the  President  of  the 
United  States  is  the  most  moving  figure  in  the 
book;  Meriwether  Lewis  is  compact  of  mysticism 
and  rant, —  no  very  good  qualities  for  a  man  who 
really  bore  so  large  a  distinction  in  the  annals  of 
this  country.  There  is  less  of  gratification  to  the 
reader  in  "The  Magnificent  Adventure"  than  has 
been  found  in  some  of  Mr.  Hough's  earlier  novels. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


355 


BOOKS. 


and  their 


BRIEFS  ox 


It  is  a  satisfaction  and  a  delight 
to  meet  with  so  conscientious 
and  skilful  a  workman  in  words 
as  Mr.  James  P.  Kelley.  He  is  an  enthusiast 
in  his  love  for  those  apples  of  gold  in  pictures 
of  silver,  words  fitly  spoken  —  or  written.  To 
him  "the  pursuit  of  fitness  and  force  in  the 
use  of  words  is  no  irksome  drudgery.  .  . 
Words  are  natural  objects,  real  as  rocks  or 
lilies;  they  are  endlessly  interesting  and 
delightful.  The  wealth  and  wonder  of  them 
is  the  heritage  of  all  mankind."  Thus  he 
speaks  in  the  preliminary  chapter  to  his 
"Workmanship  in  Words"  (Little,  Brown,  & 
Co.,  $1.  )  ,  a  handy  little  book  of  precepts  and 
examples  —  not  least  of  all,  warning  examples.  : 
He  divides  his  treatise  into  four  sections 
under  the  headings:  "Grammatical  Pro- 
priety," "Clearness,"  "Ease,"  and  "Force," 
and  illustrates  his  point  quite  as  often  by 
quoting  errors  as  by  citing  instances  of  the 
right  usage.  Not  even  the  masters  and 
teachers  escape  his  censure;  they,  too,  are 
fallible.  Charles  Eliot  Norton,  Matthew 
Arnold,  Lowell,  Professor  Lounsbury,  even 
Walter  Pater  and  the  poet  Milton,  with  many 
more  among  those  to  whom  we  have  looked 
for  guidance  in  our  use  of  English,  are 
unsparingly  shown  to  be  somewhat  short  of 
perfect  in  their  written  utterance.  The  book 
is  a  good  "bracer"  for  those  who  are  prone 
to  literary  lapses  —  grammatical,  syntactical, 
or  of  whatever  sort.  All  who  write  are  more 
or  less  erring;  but  Mr.  Kelley  is  perhaps  too 
gloomy,  too  censorious,  in  his  view  of  the  pres- 
ent state  of  English  writing.  Writers  have  in 
all  ages  been  faulty  creatures;  but  the  fact 
that  the  worst  of  them  have  perished,  and 
also  that  many  of  the  solecisms  of  the  past 
have  become  the  correct  forms  of  the  present, 
is  too  often  overlooked  in  any.  comparative 
estimate  of  past  and  present  writers  in  this 
matter  of  careful  English.  Yet  it  is  better 
to  err  on  the  side  of  severity  than  on  that  of 
lenity  in  a  castigatory  treatise  like  Mr. 
Kelley  's.  _ 

There  is  one  glory  of  the  new 
Poetry,  and  another  of  the  old- 
fashioned  sort,  and  another  (it 
may  be)  of  the  kind  that  is  neither  poetry 
nor  prose;  for  one  form  of  verse  differeth 
from  another  in  glory.  Without  instituting 
invidious  comparisons,  one  may  heartily  com- 
mend the  style  of  verse  that  flows  so  readily 
from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Edgar  A.  Guest,  and 
one  may  at  the  same  time  rejoice  that  he  has 
found  leisure  to  provide  rhymes  for  all  his 


lines.  He  chooses  the  old  familiar  themes  of 
domestic  joys  and  sorrows,  the  ups  and  downs 
of  life,  the  high  hopes  and  the  grievous  disap- 
pointments common  to  our  lot.  Those  who 
like  Will  Carleton  and  James  Whitcomb 
Eiley  will  not  dislike  Mr.  Guest.  His  book, 
"A  Heap  o'  Livin'  "  (Eeilly  &  Britton  Co., 
$1.25.),  is  by  no  means  his  first  appearance  in 
print,  and  to  his  old  friends  he  needs  no  intro- 
duction. Let  those  who  still  have  before  them 
the  pleasure  of  making  his  acquaintance  try 
his  quality  in  such  poems  of  the  present  col- 
lection as  "My  Creed,"  "Spring  in  the 
Trenches,"  "The  Other  Fellow,"  "Father," 
and  "Mother."  The  verses  entitled  "Canning 
Time"  are  savory  of  the  autumn's  fruitage. 
"Opportunity"  surpasses  the  well-known 
older  poem  of  the  same  name  in  that  the  knock 
at  one's  door  is,  with  truth,  represented  as 
not  a  single  and  never-to-be-repeated  sum- 
mons. "At  Sugar  Camp"  disappoints  the 
New  England  reader  in  giving  no  hint  of  the 
sweet  delights  of  maple-sugar  making,  though 
the  glad  freedom  of  the  return  to  nature  and 
the  simple  life  is  well  depicted.  Here  and 
there  the  book  shows  a  limping  line,  perhaps 
not  oftener  than  in  many  a  greater  poet,  but 
in  some  instances  the  limp  could  easily  have 
been  cured.  In  a  writer  so  much  to  one's 
liking  even  slight  blemishes  cause  regret. 


uncritical  ^  "Great  Spiritual  Writers  of 

studies  of,  America"    (Paul  Elder  &  Co., 

native  vmters.        ^  cr.*    ,,     /.  TT        i-      -IT,    » 

$1.50), Mr. George  Hamlin  Fitch 
attempts  to  introduce  sixteen  chosen  American 
authors  to  any  unfortunate  who  has  no 
knowledge  of  our  better  literature.  The 
choice  of  works  suggested  for  first  acquaint- 
ance and  the  brief  working  bibliographies 
are  in  most  cases  good.  The  criticism  is  of 
the  sort  which  may  place  a  half-dozen  super- 
latives on  a  page.  While  a  little  over-praise 
doubtless  piques  the  interest  of  an  apathetic 
reader,  it  may  be  questioned  if  too  much  does 
not  defeat  the  author's  purpose.  Unfortu- 
nately Mr.  Fitch,  like  so  many  essayists  who 
write  of  literary  matters  for  the  untrained 
public,  has  not  thought  it  necessary  to  be 
accurate.  The  first  sentence  of  the  first  essay 
credits  Sydney  Smith's  question  "Who  reads 
an  American  book?"  to  Jeffrey.  Even  more 
surprising  are  misstatements  regarding  the 
contents  of  works  that  the  author  praises  and 
that  he  might  be  supposed  to  have  read  with 
care.  To  cite  but  a  few  examples:  Poe's 
"Descent  into  the  Maelstrom"  is  not  a  tale 
"of  horror  dealing  with  the  great  maelstrom 
that  was  once  popularly  supposed  to  be 
located  at  the  poles"  (p.  35)  ;  Hawthorne's 


356 


THE    DIAL 


[November  2 


Songs  of 
the  Russian 
peasants. 


Hester  did  not  flee  from  her  husband  "for 
love  of  Arthur  Dimmesdale,"  nor  can  it  be 
said  that  "the  guilty  couple  sought  a  refuge" 
in  New  England  (p.  44).  The  inscription 
found  over  Oakhurst's  body  at  the  close  of 
"The  Outcasts  of  Poker  Flat"  is  sadly  muti- 
lated and  misquoted  (p.  124).  Justly  or 
unjustly,  the  journalist  in  literature  has  in 
recent  years  been  accused  of  many  sins,  but 
he  has  usually  been  praised  for  a  well-knit 
sentence  structure.  In  view  of  Mr.  Fitch's 
long  newspaper  career  it  seems  odd  to  note 
his  apparent  fondness  for  a  type  of  sentence 
of  which  the  following  is  an  example:  "In 
these  years  he  constantly  practiced  writing 
verse,  and  in  1827  he  issued  a  first  volume  of 
poems  through  a  Boston  publisher,  entitled 
Tamerlane,  but  it  excited  no  comment."  The 
illustrations  are  well  chosen,  but  some  of 
the  inserted  prints  are  rather  muddy;  and 
in  general  the  publisher  seems  to  have  planned 
a  finer  piece  of  bookmaking  than  he  was  able 
to  realize.  

The  vogue  for  things  Russian, 
from  the  writings  of  Tolstoy  and 
Gogol  and  Sologub  to  the  danc- 
ing of  the  Imperial  Ballet,  has  of  course 
extended  to  Eussian  music.  For  some  time 
we  have  been  familiar  with  Tchaikovsky  and 
Zolotarieff  and  Karatygin  and  Rimsky-Korsa- 
koff  and  Moussorgsky,  in  operatic  or  sym- 
phonic or  solo-instrumental  form.  Lately, 
moreover,  there  have  been  published  a  few 
collections  of  songs  by  composers  well  known 
in  Russia  but  here  heard  for  the  first  time. 
With  hardly  an  exception  these  collections 
have  included  only  songs  of  definitely  artis- 
tic quality,  such  as  are  heard  and  sung  only 
by  Russians  of  intellect  and  culture.  As 
interest  in  Russia  and  the  Russians  grows, 
however,  it  is  quite  natural  that  there  should 
arise  a  demand  for  something  representative 
of  the  great  mass  of  Russians,  the  common 
people.  This  want  has  been  supplied  in  the 
field  of  literature:  a  characteristic  of  the 
Russian  writers  known  on  this  side  is  their 
nearness  to  the  soil.  In  music,  we  have  had 
but  few  collections  of  folk-songs;  one  of  the 
first  is  "Songs  of  the  Russian  People,"  edited 
by  Kurt  Schindler  and  published  in  the 
"Musicians'  Library"  (Ditson,  $1.).  The 
lyrics,  translated  by  Jane  and  Deems  Taylor, 
are  either  set  to  the  traditional  melodies  or 
to  arrangements  by  modern  composers,  and 
are  for  mixed  voices.  Many  of  the  ballads 
date  back  to  mediaeval  times ;  all  of  them  are 
sung  to-day  by  the  Russian  peasants.  The 
translators  seem  to  have  kept  as  closely  as 
possible  to  Russian  feeling  and  diction.  The 


music,  with  its  unexpected  stresses  and 
unfamiliar  cadences,  and  its  melodies  as  often 
as  not  in  the  bass,  embodies  many  character- 
istics of  Russian  sacred  music,  such  as  may  be 
heard  in  the  ancient  Gregorian  chorals  of  the 
Moscow  Cathedral  Choir.  The  question  as  to 
which  influenced  the  other  might  prove  an 
agreeable  topic  for  discussion  by  the  cognos- 
centi; but  the  fact  that  the  music  and  the 
words  are  of  Russia,  and  of  the  Russian  com- 
mon people,  will  be  sufficient  justification  for 
the  present  volume  with  the  average  American 
musician.  

The  title  under  which  M. 
Maeterlinck's  recent  essays  and 
speeches  appear  in  the  English 
version,  "The  Wrack  of  the  Storm"  (Dodd 
Mead,  $1.50.),  is  a  little  misleading.  The 
reader  expects  to  find  a  violent  diatribe;  he 
takes  up  the  book  with  reluctance,  anticipat- 
ing horror  piled  on  horror.  An  agreeable 
surprise  awaits  him;  the  tone,  even  of  the 
earlier  essays,  written  under  the  stress  of 
the  first  shock,  is  one  of  restraint.  Ger- 
many is  condemned,  at  times  with  bitter- 
ness, but  the  rare  invective  that  there  is 
lacks  the  fiery  power  of  that  of  Verhaeren, 
for  example.  As  a  polemicist  M.  Maeter- 
linck is  a  failure.  Like  Ismene,  he  was 
born  to  love,  not  to  hate.  In  his  Preface  he 
tells  us  that  he  has  tried  to  lift  himself  above 
the  fray,  and  he  regrets  that  he  could  not 
succeed.  "It  is  possible  that  one  day,  when 
time  has  wearied  remembrance  and  restored 
the  ruins,  wise  men  will  tell  us  that  we  were 
mistaken  and  that  our  standpoint  was  not 
lofty  enough;  but  they  will  say  it  because 
they  will  no  longer  know  what  we  know,  nor 
will  they  have  seen  what  we  have  seen."  M. 
Maeterlinck  sees  first  of  all  man's  heroism, 
individual  and  national,  sustaining  in  the  ser- 
vice of  idealism  an  ordeal  to  which  history 
can  furnish  no  equal.  He  finds  comfort  in 
the  thought  that  the  world  has  become  infin- 
itely richer  as  a  result.  "All  that  our  won- 
derful dead  relinquish  they  bequeath  to  us; 
and  when  they  die  for  us,  they  leave  us  their 
lives  not  in  any  strained  metaphorical  sense, 
but  in  a  very  real  and  direct  way.  Virtue 
goes  out  of  every  man  who  falls  while  per- 
forming a  deed  of  glory;  and  that  virtue 
drops  down  upon  us ;  and  nothing  of  him  is 
lost  and  nothing  evaporates  in  the  shock  of  a 
premature  end.  He  gives  us  in  one  solitary 
and  mighty  stroke  what  he  would  have  given 
us  in  a  long  life  of  duty  and  love."  This  is 
the  note  that  has  always  pervaded  M.  Maeter- 
linck's work  and  that  one  meets  so  frequently 
in  Belgian  literature  to-day.  Aside  from  the 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


357 


essays  which,  like  that  quoted,  prove  that 
M.  Maeterlinck's  philosophy  has  not  deserted 
him  in  this  terrible  crisis,  the  most  striking 
in  the  collection  are  perhaps  those  entitled 
-On  Re-reading  Thucydides,"  "The  Will  of 
Earth,"  and  "When  the  War  Is  Over."  In 
the  first  he  establishes  a  parallel  between  the 
position  of  France  against  Germany  and  that 
of  Athens  against  Lacedaemon ;  at  the  end  he 
quotes  with  tremendous  effectiveness  from 
Pericles 's  eulogy  of  the  dead.  The  underly- 
ing idea  of  the  second  is  Emerson's  distinc- 
tion between  the  law  for  man  and  the  law 
for  things.  The  third  essay  outlines  for  the 
victors  the  attitude  they  must  take  after  the 
war  to  assure  lasting  peace.  The  first  work 
ever  published  by  M.  Maeterlinck,  "The 
Massacre  of  the  Innocent,"  concludes  the  vol- 
ume. Written  with  the  aim  of  reproducing 
the  episodes  of  a  sixteenth  century  picture 
in  the  Brussels  Museum,  it  seems  now  to  the 
author  a  sort  of  prophetic  vision  of  tragedies 
that  were  to  stain  with  blood  many  a  Belgian 
village  of  the  twentieth.  The  name  of  the 
translator,  Mr.  Alexander  Teixeira  de  Mattos, 
is  a  guarantee  of  good  work,  and  the  volume 
is  singularly  free  from  the  marks  of  haste 
that  mar  so  many  books  whose  success  seems 
to  depend  on  immediate  publication.  One 
notices  only  an  occasional  misprint. 


A  baffling 
genius. 


A  study  of  Thoreau  in  the 
unpremeditated  pages  of  his 
copious  "Journal"  must  yield  a 
more  faithful  image  of  the  man  than  can  any 
amount  of  reading  in  his  books  addressed  to 
the  public.  Not  until  recently  has  this  trans- 
cript of  the  real  Thoreau  been  open  to  gen- 
eral scrutiny,  and  therefore  it  is  not  until 
this  moment  that  we  have  had  so  careful  a 
searching  of  its  pages  in  quest  of  his  essential 
qualities  as  is  undertaken  by  Mr.  Mark  van 
Doren  in  "Henry  David  Thoreau:  A  Criti- 
cal Study"  (Houghton  Mifflin,  $1.25).  While 
in  Thoreau 's  "Cape  Cod"  and  "Walden"  and 
other  books  the  file  is  assiduously  used  and 
"every  sentence  is  the  result  of  a  long  proba- 
tion," as  he  himself  confesses,  in  the  rambling 
unconsecutiveness  of  his  diaries  there  is  much 
both  of  voluntary  and  involuntary  self- 
portrayal  and  self -betrayal ;  and  in  the  whole 
one  arrives  at  some  sense  of  the  writer's 
temper.  This  is  what  we  desire  to  know  and 
feel,  as  Mr.  van  Doren  says,  not  the  vagaries 
and  paradoxes  that  he  indulges  in  for  effect 
rather  than  as  the  sincere  expression  of  him- 
self. But  to  put  into  words  this  essential 
quality  is  only  partially  possible.  So  far  as  it 
could  be  done,  it  has  been  well  done  by  this 
latest  interpreter  of  an  extremely  baffling 


personality.  As  the  author  says  of  him,  "if 
read  as  scripture,  as  some  of  his  friends  read 
him,  or  as  madman,  as  Lowell  read  him,  he 
will  yield  nothing.  He  cannot  be  taken  lit- 
erally any  more  than  a  wild  odor  can  be  seized 
and  kept."  If  careful  study  of  every  avail- 
able scrap  of  writing  from  Thoreau 's  prolific 
pen  and  an  equally  thoughtful  pondering  of 
most  that  has  been  written  about  him  can 
qualify  one  to  understand  and  interpret  the 
Walden  hermit,  then  Mr.  van  Doren  should 
be  adjudged  a  competent  critic  of  Thoreau. 


Germany  at 
a  republic. 


Mr.  Walter  Wellman?s  "The 
German  Republic  "  ( Dutton,  $1. ) 
is  a  book  of  curious  aspect.  It  is 
addressed  to  the  German  people,  "whom  the 
world  has  loved  and  in  whom  the  world  still 
has  faith."  It  consists  of  a  somewhat  fanciful 
glorification  of  the  German  stock  and  the 
German  achievements,  an  imaginary  "ad- 
dress" of  a  congress  of  delegates  from  the 
twenty-six  German  states  apologizing  abjectly 
for  the  errors  of  the  past  and  craving  the  for- 
giveness and  future  cooperation  of  the  world, 
a  "declaration  of  self-government"  adopted 
by  delegates  come  together  to  found  the  Ger- 
man Republic,  and  an  account  of  the  setting 
up  of  the  new  political  regime,  not  stopping 
at  a  touching  description  of  the  installation 
of  the  dethroned  Kaiser  as  Prince  of  Heligo- 
land "with  nominal  powers"  and  of  the  gath- 
ering of  half  of  Berlin  at  the  railway  station 
to  bid  the  royal  family  farewell,  the  Kaiser 
meanwhile  being  moved  to  tears  by  the  good 
will  and  magnanimity  of  his  former  subjects ! 
The  book  was  put  forward  in  all  seriousness, 
but  the  most  that  can  be  said  for  it  is  that 
it  injects  a  touch  of  humor  into  a  grim  subject. 


A»o*rce-book 
of  early  E 

"^ 


Professor  Allen  R.  Benham 
proves  his  courage  when  he 
introduces  his  source-book  of 
"English  Literature  from  Widsith  to  the 
Death  of  Chaucer"  (Yale  University  Press, 
$2.50)  with  a  quotation  from  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells. 
However,  this  lapse  in  no  way  invalidates  the 
scholarly  character  of  the  work,  which  is,  as 
the  author  points  out,  a  genuine  source-book, 
and  not  an  anthology  or  a  text-book.  The 
plan  is  simple  and  admirably  adequate.  The 
text  is  divided  into  two  sections,  "From  the 
Beginnings  to  the  Norman  Conquest"  and 
"From  the  Norman  Conquest  to  the  Death  of 
Chaucer,"  the  material  in  each  section  being 
grouped  under  the  following  heads:  I.,  The 
Political  Background  ;  II.,  Social  and  Indus- 
trial Background;  III.,  The  Cultural  Back- 
ground; IV.,  The  Linguistic  Background;  V., 


358 


THE    DIAL 


[November  2 


Literary  Characteristics;  and  VI.,  Representa- 
tive Authors.  Those  whose  interest  is  pri- 
marily in  the  Old  English  period  will  wonder 
at  the  proportion  observed, —  barely  one- 
third  of  the  book  (139  pages  of  the  total  613) 
is  devoted  to  the  four  hundred  years  before 
the  Norman  Conquest;  the  rest  deals  with 
the  three  hundred  years  after  the  Conquest. 
When  it  is  remembered  that  the  century  and 
a  half  after  the  Conquest  was  almost  utterly 
barren  of  English  activity,  the  disproportion 
becomes  all  the  more  surprising.  Examina- 
tion of  the  contents  shows  the  reason  for  this 
defect.  The  great  body  of  Old  English  poetry 
attributed  to  Cynewulf  and  his  school  is 
entirely  disregarded,  while  even  Beowulf 
receives  scant  attention.  No  doubt  the  author 
finds  less  of  source-interest  in  the  poetry  than 
in  the  prose  of  the  early  centuries;  yet  the 
reader  cannot  avoid  the  conclusion  that  the 
book  lacks  balance  because  the  writer's  main 
interest ,  and  specialized  knowledge  were  in 
Middle  English.  With  this  exception,  the 
work  is  all  that  such  a  book  should  be,  being 
faultlessly  arranged  and  wholly  trustworthy. 
Its  physical  make-up  is  no  less  satisfactory. 


„  ,  .         Professor  E.  N.  S.  Thompson's 

Referenceafor  -.«-.,.  Am       •      i    i-»'i_ 

the  study  of  "John  Milton :  A  Topical  Bib- 
liography" (Yale  University 
Press)  is  a  work  of  much  practical  value.  It 
is  not  in  any  sense  a  complete  bibliography, 
but  rather  a  compilation  of  selected  refer- 
ences. The  range  of  subjects  has  been  deter- 
mined largely  by  Milton's  personal  interests, 
but  there  is  also  much  to  direct  the  reader  to 
authentic  information  on  the  many  social  and 
political  shiftings  of  seventeenth  century 
England.  Along  with  the  titles  of  contem- 
porary documents  bearing  on  a  special  topic 
appear  references  to  scholarly  works  of  to-day 
upon  the  same  subject,  so  that  theoretically 
at  least  each  group  demonstrates  the  devel- 
oped opinion  of  modern  scholarship.  Yet  the 
scholar  and  bibliophile  will  find  the  work  only 
partially  useful.  Professor  Thompson  has 
given  no  detailed  description  of  early  edi- 
tions, not  even  the  titles  of  any  except  those 
commonly  listed.  Of  critical  studies,  only 
complete  works  or  distinctly  valuable  essays 
find  place  in  the  scant  hundred  pages,  for 
nothing  further  was  contemplated  in  the  com- 
piler's plan.  The  British  Museum  Catalogue 
—  oddly  omitted  here  —  still  stands  as  the 
best  guide  for  eighteenth  century  editions, 
translations,  and  second-rate  writings  of  the 
older  critics.  The  initiated  will  grieve  over 
some  of  the  natural  results;  for  example, 
they  will  unhappily  note  that  requirement  of 


space  for  references  on  travel,  and  on  the 
sonnet,  elegy,  and  masque  as  literary  types, 
shut  out  edition-titles  that  prove  the  Tonsons 
influential  in  increasing  Milton's  early  repu- 
tation. They  will  perhaps  be  disturbed  to  see 
arbitrary  dating  of  Elizabethan  dramas  hith- 
erto placed  only  tentatively,  or  to  find  Evelyn 
and  Pepys  dated  only  by  the  years  of  pub- 
lication of  their  famous  Diaries.  This  sub- 
ordination of  detail  is,  however,  justifiable, 
for  the  work  is  precisely  what  is  professed 
in  the  preface  —  "an  adequate  outline  guide 
for  the  study  of  Milton  and  the  period  in 
which  he  lived."  The  variety  of  topics 
treated  sufficiently  demonstrates  the  author's 
knowledge  of  the  period,  and  the  titles 
included  under  separate  headings  represent 
the  careful  winnowings  of  a  scholar. 


Like  many  other  expressions  in 
liabilities  of  the  terminology  01  Anglo- 
**••  American  jurisprudence,  "civil 
law"  has  several  distinct  meanings.  As  used 
in  Mr.  Charles  Z.  Lincoln's  book,  "The  Civil 
Law  and  the  Church"  (Abingdon  Press),  the 
expression  enjoys  its  broadest  meaning  and 
indicates  the  actual  law  of  the  state  as  con- 
trasted with  the  internal  regulations  of  vol- 
untary societies,  especially  those  important 
voluntary  societies  known  as  churches.  This 
well-produced  volume  of  more  than  one  thou- 
sand pages  is  not  offered  as  anything  other 
than  a  practical  hand-book  for  lawyers  and 
judges.  The  great  majority  of  so-called  text- 
books on  legal  subjects  published  in  recent 
years  are  simply  digests  disguised  in  the 
logical  form  of  text-books.  With  commend- 
able sincerity  and  wisdom,  Mr.  Lincoln  has 
adopted  the  traditional  form  of  digests. 
Topics  to  the  number  of  145  have  been  selected 
and  arranged  alphabetically,  from  "Actions" 
to  "Young  Men's  Christian  Association." 
Most  of  these  topics  are  subdivided,  the  sub- 
divisions also  being  arranged  alphabetically. 
An  Index  proves  helpful  in  furthering  the 
accessibility  of  the  contents.  Mr.  Lincoln's 
book  is  unquestionably  the  most  complete  and 
serviceable  guide  to  modern  case-law  in  Eng- 
lish-speaking countries  affecting  the  rights 
and  liabilities  of  religious  organizations.  No 
fewer  than  1650  cases  from  the  appellate 
courts  of  the  United  States,  England,  and 
Canada  are  digested.  Although  this  is  a  law 
book  and  reveals  a  studied  effort  on  the  part 
of  the  author  to  be  concise,  at  the  same  time 
it  contains  a  surprisingly  large  amount  of 
history  as  well  as  of  law.  The  judges  of  our 
appellate  courts  are  not  supposed  to  act  as 
historians;  but  in  deciding  the  innumerable 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


359 


controversies  of  factious  Christianity,  these 
judges  have  necessarily  paid  much  attention 
to  the  history  of  ecclesiasticism.  Mr.  Lincoln 's 
book  emphasizes  the  importance  from  a  purely 
historical  standpoint  of  our  case-law  litera- 
ture.   

ror  student  of  ^^  admirable  handbook  for  a 
international  course  in  international  relations 

relations.  .  ,        ,  .       .  _  .,XT 

is  accurately  descriptive  of  "Na- 
tionalism, War  and  Society"  (Macmillan, 
$1.50),  by  Dr.  Edward  Krehbiel,  Professor  of 
Modern  History  in  Leland  Stanford  Junior 
University.  In  fact,  some  of  the  material  is 
drawn  from  a  syllabus  which,  with  Dr.  David 
Starr  Jordan  as  co-author,  Dr.  Krehbiel  pub- 
lished several  years  ago  through  the  World 
Peace  Foundation.  The  present  volume  makes 
no  attempt  to  present  an  original  study  of  the 
questions  suggested  by  its  title;  on  the  con- 
trary, the  author's  plan  is  to  outline  all  the 
aspects  of  the  subjects  which  he  thinks  ger- 
mane. The  result  is  a  full  brief,  with  logical 
divisions,  which  can  serve  as  the  ground-work 
for  a  college  course  or  popular  lectures. 
These  would  come  under  three  main  heads: 
"Nationalism,  Its  Character,  Fallacies,  and 
Faults'";  "Modern  Political  and  Social 
Changes  and  their  Beaction  on  National 
Rivalries";  and  "Progressive  Forces  which 
Seek  to  Overcome  the  Faults  of  Nationalism 
and  Establish  an  Order  of  Things  in  Agree- 
ment with  the  Evolution  of  Society."  This 
latter  portion  of  the  volume  is  the  most  inter- 
esting, dealing  as  it  does  with  the  Hague 
Courts  and  the  various  schemes  (such  as  the 
programme  of  the  League  to  Enforce  Peace) 
now  suggested  to  keep  the  nations  from 
resorting  to  war.  The  volume  as  a  whole, 
however,  is  well  worth  while.  The  lists  of 
peace  publications  and  societies  are  especially 
good,  and  will  suffice  to  introduce  the  reader 
to  all  the  accessible  literature.  Norman  Angell 
contributes  an  introduction  to  Professor 
Krehbiel 's  book,  reiterating  his  well-known 
thesis  as  to  the  dangers  of  half-preparedness. 
It  "is  a  pernicious  and  dangerous  fallacy" 
that  "our  arms  are  simply  for  the  defence  of 
our  soil,  for  repelling  invasion,  and  that  if 
we  only  be  strong  enough,  our  policy  cannot 
endanger  us."  On  the  contrary,  in  order  to 
preserve  the  peace,  it  must  be  made  abun- 
dantly clear  for  what  purposes  our  military 
and  naval  strength  will  be  used,  and  "a  suc- 
cessful American  international  policy  must 
be  the  outcome  of  widely  expressed  public 
opinion. " 


TOPICS  ix  LEADIXG  PERIODICAL-. 

November,  1916. 


Agricultural  Revolution,  The.  Carl  Vrooman  .  Century 
Agriculture  after  the  War.  H.  J.  Hughes  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Air  Service,  Our  Military  and  Naval  .  .  .  World's  Work 
Alaskan  Railway,  Progress  of.  H.  T.  Wade  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Alcohol  and  Life  Insurance.  Eugene  L.  Fiske  .  Atlantic 
America  and  World  Peace.  W.  F.  Johnson  .  .  No.  Amer. 
American,  What  Is  an  ?  Richard  Le  Gallienne  .  Everybody's 
Arabs  vs.  Turks.  Isaac  don  Levine  .  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Asepsis,  Pure.  Paul  M.  Chapman  .  .  .  No.  Amer. 
Biology,  Philosophical.  W.  E.  Ritter  .  .  .  Scientific 
Bolhria,  On  Foot  across.  Harry  A.  Franck  .  .  Century 
Bonds, — The  Kind  the  British  Buy  .  .  .  World's  Work 
Buhl,  The,  and  his  Women.  Jean  K.  Mackenzie  .  Atlantic 

Cavalry    of    a    Nation,     The Atlantic 

Clarke.  Justice  John  H.  Burton  J.  Hendrick  World's  Work 
Congress  from  Within.  Katherine  G.  Busbey  .  Pearson 
Crop  Production,  Malaria  and.  D.  L.  Van  Dine  Scientific 
Democracy  and  Diplomacy.  P.  M.  Brown  .  No.  Amer. 
Dollar,  Dove,  and  Vulture.  Theodore  Roosevelt  Metropolitan 
Drama,  The  Busybody  and  the.  L.  Sherwin  .  .  Pearson 

Easter.      Nora    Connolly      .  Atlantic 

Educational  Schemes,  Some  Modern.  A.  E.  Stearns  Atlantic 
Edward  VIL,  Stories  of— IL  Frank  Harris  .  Pearson 
Election,  The  Forthcoming.  George  Harvey  .  No.  Amer. 

Eugenics.      Franz   Boas Scientific 

Explosion  Craters.  N.  H.  Darton  ....  Scientific 
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360 


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In  the  series,  Records  of  Civilization :  Sources 
and  Studies,  edited  by  James  T.  Shotwell,  Ph.D. 

THE  BOOK  OF  THE  POPES 

(Liber  Pontificalis) 

Edited  by  LOUISE  B.  LOOMIS,  Ph.D. 
8vo,  cloth,  pp.  xxii  -f  169.    $X.OO  net 

THE  HISTORY  OF  THE  FRANKS 

By  GREGOEY  BISHOP  OF  TOTJES 

Edited  by  ERNEST  BREHATJT,  Ph.D. 

8vo,   cloth,   pp.   xxv   -f   Z84.     $2.50   net 

Already  published  in  this  series 
HELLENIC  CIVILIZATION 

By  PROFESSORS  G.  W.  BOTSFORD  and 

E.  G.  SIHLER 
8vo,  cloth,  pp.  719.     $8.75  net 

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Some  of  the   Big   Features 
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"Aurora  the  Magnificent,"  by  Gertrude  Hall. 

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Seaman. 

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VOLUMES  NOW  READY 

The  Century  off  the  Renaissance. 

A  lucid  and  lively  narrative  of  events  from  the  death  of 
Louis  XI.  in  1483  to  that  of  Henri  IV.  in  1610. 

The  Eighteenth  Century  in  France. 

Seventy-four  years  of  the  eighteenth  century  are  covered  by 
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The  French  Revolution. 

With  this  volume  the  author  won  the  distinction  which  is  the 
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French  Academy. 

VOLUMES  IN  PREPARATION 

The  Middle  Ages.  By  FR.  FUNCK-BRENTANO. 
The  Great  Century.  By  JACQUES  BOULENGER. 
The  Empire.  By  Louis  MADELIN. 

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the  similar  social  elements  as  transplanted  and  molded  by  the 
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This  volume  presents  the  Constitution  as  a  logical  whole  with 
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fame  to  be  picked  up  by  commentators,  if,  with  the  courage 
given  by  native  exemplars,  her  breed  persists  in  striving  to 
write  well." — World. 


This  volume  is  compiled  for  children  and  not  about  them. 
Mr.  Grahame  has  made  his  collection  chiefly  one  of  lyrical  verse, 
because,  as  he  says,  "As  an  introduction  to  English  Poetry  there 
is  no  better  portal  than  this." 

The  volume  is  indexed  by  authors  and  first  lines ;  the  con- 
tents are  classified. 


The  rich  nature  of  the  recent  evidence  furnished  by  discov- 
eries in  Crete,  Greece,  and  Asia  Minor,  on  the  subject  of  the 
Greek  House  of  the  earliest  and  latest  periods,  has  given  fresh 
impetus  to  the  study.  The  articles  on  the  subject  are,  however, 
scattered  throughout  a  host  of  archaeological  periodicals  in  all 
languages,  many  of  which  are  not  even  accessible  to  the  student. 
Miss  Rider's  volume  is  the  first  continuous  history  or  summary 
of  the  evidence  and  of  the  deductions  drawn  from  it. 

Everybody  has  encountered  scores  of  times  the  phrase,  "the 
seven  wonders  of  the  ancient  world,"  and  has  as  often  let  it  fall 
trippingly  from  the  tongue.  Yet  how  few  people  can  to-day 
rehearse  the  seven — these  seven  wonders  that  awed  ages  which 
produced  the  civilizations  of  Greece  and  of  Rome.  Edgar  J. 
Banks  describes  and  places  them  in  their  proper  setting  of  his- 
tory by  sketching  the  times  and  conditions  that  produced  them. 


In  understandable  language  the  author  sets  forth  truthfully 
and  conscientiously  that  hope  and  encouragement  combined  with 
sound  advice,  which  is  essential  to  improvement  in  all  tubercular 
cases.  The  instructions  are  very  clear,  not  only  as  to  how  to 
avoid  acquiring  tuberculosis,  but  how  to  avoid  giving  it  to  others. 


V    New  York  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons:  London 


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RAUSCHENBUSCH'S 

NEW  BOOK 

The  Social  Principles  of  Jesus 

Just  Issued.     Art  Leather,  SO  cents 


Professor  Rauschenbusch  has 
aroused  thinking  people  every- 
where to  see  the  significance 
and  power  of  social  Christi- 
anity. There  has  been  a  re- 
markable demand  for  his  two 
previous  books:  "Christianity 
and  the  Social  Crisis,"  and 
"Christianizing  the  Social 
Order." 


Vivid  —  Practical  —  Convincing 

This  new  and  important  book  gets  at  the  root  of  Christianity's  relation 
to  the  social  problems  of  the  day  by  revealing  with  force  and  clearness 
the  reality  and  intensity  of  Jesus'  convictions  regarding  social  life,  and 
indicating  His  solutions  of  social  difficulties. 

The  work  is  divided  into  four  parts:  I.  The  Axiomatic  Social  Convictions  of  Jesus. 
II.  The  Social  Ideal  of  Jesus.  III.  The  Recalcitrant  Social  Forces.  IV.  Conquest 
by  Conflict.  Under  each  part  there  are  three  chapters.  Arranged  for  daily  study. 
Scripture  printed  in  full. 

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BIOGRAPHY    AND    MEMOIRS 


MEMORIES 

By  LORD  REDESDALE 

The  New  York  Sun  says:  "A  feast  of  anecdotes,  character  sketches,  diplomatic  embroglio, 
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in  many  a  long  year." 

The  London  Spectator  says:  "A  cultivated  mind,  experiences  in  many  parts  of  the  world, 
humor,  geniality,  and  a  vigorous  memory  have  enabled  Lord  Eedesdale  to  write  one  of  the  best 
books  of  reminiscences  which  have  appeared  in  recent  years." 

The  New  York  Times  says:  "A  fascinating  book  which  owes  not  a  little  of  its  charm  to  the 
genial  temper  of  its  author  and  his  friendly,  cordial  outlook  upon  the  world." 

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2  vols.     Boxed,  $10.00  net 

Granville   Leveson    Gower  (First  Earl  of  Granville) 

Private  Correspondence  1781-1811 

Edited  by  his  daughter-in-law,  CASTALIA  COUNTESS  GRANVILLE 

In  two  vols.  with  portraits  and  illustrations.    Net,  $10.00 

The  New  York  Globe  says:  "As  absorbing  as  a  novel  throughout  is  the  correspondence  of 
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under  the  last  two  English  Georges,  an  eventful  period  for  both  England  and  France.  Often  we 
seem  to  be  at  the  original  source  of  much  that  is  now  history." 


Sixty  Years  of 
American  Life 

By    EVERETT    P.    WHEELER 

An  important  and  interesting  volume  of  reminis- 
cences that  vividly  present  the  changes  —  domestic 
and  municipal,  political,  and  religious — in  the  life  of 
New  York  between  1856  and  1915.  Admirably  fair 
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evolution  of  the  civic  sense — the  book  is  a  most 
essential  document.  Net,  $2.50 

Journals  of  Lady 

Knightley  of  Fawsley 

1856-1884 

Edited  by  JULIA  CARTWRIGHT    (MRS.  ADY) 

Since  the  days  of  Lady  Montague  there  have  been 
no  memories  written  by  an  Englishwoman  that  pos- 
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interested  in  politics,  and  an  intimate  from  childhood 
of  the  court  of  Queen  Victoria,  she  was  fitted  as  were 
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meates it.  Net, 


The  Chevalier 
de  Boufflers 

A  Romance  of  the  French  Revolution 

By  NESTA   H.  WEBSTER 
Author  of   "The  Sheep   Track" 

From  a  full-page  review  by  EARL  CROMER  in  The 
Spectator : 

"Miss  Webster  has  made  the  loves  of  the  Chevalier 
de  Boufflers  and  Mme.  de  Sabran  a  peg  on  which  to 
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the  most  pathetic  episodes  recorded  in  history.  She 
relates  how  the  joyous,  artificial  French  society  of 
the  eighteenth  century,  like  that  of  ancient  Rome, 
was  laughing  when  it  died."  Net,  $4.00 


Nearing  Jordan 

Being  a  Third  Series  of  Sixty  Yvars 
in  the  Wilderness 

By  SIR  HENRY  W.  LUCY 

Personal,  political,  and  parliamentary  recollections 
based  on  the  contemporary  records  of  diaries  and  cor- 
respondence. The  writer  has  many  lights  to  throw 
on  the  inner  workings  of  politics  and  social  life,  for 
observing  which  he  enjoyed  special  opportunities. 

W.  D.  HOWELLS  says :  "I  have  read  the  chapters 
and  wished  you  had  nine  lives  like  a  cat,  and  had 
written  them  every  one.  The  story  is  as  delightful 
as  it  is  varied."  Net,  $S.OO 


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THE  VOICES  OF  SONG 

By  JAMES   W.   FOLEY,  Author  of  "Tale*  of  the  Trail";  "Boys  and  Girl*." 
Introduction  by  Theodore  Roosevelt 

Since  the  death  of  Riley,  Mr.  Foley  has  been  acclaimed  the  representative  poet  of  the  West, 
but  he  is  more  than  that,  as  this  volume  proves.  In  this  collection  of  verse  we  hear  not  merely  the 
voice  of  the  West,  not  even  merely  the  voice  of  our  entire  land,  but  the  voice  of  all  humanity;  in 
these  songs  are  heard  the  tears  and  laughter  of  the  world.  Cloth,  net,  $1.50.  Edition  de  luxe, 
consisting  of  250  copies  printed  on  Japan  Vellum  with  portrait  frontispiece,  each  numbered  and 
signed  by  the  author.  Net,  $6.00 


THE  MOOSE  BOOK 

By  Samuel  Merrill 

Mr.  Merrill's  book  treats  of  every  possible  aspect 
of  the  Moose,  his  history,  his  habitat,  his  traits  and 
habits,  methods  of  hunting  (ancient  and  modern), 
arms,  how  to  preserve  the  heads  and  horns,  with  a 
list  of  the  most  famous  ones  known.  Then  the 
natural  history  claims  attention,  as  well  as  the  posi- 
tion that  this  noble  animal  plays  in  tribal  myths. 
Mr.  Merrill  also  discusses  the  Moose's  connection  with 
the  European  Elk,  and  devotes  several  chapters  to 
drawing  the  differences  between  them. 

This  book  is  excellently  illustrated  with  over  sixty 
pictures,  some  of  which  are  from  the  paintings  of  the 
well-known  sportsman  and  artist,  Mr.  Carl  Rungius. 

Net,  fS.SO 

THE  BLUE  CHINA  BOOK 

By  Ada  Walker  Camehl 

which  makes  a  specialty  of  the  pottery  which  was 
decorated  with  pictures  of  American  historical  events, 
landscapes,  views  of  towns,  etc.,  in  the  early  days  of 
our  country's  history. 

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POETRY 

The  Renascence  of  Wonder 
By  Theodore  Watts-Dunton 

These  two  famous  essays  place  Theodore  Watts- 
Dunton  definitely  in  the  very  front  rank  of  literary 
criticism  in  the  English  language  —  in  fact,  Swin- 
burne, in  Studies  in  Prose  and  Poetry,  called  him 
"The  first  critic  of  our  time  —  perhaps  the  largest 
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THE  RUSSIAN  ARTS 

By  Rosa  Newmarch 

The  Boston  Transcript  says :  "Miss  Newmarch's 
illuminating  volume  is  a  fitting  pendent  to  her  valu- 
able work  on  "The  Russian  Opera.'  " 

Russian  art  has  followed  pretty  much  the  same  line 
of  development  as  the  art  of  other  countries.  It 
began  with  imitation ;  gradually  the  national  indi- 
viduality began  to  make  headway  and  at  the  present 
time  is  in  full  swing. 

Religious  art  especially  kept  strictly  to  conventional 
flatness.  Romanticism  and  Realism  also  had  the  usual 
struggle  for  mastery.  All  these  various  currents  are 
satisfactorily  accounted  _for  by  Miss  Newmarch.  Her 
descriptions  are  charming  and  her  animadversions 
are  sensible  and  sound. 

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The  Katharine  Pyle  Edition  of 

GRANNY'S  WONDERFUL  CHAIR 

Written  by  that  blind  genius  Frances  Browne,  this  wonderful  book  of  fairy  tales  never  grows  old.  For  this 
edition  Miss  Katharine  Pyle  has  made  six  full-page  pictures  in  colors  and  a  large  number  of  pen  and  ink  draw- 
ings. In  this  beautiful  book  Miss  Pyle  has  caught  all  the  dainty,  airy  charm  of  the  text  and  created  something 
that  will  be  a  source  of  delight  equally  to  the  artist  and  to  the  child.  Introduction  by  Katharine  Pyte.  Net,  fS.SO 

AUNT  SADIE'S  RHYMES  AND  RHYME  STORIES 

By  Aunt  Sadie  (Sarah  Phelps  Stokes  Halkett) 

Profusely  illustrated  in  pen  and  ink  drawings    by   the   author,   assisted  by  Harold  Soderston.  Net,   $l.to 

Aunt  Sadie  tells  how  this  book  came  to  be  written : 

"I  had  been  having  trouble  with  my  eyes  which  made  normal  occupations  temporarily  impossible.  I  had 
been  hearing  more  poetry  and  music  than  usual,  and  the  fascination  of  rhythm  suggested  to  me  the  thought  that 
in  the  writing  of  rhymes  for  my  nephews  and  nieces  I  might  find  relaxation. 

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were  so  contagious  and  inspiring  that,  after  that,  the  book  simply  wrote  itself." 

TREASURE  FLOWER:    A  Child  of  Japan 

By  Ruth  Gaines 

A  delightful  book  that  any  child  will  enjoy.  Fragrant  with  the  scented  beauty  of  Japan,  through  which 
moves  The-little-poor-girl-who-became-a-Princess,  the  tale  is  filled  with  legends  of  the  heroes  of  old  time.  The 
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LITTLE  SCHOOLMATES  SERIES 


Edited  by  FLORENCE  CONVERSE 


IN  SUNNY  SPAIN,  by  Katharine  Lee  Bates  ELSBETH,   Germany,  by  Margarethe  Muller 

UNDER  GREEK  SKIES,  by  Julia  D.  Dragoumis         GENEVIEVE,   France,  by  Laura  Spencer  Portor 
A  BOY  IN  EIRINN,  by  Padraic  Colum  KATRINKA,  Russia,  by  Helen  E.  Haskell 

THE  LAIRD  OF  GLENTYRE,  by  Emma  M.  Green  Net,  $l.tS  each 

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Possibly  the  Greatest  American  Historical  Novel 

EL  SUPREMO 

By  Edward  Lucas  White 

One  of  the  greatest  semi-historical  novels  ever  written;  a  book  to  rank  with  "The  Cloister  and 
the  Hearth."  Laid  in  South  America  at  the  beginning  of  the  Nineteenth  Century,  the  story  is 
woven  around  the  commanding  figure  of  one  who  was  undoubtedly  the  most  remarkable  man  ever 
born  on  the  Western  Hemisphere — Franeia,  the  Dictator  of  Paraguay.  "El  Supremo"  is  the  most 
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Julius  LeVallon 

By  ALGERNON  BLACKWOOD 
The  New   York  Globe  says :     "The  story  is  a  mas- 
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the  occult  seem  part  and  parcel  of  daily  life." 

The  Boston  Transcript:  "Few  modern  writers  have 
Mr.  Blackwood's  clear  imaginative  insight." 

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Jaunty  in  Charge 

By  MRS.  GEORGE  WEMYSS 

A  Joyous,  Lovable  Book 

Here  is  everything  that  makes  life  worth  the  living 
— love — laughter — happiness — none  of  the  tragedies. 
It's  good  to  know  such  people — all  striving  to  make 
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Net,  $1.S5 

The  Way  of  All  Flesh 

By  SAMUEL  BUTLER 
Author  of  "Erewhon,"  etc. 

Introduction  by  William  Lyon  Phelps,  Lampson  Pro- 
fessor of  English  Literature  at  Yale 
Arnold  Bennett  says :    "It  is  one  of  the  great  novels 
of  the  World." 

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lectual delight." 

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The  Whirlpool 

By  VICTORIA  MORTON 

Man-made  justice  and  the  criminals  who  play  hide 
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full  of  meaning  and  movement  which  will  bring  the 
reader  face  to  face  with  some  questions  which  civil- 
ization must  answer  soon — or  perish. 

Net,  $1.50 

The  Taming  of  Calinga 

By  C.   L.  CARLSEN 

An  interesting  first  novel  with  the  scene  laid  in  the 
Philippine  Islands,  under  the  lazy,  dishonest  Spanish 
administration. 

The  author  has  entered  an  entirely  new  field,  and 
has  drawn  a  red-blooded  romance  with  great  vividness 
and  certainty. 

Net,  $1.SS 

The  Purple  Land 

By  W.  H.  HUDSON 
Author  of  "The  Crystal  Age" 
Introduction  by  Theodore  Roosevelt 
"Hudson's  work  is  of  great  and  permanent  value. 
He    combines   the    priceless   gift   of   seeing    with   the 
priceless  gift  of  so  vividly  setting  forth  what  he  has 
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before  us  the  wild   rider  of  the  steppes." — Theodore 
Roosevelt. 

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BELLE  JONES: 

A  Story  of  Fulfillment 

By  ALLEN  MEACHAM 

A  little  masterpiece  of  the  spir- 
itual; the  tender  and  touching  tale 
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Written  with  deep  feeling  and  pro- 
found conviction,  this  is  a  book  that 
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A  Christmas  Meditation 

By  LAWRENCE  OILMAN 
A  little  book  written  with  gentle 
understanding ;  expressing  in  its 
printed  word  a  mood  that  many 
men  —  one  might  even  say,  all 
thoughtful  men — have  felt.  Voicing 
an  inarticulate  cry  of  the  soul,  this 
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OF  WATER  AND 
THE  SPIRIT 

By  MARGARET  PRESCOTT 

MONTAGUE 

Author  of  "Home  to  Hitn's  Muvver" 
In  even  the  most  commonplace 
of  us  there  lurks  somewhere  in  the 
depths  a  spiritual  self.  This  is  the 
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THE  CONISTON  CLASSICS 

The  Coniston  Classics  consist  of  forty-nine  volumes  selected  by  us  for 
their  literary  worth  and  universal  appeal.  The  books  you  have  read  or  want 
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MAECUS  AUBELIUS'  MEDITATIONS  LONGFELLOW'S  POEMS 

BACON'S  ESSAYS  MILTON'S  POEMS 

LAMB'S  ESSAYS  OF  ELJA  EMERSON'S  ESSAYS 

BROWN'S  BAB  AND  HIS  FRIENDS  HAWTHOBNE'S  WONDER  BOOK 

BUSKIN'S  SESAME  AND  LILIES  SHAKESPEARE'S  COMEDIES 

SCOTT'S  IVANHOE  SHAKESPEARE'S  TRAGEDIES 

KINGSLEY'S  WESTWARD  HO!  SHAKESPEARE'S  HISTORIES 

GASKELL'S  CRANFORD  IMITATION  OF  CHRIST 

DICKENS'  TALES  OF  TWO  CITIES  DANTE'S  DIVINE  COMEDY 

DICKENS'  DAVID  COPPERFIELD  EMERSON'S  POEMS 

ADAM  BEDE  RAMAYANA 

JOHN  HALIFAX  EPICTETUS 

BLACKMORE'S  LORNA  DOONE  CENTURY  OF  ESSAYS 

LAMBS'  TALES  FROM  SHAKESPEARE  NEW  GOLDEN  TREASURY 

TOM  BROWN 'S  SCHOOLDAYS  HEROIC  VERSE 

A  CHILD'S  BOOK  OF  SAINTS  IBSEN'S  A  DOLL'S  HOUSE 

FAIRY  GOLD  IBSEN'S  THE  PRETENDEBS 

KINGSLEY'S  WATEB  BABIES  KEATS'  POEMS 

LITTLE  FLOWEBS  OF  ST.  FBANCIS  CHRISTIAN  YEAR 

BROWNING'S  RING  AND  THE  BOOK  POE'S  TALES 

TENNYSON'S  POEMS  (2  Vols.)  ANTHOLOGY  OF  PROSE 

BURNS'  POEMS  AND  SONGS  CLOISTER  AND  THE  HEARTH 

PALGRAVE'S  GOLDEN  TREASURY  VANITY  FAIR 

CHAUCER'S  CANTERBURY  TALES  SONGS  AND  BALLADS  FROM  OVER 

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Mr.  H.  G.  Wells'  New  Novel 

NOW  IN  ITS  50th  THOUSAND 

MR.  BRITLING 
SEES  IT  THROUGH 

"The  Great  Novel" 

"Mr.  Britling  Sees  It  Through"  is  to-day  the  best  selling  novel  in  America 
and  England.  This  remarkable  story  that  has  touched  the  hearts  and 
imaginations  of  men  and  women  wherever  it  has  been  read,  is  now  in  the 

SEVENTH  LARGE  EDITION 


200  Reviewers 

have  praised 

Mr.  Britling  Sees  It  Through 

"Remarkable  .  .  .  not  only 
Mr.  Wells'  best  book,  but  the 
best  book  so  far  published  con- 
cerning the  war." — Chicago  Trib- 
une. 

"Tremendous  H.  G. 

Wells'  greatest  achievement  .  .  . 
the  great  novel  of  the  war."— 
N.  Y.  Tribune. 

"A  transparent  portrait  of  Mr. 
Wells — an  amazingly  frank  por- 
trait."— The  Nation. 

"A  great  work.  .  .  A  search- 
ing analysis  of  Humanity's  soul." 
— Boston  Advertiser. 

"A  war  epic  .  .  .  infinitely 
moving  and  potent." — Chicago 
Herald. 

"A  veritable  cross-section  of 
contemporary  English  life." — N. 
Y.  Times. 

"A  powerful,  strong  story  .  .  . 
wonderful  pages  .  .  .  gems  of 
emotional  literature." — Philadel- 
phia Ledger. 

"Mr.  Wells'  greatest  triumph 
.  .  .  a  genuine  novel  of  the 
war." — New  Republic. 

"The  most  significant  and  im- 
pressive book  from  Mr.  Wells' 
pen."— N.  y.  World. 

"Deeply  pathetic  .  .  .  vitalized 
with  robust  comedy  highly  char- 
acteristic."— Boston  Herald. 

"Combines  intellectual  brilliancy 
with  potent  human  appeal." — 
Philadelphia  Press. 


"The  Spirit  of  the  Age" 

Mr.  Britling  Sees  It  Through 

has   been  read  by 
Many  Clergymen 

"Has  made  a  profound  impres- 
sion upon  my  mind  and  heart. 
.  .  .  The  greatest  book  from  Mr. 
Wells'  pen.  .  .  Has  stirred  me  to 
the  very  depths.  I  shall  preach 
this  book  for  many  days  to  come." 
— Rev.  John  Haynes  Holmes, 
Church  of  the  Messiah,  N.  Y.  C. 

"I  regard  the  closing  pages  of 
the  book  as  among  the  most  pow- 
erful Mr.  Wells  has  ever  written. 
I  think  also  that  from  the  re- 
ligious standpoint  these  pages 
have  a  significance  as  showing 
the  trend  of  Mr.  Wells'  mind  to- 
ward a  deeper  and  more  positive 
faith  in  the  spiritual  verities."- — 
Rev.  J.  H.  Jowett,  Fifth  Avenue 
Presbyterian  Church,  N.  Y.  C. 

"I  have  read  it  with  growing 
interest  and  wonder  .  .  .  re- 
markable .  .  .  certainly  will 
give  strength  to  bear  sorrow."' — 
Rev.  Henry  A.  Stimson,  Manhat- 
tan Congregational  Church. 

"My  urgent  advice  to  every 
reader  is  that  he  at  once  buy 
'Mr.  Britling'  and  read  it  through. 
Then  let  him  sit  down  and  read 
it  through  again." — P.  /.  R.  in 
The  Christian  Work. 


England  Finds  Her  Soul 

in 

Mr.  Britling  Sees  It  Through 

"For  the  first  time  we  have  a 
novel  which  touches  the  life  of 
the  last  two  years  without  im- 
pertinence ...  A  really  re- 
markable event  ...  a  proud 
achievement." —  The  London 
Times. 

"Assured  of  immortality.  .  . 
A  revelation  of  our  discovery  and 
disillusion  .  .  .  There  is  no 
keener  or  bolder  or  more  honest 
mind  in  Europe  at  this  moment. 
( certain  scenes )  .  .  .  mark  the 
highest  point  in  the  achievement 
of  Mr.  Wells.  .  .  There  is  nothing 
greater  in  Tolstoy  and  Dostoev- 
sky." — The  London  Star. 

"His  novel  is  great.  .  .  He 
has  caught  the  spirit  of  the  age." 
The  London  Telegraph. 

"In  no  other  contemporary  rec- 
ord will  the  historian  of  these 
days  find  so  accurate  and  vivid  a 
presentation  of  our  emotions  and 
resolves,  our  puzzles,  and  follies, 
our  failures  and  our  national 
greatness.  .  .  A  significant  docu- 
ment of  the  period." — Manchester 
Guardian. 


H.  G.   Wells9  New  Novel 

MR.  BRITLING  SEES  IT  THROUGH 

Important  Note — The  steadily  increasing  cost  of  paper  will  soon 
make  it  imperative  to  advance  the  price  of  Mr.  Wells'  novel. 

BUY  IT  NOW 

THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY,  Publishers,  New  York 


When  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  THE  DIAL 


THE  DIAL 

Jf  ortnigljtlp  journal  of  ILiterarp  Criticism,  Discussion,  ana  information. 


Vol.  LXI. 


NOVEMBER  16,   1916 


No.  7X9 


CONTEXTS. 


ART    AND    THE    MORALISTS:     MR.    D.    H. 

LAWRENCE'S  WORK.    Edward  Garnett  377 

LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IN  FRANCE.     (Special 

Correspondence.)     Theodore  Stanton     .     .  381 

CASUAL   COMMENT       384 

Mark  Twain's  vitality. — The  beginnings  of 
American  drama. — An  eventful  season  for 
collectors. — Cash  prizes  for  literary  work. — 
French  Academy  vacancies. — Vital  statistics 
of  periodicals. — Vocations  of  the  liberally 
educated. —  Libraries  in  war-time. — Where 
terseness  counts.  —  Browning  in  intimate 
intercourse. 

PROBLEMS  OF  AMERICAN  GOVERNMENT. 

Harold  J.  Laslei 387 

MEMORABILIA     DIPLOMATTCA.       W.     H. 

Johnson      .    .    i 388 

TWO  STUDIES   OF   MAETERLINCK.     Benj. 

M.  Woodbridge  .     -. 390 

THE    OXFORD   MOVEMENT   AND   ITS   RE- 
SULTS.    Charles  H.  A.  Wager    .     .     .     .393 

POE'S  HELEN.    Killis  Campbell 395 

RECENT  FICTION.    Edward  E.  Hale  ....  396 
NOTES  ON  NEW  FICTION 398 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 401 

War  and  the  race. — The  stage  as  a  career. 
— Saints'  legends  in  English  literature. — 
The  first  great  English  prose  realist. — 
Essays  of  a  contented  woman. — Docility  as 
a  German  characteristic.  —  An  American 
poet's  boyhood. — A  doctor  of  divinity's 
human  side. 

NOTES  AND  NEWS 404 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  .  .  407 


ART  AND  THE  MORALISTS:  MR.  D.  H. 
LAWRENCE'S  WORK. 


The  instinct  of  men  to  moralize  their 
actions,  and  of  society  to  confine  in  a  the- 
oretical network  of  ethical  concepts  the  whole 
heaving  mass  of  human  activities,,  is  funda- 
mental. The  suspicion  with  which  ethics 
views  art  —  exemplified  by  Plato's  casting  of 
the  poets  out  of  the  Republic  —  indicates 
men's  unwillingness  to  let  this  framework  of 
moral  rules  and  social  conventions  (which 
bulges  obligingly  this  way  and  that  according 
|  to  particular  requirements)  be  challenged  by 
I  aesthetic  representations  which  may  invalidate 
i  it  Both  the  Governments  and  the  "average 
|  citizen"  are  never  quite  easy  about  the  activ- 
ities of  the  artists  and  poets  who  are  likely 
to  be  innovating  forces.  Thus  a  Byron  or  a 
Shelley  may  suddenly  scatter  far  and  wide, 
in  their  poems,  the  seeds  of  the  French  Revo- 
lution; or  an  Ibsen  may  appear  whose  "Doll's 
House"  may  undermine  the  bourgeois  con- 
ception of  marriage ;  or  a  Tolstoy  may  arise, 
whose  interpretation  of  Christian  ethics  may 
threaten  the  structure  of  the  State.  The  efforts 
of  the  State  or  Society  to  stamp  as  "immoral" 
powerful  representations  of  life  often  as  not 
recoil  on  the  authorities'  heads, —  as  in  the 
ease  of  Flaubert's  "Madame  Bovary."  Since 
the  suppression  of  Mr.  D.  H.  Lawrence's 
novel,  "The  Rainbow,"  last  year,  in  unusual 
circumstances,  called  forth  a  weighty  testi- 
monial to  its  merits  from  Mr.  Arnold  Bennett, 
I  shall  not  here  comment  on  the  case.  Certain 
books  excite  the  ordinary  mind  unduly,  and 
it  was  the  unseemly  scandal  made  over  "Tess 
of  the  D'Urbervilles"  and  "  Jude  the  Obscure" 
that  brought  Thomas  Hardy  to  lay  down  his 
magic  wand  of  fiction.  In  glancing  at  Mr. 
Lawrence's  two  volumes  of  poems,  I  should 
like  to  indicate  why  his  talent  is  one  of  the 
most  interesting  and  uncompromising  liter- 
ary forces  of  recent  years. 

Briefly,  he  is  the  poet-psychologist  of 
instincts,  emotions,  and  moods  that  it  is  need- 
less to  try  and  moralize.  Society's  network 
of  ethical  concepts  is  constantly  challenged 
by  the  spectacle  of  our  passionate  human 


378 


THE    DIAL 


[November  16 


impulses.  Take  the  spectacle  of  two  armies 
of  men  struggling  to  destroy  one  another. 
Society  moralizes  their  actions  by  the  single 
word  "patriotism,"  and  glorifies  slaughter  by 
emphasizing  their  "heroic"  virtues.  But 
other  artists,  such  as  Tolstoy  and  Garshin, 
arise  whose  pictures  of  war  show  us  its  crimes 
against  Humanity. 

But  the  more  nakedly  and  vividly  does  the 
pure  artist  of  Mr.  Lawrence's  type  depict  the 
slipping  of  the  leash  which  holds  in  the  animal 
impulses,  and  the  more  he  catches  the  terror 
of  scenes  of  carnage,  the  more  does  the 
ordinary  man  look  askance  at  him.  Why? 
Because  the  artist  has  torn  aside  the  "ideal- 
istic" veils  which  conceal  the  depths  of  the 
world  of  seething  passions.  But  should  the 
artist  stamp  with  a  terrible  beauty  the 
upheaval  of  these  elemental  emotions,  what 
then  ?  The  moralists  will  be  very  wroth  with 
him.  It  is  difficult  to  moralize  the  beauty 
of  passion  and  the  leaping  fire  of  the  senses. 
Accordingly,  the  moralists  try  and  turn  the 
flank  of  such  an  artist  by  asserting  either  that 
his  work  is  without  "high  ideals,"  or  that 
the  aesthetic  representation  of  such  sensations 
is  not  art  of  "high  rank,"  or  that  it  has 
deleterious  effects  on  the  reader.  But  has  it 
deleterious  effects  on  our  human  conscious- 
ness? I  believe  that  the  true  answer  to  such 
objectors  —  who  are,  to-day,  legion  —  is  that 
they  do  both  literature  and  morals  a  grave 
disservice  by  striving  to  confine  aesthetic  rep- 
resentations within  too  narrow  a  circle,  and 
that  by  seeking  to  fetter  and  restrain  the 
artist's  activities  they  cripple  art's  function 
of  deepening  our  consciousness  and  widening 
our  recognitions.  If  the  Eev.  S.  P.  Howe  has 
his  place,  so  also  has  Boccaccio.  We  must  not 
forget  that  the  moralists  have  always  special 
ends  in  view,  and  very  little  would  be  left 
us  if  they  had  had  their  will  in  every  age  and 
could  to-day  truncate  and  lop  and  maim 
literary  and  aesthetic  classics  at  their  pleasure. 
Euripides  and  Aristophanes,  Rabelais, 
Moliere,  Voltaire,  Marlowe,  and  Shakespeare, 
Fielding,  Byron,  Shelley,  Keats,  and  Sterne, 
Flaubert,  Maupassant,  Baudelaire,  Verlaine, 
Whitman,  Tolstoy  himself, —  all  have  been 
condemned  and  charged  with  "immoral" 
tendencies  by  the  moralists,  who  may  be 
answered  shortly:  "Your  conception  of  'the 
good '  is  too  narrow.  In  your  hands  aesthetic 
delineations  of  the  passions  would  become 
tame  as  domestic  fowls."  Thus  Art  would 


thereby  lend  itself  to  the  propagation  of  flat 
untruth.  This,  indeed,  is  what  frequently 
happens  in  literature.  Eepresentations  of 
life  are  over-idealized  or  over-moralized,  as 
the  "heroic"  aspects  of  War  by  the  lyrical 
poets;  and  another  class  of  artists,  the  real- 
ists, have  to  be  called  in  to  redress  the  balance 
and  paint  the  terrible,  bestial,  heart-rending 
side,  which  the  European  nations  are  expe- 
riencing to-day.  And  as  with  War  so  with 
Love.  Mr.  Lawrence,  by  his  psychological 
penetration  into  Love's  self -regarding  im- 
pulses and  passionate  moods,  supplements  our 
"idealistic"  valuations  of  its  activities  and 
corrects  their  exaggeration  by  conventional- 
ized sentiment.  The  "idealistic"  valuations 
of  Love  have  their  high  abiding  place  in  lit- 
erature, unassailable  as  in  life;  but,  under 
cover  of  their  virtual  monopoly  of  our  Anglo- 
Saxon  attention,  we  see  the  literary  field  of 
to-day  covered  with  brooding  swarms  of 
sugary,  sentimental  erotics,  artificial  in  feel- 
ing, futile  and  feeble  and  false  as  art.  I 
am  not  concerned  here  to  stigmatize  these 
cheap  sentimental  sweets  that  cloy  and 
vitiate  the  public  palate,  but  to  point  out  that 
their  universal  propagation  coincides  with  a 
veiled  hostility  to  the  Beautiful,  and  the  con- 
sequent impoverishment  of  our  spiritual  life. 
The  harmful  effects  of  the  over-development 
of  material  progress  with  its  code  of  utilita- 
rian standards  is  shown  by  the  artificial  and 
parasitic  position  in  which  poetry  and  art  are 
thrust  in  the  modern  community.  Our  poets 
and  artists  are  kept,  so  to  say,  as  a  sect  of 
dilettanti,  apart,  ministering  to  scholarly 
aestheticism  or  drawing-room  culture,  and  are 
disregarded  in  the  central  stir  and  heat  of 
worldly  activities.  And  our  spiritual  life, 
bound  up  and  entangled  in  the  wheels  and 
mechanism  of  our  worldly,  intellectual,  or 
scientific  interests,  is  conscious  of  being 
stunted,  of  being  cheated  of  its  rightful 
aesthetic  enrichment.  And  the  general  abase- 
ment of  Art  in  public  eyes,  its  parasitic  and 
artificial  status,  runs  parallel  with  that  pro- 
gressive aspersion  cast  on  "the  life  of  the 
senses,"  that  is,  of  our  sensuous  perceptions, 
with  the  implication  that  it  is  somehow  or 
other  divisible  from  our  "spiritual"  life.* 
Which  is  absurd. 


*  In  "A  History  of  American  Literature  since  1870,"  Prof. 
F.  L.  Pattee  writes :  "Beauty  to  Keats  is  only  that  which 
brings  delight  to  the  senses  ...  he  turned  in  disgust  from  the 
England  about  him  ...  to  the  world  of  sensuous  delight 
where  selfishly  he  might  swoon  away  in  a  dream  of  beauty." 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


379 


Mr.  Lawrence  in  his  two  volumes,  "Love 
Poems,   and  Others"   and  "Amores,"  comes 
to-day  to  redress  the  balance.    As  a  poet  he 
rehabilitates  and  sets  before  us,  as  a  burning 
lamp,  passion* — a  word  which,  in  the  sense 
of  ardent  and  tumultuous  desire,  has  almost 
shed  to  the  vulgar  mind  its  original  enrooted 
implication    of   suffering.     His   love   poems 
celebrate  the  cry  of  spirit  to  flesh  and  flesh 
to  spirit,  the  hunger  and  thrill  and  tumult  of  | 
love's  desires  in  the  whole  whirling  circle  of 
its  impetus  from  flame  to  ashes,   its  swift 
reaching   out  to  the  anguished   infinity   of 
warring    nature, —  his    love    poems,    I    say, 
restore  to  passion  the  creative  rapture  that 
glows  in  the  verse  of  Keats.    And  his  spirit- 
ual synthesis  of  passion's  leaping  egoism,  its 
revolt  against  finite  ties  and  limitations,  its 
shuddering  sense  of  inner  disharmonies  and 
external  revulsions,  its  winged  delight  in  its 
own  motion,  declare  its  superior  intensity  of 
vital  energy  to  the  poetry  of  his  English  con- 
temporaries.   I  do  not  wish  to  exaggerate  the 
qualities  of  Mr.  Lawrence's  verse.    His  range 
of  mood  is  very  limited,  his  technique  is  hasty, 
his  vision  turns  inward,  self-centred;  but  in 
concentration    of   feeling,   in   keenness,    one 
might  almost  say  in  fierceness  of  sensation,  he 
seems  to  issue  from  those  tides  of  emotional 
energy  which  surge  in  the  swaying  ocean  of 
life.     Shall  we  say  that  the  source  of  his 
power  is  this  quivering  fire  of  intensity,  which 
like  a  leaping  flame  at  night  in  a  garden 
throws  back  the  darkness  in  a  chiaroscuro  of 
shapes  and  colors  and  movements,  from  the 
rustling  earth  to  the  starlit  sky?     So  the 
poet's  imagery  is  steeped  in  primary  emo- 
tional hues, —  moods  of  pity  or  cruelty,  pas- 
sionate  yearning,   sorrow,    fear,   tenderness, 
aching  desire,   remorse,   anguish.     This  im- 
agery springs  direct  from  his  sensations  and 
is  born  of  his  momentary  emotional  vision, 
not  of  his  cultivated,  imaginative  reflections, 
unlike  that  of  the  majority  of  our  talented 
dilettanti   poets.      It    carries   with    it   to    a 
remarkable    degree   the   feeling,   the   atmos- 
pheric impression,  of  nature  in  the  passing 
moment.    But  we  must  quote  an  example : 
A  BABY  ASLEEP  AFTER  PAIN. 

As  a  drenched,  drowned  bee 
Hangs  numb  and  heavy  from  a  bending  flower, 

So  clings  to  me 
My  baby,  her  brown  hair  brushed  with  wet  tears 

And  laid  against  her  cheek; 

Her  soft  white  legs  hanging  heavily  over  my  arm, 
Swinging  heavily  to  my  movement  as  I  walk. 


My  sleeping  baby  hangs  upon- my  lite, 
Like  a  burden  she  hangs  on  me. 

She  has  always  seemed  so  light, 
But  now  she  is  wet  with  tears  and  numb  with  pain 
Even  her  floating  hair  sinks  heavily, 

Beaching  downwards; 
As  the  wings  of  a  drenched,  drowned  bee 

Are  a  heaviness,  and  &•  weariness. 

This,  so  simple,  so  spontaneous,  and  appar- 
ently effortless,  holds  all  the  felicity  of  the 
moment  in  the  emotional  mood.  And  while 
psychologically  true,  the  poet's  rendering  of 
a  sensuous  impression  is  most  spiritual  in  its 
appeal.  But  here  I  must  pause,  and  turn  to 
some  consideration  of  Mr.  Lawrence's  work 
in  creative  fiction. 

II. 

It  was  evident  to  a  critical  eye  that  with 
"The  White  Peacock"  (1911)  a  new  artistic 
force  was  stirring  in  fiction.    Curiously,  those 
qualities  of  "realism"  and  "naturalism"  both, 
that  had  been  solemnly  exorcised  with  book, 
candle,  and  bell  in  many  professorial  admoni- 
tions,   reappeared    here    in    company    with 
intense    poetic    susceptibility    and    with    an 
evident  delight  in  the  exuberance  of  nature. 
There  was  nothing  here  of  M.  Zola's  "false 
naturalism"  or  of  his  "scientific  reporting" ; 
on  the  contrary,  the  artist's  fault  lay  in  the 
unchastened  vivacity  of  his  thronging  impres- 
sions and  rioting  emotions.    The  story,  one  of 
country  life,  traces  at  length  the  subtle  degen- 
eration of  the  young  farmer,  George,  who, 
slow  and   inexperienced   in  woman's   ways, 
takes  the  wrong  girl  to  wife.    The  book  in  its 
frank  and  unabashed  imaginative  fecundity 
and  luxuriant  coloring,  is  a  baffling  one:  an 
extraordinary    intimacy    with    the    feminine 
love  instincts  is  blended  with  untrammelled 
psychological  interest  in  the  gamut  of  the 
passions.      But    a    certain    over-bold,    lush 
immaturity,    a   certain   sprawling   laxity   of 
taste,  confused  the  outlines.     The  youthful 
artist  evidently  did  not  know  where  to  be 
silent,  or  how  to  select  and  concentrate  his 
scenes.    These  faults  were  less  in  evidence  in 
"The  Trespasser"  (1912),  the  tale  of  a  sensi- 
tive, frail,  and  ardent  man's  fleeting  amour 
with  a  girl,  superficial  and  cold  in  nature,  who 
is  dallying  with  passion.     The  same  intense 
susceptibility    to    physical    impressions,    the 
same  vibrating  joy  in  sensuous  feelings,  were 
repeated  here  in  a  solo  on  erotic  strings.    The 
atmosphere  is  heavy  with  the  odor  of  meadow- 
sweet, which  is  suddenly  dissipated  by  the 
shock  of  tragedy.     Sigismund's  suicide,  and 


380 


THE    DIAL 


[November  16 


the  settling  down  again  of  his  forgetful  sub- 
urban family  into  the  tame  stream  of  its 
bourgeois  commonplaceness,  are  painted  with 
inflexible  sincerity  and  great  psychological 
acumen.  An  occasional  commonness  both  of 
language  and  tone  is,  however,  at  variance 
with  the  artist's  intensity  of  perception.  But 
Mr.  Lawrence  silenced  his  critics  by  his  third 
novel,  "Sons  and  Lovers,"  an  epic  of  family 
life  in  a  colliery  district,  a  piece  of  social 
history  on  a  large  canvas,  painted  with  a 
patient  thoroughness  and  bold  veracity  which 
both  Balzac  and  Flaubert  might  have  envied. 
The  central  theme,  an  unhappy  working-class 
marriage,  a  woman's  struggle  to  rear  her 
children  while  sustained  by  her  strong  puri- 
tanical spirit,  develops  later  into  a  study  of 
her  maternal  aversion  to  surrendering  her 
son  to  another  woman's  arms.  The  theme  is 
dissected  in  its  innermost  spiritual  fibres  with 
an  unflinching  and  loving  exactitude,  while 
the  family  drama  is  seen  against  an  impres- 
sive background  of  the  harsh,  driving  real- 
ities of  life  in  a  colliery  district.  This  novel 
is  really  the  only  one  of  any  breadth  of  vision 
in  contemporary  English  fiction  that  lifts 
working-class  life  out  of  middle-class  hands, 
and  restores  it  to  its  native  atmosphere  of 
hard  veracity.  The  mining  people,  their 
mental  outlook,  ways  of  life,  and  habits,  and 
the  woof  of  their  domestic  joys  and  cares,  are 
contrasted  with  some  country  farming  types 
in  a  neighboring  village,  where  the  smoky 
horizon  of  industrialism  merges,  to  the  pas- 
sionate eyes  of  a  girl  and  boy  in  love,  in  the 
magic  of  quiet  woods  and  pastures.  The  whole 
treatment  is  unerringly  true  and  spiritually 
profound,  marred  a  little  by  a  feeling  of  pho- 
tographic accuracy  in  the  narrative  and  by 
a  lack  of  restraint  in  some  of  the  later  love 
scenes.  The  main  theme,  a  life-conflict 
between  husband  and  wife,  is  handled  again 
in  a  tragedy,  "The  Widowing  of  Mrs.  Hol- 
royd"  (1914),  a  drama  intensely  human  in 
its  passionate  veracity.  This  is  a  study, 
intimately  observed,  of  powerful  primitive 
types,  first  shown  with  the  hot  breath  of  anger 
in  the  nostrils,  and  then  with  the  starkness, 
pallor,  and  rigidity  of  death.  Contrasted  with 
the  puerile  frivolity  and  catchy  sensational- 
ism of  the  London  stage,  this  drama  stands 
like  one  of  Meunier's  impressive  figures  of 
Labor  amid  the  marble  inanities  of  a  music- 
hall  foyer.  In  his  volume  of  short  stories, 
"The  Prussian  Officer"  (1914),  the  intensity 


of  the  poet-psychologist's  imagination  tri- 
umphs over  the  most  refractory  material. 
Again  it  is  the  triumph  of  passion  thrilling 
both  flesh  and  spirit,  making  the  material  of 
life  subservient  to  itself,  forcing  its  way 
from  smoky  darkness  to  light  through  the 
eager  cells  of  nature.  Whether  it  be  the 
sustained  lust  of  cruelty  in  the  rigid  Prussian 
officer,  or  the  flame  of  sick  misery  leaping  to 
revenge  in  the  heart  of  the  young  Bavarian 
orderly;  or  the  cruel  suspense  and  agony  of 
pain  in  the  mutual  confession  of  love  of  the 
young  miner  and  the  vicar's  daughter ;  or  the 
bitterness  of  ironic  regret  of  the  lovers  who 
have  fallen  asunder  in  "The  Shades  of 
Spring";  or  hate  and  suffering  in  a  wife's 
reckless  confession  of  her  past  in  "Shadow 
in  the  Rose  Garden";  in  each  of  the  dozen 
tales  it  is  the  same  poetic  realization  of  pas- 
sion's smouldering  force,  of  its  fusion  of 
aching  pleasure  and  pain  in  the  roots  of 
sexual  life,  the  same  twinness  of  senses  and 
soul  in  the  gathering  and  the  breaking  waves 
of  surging  emotion. 

And  here  is  the  secret  of  the  individual 
quality  and  the  definite  limitations  of  Mr. 
Lawrence's  vision.  Like  a  tree  on  a  hot  sum- 
mer noon,  his  art  casts  a  sharp,  fore-shortened 
shadow.  His  characters  do  not  pass  far  out- 
side that  enchanted  circle  of  passion  in  and 
round  which  they  move.  That  this  circle  is 
narrow  compared  with  the  literary  field,  say, 
of  a  Maupassant,  is  I  think  due  to  Mr. 
Lawrence's  poetical  intensity  restricting  his 
psychological  insight.  And  his  emotional 
intensity,  again,  is  indissolubly  one  with  his 
sensuous  impressionability.  And  here  we  may 
pick  up  again  the  dropped  thread  of  our 
opening  remarks  about  the  suspicion  with 
which  the  moralists  always  view  art.  The 
attack  on  the  literature  of  passions  (and 
indirectly  on  sensuous  beauty  itself  which 
feeds  the  passions)  is  generally  conducted  on 
the  line  of  argument  that  such  literature  is  in 
opposition  to  the  "higher  and  more  spiritual" 
instincts  of  mankind.  The  reply  is  that  each 
specimen  of  such  literature  can  only  be 
judged  according  to  the  relation  and  the 
equilibrium,  established  by  the  artist,  between 
the  morality  of  nature  and  the  morality  of 
man.  In  the  love  life  the  struggle  is  endless 
between  the  fundamental  instinct  of  sexual 
attraction  and  the  narrowing  instincts  of 
worldly  prudence  and  family  and  social  duty. 
In  seeking  to  cripple  or  suppress  the  litera- 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


381 


ture  of  the  passions,  the  moralists  are  tipping 
up  the  "idealistic"  scale  unduly  to  the  detri- 
ment of  the  fundamental  human  instincts; 
and  this  reacts  injuriously,  just  as  does  the 
ascetic  vilification  of  the  "body,"  on  the 
spiritual  life.  The  greater  the  triumph  of 
materialism  and  industrial  squalor  in  our 
commercialized  society,  the  more  contempt  is 
poured  on  the  "world  of  sensuous  delight" 
and  the  less  regard  paid  to  Art,  Poetry,  and 
testhetie  Beauty.  So  Keats  is  indicted,  as  we 
have  seen,  of  "selfishly  swooning  away  in  a 
dream  of  beauty"!  And  whom  would  the 
moralists  who  cut  off  the  truthful  delineation 
of  the  passions  on  the  ground  that  such  leads 
to  sensuous  indulgence, —  whom  would  the 
moralists  put  in  Keats 's  place?  This  is  what 
we  ask  also  in  the  case  of  Mr.  Lawrence's 
work,  which,  as  I  have  said,  restores  to  "pas- 
sion" shades  of  its  original  meaning  of  suffer- 
ing. His  lovers  are  not  those  bright  young 
people  of  the  popular  novel  whose  idea  of 
love  seems  to  be  inseparably  connected  with 
success  and  worldly  prosperity  and  having 
a  nice  house  and  being  envied  by  their  neigh- 
bors. His  lovers  are  shaken,  they  suffer;  to 
them  is  revealed  the  significance  of  things: 
they  have  to  pass  through  much  and  endure 
much  in  attaining  or  missing  their  passionate 
desire.  Theirs  are  spiritual  experiences,  not 
merely  "sensuous  gratification,"  as  the  moral- 
ists so  glibly  phrase  it.  And  therefore  Mr. 
Lawrence's  representation  of  the  sensuous 
and  animal  strands  and  instincts  in  our 
nature  needs,  I  say,  no  moralization.  These 
elements  exist, —  they  are,  in  a  sense,  the 
foundation  on  which  our  moral  being  has 
been  slowly  reared;  and  the  artist  who  can 
draw  (and  few  there  are  who  can)  a  truth- 
ful representation  of  our  passionate  impulses, 
kept  under  or  leaping  into  action,  takes  an 
indispensable  place  in  literature.  In  the  liter- 
ature that  explores  the  relations  between  the 
morality  of  nature,  as  expressed  in  the  activ- 
ity of  sexual  feeling  and  worldly  conduct,  Mr. 
Lawrence's  fiction  takes  a  high  place.  His 
story,  "Daughters  of  the  Vicar,"  is  an  admir- 
able analysis  of  the  frequent  clash  between 
the  two;  and  the  sketches  called  "Second 
Best"  and  "Shadow  in  the  Rose  Garden" 
reestablish  the  necessary  equilibrium  so  fla- 
grantly disturbed  by  the  moralists  in  their 
exaltation  of  the  "idealistic"  scale.  Such 
studies,  to  which  one  may  add  "The  Christen- 
ing" and  "The  White  Stocking,"  at  best 


I  make  an  appeal  to  our  fundamental  conscious- 
ness that  "the  good"  as  conceived  by  the 
moralists  confines  to  too  narrow  a  circle  our 
tides  of  emotional  energies;  and  this  vindi- 
cation of  "passion"  in  these  stories  appears 
to  take  its  rise  in  the  instinct  for  racial  health. 
But  I  have  said  enough  on  this  head,  and  will 
only  add  that  those  who  challenge  the  right 
to  existence  of  such  works  of  art  would  pene- 
trate to  their  vulnerable  side  if  they  left 
the  road  of  "morals"  and  took  the  path  of 

"taste." 

EDWARD  GARNETT. 


LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IN  FRANCE, 

(Special  Correspondence  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Much  is  being  said  in  Europe  about  a  pro- 
posed "War  after  the  War," —  an  attempt  by 
the  Allies,  if  they  are  victorious,  to  prevent 
a  repetition  of  the  ante-bellum  commercial 
invasion  by  Germany.  Along  this  same  line, 
but  in  a  much  less  reprehensible  spirit,  is  the 
suggested  organized  effort  on  the  part  of  the 
French  intellectuals  to  combat  Teutonic 
influence,  or  rather  to  spread  Latin  influence, 
by  a  better  equipment  of  the  French  publish- 
ing world.  This  is  the  aim  of  the  recently 
founded  Comite  du  Livre.  The  father  of  the 
idea  seems  to  have  been  the  late  Gaston 
Maspero,  the  distinguished  French  Egyptol- 
ogist, who  declared  that  what  he  had  in  view 
was  "to  uphold  the  prestige  of  French 
thought,  especially  abroad."  It  is  also 
intended  to  establish  similar  committees  in 
foreign  countries*  and  thus  to  form  "an 
intellectual  federation  destined  to  oppose 
everywhere  German  preponderance."  A 
special  effort  is  to  be  made  to  win  the  support 
of  the  United  States,  "which  has  shown  by 
the  sacrifice  of  its  time,  money,  and  even  the 
life  of  its  citizens,  a  warm  sympathy  for  our 
country."  Another  object  of  the  committee 
is  to  open  at  Paris  a  "Museum  of  Books  and 
French  Thought,"  where,  among  other  things,, 
will  be  given  series  of  lectures  and  prizes 
for  creditable  publications.  Of  prime  impor- 
tance will  be  "the  diffusion  in  foreign  parts, 
particularly  among  the  Anglo-Saxon  nations, 
of  French  musical  editions  destined  to  sup- 
plant German  editions."  This  is  a  blow 
direct  at  Leipsic.  Another  effort  will  be 
centred  in  the  drawing  up  of  bibliographies 
"devoted  to  France  alone  and  which  will  give 
the  titles  of  the  best  books  on  sale  in  all 
branches  of  literature."  In  this  connection, 
Professor  Maurice  Croiset,  President  of  the 
College  of  France,  and  a  prominent  member 


382 


THE    DIAL 


[November  16 


of  the  Comite  du  Livre,  remarks :  "  It  is 
deplorable  that  to-day  when  one  wants  cer- 
tain ancient  or  modern  authors,  you  are 
forced  to  turn  to  foreign  editions  of  them." 
The  committee  intends  also  to  issue  annually 
three  special  catalogues, —  one  devoted  to 
children's  books,  one  to  works  for  scholars 
and  students,  and  a  third,  which  should  be 
particularly  excellent,  being  French,  and  for 
which  has  been  chosen  this  happy  old  18th 
century  title,  "Bibliotheque  de  1'Homme  de 
Gout." 

The  future  Museum  will  be  both  retro- 
spective and  contemporary.  In  fact,  such  a 
Museum  was  proposed  in  Paris  in  1894,  when 
the  papers  took  up  the  suggestion  and  a  com- 
mittee was  appointed  to  carry  it  out.  But 
that  was  as  far  as  the  project  went  in  France. 
The  wide-awake  Germans,  however,  immedi- 
ately took  in  hand  what  the  French  had 
abandoned,  and  five  years  later  Leipsic  car- 
ried it  out  on  a  grand  scale.  Commenting 
thereon,  the  promoters  of  the  present  project 
ask:  "If  Germany  has  her  Gutenberg,  and 
Belgium  her  Plantin,  should  not  France,  and 
especially  Paris,  be  proud  of  their  Etiennes, 
their  Didots,  and  all  their  other  book  glories?" 

Another  work  of  the  Comite  du  Livre  is  to 
be  the  drawing  up  of  a  catalogue  of  all 
French  books  suited  for  foreign  parts,  "espe- 
cially for  the  public  of  the  United  States." 
It  should  be  noted,  by  the  way,  how  often  and 
in  what  a  friendly  spirit  our  country  is  men- 
tioned in  all  these  preliminary  documents 
concerning  this  whole  project.  It  appears 
that  more  than  3000  titles  are  already  listed, 
and  this  catalogue  will  eventually  include  "all 
the  modern  books  on  sale  by  French  pub- 
lishers." In  addition,  as  I  have  already  said, 
special  catalogues  are  contemplated  "in  order 
to  combat  efficaciously  the  immense  adver- 
tisement made  of  the  intellectual  production 
of  Germany  by  the  30,000  catalogues  distrib- 
uted free  each  year  among  the  book-sellers 
of  the  two  hemispheres  by  the  aid  of  the 
grand  commission  houses  of  Leipsic." 

But  the  most  important  immediate  labor  of 
the  committee  has  been  the  organization  of  a 
Book  Congress,  about  which  M.  Jacques  de 
Dampierre,  the  learned  paleographic  archi- 
vist, the  general  secretary  of  the  committee, 
wrote  me  as  follows  last  summer : 

The  meeting  which  we  held  last  April  at  Lyons 
should  not  be  given  the  grand  name  of  Congress,  as 
was  done  by  the  newspapers,  for  it  was  simply  a 
preparation  for  the  real  Congress,  which  will  be  held 
this  coming  fall  at  Paris,  and  the  arrangements  for 
which  are  now  being  made  by  a  special  committee 
of  six  members,  two  from  our  Comite  du  Livre,  two 
from  the  Society  of  Men  of  Letters,  and  two  from 
the  Paris  Publishers'  Club.  We  shall  not  aim  to 
make  it  an  international  gathering  but  shall  confine 


our  attention  exclusively  to  our  French  publishers. 
The  Congress  already  promises  to  be  a  marked  suc- 
cess. America  has  done  so  much  for  us  in  our 
present  difficulties  that  I  hesitate  to  call  the  atten- 
tion of  some  of  your  rich  fellow  countrymen  to  this 
purely  French  intellectual  enterprise. 

But  if  any  Americans  should  wish  to  sub- 
scribe to  the  expenses  of  the  undertaking, 
the  address  of  M.  de  Dampierre  and  the  Com- 
mittee's office  is  101  Rue  du  Bac,  Paris. 

This  Comite  du  Livre  is  not  the  only 
instance  of  the  intellectual  side  of  France 
coming  prominently  to  the  fore  in  the  midst 
of  her  dire  calamities.  Perhaps  a  still  more 
characteristic  example  of  this  is  the  discus- 
sion that  has  been  going  on  all  over  the  coun- 
try, both  in  the  newspapers  and  in  the 
drawing-rooms,  concerning  the  elision  or  the 
non-elision  of  the  first  a  in  the  title  of  M. 
Pierre  Loti's  latest  book.  "La  Hyene 
Enragee"  (Paris:  Calmann-Levy,  3  frs.  50), 
an  English  edition  of  which  has  been  arranged 
for,  is  made  up  of  a  number  of  articles  on 
various  episodes  of  the  war,  which  articles 
first  appeared  in  different  Paris  journals. 
But  perhaps  it  may  be  said  that  the  most 
interesting  thing  about  this  book  is  the 
phonetic  discussion  which  it  has  provoked, 
and  which  is  well  set  forth  and  perhaps  set- 
tled in  the  following  extract  from  a  letter 
which  I  have  received  from  Professor  Paul 
Passy,  one  of  the  best  authorities  in  France 
on  these  questions  and  known  for  a  "Phonetic 
Dictionary,"  published,  let  it  be  noted  in 
passing,  in  Germany,  "so  that  I  cannot  get 
a  copy  for  you": 

About  la  hyene  and  I'hyene  a  great  deal  of  rub- 
bish has  been  written.  It  is  really  not  at  all  a  mat- 
ter of  aspirated  or  non-aspirated  h.  It  is  simply 
that  initial  y  or  i  before  a  vowel  is  often  treated  as 
a  consonant,  and,  so  far  as  I  can  observe,  tends  to 
be  treated  so  more  and  more;  so  that  there  is 
neither  liaison  nor  elision  before  it.  In  well-estab- 
lished commonly-used  words,  such  as  yeux,  the  old 
usage  prevails,  and  everybody  pronounces  the  s  of 
les  in  les  yeux.  But  in  comparatively  new  or  rare 
words  the  tendency  is  to  treat  y  as  a  consonant:  la 
yole,  le  yak,  le  yacht.  In  these  words  the  spelling 
may  have  had  some  influence.  But  a  more  char- 
acteristic word  is  iode.  Formerly  I  used  always  to 
hear  de  I 'iode;  now  I  often  hear  du  iode.  The  case 
of  initial  w  or  ou  before  a  vowel  is  exactly  parallel; 
la  ouate  tends  to  supplant  I'ouate.  In  the  case  of 
hyene,  the  acting  of  this  general  tendency  is  probably 
reinforced  by  the  spelling.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
although  one  generally  reads  I'hyene  in  books,  I 
have  always  or  almost  always  heard  la  hyene.  It  cer- 
tainly is  the  common  pronunciation.  I  can  only 
praise  Pierre  Loti  for  having  given  it  a  literary 
consecration. 

In  this  connection  perhaps  I  may  call  atten- 
tion to  a  clever  little  poem,  "Licence 
Poetique,"  which  turns  on  the  aspiration  or 
the  non-aspiration  of  the  h,  and  is  published 
in  Paul  Fort's  new  volume,  "Deux  Chau- 


1916] 


383 


inieres"  (Paris:  Monnier,  2  frs.).  This  work 
forms  the  eighteenth  volume  of  his  "Ballades 
Franchises,"  but  does  not  seem  attuned 
exactly  to  the  spirit  of  the  moment.  The 
explanation,  however,  is  given  on  the  next  to 
the  last  page,  where  we  read:  "This  book  was 
stopped  here  by  the  war." 

But  at  present  it  is  not  the  writers  of 
established  reputation  who  are  the  favorites 
of  the  publishers  and  the  public.  The 
academicians  have  given  way  to  the  soldier- 
authors,  and  the  books  which  come  from  the 
trenches  are  more  popular  than  those  which 
come  from  the  study.  Thus,  "Sous  Verdun" 
(Paris:  Hachette,  3  frs.  50)  is  a  first  book 
which,  however,  is  now  in  its  twelfth  edition. 
When  the  war  broke  out,  the  author  of  this 
book  was  a  second-year  student  at  the  Paris 
Superior  Normal  School,  the  great  nursery 
of  French  university  professors,  and  had  just 
finished  a  study  of  Maupassant,  which  is  still 
in  manuscript.  The  young  soldier  remained 
at  the  front  until  the  end  of  April  of  last 
year,  when  he  received  three  wounds,  one  of 
which  was  so  serious  that  his  left  hand  was 
paralyzed,  and  he  is  now  working  in  the  Paris 
office  of  the  Fatherless  Children  of  France. 
He  informs  me  that  he  expects  soon  to  pub- 
lish a  continuation  of  this  volume,  which  is 
in  many  respects  one  of  the  best  war  books 
I  have  seen  and  the  first  of  its  kind,  so  far  as 
I  know,  which  has  been  troubled  by  the  mil- 
itary censor.  Passages  have  been  suppressed 
in  the  middle  of  paragraphs,  and  here  and 
there  whole  pages  are  in  white.  The  explana- 
tion is  that  the  narrative  covers  the  opera- 
tions around  Verdun  at  the  very  beginning 
of  the  war,  and  the  book  appeared  in  the 
midst  of  the  unsuccessful  attempts  of  the 
Germans  to  take  the  fortress.  It  was  evi- 
dently feared  that  the  mention  of  certain 
names  of  persons  and  places,  and  certain 
statements,  might  aid  the  enemy.  These 
blanks  are  at  times  somewhat  irritating, 
though  they  do  add  an  interest  to  the  book 
by  piquing  the  curiosity. 

"Lettres  d'un  Soldat"  (Paris:  Chapelot,  2 
frs.)  is  also  to  be  recommended  to  those  who 
are  reading  French  war  literature.  It  is  the 
tenderest  book  I  have  read.  We  have  here 
a  small  collection  of  letters  from  a  young 
painter  who  has  "disappeared," — an  euphe- 
mism for  one  who  is  buried  in  an  unknown 
grave  or  who  has  been  burned  in  the  lugubri- 
ous cremations  which  follow  most  of  these 
awful  battles  now  in  progress.  These  letters, 
sent  almost  daily  to  a  deeply  beloved  mother, 
are  of  a  beautifully  gentle  nature  and  are  a 
terrible  arraignment  of  a  civilization  which 
forces  such  a  delicate  poetic  character  as  was 


this  youth  to  participate  in  the  horrible  war- 
fare of  the  western  front.  Even  the  most 
stoical  cannot  read,  without  tears  welling  to 
the  eyes,  these  notes  addressed  to  "my  dear- 
est mama,"  or  "cherished  mother,"  or  "very 
dear  loved  mother,"  or  "dear,  dearest 
mother,"  and  written  "from  a  cattle  car," 
or  "in  the  dark,"  or  on  "the  fifth  day  in  the 
first  line,"  or  "in  the  morning  sunshine,"  or 
"in  the  midst  of  the  battle,"  or  "in  the  peace 
of  the  sabbath."  And  the  little  book  closes 
with  this,  the  last  note  ever  received  from 
the  writer:  "Dear  mother  so  dear:  Here  we 
are  at  noon  at  the  extreme  point  of  attack. 
I  send  thee  my  whole  love.  Whatever  hap- 
pens, life  has  had  beauty  for  me. "  The  pain- 
ful mystery  surrounding  this  volume  is 
increased  by  this  note  from  the  publisher  in 
sending  it  to  me:  "I  cannot  give  you  the 
name  of  this  lad,  his  family  not  wishing  to 
reveal  his  identity  so  long  as  there  remains  a 
hope  that  he  may  be  a  prisoner  of  war  in 
Germany." 

The  beautifully  written  book  of  the  Abbe 
Felix  Klein,  "Les  Douleurs  qui  Esperent" 
(Paris:  Perrin,  3  frs.  50),  should  be  read 
after  the  foregoing,  as  it  is  a  sort  of  spiritual 
sequence  thereto.  It  is  dedicated  "to  those 
who  weep,  to  those  who  doubt,"  and  is 
divided  into  two  parts.  The  first  part  relates 
some  of  the  tragic  or  pathetic  episodes  which 
have  come  under  the  prelate's  eyes  in  the 
American  Ambulance,  the  military  surgical 
hospital  near  Paris,  where  he  has  served  as 
chaplain  ever  since  the  opening  of  the  war. 
The  second  part  is  entitled  "Reflections,"  and 
consists  of  noble  and  comforting  homilies 
addressed  to  just  such  heart-broken  mothers 
as  the  one  revealed  in  "Les  Lettres  d'un 
Soldat."  It  was  my  privilege  to  serve  for 
some  fifteen  months  in  the  same  wards  with 
Abbe  Klein,  and  I  see  his  whole  fine  char- 
acter stand  forth  in  the  pages  of  this  sad  but 
fascinating  book. 

I  close  this  little  list  of  war  books  with  a 
few  words  about  a  really  remarkable  novel, 
"Inferno"  (Basel:  Frobenius,  5  frs.  50), 
which  has  already  been  translated  or  is  being 
translated  into  all  the  chief  modern  lan- 
guages. Its  author,  Dr.  Edward  Stilgebauer, 
is  a  German  subject  who  has  had  to  flee  his 
country  and  bring  out  his  book  in  German,  in 
Switzerland  because  he  cannot  accept  the 
ways  and  methods  of  Prussianized  Germany. 
The  tale  is  indeed  a  scathing  exposure  of  the 
evils  of  Teutonic  militarism ;  and  if  the  book 
finally  gets  into  the  hands  of  the  German 
people,  it  should  do  much  toward  ending 
the  war  and  ending  it  in  the  right  manner. 
In  a  more  general  way,  "Inferno"  is  a  pow- 


384 


THE    DIAL 


[November  16 


erful  attack  on  the  atrocities  of  war,  and 
is  sure  to  promote  the  cause  of  true  inter- 
nationalism. "Can  you  not  find  a  great 
American  cinematograph  company  which  will 
take  up  my  novel?"  Dr.  Stilgebauer  writes 
me.  I  wish  I  could,  for  I  am  convinced  that 
its  wide  presentation  would  do  much  for  the 
world's  happiness.  THEODOBE  STANTON. 
November  1,  1916. 


CASUAL  COMMENT. 


MARK  TWAIN'S  VITALITY  emphasized  itself 
in  his  famous  utterance  upon  the  premature 
report  of  his  death.  Whether  even  now  the 
prevailing  impression  of  his  having  ceased 
to  contribute  to  our  humorous  literature  may 
not  have  an  element  of  exaggeration,  is  a 
query  that  arises  on  reading  of  his  alleged 
performances  with  the  Ouija-board  in  St. 
Louis,  where  that  diverting  toy  has  of  late 
been  playing  some  remarkable  pranks.  Per- 
haps it  is  a  jest  not  wholly  unworthy  of  Mark 
Twain  himself,  but  we  are  asked  to  believe 
that  he  is  writing  a  posthumous  novel,  "Jap 
Herron,"  and  that  a  young  woman,  discreetly 
left  unnamed,  is  acting  as  his  amanuensis, 
with  the  aforementioned  mechanical  device 
as  the  inanimate  medium  of  communication. 
At  first  the  dictation  was  interrupted  by 
interjected  complaints  of  the  lack  of  punctua- 
tion marks  on  the  Ouija-board.  Something 
like  this,  "Jap  Herron  awoke  where 's  that 
comma  early  the  next  morning,"  would  be 
the  bewildering  beginning  of  a  sentence,  until 
the  meaning  of  these  seeming  irrelevancies 
was  discovered  and  a  supply  of  punctuation 
marks  painted  on  the  board,  after  which  the 
narrative  flowed  more  smoothly.  But  even 
then  an  apostrophe  perilously  near  the  edge 
of  the  board  caused  discomfort  to  the  unseen 
author,  who  took  occasion  to  remark,  in  char- 
acteristic fashion,  after  using  this  symbol, 
"I'm  afraid  of  slipping  off  and  going  over- 
board every  time  I  go  after  that  thing." 
Accordingly  it  was  erased  and  painted  in  at 
a  safe  distance  from  the  edge.  "That's 
better,"  was  the  approving  comment  the  next 
time  it  was  used.  This  excellent  fooling,  if 
it  be  no  more,  recalls  the  humorist's  amusing 
first  attempt  to  use  the  typewriter  in  the  early 
•days  of  that  machine.  His  typewritten  letter 
(to  Mr.  Howells,  if  memory  serves)  is  quoted, 
with  its  characteristic  interpolations  of  more 
or  less  abusive  comment  on  the  new  device,  in 
the  biography  of  Mark  Twain.  The  similarity 
of  mood  and  utterance  in  the  veritable  inci- 
dent to  the  temper  and  its  expression  in  the 
perhaps  apocryphal  occurrence  is  striking. 


THE    BEGINNINGS    OF    AMERICAN    DRAMA   are 

not  so  well  known  but  that  interest  will  be 
aroused  in  an  exhibition  arranged  by  the 
Drama  League  of  America  and  the  New  York 
Public  Library  for  the  three  months  from 
November  1  to  February  1,  held  in  the 
main  exhibition  room  of  the  Central  Build- 
ing. As  an  introduction  to  this  event  the 
"Branch  Library  News"  publishes  a  sketch 
of  the  rise  and  growth  of  our  drama  by  Mr. 
E.  J.  Streubel,  who  begins  by  pointing  out 
the  neglect  that  this  subject  has  until  recently 
suffered,  and  the  consequent  ignorance  in 
regard  to  it  that  prevails.  "In  fact,"  he  says, 
"it  was  only  in  the  last  decade  that  collectors 
and  scholars  have  brought  partial  order  out 
of  chaos,  and  have  revealed  to  the  American 
public  that  we  have  a  valuable  storehouse  of 
dramatic  literature.  The  quest  for  first  edi- 
tions of  these  plays  is  still  going  on.  Many 
have  been  found  in  isolated  form,  but  of 
others  the  very  existence  is  doubted.  Thus  we 
have  just  one  copy  of  our  first  printed  Amer- 
ican play,  'Androboros'  (1714),  by  Governor 
Hunter.  Likewise,  the  famous  prize  play  of 
John  Augustus  Stone,  '  Metamora  '  (1829), 
in  which  Edwin  Forrest,  the  renowned 
tragedian  and  interpreter  of  Indian  char- 
acter, starred  for  many  years,  is  known  to 
us  only  through  records  in  dramatic  publica- 
tions, and  through  a  few  lines  of  dialogue  in 
manuscript  form,  retained  in  the  home  of 
Forrest  in  Philadelphia."  Nevertheless,  in 
the  face  of  the  difficulties  attending  such  a 
task,  four  notable  collections  of  early  Amer- 
ican drama  have  been  made, —  the  Harris 
Collection  at  Brown  University,  the  Clothier 
Collection  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
the  New  York  Public  Library  Collection,  and 
the  Atkinson  Collection.  To  these  and  other 
details  of  interest  Mr.  Streubel's  article,  illus- 
trated with  two  old  woodcuts,  is  devoted.  It 
is  announced  in  this  connection  that  one  of 
the  New  York  theatres,  which  is  not  named, 
has  planned  a  series  of  revivals  of  old 
American  plays. 

AN    EVENTFUL.    SEASON    FOR    COLLECTORS    in 

this  country,  especially  for  those  whose  hobby 
is  book-collecting,  is  now  opening.  For 
reasons  only  too  sadly  obvious,  European 
treasures  in  the  department  of  antiquities  of 
all  sorts  now  tend  more  than  ever  to  find 
their  way  to  our  prosperous  markets.  There 
will  be  no  despoiling  of  the  Old  World,  but 
indulgence  in  collecting  cannot  there  go  to 
the  same  length  as  in  the  piping  times  of 
peace.  Among  the  notable  sales  of  the  season 
at  the  great  auction  houses  of  New  York  and 
Philadelphia  and  Boston,  a  few  are  especially 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


385 


worthy  of  mention.  The  famous  print  col-  ' 
lection  of  Mr.  Frederick  R.  Halsey  of  New 
York  is  to  be  sold  at  the  Anderson  Galleries, 
and  there  also  the  late  A.  M.  Palmer's  collec- 
tion of  playbills  and  old  prints  and  other 
matter  relating-  to  actors  and  acting  is  offered  - 
to  the  public.  Mr.  John  D.  Crimmins's  rare 
books  and  prints  pertaining  to  early  New  j 
York  history  are  changing  hands,  and  the 
collection  of  the  late  William  Matthews, 
known  to  lovers  of  fine  bindings,  will  be  dis- 
persed. The  library  of  the  late  John  Barnard 
Pearse  of  Roxbury  also  ends  its  collective 
existence.  Among  the  separate  items  solicit-  [ 
ing  attention  at  the  various  auction  houses,  j 
few  are  more  attractive  than  the  original 
edition  of  "Vanity  Fair"  to  be  sold  at  the 
Walpole  Galleries.  This  book,  in  the  original 
parts,  with  the  original  wrappers  and  the 
original  drawings,  all  in  excellent  preserva- 
tion, is  an  exceeding  rarity;  and  this  is  said 
to  be  the  best  of  the  few  extant  copies. . 
Another  rarity,  or  rather  "uniquity,"  of  the 
season  is  that  little  manuscript  book  of  poems 
executed  in  the  minute  hand  of  its  author  and 
thus  lettered  by  her  on  its  title-page:  "A 
Book  of  Rhymes,  By  Charlotte  Bronte.  Sold 
by  Nobody.  And  Printed  by  Herself. 
Haworth,  Dec.  17,  1829  Anno  Domino."  It 
is  in  its  old  brown  paper  covers,  which  the 
little  Charlotte  herself  sewed  and  lettered. 


CASH   PRIZES   FOR   LITERARY   WORK   are   a 
potent  stimulus  to  the  attainment  of  excel-  J 
lence,  though  not  exactly  the  highest  incen-  j 
tive  to  effort.     Honesty  would  compel  most  i 
writers  to  admit  that  it  is  not  a  pure  devo- 
tion to  literary  art  that  keeps  them  at  their 
task.    The  late  F.  Marion  Crawford  was  once 
asked  whether  he  held  before  himself,  as  end  j 
and  ideal,  the  production  of  works  of  litera-  i 
ture  that  would  live  after  his  death.     His  j 
reply  was  that  his  chief  purpose  was  to  pro-  i 
duce  books  that  would  enable  him  to  live  j 
until   his   death.     With  a  motive  probably  j 
somewhat  similar,  though  more  altruistic,  the  ; 
late  founder  of  the  Columbia  School  of  Jour- 
nalism established  a  number  of  liberal  prizes  ! 
for    literary    excellence,    not    in    journalism  i 
alone  but  in  fiction,  biography,  history,  and 
play-writing.  Nine  such  prizes  are  announced 
by  the  school  for  the  current  year;   they  are 
to  be  awarded  as  follows: — "For  the  best 
example  of  a  reporter's  work,  $1000,  the  test 
being  accuracy,  terseness,  and  the  accomplish- 
ment  of  some   public   good.     For  the  best 
editorial,  $500,  the  test  being  clearness,  moral 
purpose,  sound  reasoning,  and  power  to  influ- 
ence public  opinion   in   the  right  direction. 


For  any  one  idea  that  will  promise  improve- 
ment in  the  School  of  Journalism,  or  for  the 
best  paper  on  the  future  development  of  the 
school,  $1000.  For  the  best  history  of  the 
services  rendered  by  the  American  press  dur- 
ing the  preceding  year,  $1000,  and  a  $500  gold 
medal  for  the  most  disinterested  and  meri- 
torious public  service  rendered  by  any  Amer- 
ican newspaper.  For  the  best  book  of  the 
year  on  United  States  history,  $2000,  and 
$1000  each  for  the  best  American  biography, 
novel,  and  play."  Also  five  travelling  fel- 
lowships of  $1500  each  are  to  be  awarded, 
three  to  graduates  of  the  school,  one  to  an 
art  student  recommended  by  the  National 
Academy  of  Design,  and  one  "to  that  student 
of  music  in  America  who  may  be  deemed  the 
most  talented  and  deserving."  Further  infor- 
mation will  be  given  by  the  Secretary  of 
Columbia  University. 

FRENCH  ACADEMY  VACANCIES,  like  so  many 
other  vacancies  in  France  (and  elsewhere,  too, 
for  that  matter)  tell  a  sad  tale  of  the  ravages 
of  war.  No  fewer  than  seven  empty  chairs 
are  now  waiting  to  be  filled.  Within  little 
more  than  two  years  the  Academy  has  lost 
Jules  Lemaitre,  the  Comte  de  Mun,  Jean 
Frangois  Mezieres,  Paul  Hervieu,  Francois 
Charmes,  Emile  Faguet,  and  the  Marquis  de 
Segur.  Of  course  there  is  no  lack  of  candi- 
dates for  these  vacancies,  despite  the  deple- 
tion in  the  ranks  of  the  best  and  noblest  of 
the  sons  of  France.  M.  Arthur  Meyer,  direc- 
tor of  the  royalist  journal,  "Le  Gaulois,"  says 
that  the  candidates'  names  are  known,  though 
he  refrains  from  gratifying  curiosity  as  to 
the  bearers  of  these  names  and  ventures  no 
prediction  concerning  the  ultimate  choice  that 
will  be  made  from  among  them.  But  he  does 
say:  "I  shall  be  astonished  if  there  are  not 
seats  reserved  for  the  generals  that  shall  have 
won  the  expected  victory,  and  for  the  states- 
men that  shall  have  prepared  that  victory." 
He  also  makes  it  clear,  without  giving  names, 
that  he  favors  the  election  of  M.  Briand  for 
one  of  the  vacant  chairs.  That  a  royalist  of 
the  influence  and  prominence  of  this  royalist 
editor  should  propose  for  the  Academy  one 
who  has  so  plainly  manifested  his  anti- 
monarchical  and  even  socialistic  views,  is 
something  that  would  have  been  a  wild 
impossibility  before  the  war. 

VITAL  STATISTICS  OF  PERIODICALS,  like  those 
of  human  beings,  show  a  high  rate  of  mor- 
tality among  the  new-born.  A  certain  impe- 
tus or  momentum  or  sturdiness  must  in  both 
instances  be  gained  before  the  infant's  future 


386 


THE    DIAL 


[November  16 


can  become  in  any  degree  assured.  But  how 
is  this  to  be  acquired  by  the  beginning  mag- 
azine? Popular  support  follows  readily 
enough  upon  demonstrated  success,  but  to  win 
success  popular  support  is  precisely  the  thing 
needed.  Thus  the  new  magazine's  case  is 
much  like  that  of  the  ambitious  young  author, 
who,  in  order  to  secure  a  publisher,  must  first 
have  a  successful  book  or  two  to  his  credit; 
but  to  gain  this  start  he  must  first  find  a  pub- 
lisher. And  so  both  he  and  the  new  magazine 
are  caught  in  the  inescapable  vicious  circle, 
or  so  it  has  seemed  more  times  than  a  few. 
Last  year  there  were  247  births  in  the  period- 
ical world,  and  196  deaths,  some  of  these  lat- 
ter being  of  that  form  of  disguised  decease 
witnessed  in  the  merging  of  one  publication 
into  another  of  tougher  fibre.  The  "Book 
Bulletin"  of  the  Chicago  Public  Library 
touches  on  the  difficulties  of  selecting  its 
periodicals  for  the  coming  year,  especially 
in  the  choice  of  new  ones  from  the  consider- 
able number  soliciting  favor.  These  new 
selections  must  "represent  a  reasonably 
important  phase  of  public  interest"  and  also 
"show  promise  of  enough  vitality  to  survive 
at  least  during  the  period  contracted  for." 
Among  the  latest  arrivals  are  "The  Russian 
Review,"  and  "Russia,"  and  "The  South 
American,"  all  timely  and  promising.  Avia- 
tion has  several  new  "organs,"  one  devoted 
almost  entirely  to  military  aircraft.  Proof- 
reading is  the  subject  of  another  new  period- 
ical, Japanese  drama  of  still  another,  while 
the  janitorial  care  of  large  buildings  now  has 
its  special  representative  in  the  parliament  of 
periodical  print,  and  even  so  little  inviting 
a  theme  as  the  new  taste  in  cemetery  art  is 
not  unrepresented.  In  fact,  it  would  be  diffi- 
cult to  name  any  department  of  human  inter- 
est or  activity  that  has  not,  somewhere  in 
the  world,  a  periodical  publication  devoted 
to  it. 

VOCATIONS  OF  THE  LIBERALLY  EDUCATED, 
that  is,  of  those  who  have  had  a  university 
training,  are  surprisingly  varied.  Not  the 
least  of  the  university's  functions  seems  to 
be  to  awaken  a  student  to  the  harsh  fact  that 
he  is  not  qualified  to  shine  in  any  of  the  so- 
called  learned  professions,  and  that  his  ener- 
gies may  best  be  spent  in  some  pursuit  not 
too  severely  intellectual.  Of  the  thirty  thou- 
sand or  more  persons  who  have  enjoyed  the 
benefit  of  study  at  one  of  our  largest  state 
universities  (that  of  Illinois)  there  are  now 
found  to  be  813  who  are  lawyers,  347  who 
practise  medicine,  and  83  who  preach  the 
gospel.  In  other  words,  the  three  learned 
professions,  long  accepted  as  preeminently 


such,  have  claimed  about  three  per  cent  of 
these  liberally  educated  persons.  But  of 
course  this  proportion  becomes  considerably 
larger  when  we  add  those  engaged  in  such 
other  intellectual  activities  as  teaching, 
library  work,  writing,  scientific  research,  and 
so  on.  At  the  end  of  the  list  are  found  such 
followers  of  miscellaneous  professions  as 
baseball  players,  dieticians,  barbers,  brokers, 
floriculturists,  foresters,  Christian  Science 
healers,  postmasters,  advertisers,  nurses,  mis- 
sion workers,  soldiers,  and  sailors.  One 
woman  is  a  professional  circus  rider.  These 
interesting  facts,  with  others  no  less  so,  are 
set  forth  in  orderly  array  by  Mr.  Vergil  V. 
Phelps  in  a  Directory  that  he  has  compiled  of 
the  University  of  Illinois.  A  brief  synopsis 
of  the  work  appears  in  "School  and  Society" 
for  Aug.  5,  1916. 


LIBRARIES  IN  WAR-TIME  are  not  the  least  of 
the  sufferers  from  the  madness  of  a  world 
torn  with  strife.  Every  librarian  has  to 
report  more  or  less  interruption  to  normal 
activities  as  a  result  of  the  clash.  Typical  of 
the  situation  everywhere  in  the  library  world 
is  the  condition  described  in  the  following 
from  a  late  Report  of  the  Williams  Col- 
lege Library.  It  will  be  read  with  sympathy 
by  members  of  the  profession.  "The  effect 
of  the  European  War  has  been  to  check  to 
a  certain  degree  orders  for  foreign  importa- 
tions. There  are  occasional  long  delays ;  bind- 
ing is  turned  out  slowly  owing  to  a  scarcity 
of  labor ;  and  freight  shipments,  particularly 
from  Germany,  have  been  unsafe.  Three 
months  must  be  allowed  for  German  orders, 
two  months  for  French.  Periodicals  come 
through  by  mail  with  a  fair  degree  of  prompt- 
ness. Of  the  magazines,  four  German,  four 
French,  and  one  Spanish  have  temporarily 
suspended  publication  because  of  the  war." 
The  large  libraries  of  the  great  cities  are,  of 
course,  much  harder  hit  than  this  compara- 
tively small  institution. 

•          •         * 

WHERE  TERSENESS  COUNTS,  and  where  the 
lack  of  it  most  often  makes  the  judicious 
grieve,  is  in  the  inscription  on  a  public  monu- 
ment. Austere  simplicity,  the  brevity  of  the 
epigram  without  its  too  frequent  flippancy, 
is  here  in  place,  whereas  turgidity  and  an 
excess  of  comparatively  unimportant  detail 
are  commonly  the  inscription's  chief  char- 
acteristics. An  ancient  legend  —  it  is  almost 
too  good  to  be  history  —  tells  of  a  slab  of 
stone  marking  the  utmost  limit  of  Alexander 's 
invasion  of  India;  and  on  the  stone  he  had 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


387 


caused  to  be  engraved  the  words,  "Here  I 
stood."  What  could  better  have  perpetuated 
his  name  and  fame  than  that  brief  testimony 
to  the  might  of  his  arms  ?  Among  latter-day 
writers  of  inscriptions  the  eminent  ex-presi- 
dent of  Harvard,  as  is  well  known,  has  shown 
himself  a  master  of  the  pithy  phrase.  The 
Shaw  Monument  on  Beacon  Hill  offers  a  fine 
example  of  brevity,  force,  and  grace  in  its 
inscription.  It  might  have  been  with  this  in 
mind,  though  it  is  very  unlikely  that  it  was, 
that  Mr.  Arthur  C.  Benson  wrote  his  plea  in 
a  recent  "Cornhill"  for  an  appropriate 
memorial  to  the  thousands  of  brave  English- 
men who  have  lately  given,  and  are  still 
giving,  their  lives  for  their  country.  Not  one 
monument  alone,  however  elaborate  and  beau- 
tiful and  costly,  would  he  have,  but  a  great 
number  of  simple  and  yet  impressive 
reminders  of  the  heroic  dead  in  various 
places;  and  each  should  have  its  fitting 
inscription  combining  deep  feeling  with 
austere  brevity  of  expression. 


BROWNING  IN  INTIMATE  INTERCOURSE  did 
not  make  one  invariable  impression  on  all 
his  friends.  Some  have  described  him  as  not 
in  the  least  a  poet  in  his  manner  and  con- 
versation, but  rather  a  man  of  fashion  and 
devoted  to  the  pleasures  of  polite  society. 
Others  saw  in  him  only  the  poet,  or  at  most 
the  poet  and  the  lover.  Mr.  Arthur  Symons 
declares  that  "Browning's  whole  life  was 
divided  equally  between  two  things :  love  and 
art,"  and  in  the  same  article  from  which  we 
quote  these  words  (see  "The  North  American 
Be  view"  for  October)  the  writer  gives  some 
intimate  reminiscences  of  the  poet.  It  is  note- 
worthy that  whereas  Lord  Redesdale  has  very 
lately  described  Browning's  voice  as  harsh 
and  even  strident,  extremely  disagreeable  to 
the  ear,  Mr.  Symons,  though  admitting  an 
unmistakable  "violence  of  voice"  in  him, 
nevertheless  adds:  "It  had  the  whole  gamut 
of  music,  it  vibrated,  it  thrilled  me,  by  certain 
touches  of  rare  magic  in  it."  Notable  also, 
in  another  respect,  is  this  passage:  "Then  he 
spoke  of  a  letter  he  had  just  had  from 
Tennyson :  'it  was  something  sacred,  he  would 
not  on  any  account  that  it  got  into  the  news- 
papers; even  the  fact  that  he  had  it;  he 
could  not  show  it  to  us,  it  was  too  sacred.'  ' 
After  all,  though  Browning  was  the  last  man 
to  pose  as  a  poet,  it  must  have  been  the  blind- 
ness of  observers  that  failed  to  see  in  him 
what  we,  at  a  distance,  see  in  his  poems ;  for 
no  man  can,  year  in  and  year  out,  act  out 
of  his  character. 


PROBLEMS  OF  AMERICAN  GOVERNMENT.* 


The  Harvard  University  Press  is  doing  a 
very  considerable  work  in  reprinting  the  col- 
lected papers  and  speeches  of  Mr.  Elihu  Root. 
The  present  volume,  which  is  only  one  of 
several,  contains  much  matter  of  permanent 
political  importance.  Quite  apart  from  the 
immense  political  experience  Mr.  Root  has 
enjoyed,  his  is  one  of  the  ablest  and  most 
incisive  minds  in  the  United  States.  He 
has  seen  at  first  hand  the  process  of  govern- 
ment, and  he  has  speculated  upon  the  prob- 
lems of  its  mechanism  with  a  profundity  that 
is  unfortunately  too  rare  in  American  life. 
The  inference  from  his  experience  is  a 
precious  gift. 

Mr.  Root  speaks  from  the  standpoint  of  an 
individualist  of  the  eighties,  and  much  of 
what  he  writes  must  perhaps  be  checked  by 
the  changed  conditions  of  our  time.  Yet  he 
has  a  real  and  vivid  appreciation  of  the  busi- 
ness of  government.  He  emphasizes  its  impor- 
tance in  the  civic  life  of  to-day.  He  realizes 
that  it  is  impossible  to  regard  it  with  anything 
like  the  externality  of  temper  so  characteristic 
of  the  past  generation.  He  is  not  perhaps  very 
easy  in  his  mind  at  the  speed  with  which  its 
functions  are  being  extended.  He  feels  that 
there  is  a  certain  incompetency  almost  inher- 
ent in  so  wide  a  democracy  as  ours  of  the 
diminution  of  which  he  is  not  a  little  skepti- 
cal. He  utters  a  brief  but  pregnant  warning 
against  the  now  popular  attempt  to  force  a 
transition  from  representative  government  to 
direct  government.  But  he  has  admirable 
ground  for  his  fears.  "The  experience  of 
popular  government,"  he  writes,  "has  already 
made  it  plain  that  the  art  of  self-government 
does  not  come  to  men  by  nature."  That  is 
a  lesson  the  American  people  have  not  found 
it  easy  to  learn.  We  have  inherited  from 
Thomas  Jefferson  the  belief  in  a  somewhat 
facile  equalitarianism,  and  we  find  it  difficult 
to  believe  that  the  slow  and  painful  process 
of  contact  with  events  does,  as  a  fact,  confer 
a  special  fitness  upon  special  men.  Yet  any- 
one who  doubts  the  truth  of  this  attitude  has 
only  to  read  the  speeches  of  Mr.  Root  at  the 
New  York  Constitutional  Convention  of  1915 
to  be  convinced  to  the  contrary.  He  will  be 
impressed  not  only  at  the  easy  mastery  of  the 
processes  of  democracy  which  Mr.  Root  invar- 
iably evinced,  but  also,  as  in  the  famous 
speech  on  "invisible  government,"  at  the 


*ADDRESSES  ON  GOVERNMENT  AND  CITIZENSHIP. 
Root.     Harvard  University  Press.      $2. 


By   Elihu 


388 


THE    DIAL 


[November  16 


shrewdness  which  penetrates  below  the  sur- 
face of  deceptive  mechanisms  to  the  realities 
of  human  manipulation.  He  will  become  con- 
vinced that  democracy  depends  for  its  success 
very  largely  on  the  brains  and  character  of 
individuals.  He  will  understand,  as  Mr. 
Root  so  continually  emphasizes,  that  the 
business  of  democracy  consists  for  the  most 
part  in  the  ability  to  get  the  right  men  in 
office,  and  the  courage  to  keep  them  there.  It 
is  not  easy  to  persuade  the  mass  of  men  to 
concern  themselves  so  far  with  politics  as  to 
see  to  it  that  this  is  done.  The  majority,  as 
Mr.  Boot  points  out,  "is  willing  to  pursue  a 
course  which,  if  shared  in  by  the  rest  of  their 
countrymen,  would  bring  our  constitutional 
government  to  an  immediate  end."  Half  the 
problem  of  democratic  government  is  to  make 
its  problems  intelligently  jind  arrestingly 
interesting  to  the  man  in  the  street.  The 
reader  of  Mr.  Boot's  volume  will  be  impressed 
again  and  again  by  the  skill  with  which  a 
great  problem  —  that  of  reform  in  legal  pro- 
cedure, for  example,  or  of  the  place  of  law- 
yers in  the  modern  state  —  is  broadly  and 
vividly  sketched,  so  that  in  a  brief  space  the 
logical  outlines  of  Mr.  Koot's  attitude  are 
made  to  appear.  The  few  short  pages  on  the 
recall  of  judges  (pp.  387-410),  for  instance, 
are  on  the  whole  the  best  single  statement 
with  which  I  am  acquainted  of  the  case 
against  a  periodic  renewal  of  tenure.  This 
only  means,  indeed,  that  Mr.  Root  is  a  great 
advocate,  and  that  he  has  the  lawyer 's  faculty 
of  going  straight  to  the  heart  of  his  subject. 
But  it  means  also  that  he  has  devoted  a  rich 
and  critical  mind  to  the  analysis  of  great 
public  questions,  and  the  result  of  his  specu- 
lation is  bound  to  affect  our  judgment  of  the 
issues  he  has  discussed. 

If  I  had  to  single  out  the  most  important 
contribution  of  the  book  to  our  present  situa- 
tion it  would  undoubtedly  be  the  speeches  in 
which  Mr.  Root  deals  (pp.  363-78)  with  the 
function  of  the  States  in  the  national  life. 
He  there  expounds  admirably  not  only  the 
broad  case  for  federal  regulation,  but  also  the 
reasons  why  it  is  simply  essential  that  the 
individuality  of  the  forty-eight  local  govern- 
ments must  be  preserved.  There  is  a  law  of 
diminishing  returns  at  work  in  the  area  of 
administration,  and  it  may  be  seriously  ques- 
tioned whether  the  point  of  saturation  has 
not  in  fact  been  reached.  "This  country  is 
too  great,"  Mr.  Root  has  said,  "its  population 
too  numerous,  its  interests  too  vast  and  com- 
plicated already,  to  say  nothing  of  the 
enormous  increases  that  we  can  see  before  us 
in  the  future,  to  be  governed  as  to  the  great 
range  of  our  daily  affairs  from  one  central 


power  in  Washington."  That  is  a  significant 
warning.  It  suggests  that  the  great  adminis- 
trative problem  which  lies  ahead  of  us  is  the 
effective  mobilization  of  local  resources.  There 
is  a  real  danger  lest  we  should  fail  to  learn 
the  lesson  to  be  gleaned  from  the  over-cen- 
tralization of  France  and  the  decaying  inten- 
sity of  parish-life  in  England.  Rightly  used, 
the  States  can  be  made  the  real  salvation  for 
the  burden  of  administrative  abundance. 

There  are  some  things  in  this  book  that  one 
regrets.  Where  Mr.  Root  passes  from  the 
problems  of  government  to  the  problems  of 
economics,  for  instance,  he  is  invariably  less 
fruitful  in  suggestion,  and  less  happy  in 
expression.  It  is  simply  uncreative,  to  take 
the  most  striking  example,  to  view  the  world- 
process  of  to-day  as  a  contest  between  Social- 
ism and  Individualism.  It  is  a  little  too 
simple  to  justify  rights  of  property  by 
tying  them  up  to  individual  liberty. 

But,  when  the  last  criticism  has  been  made, 
this  is  an  important  and  stimulating  volume, 
for  which  we  have  cause  to  be  grateful.  It 
comes  at  a  difficult  and  therefore  at  an  oppor- 
tune time.  "The  whole  business  of  govern- 
ment," Mr.  Root  told  the  New  York  Bar 
Association  in  the  present  year,  "is  becoming 
serious,  grave,  threatening.  No  man  in 
America  has  any  right  to  rest  contented  and 
easy  and  indifferent;  for  never  before,  not 
even  in  the  time  of  the  Civil  War,  have  all  the 
energies  and  all  the  devotion  of  the  American 
Democracy  been  [so]  demanded  for  the  per- 
petuity of  American  institutions."  It  is 
because  Mr.  Root  has  surveyed  the  conditions 
of  his  age  so  calmly,  so  dispassionately,  and 
with  so  patient  a  determination  to  understand 
them  that  he  may  with  certainty  be  said  to 
have  been  responsible  in  no  small  degree  for 
their  continuous  improvement. 

HAROLD  J.  LASKI. 


MEMORABILIA  DIPLOMATIC  A.* 


The  contents  of  Mr.  Seward's  "Reminis- 
cences of  a  War-Time  Statesman  and  Dip- 
lomat" were  put  together  at  the  close  of  a 
long  life,  many  years  after  the  occurrence  of 
all  the  more  important  events  with  which  they 
deal.  The  official  career  of  the  author  cov- 
ered a  period  of  deep  and  impassioned 
emotions,  the  Civil  War,  the  era  of  recon- 
struction, the  contested  presidential  election 
of  1876,  and  the  internal  party  disturbances 

•REMINISCENCES  OF  A  WAR-TIME  STATESMAN  AND  DIPLO- 
MAT, 1830-1915.  By  Frederick  W.  Seward,  Assistant  Secre- 
tary of  State  during  the  administrations  of  Lincoln,  Johnson, 
and  Hayes.  Illustrated.  New  York :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 
$3.50. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


389 


growing  out  of  the  breaking  away  of  Presi- 
dent Hayes  from  the  hitherto  dominant  atti- 
tude of  his  political  associates.  The  author 
himself,  together  with  his  illustrious  father, 
was  violently  assaulted  and  escaped  assassina- 
tion only  by  the  narrowest  margin,  at  the 
time  when  Lincoln  fell.  Furthermore,  the 
record  of  his  father,  in  point  of  ability  and 
judgment  as  a  cabinet  minister,  has  been 
vigorously  assailed  by  many  writers  during 
the  fifty  years  that  have  passed  since  the 
close  of  the  Civil  War.  Evidently  here  was 
material  which  might  have  been  handled  with 
a  very  vigorous  and  caustic  pen,  without 
occasioning  any  surprise  to  the  reader.  Those 
who  have  read  the  voluminous  Diary  of 
Gideon  Welles,  Lincoln's  peppery  Secretary 
of  the  Navy,  will  remember  how  many  occa- 
sions he  found  for  wielding  the  lash  in  deal- 
ing with  his  contemporaries  of  the  earlier 
portion  of  the  period  in  question. 

But  Mr.  Seward  has  taken  to  himself  in 
its  fullest  sense  the  scriptural  injunction, 
-Let  not  the  sun  go  down  upon  your  wrath." 
From  his  vine-robed  villa  on  the  Hudson,  with 
its  tree-lined  vista  leading  the  eye  down  over 
the  river  and  up  into  the  distant  hills  beyond, 
come  forth  words  only  of  pleasantness  and 
peace.  Why  try  to  blow  up  the  chance  coals 
that  may  possibly  still  be  smouldering  under 
ashes  which  have  had  half  a  century  to  cool? 
There  are  both  writers  and  readers  who 
regret  the  loss  of  any  possible  chance  for  a 
sensation,  but  the  coals  in  question  have  been 
stirred  often  enough  to  satisfy  the  demands 
of  historical  truth,  and  Mr.  Seward  has 
chosen  the  better  part.  Such  a  volume  is 
useful  to  balance  up  a  view  which  tends  to 
become  one-sided,  just  as  the  student  of  the 
Roman  Empire  needs  to  read  the  genial 
letters  of  the  younger  Pliny  after  the  gibes 
of  Martial,  the  lashes  of  Juvenal,  and  the 
piercing  thrusts  of  Tacitus,  not  because  the 
latter  are  not  true,  but  because  they  are  not 
the  whole  truth.  If  the  man  who  felt  upon 
his  own  body  the  blows  and  the  knife-thrusts 
of  the  assassin  can  live  to  look  upon  and 
discuss  those  years  dispassionately,  why  not 
the  rest  of  us? 

Mr.  Seward  divides  his  material  into  three 
parts,  entitled  "Before  the  War,"  "Dur- 
ing the  War,"  and  "After  the  War."  Read- 
ers of  to-day,  at  all  events  those  of  the 
younger  generation,  will  take  most  inter- 
est in  the  third  division,  with  its  well-told 
stories,  first  of  a  West  Indian  cruise,  taken 
during  the  winter  of  1865-6  to  repair  his 
father's  health;  then  of  a  visit  to  Mexico, 
where  his  father  and  he  were  royally  enter- 
tained because  of  the  gratitude  of  the  Mexican 


government  and  people  for  the  aid  which  the 
United  States  had  rendered  to  them  in  escap- 
ing the  threatened  European  domination; 
and  finally  of  two  journies  to  Alaska,  the  first 
with  his  father  in  1869,  and  the  other  in  1902. 
The  West  Indian  cruise  was  followed  a  year 
later  by  a  visit  to  San  Domingo,  on  the  part 
of  the  author  and  Admiral  David  D.  Porter, 
to  negotiate  a  treaty  for  the  purchase  of 
Samana  Bay  as  a  naval  station.  The  treaty 
failed  of  acceptance  in  our  Senate,  however, 
as  did  the  later  attempt  of  President  Grant 
to  bring  about  the  annexation  of  San  Domingo 
as  a  whole.  Mr.  Seward,  whose  father  had 
acquired  Alaska,  naturally  regarded  this 
hesitation  to  expand  our  territories  as  unwise. 
"  The  American  Congress  was  not  at  that  hour 
wise  enough,"  he  says,  "to  accept  island  and 
naval  stations  as  a  gift,  though  in  later  years 
it  was  ready  to  risk  thousands  of  lives  and 
expend  millions  of  dollars  in  fighting  for 
them."  Has  Mr.  Seward  let  a  concealed  cat 
out  of  the  official  bag  here?  Did  we  really 
go  into  the  war  with  Spain  in  order  to  secure 
islands  and  naval  stations,  and  not  out  of 
pity  for  the  oppressed  Cubans?  "It  is  per- 
haps useless  to  speculate  on  what  might  have 
been,"  he  adds,  "but  it  is  an  interesting  ques- 
tion whether,  if  we  had  accepted  San 
Domingo 's  offers,  we  should  ever  have  needed 
to  go  to  war  with  Spain  at  all.  With  that 
island  commanding  the  whole  Antilles,  and 
with  naval  stations  outflanking  the  whole  of 
Cuba,  we  should  have  been  able  to  suggest  to 
Spain  that  she  might  gracefully  submit  to 
the  inevitable  and  retire  from  Cuba,  instead 
of  engaging  in  a  hopeless  contest  to  keep  it." 
All  of  this  sounds  easy,  of  course,  but  the 
probability  that  it  would  have  worked  out 
so  smoothly  finds  little  support  in  the  pages 
of  human  experience. 

The  story  of  the  Mexican  visit  makes 
pleasant  reading  because  it  is  so  refreshing  a 
contrast,  in  substance,  to  the  Mexican  matter 
which  our  newspapers  are  serving  up  to  us 
now.  Under  present  circumstances  one  may 
easily  forget  that  there  is  a  Mexico  of  cour- 
teous and  whole-hearted  hospitality,  of  gra- 
cious manners  and  cultivated  intelligence,  of 
science  and  art  and  music  and  literature,  of 
majestic  cathedrals  and  spacious  palaces. 
"Why  do  people  talk  of  a  'Protectorate'  for 
a  country  capable  of  such  things  as  these?" 
was  the  exclamation  of  the  elder  Seward  after 
visiting  the  schools  of  Guadalajara,  with  their 
libraries  and  laboratories  and  gymnasiums, 
their  hundreds  of  boys  learning  blacksmith- 
ing,  carpentering,  weaving,  and  tailoring, 
their  classes  in  sewing,  knitting,  and  embroid- 
ery, their  High  School  band  of  a  hundred 


390 


THE    DIAL 


[November  16 


musicians,  and  their  girls  in  the  music  hall 
producing  the  opera  of  "Ernani."  A  genera- 
tion passes,  and  we  find  our  newspapers  all 
too  ready  to  denounce  Mexico  as  a  den  of 
half-civilized  bandits,  deserving  nothing  but 
the  harsh  tread  of  the  soldier,  sent  in  from 
the  outside  to  restore  order  (and  incidentally 
to  enable  outside  capital  to  step  in  and  exploit 
the  untold  wealth  of  Mexican  mines  and 
forests  and  ranches  and  oil  fields).  No,  it  is 
well  to  get  into  our  minds  some  of  the  real 
possibilities  of  the  Mexican  genius,  as  shown 
in  Mr.  Seward's  pages,  and  then  to  wake  up 
to  the  fact  that  the  period  of  which  he  writes 
was  followed  by  an  era  of  despotism,  in  which 
republican  government  was  but  an  empty 
name,  and  the  masses  of  the  people  were  held 
under  stern  repression,  comfortable  enough 
for  the  outside  capitalist  who  wanted  only 
security  for  his  financial  and  industrial  opera- 
tions, but  sure  as  Fate  itself  to  generate  a 
growing  discontent  which  would  finally  burst 
forth  in  the  revolution  now  in  progress.  It 
is  a  struggle  upward, —  marred  by  blindness 
and  ignorance,  indeed,  but  upward  neverthe- 
less ;  and  it  would  be  the  crime  of  our  history 
for  the  United  States  to  step  in  now  and 
uproot  forever  the  national  plant  which  has 
already  shown  what  fine  flowers  of  civilization 
it  is  capable  of  producing,  and  will  again 
produce  when  the  chilling  storms  of  revolu- 
tion shall  have  blown  over  and  the  balmier 
air  of  a  freer  humanity  shall  flow  in  with  its 
fertilizing  power. 

But  inexorable  space  cries  a  halt.  On  the 
negative  side,  one  must  say  of  these  reminis- 
cences that  in  comparison  with  many  other 
volumes  of  American  autobiography  brought 
out  in  recent  years,  they  bring  us  into  per- 
sonal contact  with  extremely  few  of  the 
author's  great  contemporaries.  Scarcely  a 
single  man  of  literary  eminence  during  the 
period  in  question  is  named,  from  cover  to 
cover.  But  so  little  is  said  of  many  eminent 
political  men  of  the  time  that  we  must  per- 
haps assume  that  the  author  intentionally 
held  himself  within  rigidly  predetermined 

limits-  W.  H.  JOHNSON. 


"War  Bread,"  by  Edward  Eyre  Hunt,  is  the 
title  of  one  of  the  recent  announcements  of 
Messrs.  Henry  Holt  &  Co.  The  author  is  the 
American  delegate  of  the  Commission  for  Relief 
in  Belgium,  in  charge  of  the  Portress  and  Province 
of  Antwerp.  This  is  the  first  authoritative  account 
of  the  Belgian  relief  work  in  book  form,  and  pre- 
sents the  story  of  an  eyewitness  to  one  of  the 
great  tragedies  in  history. 


Two  STUDIES  OF  MAETERLINCK.* 


Maeterlinck  is  said  to  have  defined  himself 
as  "un  esprit  qui  se  laisse  aller  au  mystere." 
This  is  a  by-path  which  may  perhaps  be  per- 
mitted to  poets,  possibly  even  to  a  certain 
type  of  philosopher;  but  when  their  inter- 
preters imitate  them,  it  is  time  to  cry  "halt." 
To  pile  Pelion  on  Ossa  is  but  an  indifferent 
way  of  bringing  into  relief  the  sinuosities  of 
the  latter.  Such,  at  least,  will  be  the  feeling 
of  the  average  uninitiated  reader  after  a 
perusal  of  Miss  Taylor's  critical  study  of 
Maeterlinck.  The  author  has  some  interesting 
ideas,  but  she  presents  them  under  such  a 
mass  of  rhetorical  padding  that  few  will  have 
the  patience  to  dig  them  out.  Her  whole 
book  shows  a  lack  of  proportion.  By  far  too 
much  space  and  importance  are  given  to 
frankly  juvenile  works.  The  chapter  devoted 
to  the  lyrics,  "Lies  Serres  Chaudes,"  might 
have  been  made  to  justify  itself  as  a  sort  of 
prelude  showing  the  state  of  mind  in  which 
the  early  plays  were  composed,  but  Miss 
Taylor  has  not  made  the  most  of  the  oppor- 
tunity afforded.  "La  Princesse  Maleine" 
receives  more  detailed  treatment  than  any  of 
the  other  plays,  and  with  the  exception  of 
"Monna  Vanna"  is  the  only  one  of  which  a 
full  resume  is  given.  Miss  Taylor  uses  it 
to  emphasize  the  peculiar  type  of  terror  which 
characterizes  the  early  dramas.  It  contains 
faint  echoes  of  the  Elizabethans,  but  the  idea 
of  the  supernatural  is  different. 

Macbeth,  appalled  at  the  spectacle  of  the  phantom 
shape  in  the  banqueting  hall  of  Forres  Palace,  derives 
his  dread  far  more  from  his  consciousness  of  guilt 
than  from  the  phantasmal  visions;  .  .  Maeter- 
linck's terror  is  a  ghost  that  walks  invisible, —  his 
fear  has  the  quality  of  the  unseen,  the  uncertain,  of 
that  abstract  and  sombre  power  of  which  the  shadow 
alone  is  perceptible,  .  .  it  is  indeed,  the  soul  of 
the  plot. 

So  far  so  good;  but  carried  away  with  her 
idea,  Miss  Taylor  makes  an  unfortunate  state- 
ment at  the  end  of  the  chapter.  "The  shut 
eyelids  [of  the  Princess  Maleine]  hide  from 
our  imagination  the  nightmare  vision  of  those 
eyes,  the  vision  they  mirrored  of  the  invisi- 
ble." But  Maeterlinck  had  insisted  that  the 
eyes  of  the  Princess  remained  open  in  death. 
The  third  chapter,  entitled  "Love  Dramas," 
discusses  less  the  plays  themselves  than 
Maeterlinck's  conception  of  love.  The  result 
is  far  from  satisfying.  The  reader  unfamiliar 
with  the  plays  is  tantalized, — his  ignorance 
seems  to  deprive  him  of  the  appreciation  of 
profound  thought.  One  who  knows  the  plays 

*  MAURICE  MAETERLINCK.  A  Critical  Study.  By  Una 
Taylor.  New  York:  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $2. 

MAURICE  MAETERLINCK,  POET  AND  PHILOSOPHER.  By  Mac- 
donald  Clark.  New  York:  F.  A.  Stokes  Co.  $2.50. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


391 


is  reminded  of  the  taunt  addressed  to 
Theopompus  by  Phalinus  in  Zenophon :  "You 
look  like  a  philosopher,  young  man,  and  your 
speech  is  not  without  grace,  but  know  you 
are  talking  nonsense."  Maeterlinck's  mystere, 
which  if  sometimes  puerile,  is  at  least  marked 
by  simplicity,  becomes  pretentious  in  Miss 
Taylor's  pages.  Tis  no  such  matter,  one 
thinks  in  petto  at  the  end  of  her  discussion. 
The  chapter  on  the  death  dramas  is  better, 
and  contains  at  least  one  pregnant  idea.  Miss 
Taylor  is  much  interested  in  folk-lore,  and 
frequently  points  out  the  relations  between 
it  and  Maeterlinck's  plays.  Writing  of 
•  " L 'Intruse, "  she  says: 

For  here,  as  in  conte  after  conte,  death  sends  his 
warning,  the  intersigne  of  Breton  tradition,  to  herald 
his  coming.  A  chill  breath  of  wind  in  a  windless 
night,  the  sound  of  tears  that  fall  when  no  man 
weeps,  the  whisper  of  voices  when  no  voices  are,  the 
splash  of  oars  when  no  boat  nears  the  shore,  a  lighted 
taper  barring  a  twilight  road:  signs  patent  to  the 
seer,  but  sealed  to  those  whose  spiritual  senses  are 
shut  to  them. 

Such  an  influence  would  throw  light  on  many 
a  curious  scene  in  the  dramas. 

"Monna  Vanna"  receives  a  chapter  by 
itself,  and  nowhere  has  Miss  Taylor  succeeded 
better  in  conveying  a  clear  impression  to  the 
reader.  She  marks  as  follows  the  contrast 
between  this  masterpiece  and  the  earlier 
plays : 

Monna  Vanna  (1902)  is  a  milestone  evidencing  how 
far  already  the  dramatist  of  Maleine  has  travelled 
upon  the  road  trodden  by  the  moralist  of  La  Sagesse 
et  La  Bestinee.  The  change  is  radical  in  every  respect. 
Personalities  with  distinct  characteristics  supplant  the 
type-figures  of  the  early  dramas.  The  atmosphere 
has  lost  its  haze;  the  gray  tinted  mist  has  lifted  its 
veil. 

The  substitution  of  will  for  destiny  is  empha- 
sized, and  Novalis's  words,  "character 
becomes  destiny,"  are  effectively  quoted.  The 
analysis  of  the  play  and  the  study  of  the 
characters  are  sound  and  suggestive.  Given 
Miss  Taylor's  interest  in  searching  out  rather 
far-fetched  relations  between  Maeterlinck's 
treatment  of  his  themes  and  those  of  his 
predecessors,  it  is  a  little  curious  that  she 
says  nothing  of  Browning's  "Luria." 

The  writer's  treatment  of  "Joyzelle"  and 
the  later  plays  is  less  satisfying.  Apparently 
she  found  nothing  in  them  worthy  of  special 
interest.  In  passing  I  may  note  that  it  is 
scarcely  accurate  to  state  that  Joyzelle 
"refuses  the  alternative,  Merlin,  for  the  test- 
ing of  her  love  offers,"  as  "the  Magdeleine  of 
the  play  ["Marie  Magdeleine"]  rejects  a  like 
temptation."  Joyzelle  accepts,  though  with  [ 
the  intention  of  slaying  Merlin,  and  thus 
saves  her  lover's  life. 


The  last  chapters  are  largely  occupied  with 
a  study  of  the  essays  of  Maeterlinck.  Here, 
as  always,  Miss  Taylor  writes  too  much  around 
her  subject  to  give  a  clear  idea  to  the  reader. 
She  seems  inclined  to  avoid  the  corps  a  corps. 
The  most  interesting  part  of  her  discussion  is 
the  introductory  chapter,  in  which  she  con- 
siders the  various  types  of  mysticism  before 
Maeterlinck.  The  old  mystics  had  sought  God 
in  God,  or  God  in  Nature;  Maeterlinck  looks 
for  God  in  Man.  He  "concentrated  his  interest 
upon  the  moods  of  humanity  alone,  his  sym- 
pathies are  totally  absorbed  in  the  contem- 
plation of  man's  emotions,  griefs,  and 
desires."  Once  more  she  quotes  (Maeterlinck's 
translation  of?)  Novalis:  "En  elargissant,  en 
developpant  notre  activite,  nous  nous  trans- 
formerons  en  fatalie";  or,  as  Maeterlinck 
himself  puts  it:  "Si  Judas  sort  ce  soir,  il  ira 
vers  Judas  et  aura  1'occasion  de  trahir,  mais 
si  Socrate  ouvre  sa  porte,  il  trouvera  Socrate 
endonni  sur  le  seuil  et  aura  1'occasion  d'etre 
.  sage.  Nos  aventures  errent  autour  de  nous 
comme  les  abeilles  sur  le  point  d'essaimer 
errent  autour  de  la  ruche.  Elles  attendent 
que  1'idee-mere  sorte  enfin  de  notre  ame." 
This  note  is  a  refreshing  one,  and  may  prove 
worthy  of  consideration  to-day  when  denial  of 
personal  responsibility  threatens  the  moral 
world  with  chaos.  Miss  Taylor's  insistence 
on  the  early  works  of  Maeterlinck  gives  the 
unfortunate  impression  that  he  is  decidedly 
a  decadent. 

To  turn  from  Miss  Taylor's  book  to  Mr. 
Clark's  "Maeterlinck,  Poet  and  Philosopher," 
is  to  issue  from  the  vague  atmosphere  of  the 
early  plays  to  the  straightforward  impressive 
clarity  of  "Monna  Vanna."  Mr.  Clark,  realiz- 
ing the  difficulty  that  Maeterlinck  presents  to 
the  average  reader,  leaves  no  stone  unturned 
to  bring  into  clear  relief  the  essential  features 
of  the  separate  works,  and  to  trace  the  devel- 
opment of  the  thought  of  his  author.  An 
outline  of  each  play,  followed  by  interpre- 
tative comments  and  a  detailed  study  of  the 
philosophical  essays,  enables  Mr.  Clark  to 
show  the  underlying  unity  of  Maeterlinck's 
thought. 

After  an  introductory  chapter  of  biography, 
containing  brief  notices  in  chronological  order 
of  all  the  plays  and  essays,  Mr.  Clark  divides 
Maeterlinck's  work  into  three  periods,  with  a 
connecting  link,  marked  by  study  of  ancient 
and  modern  mystics,  between  the  first  and 
the  second.  The  first  period  is  filled  with 
intense  gloom:  plurima  mortis  imago  is  the 
real  protagonist.  The  first  volume  of  essays, 
"Le  Tresor  des  Humbles,"  marks  the  transi- 
tion to  the  second  period,  one  of  triumphant 
optimism,  in  which  character  is  seen  to  be 


392 


THE    DIAL 


[November  16 


mightier  than  destiny.  The  treasure  of  the 
humble  is  the  heritage  of  spiritual  force  to 
which  every  life  adds,  and  from  which  all 
may  derive  strength.  As  every  individual 
soul  is  only  an  atom  of  the  cosmic  soul,  the 
progress  of  the  individual  contributes  directly 
to  the  progress  of  the  race.  No  spiritual  gain 
is  ever  lost,  and  the  ignorant  peasant  is  the 
richer  because  Plato  lived.  Armed  with  such 
might,  Aglavaine,  Monna  Vanna,  Ariane,  and 
Joyzelle  are  personalities  who  dominate  cir- 
cumstances ;  spirit  has  come  back  into  its 
own.  In  "La  Sagesse  et  la  Destinee"  we  are 
assured  "that  to  the  sage  the  event  per  se 
matters  little ;  that  it  is  the  way  in  which  he 
allows  it  to  influence  him  that  counts  for 
him." 

The  third  period,  which  is  still  permeated 
by  courageous  optimism,  shows  a  more  pru- 
dent attitude,  even  a  "suggestion  of  compro- 
mise. "  Man  may  guide  his  destiny  to  a  large 
extent,  but  there  are  external  forces  which 
defy  him.  Mr.  Clark  has  not  been  so  success- 
ful in  applying  his  formula  to  the  individual 
works  of  the  third  period  as  in  his  first  two 
divisions.  Perhaps  the  more  temperate  tone 
is  rather  implied  than  expressed.  Happily, 
Mr.  Clark  is  not  one  who  would  pigeon-hole 
the  author  or  any  of  his  writings.  He  laughs 
at  the  efforts  of  various  critics  to  label  him, 
and  considers  his  books  in  their  interrelation 
to  each  otl  er  and  to  Maeterlinck's  whole 
thought. 

The  intense  spirituality  of  the  dramas,  both  in 
word  and  deed,  showed  that  the  doctrine  of  the  essays 
was  no  mere  empty  idealism,  but  could  be  embodied 
in  character.  All  his  works  are  jointly  sources  from 
which  to  draw  his  philosophy;  that  the  stream  to 
which  they  contribute  takes  a  wide  sweep  as  it 
broadens  and  deepens,  and  at  times  seems  to  leave 
some  of  them  far  behind,  does  not  alter  the  fact  that 
they  are  necessary  tributary  streamlets,  without  which 
the  whole  were  poorer. 

Maeterlinck's  philosophical  thought  shows 
a  blending  of  individualism  and  altruism,  of 
Nietzsche  and  Tolstoy.  Self-sacrifice  is  not 
per  se  a  noble  virtue.  One  must  look  to  one's 
own  development  before  one  can  aid  in  the 
onward  march  of  the  race.  Maeterlinck  finds 
greater  spiritual  advance  in  women  than  in 
men, — a  belief  which  explains  the  strength  of 
his  feminine  characters. 

Astolaine  is  the  first  to  show  soul  development: 
Aglavaine,  the  first  to  recognize  that  she  has  a  soul 
with  a  right  to  its  own  existence.  Ariane  carries  on 
the  lighted  torch  to  Giovanna,  from  whom  Joyzelle 
bears  it  aloft  in  both  hands  to  kindle  in  Marie 
Magdeleine  the  soul  which  has  made  her  almost 
worthy  of  beatification  in  the  Koman  Catholic  Church. 

Mr.  Clark's  interpretation  of  "Ariane  et 
Barbe  Bleue"  is  striking.  He  sees  in  this 
play,  of  which  the  author  himself  speaks 


rather  slightingly,  a  recognition  of  the 
reawakening  of  woman.  He  quotes  effectively 
Ariane 's  words  to  her  cowed  comrades:  "To 
begin  with,  we  must  disobey ;  that  is  the  first 
duty  when  the  command  given  contains  a 
threat  instead  of  an  explanation." 

A  substantial  portion  of  the  book  is  given 
to  a  critical  discussion  of  the  essays.  The 
note  that  runs  through  them  all  is  the  insist- 
ence on  the  power  of  ideals  as  opposed  to 
material  force.  Maeterlinck's  quest  is  for 
truth,  beauty,  and  justice,  and  it  is  by 
increased  spiritual  insight  that  he  would  find 
them. 

The  theory  of  "the  static  drama,"  the  genre 
Maeterlinck  believes  is  to  dominate  the  future, 
is  bound  up  with  this  idealistic  thought.  In 
his  essay  on  "Le  Drame  Moderne,"  contained 
in  "Le  Double  Jardin,"  he  writes: 

What,  at  the  first  glance,  characterizes  the  drama 
of  to-day  is,  to  begin  with,  the  weakening,  or,  so  to 
speak,  the  progressive  paralysis  of  exterior  action; 
then  a  very  clear  tendency  to  dip  into  the  human 
conscience,  and  to  grant  a  greater  part  to  moral 
problems;  and  finally,  the  search,  still  somewhat  a 
blind  one,  for  a  sort  of  new  poetry  more  abstract 
than  the  old. 

Mr.  Clark 's  comments  upon  this  are  decidedly 
worth  while: 

In  the  banishment  of  action  is  expelled  what  has 
been  considered  the  mainspring  of  the  drama:  the 
classical  drama  related  its  stirring  actions,  the 
so-called  romantic  drama  enacted  them  vividly  upon 
the  stage.  .  .  The  followers  of  the  classical  school 
objected  to  violent  action  taking  place  on  the  stage, 
and  adopted  the  device  of  using  messengers,  confi- 
dants, etc.,  in  order  to  introduce  the  report  of  any 
action  into  the  spectacle.  On  this  head  Maeterlinck 
only  seeks  to  go  a  little  farther:  he  would  consider 
the  violent  action  reported  by  messengers  and  others 
as  arbitrary  and  intrusive,  and  exclude  such  from  his 
pieces,  with  the  effect  of  obtaining  a  greater  unity 
of  action  than  even  the  rigid  classicals  had  ever 
dreamed.  .  .  He  considers  the  demand  for  the 
strikingly  spectacular  as  barbaric,  and  would  weave 
his  drama  round  soul-states,  rather  than  bodily  acts. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  chapters  of  Mr. 
Clark's  work  is  a  study  of  the  various  sources 
from  which  Maeterlinck  has  drawn  inspira- 
tion. His  indebtedness  to  each  is  shown  by 
comparisons  that  are  always  suggestive. 
Among  purely  literary  influences,  the  English 
seems  to  be  the  most  important,  but  French, 
German,  Russian,  and  Norwegian  authors 
have  left  their  mark  on  his  thought.  Among 
the  philosophers,  Maeterlinck  is  most  akin  to 
the  Stoics  and  Mystics.  Of  the  former  he 
mentions  most  frequently  Marcus  Aurelius; 
of  the  latter,  Ruysbroek,  Novalis,  and 
Emerson.  "In  Maeterlinck,"  says  Mr.  Clark, 
"the  pure  lofty  dreams  of  the  mystical  imag- 
ination are  blended  with  the  simple  austerity 
of  the  Stoical  outlook  on  life." 


1916] 


THE    Df  AL 


393 


Stoic  and  Mystic — both  sects  possessed  a  i 
calm  power  of  resistance  to  brute  force  of 
which  the  greatest  of  Belgian  men  of  letters  j 
must  be  a  peculiarly  acceptable  interpreter  to  • 
the  future.    It  is  such  a  place  that  Mr.  Clark  | 
would  give  Maeterlinck  in  modern  thought. 
BENJ.  M.  WOODBRIDGE. 


THE  OXFORD  MOVEMENT 
ITS  RESTJLTS.* 


The  recent  lamented  death  of  Wilfrid  Ward 
has  brought  anew  to  the  attention  of  the 
reading  world  that  astonishing  episode  in 
the  religious  history  of  modern  Europe  which 
is  known  as  the  Catholic  revival.  Begun  in 
France  by  De  Maistre,  and  in  Germany  by 
Stolberg  and  Friedrich  Schlegel,  as  a  natural 
reaction  against  the  moral  anarchy  of  the 
Revolution,  it  was  forwarded  on  the  continent, 
in  their  different  ways,  by  such  diverse  spirits 
as  Lamennais,  Lacordaire,  Montalembert,  and 
Veuillot,  Gorres,  Mohler,  and  Dollinger.  But 
this  continental  awakening  had  little  effect, 
at  least  in  its  earlier  stages,  upon  the  frost- 
bound  Catholicism  of  England.  Newman  has 
described  in  a  notable  sermon  the  condition 
of  English  Catholics  in  the  early  years  of  the 
century, —  "a  few  adherents  of  the  old  Reli- 
gion, moving  silently  and  sorrowfully  about, 
as  memorials  of  what  had  been";  ua  gens 
lucifuga,  a  people  who  shunned  the  light  of 
day."  Their  "second  spring"  was  to  come 
not  from  France  or  Germany,  but  from  the 
stronghold  of  that  Faith  that  had  first 
repudiated  and  then  oppressed  them,  the 
University  of  Oxford.  A  new  and  more 
aggressive  Catholic  mind  had  first  to  be 
formed  in  the  nation,  and  the  leaders  of  the 
new  movement  trained :  and  this  process  was 
performed,  quite  unconsciously,  of  course, 
by  the  "Tractarians."  With  the  conversion 
of  Newman,  Manning,  and  William  George 
Ward,  and  the  statesmanlike  activity  of 
Wiseman,  the  Catholic  revival  in  England 
begins.  Of  it  the  Wards,  father  and  son, 
were  indeed  "a  great  part,"  the  elder  by  his 
brilliant  and  aggressive  ultramontanism,  the 
younger  by  his  broad  and  philosophic  liberal- 
ism. Both  were  editors  of  "The  Dublin 
Review."  one  of  the  most  influential  organs 
of  the  new  movement.  Between  them  they 
illustrate  the  two  leading  types  of  Catholic 
thought  during  the  past  seventy  years, —  the 
type  of  Manning  and  the  type  of  Newman, 
the  type  that  represents  loyalty  to  an  insti- 

*  THE  ENGLISH  CATHOLIC  REVIVAL  IN  THE  NINETEENTH 
CENTURY.  By  Paul  Thureau-Dangin.  Revised  and  reedited 
from  a  translation  by  the  late  Wilfrid  Wilberforce.  In  two 
volumes.  New  York:  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $11. 


tution  and  the  type  that  represents  loyalty 
to  an  idea.  With  the  passing  of  Wilfrid 
Ward,  "Newmanism"  has  lost  its  most  dis- 
tinguished champion,  for,  like  his  father  in 
the  old  Oxford  days,  he  too  could  say  with 
truth,  "Credo  in  Newmannum." 

The  publication  of  an  English  translation 
of  M.  Thureau-Dangin  's  admirable  work,  La 
Renaissance  Catholique  en  Angleterre  au 
XIXe  Siecle,  is  therefore  very  timely.  It 
forms  a  most  useful  supplement,  for  English 
readers,  to  Mr.  Ward's  delightful  books  on 
the  subject,  and  especially  to  his  monumental 
life  of  Newman.  It  reveals  in  many  places 
an  intellectual  attitude  very  similar  to  Mr. 
Ward's,  and  indeed  M.  Thureau-Dangin 's 
last  work,  published  in  1912,  a  year  before  his 
death,  was  a  digest,  for  French  readers,  of 
Mr.  Ward's  "Newman,"  under  the  title,  New- 
man Catholique. 

The  surprising  thing  is  that  M.  Thureau- 
Dangin 's  book  should  have  waited  so  long 
for  a  translator.  The  first  volume,  devoted  to 
"Newman  and  the  Oxford  Movement," 
appeared  in  1899,  and  was  shortly  followed 
by  two  others,  bringing  the  narrative  down 
to  the  death  of  Manning  in  1892.  In  its 
original  form,  the  work  is  one  of  the  most 
notable  indications  of  the  wide  interest  felt 
in  France,  during  the  past  twenty  years,  in 
Newman  and  his  influence  on  modern  Catholic 
thinking.  Nowhere  perhaps  has  that  influence 
been  so  marked  or  so  beneficial,  and  nowhere 
has  it  given  rise  to  literary  work  of  so  great 
interest  and  importance.  It  is  quite  safe  to 
say  that  with  the  exception  of  Mr.  Ward's 
writings,  the  best  work  that  has  been  done 
on  Newman  and  his  school  within  recent  years 
has  been  done  by  Frenchmen.  The  names 
of  Dimnet,  Bremond,  and  Madame  Lucie 
Faure  Goyau,  to  mention  only  the  best  known, 
are  illustrations  of  the  high  type  of  talent 
that  has  been  devoted  to  the  service  of 
Newman  in  France.  These  names  suggest 
also  his  relation  to  the  broadest  and  most 
liberal  school  of  Catholicism,  and  indicate  the 
part  that  he  is  still  to  play  in  the  interpreta- 
tion of  Catholic  doctrine  to  the  modern 
world. 

But  if  it  is  surprising  that  M.  Thureau- 
Dangin 's  book  should  have  gone  so  long 
untranslated,  it  is  still  more  surprising  that 
it  should  not  have  been  translated  with  the 
most  scrupulous  care.  The  name  of  Wilber- 
force on  the  title-page  of  a  book  on  this  sub- 
ject ought  to  be  a  guarantee  of  competence, 
but  there  is  no  indication  who  it  was  that 
"revised  and  re-edited*'  it  after  the  trans- 
lator's death.  In  fact,  the  translation  has  the 
appearance  of  a  work  to  which  the  author's 


394 


THE    DIAL 


[November  16 


last  hand  has  not  been  given,  though  even  this 
does  not  account  for  its  most  inexcusable 
fault,  that  of  not  accurately  representing  the 
original.  Much  of  it  indeed  is  not  transla- 
tion at  all,  but  free  paraphrase.  Whole  pages 
are  mere  abstracts  of  important  passages  in 
the  French  text,  and  this  without  a  word  of 
editorial  warning.  Many  passages  are  omitted 
altogether,  among  them  numberless  foot-notes 
and  three  valuable  bibliographies.  It  is 
obvious  that  an  English  reader  would  be  con- 
cerned to  know  whether  the  foreign  author 
of  a  book  of  this  kind  had  consulted  the  lead- 
ing authorities;  but  this  information  is 
denied  him.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  M.  Thureau- 
Dangin's  lists  seem  to  include  all  the  impor- 
tant works  on  the  subject.  Moreover,  while 
the  translation  is,  for  the  most  part,  fluent 
and  idiomatic,  it  abounds  in  amazing  errors, 
passages  in  which  the  sense  of  the  original 
is  wholly  misconceived.  And  finally,  neither 
translator  nor  editor  apparently  considered 
it  any  part  of  his  duty  to  bring  the  book  up 
to  date  by  supplying  it  with  annotations 
drawn  from  the  most  recent  works  on  the 
subject.  In  eleven  hundred  pages  there  are 
only  three  notes  by  the  translator,  though 
Ward's  "Newman"  is  a  mine  of  pertinent 
information.  Indeed,  M.  Thureau-Dangin 
more  than  once  expresses  regret  that  he  had 
not  access  to  Newman's  long-withheld  cor- 
respondence. 

These  faults  and  omissions  would  be  less 
grave  in  a  work  of  less  significance;  but,  in 
spite  of  them,  the  book  is  of  high  interest  and 
value  to  the  English  reader.  It  is  a  history, 
written  from  the  Catholic  point  of  view  and 
with  the  most  admirable  temper,  of  the 
Oxford  Movement  and  its  results.  There  is 
nothing  like  it  in  English,  and  it  is  all  the 
more  valuable  because  of  its  French  origin. 
The  author's  attitude  toward  Anglicanism 
is  singularly  sympathetic.  While  he  makes 
the  compromises  and  logical  weaknesses  of  the 
Anglican  position  abundantly  clear,  he  treats 
the  Anglican  leaders  with  a  deference  and 
respect  that  are  not  in  the  least  qualified  by 
his  fundamental  inability  to  agree  with  them. 
The  last  four  chapters  in  particular,  which 
are  devoted  to  the  fortunes  of  Ritualism,  are 
written  with  the  utmost  comprehension  and 
sympathy,  and  should  prove  highly  illumi- 
nating to  those  persons,  Catholic  or  other,  who 
are  ignorant  or  scornful  of  the  beliefs  and 
practices  of  the  Catholic  party  in  the  English 
Church.  Nor  are  the  opinions  of  the  Broad 
Church  party  handled  with  less  liberality.  It 
would  be  difficult  to  imagine  a  treatment  of 
the  subject  less  likely  to  arouse  controversy 
or  more  certain  to  lead  to  that  spirit  of 


mutual  sympathy  and  comprehension  between 
Anglicans  and  Roman  Catholics  out  of  which 
some  day  may  arise  a  new  "peace  of  the 
church. " 

We  meet  in  these  pages  all  the  great  men 
of  the  Movement  and  of  the  Catholic  revival 
that  succeeded  it, —  Newman,  Manning,  Wardr 
Pusey,  Wiseman,  Church,  Faber,  the  Wilber- 
forces,  and  numberless  others;  but  Newman 
and  Manning  are  of  course  the  central  figures. 
In  dealing  with  Manning,  the  author  had  the 
advantage  of  Purcell's  much-discussed  biog- 
raphy, which  he  uses  with  great  discretion; 
but  in  dealing  with  Newman  he  was  without 
much  of  the  information  which  is  now  acces- 
sible. It  is  the  more  remarkable  that  he  should 
have  given  an  account  of  Newman's  Catholic 
life  which  calls  for  few  if  any  corrections 
from  the  pages  of  Ward.  In  his  treatment 
of  these  two  great  men,  great  in  such  different 
ways,  and  of  their  relation  to  each  other,  he 
has  written  with  the  utmost  frankness  and 
with  admirable  judgment.  He  does  not 
attempt  to  minimize  the  unhappy  divisions 
between  them,  though  he  refuses  to  attribute 
those  divisions  to  any  personal  feeling  on 
either  side.  They  were  due  simply  to  a 
temperamental  difference  between  the  two 
men  in  their  attitude  toward  religious  truth 
and  their  conception  of  the  best  means  of 
making  it  prevail.  His  sympathies,  however, 
are  clearly  with  Newman ;  and,  indeed,  judg- 
ing from  this  book,  one  would  conclude  that, 
the  type  of  Catholicism  represented  by  M. 
Thureau-Dangin  is  the  type  that  looks  to 
Newman  as  its  founder.  The  author  more 
than  once  implies  his  conviction  that  the 
Grammar  of  Assent  is  the  foundation  and 
starting-point  of  modern  Catholic  philosophy, 
—  an  opinion  shared,  oddly  enough,  by 
William  George  Ward,  in  spite  of  his  wide 
divergence  from  the  school  of  Newman.  One 
cannot  but  reflect  that  if  the  type  of  Catholi- 
cism represented  by  Newman  and  M.  Thu- 
reau-Dangin and  the  younger  Ward  were 
more  in  evidence,  it  would  be  less  difficult  for 
unsympathetic  Protestants  to  understand  the 
Church,  and  for  sympathetic  ones  to  justify 
their  sympathy.  But  unfortunately,  though 
perhaps  naturally,  it  is  the  Manning  type 
that,  by  its  very  zeal  and  aggressiveness, 
seems  exclusively  to  express  the  mind  of  the 
Church.  In  any  case,  the  task  of  rendering 
modern  Catholicism  comprehensible  to  those 
outside  its  pale  is  a  task  to  which  an  able  and 
instructed  Catholic  might  well  devote  his  lifer 
for  it  is  a  service  to  religion  in  general  and 
so  to  civilization.  Such  a  service  we  cannot 
but  feel  M.  Thureau-Dangin  has  rendered. 
CHARLES  H.  A.  WAGER. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


395 


POE'S  HELEX.* 


Sarah  Helen  Whitman,  the  Ehode  Island 
poet,  was  born  at  Providence  on  January  19, 
1803,  six  years  to  a  day  before  the  birth  of 
Edgar  Allan  Poe.  Her  father  was  Nicholas 
Power,  an  adventurer  and  erratic  fellow ;  her 
mother,  Anna  Marsh,  a  woman  of  fine  com- 
mon sense  and  exceptional  strength  of  char- 
acter. In  1828  Sarah  Power  was  married 
to  John  Winslow  Whitman,  a  young  lawyer 
of  Boston.  In  1833  Mr.  Whitman  died,  and 
thereafter  until  her  death  in  1878  Mrs. 
Whitman  made  her  home  in  the  city  of  her 
birth.  In  November,  1848,  after  a  brief  but 
highly  romantic  courtship,  Mrs.  Whitman 
entered  into  a  conditional  engagement  with 
the  poet  Poe,  whose  wife  had  died  early  in 
1847;  but  this  engagement  was  broken  off 
in  the  following  month  only  a.  day  or  two 
before  that  appointed  for  their  marriage. 
Mrs.  Whitman  published  in  1860  a  volume, 
"Edgar  Poe  and  His  Critics,"  in  defence  of 
Poe  against  Griswold  and  other  unsym- 
pathetic biographers.  In  1853  a  volume  of 
her  poems,  "Hours  of  Life,  and  Other 
Poems,"  was  brought  out,  and  a  collected 
edition  of  her  verses  was  published  shortly 
after  her  death. 

The  story  of  Mrs.  Whitman's  life  has  been 
told  again  and  again  by  editors  and  biog- 
raphers of  Poe;  but  it  has  now  been  told 
anew  and  at  length  in  a  handsome  volume 
from  the  pen  of  Miss  Caroline  Ticknor.  Much 
of  the  material  included  in  this  volume,  as 
Miss  Ticknor  frankly  states  in  her  Preface, 
had  already  been  given  to  the  world.  Here, 
for  instance,  are  the  impassioned  love-letters 
written  by  Poe  to  Mrs.  Whitman  in  the  fall 
and  winter  of  1848,  first  published  in  their 
completeness  by  Professor  J.  A.  Harrison  in 
1909.  Here,  again,  are  the  particulars  of 
Poe's  wooing  of  Mrs.  Whitman  and  of  the 
preparations  made  for  the  wedding  that  was 
not  to  be,  particulars  already  set  forth  in  an 
article  contributed  by  Professor  Harrison  and 
Miss  Charlotte  Dailey  to  "The  Century 
Magazine"  in  January,  1909.  And  here  are 
the  sonnets  written  by  Mrs.  Whitman  in  mem- 
ory of  Poe,  and  some  of  the  letters  of  George 
W.  Curtis  to  Mrs.  Whitman,  a  sheaf  of  which 
appeared  in  the  "Atlantic"  two  years  ago. 

But  we  have  also  considerable  new  material. 
Now  more  fully  than  ever  before  we  have  the 
story  of  Mrs.  Whitman's  early  years,  of  her 
friendship  with  Curtis  and  Greeley  and  Hay, 
and  of  her  home  life  in  Providence  during  her 
later  years.  We  have  also  sundry  new  letters  I 

*  POE'S  HELEN.     By  Caroline  Ticknor.     New  York :  Charles 
Scribner's   Sons.      $1.50. 


touching  Poe's  strange  career, —  some  from 
the  poet's  mother-in-law,  Mrs.  Clemm,  some 
from  Griswold,  some  from  Mrs.  Whitman 
herself  (though  we  are  still  without  the  letters 
of  Mrs.  Whitman  to  Poe)  ;  and  we  have  a 
lengthy  account  of  the  bickerings  indulged  in 
by  certain  of  Poe's  earlier  biographers, 
together  with  much  new  information  about 
Mrs.  Lewis,  Mrs.  Shew,  Mrs.  Gove-Nichols, 
Mrs.  Ellet,  and  other  romantic  women  with 
whom  the  poet  came  into  contact  in  his  "lone- 
some latter  years."  In  all  this  there  is  noth- 
ing that  is  discreditable  to  Mrs.  Whitman, 
and  little  that  is  discreditable  to  Poe;  but 
Mrs.  Lewis  appears  in  an  unenviable  light, 
and  the  unlovely  side  of  Mrs.  Clemm 's  later 
history  is  relentlessly  exposed.  Both  Mrs. 
Whitman  and  Mrs.  Osgood,  we  learn,  disap- 
proved heartily  of  Mrs.  Lewis;  and  Mrs. 
Osgood  is  cited  as  authority  for  the  statement 
that  Mrs.  Clemm  was  "a  thorn  in  Poe's  side" 
and  was  "always  embroiling  him  in  difficul- 
ties." Mrs.  Whitman,  so  we  are  told,  had 
"throughout  her  life  a  succession  of  adorers," 
her  hand  being  "sought  in  marriage,  even  in 
her  latest  years."  It  is  suggested  that  Mr. 
Pabodie,  who  assumed  the  part  of  Poe 's  friend 
and  comrade  on  the  occasion  of  his  last  visit 
to  Mrs.  Whitman's  home,  was  among  these 
adorers,  and  that  he  was  in  reality  an  active 
agent  in  bringing  about  the  rupture  between 
Mrs.  Whitman  and  the  unhappy  poet.  Inter- 
esting information  is  also  brought  out  as  to 
Poe's  trip  to  Richmond  in  the  summer  of 
1848,  as  to  Mrs.  Whitman's  interpretation  of 
the  lyric,  "To  Helen,"  addressed  to  her  by 
Poe,  and  as  to  the  grounds  on  which  Mrs. 
Whitman  based  her  belief — an  erroneous 
one,  beyond  all  doubt  —  that  "Annabel  Lee" 
was  a  "veiled  expression"  of  the  poet's 
"undying  remembrance  of  her." 

Poe  once  declared  that  Mrs.  Whitman's 
poetry  was  "instinct  with  genius."  Miss 
Ticknor  expresses  the  opinion  that  her  "poetic 
contributions"  entitle  her  to  "literary  immor- 
tality." We  are  bound  to  believe  that  this 
is  excessive  praise.  Poetic  gifts  she  undoubt- 
edly had,  but  her  verses  lack  the  energy  and 
the  intensity  that  are  necessary  to  secure 
enduring  fame.  Her  name  will  live,  if  indeed 
it  is  destined  to  live,  mainly  by  reason  of  its 
association  with  that  of  Edgar  Allan  Poe. 
In  like  manner,  the  chief  importance  of  the 
present  volume  must  be  sought  in  the  informa- 
tion that  it  furnishes  about  Poe  and  the 
unholy  atmosphere  in  which  he  spent  his 
declining  days.  But  the  volume  must  also 
find  its  justification  in  the  fuller  knowledge 
that  it  gives  of  the  life  of  Mrs.  Whitman. 

KILLIS  CAMPBELL. 


396 


THE    DIAL 


[November  16 


RECENT  FICTION.* 


There  are,  and  for  many  years  have  been, 
plenty  of  books  which  tell  how  ordinary 
people  did  ordinary  things.  Some  people  like 
them,  because  now  and  then  they  seem  to  get 
well  beneath  the  hardened  crust  of  life  and 
show  us  the  real  life  underneath.  It  was 
Miss  Kitty  Ellison,  some  forty  years  ago,  who 
said,  "If  I  were  to  write  a  story,  I  should 
take  the  slightest  kind  of  plot,  and  lay  the 
scene  in  the  dullest  kind  of  place,  and  then 
bring  out  all  their  possibilities. "  Mr.  Howells 
was  the  chronicler  of  the  utterance,  Mr. 
Howells  who  also  said  on  his  own  account, 
"Ah!  poor  Real  Life,  which  I  love,  can  I 
make  others  see  the  delight  I  find  in  thy 
foolish  and  insipid  face?"  In  those  days 
Mrs.  Humphry  Ward  was  a  girl  of  much  the 
same  age  as  Kitty,  but  she  must  have  had 
a  very  different  ideal  in  literature.  Anyone 
who  is  tired  of  books  like  Miss  Kitty's  favor- 
ite "Details"  can  always  turn  to  Mrs.  Ward 
for  relief,  for  she  never  writes  of  ordinary 
people  save  as  foil  or  relief,  and  only  rarely 
of  ordinary  things. 

In  that  charming  old  time  when  both 
"Pinafore"  and  Pater  flourished,  when 
Oxford  was  still  full  of  the  recollection  of 
Newman  and  Pusey,  and  of  T.  H.  Green  and 
Matthew  Arnold,  as  well  as  of  more  light- 
minded  and  able-bodied  persons  whose  names 
survive  chiefly  in  the  annals  of  boating  and 
cricket,  there  came  to  stay  with  her  guardian, 
a  classical  reader  at  the  University,  a  certain 
Lady  Constance  Bledlow,  who  was  one  of 
the  most  charming  people  imaginable.  She 
was  the  orphan  daughter  of  a  rich  English 
peer  who  had  lived  long  in  Italy  and  she 
had  become  an  epitome  of  all  that  was  delight- 
ful in  English  aristocracy  and  cosmopolitan 
culture  as  well  as  in  feminine  attraction. 
When  she  appeared,  she  made  a  clean  sweep. 
Not  only  was  everybody  charmed  with  her, 
but  when  she  went  to  a  great  reception  given 
in  honor  of  the  Lord  Chancellor  she  became 
almost  the  guest  of  the  evening  in  place  of  the 
great  statesmen,  with  the  voix  d'or  well- 
known  in  courts  and  in  Parliament.  Fellows, 
professors,  masters,  doctors,  heads  of  colleges 
crowded  around  her,  and  the  Lord  Chancel- 
lor himself  proved  to  be  a  great  friend  of  hers. 
And  it  was  not  only  the  learned  world  of 
Oxford  which  she  at  once  subdued,  but  the 
undergraduate  world  also,  so  far  as  it  was 

*LADY  CONNIE.  By  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward.  New  York: 
Hearst's  International  Library  Co.  $1.50. 

RODMOOR.  By  John  Cowper  Powys.  New  York :  G.  Arnold 
Shaw.  $1.60. 

JULIUS  LEVALLON.  By  Algernon  Blackwood.  New  York: 
E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $1.50. 


able,  fell  at  her  feet.  Particularly  was  this 
so  with  Douglas  Falloden,  the  son  of  a  rich 
old  Yorkshire  baronet  and  himself  one  of  the 
ablest  and  haughtiest  aristocrats  at  the 
University.  A  renowned  scholar  and  winner 
of  the  Newdigate  and  the  Ireland  (in  a 
fiercely  contested  year),  he  was  equally 
famous  as  an  athlete  and  a  "blood,"  for  the 
story  is  of  the  day  when  that  quaint  old 
expression  was  current.  She  was  charming 
if  not  absolutely  beautiful,  winning,  wonder- 
ful, and  he  was  strong,  imperious,  and  also 
wonderful, —  and  there  you  are. 

The  time  is  long  passed  for  discussing  the 
claims  of  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward  to  greatness. 
One  will  find  in  her  —  as  in  some  greater  and 
many  lesser  writers  —  a  brilliant  picture  of 
an  interesting  life,  but  it  will  be  such  a  pic- 
ture as  to  leave  one  with  the  sense  of  being 
on  the  outside.  She  always  talks  and  tells  of 
remarkable  and  wonderful  and  charming  and 
delightful  things  and  people,  but  she  rarely 
gives  us  more  of  an  impression  than  is  given 
by  anybody's  talking  and  telling  of  some- 
body else.  As  one  of  her  own  people  says, 
"They  tell  us  they're  splendid  fellows,  and, 
of  course,  we  must  believe  them.  But  who's 
to  know?"  Even  in  "Robert  Elsmere"  was 
this  peculiarity  apparent.  That  terrible 
Squire  was  always  throwing  a  biting  epigram 
across  the  table,  but  the  reader  never  had 
any  of  them.  Mrs.  Ward's  world  is  the 
world  of  gossip,  greater  and  less, —  the  won- 
derful voix  d'or  is  known  in  courts  and  par- 
liaments, the  Ireland  was  won  in  a  hotly 
contested  year.  The  great  world  of  intellect, 
fashion,  art,  culture,  passes  before  us  and 
we  may  admire  if  we  will,  but  we  rarely  get 
beyond  that;  we  are  outsiders  and  held 
severely  at  a  distance.  All  that  is  well 
enough  perhaps;  it  may  be  that  we  should 
not  be  able  to  appreciate  the  ideas  and  the 
feelings  of  the  august,  but  whether  we  should 
or  should  not  is  of  no  consequence,  for  we 
never  have  a  chance.  This  is  more  the  case 
in  "Lady  Connie"  than  in  some  other  of  Mrs. 
Ward's  books;  we  feel  that  we  have  had  a 
pleasant  glimpse  at  an  interesting  life,  but 
after  all  it  is  the  way  spectators  might  look 
at  a  great  ball. 

Nothing  of  this  sort  will  be  said  of  Mr. 
Powys 's  "Rodmoor."  The  world  is  very 
different  for  one  thing.  It  is  not  the  world 
of  culture  and  art  and  public  life  as  it  exists 
in  the  general  convention  of  agreement  by 
cultivated  people,  the  well-understood  world 
of  Oxford  halls  and  charming  old  country 
houses  where  people  are  known  by  the  color 
of  their  cricket  caps  or  the  cut  of  their  gowns. 
It  is  an  out-of-the-way  and  obscure  worldr 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


397 


in  a  remote  part  of  England  already  half 
washed  away  by  the  sea,  a  country  hardly 
known  outside  its  own  melancholy  borders. 
Nor  do  the  people  belong  to  the  well-under- 
stood if  noteworthy  classes  that  Mrs.  Ward 
is  apt  to  deal  with, —  distinguished  scholars, 
English  or  cosmopolitan,  men  of  political  or 
social  position,  women  of  recognized  culture. 
They  are  people  of  no  especially  distinguish- 
able class,  and  even  if  they  were  it  would 
matter  little,  for  class  or  not,  they  are  crea- 
tions chiefly  of  an  intense  individuality. 
Instead  of  being  people  to  be  admired,  people 
of  attraction,  charm,  distinction,  people  who 
realize  ideals  we  may  have  often  had  for 
ourselves,  they  are  a  fierce,  half-crazy  set 
whom  we  should  think  it  a  great  misfortune  to 
resemble  in  any  way.  Not  only  are  they 
nearly  crazy  themselves,  but  they  are  driven 
almost  to  mania  by  the  morbid  influences  of 
the  desolate  place  where  they  pass  their  aston- 
ishing lives.  Yet  with  all  this,  there  is  one 
interesting  thing  about  them :  what  they  are, 
they  themselves  are;  no  one  has  to  tell  us 
anything  about  them.  Mr.  Powys  very 
probably  would  give  a  different  account  of 
his  characters  from  mine, —  indeed,  he  does 
now  and  then, —  but  it  does  not  matter  what 
he  says  of  them.  There  they  are;  one  can 
judge  for  oneself. 

Whatever  you  may  think  of  such  an  exhibi- 
tion, it  has  at  least  a  sort  of  reality ;  it  gives 
the  impression  at  least  of  going  deeper  into 
life,  of  not  merely  viewing  as  an  admiring 
spectator  the  superficial  and  conventional 
phases  that  one  reads  of  in  every  newspaper 
or  sees  at  every  dinner  table,  but  of  actually 
exploring  some  of  the  deeply  hidden  springs 
of  action  in  the  hearts  of  men  and  women. 
Adrian  and  Brand  and  Phillippa  were,  and 
were  meant  to  be,  actually  tinged  with  mania 
of  some  sort,  but  Hamish  Traherne  and 
Baltazer  Stock  and  Linda  Herrick  are  not 
much  better.  The  only  sane  person  in  the 
book,  as  somebody  practically  says,  is  a  sad- 
faced,  religious  mother.  But  crazy  or  not, 
they  are  people  of  sensitive  and  intense  feel- 
ing, which  Mr.  Powys  has  no  difficulty  in 
making  us  appreciate. 

Perhaps  this  may  not  be  actually  a  truer 
view  of  life  than  Mrs.  Ward's.  In  "Lady 
Connie"  the  imperious  aristocrat  of  a  hero  is 
mad  with  jealousy  and  irretrievably  injures  ! 
a  foreign  artist  by  throwing  him  into  a  foun- 
tain. The  artist  recovers  his  general  health 
but  slowly,  and  the  aristocrat  endeavors  to 
make  atonement  by  going  to  live  with  him  in 
a  little  cottage  outside  Oxford,  where  he  some- 
times sees  Lady  Connie  who  visits  the  young 
artist  in  the  quality  of  an  affectionate  sister. 


In  "Rodmoor"  Phillippa,  a  girl  of  a  boy- 
like,  sexless,  Sapphic  charm  who  could  walk 
with  Adrian  or  swim  with  him  indifferently, 
is  on  some  excursion  with  him  shortly  before 
his  wedding  to  someone  else.  They  come  to 
a  barn  and  are  sitting  down  in  the  shade  when 
Adrian  goes  up  into  the  loft  and  wants 
Phillippa  to  come  up  too.  She  does  not  care 
to,  and  he  being  insistent  comes  down  to  tie 
a  rope  around  her  and  pull  her  up.  When 
she  resists,  he  gives  her  a  great  whack  on  the 
chest  with  the  rope.  This  breaks  her  spirit, 
and  she  becomes  a  woman  and  falls  dead  in 
love  with  him.  It  may  be  hard  to  say  which 
of  the  two  situations  is  more  actually  real, 
but  Mr.  Powys  certainly  has  less  of  the  well- 
established  convention. 

Mr.  Powys  does  not  probe  very  deeply  into 
the  mysteries  of  the  human  spirit,  but  at  least 
he  makes  his  effort.  He  is  not  content  to  give 
us  easy  references  to  things  which  are  well 
known  and  of  good  report ;  he  wants  to  make 
us  see  and  feel  for  ourselves.  Possibly  he  has 
an  easier  task.  Really  to  understand  people 
like  Douglas  Falloden  and  Constance  Bledlow 
may  be  a  difficult  matter.  It  is  doubtless 
easier  merely  to  tell  how  he  studied  all  night 
and  how  everybody  crowded  round  her  at  the 
ball.  It  may  indeed  be  easier  to  present  these 
extravagants  like  Adrian  and  Phillippa  than 
those  whose  true  nature  expresses  itself  in  the 
ordinary  conventionalities.  Mr.  Powys  fol- 
lows distinguished  masters;  Emily  Bronte 
and  Paul  Verlaine  have  given  him  some  ideas 
on  the  extravagant  and  sensitive  possibilities 
of  men  and  women.  But  of  whomever  he  has 
learned,  he  has  gained  the  desire  to  look 
beneath  the  surface  and  see  for  himself,  and 
that  desire  is  in  itself  a  great  thing. 

As  Mr.  Powys  seems  to  have  the  desire 
to  get  at  some  of  the  deeply  hidden  springs 
of  power  in  human  life,  Mr.  Algernon  Black- 
wood  goes  even  deeper  in  his  explorations  of 
the  life  of  the  human  soul.  His  book  is  writ- 
ten with  the  conception  of  a  life  of  the  soul 
which  reaches  back  into  the  past  for  century 
after  century,  and  he  pursues  his  thesis  with 
the  seriousness  of  an  actual  student ;  in  fact. 
I  must  confess  myself  uncertain  as  to  whether 
Mr.  Blackwood  is  a  student  who  wishes  to 
clothe  a  great  idea  in  a  form  that  will  attract 
attention  and  arouse  interest,  or  a  novelist 
with  a  taste  for  the  mysterious  and  the 
remarkable  who  finds  in  the  ancient  belief 
the  chance  to  present  that  combination  of 
people  and  story  which  makes  a  good  novel. 
It  is  fortunately  unnecessary  to  decide;  few 
of  us  even  though  deeply  interested  would 
accept  such  a  view  on  the  authority  of  a  work 
of  fiction  of  whatever  excellence.  If  we  read 


398 


THE    DIAL 


[November  16 


with  sympathy,  with  interest,  with  convic- 
tion even,  we  may  gain  a  will  to  believe,  but 
we  shall  naturally  wish  to  go  to  rather  differ- 
ent sources  for  more  definite  conviction. 

Mr.  Blackwood's  story  is  one  of  the  trans- 
migration of  souls,  or,  rather,  of  the  power  of 
the  soul  in  our  day  to  recall  essential  circum- 
stances of  its  life  in  past  avatars.  There 
have  been  other  such  stories;  one  of  the 
latest  was  Mr.  Jack  London's  "The  Star 
Rover."  But  while  Mr.  London's  book 
seemed  merely  the  work  of  an  imaginative 
mind  dealing  with  the  fancy  of  pre-existent 
forms,  Mr.  Blackwood  has  a  much  more 
serious,  even  systematic,  way  of  looking  at 
his  question  and  has  produced  a  more  inter- 
esting book.  I  am  frankly  ignorant  of  the 
"literature  of  the  subject,"  but  I  suppose  that 
from  very  ancient  times,  from  times  older 
than  Pythagoras  and  Plato,  men  have  looked 
with  intense  and  deep  curiosity  at  those  things 
that  happen  in  our  life  that  seem  to  indicate 
that  we  have  lived  before.  Whatever  the 
philosophers  have  said,  there  are  not  a  few 
of  such  questionings  in  literature.  Mr. 
Blackwood  takes  this  recognition,  this  bring- 
ing back  to  recollection  memories  of  a  very 
ancient  past,  and  thereon  builds  his  book.  I 
presume  I  do  him  no  wrong  if  I  say  that  his 
particular  idea  seems  unconvincing.  That  the 
souls  of  the  persons  of  the  writer,  of  Julius 
LeVallon,  of  the  woman  whom  Julius  had 
found  and  married,  should  meet  after  cen- 
turies and  should  be  able  to  right  an  old 
wrong, —  this  consequence  of  the  belief  that 
the  soul  has  lived  in  the  past  does  not  seem 
to  me  very  well  assured.  But  even  if  it  were, 
perhaps  it  would  not  be  so  interesting  as  the 
belief  which  Mr.  Blackwood  enforces  much 
better  in  the  life  of  the  soul  to-day.  The 
soul  in  Julius,  in  the  friend  of  his  boyhood, 
in  his  wife, —  we  do  get  some  impression  of 
them,  or  at  least  the  impression  that  they 
exist  and  have  a  life  rather  different  from 
the  life  to  which  we  are  accustomed.  The 
people  we  commonly  see  in  novels, —  perhaps 
with  a  certain  external  superficiality,  or 
moved  by  a  deeper  understanding, —  do  we 
get  at  the  life  of  their  souls  ?  Mr.  Blackwood 
would  have  us  understand  that  there  is  a 
life  of  the  soul.  It  is  one  of  the  hardest 
things  to  do  —  this  presentation  of  what 
everybody  believes  —  and  that  Mr.  Black- 
wood  should  even  in  some  measure  be  able  to 
do  it,  gives  his  book  a  position  apart  from 
many  books  that  we  approve  for  other  reasons. 

Such  are  some  of  the  variations  —  we  had 
others  in  our  last  number  —  which  will  inter- 
est those  who  like  to  find  in  fiction  something 
a  little  more  exciting  than  the  careful  and 


habitual  happenings  of  every-day  existence. 
If  real  life  be  so  foolish  and  insipid,  so  dull 
and  commonplace  that  we  get  enough  in  fact 
and  wish  to  escape  from  it  in  imagination, 
here  are  the  means.  The  distinguished  life 
of  art  and  culture,  the  fierce  and  individual 
life  of  passion,  the  deep  and  sacred  life  of 
the  soul, —  seen  with  greater  or  less  depth  or 
penetration, —  these  offer  an  opportunity  that 
may  be  easily  grasped. 

EDWARD  E.  HALE. 


ox  !N~E\v  FICTION 


Mr.  Eden  Phillpotts  stands  well  at  the  head 
of  England's  minor  novelists.  A  rapid  writer, 
always  steeped  in  the  atmosphere  of  his  subject, 
possessing  an  instinct  for  word  pictures  and  an 
insight  into  character,  his  figure  is  of  deserved 
significance  in  contemporary  literature.  His  new 
novel,  "The  Green  Alleys"  (Macmillan,  $1.50), 
belongs  to  the  industrial  cycle  of  "Brunei's 
Tower"  and  "Old  Delabole."  He  has  chosen  the 
hop-growing  land  of  Kent  for  his  scene.  Com- 
parison with  Mr.  Hardy  is  inevitable,  for  like 
Mr.  Hardy  he  makes  Nature  a  vital  force  in  his 
story;  but  unlike  Mr.  Hardy,  he  makes  it  an 
agent  for  happiness  instead  of  a  blind  destiny- 
bearing  force.  Mr.  Phillpotts's  hop-vines,  like 
his  Cornwall  slate-quarries,  remain  in  our  minds 
as  real  and  as  active  as  any  of  his  human  char- 
acters. Under  the  shadow  of  their  green  alleys 
Nathan  and  Nicholas  grew  to  manhood.  Nathan, 
though  the  elder  of  the  brothers,  had  had  the 
misfortune  to  come  into  the  world  before  the  mar- 
riage of  his  parents,  and  consequently  Nicholas 
was  by  English  law  the  inheritor  to  the  family 
wealth, —  the  hops.  He  was  rather  a  spoiled 
darling,  a  master  in  his  industry,  but  spiritually 
and  too  often  financially  dependent  upon  Nathan, 
who  guided  him  with  more  of  a  father's  than  a 
brother's  love.  The  mother  admired  and  wor- 
shipped both.  It  was  with  the  advent  of  Rosa 
May  that  trouble  arose.  She  would  be  the  saving 
of  Nicholas,  the  mother  thought;  and  when 
Nicholas  did  indeed  lose  his  heart  to  the  girl,  his 
career  appeared  to  be  saved.  Nathan,  the  elder, 
concealed  his  deeper  love.  The  conflict  was  bound 
to  come  to  light,  complicated  by  the  misfortune  of 
Nathan's  birth  and  by  the  self-assurance  and  the 
assertiveness  of  the  younger  brother.  The  mother's 
fierce  partisanship,  yielding  to  her  sense  of 
justice,  and  finally  swept  under  by  the  new  spirit 
of  England  in  the  first  months  of  war,  is  one  of 
the  finest  things  in  the  book.  Indeed,  Mr.  Phill- 
potts's characters  are  all  splendidly  true,  from  the 
bombastic  father  of  Rosa  May,  who  "would  rather 
belong  to  the  great  middle-class  of  England  than 
to  any  other  order  in  the  world,"  to  the  earnest 
and  sterling  Nathan.  His  descriptions  are  equally 
vivid.  One  breathes  the  very  atmosphere  of  the 
hop-picking  summer  days,  when  the  people  of  the 
country-side  swarmed  about  the  bins  and  fingers 
flew.  These  descriptions  have  a  rare  fidelity  and 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


399 


beauty  that  are  not  often  found.  The  reader  is 
impressed  by  the  ancientness  of  everything, — 
from  the  ages-old  inherited  hops  and  the  cherry- 
trees  to  the  people  whose  family  roots  and  instincts 
and  traditions  extended  equally  into  the  past. 
One  is  surprised,  therefore,  that  possessing  all 
these  excellencies  the  book  does  not  leave  a  deeper 
impression.  But  so  it  is, —  charming,  readable, 
incisive  in  character-drawing  and  yet  unimpres- 
sive. There  is  no  flash,  no  livening  spark.  And 
part  of  its  failure  seems  to  be  due  to  the  modern 
lack  —  the  want  of  a  plot.  Plot  laid  down  the 
cards,  and  character  vainly  tried  to  play  the  hand 
alone. 

Turning   to   Mr.    Samuel   Merwin,  we  have   a 
novelist   quite   as   representative   of   America  as  ', 
Mr.  Phillpotts  is  of  England,  and  in  almost  every 
respect  his  antithesis.    It  is  the  polish,  the  artistry, 
the  age  that  tell  in  "The  Green  Alleys."    In  "The  j 
Trufflers"    (Bobbs-Merrill,   $1.35),   Mr.   Merwin's  i 
latest  book,  it  is  the  vigor,  the  youth,  the  clean-cut  i 
vitality  that  count.    And  Mr.  Merwin  has  a  story  ; 
to  tell.    His  scene  is  laid  in  the  Latin  Quarter  of 
New  York,  whither  Sue  Wilde,  a  daughter  of  the 
Philistines,  had  fled  in  search  of  self-expression. 
She   was   "a  real  natural   oasis  in   a  desert   of  | 
poseurs,"    as    distinct   from   the    exceeding    self-  i 
consciousness  of  her  new  environment  as  she  had 
been  from  the  restraint  of  her  old.     There  Peter 
Mann,  the  Broadway  playwright,  found  her,  fell 
under  the  spell  of  her  enthusiasm  and  her  fresh- 
ness, and  for  a  long  time  managed  to  conceal  from 
her  his  real  nature  of  the  posing  sentimentalist.  ' 
Mr.  Merwin  meant  to  make  the  man   a  posing 
genius,  but  a  real  genius.   To  us  and  to  Sue,  how-  j 
ever,  he  remains  merely  an  amusing  if  irritating 
poseur.     It  was  Mann,  nevertheless,  who  wrote 
the  Broadway  success,  "The  Truffler,"  a  play  cal- 
culated to  expose  the  bachelor-girl  characterized  in  j 
his  mind  as  "a  confirmed  seeker  of  pleasures  and  ! 
delicacies  in  the  sober  game  of  life,  utterly  self-  i 
indulgent,  going  it  alone  —  a  truffle-hunter."    Mr.  i 
Merwin's  point  of  view  apparently  lies  between  \ 
the  two;    we  trace  it  in  the  spiritual  growth  of  i 
Sue  Wilde  herself,  from  her  ardent  search  for  j 
naturalness  in  "the  Village,"  through  her  bitter  ' 
awakening,  to  the  final  emergence  of  her  mature  | 
self -controlled  personality.    Mr.  Merwin  has  made  j 
her  very  interesting  and  very  real.    Peter  is  almost  i 
real.     "The  Worm,"  who  finally  emerges  as  the  j 
true    hero,    is    completely   real  —  a   very    funny,  j 
lovable  little  Queedish  character.    The  whole  sub-  | 
ject,  of  course,  is  chosen  for  its  timeliness;   there 
is  a  great  deal  of  bachelor-girl  realism,  talk  about 
theatres  and  films,  and  Broadway  and  Washington 
Square.     There  is  a  certain  cheapness  about  the 
style  as  about  the  subject, —  the  same  cheapness  i 
that    one   sees   in   our   most   popular   monthlies.  ; 
There  is  also  an  artificial  construction,  the  work-  ; 
ing  up  to  a  climax  at  the  end  of  each  chapter. 
But  the  point  is  this, —  that  here  is  a  straightfor- 
ward story  with  very  few  airs  and  graces,  and  j 
absolutely  no  attempt  to  imitate  its  European  for-  j 


bears.  It  gives  the  public  very  honestly  what  the 
public  wants.  The  taste  of  that  public  may  not 
be  of  the  highest,  it  has  not  had  much  training  in 
literature;  but  it  is  not  going  to  let  itself  be 
bored,  and  it  is  not  going  to  mistake  chronicle 
for  plot. 

It  would  be  a  triumph  for  American  fiction 
if  it  might  count  Miss  Phyllis  Bottome  within  its 
ranks.  Although  she  has  lived  here  and  in  Eng- 
land, the  greater  part  of  her  life  has  been  spent 
on  the  Continent.  Likewise  the  Continent  is  the 
scene  of  her  first  American-published  novel,  "The 
Dark  Tower"  (Century,  $1.35).  This  is  the 
purest,  cleanest-cut,  and  finest  example  of  the 
novelist's  art  among  the  books  in  this  group. 
The  writer  has  thought  clearly,  and  she  has 
chosen  a  subject  worth  thinking  about.  She  has 
eliminated  all  that  did  not  directly  pertain  to  the 
story,  either  in  the  way  of  character,  description, 
or  dialogue.  She  has  rounded  the  whole  so  that  it 
stands  out,  with  all  the  essential  detail,  an  almost 
perfect  technical  triumph.  (The  word  "technical" 
is  used  advisedly  here,  to  signify  the  application  of 
common  sense  to  the  expression  of  something 
worth  expressing.)  Her  story  is  of  Winn  Staines, 
a  soldier  sprung  from  an  English  county  family 
of  strong  sons  and  daughters.  He  wasn't,  in  the 
drawing-room  sense  of  the  word,  "tame."  He 
craved  "hard  sharp  talk  that  he  could  answer 
as  if  it  were  a  Punch  and  Judy  show."  He  was 
also  a  little  suspicious  of  thinking, — "it  seemed  to 
him  rather  like  a  way  of  getting  out  of  things." 
We  can't  blame  him  for  being  a  bit  nasty  to 
Estelle.  Thirty-five  years  of  natural  living,  of 
much  hard  heart-breaking  work,  had  not  served 
to  fit  him  for  Estelle's  idea  of  marriage.  Claire 
(for  it  is  the  eternal  triangle  again)  gave  him  the 
man-to-man  companionship  which  alone  could 
bring  him  to  his  knees.  Marooned  in  Davos  with 
a  "crocked"  lung,  hearing  night  and  day  the  fore- 
boding muffled  sound  behind  padded  doors,  with 
the  great  snow  peaks  and  valleys  beckoning  him 
as  a  symbol  of  freedom,  he  fought  his  love  against 
tremendous  odds,  for  "the  unfortunate  part  of 
being  made  all  of  a  piece  is  that  if  you  happen  to 
want  anything  there  is  really  no  fibre  of  your 
being  that  doesn't  want  it."  A  further  result  of 
being  made  all  of  a  piece  is  that  you  are  rarely 
able  after  the  age  of  thirty-five  to  turn  quite  as 
"soft"  as  Winn  became  at  the  end.  Winn  was  a 
great  deal  more  convincing  when  he  called  his 
wife  a  cat  than  when  he  manfully  tucked  the  fur 
rug  around  Claire  at  St.  Moritz  and  watched  her 
drive  away  from  him  down  the  valley.  Misa 
Bottome  finally  seeks  the  great  modern  resource. 
Winn  hailed  the  war  with  a  feeling  of  complete 
relief.  Trouble  of  that  sort  was  something  to 
live  and  to  die  for.  After  a  last  glorious  charge 
with  his  Sikhs  he  was  found  lying  between  the  old 
trench  and  the  new.  Baldly  related,  this  plot 
sadly  forebodes  sentimentalism.  The  treatment, 
however,  removes  all  reproach.  It  is  a  direct 
and  simple  narrative,  motivated  by  truthful  char- 


400 


THE    DIAL 


[November  16 


acter-drawing,  exalted  to  the  plane  of  justifiable, 
because  inevitable,  tragedy.  Essentially  it  is  of 
the  stuff  of  mediaeval  romance,  made  true  by  char- 
acter, with  modern  ideals  supplanting  mediaeval 
morals. 

For  "Olga  Bardel"  (Century,  $1.35),  the  best 
thing  that  can  be  said  is  that  it,  too,  is  "promis- 
ing." It  presents,  in  no  very  new  light,  the  prob- 
lem of  a  great  genius  struggling  to  be  heard 
against  odds, —  first  the  odds  of  helpless  poverty, 
next  of  exploitation,  finally  of  an  unfortunate 
marriage.  Mr.  Stacy  Aumonier  shows  in  spots 
a  fine  dramatic  instinct,  and  there  are  many  good 
scenes  incorporated  in  it.  The  characters  are 
fairly  convincing,  and  never  tedious.  One  feels 
that  the  author  had  no  right  to  make  his  heroine 
quite  so  unfortunate, —  one  feels  a  little  cheated 
oneself  after  Fate  has  gone  on  tricking  her  for 
thirty-five  years  or  so.  Has  he  any  aesthetic  right 
to  make  her  suffer  so  much?  Matthew  Arnold 
asserted  that  there  were  certain  situations,  how- 
ever accurate,  from  which  no  poetical  enjoyment 
could  be  derived  —  "those  in  which  the  suffering 
finds  no  vent  in  action  .  .  in  which  there  is 
everything  to  be  endured,  nothing  to  be  done." 
Though  much  may  be  said  in  praise  of  Mr. 
Aumonier's  work,  the  quotation  is  all  too  ap- 
plicable here.  Like  "The  Green  Alleys,"  more- 
over, it  leaves  the  impression  of  formlessness, — 
or,  rather,  it  leaves  no  particular  impression.  The 
writer  has  not  yet  learned  the  art  of  stripping  his 
story  of  non-essentials.  He  is  still  imagist,  reflect- 
ing the  part  of  life  that  he  sees,  not  yet  interpret- 
ing it,  nor  seeing  it  clearly  or  whole. 

Cap'n  Gid,  the  hero  of  Elizabeth  Lincoln  Gould's 
story  of  the  same  name  (Penn,  $1.),  leaves  his 
native  town  for  a  boarding-house  in  the  city,  carry- 
ing his  neighborliness  with  him.  By  the  end  of  the 
third  chapter  one  realizes  that  equal  numbers  of 
male  and  female  characters  have  been  introduced, 
and  a  premonition  persuades  one  that  they  will 
walk  out  the  back  end  of  the  book  in  couples. 
Outside  this  rhythmic  procession  lurk  three  horrid 
and  unwomanly  suffragettes,  who  are  justly  pun- 
ished for  their  temperaments  by  being  left  unpro- 
vided with  husbands.  But  none  the  less,  the  book 
has  a  charming  and  friendly  tone  throughout. 

Miss  Persis  Dale,  in  "Other  People's  Business," 
by  Harriet  Lummis  Smith  (Bobbs-Merrill,  $1.25), 
is  a  fine  upstanding  spinster  who  meddles  in  every- 
body's concerns  to  their  great  advantage,  supports 
herself  and  her  brother  for  a  time  by  dressmak- 
ing, and  immediately  adopts  five  children  and 
buys  a  motor-car  when  she  comes  into  money.  The 
only  person  in  the  book  who  achieves  a  bad  end 
is  Miss  Persis's  girlhood  lover,  who  after  twenty 
years'  residence  in  the  city  comes  back  smoking 
costly  cigars  and  planning  to  deprive  his  neighbors 
of  their  savings.  Thus  we  learn  that  those  who 
go  away  to  the  city  lose  their  simplicity  of  heart; 
but  be  assured,  good  reader,  that  rustic  shrewdness 
and  honesty  will  outwit  urban  treachery, —  the 
renegade  will  be  hounded  from  the  town,  and  Miss 


Persis  will  bestow  her  hand,  her  fortune,  and 
her  adopted  family  upon  the  misunderstood  but 
faithful  store-keeper.  She  and  her  victims  are 
drawn  with  a  firm  and  cheerful  touch;  and  they 
are  not,  on  the  whole,  "unco'  guid."  The  book  is 
decidedly  pleasant  reading. 

How  responsively  Miss  Theodosia's  heartstrings 
quiver  and  throb  and  vibrate  to  every  wind  of 
sentiment!  What  a  lovely  and  generous  soul  she 
has ;  what  a  delightful  exterior !  What  capability 
in  laundering  and  in  nursing  babies  through  the 
measles,  without  the  slightest  previous  experience! 
How  has  she  concealed  these  traits  till  the  ripe  age 
of  thirty-six,  and  imposed  upon  the  world  as  a 
fastidious,  self-centred,  exacting  bachelor-maid? 
How  does  it  happen  that  in  her  village  is  hidden 
away  a  young  author  of  equally  buoyant  and 
lovable  disposition,  which  he  has  concealed  with 
no  less  success  throughout  some  eight  lustra?  How 
does  any  family  so  loyal,  so  amusing,  so  industrious 
as  the  Flaggs  happen  to  be  so  ill-provided  with 
this  world's  goods?  The  characters  in  this 
"irresistible  novel  of  happiness"  have  not  the 
defects  of  their  qualities.  They  never  commit 
faults,  though  they  may  bravely  undergo  misfor- 
tunes. It  is  really  a  very  funny  book.  From  a 
random  passage  of  twenty-three  lines  we  extract 
these  characteristic  words:  "mystery,"  "precious," 
"sweet,"  "soft,"  "kiss,"  "empty,"  "guess," 
"delighted,"  "seldom,"  "little,"  "wonderful," 
"ecstasy."  The  scene  is  one  in  which  Miss 
Theodosia  and  the  young  man  happen  to  be  senti- 
mentalizing over  a  baby's  nightgown.  ("Miss 
Theodosia's  Heartstrings,"  by  Annie  Hamilton 
Donnell.  Little,  Brown,  $1.) 

Michael  Lynch  in  "Bodbank"  (Holt,  $1.35) 
remarks :  "  'Tis  here,  if  he  wishes  to  know  his 
country,  the  furriner  will  recover  from  the  impres- 
sion av  America  he  may  have  got  from  Broadway." 
Bodbank  is  an  Illinois  town  on  the  banks  of  the 
Mississippi;  and  of  its  removal  topographically 
and  spiritually  from  the  Great  White  Way,  the 
author  leaves  us  in  no  doubt.  It  may  be  added 
that  we  were  not  a  little  startled  at  meeting  Mr. 
Richard  Washburn  Child  on  the  banks  of  the 
Mississippi;  we  are  more  accustomed  to  finding 
him  on  the  banks  of  the  Vistula.  But  there  is  no 
doubt  that  he  is  equally  at  home  here,  in  the  back 
room  of  the  Phoenix  Hotel,  where  the  choice 
spirits  of  the  town  (including  the  Judge's  old  fool 
yellow  dog)  gather  in  winter  around  the  Sturges 
Blizzard  King  Heater,  and  in  summer  under  the 
flapping  ceiling  fan,  while  the  bullfrogs  over  on 
the  Iowa  shore  are  heard  "glugging  in  the  slews" 
and  mosquitoes  buzz  on  every  Bodbank  front 
piazza.  The  back  room  of  the  Phoenix  produced 
the  stories  which  are  told  in  this  collection.  Sev- 
eral people  have  recently  accused  American  fiction 
of  drawing  its  stimulus  from  Europe.  "Bodbank" 
is  farther  from  Europe  than  it  is  from  Broadway, 
and  it  is  recommended  to  those  particular  accusers 
as  an  excellent  product  of  pure  Americanism. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


401 


BRIEFS  ox  XEW  BOOKS. 


War  and 
the  race. 


It  is  the  function  of  the  Division 
of  Economics  and  History  of  the 
Carnegie  Endowment  for  Inter- 
national Peace,  under  the  direction  of  Pro- 
fessor J.  B.  Clark,  to  promote  a  thorough  and 
scientific    investigation    of    the    causes    and 
results  of  war.    The  conference  of  statesmen, 
economists,  and  publicists  at  Berne  in  1911 
drew  up  a  plan  and  an  extensive  list  of  topics  ! 
for  investigation.    The  first  volume  resulting 
from  these  studies  contains  two  reports  upon  ' 
investigations  carried  on  in  furtherance  of  ! 
this  plan.     The  first,  by  Mr.  Gaston  Bodart, 
deals  with  the  "Losses  of  Life  in  Modern  ; 
Wars:      Austro-Hungary,      France."        The 
second,  by  Professor  Vernon  L.  Kellogg,  is  a  | 
preliminary  report  and  discussion  of  "Mili-  j 
tary    Selection    and    Race    Deterioration." 
France  has  been  the  most  warlike  nation  of  j 
modern  times.     She  has  been  at  war  nearly  , 
one  half  of  the  time,  or  148  years,  in  the 
period  from  the  17th  to  the  19th  centuries  \ 
inclusive.      From    1792    to    1914    war    has 
deprived  France  of  3,000,000  men.  Her  losses 
in  officers  have  been  high.     In  the  Franco-  . 
Prussian  War  they  were  nearly  double  those 
of  the  Germans.     War  has  had  a  large  part 
in  producing  the  present  stagnation  and  even  : 
decrease  in  the  French  population.     Austro-  ; 
Hungary  has  been  at  war  161  years  in  the 
three  centuries  prior  to  1900,  but  her  losses 
in  men  and  officers  have  been  relatively  less  I 
than  those  of  the  combatants  in  the  Polish- 
Russian  War,  the  Crimean  War,  the  American  \ 
War  of  Secession,  the  Franco-German  War,  ' 
and  the  Russo-Japanese  War.     Only  during 
the  Thirty  Years'  War  was  there  an  actual 
depopulation  of  Austria.  Her  losses  in  officers 
were  not  proportionately  heavy.    France  lost 
more  officers  in  eleven  years  than  Austria  in 
three  hundred.    In  the  second  section  of  the 
volume,  Professor  Kellogg  marshals  his  facts 
to  expose  the  dysgenic  effects  of  war  in  mili- 
tary selection,  which  exposes  the  strongest  and 
sturdiest  young  men  to  destruction  and  for 
the  most  part  leaves  the  weaklings  to  per- 
petuate the  race.    He  cites  statistics  to  prove 
an  actual  measurable,  physical  deterioration 
in  stature  in  France  due  apparently  to  mil- 
itary selection.     The  system  of  determining 
military  fitness  results  in  the  return  of  weak- 
lings to  the  civil  population  and  the  with- 
drawal of  the  physically  fit  therefrom  and 
their  exposure  to  a  higher  rate  of  destruction 
by  disease  in  barracks  and  camp  as  well  as  by 
the   accidents   of   war.      To   these   dysgenic 
aspects  of  militarism  the  author  adds  the 
appalling  racial  deterioration  resulting  from 


venereal  diseases,  which,  as  statistics  indicate, 
tend  to  become  abnormally  prevalent  among 
regular  soldiers  as  compared  with  new 
recruits.  The  work  is  a  candid  and  sane 
discussion  of  both  sides  of  this  very  impor- 
tant aspect  of  militarism.  (Oxford  Univer- 
sity Press,  $2.) 


The  stage 
as  a  career. 


Mr.  Arthur  Hornblow  's  "  Train- 
ing for  the  Stage"  (Lippincott, 
$1.25)  is  an  attractively  written 
book  of  short,  informal  essays  on  such  topics 
as  "The  Player  To-day,"  "The  Art  of  the 
Actor,"  "The  Stage  as  a  Career  for  Women," 
"What  an  Actor  Earns,"  "Some  Don'ts," 
etc.  Its  author  contrasts  the  average  young 
actor  of  to-day,  who  is  frankly  commercial, 
complacently  ignorant  of  the  history  and 
traditions  of  the  stage,  and  often  disdainful 
of  "highbrow  stuff,"  with  the  actors  of 
another  and  less  commercial  era  and  the 
prodigious  amount  of  study  done  by  them  — 
"Henry  Irving  impersonated  no  fewer  than 
four  hundred  and  twenty-eight  characters 
during  his  first  three  years  on  the  stage." 
He  asserts  that  managers  exploit  the  actor's 
own  individuality  instead  of  insisting  on  his 
"getting  under  the  skin  of  the  person  he  is 
supposed  to  be  impersonating  and  submerging 
his  identity  completely  in  that  of  the  assumed 
character,  which,  after  all,  is  the  very  essence 
of  the  art  of  acting."  He  says  that  the  art 
of  elocution  is  neglected,  and  that  "inarticula- 
tion  is  the  besetting  sin  of  the  present-day 
stage,"  and  is  of  the  opinion  that  "one  or 
two  years'  preliminary  study  in  a  good  school 
of  acting  is  unquestionably  the  best  and 
quickest  way  to  gain  a  foothold  on  the  stage." 
He  blames  the  audience  as  well  as  the  actor 
and  the  manager,  for  "it  is  indeed  a  question 
if  the  present  generation  of  theatregoers 
knows  what  good  acting  is."  He  writes  inter- 
estingly of  stage  conditions  not  generally 
known  —  of  actors'  salaries,  of  the  actor's 
voice,  of  contracts,  etc.  He  estimates  that 
•'there  are  to-day  in  this  country  40,000  per- 
sons engaged  in  theatricals,  50  per  cent  at 
least  of  whom  are  legitimate  actors,"  and 
that  during  1915  no  fewer  than  10,000  applied 
to  the  Actors'  Fund  for  relief  "on  the  plea 
that  the  wolf  was  at  the  door  and  that  they 
needed  immediate  pecuniary  assistance. "  It  is 
the  purpose  of  "Training  for  the  Stage"  "to 
discourage  a  few  of  the  hundreds  of  well- 
intentioned  but  misguided  young  people  who, 
having  no  talent  for  the  stage  .  .  rush 
into  a  career  for  which  they  are  manifestly 
unfitted,"  and  also  to  encourage  real  ability 
and  to  "spur  on  to  renewed  effort  those  in 


402 


THE    DIAL 


[November  16 


whom  the  call  to  the  boards  is  irresistible." 
Its  author  stands  for  the  ideal,  and  has  con- 
tributed to  the  profession  an  honest,  straight- 
forward, readable  book,  if  one  that  does  not 
go  so  deeply  into  the  subject  as  many  readers 
will  desire  and  expect.  Mr.  David  Belasco, 
whose  portrait  appears  as  the  frontispiece, 
writes  a  "Foreword,"  in  which  temperament 
is  insisted  upon  as  "the  first  word,  and  the 
last,  in  acting." 


saints' legends  The  student  of  literary  history, 
in  English  the  lover  of  religious  art,  and 
the  student  of  folk-lore  will  all 
profit  by  reading  Professor  Gordon  Hall 
Gerould's  "Saints'  Legends,"  the  latest  addi- 
tion to  Professor  Neilson's  "Types  of  English 
Literature"  series  (Houghton  Mifflin,  $1.50). 
Professor  Gerould  has  given  a  succinct  and 
carefully  documented  account  of  the  sub- 
stance, style,  origin,  and  author  (where  the 
author  is  known),  of  every  important  legend 
and  group  of  legends  produced  in  England 
from  St.  Hilda 's  day  to  the  Reformation,  and 
from  the  dawn  of  the  Catholic  revival  in  the 
eighteenth  century  to  the  present,  the  whole 
preceded  by  two  introductory  chapters  on 
the  origin  and  character  of  saints'  legends  in 
general.  To  cover  so  wide  a  field  in  less  than 
four  hundred  pages  calls  for  extreme  com- 
pression and  the  almost  complete  avoidance 
of  illustration, —  qualities  that  are  not  likely 
to  attract  the  general  reader.  Moreover,  the 
legends  themselves,  for  the  most  part,  have 
little  charm  of  style,  though  Professor 
Gerould  quite  properly  remarks  of  one  of  the 
collections  that  it  is  not  more  contemptible 
than  much  of  the  writing  that  modern  taste 
finds  tolerable.  But  it  is  evident  that  few 
of  the  writers  had  the  skill  to  give  adequate 
expression  to  the  poetry,  the  devoutness,  and 
the  moral  truth  which  are  the  notes  of  the 
Christian  mythology.  It  is  no  doubt  for  this 
reason  that  Professor  Gerould's  treatment 
lacks  the  "unction" — to  use  a  dubious  word 
—  which  one  looks  for  in  a  book  on  this  sub- 
ject, though  his  glowing  praise  of  Chaucer's 
St.  Cecilia  is  proof  that  he  does  not  at  heart 
belong  to  that  school  of  critics  whom  he  aptly 
describes  as  "wiser  in  Chaucerian  than  in 
saintly  lore,"  "in  textual  criticism  than  in 
humanity."  The  motto  of  such  a  book  as  this 
might  well  be  the  superscription  of  the  legend 
of  St.  Christopher  in  the  Thornton  MS.:  "To 
the  heryng  or  the  redyng  of  the  whilke  storye 
langes  grete  mede,  and  it  be  done  with  devo- 
cione."  The  story  is  indeed  a  fascinating  one. 
The  humanity  of  these  tales,  however  ill 
expressed,  their  childlike  credulity,  their 


inarticulate  mysticism,  their  kinship  with 
tales  far  more  ancient  —  for  example,  the 
resemblance  of  the  legend  of  St.  Julian  the 
Hospitaller  to  the  story  of  Oedipus  —  these 
are  traits  that  cannot  but  appeal,  in  Lord 
Morley's  fine  phrase,  to  "one  who  through 
books  explores  the  strange  voyages  of  man's 
moral  reason. "  To  these  must  be  added  their 
essential  truth,  however  slight  their  histor- 
ical foundation.  "A  saint,"  says  Count  de 
Maistre,  "had  a  vision  in  which  he  saw  Satan 
standing  before  the  throne  of  God.  And 
.  .  he  heard  the  evil  spirit  say:  'Why 
hast  Thou  damned  me  who  have  offended  Thee 
only  once,  while  thousands  of  men  who  have 
offended  Thee  many  times  Thou  dost  save?' 
God  answered  him:  'Hast  thou  once  asked 
pardon?'  There  is  the  Christian  mythology!! 
There  is  dramatic  truth,  which  has  its  value 
and  its  effect  independently  of  the  literall 
truth,  and  which  would  even  gain  nothing: 
from  it.  What  matters  it  whether  the  saint, 
heard  or  did  not  hear  the  sublime  word  that 
I  have  quoted?  The  great  thing  is  to  know 
that  forgiveness  is  refused  only  to  him  who 
has  not  asked  it." 


The  first  great        Wh°    ls    therG    am0ng    th°S6 

English  prose  read  at  all  who  has  not  read 
"Robinson  Crusoe"?  And  who 
among  readers  generally  knows  anything 
about  the  creator  of  that  household  classic 
further  than  that  his  name  was  Defoe?  Yet 
Daniel  Defoe  was  not  only  the  most  volumin- 
ous English  writer  of  his  generation,  but  he 
was  also  one  of  the  most  gifted.  In  quantity 
and  variety  —  perhaps  even  in  quality  of  pro- 
duction, he  was  apparently  unrivalled,  says 
Professor  William  P.  Trent,  in  his  book 
entitled  "Defoe :  How  to  Know  Him"  (Bobbs- 
Merrill,  $1.25).  In  more  particular  terms 
he  says  again:  He  was  "rather  the  keenest 
observer  of  his  day,  the  most  intelligent,  alert, 
and  well  paid  of  the  prime  minister's  secret 
agents,  and  the  most  accomplished  journalist 
England  had  produced, —  perhaps  the  most 
remarkable  the  world  has  ever  seen."  It  is 
the  journalistic  quality  in  Defoe's  work  that 
Professor  Trent  first  emphasizes.  Had  Defoe 
not  developed  his  extraordinary  talent  as  a 
journalist,  he  might  never  have  become  what 
he  certainly  was, —  the  first  great  English 
master  in  the  field  of  realistic  prose  fiction. 
No  man  of  letters  in  our  knowledge  has  shown 
a  greater  propensity  to  use  his  pen.  He  dis- 
cussed practically  every  subject  that  made 
its  appeal  to  the  intelligent  interest  of  his 
time,  and  he  brought  an  independent  and 
fearless  intelligence  into  its  discussion.  He 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


403 


was  obviously  impelled  by  a  vital  purpose  to 
contribute  honestly  to  the  enlightenment  and 
progress  of  society,  and  in  many  of  his  arti- 
cles he  proves  to  have  been  in  advance  of  his 
age.  He  was  an  industrious  pamphleteer,  an 
indefatigable  writer  of  political  papers,  an 
essayist  on  economic  and  sociological  subjects, 
a  controversialist  on  religious  questions,  a 
moralist,  an  historian,  a  writer  of  books  of 
travel,  a  student  of  the  natural,  the  super- 
natural, and  the  occult,  a  novelist,  a  ballad- 
ist,  and  a  satirist  in  verse.  Like  De  Quincey, 
he  worked  in  many  fields,  and  was  remark- 
able not  only  for  the  variety  of  his  investiga- 
tions but  equally  so  for  the  breadth  and 
quality  of  his  information,  his  sense  of  detail, 
and  his  grasp  on  facts.  Defoe's  career  as 
a  journalist  and  secret  agent  in  the  service 
of  both  Whig  and  Tory  governments  is  a 
complicated  and  confusing  story;  in  Profes- 
sor Trent's  pages  it  is  made  as  clear,  prob- 
ably, as  it  can  be.  Of  the  moral  effect  of 
Defoe's  employment  upon  his  own  character, 
and  of  the  reaction  upon  his  nature  of  the 
misfortunes  and  injustice  he  encountered,  his 
biographer  speaks  frankly  and  without  flat- 
tery. In  the  later  chapters,  dealing  with 
Defoe's  work  as  a  novelist,  we  find  an  excel- 
lent discussion  of  his  place  in  the  development 
of  English  fiction.  Dr.  Trent  is  emphatic  in 
his  recognition  of  Defoe's  high  service  in  the 
field  of  realistic  creative  art.  Incidentally  he 
notes  that  in  1720  the  journalist  formed  a 
connection  with  Applebee,  a  publisher  who 
specialized  in  the  "confessions"  of  noted 
criminals, —  a  fact  which  throws  additional 
light  upon  Defoe's  familiarity  with  the  pic- 
turesque material  utilized  in  his  sketch  of 
Jack  Sheppard  and  in  the  more  important 
narratives,  "Moll  Flanders,"  "Colonel  Jack," 
and  "Roxana."  Another  interesting  point 
made  by  this  biographer  is  that  the  journalist 
was  released  from  his  imprisonment  some 
months  previous  to  the  first  issue  of  the 
"Review";  and  thus  he  disposes  authorita- 
tively of  the  old  legend  that  this  famous 
little  periodical  was  edited  within  prison 
walls.  Following  the  peculiar  and  admirable 
plan  of  the  series  in  which  it  appears,  this 
volume  contains  copious  selections  from  the 
author's  various  works;  and  these  assist 
greatly  in  the  interpretative  purpose  of  the 
book.  Defoe  is  not  an  easy  man  to  know, — 
a  "human  chameleon"  the  biographer  once 
denominates  him;  but  a  long  and  patient 
following  of  his  elusive  personality  has  quali- 
fied Professor  Trent  better,  perhaps,  than  any 
other  to  explain  him  to  us. 


Essays  of  a. 

contented 

woman. 


In  a  late  collection  of  essays 
Mr.  Edmund  Gosse  refers  rather 
contemptuously  to  the  class  of 
literature  within  which  his  own  book  falls 
as  ''those  daisy-chains  of  commonplace  reflec- 
tions." But  commonplaceness  has  its  uses. 
We  do  not  always  wish  to  be  startled  or 
thrilled,  shocked  or  entranced  or  enraptured ; 
and  so  the  mild  titillation  of  the  gently  humor- 
ous, not  too  deeply  reflective  essay  is  often 
just  the  sort  of  intellectual  stimulus  we  need. 
Harmless  recreation  of  this  kind  is  furnished 
by  Mrs.  Lillian  Hart  Tryon  in  a  round  dozen 

;  of  bright  and  amusing  pieces,  not  new  to 
print,  but  new  in  their  present  attractive 
book-form.  "Speaking  of  Home"  is  their  col- 
lective title,  and  they  further  announce  them- 

:  selves  as  the  "essays  of  a  contented  woman." 
Housekeeping  is  a  fine  art  and  not  a  coarse 
drudgery  in  this  writer 's  opinion,  and  though 
she  refrains  from  quoting  George  Herbert's 
familiar  quatrain,  she  evidently  finds  some- 

|  thing  of  divinity  in  the  daily  round  and  com- 
mon task  of  the  housewife.  She  writes  about 
the  passing  of  the  parlor,  the  momentous  busi- 
ness of  jelly -making,  the  homely  comfort  of 
shabbiness,  the  pleasures  of  piazza  conversa- 
tion, ragbags  and  relics,  on  being  a  hostess, 

!  on  buying  at  the  ^oor,  and  so  on,  with  ready 
pen  and  a  knack  of  hitting  on  the  not  too  trite, 
the  not  too  commonplace.  In  fact,  she  achieves 
originality  in  many  of  her  observations,  as 
where  she  develops  the  seemingly  unpromising 
theme,  "On  Keeping  House  by  Ear."  Nor 
does  she  shrink  from  challenging  dispute,  as 
in  her  assertion  that  "every  woman  has  a 
horror  of  social  debt. "  Surely,  the  easy-going 
social  debtor  of  the  writer's  sex  is  far  from 
being  unknown.  If  Mrs.  Tryon  is  as  good  a 
housekeeper  as  she  is  a  writer,  hers  is  a  fortu- 
nate family.  (Houghton  Mifflin,  $1.) 


a  German 

character^*. 


The    chie^    Points    which    Mr. 
Edmond  Holmes  makes  in  his 

^^^3  called  «  The  NemCSlS  of 

Docility:  A  Study  of  German  Character" 
(Dutton,  $1.75)  are,  first,  that  docility,  when 
it  is  a  national  characteristic,  may  become  a 
destructive  force  of  extreme  violence;  and, 
secondly,  that  a  docile  majority  implies  a 
dogmatic  and  domineering  minority.  Both 
of  these  conditions  the  author  finds  exempli- 
fied in  present-day  Germany.  He  believes, 
no  doubt  correctly  enough,  that  docility  as  a 
German  characteristic  is  not  racial  but  is 
rather  a  product  of  the  age-long  period  of 
the  country  's  division  and  political  impotence. 
It  should  be  noted  that  the  author  through- 
out the  book  uses  the  word  "docility"  in  a 


404 


THE    DIAL 


[November  16 


disparaging  sense,  defining  it  as  "readiness 
to  obey  for  the  sake  of  obeying,  avidity  for 
commands  and  instructions,  reluctance  to 
accept  responsibility  or  exercise  initiative, 
inability  to  react  against  the  pressure  of  auto- 
cratic authority."  But  "docility"  may  also 
connote  a  teachable  and  law-abiding  disposi- 
tion, in  which  case  it  becomes  a  term  of  at 
least  partial  commendation.  Mr.  Holmes,  by 
following  the  one  line  of  meaning  and  neglect- 
ing the  other,  has  drawn  a  rather  distorted 
picture.  A  Germany  docile  only  in  the  bad 
sense,  such  as  he  delineates  it,  would  have 
been  able  neither  to  pursue  the  arts  of  peace 
with  such  conspicuous  success  nor  to  make 
her  present  stubborn  stand  in  war. 


An  American 


It  is  in  a  kindly  mood  that  Miss 
Margaret  Fuller  writes  the  story 
of  the  boyhood  of  Edmund 
Clarence  Stedman  under  the  title,  "A  New 
England  Childhood"  (Little,  Brown,  $1.50). 
Miss  Fuller's  family  were  neighbors  and 
friends  of  the  Stedmans  at  Norwich  Town, 
and  she  herself  attracted  the  attention 
and  won  the  praise  of  the  poet-critic  by  her 
early  verses — though  of  this  latter  fact  she 
modestly  says  nothing  in  her  book.  With  such 
opportunities  for  first-hand  information,  she 
has  been  able  to  give  on  the  authority  of 
family  tradition  many  anecdotes  of  Edmund 
Stedman 's  early  years.  The  strict  student 
may  regret  that  some  of  these  have  evidently 
been  embellished  with  imaginary  detail;  but 
the  book  is  written  for  the  general  reader, 
and  it  succeeds  in  giving  a  more  vivid  and 
more  interesting  picture  than  is  to  be  gained 
from  the  bulky  "Life  and  Letters."  The 
future  poet  appears  as  no  prodigy,  but  as  a 
very  natural,  original,  lovable  boy.  It  may 
be  from  a  sense  of  loyalty  and  a  disinclination 
to  gossip  that  Miss  Fuller  is  less  satisfactory 
in  her  portrayal  of  the  mother,  who  seems 
almost  to  have  abandoned  her  gifted  son  with- 
out perceptible  regret. 


A  doctor  of 
divinity's 
human  side. 


Of  the  late  William  Newton 
Clarke,  D.D.,  his  biographer, 
Mrs.  Clarke,  says  in  recalling 
his  personal  characteristics:  "His  innate  vein 
of  drollery  found  vent  in  various  small  ways. 
At  one  time  he  liked  to  make  'Angular 
Saxons,'  following  out  an  idea  found  in  the 
life  of  Charles  Kingsley.  He  could  not  draw 
a  picture  of  anything,  but  as  he  sat,  pen  in 
hand,  at  his  table,  he  would  rapidly  sketch 
a  series  of  laughable  little  impish  figures  in 
the  most  expressive  attitudes."  To  readers 
of  to-day  Dr.  Clarke  is  best  known  for  his 


"Outline  of  Christian  Theology" — not  so  for- 
biddingly doctrinal  in  tone  as  its  title  might 
indicate  —  and  his  "Sixty  Years  with  the 
Bible."  These  and  others  of  his  books,  the 
fruit  of  a  rich  personal  experience  in  the 
things  of  religion,  engage  even  the  random 
reader 's  attention  to  a  remarkable  degree.  In 
pulpit  and  parish,  as  well  as  later  in  a  theo- 
logical professorship,  the  writer  worked  out 
in  his  own  life  and  thought  the  great  funda- 
mental truths  that  find  such  impressive  utter- 
ance in  his  lectures  and  books.  Born  of  old 
New  England  ancestry  and  in  the  Puritan 
traditions,  he  was  reared  and  educated  at 
Cazenovia  and  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  and  preached 
at  Keene,  N.  H.,  Newton  Centre,  Mass., 
Montreal,  and  finally  at  Hamilton.  Colgate 
University,  which,  when  he  studied  there  as 
a  youth,  had  been  Madison  University, 
secured  his  services  in  his  closing  years  as 
professor  of  theology.  He  died  in  January, 
1912,  in  his  seventy-first  year.  His  biog- 
raphy, entitled  simply  "William  Newton 
Clarke"  (Scribner,  $2.),  bears  no  author's 
name,  but  shows  itself  to  be  from  his  wife's 
pen,  with  contributed  sketches  and  recollec- 
tions by  a  number  of  friends  and  associates. 
It  is  pleasingly  and  sympathetically  written, 
and  is  cordially  to  be  commended  to  lovers  of 
lives  outwardly  uneventful  but  inwardly 
rich.  It  has  a  late  portrait  of  Dr.  Clarke,  a 
picture  of  Cazenovia  Seminary  in  1846,  and 
a  too-meagre  index. 


NOTES  AND 


The  announcements  of  Mr.  Laurence  J.  Gomme 
include  "Verses,"  by  Hilaire  Belloc;  "Ballads," 
by  Clinton  Scollard;  and  "The  Anthology  of 
Magazine  Verse,  1916,  and  Year  Book  of  Ameri- 
can Poetry." 

"Stevenson,  How  to  Know  Him,"  by  Richard 
Ashley  Rice,  Profesfsor  of  English  Literature  at 
Smith  College,  which  is  announced  for  early  pub- 
lication by  the  Bobbs-Merrill  Co.,  is  the  latest 
addition  to  the  series  of  appreciations  of  great 
authors. 

In  his  new  volume  "Further  Foolishness,"  soon 
to  be  published  by  the  John  Lane  Co.,  Mr. 
Stephen  Leacock  will  discuss  "Germany  from 
Within  Out,"  "In  Merry  Mexico,"  "Madeline  of 
the  Movies;  or,  Saving  a  Sinking  Soul  from 
Suffocation." 

Rabindranath  Tagore's  latest  book  "Stray  Birds," 
to  be  published  late  in  November  by  the  Macmillan 
Co.,  is  a  volume  of  selected  aphorisms  embodying 
the  essence  of  the  Indian  poet's  philosophy.  Mr. 
Willy  Pogany  has  supplied  a  frontispiece  in  colors 
and  the  decorative  borders. 

Mr.  Henry  M.  Rideout's  forthcoming  novel 
"The  Far  Cry,"  to  be  published  by  Messrs. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


Duffield  &  Co.  is  a  story  of  adventure  in  the  South 
Sea  Islands,  which  form  the  setting  for  so  much 
of  this  writer's  work. 

Simultaneously  with  the  announcement  of  the 
founding  of  the  Rodin  Museum  in  Paris  comes 
the  announcement  by  Messrs.  Small,  Maynard  & 
Co.,  of  their  popular  priced  edition  of  Rodin's 
''Art,"  which  should  widen  the  circle  of  this 
famous  sculptor's  admirers  in  America. 

Mr.  Edward  Howard  Griggs's  new  course  of  lec- 
tures this  year  embraces  "  Maeterlinck :  Poet  and 
Mystic,"  and  Mr.  B.  W.  Huebsch  has  just 
issued  a  handbook  containing  a  summary  of 
these  lectures,  illustrative  extracts,  a  bibliography, 
and  suggestive  questions  of  aid  to  the  student  and 
reader. 

William  Archer  has  contributed  an  Introduction 
to  the  volume  of  poems  by  Alan  Seger,  announced 
by  Scribner's,  expressing  his  appreciation  of 
America's  contribution  to  the  war  as  it  has  affected 
men  of  letters.  Mr.  Seger,  a  friend  of  Mr.  Archer, 
was  a  young  Harvard  graduate  who  lost  his  life 
in  the  recent  drive  of  the  Allies. 

"The  Hope  of  the  Great  Community,"  which 
the  Macmillan  Co.  is  about  to  issue,  is  a  volume  of 
essays  which  Dr.  Josiah  Royce  completed  shortly 
before  his  death  in  September.  Among  the  sub- 
jects discussed  are  "The  Duties  of  Americans  in 
the  Present  War,"  "The  Destruction  of  the 
Lusitania,"  and  "The  Possibilities  of  International 
Insurance." 

A  commemorative  edition  of  the  selected  works 
of  Paul  Verlaine  is  announced  for  immediate  pub- 
lication by  Mr.  Ralph  Fletcher  Seymour.  "Paul 
Verlaine,  His  Absinthe-Tinted  Song,"  is  its  title, 
and,  as  explained  in  its  sub-title,  it  is  "a  mono- 
graph on  the  poet,  with  selections  from  his  work, 
arranged  and  translated  from  the  French  by 
Bergen  Applegate." 

A  new  edition  of  a  collection  of  poems  by  Miss 
Amy  Lowell,  entitled  "A  Dome  of  Many-Coloured 
Glass,"  is  in  preparation  by  the  Macmillan  Co. 

In  his  "The  War  in  Italy,"  which  Messrs. 
Longmans,  Green  have  in  preparation,  Mr.  Sidney 
Low  describes  his  recent  visit  to  that  country  at 
the  invitation  of  the  Italian  general  staff.  The 
volume  will  be  copiously  illustrated  with  photo- 
graphs especially  taken  for  the  Italian  military 
authorities. 

A  permanent  American  memorial  to  Robert 
Louis  Stevenson  has  been  established  at  Saranac 
Lake,  N.  Y.  Recently  the  Stevenson  Cottage, 
where  Stevenson  lived  during  the  winter  of 
1887-8,  while  under  the  care  of  Dr.  Trudeau, 
was  opened  to  the  public.  It  was  here  that  he  wrote 
"The  Master  of  BaUantrae."  A  fine  collection 
of  Stevensoniana  has  been  gathered  together  in 
the  memorial  rooms  of  the  cottage,  picturesquely 
called  \)y  Stevenson  "a  hat-box  on  a  hill." 

Among  the  forthcoming  publications  of  the 
Century  Co.  is  a  volume  entitled  "Representative 
American  Plays,"  edited  by  Dean  Arthur  Hobson 
Quinn  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  It  is 
said  to  be  the  first  attempt  to  include  in  one 
volume  a  collection  of  plays  illustrating  the  devel- 


"I  visited  with  a  natural  rapture  the 
largest  bookstore  in  the  world." 

See  the  chapter  on  Chicago,  page  43,  "Your 
United  States,"  6j/  Arnold  Bennett 

It  is  recognized  throughout  the  country 
that  we  earned  this  reputation  because  we 
have  on  hand  at  all  times  a  more  complete 
assortment  of  the  books  of  all  publishers  than 
can  be  found  on  the  shelves  of  any  other  book- 
dealer  in  the  entire  United  States.  It  is  of 
interest  and  importance  to  all  bookbuyers  to 
know  that  the  books  reviewed  and  advertised 
in  this  magazine  can  be  procured  from  us  with 
the  least  possible  delay.  We  invite  you  to 
visit  our  store  when  in  Chicago,  to  avail  your- 
self of  the  opportunity  of  looking  over  the 
books  in  which  you  are  most  interested,  or  to 
call  upon  us  at  any  time  to  look  after  your 
book  wants. 

Special  Library  Service 

We  conduct  a  department  devoted  entirely 
to  the  interests  of  Public  Libraries,  Schools, 
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406 


THE    DIAL 


LlPPINCOTT'S 

TRAINING  SERIES 

"For  those  who  want 
to  find  themselves'' 

The  question,  "What  shall  I  do  when  I  get 
out  of  school  or  college?"  is  asked  by  every 
young  man  and  woman.  It  is  a  hard  question 
to  answer,  and  one  for  which  the  correct  reply 
is  a  matter  of  tremendous  import.  The  books 
in  the  Lippincott's  Training  Series,  by  the 
leaders  in  the  different  professions,  will  do 
much  to  help  the  beginner  on  life's  highway. 
In  a  straight-forward  manner  the  demand  upon 
character,  the  preparatory  needs,  the  channels 
of  advancement,  and  the  advantages  and  dis- 
advantages of  the  different  pursuits  are  pre- 
sented in 

Training  for  the 
Newspaper  Trade 

By  DON  C.  SEITZ,  Business  Manager  of  the 
New  York  World 

The  celebrated  author  presents  the  rewards, 
the  appeals,  the  demands  upon  character  and 
the  demands  upon  education  of  this  world- 
acknowledged,  fascinating  profession.  The 
question  "Am  I  fitted  for  newspaper  work?" 
is  answered. 

Training  for  the  Stage 

By  ARTHUR  HORNBLOW,  Editor  of  the 
Theatre  Magazine 

Foreword  by  David  Belasco 

To  the  stage  many  are  called  but  few  are 
chosen.  Mr.  Hornblow  has  drawn  on  his  great 
experience  to  present  to  young  men  and 
women  the  best  methods  of  training  for  the 
stage,  the  requirements  of  the  individual  who 
aspires  to  success,  and  the  delights  and  illu- 
sions of  stage  life. 

Training  of  a  Forester 

By  GIFFORD  PINCHOT 

Second  Edition,  Enlarged 

If  you  want  an  out-of-door  profession,  and 
are  not  fitted  for  the  life  of  a  farmer,  or  lack 
capital  for  it,  why  not  forestry?  This  excel- 
lent little  book  describes  the  work,  the  needs, 
and  the  methods  of  training. 

There  are  in  preparation:  "TRAINING  FOR 
THE  STREET  RAILWAY  BUSINESS,"  by  C.  B. 
FAIRCHILD,  "TRAINING  AND  REWARDS  OF  A 
DOCTOR,"  by  DR.  R.  C.  CABOT,  and  "TRAINING 
AND  REWARDS  OF  A  LAWYER,"  by  DEAN  HAR- 
LAN  STONE,  of  the  Columbia  Law  School.  These 
books  should  be  in  every  school  and  college 
library.  Put  them  in  the  hands  of  your  young 
friends — they  will  thank  you. 
Each,  thoroughly  illustrated,  decorated  cloth, 
net,  $1.25 

AT  ALL  BOOK  STORES 

J.    B.    LIPPINCOTT    CO. 

PUBLISHERS  PHILADELPHIA 


opment  of  our  native  drama  from  its  beginning 
to  the  present  day.  Twenty-five  plays  have  been 
selected  as  representative,  including  works  of 
John  Howard  Payne,  Percy  MacKaye,  Augustus 
Thomas,  William  Vaughn  Moody,  Bronson  How- 
ard, and  Edward  Sheldon. 

A  magazine  of  the  new  era  that  sundry  watch- 
men of  the  night  proclaim  to  be  dawning  upon  the 
Western  World  begins  its  existence  this  month 
under  the  name  of  "The  Seven  Arts."  The  mystic 
seven  is  certainly  a  number  to  conjure  with,  even 
though  the  arts  in  question  be  not  definitely 
specified;  and  the  purpose  of  the  new  enterprise 
to  be  "not  a  magazine  for  artists,  but  an  expres- 
sion of  artists  for  the  community"  will  win  the 
general  reader's  approval.  The  magazine  "will 
publish  stories,  short  plays,  poems,  essays,  and 
brief  editorials.  Such  arts  as  cannot  be  directly 
set  forth  in  a  magazine  will  receive  expression 
through  critical  writing,  which,  it  is  hoped,  will  be 
no  less  creative  than  the  fiction  and  poetry." 
Among  the  contributors  to  the  initial  number 
appear  these  names:  Romain  Holland,  Louise 
Driscoll,  Kahlil  Gibran,  Amy  Lowell,  Robert 
Frost,  Allen  Upward,  James  Oppenheim,  Waldo 
Frank,  and  others  not  unknown  to  fame.  Mr. 
Oppenheim  is  the  editor,  Mr.  Frank  the  associate 
editor,  and  there  is  a  capable  advisory  board  — 
all  filled  with  the  faith  "that  we  are  living  in  the 
first  days  of  a  renascent  period,  a  time  which 
means  for  America  the  coming  of  that  national 
self -consciousness  which  is  the  beginning  of  great- 
ness." The  home  of  "The  Seven  Arts'7  is  at  132 
Madison  Avenue,  New  York. 

A  forum  for  writers  of  all  races,  complexions, 
religions,  and  conditions,  with  Mr.  William  Stanley 
Braithwaite  as  its  presiding  genius,  assisted  by 
Mr.  Henry  T.  Schnittkind,  enters  this  season  upon 
what  promises  to  be  a  beneficent  existence.  "The 
Stratford  Journal,"  named,  as  it  announces,  "in 
honour  of  that  Stratford  bard  whose  spirit  was 
the  very  perfection  of  cosmopolitanism,"  and  sub- 
titled "A  Forum  of  Contemporary  International 
Thought,"  is  issued  by  the  Stratford  Company,  32 
Oliver  Street,  Boston.  Its  plan  is  to  give  in  each 
quarterly  number  translations  of  several  foreign 
masterpieces  in  fiction,  examples  of  the  best  con- 
temporary foreign  and  American  poetry,  short 
plays,  especially  one-act  pieces,  and  essays;  and 
thus,  "so  far  as  we  can,"  is  the  editorial  announce- 
ment, "we  will  endeavor  by  means  of  the  printed 
page  to  bring  together  the  white  man  and  the 
black  man,  the  Caucasian  and  the  Mongolian, 
showing  to  ourselves  and  to  everybody  else  that 
God  has  made  us  all  His  children,  that  in  our 
moments  of  inspiration  we  all,  regardless  of  race, 
creed  or  locality,  recognize  the  one  great  truth 
that  the  world  is  small  and  its  inhabitants  so 
puny,  that  all  we  need  is  the  handclasp  of  one 
another  to  help  us  and  the  smile  of  one  another 
to  cheer  us  on."  Eclectic  magazines  of  this  sort 
have  started  (and  stopped)  times  without  number; 
but  it  may  be  reserved  for  "The  Stratford 
Journal"  to  succeed  where  others  have  failed. 
Its  opening  number  has  some  very  good  things  by 
some  very  good  writers. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


407 


3  .Portnicinlp  Journal  of  titcrarp  Criticism, 
Di0cu00ion,  anfi  Information 

Published  by 

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:LIST  OF  XEW  BOOKS. 


[The  following  list,  containing  149  titles,  includes 
books  received  by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 

BIOGRAPHY  AXD  REMINISCENCES. 

Letter*  of  Richard  Watson  Gilder.  Edited  by  his 
daughter,  Rosamund  Gilder.  Illustrated  in 
photogravure,  etc.,  large  8vo,  514  pages. 
Houghton  Mifflin  Co.  $3.50. 

O.  Henry  Biography.  By  C.  Alphonso-Smith.  Illus- 
trated, large  8vo,  258  pages.  Doubleday,  Page 
&  Co.  $2.50. 

The  Long  Road  of  Woman'*  Memory.  By  Jane 
Addams.  12mo,  168  pages.  Macmillan  Co.  $1.25. 

Booker  T.  "Washington:  Builder  of  a  Civilization. 
By  Emmett  J.  Scott  and  Lyman  Beecher  Stowe. 
Illustrated,  large  8vo,  330  pages.  Doubleday, 
Page  &  Co.  $2. 

Soldier  and  Dramatist:  Being  the  Letters  of  Harold 
Chapin,  American  citizen  who  died  for  England 
at  Loos,  September  26,  1915.  With  portraits, 
12mo,  288  pages.  John  Lane  Co.  $1.25. 

The  Life  and  Letters  of  Sir  John  Henniker  Heaton, 
Bt.  By  his  daughter,  Mrs.  Adrian  Porter.  Illus- 
trated in  photogravure,  etc.,  8vo,  295  pages. 
John  Lane  Co.  $3. 

Omnlana:  The  Autobiography  of  an  Irish  Octo- 
genarian. By  J.  F.  Fuller.  With  portraits, 
8vo,  310  pages.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $3. 

Letters  from  My  Home  in  India:  Being  the  Cor- 
respondence of  Mrs.  George  Churchill  (1871- 
1916).  Edited  and  arranged  by  Grace  McLeod 
Rogers.  Illustrated,  12mo,  305  pages.  George 
H.  Doran  Co.  $1.35. 

Andrew  Johnson:  Military  Governor  of  Tennessee. 
By  Clifton  R.  Hall,  Ph.D.  8vo,  234  pages. 
Princeton  University  Press.  $1.50. 

HISTORT. 

Jeffersonian     Democracy     in      \ew     England.       By 

William    A.    Robinson,    Ph.D.       8vo,    190    pages. 
Yale   University  Press.      $2. 


WILLIAM 
McFEE 


Author  of  a  novel  that  has  caused 
more  favorable  comment  than 
any  other  book  published  this  fall. 

CASUALS  OF 
THE  SEA 

Some  Press  Comments: 


There  is  a  reality  about  it  alL  Mr.  McFee's 
characters  live,  move,  and  have  being.  They 
are  not  mere  puppets.  The  story  is,  indeed,  a 
slice  of  life  and  the  author  is  to  be  reckoned 
with.  It  would  seem  that  he  is  destined  to 
become  a  real  force  in  English  fiction. — San 
Francisco  Bulletin. 


An  unusual  and  an  arresting  book.  He  unques- 
tionably belongs  to  that  small  company  made  up  of 
writers  who  command  respect. — The  New  York  Times. 


A  reading  of  only  the  first  few  pages  of 
"Casuals  of  the  Sea"  is  essential  to  a  realiza- 
tion of  the  fact  that  we  have  in  it  a  novel 
worth  careful  contemplation  and  a  novelist  of 
an  assured  future. — Boston  Evening  Tran- 
script. 


"Casuals  of  the  Sea"  is  sure  to  be  one  of  the  year's 
biggest  books.  It  is  a  genuinely  truthful  book  in 
every  scene,  every  motion,  every  slightest  experience, 
ashore  and  on  sea,  which  it  describes. — New  York 
Evening  Sun. 


"Casuals  of  the  Sea"  is  a  remarkable  book, 
and  William  McFee  having  gone  to  school  to 
many  good  masters,  has  trained  and  fully 
equipped  a  talent  which  is  his  own  and  which 
promises  to  win  him  a  place  in  the  long  suc- 
cession of  English  fiction. — New  York  Trib- 
une. 


What  I  relish  most  is  the  general  tone  of  the  thing. 
Mr.  McFee  is  just  as  interesting  to  me  when  he  writes 
about  advertising  as  when  he  writes  of  the  sea, — 
perhaps  more.  It  is  his  quality  that  is  really  the 
thing. — The  DiaL 


One  of  the  most  interesting  books  I  have 
ever  read.  Ther«s  is  revealed  in  the  telling  of 
this  story  a  quality  of  mind  which  is  so  new 
in  literature  that  there  are  no  terms  as  yet 
invented  by  which  to  describe  it.  It  is  at  the 
farthest  remove  from  the  sentimentalises  of 
the  Victorian  period ;  but  it  is  just  as  English 
— an  English  coolness  a  complete  imperturb- 
ableness  in  the  face  of  life.  Certainly  this 
book  is  one  of  the  events  of  the  literary  year. 
— The  Masses. 


The  author  of  "Casuals  of  the  Sea"  has  experience, 
vision,  personality,  and  perspective.  He  has  known 
life  at  first  hand ;  has  digested  his  knowledge  in 
solitude  (he  is  a  ship's  engineer)  ;  and  his  book  is 
more  than  a  good  story,  it  is  a  sharing  with  us  of 
the  hoarded  comprehensions  of  a  lifetime. — J.  B. 
Kerfoot. 

For  sale  at  all  book  stores,  net  $1.50 

Garden  City  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.      New  York 


408 


THE   DIAL 


[November  16 


NEW  AND   RECENT   BOOKS 

YEARS  OF  MY  YOUTH 

By  WILLIAM  DEAN  HOWELLS 
A  delightful  autobiography  of  youth  and  young; 
manhood.  Not  only  a  charming:  picture  of  the  early 
beginnings  of  our  most  distinguished  man  of  letters, 
but  a  vivid  and  graceful  study  of  the  life  of  the  day 
in  the  Ohio  town  where  Mr.  Howells  grew  up. 

Crown  8vo,  $2.00  net 

A  DIPLOMAT'S  WIFE  IN  MEXICO 

By  EDITH  O'SHAUGHNESSY 

"Mrs.  O'Shaughnessy's  book  makes  its  appearance 
at  an  opportune  moment.  .  .  Her  book  is  wonder- 
fully interesting.  It  reads  like  a  romance,  and  those 
who  begin  it  will  not  want  to  lay  it  aside  until  it  is 
finished." — Utica  Daily  Press.  Illustrated.  $2.00  net 

CHARLES  FROHMAN:  Manager  and  Man 

By  ISAAC    F.    MARCOSSON  and 

DANIEL  FROHMAN 

Full  of  intimate  glimpses  of  great  personalities — 
J.  M.  Barrie ;  the  career  of  Maude  Adams ;  John  Drew 
and  Ethel  Barrymore  on  the  stage  and  off;  William 
Gillette ;  hundreds  of  stories  and  anecdotes  of  Sothern 
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411 


EDUCATION. 

The  Beginnings  of  Yale  (1701-1726).  By  Edwin 
Oviatt.  Illustrated,  large  8vo,  456  pages.  Yale 
University  Press.  $3.50. 

Documentary  History  of  Yale  L'niversity,  under  the 
Original  Charter  of  the  Collegiate  School  of 
Connecticut,  1701-1745.  Edited  by  Franklin 
Bowditch  Dexter,  Litt.D.  4to,  382  pages.  Yale 
University  Press.  $4. 

Form  and  Functions  of  American  Government.  By 
Thomas  Harrison  Reed,  A.B.  Illustrated,  12mo, 
549  pages.  World  Book  Co.  $1.35. 

Real  Stories  from  Oar  History.  By  John  T.  Paris. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  308  pages.  Ginn  &  Co. 

Classics  for  Children.  New  editions,  new  vols. : 
Lamb's  Tales  from  Shakespeare,  45  cts.;  The 
Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments,  edited  by 
Martha  A.  L.  Lane,  50  cts.;  Hans  Andersen's 
Fairy  Tales,  first  and  second  series,  edited  by 
J.  H.  Stickney,  each  45  cts.;  The  Water  Babies, 
by  Charles  Kingsley,  edited  by  J.  H.  Stickney; 
Defoe's  Robinson  Crusoe,  edited,  with  Introduc- 
tion and  Notes,  by  W.  P.  Trent;  The  King  of 
the  Golden  River,  by  John  Ruskin;  ^Esop's 
Fables,  edited  by  J.  H.  Stickney,  40  cts.; 
Gulliver's  Travels,  edited  by  Edward  K.  Robin- 
son, 40  cts.;  Gods  and  Heroes,  by  Robert  E. 
Francillon,  48  cts.;  Irving's  The  Alhambra, 
edited  by  Edward  K.  Robinson;  each  illustrated, 
12mo.  Ginn  &  Co. 

BOOKS  OF  REFERENCE:. 

A  Dictionary  of  Similes.  By  Frank  J.  Wilstach. 
8vo,  488  pages.  Little,  Brown  &  Co.  $2.50. 

Rider's  New  York  City  and  Vicinity,  including 
Newark,  Yonkers,  and  Jersey  City.  Compiled 
and  edited  by  Fremont  Rider.  With  maps  and 
plans,  16  mo,  506  pages.  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 
|U9. 

BOOKS    FOR    THE    YOUNG. 

The  Boys'  Life  of  Mark  Twain  t  The  Story  of  a 
Man  Who  Made  the  World  Laugh  and  Love 
Him.  By  Albert  Bigelow  Paine.  Illustrated, 
12mo,  354  pages.  Harper  &  Brothers.  $1.25. 

The  Boys'  Life  of  Lord  Kitchener.  By  Harold  F. 
B.  Wheeler.  Illustrated,  8vo,  288  pages. 
Thomas  Y.  Crowell  Co.  $1.50. 

The  Indian  Fairy  Book,  from  the  Original  Legends. 
Compiled  by  Henry  R.  Schoolcraft;  illustrated 
in  color  by  Florence  Choate  and  Elizabeth 
Curtis.  8vo,  303  pages.  Frederick  A.  Stokes 
Co.  $1.50. 

The  Story  of  an  Indian  Mutiny.  By  Henry  Gilbert. 
Illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  8vo,  350  pages. 
Thomas  Y.  Crowell  Co.  $1.50. 

Heroes  of  the  Great  War;  or,  Winning  the  Victoria 
Cross.  By  G.  A.  Leask,  M.A.  Illustrated,  12mo, 
301  pages.  Thomas  Y.  Crowell  Co.  $1.50. 

The  Tin  Owl  Stories.  By  William  Rose.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  262  pages.  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 
$1.40. 

The  Fallback.  By  Lawrence  Perry.  Illustrated, 
12mo,  302  pages.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.25. 

Chickadee-Dee  and  His  Friends.  By  Lyle  Ward 
Sanderson;  illustrated  In  color,  etc.,  by  Sidney 
T.  Callowhill.  8vo,  148  pages.  Frederick  A. 
Stokes  Co.  $1.25. 

The  Twins  "Pro"  and  "Con."  By  Winifred  Arnold. 
Illustrated,  8vo,  269  pages.  Fleming  H.  Revell 
Co.  $1.25. 

The  Jolly  Book  of  Playcraft.  By  Patten  Beard. 
Illustrated,  8vo,  227  pages.  Frederick  A.  Stokes 
Co.  $1.35. 

Anne,  Princess  of  Everything.  By  Blanche  Eliza- 
beth Wade.  Illustrated,  12mo,  207  pages.  Sully 
&  Kleinteich.  $1. 

How  Boys  and  Girls  Can  Earn  Money.  By  C.  C. 
Bowsfield.  12mo,  247  pages.  Forbes  &  Co.  $1. 

The  Cave  Twins.  By  Lucy  Fitch  Perkins;  illus- 
trated by  the  author.  8vo,  163  pages.  Houghton 
Mifflin  Co.  $1. 

The  King's  Highway  Series.  By  E.  Hershey 
Sneath,  George  Hodges,  and  Henry  H.  Tweedy. 
New  vols.:  The  Way  of  the  King's  Gardens, 
75  cts.;  The  Way  of  the  Mountains,  65  cts.; 
The  Way  of  the  King's  Palace,  75  cts.  Each 
illustrated,  12mo.  Macmillan  Co. 

The  Clever  Mouse:  Six  Little  Chapters  in  an 
Envelope.  By  Stella  G.  S.  Perry.  Illustrated, 
16mo.  Paul  Elder  &  Co.  50  cts. 

Morning  Face.  By  Gene  Stratton-Porter;  illus- 
trated with  photographs  taken  by  the  author. 
4to,  128  pages.  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.  $2. 


CICERO: 

His  Life  and  Works 

By  HANNIS  TAYLOR 


CICERO  was  the  embodiment  of  the 
Spirit  of  Roman  Republicanism.  In 
his  life  is  epitomized  the  history  of 
Roman  public  life  at  its  best,  and  when, 
after  having  essayed  the  impossible  task  of 
saving  the  Eepublic  through  a  social,  moral, 
and  political  regeneration  of  the  governing 
classes,  he  went  down  in  the  wreck  of  the 
commonwealth,  Roman  constitutional  gov- 
ernment lost  its  ablest  advocate  and 
defender. 

This  account  of  his  life  and  time  should 
appeal  with  peculiar  force  to  the  American 
people,  embodying  as  it  does  a  record  of 
conditions  so  nearly  identical  with  our  own. 
Illustrated  ~by  reproductions  of  old  and  rare 
prints.  $8.50. 

A.  C.  McCLURG  &  CO.,  Publishers 


&Y 


The  Mountains 
of  the  Morning 

A  beautiful  romance  —  pure,  wholesome,  and 
interesting  —  and  with  a  gripping  message. 
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in  the  Valley  of  the  Silver  Bow. 

Illustrated.    Net,  $1.35,  postpaid 

THE  ABINGDON  PRESS 

New  York  Cincinnati  Chicago  Boston 

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vwwTALES  OF  THE  PAMPASww, 

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Author  of  "Green  Mansion*,"  etc. 

These  are  tales  that  should  prove  absolutely  novel  to 
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412 


THE    DIAL 


[November  16 


Catalogue  of  New  Important  Books 

At  Bargain  Prices 

Embracing  recent  English  and  American 
works  on  HISTORY,  BIOGRAPHY,  TRAVEL, 
SOCIOLOGY,  ART,  ETHNOLOGY,  ANTHRO- 
POLOGY, and  GENERAL  LITERATURE  of 
the  enduring  sort. 

Other  Catalogues  In  Preparation 

AMERICAN  HISTORY— Over  2,000   Titles. 

ASSOCIATION  BOOKS— A  Splendid  Col- 
lection of  nearly  350  volumes. 

FIRST  EDITIONS  of  English  and  American 
Authors. 

GENERAL  LITERATURE,  including  the 
DRAMA.  Copies  Mailed  On  Bequest. 


-G.  A.  BAKER  &  CO.- 


1 20  E.  59th  St.    Lexington  Book  Shop    New  York  City 


F\f      ffOT   T   V  Author.'  and  Pnbli.b.iV 
•  IH.  IlU.Li.Li  I  R«preM«UUiT« 

186  Filth  AT»UC.  New  Y«rk     U»«.*;»W  190S) 
•AT1S  AND  fULL  INFOHUTION  WILL  BB  SENT  ON  UQUEST 


If  you  want  first  editions,  limited  edi- 
tions, association  books — books  of 
any  kind,  in  fact,  address  : 
DOWNING,  Box  1 336,  Boston  Mass. 


Recovered  Yesterdays 
in  Literature 


ay 


A. 


A  series  of  brilliant  essays  on  men,  women, 
and  literature. 

The  name  of  the  author  is  sufficient  to  sug- 
gest the  charm,  piquancy,  and  originality  that 
characterize  these  essays. 

Vision,  variety,  imagination,  and  penetration 
are  evident  on  every  page. 
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ThejAbingdon  Press 

New  York  Cincinnati  Chicago  Boston 

Pittsburgh       Detroit       Kansas   City       San   Francisco 


ALEXANDER  WYANT 

By  ELIOT  CLARK 

Crown  Octavo.  With  a  frontispiece  in  colors  and-  H 
photogravure  plates.  Limited  edition  of  300  copies 
on  Dutch  hand-made  paper,  sewn  with  silk  and 
bound  in  Italian  paper  boards,  cloth  back.  flS.50 
net  a  copy. 

"We  get  much  more  from  this  account  than  dates 
and  a  list  of  events.  We  get  the  colors  of  the  artist's 
restricted  palette,  many  of  his  technical  methods,  his 
habit  in  studying  nature  of  turning  objective  facts 
into  abstract  harmonies,  descriptions  of  individual 
pictures,  and  a  sympathetic  analysis  of  temperament." 

— New  York  Times. 

FREDERIC  FAIRCHILD  SHERMAN 

1790  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK 


Fairy  Gold  Series.  Comprising:  Cinderella,  Briar 
Rose  and  King  Tawny  Mane,  The  Pox  and  the 
Grapes  and  Other  Tiny  Tales,  Tom  Thumb, 
Dick  Whittington,  Chicken-Licken  and  Other 
Stories,  Tom-Tit-Tot  and  the  Fairy  Gifts,  The 
Beauty  and  the  Beast.  Each  illustrated  in 
color,  16mo.  B.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  Per  set,  $1. 

The  Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments.  Illustrated 
and  decorated  by  Louis  Rhead.  Large  8vo,  429 
pages.  Harper  &  Brothers.  $1.50. 

Betty's  Beautiful  Nights.  By  Marian  W.  W.  Fenner; 
illustrated  by  Clara  M.  Burd.  8vo,  212  pages. 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $1.50. 

Uncle  Wiggily  and  Mother  Goose.  By  Howard  R. 
Garis;  illustrated  by  Edward  Bloomfleld.  Large 
8vo,  175  pages.  R.  F.  Fenno  &  Co.  $1.50. 

The  American  Boys'  Book  of  Electricity.  By 
Charles  H.  Seaver.  Illustrated,  8vo,  365  pages. 
Philadelphia:  David  McKay.  $1.50. 

The  Boy  with  the  U.  S.  Mail.  By  Francis  Rolt- 
Wheeler.  Illustrated,  12mo,  349  pages.  Lothrop, 
Lee  &  Shepard  Co.  $1.50. 

Uncle  Sam's  Outdoor  Magic:  Bobby  Cullen  with  the 
Reclamation  Workers.  By  Percy  Keese  Fitz- 
hugh.  Illustrated,  12mo,  313  pages.  Harper 
&  Brothers.  $1.25. 

Bruce  Wright.  By  Irving  Williams.  Illustrated 
in  tint,  12mo,  327  pages.  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 
$1.25. 

Little  People.  Rhymes  by  R.  H.  Elkin;  illustrated 
in  color  by  H.  Willebeek  Le  Mair.  Oblong  8vo. 
Philadelphia:  David  McKay.  $1.25. 

Snurlie  the  Tiger.  By  Howard  R.  Garis.  Illus- 
trated in  color,  8vo,  178  pages.  R.  F.  Fenno 
&  Co.  $1. 

HOLIDAY    GIFT    BOOKS. 

Salt-Water  Poems  and  Ballads.     By  John  Masefleld ; 

illustrated     in    color,     etc.,     by    Charles    Pears. 

12mo,  163  pages.     Macmillan  Co.     $2. 
The   Mysterious    Stranger t    A    Romance.      By    Mark 

Twain;    illustrated    in    color    by    N.    C.    Wyeth. 

Large  8vo,  150  pages.     Harper  &  Brothers. 
One  Hundred  Cartoons  by   Cesare.     4to,   199   pages. 

Small,  Maynard  &  Co.     $3. 
Gibsont  A  Book   of   Charles   Dana  Gibson's  Latest 

Drawings.     4to.     Charles  Scribner's  Sons.     $2.50. 
The  Law  of  Success.     By  Bruce  MacLelland.     12mo, 

183  pages.     R.  F.  Fenno  &  Co.     $1. 
Seven    Secrets    of    Success,    and    Other    Talks    on 

Making     Good.       By     Madison     C.     Peters,     D.D. 

16mo,  108  pages.     Robert  H.  McBride  Co.     75  cts. 
Gifts   from   the   Desert.     By   Fred    B.    Fisher;    with 

decorations  and  illustrations  in  color  by  Harold 

Speakman.     16mo.     Abingdon  Press.     50  cts. 
A    Christmas    Meditation.      By    Lawrence    Oilman, 

Revised   edition;    24mo,    16   pages.      E.   P.    Dutton 

&  Co.      25  cts. 
Old  Christmas.     By  Washington  Irving;    illustrated 

in   color,   etc.,   by   Frank   Dadd.      8vo,    115   pages. 

G.   P.   Putnam's  Sons.     $2.50. 

The  Water-Babies.  By  Charles  Kingsley;  illus- 
trated by  Jessie  Willcox  Smith.  4to,  362  pages. 

Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.     $3. 
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Modern  Home.     By  Hazel  H.  Adler.     Illustrated 

in    color,    etc.,    large    8vo,    315    pages.      Century 

Co.     $3. 
The    Romance    of    a    Christmas     Card.       By     Kate 

Douglas   Wiggin;    illustrated    in    color,    etc.,    by 

Alice  Ercle  Hunt.     12mo,   124  pages.     Houghton 

Mifflin  Co.     $1. 
And    Thus    He    Came:     A    Christmas    Fantasy.      By 

Cyrus    Townsend    Brady;     illustrated    in    color, 

etc.,   by    Walter   H.    Everett.      12mo,    103    pages. 

G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.     $1. 
Angel   Unawares:    A   Story  of  Christmas   Eve.     By 

C.  N.   and  A.   M.  Williamson.     With   frontispiece 

in    color,    16mo,    62    pages.      Harper   &    Brothers. 

50   cts. 
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&    Co.      50    cts. 
The  O.  Henry  Calendar,  1917;  The  Lincoln  Calendar, 

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My  Garden.  By  Louise   Beebe  Wilder.      Illustrated, 

large    Svo,    308    pages.      Doubleday,    Page    &    Co. 

$1.50. 
A  Critique  of  the  Theory  of  Evolution.     By  Thomas 

Hunt    Morgan.       Illustrated,     12mo,     197     pages. 

Princeton  University   Press.     $1.50. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


413 


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THE  PRINT-COLLECTOR'S 
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The  on/y  periodical  in  English  devoted  ex- 
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CONTENTS  FOR  OCTOBER: 

Robert   Havell,  Junior,   Engraver  of 
Audubon's  "The  Birds   of  America" 

By  GEORGE  ALFRED  WILLIAMS 

Fantin-Latour's  Lithographs 

By  FRANK  WEITENKAMPF 

Corot  as  a  Lithographer 

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c/4dolf  von  Menzel 

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DRAKE,  BY  GEORGE!lWy!\ 

A  Borzoi  Book 
By  John  Trevena 

The  extinguished   English   Novelitt 

This  rollicking  Devonshire  comedy  should  dispel  the 
notion  that  its  distinguished  author  is  in  any  sense 
"high-brow."  Captain  Drake,  tolerable  old  liar  that 
he  is ;  his  nephew  George,  always  looking  for  the 
man  who  invented  work ;  and  many  other  amusing 
characters  furnish  Trevena  with  material  for  a  yarn 
of  rare  good  humor. 

Jacket  in  colors,  12mo,  cloth,  380  pages,  $1.50  net 

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for  November  30  will  be  a 


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414 


THE    DIAL 


[November  16 


The  Unpopular  Review 

A  specimen  copy  of  an  early  number  sent  free  on  application  ;  of  the 
current  number,  if  specially  requested,  subject  to  return  or  payment 


The  fundamental  object  of  this  Review  is  the  "uplift"  of  the 
less  fortunate  portion  of  mankind  by  opposing  the  crazes  which, 
under  that  misused  name,  now  so  effectively  delay  the  process. 


Contents  of  the  October-December  (1916)  Number: 


The  Devil  and  the  Deep  Sea 
The  Problem  of  Poverty 

I.  By  a  Platonist 

II.  By  an  Aristotelian 

Some  Reflections   on  Literature  for 

Ladies 

Peace  by  Force 
Domestic  Free  Trade,  and  Organized 

Labor 

The  Philosophy  of  Terrorism 
Errata  and  Contingent  Subjects 
England's  Place  in  the  Sun 
Tango-Time 


In  Praise  of  Nursery  Lore 

The  Eternal  Feminine 

The  War  and  the  Professor  of  Litera- 
ture 

Popularity,  Unpopularity,  Impopu- 
larity 

The  Unmasking  of  a  Fraud 

More  Hypnotism  and  Telepathy 

Correspondence 

Strong  in  the  Faith  —  A  Remon- 
strant 
En  Casserole 


Contents  of  the  July-September  (1916)  Number: 

THE  SPREAD  OF  FEDERALIZATION,  WILLIAM  D.  PABKINSON. 

THE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  THE  SOLDIER,  MICHAEL  A.  E.  WHITE,  late  Captain  Cameronians, 

Scottish  Rifles. 

GERMANY  AND  AMERICAN  PREPAREDNESS,  EDWARD  B.  REED,  Professor  in  Yale. 
THE  JOYS  OF  BEING  A  WOMAN,  WINIFRED  KIRKLAND. 
THE  PROFESSOR  OF  PEDAGOGY—  ONCE  MORE,  Anonymous. 
GOETHE  AND  ECKERMANN,  GEORGE  DUNNING  GRIBBLE. 
THE  GREAT  UNSCRAMBLING  OF  1925,  MARY  HAMILTON  HADLEY. 
WHAT  DO  WE  MEAN  BY  POETRY?  ARTHUR  W.  COLTON. 
SOME  FALLACIES  ABOUT  CRIME,  FABIAN  FRANKLIN,  N.  T.  Evening  Post,  late  Professor 

in  Johns  Hopkins. 

EDUCATIONAL  BIASES,  Anonymous. 

ACTION,  REACTION  AND   THE   SCRAMBLED  DRAMA,  ARTHUR  POLLOCK. 
THE  CRIME  OF  EFFICIENCY,  EMILY  R.  BOOLE. 
A  LUSITANIA  VICTIM  SPEAKS?  Comments  by  the  Editor. 
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BELLE  JONES: 

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OF  WATER  AND 
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MONTAGUE 

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BUSKIN'S  SESAME  AND  LILIES 
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The  Seven  Wonders 
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Hooligan,  Gaston,  etc.,  has  chosen 
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Every  youngster  will  enjoy  them. 
This  is  just  the  edition  for  both 
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Mother  Goose 

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Betty  at  Fort  Blizzard 

By  MOLLY  ELLIOT  SEAWELL.  Four  illustrations  in  color  and  decorations  by 
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This  is  a  straightaway  army  love-story,  with  the  scene  laid  at  a  post  in 
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presented  in  a  delightfully  dainty  gift-book  style,  it  makes  a  charming  Christ- 
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FOR  YOUNG  MEN  AND  WOMEN 

Training  for  the  Stage 

By  ARTHUR  HORNBLOW.  Preface  by  DAVID  BELASCO.  Illustrated.  Net,  $l.S5 
The  author  is  editor  of  The  Theatre  Magazine;  the  book  is  especially  for 
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of  course  most  skilfully  handled  as  the  result  of  your  long  experience." 

Training  for  the  Newspaper  Trade 

By  DON  C.  SEITZ,  Business  Manager  of  "The  New  York  World."     Illustrated. 

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Joseph  Pulitzer's  right-hand  man  was  Don  C.  Seitz.  This  book  is  for  the 
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offers  and  the  part  it  plays  in  life. 

FOR  BOYS  AND  GIRLS 

With  Sam  Houston  in  Texas 

By  EDWIN  L.  SABIN.  Illustrated  in  color  and  black  and  white.  Portrait  of 
Houston,  and  maps.  Net,  $1.25 

A  red-blooded  boy  will  follow  Ernest,  the  friend  of  the  immortal  Sam 

Houston,  with  breathless  enthusiasm  through  the  campaign  of  six  months  of 

seeming  defeat  to  the  final  victory  at  San  Jacinto,  at  which  Texans  won  their 

independence. 

Blackbeard's    Island:     A  Boy  Scout  Adventure 

By  RUPERT  SARGENT  HOLLAND.  Frontispiece  in  color.  5  illustrations  in  black 
and  white  by  WILL  THOMSON.  Net,  $1.115 

Three  boy  scouts  search  for  the  gold  of  Blackboard,  the  pirate,  amid  num- 
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STORIES  ALL  CHILDREN  LOVE  SERIES 

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Pinocchio 


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A  classic  Italian  fairy  story  in  which  an  animated  puppet,  a  joy  to  a 
nursery,  plays  the  leading  part,  is  the  1916  addition  to  the  famous  Stories  All 
Children  Love  Series.  A  more  delightful  tale  it  would  be  difficult  to  find. 


Robinson  Crusoe 


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CHILDREN'S  CLASSICS  SERIES 

Moni  the  Goat  Boy 

By  JOHANNA  SPYRI.     Translated  by  ELISABETH  P.  STORK.     Four  colored  illus- 
trations by  MARIA  L.  KIRK.  Net,  50  cts. 
This  classic  story  is  of  an  Alpine  boy  who,  day  in  and  day  out,  on  the  side 
of  one  of  the  foothills  of  the  great  mountains,  herded  his  goats  and  sang  his 
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Practical  Book  of  Early  American 
Arts  and  Grafts 

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in  a  short  introduction. 

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432  THE     DIAL  [November  30 


MODERN  DIARY  OF  SAMUEL  PEPYS 

November  24,  1916 

To  the  bookstalls  this  a.  m.,  where  I  discovered  a  book  which  I  did  peruse 
with  great  delight. 

To  my  extraordinary  content,  I  found  that  the  Memoirs  of  Samuel  Pepys 
have  been  deemed  of  sufficient  excellence  to  receive  attention  in  this  time  of 
unusual  haste. 

Nor  did  I  fully  recall  until  this  modern  scholar  had  brought  it  to  my  atten- 
tion, how  regular  was  my  attendance  at  the  theatres  of  the  day,  how  wide  my 
acquaintance  among  the  actors  (and  to  my  delight,  I  may  add,  among  the 
actresses)  of  the  time  and  how  general  my  familiarity  with  the  dramas. 

Moreover,  this  scholar  has  executed  a  surprisingly  good  plan,  and  with  orig- 
inality. (To  my  greater  astonishment,  to  be  accounted  for  by  the  progress  among 
women  in  these  modern  days,  I  find  it  to  be  the  work  of  a  lady. )  Not  only  has 
she  culled  out  all  that  relates  to  plays  from  my  great  Memoirs,  but  added  to  this 
she  has  made  notations,  footnoted  to  my  work  from  like  sayings  of  Downes, 
Langbaine,  and  John  Evelyn.  (I  may  add  they  gain  nothing  from  proximity  to 
my  more  enlivening  remarks.)  But,  be  that  as  it  may,  this  new  work  appeals 
to  me.  It  is  no  task  to  read — in  fact  it  stimulates  to  further  reading;  yet  no 
one  can  accuse  it  of  any  lack  of  scholarship. 

I  may  add  that  the  prints  are  excellently  chosen,  though  methinks  the 
portrait  of  Nell  Gwyn  does  not  do  her  justice. 


November  25,  1916 

All  the  morning  at  the  bookstalls  to  scan  those  volumes  which  I  did  not 
sufficiently  peruse  yesterday. 

Another  book  on  the  drama  liked  me  well.  One  Loomis  Havemeyer  has 
considered  the  performances  of  savage  peoples.  It  is  droll  enough  to  read  of 
the  variety  of  their  ceremonies. 

Moreover,  the  work  of  another  lady  pleased  me  heartily.  For  recalling  with 
what  a  diversity  of  meanings  is  the  word  criticism  employed  in  literature — 
whether  concerning  the  affairs  of  Shelley  or  the  markings  of  disapproval  made 
by  a  teacher  on  a  pupil's  exercise — there  is  need  for  clarity.  Miss  Gertrude 
Buck,  whom  I  discover  to  be  one  of  the  faculty  of  Vassar  College  upon  the 
Hudson,  has  prepared  a  little  book  which  puts  fresh  purport  in  the  word.  It 
moved  me  to  reflect  on  more  reading.  I  shall  have  a  taste  for  better  books  for 
her  suggestions. 

I  took  a  copy  of  each  volume  (1£,  3s).  How  costs  grow!  But  I  learn  'tis 
the  fault  of  the  paper.  Then  home,  mightily  pleased  with  the  new  books. 

PEPYS  ON  THE  RESTORATION  STAGE.    Edited,  with  an  Introduction, 

by  Helen  McAfee. 

Six  illustrations.    Price,  $3.00  net,  postpaid. 

THE  DRAMA  OF  SAVAGE  PEOPLES.  By  Loomis  Havemeyer. 

Price,  $1.75  net,  postpaid. 

THE  SOCIAL  CRITICISM  OF  LITERATURE.          By  Gertrude  Buck. 

Price,  $1.00  net,  postpaid. 

209  Elm  Street        VAI  C    ITMIVUDCITV    DDCCC  280  Madison  Avenue 
NEW  HAVEN,  CONN.    I  ALL    U  111  V  L  IVOl  1  I     1  I\L  JO      NEW  YORK  CITY 


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Representative  items  from  Mr.  Huebsch's  new  list: 


A  Portrait  of  the  Artist  as  a  Young  Man 

By  JAMES  JOYCE 

This  account  of  the  childhood,  adolescence,  and  young  man- 
hood of  a  typical  Irishman  of  middle-class  family  enables  us 
to  understand  the  forces, —  social,  political,  religious, —  that 
prevail  in  Ireland  to-day.  The  home  life,  the  boy's  school, 
the  university,  the  effect  of  political  dissension,  of  Catholic 
influence  and  of  economic  pressure,  are  all  shown  directly  or 
by  implication.  Such  a  story  as  this  enables  us  to  understand 
the  currents  of  Irish  character.  The  psychological  insight, 
fascinating  simplicity  of  style,  and  the  extraordinary  gift  of 
vivid  expression  make  it  a  promise  of  great  things.  Joyce 
stands  preeminent  among  the  young  Irishmen  writing  prose 
to-day.  ($1.50.) 

The  Spirit  of  Modern  German  Literature 

By  LUDWIG  LEWISOHN 

Inspired  purely  by  a  love  of  letters,  of  thought  and  of  truth, 
Mr.  Lewisohn  presents  this  essay  in  aesthetic  and  philosophical 
criticism,  founded  upon  an  intense  and  first-hand  study  of  the 
extensive  literature  of  the  German  Empire,  to  those  readers 
whose  art  knows  no  national  boundaries  and  who  have  too 
long  depended  upon  desultory  comment,  ill-advised  selection, 
and  indifferent  translation.  A  suggestive  commentary  and 
chronological  lists  will  prove  of  value  to  students.  It  is  the 
only  book  that  will  give  Americans  an  idea  of  what  con- 
temporary Germans  are  writing.  ($1.00.) 


Joseph  Pels:  His  Life-Work 

By  MAEY  PELS 
An  important  American  biography 

The  story  of  Joseph  Fels,  manufacturer  of  "Fels-Naptha 
Soap,"  who  turned  away  from  business  with  the  deliberate 
object  of  making  the  world  better,  appeals  intensely  to  students 
of  social  problems.  The  romance  of  Joseph  Pels'  life  work  is 
told  by  his  widow  who  was  his  inspiration,  and  who  is  the 
inspiring  genius  of  the  agencies  carrying  on  the  work  he 
began. 

In  a  narrative  having  the  progressive  interest  of  a  novel 
and  the  informing  value  of  a  treatise  on  current  modern 
history,  Mrs.  Fels  relates  how  her  husband's  philanthropic 
endeavors,  moving  at  first  along  the  more  conventional  lines 
of  charity,  were,  through  a  logical  evolution,  consecrated  to 
the  nobler  object  of  making  charity,  in  its  present  sense, 
unnecessary. 

Mr.  Fels  became  a  single  taxer,  not  because 
he  wanted  to  reform  fiscal  methods,  but  because 
he  gradually  learned  to  understand  that  the 
general  property  tax,  and  the  system  of  private 
land  monopoly  which  it  implies,  are  throttling 
humanity  and  raising  up  the  most  monstrous 
injustice  the  world  has  ever  seen.  (With  three 
portraits.  $1.00.) 


The  Marriage  Game 

A  comedy  in  three  acts 
By  ANNE  CRAWFORD  FLEXNER 
In  any  but  an  artist's  hands  the  situa- 
tion around  which  this  play  revolves 
might  easily  have  become  indelicate.  Full 
of  sparkle  and  vivacity,  with  witty  speech 
and  constant  motion,  a  difficult  theme  is 
treated  without  the  suggestion  of  offense 
yet  not  prudishly.  The  accidental  pres- 
ence of  the  lady  of  questionable  stand- 
ing among  three  conventionally  unhappy 
married  couples  brings  about  a  paradox- 
ical conjuncture  in  which  she  points  the 
way  to  peace.  (Then  she  disappears 
quickly.)..  ($1.00.) 

Swords  for  Life 

By  IEENE  RUTHERFORD  McLEOD 

Miss  McLeod  is  an  authentic  singer. 
Her  work  produces  that  exhilaration  that 
Emerson  said  came  over  him  on  meeting 
a  new  poet.  Passion  for  freedom,  spirit 
of  love,  and  fire  of  youth,  are  vibrant 
in  this  book  as  in  her  previous  volume, 
Songs  to  Save  a  Soul  which  arrested  the 
attention  and  aroused  the  admiration  of 
such  men  as  Masefield,  H.  W.  Nevinson, 
and  W.  L.  George.  Its  successful  re- 
ception on  this  side  is  well  known. 
($1.00.) 

Amores 

By  D.  H.  LAWRENCE 

Poems,  mostly  of  love  and  its  com- 
plementary pain;  of  high  ecstacy  and 
profound  sadness.  They  represent  a 
union  of  intense  feeling  and  keen  think- 
ing; though  introspective  and  self- 
analytical  the  poems  reveal  a  startling 
comprehension  of  the  thoughts  and 
motives  of  others.  The  affinity  for 
Nature's  works  and  the  happy  analogies 
between  Nature's  phenomena  and  human 
love  that  mark  his  novels  are  conspic- 
uous in  this  extraordinary  volume  of 
poems.  ($1.25.) 

Other  books  by  D.  H.  Lawrence  just  pub- 
lished: 

The   Prussian   Officer    (short  stories),   $1.50. 
Twilight  in  Italy    (travel  pastels),  $1.50. 


B.  W.  HUEBSCH,     Publisher,     225  Fifth  avenue,     New  York 

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The  Range 
Boss 

$1.30 


By 
Charles 

Illustrated         Ald*n 
Seltzer 


Not  for  many  years  has  there  been  published  so  good  a 
western  cowboy  yarn  as  this.  There  is  swift  adventure,  choice 
romance,  and  the  joy  of  the  open  in  every  page. 


Cicero,  His 
Life&  Works 

$3.50 


By 

Hannis 
Taylor 


This  account  of  Cicero's  life  and  time  should  appeal  with 
peculiar  force  to  the  American  people,  embodying  as  it  does 
a  record  of  conditions  so  nearly  identical  with  our  own. 
Illustrated  by  reproductions  of  old  and  rare  prints. 


Our  Fellow 
Shakespeare 

$1.25 


Bridges 


At  once  an  interpretation  of  and  a  guide  to  the  world's 
greatest  author.  Mr.  Bridges,  the  well-known  writer  and 
lecturer,  depicts  Shakespeare  as  he  really  was;  the  popular 
author  of  his  time,  who  wrote  his  marvelous  plays  for  the 
people  and  the  people  only. 


Contraband 
$1.35 


Ella  Flagg 
Young 

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By 

Randall 
Parrish 


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McManis 


America's 

Relations   tO     Professor 

theGreatWar 

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by  one  of  the  most  famous  story-tellers  of  the  day.  It  is  a 
tale  of  peril,  danger,  and  mystery,  built  around  the  love  of 
a  man  for  a  maid. 

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be  useful  to  her  people,  is  the  story  which  Mr.  McManis 
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of  e  simple  girl,  who  rose  to  leadership  and  to  renown. 

A  famous  authority  on  international  law  discusses  from  an 
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raised  by  the  war.  We  are  not  neutral,  he  avers,  having 
aided  one  of  the  belligerents  and  not  the  other.  It  is  time,  he 
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Philippine 
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weird  customs  of  the  Filipinos,  and  one  can  also  feel  some- 
thing of  the  charm  of  their  wonder  world  as  it  is  pictured  by 
these  dark-skinned  inhabitants  of  our  island  possessions. 

Unlike  most  nature  books  which  begin  in  the  spring,  this 
opens  with  the  sowing  of  the  seed  in  the  autumn  when  the 
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grows,  how  it  lives,  and  what  the  leaves  are  for,  etc.,  etc., 
together  with  a  lot  of  wonderfully  interesting  tree  and  forest 
lore. 


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Books  will  solve  half  your  Christinas  problems.  They  are 
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TRAMPING  THROUGH  MEXICO, 

GUATEMALA,  AND  HONDURAS 

By  HARRY  A.  FRANCK 

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THE  NEW  MAP  OF  AFRICA 

By  HERBERT  ADAMS  GIBBONS 

A  companion  work  to  the  same  author's 
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OUR  NATION  IN  THE  BUILDING 

By   HELEN   NICOLAY 

A  vivification  of  the  great  early  history  of 
our  country,  from  the  Revolutionary  period  to 
the  Civil  War  period.  Gives  the  personalities, 
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THE  NEW  INTERIOR 

By  HAZEL   H.  ADLER 

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A  HISTORY  OF  ORNAMENT 

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The  only  one-volume  book  of  its  kind  in 
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SOCIETY'S  MISFITS 

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Fiction 

THE  LEATHERWOOD  GOD 

By  WILLIAM  DEAN  HOWELLS 

An  epic  of  our  American  pioneer  civiliza- 
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S  full-page  illustrations  by  Henry  Raleigh. 

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THE  DARK  TOWER 

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its  appeal  is  universal" — Philadelphia  North 
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KILDARES  OF  STORM 

By  ELEANOR  MERCEIN   KELLY 

A  swiftly  moving,  dramatic  story  of  modem 
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Frontispiece.     Price,  $1.40  net 

A  COUNTRY  CHRONICLE 

By  GRANT  SHOWERMAN 

A  unique   contribution   to   our  literature ;  a 
living  picture  of  American  farm  life  as  seen 
through  the  eyes  of  a  boy  of  ten. 
S3  pictures  by  George  Wright.       Price,  $1.50  net 

OLGA  BARDEL 

By  STACY  AUMONIER 

The  story  of  the  development  and  career  of 
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GULLIVER  THE  GREAT 

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By  WALTER  A.  DYER 

Stories  about  dogs,  written  with  a  tenderness 
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GENERAL 


THE   COMPLETE   WORKS   OP 
JAMES    WHITCOMB    RILEY 

Including  a  sketch  of  the  poet's  life,  told  largely  in 
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THE   HOOSIER  BOOK   OF   H 11-10  V  VERSE 

Containing  Poems   of   Dialect 

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FRANCE  By  Laurence  Jerrold 

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ARMS  AND   THE  BOY 

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CARLYLEi     HOW   TO   KNOW  HIM 
By  Bliss  Perry 

Professor  of  English,  Harvard  University 
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LITERATURE 

STEVENSON:    HOW  TO   KNOW  HIM 
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BROWNING:  HOW  TO  KNOW  HIM 

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Lampson  Professor  of  English,  Yale  University 
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WORDSWORTH:    HOW  TO  KNOW  HIM 

By  C.   T.  Winchester 
Professor  of  English,  Wesleyan   University 
The  life  of  the  poet  and  the  events  that  shaped  his 
character  and  entertaining  discussions  of  his  relation 
to  nature,  his  philosophy  of  life  and  his  later  years. 
The   best   of  his  poems   are  printed   complete 

Index,  $1.25  net 
DANTE:     HOW  TO   KNOW  HIM 

By  Alfred  M.  Brooks 
Professor  of  Fine  Arts,  Indiana  University 
After  one  has  followed  the  story  as  it  is  presented 
by   Professor   Brooks   in   an   excellent  translation,   no 
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JACOBS 

Notable    New 

BOOKS 


Two   Charming   "Heart"   Studies 
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THE  HEART  OF 
WASHINGTON 

A  series  of  anecdotes,  joined 
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man side  of  Washington. 

THE  HEART  OF 
LINCOLN 

The  "Great  Emancipator"  is 
revealed  as  the  man  with 
much  humor  and  pathos, 
featuring  the  anecdotes  with 
which  the  author  pictures 
him. 

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Thrilling   Submarine    Story 

THE  MEN  WHO 
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A  Suggestive  Book  for  Every  Home  Lover 

THE  MAKING  OF  A  HOME 

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The  fund  of  practical  information  in  this  volume  is  made 
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THE  SUPERMAN 
IN  LITERATURE 

By  Leo  Berg 

Translated  by  Claude  Field,  M.A. 
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AFTER    THE    WAR 

What  It  Is— How  It  Works 

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Love  and  Lucy 

By  MAURICE  HEWLETT 

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The  Emperor  of  Portugallia 


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The  Man 
of  Tomorrow 

WHAT  will  he  be  —  misfit,  sport  of 
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the  community? 

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The  Boys  of 
Today 

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To  uncover  and  intensify  the  latent 
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Sf>OOn  fl*    ^°    to 
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Bob    Hazard  —     Tom  Wickham 


Dam  Builder 

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3  Jfortniflttlp  journal  of  Itterarp  Criticism,  Biseusaion,  anb  information. 


Vol.  LXI. 


NOVEMBER  30,  1916 


No.  7SO 


COXTEXTS. 


"THE  EMERALD  WAY."    Eichard  Aldington  .  447 

CASUAL  COMMENT 448 

An  editorial  writer  on  "Collier's." — One  of 
the  first  Slavic  writers  to  be  read  in  Amer- 
ica.— A  splendid  bequest  to  a  public  library. 
— The  truth  about  Shakespeare. — Books  for 
the  shut-in.  —  Englisu  misconceptions  of 
American  usage. — Why  is  a  book-review? — A 
stimulant  to  the  reading  habit. — Magazine 
verse  of  1916. 

COMMUNICATIONS    .    '.    . 451 

College  and  Conversation.    Bene  Kelly. 
The  use  of  "Like"  and  "As."    8.  T.  Kidder. 

ENGLAND     IN     SHAKESPEARE'S     TIME. 

Barrett  Wendell 453. 

AN  AMERICAN  POET  AND  EDITOR.    Henry 

B.   Fuller   .     ."..,.    ...    ..  , ".     .     .455 

THE    PRIMER    OF    GERMAN    CONQUEST. 

Harold  J.  Laski      .    .;    .    .    -    ^r.    .    .  456 

IRELAND.  1916.     Van  Wyck  Broolcs     ....  458 

THE  STRANGE  CASE  OF  MR.  CHESTERTON. 

George  Bernard  Dorilin 460 

A    GROUP    OF    IRISH    PLAYS.      Homer    E. 

Woodbridge 462 

SIXTY  YEARS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  STAGE. 

Grant   Showerman 463 

LIGHT    THROUGH    THE    MISTS    OF    WAR. 

T.  D.  A.  Cocker ett  .  .  465 


RECENT  FICTION.    Edward  E.  Hale  . 


.  466 


NOTES  ON  NEW  FICTION 469 

Dead  Yesterday. — The  Certain  Hour. — The 
House  of  Luck. — The  Buffoon. — The  Shining 
Adventure. — The  Snow-Burner. — The  Darling 
and  Other  Stories.  —  The  Tutor's  Stor-. — 
Barnacles. — The  Eternal  Feminine. 

HOLIDAY  PUBLICATIONS— I.       ....  .  .471 

NOTES  AND  NEWS  ....    .-  .    .    .  .  .483 

TOPICS  IN  DECEMBER  PERIODICALS  .  .  485 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  .  .  487 


"THE  EMERALD  WAY" 


If  you  were  going  out  on  that  muddy 
khaki  way  which  is  so  weary  and  racking  and, 
worst  of  all,  so  monotonous,  what  book  or 
books  would  you  take  with  you,  as  a  reminder 
of  that  serene  beauty  now  hidden  in  the  dust- 
cloud  of  war? 

Perhaps  that  question  has  a  ring  of  the 
"What  is  your  favorite  poet?"  about  it,  but 
not  entirely  so.  For  in  these  bitter  circum- 
stances you  get  a  real  "preference,"  not  a 
conventional  taste.  And  in  modern  literature 
we  do  not  want  Boileauesque  standards,  we 
want  a  man's  own  "preference" — the  word 
in  its  present  sense  is  taken  from  Paul 
Escombe  —  which  will  give  us  a  fresh  view 
of  some  known  and  loved  book  or  a  revelation 
of  an  unknown  beauty. 

Eugene  Demolder  is  not  a  famous  author, 
and  "La  Route  d'Emeraude"  is  about  as  old- 
fashioned  to  a  Parisian  as  "John  Inglesant" 
is  to  us.  Yet  that  was  the  book  which  gave 
back  to  me  something  of  lost  peace  and  beauty 
during  my  first  laborious  weeks  of  soldiering 
—  that  tedious,  awful  process  known  as 
"breaking  in"  a  recruit. 

It  was  so  hard  to  decide  what  to  take  when 
there  were  so  many  one  wanted  to  take  and 
so  few  allowed!  It  was  desperately  sad  to 
put  away  one's  choice  Aldine's,  with  their 
white  crisp  paper  and  running  type,  one's 
"Griffin"  classics  and  Plantine  and  Venetian 
and  Florentine  books  —  that  Boetius  picked 
up  for  a  soldo  outside  Santa  Maria  Novella, 
that  massive  unreadable  folio  lugged  home  in 
dust  and  sweat  from  the  East  End  of  London, 
but  precious  because  a  "Froben  of  Basle"  not 
in  the  British  Museum !  And  still  harder  to 
leave  that  neat  little  Heine  one  was  just 
beginning  to  understand  and  love,  and  last 
month 's  new  books  from  London  and  Paris  — 
pages  uncut  which  perhaps  some  less  loving 
fingers  would  tear, —  all  the  treasures  of  the 
book-maniac,  which  seem  so  trivial  to  Army 
Councils  and  Sergeant  Majors  but  which  have 

This  article  was  written  for  THE  DIAL  by  Mr.  Aldington 
during  a  "  few  hours  week-end  leave "  from  the  British 
camp  where  he  is  in  training  for  service  at  the  front.— 
THE  EDITOR. 


448 


THE   DIAL 


[November  30 


outlived  the  clamor  and  songs  and  violence 
of  so  many  centuries. 

I  chose  for  my  books  the  poems  of  Catullus 
and  Herrick;  a  friend  who  joined  with  me 
took  Shakespeare,  Anatole  France's  "Crime 
de  Sylvestre  Bonnard,"  and  (to  read  in  the 
train)  Demolder's  "Route  d'Emeraude." 

For  the  first  week  I  forgot  utterly  and 
blankly  that  such  a  thing  as  a  book  —  out- 
side the  red-covered  drill  books — ever  existed. 
And  then  I  determined,  in  spite  of  everything, 
to  snatch  one  hour  from  each  day,  to  taste 
the  honey  of  the  Muses ! 

Somehow  Herrick  was  too  light  and  friv- 
olous, with  his  rose-wreaths  and  "hayre  drip- 
ping with  oyle"  and  his  Antheas  and  Erinnas 
and  drooping  daffodils.  Shakespeare  was  too 
lofty  for  one's  weary,  cramped  little  soul. 
The  glittering  aristocratism  of  Catullus  was 
almost  an  insult  to  a  humble  "foot-slogger," 
and  the  delicate  irony  of  Anatole  France  left 
one  indifferent. 

And  then,  when  I  was  beginning  to  despair, 
to  think  I  had  lost  all  love  of  books,  I  took 
down  "The  Emerald  Way." 

I  read  and  re-read  that  book  with  the  same 
avid,  parched  eagerness  that  a  servant-maid, 
condemned  to  a  lifetime  of  ignoble  and  unrec- 
ompensed  toil,  reads  of  the  beautiful  curly- 
haired  Earl  who  married  the  housemaid  in 
spite  of  Lady  Sybil  Vere's  intrigues!  I 
understood  what  the  novelette  habit  is. 

Not  that  "The  Emerald  Way"  by  any  wild 
stretch  of  imagination  could  be  called  a  novel- 
ette,—  but  as  I  think  of  it  I  can  recall  no  other 
"image"  to  express  my  absorbed  interest. 

Hour  after  hour,  all  day,  I  tramped  a  dusty 
"square"  under  a  blazing  July  sun,  until  my 
clothes  hung  soaked  with  sweat  about  me,  until 
I  thought  I  would  scream  if  this  monotonous 
torture  lasted  another  minute.  Everything 
seemed  dead,  arid,  a  monstrous  insult  to  one's 
intelligence,  an  insane  and  perverted  rou- 
tine. .  . 

And  then,  in  the  evening,  when  the  last 
table  and  pot  and  basin  had  been  scoured  and 
re-scoured,  when  the  last  buckle  had  been 
polished  and  the  last  strap  greased,  I  would 
slip  off  to  the  baths  and  come  back  to  my 
"Emerald  Way,"  refreshed  like  dusty  grass 
after  a  shower. 

I  would  lie  on  my  bed,  between  X,  the 
journalist,  and  B,  the  tailor,  and  read; 
through  the  window  opposite  was  one  plumy 
willow  tree,  motionless  in  the  gold  twilight. 


And  the  book  I  read  was  perhaps  nothing 
very  great  in  the  annals  of  literature,  as 
written  by  great  and  comfortable  professors, 
but  it  kept  my  soul  alive.  It  kept  my  soul 
alive  with  a  thousand  pictures,  reminding  of 
one  phase  and  another  of  life  I  had  quite 
forgotten.  It  gave  me  pictures  of  the  flat 
Dutch  lands,  with  their  geometric  dykes  and 
rows  of  trees  and  ceaselessly  fleeting  sky;  it 
took  me  to  old  Haarlem  and  to  old  Amster- 
dam and  into  quaint  houses  and  mills,  taverns 
and  prostitutes'  haunts,  fields  and  dunes  and 
sea  spaces.  .  . 

It  was  as  if  I  had  been  allowed  each  evening 
to  wander  round  the  Dutch  and  Flemish 
rooms  of  our  National  Gallery.  It  was  a 
picture  gallery  in  print. 

There  were  pictures  of  coarse  men  drunk 
to  nausea  in  picturesque  taverns  by  Teniers; 
of  kermesses  by  Van  Ostade;  of  the  glowing 
flesh  tints  of  women's  bodies  by  Rubens;  of 
melancholy  and  despised  and  poor  and  beau- 
tiful people  by  Rembrandt  —  always  the 
figure  of  Christ  standing  beside  the  despised 
person;  of  sleepy  cows  in  sunshine,  by  Paul 
Potter;  of  neat  girls  in  immaculate  kitchens 
opening  on  to  tiled  and  spotless  passages,  by 
Pieter  de  Hoogh;  of  merchant  ships,  hung 
with  gaudy  streamers,  becalmed  off  Rotter- 
dam, by  van  der  Cappelle ;  of  portly  matrons 
and  frizzly -haired  young  ladies  in  exquisite 
satins,  yellow  and  crimson  and  cobalt,  with 
frail  laces,  by  Gerard  Dow;  of  wild  and 
handsome  young  men,  by  Franz  Hals;  and 
of  dozens  more,  by  Breughel  and  Jordaens 
and  Cuyp.  .  . 

Yes,  "The  Emerald  Way"  is  not,  perhaps, 
great  literature,  but  it  gave  life  and  hope 
and  refreshment  to  one  weary,  thirsty,  timid 

soul !  .„ 

RICHARD  ALDINGTON. 


CASUAL  COMMENT. 


AN      EDITORIAL      WRITER      ON      "COLLIERV 

believes  that  he  has  found  in  THE  DIAL  a  hint 
of  obscurantism.  He  expostulates  with  us 
gently  for  a  supposed  prejudice  against  free 
verse  and  pleads  for  a  greater  catholicity. 
For  our  part,  we  enjoyed  the  exhortation  and 
find  ourselves  in  agreement  with  the  exhorter, 
but  we  are  totally  at  a  loss  to  understand  why 
we  should  have  served  as  a  text  for  such  a 
sermon.  If  the  editorial  writer  will  follow 
THE  DIAL  with  a  care  which  it  will  try  to 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


449 


justify,  he  will  find  there  opinions  of  the 
greatest  variety,  even  about  the  merits  of  free 
verse;  he  will  find,  too,  that  some  of  those 
opinions  have  been  contributed  by  such  well- 
known  opponents  of  free  verse  as  Mr.  Richard 
Aldington  and  Miss  Amy  Lowell.  If  there 
seems  to  be  conflict,  so  much  the  better ;  THE 
DIAL  believes  that  conflict  is  stimulating  and 
is  quite  willing  to  leave  easy  judgments  as  to 
what  is  or  is  not  true  poetry  to  the  pundits 
who  have  been  able  to  find  or  to  borrow  a 
touchstone.  In  the  meantime,  having  no  such 
infallible  mineral  at  hand,  THE  DIAL  will  try 
to  reflect  the  best  contemporary  opinions 
available;  it  will  not  expect  its  contributors 
to  divine  and  express  the  opinions  of  the 
editors,  however  weighty  it  may  privately 
hold  those  notions  to  be. 


ONE  OP  THE  FIRST  SLAVIC  WRITERS  TO  BE 
READ  IN  AMERICA,  Henryk  Sienkiewicz,  whose 
death  in  Vevey,  Switzerland,  has  just  been 
made  known,  was  more  famous  for  one  of  his 
lesser  works  than  for  what  critics  have  con- 
sidered were  his  best  efforts.  To  the  Amer- 
ican popular  mind  Sienkiewicz  is  represented 
by  "Quo  Vadis";  whereas,  in  his  native 
Poland,  in  Eussia,  in  most  of  Europe,  his 
novels  dealing  with  the  Polish-Cossack-Tatar 
conflicts  of  the  fifteenth  century  are  conceded 
to  be  among  the  most  brilliant  examples  of 
modern  historical  novels.  Of  an  ancient 
Lithuanian  family  that  had  removed  to 
Poland  because  of  the  Russian  wars,  Henryk 
Sienkiewicz  was  born  in  "Wola  Okrzejska, 
Government  of  Siedlce,  in  1846.  After 
attending  the  Realgymnasium  and  University 
of  Warsaw,  he  made  his  literary  debut  in  1872 
with  the  humorous  story,  "Nobody  Is  a 
Prophet  in  His  Own  Country."  In  1876 
he  came  to  the  United  States,  confining  his 
visit  for  the  most  part  to  the  Polish  colony 
which  the  Modjeskis  had  just  founded  on  the 
Californian  coast.  At  this  time,  under  the 
pseudonym  "Litwos,"  he  wrote  a  series  of 
letters  to  the  "Polish  Gazette"  of  Warsaw 
describing  his  impressions  of  America  and  its 
people.  These  letters  did  much  to  establish 
his  fame  at  home.  The  drama  "On  a  Card" 
(1879)  and  the  stories  "Hanja"  and  "Yanko 
the  Musician"  increased  his  popularity.  In 
1880  appeared  his  first  historical  novel,  "The 
Tatar  Bondage,"  and  in  1884  he  completed 
the  first  of  his  great  trilogy,  "With  Fire  and 
Sword,"  which  was  followed  in  1886  by  "The 
Deluge,"  and  in  1888  by  "Pan  Michael."  In 
America  he  had  met  the  great  linguist, 
Jeremiah  Curtin,  and  him  Sienkiewicz  author- 
ized to  translate  the  trilogy  into  English.  The 


translations  were  excellent  and  were  featured 
by  the  American  publishers.  They  attained 
a  certain  vogue  among  a  small  group  of 
readers,  much  as  did  George  Borrow 's  work 
in  England,  but  they  never  became  really 
popular.  Sienkiewicz  felt  the  influences  that 
were  just  beginning  to  prevail  in  literature 
the  world  over,  and  his  later  novels,  "With- 
out Dogma"  (1890),  and  "Children  of  the 
Soil"  (1894),  were  pathological  and  psycho- 
logical in  nature.  In  1895  "Quo  Vadis,"  a 
story  of  Nero's  reign,  appeared  and  was  trans- 
lated into  English.  More  than  a  million 
copies  were  sold  in  the  United  States. 
Sienkiewicz  returned  to  his  old  subject  with 
"Knights  of  the  Cross"  (1900),  and  "On  the 
Field  of  Glory,"  the  last  book  to  be  trans- 
lated by  Curtin  before  his  death.  Sienkiewicz 
was  prominent  in  relief  work  during  the  war 
and  his  activity  along  this  line  prevented  his 
finishing  another  trilogy.  His  last  published 
works  are:  "Whirlpools,"  and  "In  Desert 
and  Wilderness,"  a  story  of  Africa,  in  which 
continent  he  travelled  in  1891.  Sienkiewicz 
was  an  honorary  member  of  the  Russian 
Academy  of  Science  and  for  many  years 
edited  the  periodical  "Slowo"  (The  World). 


A   SPLENDID   BEQUEST   TO   A   PUBLIC   LIBRARY 

comes  to  notice  in  the  addition  of  a  million 
and  a  half  dollars  to  the  resources  of  the 
Providence  Public  Library  through  the  will 
of  the  late  Lyra  Brown  Nickerson.  With  so 
substantial  an  endowment  a  library  already 
so  well  supported  as  that  of  Providence  should 
be  able  to  indulge  its  taste  for  special  depart- 
ments and  special  activities  with  considerable 
freedom.  Exactly  how  the  increase  in  rev- 
enue will  be  used  has  not  yet  been  decided, 
"except  that  the  underlying  aim,"  it  is 
announced  in  the  "Quarterly  Bulletin"  of 
the  library,  "will  be  to  study  the  needs,  inter- 
ests, and  activities  of  the  local  community, 
in  all  their  details."  Of  the  benefactress  and 
her  father  we  learn  from  the  same  source  the 
following:  "Her  father,  the  late  Edward  I. 
Nickerson,  was  a  Trustee  of  the  Library  for 
thirty  years,  from  1878  until  his  death  in 
1908,  and  was  Secretary  from  1884  to  1908 
(twenty-four  years).  After  his  death,  in 
1908,  his  daughter  made  the  Library  a  gift 
of  his  architectural  library,  valued  at 
$5,000.00,  and  accompanied  it  with  a  fiund 
of  $10,000.00,  the  annual  income  of  which 
is  used  for  additions  to  the  collection.  It  is 
understood  that  Miss  Nickerson,  in  making 
this  bequest,  was  carrying  out  the  beneficent 
provisions  of  her  mother's  will." 


450 


THE   DIAL 


[November  30 


THE  TRUTH  ABOUT  SHAKESPEARE  lies  so  deep 
down,  as  Democritus  said  of  truth  in  general, 
that  one  despairs  of  ever  bringing  it  up  into 
the  clear  light  of  day.  "Others  abide  our 
question.  Thou  art  free."  Nevertheless  there 
are  not  wanting  patient  delvers  who  count  a 
year  of  research  well  spent  if  it  adds  but  a 
single  item  to  our  meagre  store  of  knowledge 
about  the  man  Shakespeare.  Among  these 
devoted  toilers  none  deserves  warmer  praise 
than  Professor  Charles  William  Wallace,  of 
the  University  of  Nebraska,  who,  with  his 
hardly  less  devoted  wife,  has  for  years  been 
engaged  in  exploring  the  archives  of  England 
in  quest  of  documents  relating  to  England's 
foremost  poet.  More  than  five  million  original 
records,  as  the  authoritative  "Who's  Who" 
tells  us,  have  been  examined  in  this  tremen- 
dous labor  of  disinterested  scholarship  by 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wallace.  A  very  cursory  exam- 
ination in  most  instances  it  must  have  been; 
yet  many  references  to  Shakespeare  were  dis- 
covered, and  more  are  confidently  hoped  for. 
But  before  finishing  his  self-imposed  task  and 
publishing  his  findings  to  the  world,  Professor 
Wallace  has  consented  to  give  in  the  form  of 
lectures,  to  be  delivered  in  this  country,  a 
foretaste  of  what  is  to  come.  The  closing 
weeks  of  this  Shakespeare  tercentenary  year 
and  the  opening  months  of  the  year  following 
will  be  devoted  to  the  proposed  American 
lecture  tour  by  this  enthusiastic  Shakespear- 
ean, who  has  already  given  abundant  proof, 
in  printed  form,  of  his  ability  to  enliven  and 
enrich  his  chosen  theme. 


BOOKS  FOR  THE  SHUT-IN  should,  of  course, 
be  of  a  nature  to  counteract  the  depressing 
and  repressing  influences  of  the  reader's  nar- 
row quarters.  When  the  shut-in  person  finds 
himself  or  herself  separated  from  the  outside 
world  by  barred  windows,  iron  doors,  and 
stone  walls,  the  mind  seeks  the  freedom  to  be 
found  in  the  limitless  land  of  make-believe. 
A  recent  "List  of  Books  for  Prison  Libraries," 
prepared  by  the  New  York  State  Library,  is 
devoted  wholly  to  fiction,  other  classes  of  lit- 
erature being  reserved  for  future  treatment. 
It  is  a  good  selection  of  wholesome  tales  and 
novels,  such  as  anyone,  bound  or  free,  ought  to 
enjoy.  But  if  one  glances  over  the  titles  in 
the  imagined  character  of  a  convict,  a  few 
names  will  be  found  that  may  convey  a 
humorous  or  whimsical  suggestion.  Would 
the  average  inmate  of  a  penal  institution  be 
attracted  or  repelled  by  the  title  of  Anthony 
Hope's  most  famous  romance?  Would  he  or 
would  he  not  feel  moved  to  read  E.  F. 
Pollard's  "Liberty  or  Death"?  And  the  next 


book,  "Pollyanna" — would  the  resolutely 
cheerful  heroine  succeed  in  making  him  join 
in  the  "glad  game"  of  finding  something  to 
be  glad  about  in  any  and  all  circumstances, 
including  incarceration  ?  What  would  be  the 
emotions  excited  by  the  title,  "Living  with- 
out a  Boss"?  Would  "Christopher  Hibbault, 
Eoadmaker,"  appeal  to  the  members  of  a  gang 
breaking  stones  on  the  highway  and  clad  in 
horizontally-striped  apparel  ?  Well,  these  are 
perhaps  only  idle  questions. 


ENGLISH  MISCONCEPTIONS  OF  AMERICAN 
USAGE  have  generated  both  amusement  and 
wrath  from  the  time  of  Mrs.  Trollope  and 
Dickens  down  to  the  latest  Londoner  who 
takes  passage  for  New  York,  races  westward 
as  far  as  Chicago,  and  then  goes  home  and 
writes  us  up.  Here  is  an  English  writer's 
representation  of  American  book-advertising 
methods  (from  a  late  issue  of  "M.  A.  B.")  : 
"A  perusal  of  the  following  advertisement  by 
an  American  publishing  house  shows  at  a 
glance  how  behindhand  English  publishers 
are  in  their  methods  of  advertising:  "The 
Story  with  the  Punch !  The  Keal  Goods!  The 
Hot  Stuff!  All  Pep  from  the  Word  Go!" 
Much  more  follows,  emphasized  to  the  eye 
with  various  devices  known  to  the  printer, 
but  too  glaring  for  this  modest  page.  Some 
of  the  words,  however,  may  be  given,  in  print 
of  decorous  dimensions.  For  example:  "A 
Frontier  Classic !  The  Real  Goods !  Written 
by  a  Master  Hand.  No  mush,  slush,  or  trash, 
but  a  stirring  truthful  record  of  the  great 
cattle  wars  of  the  early  90 's.  Everything 
clicks  like  a  Colt  38!  Makes  the  European 
war  seem  tame  and  life  in  the  trenches  a 
pastoral  of  peace  in  comparison.  All  Aboard 
for  the  Wild  and  Woolly  West!  The  Book 
You  Need !  The  Book  You  Must  Have !  Buy 
It  Now ! ! !"  No  title  is  given,  and  the  author's 
name  is  represented  by  a  dash.  These  omis- 
sions, with  other  particulars  too  obvious  to 
mention,  arouse  suspicion  as  to  the  genuine- 
ness of  this  "advertisement  by  an  American 
publishing  house. "  But  if  it  amuses  the  Eng- 
lish reader  in  these  dolorous  times,  why 
should  we  fret? 

•          •          • 

WHY  is  A  BOOK-REVIEW?  This  question  has 
been  asked  by  many  readers  and  many  writers, 
many  book-buyers  and  many  booksellers ;  and 
the  answer  has  more  than  once  been  briefly 
given  in  some  such  terms  as  these:  A  book- 
review,  if  worthy  of  the  name,  is  designed  to 
tell  what  the  book  is  about,  its  merits  and 
defects,  and  its  proper  place  in  its  class. 
Some  would  insist,  and  librarians  often  do 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


451 


insist,  that  the  book's  more  material  qualities 
should  also  be  appraised.     In  an  article  enti- 
tled   "The    Failure    of    Book    Reviewing,"  • 
included  in  Mr.  John  Cotton  Dana's  lately 
published  "Libraries :  Addresses  and  Essays," 
he  complains  that  reviewers,  in  discussing  a  '.. 
book,  "withhold  information  as  to  the  paper  | 
on  which  it  is  printed,  whether  it  is  cheap 
wood  pulp  which  will  not  stand  three  weeks' 
honest  wear,  or  heavily  coated  with  clay,  and  j 
therefore  helpless  against  even  the  quiet  turn-  [ 
ing   of   its   leaves,    or   made   on   honor   and 
planned  for  a  decent  lifetime  of  usefulness.  ! 
They  do  not  tell  us  if  it  is  bound  in  a  thorough,  ; 
workmanlike  way,  or  is  thrown  together  with  j 
just  enough  glue  to  keep  it  in  shape  until  it  I 
is  sold.     The  type,  the  ink,  the  index,   the  i 
margins,  the  page  illustrations  —  these  things  ; 
they  say  nothing  about.     And  to  the  library 
they  are  very  important,  and  especially  to  the 
expense  side  of  its  accounts  in  new  copies, 
repairs  and  binding."     These  are  hints  that 
deserve  some  heed  on  the  part  of  the  reviewer 
who  would  justify  his  ways  to  men. 


A     STIMULANT     TO     THE     READING     HABIT     IS 

unquestionably  found  in  the  enforced  leisure 
of  an  involuntary  sojourn  within  the  walls  of 
a  reformatory  or  prison  or  other  house  of 
detention  for  the  mentally,  morally,  or  phys- 
ically defective.  At  the  recent  National 
Conference  of  Charities  and  Correction,  in 
Indianapolis,  there  were  presented  certain 
statistics  of  significance,  from  which  it  ap- 
pears that  the  average  public  library's  book 
circulation  is  less  than  half  of  that  reported 
by  the  average  prison  or  similar  institution. 
The  figures  deal  with  the  number  of  times 
each  volume  in  the  collection  is  drawn  by  a 
reader,  and  the  number  of  volumes  read  in 
one  year  by  the  average  reader.  If  a  public 
library  has  an  annual  circulation  amounting 
to  three  issues  for  each  volume  in  its  collec- 
tion, and  to  fifteen  volumes  a  year  for  each 
registered  card-holder,  it  is  enjoying  an  aver- 
age activity;  but  a  house  of  detention  com- 
monly shows  double  this  interest  in  books  if  it 
has  a  well-selected  and  well-managed  library. 
Perhaps  these  statements  are  based  on  data 
not  comprehensive  enough  for  the  most  trust- 
worthy generalization,  but  it  is  interesting  to 
note  the  appreciation  shown  for  wholesome 
literature  by  the  unfortunate  victims  of  un- 
wholesome influences  and  predispositions. 
This  fact  may  be  brought  to  notice  without 
serving  as  an  incentive  to  qualify  for  admis- 
sion into  the  :,till  air  of  delightful  studies 
behind  iron  bars. 


MAGAZINE  VERSE  OP  1916  shows  that  our 
poets  have  not  been  content  with  marking 
time :  they  have  been  pushing  forward,  though 
the  conservatives,  the  traditionalists,  among 
their  critics  might  not  regard  this  forward 
movement  as  at  the  same  time  an  upward 
movement.  In  his  yearly  review  of  our 
periodical  poetry  Mr.  William  Stanley  Braith- 
waite  writes,  in  the  Boston  "Transcript,"  that 
"the  whole  average  of  the  magazine  poetry  of 
the  year  is  higher,"  and  further:  "I  have 
found  in  my  examination  of  the  magazines  of 
the  past  year  that  a  freer  movement  has  taken 
place  all  through  our  poetry.  There  is  less 
of  the  strict  conventional  regularity,  which 
does  not  mean  that  the  traditional  patterns 
of  verse  have  been  abandoned,  but  that  the 
poets  are  using  rhythm  with  more  flexibility." 
Some  inscrutable  connection  he  believes  to 
exist  between  war  and  literary  productivity, 
and  he  cites  the  literary  epoch  of  Cooper  and 
Irving  as  belonging  to  the  Revolution,  that 
of  Emerson  and  Longfellow  as  synchronizing 
with  the  Civil  War.  An  unmistakable  influ- 
ence, whether  good  or  bad,  war  must  exert 
upon  literature ;  but  both  Cooper  and  Irving 
were  born  after  the  close  of  our  revolutionary 
conflict  and  wrote  their  books  in  a  time  of 
peace;  and  Emerson  and  Longfellow  had 
given  ample  proofs  of  their  genius  years 
before  the  rupture  between  North  and  South. 
Mr.  Braithwaite's  yearly  anthology  of  the 
verse  here  referred  to  is  announced  for 
November  publication.  Though  marked  with 
the  year  1916,  it  can,  of  course,  take  no 
account  of  the  last  two  months  of  the  year. 
As  usual,  he  prints  a  number  of  the  choicer 
poems  in  connection  with  his  newspaper 
review;  and  it  is  significant  that,  of  the  five 
thus  distinguished,  only  one,  the  last,  is 
regular  in  rhythm  and  faultless  in  rhyme. 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


COLLEGE  AND  CONVERSATION. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
Bring  together  a  group  of  college  men,  gradu- 
ates of  the  same  institution  but  not  close  friends 
there,  and  what  do  they  talk  about?  The  same 
things  as  the  Tired  Business  Man  of 'theatrical  dis- 
repute :  sport  or  women,  business  or  politics  in  the 
littlest  possible  sense  of  the  word.  They  share  no 
intellectual  interests — unless,  perchance,  they  hap- 
pen to  be  victims  of  the  same  profession,  in  which 
case  their  common  interest  lies  in  the  law,  or  in 
medicine,  or  some  such  fascination.  With  the 
extension  of  the  elective  system  at  American  col- 
leges, there  has  come  into  being  a  generation  of 
college  graduates  who  are  as  likely  as  not  to  be 


452 


THE   DIAL 


[November  30 


equally  ignorant  of  the  classics  and  of  mathematics 
beyond  algebra  and  plane  geometry;  who  have 
little  or  no  concept  of  the  rudiments  of  any  science 
—  but  who  have,  it  may  be,  concentrated  upon 
some  embryonic  subject,  like  the  "science"  of 
economics:  a  branch  described  by  highbrows  as  of 
dubious  cultural  value  and  profanely  mentioned  by 
such  lowbrows  as  the  business  men  who  earn  their 
own  livings  as  being  of  equally  negative  practical 
worth  to  anyone  except  future  teachers  of  the  same 
"science"  in  some  quite  unpractical  university. 

What  has  set  me  off,  indeed,  on  these  somewhat 
fulminant  vaporings,  is  a  certain  article  by  Presi- 
dent Lowell  of  Harvard.  President  Lowell  has  in 
the  past  reacted  most  admirably  against  such 
exploded  (or  exploding)  educational  theories  as 
Dr.  Eliot's  thought  that  it  does  n't  matter  at  all 
what  or  by  what  plan  an  immature  "student"  shapes 
the  foundations  of  his  intellectual  life.  And  yet 
in  a  most  respected  review  the  always  respectable 
President  Lowell,  writing  of  "Culture,"  falls  a  vic- 
time  to  the  old,  easy-going,  all-too-familiar  opti- 
mism that  is  the  intellectual  curse  of  our  United 
States.  It  would  not  do  to  say  it  out  loud  that 
a  large  proportion  of  our  college  graduates  are 
unlettered,  unlicked  cubs,  with  little  to  distinguish 
them  from  the  Arrow-Collar  boys  of  the  street  car 
advertisements  save  a  certain  social  assurance  bred 
of  expensive  associations.  Hence  we  have  this 
sort  of  .thing  from  President  Lowell : 

Culture  .  .  .  does  not  mean  the  possession  of  a 
body  of  knowledge  common  to  all  educated  men,  for 
there  is  no  such  thing  today.  It  denotes  rather  an 
attitude  of  mind  than  a  specific  amount  of  informa- 
tion. It  implies  enjoyment  of  things  that  the  world 
has  agreed  are  beautiful;  interest  in  the  knowledge 
that  mankind  has  found  valuable;  comprehension  of 
the  principles  that  the  race  has  accepted  as  true. 

Part  of  this  is  truism  and  the  rest  of  it  —  but 
no,  I  must  not  use  that  word  here.  "A  country 
without  conversation,"  was  a  philosopher's  word- 
picture  of  America,  painted  for  Rupert  Brooke 
when  that  fiery  young  poet  set  out  on  his  world- 
travels,  something  more  than  two  years  since.  And 
that  is  a  pretty  comprehensive  damnation  of  us 
and  our  civilization,  if  we  accept  Samuel  Johnson's 
dictum  that  "The  ends  of  education  are  three:  to 
develop  the  moral  nature,  to  train  the  judgment, 
and  to  furnish  material  for  conversation."  Presi- 
dent Lowell,  for  his  part,  confesses  that  the  reason 
"so  large  a  part  of  general  conversation  in  America 
relates  to  the  weather,  to  politics,  and  to  sport,  is 
not  so  much  because  these  things  are  intrinsically 
more  interesting  or  valuable  than  in  other  coun- 
tries, as  because  they  are  among  the  few  subjects 
that  everyone  is  familiar  with  and  can  talk  about," 

This  describes  most  college  men  as  well  as  most 
self-made  merchants.  We  have  evolved  that  comic 
terror,  the  newspaper  interview,  but  we  have  lost 
the  knack  of  conversation  —  if  we  ever  had  it. 
And  mere  questions  and  answers  never  did  make 
conversation.  "Questioning,"  said  Dr.  Johnson 
again,  "is  not  the  mode  of  conversation  among 
gentlemen."  Just  as  we  need  satire  in  our  litera- 
ture—  we  who  have  so  far  developed  only  two 


respectable  satirists,  James  Russell  Lowell  and 
"Mr.  Dooley" — we  need  realism  in  our  criticism, 
realism  in  our  approach  to  practical  teaching  in 
America.  With  frankness  there  might  be  some 
hope  for  us.  That  is  why  we  need  fewer  apologies 
and  an  outspoken  confession  that  "culture"  (what- 
ever it  really  is)  is  a  state  which  no  American, 
except  an  occasional  Bostonian  of  the  flesh  or  the 

spirit,  even  wants  to  attain. 

RENE  KELLY. 

New  York  City,  November  11,  1916. 


THE   USE   OF    "LIKE"   AND    "AS." 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
In  this  heroic  age  of  college  and  university 
English  "as  she  is  spoke,"  when  "doctors"  who 
teach  the  tongue  of  Chaucer  and  Shakespeare  "dis- 
agree" more  or  less  in  their  practice,  happy  is  the 
man  who  not  only  "minds  his  p's  and  q's,"  but 
who  equitably  adjusts  his  "woulds"  and  "shoulds" 
to  the  mood  and  shade  of  significance  he  means  — 
or  should  mean.  Thrice  happy  he  who  can  render 
"like"  and  "as"  in  his  parlance  with  due  signifi- 
cance and  propriety,  and  never  get  either  askew. 
To  do  this  he  may  have  to  escape  some  heredity, 
environment,  and  provincialism  perhaps,  and  to  be 
on  his  guard  lest  even  some  cheap  dictionary 
waver  from  its  orthodoxy. 

A  fine  test  line  for  exhibiting  the  approved 
fashion  of  this  usage  is  the  fourth  line  of 
Browning's  dashing  "Herve  Riel."  The  poem  opens 
thus: 

On  the  sea  and  at  the  Hogue,  sixteen  hundred 

ninety-two, 
Did    the    English    fight   the   French, —  woe   to 

France ! 
And,     the     thirty-first     of     May,     helter-skelter 

through  the  blue, 
Like  a  crowd  of  frightened  porpoises  a  shoal  of 

sharks  pursue. 
Came   crowding   ship   on   ship   to   Saint  Molo 

on  the  Ranee, 
With  the  English  fleet  in  view. 

On  first  superficial  view  it  looks  for  a  moment 
as  if  Browning  himself  had  perpetrated  the  com- 
mon slip  of  making  "like"  do  duty  as  a  conjunc- 
tive adverb.  But  when  you  reflect,  and  inquire 
whether  porpoises  are  in  the  habit  of  pursuing 
sharks,  or  sharks  of  pursuing  porpoises,  it  soon 
comes  to  light  that  Browning's  structure  is 
inverted.  The  sharks  are  in  evident  chase;  the 
rhythmically  suppressed  "which"  before  the  words 
"a  shoal  of  sharks  pursue,"  emerges  to  one's  sense, 
and  Browning's  "like"  is  vindicated  as  the  right — 
adjective — kind.  If  he  meant  to  have  had  the  por- 
poises pursue  the  sharks  —  an  anomaly  of  nature- 
faking  or  an  unheard-of  type  of  some  vindic- 
tive millennium — he  would  have  said  "as,"  not 
"like."  The  sharks  are  plainly  on  the  war  path, 
as  "the  English  fight  the  French"  this  time. 

The  only  odd  quirk  about  it  is  that,  for  rhyme's 
sake,  the  poet  must  needs  utilize  "a  shoal  of 
sharks"  as  a  plural  noun  governing  "pursue." 

S.  T.  KIDDER. 

Madison,  Wis.,  November  22,  1916. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


453 


ix  SHAKESPEARE'S  TIME.* 


So  long  ago  as  1905,  Sir  Walter  Raleigh, 
now  Merton  Professor  of  English  Literature 
in  the  University  of  Oxford,  sketched  the  plan 
of  an  encyclopaedic  work  on  the  England  of 
Queen  Elizabeth  and  of  King  James  the  First. 
In  1909,  Sir  Sidney  Lee  undertook  its  pro- 
duction, and  arranged  for  the  writing  of  most 
of  the  treatises,  by  separate  and  highly  expert 
hands.  Circumstances  prevented  him  from 
completing  the  work  he  had  thus  begun ;  and 
the  war  delayed  the  progress  of  it  in  other 
hands.  It  has  finally  been  brought  to  com- 
pletion by  Mr.  C.  T.  Onions,  joint  editor  of 
the  "Oxford  English  Dictionary,"  and  author 
of  "The  Shakespeare  Glossary."  The  delays 
in  the  process  of  its  making,  rather  than 
design,  have  brought  it  to  the  light  in  the  ter- 
centenary year  of  Shakespeare's  death. 

This  accident  may  be  held  happy.  Not  only 
in  bulk,  but  in  both  substance  and  aspect,  the 
book  is  monumental.  It  is  admirably  printed, 
copiously  indexed,  and  contains  besides  twO 
frontispieces  in  photogravure  no  less  than  one 
hundred  and  ninety-five  illustrations  selected 
with  judgment  and  well  executed.  Its  thirty 
chapters  deal  with  the  Age  of  Elizabeth, 
Religion,  the  Court,  the  Army,  the  Navy,  Voy- 
ages and  Explorations,  Land  Travel,  Educa- 
tion, Scholarship,  Hand-writing,  Commerce 
and  Coinage,  Agriculture  and  Gardening, 
Law,  Medicine,  the  Sciences,  Folklore  and 
Superstitions,  the  Fine  Arts,  Heraldry,  Cos- 
tume, the  Home,  London  and  the  Life  of  the 
Town,  Authors  and  Patrons,  Booksellers, 
Actors  and  Acting,  the  Playhouse,  the  Masque, 
Sports  and  Pastimes,  Rogues  and  Vagabonds, 
Ballads  and  Broadsides,  and  Shakespeare's 
English.  Four  of  these  chapters  are  subdi- 
vided into  sections  where  different  phases  of 
the  general  subject  are  treated  by  separate 
experts.  Not  a  line  of  the  whole  but  is  written 
by  a  man  who  has  mastered  the  topic  on  which 
he  writes.  Sir  John  Sandys,  for  example, 
writes  on  Education  and  on  Scholarship ;  Pro- 
fessor Firth  on  Ballads  and  Broadsides;  to 
mention  more  names  would  be  either  to  cata- 
logue all  or  to  feel  guilty  of  invidious  distinc- 
tions. There  are  few  books  anywhere  more 
soundly  solid  than  this ;  and  nothing  could  be 
more  fitting  than  that  in  the  midst  of  war 

*  SHAKESPEARE'S  ENGLAND.  An  Account  of  the  Life  and 
Manners  of  His  Age,  By  thirty-eight  collaborators.  Edited 
by  C.  T.  Onions.  In  two  volumes,  illustrated.  Oxford 
University  Press.  $10. 


and  of  world-tumult  the  eldest  of  English  uni- 
versities should  peacefully  celebrate  the  three- 
hundredth  anniversary  of  the  greatest  of 
English  poets  by  giving  the  world  this  impres- 
sive collection  of  tributes  to  his  deathless 
memory. 

For  throughout  these  hundreds  of  pages 
there  is  hardly  one  where  Shakespeare  him- 
self does  not  hover  near  —  not  the  elusive 
man,  concerning  whom  these  expert  writers 
here  trouble  themselves  little,  but  the  poet 
whose  words  have  long  since  become,  in  their 
wisdom  and  their  music  alike,  no  small  part 
of  the  spirit  of  English  and  indeed  of  human 
posterity.  The  first  of  the  three  indexes  which 
supplement  the  book  contains  twelve  three- 
column  pages  of  reference  to  "Passages  Cited 
from  Shakespeare's  Works."  Turn  to  any  of 
these  references  at  random,  and  you  will 
surely  feel  that  it  implies  in  the  writer  who 
made  it  an  understanding  at  once  acute  and 
sympathetic  of  the  poet;  almost  always,  too, 
you  will  feel  a  happy  surprise  in  the  new 
light  thrown  by  the  critic's  expert  knowledge 
on  some  dimming  aspect  of  what  words  and 
the  world  meant  three  hundred  years  ago. 
This  phase  of  the  book  is  perhaps  its  most 
commendable  feature.  You  cannot  turn  its 
pages  without  renewed  and  growing  wonder 
at  the  freshness  of  perception  and  of  expres- 
sion throughout  Shakespeare's  work.  What 
seemed  conventions  or  idioms  again  and  again 
wake  into  living  realities.  Even  though  some 
of  these  comments  and  interpretations  may 
occasionally  seem  far-fetched  or  debatable 
or  indeed  mistaken,  the  hundreds  which  surely 
illuminate  make  dispute  impertinent.  Who- 
ever, having  just  read  any  of  Shakespeare's 
plays,  will  have  recourse  to  this  index  of  cited 
passages,  and  compare  with  the  text  the  com- 
ments thus  called  to  his  attention,  cannot  fail 
to  find  radiances  of  meaning  unsuspected 
before. 

This  amounts  to  saying,  and  saying  cheer- 
fully, that  the  things  of  value  to  be  found  in 
these  two  volumes  are  countless.  And  yet  it 
would  be  hard  to  find  anywhere  an  equal  num- 
ber of  pages  in  total  effect  more  bafflingly 
unsatisfactory.  From  such  a  purpose  as  ani- 
mates the  book  one  might  fairly  have  expected 
at  least  an  approach  to  a  result  memorably 
definite.  There  are  chapters  and  books  else- 
where in  existence,  though  unhappily  these 
are  not  many,  which  you  cannot  read  without 
coming  to  feel  and  thus  deeply  to  know  what 
human  life  was  like  in  other  aspects  than 
those  actually  about  us.  Macaulay's  chapter 


454 


THE    DIAL 


[November  30 


on  England  in  1685,  for  example,  or  the 
opening  and  the  closing  passages  of  Henry 
Adams's  "History  of  the  United  States,"  or 
Taine's  "Old  Regime,"  or  Adams's  incom- 
parable "Mont  St.  Michel  and  Chartres,"  may 
perhaps  be  variously  accurate  in  detail;  all 
alike  —  and  any  of  us  can  doubtless  think  of 
other  names  to  add  to  the  list  —  leave  one 
enlightened  as  one  might  be  by  eager  travel; 
and  it  is  only  by  means  of  books  that  one  can 
travel  in  time  as  distinguished  from  space. 
There  is  no  past  time  wherein  English-speak- 
ing folks  would  more  gladly  travel  than  in 
the  England  of  Shakespeare.  His  epoch  was 
probably  the  most  enduringly  memorable  of 
all  English  history,  for  England  was  then 
freshest  in  sense  of  national  consciousness  and 
most  vigorously  beginning  her  course  toward 
that  empire  which  has  so  long  outstretched 
the  sunset.  There  have  rarely  been  guides 
more  trained  to  lead  us  in  these  paths  of 
olden  time  than  the  writers  of  this  book  on 
Shakespeare's  England.  Yet  somehow  they 
seem  to  take  impish  delight  in  leading  us 
nowhere,  unless  it  be  to  the  heart  of  mists, 
blinding  in  kaleidoscopic  and  inconsequent 
detail. 

To  have  stated  at  full  length,  a  little  while 
ago,  the  thirty  headings  of  the  Table  of  Con- 
tents of  the  two  volumes  may  perhaps  have 
seemed  wanton.  Turn  back  to  it,  if  you  will, 
and  see  whether  by  any  stretch  of  imagination 
you  can  decide  why  these  separate  topics 
should  be  arranged  in  this  order  rather  than 
in  any  other.  Unless  you  habitually  resent 
the  notion  that  there  is  a  place  for  anything, 
and  that  those  who  handle  things  for  us  ought 
so  far  as  they  can  to  put  them  somewhere  near 
where  they  belong,  you  can  hardly  avoid  the 
sad  impression  that  whoever  put  this  book 
together  permitted  himself,  at  least  in  the 
matter  of  chapters,  the  luxurious  assumption 
that  nothing  really  belongs  anywhere.  What 
thus  appears  in  the  Table  of  Contents  seems 
to  have  pervaded  the  whole  work  of  the 
editors,  if  not  of  the  writers  themselves.  To 
all  appearances,  the  editors  of  the  volumes 
have  been  conscientious ;  one  may  assume  that 
they  have  carefully  scrutinized  every  line  of 
the  texts  submitted  to  them  for  publication, 
and  that  they  have  probably  held  strenuously 
to  their  privilege  of  pruning  the  style  of  their 
contributors,  according  to  their  own  taste  or 
needs.  Otherwise  the  style  of  the  whole  vol- 
uminous work  could  hardly  have  achieved  its 
hapless  uniformity.  For  just  as  the  chapters 
seem  thrown  together  anyhow  in  the  book,  so 
do  the  paragraphs  in  the  chapters,  the  sen- 


tences in  the  paragraphs,  and  very  often  the 
words  in  the  sentences.  The  result  is  as  if 
these  skilful  gamesters  had  shuffled  to  their 
utmost  the  numberless  cards  of  their  wit  and 
wisdom,  leaving  the  reader  to  do  with  them 
what  he  may,  if  he  be  blessed  with  the  virtue 
of  patience. 

So,  once  for  all,  this  is  a  book  not  to  read, 
but  to  consult.  Its  merits,  like  those  of  almost 
any  cooperative  work,  are  rather  encyclopaedic 
than  literary  or  historical.  You  may  go  to  it 
confidently  for  information  to  think  with,  but 
you  will  find  little  help  toward  the  processes 
of  your  thought.  Its  general  want  of  system 
is  therefore  troublesome.  An  encyclopaedic 
work  composed  according  to  some  logical  plan 
may  look  confusing  but  prove  methodical.  An 
encyclopaedic  work  arranged  alphabetically  is 
certainly  methodical,  in  a  mechanical  way, 
though — like  the  "Encyclopaedia  Britannica" 
—  it  may  need  an  index  to  complete  its  use- 
fulness. Sometimes,  indeed,  an  encyclopaedic 
work  alphabetically  arranged  may  prove  to 
have  a  readable  and  comprehensible  unity  of 
its  own,  as  is  the  case  with  Chamberlain's 
"Things  Japanese."  But  such  an  encyclopae- 
dic work  as  this  "Shakespeare's  England"  is 
like  what  the  "Encyclopaedia  Britannica" 
might  be  if  the  separate  articles  were 
arranged  not  in  alphabetic  order  but  just  as 
they  might  happen  to  be  handed  in  or  to  fit 
the  conveniences  of  typesetting. 

Happily,  as  has  been  said,  there  are  copious 
indexes.  At  the  end  of  each  chapter,  too, 
you  will  find  a  short  bibliography  of  the  sub- 
ject there  dealt  with ;  and  the  clearly  printed 
pages  are  thus  pleasantly  freed  from  the  dis- 
tracting, cumbrous,  and  ugly  presence  of  all 
but  essential  footnotes.  Whoever  cares  for 
his  Shakespeare  will  be  glad  to  have  this  treas- 
ury of  Shakespeare's  surroundings  among  the 
books  on  his  most  accessible  shelves.  Unless, 
however,  he  be  angelically  free  from  human 
infirmities  of  temper  he  will  often  feel  less 
than  due  gratitude  to  the  editors  and  the 
writers  who  have  placed  their  treasures  at  his 
disposal.  For  he  can  hardly  avoid  incessant 
and  increasing  wonder  why  men  who  have 
been  willing  to  take  such  faithful  pains  as 
this  book  must  have  involved  were  not  willing 
to  take  the  not  excessive  extra  pains  needed 
to  make  their  work  systematic.  What  systems 
may  ever  emerge  from  this  chaos  must  be  con- 
structed by  each  reader  for  himself.  Most, 
and  perhaps  all,  will  rest  as  content  as  may 
be  with  what  help  the  indexes  may  afford 
them.  BARRETT  WENDELL. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


455 


AMERICAN  POET  AXD  EDITOR.* 


In  this  cursory  day  the  old  familiar  title, 
"Life  and  Letters,"  has  given  way  to  "Let- 
ters" tout  court;  the  "Life"  itself  is  assumed, 
implied,  insinuated.  Thus  with  Miss  Gilder 's 
volume  about  her  father,  Richard  Watson 
Gilder,  the  late  well-beloved  editor  of  "The 
Century."  The  documents  themselves  tell 
all  that  need  be  known  regarding  his  career, 
his  ideals,  his  friends,  his  activities. 

As  "documents,"  however,  most  of  Gilder's 
own  letters  might  not  carry  far.  Those  who 
were  in  the  habit  of  receiving  them  know  too 
well  what  they  commonly  were  —  hurried 
mazes  of  scolloped  convolutions,  brief  impet- 
uosities from  a  generalissimo  in  the  midst  of 
an  exacting  campaign.  But  occasionally  he 
found  time  to  write  at  greater  length ;  then, 
too,  his  editor  draws  upon  a  journal,  upon  a 
sketch  by  himself  of  his  childhood,  and  upon 
the  letters  that  poured  in  on  him  from  a 
wide,  varied,  and  interesting  circle  of  friends. 

It  is  quite  apparent  that  Gilder  himself, 
and  his  family  with  him,  favored  the  view 
that  he  was  primarily  a  poet.  The  publica- 
tion of  his  first  volume  of  verse,  the  love- 
sonnets  of  "The  New  Day,"  in  1873,  was  an 
immense  event  for  the  family  about  to  be; 
scarcely  less  so,  the  entry  of  his  complete 
poems,  in  1908,  into  the  "Household  Edition" 
of  the  poets.  In  1890  he  says :  "I  am  writing 
verse  all  the  time  and  have  a  whole  drawerful 
of  unpublished  poetry,  if  poetry  it  may  be." 
In  1905  he  enumerates  for  a  friend  his 
various  college  degrees  and  other  dignities 
attained ;  yet  he  adds :  "  If  you  will  state  on 
positive  evidence  that  I  am  a  poet,  I  would 
rather  that  than  all  the  rest  put  together." 

But  it  was  not  as  a  poet  that,  during  a 
sharp  campaign  against  Tammany,  he 
addressed  casual  curbstoners  from  the  tail- 
end  of  a  truck.  It  was  rather  as  the  moralist 
and  publicist,  one  in  whom  an  intense  indigna- 
tion and  a  high  eagerness  for  civic  righteous- 
ness had  clouded  for  the  moment  his  choice 
of  means.  Other  public  services  were  per- 
formed with  a  clearer  realization  of  the  fact 
that,  for  minds  and  natures  of  a  certain  type, 
influence  by  secondary  impact  offers  the  most 
hopeful  course.  On  some  such  basis  Gilder 
promoted  civil  service  reform,  served  effi- 
ciently on  a  tenement-house  commission,  sup- 
ported his  friend  Cleveland  for  the 
presidency,  and  championed  Hughes  for 
governor  against  Hearst  in  the  stirring  cam- 
paign of  1906.  In  this  last  effort  he  did  not 
escape  without  a  few  disfiguring  touches  from 

•  LETTERS     OF     RICHARD     WATSON     GILDER.       Edited     by 
Rosamond  Gilder.     Boston :     Houghton   Mifflin   Co.      $3.50. 


"yellow"  chivalry.  But  long  before  this  he 
had  acknowledged  a  sensitiveness  to  the 
"ridicule  attaching  to  a  literary  man's  inter- 
est in  public  affairs  in  this  country" — fear- 
ing, consequently,  to  injure  any  cause  in  the 
service  of  which  he  might  be  drafted.  A 
singular  phase  of  life,  and  one  unique  in 
civilized  lands. 

Yet  the  American  public  will  probably  per- 
sist in  regarding  Gilder  almost  wholly  as  an 
editor.  As  such,  he  was  actuated  from  the 
start  by  lofty  principles  and  by  a  full  deter- 
mination to  lead  his  following  toward  the 
best.  He  showed  his  quality  and  his  char- 
acter when  but  a  subordinate  of  Dr. 
Holland's  on  the  old  "Scribner's,"  by  objecting 
to  one  reputable  and  approved  habit  of  that 
day:  the  printing  among  regular  contribu- 
tions of  articles  which  were  practically  adver- 
tisements and  paid  for  as  such.  His  chief 
stoutly  maintained  that  every  one  of  these 
articles  was  based  squarely  on  merits  that 
justified  praise ;  yet  Gilder  carried  his  point, 
and  magazine  morality  advanced  a  peg. 

Later  on,  as  the  controlling  hand  of  a  great 
organ,  he  spread  his  exacting  but  generous 
principles  over  the  whole  magazine  field. 
"He  never  dealt,"  his  daughter  well  says, 
"with  one's  literary  products  merely  as  wares 
for  the  market";  his  concern  was  with  "their 
source,  the  author,  and  with  his  pages  as 
things  still  hopefully  in  the  making."  Hav- 
ing reached  good  results  over  the  right  road, 
he  could  not  but  take  a  fine  and  sensitive  pride 
in  his  own  activities,  could  not  but  indulge 
a  ceaseless  care  for  the  standards  of  the 
magazine,  "the  Soul  of  which  is,  in  a  way, 
my  Soul,  which  I  don't  want  to  see  damned 
in  this  world  or  the  next."  In  time  he  had 
to  face  the  problem  of  "changing  conditions." 
He  saw,  as  early  as  1896,  the  coming  of  a 
different  day :  "the  vulgarizing  of  everything 
in  life  and  letters  and  politics  and  religion 
.  .  .  sickens  the  soul."  Yet  he  stood 
ready,  as  ever,  to  fight  for  "the  permanent 
forces  of  good"  and  "the  current  triumphs  of 
decency,"  refusing  to  be  counted  as  "an  old 
horse,  too  cranky  to  learn  new  tricks."  The 
War  Series  and  the  "Life  of  Lincoln"  were 
now  far  in  the  past.  Far  behind,  too,  the 
day  when  he  had  written:  "I  would  rather 
have  one  article  by  Grant  on  a  battle  won  by 
him  .  .  .  than  twenty  articles  by  Daudet  on 
Mistral," — however  much  he  might  like 
Provence.  Better  far  the  heroic  events  told 
by  the  hero  of  them;  nor  must  "literature 
and  art  make  dilettanti  of  us!" 

Here  we  have,  unmistakably,  the  essential 
lineaments  of  the  editor  and  the  man ;  as  an 


456 


THE    DIAL 


[November  30 


editor,  one  of  the  last  and  best  of  the  type. 
An  editor  indeed:  no  quavering  clerk  or 
secretary,  on  the  one  hand ;  no  hard,  brusque 
accomplice  of  the  counting-room,  on  the  other ; 
but  a  vigorous,  self-confident,  self-directing 
personality  with  full  command  of  impressive 
means,  firmly  resolved  to  use  his  instrument 
for  the  best  good  of  his  day  and  people,  and 
daring  to  please  himself  as  a  prime  means 
of  pleasing  others ;  least  of  all  a  tempter  and 
a  tyrant  intent  upon  perverting  and  outrag- 
ing youthful  talents  for  the  sake  of  immediate 
gains.  He  encouraged  new  writers  to  give 
forth  their  best,  not  their  worst ;  he  was  glad 
to  see  them  further  strengthened  by  the  right 
exercise  of  their  strength,  and  held  no  slight- 
est thought  of  "realizing"  on  them  as  quickly 
as  might  be,  while  heedless  of  their  future 
good  name  as  artists  and  as  men. 

The  volume  reconstructs  for  us  the  circle 
which  the  Gilders  drew  around  themselves 
during  the  last  years  of  the  last  century. 

This  is  a  period  not  quite  far  enough  away 
to  take  on  any  glamour  of  the  historic,  and 
not  quite  near  enough  to  link  up  with  the 
skittish  and  equivocal  activities  of  the  present. 
It  deals  with  the  days  when  Grover  Cleveland 
wintered  commandingly  at  Washington  and 
summered  as  a  neighbor  of  the  Gilders  at 
Buzzard's  Bay;  the  days  when  Joseph 
Jefferson  was  still  a  figure,  when  Saint- 
Gaudens  was  climbing  the  upward  slope,  when 
Paderewski  and  Modjeska  were  dawning  on 
America;  the  days  of  the  picturesque  stable 
in  East  Fifteenth  Street  and  of  the  statelier 
home  in  Clinton  Place.  These  days  of  public 
domesticity,  or  of  private  prominence,  are 
touched  upon  with  a  fond  discretion  by  the 
daughter  of  the  house,  and  they  epitomize  in 
pleasant  fashion  the  time  and  town  wherein 
a  sincere  and  enthusiastic  man  was  able,  by 
virtue  of  his  combined  character  and  metier, 
to  employ  a  diversity  of  fine  elements  for  per- 
sonal delectation  and  public  advantage. 

HENRY  B.  FULLER. 


THE  PRIMER  OF  GERMAX  CONQUEST.* 


Treitschke  is  perhaps  the  most  famous  of 
the  three  historians  of  the  Prussian  School 
who  set  out  in  the  latter  part  of  the  nineteenth 
century  to  make  of  history  an  exercise  in 
patriotism.  Certainly  he  surpasses  both  von 
Sybel  and  Droysen  in  the  popularity  he  has 

*  POLITICS.  By  Heinrich  von  Treitschke ;  translated  from 
the  German  by  Blanche  Dugdale  and  Torben  de  Bille ;  with 
an  Introduction  by  the  Rt.  Hon.  Arthur  James  Balfour, 
M.A.,  and  a  Foreword  by  A.  Lawrence  Lowell.  In  two 
volumes.  New  York:  The  Macmillan  Co.  $7. 


attained.  He  wrote  his  history  with  a  superb 
sense  of  the  picturesque.  He  had  a  veritable 
genius  for  narration.  Only  Carlyle  has 
equalled,  and  perhaps  only  Michelet  has  sur- 
passed, his  amazing  instinct  for  historical 
portraiture.  He  wrote  with  a  pen  of  flame; 
and  he  made  the  time  of  which  he  wrote 
point  a  striking  lesson  to  the  time  in  which 
he  lived.  His  book  was  itself  a  conflict;  and 
the  "Politics"  is  no  more  than  the  moral 
pendant  to  the  earlier  tale. 

It  is  a  valuable  addition  to  political  liter- 
ature that  is  made  in  this  excellent  transla- 
tion. It  will  serve  a  doubly  useful  purpose. 
It  will  dissipate  that  pretty  piece  of  mytho- 
poiesis  which  made  some  men  fear  that 
Treitschke  was  in  truth  a  great  political 
thinker.  It  serves  also  to  make  us  understand 
something  of  the  appeal  his  book  has  made 
to  his  fellow-countrymen.  Political  Science 
has  rarely  undergone  so  elaborate  and  vicious 
a  simplification  as  here.  The  thesis  of  the 
book  is  clear  enough.  It  announces  with  an 
easy  flourish  that  the  Germans  are  the  chosen 
people;  and  it  urges  them  to  beget  power 
unto  themselves  that  they  may  thereby  the 
better  justify  the  ways  of  God  to  man.  Thus 
baldly  stated,  it  is  perhaps  not  difficult  to 
realize  why  such  an  attitude  should,  on  the 
whole,  have  failed  to  secure  any  widespread 
popularity.  It  is  an  attitude  which  calls  for 
what  Matthew  Arnold  once  happily  termed 
"universal  ejaculation."  But  the  book  was 
taken  seriously  in  its  original  form.  It 
became  the  catechism  of  the  youthful  soldiers 
who  felt  that  the  winning  of  one's  spurs  can 
best  be  accomplished  on  the  battlefield. 
Treitschke  wrote  vigorously  and  eloquently. 
He  believed  wholeheartedly  the  doctrine  that 
he  preached.  His  own  fanatic  sincerity 
seemed  of  itself  to  carry  conviction  to  his 
hearers.  As  a  book  it  was  eminently  readable, 
even  though  it  was  full  of  curious  inaccuracies 
and  passionate  misunderstandings.  For 
Treitschke,  whatever  he  was,  was  not  a 
scholar.  He  had  no  idea  of  handling  evidence. 
He  was  not  in  the  least  careful  of  truth.  He 
had  a  gospel  to  proclaim,  and  his  books  were 
to  him  as  missionaries  which  set  forth  the 
cherished  word. 

History  to  him  was  the  vehicle  of  political 
opinion,  and  it  was  to  convince  his  country- 
men that  the  "Politics"  was  written.  It  was 
perhaps  the  logical  result  of  the  atmosphere 
of  his  time.  First  in  war,  preeminent  in 
scholarship,  the  leader  of  the  world  in  the 
musical  arts,  with  a  growing  commerce  and 
an  expanding  population,  it  was  not  difficult 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


457 


to  be  convinced  that  Germany  had  a  great 
mission  to  achieve.  And  it  was  significant 
that  she  had  attained  that  position  by  a  strik- 
ing unification.  She  had  consolidated  her 
power  by  the  expulsion  of  alien  elements 
from  the  body  politic.  She  had  been  dosed 
with  blood  and  iron  that  she  might  accom- 
plish that  destinyr  She  had  vanquished 
Austria.  France  lay  almost  stricken  at  her 
feet.  If  vague  fears  might  be  cherished  of 
Russia,  the  colossus  seemed  hardly  yet  to 
bestir  herself  in  her  sleep.  The  Papacy, 
indeed,  was  dangerous;  and  Treitschke 
heartily  sympathized  with  Bismarck  when 
he  set  out  on  that  journey  which  took  a  Ger- 
man prince  a  second  time  to  Canossa.  Unity 
was  strength;  and  the  secret  of  unity  was 
absorptiveness.  If  that  was  to  be  attained 
Germany  must  dominate  Europe,  and  remove 
from  the  field  all  chance  of  rivalry.  It  was 
England  alone  she  had  to  fear.  England 
was  the  mistress  of  hypocrisy,  a  nation  sunk 
in  the  degradation  of  a  pitiful  materialism. 
A  civilization  she  did  not  possess.  Her 
leadership  of  the  nations  was  negatived  by 
her  intellectual  sterility.  She  must  He 
deprived  of  her  commanding  position.  It  is 
Germany  alone  which  is  fitted,  alike  by  char- 
acter and  by  genius,  to  assume  the  task 
England  has  so  unworthily  fulfilled. 

As  Machiavelli  in  the  "Prince"  wrote  a 
text-book  of  Italian  freedom,  so  does 
Treitschke 's  "Politics"  constitute  the  alpha- 
bet of  German  conquest.  It  is  a  vivid  por- 
trayal of  method.  The  object  of  politics  is 
power,  and  all  things  are  right  if  they  but 
serve  that  end.  For  power  only  is  good  where 
men  seek  after  no  other  possession.  The  one 
object  of  the  State  must  be  expansion.  To 
be  small  is  to  be  contemptible,  and  to  be 
contemptible  is  to  be  comic.  The  good 
Treitschke  can  barely  restrain  his  laughter  as 
he  thinks  of  small  nations  like  Belgium  and 
parsimonious  tongues  like  the  Dutch.  Growth 
is  the  test  of  worth,  and  if  our  neighbor's 
elbow  seems  inconvenient,  forthwith  let  us 
draw  our  sword.  There  is  to  him  a  virtue  in 
war  which  makes  it  partake  of  the  divine.  It 
steels  the  heart  of  a  nation,  breeds  in  it  endur- 
ance, obedience,  courage;  and  it  hastens  the 
best  of  action.  The  criterion  of  good  thus 
becomes  survival,  and  competition  the  law  of 
life.  "We  have  a  continuous  struggle  of 
nations  in  which  the  battle  is  ever  to  the 
strongest.  So  that,  in  such  analysis,  treaties 
are  but  inconveniences  the  statesman  will  toss 
lightly  from  his  path.  Obligation  is  a  snare, 


and  honor  the  apple  by  which  the  weaker 
Eve  would  tempt  the  strong  Adam  of  the 
German  nation.  For  such  wanton  childishness 
no  practical  statesman  will  have  patience. 
His  business  is  to  succeed,  and  he  will  absorb 
his  methods  in  his  end.  A  fine  Hegelianism, 
which  makes  morality  the  servant  of  his  pur- 
pose, a  sword  to  destroy  rather  than  to  judge ! 
These  to  him  are  the  great  truths  of  politics, 
and  these  Germany  alone  seems  able  to  per- 
ceive. So  that  her  destiny  it  is  to  enweave  them 
into  the  fabric  of  her  civilization  that  they 
may  be  the  instruments  of  her  national  life. 
i  She  will  utilize  them  that  she  may  prosper; 
for  with  her  prosperity  will  come  the  posses- 
sion of  power.  Thus  will  she  attain  the  good 
in  life.  She  will  cease  to  be  swayed  by  petty 
and  individual  considerations.  The  parts  of 
the  State  will  be  swept  in  one  vast  glance  into 
its  vortex,  and  the  fulness  of  its  life  will  be 
the  measure  of  their  happiness.  They  will  be 
its  slaves  that  they  may  have  the  joyous 
recognition  of  its  mastery  over  other  slaves. 
It  has  an  ugly  flavor  about  it,  and  there  are 
not  wanting  signs  that  on  occasion  Treitschke 
himself  shrank  not  a  little  from  its  raucous 
cynicism.  True,  it  may  be  that  on  Rhine  and 
Vistula  Germany  must  keep  her  legions  that 
she  may  maintain  in  safety  the  integrity  of 
her  national  life.  But  a  political  theory 
must  be  tested  by  its  fruits,  and  there  will  be 
few  found  to  deny  that  the  history  of  this 
is  written  in  letters  of  fire  and  blood.  It 
goes  back  to  the  beast  in  man.  It  has  in  it 
the  spirit  of  a  cunning  and  ruthless  paganism. 
It  makes  entire  abstraction  of  the  facts  that 
have  made  for  progress  in  modern  times.  It 
chooses  to  forget  that  if  this  is  a  world  in 
which  we  have  to  die,  it  is  a  world  in  which 
we  have  also  to  live.  Homo  homini  lupus;  but 
we  look  forward  rather  than  to  the  past.  The 
teaching  of  Treitschke  has  found  its  natural 
function,  and  we  do  not  honor  him  for  its 
accomplishment.  It  is  well  that  we  should 
have  the  means  of  its  acquaintance.  It  is  the 
first  step  in  the  evolution  of  a  moral  policy  to 
have  rejected  it.  Brilliantly  and  with  a  fine 
show  of  practicability  it  may  have  been 
expounded.  It  may  vaunt  itself  proudly  as  a 
creed  for  men.  But  a  philosophy  which  sets 
out  by  rejecting  humanity  can  hardly  com- 
mand acceptance  from  human  beings. 
Rather  shall  we  regret  that  so  brilliant  an 
intelligence  should  have  been  devoted  to  the 
construction  of  so  vicious  an  aspiration. 

HAEOLD  J.  LASKI. 


458 


THE    DIAL 


[November  30 


IRELAND,  1916* 

The  Irish  people  have  suffered  more  than 
almost  any  other  from  the  misrepresentations 
of  the  popular  proverb,  and  the  multifarious 
and  amazing  development  of  their  literature 
during  the  last  twenty  years  has  bewildered 
Americans  by  its  revelations  of  a  reality  all 
the  stranger  because  the  Irish  have  been  so 
much  a  part  of  our  own  social  family.  One 
of  the  conventions  about  Irishmen  has  been 
that  if  by  chance  they  found  themselves  in 
agreement  they  would  immediately  make 
their  agreement  itself  a  cause  for  new  differ- 
ences. 

Whoever  imagines  that  in  holding  this 
belief  he  is  anywhere  near  the  truth  ought  to 
stop  reading  the  newspapers  and  glance  at 
one  or  two  of  the  books  listed  below,  chosen 
almost  at  random  from  the  dozen  or  so  that 
suggest  that  Ireland  this  autumn  has  become 
a  sort  of  obsession  with  American  publishers. 
Widely  different  in  theme,  treatment,  and 
authorship,  all  these  books  testify  to  a  new 
congruity  in  Irish  life,  the  result  of  an  all 
but  fully  developed  national  consciousness. 
Mr.  Ervine  writes: 

In  every  nation,  there  is  a  smother  of  activities 
that  seem  aimless  and  confused  to  the  careless 
beholder,  but  somewhere  in  the  midst  of  them,  clear- 
eyed,  cool-brained  workers  are  guiding  the  chaos 
toward  coherence.  In  little  country  towns  and  remote 
villages  in  Ireland  there  are  young  men  inspired  by 
Sir  Horace  Plunkett  and  IE  who  are  formulating 
a  synthesis  of  Irish  life.  They  are  few  in  number 
now  and,  for  many  reasons,  not  fully  articulate,  but 
they  will  grow  in  strength  and  power.  They  have 
done  with  old  angers  and  ancient  rages  and  the  bit- 
ter wrangling  of  semi-dotards,  nor  have  they  any 
interest  in  internecine  quarrels,  the  differences 
between  Catholic  and  Protestant,  Orangeman  and 
ancient  Hibernian.  They  are  bored  by  'the  sor- 
rows of  Ireland';  they  do  not  desire  ever  again  to 
hear  of  the  horrors  of  the  Great  Famine  or  of  any 
famine,  for  they  are  resolved  •  that,  so  far  as  is 
humanly  possible,  Ireland  shall  know  no  more  famine. 
They  are  tired  to  death  of  rhetoricians  such  as  Mr. 
John  Eedmond;  they  are  sick  of  oratory  and  Irish- 
Americans  and  Curse-the-Pope-put-your-fut-in-his- 
belly  Orangemen;  and  above  all  they  are  tired  of 
Ireland  in  the  part  of  Lazarus  whining  for  crumbs 
from  England's  table.  .  .  A  mollycoddled  Ireland, 
to  them,  is  an  abomination;  but  an  Ireland  which 
has  risen  in  agony  and  bloody  sweat  to  the  realization 
of  a  great  destiny  is  to  them  a  beautiful  land,  com- 
manding and  receiving  all  their  services. 

This  passage,  be  it  noted,  occurs  in  the 
middle  of  a  book  written  by  an  Ulsterman 

*  LITERATURE  IN  IRELAND.  By  Thomas  MacDonagh.  New 
York:  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co.  $2.75. 

IRELAND'S  LITERARY  RENAISSANCE.  By  Ernest  A.  Boyd. 
New  York:  John  Lane  Co.  $2.50. 

THE  INSURRECTION  IN  DUBLIN.  By  James  Stephens.  New 
York:  Macmillan  Co.  $1.25. 

THE  IRISH  REBELLION  OF  1916  AND  ITS  MARTYRS.  By 
Padraic  Colum  and  others.  Edited  by  Maurice  Joy.  New 
York:  Devin-Adair  Co.  $2.50. 

SIR  EDWARD  CARSON  AND  THE  ULSTER  MOVEMENT.  By  St. 
John  G.  Ervine.  New  York:  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $1. 


and  bearing  the  title  "Sir  Edward  Carson 
and  the  Ulster  Movement,"  and  it  is  char- 
acteristic that  Carson  himself  occupies  less 
than  a  dozen  pages  of  the  book,  just  enough  to 
prove  him,  in  Mr.  Ervine 's  phrase,  "the  last 
comic  Irishman."  Mr.  Ervine,  in  fact,  quite 
frankly  says  that  men  like  Carson  and 
Redmond  are  of  little  importance  in  Ireland 
and  that  they  and  their  like  must  perish  if 
Ireland  is  to  be  saved.  His  particular  thesis 
is  that  the  Ulster  Unionist  movement  was 
engineered  by  old  men  in  the  face  of  the 
indifference  or  actual  hostility  of  the  young 
men,  Protestant  or  Catholic,  and  that  the  only 
chance  for  its  colossal  bluff  to  succeed  lay  in 
commandeering  a  "Dublin  playboy"  to  direct 
it.  One  can  well  believe  that  the  significance 
of  Carson's  career  is  fairly  indicated  in  this 
treatment,  which  enables  the  author  by 
dramatic  contrast  to  describe  all  the  more 
effectively  the  real  progress  in  Irish  affairs 
and  the  real  identity  in  aims  and  in  practical 
tendency  between  Ulster  and  the  South.  The 
pretense  of  a  biography  is  only  a  skilful 
device  enabling  him  to  produce  one  of  the 
clearest  and  most  cordial  statements  that  have 
yet  been  written  of  the  devoted  purpose  of 
Young  Ireland  as  a  whole. 

This  calm,  assured  faith  that  Ireland's 
future  is  shaping  itself  behind  the  bewilder- 
ments of  the  present  shines  through  every 
page  of  Mr.  James  Stephens 's  sensitive, 
impressionistic  account  of  "The  Insurrection 
in  Dublin."  Were  it  not  for  this  faith  one 
would  lay  down  the  book  with  a  tragic  sense 
only  of  having  witnessed  ignorant  armies 
clash  by  night;  for,  as  one  sober-minded 
workingman  said  to  Mr.  Stephens,  "they  had 
no  chance,  and  they  never  said  they  had,  and 
they  never  thought  they  would  have  any." 
What  strikes  one  most  in  the  author's  atti- 
tude is  the  same  quality  that  strikes  one  most 
in  the  attitude  of  the  insurrectionists  them- 
selves,—  a  calm,  composed,  impersonal  spirit 
of  good  will,  of  wondering  detachment,  that 
has  made  the  whole  tragic  episode  seem  so 
much  for  something,  something  greater  than 
any  individual  life,  that  one  almost  forgets 
it  was  against  anything  at  all.  .  "Nothing  is 
lost.  Not  even  brave  men,"  Mr.  Stephens 
says.  "They  have  been  used."  And  every- 
thing that  has  been  written  about  the  leaders 
of  the  rising  bears  him  out.  When  James 
Connolly  was  asked  if  he  would  say  a  prayer 
for  the  men  who  were  shooting  him,  he 
replied,  "I  will;  and  I  will  say  a  prayer  for 
every  good  man  in  the  world  who  is  doing  his 
duty."  Nothing  could  more  completely  show 
that  Ireland  has  achieved  her  nationality 
than  the  dozens  of  recorded  speeches  like  this. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


459 


Mr.  Stephens  offers  his  own  explanation  of  i 
the  rising  and  how  it  came  about ;  he  lays  the 
responsibility  upon  Mr.  Redmond  for  having 
pledged   Ireland   to  a   particular   course   of 
action,  at  the  opening  of  the  war,  without 
possessing  any  authority  to  give  the  pledge  or  ; 
any  guarantee  that  it  would  be  met.     It  is, 
in  fact,  the  healthiest  sign  of  Ireland's  new 
nationhood  that  the  younger  generation  in  ! 
this  way  is  far  readier  to  see  Ireland  itself 
and  Ireland's  own  statesmen  at  fault  than  to  \ 
dwell  on  England's  errors.     But  the  most 
interesting  part  of  the  book  is  the  day-by-day 
story  of  what  one  man  saw  and  heard  walking 
about   the   streets,    drinking   in   rumor   and  ; 
bewilderment,  listening  to  the  comments  of  ! 
this  and  that  man  in  the  street,  and  reflecting 
quite  passively  on  the  lens  of  his  own  spirit 
not  so  much  the  facts  of  the  insurrection  itself 
as  its  reaction  in  the  popular  mind.     The  j 
facts  themselves,  meanwhile,  are  effectively  ! 
chronicled    in    the    bulky    book    edited    by 
Maurice  Joy  and  largely  written  by  Padraic 
Colum,  in  conjunction  with  six  other  writers,  • 
—"The    Irish    Rebellion    of    1916    and    Its 
Martyrs. "    Though  the  first  part  of  this  book 
is  full   of  admirably   arranged   information.  I 
about  the  causes  and  history  of  the  rebellion, 
it  is  to  the  second  part  on  "personalities  and 
ideals"  that  most  readers  will  turn;  and  few 
indeed    will    read    these    fine    sketches    of 
MacDonagh     and     the     Pearses,     Connolly, 
Plunkett,    Sheehy-Skeffington,    the    Countess  j 
Markicwicz,  and  Sir  Roger  Casement  without 
envying   Ireland   its   future   sealed   with  so 
many 

Wild  and  perilous  holy  things 
Flaming  with  a  martyr's  blood. 

Never  before  probably  has  it  occurred  that  I 
virtually  all  the  leaders  of  a  revolutionary 
movement  were  poets ;  and  the  fact,  in  a  way,  j 
both  confirms  and  sanctifies  the  extraordinary  i 
part  played  by  literature  in  the  development  : 
of  Ireland's  national  consciousness.  The 
names  of  most  of  the  leaders  are  chronicled 
in  Ernest  A.  Boyd's  "Ireland's  Literary 
Renaissance,"  an  excellently  full,  well-bal- 
anced analysis  and  summary  of  Ireland's  con- 
tribution to  the  world's  culture  during  the 
last  thirty  years.  Mr.  Boyd  has  not  attempted 
to  give  any  philosophy  of  Irish  literature,  nor 
has  he  been  at  pains  to  relate  the  literary  to 
the  various  other  manifestations  of  Ireland's 
renaissance.  He  deals  with  literature  rather 
as  a  phenomenon  than  as  an  expression,  and 
in  accordance  with  this  scheme  of  treatment 
he  has  introduced  hardly  a  line  of  biography 
in  all  the  four  hundred  closely  packed  pages 
of  his  book.  This  method  has  its  obvious 
advantages:  its  very  impersonality  and 


detachment  themselves  reflect  the  peculiar 
dignity  of  his  theme.  One  feels  that  he  was 
right  in  choosing  it,  for  the  agricultural  and 
educational  movements  that  are  making  Ire- 
land into  a  new  country  have  sprung  so 
largely  from  poets'  brains  that  her  social 
life  seems  almost  more  an  expression  of  her 
literature  than  vice  versa. 

The  first  inspiration  of  the  movement, 
according  to  Mr.  Boyd,  came  from  Standish 
O'Grady's  Homeric  re-creation  of  Ireland's 
mythology;  but  it  is  notable  that  he  attrib- 
utes the  creation  of  a  literary  life  in  Ireland 
"at  a  time  when  some  fusion  of  intellectual 
activities  was  most  essential  to  the  future  of 
the  Revival"  to  the  group  of  Dublin  mystics 
whose  example  made  it  possible  to  end  the 
tradition  which  imposed  upon  every  Irish 
author  the  necessity  of  going  to  London  or 
at  least  of  offering  his  work  to  English  editors 
and  publishers.  That  mysticism  or,  in  a  more 
technical  sense,  theosophy,  should  have  been 
the  original  bond  of  union  between  Yeats, 
"JE"  (George  Russell),  and  John  Eglinton, 
and  should  have  formed  the  nucleus  of  the 
whole  movement,  shows  how  little  Irish 
society  evoked  the  literature  which,  made  up 
"out  of  whole  cloth,"  as  it  were,  was  destined, 
on  the  contrary,  to  create  its  own  social  back- 
ground. Russell's  mysticism,  of  course, 
expressed  itself  immediately  in  a  practical 
form  by  seconding  the  efforts  of  Sir  Horace 
Plunkett  in  the  cooperative  agricultural  move- 
ment, and  out  of  this  revivified  life  of  the 
peasantry  has  sprung  one  of  the  most  notable 
departments  of  the  Irish  drama. 

But  the  whole  tendency  of  this  new  litera- 
ture, especially  exemplified  in  the  work  of 
Yeats,  and  resulting  from  the  constantly 
increasing  development  of  a  rich  and  firmly 
built  social  life,  has  been  to  descend  with  most 
happy  results  from  the  dream-world  of  mys- 
ticism and  of  "the  passions  and  beliefs  of 
ancient  times"  to  the  concrete  world  of  every- 
day. Ireland  is  now  producing  a  realistic 
literature  shot  through  with  a  poetry  and  a 
fantasy  all  its  own,  and  of  immense  value 
both  to  the  spiritual  and  the  social  life  of  the 
people.  It  is  this  evolution  that  Mr.  Boyd 
chronicles,  frankly  basing  his  values  on  the 
exigencies  of  "national  culture"  and  leaving 
to  some  historian  to  come  the  task  of  divining 
its  relationships  in  a  larger  world. 

It  is  noticeable  that  Mr.  Boyd's  book  con- 
tains no  section  devoted  to  criticism  and  that 
it  does  not  even  indicate  the  reasons  why  the 
renaissance  has  been  so  barren  in  this  vital 
field.  The  fact  is,  as  Thomas  MacDonagh  sug- 
gests in  the  wonderfullv  interesting  testament 


460 


THE    DIAL 


[November  30 


he  has  left  behind  him, — "Literature  in  Ire- 
land,"—  that  the  new  movement  has  already 
suffered  too  much  from  criticism  of  the  wrong 
kind  and  that  its  materials  have  not  yet 
reached  a  sufficient  degree  of  coherence  for 
the  right  kind  of  criticism  to  emerge.  "There 
is  a  school  of  criticism  in  Ireland,"  he  says, 
referring  by  implication  to  the  late  Professor 
Dowden  and  the  pundits  of  Trinity  College, 
"a  school  that  knows  the  work  of  the  finest 
critics  in  the  world,  and  knows,  too,  what  is 
more  important,  the  finest  literature  in  the 
world.  .  .  Dealing  with  the  monuments  of 
the  older  literatures, —  English,  French,  and 
the  like, —  this  criticism  knows  its  place,  its 
bearings,  its  conditions.  Dealing  with  a  nais- 
sant  literature  or  with  two  naissant  litera- 
tures, with  literature  still  at  the  lyric  stage, 
it  looks  over  its  shoulder,  as  it  were.  Its  neck 
is  awry.  Its  eyes  are  twisted  round.  Its  feet 
turn  from  their  known  way  and  stumble." 
And  he  points  out  how,  precisely  as  in  Amer- 
ica, this  criticism  retards  the  growth  of  a 
proper  understanding  between  the  native 
writer  and  his  audience. 

What  MacDonagh  has  himself  attempted  to 
do  is  to  delimit  the  individuality  of  Irish  ways 
of  thinking  and  feeling  and  of  the  rhythm  of 
Irish  speech,  and  to  build  up  a  consciousness 
of  the  peculiarly  Irish  mode.  His  main  thesis 
is  somewhat  beclouded  by  the  fact  that  the 
Revival  itself  hesitates  between  the  two  paths, 
—  a  return  to  Gaelic  and  a  continuation  of 
the  anomalous  Anglo-Irish  mode  in  which  its 
greatest  works  have  been  wrought.  Therefore 
what  the  reader  will  chiefly  enjoy  in  this 
fine,  tentative  unfolding  of  a  point  of  view 
is  the  suggestions  thrown  out  by  the  way. 
Among  these  are  the  contention  that  Ireland 
has  lain  outside  the  tradition  of  Hellenized 
Europe,  the  discussion  of  the  peculiar  fresh- 
ness of  the  Irishman's  handling  of  the  English 
tongue,  and  the  learned  analysis  of  Irish 
prosody  and  of  the  relation  between  the 
Anglicized  literary  production  of  the  past  and 
the  authentically  native  production  of  the 
present.  MacDonagh 's  own  sympathies  lie 
mainly  with  the  language-revivalists  who  have 
made  Gaelic  so  potent  an  instrument  in 
awakening  the  national  consciousness,  and 
perhaps  the  greatest  weakness  of  his  argu- 
ment is  that  he  takes  no  note  of  the  likeli- 
hood that  the  language  will  be  unable  to  keep 
pace  with  the  inevitable  expansion  of  Ire- 
land's social  life  and  the  modern  complica- 
tions the  achievement  of  Home  Eule  will 
immediately  bring  upon  it.  But  certainly 
contemporary  criticism  has  produced  few 
books  more  profoundly  suggestive  than  this. 
VAN  WYCK  BROOKS. 


THE  STRANGE  CASE  OF  MR.  CHESTERTON.* 


The  wistfulness  with  which  the  radicals  of 
our  time  survey  the  imposing  bulk  and  pro- 
digious energy  of  Mr.  Chesterton  is  not 
without  its  pathos.  They  regard  him,  clearly, 
as  a  spiritual  brother  who  has  just  missed 
sharing  their  heritage  of  revolt  by  reason  of 
a  slight  temperamental  perversity.  Nor  is 
this  at  all  strange.  He  is  as  pugnacious  as 
any  of  them ;  he  has  more  than  once  professed 
a  tenderness  for  revolutions  in  general;  and 
he  is  an  unmistakable  democrat.  When  he 
begins  to  tell  us  what  is  wrong  with  the  world, 
his  generous  indignation  has  a  way  of  getting 
the  better  of  his  jollity;  and  we  hear  him 
denouncing  meanness,  greed,  oppression,  every 
kind  of  brutishness  and  inhumanity,  with  the 
terrific  earnestness  of  a  man  whose  whole 
nature  has  been  outraged.  In  short,  he  is 
spiritually  on  the  side  of  the  angels,  and  it 
is  not  surprising  that  his  liberal  critics  show 
a  general  reluctance  to  giving  Mr.  Chesterton 
up  as  hopeless. 

Mr.  Julius  West  does  not,  one  feels,  give 
him  up.  There  is  more  than  a  hint  of  wist- 
fulness in  the  eye  he  turns  on  his  subject. 
There  is  a  twinkle  of  amusement  also ;  for  the 
jollity  and  humanity  that  are  always  recom- 
mending Mr.  Chesterton  to  the  affections,  can 
be  stretched  to  invest  his  creed,  too,  with  a 
very  special  kind  of  sanction.  Finding  him- 
self pretty  generally  in  disagreement  with 
Mr.  Chesterton's  views,  Mr.  West  remains,  it 
seems  to  me,  admirably  fair.  If  he  is  unable 
to  give  his  subject  a  very  good  mark  as  nov- 
elist and  teller  of  tales,  at  least  he  admires 
him  whole-heartedly  as  humorist  and  poet, 
and  accords  him  even  more  than  justice,  I 
think,  as  critic.  It  is  sophistication  and  not 
malice  that  prompts  him  to  remark  that  most 
people  would  consider  it  pure  pedantry  to 
insist  that  a  Chestertonian  romance  need  differ 
appreciably  from  a  Chestertonian  essay,  poem, 
or  criticism ;  and  that  a  book  by  Mr.  Chesterton 
should  describe  itself  as  a  novel  means  little 
more  than  that  its  original  purchasing  price 
was  four  shillings  and  six  pence.  As  for  Mr. 
Chesterton's  humor,  Mr.  West  thinks  it  will 
live  long,  even  in  a  cloyed  world.  It  is  of  the 
freshest,  so  spontaneous  indeed  that  his  pro- 
ductions seem  to  spring  "from  his  vitality 
rather  than  his  intellect."  As  poet  he  is  a 
master  of  bold  imagery ;  he  has  more  impulse, 
perhaps,  than  finish;  but  his  natural  gift  of 
rhythm  and  his  knack  of  finding  effective 
words  more  or  less  compensate  for  his  refusal 

*  G.  K.  CHESTERTON.  A  Critical  Study.  By  Julius  West. 
With  portrait.  New  York:  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $2. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


461 


or  his  incapacity  to  take  pains.  As  critic, 
says  Mr.  West  with  perfect  justice,  he  can  be 
acute  and  penetrating  as  long  as  he  has  a  sub- 
ject that  he  can  relate  with  his  own  views  of 
the  universe.  But  Mr.  Chesterton  has  not 
sufficiently  confined  himself  to  such  subjects, 
and  there  are  many  of  us  who  remember  his 
ineptitudes  and  his  intolerance  rather  than 
his  flashes  of  insight  and  sympathy. 

I  have  said  that  Mr.  West  strikes  me  as 
everywhere  fair.  I  submit  that  it  is  sufficient 
proof  of  a  critic's  fairness  if  he  takes  the 
pains  to  consider  Mr.  Chesterton  in  separate 
chapters  as  romancer,  as  critic,  as  poet  and 
humorist,  as  religious  debater,  and  as  politi- 
cian. Mr.  Chesterton  has  borrowed  these 
various  masks  in  his  time  and  rushed  excitedly 
about  shouting  gorgeous  epigrams  and  Gothic 
grotesqueries  through  the  painted  lips;  but 
the  point  to  notice  is  that  they  have  been  the 
same  epigrams  and  the  same  grotesqueries. 
Indeed,  I  think  that,  if  you  read  the  several 
chapters  of  Mr.  West's  clever  book  carefully, 
you  will  agree  that  what  he  has  sketched 
everywhere  with  bold  and  free  strokes  is  the 
portrait  of  that  essentially  modern  figure,  the 
controversial  journalist.  Even  as  romancer 
Mr.  Chesterton's  unit  of  work  is,  as  his  critic 
points  out,  the  page  rather  than  the  volume; 
and  I  think  he  might  fairly  have  added  that 
the  page,  or  at  most  the  chapter,  is  commonly 
also  the  reader's  unit  of  response. 

Journalism,  like  the  art  of  prestidigitation, 
requires  a  sovereign  economy  of  means.  As 
journalist  Mr.  Chesterton  has  been  busy  all 
his  life  compressing  big  subjects  into  little 
columns.  Naturally,  the  accommodation  has 
not  always  been  perfect,  and  he  has  often  had 
to  distract  attention  from  the  failure  of 
the  trick  by  an  imaginative  tour  de  force  or 
an  outburst  of  Falstaffian  humor.  He  is  an 
adept  in  eking  out  argument  with  epigram, 
or  substituting  one  for  the  other  whenever  it 
suits  his  purpose.  Take  him  to  task,  accuse 
him  of  having  shuffled  or  evaded  the  issue, 
and  he  may  quite  plausibly  argue  that  a 
journalist  in  seeking  everywhere  to  be  scrupu- 
lously fair  will  often  be  unjust  to  his  own 
cause  —  the  space  needed  for  explication  is 
usually  wanting.  Or  he  may  excuse  his  lack 
of  pedantic  thoroughness  in  a  little  paper  on 
less  solemn  grounds  and  make  out  a  strictly 
literary  case  for  proportion.  In  any  event, 
given  the  assured  dexterity  of  Mr.  Chesterton, 
the  journalist  will  be  tempted  to  save  his  argu- 
ment by  legerdemain, —  if  he  can  save  it  in  no 
other  way. 

Doubtless  Mr.  West  has  no  hope  of  inducing 
Mr.  Chesterton  as  a  debater  to  indulge  in  a 


sober  dialectic;  he  has  seen  too  many  other 
controversies  end  in  amiable  personalities. 
Nevertheless,  he  patiently  puts  the  questions 
propounded  by  many  another  critic  and  lib- 
eral before  him,  the  chief  of  which  is  this: 
What,  then,  are  you  really  for?  It  has  been 
impossible  for  these  critics  to  believe  that  a 
man  could  live  by  antagonisms  alone,  espe- 
cially a  man  so  solid  and  well  nourished.  Mr. 
Chesterton  has  been  against  socialism,  against 
something  that  he  imagines  to  be  science, 
against  specific  social  reforms  of  whatever 
sort,  against  votes  for  women,  against  atheism 
and  agnosticism  and  all  the  other  current  isms 
that  he  lumps  somewhat  loosely  together 
under  the  one  term,  heterodoxy.  In  fact, 
complains  Mr.  West,  he  has  been  so  everlast- 
ingly and  so  explosively  against  all  these 
things  that  he  has  not  found  time  to  be  for 
anything  in  particular,  unless  it  be  for  the 
democratic  right  to  drink  beer  in  public 
houses  and  cultivate  a  grandiose  mysticism. 
This  negative  attitude  strikes  his  liberal 
friends,  I  suppose,  as  the  crowning  paradox 
in  the  paradoxical  creed  of  Mr.  Chesterton. 
They  remember  that  no  one  has  assailed  the 
greed  of  capitalists,  the  cruelty  of  exploiters, 
and  the  excesses  of  Jingoes  more  terrifically. 
No  one  has  more  valiantly  supported  the 
cause  of  labor,  or  shown  himself  in  general 
more  humane.  Why  will  he  have  none  of  their 
remedies?  How  can  he  content  himself  with 
purely  destructive  criticism?  Well,  democ- 
racvjias  clearly  never  been  for  Mr.  Chesterton 
a  convenient  instrument  for  achieving  certain 
highly  desirable  social  ends.  He  is  that  most 
stubborn  of  mystics,  a  determined  and  thor- 
oughly conscious  mystic;  and  democracy  is 
one  of  his  religions  —  a  religion  so  sacred  and 
so  sufficient  for  the  needs  of  men  that  he  likes 
to  dream  of  it  as  automatically  operating  to 
prepare  a  better  future.  If  his  peculiar  mys- 
ticism is  not  rightly  English,  at  least  his  fierce 
individualism  is  deeply  rooted  in  English  soil. 
What  could  be  more  natural  to  an  English- 
man whose  home  is  his  castle  than  that  night- 
marish terror  of  official  oppression  which  Mr. 
Chesterton  has  conveniently  —  if  a  little  wick- 
edly—  personified  as  Mr.  Sidney  Webb?  So 
long  at  least  as  the  terror  with  which  the 
mere  hint  of  inspection  and  interference  fills 
him  outweighs  the  abhorrence  that  he  feels  in 
the  presence  of  dirt,  disorder,  and  casual 
exploitation, —  so  long,  certainly,  will  the  con- 
structive radicals  cast  wistful  glances  at  Mr. 
Chesterton  in  vain. 

GEORGE  BERNARD  DONUN. 


462 


THE    DIAL 


[November  30 


A  GROUP  or  IRISH  PLAYS.* 


It  is  easy  to  poke  fun  at  the  Irish  National 
Theatre,  and  perhaps  it  is  equally  easy  to  over- 
estimate its  achievements.  Yet  those  achieve- 
ments are  real  and  important;  and  when  we 
consider  that  they  have  been  accomplished 
within  half  a  generation,  they  seem  indeed 
worthy  of  unstinted  praise.  It  may  be 
worth  while  to  enumerate  them  briefly.  For 
the  first  time  in  history,  the  life  of  the  peas- 
ants, its  comedy  and  tragedy,  has  received 
adequate  dramatic  expression.  No  other  na- 
tion, so  far  as  I  am  aware,  has  a  peasant 
drama  to  be  compared  with  the  Irish  in 
richness,  intimacy,  and  completeness.  Sec- 
ond, the  dramatists  of  the  Abbey  Theatre  have 
been  pioneers  in  developing  the  previously 
unrealized  possibilities  of  the  one-act  play. 
They  may  be  said,  indeed,  to  have  created  a 
new  technique  of  the  one-act  play, —  a  tech- 
nique that  already,  in  this  country  alone, 
counts  its  imitators  and  practitioners  by 
the  dozen.  The  key  to  these  new  possibili- 
ties of  the  one-act  piece  is  the  discovery  that 
it  need  not  rely  exclusively  upon  situation 
for  its  interest.  Third,  the  Abbey  Theatre 
has  built  up  an  excellent  stock  company 
with  acting  traditions  of  its  own ;  as  to  this, 
many  of  us  can  testify  who  were  fortunate 
enough  to  see  the  Irish  players  when  they 
visited  this  country  in  1914.  Fourth,  it  has 
created  a  taste  and  a  public  for  the  new 
kinds  of  work  which  its  authors  have  done. 
Fifth,  it  has  produced,  along  with  a  number 
of  poor  plays,  a  relatively  large  body  of 
meritorious  ones.  And  last,  and  most  impor- 
tant for  the  world  at  large,  it  has  given 
opportunity  for  the  development  of  two 
dramatists  of  genius, —  J.  M.  Synge  and  St. 
John  Ervine.  For  sixteen  years  (counting 
from  the  founding  of  the  Irish  National 
Theatre  in  1900),  that  is  a  remarkable  record. 

The  writers  of  the  three  volumes  now  under 
consideration  all  belong  to  the  younger  group 
of  playwrights.  Mr.  O'Brien's  book  con- 
tains five  lively  little  farce-comedies,  of  the 
type  which  Lady  Gregory  made  popular. 
They  show  no  remarkable  originality,  but  are 
full  of  high  spirits  and  a  gay  and  careless 
humor.  If  I  may  judge  from  "Duty," 
which  I  saw  in  1914,  the  plays  would  act 
better  than  they  read.  Reading  the  book 
continuously,  one  gets  rather  tired  of  the  fre- 
quently recurring  types  of  character,  which 

*  DUTY,  and  Other  Irish  Comedies.  By  Seumas  O'Brien. 
Boston :  Little,  Brown  &  Co.  $1.25. 

THREE  PLAYS:  The  Fiddler's  House,  The  Land,  Thomas 
Muskerry.  By  Padraic  Colum.  Boston :  Little,  Brown  &  Co. 
$1.25. 

FOUR  IRISH  PLAYS.  By  St.  John  G.  Ervine.  New  York : 
Macmillan  Co.  $1. 


present  very  little  variety.  Almost  any 
group  of  characters  might  be  transferred 
from  one  play  to  another;  in  a  given  situa- 
tion, most  of  them  would  act  in  the  same 
way.  An  outline  of  the  story  of  "Retribu- 
tion," the  last  of  the  plays,  will  indicate  the 
character  of  them  all.  At  the  rise  of  the 
curtain  Patcha  Cremin  is  discovered  asleep 
in  bed.  His  landlady  wakes  him  up  and 
informs  him,  in  spite  of  his  assertion  that  he 
is  sick,  that  she  will  turn  him  out  of  the 
house  the  next  day  unless  he  pays  his  rent. 
After  her  departure  there  comes  in  a  visitor, 
Dannux  Touhy,  an  old  crony  of  Patcha 's,  who 
is  also  dead  broke.  From  their  conversation  it 
appears  that  Patcha  has  shared  his  bed  the 
night  before  with  another  friend,  Nedsers 
Brophy,  who  has  now  gone  out  to  get  some 
money  for  breakfast  by  pawning  Patcha 's  one 
suit  of  clothes.  Nedsers  returns  partly 
drunk,  and  explains  that  he  has  lost  the 
money.  Dannux  has  been  trying  to  borrow 
some  money  of  Patcha  to  buy  tools  for  a  job 
he  says  he  has  undertaken  for  the  parish 
priest;  he  now  proposes  that  he  should  take 
Nedsers 's  clothes  out  and  pawn  them  to  buy 
the  tools,  promising  to  return  and  share  with 
the  others  the  money  which  the  priest  will 
pay  him.  After  he  has  gone  with  the  clothes, 
his  two  pals  remember  that  the  priest  is  away 
in  England  on  his  vacation,  and  give  up  hope 
of  seeing  Dannux  or  the  suit  again. 

Mr.  Colum 's  three  plays  are  longer  and 
more  ambitious.  They  all  deal  with  the  con- 
flict between  the  individual  and  the  family 
group,  at  different  social  levels.  In  "The 
Land"  the  harsh  assertion  of  paternal  au- 
thority in  an  affair  of  marriage  drives  the 
young  peasant  hero  to  emigrate  to  America. 
Ten  of  Murtagh  Cosgar's  children  have  left 
him,  and  only  two  remain, —  Matt,  and  Sally, 
a  rather  stupid  girl.  Matt  is  in  love  with 
Ellen  Douras,  a  clever  and  ambitious  girl 
without  a  portion.  Her  reluctance  to  settle 
down  in  the  old  place,  combined  with  Mur- 
tagh's  opposition  to  the  match,  results  in  the 
emigration  of  the  pair;  while  the  stupid 
Sally,  matched  with  Ellen's  equally  dull 
brother  Cornelius,  remains  to  inherit  the  land. 
In  "The  Fiddler's  House". the  old  wandering 
musician  wishes  his  daughters  to  take  the  road 
again  with  him,  while  they  try  to  induce  him 
to  remain  and  work  the  little  farm.  In 
"Thomas  Muskerry"  it  is  the  old  father, 
master  of  the  workhouse,  whose  intention  to 
live  his  last  years  in  peace  is  defeated  by  his 
resolute  daughter  and  her  family.  It  is  note- 
worthy that  as  Mr.  Colum 's  characters  go 
higher  in  the  social  scale,  they  become  less 
attractive.  The  peasants  in  "The  Land"  are 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


463 


all  likable;  the  official's  family  in  "Thomas 
Muskerry"  is  mercenary  and  detestable.  The 
best  of  the  three  plays  is  "The  Land";  but 
none  of  them  shows  marked  power  of  char- 
acterization or  technical  skill. 

Mr.  Ervine,  as  I  have  already  suggested, 
is  a  writer  of  very  different  calibre.  The 
"Four  Irish  Plays"  now  collected  are  all  ear- 
lier than  " Jane  Clegg"  and  "John  Ferguson," 
which  preceded  them  in  American  publica- 
tion, and  were  reviewed  in  THE  DIAL  some 
months  ago.  The  book  includes  one  four-act 
play,  "Mixed  Marriage,"  two  one-act  pieces, 
"The  Magnanimous  Lover"  and  "The 
Orangeman,"  and  one  bit  of  local  satire, 
"The  Critics."  The  last  is  unimportant. 
"The  Orangeman"  and  "The  Magnanimous 
Lover"  rise  distinctly  above  the  average  level 
of  Irish  plays  through  their  grasp  of  charac- 
ter. But  they  are  both  slight  compared  with 
"Mixed  Marriage,"  which  is  a  worthy  fore- 
runner of  the  two  great  realistic  plays  Mr. 
Ervine  has  since  written.  Mr.  Ervine 's  spe- 
cial field  is  the  north  of  Ireland.  In  "Mixed 
Marriage"  he  has  skilfully  combined  two 
themes, —  the  struggle  between  the  older  and 
the  younger  generations,  and  the  folly  o,f 
the  workingmen  in  allowing  religious  differ- 
ences to  be  played  on  in  industrial  disputes. 
John  Rainey  is  an  intelligent  but  obstinate 
and  bigoted  old  Protestant  laborer  who 
wields  great  influence  among  the  Orangemen. 
The  capitalistic  interests  endeavor  to  break 
up  a  strike  by  stirring  religious  prejudices: 
and  at  first  Rainey,  ably  assisted  by  Michael 
O'Hara,  a  broad-minded  and  tolerant  young 
Catholic,  successfully  blocks  this  move  by  his 
determined  opposition.  When,  however,  he 
learns  that  his  son  Hugh  intends  to  marry 
Nora  Murray,  a  Catholic  girl,  all  the  ancient 
religious  prejudice  with  which  his  nature  is 
imbued  reasserts  itself  and  gets  the  better  of 
his  intelligent  judgment.  After  trying  by 
every  means  in  his  power  to  break  off  the 
match  and  failing,  he  throws  his  influence 
on  the  side  of  the  hired  agitators.  The  strike 
ends  in  a  riot,  involving  the  tragic  death  of 
Nora,  who  believes  that  her  unwillingness  to 
give  up  her  lover  has  led  to  all  the  trouble. 
Like  "Jane  Clegg"  and  "John  Ferguson," 
the  play  is  remarkable  for  the  intense  vitality 
and  individuality  of  the  characters,  and  for 
the  admirable  economy  of  means  by  which  the 
author  obtains  his  effects.  There  are  only  six 
speaking  characters,  and  the  scene  remains 
the  same  throughout.  What  distinguishes  Mr. 
Ervine  from  most  of  the  other  Irish  dram- 
atists is  his  mastery  of  his  craft  and  his  firm 
grasp  of  character.  About  most  of  the  Irish 
plays, —  Mr.  Colum  's,  for  instance, —  there  is 


a  sort  of  amateurishness.  Mr.  Ervine  has 
none  of  their  aimless  talkativeness,  their 
vagueness,  their  tendency  to  rest  content  with 
second-rate  workmanship.  With  him  every 
stroke  is  clear  and  firm,  and  every  stroke 
tells.  You  will  go  far  in  recent  drama  before 
you  find  a  better  drawn  character  than  Mrs. 
Rainey,  or  her  husband,  or  Mike  O'Hara. 
These  people  are  alive,  and  we  feel  that  our 
experience  is  enriched  through  knowing  them. 
No  one  who  wishes  to  keep  in  touch  with  the 
best  that  is  being  done  in  the  modern  theatre 
can  afford  to  neglect  Mr.  Ervine. 

HOMER  E.  WOODBRIDGE. 


SIXTY  YEARS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  STAGE.* 


So  long  as  the  supply  of  well-equipped  actors, 
trained  after  the  ancient  method,  lasted,  it  was 
possible  to  find  leading  performers  who  without  any 
very  gross  flattery  might  be  described  as  stars  when 
compared  with  their  associates.  But  this  source 
was  exhausted  long  ago.  At  any  rate  they  were 
actors  of  the  first  class,  if  not  always  at  the  head 
of  it.  None  of  them  had  a  successor.  There  is  not 
on  the  American  stage  to-day  one  solitary  performer, 
male  or  female,  of  native  origin,  who  is  capable  of 
first-class  work  in  either  the  tragic  or  comic  depart- 
ment of  the  literary  imaginative  drama.  In  modern 
drama  we  have  some  excellent  performers,  but  even 
in  this  no  great  one.  Why  is  this!  It  is  because 
the  wells  of  histrionic  talent  have  been  choked.  As  I 
have  said  before,  there  are  indications  that  they 
may  before  long  be  reopened.  Already  there  is  a 
group  of  rising  young  English  actors  of  both  sexes 
likely  to  do  big  things  in  big  drama  in  the  near 
future.  Where  do  they  come  from?  Almost  without 
exception  from  the  stage  company  of  F.  E.  Benson. 

Mr.  Benson  represents  the  Irving  tradition. 
The  above  paragraph  expresses  the  judgment 
to  which  sixty  years  of  theatre-going  and  for- 
ty-three years  of  service  as  dramatic  critic 
have  led  Mr.  John  Ranken  Towse,  who  now 
assembles  in  a  book  a  series  of  reminiscences 
of  the  stage  originally  given  to  the  public 
through  the  columns  of  "The  New  York  Even- 
ing Post."  He  has  had  one  definite  conclu- 
sion forced  upon  him : 

During  the  last  fifty  years  the  art  of  acting  upon 
the  English-speaking  stage  has  steadily  declined: 
.  .  .  this  result  is  due  chiefly  to  the  establishment  of 
the  commercial  star  and  circuit  system  by  speculative 
managers,  possessed  of  considerable  executive  abil- 
ity, but,  as  a  rule,  devoid  of  artistic  knowledge, 
instincts,  or  ambition;  partly  to  the  creation  of 
railroads,  which  have  made  the  circuit  system  feasible, 
and  partly  to  the  enormous  improvements  in  mechan- 
ical and  lighting  devices,  which  have  increased  the 
possibilities  of  spectacle  and  thus  enabled  managers 
to  attract  the  remunerative  crowd,  with  whom  an 
appeal  to  the  eye  is  so  much  more  potent  than  an 
appeal  to  the  understanding  or  good  taste. 

•SIXTY  YEARS  OF  THE  THEATER.  *-i  O1H  Criti-'s  Mem- 
ories. By  John  Ranken  Towse,  Forty-three  Years  Dramatic 
Critic  of  "The  New  York  Evening  Post."  Illustrated. 
New  York:  Funk  &  Wagnalls  Co.  $2.50. 


464 


THE    DIAL 


[November  30 


Mr.  Towse's  book  is  a  rapid  sketch  of  the 
literary  drama  on  the  English-speaking  stage. 
It  begins  with  the  Haymarket  and  Sadler's 
Wells  in  England,  with  Charles  Kean,  John 
Gilbert,  Samuel  Phelps,  and  other  great 
names;  but  the  bulk  of  the  work  is  devoted 
to  the  New  York  stage  from  1870  (the  year 
after  the  author's  emigration  to  America)  to 
the  end  of  the  century.  While  not  formally 
including  the  twentieth  century  theatre  or 
European  stars  merely  making  visits  to  the 
United  States,  he  devotes  space  to  some  few 
performers  like  Sothern  and  Marlowe  whose 
careers  have  continued  into  the  twentieth  cen- 
tury, and  to  foreigners  like  Salvini  whose 
support  on  the  American  stage  has  been  Eng- 
lish-speaking. 

Mr.  Towse's  treatment  is  necessarily  brief; 
but  the  unhesitating  and  emphatic  nature  of 
his  opinions,  and  the  vividness  of  the  impres- 
sions he  has  caught  from  great  performances, 
and  the  feeling  for  great  literary  drama  that 
lies  at  the  basis  of  his  judgments,  are  such  as 
to  make  his  pages  themselves  a  sort  of  stage 
on  which  the  great  figures  of  the  past  pass  in 
review  in  their  many  parts.  If  at  times  his 
book  seems  gossipy,  its  gossip  is  not  of  the 
trivial  sort,  but  elevated  and  elevating.  We 
get  such  glimpses  as  that  of  Macready: 

Macready  I  saw  once,  long  after  his  retirement. 
When  Phelps  made  his  first  appearance,  at  the  West 
End,  as  King  John,  he  occupied  the  seat  of  honor  in 
the  royal  box,  and  evidently  followed  the  performance 
with  the  liveliest  interest.  He  was  liberal  with 
applause,  and  when  his  old  leading  man,  having  been 
called  before  the  curtain,  bowed  to  him,  stood  up 
and  bent  low  in  answering  salutation.  He  was  a 
handsome  figure.  His  tall  form  was  still  erect,  and 
he  carried  his  head — with  the  long,  white  locks 
framing  the  stern,  strong  face — very  proudly. 

The  impression  we  receive  from  Mr.  Towse's 
mere  recital  of  the  long  succession  of  artists 
and  plays  that  he  has  known,  to  say  nothing 
of  his  formally  expressed  conclusions,  is  one 
of  melancholy.  We  need  no  comment  to  con- 
vince us  that  real  and  substantial  talent,  not 
to  say  genius,  has  for  at  least  a  time  departed 
from  the  stage.  It  is  even  difficult  to  believe, 
what  the  author  himself  professes  to  believe, 
that  there  are  signs  of  a  reawakening.  His 
belief,  however,  is  by  no  means  a  conviction. 
"When  Edwin  Booth  made  his  final  bow  the 
curtain  —  so  far  as  the  American  stage  was 
concerned  —  fell  also  upon  the  legitimate 
drama.  Whether  it  is  to  be  raised  again  time 
will  show. "  Only  the  youthful  actor  or  critic 
who  has  never  seen  the  giants  of  other  days 
can  look  with  complacency  upon  the  present, 
or  find  the  courage  or  effrontery  to  mention 
any  modern  figure  in  the  same  breath  with 
Booth  and  Irving,  to  say  nothing  of  Phelps 
or  Salvini. 


Some  of  our  modern  critics — many  of  whom  never 
saw  literary  comedy  or  tragedy  properly  performed — 
are  very  contemptuous  in  their  references  to  the 
artificiality  and  unreality  of  the  style  of  the  old- 
time  actors.  Of  course,  it  was  artificial  and  unreal, 
but  only  in  the  sense  that  all  the  great  masterpieces 
of  imaginative  fiction  are  unreal.  It  was  a  style 
deliberately  cultivated,  and  developed  through  some 
centuries  of  experience  to  harmonize  with,  and  give 
full  effect  to,  incidents,  thoughts,  aspirations,  and 
emotions  outside  the  experience  of  common  humanity. 
It  did  not,  perhaps,  always  achieve  its  full  purpose, 
but  it  came  infinitely  nearer  to  the  realization  of  the 
fanciful  than  the  ignoble  and  slovenly  utterance  and 
unregulated,  spasmodic,  and  inexpressive  gesture  of 
the  untaught  and  self-acting  player  ever  can.  It 
involved  a  laborious  study  of  artistic  principles,  and 
it  was  abandoned  because  it  was  laborious.  .  . 

Now,  alas,  the  star  himself — or  herself — shines  only 
with  a  fictitious  glitter,  the  reflection  of  flaming  and 
mendacious  advertisement.  Most  of  our  contemporary 
theatrical  valuations  are  ridiculously  extravagant, 
and  the  stage  itself,  perhaps,  is  suffering  quite  as 
much  from  the  false  glamor  with  which  the  box- 
office  agents  and  the  daily  press  have  conspired  to 
invest  it  as  from  any  other  particular  condition.  It 
is  the  fashion  to  describe  our  second  or  third  rate 
mummers  in  terms  which  would  be  flattering  to  a 
Siddons  or  a  Garrick,  and  to  record  their  petty  say- 
ings and  doings  as  if  these  were  actually  matters  of 
public  importance  and  interest.  How  many  of  the 
names  of  existing  stage  luminaries  which  now  con- 
front us  on  the  street  posters  and  in  the  newspapers 
will  be  remembered  in  the  next  generation?  The 
question  is  easily  answered. 

We  might  add  that  the  very  term  "legitimate" 
has  come  to  be  debased,  denoting  now  only 
acted  drama  as  distinguished  from  the  movie. 

Possibly  there  are  those  who  will  think  Mr. 
Towse  exacting.  If  he  is  slow  to  yield  the 
highest  praise  to  many  actors  who  have  been 
lauded  almost  without  stint,  it  is  because  of 
the  background  against  which  he  views  all 
actors  and  performances.  Samuel  Phelps  and 
Tommaso  Salvini  are  the  giant  figures  by 
which  he  takes  the  measurements  of  all  the 
rest.  Beside  them,  even  Irving  and  Booth,  to 
say  nothing  of  a  score  of  others  ordinarily  con- 
ceived of  as  representing  ideal  stature,  are 
seen  to  be  of  something  less  than  heroic  size. 
The  reason  for  this  severity  is  found  in  a 
principle  of  criticism  clearly  set  forth  by  the 
author : 

Hundreds  of  our  players,  and  not  a  few  of  our 
stars,  never  dream  of  acting  anybody  but  themselves. 
The  consequence  is  that  the  spectators  get  no  definite 
idea  of  Macbeth  or  Benedick,  but  only  learn  how  Mr. 
Smith  or  Mr.  Jones  thinks  he  would  comport  himself 
in  similar  circumstances.  In  other  words,  the  player 
who  is  content  to  express  every  character,  no  matter 
how  diverse,  in  terms  of  his  own  individual  habits, 
ideas,  and  impulses,  trusting  simply  to  external  dis- 
guise for  identification,  is  not  a  genuine  impersonator 
or  actor  at  all,  although  he  may  be  himself  an 
exceedingly  interesting  personality  and  uncommonly 
expert  in  self -illustration.  In  the  many  years  that  I 
have  been  writing  about  the  theater  this  is  one  of 
the  tests  by  which  I  have  always  abided  in  trying 
to  form  a  just  estimate  of  relative  performances.  A 
little  reflection  will  show  that  the  more  marked  are 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


465 


the  traits  in  the  individual  personality  of  the  player, 
the  more  incumbent  it  is  upon  him  to  suppress  them 
in  characters  to  which  they  are  not  appropriate, 
especially  when  those  characters  have  different  and 
equally  strongly  marked  traits  of  their  own. 

The  true  creative  power — the  possession  of  which, 
I  hold,  is  the  one  infallible  test  of  histrionic  great- 
ness—  is  only  manifested  when  an  actor  can  present 
a  series  of  great  or  widely  diverse  characters  without 
the  obvious  assertion  of  his  individual  self  in  any 
of  them. 

Wide  is  the  gulf  between  their  [the  old  artists'] 
sure  and  varied  artistry  and  the  accomplishment  of 
modern  mummers,  whose  one  specialty  is  in  the 
monotonous  repetition  of  themselves. 

Those  who  resent  unfavorable  criticism  of 
such  favorites  as  Maude  Adams  and  Mrs. 
Fiske  must  remember  that  the  critic  is  apply-, 
ing  a  test  which  excludes  all  but  the  highest 
order  of  genius.  He  does  not  fail  to  give 
credit  to  lesser  first-class  acting,  and  to 
greater  second-class;  but  he  refuses  the  su- 
preme distinction  to  those  whose  art  has  been 
"performance  rather  than  embodiment."  The 
champions  of  contemporary  drama,  too,  must 
remember  the  background  of  time-tested  liter- 
ary drama  against  which  Mr.  Towse  views 
the  less  substantial  product  of  to-day. 

To  read  Mr.  Towse 's  book  is  to  have  one's 
interest  in  both  acted  drama  and  literature 
stimulated.  The  text  is  made  more  vivid  by 
forty  full-page  illustrations,  presenting  nearly 
one  hundred  noted  artists  of  the  stage,  for  the 
most  part  in  the  characters  with  which  they 
are  associated  in  the  public  mind.  A  portrait 
of  Edwin  Booth  makes  a  fitting  frontispiece. 

A  book  so  valuable  in  its  kind  as  "Sixty 
Years  of  the  Stage,"  and  especially  one 
upon  whose  content  the  publishers  themselves 
bestow  such  hearty  praise,  should  have  had 
a  more  attractive  make-up.  Its  paper  and 
binding  give  the  impression  of  cheapness. 
GRANT  SHOWERMAN. 


THROUGH  THE  MISTS  OF  WAR.* 


Several  years  ago  I  returned  to  an  editor  a 
group  of  books  by  Ellen  Key,  declining  to 
review  them  because  it  seemed  undesirable  to 
assist  in  agitating  the  public  mind  over  her 
more  or  less  erratic  opinions.  I  then  believed 
that  those  who  hailed  her  with  enthusiasm  in 
the  public  prints  were  at  least  in  part  commer- 
cially minded,  scenting  endless  opportunities 
for  debate  and  consequent  interest  leading  to 
the  purchase  of  many  books.  It  did  not 
appear  evident  that  such  debate,  with  the  Key 

*  WAR,  PEACE,  AND  THE  FUTURE.  A  Consideration  of 
Nationalism  and  Internationalism,  and  the  Relation  of 
Women  to  War.  By  Ellen  Key ;  translated  by  Hildegard 
Norberg.  New  York:  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $1.50. 

THE  WAR  AND  THE  SOUL.  By  Rev.  R.  J.  Campbell.  New 
York:  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $1.25. 


books  as  the  source  of  inspiration,  could  lead 
to  anything  really  sane  and  progressive.  To- 
day it  is  a  pleasure  to  call  attention  to  Miss 
Key's  new  book  on  the  war,  and  to  describe  it 
as  an  admirable  contribution  to  that  sanity 
which  this  mad  world  so  sorely  needs.  The 
very  lack  of  any  conspicuous  brilliance  of 
style,  the  absence  of  any  striking  originality, 
the  restraint  from  all  attempts  at  smartness, 
give  the  work  a  solidity  and  persuasive  value 
all  its  own.  We  are  not  yet  prepared  to  recant 
the  earlier  opinions;  but  we  recall  how  the 
Ibsen  craze  of  thirty  years  ago,  with  its  un- 
doubtedly unhealthy  symptoms,  led  some  of  us 
to  undervalue  the  contributions  of  that  really 
great  author.  With  the  passage  of  time  the 
ill  considered,  poorly  balanced  work  of  Ibsen 
and  of  Ellen  Key  will  be  largely  forgotten, 
and  it  will  be  remembered  with  gratitude  that 
these  writers  labored  long  and  successfully  for 
the  betterment  of  their  kind. 

Miss  Key  is  at  one  with  Eabindranath 
Tagore  in  regarding  nationalism  as  the  curse 
of  the  ages.  She  contrasts  it  with  patriotism, 
and  shows  how  in  1905  Norway  and  Sweden 
were  in  danger  of  armed  conflict  owing  to 
nationalistic  impulses,  but  were  restrained  by 
that  patriotism  which  looked  to  the  welfare  of 
the  peoples  concerned.  This  may  be  a  rather 
forced  interpretation  of  the  two  words;  but 
the  contrast  is  genuine,  fundamental,  and  of 
the  first  importance.  It  is  seen,  for  instance, 
in  the  different  conceptions  of  "honor."  To 
the  nationalist  the  preservation  of  "honor" 
means  attacking  whoever  may  accidentally  or 
purposely  tread  on  the  tail  of  the  national 
coat.  To  the  patriot  —  in  Miss  Key's  sense  — 
it  means  the  preservation  of  the  moral  and 
spiritual  integrity  of  one's  country,  in  the 
face  of  all  temptations  to  the  contrary.  The 
patriot,  so  defined,  will  fight,  but  for  reasons 
widely  divergent  from  those  of  the  nationalist. 
They  agree  only  on  the  subject  of  defence  in 
case  of  attack. 

A  large  part  of  the  book  is  taken  up  with 
discussions  of  the  relation  of  women  to  the 
problems  of  the  war.  The  various  chapters, 
partly  reprinted  from  newspapers,  were 
apparently  written  as  separate  articles,  and 
do  not  carry  the  thread  of  a  consecutive 
argument.  Two  of  the  chapter-headings  are 
almost  identical:  "Women  and  War,"  and 
"Woman  and  War."  Nevertheless,  the  reit- 
eration resulting  from  this  method  of  compila- 
tion is  not  without  certain  advantages,  and  the 
message  as  a  whole  stands  out  clearly  enough. 
There  is  a  dominant  tone  of  optimism,  and  a 
clear  faith  in  the  future,  but  no  failure  to  per- 
ceive existing  evils  and  deficiencies.  The  chap- 
ter on  "Woman's  State  of  Mind,"  based  on  a 


466 


THE    DIAL 


[November  30 


keen  analysis  of  war  psychology,  is  almost 
brutal  in  its  recognition  of  the  discouraging 
facts.  Excessive  suffering,  like  excessive  bod- 
ily injury,  leaves  the  individual  helpless  and 
hopeless;  the  elasticity  of  mind  so  necessary 
for  new  efforts  has  gone  for  ever.  On  the 
other  hand,  those  who  have  been  profoundly 
stirred,  but  not  wrecked,  by  extremes  of  per- 
sonal misery,  may  be  expected  to  react  vigor- 
ously : 

They  have  been  confronted  by  the  necessity  for 
great  and  quick  decisions;  they  have  dared  every- 
thing when  the  issue  was  life  or  death.  Their 
hearts  have  been  enlarged  by  a  stronger  beat.  They 
have  experienced  the  heroic  life  of  which  they 
dreamed  in  their  youth  and  even  when,  later  on,  life 
assumes  its  everyday  aspects  again  it  will  never  be 
monotonous  and  empty  to  these  women.  They  have 
experienced  the  heights  and  the  depths  of  life,  and 
they  will  carry  the  stamp  of  these  experiences. 

Thus  the  hope  of  the  world  may  lie,  not  in 
those  who  have  been  ground  beneath  the  mill ; 
not  in  those  who,  like  the  Americans,  have 
been  too  remote  to  be  transformed  by  the 
events  of  the  war ;  but  in  those  who  have  faced 
the  problems  unflinchingly,  and  have  come  out 
unsubdued. 

Dr.  Campbell's  "The  War  and  the  Soul," 
also  consisting  of  various  articles  assembled 
together,  represents  the  attempt  of  a  clergy- 
man of  well-known  liberal  tendencies  to 
interpret  the  problems  of  religion  in  the  light 
of  present  events.  The  author's  radicalism  is 
indicated  by  such  a  passage  as  this:  "Perfect 
anarchy  and  perfect  socialism  are  one  and  the 
same,  and  both  represent  the  Christian  ideal 
in  human  relations."  His  religious  tolerance 
is  shown  by  the  fact  that  he  wishes  the  Pope 
to  assume  the  lead  of  all  Christian  sects  in  an 
effort  to  establish  permanent  peace  after  the 
war. 

There  is  not  a  Church  in  Christendom  that  would 
not  join  in  it  [a  proposed  council]  through  its 
appointed  representatives.  .  .  As  the  outcome  of 
it  there  might  be  a  tribunal  established  more  author- 
itative and  effective  than  that  of  the  Hague,  to  say 
no  more.  Perhaps  we  should  get  even  further  than 
that  in,  shall  we  say,  the  direction  of  adjusting  our 
religious  differences  too,  and  unifying  civilization  once 
more  on  that  basis. 

Nevertheless, — it  seems  ungracious  to  say  it, 
— Dr.  Campbell  appears  essentially  anglican 
and  insular  in  comparison  with  Miss  Key.  He 
cannot  escape  from  the  tendency  to  theolog- 
ical argument,  even  when  it  leads  nowhere  in 
particular.  Contrast  the  following  passages: 

There  is  no  escape  from  the  proposition  that 
what  God  permits  He  causes.  He  is  an  efficient 
cause,  as  the  logicians  say,  of  any  event  or  series  of 
events  if  He  does  no  more  than  let  them  take  place 
even  if  other  wills  set  them  going. 

Heaven  could  prevent  anything  it  chose  to  prevent 
taking  place  on  earth.  If  it  does  not  do  so  it  is 


because  it  does  not  wish  to  do  so,  because  the 
alternative  would  bring  greater  evil  in  its  train. 

God  cannot  be  the  gentle  heroism  of  Edith  Cavell 
and  the  vile  deviltry  of  von  Bissing.  That  the  one 
derives  from  Him  renders  it  impossible  that  He  could 
be  the  other.  He  could  not  be  both  Christ  and  Pilate. 

There  is  something  simple  and  direct  in  the 
way  in  which  Miss  Key,  ignoring  all  such 
cobwebs,  remarks  that  "A  few  members  of  the 
clergy  have  been  Christian  enough  to  stand 
by  God  in  spite  of  the  repeated  attempts  to 
make  Him  a  nationalist." 

T.  D.  A.  COCKERELL. 


RECEXT  FICTION.* 


There  is  at  present,  as  always,  the  desire 
that  American  literature,  especially  American 
novels,  shall  be  really  American.  This'  desire 
has  very  often  been  expressed  by  foreigners 
who  felt  that  somehow  things  American  ought 
to  be  different  from  other  things;  but  it  has 
also  been  felt  by  Americans.  Just  now  one 
reads  in  various  places,  of  the  desire  for 
"native  work,"  for  the  work  of  those  "who 
are  not  imitating  other  times  and  climes." 
Just  what  such  work  should  be  is  a  question. 
Are  Mr.  Lincoln's  "Mary  'Gusta"  and  Mr. 
Tarkington's  "Penrod  and  Sam"  truly  Ameri- 
can, or  are  they  "imitations  of  other  times  and 
climes"?  The  last  thing  on  this  subject  that 
1  saw  seemed  to  base  itself  on  the  idea  that 
Mr.  Theodore  Dreiser  was  the  bed-rock  Ameri- 
can, but  that  there  were  others  who  were 
worth  thinking  of.  THE  DIAL  published  a 
year  ago  my  view  of  Mr.  Dreiser's  latest 
novel ;  it  has  recorded  from  time  to  time  other 
searchings,  more  or  less  blind,  for  currents  of 
Americanism  in  literature.  At  present  Ameri- 
can literature  seems  at  fault;  people  reprove 
it  as  though  it  were  a  naughty  child.  We 
can  point  to  other  literatures  which  conduct 
themselves  more  properly,  which  are  more 
national. 

Mr.  Arnold  Bennett  appears  to  me  to  be 
national  enough.  It  has  often  been  said  that 
there  are  two  Arnold  Bennetts;  but  if  so, 
both  are  English.  It  is  doubtless  the  same 
person  that  writes  "The  Lion's  Share"  and 
"These  Twain,"  although  one  may  guess  that 
he  writes  the  first  with  one  lobe  of  his  brain 
•and  the  second  with  the  other.  Or  perhaps  he 
writes  different  books  in  different  rooms,  or 

*  THE  LION'S  SHARE.  By  Arnold  Bennett.  New  York : 
George  H.  Doran  Co.  $1.50. 

THE  EMPEROR  OF  PORTUGALLIA.  By  Selma  Lagerlof.  New 
York:  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.  $1.50. 

THE  HUNGRY  STONES,  and  Other  Stories.  By  Rabindranath 
Tagore.  New  York:  Macmillan  Co.  $1.35. 

EL  SUPREMO.  By  Edward  Lucas  White.  New  York: 
E.  P.  Button  &  Co.  $1.90. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


467 


in  different  moods.    At  any  rate,  he  seems  to 
be  mostly  himself  and  not  to  imitate  other 
times  and  climes  more  than  is  necessary  in 
using  a  language  and  ideas  that  have  received 
a  good  deal  of  temporal  end  climatic  influ- 
ence.   However  it  be,  he  has  two  phases :  there 
is  the  extravagant  Bennett  that  tells  of  the 
most  impossible  things  and  shows  them  to  be 
perfectly  natural  and  according  to  the  great 
truths  of  life,  and  the  commonplace  Bennett 
who  tells  of  the  most  ordinary  things  and  \ 
shows  them  to  be  full  of  the  most  emotional  j 
adventure.     People  have  rather  settled  down  I 
into  the  idea  that  the  latter  Bennett  is  the  I 
real  one,  perhaps  because  they  like  best  to  have  j 
the  drabs  and  grays  of  their  average  experi-  : 
ence  made  golden-pink  and  tawny.    But  both  i 
kinds  are  real  and  both  are  very  English.'  ; 
"The  Lion's  Share"  is  of  the  latter  kind,  and 
an  excellent  example  of  it.    It  has  exhilarating  i 
action,  more  indeed  than  most  novels  of  its  I 
kind ;  but  it  has  also  those  moments  of  vision, 
those  utterances  of  great  truths  about  life,  and  ; 
those  flashes  of  insight  that  we  associate  with  j 
the  serious  Mr.  Bennett. 

"The  Lion's  Share"  is  the  story  of  a  young 
woman  who  wishes  to  have  a  good  time  in  life?  ; 
or  perhaps  we  should  say  to  be  happy.     She  ! 
wishes  all  sorts  of  good  times,  all  sorts  of 
happiness, —  at  least,  so  she  says.    She  wishes  j 
not  to  be  a  monomaniac,   to  be   deeply  in  j 
earnest  after  one  thing,  but  to  have  every-  j 
thing,  to  have  not  merely  a  husband  but  other  j 
things  that  she  likes  too ;  she  has  an  appetite  | 
for  life,  wants  all  the  sensations  there  are,  i 
wants,  in  short,  "the  lion's  share."     There  | 
have  been  such  people  in  fiction  before,  but 
Mr.  Bennett  had  the  quaint  notion  of  taking 
for  his  lion  a  young  Englishwoman  of  the 
present  day.     If  we  look  at  the  book  very 
seriously  we  are  likely  to  say  that  it  shows 
a  conception  of  life,  a  range  of  sensations,  that 
has  been  a  good  deal  widened  in  England  by 
the  last  two  years.    Audrey  would  have  been 
ready  for  the  war  when  it  came,  had  it  come 
in  her  time.     She  tastes  the  sensations  of  the 
artist  world  and  of  political  action,  of  the 
studio  life  on  a  few  francs  a  day,  of  the  aris- 
tocratic life  of  motor  car  and  yacht,  and  so 
on.     To  tell  the  truth,  it  probably  does  not 
matter  much  to  her  just  what  world  she  lives 
in,  provided  she  is  able  to  maintain  a  con-  I 
tinued  current  of  emotional  vitality.    All  this 
Mr.    Bennett   might  have   presented   in   the 
simplest  forms  and  with  the  most  sedate  col-  i 
ors;  but  he  did. not  wish  to,  and  therefore  he  I 
imagined  a  restricted  English  girl  left  inde-  ! 
pendent  of  family  and  with  great  wealth.    She  j 
is  thus  able  to  hurl  herself  into  the  art  world  i 
of  Paris  and  into  the  political  machinations 


of  the  suffragette  movement.  These  circum- 
stances are  of  course  glittering  and  amusing 
though  not  of  serious  importance.  What  is 
of  importance  (if  we  may  violate  the  idea  of 
the  book  by  using  such  a  word)  is  that,  in 
both  of  these  spheres,  as  in  others,  there  are 
moments,  there  are  people  that  give  you  the 
feeling  of  reality,  of  a  window  open  on  life. 
Rosamond,  the  thinly  veiled  leader  of  the 
Votes-for-women  movement,  how  excellent 
(though  somewhat  exaggerated)  is  her  atti- 
tude !  Jane  Foley,  full  of  the  child-like  happi- 
ness of  the  devotee;  Musa  with  his  direct 
musical  nature, —  these  people  impress  one, 
not  as  puppets  in  an  extravaganza,  but  as  real 
indications  of  the  possibilities  of  the  human 
soul.  And  so  Audrey  herself;  it  is  not  so 
much  that  she  is  a  great  character,  or  even 
a  character  at  all,  as  that  she  accepts  one 
chance  after  another  in  life  as  a  real  possi- 
bility. Such  things  are  extremely  interesting. 
They  art  not  especially  English ;  in  fact,  they 
are  much  more  interesting  than  anything 
would  be  that  was  especially  English,  at  least 
to  us  and  the  world  in 'general. 

In  the  eighties  there  was  a  good  deal  of  dis- 
paragement of  English  fiction  by  those  who 
compared  it  with  the  fiction  of  other  countries. 
It  was  about  the  time  that  Tolstoy  was  becom- 
ing known  outside  Russia,  when  there  were 
a  number  of  French  novelists  more  widely 
read  than  are  any  to-day,  and  when  realists 
of  interest  were  to  be  found  in  all  sorts  of 
places  otherwise  not  very  familiar  to  our 
novel-reading  public  —  in  Spain,  Italy,  and 
Norway.  Things  have  changed  since  then; 
there  have  been  more  English  novelists  of  real 
note  for  one  thing,  and  for  another,  probably 
there  was  something  about  the  new-found  for- 
eigners that  was  not  of  perennial  interest.  It 
is  true  that  even  to-day  there  are  those  who 
think  that  the  best  fiction  is  continental;  it 
may  be  so,  but  I  fancy  that  the  real  result 
of  Mr.  Howells  's  explorations  was  not  so  much 
to  give  English  novels  a  minor  place  in  our 
interests  as  to  divert  attention  to  the  fiction 
writers  of  other  countries. 

I  wish  I  could  convey  the  particular  char- 
acter of  the  work  of  Miss  Selma  Lagerlof.  I 
cannot  say  that  the  quality  is  of  herself 
because  I  have  read  but  few  of  her  books;  I 
cannot  say  that  it  is  Swedish  because  I  know 
but  little  of  that  country.  But  whatever  it 
be,  there  it  is,  a  quality  that  no  one  could 
mistake  for  English  or  American  or  indeed 
for  anything  else  than  what  it  is.  Her  books 
do  not  seem  like  novels  at  all  and  yet  they 
certainly  have  the  unity  of  emotional  effect 
that  makes  a  novel  different  from  a  series  of 
sketches  or  stories.  They  deal  with  what 


468 


THE    DIAL 


[November  30 


seems  insignificant  and  trivial ;  yet  their  magic 
transmutes  the  trivial  into  the  important. 
Perhaps  that  is  because  Miss  Lagerlof  is  her- 
self and  writes  of  what  is  to  her,  life.  But 
to  do  that  and  to  be  interesting  about  it  is 
one  of  the  great  things  of  modern  literature. 
It  should  not  be  difficult  for  a  man  of  ability 
to  interest  us  in  a  young  lady  who  had  fifty 
thousand  a  year  and  sought  the  emotions  of 
life  among  the  art  students  of  Paris  and  the 
determined  militants  of  England.  But  it 
would  not  seem  easy  to  interest  people  of 
other  lands  and  other  kinds  of  life  in  the  love 
for  his  daughter  of  an  old  peasant  in  an  out- 
of-the-way  part  of  Sweden.  Yet  such  is  Miss 
Lagerlof 's  achievement  —  apparently  an  easy 
achievement  —  in  "The  Emperor  of  Portu- 
gallia."  In  the  multitude  of  translations  at 
hand  to-day,  I  will  mention  only  one  other, 
"The  Hungry  Stones"  by  Sir  Eabindranath 
Tagore.  One  cannot  in  a  few  words  give  much 
idea  of  these  stories  by  the  great  Indian  poet. 
They  are  for  the  most  part  stories  of  not  very 
remarkable  Indian  life.  But  it  is  not  the  east- 
ern manners  and  customs,  the  oriental  figures 
of  speech  and  modes  of  expression,  the  Indian 
places  and  people,  the  matters  of  costume  and 
usage  that  make  the  deep  effect  of  the  book; 
indeed,  these  matters  are  to  readers  of  our 
part  of  the  world  rather  confusing  than  other- 
wise. The  holding  power  of  this  book  (like 
that  of  the  others  so  very  different)  lies  in 
its  sense  of  truth  and  of  life.  Of  course  it  is 
a  kind  of  life  very  different  from  that  which 
is  current  with  us.  These  stories  are  of  a 
life  that  passes  on  from  generation  to  gen- 
eration in  forms  unknown  by  those  whose  eyes 
are  closed  and  whose  ears  are  stopped  —  the 
life  often  of  children,  poets,  blind  people, 
humble  servants,  beggars ;  of  love  or  devotion ; 
of  old  places,  forests,  villages.  Still,  the  thing 
that  makes  the  book  remarkable  (for  it  cer- 
tainly is  remarkable)  is  not  that  it  is  Indian, 
but  that  it  is  very  human. 

If  we  return  to  our  own  shores  after  some 
such  tour  of  international  fiction,  we  shall  be 
rather  at  a  loss  to  know  just  what  we  have  of 
the  same  sort  of  interest.  Bennett,  Lagerlof, 
Tagore  —  these  names  are  probably  better 
known  to  us  than  is  the  name  of  any  present 
American  novelist  to  the  readers  of  England, 
Sweden,  or  Bengal.  That  is  due  to  several 
facts  that  have  little  to  do  with  the  relative 
excellence  of  our  fiction-writers;  as  for 
instance  that  many  more  people  in  America 
like  to  read  foreign  fiction  than  is  the  case  in 
Bengal,  Sweden,  or  even  England.  But  aside 
from  such  things,  one  does  not  know  just 
whom  to  point  to  as  our  representative  Ameri- 
can writer.  Mr.  White,  who  has  just  pub- 


lished "El  Supremo,"  is  in  some  ways  obvi- 
ously not  such  a  writer.  He  might  be  thought 
by  those  who  are  particular  to  be  "imitating 
other  times  and  climes";  he  is  apparently, 
however,  "a  live  American  artist"  and  as  such 
of  interest. 

It  may  properly  be  said,  first,  that  Mr. 
White  has  done  a  great  deal  in  being  able  to 
do  anything  at  all.  In  spite  of  all  our  train- 
ing in  the  exotic,  the  out-of-the-way,  the 
bizarre,  the  average  American  reader  would 
naturally  refuse  to  be  interested  in  a  histor- 
ical novel  about  Paraguay.  Merely  to  be  told 
that  "El  Supremo"  was  the  Dictator  of  Para- 
guay, and  that  he  was  the  most  remarkable 
American  of  history,  is,  with  the  majority,  to 
be  warned  off  the  subject.  I  own  to  such  a 
prejudice,  and  my  observation  leads  me  to 
think  myself  by  no  means  peculiar  in  that 
respect.  Yet,  in  spite  of  the  disinclination  of 
any  intelligent  reader  even  to  think  of  a  long 
historical  novel  about  Paraguay,  Mr.  White 
achieves  the  feat  of  making  a  singularly  inter- 
esting book,  one  that  people  will  read  with 
intense  pleasure. 

Besides  surmounting  this  difficulty,  which 
lies  chiefly  with  his  readers,  Mr.  White  has 
certain  difficulties  that  he  has  created  himself. 
The  most  obvious  is  that  his  book  is  too  long. 
I  know  that  the  objection  to  a  long  book  is 
illogical;  I  do  not  myself  object  to  this  book 
because  it  is  long,  but  rather  would  wish  it 
much  longer ;  still,  it  is  really  a  mistake  to  do 
in  seven  hundred  pages  what  most  people  want 
done  in  half  that  number.  Then,  besides  this 
inability  (as  it  would  seem)  to  construct,  Mr. 
White  has  difficulties  of  creation.  Francia, 
the  Dictator,  is  not  much  of  a  person:  he  is 
only  great  in  our  minds  because  Mr.  White 
tells  us  that  he  is ;  he  really  does  or  says  noth- 
ing which  has  the  flash  of  greatness  in  it ;  all 
his  power  over  Paraguay  rests  in  his  contin- 
ually having  people  shot  at  dawn  and  avoid- 
ing all  attempts  at  assassination.  Besides,  Mr. 
White  has  no  great  gift  at  rendering  the  con- 
ditions of  place ;  in  spite  of  some  descriptions, 
he  does  not  give  us  much  idea  of  material 
Paraguay;  no  such  idea,  that  is,  as  would  be 
given  by  one  who  had  a  genius  for  discerning 
the  spirit  of  place. 

We  may  thus  easily  dispose  of  Mr.  White's 
ability  to  make  a  plot,  draw  a  character,  or 
render  the  atmosphere  of  place;  it  still 
remains  to  show  why,  in  spite  of  all  that,  he 
should  be  able  to  interest  people  in  the  doings 
of  an  imaginary  New  Englander  among  the 
people  of  Paraguay  at  a  time  when  Paraguay 
hardly  existed,  save  on  the  map.  The  reason 
for  this  fact,  the  reason  that  Mr.  White  has 
written  a  fine  book  is  that  he  is  what  has 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


469 


recently  been  called  "a  live  American  artist" ; 
he  is  a  live  artist  because  he  possesses  a 
remarkable  historical  imagination,  of  greater 
scope  than  intensity  perhaps,  but  still  suffi- 
cient to  give  him  that  sense  of  reality  which 
he  succeeds  in  passing  on  to  his  readers.  As 
to  why  he  is  American,  there  the  difficulties 
are  too  much  for  me.  Perhaps  it  is  because, 
like  his  own  character,  Hawthorne,  he  is  a 
very  practical  person  and  knows  thoroughly 
what  he  is  talking  about  and  is  deeply  inter- 
ested in  it.  Certainly  the  book  lives  and  we 
live  in  it.  If  Francia  is  somewhat  unreal  to 
us,  he  probably  was  so  to  the  world  which  he 
dominated.  But  that  world, —  Mr.  White 
makes  us  feel  it.  From  the  very  beginning, 
from  that  wonderful  dinner  at  the  Mayorgas's 
which  one  cannot  attempt  to  describe,  one 
follows  Hawthorne  in  his  investigations  and 
adventures  as  though  one  shared  the  life  about 
him.  Wholly  unlike  the  other  books  just 
spoken  of,  this  novel  has  the  same  sense  of 
reality.  It  has  the  vitality  which  is  so  much 
more  in  fiction  than  skill  in  plot,  character,  or 
setting,  or  even  than  that  feeling  of  race  or 
nation,  which  (as  it  appears  to  me)  is  so 
often  swallowed  up  in  the  general  sense  of 
humanity.  Perhaps  some  time  Mr.  White  will 
be  so  much  interested  in  the  life  of  our  own 
country  and  our  own  supreme  ruler  that  he 
will  want  to  present  it  to  the  world.  Then  j 
we  shall  have  something  more  American,  or 
at  least  more  our  kind  of  American.  But  I  I 
doubt  whether  it  will  thereby  be  better  then 
"El  Supremo."  EDWAED  E.  HALE. 


XOTES  ox  NEW  FICTIOX. 


In  "Dead  Yesterday"  (Doran,  $1.50),  Mary 
Agnes  Hamilton  has  written  a  novel  of  contem- 
porary London  which  considers  the  war  with  a 
sane  appreciation  of  its  reactions  upon  individual 
character.  The  story  revolves  about  Nigel  Strode, 
a  journalist,  brilliant,  indolent,  and  successful, — 
as  success  goes  in  that  mildly  bohemian  life  of 
Fleet  Street  and  Chelsea.  During  a  brief  holiday 
in  Florence  he  meets  Mrs.  Leonard,  a  writer,  with 
whom  he  would  have  fallen  in  love  had  not  her 
analytic  manner  of  thought  put  too  great  a  strain 
upon  his  own  intellectual  habits.  He  responds  to 
her  charm,  but  evades  matching  his  own  intelli- 
gence with  hers.  Later  on,  when  he  finds  in  her 
daughter  the  same  charm  without  the  mother's 
maturity  of  mind,  he  allows  himself  to  indulge  in 
love.  His  is  an  interesting  character,  and  one 
especially  typical  of  upper  middle-class  England. 
Three  years  ago  there  were  thousands  like  him,  and 
their  true  worth  would  never  have  been  discovered 
had  not  the  war  tested  them  with  fire.  It  is  not  fair 
to  give  the  reader  more  than  an  inkling  of  the 
fine  study  which  this  novel  offers  of  English  life 


under  the  reactions  of  war.  If  the  book  at  times 
lacks  ease  and  grace,  it  possesses  swift  action 
and  keen  insight  into  human  character.  Those 
passages  which  concern  the  early  days  of  the  war 
are  memorable.  This  is  a  book  for  the  serious 
reader,  and  one  well  worth  his  undertaking. 

It  is  not  often  that  the  work  of  an  American 
writer  attracts  attention  because  of  beauty  of 
style.  That,  unhappily,  is  a  quality  which  our 
"reading  public"  does  not  desire  of  its  favorites. 
Mr.  James  Branch  Cabell,  however,  has  this  attri- 
bute to  such  a  degree  that,  were  he  not  a  master 
story-teller,  still  his  work  must  command  the 
enthusiasm  of  the  discriminating  reader.  In  "The 
Certain  Hour"  (McBride,  $1.35),  he  has  selected 
an  idea  which  requires  his  utmost  artistry  with 
words.  The  volume  consists  of  ten  sketches  which, 
as  he  points  out  in  a  prefatory  essay  of  rare  irony 
anent  the  public,  are  not  short-stories.  Perhaps 
they  might  be  described  as  fragments  patterned 
upon  the  same  psychological  situation  in  the  lives 
of  various  poets,  finding  their  individual  color  in 
that  of  the  personalities  involved.  The  idea  of 
selecting  that  certain  hour  in  which  a  man  comes 
face  to  face  with  himself  revealing  the  temper  of 
his  spirit,  is  one  which  would  only  occur  to  the 
inspired  artist.  There  is  in  these  sketches  a  wistful 
and  magical  quality  of  sentiment  and  a  delicacy 
of  workmanship  which  cannot  fail  to  arouse 
pleasurable  emotions  in  anyone  who  recognizes  the 
master  touch.  And  as  stories,  many  of  them  are 
no  less  than  thrilling,  and  that  without  the  trick- 
ery of  the  magazine  writer. 

Mr.  Harris  Dickson  is  known  chiefly,  perhaps, 
as  a  writer  of  tales  of  colored  folk  of  the  modern 
South,  tales  that  appeal  alike  to  those  who  know 
his  subject,  and  those  whose  ignorance  of  it  adds 
curiosity  to  interest.  In  "The  House  of  Luck" 
(Small,  Maynard,  $1.35)  he  shows  himself  as  a 
novelist  of  no  mean  degree.  With  Vicksburg  as 
the  setting  and  the  early  thirties  as  the  time,  he 
has  written  a  story  of  the  hectic,  high-living, 
hard-hitting  days  when  the  great  river  was  the 
playground  and  battle  ground  and  market-place 
and  hiding  place  for  planters  and  gamblers  and 
"speculators"  and  exiled  French  Koyalists.  The 
book  approximates  an  historical  romance  in  that 
it  concerns  itself  with  an  almost  forgotten  episode 
in  the  frustration  of  the  gigantic  plot  engineered 
by  the  leader  of  a  band  of  horse-thieves,  negro 
stealers  and  assorted  ruffians, —  wholesale  pillage 
and  massacre,  under  cover  of  a  slave  insurrection, 
and  escape  to  Mexico.  The  book  is  written  with 
skill  and  feeling.  Mr.  Dickson's  work  has  been  of 
the  kind  that  makes  the  reader  want  more,  and 
the  present  volume  is  no  exception. 

After  reading  Mr.  Louis  U.  Wilkinson's  "The 
Buffoon"  (Knopf,  $1.50),  one  is  inclined  to  won- 
der why  so  many  writers  trouble  themselves,  and 
often  their  readers  as  well,  straining  for  originality 
of  plot,  when  human  nature  itself  affords  the  best 
entertainment.  Perhaps  those  writers  who  occupy 
themselves  so  entirely  with  "action"  have  not  Mr. 
Winkinson's  cunning  in  character  analysis  and 
portrayal.  This  story  concerns  Edward  Raynes 
during  a  period  of  two  or  three  weeks  in  which 


470 


THE    DIAL 


[November  30 


the  comfortable  monotony  of  his  batchelorhood 
is  interrupted  by  a  human  comet  in  the  person  of 
Jack  Welch,  a  radical  lecturer.  Under  Welch's 
stimulation  Raynes's  sluggish  mentality  is  aroused; 
he  is  introduced  to  an  entirely  new  set  of  ideas; 
has  a  brilliant  though  brief  experience  with  the 
apostles  of  "new"  art, —  poetry,  painting,  and 
what  not  — ;  becomes  infatuated  with  the  "Queen" 
of  the  sacred  circle,  and  then  relapses  into  his 
former  mode  of  living  with  enough  to  think  about 
all  the  rainy  days  of  his  life.  For  the  most  part 
the  characters  would  be  unpleasant  were  it  not 
for  the  author's  constant  mockery,  the  zest  with 
which  he  quite  heartlessly  illuminates  their  ephem- 
eral life.  It  is  this  quality  of  penetrating  humor 
which  has  sharpened  his  wit  and  if  one  enjoys 
that  elusive  cynicism  which  made  Wilde  the  master 
of  what  we  may  term  "prose  de  societie,"  he  will 
find  much  to  his  liking  in  this  story  of  English 
town  and  country  life.  There  is  more  than  an 
evanescent  brilliance  here,  however.  There  is  also 
ruthless  veracity  and  a  certain  brutal  sanity  which 
gives  the  book  a  fresh  and  invigorating  interest. 

There  is  just  a  bit  of  sentimentality  in  "The 
Shining  Adventure"  by  Dana  Burnet  (Harper, 
$1.30)  but  not  enough  to  cloy.  "The  King,"  a 
chivalrous  little  boy  living  in  a  wealthy  household, 
just  off  Gramercy  Park,  buys  the  park  with  pen- 
nies from  his  pig-bank  that  the  poor  children  may 
have  access  to  it.  He  adventures  into  O'Connor's 
Alley,  fights  and  vanquishes  the  juvenile  ruler 
thereof,  organizes  an  army  and  marches  at  the 
head  of  it  to  his  purchased  kingdom,  with  a  drum 
and  a  "First  Hand  Harmonica"  providing  satis- 
factorily martial  music.  Of  course,  he  finds  a 
Queen,  in  the  person  of  a  little  crippled  girl,  and 
defends  a  "Bad  Woman"  from  the  taunts  and  tin- 
cans  of  his  army  and  is  fed  and  lodged  over-night 
by  her.  But  these  things  are  to  be  expected,  as  is 
the  conversion  of  Miss  Philomena  from  effi- 
ciency to  humanity  in  social  service,  and  her  sub- 
sequent mating  with  the  Doctor,  who,  like  all  book 
doctors  who  know  "life"  and  "society"  as  well,  is 
gruff  and  ironical  and  kind-hearted.  One  would 
miss  these  touches  were  they  absent.  No  "story 
for  grown-ups"  is  complete  without  them.  But 
Mr.  Dana  has  given  a  craftsmanlike  quality  to  his 
book  that  raises  it  a  little  beyond  the  ordinary 
mass  of  work  on  similar  themes. 

All  too  many  tales  of  adventure  are  devoid  of 
anything  even  approaching  the  portrayal  and 
development  of  character.  Incident  takes  the  place 
of  analysis,  and  the  "punch"  and  its  preparation 
leave  no  room  for  anything  quieter  and  less  artifi- 
cial. However,  in  "The  Snow-Burner"  (Doran, 
$1.25),  Mr.  Henry  Oyen  has  sketched  life-like, 
memorable  characters,  and  has  portrayed  the 
development  of  one  in  particular  against  a  back- 
ground of  fighting  and  toiling  in  a  far-north 
lumber  camp,  with  enough  of  artistry  to  raise  his 
book  beyond  the  plane  of  ordinary  stories  of 
adventure.  True,  the  component  parts  of  the 
whole  are  a  little  too  readily  discernible, —  as,  for 
instance,  the  hero's  change  from  footless  youth  to 
purposeful  manhood, —  and  there  is  an  air  of  striv- 
ing for  high  cerebral  altitudes  at  times,  but  the 


book  is  real  and  does  not  try  credulity  overmuch, 
nor  does  it  suggest,  as  its  genesis,  the  keenly 
inspirational  dollar  mark. 

Anton  Chekhov,  who  has  been  called  "the  Rus- 
sian Maupassant,"  is  better  known  in  this  country 
by  his  plays  than  by  his  very  excellent  stories.  A 
new  volume,  "The  Darling  and  Other  Stories," 
translated  by  Constance  Garnett  (Macmillan, 
$1.50),  serves  partly  to  bridge  the  lapse  in 
our  acquaintance  with  his  work.  Chekhov  pos- 
sesses in  a  marked  and  well-balanced  degree  the 
ability  to  observe  life  and  all  life's  richness  of 
human  relationships  without  passing  judgment 
upon  it  or  upon  the  characters  which  he  portrays 
so  skilfully.  This  ideal  attitude  for  the  short- 
story  writer  is  one  rarely  achieved  in  our  own 
land  of  rigid  definitions,  but  that  it  goes  not  wholly 
unappreciated,  the  vogue  of  Russian  literature 
proves.  The  heroine  of  the  title  story,  "The 
Darling,"  is  Olenka,  who,  having  buried  and 
bewept  two  husbands,  takes  a  lover,  and  losing  him 
adopts  his  son,  a  pathetic  little  figure  in  his  large 
school  cap.  The  transference  of  her  affections  is 
not  inconstancy,  but  transmutation;  from  the 
bestowal  of  them  she  draws  the  breath  of  life 
itself.  Did  Chekhov  intend  a  criticism  of  the 
Olenka  type  of  woman  ?  Was  he,  in  a  left-handed 
way,  setting  before  us  his  ideal  for  the  new  woman, 
Olenka's  antithesis?  So  Tolstoy  thought.  But  it 
hardly  matters  what  he  intended.  What  he  gave 
is  a  piece  of  the  very  stuff  of  humanity.  His 
Russians  are  so  single-hearted,  in  spite  of  all  their 
talk,  in  their  acceptance  of  life  as  it  is!  They 
appreciate,  one  and  all,  the  satisfaction  of  non- 
resistance.  "Why  struggle?  It  is  all  the  same," 
they  say.  Life  to  the  individual  is  not  of  such 
ill-proportioned  importance  as  it  is  to  us  Anglo- 
Saxons.  Theirs  is  an  older  —  perhaps  a  saner 
view.  At  any  rater  Chekhov  draws  from  his 
philosophy  much  of  truth  and  of  pure  poetry. 

"The  Tutor's  Story"  (Dodd,  Mead,  $1.35)  is  an 
hitherto  unpublished  novel  by  the  late  Charles 
Kingsley.  As  explained  in  the  preface,  the  half- 
completed  manuscript  was  found  only  last  year 
by  the  novelist's  daughter,  Mrs.  Mary  St.  Leger 
Harrison,  whose  nom  de  guerre,  Lucas  Malet,  is 
not  unfamiliar  in  the  world  of  fiction.  The  task 
of  drawing  together  the  threads  of  the  story, 
embellishing  the  incident,  rounding  off  the  char- 
acters, touching  up  the  scenery,  and  bringing  the 
whole  to  a  successful  close,  consistent  with  the 
probable  intention  of  the  author,  has  been  assumed 
by  Mrs.  Harrison.  The  fruit  of  her  efforts  is  an 
excellent  novel,  refreshing  indeed  in  this  day  of 
machine-made  plots  and  custom-made  characters. 
Manifest  throughout  the  work  is  the  revolt  of 
Kingsley  against  existing  social  evils, —  in  this 
case,  the  intrigues  incident  to  life  at  an  English 
nobleman's  country  estate.  And  this  is  the  lesson 
which  is  portrayed  in  the  story  of  a  young  tutor's 
love  for  his  aristocratic  and  temperamental  young 
pupil,  Lord  Hartover.  "The  Tutor's  Story"  offers 
more  than  an  opportunity  to  judge  the  faithful- 
ness of  the  revision  and  completion  of  Kingsley's 
notes;  it  is  a  novel  which  never  lags  in  interest, 
and  more,  a  novel  which  will  be  remembered. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


471 


English   professors  who   would   persuade   their 
disciples   that  novels  should  follow  certain   fixed 
principles  of  "unity  and  coherence,"  directness, 
congruity,  and  character-economy,  will  hardly  se- 
lect " Barnacles,"  by  J.  MacDougall  Hay  (Doran, 
$1.40),  as  a  sterling  example.     They  are  more 
likely  to  condemn  it,  as  violating  their  most  pre- 
cious  tenets.     "Barnacles,"   the  book,   like   Bar- 
nacles, its  chief  character,  is  "different,'1  save  in  j 
one  respect, — it  is  a  love  story.    If  the  reader  could 
follow  the  ingenuous  Highland  hero,  "one  of  God's 
own  innocents,"  through  his  eventful  career  in  the 
town  of  Paisley,  and  see  him  remedy,  as  he  did, 
some  of  the  misery  of  the  world,  the  novel  might 
take  rank  as  a  very  pretty  character  study.    But 
the  unstinting  author  has  thrown  in  for  good  meas- 
ure too  much  extraneous  material.     Indeed,  the  •, 
book  combines  two  plots.    One  concerns  the  career  ; 
of  Barnacles,  the  hero,  who  feels  that  "there  is  ; 
something  wrong  with  the  world";  the  other  in- 
volves the  domestic  infelicity  of  the  talented  and 
sympathetic  Martha  Crawford  as  the  result  of  her 
marriage  to  Ganson  Normanshire,  artist,  maniac, 
and  Sadist.    That  Martha  should  eventually  break 
with  Normanshire  and  later  marry  the  lowly  Bar- 
nacles, seems  hardly  acceptable  as  a  solution  of  | 
her  problem.    The  less  exacting  reader  may  excuse 
this  ineptitude  on  the  grounds  that  Martha  and  , 
Barnacles     are     unusual     creatures, — other-world 
folk,  like  the  other  characters  of  the  tale.     But 
both  are  extreme  in  their  strangeness, — too  ex- 
treme to  be  compatible  the  one  with  the  other. 
There  is  charm  to  "Barnacles" — so  much  must  be 
conceded.     Many  descriptive  passages  reveal  real 
fineness  on  the  part  of  the  author.     One  finds  a 
new  and  wholly  pleasing  beauty,  emanating  from 
the  life  of  the  simple  Barnacles.    And  one  is  dis-  ' 
appointed  that  the  tale  is  not  simply  a  series  of  j 
episodes,  as  its  mechanical  arrangement  seems  to 
promise  it  will  be. 

Though  Mary  Raymond   Shipman  Andrews  is 
best  known  to  us  for  her  "Perfect  Tribute"  and  | 
the  more  recent  and  very  moving  sketch  of  "The  j 
Three  Things,"  many  of  her  shorter  stories  are  j 
quite   as  well   worth   the   reading.     As   such  we  I 
count  "A  Political  Tip"  and  the  lighter  "Taki's 
Career,"   published   with    other   stories   in    "The  ; 
Eternal     Feminine"     (Scribner,     $1.35).       Mrs.  , 
Andrews  possesses  the  strange  combination  of  a 
good,  humorous  imagination,  with  a  strain  of  mys- 
ticism such  as  appears  in  "The  Healer"  of  the 
same  volume.     Nothing  could  have   pointed  out 
more  subtly  than  her  collection  the  advance,  the 
change  of  style  (for  it  is  no  less  than  that)  in  the 
short-story  writing  of  the  last  few  years.     The 
straight  love-story  of  certain  of  these  reprints,  is  j 
supplanted  in  the  author's  later  work  by  a  more 
highly   developed   plot,   depending   to    a   greater 
degree  upon  suspense,  quick  turns,  problems  of  ; 
current  interest,  or  humor.     Variety  is  the  word. 
We  demand  something  more  than  "heart  interest";  ' 
we  want  to  be  surprised,  and  we  want  also  some-  , 
thing  that  hits  us  very  closely,  whether  this  some-  , 
thing   be   suffrage   or   cooks,   the   war   or   Fifth  j 
Avenue.     Mrs.  Andrews  gives  us  this  sustaining  « 
touch,  backing  it  by  stories  of  good  construction  i 
and  of  fairlv  universal  interest. 


HOLIDAY  PUBLICATIONS. 


I. 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  REMINISCENCES. 

Idealism  and  an  indomitable  energy  in  carrying 
out  his  idealistic  projects  seem  to  have  been  the 
main  characteristics  of  Heinrich  Conried.  These 
qualities,  at  any  rate,  are  emphasized  in  "The 
Life  of  Heinrich  Conried,"  by  Mr.  Montrose  J. 
Moses.  The  biographer  seems  not  to  have  had 
any  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  famous  impres- 
ario, but  he  has  had,  in  preparing  his  book,  the 
valuable  assistance  of  Mr.  Conried's  son  and  of 
others  near  to  him  in  his  life  time  and  qualified 
to  impart  something  of  his  personality  to  the 
pages  descriptive  of  his  life  and  work.  It  is  an 
engaging  story  of  precocious  talent  bent  on  suc- 
cess and  never  admitting  the  possibility  of  failure. 
Head  of  a  travelling  company  of  actors  at  eight- 
een, theatre-manager  at  twenty-one,  and  strong 
both  in  executive  ability  and  as  a  character  actor, 
Conried  naturally  welcomed  the  call  to  America 
at  twenty-three  and  was  not  slow  to  recognize  the 
possibilities  open  to  him  in  the  metropolis  of  the 
new  country.  His  rise  to  the  management  of  the 
Metropolitan  Opera  House  and  his  triumphs  in 
that  responsible  position  are  well  related  by  his 
biographer.  Eighteen  portraits  are  inserted,  but 
no  index  puts  the  finishing  touch  to  the  well-made 
volume.  (Crowell,  $2.50.) 

A  long  life  and  a  happy  one,  which  is  far  better 
than  a  short  life  and  a  merry  one,  is  passed  in 
fragmentary  review  by  Mrs.  Joseph  Hobson 
(Elizabeth  Christophers  Hobson)  in  a  posthumous 
work  reprinted  from  a  privately  circulated  sheaf 
of  autobiographic  chapters  written  at  the  repeated 
request  of  friends.  "Recollections  of  a  Happy 
Life"  gives  in  a  bright  and  informal  way  the  more 
significant  passages  from  the  eventful  and  useful 
life  of  Mrs.  Hobson.  A  memorable  up-bringing, 
an  early  marriage,  much  travel  and  many  sojourns 
in  foreign  lands,  philanthropic  activity,  especially 
in  hospital  work,  and,  through  it  all,  intercourse 
and  friendship  with  persons  of  note  in  many 
paths  of  life — of  such  is  the  substance  of  the  two 
hundred  and  fifty  pages  of  the  book.  To  the 
student  of  literature  no  passage  will  prove  of 
greater  interest  than  the  true  story  of  the  nun 
who  has  been  made  famous  in  fiction  by  F.  Marion 
Crawford  in  his  "Casa  Braccio."  Mrs.  Hobson 
heard  this  story  in  Peru,  where  she  met  and  became 
interested  in  a  great-granddaughter  of  the  recreant 
nun.  She  afterward  told  the  story  to  Crawford, 
who  pronounced  it  the  only  one  that  he  ever  had 
heard  that  was  suitable  for  his  use.  Miss  Louisa 
Lee  Schuyler  edits,  with  some  additional  matter, 
Mrs.  Hobson's  fragmentary  chapters.  (Putnam, 
$1.25.) 

Little  personal  anecdotes  about  the  illustrious, 
comic  touches,  pathetic  incidents,  tragic  occur- 
rences, or  otherwise  appealing  passages  in  their 
lives,  are  always  good  reading.  Mr.  T.  H.  S. 
Escott's  reminiscent  volume,  "Great  Victorians: 
Memories  and  Personalities,"  is  notably  of  this 
inviting  character.  Soldiers,  churchmen,  authors, 
statesmen,  scientists,  and  other  persons  of  interest 


472 


THE    DIAL 


[November  30 


crowd  his  pages  in  a  pleasing  promiscuity.  If  his 
reminiscences  are  not  all  first-hand,  they  are  all 
readable  and  leave  the  impression  of  one  gifted 
with  a  remarkable  memory  for  those  little  illu- 
minative traits  and  incidents  that  help  to  make 
real  for  us  the  personages  in  whom  all  the  world 
is  interested,  but  whom  only  a  small  part  of  the 
world  has  ever  seen.  Here  is  a  characteristic 
utterance  from  Carlyle,  addressed  to  the  author: 
"You  may  hear  it  said  of  me  that  I  am  cross- 
grained  and  disagreeable.  Dinna  believe  it.  Only 
let  me  have  my  own  way  exactly  in  everything, 
with  all  about  me  precisely  what  I  wish,  and  a 
sunnier  or  pleasanter  creature  does  not  live."  But 
it  is  not  quotation  or  anecdote  alone  that  fixes  the 
reader's  attention.  The  author  writes  well  when 
drawing  more  purely  from  his  own  resources.  His 
portrait  appears  as  frontispiece.  (Scribner, 
$3.50.) 

Sons  inherit  from  their  mothers,  daughters  from 
their  fathers;  or  thus  it  appears  in  many 
instances.  Mrs.  Ella  Flagg  Young's  father,  a 
skilled  mechanic  and  reputed  the  fastest  workman 
in  the  sheet  metals  throughout  the  region  of  the 
Great  Lakes,  certainly  handed  on  to  his  talented 
daughter  something  of  his  own  ability  to  see 
clearly,  to  reason  correctly,  and  to  waste  no  time 
in  false  moves.  Manual  training  in  its  large  essen- 
tials she  got  at  her  father's  forge,  from  watching 
his  methods ;  and  it  is  significant  that  many  years 
later,  when  she  was  district  superintendent  of 
schools  in  Chicago,  she  was  invited  to  assume  the 
management  of  a  great  manufacturing  establish- 
ment because,  as  the  owners  declared,  "she  knew 
more  about  its  affairs  than  anyone  else."  The  life 
and  work  of  this  gifted  woman  form  the  subject  of 
Professor  John  T.  McManis's  timely  volume, 
"Ella  Flagg  Young  and  a  Half -Century  of  the 
Chicago  Public  Schools."  Naturally  it  is  the  pub- 
lic work  rather  than  the  private  and  personal  life 
of  Mrs.  Young  that  fills  the  bulk  of  the  book.  She 
is  absorbed  in  her  work  and  shrinks  from  being 
made  the  theme  of  a  detailed  biographical  study. 
Yet  her  personality  shines  in  Mr.  McManis's  pages, 
at  the  same  time  that  her  service  to  education  is 
fully  recognized.  (McClurg,  $1.25.) 

More  cordial  commendation  could  not  be  desired 
by  any  writer  than  that  with  which  Mr.  T.  P. 
O'Connor  prefaces  his  friend  Mr.  H.  G.  Hibbert's 
"Fifty  Years  of  a  Londoner's  Life."  "A  more 
energetic,  competent,  trained  journalist,"  he 
declares,  "I  have  never  met,  nor  a  more  loyal  and 
steadfast  friend."  And  the  book,  he  says,  "may 
well  stand  as  perhaps  the  most  complete  and  the 
most  trustworthy  record  of  the  stage  for  recent 
years."  Yes,  it  is  a  capital  book,  but  not,  in  any 
strict  sense,  a  record  of  the  stage.  Stage  gossip 
and  anecdotes  abound,  with  plenty  of  personal 
reminiscence.  Tribute  is  paid  to  "those  regal, 
restless  chorus  girls"  who,  about  sixteen  years 
ago,  crossed  from  our  shores  and  burst  upon 
London  in  what  Mr.  William  Archer  called  "a 
profligate  orgy."  But  "no  matter!"  says  Mr. 
Hibbert.  "It  ran  nearly  two  years.  Somehow 
or  other,  it  is  running  still."  The  author's  fond- 
ness for  anything  in  the  shape  of  a  theatre  does 


not  stop  at  the  entrance  to  the  moving-picture 
show,  about  which  he  writes  an  interesting  chapter. 
Portraits  and  old  prints  contribute  to  the  illus- 
tration of  the  volume.  (Dodd,  Mead,  $3.) 

A  book  of  intimate  recollections  of  famous  New 
England  writers  belonging  to  our  Augustan  age 
cannot  fail  to  be  a  book  worth  reading.  Mrs. 
Harriet  Prescott  Spofford,  in  "A  Little  Book 
of  Friends,"  revives  her  memories  of  Mrs.  James 
T.  Fields,  Sarah  Orne  Jewett,  Celia  Thaxter,  Gail 
Hamilton,  Rose  Terry  Cooke,  Louise  Chandler 
Moulton,  and  others,  with  passing  glimpses  of 
Hawthorne,  Whittier,  Holmes,  and  many  besides. 
It  is  a  book  of  the  same  pleasing  quality  as  Mrs. 
Fields's  "Authors  and  Friends."  One  of  the  best 
chapters  is  that  on  Mary  Abigail  Dodge,  who  was 
always  "Gail"  to  her  friends.  Does  it  dawn  upon 
many  readers  of  Gail  Hamilton  that  she  must  get 
her  pseudonym  from  the  last  syllable  of  her  first 
name  and  the  place  of  her  birth?  Not  many  more 
reminiscent  volumes  like  this  by  Mrs.  Spofford 
can,  in  the  nature  of  things,  be  expected;  hence 
its  interest  and  value.  (Little,  Brown,  $1.25.) 

Miss  Clara  E.  Laughlin's  "Reminiscences  of 
James  Whitcomb  Riley"  is  the  fruit  of  a  friend- 
ship extending  over  twenty  years.  It  began  with 
a  rather  pert  request  for  a  poem,  and  seems  to 
have  ended  in  mutual  esteem  and  lasting  friend- 
ship. To  have  sat  at  table  with  Mr.  Riley  and  a 
few  of  his  chosen  intimates,  with  "Bobb" 
Burdette  to  put  the  witty  poet  on  his  mettle,  must 
have  been  a  treat.  Such  joyful  symposia,  and 
other  memorable  conclaves,  with  frequent  Riley- 
isms  of  rare  quality,  go  into  the  making  of  Miss 
Laughlin's  highly  readable  little  book.  Many,  it 
is  to  be  hoped,  will  note  with  approval  the  poet's 
"bitterness  against  those  who  spoke  contemp- 
tuously of  Longfellow's  flowing  rhyme  and  rhythm, 
as  if  his  thought  must  be  less  noble  because  it 
could  be  understood  without  a  'key';  and  as  if  his 
poetry  must  have  been  effortless  because  it  could 
be  memorized  so  easily."  The  book  is  duly  fur- 
nished with  a  portrait  of  Riley,  and  a  bit  of  his 
exuberant  fun  appears  in  facsimile  of  his  hand- 
writing on  the  paper  wrapper.  (Revell,  75  cts.) 

Strange  alternations  of  good  and  ill  fortune 
have  pursued  Mr.  James  D.  Corrothers  through 
life,  and  the  story  of  these  vicissitudes  from  his 
own  pen  is  well  worth  reading.  "In  Spite  of 
Handicap"  he  appropriately  names  his  book,  the 
handicap  in  his  case  being  the  admixture  of  Negro 
blood  in  his  veins.  Indian  and  Scotch-Irish 
elements  also  enter  into  his  ancestry,  and  the 
scion  of  this  triple  stock  is  evidently  a  staunch 
American  and  a  man  of  most  admirable  pluck  and 
energy.  Those  who  know  him  only  as  a  poet  will 
be  surprised  to  learn  how  many  kinds  of  work, 
from  floor-scrubbing  to  preaching,  have  engaged 
his  energies.  One  of  his  best  chapters  is  on 
"Interesting  People  and  Unusual  Experiences," 
and  another  is  devoted  to  "Dunbar,  Douglass  and 
Riley."  A  pathetic  chapter  describes  a  crushing 
disaster  that  compelled  the  author,  in  his  mature 
years,  to  begin  life  anew.  An  occasional  sugges- 
tion of  "fine  writing,"  like  "prior  to"  for 
"before,"  excites  remonstrance;  otherwise  it  is 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


473 


an  unmixed  pleasure  to  read  the  book.  Several 
portraits  of  the  author,  with  other  illustrations, 
are  inserted.  (Doran,  $1.25.) 

In  the  delightful  Aubrey's  "Brief  Lives"  it  is 
recorded  of  William  Oughtred,  parson  and  mathe- 
matician, that  he  received  numerous  young  men  as 
pupils   and    taught    and   boarded    them   free   of  j 
charge.     Among  many  illustrations  of  the  good  I 
rector's  schoolmasterly  ways  and  kindness  of  heart  j 
occurs  the  following:  "He  could  not  endure  to  see  ! 
a  scholar  write  an  ill  hand;    he  taught  them  all  ; 
presently   to  mend   their  hands."     All  this   and 
much  more  will  be  found  in  the  agreeable  and  j 
instructive  account  of  this  inventive  genius  and  j 
amiable    man   by   Professor   Florian    Cajori,    of 
Colorado  College.     "William  Oughtred,  a  Great  j 
Seventeenth-Century    Teacher    of    Mathematics" 
directs  attention  more  particularly  to  the  works  of 
the  man  than  to  his  uneventful  life;   but  the  few 
pages  given  to  his  human  qualities  and  relations 
take    the    reader    captive.      Oughtred's    excessive 
modesty,  his  unwillingness  to  appear  in  print,  his  ! 
fatherly  care  .of  his  pupils  —  all  this  makes  him   ; 
an  attractive  figure  independently  of  his  invention  ! 
of  mathematical  instruments  and  his  other  contri-  j 
butions    to    mathematical    science.      The    present 
monograph  on  this  little-known  "Todhunter  of  the  i 
Seventeenth   Century"   supplies  a  need.      (Open 
Court  Co.,  $1.) 

"One  reason  why  the  clergy  are  not  so  proim.- 
inent  in  literature  as  they  were,"  opines  the  Rev. 
James  Adderley,  Canon  of  Birmingham,  "is  the 
very  creditable  one  that  they  have  ceased  to  spend 
much   time   in   composing   sermons.     I   call   this  j 
creditable  because  it  means  that  they  are  more 
alive   than   they  were  to   the  pressing  need   for  ] 
applying  Christianity  to  everyday  life."     With-  j 
out  discreditable  straining  for  literary  excellence 
in  his  retrospective  and  anecdotal  volume,   "In 
Slums  and  Society,"  Canon  Adderley  hits  upon  a  j 
genially  informal  method,  or  lack  of  method,  for  i 
communicating    some    of    his    recollections,    and  I 
makes  himself  more  entertaining  to  the  general 
reader  than  would  be  possible  with  most  men  of  j 
his  cloth.     He  tells,  modestly  and  interestingly, 
the  story  of  his  famous  tract,  "Stephen  Remarx" 
(refused  by  twenty  publishers) ,  and  of  other  books 
from  his  pen,  and  winds  up  with  the  observation 
that   magazine    articles    and    book   reviews    have 
brought  him  far  more  money  than  have  his  more  ' 
pretentious  works.    The  book  is  enriched  with  por- 
traits.    (Button,  $1.50.) 

Successful  in  his  presentation  of  "Union  For-  • 
traits,"  Mr.  Gamaliel  Bradford  has  tried  his  hand 
at   the    pen-painting    of   women's    likenesses  —  a 
more  difficult  undertaking.     His  selected  subjects  ! 
equal  the  Muses  in  number,  but  with  a  rather  ; 
different  variety  of  tastes  and  accomplishments,   j 
"Portraits   of   Women,"   as   the   book   is   called,  j 
opens    with    a   preface   in    which   the    reader   is 
reminded   of  the  inadequacy  of  extant  material  j 
for  the  literary  portrayal  of  any  but  famous  and  ! 
exceptional  women;    and  the  writer  adds:  "The  j 
psychography  of  queens  and  artists  and  authors  ! 
and  saints  is  little,  if  any,  more  interesting  than  : 
that  of  your  mother  or  mine,  or  of  the  first  shop-  j 


girl  we  meet."  Not  so,  as  a  rule.  If  the  shopgirl 
were  as  interesting  as  the  artists  and  authors  and 
saints  of  her  sex,  the  shop  would  not  hold  herr 
or  only  for  a  short  time.  The  nine  women  por- 
trayed are:  Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montague,  Lady 
Holland,  Miss  Austen,  Madame  d'Arblay,  Mrs, 
Pepys,  Madame  de  Sevigne,  Madame  du  Deffand, 
Madame  de  Choiseul,  and  Eugenie  de  Guerin.  As 
readers  of  "The  North  American  Review"  and 
other  periodicals  are  already  aware,  these  careful 
studies  have  been  in  preparation  for  four  years 
or  more.  Portraits,  in  a  literal  sense,  accompany 
these  brief  biographies,  except  the  last.  (Houghton 
Mifflin,  $2.50.) 

A  favorite  subject  with  biographers  is  the  life 
of  William  Perm,  and  recent  writers  have  done 
much  to  make  more  humanly  interesting  than  hith- 
erto this  heroic  figure.  It  is  preeminently  the 
human  side  of  the  man  that  Dr.  Oliver  Huckel 
now  offers  to  view  in  "A  Dreamer  of  Dreams," 
which  he  describes  as  "an  authentic  narrative, 
freely  arranged  from  the  supposed  journal  of  the 
fair  Guli  Springett,  as  found  in  an  old  oaken 
chest  at  Worminghurst,  England."  This  fair 
diarist  became  Perm's  wife  when  she  was  about 
twenty-five  years  old,  and  the  greater  part  of  the 
supposed  journal  relates  to  their  married  life.  The 
daughter  Letitia  is  made  to  finish  the  narrative. 
Altogether  we  have  in  agreeable  form  some  such 
hum  animation  of  the  saintly  William  Penn  as  was 
effected  for  Martin  Luther  in  that  classic  of  our 
childhood,  the  collective  diary  of  the  Schonberg- 
Cotta  family.  Contemporary  portraits  and  prints 
have  been  put  to  good  use  in  illustrating  the  book. 
(Crowell,  $1.25.) 

The  mystery  of  Archduke  Rudolph's  tragic  end! 
gives  no  promise  of  ever  being  cleared  up,  and 
for  that  reason  it  is  a  most  inviting  theme  for 
both  oral  and  written  conjecture.  To  the  many 
existing  accounts  of  the  Meyerling  incident,  the 
more  or  less  plausible  surmises  as  to  the  truth  of 
the  matter,  there  is  now  added  the  narrative  of  one 
who  describes  himself  as  the  Archduke's  intimate 
personal  attendant  or  private  secretary,  and  whose 
revelations  ("The  Last  Days  of  the  Archduke 
Rudolph")  are,  as  the  title-page  announces, 
"edited  by  Hamil  Grant."  Insinuations  of  Prus- 
sian intrigue  in  the  sudden  death  of  the  Hapsburg 
heir  are  skilfully  interwoven,  in  this  cleverly  writ- 
ten book,  with  most  ingratiating  presentations  of 
the  many  excellent  attributes  of  that  exalted  per- 
sonage and  with  less  ingratiating  refe'rences  to 
persons  in  high  station  at  Berlin.  And  so,  though 
one  is  about  as  wise  at  the  end  as  at  the  beginning, 
it  is  not  bad  reading  for  those  that  like  that  kind. 
Portraits  of  royalty,  with  one  of  Bismarck  and 
one  of  the  luckless  Marie  Vetsera,  adorn  the 
volume.  (Dodd,  Mead,  $2.50.) 

TRAVEL  IN  AMERICA. 

Mr.  Ernest  Peixotto's  work,  both  as  author  and 
as  artist,  is  too  well  known  and  too  favorably 
known  to  need  commendation.  His  contribution 
to  this  season's  notable  illustrated  books  is 
entitled  "Our  Hispanic  Southwest,"  and  takes  the 
reader  to  New  Orleans  and  thence  to  San  Antonio, 
along  the  Mexican  border,  through  Arizona  to  the 


474 


THE    DIAL 


[November  30 


pueblos  near  Albuquerque,  to  Santa  Fe,  northward 
to  Taos,  and  thence  back  to  the  City  of  the  Holy 
Faith.  "To  look  up  the  old  Spanish  Missions  and 
settlements  still  scattered  through  Arizona  and 
New  Mexico  and  along  the  border  —  picturesque 
material  that  has  been  sadly  neglected  by  our 
writers  and  artists  heretofore,"  was  the  purpose 
of  this  latest  of  many  journeys  undertaken  by  the 
artist-author  across  the  continent;  and  "to  point 
out  these  Spanish  remains  in  our  own  Southwest, 
and  hint  at  the  thrilling  stories  of  their  foundation, 
is  the  reason  of  this  book."  The  many  illustra- 
tions, full-page  and  smaller,  include  both  wash 
drawings  and  line  drawings.  A  map,  showing  the 
author's  route  and  also  the  routes  of  certain 
Spanish  explorers  before  him,  covers  the  end 
leaves.  It  is  a  handsome  book,  like  its  predecessors 
from  the  same  pen  and  brush.  (Scribner,  $2.50.) 

Of  the  docile  and  amiable  Hawaiian  Mrs. 
Katharine  Fullerton  Gerould  writes  in  the  open- 
ing chapter  of  her  book  "Hawaii:  Scenes  and 
Impressions,"  as  follows:  "Civilization  has  killed 
him,  as  is  its  way:  vice  and  disease  came  in  with 
the  sea-captains  and  sailors  of  all  the  globe,  and 
the  missionaries  finished  the  work.  As  far  as 
one  can  make  out,  the  missionaries  were  more 
responsible  than  Captain  Cook  or  the  New  Bed- 
ford whalers,  for  the  Hawaiian  is  dying,  quite 
literally,  of  clothes."  That  is,  the  diseases  prev- 
alent among  clothes-wearers,  and  unknown  to  the 
children  of  nature,  are  now  exterminating  the 
innocent  natives,  who  present  a  pathetically  inter- 
esting appearance  in  Mrs.  Gerould's  random  narra- 
tive of  her  sojourn  among  them.  Her  first  chapter 
has  to  do  chiefly  with  Honolulu  as  the  "melting- 
pot"  of  various  races,  but  a  very  different  vessel 
from  that  in  which  the  heterogeneous  elements  of 
our  American  population  are  fused  together;  her 
second  chapter  describes  by-ways  in  Hawaii,  out- 
lying islands,  seaports,  and  settlements;  and  her 
closing  section,  which  makes  about  a  third  of  the 
book,  gives  an  account  of  the  leper  colony  on 
Molokai,  an  account  much  more  detailed  and  inter- 
esting than  the  ordinary  visitor  to  Hawaii  would 
be  able  to  give,  and  far  less  depressing  in  its  gen- 
eral tone  than  might  have  been  expected.  Many 
half-tone  illustrations  accompany  the  narrative, 
and  are,  in  not  a  few  instances,  so  interesting  that 
the  reader  would  like  to  find  on  the  opposite  page 
or  somewhere  near  the  picture  a  full  account  of 
the  thing  pictured;  but  in  this  he  is  too  often 
disappointed.  (Scribner,  $1.50.) 

After  an  absence  of  nearly  three  decades  Mr. 
Theodore  Dreiser  was  moved  to  revisit  the  scenes 
of  his  early  life.  The  journey  was  pleasantly 
made  in  the  motor  car  of  his  artist  friend,  Mr. 
Franklin  Booth,  these  two  with  the  chauffeur  com- 
posing the  party.  "A  Hoosier  Holiday,"  written 
in  Mr.  Dreiser's  well-known  manner  of  mingled 
description,  anecdote,  dialogue,  and  philosophic 
reflection,  details  the  incidents  of  the  summer 
outing  in  a  highly  readable  manner,  while  Mr. 
Booth's  frequent  drawings  by  the  way  —  sketches 
of  a  pleasant  softness  and  dreaminess,  done  in 
charcoal  or  crayon — add  charm  to  the  whole.  For 
a  man  not  very  much  over  forty,  Mr.  Dreiser  is 


perhaps  unduly  fond  of  assuming  the  part  of  the 
world-weary,  the  disillusioned,  the  blase  (the  one 
best  word  for  it  all),  as  if  life  and  love  and  all  the 
delightful  possibilities  of  the  future  held  nothing 
further  in  store  for  him.  One  reads  him  always 
with  enjoyment,  but  this  same  Hoosier-holiday 
narrative  might  have  been  made  equally  interest- 
ing and  equally  true  to  the  facts  without  any 
indulgence  in  what  at  times  savors  of  a  contemp- 
tuous superiority  to  the  innocent  and  simple  joys 
of  human  existence.  If  one  has  outgrown  these 
joys,  it  is  a  misfortune,  not  a  thing  to  be  paraded 
with  complacency.  Perhaps  a  few  more  decades 
will  work  a  change  and  make  Mr.  Dreiser  as 
young  in  heart  as  he  now  is  in  years.  (Lane,  $3.) 

The  season  would  not  be  complete  without  a 
book  by  those  cheerful  comrades  in  travel  and 
partners  in  book-production,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Walter 
Hale.  Like  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph  Pennell,  they 
go  well  in  double  harness  and  yet  are  by  no  means 
wholly  dependent  on  mutual  support.  "We  Dis- 
cover the  Old  Dominion"  is,  of  course,  the  account 
of  a  motor  trip  through  an  historic  section  of  our 
country.  What  author-traveller  does  not  motor 
in  these  days?  No  stilted  formality  repels  Mrs. 
Hale's  readers;  she  chats  away,  in  utmost  unre- 
straint, through  nearly  four  hundred  pages,  and 
Mr.  Hale  follows,  with  necessarily  less  nimble 
pencil  (or  brush,  or  other  implement  of  his  craft) , 
in  twenty -eight  pictures  and  a  map.  The  route 
was  from  New  York  to  White  Sulphur  Springs, 
thence  eastward  to  Norfolk,  and  then  northward 
through  Richmond,  Washington,  and  Baltimore, 
to  the  starting  point.  (Dodd,  Mead,  $2.50.) 

"Winter  Journeys  in  the  South"  by  Mr.  John 
Martin  Hammond  is  a  sort  of  glorified  guide  book 
to  the  special  points  of  interest  on  the  Gulf 
Coast,  the  Atlantic  Coast,  and  in  Florida.  It  is 
beautifully  printed  and  illustrated,  and  contains 
much  of  the  kind  of  information  which  the  visitor 
wishes  to  have  about  the  history,  traditions,  people, 
hotels,  and  scenery  of  the  place,  with  which  Mr. 
Hammond  has  made  himself  familiar  during  sev- 
eral winters  of  travel  and  residence  in  the  South. 
Only  in  describing  the  famous  White  Sulphur 
Springs  of  Virginia  does  the  author  go  far  away 
from  the  sea  coast.  There  are  some  signs  of  pad- 
ding, such  as  the  three  pages  of  memoranda  about 
Mr.  Henry  M.  Flagler,  the  creator  of  the  Florida 
"East  Coast,"  and  the  eight-page  list  of  the  trees 
and  plants  in  the  gardens  of  the  Royal  Palm  Hotel 
at  Miami.  There  are  some  inaccuracies  to  be 
noted,  among  them  the  statement  that  Augusta  is 
the  capital  of  Georgia,  and  the  definition  of  a 
Creole  as  "a  mixture  of  French  and  Indian,  of 
French  and  Spanish,  or  of  all  three."  This  last 
is  enough  to  make  the  late  Mr.  Gayarre  turn  in 
his  grave.  (Lippincott,  $3.50.) 

Tracing  the  originals  of  persons  and  places  in 
fiction  has  from  the  first  been  a  favorite  amuse- 
ment of  those  having  something  of  the  detective 
in  them  as  well  as  a  fondness  for  solving  riddles. 
Mr.  Arthur  Bartlett  Maurice's  researches  in  the 
New  York  of  romance  are  already  known  to 
readers  of  "The  Bookman,"  and  the  volume  that 
now  appears  under  the  title,  "The  New  York 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


475 


of  the  Novelists,"  preserves  in  worthy  form  his 
studies  of  this  nature.  From  Theodore  Winthrop 
to  O.  Henry  and  David  Graham  Phillips  and 
others  of  more  recent  date,  the  metropolitan  scenes 
held  in  mind  (or  supposedly  so)  by  a  long  list  of 
fiction-writers  in  their  pictures  of  New  York  are 
pointed  out  and  in  many  instances  reproduced 
by  the  illustrator's  art.  Both  by  photography 
and  by  less  mechanical  methods  more  than  eighty 
of  these  fragments  of  streets  and  squares  are 
represented.  The  book  shows  much  preparatory 
reading  and  exploration.  (Dodd,  Mead,  $2.) 

Much  has  been  written  about  the  famous  White 
Sulphur  Springs  of  West  Virginia,  but  never  until 
now  has  a  volume  of  more  than  four  hundred 
octavo  pages,  with  a  profusion  of  illustrations, 
been  devoted  to  the  subject.  Ex-Governor  William 
Alexander  MacCorkle,  LL.D.,  has  the  distinction 
of  offering  to  the  world  this  full  account  of  "the 
traditions,  history,  and  social  life  of  the  Green- 
brier  White  Sulphur  Springs."  Besides  its  more 
severely  historical  and  less  severely  legendary 
matter,  "The  White  Sulphur  Springs"  has  a  pert- 
inent chapter  from  Charles  Dudley  Warner's  novel, 
"Their  Pilgrimage,"  and  passages  from  a  "Journal 
of  a  Lady  During  a  Season  at  the  White  Sulphur 
for  the  Year  1837,"  by  "Mark  Pencil,  Esq."  The 
sparkling  days  of  the  famous  springs  are  zestfully 
revived  for  us  by  Governor  MacCorkle.  It  is  a 
sumptuous  as  well  as  interesting  volume,  worthy 
of  its  historic  and  romantic  theme.  (Neale,  $5.) 

So  many  restrictions  and  safeguards  are  neces- 
sarily encountered  by  the  visitor  to  Mount  Vernon, 
who  almost  invariably  finds  himself  jostled  by  a 
crowd  of  other  visitors  as  curious  as  himself,  that 
no  full  acquaintance  with  the  place  can  be  gained 
except  from  books.  No  more  detailed  account  of 
Washington's  home,  and  of  persons  and  events 
connected  therewith,  could  reasonably  be  asked 
for  than  Mr.  Paul  Wilstach's  300-page  octavo 
entitled  "Mount  Vernon:  Washington's  Home  and 
the  Nation's  Shrine."  An  introduction  by  Mr. 
Lawrence  Washington,  great-grandnephew  of  the 
reputed  builder  and  of  the  subsequent  owner  of 
Mount  Vernon,  commends  the  author's  painstaking 
research.  Certainly  there  is  enough  of  doubtful 
tradition  connected  with  the  subject  of  the  book 
to  call  for  unlimited  scholarly  investigation  if  the 
truth  is  ever  to  be  determined.  One  of  the  many 
sidelights  thrown  by  the  book's  more  discursive 
passages  reveals  our  first  President  in  one  of  his 
few  moments  of  unrestrained  passion.  To  a  writer 
in  "The  Democratic  Review"  for  March,  1843,  we 
are  indebted  for  this  interesting  anecdote,  which 
bears  the  marks  of  truth.  The  book  is  copiously 
illustrated,  handsomely  printed,  ornately  bound, 
and  neatly  boxed.  (Doubleday,  Page,  $2.) 

Dr.  Robert  Means  Lawrence,  senior  warden  of 
Saint  Paul's  Cathedral,  Boston,  offers  a  work  of 
antiquarian  research  and  considerable  local  if 
not  wider  interest  —  namely,  "The  Site  of  Saint 
Paul's  Cathedral,  Boston,  and  its  Neighborhood." 
Genealogy  and  local  history  have  long  been  the 
favorite  studies  of  this  New  England  physician 
and  writer,  and  his  extended  connection  with  and 
interest  in  the  church  here  named  adds  to  his 


i   qualifications  for  undertaking  such  a  work  as  the 

;    present.      How   it   came   about   that   the   historic 

!   church  building  was  erected  in  Leverett's  Pasture, 

i   on  the  edge  of  the  present  Common,  is  told  with 

i  much  other  interesting  history  that  helps  to  restore 

the  three-hilled  Boston  of  our  forefathers.     Old 

prints  of  especial  interest  have  been  reproduced 

in  the  illustrations.     (Badger,  $3.50.) 

TRAVEL  IN  FOREIGN  LANDS. 

From  his  early  years,  as  he  tells  us,  Dr.  William 
Elliot  Griffis  has  been  deeply  interested  in  Scot- 
tish history  and  romance,  and  he  has  eight  times 
visited  Scotland  and  explored  its  Highlands  and 
Lowlands.  Accordingly  he  seems  qualified  to  write 
even  more  appreciatively  of  the  land  of  Sir  Walter 
than  of  "brave  little  Holland,"  or  of  far-distant 
Japan,  of  Belgium  or  of  China.  At  any  rate  we 
now  have  from  his  hand,  in  a  volume  of  similar 
scope  and  character  to  those  just  referred  to,  an 
account  of  "Bonnie  Scotland  and  What  We  Owe 
Her,"  well  illustrated  and  full  of  interesting  facts 
presented  in  the  author's  well-known  readable 
manner.  In  twenty-five  chapters  he  takes  the 
reader  from  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh  to  the  islands 
of  the  far  North,  enriching  the  journey  with 
appropriate  bits  of  history  and  legend  and  litera- 
ture. Scott  and  Burns  are  of  course  frequently 
brought  into  view,  as  are  Bruce  and  Wallace  and 
John  Knox.  A  useful  "chronological  framework 
of  Scotland's  history"  is  appended,  but  there  is  no 
map.  The  list  of  Scottish  kings  begins  with 
Robert  II.  and  ends  with  James  LI.  Why  not  go 
back  more  nearly  to  the  time  of  the  blending  of 
Picts  and  Scots  into  one  people,  and  come  down 
later,  to  the  union  of  the  Scottish  and  English 
crowns?  The  history  of  the  name  "Hebrides,"  a 
corruption  of  Pliny's  "Hebudes,"  might  well  have 
gone  back  to  Ptolemy's  "Heboudai,"  the  original 
of  Pliny's  term.  A  six-page,  double-column  index, 
good  but  not  free  from  omissions  (what  index  is?), 
closes  this  well-made  book.  (Houghton  Mifflin, 
$1.25.) 

Astonishment  at  the  hardihood  of  Miss  M.  A. 
Czaplicka,  a  Polish  student  of  Oxford  and  author 
|  of  "My  Siberian  Year,"  is  perhaps  the  strongest 
feeling  of  a  reader  of  her  trying  experiences  in 
the  arctic  rigors  of  the  lower  Yenisei  and  among 
the  Tatars  of  the  Southern  Steppes.  She  spent 
a  winter,  that  of  1914-15,  in  a  region  of  Northern 
Siberia  where,  she  tells  us,  the  thermometer  not 
infrequently  registers  a  temperature  of  eighty  or 
ninety  degrees  Fahrenheit  below  zero.  No  wonder 
she  was  advised  by  the  natives  to  "eat  plenty, 
laugh  much,"  and  look  well  to  her  footgear.  Miss 
Czaplicka  has  written  an  earlier  book  on  "Aborig- 
inal Siberia,"  and  her  sojourns  in  that  forbidding 
quarter  of  the  globe  —  a  country  as  large  as 
Europe  and  Canada  together,  she  estimates  — 
have  been  prompted  by  a  love  of  research,  not 
forced  upon  her  by  a  vengeful  and  despotic 
government.  Her  chapters  show  alert  observa- 
tion of  native  customs,  costumes,  and  superstitions, 
and  her  closing  chapter  pictures  the  country  as  the 
potential  "  Canada  of  the  East  —  the  home  of  a 
great  self-governing  people,  free  to  educate  them- 
selves, to  direct  in  their  own  way  and  for  their 


476 


THE    DIAL 


[November  30 


own  benefit  as  well  as  that  of  the  Russian  Empire 
the  development  of  the  great  resources  of  a  coun- 
try rich  in  minerals  both  'precious'  and  'useful,' 
in  fact  first  in  the  world  in  gold  mines ;  abounding 
in  fine  timber,"  and  so  on,  in  terms  fairly  descrip- 
tive of  an  earthly  paradise.  The  book  is  well 
illustrated  from  photographs  taken,  mostly,  by 
members  of  the  expedition  —  for  the  author  did 
not  travel  alone  —  and  it  has  a  glossary,  map,  and 
index.  (Pott,  $3.) 

China  from  the  inside  and,  better  still,  through 
the  eyes  of  an  observant  woman  with  a  native 
sense  of  humor,  is  presented  in  "An  Irishwoman 
in  China,"  by  Mrs.  de  Burgh  Daly,  who  knows 
the  country  and  the  people  from  a  sojourn  of 
twenty  years.  Hospital  work  first  took  her  thither, 
and  both  she  and  her  husband,  a  physician,  seem 
to  have  mingled  with  the  inhabitants  sufficiently 
to  acquire  some  familiarity  with  their  strange 
ways.  The  Chinese-Japanese  and  the  Japanese- 
Russian  wars  fell  within  the  period  covered  by  the 
book,  and  add  no  little  to  its  interest;  also  the 
Boxer  uprising  contributed  its  part  toward  reliev- 
ing the  monotony.  Dr.  Daly  at  one  time  held  the 
difficult  post  of  Hon.  Treasurer  of  the  Red  Cross 
and  Refugee  Aid  Society,  and  the  kinds  of  money, 
of  many  nations  and  of  fluctuating  values,  that  he 
had  to  handle  must  have  entailed  endless  perplexity 
and  much  arithmetical  calculation.  Vexations  of 
this  sort,  and  of  numerous  other  kinds,  help  to 
vary  the  narrative.  Native  drawings  and  camera 
views  are  inserted  in  profusion.  The  book  is  brisk 
and  readable  throughout.  (Stokes,  $3.50.) 

Vast  and  strauge  the  Middle  East  has  always 
been  to  the  people  of  the  West,  and  vast  and 
strange  it  will  always  remain,  so  far  as  one  can 
predict.  Something  of  this  exotic  quality  is  well 
conveyed  in  Captain  T.  C.  Fowle's  "Travels  in  the 
Middle  East."  Palmyra  thus  impresses  him: 
"Here  in  the  midst  of  the  desert,  where  you  might 
expect  a  miserable  hamlet,  you  are  confronted 
with  the  wreck  of  a  mighty  city.  You  know  it  is 
going  to  be  there,  yet  you  rub  your  eyes.  You 
are  as  much  surprised  as  if  you  came  across  a 
piece  of  desert  set  down  in  the  midst  of  Piccadilly." 
The  journeys  in  question,  undertaken  by  this 
Indian  officer  for  the  purpose  of  studying  Arabic 
and  Persian,  took  him  first  into  Turkish  Arabia 
and  Syria,  and  then  into  Persia.  A  memorable 
episode  was  the  witnessing  of  the  Persian  Passion 
Play,  commemorative  of  the  heroic  death  of  Hus- 
sain,  slain  in  battle  at  Karbala  twelve  hundred 
years  ago.  Many  half-tone  pictures  accompany 
the  reading  matter,  and  a  map  follows,  with  cer- 
tain spellings  unnecessarily  at  variance  with  the 
text.  The  book  was  written  before  the  war,  and 
some  chapters  have  already  appeared  in  various 
periodicals.  They  are  worthy  of  being  collected, 
as  a  record  of  conditions  that  are  likely  to  undergo 
early  change,  if  merely  in  the  running  of  bound- 
ary lines,  as  a  result  of  the  war.  (Dutton,  $2.50.) 

"Who  could  refuse  to  be  happy,"  asks  Mr. 
De  Courcy  W.  Thorn,  "on  a  honeymoon  trip  spent 
in  easy  travel  through  beautiful  France,  romantic 
Southern  Germany,  and  sturdy  Switzerland,  during 
the  most  perfect  of  weather?"  Not  the  fortunate 
author,  certainly,  whose  "Midsummer  Motoring  in 


Europe"  now  pleases  by  its  very  contrast  (if 
for  no  other  reason)  with  the  great  number  of 
present-day  books  about  scenes  and  events  on  the 
European  continent;  for  this  carelessly  chatty, 
appreciatively  descriptive  volume  records  occur- 
rences of  six  years  ago  —  of  the  summer  of  1910, 
when  the  newly  married  hero  and  heroine  of  this 
tale  of  a  traveller  set  forth  for  a  season  of  leisurely 
journeying  through  the  fairest  regions  of  the  Old 
World.  Of  course  Ober-Ammergau  and  its  Pas- 
sion Play  have  a  place  in  the  record,  but  this 
decennial  performance  excited  no  enthusiasm  in 
the  writer.  In  questionable  taste,  some  might 
object,  is  his  occasional  dropping  into  verse,  mostly 
of  the  free  sort;  but  it  is  his  own  book,  published 
under  his  own  copyright,  so  who  shall  say  him 
nay?  Remarks  on  the  quality  of  meals,  and  on 
many  other  topics,  are  plentiful.  The  faithful 
half-tone  does  good  service  throughout.  (Putnam, 
$2.50.) 

Heine  once  called  Prussia  "the  Tartuffe  of  the 
nations"  and  "that  bigoted  and  gaitered  hero,  so 
boastful  and  so  greedy,  who  carries  a  corporal's 
cane  steeped  in  holy  water."  Mr.  Ernest  Alfred 
Vizetelly  seems  to  cherish  sentiments  not  unlike 
Heine's  in  the  section  of  his  new  book  ("In  Seven 
Lands")  devoted  to  England's  arch-enemy.  The 
other  six  lands  are  Austria,  Hungary,  Bohemia, 
Spain,  Portugal,  and  Italy;  and  all  these  seven 
countries,  except  Italy,  he  visited  with  his  father, 
Henry  Vizetelly,  soon  after  the  Franco-German 
War.  His  German  sojourn  was  chiefly  in  Prussia, 
and  he  dwells  on  the  more  unpleasantly  prominent 
features  of  Berlin  manners  and  customs.  He 
divides  "Berlinese  cookery"  into  three  classes, — 
the  salt,  the  greasy,  and  the  sour.  Significant  is  his 
statement  that  in  the  early  years  of  the  German 
occupancy  of  Alsace-Lorraine  there  were  "erected 
no  fewer  than  seventy-six  new  prisons  to  accom- 
modate the  never-ending  victims  of  their  oppres- 
sive rule."  Much  recent  history,  of  Hohenzollerns 
and  Hapsburgs  and  less  exalted  persons,  as  also 
of  places,  finds  its  way  into  Mr.  Vizetelly's  com- 
municative pages.  The  illustrations  are  chiefly 
from  "The  Illustrated  London  News,"  and  greatly 
help  to  take  us  back  to  the  times  under  considera- 
tion. (Duffield,  $4.) 

"London  is  charcoal,  and  charcoal  is  London," 
was  the  neat  phrase  with  which  the  late  F.  Hop- 
kinson  Smith  modestly  explained  his  success  in 
picturing,  with  the  medium  here  indicated,  "the 
wonderful  velvet  blacks,  soft  vapoury  skies,  and 
streaming  silver- washed  streets  of  London."  A 
new  and  cheaper  edition  of  his  work  entitled  "In 
Dickens's  London,"  first  published  two  years  ago, 
is  a  welcome  item  among  the  season's  gift-books. 
It  is,  as  the  author  says,  "a  book  of  illustrations 
with  some  explanatory  extracts  from  the  Master's 
text,  padded  with  some  experiences  of  my  own" — 
except  that  the  so-called  padding  is  worthy  of  a 
less  depreciatory  name.  More  than  a  score  of  the 
fast-disappearing  visible  reminders  of  Dickens  are 
drawn  with  the  artist's  well-known  skill,  and  five 
hitherto  unpublished  Dickensiana,  in  the  form  of 
documents  and  photographs,  are  added  from  a 
friend's  collection.  (Scribner,  $2.) 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


477 


England  and  this  country  have  each  its  "High- 
ways   and    Byways    Series"    of    well-illustrated 
descriptive  books  of  travel.     The  now  long  list 
of  works  of  this  sort  devoted  chiefly  to  British  , 
counties  is  further  lengthened  (and  strengthened) 
by  the  addition  of  a  volume  on  "Highways  and  i 
Byways  in  Galloway  and  Carrick,"  by  the  Rev.  [ 
C.  H.  Dick,  with  drawings  by  Mr.  Hugh  Thomson. 
Scott    and    Burns    have    helped    to    some    slight 
acquaintance   with   this   region   of    Southwestern  j 
Scotland,  but  no  detailed  and  systematic  descrip-  j 
tion  has  been  available  until  the  appearance  of  j 
this  536-page  volume  in  rather  fine  print,  with  j 
folding  map,  full  index,  and  frequent  footnotes.  '< 
History  and  tradition  and  literary  allusion  mingle  | 
agreeably  with  description,  and  the  many  illus-  ! 
trations   that   break   the  text  are  no   unwelcome  '• 
intrusion.     (Macmillan,  $2.) 

The  vast  undeveloped  resources  of  South  Amer-  ! 
ica  will  become  an  object  of  keenest  interest  to  the 
world  as  soon  as  present  fevered  preoccupations 
pass  and  leave  it  at  leisure  for  calmer  thoughts. 
When  that  time  comes,  such  books  as  Mr.  Gordon 
Ross's    "Argentina    and    Uruguay"    will    be    in 
demand.     Some  history  and  politics,  a  little  geog- 
raphy and  anthropography,  and  a  good  deal  of  j 
statistical  information,  with  many  pictures,  a  map, 
and    several     diagrams     illustrating    commercial  ; 
progress,  go  to  the  making  of  the  book.    Mr.  Ross 
was  formerly  financial  editor  of  the  Buenos  Aires 
"Standard,"    and   was   official   translator   to   the' 
Congress  of  American  Republics  at  Buenos  Aires 
in  1910.    Thus  he  speaks  from  no  slender  acquaint-  j 
ance  with  his  subject.     (Macmillan,  $3.50.) 

Artistic    and   architectural   London   forms   the 
main  theme  of  Mr.  E.  V.  Lucas's  "More  Wander- 
ings in  London,"  a  companion  and  supplement  to 
"A  Wanderer  in  London,"  now  ten  years  old  and 
represented  by  more  than  one  edition.    The  present 
chapters  deal  with  the  City's  pictures,  the  statues 
of  London,  the  Society  of  Arts'  tablets,  the  Adelphi 
and  James  Barry,  London  churches,  Gough  Square 
and    St.    Clement    Danes,   Hampton    Court,   and  i 
kindred   topics.     Excellent  colored   drawings  are  ! 
supplied  by  Mr.  H.  M.  Livens,  and  other  pictures  j 
owe  their  existence  to  a  more  mechanical  process  j 
than  this  artist's.    It  is  sadly  typical  of  the  times  j 
that  "Mr.  Livens  would  have  made,  among  other  j 
pictures  not  here,  a  drawing  of  the  new  Admiralty 
Arch,  had  not  this  been  forbidden,  during  war 
time,  by  the  authorities."     (Doran,  $2.) 

ABT  AND  HANDICRAFT. 

There  is  in  Mr.  Joseph  Pennell's  work  something 
of  the  splendid  virility  and  courageousness  which 
made  Walt  Whitman  the  most  significant  figure 
which  America  has  yet  produced.  There  is  no 
more  fearless  an  artist  to-day  than  he,  nor  one 
with  keener  insight.  Were  Mr.  Pennell  less  a 
master  in  his  chosen  craft,  he  would  doubtless  be 
less  convincing.  But  when  one  has  proven  himself 
so  great,  as  has  Mr.  Pennell,  in  the  conventional 
fields  of  the  etcher  and  lithographer,  he  may  be 
trusted  when  his  vision  leads  him  farther  afield. 
His  unique  contribution  to  contemporary  art  lies 
in  his  exploitation  of  modern  industrial  conditions. 
Mr.  Pennell  is  essentially  of  the  twentieth  cen- 


tury—  of  America.  He  is  a  bluff,  outspoken 
Yankee  in  art.  He  is  not  ashamed  to  work,  he 
respects  work,  he  glories  in  it.  The  result  is  that 
he  has  glorified  labor.  He  has  perceived  the 
dramatic,  new-age  aspects  of  oil-fields,  sky- 
scrapers, smelteries,  and  has  recorded  his  percep- 
tions convincingly.  Consequently  "The  Wonder 
of  Work"  (Lippincott,  $2.)  is  perhaps  the  most 
interesting  of  the  many  collections  of  Mr.  Pennell's 
drawings,  since  it  consists  entirely  of  etchings 
and  lithographs  in  which  the  artist  is  most  fully 
himself.  These  fifty-two  plates  cover  nearly  the 
entire  industrial  world,  from  the  oil-wells  of 
British  Columbia  and  the  mines  of  Butte,  to  the 
power  houses  at  Niagara,  the  docks  at  Hamburg 
and  the  factories  of  Sheffield.  The  brief  text 
accompanying  each  plate  gives  delightful  glimpses 
of  Mr.  Pennell  at  work;  they  are  full  of  gay 
chatter,  of  enthusiasm  and  delight  in  finding  unex- 
pected bits,  or  discovering  the  particular  thing  he 
has  sought.  And  by  way  of  saying  what  he  means, 
Mr.  Pennell  is  almost  as  great  an  artist  with  words 
as  with  his  pen. 

If  you  scratch  the  skin  of  a  painter,  you  find 
a  man  underneath.  Such  at  least  is  the  belief  of 
Mr.  J.  Walker  McSpadden,  whose  book  on 
"Famous  Painters  of  America,"  not  wholly  new 
to  readers,  "treats  primarily  of  the  picturesque 
and  human  sides  of  its  subjects."  No  technical 
jargon  irritates  the  general  reader  in  these  anec- 
dotal pages,  where  lively  dialogue  and  amusing 
incident  engage  the  attention  without  necessarily 
evoking  troublesome  queries  as  to  the  authenticity 
of  it  all.  If  the  discursive  chapters  excite  interest 
and  make  more  familiar  the  names  that  head  them, 
that  at  any  rate  is  a  desirable  end  in  itself.  Four- 
teen artists,  each  neatly  characterized  —  as 
Benjamin  West,  the  painter  of  destiny;  John 
Singleton  Copley,  the  painter  of  early  gentility; 
Gilbert  Stuart,  the  painter  of  presidents;  George 
Innes,  the  painter  of  nature's  moods,  and  so  on — 
are  considered  in  succession,  the  remaining  names 
being  Vedder,  Homer,  La  Farge,  Whistler,  Sar- 
gent, Abbey,  Chase,  Alexander,  Weir,  and  Hassam. 
Many  reproductions  are  interspersed,  but  with 
seldom  an  indication  where  the  originals  may  be 
seen,  and  a  bibliography  follows.  (Dodd,  Mead, 
$2.50.) 

Homely  and  full  of  "human  interest"  are  the 
objects  described  and  in  many  instances  pictured 
in  "The  Quest  of  the  Quaint,"  by  Miss  Virginia 
Robie.  Among  the  quaint  objects  of  bygone  art 
treasured  by  this  collector  are  bandboxes,  samplers, 
old  needlework,  pictures,  colonial  chintz,  cottage 
ornaments  of  various  kinds,  silhouettes,  American 
snuffboxes,  crockery  animals,  and  other  amusing 
creations  of  a  primitive  taste  in  things  aesthetic. 
One  merit  not  to  be  overlooked  in  Miss  Robie's 
book  is  that  it  names  many  articles  possible  of 
collection  without  a  long  purse  to  pay  the  bilL 
Old  candlesticks  and  bandboxes  and  valentines  are 
still  to  be  found  and  secured  with  no  long  journeys 
or  terrifying  bills  attendant  on  the  quest;  and, 
better  still,  hardly  any  of  these  antiques  of  the 
simpler  sort  are  yet  turned  out  by  the  gross  in 
modern  factories  for  the  deception  of  rich  and 
careless  collectors.  Twenty  plates  in  half-tone  and 


478 


THE    DIAL 


[November  30 


unusually  full  index  are  among  the  excellent  fea- 
tures of  this  good  book.  (Little,  Brown,  $2.) 

In  the  second  volume  of  "The  Home  Connois- 
seur Series"  Mr.  Fred.  W.  Burgess  gives  in  handy 
form  much  information  concerning  potters  and 
pottery.  "Old  Pottery  and  Porcelain"  is  the  title 
of  his  book,  which  he  opens  with  the  prefatory 
remark,  noteworthy  on  account  of  its  form  if  not 
also  because  of  its  substance,  that  "in  this,  the 
second  volume  of  the  series,  pottery,  which, 
although  at  first  crudely  modelled  and  merely  sun- 
baked, has  always  been  deemed  essential  in  every 
home,  is  treated  upon."  Naturally  the  pottery  of 
England,  and  especially  of  Staffordshire,  claims 
a  larger  section  of  the  book  than  any  other  ware; 
and  no  one  interested  in  the  Five  Towns  will 
regret  this.  Useful  chapters  on  the  potter's  art 
and  his  materials,  decorations,  and  glazes,  pre- 
historic pottery,  and  its  historic  beginnings,  pre- 
cede this  portion;  and  chapters  devoted  to  other 
than  English  ceramic  manufactures  follow,  with 
some  pages  describing  collections  of  special  sorts, 
reproductions,  restorations,  imitations,  and  so  on. 
Glossary  and  index  then  conclude  the  volume, 
which  is  lavishly  illustrated  throughout.  (Putnam, 
$2.50.) 

Illustrators  of  Shakespeare,  from  the  earliest 
crude  attempts  to  embellish  his  works,  or  about 
1655,  to  the  finished  art  of  Abbey  and  Sargent, 
and  Arthur  Rackham  and  W.  Heath  Robinson  are 
richly  represented  in  a  special  number  of  "The 
International  Studio,"  which  bears  the  title 
"Shakespeare  in  Pictorial  Art."  About  thirty 
pages  of  introductory,  historical,  and  explanatory 
matter  are  supplied  by  Mr.  Malcolm  C.  Salaman, 
and  there  are  more  than  one  hundred  full-page 
reproductions,  many  in  color,  of  the  work  of 
seventy-two  artists.  Shakespeare's  birthplace  and 
his  more  notable  portraits  are  also  given.  The 
plays  form  an  inexhaustible  storehouse  of  sugges- 
tion for  the  artist,  and  of  course  there  is  room  for 
almost  unlimited  variety  of  treatment  in  the  same 
theme,  as  this  collection  strikingly  illustrates.  It 
is  a  sumptuous  work,  worthy  of  a  sumptuous  bind- 
ing in  place  of  the  paper  cover  in  which  it  is  sold. 
(Lane,  $2.50.) 

England  has  won  no  great  measure  of  fame  from 
the  invention  of  artistic  designs  in  furniture,  but 
she  has  placed  her  stamp  upon  patterns  adopted 
from  other  countries;  and  among  the  distinctive 
styles  attributed  to  her  by  reason  of  this  impress 
is  that  known  as  Jacobean,  heavy  and  massive  in 
build  and  running  much  to  a  superfluity  of  stout 
legs  and  an  excess  of  spiral  carving.  An  instruc- 
tive and  not  uninteresting  book  on  "Jacobean 
Furniture  and  English  Styles  in  Oak  and  Walnut" 
is  written  by  Mrs.  Helen  Churchill  Candee  and 
generously  illustrated  from  seventeenth-century 
and  later  examples.  Evidently  not  all  that  is  rich 
and  rare  in  furniture  is  in  mahogany.  The  cheap- 
ness and  modernness  of  varnish  are  impressed  upon 
one  by  these  well-informed  chapters  of  Mrs. 
Candee's.  But  they  are  by  no  means  confined  to 
such  superficialities.  Conciseness  and  brevity  are 
not  the  least  of  the  book's  virtues  —  it  has  only 
fifty-six  pages.  (Stokes,  $1.25.) 


Niceties  of  domestic  furnishing  and  decoration 
are  expertly  handled  by  Mrs.  Hazel  H.  Adler  in 
"The  New  Interior,"  a  handsomely  illustrated  vol- 
ume calculated  to  please  those  possessed  of  both 
taste  and  a  comfortable  income  as  well  as  a  liking 
for  what  is  aesthetically  satisfying  in  the  minutest 
details  of  their  home  environment.  Here  is  a 
typical  passage:  "If  breakfast  is  enjoyed  in  bed, 
it  may  be  served  on  a  dazzling  white  tray  with 
an  exquisite  rose  pink  tray  cover,  and  white  china 
with  a  deep  pink  border;  or  the  tray  may  have  a 
green  cover  and  sprigged  peasant  china;  or  a 
delft  blue  cover  with  delft  blue  and  white  china." 
Those  who  believe  the  home  should  be  artistically 
expressive  of  its  inmates  and  not  an  accidental 
conglomeration  of  more  or  less  conventional  pat- 
terns and  colors,  will  welcome  the  many  helpful 
suggestions  in  this  book.  Its  chapters  consider, 
among  other  topics,  the  treatment  of  walls,  the 
selection  of  furniture,  the  problem  of  the  dining 
table,  the  country  house,  the  city  apartment,  chil- 
dren's rooms,  making  over  old  houses,  "the  little 
touches,"  and,  somewhat  outside  the  main  theme, 
the  modern  church  interior.  Various  artists  have 
contributed  illustrations,  many  in  color,  and  there 
are  also  pictures  from  photographs.  (Century, 
$3.) 

The  handy  guide  to  Florentine  art  compiled  by 
Mrs.  Henry  Ady  (Julia  Cartwright)  nearly  fifteen 
years  ago,  and  since  then  six  times  reprinted,  is 
now  again  offered  to  readers  and  buyers.  "The 
Painters  of  Florence  from  the  Thirteenth  to  the 
Sixteenth  Century"  is  the  book's  title.  Enthusias- 
tic in  her  love  of  Italian  art,  and  well  read  in  its 
history,  Mrs.  Ady  writes  with  the  skill  and  the 
power  to  command  attention  that  have  distin- 
guished her  in  a  varied  range  of  literary  work. 
The  half-tone  reproductions,  seventeen  in  number, 
are  necessarily  too  small  to  do  justice  to  the 
originals,  but  will  serve  as  suggestions.  (Button, 
$1.50.) 

OUTSTANDING  CARTOONS. 

The  measure  of  a  man  may  safely  be  taken  by 
his  sense  of  humor,  particularly  where  he  himself 
is  involved.  So  with  nations.  The  cartoons  which 
a  nation  produces,  particularly  at  such  a  time  as 
the  present,  have  a  peculiar,  not  to  say,  significant 
interest.  One  of  the  most  interesting  volumes  of 
the  many  which  have  recently  been  compiled  is  that 
entitled  "International  Cartoons  of  the  War" 
(Button,  $1.50),  edited  by  H.  Pearl  Adam.  Among 
the  sixty-odd  drawings  contained  in  this  volume 
are  representative  cartoons  from  English,  Italian, 
American,  Japanese,  Russian,  Polish,  French,  and 
German  sources.  Assembled  thus  in  a  single  book 
they  afford  the  student  of  humanity  a  deal  of 
information. 

A  somewhat  gayer  volume  is  Heath  Robinson's 
"Hunlikely!"  (Buckworth,  $1.).  Mr.  Robinson 
has  long  been  justly  famous  for  his  delighful 
drolleries  in  the  London  "Sketch,"  but  aside  from 
the  quaint  humor  of  his  ingenious  designs  for 
"Armored  Bayonet  Curlers  for  Spoiling  the 
Temper  of  the  Enemy's  Steel"  or  for  "Screw- 
stoppers  for  Plugging  the  Muzzles  of  the  Enemy's 
Rifles,"  there  is  no  lack  of  appreciation  for  the 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


479 


foibles  of  his  countrymen.  Certainly  a  nation 
which  can  at  a  time  of  ordeal  laugh  good- 
humoredly,  has  in  it  elements  of  greatness!  In 
strong  contrast  with  certain  German  tendencies, 
there  is  here  nothing  of  boorishness  or  ill-temper. 
A  fair  laugh  and  a  hearty  one! 

It  is  no  small  satisfaction  to  discover  that  our 
own  Cesare  of  the  "New  York  Sun,"  holds  his  own 
as  a  cartoonist  of  international  events.  He  has 
long  been  one  of  the  outstanding  cartoonists  this 
side  the  water,  but  his  cartoons  of  the  war  give 
him  more  than  local  significance.  The  best  of 
these  have  been  collected  in  "One  Hundred  Car- 
toons" (Small,  Maynard,  $3.),  and  every  American 
interested  in  the  art  of  the  cartoon  cannot  but 
find  this  collection  of  more  than  temporary  inter- 
est. Aside  from  a  splendid  technique,  Cesare  is 
possessed  of  a  poetic  fervor,  imagination,  and  a 
keen  feeling  for  beauty.  Many  of  these  are  draw- 
ings of  a  very  noble  order,  qualified  by  a  sentiment 
that  is  not  mawkish.  Because  of  his  power  as 
much  as  his  fine  restraint,  Cesare  may  be  said 
to  be  an  aristocrat  among  American  cartoonists. 

Most  interesting  of  all  the  cartoons  called  forth 
by  the  war  are  those  of  Louis  Raemaekers  of 
Holland.  These  are  certainly  an  addition  to  the 
world's  great  cartoons  and  must  long  remain  a 
significant  commentary  on  the  present  struggle. 
Conviction  has  winged  Raemaekers's  pen  with  such 
virile  penetration  that  the  Kaiser  has  set  a  price 
upon  his  head,  and  small  wonder.  For  it  is  with 
the  outraged  sense  of  the  angels  that  Raemaekers 
has  witnessed  the  invasion  of  Belgium,  and  the 
slaughter  of  the  world's  youth.  Raemaekers  is  too 
big  a  man  to  hate  his  enemy, —  no  Prussian  tricks 
for  him.  And  he  is  also  too  big  a  man  to  accept 
the  spineless  dictates  of  neutrality.  Despite  the 
politics  of  his  country  or  the  welfare  of  his  own 
purse,  he  spoke  out.  Because  of  his  conviction 
there  is  in  his  work  a  spiritual  quality  that  grips 
and  stirs  one  to  white  heat.  These  are  not  merry 
pictures,  but  no  man  or  woman  should  evade  the 
responsibility  of  studying  each  one  of  them.  They 
tell  us  more  than  can  words  something  of  what 
the  men  at  the  front  have  suffered.  Those  of  us 
who  have  not  done  our  bit  in  actual  service,  owe 
it  to  the  memory  of  those  who  have,  to  realize 
as  intimately  and  vividly  as  is  possible  what  war 
is.  Else,  how  shall  we  know  the  magnitude  of 
our  debt?  (Doubleday,  Page,  $5.) 

NEW  EDITIONS  OF  OLD  FAVORITES. 

Stevenson's  romances,  like  those  of  his  master, 
Sir  Walter,  lend  themselves  readily  to  the  illus- 
trator's art;  and  an  artist  of  skill  and  taste  can, 
with  his  brush  or  pencil,  add  not  a  little  to  the 
interest  and  charm  of  the  tale.  Such  an  artist 
Mr.  N.  C.  Wyeth  shows  himself  to  be  in  the  pic- 
torial accompaniment  to  "The  Black  Arrow,"  an 
attractive  and  even  sumptuous  example  of  the 
holiday  gift-book.  Dick  Skelton  and  the  other 
chief  characters  are  conceived  in  the  right  spirit 
and  well  drawn.  All  the  illustrations,  fourteen 
in  number,  are  bright  with  color,  but  less  glaring 
than  some  that  have  been  seen.  Binding  and 
wrapper  and  end  leaves  are  pictorially  embel- 
lished. (Scribner,  $2.25.) 


Under  the  title  "Old  Christmas"  are  gathered 
five  seasonable  chapters  from  Irving's  "Sketch 
Book,"  with  illustrations  in  profusion  by  Mr. 
Frank  Dadd.  The  colored  frontispiece  is  admir- 
able, fairly  alive  with  human  and  animal  activity; 
the  other  pictures,  colored  and  plain,  are  of  vary- 
ing excellence,  but  the  work  as  a  whole  forms  a 
most  acceptable  gift-book  for  Christmas.  Why  the 
publishers,  or  the  editor,  should  have  so  care- 
fully refrained  from  any  mention  of  the  source  of 
these  selections  —  except  as  to  their  authorship  — 
would  puzzle  anyone  not  already  familiar  with 
the  ways  of  Christmas  books.  The  chapter-head- 
ings, as  in  the  original  work,  are  as  follows: 
"Christmas,"  "The  Stage  Coach,"  "Christmas 
Eve,"  "Christmas  Day,"  and  "The  Christmas  Din- 
ner." An  ornamented  box  holds  the  book.  (Put- 
nam, $2.50.) 

One  of  Hawthorne's  minor  works,  the  rambling 
sketch  called  "The  Seven  Vagabonds,"  comes  out 
this  season  in  a  special  illustrated  edition.  Many 
should  enjoy  reviving  their  acquaintance  with  the 
travelling  showman  and,  still  more,  with  the 
scholarly  young  gentleman  who  hired  a  corner  of 
the  showman's  wagon  and  converted  it  into  a 
peripatetic  bookshop,  a  "circulating  library,"  as 
he  humorously  explained,  "since  there  were  few 
parts  of  the  country  where  it  had  not  gone  its 
rounds."  And  there  are  other  notable  characters. 
Italic  type  is  used  throughout  the  book,  and  its 
fifty  pages  are  interspersed  with  eight  clean-cut 
and  finely  appropriate  drawings  by  Miss  Helen 
Mason  Grose.  (Houghton  Mifflin,  $L) 

Hector  Malot's  "Sans  Famille,"  first  published 
in  1878  and  crowned  by  the  French  Academy,  is 
so  good  a  story  as  to  merit  repeated  republication 
and  retranslation.  Miss  Florence  Crewe-Jones 
now  offers  a  version  with  the  title,  "Nobody's 
Boy."  Four  colored  pictures  are  furnished  by 
Mr.  John  B.  Gruelle.  Known  only  in  part  to 
many  a  school  and  college  student,  this  story  is 
well  worth  reading  to  the  end  —  in  French  if 
possible,  but,  far  better  than  not  at  all,  in  a 
fluent  English  rendering  like  the  one  now  at  hand. 
(Cupples  &  Leon,  $1.25.) 

Again  the  pleasing  parable  of  "The  Land  of  the 
Blue  Flower,"  by  Mrs.  Frances  Hodgson  Burnett, 
is  offered  to  the  reading  public.  The  story  of  King 
Amor  and  his  law  that  everyone  in  the  kingdom 
must  plant  and  care  for  a  blue  flower,  and  how 
the  poor  cripple  who  could  plant  none  yet  won 
the  king's  special  favor,  is  in  this  edition  appro- 
priately embellished  with  a  floral  marginal  design 
in  blue.  Colored  pictures  are  also  inserted.  As  a 
handsome  gift  book  at  a  moderate  price,  it  is  sure 
of  a  welcome.  (Moffat,  Yard,  $1.25.) 

HOLIDAY  FICTION. 

Mark  Twain's  posthumous  romance  —  thus 
.  styled  on  the  title-page,  but  more  properly  a  par- 
able —  already  f amiliar  in  its  serial  form  to 
readers  of  "Harper's  Magazine,"  deserves  prom- 
inent notice  among  the  season's  works  of  fiction. 
"The  Mysterious  Stranger"  has  its  scene  laid  in 
mediaeval  Austria.  The  Stranger  is  Satan  in  dis- 
guise. Shocking  to  all  the  conventionalities  are 
his  freely  expressed  opinions  on  many  themes. 


480 


THE    DIAL 


[November  30 


Not  a  few  of  his  bitterly  satirical  utterances  are 
peculiarly  appropriate  to  the  present  time.  Per- 
haps he  might  be  regarded  as  a  kind  of  first  cousin 
to  the  same  author's  Connecticut  Yankee,  the  same 
disconcerting  perspicacity  appearing  in  both. 
Mr.  N.  C.  Wyeth  illustrates  the  tale  with  seven 
colored  plates  in  harmony  with  its  spirit.  (Harper, 
$2.) 

Miss  Marshall  Saunders,  whose  "Beautiful  Joe" 
is  said  to  have  passed  the  million  mark  in  circula- 
tion since  its  first  appearance  twenty-one  years 
ago,  offers  this  season  another  dog  story,  "The 
Wandering  Dog."  It  does  not  tend  to  make  the 
narrative  "convincing" — as  we  say  for  lack  of  a 
better  word  —  to  have  the  four-footed  hero  write 
his  own  autobiography;  but  as  soon  as  one  gets 
used  to  that  palpable  absurdity,  the  rapid  succes- 
sion of  stirring  events  in  the  hero's  life  begins  to 
hold  the  attention.  Not  even  dogs  are  able  to 
preserve  their  neutrality  in  the  present  war,  it 
appears  from  this  book,  as  an  English  bulldog 
and  a  German  dachshund  make  very  evident.  New 
York  is  the  scene  of  the  story,  and  some  of  the 
chief  characters  are  shown  in  half-tone  portraits 
from  real  life.  Miss  Saunders  has  given  us  a 
good  example  of  canine  fiction,  and  one  that  will 
advance  the  cause  of  the  S.  P.  C.  A.  (Doran, 
$1.50.) 

How  a  Christmas  card  called  back  a  wandering 
lover  to  the  maiden  of  his  choice  is  prettily  set 
forth,  with  many  tender  and  touching  details, 
in  "The  Romance  of  a  Christmas  Card,"  by  Mrs. 
Riggs,  better  known  as  Kate  Douglas  Wiggin. 
New  England  country  life  and  country  talk  are 
agreeably  presented.  It  is  the  minister's  wife  who 
designs  the  card  that  brings  about  the  happy 
reunion  of  the  lovers,  and  the  reader  is  left  to 
imagine  the  most  delightful  and  satisfying  issue 
to  this  joyous  event.  The  colored  pictures  indis- 
pensable to  such  a  Christmas  story  are  not  lack- 
ing, and  they  are  supplemented  by  line  drawings 
and  pleasing  decorations.  (Houghton  Mifflin,  $1.) 

Eleven  short  stories  illustrating  the  truth  that  a 
guilty  conscience  is  its  own  accuser  are  collected 
in  Mr.  Cyrus  Townsend  Brady's  little  book,  "And 
Thus  He  Came:  A  Christmas  Fantasy."  In  each 
of  these  tales  a  fleeting  vision,  an  unmistakable 
presence,  works  a  sudden  rescue  from  sin  or 
despair  or  both.  Idealistic  in  the  extreme,  these 
Christmas  stories  will  find  delighted  readers  —  but 
not  among  the  lovers  of  realism.  Mr.  Walter  D. 
Everett  supplies  six  colored  illustrations.  The 
book  is  decoratively  bound.  (Putnam,  $1.) 

Not  even  Rab  or  Stickeen  lays  a  stronger  hold 
on  the  reader's  affections  than  the  faithful  and 
intelligent  dog  Scotch,  whose  tragic  history  is  told 
by  his  master,  Mr.  Enos  A.  Mills,  in  "The  Story 
of  Scotch."  Tragic  only  in  its  ending  is  this 
canine  biography;  the  life  as  a  whole  of  the 
devoted  collie  was  a  bright  and  rather  joyously 
eventful  one.  His  faithfulness  to  duty,  his  brave 
and  cheerful  participation  in  danger  and  hardship, 
his  attachment  to  his  master,  whose  life  he  once 
(and  perhaps  oftener)  saved  at  considerable  cost 
to  himself — all  this  is  well  told  in  the  book,  as 
indeed  it  has  already  been  fragmentarily  related 


elsewhere  by  the  author.  Some  happy  snap-shots 
of  Scotch,  both  in  repose  and  in  action,  enliven  the 
narrative,  which  ends  all  too  soon  with  a  brief 
account  of  the  four-footed  hero's  death,  in  attempt- 
ing to  extinguish  a  lighted  fuse  which  he  mistook 
for  an  incipient  forest  fire  such  as  he  had  been 
trained  to  take  action  against  at  all  hazards.  In 
the  blast  that  came  at  the  moment  of  the  dog's 
response  to  the  seeming  call  for  his  services  he  was 
instantly  killed.  (Houghton  Mifflin,  75  cts.) 

MISCELLANEOUS  HOLIDAY  PUBLICATIONS. 

Though  not  in  the  least  imitative,  "A  Country 
Chronicle,"  by  Professor  Grant  Showerman,  has 
the  same  sort  of  charm  that  is  found  in  "Huckle- 
berry Finn"  and  "Tom  Sawyer"  and  "The  Story 
of  a  Bad  Boy."  It  is  not  like  any  one  of  these 
books,  except  that  it  is  simply  told,  with  touches 
of  humor  and  raciness.  It  evidently  pictures  much 
of  its  author's  own  up-bringing  in  the  wholesome 
atmosphere  of  a  middle-western  farming  commu- 
nity of  New  England  antecedents,  and  is  filled  with 
the  innocent  pastimes,  the  healthful  activities,  the 
unconventional  sociabilities,  of  a  country  town  in 
the  good  old  times  so  many  of  us  like  to  recall. 
Many  amusing  and  half-forgotten  boyish  ways 
and  childish  superstitions  are  admirably  repro- 
duced, as  in  the  passage  where  the  "sideache"  from 
hard  running  (how  well  we  recall  it!)  is  cured 
by  lifting  a  half -buried  stone  from  the  ground, 
spitting  into  its  bed,  and  carefully  replacing  it. 
The  narrative  is  in  the  first  person,  in  the  sup- 
posed style  of  a  ten-year-old  boy,  which  of  course, 
in  a  book,  can  be  only  an  approximation  to  such 
a  style  in  actuality.  But  the  verisimilitude  is  not 
bad.  Good  pictures  abound,  drawn  by  Mr.  George 
Wright.  (Century,  $1.50.) 

Poems  of  sea-faring  life  published  by  Mr. 
John  Masefield  in  the  last  five  or  six  years  are 
collected  in  a  generously  illustrated  volume  under 
the  title,  "Salt- Water  Poems  and  Ballads."  The 
stirring,  realistic  quality  of  these  pieces  hardly 
needs  to  be  pointed  out  at  this  time.  In  illus- 
trating them  with  brush  and  pencil  Mr.  Charles 
Pears  has  caught  their  spirit.  Twelve  colored  and 
twenty  black-and-white  pictures  accompany  the 
poems;  and  if  the  colors  are  at  times  a  bit  start- 
ling, so  are  the  verses.  A  glossary  of  nautical 
terms  and  sailors'  slang  is  appended.  (Macmillan, 
$2.) 

The  born  gardener  is  almost  sure  to  prefer  the 
enclosed  garden  to  the  modern  fenceless,  hedge- 
less,  wholly  unprotected  and  undefined  area 
devoted  to  flowers  and  shrubs.  Such  at  any  rate 
is  the  preference  of  Mrs.  Louise  Beebe  Wilder, 
whose  book,  "My  Garden,"  is  not  for  those  that 
love  only  open  lawns  and  would  dispense  with 
privacy  as  soon  as  they  pass  out  of  the  front 
door.  Inspiration,  even  more  than  guidance,  is 
found  in  the  agreeable  pages  of  this  horticultural 
enthusiast.  Even  her  chapter-headings  are  invit- 
ing, as  for  example:  "The  Day  before  Spring," 
"May  in  the  Garden,"  "June  Magic,"  "Autumn 
Beauty,"  "The  Lure  of  the  Lily,"  "Who's  Who 
among  the  Annuals,"  and  "Green  Draperies." 
Useful  flower-lists  are  given  here  and  there,  but 
no  index  points  the  way  to  any  particular  topic. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


481 


Glimpses  of  Mrs.  Wilder's  garden,  or  of  some 
garden,  real  or  imaginary,  are  pleasingly  given  in 
drawings  by  Mr.  Will  Simmons.  A  riot  of  bloom 
is  commonly  shown;  for  though  the  writer  sticks 
to  the  old-fashioned  garden  wall,  she  does  not 
return  to  the  old-time  stiffness  and  regularity  in 
garden  arrangement.  A  few  colored  views  of  her 
luxuriant  hollyhocks  and  pinks,  foxgloves  and 
peonies,  climbing  roses  and  border  roses,  would 
have  been  welcome.  (Doubleday,  Page,  $1.50.) 

An  Emerson  lecturing  on  love  involves,  to  many 
observers,  a  comical  absurdity.  What  does  a  sub- 
limated transcendental  philosophy  know  of  the 
fiery  passion  of  love?  Mr.  Arthur  L.  Salmon's 
well-ordered  discourses  on  "The  Joy  of  Love  and 
Friendship"  (which  open  with  quotations  from 
Thoreau  and  Emerson)  throw  little  or  no  new  light 
on  this  tremendous  emotion;  but  of  love  in  its 
larger  sense  he  does  write  informingly  and  well. 
To  him  "friendship  at  its  highest  is  love  and 
nothing  else."  And  so  his  book,  as  was  doubtless 
his  intention,  is  more  properly  a  dissertation  on 
friendship  than  a  presentation  of  the  raptures  of 
love.  Old  and  admitted  truths,  even  commonplaces 
and  platitudes,  can  hardly  be  wholly  excluded  from 
such  a  treatise;  but  to  many  of  us  the  familiar 
and  the  recognized  are  more  welcome  than  the 
new  and  startling.  In  thirty-one  thoughtful  chap- 
ters the  author's  theme  is  ably  and  at  times  sug- 
gestively and  helpfully  developed.  (Forbes 
75  cts.) 

The  difficulties  and  dangers  and  delicate  respon- 
sibilities of  friendship  have  been  less  written  about 
than  its  joys  and  beauties  and  refining  graces. 
In  Miss  Bertha  Conde's  thoughtful  treatise  on 
"The  Business  of  Being  a  Friend,"  she  does  not 
shirk  the  more  serious  aspects  of  this  precarious 
relationship;  for  it  is,  in  very  truth,  a  tie  ever 
liable  to  sudden  rupture  from  an  infinite  variety 
of  causes.  Yet  with  tact  and  will,  friendship  can 
be  made  firm  and  lasting.  It  is  a  fine  art  as  well 
as  a  serious  business.  Miss  Conde  treats,  first,  of 
the  normal  life  as  one  of  friendship,  then  of  find- 
ing oneself  in  friendship,  of  how  friends  come,  of 
the  marks  of  enduring  friendship,  the  tests  of 
friendship,  and  so  on,  ending  with  the  respon- 
sibilities of  friendship.  She  writes  from  a  rich 
experience  as  Student  Secretary  for  the  National 
Board  of  Young  Women's  Christian  Associations. 
Dr.  Richard  C.  Cabot  cordially  commends  the  book 
in  a  brief  introduction.  (Houghton  Afifflin,  $1.25.) 

The  dog,  "whose  mute  and  constant  friendship 
links  the  man  and  brute,"  was  made  the  subject  of 
an  anthology  last  year,  and  again  this  year  his 
praises  are  sung  in  a  book  of  verse.  Mr.  J.  Earl 
Clauson,  compiler  of  "The  Dog's  Book  of  Verse," 
groups  his  selections  under  four  heads:  "Puppy- 
hood,"  "The  Human  Relationship,"  "The  Dog  in 
Action,"  and  "The  Dog's  Hereafter."  From  poets 
as  famous  as  Burns  and  Byron  to  the  modest  but 
prolific  Mr.  Anonymous  a  wide  range  of  talent  is 
represented.  An  alphabetic  index  of  authors  would 
have  been  a  useful  addition  to  the  book,  which  has 
only  a  table  of  contents  as  a  way-finder.  Nearly 
ninety  poems  are  given.  (Small,  Maynard,  $1.) 

A  man  fond  of  meditation  is  likely  to  amuse 


himself  by  putting  into  short  and  pithy  maxims 
what  life  means  to  him.  An  amateur  philosopher 
:  of  this  sort  gives  us  a  little  book  of  such  wisdom 
!  in  tabloid  form,  with  the  title,  "Reflections  of  a 
Cornfield  Philosopher."  Mr.  E.  W.  Helms  is  the 
author,  and  he  says  some  good  things  —  also  some 
not  so  good.  There  are  fifty-eight  pages  of  this 
cornfield  philosophy,  each  page  decorated  with 
two  vigorous  cornstalks  bearing  two  ears  apiece; 
and  a  bunch  of  the  ripened  ears  still  further  adorns 
the  title-page.  Both  print  and  decoration  are  in 
brown,  like  the  study  that  produced  the  book. 
(Crowell,  50  cts.) 

Much  amusing  nonsense  in  the  form  of  broken 
English,  or  distorted  English,  is  to  be  found  in 
"Seven  Maids  of  Far  Cathay:  Being  English 
Notes  from  a  Chinese  Class  Book.  Compiled  by 
Bing  Ding.  Illustrated  by  Ai  Lang."  A  foreword 
gravely  informs  us  that  these  notes  were  steno- 
graphically  taken  down  as  read  by  the  members 
of  the  graduating  class  of  the  Woman's  Anglo- 
Chinese  College  at  Neuchang,  China.  It  is  all 
rather  good  f  ooling,  much  like  Air.  Wallace  Irwin's 
"Letters  of  a  Japanese  Schoolboy"  in  its  laugh- 
able twisting  of  idioms.  Here  is  the  Anglo- 
Chinese  definition  of  genius:  "Geniuses  are 
birthed  not  made.  Of  that,  the  truth,  I  have  con- 
fidence of  the  uttermost.  Two  possessions  must 
be  theirs  —  Longevity  of  Hair  and  Billiousness  of 
Character."  A  few  half-tone  views,  presumably 
Chinese,  with  a  lesser  number  of  professedly 
:  amateur  drawings,  go  with  the  Notes,  which  are 
I  also  decorated  in  a  Chinese  manner.  (Elder, 
I  $1.25.) 

Considerable  ado  is  made,  in  an  entertaining 
fashion,  over  an  experiment  on  the  part  of  two 
;  maiden  ladies  in  keeping  house  for  one  summer 
I  without  any  servants.     "Content  with  Flies"  is 
j  the  whimsical  name  of  the  book   in  which  the 
|  experience  is  chronicled.    "As  cats  when  they  can 
get  no  mice  content  themselves  with  catching  flies" 
supplied   this   name.      The   authors,    Miss   Mary 
I   Findlater  and  Miss  Jane  Findlater,  reminded  of 
|  the  need  of  economy  in  these  hard  times,  hired  a 
remote  cottage  in  rural  Scotland  and  achieved  the 
unheard-of   triumph    of   worrying   through   with 
|  only  a  little  help  from  outside.    It  is  all  brightly 
and  humorously  told,  and  to  many  readers,  espe- 
cially of  the  writers'  sex,  may  seem  well  worth  the 
telling.    The  cottage  and  a  few  scenes  in  the  neigh- 
borhood are  represented  in  half-tone.      (Dutton, 
!  $10 

Of  course  everyone  can  name  the  Seven  Won- 
ders of  the  ancient  world  —  until  the  attempt  is 
actually  made.  To  refresh  our  memories  on  this 
head,  and  to  give  us  some  of  the  latest  results  of 
archaeological  research,  Dr.  Edgar  J.  Banks,  Field 
Director  of  the  Babylonian  expedition  sent  out 
j  by  the  University  of  Chicago,  has  prepared  a 
handy  volume  on  these  marvels  of  antiquity,  with 
abundant  illustrations,  plans,  and  maps  —  all 
extending  to  nearly  two  hundred  pages  of  learned 
and  readable  matter.  The  list  of  the  wonders,  as 
given  by  the  author,  does  not  include  the  hanging 
gardens  of  Babylon,  but  merely  the  walls;  and 
•  in  the  matter  of  pyramids  it  restricts  itself  to 


482 


THE    DIAL 


[November  30 


New  Crowell 
Juveniles 

"The  Best  in  Books" 


Frank  Cole— PICTURE  BIRTHDAY  BOOK 
FOR  GIRLS  AND  BOYS.  With  12  illus- 
trations in  color.  Ifimo,  cloth,  net  50  cents; 
leather,  75  cents,  postage  extra. 

Daniel    DeFoe  -  ROBINSON    CRUSOE. 

Complete  edition  with  210  illustrations  by 
Gordon  Robinson.  8vo,  net,  $1.25,  postage 
extra. 

Lilian  Gask-STORIES    ABOUT     BEARS. 

Illustrated  in  color.  8vo,  net,  $1.00,  post- 
age extra. 

Henry  Gilbert  —  BOYS'  BOOK  OF  PI- 
RATES. With  12  illustrations  and  colored 
wrapper.  8vo,  net,  $1.50,  postage  extra. 

STORY  OF  THE  INDIAN  MUTINY.  With 
12  illustrations  and  colored  wrapper.  8vo, 
net,  $1.50,  postage  extra. 

Maude  M.  Hankins  — DADDY  GANDER 
RHYMES  (trademark).  A  companion 
book  to  "Mother  Goose."  Illustrated  by 
Walker.  8vo,  net,  50  cents,  postage  extra. 

G.  A.  Leask-HEROES  OF  THE  GREAT 
WAR,  or  Winning  the  Victoria  Cross. 

Illustrated.     12mo,  net  $1.50, postage  extra. 

Nellie  M.  Leonard  — THE  GRAYMOUSE 
FAMILY:  The  Adventures  of  'Uncle 
Squeaky"  and  "Limpy  Toes."  Illus- 
trated by  Walker.  8vo,  net,  50  cents,  post- 
age extra. 

Edwin  L.  Sabin— THE  BOY  SETTLER  or 
Terry  in  the  New  West.  Describes  events 
in  Kansas  territory  in  emigrant  days 
(1857-1858).  Full  of  excitement  and  valu- 
able information.  8vo,  net,  $1.00,  postage 
extra. 

Johanfna    Spyri  — THE      ROSE     CHILD. 

Translated  by  Helen  B.  Dole.  Illustrated 
in  color  by  Charles  Copeland.  8vo,  net,  50 
cents,  postage  extra. 

H.  G.  Tunnicliff— A  CHILD'S  PILGRIM'S 
PROGRESS.  Simplified  for  children,  with 
all  the  adventures  retained.  Illustrated  in 
color,  12mo,  net,  75  cents,  postage  extra. 

Harold  F.  B.  Wheeler— BOY'S  LIFE  OF 
LORD  KITCHENER.  With  color  frontis- 
piece, 15  black  and  white  illustrations  and 
attractive  wrapper.  8vo,  net,  $1.50,  post- 
age extra. 


that  of  Khufu  (our  old  friend  Cheops).  To  those 
of  us  who  cherish  memories  of  fabulous  gardens 
suspended  by  ropes  from  the  blue  sky,  it  is  a 
disappointment  to  find  but  scant  notice  taken  of 
these  marvels  of  our  childhood  imaginings.  Where 
ignorance  is  bliss  'tis  folly  to  be  wise  in  Baby- 
lonian lore.  But  "The  Seven  Wonders  of  the 
Ancient  World"  is  a  book  of  irreproachable 
scholarship.  (Putnam,  $1.50.) 

Time  was,  and  that  not  long  ago,  when  about 
all  that  was  known  regarding  ancient  Greek  and 
Roman  family  life  and  domestic  architecture  could 
be  agreeably  acquired  from  Becker's  "Charikles" 
and  "Gallus."  In  fact,  it  is  only  in  the  present 
century  and  with  the  recent  eye-opening  discov- 
eries in  Crete  that  any  detailed  and  accurate 
knowledge  has  been  gained  concerning  Hellenic 
habitations.  "The  Greek  House,"  by  Miss  Bertha 
Carr  Rider,  a  classical  student  of  high  attain- 
ments, presents  in  scholarly  form  some  important 
results  of  Cretan  excavation  and  expert  archaeo- 
logical research.  Not  all  will  care  whether  the 
Homeric  house  had  a  prodomos  between  the 
aithousa  and  the  megaron,  but  some  will  be  inter- 
ested in  this  and  other  questions  intelligently  dis- 
cussed by  Dr.  Rider  —  for  this  same  treatise 
brought  her  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Literature  in 
the  University  of  London.  The  text  is  illustrated 
with  plans  and  other  drawings.  (Putnam,  $3.25.) 

So  many  years  have  passed  since  the  issue  of  the 
second  edition  of  Baynard  Rush  Hall's  rambling 
account  of  "The  New  Purchase"  that  its  republica- 
tion  now  wears  the  aspect  of  a  new  book.  But 
the  author's  preface,  dated  1843,  is  a  convincing 
reminder  of  the  volume's  antiquity  —  as  Amer- 
ican books  go.  Professor  James  A.  Woodburn 
writes  an  introduction,  commending  the  reissue  as 
"a  worthy  contribution  to  the  centennial  celebra- 
tion of  Indiana's  admission  to  statehood,"  and 
adding  that  the  work  has  been  pronounced  "one  of 
the  best  books  ever  written  concerning  life  in  the 
West."  Certainly  it  is  a  curiosity,  part  fact  and 
part  fiction  —  in  the  proportion  of  four  to  one, 
as  its  preface  intimates.  At  all  events,  there  is 
a  good  deal  of  some  sort  of  reading  matter  between 
the  two  covers  —  522  large  pages  of  rather  fine 
print.  A  portrait  of  the  author,  who  was  the  first 
professor  appointed  at  the  Indiana  Seminary,  now 
Indiana  University,  serves  as  frontispiece.  A 
map  of  the  "New  Purchase,  1818,"  covering 
central  Indiana,  an  old  view  of  Indiana  College, 
and  additional  portraits  are  also  given.  (Princeton 
University  Press,  $2.) 

Calendars  in  profusion  remind  us  at  this  time 
of  the  going  out  of  the  old  year  and  the  coming 
in  of  the  new.  An  elaborately  designed  reminder 
of  this  sort,  entitled  "Impressions  Calendar," 
comes  from  the  hand  of  Mr.  Harold  Sichel.  It 
has  a  page,  with  prose  or  verse  quotation,  for  each 
week  in  the  year,  and  also  an  opening  and  a  clos- 
ing page,  for  good  measure.  It  is  published  in 
handsome  form,  multi-colored  and  very  attractive, 
by  Paul  Elder  &  Co.  of  San  Francisco.—  Of  the 
same  week-by-week  arrangement  are  the  colored 
calendars  issued  by  Sully  &  Kleinteich,  each  sup- 
plied with  selections  from  a  celebrated  author. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


483 


XOTES  AND 


"Things  as  They  Are,"  by  Mr.  Berton  Braley, 
is  the  title  of  a  new  volume  of  verse  by  the  author 
of  "Songs  of  the  Workaday  World,"  announced 
for  early  publication  by  the  George  H.  Doran  Co. 

Mr.  Ludwig  Lewisohn's  "The  Spirit  of  Modern 
German  Literature,"  which  Mr.  B.  W.  Huebsch 
is  soon  to  publish,  outlines  the  meaning  and  scope 
of  the  poetry,  novels,  and  speculative  works  of 
modern  Teutonic  writers. 

To  supplement  their  "Cambridge  History  of 
English  Literature,"  Messrs.  Putnam  will  publish 
the  "Cambridge  History  of  American  Literature." 
It  is  to  be  a  two-volume  edition,  the  first  of  which 
will  appear  late  this  season. 

The  British  censor  has  refused  to  permit  the 
publication  of  an  English  edition  of  Mr.  John 
Gallishaw's  "Trenching  at  Gallipoli,"  which  bears 
the  Century  imprint,  on  the  ground  that  it  divulges 
a  number  of  important  military  secrets. 

A  volume  of  university  and  cathedral  sermons 
by  the  late  Canon  William  Banks,  entitled  "The 
Gospel  of  Consolation"  (to  which  the  Dean  of 
Canterbury  has  contributed  a  Preface),  is  soon  to 
be  issued  by  Messrs.  Longmans  as  a  memorial 
edition. 

Many  of  the  sonnets  included  in  a  volump 
entitled  "  Sonnets :  A  First  Series,"  by  Mr.  Mahlon 
Leonard  Fisher,  which  is  to  be  privately  printed 
and  soon  to  be  published,  appeared  originally  in 
the  anthology  compiled  by  Professor  Laura  E. 
Lockwood. 

The  faculty  and  classes  of  Notre-Dame  Univer- 
sity, Indiana,  have  recently  founded  a  poetry 
society,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Charles  L. 
O'Donnell,  whose  "The  Dead  Musician,  and  Other 
Poems"  is  one  of  the  recent  publications  of  Mr. 
Laurence  J.  Gomme. 

"The  Mississippi  Valley  in  British  Politics,"  by 
Clarence  W.  Alvord,  Ph.D.,  is  announced  by  the 
Arthur  H.  Clark  Co.  As  stated  in  its  sub-title,  it 
is  "a  study  of  the  trade,  land  speculation,  and 
experiments  in  imperialism  culminating  in  the 
American  Revolution." 

Mr.  John  Cowper  Powys,  whose  second  novel 
"Rodmoor"  was  recently  published  by  Mr.  G. 
Arnold  Shaw,  has  returned  from  his  lecture  tour  of 
the  cities  of  the  middle-west,  and  is  now  giving 
a  series  of  lectures  in  New  York  City  on  English 
and  American  authors. 

Mr.  Vachel  Lindsay  tells  of  his  experiences 
"while  afoot  and  penniless  in  Florida,  Georgia, 
North  Carolina,  Tennessee,  Kentucky,  New 
Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania,"  in  his  new  volume 
UA  Handy  Guide  for  Beggars,"  which  the 
Macmillan  Co.  is  about  to  publish. 

Miss  Edith  Blinn,  author  of  "The  Ashes  of  My 
Heart,"  is  a  graduate  of  the  University  of  Chicago, 
where,  under  the  tutelage  of  Miss  Maude  Radford 
AVarren.  she  did  much  promising  work.  "The 
Ashes  of  My  Heart,"  published  by  the  Markwell 
Publishing  Co.,  is  described  as  "a  western  tale 
filled  with  thrills." 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE   UNIVERSITY  OF 
ILLINOIS,  1916 

SPECULUM  REGALE 

Edited  by  GEORGE  T.  FLOM 

MS.  243  Ba  of  the  Arnamagnean  Collection  in 
Copenhagen ;  a  parchment  codex  of  136  pages,  a 
beautiful  example  of  Old  Norwegian  handwriting  of 
the  thirteenth  century,  reproduced  in  full  size  by 
gelatine  process  facsimile  plates,  with  Introduction, 
diplomatic  text,  and  Notes  by  Professor  Fiona. 

150  numbered  copies  (70  available),  258  pages, 
and  136  plates,  bound  in  half-leather. 

915.00  net,    plus    expressage. 

THE    GENUS    PHORADENDRON 

By    WILLIAM    TRELEASE 

A  monograph  of  the  exclusively  American  genus 
to  which  the  mistletoe  belongs :  morphology  and 
geographic  distribution  (with  map),  complete  re- 
classification,  and  descriptions  of  the  240  species, 
with  their  37  varieties.  Illustrated  by  full-size  half- 
tones, showing  specimens,  nine-tenths  of  which  are 
here  figured  for  the  first  time. 

Royal  octavo,  224  pages  and  245  plates. 

Paper,    ft. 00;    cloth,    fg.SO   net,   plus    expressage. 

THE    JOURNAL    OF    ENGLISH    AND    GERMANIC 
PHILOLOGY 

Managing   Editor,    JULIUS   GOEBEL 
Associate  Editors :  H.  S.  V.  JONES  and  G.  T.  FLOM 

Now  in  its  fifteenth  volume.  Published  quarterly, 
at  $3.00  a  year. 

MONOGRAPHS 

Three  series  of  monographs  are  published  by  the 
University  of  Illinois,  as  listed  below.  Each  series 
is  published  quarterly.  The  total  number  of  pages  in 
a  volume  of  four  numbers  is  about  600,  but  the  size 
of  the  individual  numbers  varies  considerably. 
$3.00  a  year  for  each  series. 

STUDIES  IN  THE  SOCIAL  SCIENCES 

Board    of   Editors 
E.    L.    BOGART,    J.    A.    FAIRLIE,    L.    M.    LARSON 

The  History  of  the  General  Property  Tax  in 
Illinois,  by  R.  M.  Haig  ($1.25). 

Church  and  State  in  Massachusetts,  1691-1740,  by 
Susan  M.  Reed  ($1.05). 

The  Illinois  Whigs  before  1846,  by  C.  M.  Thompson 
($0.95). 

The  History  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  to 
1870,  by  H.  G.  Brownson  ($1.25). 

The  Enforcement  of  International  Law  through 
Municipal  Law  in  the  United  States,  by  P.  Q. 
Wright  ($1.25). 

The  Life  of  Jesse  W.  Fell,  by  Frances  M.  More- 
house  ($0.60). 

Land    Tenure    in    the    United    States    with    special 
reference   to   Illinois,   by   C.   L.   Stewart    ($0.75). 
ILLINOIS   BIOLOGICAL   MONOGRAPHS 

Editorial  Committee 

H.    B.    WARD,    S.    A.    FORBES,    WILLIAM 
TRELEASE 

A  Revision  of  the  Cestode  Family  Proteocephalidae, 
by  G.  R.  LaRue  ($2.00). 

Studies  on  the  Cestode  Family  Anoplocephalidae, 
by  Hermann  Douthitt  ($0.80). 

Larval  Trematodes  from  North  American  Fresh- 
Water  Snails,  by  W.  W.  Cort  ($1.20). 

The  Classification  of  Lepidopterous  Larvae,  by 
S.  B.  Fracker  ($1.60). 

On  the  Osteology  of  Some  of  the  Loricati,  by 
J.  E.  Gutberlet  ($0.50). 

Studies  in  the  Gregarines,  by  Minnie  E.  Watson 
($2.00). 

The  Genus  Meliola  in  Porto  Rico,  by  F.  L.  Stevens 
($0.76). 

Studies  of  the  Factors  controlling  Regeneration,  by 
Charles  Zeleny  (In  Press). 

The  Head-capsule  and  Mouth-parts  of  Diptera, 
by  A.  Peterson  (In  Press). 

Studies  on  North  American  Polystomidae,  Aspi- 
dogastri,  and  Paramphistomidae,  by  H.  W.  Stunk- 
ard  (7n  Press). 

STUDIES  IN  LANGUAGE  AND  LITERATURE 

Board    of    Editors 
W.  A.  OLDFATHER,  S.  P.  SHERMAN,  G.  T.  FLOM 

The  Phonology  of  the  Dialect  of  Aurland,  Norway, 
by  G.  T.  Flom  ($1.25). 

Studies  in  the  Milton  Tradition,  by  J.  W.  Good 
($1.75). 

Thomas   Warton,   by   Clarissa   Rinaker    ($1.00). 

Illustrations  from  Medieval  Romance  on  Tiles  from 
Chertsey  Abbey,  by  R.  S.  Loomis  ($0.75). 

Joseph   Ritson,   by  H.   A.   Burd    ($1.15). 

Order    from    H.    E.    CUNNINGHAM,    Secretary, 
158-B    Administration   Building,    Urbana,    111. 


484 


THE    DIAL 


[November  30 


THE  "ASHES 

OF 

MY    HEART 

L  BY  A 

EDITH  BLINN 


A  Book  of  Heart  Throbs 

In  this  book  we  have  a  thrilling  story 
of  the  battle  in  a  young  girl's  soul  be- 
tween heredity  and  environment.  Ashes 
of  My  Heart  is  powerful;  a  love  story 
full  of  emotional  climaxes  and  fearless 
in  its  expose  of  the  deadly  opium  evil. 

Critics  all  over  the  country  have  ac- 
claimed it  as  one  of  the  most  powerful 
books  of  the  year.  While  it  deals  with 
the  sorrows  and  heart  burnings  of  a 
woman  and  the  people  around  her  there 
is  nothing  in  this  book  to  give  offense. 
The  author  deals  with  her  subject  in  a 
perfectly  natural  and  straight  forward 
way;  and  the  reader,  even  though  he 
shudders  at  the  plight  into  which  the 
young  girl,  Rhoda,  falls,  can  have  noth- 
ing but  the  most  heartfelt  sympathy  for 
her.  Ashes  of  My  Heart  is  such  a  vivid 
portrayal  of  the  human  mind  and  its 
workings  that  it  reads  like  a  biography 
rather  than  fiction. 

"A  wild  weird  story  told  with  a  cer- 
tain power." — New  York  Times. 

"One  of  the  most  remarkable  studies 
of  human  nature  and  of  the  influence  of 
drugs  upon  a  human  being  that  has 
been  written  since  the  days  of  De  Quin- 
cey's  'Confessions  of  An  Opium  Eater. '" 
— The  Bookseller. 

"A  modern  emotional  novel  with 
plenty  of  thrills." — New  York  Herald. 

Jacket  in  three  colors.  Illustrated. 
At  your  bookseller  or  postpaid  $1.35 


MARKWELL    PUBLISHING 
COMPANY 

145  West  45th  St.  New  York 


Mr.  Rudyard  Kipling  is  represented  in  the  list 
of  war  books  of  the  season.  His  contribution, 
entitled  "Sea  Warfare,"  is  to  be  published  in 
December  by  the  Macmillan  Co.,  and  will  include 
among  chapter  headings  "Fringes  of  the  Fleet," 
"Tales  of  the  Trade,"  and  "Destroyers  at  Jut- 
land." 

Mr.  George  Moore,  the  Irish  novelist  whose 
"The  Brook  Kerith,"  published  by  the  Macmillan 
Co.,  is  one  of  the  most  widely  discussed  novels  of 
the  season,  will  visit  the  United  States  in  January 
on  a  lecture  tour.  A  biography  of  this  distin- 
guished novelist  and  critic,  by  Susan  L.  Mitchell, 
has  just  been  published  by  Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead 
&  Co. 

Among  the  poets  represented  by  "war  inspired" 
poems  in  Professor  J.  W.  Cunliffe's  anthology 
"Poems  of  the  Great  War,"  are  John  Masefield, 
Lincoln  Colcord,  Wilfrid  Wilson  Gibson,  Rupert 
Brooke,  Alfred  Noyes,  Rabindranath  Tagore, 
William  Benet,  and  Walter  de  la  Mare.  The 
Macmillan  Co.  will  issue  this  anthology  shortly. 

A  series  of  twelve  talks  by  poets  on  poetry  has 
been  initiated  by  "Poetry"  magazine.  Among  the 
speakers  are  Padraic  Colum,  Amy  Lowell,  Mary 
Aldis,  Florence  Kiper  Frank,  Vachel  Lindsay, 
Wilfrid  Wilson  Gibson,  Carl  Sandburg,  Arthur 
Davison  Ficke,  Eunice  Tietjens,  and  Harriet 
Monroe.  The  talks  are  held  at  the  Chicago  Little 
Theatre. 

A  book  which  should  be  of  interest  to  collectors 
is  announced  for  early  publication  by  Messrs. 
Lippincott.  It  represents  the  combined  effort  of 
Messrs.  Harold  Donaldson  Eberlein  and  Abbot 
McClure  and  is  entitled  "The  Practical  Book  of 
Early  American  Arts  and  Crafts."  A  feature  of 
value  will  be  its  list  of  early  American  silver- 
smiths and  their  trademarks.  » 

In  his  volume  "Modern  Economic  Problems," 
announced  for  early  publication  by  The  Century 
Co.,  Frank  A.  Fetter,  Professor  of  Economics  at 
Princeton  University,  discusses,  among  other  prob- 
lems, "The  Material  Resources  of  the  Nation," 
"The  Value  of  Money,"  "The  Functions  of  Banks," 
"Social  Insurance,"  and  "The  Problem  of  Mon- 
opoly, and  Public  Ownership." 

In  addition  to  "Amores,"  a  volume  of  poems  by 
Mr.  D.  H.  Lawrence,  just  issued,  Mr.  B.  W. 
Huebsch  announces  the  publication  of  two  other 
books  by  this  gifted  author:  "The  Prussian  Offi- 
cer," a  volume,  not  of  war  tales,  but  a  collection  of 
stories  written  before  the  outbreak  of  the  conflict; 
and  "Twilight  in  Italy,"  a  record  of  the  impres- 
sions of  places  and  peoples  made  by  the  author 
during  a  walking  tour. 

With  the  death  of  Dr.  Percival  Lowell,  the 
world  has  lost  one  of  its  most  energetic  workers 
for  the  advancement  of  pure  science.  He  was 
born  in  Boston  on  March  13,  1855.  His  father, 
Augustus  Lowell,  was  identified  with  the  educa- 
tion, art,  and  science  of  that  city.  At  his  famous 
observatory  at  Flagstaff,  Arizona,  Dr.  Lowell  and 
his  staff  accomplished  a  mass  of  spectroscopic, 
photographic,  visual,  and  mathematical  work  which 
won  him  a  distinguished  place  in  the  history  of 
astronomy. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


485 


George  Gibbs's  new  novel,  "Paradise  Alley," 
announced  for  early  publication  .by  Messrs.  D. 
Appleton  &  Co.,  concerns  itself  with  the  experi- 
ences of  a  young  man  who,  under  the  terms  of  his 
father's  will,  is  brought  up  in  total  ignorance  of 
woman  until,  at  the  age  of  twenty -one,  he  is  thrown 
out  into  the  world  upon  his  own  resources,  and 
makes  some  interesting  discoveries. 

Barrett  Wendell,  Professor  of  English  at 
Harvard  University  since  1898,  has  been  elected 
to  membership  in  the  American  Academy  of  Arts 
and  Letters.  Professor  Wendell  is  quite  as  well 
known  abroad  as  in  this  country,  having  served 
as  a  sort  of  literary  ambassador  to  Cambridge  and 
the  universities  of  France.  The  impressions  which 
he  collected  during  his  sojourn  among  the  French 
served  to  make  the  delightful  volume,  "The  France 
of  To-day,"  which  is  perhaps  his  most  popular 
book.  His  style  is  noted  for  its  pungency  and 
vigor. 

Jack  London,  the  best  known  of  California's 
authors,  died  the  22d  of  November  at  his  ranch 
in  Glen  Ellen,  California.  His  life  was  as  adven- 
turous and  strenuous  as  that  of  his  heroes.  Born 
in  San  Francisco  January  12,  1876,  he  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  there.  He  entered  the 
University  of  California,  but  failed  to  complete 
bis  course,  as  he  was  one  of  the  many  who  par- 
ticipated in  the  famous  gold  rush  to  the  Klondike 
in  1897.  Even  before  this  he  had  gone  to  setx 
as  a  common  seaman  and  worked  up  to  a  master's 
certificate,  journeyed  to  Japan,  and  joined  seal 
hunting  expeditions  in  the  Bering  Sea.  In  1899 
he  tramped  through  the  United  States,  to  make 
a  first-hand  study  of  social  and  economic  prob- 
lems, which  material  he  used  in  his  writings.  For 
two  years  he  cruised  the  South  Seas  in  his  yacht, 
"The  Snark."  Mr.  London  was  deeply  interested 
in  socialism.  He  was  an  indefatigable  writer,  and 
his  fiction  is  best  represented  in  "The  Sea  Wolf"; 
"John  Barleycorn"  is  popularly  accepted  as  con- 
taining much  that  is  autobiographical.  In  addi- 
tion to  these,  Mr.  London  was  the  author  of  about 
forty  books,  several  plays,  and  many  short-stories. 


TOPICS  ix  LEADIXG  PERIODICALS. 

December,  1916. 


Alaska,   Selling:  Out.     "A  Naval  Expert"     .      .      .     Century 

Alcohol  in   Russia.     R.  P.   Blake Atlantic 

Allies,  Economic  Heresy  of  the.  T.  L.  Stoddard  .  Century 
Aragon,  Adventuring  into.  Amy  Oakley  .  .  .  Harper 

Army   Hospital    Trains Rev.   of  Revs. 

Bigler,  F.  R. :  Cripple  Who  Refused  to  be  Downed  American 
Boldt,  George  C.,  of  the  Waldrof-Astoria  .  .  .  American 

Botha  of  South  Africa Rev.   of  Revs. 

Boy  Scout,  The.  James  E.  West  ....  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Boyd,  Judge  James  E.,  of  North  Carolina  .  .  American 
Brains  and  Bean  Measures.  E.  F.  Bowers  .  .  McClure 
British  Empire  and  Closer  Union.  T.  H. 

Boggs Am.  PoL  Set.  Rev. 

Burns,  Painless  War  Cure  for.  A.  Dosch-Fleurot  World's  Work 
Child  in  Art,  The.  Mrs.  Schuyler  van  Rensselaer  .  Scribner 
China,  America's  Silent  Partner.  J.  W.  Jenks  World's  Work 
Christian  Cooperation.  Frank  H.  Fox  .  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Comets,  What  We  Know  about.  W.  W.  Campbell  Scientific 
Commandments,  The  Black.  Jean  K.  MacKenzie 
Coral  Islands  and  Mangrove-Trees.  Richard  Le 

Gallienne 

Dance,    The.      W.    T.    Benda 

Democracy    No    Failure.      Charles    E.    Russell     . 
Doctor,— How  Should  He  Behave?     B.   J. 

Hendrick World's   Work 


Atlantic 

Harper 
Scribner 
Pearson 


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BALLADS:  Patriotic  and 
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entering  a  bookstore  should  be  for  JOHN 
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RODMOOR 


486 


THE    DIAL 


[November  30 


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and  any  book,  mentioned  in /frft>n//3r  2.  ectu  res  can  be  obtained  at 

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G.ARNOLD  SHAW 


PuBLisnrR.  NEW  YORK 


"Ineontestably  the  most  important  book  of 
the  year." — New  Scotsman. 


Being  an  account  of  the  life  and  manners  of 
his  age.  By  thirty-eight  collaborators,  includ- 
ing Eobert  Bridges,  Sir  Walter  Kaleigh,  W. 
Archer,  W.  J.  Lawrence,  D.  Nichol  Smith. 
Edited  by  C.  T.  Onions.  Two  vols.  Med.  8vo. 
Cloth,  pp.  xxw  -{-1156,  with  many  illustrations. 
Net,  $10.00. 

' '  We  cannot  too  strongly  commend  this  book 
to  every  reader  of  Shakespeare." — Spectator. 

' '  These  two  volumes  enshrine  in  a  perma- 
nent form  everything  we  know  or  need  to  know 
about  the  England  of  Shakespeare's  day." — 
Pall  Mall  Gazette. 

"The  wealth  of  illustrative  and  interpreta- 
tive material  is  greater  and  more  useful  than 
has  ever  before  been  brought  together  within 
the  pages  of  a  single  book.  .  .  A  fine  exhi- 
bition of  English  scholarship,  the  greatest  con- 
tribution ever  made  to  the  study  of  Shake- 
speare. ' ' — Glasgow  Herald. 

At  all  booksellers  or  from  the  Publishers 

Oxford  University  Press 

American  Branch 
35  West  32nd  Street  -:•  New  York 


Drama,  The  War  and  the.  Israel  Zangwill  .  Metropolitan 
Economics,  Teaching.  C.  E.  Persons  .  Quar.  Jour.  Econ. 
Edward  VII.,  Love  Stories  of — III.  Frank  Harris  Pearson 
Empires,  Two,  at  Grips.  A.  Conan  Doyle  .  Everybody's 

England,  What  of? Atlantic 

Factory  Fodder.  Gertrude  Russell Pearson 

Fairbanks,  Douglas.  George  Creel  ....  Everybody's 
Farmer,  The  New,  and  His  New  Water-Supply. 

J.  R.  Smith Century 

Father  John,  My  Friend.  Ralph  Stuart  .  .  .  American 
Federal  Constitution,  Amending  Procedure  of. 

J.  Tangier Am.  Pol.  Sci.  Rev. 

Feminism  in  Fiction  and  Real  Life.  Robert  Grant  Scribner 
Food,  Man's  Desire  for.  Minna  C.  Denton  .  .  Scientific 
Foolishness,  In  Defense  of.  Carolyn  Wells  .  .  .  McClure 

Foreign  Loans,  The.  H.  V.  Cann Century 

"Free  Speech"  in  the  United  States.  C.  Lemon  .  Pearson 
Future,  Our  Duty  to  the.  C.  E.  Vail  .  .  .  Scientific 
Galsworthy,  John.  Helen  T.  and  Wilson  Follett  .  Atlantic 
German  Exchange,  Fall  in.  M.  J.  Bonn  .  Quar.  Jour.  Econ. 
Germany  Makes  a  Bid  for  Peace  by  Battle.  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Girl  who  Goes  is  Gone,  The.  John  Berry  .  .  .  Pearson 
Grammar,  the  Bane  of  B_oyhood.  Burges  Johnson  .  Harper 
Grant  Memorial  at  Washington.  E.  Knaufft  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Great  Britain's  Sea  Policy.  Gilbert  Murray  .  .  Atlantic 
Great-Grandmothers,  Our  Overrated.  Agnes  Repplier  Harper 

Heart,  Some  Meditations  of  the Atlantic 

Hill,  James  J.,  Life  of— III.  J.  G.  Pyle  .  World's  Work 
Historian,  Pity  the  Poor.  Burges  Johnson  .  .  McClure 
Hughes,  Candidate.  Theodore  Roosevelt  .  .  Metropolitan 

Hyphen-bearers.  Newell  Martin Century 

Illinois.  Edna  Ferber American 

Ireland,  1916 — and  Beyond.  H.  W.  Massingham  .  Atlantic 
Japan  and  the  Open  Door.  K.  K.  Kawakami  .  Century 
Japan  in  the  China  Shop.  O.  K.  Davis  .  .  Everybody's 
Job,  Fitting  the  Man  to  the.  B.  J.  Hendrick  .  Harper 
John  Bull  Gets  His  Eye  in.  L.  R.  Freeman  .  Atlantic 
Judicial  Veto  and  Political  Democracy.  B.  F. 

Moore Am.  Pol.  Sci.  Rev. 

Labor,  Organized,  vs.  Scientific  Management. 

R.  F.  Hoxie Quar.  Jour.  Econ. 

Lawson,  John :  Miner — II.  Harvey  O'Higgins  .  Metropolitan 
Life,  Origin  and  Evolution  of.  H.  F.  Osborn  .  Scientific 
Man  on  the  Altar,  The.  W.  Dawson  ....  Atlantic 
Manchurian  Notebook,  From  an — I.  Alice  Tisdale  Atlantic 
Manhattan  Labyrinths.  Simeon  Strunsky  .  .  .  Harper 
Masterpieces,  Seeking.  Louis  Sherwin  ....  Pearson 
"Melodramatic  Rubbish," — Is  It  Increasing?  W.  P. 

Eaton American 

Middle-Westerners  and  That  Sort  of  People. 

R.  L.  Hartt Century 

Military  System,  Feeling  Our  Way  toward  a  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Moore,  George,  and  Jesus.  Frank  Harris  .  .  .  Pearson 
Morality,  A  Plea  for  the  Old.  Cleveland  Moffett  .  McClure 

Music.  C.  Macmillen Pearson 

Music,  Public-School.  T.  W.  Surette  ....  Atlantic 
New  York  Night  Court  for  Women.  F.  Harris  .  Pearson 
Old  Age,  Staving  Off.  Hawthorne  Daniel  .  World's  Work 
"Parasites  Lost."  Anna  S.  Richardson  .  .  .  McClure 
Parliaments,  Frequency  and  Duration  of.  J.  G. 

Randall Am.  Pol.  Sci.  Rev. 

Partners,  My  20,000.  Charles  M.  Schwab  .  .  American 
Persian  Miniatures,  Three.  H.  G.  Dwight  .  .  .  Century 
Poland,  The  Future  of.  Herbert  A.  Gibbons  .  .  Century 
Popcorn  Boy,  The.  Fred  C.  Kelly  .  .  .  .  .  McClure 
Primary,  Direct,  in  Michigan.  A.  C. 

Millspaugh Am.  Pol.  Sci.  Rev. 

Printers'  Fight  for  Life,  The.  A.  M.  Simons  .  .  Pearson 
Rich,  Vulgar,  Disappearance  of  the.  R.  Le  Gallienne  McClure 

Russia,  Holy.  Harold  Begbie Atlantic 

Salvini,  A  Super  with.  Algernon  Tassin  .  .  .  Scribner 
Scientific  Investigation.  T.  B.  Robertson  .  .  Scientific 
Shakspere  and  the  Movies.  Brian  Hooker  .  .  Century 
South  Africa,  The  Union  of,  and  Neighboring 

Lands Rev.  of  Revs. 

Stevenson  at  Grez,  With.  Birge  Harrison  .  .  Century 
Stock,  Common  and  Preferred.  A.  W.  Atwood  .  McClure 
Student  Who  Took  His  Cows  to  College  .  .  American 
Superiority  Itch,  The.  Frank  Crane  ....  McClure 
Syrian  Commercial  Contracts.  E.  H.  Byrne  Quar.  Jour.  Econ. 
"Tanks"  and  "The  Hose  of  Death"  .  .  World's  Work 
Taxation  in  Massachusetts.  C.  J.  Bullock  Quar.  Jour.  Econ. 
Tiring  Out  and  Resting  Up.  Ernest  G.  Martin  .  American 
Trench-Raiders,  The.  A  Canadian  Captain  .  .  Atlantic 
Uncle  Sam,— Putting  Him  to  Work.  W.  Kaempffert  McClure 
U.  S.  a  Financial  Power  after  the  War.  A.  D. 

Noyes Scribner 

Vagabonds  of  Glory.  Rene  Milan  .  .  .  World's  Work 

Venizelos World's  Work 

Verdun,  An  American  Ambulancier  at  .  .  World's  Work 
Vocational  Education.  Elias  Tobenkin  .  .  Metropolitan 
War,  Psychology  of.  D.  E.  Phillips  ....  Scientific 
War  Bonds,  Foreign,  "Ifs"  and  "Ands"  of  .  World's  Work 
Warren,  Mrs.  O.  S. :  Contractor  and  Builder  .  American 
White  Slave  Traffic  in  New  York,  by  detective 

and  victim Pearson 

Will  Power,— What  It  Did  for  Me American 

World  Parliament,  A.  Harry  A.  Laughlin  .  .  Scientific 
Zuni,  Favorite  Number  of  the.  Elsie  C.  Parsons  .  Scientific 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


487 


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BIOGRAPHY   AXD    REMIMSCEXCES. 

Years  of  My  Youth.  By  William  Dean  Howells. 
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Bernard  Shaw:  The  Man  and  The  Mask.  By 
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From  Sail  to  Steam:  Naval  Recollections,  1878-1905. 
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trated, large  8vo,  303  pages.  Longmans,  Green, 
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Memories.  By  Edward  Clodd.  With  portraits,  8vo, 
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Abraham  Lincoln.  By  Brand  Whitlock.  New  illus- 
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HISTORY. 


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regnum.     By   Richard   Bagwell,    M.A.      Vol.    III.,    I 
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The  New  Map  of  Africa  (1900-1916):  A  History  of  ! 
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lomacy.  By  Herbert  Adams  Gibbons.  With  ! 
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The  Vampire  of  the  Continent.     By  Count  Ernst  zu    < 
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pages.     New  York  City:    Jackson  Press.     $1.25. 

ESSAYS   AXD   GENERAL,   LITERATURE. 

Letters   of   Henry   Brevoort   to   Washington   Irving, 

together  with  other  unpublished  Brevoort 
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photogravure  portraits,  large  8vo.  G.  P. 
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By  the  Author 
of  "ME" 

Marion 


A  Sister  of 


'ME' 


This  is  the  Life 
Story  of  MARION, 
Sister  of  "ME"  a 
girl  who  goes  far — 
Montreal,  Boston, 
New  York,  "Bohemia,"  clinging  to  her  ideals 
as  artist,  model,  friend  of  men,  wife  of  one. 
Are  you  among  the  thousands  who  read  and 
enjoyed  "ME"?  If  so,  you  will  be  charmed 
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The  story  is  throughout  by  turns,  amusing, 

tragical,  and  thrilling.   Always  it  is  realistic  to 

an  extraordinary  degree.     It  reveals  the  facts 

in  the  girl's  life  with  a  candor  and  sincerity  that 

grip  the  reader's  interest  and  hold  it  to  the  end. 

Thirty  illustrations  by  Henry  Hull.  Cloth. 

12mo.     $135  net. 

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NEW  YORK 


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THE  BOOK  OF  THE  CENTURY 
Operative  Ownership 

By  JAMES  J.  FINN 

Proposing  a  System  of  Industrial  Production 
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This  System  is  Designed 

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property,  and  by  a  real  union  of  capital  and 
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What  Adam  Smith's  ""Wealth  of  Nations"  was  to 
the  Science  of  Political  Economy;  what  Carl  Marx's 
"Das  Kapltal"  was  to  Socialism;  what  Henry 
George's  "Progress  and  Poverty"  was  to  the  Single 
Tax  Movement,  OPERATIVE  OWNERSHIP  Is  des- 
tined to  be  to  the  movement  certain  to  be  Inaug- 
urated In  the  near  future,  on  the  lines  proposed  In 
this  book,  for  the  establishment  of  Social  Justice 
on  a  basis  of  Industrial  Democracy  and  the  Sacred- 
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A  Book  for  Thinkers 

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A  Book  of  Burlesques.  By  H.  L.  Mencken.  12mo, 
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Large  8vo,  370  pages.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $3.75. 

Letters  of  John  "Wesley:  A  Selection  of  Important 
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ographical Notes  by  George  Eayrs;  with  a  Chap- 
ter on  "Wesley,  His  Time  and  Work,"  by  the  Rt. 
Hon.  Augustine  Birrell,  K.C.  With  portrait 
in  photogravure,  8vo,  510  pages.  London: 
Hodder  &  Stoughton. 

The  Death  of  a  Nation;  or,  The  Ever-Persecuted 
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Paul  the  Dauntless:  The  Course  of  n  Great  Adven- 
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Faith  in  a  Future  Life  (Foundations).  By  Alfred 
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The  Inner  Life.  By  Rufus  M.  Jones,  A.M.  12mo, 
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THE  REMINISCENCES  OF  THE  RIGHT  HON.  LORD 
O'BRIEN,  LORD   CHIEF  JUSTICE   OF   IRELAND 

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he  was  the  head  of  the  National  Debt  Office,  but  his 
most  interesting  work  during  that  time  was  when  he 
was  detached  for  financial  diplomacy  in  Egypt,  and  his 
account  of  his  difficult  dealings  with  the  Khedive  Ismail 
Pasha  brings  much  that  is  new  to  light. 

THE  SPIRIT  OF  MAN 

An  Anthology  in  English,  and  French,  from  the  Philoso- 
phers and  Poet*  Made  by  the  Poet  Laureate  in 
1915,  and  Dedicated  by  Gracious  Permis- 
sion   to   His   Majesty   the   King. 

Crown  Svo.     $1.50  net.     India  Paper  Edition,  $2.00  net. 
Leather  Edition,  $2.50  net. 
"A  unique  anthology." — Daily  Graphic. 
"As  a  whole  the  collection  is  as  admirable  as  would  be 
expected  from  the  poet's  poet  and  the  rare  scholar  who 
is  now  poet  laureate." — New  York  Sun, 

"The  most  beautiful  small  anthology  that  we  have  han- 
dled since  the  Golden  Treasury  first  came  our  way ;  and 
in  no  selection  of  the  kind  since  Palgrave's  have  we  found 
'notes'  at  the  close  fuller  of  light  and  leading." — Saturday 
Review. 

AN  INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  STUDY  OF 
PREHISTORIC  ART 

By  ERNEST  A.  PARKTN.  M.A.,  F.R.A.I.,  Sometime 
Scholar  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge.  With  16 
Plates  (2  of  which  are  colored)  and  318  illustrations 
in  the  text.  Svo.  $3.25  net. 

This  book  contains  a  fully  illustrated  acount  of  the 
latest  discoveries  in  Southwest  France  and  Spain  of  the 
remarkable  Sculptures,  Engravings  and  Cave  Paintings 
executed  by  the  Prehistoric  inhabitants  in  the  Stone  Age. 
This  is  followed  by  a  study  of  Decorative  Art  in  the 
Bronze  Age.  The  latter  part  of  the  work  is  devoted  to 
late  Keltic  Art  as  exhibited  by  discoveries  in  the 
British  Isles. 
TALES  OF  THE  GREAT  WAR 

By  SIB  HENBY  NEWBOLT,  Author  of  "The  Book  of  the 
Blue  Sea,"   "The  Book  of  the  Thin  Red  Line,"  etc. 
With  7   Colored  Plates  and  32  other  Illustrations   in 
Black     and     White     by     NORMAN     WILKINSON     and 
CHRISTOPHER  CLARK.    Crown  Svo.    $1.75  net. 
CONTENTS  :    The  Adventures  of  a  Subaltern.    The  Story 
of  Two  Admirals.     The  Story  of  the  Emden.     The  Story 
of    a    General.      The    War    in    the    Air.      The    Battle    of 
Jutland. 
SONGS  OF  CHILDHOOD 

By  WALTER  DE  LA  MARE  (Walter  Ramal).  With 
Frontispiece.  New  Edition,  with  Additional  Poems. 
Fcap.  Svo.  Gilt  Top.  Cloth.  75  cts.  net.  Leather, 
$1.25  net. 


STORIES   FROM   "THE  EARTHLY  PARADISE" 

By    WILLIAM    MOBBIS.      Retold    in    Prose    by    C.    S. 
EVANS.     With  Colored  Frontispiece  and  8  other  Dhw- 
trations  in  Black  and  White.     Crown  Svo.     $1.50  net. 
It  is  through  our  natural  love  of  a  story  that  we  are 
led  to  appreciate  the  highest  and  best  in  literature.     This 
is   Mr.    Evans'    justification   for   his   collection   of   stories 
from  William  Morris'  most  characteristic  work,  just  as  it 
was   Charles    Lamb's   for   his   famous   tales   from   Shake- 
speare.    Morris  based   most   of  his   poems   upon   legends 
well  known  in  other  versions — some  of  the  world's   best 
stories    indeed — and   it    is    hoped   that    the   book   will   be 
read  with   interest   for  the  stories   themselves,   and   that 
it    may   also    serve    as    an    introduction    to   the    work    of 
the  poet. 

THE  PENITENT  OF  BRENT 

By  MICHAEL  WOOD,  Author  of  "The  House  of  Peace," 
"The  Double  Road,"  etc.  Crown  Svo.  $1.35  net. 
This  book  has  a  twofold  purpose.  It  is  an  attempt  to 
illustrate  the  working  of  the  soul,  both  consciously  and 
subconsciously,  in  the  invisible  worlds.  It  is  also  written 
as  a  suggestion  of  the  enormous  power  of  penitence ; 
viewed  less  as  a  condition  of  the  mind  and  emotions  than 
as  a  spiritual  energy  acting  upon  the  world  at  large, 
and  upon  individuals  in  particular.  The  book  has  thus 
some  bearing  upon  the  questions  of  mystical  substitution 
and  reparation ;  in  it  a  distinction  is  drawn  between 
repentance  and  penjtence  ;  the  first  being  viewed  as  the 
natural  workings  of  human  conscience ;  the  second  as 
being,  in  effect,  the  Holiness  of  God  working  in  and 
through  the  soul. 

MY  LADY  OF  THE  MOOR:    A  Novel 

By   JOHN    OXENHAM,    Author   of    "Barbe   of   Grand 
Bayou,"  "Carette  of  Sark,"  "Bees  in  Amber,"  "  All's 
Well."  etc.    With  Frontispiece.    Crown  Svo.    $1.85  net. 
It  is  not  often  that  a  novelist  adopts  a  living  fellow- 
worker  as  the  central  figure  of  his  story.     This  is,  how- 
ever,  the   case  with   Mr.    Oxenham's   new   novel.      While 
wandering  on  Dartmoor  the  author  stumbled  into  a  living 
actual  romance,  of  which  Miss  Beatrice  Chase,  author  of 
several  popular  books   about   Dartmoor,   was  the   center. 
This    book    tells    the    tale,    which    is    named    after    Miss 
Chase.  MY  LADY  OF  THE  MOOR,  and  it  has,  of  course, 
been  written  with  her  full  consent  and  approval. 

"ADVENTURERS  ALL" 

A  Series  of  Young  Poets  Unknown  to  Fame.  Uni- 
form Volumes,  in  Dolphin  Old  Style  Type.  Crown 
Svo.  Art  Wrappers.  60  cts.  net  each. 

Bohemian  Glass  The  Two  Worlds 

By  ESTHER  LILIAN  DUFT.      By  SHERARD  VINES. 

Thursday'*   Child  _,       _ 

By  ELIZABETH  RENDALL.     Th«  Burning  Wheel 

_  .   _  ,  By  ALDOUS  HUXLEY. 

Contacts,  and   Other  Poems 

By   T.    W.   EARP.  A  Vagabond's  Wallet 

The  Iron  Age  BY  STEPHEN  REID-HEYMAN. 
By  FRANK  BETTS. 

Introduced  by  Op.  I. 

GILBERT  MURRAY.  By  DOROTHY  L.  SAVERS. 

One  object  of  this  series,  which  will  be  confined  to  such 
work  as  would  seem  to  deserve  publicity,  is  to  remove 
from  the  work  of  young  poets  the  reproach  of  insolvency. 

It  is  hoped  that  these  Adventures  may  justly  claim  the 
attention  of  those  intellects  which,  in  resisting  the 
enervating  influence  of  the  novel,  look  for  something  of 
permanent  value  in  the  more  arduous  pursuit  of  poetry. 


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PINOCCHIO 

By  C.  COLLODI,  with  8  pictures  in  color 
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ROBINSON  CRUSOE 

By  DANIEL  DEFOE,  with  8  pictures  in 
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By  EDWIN  L.  SABIN,  is  full  of  patriotism 
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RINGS 

By  GEORGE  F.  KUNZ,  Ph.D.,  author  of  "The  Curious  Lore  of 
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about  290  illustrations.  It  tells  the  story  and  romance  of  rings 
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about  rings  is  here.  Handsome  gift  binding,  boxed.  Net,  $6.00 

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Fifty-two  reproductions  of  Pennell's  remarkable  drawings  of 
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WINTER  JOURNEYS  IN  THE  SOUTH 

By  JOHN  MARTIN  HAMMOND,  makes  the  golfer,  the  automobilist, 
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PRACTICAL  BOOK  OF  EARLY 
AMERICAN  ARTS  AND  CRAFTS 

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PRACTICAL  BOOK  OF  ARCHITECTURE 

By  C.  MATLACK  PRICE,  is  just  the  gift  for  anyone  who  contem- 
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PARKS 

By  GEORGE  BURNAP.  contains  164  illustrations  of  parks  all  over 
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TRAINING  FOR  THE 
NEWSPAPER  TRADE 

By  DON  C.  SEITZ,   Business  Manager  New  York   World. 
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Interesting  and   Successful  Fiction 

PENROD  AND  SAM 

By  BOOTH  TARKINGTON.  author  of  "Penrod." 
A  new  book  about  Penrod.  the  most  lovable,  laugh- 
able youngster  in  fiction.     The  most  popular  book  for 
this  Christmas.     Special  Gift  Edition,  limp  leather. 

Illustrated.     Net,  $1.65.     Cloth,  net,   $1.35 

THE  EMPEROR  OF  PORTUGALLIA 

By  SELMA  LAGERLOF,  author  of  "Jerusalem." 
A  rarely  beautiful  tale  of  a  father's  love — a  Swedish 
Pere     Goriot.       By     many     critics     considered     Miss 
Lagerlof's  finest  work.  Net,  $1.60 

CASUALS  OF  THE  SEA 

By  WILLIAM  MCFEE. 

The  literary  find  of  1916.  No  novel  published  this 
fall  has  received  greater  praise  from  the  leading 
critics  of  the  country.  Net,  $1.50 

THE  LEOPARD  WOMAN 

By    STEWABT    EDWARD    WHITE,    author    of    "The 
Gray  Dawn,"  etc. 

A  red-blooded  adventure  and  mystery  tale,  laid  in 
the  heart  of  the  Africa  Mr.  White  knows  BO  well. 

Illustrated.     Net,   $1.35 
SOMEWHERE  IN  RED  GAP 

By  HARRY  LEON  WILSON,  author  of  "Ruggles  of 
Red  Gap,"  etc. 

Red  Gap,  Wash.,  is  the  most  amusing  spot  on  the 
map  this  Christmas.  A  gift  of  good  cheer. 

Illustrated.     Net,   $1.35 
THE  HEART  OF  RACHAEL 

By   KATHLEEN    MORRIS,  author  of  "The  Story  of 
Julia  Page,"  "Mother,"  etc. 

The  story  of  a  woman's  heart  in  the  crucible  of 
marriage.  One  of  the  half-dozen  most  successful 
novels  this  fall.  Frontispiece.  Net,  $1.35 

A  CIRCUIT  RIDER'S  WIDOW 

By  CORRA  HARRIS,  author  of  "The  Circuit  Rider's 

Wife." 

One  reviewer  calls  this  "the  most  human  story  of 
the  season."  A  book  that  reveals  the  heart  of  a  little 
Southern  parish.  Illustrated.  Net,  $1.50 

THE  FURTHER  SIDE  OF  SILENCE 

By  SIR  HUGH  CLIFFORD. 

According  to  the  Boston  Herald,  these  strange  tales 
of  Malaya  form  one  of  two  really  notable  books  of 
short  stories  this  season.  Net,  $1.35 

THE  GRIZZLY  KING 

By  JAMES  OLIVER  CURWOOD. 

A  companion  story  to  "Kazan."  The  Outlook  calls 
it  "The  best  bear  story  we  have  ever  read." 

Illustrated.     Net,   $1.25 
THE  BIRD  HOUSE  MAN 

By    WALTER    PRICHARD    EATON,    author    of    "The 
Idyl  of  Twin  Fires." 

The  tale  of  a  quaint  New  England  village,  and  of 
the  love  stories  of  its  inhabitants. 

Illustrated.     Net,  $1.35 


Two  Authorized   Biographies 

O.  HENRY  BIOGRAPHY 

By  C.  ALPHONSO  SMITH. 

The  best  O.  Henry  story  and  the  key  to  all  his  work 
is  the  story  of  his  life.  A  gift  for  the  O.  Henry 
lover.  Illustrated.  Boxed.  Net,  $2.50 

BOOKER  T.  WASHINGTON 

By  EMMETT  J.  SCOTT,  for  18  years  his  secretary, 
and  LYMAN  BEECHER  STOWE. 

The  authorized  life  of  one  of  America's  great  men. 
A  sequel  to  "Up  from  Slavery." 

Illustrated.     Boxed.     Net,  $2.00 

The  Most  Powerful  Cartoons  in  History 
RAEMAEKERS'   CARTOONS 

A  book  of  150  cartoons  in  two  colors  by  "the  Man 
on  the  Spiritual  Frontier,"  with  notes  by  well-known 
writers.  A  gift  of  rare  interest  and  permanent  value. 

Boxed.     Net,  $5.00 
Other   Important   Non-Fiction 

IVORY  AND  THE  ELEPHANT 

By  GEORGE  FREDERICK  KUNZ,  Ph.D.,  Sc.D.,  A.M. 
(Gem  expert  for  Tiffany  &  Co.  for  more  than  25 
years.) 

A  study  of  the  art  of  carving  ivories  from  the 
earliest  prehistoric  times.  Illustrated.  Net,  $7.50 

MOUNT  VERNON: 

Washington's  Home  and  the  Nation's  Shrine.  By 
PAUL  WILSTACH. 

"A  vivid  picture  of  life  in  those  far-off  Colonial 
and  early  Republican  times,  as  reflected  in  the  old 
and  honored  mansion." — New  York  Sun. 

48  illustrations.      Net,  $2.00 
MILITARY  AND  NAVAL  AMERICA 

By  HARRISON  S.  KERBICK,  C.A.C.,  U.  S.  Army. 
The  facts  about  our  army  and  navy.     Endorsed  by 
highest   authorities.  Illustrated.      Net,    $2.00 

MY  GARDEN 

By  LOUISE  BEEBE  WILDER. 

A  garden  book  con  amore.  The  editor  of  the  Gar- 
den Magazine  calls  it  "the  most  inspirational  and  yet 
practical  garden  book  in  years."  Net,  $1.50 

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MORNING  FACE 

By  GENE  STRATTON-PORTER,  author  of  "Freckles." 
Fascinating    stories    and    rhymes    of    out-door    life 
which  Mrs.    Porter  originally  told  to  one   "little  girl 
with  a  face  of  morning" — her  granddaughter. 

Illustrated  with  remarkable  nature  photographs  by 
the  author.  Net,  $1.50 

OLD,  OLD  TALES  FROM  THE  OLD,  OLD  BOOK 

Bible  tales  retold  with  loving  care  by  NORA  ARCHI- 
BALD SMITH.  Illustrated.  Net.  $1.60 


AN    AUTOBIOGRAPHY 

By  EDWARD  LIVINGSTON  TRUDEAU. 
A  volume  of  inspiration  and  hope  from  the  pen  of 
one  whose  fight  against  tuberculosis  has  been  instru- 
mental in  saving  thousands  of  lives.  Net,  $2.50 
LIFE   AND  GABRIELLA 

By  ELLEN  GLASGOW,  author  of  "Virginia,"  etc. 
A  tale  of  a  gentle  fearless  woman  who  had  faith  in 
life,  and  courage  to  take  all  odds— and  won.      Net,  $1.35 
STAMBOUL  NIGHTS  By  H.  G.  DWIGHT. 

This  author  has  spent  much  of  his  time  in  Con- 
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Prepared   especially   for   those   who   enjoy   plays   in 
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Vol.  XIV.     HOBSON'S  CHOICE 

By  HAROLD  BRIGHOUSE. 
Vol.  XV.     THE  APOSTLE 

By   PAUL   HYACINTHE    LOYSON. 
Vol.  XVI.     YOUTH 

By    MAX    HALBE. 
Vol.   XVII.     A   FALSE   SAINT 

By  FRANCOIS  DE  CUREL. 
Vol.  XVIII.     THE  MOTHERS 

By  GEORG  HIRSCHFELD. 
Vol.  XIX.     MALVALCOCA 

By  SERAFIN  and  JOAQUIN  ALVAREZ  QUINTEBO. 
Vol.  XX.     THE  WASHINGTON   SQUARE   PLAYS 

Four  one-act  plays  by  young  American  authors. 


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WEBSTER'S 

NEW  INTERNATIONAL 

DICTIONARY 


I  This  new  creation  combines  many  gifta 
M  in  one. Its  contents  area  wonderfully  com- 

|  pact  storehouse  of  accurate  information  of 
H  constant  education  and  enjoyment  to  all 

|  members  of  the  home,  school,   or  office. 
H  The  clear  printing  and  beautiful 
H  bindings  are  lasting  examples 

|  of  the  bookbinder's  art. 
=  This  gift  will  be  treasured,  ad- 

|  mired,  and  used  long  after  the 
H  holiday  season  has  passed.    A 

|  daily  reminder  of  the  giver. 

|      SALIENT  FEATURES: 
|  400,000  Vocabulary  Terms. 

30,000  Geographical  Subjects. 
1     12,000  Biographical  Entries. 
=  Thousands  of  other  References. 
H  Hundreds  of  NEW  Words  not  given 
=      in  any  other  dictionary. 
|  6,000  Illustrations.  2, 700  Pages. 

E=  The  only  dictionary  with  the  new 
^  divided  page,  characterized  "A 
j=  Stroke  of  Genius. "  Type  matter 
§  is  equivalent  to  that  of  a  15-vol- 
p  ume  encyclopedia. 

WRITE  for  specimen  pages  of  both  Regular  and  India-Paper  Editions. 

I  G.  &  C.  MERRIAH  COMPANY,  Springfield,  Mass.,  U.  S.  A. 


1ne  Only  Grand  Prize 


(Highest  Award)  given  to  Dictionaries  at 
the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  was  granted 
to  the  New  International  for  super- 
iority of  Educational  Merit. 


<     o.  &  c. ; 

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'  CO.,  SPBINO-  | 
/FIELD,  MASS. 

'        Pleaie   lend   me 

/  specimens  of  tile  New 
t  Dirided  Page,  Illaitra- 

tloni,  Regular  and  India 
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"Contraband' 

— by  Randall  Parrish 

A  splendid  war  story.  Robert  Hollis  and  Vera 
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girl's  father,  a  copper  pool  speculator.  Together 
they  live  the  Life  Strenuous  through  a  ten-day 
adventure  during  which  they  experience  two  ship- 
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Death  schooner,  all  in  the  North  Atlantic. 

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The  Range  Boss 

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My  Lady  of  the  Island 

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Cicero:    His  Life  and  Works 

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Ella  Flagg  Young 

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Bobby  of  the  Labrador 

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Our  Field  and  Forest  Trees 

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America 's  Relations  to  the 
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Two   additional  volumes  now  ready 
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MOTHER  WEST  WIND 

"HOW"  STORIES 
By  THORNTON  W.  BURGESS 

Stories  such  as  "How  Mr.  Toad 
learned  to  sing,"  "How  Mr.  Mink 
taught  himself  to  swim,"  etc. — 
children  4  to  12.  Colored  pictures 
by  Cody.  $1.00  net 

DRAKE  OF  TROOP  ONE 
By  ISABEL  HORNIBROOK 

A  new  type  of  Scout  story.  It 
tells  how  a  boy  of  a  "bad-gang"  is 
reclaimed  by  enlisting  in  the  Boy 
Scouts.  $1.25  net 

MERRY  ANIMAL  TALES 
By  MADGE  A.  BIGHAM 

Some  of  La  Fontaine's  fables 
written  down  to  the  understanding 
of  children  4  to  8. 

Illustrated,     75  cts.  net 

FAIRY  OPERETTAS 
By  LAURA  E.  RICHARDS 

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LITTLE,  BROWN  & 
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The  Boy's   Book  of 
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inventive  genius  —  directions 
for  making  numerous  toys 
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•—XIII.  Adventures  of  Prickly  Porky.        XIV.  Adventures  of  Old  Man  Coyote. 

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LITTLE  WHITE  FOX  AND 
HIS  ARCTIC  FRIENDS 

By  ROY  J.  SNELL 

The  amusing  adventures  of  a  fox 
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Colored  pictures  by  Kerr.  75  cts.  net 

WONDER  TALES  RETOLD 

By  KATHARINE  PYLE 

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For  children  7  to  12.  $1.35  net 

PILGRIMS  OF  TO-DAY 
By  MARY  H.  WADE 

Biographical  sketches  of  seme  of 
the  most  famous  men  who  have 
"made  good"  in  this  country. 

$1.00  net 

CHANDRA  IN  INDIA 
By  ETTA  B.  McDONALD 

Another  of  the  charming  Little 
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MOTHER  GOOSE  CHILDREN 
By  ETTA  A.  BLAISDELL  and 
MARY  FRANCES  BLAISDELL 

A  book  of  the  simplest  possible 
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so  cleverly  and  carefully  arranged 
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the  path  of  the  very  youngest  read- 
ers. 41  colored  illustrations.  BOc  net 

THREE  IN  A  CAMP 
By  MARY  P.  WELLS  SMITH 

A  wholesome  story  of  out-of-door 
life — the  third  volume  in  the  Sum- 
mer Vacation  Series. 

Illustrated.     $1.20  net 

ICE-BOAT  NUMBER  ONE 
By  LESLIE  W.  QUIRK 

This  is  the  fourth  of  the  Well- 
worth  College  Series  and  is  a 
spirited  story  of  winter  sports. 

$l.iO  net 


Publishers 
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China  from  Every  Angle 

CHINA.   AN  INTERPRETATION 

By  BISHOP  JAMES  W.  BASHFORD 
William  H.   Taft,  Ex-President  of  the  United  States: 

"I  value  Bishop  Bashford  much  as  a  Pioneer,  Statesman,  and  Diplomatist  in  the  work  of  opening  the  field 
of  ancient  Chinese  civilization  to  the  fructifying  influences  of  Christian  progress." 

The  Outlook,  New  York 

"An  excellent  work,  the  fruit  of  long  experience  in  China,  Bishop  Bashford 's  words  have  the  impact  of  one 
who  knows  at  first  hand  about  what  he  writes,  and  who  is  sincerely  convinced  as  to  his  conclusions." 

Evening  Mail,  New   York: 

"Within  its  covers  is  a  mine  of  information  on  the  industrial,  commercial,  and  educational  life  of  China, 
women's  sphere,  Confucianism,  the  Chinese  Republic,  and  chapters  on  the  relation  of  China  with  Japan,  the 
United  States  and  the  world.  The  appendix  alone  constitutes  a  valuable  handbook." 

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Connie  Morgan  In  Alaska 

By  James  B.  Hendryx 

Author  of  "The  Promise,"  "The  Law  of  the 

Woods"  etc. 
12°.    22  Illustrations.    $1.25. 

"A  delightful  tale  of  adventures  in  the 
Northern  wilds.  Sam  Morgan's  boy,  Connie, 
with  an  ill-assorted  three-dog  team,  but  with 
indominatable  pluck  and  hardihood,  makes 
good  and  wins  the  miners'  hearts.  It  is  a  tale 
that  will  stir  a  boy's  blood  and  teach  him  to 
be  manly,  upright  and  persevering." — Eastern 
Argus. 


The  Quest  of  the  Golden 
Valley 

By  Belmore  Brown* 

Author  of  "The  Conquest  of  Mount  McKinley." 
12°.    Eight  full-page  Illustrations.    $1.25. 

A  search  for  treasure  which  lies  guarded  by  the  fastnesses 
of  nature  in  the  rugged  interior  of  Alaska.  The  penetration  of 
these  wilds  by  the  boys  who  are  the  heroes  of  the  story  is  a 
thrilling  narrative  of  adventure  and  teaches  the  lore  of  the  open. 


The  Cambridge  Book 

of  Poetry  for 

Children 

Edited  by  Kenneth  Graham* 

Crown,    8°.     Picture   End   Papers. 

$1.50. 

This  volume  is  compiled  for  chil- 
dren and  not  about  them.  Mr. 
Grahame  has  made  his  collection 
chiefly  one  of  lyrical  verse,  be- 
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better  portal  than  this." 

Betty's  Beautiful 
Nights 

By 
Marian  Warner  Wildman  Fenner 

8°.      Fourteen    Illustrations.      $1.50. 

Of    course,    everyone    knows    that 

the  fairies  change  the  seasons,  make 

the  feathery  snow  fly  and  paint  the 

.  autumn    leaves,    but    few    have    had 

Betty's   chance  to   help   them.      The 

illustrations  are   as  charming  as  the 

text. 


The  Golden  Apple 

A  Play  for  Kiltartan  Children 

By  Lady  Gregory 

Author  of  "Seven  Short  Plays,"  etc. 
8°.     Eight  full-page  Illus.  in  Color. 

?i.*5. 

The  King  of  Ireland's  son,  in 
search  of  the  Golden  Apple  of  Heal- 
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A  College  Girl 

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12°.     4  Illus.  in  Color.     $1.25. 

The  sweet  and  forceful  story  of 
the  life  of  Darsie  Garnett  from  the 
time  she  is  fifteen,  until  she  blos- 
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Readers  of  "An  Unknown  Lover," 
"Lady  Cassandra,"  etc.,  will  delight 
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all  of  Mrs.  Vaizey's  charm  of  style. 


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'T^HE  "Classics  for  Children,"  by  reason  of  their  attractive  dress  and  clear  and  inviting 
JL  typography,  are  especially  appropriate  gifts  for  children.  New  drawings  by  well-known 
children's  illustrators  are  features  of  the  later  volumes,  while  every  care  has  been  taken 
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AESOP:    Fables  40  cts. 

Illustrated   by    Charles    Livingston    Bull. 

ANDERSEN:    Fairy  Tales    2  vols.,  each  45  cts. 
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ARABIAN    NIGHTS'   ENTERTAINMENTS 

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CHURCH:    Stories  of  the  Old  World       60  cts. 

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DEFOE:    Robinson  Crusoe  60  cts. 

Illustrated  by   Charles   Copeland. 

FRANCILLON:    Gods  and  Heroes  48  cts. 

Illustrated  by   Sears   Gallagher. 


IRVING:    The  Alhambra  50  cts. 

Edited  and  slightly  abridged. 
Illustrated  by  Norman  Irving  Black. 

KINGSLEY:    Water  Babies  45  cts. 

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LAMB:     Tales   from   Shakespeare  45   cts. 

With    numerous  illustrations. 

RUSKIN:    The  Kin?  of  the  Golden  River 

25   cts. 

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SWIFT:    Gulliver's  Travels 

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"Aurora  the  Magnificent,"  by  Gertrude  Hall. 

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JACOBS  , 

Notable    New 

BOOKS 


Brave  Deeds  of 
Confederate  Soldiers 

By  Philip  Alexander  Bruce 

A  fine,  vivid,  intensely  interest- 
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man  will  be  a  better  citizen  for 
having  read  it. 

OTHER  VOLUMES  IN  THE  SERIES 

Brave   Deeds   of   American   Sailors 
By  ROBERT  B.  DUNCAN 

Brave   Deeds    of   Revolutionary 
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By  ROBERT  B.  DUNCAN 
Brave    Deeds     of    Union     Soldiers 

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By  Rupert  S.  Holland 

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OTHER  VOLUMES  BY  MR.  HOLLAND 

Historic  Boyhoods  Historic  Adventures    Historic  Poems  and  Ballads 

Historic  Inventions  Historic  Girlhoods      Historic  Heroes  of  Chivalry 

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Bob  Hunt,  Senior  Camper 

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ANIMAL 
BIOGRAPHIES 

By   Clarence  Hawkes 

Wonderfully  interesting  and  in- 
formative stories  of  animals,  that 
every  boy  should  know  about. 
Titles  as  follows: 

SHAGGYCOAT— (The   Beaver) 
BLACK    BRUIN— (The   Bear) 
SHOVELHORNS— {The   Moose) 
A  WILDERNESS  DOG— (The  Gray 

Wolf) 
KING     OF    THE    THUNDERING 

HERD— (The   Buffalo) 
PIEBALD,  KING  OF  BRONCHOS 

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BLACK  BEAUTY— (Sewell) 

THE  WONDER  BOOK  AND  TANGLEWOOD  TALES— 

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ALICE'S   ADVENTURES    IN    WONDERLAND    AND 
THROUGH   THE    LOOKING   GLASS— (Carroll) 

ROBINSON    CRUSOE— (Defoe) 

KIDNAPPED— (Stevenson) 

THE  SWISS  FAMILY  ROBINSON— (Wyss) 

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Songs  With 
Music 

From    Stevenson's 

"A  Child'*  Garden  of 
Ve 


A  large,  handsome  book, 
illustrated  in  full  color, 
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this  great  juvenile  classic, 
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Ask  your  bookseller  to  let  you  see  these  books 

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THE  DIAL 

jFortntgfjtlp  journal  of  Hiterarp  Criticism,  JQfeeussion,  anb  Snformatum. 


Vol.  LXI 


No.  7 SI 


A  NEW  FIELD  FOR  FREE  VERSE. 


CONTEXTS. 


A  NEW  FIELD  FOR  FREE  VERSE.    Henry  B. 

Fuller     .     .    .    ...    .'•/.,     ....  515 

LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IN  FRANCE.     (Special 

correspondence.)      Theodore  Stanton     .     .  517 

CASUAL  COMMENT  . 520 

The  latest  Nobel  Prize  winner. — An  old 
story  revived. — A  pitfall  for  authors. — The 
way  of  the  book-auctioneer. — The  cultivation 
of  superficiality. — A  deservedly  popular  book 
in  Russia. — Alliterative  aids. — In  behalf  of 
sanctity  of  copyright. —  Oddities  of  book- 
illustration. 

COMMUNICATIONS 523 

Notes  from  Japan.    Ernest  W.  Clement. 
A  Plea  for  the  Amateur.     Louise  Gebhard 
Cann. 

A  LEADER  IN  CONSTRUCTIVE  AMERICAN-  • 

ISM.     Garland  Greever 525 

FOUR  AMERICAN  POETS.   Wittiam  Aspenwall 

Bradley       528 

ENGLISH  INFLUENCE  ON  OUR  INSTITU- 
TIONS.   Harold  J.  Laski 530 

POETRY    FROM    THE    TRENCHES.      Witter 

Bynner 531 

FEEDING  THE  BELGIANS.     George  Bernard 

Donlin 532 

THE  THIRST  FOR  SALVATION.     Arthur  H. 

Quinn .'    ...  534 

RECENT  FICTION.    Edward  E.  Hale  .     .     .     .535 

NOTES  ON  NEW  FICTION 537 

Kildares  of  Storm. — The  Whale  and  the 
Grasshopper. — Beef,  Iron,  and  Wine. — 
Local  Color. —  Richard  Richard. —  The 
Stranger  at  the  Hearth. — The  Nest-Builder. 
— The  Towers  of  Ilium. — Quaker-Born. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 539 

The  China  Year  Book. — From  the  notebooks  of 
John  Muir. — Adding  to  the  Irving-Brevoort 
correspondence. — Caricatures  of  satire. — The 
length  and  breadth  of  English  drama. — Cath- 
olicism and  peace. 

HOLIDAY  PUBLICATIONS.— II 541 

FINDING   THE  BEST   IN   THE  JUVENILE 

BOOK  HARVEST.    Montrose  J.  Moses    .  545 

HOLIDAY  JUVENILE  LIST 549 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  .  .  554 


Mr.  Howells,  looking  through  the  windows 
of  "Venetian  Life"  upon  the  life  of  Europe 
in  general,  once  paused  to  note  the  tendency 
of  an  advanced  civilization  to  substitute  form 
for  spirit,  the  husk  for  the  substance.  What 
he  said  of  life  may  well  be  said  of  one  of 
life's  major  privileges,  art;  and  it  may  be 
said  with  special  force  of  that  particular  form 
of  art  known  as  the  short-story.  American 
life,  while  younger  than  European,  has  lost 
its  first  freshness ;  and  America 's  best  contri- 
bution to  the  general  body  of  art  has  already 
become  jejune.  The  short-story,  as  we  know 
it  in  the  magazines,  is  now  an  article  of  delib- 
erate manufacture,  a  conscious  object  of  bar- 
gain and  sale  —  as  much  so  as  furniture  or 
footwear.  It  is  a  ready-made  mould  into 
which  material  —  equally  ready-made- — may 
be  run.  Numerous  pens  are  busy  telling 
how  to  concoct  it  and  how  to  market  it.  The 
most  high-minded  editor  is  not  above  asking 
for  "a  bright  love-story,  not  to  exceed  five 
thousand  words."  A  myriad  hands  cooper- 
ate in  the  manufacture  of  this  art-form  for 
almost  every  organ  of  print,  to  appease  the 
terrible  leisure  of  the  all-devouring  modern 
eye. 

This  briefer  form  of  fiction,  in  its  best 
estate,  may  be  said  to  stand  like  a  young  tree 
—  the  stem  towers ;  the  sap  runs ;  the  foliage, 
if  redundant,  presents  the  liberal  charms  of 
branch,  bud,  leaf,  light  and  shade;  one  may 
explore  its  intricate  verdure  with  due  reward. 
But  the  average  short  fiction  of  commerce  is 
now  too  frequently  a  hollow,  sapless  affair, — 
a  spectre  of  incipient  decay,  if  not  an  actual 
mass  of  deadwood,  against  the  bright  sky  of 
rightful  expectation :  both  in  the  lexicograph- 
ical and  the  popular  use  of  the  word,  it  is 
"punk." 

Yes,  deadwood  is  right:  the  deadwood  of 
conventional  description  and  characteriza- 
tion; the  deadwood  of  "punch"  and  "climax" 
laboriously  reached  by  recipe;  a  parade  of 
tedious  paraphernalia  which  anybody  who 
reads  short-stories  at  all  knows  by  heart  and 
should  be  glad  to  be  relieved  from.  How 
best  escape  the  stale  and  inflated  conventions 


516 


THE   DIAL 


[December  14 


that  beset  and  overload  the  short-story? 
How  best  economize  the  efforts  of  the  writer 
and  the  attention  of  the  reader?  How  best 
gain  brevity,  concision,  intensity  and  height- 
ened sense  of  form? 

One  way,  at  least,  seems  to  present  itself: 
that  new  method  of  expression  now  called  • — 
whether  in  derision,  or  from  over-readiness 
to  accept  a  label,  or  from  supine  vagueness 
in  front  of  a  novel  actuality  —  free  verse. 
What  is  thus  termed,  I  should  incline  to  call 
neither  verse,  on  the  one  hand,  nor  prose,  on 
the  other.  Between  black  and  white  are 
shades  of  gray;  between  high  tones  and  low, 
serviceable  octaves  intervene;  between  noon 
and  midnight  there  is  a  borderland  of  dusk 
or  of  dawn.  Free  verse  balances  on  the  fence 
between  poetry  and  prose,  and  dips  beak  or 
tail  toward  either  at  will.  The  less  sym- 
pathetic mind  may  prefer  to  see  a  bird  of 
clumsier  breed:  one  that,  on  occasion,  rises 
upon  the  air,  yet  drags  its  feet  along  the 
ground.  The  free  versifier  draws  at  will 
upon  the  stability  and  earthboundness  of 
prose  and  upon  the  aerial  strata  that  lie 
above.  He  can  pedestrianize  over  the  firm 
road,  yet  indulge  the  lift  and  the  lilt  when- 
ever the  lift  and  the  lilt  seem  good.  Above 
all,  he  can  readily  lay  tribute  upon  some  of 
the  best  effects  and  advantages  of  poetry- — 
the  packed  thought,  the  winged  epithet,  the 
concentrated  expression.  The  "bright  story 
of  five  thousand  words"  may  be  told  —  with 
all  superfluities  discarded  and  all  redun- 
dancies stripped  away  —  in  seven  or  eight 
hundred,  with  greater  regard  for  economy 
of  attention,  whether  of  mind  or  of  eye. 

One  would  not,  perhaps,  offer  the  short 
story  in  free  verse  —  or,  rather,  in  flexible 
rhythms  and  tight-packed  verbality  —  to  the 
clientele  of  Mr.  Winston  Churchill  or  of  Mr. 
Harold  Bell  Wright.  No ;  these  faithful  fol- 
lowers, in  their  snug,  distant  homes,  on  long 
winter  evenings,  must  have  their  pages  by  the 
hundred,  by  the  thousand :  why  hasten  to  rise 
from  table  when  there  is  nowhere  in  partic- 
ular to  go?  But  a  lively,  over-driven,  urban 
body  of  readers,  limited  as  to  time  and  har- 
ried by  an  appetite  for  novel  notions,  should 
welcome  the  new  vehicle:  the  sort  of  reader 
who  nibbles,  sips,  flirts  his  napkin,  twitches 
his  chair,  looks  down  the  board  and  asks, 
"What  next?"  He  is  the  devotee  —  or  the 
victim  —  of  the  quick  tempo ;  he  hears  the 


j  end  before  the  end  is  reached  and  is  already 
!  preparing  to  ask  for  another  tune. 

I  am  far  from  saying  that  such  an  attitude 
toward  a  work  of  art  is  admirable;  in  fact, 
the  speed-mania,  as  involved  in  the  appre- 
hension—  perhaps  I  mean,  appreciation  — 
of  any  manifestation  of  art  or  literature, 
should  be  deplored;  but  we  must  take  our 
day  as  we  find  it.  What  surprises  me  is  that 
a  busy  people,  a  people  often  so  impatient  in 
one  direction,  should  be  so  willing  to  dawdle 
in  another.  On  the  other  hand,  I  would  not 
encourage  too  far  the  terrible,  air-cleaving 
rapidity  of  the  Spoon  River  tombstones; 
indeed,  these  must  generously  be  half-forgot- 
ten (should  that  be  possible  )if  the  free-verse 
story  of  moderate  dimensions  is  to  be  accorded 
a  fair  measure  of  patience.  The  dance  of 
death  which  we  are  all  leading  may  have  its 
lively  steps,  but  need  not  make  itself  into  a 
hurricane-jig.  One's  "verre"  may  indeed  be 
"petit,"  but  shall  it  not  hold  more  than  a 
single  concentrated  drop  of  bitterness?  We 
may  quicken  our  pace,  but  need  we  hurl  our- 
selves down  the  Gadarene  slopes?  The  trebly 
compressed,  quintessentialized  pungency  of 
Spoon  River  is  an  escape  of  strongest 
ammonia  —  a  triumph  for  Mr.  Masters,  but 
a  despair  for  anybody  who  follows  him.  No, 
gentle  reader ;  do  not  expect  the  whole  story 
in  a  single  page.  Be  willing  to  turn  four  or 
five  of  them  —  small  ones.  Remember  how 
many  of  them  —  large  ones  —  you  have  been 
turning  in  the  magazines:  standardized 
novelle  of  love,  adventure,  graft,  crime,  local- 
color,  "kid-stuff,"  and  the  rest. 

The  short-story  in  free  verse  may  appear 
in  various  guises.  It  may  be  biographical, 
like  Mr.  Masters 's  "All  Life  in  a  Life," 
recently  rewarded  with  a  prize  by  "Poetry." 
It  may  be  episodical,  like  some  of  the  things 
of  Robert  Frost  —  bolts  of  frieze  or  linsey- 
woolsey,  if  you  like,  but  reasonable  in  length 
and  clean-cut  as  to  selvage.  It  may  be  semi- 
lyrical,  getting  itself  done  in  bursts  of  color- 
ful emotion,  like  some  of  the  pieces  of  Amy 
Lowell.  It  may  seize  still  other  opportunities. 
It  may  become  the  home  of  touch-and-go,  the 
haunt  of  the  hint  and  of  the  glancing  allusion. 
It  can  give  in  a  single  epithet  the  essence  of 
a  prose  sentence,  and  in  a  single  phrase  the 
spirit  of  a  prose  paragraph.  It  will  let  you 
be  humorous,  if  you  can  be;  hortatory  or 
pathetic,  if  you  wish  to  be.  It  will  come  as  a 
grateful  ally  to  the  man  who  is  not  a  space- 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


517 


filler  at  space-filling  rates,  but  who  is  intent 
on  sincere  and  pointed  self-expression  for  its 
own  sake.  It  may  even  exercise  the  compell- 
ing continuity  that  chains  children  to  the 
comic  supplement. 

A  favorite  objection  to  free  verse  —  or  to 
free  rhythm  —  is  that  it  is  merely  prose  cut 
up,  arbitrarily,  into  short  lengths.  "What 
determines  the  length  of  your  lines?"  the 
ribald  ask.  "And  what  decides  for  you  the 
size  of  your  stanza  or  strophe?"  The  strophe 
is  shaped  by  the  exercise  of  an  original 
architectonic  consciousness,  either  active  or 
latent;  and  the  length  of  its  lines  is  deter- 
mined by  a  variety  of  considerations.  First 
and  foremost,  the  writer  must  feel  —  as, 
indeed,  always  and  everywhere  —  his  theme. 
He  must  sense  it,  if  but  subconsciously  —  and 
perhaps  best  subconsciously  —  as  a  matter  of 
flow  and  cadence.  This  flow  he  need  not 
greatly  care  to  guide;  quite  likely  it  will 
guide  itself.  Again,  he  shepes  his  lines  for 
the  advantage  (perfectly  legitimate)  of  the 
pause  at  the  end,  whether  to  aid  the  rhythm 
or  the  emphasis.  If  extra  emphasis  be 
required,  a  line  may  be  made  to  consist  of 
but  two  or  three  words,  or  even  of  but  one. 
He  divides  also  for  change  and  variety.  He 
divides  also  for  the  ease  of  the  eye,  that 
sadly  overworked  organ ;  and  I  may  say,  just 
here,  that  the  young  eye,  fresh  and  untired, 
is  no  judge  of  the  importance  of  this  point. 
Such  an  eye  is  at  once  too  strong  and  too 
inexperienced  for  a  delicate  test,  and  over- 
looks the  advantage  of  "filled"  and  of  "void" 
well-distributed,  over  the  printed  page.  What 
is  done  in  prose  sporadically  and  casually  is 
done  in  free  rhythm  on  system.  If  you  say 
that  free  verse  needs  all  the  help  it  can  get 
to  make  it  easy  reading,  you  are  entitled  to 
the  jest  —  merry  and  perhaps  obligatory; 
but  you  are  likely  to  come,  later  on,  to  a 
different  frame  of  mind. 

And  as  concerns  the  combined  length  of 
line  and  of  strophe,  let  us  return  to  the  figure 
of  aqueous  flow :  see,  if  you  will,  a  succession 
of  small  waves  on  a  ground-swell- — but 
expect  neither  from  the  greater  nor  from  the 
less  a  mechanical  regularity. 

In  the  matter  of  metrical  detail  the  thor- 
ough-going verslibrist  looks  a  bit  askant  at 
the  employment  of  iambics,  dactyls,  and  other 
recognized  measures  of  the  older  prosody.  If 
these  are  to  be  used  they  must  be  used  spar- 
ingly, in  association  with  the  more  subtle 


rhythms  and  cadences  of  prose;  and  their 
equivocal  presence  may  be  still  further 
cloaked  by  divisions  into  line-lengths  of  much 
irregularity. 

Nothing  is  truer  than  this :  that  if  a  new 
day  is  going  to  express  itself  to  advantage, 
it  must  make  its  new  moulds  as  well  as  find 
its  new  material.  The  later  vintage,  crude 
and  homely  though  it  may  be,  deserves  its 
own  bottles.  Doubtless  many  of  the  early 
free-versifiers  have  shown  themselves  lack- 
ing. They  have  been  vague,  inchoate, 
"woozy";  and  they  have  had  nothing  very 
definite  to  say.  The  vagarious  mood  has  done 
duty  for  the  clear-cut  thought,  the  sprightly 
hand-spring  for  the  firm-footed,  straight- 
bearing  course.  Such  moods  and  manners 
may  perhaps  be  allowed  to  the  poet  in  free 
verse,  but  they  assuredly  cannot  be  permitted 
to  the  story-teller  in  free  verse.  He  must 
have  a  ponderable  theme,  a  straightaway  con- 
tinuity of  thought,  and  a  sense  of  form  that 
takes  heed  of  beginning,  middle,  and  end. 
Such  a  man,  thus  equipped,  ought  to  be  able 
to  compass,  first  a  hearing,  then  tolerance, 
then  acceptance,  then  the  real  welcome  that 
follows  on  having  done  the  timely  thing  in 
the  idiom  of  the  new  day.  But  the  conserva- 
tive lingers  long  —  both  for  ill  and  for  good, 
be  it  said  —  and  the  acceptance  of  the  novel 
may  not  be  so  rapid  and  complete  as  the 
newer  novellista  would  desire. 

HENBY  B.  FULLER. 


LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IN  FRANCE. 

(Special  Correspondence  of  THE  DIAL.) 


A  good  example  of  how  the  literary  spirit 
persists  in  France  notwithstanding  the  stress 
of  war  is  shown  by  the  revision  and  comple- 
tion of  that  admirable  collection  of  the 
French  poets  of  to-day,  "Anthologie  des 
Poetes  Fran§ais  Contemporains"  (Paris: 
Delagrave,  4  volumes,  3  frs.  50  each).  The 
first  three  volumes,  which  appeared  originally 
about  ten  years  ago,  have  just  been  supple- 
mented by  a  fourth,  and  the  whole  work 
brought  down  to  July,  1914.  The  period 
covered  extends  from  1866  to  the  present 
time,  and  not  less  than  300  poets,  French 
for  the  most  part,  though  Switzerland  and 
Belgium  are  not  overlooked,  are  here  rep- 
resented. Selections  from  the  work  of  each 
poet  are  accompanied  by  a  specimen  of  his 
handwriting  and  an  original  and  often  very 


518 


THE    DIAL 


[December  14 


good  biographical  and  critical  notice.  The 
preface  to  the  whole  series  is  from  the  pen  of 
Sully  Prudhomme  and  was  written  the  year 
before  he  died,  1907.  It  presents  in  graceful 
but  strong  terms  the  claims  of  the  old  school 
in  face  of  the  aggressive  and  rugged  New 
Verse,  while  the  editor  of  the  collection,  M. 
Gerard  Walch,  who  went  to  much  labor  in 
correspondence  and  research  to  bring  together 
all  these  scattered  elements,  dwells,  in  his 
introduction,  on  "the  immense  richness  of 
the  poetic  production  of  an  epoch  which,  as 
regards  poetry,  surpasses  all  those  which  have 
preceded  it." 

M.  Walch  is  a  highly  cultivated  Dutchman 
of  Huguenot  descent,  many  members  of  the 
French  branch  of  whose  family  have  figured 
or  still  figure  in  the  liberal  walks  of  life  in 
France  and  two  of  whom  heve  recently  fallen 
on  the  west  front  "in  the  cause  of  right  and 
justice,"  he  writes  me;  and  his  French 
proclivities  are  still  further  increased  by  the 
fact  that  his  wife  is  the  granddaughter  of 
an  officer  of  the  Grand  Army.  He  is  a  pro- 
fessor in  one  of  the  great  commercial  schools 
of  Amsterdam  and  an  ardent  member  of  the 
Dutch  branch  of  the  League  of  Neutral 
Nations.  This  extract  from  a  recent  letter 
of  his  to  me  is  interesting  in  more  respects 
than  one: 

From  the  way  things  look  now,  it  seems  to  me 
that  this  war  will  have  a  happy  effect  on  French 
letters.  The  final  triumph  of  the  good  cause  will 
necessarily  bring  about  an  exaltation  of  the  grand 
moral  forces  which  the  struggle  has  contributed  to 
stimulate  so  powerfully.  Then  the  poets  will  sing 
of  the  deep  human  sentiments,  and  sane  national 
traditions  will  be  respected  without  excluding  an 
enlightened  internationalism.  There  will  also  rise 
up  a  profound  disgust  for  a  certain  kind  of  molly- 
coddleness  and  a  contempt  for  all  snobbishness  and 
easy-going  success  in  life.  The  broad  spiritualistic 
and  religious  current  which  existed  already  before 
the  war  and  which  is  represented  in  my  supplemental 
volume  by  such  Catholic  poets  as  Adrien  Mithouard, 
Eobert  Vallery-Kadot,  Le  Cardonnel  and  others,  and 
by  free-thinkers  like  Paul  Hyacinthe  Loyson,  will 
be  widened  and  gain  in  strength.  We  shall  also  see 
blossom  forth  a  beautiful  pure  love-poetry  —  think 
of  the  young  women  who  have  married  blind  soldiers! 
—  a  poetry  which  will  be  permeated  with  filial  tender- 
ness and  devotion.  Nor  will  these  poets  stop  at  the 
celebration  of  the  chaste  joys  of  family  and  friend- 
ship. New  dreams,  largely  humanitarian,  will 
emanate  from  the  ruins  of  the  past,  dreams  of  human 
solidarity  and  fraternity,  forever  protected  from  a 
recurrence  of  these  hideous  crimes  of  militarism  now 
running  riot  in  bloody  orgies.  But  who  will  be  the 
lofty  poet  who  will  sing  of  this  the  Great  War,  of 
this  titanic  struggle,  whose  most  insignificant 
episodes  throw  into  the  shade  the  grandest  exploits 
of  our  ancestors?  Who  will  be  this  poet,  who  this 
genius?  The  situation  calls  for  another  Victor  Hugo. 

An  American  will  be  pleasantly  surprised 
at  the  frequent  mention  in  this  Anthology  of 
Poe,  one  of  the  many  instances  in  modern 


European  literature  of  the  deep  impression 
which  this  erratic  genius  has  made  on  the 
intellectuals  of  the  Old  World  and  which 
reminds  me  of  another  example  of  this  that 
I  have  not  seen  mentioned  in  the  United 
States.  Odilon  Redon,  the  distinguished 
French  engraver  who  died  recently,  did  not 
make  a  portrait  of  Poe,  as  some  have 
imagined,  but  he  did  publish  in  1882  a  series 
of  six  lithographs  and  a  frontispiece  in  plastic 
correlation  with  the  literary  work  of  "this 
writer  of  genius,"  as  M.  Andre  Mellerio,  the 
French  art  critic,  calls  him  in  a  note  to  me. 
"A  Edgar  Poe"  (Paris:  Fischbacker),  like 
the  other  albums  of  Redon,  has  long  been  out 
of  print ;  but  a  reduction  in  facsimile  of  this 
series  and  of  all  his  engravings  for  that  mat- 
ter, is  to  be  found  in  Mellerio 's  "Odilon 
Redon"  (Paris:  Societe  pour  1'Etude  de  la 
Gravure  Franchise,  144  rue  de  Longchamp, 
500  copies  privately  printed,  1913).  Speak- 
ing of  this  book,  the  author  writes  me : 

It  was  written  in  close  collaboration  with  Redon 
and  is  confined  exclusively  to  his  engravings,  which 
I  treat  very  fully.  But  it  contains  nothing  about 
his  pictorial  work,  which  however  was  also  important, 
especially  in  recent  years.  It  is  a  great  artist  who 
has  disappeared,  but  at  least  his  art  creations  will 
live  after  him.  He  leaves  a  widow  as  intelligent 
as  she  is  good,  and  his  eldest  son  has  been  at  the 
front  since  the  outbreak  of  the  war. 

It  is  this  widow  who  has  called  my  atten- 
tion to  the  "Mercure  de  France"  for  August 
16  last,  where  M.  Andre  Fontainas,  the 
Belgian  poet,  publishes  "a  long  and  true 
study  of  my  husband,"  in  which  many  inter- 
esting things  are  said  about  the  Poe  influence 
on  Redon  —  the  same  is  seen  also  in  M. 
Thiebault-Sisson 's  chronique  in  the  "Temps" 
of  November  12  —  though  the  fact  is  over- 
looked that  he  exhibited  in  America  in  1913, 
at  New  York,  Chicago,  and  Boston.  In  fact, 
at  the  international  exhibition  of  the  Associa- 
tion of  American  Painters  and  Sculptors, 
held  in  the  spring  of  that  year  in  the  first- 
named  city,  a  special  room  was  devoted  to  the 
paintings  and  engravings  of  Redon. 

And  this  leads  up  naturally  to  the  death, 
still  more  recently,  of  another  famous  French 
engraver,  Alexandre  Lunois.  Indeed,  Lunois 
was  not  only  an  engraver  but,  like  the  old 
Italian  artists,  worked  in  every  department 
of  art  and  worked  well.  Perhaps  the  best 
account  of  his  life  and  labors  is  to  be  found 
in  a  series  of  articles  published  some  little 
time  ago  by  M.  Emile  Dacier,  in  the  "Revue 
de  1'Art  Ancien  et  Moderne"  and  brought 
together  later  in  a  thin  little  volume.  In  1912 
appeared  the  more  important  illustrated  work, 
"Alexandre  Lunois,  Peintre,  Lithographe  et 
Graveur"  (Paris:  Fleury).  His  widow,  who 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


519 


was  the  intimate  companion  of  her  husband's 
home  and  studio,  sends  me  these  interesting 
details  of  his  art  life : 

My  husband  never  wrote  anything  about  his  art, 
which  he  loved  so  dearly  and  all  that  remains  of  his 
views  thereon  is  what  has  been  preserved  by  intimate 
friends  from  conversations  with  him.  One  of  these 
friends  the  writer  and  art  critic,  M.  Raymond 
E&eholier,  now  at  the  front,  has  under  way  a  work 
about  my  husband  which  will  appear  some  day. 
Among  his  productions  which  have  not  been  exhibited 
are  his  last  etchings  and  lithographs,  especially  one 
representing  a  mass  in  a  ruined  church,  for  jny 
husband,  like  so  many  other  artists  to-day,  took 
subjects  from  this  war,  a  tragic  catastrophe  which 
caused  him  much  moral  suffering  because  of  all  the 
mourning  he  saw  around  him.  It  surely  hastened 
his  end.  He  was  not  well  when  he  began,  and  nearly 
finished  before  he  died,  a  large  canvas,  a  street  scene 
in  Seville.  He  always  loved  Spanish  subjects.  This 
work  he  executed  with  much  vigor  and  joy. 

Another  literary-art  note  is  worth  record- 
ing here.  M.  Thiebault-Sisson,  whom  I  have 
just  mentioned,  the  art  critic  of  the  "Temps." 
has  been  and  is  still  publishing  in  that  journal 
a  series  of  articles  on  the  more  intimate  side 
of  Rodin 's  work.  He  tells  me  that  he  intends 
eventually  to  bring  all  these  articles  together 
in  a  volume.  On  this  subject,  he  wrote  me 
last  month: 

Rodin  himself  is  the  chief  source  of  my  informa- 
tion, especially  as  regards  the  events  of  his  childhood. 
For  the  rest,  I  have  largely  utilized  information 
furnished  me  during  a  period  of  some  fifteen  years, 
the  past  fifteen  years,  by  artists  who  have  been  close 
to  Rodin  and  have  long  worked  with  him, —  such 
as  Pezieux,  now  dead,  Jules  Desbois,  the  sculptor, 
and  a  number  of  others  who  in  some  cases  were  simply 
friends  of  the  artist,  as  was  Constantin  Meunier,  for 
instance.  In  order  to  attain  greater  accuracy,  I  have 
often  compared  the  statements  of  one  of  these  men 
with  the  statements  of  the  others. 

This  care  was  all  the  more  necessary 
because  Rodin  is  no  longer  in  a  mental  state 
to  aid  in  an  undertaking  of  this  kind.  Some 
four  or  five  months  ago  his  memory  began  to 
fail  him  until  to-day  he  cannot  recall  the  cir- 
cumstances concerning  work  done  only  twelve 
or  fifteen  years  ago.  His  friends  fear  he  may 
never  recover  from  the  stroke  which  he  had 
last  spring ;  in  fact,  one  of  these  has  said  to 
me  that  he  "doubts  if  Rodin  sees  the  spring 
of  1917."  which  probably  puts  an  end  to  the 
plan  which  was  cherished  in  some  quarters  of 
his  early  visit  to  the  United  States. 

Another  death  in  the  French  intellectual- 
artistic  world  should  not  pass  unnoticed.  M. 
Mares,  mayor  of  Lovagny,  in  the  Haute 
Savoie.  has  left  to  the  academy  of  that  region 
200,000  francs  and  his  chateau  of  Montrottier. 
surrounded  by  some  230  acres  of  land  and 
housing  a  rich  museum,  the  whole  gift  being 
valued  at  a  round  million  of  francs.  The 
president  of  this  academy.  M.  Mignet,  writes 
me  as  follows,  and  what  he  savs  well  illus- 


I  trates  what  I  dwelt  upon  more  at  length  in 
one  of  my  DIAL  letters  of  last  winter  concern- 
ing the  numerosity  of  the  literary  academies 

I  scattered  all  over  France : 

The  Academic  Florimontane,  not  Florimontaise,  as 
the  Paris  "Temps"  prints  it,  was  founded  at  Annecy 
in  1851  and  is  the  revival  of  an  institution  of  the 
same  name  created  in  that  city  in  1606,  that  is, 
nearly  thirty  years  before  the  foundation  of  the 
French  Academy, —  created  by  St.  Francis  de  Sales, 
who  was  born  near  Annecy,  and  by  President  Favre, 
the  celebrated  jurisconsult  of  the  seventeenth  century. 
Its  object  is  to  encourage  letters,  the  sciences,  and  the 
arts;  to  collect  manuscripts,  charts  and  documents 
interesting  local  history;  to  approve  all  good  things 
and  to  support  every  measure  which  redounds  to 
the  glory  of  our  nation.  It  awards  prizes  in  history 
and  poetry  and  publishes  a  quarterly,  the  "Revue 
Savoisienne."  M.  Mares  was  a  member  of  our  body. 
The  collections  which  he  has  left  us  are  made  up 
of  pictures,  statues,  engravings,  enamels,  tapestries, 
fans,  antique  furniture,  etc.,  and  some  300  rare 
ancient  and  modern  volumes. 

A  somewhat  similar  gift,  but  with  a  deeper 
meaning,  is  that  of  the  Hotel  Merghelynck,  at 
shamefully  wronged  Ypres,  presented  to  the 
martyred  Belgian  nation  in  the  very  midst 
of  her  sufferings.  My  friend  Fontainas,  men- 
tioned above,  has  seen  the  mansion  and  its 
contents.  He  sends  me  this  note : 

It  is  an  elegant,  though  somewhat  ostentatious, 
residence  constructed  from  1774  to  1776  by  a 
Merghelynek,  Seigneur  van  de  Camerl,  councilor  of 
the  city  of  Ypres,  and  is  given  by  the  great  great 
grandson  of  the  founder  of  the  house,  M.  Arthur 
Merghelynck,  who  has  furnished  it  with  Louis  XVth 
and  Louis  XVIth  furniture  and  decorated  it  with 
engravings  of  the  same  epoch.  In  a  word,  he  has 
there  created  a  museum  of  the  eighteenth  century 
in  the  finest  taste  and  in  fitting  surroundings. 

I  close  this  letter  with  some  short  literary 
items  which  may  be  of  interest.  Concerning 
the  article,  "Les  Petits  Garnets  de  Sainte- 
Beuve,"  which  appeared  some  little  time  ago 
in  the  "Revue  Hebdomadaire,"  Mme.  Marie 
Louis  Pailleron,  the  author  thereof,  writes 

!  me:  "These  precious  note-books,  which  have 
been  some  time  in  my  possession,  reveal  the 
fecundity  of  this  mind,  its  power  for  work 

!  and  its  ardor.  One  sees,  in  germ,  in  the 
Sainte-Beuve  of  18,  all  the  great  qualities  of 
our  first  of  grand  critics."  In  sending  me 
the  French  edition  of  Dr.  John  Finley's,. 
"The  French  in  the  Heart  of  America"  "Les 
Francais  au  Coeur  de  1'Amerique"  (Paris: 
Armand  Colin,  5  frs.),  translated  by  Mme. 
Boutroux,  with  a  preface  by  M.  Gabriel 
Hanotaux,  M.  Emile  Boutroux  writes:  "We 
are  deeply  touched  here  in  France  by  the 
many  marks  of  sympathy  which  reach  us 
from  the  citizens  of  the  sister  republic.  It  is 

j  very  agreeable  to  us  to  note  that  so  many  of 
the  fellow  citizens  of  Lincoln  believe  that  we 

'  are  fighting  to-day  as  they  were  in  the  past 
that  'government  of  the. people,  by  the  people, 


520 


THE    DIAL 


[December  14 


for  the  people,  shall  not  perish  from  the 
earth. '  " — Professor  Paul  Founder,  of  the 
Paris  Law  School  and  member  of  the  Insti- 
tute, sends  me  in  separate  form  an  article  of 
his  which  has  come  out  in  the  latest  number  of 
the  "Revue  Generale  de  Droit  International 
Public,"  which  shows  that  in  1139  the  second 
Council  of  the  Lateran  "prohibited  among 
Christians  the  use  in  war  of  arms  which  were 
too  murderous";  and  these  arms  were  the 
bow  and  cross-bow !  "We  have  made  progress, 
especially  on  the  Teutonic  front,  since  those 
ancient  days." — M.  and  Mme.  Leblanc,  who 
have  formed  at  their  hotel  at  6  Avenue  de 
Malakoif,  Paris,  a  remarkable  collection  of 
drawings,  engravings,  and  documents  bearing 
on  the  present  war,  write  me  as  follows :  "We 
are  aiming  to  establish  a  public  museum 
devoted  to  the  bibliography  and  iconography 
of  the  war  so  that  the  French  may  later  live 
over  again  the  present  struggle  and  never 
forget  it  as  some  have  that  of  1870." — The 
interesting  chronique  which  appeared  in  a 
recent  number  of  the  "Temps,"  "Les  Diners 
de  Victor  Hugo,"  has  led  some  to  suppose 
that  we  were  to  have  another  volume  of  the 
great  poet's  table-talk.  But  such  is  not  the 
case.  M.  Marcel  Pillon,  the  author  of  the 
article,  is  too  young  to  have  sat  at  the  table 
of  Victor  Hugo;  "these  souvenirs  come  to  me 
from  my  grandfather." — Mme.  Marcelle 
Tinayre  has  just  returned  from  a  five  months ' 
visit  at  Salonica  and  is  now  engaged  in  writ- 
ing her  impressions  of  her  voyage  in  Greece, 
which  will  be  followed  by  a  story  whose  plot 
will  be  laid  in  Salonica.  The  war  and  these 
writings  occasioned  thereby  have  suspended 
the  completion  of  the  Toulon  novel  which 
Mme.  Tinayre  had  under  way  in  1914,  as  ex- 
plained in  a  letter  of  mine  to  THE  DIAL  a  year 
or  so  ago. — Professor  Giorgio  del  Vecchio,  of 
the  university  of  Bologna,  sends  me  a  pam- 
phlet, which  has  appeared  both  in  French  and 
Italian:  "Les  Raisons  Morales  de  la  Guerre 
Italienne"  (Paris:  Societe  d 'Economic 
Sociale),  "Le  Ragioni  Morali  della  Nostra 
Guerra"  (Bologna:  Stabilimento  Poligrafico  j 
Emiliano).  His  desire  now  is  to  have  it 
come  out  in  English  dress  too.  The  spirit 
which  pervades  this  pamphlet  is  shown  in 
these  lines  which  I  take  from  the  author's 
letter  to  me:  "No  war  has  been  felt  more 
profoundly  and  more  intensely  wished  for, 
none  has  been  actuated  by  a  more  elevated 
imperative  morality ;  never  was  there  a  more 
just  war,  whose  aim  is  not  only  natural  but 
human  redemption.  Our  conscience  is  clear 
as  our  enthusiasm  is  ardent;  and  we  have 
absolute  faith  in  victory." — Much  has  been 
said  of  some  of  our  fine  young  Americans 


who  have  given  their  lives  for  the  cause  of 
the  Allies.  But  one  youthful  hero  has  been 
somewhat  overlooked, —  Kenneth  Weeks  of 
Boston,  who  fought  in  the  same  company  with 
Gorky 's  son.  The  latter  told  me  that  the  last 
time  he  saw  him,  on  the  fatal  day,  Weeks  was 
"rushing  forward,  face  to  the  enemy."  His 
mother  has  just  brought  out  a  little  memorial 
volume,  "Kenneth  Weeks,  a  Soldier  of  the 
Legion"  (London:  George  Allen),  which  con- 
tains new  and  touching  details  not  only  of 
her  son  but  also  of  this  terrible  struggle  still 
in  progress  on  the  western  front. 

THEODORE  STANTON. 
November  30,  1916. 


CASUAL  COMMENT. 


THE  LATEST  NOBEL  PRIZE  WINNER,  Verner 
von  Heidenstam,  is  described  as  being  almost 
everything  that  his  famous  fellow-country- 
man, Strindberg,  was  not.  Idealist  and  ro- 
manticist to  his  finger  tips,  the  younger  man 
has  for  at  least  thirty  of  his  fifty-seven  years 
waged  vigorous  warfare  on  the  realism  of  his 
celebrated  senior  in  literary  art.  It  was  in 
the  eighties  and  nineties  that  the  battle 
between  the  realistic  and  the  romantic  schools 
in  Sweden  developed  its  greatest  fury,  and 
the  realists  were  winning  when  the  young 
painter-poet,  fresh  from  postgraduate  travel 
and  study  in  Greece  and  the  Orient,  belted 
on  his  sword  in  defence  of  the  things  of  the 
imagination,  of  beauty  in  literature  and  art, 
and  "proclaimed  the  Renaissance  doctrine  of 
the  'joy  of  life,'  "  as  one  of  his  admirers  has 
expressed  it.  Born  to  wealth,  an  aristocrat 
of  polished  manners  and  courtly  bearing, 
somewhat  of  a  dilettante,  an  enthusiastic 
Hellenist  (perhaps,  like  Pater  before  him,  of 
the  Cyrenaic  school),  and  with  a  mind 
enriched  and  enlarged  by  extensive  travel, 
this  gentleman  and  scholar  had,  manifestly, 
little  in  common  with  the  wild-eyed,  long- 
haired, and  generally  unkempt  followers  of 
Ibsen  and  Strindberg  and  their  like.  Poet, 
novelist,  critic,  historian,  philosopher,  and 
teacher,  Verner  von  Heidenstam  is  best 
known  for  his  great  work  "Hans  Alienus," 
comparable  in  scope  with  "Wilhelm  Meister" 
and  "Jean-Christophe,"  his  "Endymion," 
and  his  historical  study,  "The  Carolines,"  on 
Charles  XII.  and  his  period.  So  far  as  imper- 
fect acquaintance  with  the  man  and  his  work 
can  enable  the  distant  observer  to  judge,  this 
latest  winner  of  the  Nobel  Prize  for  literature 
deserves  the  honor. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


521 


Ax  OLD  STORY  REVIVED  may  enjoy  a  vogue 
comparable  with  its  first  popularity.  Such 
a  rehabilitated  favorite  seems  at  present  to 
be  '-The  Man  Without  a  Country,"  current 
conditions  in  the  political  and  military  world 
being  obviously  of  a  nature  to  secure  a  will- 
ing ^-reading  (Or  it  may  be  in  many 
instances  a  first  reading)  of  Dr.  Hale's 
famous  masterpiece.  Amid  the  chorus  of 
praise  with  which  the  story  has  been  deserv- 
edly hailed,  it  is  noticeable  that  at  least  one 
dissentient  voice  has  striven  to  make  itself 
heard.  As  a  curiosity  in  literary  criticism, 
let  us  quote  these  words  from  a  Philadelphia 
correspondent  to  a  prominent  New  York 
journal:  "Permit  me  to  characterize  the  book 
as  being,  as  far  as  a  fair  knowledge  of  Eng- 
lish literature  would  justify  me  in  saying, 
probably  the  most  malicious,  mean-spirited, 
fiendish  book  that  the  mind  of  man  has  con- 
ceived. For  unblushing  ferocity,  for  malice 
and  delight  in  punishment,  for  bad  manners 
and  low  general  character,  I  do  not  know 
anything  to  equal  it."  Though  such  a  charge 
hardly  needs  rebuttal,  let  us  quote  a  single 
paragraph  near  the  end  of  the  story,  where 
Danforth,  evidently  voicing  the  author's  sen 
timents,  thus  unbosoms  himself:  "Ingham,  I 
swear  to  you  that  I  felt  like  a  monster  that  I 
had  not  told  him  everything  before.  Danger 
or  no  danger,  delicacy  or  no  delicacy,  who  was 
I,  that  I  should  have  been  acting  the  tyrant 
all  this  time  over  this  dear,  sainted  old  man, 
who  had  years  ago  expiated,  in  his  whole 
manhood's  life,  the  madness  of  a  boy's  trea- 
son? 'Mr.  Nolan.'  said  I,  'I  will  tell  you 
everything  you  ask  about.  Only,  where  shall 
I  begin  ?":  If  there  is  anything  "malicious, 
mean-spirited,  fiendish"  in  the  supposed  treat- 
ment of  Philip  Nolan,  it  certainly  has  not  the 
author's  final  approval. 

•         •         • 

A  PITFALL  FOR  AUTHORS  is  often  hidden  in 
the  innocent  looking  scrap  of  negotiable  paper 
received  in  exchange  for  a  literary  produc- 
tion. A  beginning  writer,  in  the  glad  triumph 
of  getting  twenty-five  or  fifty  dollars  for  a 
piece  of  prose  or  verse,  all  out  of  his  own  head, 
is  seldom  in  a  mood  to  scrutinize  too  closely 
the  fine  print  on  the  back  of  his  check,  just 
above  the  place  for  his  signature.  He  writes 
his  name  with  a  flourish,  and  away  goes  the 
check  to  his  banker.  Later  it  may  or  may 
not  dawn  upon  him  that  he  has  signed  away 
his  rights  —  book  rights,  foreign  rights,  trans- 
lation rights,  dramatic  rights,  and  film 
rights  —  all  for  a  pittance  in  hand,  instead 
of  securing  for  himself  and  his  heirs 
a  possible  future  revenue  of  respectable 


proportions.  Of  course  it  may  be  only  one 
instance  in  a  thousand  that  contains  any 
such  delightful  possibility;  but  why  need- 
lessly throw  away  even  so  remote  a  chance? 
A  writer  mentioned  by  "The  Author" 
(London)  was  more  canny.  He  sent  an 
article  to  a  prominent  journal  of  repute  — 
its  name  is  given,  but  need  not  here  be  exposed 
to  further  publicity  —  and  it  was  accepted, 
the  note  of  acceptance  specifically  referring 
only  to  publication  in  a  certain  issue,  wherein 
the  article  duly  appeared.  But  the  check  sent 
in  payment  had  on  its  back  a  clause  assigning 
copyright  to  the  publishers.  The  contribu- 
tor, having  entered  into  no  such  agreement,, 
crossed  out  this  clause  before  endorsing ;  and 
as  a  natural  consequence  the  check  came  back 
unhonored  and  marked  "Alteration  in  receipt 
requires  initial  of  drawer."  Back  to  its 
source,  therefore,  went  the  check,  with  a  note 
to  the  editor  pointing  out  that  there  had  been 
no  cession  of  copyright  in  the  correspondence 
constituting  the  contract,  and  asking  for  a 
remittance  in  accordance  with  the  contract. 
In  a  few  days  the  desired  remittance  came, 
with  an  apologetic  note  from  the  business 
manager,  who  tried  to  save  his  face  by  add- 
ing: "It  is  always  understood  that  where  no 
special  arrangement  exists  we  possess  the 
copyright,  but  it  is  not  a  point  which  we 
wish  to  press  in  your  case."  As  a  matter  of 
fact,  the  warrantable  assumption,  as  "The 
Author"  maintains,  is  always  the  other  way 
about,  and  even  in  the  absence  of  a  letter  of 
acceptance,  publication  in  a  periodical  implies 
an  article's  acceptance  only  for  such  single 
publication. 

THE    WAY    OF    THE    BOOK-AUCTIONEER    IS    a 

shining  example  in  diplomacy.  In  this  coun- 
try there  are  seven  well-known  houses  that 
every  year  do  a  great  business  in  passing  old 
books  under  the  hammer,  and  hundreds  of 
other  auction  houses  deal  occasionally  in  the 
same  wares.  New  York,  as  the  centre  of  our 
booktrade,  has  five  of  these  establishments  r 
the  Anderson  Galleries,  the  Walpole  Galleries,, 
the  American  Art  Association,  the  house  of 
Charles  Fred  Heartman,  and  that  of  Scott 
&  O 'Shaughnessy.  Boston  is  known  to  col- 
lectors through  the  name  of  C.  F.  Libbie  & 
Co.,  if  for  no  other  reason ;  and  Philadelphia 
claims  the  veteran  of  the  book-auction  trade 
in  Mr.  Stan  V.  Henkels.  Reviewing  this  list 
of  caterers  to  collectors,  one  is  naturally 
moved  to  query  what  inducements  they  each 
and  severally  hold  out  in  order  to  win  the 
patronage  both  of  those  who  have  valuable 
collections  to  dispose  of  and  at  the  same  time 
of  those  who  are  looking  for  bargains  in  old 


522 


THE    DIAL 


[December  14 


books.  Of  course  the  seller  must  be  per- 
suaded by  the  dealer  who  approaches  him 
that  no  other  dealer  can  obtain  for  him  such 
good  prices,  and  the  buyer  must  be  convinced 
that  nowhere  else  can  he  get  so  much  for  his 
money.  With  what  enticing  arts  this  double 
end,  despite  the  obvious  inconsistency  in- 
volved, is  attained,  only  a  Macchiavelli  or  a 
book-auctioneer  could  explain. 

THE  CULTIVATION  OF  SUPERFICIALITY  has  in 
our  modern  America  been  carried  to  an 
extreme  unknown  in  any  other  age  or  nation. 
The  newspaper  that  we  glance  over  every 
morning  encourages  superficiality  by  arrang- 
ing its  matter  so  that  it  can  be  hastily 
skimmed  and  then  thrown  aside.  But  of 
course  the  cream,  if  it  be  worthy  of  so  flatter- 
ing a  term,  is  about  all  one  cares  to  get  of 
the  daily  news.  Reputable  magazines,  how- 
ever, have  adopted  the  newspaper  devices  of 
headlines  and  synoptical  outlines.  Even  the 
light  serial  novel  now  spares  the  belated 
reader  the  trouble  of  turning  back  and  read- 
ing from  the  beginning.  What  has  preceded 
the  current  instalment  is  squeezed  into  a 
few  preliminary  lines  of  fine  print,  even  up 
to  the  very  closing  chapters  of  the  story.  All 
this  is  characteristic  of  our  American  prefer- 
ence for  knowingness  at  the  expense  of  knowl- 
edge. Deep  study,  prolonged  and  serious 
reading,  sustained  intellectual  effort,  any  con- 
centration of  attention  beyond  that  called  for 
by  the  illuminated  screen  of  the  moving-pic- 
ture theatre,  are  generally  distasteful.  We 
take  little  pleasure  in  meditation  and  rumina- 
tion; the  only  ruminants  among  us  are  the 
gnm-chewers. 

A     DESERVEDLY     POPULAR     BOOK     IN     EUSSIA 

bears  the  title,  "The  End  of  the  War."  It 
is  a  novel  by  Lef  Zhdanof,  and  it  has  run 
through  several  editions.  If  one  cannot  have 
the  end  of  this  atrocious  international  slaugh- 
ter in  fact,  it  is  something  to  have  it  in  fancy ; 
and  possibly  the  imagination  of  it  may  help 
to  beget  the  reality,  since  all  material  facts 
have  their  origin,  as  we  are  asked  to  believe, 
in  mental  images.  If  this  be  so,  what  a  fear- 
ful responsibility  must  be  borne  by  such  a 
writer  as  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells,  who  long  before 
the  year  1914  prepared  the  mind  of  man  for 
the  most  astonishing  and  terrifying  develop- 
ments in  the  art  of  war.  But,  not  to  insist 
on  a  causative  relation  that  it  would  be 
impossible  to  prove,  it  is  worth  noting  that 
the  Russians  are  reported  by  Mr.  Stephen 
Graham  to  have  lost  interest  in  the  war  as 
a  theme  for  literature.  War  stories  and 


poems  and  pamphlets  and  lectures  no  longer 
pour  from  the  press,  and  the  mind  of  the 
Slav  seems  to  be  focussing  its  attention  more 
upon  the  future,  the  time  that  shall  be  after 
the  war  than  upon  the  dreadful  tragedy  itself. 


ALLITERATIVE  AIDS  to  effective  utterance, 
both  written  and  spoken,  have  long  been  in 
use,  though  their  occurrence  in  classical  lit- 
erature is  rare.  Indeed,  the  very  word  allit- 
eration, though  Latin  in  form  and  etymology, 
is  of  post-classical  origin.  Among  the  users 
of  this  device  men  in  public  life,  especially 
political  life,  are  conspicuous.  Political  catch- 
words with  the  alliterative  ring  come  to  mind 
in  some  abundance,  as  "Fifty-four  forty  or 
fight,"  "Tippecanoe  and  Tyler  too,"  "Rum, 
Romanism,  and  Rebellion";  also  Cleveland's 
familiar  saying,  "It  is  a  condition  which  con- 
fronts us,"  and  Burke 's  "Men  of  light  and 
leading,"  "Not  men,  but  measures,"  "The 
dissidence  of  dissent,  and  the  protestantism  of 
the  Protestant  religion."  Fondness  for  allit- 
eration is  clearly  seen  in  our  present  Presi- 
dent's speeches  and  writings.  His  "watchful 
waiting"  has  acquired  a  fame  that  might  have 
been  denied  to  the  same  sentiment  unalliter- 
atively  worded ;  and  the  same  in  a  lesser 
degree  is  true  of  his  "pitiless  publicity."  His 
very  name  is  alliterative,  and  a  little  book  of 
the  season  containing  examples  of  the  "Wit 
and  Wisdom  of  Woodrow  Wilson"  emphasizes 
by  its  title  one  of  the  marked  characteristics 
of  these  pithy  utterances.  Just  as  rhyme 
(which,  according  to  Milton,  is  "the  jingling 
sound  of  like  endings")  facilitates  the  mem- 
orizing of  verse,  so  alliteration,  or  the  jingling 
sound  of  like  beginnings,  helps  to  secure  a 
lasting  lodgment  in  the  memory  for  sayings 
in  prose. 

IN  BEHALF  OF  SANCTITY  OF  COPYRIGHT,  even 

in  time  of  war  and  with  reference  to  books 
published  in  enemy  countries,  a  letter  is 
addressed  by  Sir  Frederick  Macmillan,  head 
of  the  publishing  house  of  Macmillan,  to  the 
editor  of  "The  Publishers'  Circular."  Its 
tone  shows  that  the  recent  Trading  with  the 
Enemy  Act,  No.  2,  has  not  the  unanimous 
support  of  English  publishers.  After  explain- 
ing that  this  second  Enemy  Act  was  passed 
in  order  to  create  a  copyright  in  place  of 
that  annulled  by  the  first  Enemy  Act,  the 
writer  continues:  "There  is  no  obligation  on 
the  part  of  the  Public  Trustee  to  grant 
licenses  for  the  publication  of  such  works 
[works  by  enemy  authors  published  during 
the  war],  although  he  has  the  power  to  do 
so ;  and  as  it  seems  to  me  impossible  to  main- 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


523 


tain  that  the  publication  of  such  works  in 
England  is  a  national  necessity  affecting 
either  the  safety  of  the  State  or  the  result  of 
the  War,  I  am  of  opinion  that  the  government 
should  instruct  the  Public  Trustee  not  to 
grant  any  licenses  at  all.  The  copyrights  in 
Enemy  books  would  thus  be  secured  and  held 
intact  until  after  the  war,  when  they  could 
be  restored  to  their  owners.  This  we  should 
do,  not  for  love  of  the  Germans,  but  for  the 
sake  of  our  own  self-respect."  The  real  mis- 
chief in  the  matter  was  done  when  the  original 
Trading  with  the  Enemy  Act  was  passed 
without  any  adequate  understanding  of  its 
bearing  on  the  copyright  question.  When 
this  relation  revealed  itself  the  second  Act 
was  passed  in  a  vain  attempt  to  right  a  wrong. 
Those  competent  to  pass  an  opinion  seem  not 
to  have  had  much  voice  in  this  discreditable 
piece  of  legislation. 

ODDITIES  OF  BOOK-ILLUSTRATION  are  touched 
upon  in  the  current  issue  of  "Branch  Library 
News."  Particular  mention  is  made  of  the 
frequent  discrepancy  between  picture  and 
text,  especially  in  novels.  It  must  have  beoii 
with  this  lack  of  concord  in  mind  that  Mark 
Twain  ventured  to  address  the  artist  chosen 
for  the  illustration  of  his  "Connecticut 
Yankee:"  As  quoted  in  the  article  here 
referred  to.  the  humorist  said:  "Mr.  Beard, 
I  do  not  want  to  subject  you  to  any  unneces- 
sary suffering,  but  I  do  wish  you  would  read 
the  book  before  making  the  pictures."  The 
artist  replied  that  he  had  read  it  twice,  at 
which  the  author  expressed  surprise,  adding: 
"I  did  not  think  it  was  the  custom  with  illus- 
trators, judging  from  some  of  the  results  I 
have  seen."  But  there  are  not  a  few  careful 
and  conscientious  illustrators,  as  those  can 
testify  who  have  been  called  upon  to  help 
them  in  their  search  for  an  authentic  por- 
trait, for  instance,  or  for  a  picture  of  a  cos- 
tume of  a  certain  date.  The  writer  of  this 
recalls  a  long  hunt  in  a  large  library  for  a 
satisfactory  likeness  of  the  Duke  of  Reich- 
stadt.  In  the  latest  annual  Report  of  the  City 
Library  Association  of  Springfield,  Mass.,  the 
librarian  tells  of  certain  illustrations  asked  for 
by  an  illustrator,  and  adds  with  truth:  "It 
often  takes  longer  to  hunt  up  a  desired  picture 
than  a  book."  The  pictures  desired  by  this 
Springfield  artist  were  as  follows:  "A  hair- 
dresser of  about  the  year  1750  —  in  knee 
breeches;  the  interior  of  a  tailor  shop  fifty 
years  ago;  a  daguerreotype  frame;  a  revol- 
ver of  the  style  of  1865  ;  a  man  dressed  in  the 
costume  of  1850  —  with  whiskers  and  long 
hair ;  a  thigh  bone ;  a  coiffure  of  1750 ;  a  pig. " 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


NOTES   FROM   JAPAN. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

It  is  officially  announced  that  "Snow  on  the 
Distant  Mountain"  is  the  subject  which  has  been 
chosen  for  the  competitive  poems  to  be  judged  in 
the  Imperial  Court  on  New  Year's  Day,  1917. 
Verses  should  be  sent  to  the  Bureau  of  Poetry  of 
the  Imperial  Household  Department,  to  arrive  not 
later  than  December  31,  1916.  No  one  may  con- 
tribute more  than  one  poem.  "As  English  is  not 
debarred,  there  is  nothing  to  prevent  some  of  THE 
DIAL  constituency  from  entering  the  competition. 
It  is  not  likely,  of  course,  that  an  English  poem 
would  win  a  prize;  but  it  has  already  happened 
that  such  a  contribution  has  been  welcomed  and 
has  received  "honorable  mention."  But  an  English 
poem  in  this  contest  should  not  be  very  long;  it 
should  be  less  expressive  than  suggestive  or 
impressionistic. 

The  following  clipping  from  the  "Japan  Times" 
is  of  some  general  interest: 

The  Encyclopedia  Japonica  undertaken  by  the 
Dobunkan  has  been  completed,  its  last  volume  having 
recently  been  published.  It  is  almost  fifteen  years 
since  the  first  volume  of  the  encyclopedia  was  issued, 
and  it  is  reported  that  the  publisher  spent  more  than 
one  million  yen  in  preparing  the  work. 

The  encyclopedia  consists  of  twenty-six  volumes, 
and  is  divided  into  seven  sections,  Commerce,  Educa- 
tion, Medicine,  Law,  Philosophy,  Industry  and 
Economy,  the  total  number  of  pages  being  24,788. 

It  is  the  first  undertaking  of  the  kind  in  Japan. 
Prominent  scientists  and  businessmen  of  the  coun- 
try have  supported  the  publication,  and  although  it 
may  not  be  so  complete  as  similar  works  issued 
abroad,  it  is  already  recognized  as  a  most  valuable 
publication.  Six  hundred  and  eighty-five  scientists 
and  authorities  have  edited  the  twenty-six  volumes. 

The  encyclopedia  not  only  includes  facts  and 
explanations  of  things  Japanese,  but  also  serves  as  a 
reference  work  and  dictionary  of  foreign  customs  and 
technical  expressions.  In  this  sense  the  new  Ency- 
clopedia Japonica  is  a  combined  encyclopedia  and 
dictionary.  Each  section  can  be  purchased  separately, 
and  it  is  not  necessary  to  buy  the  whole  twenty-six 
volumes.  The  price  of  the  complete  work  is  276  yen. 

Mr.  Tokutomi,  the  able  editor  of  the  "Kokumin 
Shimbun,"  of  Tokyo,  has  published  recently  an 
editorial  urging  that  the  education  of  woman  is 
I  necessary  to  national  expansion.  He  says  that, 
as  woods  are  necessary  in  procuring  water  for  a 
river,  so  women  are  essential  in  solidifying  foreign 
emigration.  He  says  that  "our  success  in  Hawaii 
and  the  Pacific  Coast  is  evidently  due  to  the 
family  system,  for  wife  and  children  always  make 
the  land  homelike  wherever  men  may  go."  But 
he  says  that  "Japanese  women  ought  to  be  made 
international."  "They  should  consider  the  world 
their  home  and  be  prepared  to  go  anywhere  in 
company  with  their  husbands."  And  he  strongly 
urges  that  the  education  of  women  should  be 
encouraged,  of  such  a  kind  as  to  cultivate  the 
international  spirit. 

ERXEST  W.  CLEMENT. 

Tokyo,  Japan,  November  10,  1916. 


524 


THE    DIAL 


[December  14 


A    PLEA    FOB    THE    AMATEUE. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

It  has  occurred  to  me  that  a  word  should  be 
said  for  the  Amateur;  for  may  we  not  over- 
emphasize the  virtue  of  professionalism?  My 
ideas  on  the  subject  are,  of  course,  suggestive  for 
the  art  of  living  rather  than  for  editorial  proce- 
dure. 

Recently  a  woman  read  to  me  some  original 
vers  lib  re  and  impressionistic  essays  that  gave 
me  a  rich  afternoon  and  a  lingering  aftermood 
of  sparkling,  aesthetic  ideas,  a  play  of  senti- 
ment and  feeling  that  conferred  the  sensation  that 
"life"  (the  elusive,  vivid  Something  most  of  us 
pursue  but  attain  not,  for  it  appears  to  many  of 
us  to  be  stored  in  books,  foreign  travel,  adventures 
that  overtake  remote  and  magical  personalities) 
was  vibrating  here  about  me  and  penetrating  my 
soul  with  its  glamor. 

This  writer  has  never  tried  to  obtain  publication 
for  her  work;  and  since  it  is  wifehood  and  busy 
motherhood  that  have  developed  her  natural 
powers  of  mellow  observation  and  fancy,  sus- 
tained by  an  underpinning  of  quaint  authentic 
humor,  she  does  not  seem  to  aspire  to  print.  Her 
writing  is,  without  effort,  just  as  her  breathing  is, 
differing  from  the  latter  merely  in  that  it  takes 
place  at  unexpected  moments.  Its  completed  effect 
is  as  inevitable  and  natural  as  daisies  in  a  field, 
and  quite  as  beautiful  and  refreshing.  She  is  one 
of  those  beings  rare  nowadays:  an  amateur,  true 
to  the  essential  spirit  of  the  lover  of  an  art. 

My  reflections  took  this  shape:  I  should  like  to 
found  a  periodical  for  young,  unknown,  spon- 
taneous writers, —  or,  rather,  not  to  insist  on  the 
quality  of  youth  or  obscurity, —  a  vehicle  for 
amateurs. 

The  experience  recalled  to  me  an  occasion  of  the 
past,  when  a  friend  handed  me  a  tiny  sketch 
written  by  a  Jewess  and  asked  me  what  hope  there 
was  of  its  being  published.  I  replied,  "No  hope!" 
For  I  knew  the  fine  writing  without  substance 
would  kill  the  bit  of  sentiment  in  the  eyes  of  any 
editor.  And  yet,  though  that  was  years  ago,  in 
the  historic  age  when  "fine  writing"  was  univer- 
sally condemned,  I  often  regret  that  that  page  of 
sentimental  prose  was  not  published.  Print  would 
have  given  it  a  point  of  distinction  it  could  not 
have  in  manuscript;  and  within  the  covers  of  a 
magazine,  related  by  association  in  contrast  to 
other  productions,  its  essential  quality  would  have 
impressed  the  reader. 

That  essay  gave  me  feeling, —  feeling  rounded 
to  mood.  And  though  the  slight  substance  was 
long  ago  forgotten,  that  mood,  vague  as  the  sensi- 
bilities awakened  on  an  autumn  day,  deliciously 
sad  and  possessing,  like  those  same  sensibilities, 
with  the  cool  pungency  of  fog  rolling  in  from  the 
sea  late  in  the  afternoon  of  this  same  autumn 
day,  remains  with  me  still.  I  did  not  know  the 
author  of  that  bit  of  prose, —  I  never  saw  her  or 
heard  her;  but  always  I  see  her,  luxuriant-haired, 
sensuous-eyed,  brunette  of  soul  and  body,  wavering 
magnetically  back  of  the  mood. 

She  gave  me,  with  her  word-evocation  that  was 
artless,  in  our  perverted  sense  of  art,  that  was 


spontaneous,  as  all  intense  feeling  is  spontaneous, 
that  was  unconscious  and  accidental,  a  lasting 
thrill.  Yes,  the  tiny  drop  had  the  source  of  a 
stream;  it  has  flowed  beside  me,  faintly  purling, 
ever  since,  and  has  freshened  a  narrow  territory 
of  its  own. 

Having  done  thus  much  for  me — and  who  would 
forego  that  thus  much,  knowing  not  its  measure- 
ment,— why  not  for  others?  Why  should  so 
exquisite  a  presentment  of  sentiment  pass  unat- 
tended? Why  should  the  world  waste  so  pleasur- 
able an  expression?  We  talk  of  conservation: 
why  should  we  not  conserve  more  of  our  intellectual 
and  emotional  products?  What  a  delightful  expe- 
rience it  would  be  for  persons  to  meet  for  the 
purpose  of  exchanging  such  matured  expressions 
of  thought  and  feeling;  and  I  am  thinking,  too, 
that  a  magazine  devoted  to  spontaneous  outbursts 
of  gifted  amateurs  would  contain  much  thoroughly 
fresh  and  entertaining  work.  There  is  a  perfume 
of  the  essential  psyche,  a  naivete,  poignant  and 
novel,  that  most  professionals  lose  sometime  before 
they  become  professionals.  When,  after  reach- 
ing publication  and  fame,  they  attempt  to  regain 
this  pristine  quality  of  their  own  beings,  which 
manifests  itself  in  style,  they  fail.  The  fragrance,, 
the  naivete,  they  capture  is  new,  somewhat  arti- 
ficial, often  mere  artifice.  It  is  self-conscious, 
overworked  —  the  product  of  mature  cleverness ; 
while  the  other,  issuing  always,  be  it  understood, 
from  a  genuinely  gifted  or  highly  talented  person, 
is  unconscious,  partaking  of  the  quality  of  life 
itself. 

Against  this  taste  of  mine  for  green  flavors 
may  be  urged  the  juvenilia  of  celebrated  authors. 
But  here  I  am  strongest  in  my  plea;  for  I  find 
in  the  juvenilia  of  many  writers — Byron,  Shelley, 
Keats,  to  go  no  further — that  tang  of  the  newly 
awakened  ego  attacking  the  world  or  enjoying  it 
with  a  lack  of  premeditation,  self-consciousness, 
or  worldly  wisdom,  which  is  the  true  wisdom  that 
comes  out  of  the  mouths  of  babes. 

In  Japan  they  have  a  saying  to  the  effect  that 
the  old  should  listen  to  the  wisdom  of  the  young; 
and  talent,  or  genius,  before  it  has  crystallized 
into  technique,  has  often  a  crude  individual  mes- 
sage, or  shout,  or  murmuring,  which  it  forgets 
later,  but  which  those  who  love  all  the  strange 
accents  of  the  soul,  would  fain  hear.  We  want  all 
that  is.  And  we  fear  to  miss  the  first  stammerings, 
or  clamors,  or  unartful  songs  of  inspired  beings 
in  adolescence.  Some  solved  riddle  may  be  in 
them;  some  beauty  not  native  to  this  sublunary 
sphere;  some  reminiscence,  or  some  prophecy 
we  need.  For  while  this  earth  and  this  earth's 
human  society  is  still  alien  to  the  soul,  that  may 
be  the  soul's  moment  of  most  pure  authenticity. 
While  still  isolated  and  unaccustomed,  its  com- 
ments might  be  more  truly  illuminating  concerning 
earth  and  its  inhabitants,  the  ego  newly  born  here, 
than  later  when  that  ego  has  related  itself  to 
environment  and  has  grown  accustomed  to  what 
is,  or  appears  to  be,  here  as  we  circulate  about 

the  sun'  LOUISE  GEBHARD  CANN. 

Seattle,  Wash.,  November  29,  1916. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


525 


A  DEADER  rs*  CONSTRUCTIVE 
AMERICANISM  .* 


At  a  time  when  the  hyphen  has  received 
more  attention  than  it  merits  we  may  recall 
to  our  profit  the  character  and  career  of  a 
man  who,  with  every  temptation  to  foster 
dissension  in  our  national  life,  gave  his  whole 
energy  to  the  upbuilding  of  a  sane,  unembit- 
tered,  whole-hearted  Americanism.  The  man 
was  Booker  T.  Washington,  whose  death  a 
year  ago  was  a  loss  to  our  nation  as  a  whole. 
Though  the  death  of  this  great  and  good  man 
is  so  recent,  we  may  speak  with  confidence 
of  the  work  he  wrought.  He  applied  him- 
self to  one  of  the  most  baffling  and  terrible 
problems  that  ever  confronted  a  people; 
more  than  any  other  man  he  indicated  the 
lines  along  which  the  solution  of  that  problem 
must  be  found,  and  more  than  any  other  man 
he  contributed  to  this  solution.  Well  might 
Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie  write:  "History  is  to 
know  two  Washingtons,  one  white,  the  other 
black,  both  Fathers  of  their  people." 

Almost  simultaneously  two  volumes  have 
appeared  that  discuss  the  labors  and  the  char- 
acter of  this  man.  "The  Life  and  Times  of 
Booker  T.  Washington"  is  precisely  the  kind 
of  work  that  the  title  suggests.  Against,  the 
slowly  changing  background  of  social,  polit- 
ical, and  economic  conditions  that  prevailed 
in  the  South  during  the  last  sixty  years  it 
traces  the  career  of  Washington.  It  borrows 
interest  from  the  fact  that  its  author,  Dr.  B. 
F.  Riley,  is  a  Southern  white  man  of  marked 
ability  who  has  renounced  distinction  in 
other  fields  in  order  that  he  maj-  give  his 
entire  powers  to  the  alleviation  of  the  state 
of  the  negroes  and  to  the  promotion  of  better 
racial  relationships.  The  second  volume  bears 
also  a  felicitous  title:  "Booker  T.  Washing- 
ton: Builder  of  a  Civilization."  Assuming 
that  the  reader  is  acquainted  with  "Up  from 
Slavery"  and  with  the  course  of  Washing- 
ton's life,  it  analyzes  and  vivifies  various 
aspects  of  his  work.  Such  chapter-headings 
as  "The  Man  and  his  School  in  the  Making," 
"Leader  of  his  Race,"  "Washington:  The 
Educator."  "The  Rights  of  the  Negro," 
"Meeting  Race  Prejudice,"  "Getting  Close  to 
the  People,"  "Managing  a  Great  Institution," 
and  "Washington:  The  Man"  will  show  the 
scope  and  nature  of  the  volume.  There  is 

•  THE  LIFE  AND  TIMES  OF  BOOKEB  T.  WASHINGTON.  By 
B.  F.  Riley.  New  York:  Fleming  H.  Revell  Co.  $1.50. 

BOOKEB  T.  WASHINGTON:  BUILDER  OF  A  CIVILIZATION.  By 
Emmett  J.  Scott  and  Lyman  Beecher  Stowe,  New  York: 
Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.  $2. 


abundant  emphasis  on  psychological  matters 
as  well  as  on  the  character  of  Washington's 
work.  This  book,  like  the  first,  has  extrinsic 
as  well  as  intrinsic  interest  for  us.  One  of 
the  authors  was  for  eighteen  years  Washing- 
ton's secretary;  the  other  is  a  grandson  of 
Harriet  Beecher  Stowe. 

By  reading  both  books  anyone  may  obtain 
a  satisfactory  understanding  of  the  negro 
leader.  The  two  works  supplement  each 
other.  Both  are  illustrated,  the  latter  pro- 
fusely. The  first  is  provided  with  an  index; 
the  second  unfortunately  is  not.  Each  work 
is  good  in  its  kind.  Errors  in  details  are 
few;  the  only  one  noticed  by  the  reviewer 
is  Dr.  Riley 's  statement  that  the  celebration 

;  of  America's  triumph  in  the  war  with  Spain 
was  held  in  1897. 

It  was  really  a  momentous  occurrence  in 
American  history  when  a  negro  lad  in  a  West 
Virginia  salt  mine  overheard  two  colored 
laborers  discuss  a  school  through  which  a 
black  youth  could  work  his  way.  Extinguish- 
ing the  lamp  in  his  cap  that  he  might  creep 
nearer,  he  learned  that  the  school  was  called 
Hampton  and  that  it  was  situated  in  distant 
Virginia.  He  at  once  conceived  the  ambition 
to  attend  it.  His  prospects  of  doing  so  were 
meagre  enough.  Born  in  slavery,  unable  to 
read  or  write  until  he  was  well  in  the  teens, 
long  kept  by  his  step-father  from  the 
wretched  school  which  at  last  had  been  open 
to  him,  he  had  obtained  the  pitiable  begin- 
nings of  learning  by  utilizing  such  hours  as 
could  be  spared  from  days  of  hard  manual 
toil.  Until  he  had  entered  school  he  had  been 
known  simply  as  Booker,  but  then  in  accord- 
ance with  a  custom  he  had  assumed  a  sur- 
name, choosing  that  of  a  great  man  of  whom 
he  had  vaguely  heard.  At  the  same  time  he 
had  taken  another  step  toward  more  civilized 
living:  he  had  previously  worn  neither  hat 
nor  cap,  but  at  this  juncture  had  persuaded 
his  mother  to  make  him  a  cap  from  a  piece 
of  jeans  cloth.  Now  upon  hearing  of  Hamp- 
ton he  began  planning  and  laboring  to  enroll 
there.  Two  years  later,  after  severe  difficul- 
ties, he  made  his  way  to  the  place  and  passed 
his  entrance  examination  —  the  sweeping  of 

;  a  room  —  with  honors.  After  a  few  years  in 
the  institution  so  capably  administered  by 
General  Armstrong  and  a  few  more  years  in 
finding  himself,  he  was  made  principal  of  a 
negro  school  which  had  theoretically  been 
founded  at  Tuskegee,  Alabama.  The  rest  of 

;  his  story  is  known,  at  least  roughly,  the  world 
over. 

Never  did  a  man  accomplish  his  task  under 
conditions  more  delicate  and  trying.  It  was 
as  if  he  carried  fire  through  a  powder  factory. 


526 


THE    DIAL 


[December  14 


The  Southerner,  however  much  he  may  like  a 
negro,  is  suspicious  of  the  negro;  and  more 
than  once  Washington  had  the  bad  luck  to 
arouse  the  spirit  of  distrust  and  ill-will.  A 
chambermaid  in  Indianapolis  who  refused  to 
care  for  his  room  on  the  ground  that  she 
"would  not  clean  up  after  a  nigger"  brought 
him  unpleasant  notoriety  in  a  section  of  the 
Southern  press.  After  he  had  dined  at  the 
White  House  a  negro,  who  afterward  stated 
that  he  was  in  the  pay  of  some  Louisiana 
white  men,  came  to  Tuskegee  to  assassinate 
him,  but  fortunately  fell  ill  and  was  cured  of 
both  his  physical  and  his  emotional  distemper 
at  the  hospital  of  the  institute.  It  is  to  be 
noted  that  these  exhibitions  of  hostility  came 
from  those  who  were  actuated  by  an  idea 
merely,  who  did  not  know  Washington  him- 
self. Though  sensitive  of  temperament,  he 
was  too  wise  to  regard  the  restrictions  he  so 
often  encountered  as  in  any  sense  personal 
affronts;  and  it  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  he 
not  only  had  loyal  friends  among  Southern 
white  men,  but  "was  never  insulted  by  a 
Southern  white  man."  Grieved  as  he  was 
by  unfairness  shown  to  the  negro,  he  found 
consolation  in  the  assistance  which  a  negro 
may  readily  command.  The  reviewer  heard 
Washington  only  once ;  but,  as  a  Southerner, 
was  gladdened  at  heart  at  his  assurance  to  a 
Massachusetts  audience  that  where  a  negro 
has  succeeded  the  success  is  due  nine  times  in 
ten  to  the  friendship,  encouragement,  and 
help  of  a  Southern  white  neighbor. 

The  susceptibilities  and  inclinations  of  his 
own  race  had  likewise  to  be  reckoned  with. 
After  their  liberation  most  negroes  thought 
of  slavery  as  meaning  labor  and  of  freedom 
as  meaning  immunity  from  labor.  Led  astray 
by  ill-advised  Reconstruction  measures,  they 
were  in  no  frame  of  mind  to  do  the  one  thing 
they  were  capable  of  doing — to  toil  with 
their  hands.  Even  where  they  were  learning 
to  work,  their  manner  of  existence  was  deplor- 
able. Washington  "found  the  great  majority 
in  the  plantation  districts  living  on  fat  pork 
and  corn  bread,  and  sleeping  in  one-room 
cabins.  They  planted  nothing  but  cotton, 
bought  their  food  at  the  nearest  village  or 
town  market  instead  of  raising  it,  and  lived 
under  conditions  where  the  fundamental  laws 
of  hygiene  and  decent  social  intercourse  were 
both  unknown  and  impossible  of  application. " 
Furthermore  there  were  parasites  in  plenty 
—  negroes  who  were  prompt  to  come  "unin- 
vited and  armed  with  huge  empty  baskets" 
whenever  a  picnic  was  given,  and  to  promise 
Washington  a  turkey  for  Thanksgiving  and 
then  borrow  a  dollar  from  him  wherewith  to  I 
fatten  the  fowl.  To  give  such  a  people  self- 


respect,  to  lay  solid  foundations  for  its 
progress,  was  a  task  from  which  anyone  might 
shrink.  But  as  Washington  himself  said  in 
the  speech  referred  to  above,  he  did  not  mind 
difficulties;  he  thanked  God,  rather,  that  he 
lived  in  an  age  and  under  conditions  wherein 
there  were  problems  to  be  solved.  His  meas- 
ures, in  the  main,  were  homely  enough.  He 
preached  soap,  toothbrushes,  and  nightgowns, 
pigs,  and  paint.  Of  the  toothbrush,  which  he 
made  an  entrance  requirement  at  Tuskegee, 
he  said:  "There  are  few  single  agencies  of 
civilization  that  are  more  far-reaching."  He 
taught  his  students  to  raise  and  prepare  their 
own  food,  and  to  make  the  bricks  wherewith 
the  buildings  at  Tuskegee  were  constructed. 
He  insisted  on  frugality,  on  diligence,  on 
keeping  out  of  debt.  This  was  partly  from 
prudential  reasons,  partly  as  a  refutation  of 
the  popular  belief  that  negroes,  simply 
because  they  are  negroes,  must  be  slipshod 
and  unsystematic.  "He  built  up  an  institu- 
tion almost  as  large  as  Harvard  University 
which  runs  like  clockwork  without  a  single 
white  man  or  woman  having  any  part  in  its- 
actual  administration."  By  his  watchfulness 
in  small  matters  as  well  as  great  he  won  the 
confidence  of  the  Southern  business  man; 
likewise  he  astonished  Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie 
by  demonstrating  that  the  building  for  a 
library  could  be  erected  for  $15,000.  He 
founded  organizations  for  the  promotion  of 
negro  welfare.  He  engaged  in  extension  work 
before  anything  of  the  kind  was  done  at 
Wisconsin.  He  attracted  strong  support 
from  black  people  as  well  as  from  whites,  and 
by  his  close  touch  with  negroes  everywhere 
he  exerted  an  incalculable  influence  upon  the 
rank  and  file  of  his  race. 

He  was  interested  in  concrete  and  practical 
matters.  He  saw  that  the  negroes  had  begun 
"at  the  top  instead  of  at  the  bottom."  For 
this  reason,  and  because  "he  never  forgot 
that  over  80  per  cent  of  his  people  drew  their 
living  directly  from  the  soil,"  he  said  little 
of  the  things  he  regarded  as  non-essentials. 
In  his  wish  to  emphasize  the  need  for  the 
economic  independence  of  the  many,  he  also 
said  little  about  the  cultural  opportunities  of 
the  few.  Because  of  his  silence  on  these 
topics  he  was  denounced  by  radical  negroes 
for  cowardice  and  for  truckling  to  the  whites. 
While  the  charge  was  absolutely  unjust,  the 
thoughts  that  it  suggests  ramify  into  pathos, 
into  tragedy.  "I  do  not  think  I  exaggerate 
when  I  say,"  declared  Washington,  "that 
perhaps  a  third  or  half  of  the  thought  and 
energy  of  those  engaged  in  the  elevation  of 
the  colored  people  is  given  in  the  direction  of 
trying  to  do  the  thing  or  not  doing  the  thing 


1916] 


THE   DIAL 


527 


which,  would  enhance  racial  prejudice.  This 
feature  of  the  situation  I  believe  very  few 
people  at  the  North  or  at  the  South  appre- 
ciate." Yet  he  could  be  outspoken  when  the 
occasion  demanded.  He  protested  that 
negroes  should  not  be  charged  for  equal 
accommodations  on  the  railroads  and  at  the 
same  time  given  inferior  accommodations.  He 
himself  violated  Southern  laws  by  riding  in 
Pullmans  —  a  measure  for  the  conservation 
of  his  sorely  tried  strength  which  met  with 
the  approval  of  the  whites.  Except  in  the 
South  he  refused  to  be  bound  by  Southern 
customs  in  regard  to  racial  relationships, 
though  he  never  accepted  purely  social  invita- 
tions from  white  people  anywhere,  and 
allowed  himself  only  that  degree  of  social 
intercourse  with  them  which  "seemed  best 
calculated  to  accomplish  his  immediate  object 
and  his  ultimate  aims."  He  urged  that 
negroes  be  given  a  just  chance  educationally, 
and  dwelt  upon  the  connection  between  igno- 
rance and  crime.  He  pleaded  with  legislators 
against  the  disfranchisement  of  negroes  as 
negroes,  his  position  being  shown  by  the 
words:  "I  do  not  advocate  that  the  Negro 
make  politics  or  the  holding  of  office  an 
important  thing  in  his  life.  I  do  urge,  in 
the  interest  of  fair  play  to  everybody,  that 
a  Negro  who  prepares  himself  in  property, 
in  intelligence,  and  in  character  to  cast  a 
ballot,  and  desires  to  do  so,  should  have  the 
opportunity."  Though  in  general  he  thought 
it  was  wisest  to  work  quietly  and  indirectly 
against  the  murder  of  negroes  by  mobs,  he 
proved  both  his  convictions  and  his  courage 
when  he  went  to  Jacksonville,  Florida,  in  the 
midst  of  a  race  war  and  denounced  lynching. 
The  success  of  Washington  did  not  come 
from  transcendent  intellectual  qualities. 
These  he  did  not  possess.  Much  of  it  came 
from  sheer  character  —  from  the  instinct 
which  caused  him  to  be  patient  under  adver- 
sity, to  shun  even  the  appearance  of  exploit- 
ing his  own  name  by  giving  Chautauqua  lec- 
tures for  profit  to  himself,  to  write 
innumerable  letters  after  his  journeys  to 
"each  and  every  person  who  had  tried  in  any 
way  to  contribute  to  the  pleasure  and  success 
of  his  trip."  Much  of  it  came  from  his  right- 
mindedness, —  from  what  Mr.  Howells  has 
called  "his  constant  common  sense."  This 
quality  revealed  itself  in  a  multitude  of  ways. 
It  was  shown  by  his  judgment  in  not  taking 
too  much  for  granted  in  his  extension  work, 
in  insisting  "that  the  meetings  be  conducted 
for  the  benefit  of  the  ignorant  and  not  in  the 
interests  of  the  learned."  It  showed  in  his 
anxiety  that  while  the  North  was  being 
educated  to  give  money,  the  cultivation  of 


wise  relationships  with  the  Southern  white 
people  should  not  be  neglected.  It  showed  in 
his  use  of  his  influence  with  Presidents 
Roosevelt  and  Taft,  "not  to  increase  the  num- 
ber of  Negro  appointees,  but  rather  to  raise 
the  personnel  of  Negro  officeholders."  It 
showed  in  "his  unerring  instinct  for  putting 
first  things  first,"  and  for  watching  minute 
details  without  losing  sight  of  large  ends.  It 
was  supported  by  a  patient,  constructive,  and 
optimistic  spirit.  "Lynchings  are  widely 
reported  by  telegraph,"  he  explained;  "the 
quiet,  effective  work  of  devoted  white  people 
in  the  South  for  Negro  uplift  is  not  gener- 
ally or  widely  reported."  He  reminded 
negroes  that  the  handicaps  to  which  they 
were  subjected  "were  after  all  superficial  and 
did  not  interfere  with  their  chance  to  work 
and  earn  a  living."  He  pointed  out  the 
superiority  of  the  condition  of  the  negro  to 
that  of  the  peasant  in  Europe.  And  his  con- 
ception of  his  own  task  was  that  it  consisted 
not  "so  much  in  conducting  a  school  as 
educating  a  race."  To  the  gifts  which  were 
his  through  character  and  purpose  must  be 
added  the  qualities  of  the  born  leader,  the 
natural  administrator.  When  he  bade,  he 
was  obeyed;  when  he  set  an  example,  others 
were  inspired  to  emulate  it. 

The  last  years  of  his  life  constituted  a  race 
against  time.  He  had  started  his  people  upon 
the  upward  course ;  he  felt  that  nothing  was 
more  vital  than  that  capable  leaders  should  be 
provided  while  vast  adjustments  were  still 
in  the  making.  Already  Tuskegee  had  turned 
out  men  and  women  who  had  proved  they 
might  be  relied  on, —  had  proved  they  were 
the  hope  of  their  race.  He  was  eager  that 
this  leadership  should  be  still  more  rapidly 
and  successfully  created.  Hence  at  a  time 
when  his  strength  was  giving  way  under  the 
pressure  of  innumerable  duties  he  applied 
himself  with  even  more  prodigious  energy. 
There  can  be  no  question  that  his  unselfish 
exertions  hastened  his  death.  He  left  a  great 
work  unfinished,  but  the  impulse  he  gave  it 
was  such  as  neither  the  black  race  nor  the 
white  will  willingly  let  die. 

GARLAND  GREEVER. 


The  series  of  articles  by  Isaac  F.  Marcosson  now 
appearing  in  the  '"Saturday  Evening  Post"  is  to 
be  published  in  January  in  book-form  by  the 
John  Lane  Co.,  under  the  title  "The  War  after 
the  War."  In  addition  to  the  articles,  which  are 
the  result  of  the  author's  investigations  in  England 
and  France,  the  book  will  include  a  character 
study  of  Lloyd-George  together  with  his  message 
to  the  American  people,  and  a  sketch  of  Hughes 
of  Australia,  the  "Overseas  Premier." 


528 


[December  14 


FOUR  AMERICAN  POETS* 


Recognition  of  two  principles  underlies  the 
present  poetic  movement:  the  first,  that 
there  exists  no  poetic  subject  as  such' — no 
one  matter,  that  is,  more  susceptible  than 
another  of  poetic  treatment ;  the  second,  that 
rhythm  is  organic  —  that  the  musical  form 
of  verse  must  be  intimately  moulded  by  its 
emotional  content.  On  them  has  been  based 
almost  entirely  its  broader  appeal.  As  a 
result  there  is  observed  a  certain  tendency 
to  misunderstand  them  and  pervert  their  sig- 
nificance. Because  it  is  admitted  that  a  poet 
may  find  ample  inspiration  in  modern  life,  it 
is  often  contended  that  the  theme  of  vital 
poetry  must  necessarily  be  contemporary ;  and 
because  it  is  evident  that  every  poet  worthy 
of  the  name  invents  his  own  versification, 
however  "regular"  it  may  appear  —  when  did 
such  a  poet  ever  consciously  write  "iambs"? 
— it  is  urged  that  only  through  deliberate 
divergence  from  traditional  practice  is  genu- 
ine originality  possible. 

Mr.  Edgar  Lee  Masters,  at  least,  is  the 
victim  of  no  such  vain  illusions.  In  his 
latest  book,  "The  Great  Valley,"  the  author 
of  the  "Spoon  River  Anthology" — "the  only 
poet  with  Americanism  in  his  bones,"  accord- 
ing to  Mr.  John  Cowper  Powys,  his  "dis- 
coverer"— writes  of  Apollo,  the  Furies, 
Marsyas,  and  St.  Mark,  as  freely  as  of  the 
men  and  women  who  made  Chicago,  while 
this  leading  exponent  of  a  new  medium,  mid- 
way between  prose  and  poetry,  shows  him- 
self quite  impartial  in  his  employment  of 
traditional  metres  and  of  those  free  rhythms 
more  peculiar  to  himself  —  blank  verse,  the 
rhymed  pentameter  couplet,  and  vers  libre. 
It  would  be  hard  to  say  in  which  he  displays 
the  greater  artistic  ineptitude;  and  if  one 
were  casting  about  for  a  convenient  confuta- 
tion of  Mr.  Max  Eastman's  theory  of  "lazy 
verse,"  he  need  look  no  farther  than  a  book 
in  which  the  worst  of  Whitman  ("Come 
Republic")  is  found  side  by  side  with  the 
worst  of  Shakespeare  ("Man  of  Our  Street" 
and  "The  Typical  American").  Not  that 
there  do  not  occur  flashes  of  the  power  and 
penetration,  coupled  with  the  harsh  felicities 
of  word  and  phrase,  that  made  of  the  "  Spoon 
River  Anthology,"  with  all  its  obvious  cru- 
dities, a  really  notable  performance.  But  they 

*  THE  GREAT  VALLEY.  By  Edgar  Lee  Masters.  New  York : 
Macmillan  Co.  $1.50. 

CHICAGO  POEMS.  By  Carl  Sandburg.  New  York :  Henry 
Holt  &  Co.  $1.25. 

MEN,  WOMEN  AND  GHOSTS.  By  Amy  LowelL  New  York: 
Macmillan  Co.  $1.25. 

MOUNTAIN  INTERVAL.  By  Robert  Frost.  New  York :  Henry 
Holt  &  Co.  $1.25. 


are  relatively  few,   and  largely  lost  in  the 
welter  of  words. 

The  truth  is,  of  course,  that  Mr.  Masters, 
who  seemed  at  one  time  to  give  a  certain 
artistic  promise,  is  not  primarily  an  artist  at 
all,  but  a  moralist  and  social  philosopher  of 
vague  ideological  tendencies.  For  the 
moment,  in 'the  "Spoon  River  Anthology," 
his  discursive  instincts  were  held  in  check 
by  the  sheer  mechanical  requirements  of  the 
restricted  form  he  imposed  upon  himself,  in 
the  brief  space  and  inscriptional  succinctness 
of  the  epigram.  This  artificial  restraint  once 
removed,  however,  the  poet  appears  in  his 
proper  guise  as  a  popular  preacher  of  semi- 
literary,  pseudo-scientific  pretensions,  who 
has  read  "Bob"  Ingersoll,  Darwin,  Gobineau, 
Grote, —  a  whole  shelf -full  of  the  "World's 
Best  Literature," — and  is  eager  to  bring 
the  conglomerate  wisdom  thus  acquired  to 
bear  upon  the  solution  of  social  problems,  the 
mystical  interpretation  of  our  national  des- 
tinies. In  this  merely  edifying  end,  all  sense 
of  artistic  proportion  is  lost.  A  story  like 
that  of  "Cato  Braden,"  which  would  have 
been  compressed  into  fourteen  lines  in  the 
"Spoon  River  Anthology,"  is  here  developed 
interminably  through  as  many  pages.  Even 
then  the  poet,  fearing  lest  he  may  not  have 
exhausted  all  its  implications,  returns  to  the 
attack  in  a  supplementary  poem,  "Will 
Boy  den  Lectures,"  a  sort  of  funeral  sermon 
for  the  country  editor,  dead  at  the  age  of 
fifty-one,  of  wasted  opportunities  and  Bright 's 
Disease.  The  significance  of  the  whole  is 
summed  up  in  the  admonition  addressed  to 
city-dwellers,  at  the  end  of  the  first  poem,  to 
Think  sometimes  of  the  American  village  and 
What  may  be  done  for  conservation  of 
The  souls  of  men  and  women  in  the  village. 

—  a    fairly    representative    example    of    his 
habitual  homiletic  style. 

The  poems  in  which  Mr.  Masters  is  least 
unsuccessful  are  those  in  which  he  only  too 
seldom  seems  stirred  by  some  note  of  personal 
feeling,  such  as  "Malachy  Degan,"  the  lightly 
touched  portrait  of  a  prize-fight  referee ;  and 
"Slip  Shoe  Lovey,"  a  genuine  enough  bit  of 
greasy  kitchen  genre.  Those  in  which,  on 
the  other  hand,  he  is  seen  at  his  absolute 
worst,  are  the  Chicago  series,  where  the 
"bigness"  of  his  theme,  as  he  conceives  -it, 
betrays  him  into  almost  incredible  turgidity 
and  bombast.  "Bigness"  has  an  equally  bale- 
ful effect  upon  Mr.  Carl  Sandburg,  inciting 
him,  in  his  "Chicago  Poems,"  to  a  brutality 
and  violence  of  expression  about  which  there 
seems  a  good  deal  that  is  alien  and  artificial. 
But  there  are  apparently  two  Mr.  Sandburgs : 
one  the  rather  gross,  simple-minded,  sen- 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


529 


timental,  sensual  man  among  men,  going  with 
scarcely  qualified  gusto  through  the  grimy 
business  of  modern  life,  which,  mystical 
mobocrat,  he  at  once  assails  and  glorifies ;  the 
other,  the  highly  sensitized  impressionist  who 
finds  in  the  subtle  accords  between  his  own 
ideal  moods  and  the  loveliest,  most  elusive 
aspects  of  the  external  world,  material  for 
delicate  and  dreamlike  expression.  The  first 
Mr.  Sandburg  is  merely  a  clever  reporter, 
with  a  bias  for  social  criticism.  The  second, 
within  his  limits,  is  a  true  artist,  whose 
method  of  concentration,  of  intense,  objective 
realisation,  ranges  him  with  those  who  call 
themselves  "Imagists." 

This  method  of  Imagism,  with  its  insistence 
upon  the  clear,  concrete,  sharply  defined 
rendering  of  the  poet's  idea  or  "image," 
whatever  this  may  be, —  Miss  Lowell  protests 
against  the  current  notion  of  the  Imagist  as 
exclusively  a  picture-maker, —  naturally  tends 
to  restrict  his  range,  to  throw  him  back  upon 
the  briefer  lyric  or  dramatic  forms  for  expres- 
sion. There  are  Imagists,  however,  who  refuse 
to  accept  as  inevitable  the  narrow  limitations 
seemingly  imposed  by  their  artistic  ideal. 
They  are  ambitious  to  achieve  longer,  more 
considerable  czuvres  than  the  epigram.  Doubt- 
less one  of  these  days  we  shall  have  an 
Imagist  epic,  and  perhaps  Miss  Lowell  will 
be  the  author  of  it.  At  present,  however, 
she  is  content  to  appear  in  the  more  modest 
role  of  story-teller. 

Not  that  the  tales  contained  in  her  latest 
collection,  "Men,  Women  and  Ghosts,"  are 
by  any  means  her  first,  whether  in  the  more 
usual  verse  forms  to  which  she,  no  less  than 
Mr.  Masters,  turns  from  time  to  time;  or  in 
her  more  characteristic  vers  Itbre;  or  in  her 
still  more  personally  flavored  "polyphonic 
prose."  Those  who  have  read  her  earlier  vol- 
ume, "Sword  Blades  and  Poppy  Seed,"  will 
recall,  particularly,  two  pieces  in  the  last- 
mentioned  manner,  "In  a  Castle,"  and  "The 
Basket,"  as  among  the  best  things  it  con- 
tained. Indeed  it  is  doubtful  if  the  new 
book,  with  the  possible  exception  of  "Pat- 
terns"—  a  perfect  thing  in  its  way  —  has  any- 
thing to  show  quite  so  successful.  One 
cannot  help  feeling,  as  one  reads,  that  Miss 
Lowell,  exhilarated  by  former  successes,  has 
come  to  write  too  much  and  too  rapidly. 
Often  her  instinct  for  what  is  really  signifi- 
cant fails  her  in  those  poems  in  which,  as 
she  says,  "the  dramatis  personae  are  air, 
clouds,  trees,  houses,  streets,  and  such  like 
things" ;  her  impressionism  —  or  rather 
"expressivism" — degenerates  into  a  mere 
passion  for  the  picturesque;  and  she  seems 
content  to  achieve  upon  occasion  a  scattering 


effect  with  a  charge  of  buckshot,  where  we 
should  have  expected  a  succession  of  bull's- 
eyes.  And  if  this  is  true  even  of  so  richly 
and  warmly  colored  a  composition  as  "Mal- 
maison" — which  suffers  also  from  a  certain 
sluggishness  of  movement  in  spite  of  its  brisk 
phrases  —  it  is  felt  very  much  more  in  many 
of  the  other  poems  —  particularly  in  those 
where  Miss  Lowell  employs  that  "unrelated" 
method,  or  method  of  the  "catalogue,"  which, 
however  fascinating  for  the  artist,  constitutes 
a  very  distinct  menace  for  her  art. 

Nor  do  we  always  feel  the  same  variety  and 
elasticity  in  her  rhythms  as  before,  owing  no 
doubt  to  the  constantly  increasing  strain  put 
upon  them.  Formerly  Miss  Lowell  was  satis- 
fied to  make  them  merely  the  appropriate 
musical  embodiment  of  her  thought  and  feel- 
ing —  organic,  in  short.  Now  she  seeks  often 
to  render  them  directly  imitative  of  the  "pro- 
nounced movements  of  natural  objects,"  such 
as  the  hoops  and  shuttlecocks  of  the  little 
girls  in  "A  Roxbury  Garden,"  or  of  the  "flow- 
ing, changing  rhythm"  of  musical  instru- 
ments in  "The  Cremona  Violin,"  and 
"Stravinsky's  Three  Pieces  'Grotesques,'  for 
String  Quartette."  Each  reader  must  decide 
independently  as  to  the  success  of  these 
novel  and  daring  experiments.  But  in 
the  opinion  of  the  present  reviewer,  at  least, 
Miss  Lowell  has  very  largely  sacrificed  that 
beauty  which  comes  from  the  handling  of  the 
line  of  verse  as  an  instrument  in  itself,  in 
order  to  achieve  what  is  at  best  but  a  faint, 
far-off  suggestion  of  the  alien  effect  aimed  at. 

The  same  straining  effort  after  imitation 
as  an  end,  not  as  a  means  merely,  leads  Miss 
Lowell  to  invent  words,  or  rather  vocables,  to 
represent  sounds  in  nature  directly,  instead 
of  simply  suggesting  them  imaginatively. 
This  is  always  a  questionable  device,  to  be 
used  sparingly.  With  Miss  Lowell  it  has 
become  a  habit,  almost  a  vice,  threatening  to 
spread  like  a  blight  over  all  her  work. 
Scarcely  a  poem  of  any  length  in  the  present 
collection  but  presents  one  or  more  example, 
like  the 

Whee-e-e! 

Bump!   Bump!    Tong-ti-bump ! 

with  which  she  attempts  to  rival  the  dis- 
sonances of  modern  music. 

Such  a  practice,  carried  to  such  bizarre 
excess,  simply  bears  witness  to  the  poverty 
of  the  poet's  verbal  resources.  In  general 
it  may  be  said  of  Miss  Lowell  that  her  feeling 
for  the  color  values  of  words  is  much  superior 
to  her  sense  of  their  sonorous  quality.  And 
yet  without  the  latter  —  language  being  what 
it  is,  a  purely  musical  medium — there  can  be 
no  real  distinction  of  style  in  poetry.  Very 


530 


THE    DIAL 


[December  14 


few  American  poets  to-day  show  such  dis- 
tinction. Mr.  Robert  Frost  has  a  touch  of 
it  in  more  than  one  poem  in  his  latest  collec- 
tion, "Mountain  Interval,"— in  "The  Oven 
Bird,"  for  example: 

There  is  a  singer  everyone  has  heard 
Loud,  a  midsummer  and  a  midwood  bird, 
Who  makes  the  solid  tree  trunks  sound  again. 

It  is  for  this  purely  sensuous  quality,  as 
well  as  for  his  genuine  passion  for  nature, 
expressed  through  such  wealth  and  delicacy 
of  observed  detail,  that  one  most  legit- 
imately reads  and  admires  Mr.  Frost.  There 
are,  too,  elements  of  deep  divination  in  his 
art,  where  it  touches  complex  human  relations 
and  reactions.  But  as  a  dramatic  and  nar- 
rative poet,  his  method  is  often  unnecessarily 
cryptic  and  involved.  Thus  in  "Snow"  there 
is  nothing  sufficiently  remarkable  either  in 
the  incident  itself,  or  in  the  resultant  revela- 
tion and  clash  of  character,  to  justify  its 
long  and  elaborate  treatment.  But  in  "In 
the  Home  Stretch"  the  poet  is  singularly 
successful  in  suggesting  ghostly  presences,  in 
creating  a  veritable  haunted  atmosphere  for 
the  old  New  England  farmhouse,  akin  to  that 
produced  by  the  English  poet,  Mr.  Walter 
de  la  Mare,  in  "The  Listeners."  Mr.  Frost 
is  the  one  continuator  at  present  of  the  "tradi- 
tion of  magic"  in  American  poetry. 

WILLIAM  ASPENWALL  BRADLEY. 


ENGLISH  INFLUENCE  ON  OUR 
INSTITUTIONS* 


Some  such  volume  as  this  has  long  been 
needed  by  the  students  of  American  history. 
Not,  indeed,  that  Mr.  Cunningham  has  done 
more  than  indicate  the  way  in  which  their 
demands  may  one  day  receive  satisfaction. 
His  book  is  rather  a  series  of  important  and, 
often,  brilliant  hints  than  in  any  sense  a 
full  and  formal  treatise.  He  is  occupied 
rather  with  the  analysis  of  institutions  than 
with  the  tracing  of  ideas;  of  the  influence, 
for  example,  of  English  political  ideas  upon 
the  nature  of  American  democracy  he  has 
nothing  whatever  to  say.  Of  the  relation  of 
the  ideas  of  1787  to  Puritan  experience  in 
the  Civil  War  he  has  no  comments  to  make. 
But  Mr.  Cunningham  would  rightly  answer 
that  one  cannot  do  everything  in  half  a  dozen 
lectures.  He  might  well  claim  to  have  pointed 
a  moral  which  historical  students  have  been 
perhaps  too  prone  to  forget  in  their  anxiety 
to  foster  the  native  product.  He  makes  us 
realize  the  entire  lack  of  relation  between  the 


*  ENGLISH  INFLUENCE  ON  THE  UNITED  STATES.  By 
W.  Cunningham,  D.D.  New  York:  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 
$1.25. 


isolation  of  geography,  on  the  one  hand,  and 
the  isolation  of  ideas  on  the  other.  His  book 
may  well  prove  the  stimulus  to  that  fertiliz- 
ing novelty  of  outlook  to  which,  for  example, 
the  ingenious  scholarship  of  Professor  F.  J. 
Turner  has  long  made  us  accustomed.  The 
same  merits  which  have  made  Mr.  Cunning- 
ham's "Growth  of  English  Industry"  a 
classical  work,  its  breadth,  its  solidity,  the 
ability  to  weave  the  most  diverse  authority 
into  something  like  an  integrated  and  artistic 
whole,  are  here  present  in  a  full  degree.  His 
book  gives  us  a  realization  of  the  complex 
strands  which  have  gone  to  the  making  of  our 
national  institutions.  His  book  will  help  to 
dissipate  a  legend  of  separatism  which  has 
been  with  us  too  long.  And  in  so  far  as  it 
aids  in  that  dissipation,  it  will  be  a  welcome 
contribution  to  international  understanding. 
But  Mr.  Cunningham's  book  suggests  cer- 
tain reflections  on  the  character  of  American 
historical  work  which  it  is  perhaps  worth 
while  to  adumbrate.  This  is  the  age  of  the 
documented  monograph.  No  statesman,  no 
area,  no  event  seems  too  small  to  be  studied. 
No  one  can  grumble  at  the  loving  care  which 
edits  the  writings  of  the  Fathers  in  a  hundred 
massive  volumes.  If  Hay  and  Nicolay  choose 
to  bury  Lincoln  behind  the  great  tangled  mass 
they  elected  to  call  a  biography,  we  may  at 
any  rate  feel  the  comfort  that  from  this 
material  the  characterization  we  so  urgently 
need  may  one  day  be  evolved.  But  the  prob- 
lem grows  more  serious  when  that  case 
becomes  extended  to  purely  local  problems  — 
when  men  choose,  for  example,  to  write  on 
the  grand  scale  the  history  of  a  single  city 
during  the  Eevolution,  or  to  detail  in  a  heavy 
octavo  the  social  gossip  of  a  middle-western 
town  a  hundred  years  ago.  One  begins  more 
and  more  to  entertain  the  disquieting  sus- 
picion that  the  heaven-sent  historian  who  is 
one  day  to  do  for  America  what  men  like 
Stubbs  and  Green  and  Maitland  have  done 
in  their  respective  spheres  for  England,  will 
be  overburdened  by  his  material  and  give  up 
that  work  in  disgust.  Yet  nothing  is  more 
urgently  needed  than  the  synoptic  view  from 
which  a  philosophic  interpretation  can  alone 
be  derived.  There  seems  a  real  danger  lest 
our  specialists  may  make  us  lose  all  sense  of 
perspective.  Men  seem  less  willing  to  attempt 
the  historic  feats  of  Hildreth  or  McMaster. 
Professor  Channing's  fine  fragment  remains 
as  yet  a  fragment.  The  book  we  so  urgently 
need  from  Professor  Turner  seems  almost 
beyond  our  hopes.  Meanwhile  the  material 
accumulates  endlessly,  until  we  are  likely  to 
be  buried  beneath  it.  The  modern  student 
seems  more  anxious  to  produce  what  is  new — 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


531 


mainly  in  the  sense  of  what  is  unpublished — 
than  to  attempt  the  interpretation  of  those 
problems  about  which  we  have  now  sufficient 
material  to  form  an  adequate  judgment.  Men 
like  Professor  Andrews,  who  will  make  the 
half  of  American  history  their  own,  grow 
more  and  more  rare;  or,  if  they  are  with  us, 
they  do  not  write.  The  materials  have  become 
so  vast  that  there  are  few  who  have  the  cour- 
age to  undertake  the  examination  of  a  great 
period  rather  than  the  elucidation  of  some 
tiny  topic  within  that  period.  It  is  scholar- 
ship, but  it  is  not  history. 

A  book  like  Mr.  Cunningham's  calls  us 
back  to  a  truer  perspective.  If  the  young 
scholar  wishes  to  be  the  chief  living  author- 
ity on  the  tactics  of  Bunker  Hill,  or  of 
sectionalism  in  North  Carolina,  we  shall  not 
grudge  him  the  privilege;  but  we  shall  ask 
of  him  something  more.  Those  of  us  who, 
while  bound  to  remain  outsiders  in  the  study 
of  American  history,  are  yet  deeply  interested 
in  its  study,  are  a  little  tired  of  the  choice 
that  is  now  offered  us.  We  have  a  plethora  of 
handbooks,  none  of  which  attains,  to  take  a 
single  example,  to  the  superlative  vigor  of 
J.  R.  Green.  If  we  would  avoid  that  tedium, 
there  is  little  save  the  monograph  that  is 
fully  abreast  of  modern  research.  It  is  true 
enough  that  the  age  of  the  grand  amateurs 
is  passed.  We  shall  see  no  more  Motleys  or 
Prescotts  or  Parkmans.  History  has  become 
scientific;  and  the  student  must  be  trained 
to  the  use  of  his  tools.  But  because  we  are 
scientific  we  need  not  cease  to  be  human. 
We  must  remember  that  if  history  is  a  science, 
it  is  also,  and  not  less  truly  an  epic.  It  must 
not  cease  to  tell  events  so  that,  even  when  a 
century  and  a  half  has  passed,  we  can  catch 
the  subdued  murmur  of  Lincoln's  voice  at 
Gettysburg  just  as,  after  the  lapse  of  two 
thousand  years,  the  very  inflection  of 
Pericles 's  moving  tones  comes  to  us  in  the 
hard  passion  of  Thucydides.  Let  us  train  our 
scholars  to  the  tasks  of  scholarship.  But  let 
us  ceaselessly  emphasize  the  function  of 
scholarship  in  the  service  of  humanity. 

HAROLD  J.  LASKI. 


POETRY  FROM  THE  TRENCHES* 


Robert  W.  Service  has  been  a  poetic  phe- 
nomenon. More  or  less  ignored  by  the  critics, 
he  has  won  a  vast  following.  And  it  seems  to 
me  time  for  a  fellow-craftsman  to  protest  that 
in  this  case  the  public  is  right.  During  these 
years  while  "The  Spell  of  the  Yukon"  has 

«  RHYMES  OF  A  RED  CROSS  MAN.  By  Robert  W.  Service. 
New  York :  Barse  and  Hopkins.  $1. 


accumulated  a  staggering  sale  of  five  hundred 
thousand  copies  and  while  the  wells  of 
Kipling  have  been  growing  muddy  or  dry, 
the  professors  of  poetry  and  the  dilettanti 
have  been  paying  attention  to  Imagists  and 
Spectrists,  leaving  Service  —  they  thought' — 
to  school-boys.  But  the  popularity  of  this 
poet  need  not  have  hurt  him  in  the  eyes  of  the 
discerning  nor  need  his  debt  to  Kipling  have 
injured  him  in  their  ears. 

It  happens  that  I  had  just  read  and 
reviewed  "Spectra,"  the  latest  expression  of 
"the  new  verse,"  and  been  struck  with  it  as 
a  strange  phosphorescent  crest  of  impression- 
ism, when  there  came  into  my  hands  the  vol- 
ume by  Service,  "Rhymes  of  a  Red  Cross 
Man,"  two  hundred  pages  of  sturdy  sen- 
timental realism.  And  I  started  up  with  a 
gasp.  Here  was  "the  old  verse."  Here  was 
something  actual,  intimate,  human,  alive. 
I  will  grant  at  the  outset,  to  such  as  incline 

j  to  disagree  with  my  estimate,  an  occasional 
familiar  crudeness  in  the  book  and  the  mawk- 
ishness  of  poems  like  "Our  Hero,"  "Son," 
and  "The  Convalescent."  But  the  crudeness 
is  the  kind  you  grasp  hands  with  heartily  and 
the  mawkishness  is  the  kind  you  look  away 
from  respectfully,  and  what's  left,  by  far  the 
greater  part,  you  thrill  and  laugh  over  like  a 
boy. 

Here,  as  in  the  earlier  poems,  is  an  implicit 
acknowledgment  of  the  debt  to  Kipling.  It 
reaches  even  to  free  use  of  the  phrase,  "thin 
red  line  of  'eroes"  or  to  the  refrain,  "For 

!  I'm  goin'  'ome  to  Blighty  in  the  mawnin' ' 
echoing  the  refrain  of  "Danny  Deever."  But 
such  echoes  are  the  proper  salute  of  kinship ; 
for  this  latest  book  confirms  Service  not  as 
Kipling's  imitator  only  but  as  his  successor. 
"The  Ballads  of  a  Cheechako"  and  "Rhymes 
of  a  Rolling  Stone"  were  a  disappointment  to 
those  who  suspected  their  author  of  a  true 
and  important  gift ;  for  they  contained  noth- 
ing of  the  calibre  of  "The  Spell  of  the 
Yukon,"  that  big  poem  which  distinguished 
his  first  volume,  "Songs  of  a  Sourdough,"  and 
has  become  the  title-poem  of  its  later  editions. 
Nor  did  the  general  contents  of  his  two  inter- 
mediate volumes  bear  out  the  general  promise 
of  the  first  or  prepare  one  for  the  vigor  and 
sweep  and  human  emotion  of  these  poems  of 
the  War.  The  poems  are  dedicated  to  Ser- 
vice's brother,  "killed  in  action,  August 
1916,"  but  the  emotion  in  them  is  not  melan- 
choly or  bitter.  It  is  not  against;  it  is  for. 
And  it  is  not  for  a  kingdom  on  earth  or  in 
heaven,  but  for  your  home  and  your  fellows  : 
and  there's  a  recurrent  feeling  that  your  fel- 
lows may,  after  all,  be  Germans. 


532 


THE    DIAL 


[December  14 


The  best  of  the  poems  are  long  narratives 
in  dialect,  Cockney  or  Scottish.  There  are 
"The  Odyssey  of  'Erbert  'Iggins,"  "The 
Whistle  of  Sandy  McGraw,"  "Bill  the  Bom- 
ber," "The  Haggis  of  Private  McPhee,"  "The 
Coward,"  "Only  a  Boche,"  "My  Bay 'nit," 
and  "My  Mate."  Fragments  are  unsatis- 
factory, but  one  stanza  from  "The  Red 
Ketreat"  shows  how  the  Tommies  set  out  and 
hints  at  days  and  nights  that  followed. 

"A-singin'    ''Go's    Yer    Lady    Friend?'    we    started 

out  from   'Arver, 
A-singin'  till  our  froats  was  dry — we  didn't  care  a 

'ang; 
The  Frenchies  'ow  they  lined  the  way,  and  slung  us 

their  palaver, 
And   all   we   knowed   to   arnser    was   the    one    word 

'vang'; 
They  gave  us  booze  and  caporal,  and  cheered  for  us 

like  crazy, 
And  all  the  pretty  gels  was  out  to  kiss  us  as  we 


And    'ow  they  all  went  dotty  when  we    'owled  the 

Marcelaisey ! 
Oh,  Gawd!     Them  was  the  happy  days,  the  days  too 

good  to  last." 

Perhaps  in  "The  Song  of  the  Pacifist"  Ser- 
vice is  expressing  his  own  judgment  that  the 
establishment  of  "justice  and  truth  and  love" 
and  of  Eight  against  Might,  can  only  be  a 
lesser  victory,  in  fact  will  be  "a  vast  defeat," 
unless  our  children's  children  "in  the  name 
of  the  Dead"  conquer  War  itself.  But  the 
book  is  not  in  its  best  element  a  commentary 
or  a  conclusion,  it  is  an  emotion ;  and  therein, 
in  emotion  and  in  action,  lies  its  strength.  It 
is  what  Kipling  might  have  made  of  the  War, 
had  his  genius  still  been  young.  Though  the 
master  would  have  written  with  surer  artistry 
and  less  sentiment,  the  pupil  has  an  advan- 
tage or  two.  Kipling  showed  what  discern- 
ment genius  could  give  an  imperialist;  Ser- 
vice shows  what  discernment  sympathy  can 
give  a  democrat.  And  where  the  Englishman 
used  technical  terms  with  an  impressive  pro- 
ficiency sometimes  confusing  to  the  layman, 
the  Scotsman  uses  the  slang  of  the  trench  so 
casually  and  fitly  that  the  picture  and  the 
action  is  on  the  instant  clear-cut  and  unmis- 
takable. Detail  after  detail  of  life  at  the 
front  takes  its  place  in  the  various  narratives, 
adding  touches  of  excitement,  pathos,  terror, 
tenderness,  or  humor,  and  in  the  end  imbuing 
this  particular  reader  with  a  closer  sense  of 
life  in  the  Great  War  than  any  correspondent, 
novelist,  or  poet  has  yet  given  him  —  making 
it  so  natural,  straightforward,  first-hand, 
vibrant,  that  if  you  are  like  me  you  will  close 
the  book  with  the  painful  silence  in  the  ears 
that  follows  great  sound  and  the  flush  in  the 
head  that  comes  from  the  sight  of  broken 
bodies  and  the  squeeze  in  the  throat  that 


comes  in  the  presence  of  honest  human  emo- 
tion. It  is  not  a  criticism  from  without,  but 
a  cry  from  within  • —  dignifying  even  "  Tip- 
perary."  We  have  been  inquiring  for  the 
poetry  of  the  War.  In  my  judgment,  here 

"  1S>  WITTER  BYNNER. 


FEEDING  THE  BELGIANS* 


In  "War  Bread"  Mr.  Hunt  tells  the  story 
of  the  succor  of  a  nation.  He  served  as  an 
American  delegate  of  the  Commission  for 
Relief  in  Belgium,  but  there  is  nothing  in  his 
book  of  the  aridity  of  a  statistical  or  official 
document.  Instead,  Mr.  Hunt  has  given  us 
a  singularly  fresh  and  personal  view,  a  series 
of  impressions,  always  sincere  and  moderate, 
often  of  admirable  vividness.  If  he  was 
tempted  to  sentimentalize  over  Belgium,  he 
resisted  the  temptation,  and  his  narrative  is 
pointed  only  with  the  sharpness  of  the 
observed  fact. 

He  was  singularly  fortunate  in  the  begin- 
nings of  his  adventure.  He  set  out  for  Europe 
on  a  neutral  liner,  crowded  with  German 
reservists  going  home  to  the  war.  It  was  a 
complete  initiation  into  a  point  of  view.  Mr. 
Hunt  later  visited  Berlin  and  talked  with 
leaders  and  recruits,  with  radicals  and 
scholars ;  there  is  nothing  to  indicate  that  he 
learned  anything  new  about  the  Teutonic 
temper  or  philosophy.  On  the  decks  of  the 
"Nieuw  Amsterdam"  he  had  absorbed  the 
whole  of  that  German  philosophy  of  might 
which  has  regimented  a  people — sentiment 
borrowing  the  cool  language  of  science,  the 
national  will  to  power  investing  itself  with 
the  sanctions  of  an  alliance  with  Destiny. 
All  these  German  reservists  exhibited  that 
insensitiveness  to  the  fate  of  the  individual 
which  grows  inevitably  out  of  the  Teutonic 
habit  of  "thinking  in  centuries"  and  merging 
the  identity  of  the  citizens  in  the  abstract 
identity  of  the  State ;  they  were  the  creatures 
of  a  new  categorical  imperative,  foredoomed 
to  the  hardness  that  has  always  marked  off  a 
"chosen  people."  In  so  far  as  a  nation  yields 
to  this  mystical  fatalism,  it  is  already  suffi- 
ciently dehumanized  for  aggressive  war. 

Mr.  Hunt's  fellow-travellers  set  out  in  a 
lyric  mood,  flushed  with  confidence.  They 
saw  Germany  marching  to  her  manifest  des- 
tiny, a  Germany  glorified  by  the  romantic 
imagination,  supreme  in  science  and  in 
industry,  keeper  of  the  curious  modern  cult 
of  efficiency,  ready  now,  having  disciplined 

*  WAR  BREAD.  A  Personal  Narrative  of  the  War  and 
Relief  in  Belgium.  By  Edward  Eyre  Hunt.  New  York : 
Henry  Holt  and  Company.  $1.75. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


533 


herself,  to  discipline  Europe  and  the  world. 
The  Iron  Year  had  come,  and  the  Fatherland 
was  prepared  to  assert  the  validity  of  a 
natural  law  discovered,  opportunely  enough, 
by  German  pundits. 

Having  studied  the  philosophy  on  the 
"Nieuw  Amsterdam"  and  in  Berlin,  Mr.  Hunt 
contrived  to  escape  through  the  German  lines 
into  Belgium,  where  he  saw  the  religion  of 
expansion  express  itself  in  terms  of  the  actual. 
At  Antwerp  he  lay  for  thrilling  hours  in  a 
coal  hole  under  the  foundations  of  a  house  at 
number  74  rue  du  Peage,  and  heard  the  mes- 
sengers of  German  kultur  burst  over-head. 
They  were  truly  expansive,  those  shells.  Mr. 
Hunt  is  very  human  about  them.  Faced  with 
the  realities  of  war,  he  was  incapable  of  the 
solemnity  of  the  moralist;  an  experience  so 
new  and  so  tremendous  must  be  tasted  for 
itself  before  one  can  hope  to  evaluate  it. 
"My  senses  were  keenly  alive  to  danger,  but 
there  was  a  strange  joy  in  the  thought  that 
life  was  to  be  obliterated  in  a  mad  chaos  of 
flame  and  steel  and  thunder.  Death  seemed 
suddenly  the  great  adventure;  the  supreme 
experience.  And  there  was  something  splen- 
did, like  music,  in  the  incessant  insane  snarl 
of  the  shells  and  the  blasts  of  the  explosions." 

From  Antwerp,  after  the  fall,  he  joined  the 
panic-stricken  flight  to  the  Dutch  border.  It 
was  such  a  sight  as  one  does  not  often  see, 
the  exodus  of  a  people  uprooted  and  swept 
blindly  forward  on  the  winds  of  war,  unthink- 
ing, conscious  only  of  a  great  fear : 

Most  of  that  sad  army  went  dinnerless  and  supper- 
less,  and  most  of  it  still  marched.  Its  own  inertia, 
not  its  will,  seemed  to  carry  it  on,  and  a  strange 
sound  came  from  it  as  it  moved  —  a  continuous  dron- 
ing, a  low  murmur,  like  heavy  breathing,  which  filled 
all  the  night  air.  That  sound  seemed  to  come  from 
the  earth  and  the  sky  and  the  trees  and  the  grass, 
as  well  as  from  the  marching  men.  It  was  a  sound 
more  terrible  than  human  wailing.  It  was  as  if  all 
nature  mourned,  and  as  if  this  vast  movement  through 
the  night  were  tile  funeral  procession  of  a  nation.  .  . 

In  such  moments  the  philosophy  of  the  poor 
alone  stands,  for  it  is  a  philosophy  founded 
on  the  harsh  and  wounding  facts.  That 
strange  optimism  which  desires  only  to  live, 
and  which  is  hardly  to  be  distinguished  from 
the  blackest  pessimism,  emerges  as  the  basic 
philosophy  of  the  miraculous  survival  of  man- 
kind in  a  hostile  world.  It  was  imparted  to 
the  author  by  an  old  peasant  whom  he  met  on 
the  road  to  Belgium : 

The  war!  Ah,  monsieur,  it  is  a  curse.  But  then, 
much  in  life  is  a  curse,  and  we  must  bear  it  tranquilly. 
To  live,  that  is  the  important  thing.  Men  fight  each 
other,  cheat  each  other,  steal  each  other's  land,  lust 
for  one  another 's  wives  —  yes,  monsieur,  it  is  true  — 


but  we  must  live.     We  must  bear  all  tranquilly.     It 
is  war.    It  is  life,  n'est-ce  pas? 

After  the  destruction,  the  reconstruction — 
partial  at  least.  Mr.  Hunt  was  among  the 
first  of  the  Americans  to  take  service  under 
Herbert  L.  Hoover.  He  was  assigned  to  relief 
work  in  Antwerp,  where  he  remained  the 
virtual  economic  administrator  for  a  year; 
and  the  closing  chapters  of  his  narrative  deal 
with  the  complicated  and  delicate  administra- 
tive and  diplomatic  details  incident  to  feeding 
and  clothing  two  millions  and  a  half  of 
people.  The  task  was  not  simply  one  of 
organization,  of  transportation  and  distribu- 
tion, difficult  as  such  a  task  would  have  been. 
A  campaign  of  publicity  had  to  be  under- 
taken in  the  chief  neutral  powers,  as  well  as 
in  England  and  France.  An  irresistible 
sentiment  had  to  be  created  that  would  make 
it  possible  to  treat  the  Commission's  work  in 
Belgium  as  second  in  importance  only  to  the 
interests  of  the  belligerent  nations,  and  the 
jealousy  and  suspicion  of  those  nations  had  to 
be  allayed  if  the  work  of  the  Commission  was 
to  be  carried  on  without  interference  and 
disastrous  bickerings. 

The  man  who  achieved  the  miracles  of 
organization  and  diplomacy  in  Belgium  was 
Herbert  L.  Hoover,  an  American  mining 
engineer  resident  in  London.  Mr.  Hunt  wrote 
"War  Bread"  partly  to  answer  the  question. 
Who  is  Hoover?  and  he  has  succeeded  very 
well  in  dramatizing  an  amezing  talent.  Mr. 
Hoover,  too,  believes  in  efficiency,  but  his 
efficiency  is  not  precisely  the  German  ideal: 
it  is  an  efficiency  watchful  to  utilize  instead 
of  to  pare  away  the  idiosyncrasies  of  the 
human  material  with  which  it  must  work. 
Mr.  Hunt  speaks  of  his  chief  as  "a  construc- 
tive artist  in  human  destiny,"  and  as  such 
he  has,  of  course,  a  certain  ruthlessness  of  his 
own.  "He  uses  men,  throws  them  aside  and 
forgets  them,  as  every  world  architect  must, 
for  he  has,  along  with  his  amazing  diplomatic 
skill,  as  frank  a  way  in  dealing  with  men  as 
with  conditions."  Like  all  men  of  action,  he 
puts  his  trust  in  the  fait  accompli,  and  after 
reading  of  his  astounding  address,  you  are 
quite  convinced  that,  in  exceptional  circum- 
stances, it  is  the  only  doctrine.  Those  who 
read  "War  Bread"  will  long  remember,  I 
think,  this  quiet  and  masterful  man  with  a 
talent  for  big  affairs.  He  is  very  nearly  the 
best  type  that  our  industrial  civilization  has 
hitherto  produced ;  he  expresses  us  infinitely 
better,  for  example,  than  our  writers  and  our 
artists.  Our  eloquence  still  lies  in  appropri- 


ate action. 


GEORGE  BERNARD  DONLTN. 


534 


THE    DIAL 


[December  14 


THE  THIRST  FOR  SALVATION* 


This  latest  novel  of  Mr.  Howells  differs  in 
some  respects  from  Ms  recent  work,  while  in 
general  the  methods  which  he  employs  in  tell- 
ing the  story  are  characteristic.  His  choice 
of  a  subject,  in  the  first  place,  takes  him 
back  to  the  scene  of  his  youth  and  earlier 
manhood  in  Ohio,  which  is  rarely  treated  in 
his  other  novels,  except  when,  as  in  the  case 
of  "The  Kentons,"  he  made  this  life  a  point 
of  departure  for  an  international  contrast. 
The  story  deals  with  primitive  emotions  in 
a  primitive  state  of  society.  It  is  based,  as 
the  author  tells  us,  on  the  narrative  of  Judge 
Taneyhill,  from  which  the  details  concerning 
the  religious  impostor  who  was  the  hero  of  the 
story  are  taken.  Mr.  Howells  has,  however, 
taken  only  the  bare  details;  he  has  touched 
these  details  with  imagination;  and  the  psy- 
chological development  of  the  religious  enthu- 
siasm of  the  community,  which  is  the  main 
motive  of  the  story,  is  apparently  his  own. 

Joseph  Dylks  came  to  the  little  settlement 
of  Leatherwood  Creek,  in  Ohio,  at  a  time  when 
the  religious  interest  of  the  community  was 
keen.  This  interest  was  sharpened  by  secta- 
rian differences  among  the  Evangelical  sects ; 
but  practical  expedience  made  it  necessary  to 
have  one  temple  of  worship,  which  the  differ- 
ent sects  evidently  used  in  turn.  This  condi- 
tion of  affairs  made  the  settlement  a  very- 
fitting  field  for  a  religious  impostor  of  the 
type  that  Dylks  represented.  He  began  by 
announcing  himself  as  a  prophet;  then  he 
mounted  by  degrees  from  the  role  of  inter- 
preter to  that  of  a  deity,  and  finally  an- 
nounced himself  boldly  as  a  god  of  equal 
power  with  any  god  known  to  his  hearers. 
He  is  pictured  as  a  man  of  striking  personal- 
ity, good  looking  in  a  coarse  way,  but  with 
very  little  balance  of  mind  or  fixity  of  pur- 
pose. In  the  sequel  he  is  shown  to  have  had 
even  no  physical  courage. 

The  human  relations  of  the  impostor  are 
drawn  with  real  skill.  Some  time  before  the 
story  opens  he  had  married  and  deserted  his 
wife,  Nancy,  and  she,  believing  him  dead,  had 
married  again.  The  character  of  the  people 
in  that  time  and  locality  is  indicated  very  well 
by  the  severe  standard  of  judgment  by  which 
her  brother,  David  Gillespie,  made  clear  to 
her  that  she  must  no  longer  live  with  her 
second  husband,  Laban,  even  for  a  day,  when 
she  knows  that  Dylks  is  alive.  The  parting 
of  the  husband  and  wife  is  a  bit  of  tragedy 
simply  told.  Dylks  at  first  makes  no  effort 

*  THE    LEATHERWOOD    GOD.      By    William    Dean    Howells. 
New  York:     Century  Co.     $1.35. 


to  interfere  with  his  wife,  but  later  on  he 
endeavors  to  persuade  her  to  live  with  him, 
and  she,  having  grown  to  loathe  him,  refuses. 
Neither  she  nor  her  brother  makes  any  effort 
to  expose  him,  fearing  the  personal  hold  which 
he  has  upon  her,  and  David  Gillespie  even 
watches  in  silence  the  hypnotic  effect  that 
Dylks  is  having  upon  Jane  Gillespie,  his 
daughter.  Nancy's  oldest  child,  Joey  ( Dylks 's 
son),  is  allowed  by  his  mother  to  attend  the 
revival  meetings  of  Dylks,  owing  to  some  very 
natural  sub-conscious  feeling  on  her  part  that 
his  father  has  some  rights  in  him  which  even 
his  long  neglect  has  not  entirely  destroyed. 
The  inevitable  happens.  Dylks  is  forced  into 
a  position  where  he  must  produce  a  miracle  of 
a  concrete  character;  he  is  unable  to  do  so. 
He  is  driven  from  his  temple  and  from  the 
neighborhood  by  the  forces  of  unbelief  and 
common  sense  and  ends  his  days  a  pitiable 
figure,  after  he  has  led  his  so-called  "little 
flock"  to  Philadelphia. 

Howells  makes  the  forces  of  common  sense 
and  of  irreligion  concrete,  but  in  different 
bodies.  In  Squire  Matthew  Braile,  he  has 
drawn  a  very  interesting  character  who 
typifies  the  unenthusiastic  attitude  toward 
the  religious  enthusiasm  of  the  neighborhood. 
Matthew  Braile  delights  in  nothing  so  much 
as  to  lead  the  followers  of  Dylks  to  self-con- 
tradiction and  self-exposure.  Yet,  when 
Dylks  has  been  seized  by  the  young  men  of  the 
town  who  are  the  concrete  representatives  of 
irreligion  in  an  active  sense  and  who  drag 
Dylks  before  the  Squire  for  trial,  Braile 
decides  that  he  must  be  allowed  to  go  free, 
since  he  has  violated  no  statute  of  the  State 
of  Ohio.  Later  on  when  the  fugitive  comes 
back  in  despair  and  distress,  Braile  even 
hides  him  from  his  pursuers. 

Mr.  Howells  has  evidently  been  rather 
afraid  that  the  psychology  of  his  central  char- 
acter would  remain  hidden  from  the  reader, 
since  in  the  last  chapter,  which  takes  the 
place  of  a  postscript,  he  invents  a  stranger 
for  the  purpose  of  receiving  Matthew 
Braile 's  analysis  of  the  character  of  Dylks 
and  of  the  situation  of  which  he  was  the 
central  figure.  According  to  him,  Dylks 
might  have  succeeded  if  he  had  had  more 
courage,  since  he  was  appealing  to  a  very 
primitive  instinct  and  was  himself  more  than 
half  deceived  as  to  his  mission.  The  fact 
that  a  large  number  of  persons  believed  in 
him  affected  him  in  such  a  way  that  he  began 
to  doubt  whether  after  all  he  might  not  have 
a  divine  mission  and  whether,  if  he  merely 
announced  a  miracle  as  likely  to  happen,  it 
might  not  really  occur. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


535 


Braihrs  summing  up  of  the  emotional  sit- 
uation which  made  the  impostor  possible  is 
interesting : 

"You  see,"  he  resumed  after  a  moment,  "life  is 
hard  in  a  new  country,  and  anybody  that  promises 
salvation  on  easy  terms  has  got  a  strong  hold  at 
the  very  start.  People  will  accept  anything  from 
him.  Somewhere,  tucked  away  in  us,  is  the  longing 
to  know  whether  we'll  live  again,  and  the  hope  that 
we'll  live  happy.  I've  got  fun  out  of  that  fact  in 
a  community  where  I've  had  the  reputation  of  an 
infidel  for  fifty  years;  but  all  along  I've  felt  it 
in  myself.  We  want  to  be  good,  and  we  want  to  be 
safe,  even  if  we  are  not  good;  and  the  first  fellow 
that  comes  along  and  tells  us  to  have  faith  in  him, 
and  he'll  make  it  all  right,  why  we  have  faith  in 
him  that's  all." 

The  book  is  not  written  in  the  style  of  Mr. 
Howells's  great  period,  that  is,  during  the 
time  when  he  produced  "A  Modern  Instance," 
"Silas  Lapham,"  "Indian  Summer,"  and  "A 
Hazard  of  New  Fortunes."  There  is  no 
deeply  significant  character  in  the  book,  none 
that  can  rank  with  Silas  Lapham,  Bartley 
Hubbard,  or  Lina  Bowen.  But  it  is  a  dis- 
tinctly better  story  than  "Miss  Bellard's 
Inspiration,"  or  "Through  the  Eye  of  the 
Needle,"  or  "The  Coast  of  Bohemia,"  or  in 
fact  any  of  Mr.  Howells's  later  stories  with 
the  possible  exception  of  "The  Son  of  Eoyal 
Langbrith"  and  "The  Landlord  at  Lion's 
Head."  There  is  a  unity  of  plot,  a  coherence 
of  motive,  and  a  pictorial  quality  in  the  char- 
acter drawing  that  make  a  real  contribution 
to  our  novels  of  American  life. 

ARTHUR  H.  QUINN. 


RECEXT  FICTIOX.* 

Miss  Ethel  Sidgwick  is  one  of  the  most 
individual  of  the  English  novelists  of  our 
day.  Of  course  any  first-rate  novelist  is 
individual;  no  one  would  read  "These 
Twain"  fancying  even  for  a  moment  that  it 
was  by  Mr.  Wells,  or  "Victory"  with  the  idea 
that  it  was  by  Mr.  Galsworthy.  Mr.  Hugh 
Walpole,  Mr.  D.  H.  Lawrence,  Mr.  J.  D. 
Beresford,  Mr.  Compton  MacKenzie  —  to 
name  a  few  others  —  are  individual  enough 
to  keep  each  one  in  his  own  particular  sphere. 
Miss  Sidgwick,  however,  has  a  character 
rather  more  marked  than  any  of  them,  or  at 
least  her  books  have.  Superficially  she 
reminds  one  of  Henry  James,  but  any  such 
resemblance  is  as  unimportant  as  in  the  case 

*  HATCHWAYS.  By  Ethel  Sidgwick.  Boston :  Small, 
Maynard  and  Co.  $1.40. 

THE  VERMILION  Box.  By  E.  V.  Lucas.  New  York: 
George  H.  Doran  Co.  $1.35. 

SUSSEX  GORSE.  By  Sheila  Kaye-Smith.  New  York:  Alfred 
A.  Knopf.  $1.50. 

KING  OF  THE  KHYBER  RIFLES.  By  Talbot  Mundy.  Indian- 
apolis:  Bobbs-Merrill  Co.  $1.35. 


of  Mrs.  Edith  Wharton.  Miss  Sidgwick  is 
preeminently  what  is  called  "a  novelist  of 
marked  distinction" ;  she  has  to  a  very  high 
degree  her  own  view  of  life  and  her  own  way 
of  expressing  this  view,  and  both  are  excel- 
lent. 

"Hatchways"  is  not  one  of  her  best  novels. 
It  is  presumably  impossible  for  a  novelist  to 
be  invariably  at  her  best, —  or  his.  Many 
people  cannot  read  "Daniel  Deronda."  for 
instance,  or  "The  Adventures  of  Philip." 
Perhaps  it  was  inevitable  that  the  readers  of 
"A  Lady  of  Leisure,"  "Duke  Jones,"  and 
"Accolade"  should  be  disappointed  in  what 
came  next.  In  any  case  the  present  grievous 
state  of  things  in  England  would  have  made 
impossible  for  an  Englishwoman  that  sort 
of  imaginative  contemplation  which,  it  may 
be  supposed,  is  necessary  to  Miss  Sidgwick 's 
best  work.  However  it  be,  "Hatchways," 
though  it  is  obviously  by  no  one  but  Miss 
Sidgwick,  lacks  the  structural  power  that 
assembles  representative  ideas  and  the  imme- 
diate imagination  that  makes  them  intelligible. 
Miss  Sidgwick 's  method  and  her  people  are 
always  subtle;  here  they  are  too  subtle.  In 
Miss  Sidgwick 's  other  books  one  is  sometimes 
puzzled  to  know  exactly  what  the  author  or 
her  people  are  talking  about,  but  there  has 
generally  heretofore  been  a  confident  feeling, 
bred  of  experience,  that  they  were  talking  of 
something  worth  while.  In  "Hatchways" 
one  is  not  so  sure.  The  people  are  held  in  a 
less  definite  grasp  and  the  plan  in  which  they 
have  their  parts  seems  less  definitely  con- 
ceived. 

A  world  governed  by  customs  and  tradi- 
tions that  are  never  mentioned,  influenced  by 
feelings  and  emotions  that  are  rarely  ex- 
pressed,—  that  is  the  world  as  Miss  Sidgwick 
conceives  it,  perhaps  because  the  English 
world  of  leisured  culture  is  the  only  one  she 
knows,  perhaps  because  she  feels  that  all  the 
world  over  people  are  pretty  much  alike. 
The  Ashwins  and  the  Ingestres  are  excellent 
types  of  the  two  kinds  of  people  that  are  pre- 
eminent in  such  a  world;  the  latter  can 
comprehend  in  a  measure  but  are  usually  too 
self-absorbed  to  care  to  do  so,  the  former  not 
only  can  comprehend  but  like  to  do  so  and 
even  feel  that  they  must  do  something  more. 
The  Duchess,  and  all  the  Oxbroughs,  Adelaide 
Courtier,  and  Sam  Coverack,  are  of  the 
regular  go-ahead  type  of  English,  often 
fairly  clever,  the  kind  probably  that  is  to-day 
fighting  the  war.  Ernestine  Redgate  and  Sir 
George  Trenchard  are  of  the  finer  rarer  kind 
that,  one  may  hope,  is  directing  the  fighting. 
M.  Gabriel  du  Frettay,  the  young  French- 
man, understood  them  better  than  the  others. 


536 


THE    DIAL 


[December  14 


which  explains  something  of  the  logic  of  the 
Entente. 

"Hatchways,"  though  it  does  not  give  us 
so  clear  a  notion  of  its  author 's  world  and  her 
view  of  it  as  Miss  Sidgwick's  other  books, 
gives  it  to  us  in  much  their  manner.  People 
and  things  are  presented  much  as  they  are  — 
without  much  direct  narration,  that  is  — 
and  we  are  left  to  gather  what  we  can.  That 
is,  of  course,  in  the  main,  the  method  of  life 
itself ;  we  see  people  and  hear  them  talk,  but 
it  is  rarely  that  anybody  tells  us  a  finished 
story  of  his  life  and  adventures.  Miss  Sidg- 
wick is  selective;  she  tells  only  those  things 
that  hang  together;  but  she  explains  little, 
and,  as  a  rule,  is  content  to  jot  down  things 
that  are  said  and  done  and  leave  the  rest 
to  us.  When  one  remembers  that  she  is  deal- 
ing with  people  who  by  habit  and  tradition  do 
not  express  their  emotional  life  openly,  and 
who,  when  they  do  express  themselves,  have 
not  the  gift  of  eloquence  that  belongs  to  some 
other  races,  one  can  understand  why  Miss 
Sidgwick  may  be  called  subtle.  But  subtle  or 
not  she  is  always  worth  reading,  and  here, 
though  there  are  no  figures  like  Violet  Ashwin 
and  John  Ingestre,  there  is  yet  much  to  inter- 
est and  charm. 

A  very  different  sort  of  rendering  of  life, 
and  yet  almost  as  near  the  real  thing,  is  Mr. 
Lucas 's  "  The  Vermilion  Box. "  Now  that  our 
post  boxes  are  painted  green,  it  may  not  occur 
to  us  that  a  vermilion  box  is  a  post  box,  but 
in  England  presumably  such  is  the  case.  Mr. 
Lucas's  book  is  a  loosely  connected  series  of 
letters.  Letters  make  an  apparently  realistic 
rendering  of  life;  but  actually  they  are  not 
so  real  after  all,  for,  though  each  letter  may 
be  an  absolute  rendering  of  reality,  nobody 
but  some  unfortunate  censor  ever  reads  a  col- 
lection of  letters  written  by  people  of  the 
same  general  group.  Miss  Sidgwick's  mode 
of  realization  has  a  bit  more  to  say  for  itself. 
We  really  do  get  a  knowledge  of  people  and 
their  lives  by  seeing  them  do  this  and  that, 
and  by  hearing  them  talk,  even  though  their 
sayings  and  doings  may  appear  irrelevant  at 
the  time;  whereas  one  reads  letters  written 
to  others  only  on  rare  occasions. 

Mr.  Lucas's  book  contains,  however,  a  very 
entertaining  set  of  letters  to  and  from  all 
sorts  of  people  in  England  and  is  probably 
as  characteristically  English  as  Miss  Sidg- 
wick 's, —  and  that  in  rather  a  broader  if  not 
deeper  way.  Those  who  write  the  letters  are 
mostly  of  one  family,  but  that  is  a  matter  of 
no  especial  importance,  for  they  are  a  very 
representative  set.  They  are  practically  all 
of  one  social  class,  the  upper  middle,  I  sup- 
pose,—  not  the  same  as  Miss  Sidgwick's  upper 


sphere  but  equally  representative  of  England. 
They  present  all  sorts  of  views  of  the  war,  or 
rather  they  all  present  the  same  view,  but 
the  different  writers  have  varying  feelings 
and  very  different  ways  of  taking  the  view 
that  they  do  take.  There  is  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Sir  Vincent  Starr,  the  soldier  on 
duty;  Mr.  Richard  Haven,  a  bachelor  over 
military  age,  reflective  and  humorous,  but 
trying  to  find  some  way  in  which  he  can 
make  his  abilities  useful;  George  Wiston,  a 
retired  brewer,  "far  from  sanguine"  (to  use 
a  mild  expression)  as  to  what  is  going  on, 
sure  that  everything  is  being  done  wrong  and 
that  the  country  is  being  betrayed  and  going 
to  the  devil,  and  constantly  writing  to  the 
papers;  Lady  Starr,  a  regular  soldier's  wife 
and  mother;  Mrs.  Clayton-Mills,  so  absorbed 
in  her  son  that  she  cannot  bear  to  have  him 
do  anything;  old  Mrs.  Haven,  serious  but 
resigned  to  the  strange  changes  of  the  times 
and  particularly  to  the  change  in  the  German 
character  since  the  days  of  Mendelssohn. 
Then  there  are  a  lot  of  young  ones, —  Toby 
Starr,  who  immediately  hustles  into  khaki, 
to  camp,  and  to  the  front,  carrying  on  a 
courtship  by  correspondence  and  finally  get- 
ting a  Victoria  Cross;  Richard  Bernal,  who 
gets  married  just  before  going  to  the  front; 
and  a  number  of  other  young  people  either 
joining  the  army  or  finding  some  sort  of  work 
in  nursing.  It  is  a  most  amusing  book,  full 
of  observation  and  humor,  and  it  supplies  as 
well  a  light  commentary  on  the  course  of 
English  life  during  the  war. 

Miss  Sheila  Kaye-Smith's  "Sussex  Gorse" 
is  a  different  piece  of  work  from  either  of 
the  others.  It  is  one  of  those  long  epic  or 
biographic  chronicles  which  deal  with  a 
decade  as  easily  as  an  average  book  will  deal 
with  an  hour ;  the  action  runs  on  for  seventy 
years  or  so,  during  the  lifetime  of  one  indom- 
itable man.  Such  a  book  can  hardly  tell  its 
story  with  any  such  unhurrying  subtlety  as 
that  of  Miss  Sidgwick  or  such  unconnected 
self-expression  as  Mr.  Lucas's.  We  must 
have  things  told  us,  and  in  such  books  as  this, 
—  and  there  have  been  many  of  late, —  we 
get  a  sort  of  narration  which  is  likely  to 
become  dry  and  lifeless.  It  does  not  often 
in  Miss  Kaye-Smith's  book;  her  people  are 
generally  alive  to  her  imagination ;  if  she 
has  occasion  for  a  scene,  it  lives  in  her  mind 
and  she  can  tell  it  with  realizing  detail.  But 
in  the  main  such  a  book  must  be  a  chronicle 
of  what  has  happened. 

What  happened  in  this  case  is  rather  an 
extraordinary  thing.  A  farmer's  lad,  in  1835 
or  so,  conceived  the  desire  to  become  possessed 
of  Boarzell  Moor,  on  the  outskirts  of  which 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


537 


he  had  been  born.  The  book  tells  how  he 
becomes  possessed  of  it.  It  takes  him  a  long 
time,  some  seventy  years,  and  costs  him  a 
great  deal,  everything  he  has  in  life,  down, 
not  to  the  uttermost  farthing  (for  it  really 
pays  for  itself),  but  to  the  uttermost  bit  of 
love,  affection,  and  sympathy.  He  marries 
but  it  is  with  the  desire  for  children  to  carry 
on  the  farm;  his  wife  dies  after  having 
brought  him  half  a  dozen  boys  and  a  couple 
of  girls.  He  looks  on  his  children  as  helpers 
to  his  ambition,  but  they  do  not  share  his 
passionate  desire  for  Boarzell;  one  after 
another,  they  rebel  and  break  away  to  find 
success  or  failure,  usually  the  latter.  He  him- 
self becomes  so  absorbed  in  his  own  desire 
that  he  cannot  understand  any  other,  and 
so  misses  or  throws  away  the  love  of  the  only 
person  who  seems  really  to  have  understood 
him.  It  is  a  grim  sort  of  story,  not  by  any 
means  without  power,  nor  without  touches  of 
tenderness  by  the  way,  but  of  rather  an 
incomprehensible  subject.  This  overmaster- 
ing passion  for  the  land, —  that  is  something 
hard  for  us  Americans  to  sympathize  with; 
and  this  particular  overmastering  passion  for 
a  bit  of  wild  land  that  no  one  had  desired 
for  centuries,  seemed  as  hard  for  the  people 
in  the  book  to  understand  as  it  is  for  us. 

Mr.  Talbot  Mundy's  "King  of  the  Khyber 
Rifles''  is  something  very  different  from  these 
three  others,  severally  and  generally.  Those 
who  read  a  good  deal  of  fiction  know  the  value 
of  variety  as  well  as  do  those  who  deal  in 
physical  diet.  This  is  "a  rattling  story  of 
adventure"  in  India, —  in  the  Northwest  of 
India  at  the  present  day.  Those  learned  in 
literary  history  might  perhaps  dismiss  it 
superciliously  as  a  combination  of  "Kim" 
and  "She,"  and  others  less  particular  might 
wish  that  Mr.  Mundy  would  rid  himself  of 
some  mannerisms  and  touches  that  seem  to 
show  the  hand  of  the  journey -man  rather  than 
of  the  master.  But  the  question  of  literary 
originality  is  not  an  easy  one;  one  can  dis- 
cover "sources"  for  "The  Prisoner  of  Zenda" 
or  "The  Memoirs  of  Sherlock  Holmes,"  and 
yet  certainly  there  was  a  great  originality  in 
each  book. 

But  aside  from  such  speculations,  taken 
simply  for  what  it  is,  Mr.  Mundy's  book  is 
an  excellent  story.  It  is  a  study  of  a  man  in 
the  Indian  army  who,  on  the  outbreak  of  the 
war,  instead  of  being  wild  to  get  to  Europe  to 
join  in  the  general  fight,  desires  to  devote 
himself  to  the  task  of  keeping  India  loyal  to 
England  until  such  time  as  the  Colony  grows 
beyond  the  need  for  leading  strings.  Athel- 
stan  King  is  of  the  fifth  generation  of  Eng- 
lishmen in  the  Indian  army  and  his  feeling 


for  India  is  too  strong  even  for  the  blandish- 
ments of  an  almost  mythical  Yasmini.  Yas- 
mini  herself,  though  rather  over-weighted  by 
the  tremendous  reputation  given  her,  does 
excellently  when  she  gets  a  chance,  and  at 
the  end  carries  through  what  must  be  a  sur- 
prise except  for  the  most  acute  of  novel- 
readers.  All  but  the  ultra-refined  will  follow 
with  interest  the  tortuous  journey  of  King 
in  his  effort  to  checkmate  German  influence 
and  plots  in  the  Northwest  and  will  receive 
satisfaction  from  the  suggestion  that  there 
may  be  more  to  say  later  of  King  and  his 
redoubtable  antagonist. 

EDWARD  E.  HALE. 


XOTES  ox  XEW  FICTIOX. 


Our  Southern  States  afford  America's  nearest 
approach  to  the  material  of  the  average  English 
author.  There  alone  are  the  old  families  with 
traditions  and  dependents,  the  sharply  drawn  dis- 
tinctions of  class,  the  general  atmosphere  of  long- 
established  custom,  which  are  so  foreign  to  our 
kaleidoscopic  national  unrest.  All  too  frequently 
this  excellent  material  is  mined  by  an  unskilled 
pen.  But  in  "Kildares  of  Storm,"  by  Eleanor 
Mercein  Kelly  (Century;  $1.40),  we  find  a 
dramatic  story  well  told,  and  told  with  an  aston- 
ishing degree  of  respect  for  the  intelligence  and 
common  sense  of  the  reader.  Kate  Leigh  had  been 
wooed,  won,  and  brought  over  the  mountains  by 
the  last  of  the  Kildares,  whose  Kentucky  estate 
was  the  rallying-ground  of  all  the  sporting  blood 
of  the  county.  He  ruled  his  people,  as  he  ruled 
his  dogs,  with  an  undisputed  grip.  The  full- 
blooded  girl  fell  into  the  new  life  with  the  exul- 
tance  of  youth  set  free,  until  the  children  came, 
that  is,  and  until  Jacques  Benoix,  with  his  sym- 
pathy, his  manliness,  and  with  a  charm  which  her 
husband  lacked,  gradually  and  unconsciously  sup- 
planted him  in  her  affections.  This  is  the  back- 
ground of  the  story.  The  tale  itself  concerns  the 
fortunes  of  Kate  Kildare,  of  Jacques,  of  his  son 
Philip,  and  of  the  two  highly  strung  daughters 
of  "the  Madam,"  as  the  county  knew  her.  The 
novel  is  swiftly  moving,  "strong,"  and  if  not  very 
elevated,  at  least  extremely  good  reading. 

"Sure,  'tis  talk  keeps  the  world  going,"  Padna 
Dan  and  Micus  Pat  were  wont  to  agree  over  their 
pipes  and  their  warm  punch.  Seumas  O'Brien  in 
his  collection  of  stories  called  "The  Whale  and 
the  Grasshopper"  (Little,  Brown;  $1.35),  recounts 
some  of  their  talk  - —  the  philosophy  that  passed 
between  the  two  armchairs  before  the  fire,  the 
yarns  that  were  told,  the  shrewd  comments  on  the 
times,  and  the  shrewder  comments  on  human 
nature.  "  'There  are  a  lot  of  fools  in  the  world, 
I'm  thinking/  said  the  stranger.  'There  are,  thank 
God,'  replied  Micus."  This  is  the  spirit  in  which 
he  greets  life;  its  idiosyncrasies,  its  absurdities, 
its  tragedies,  are  all  grist  for  his  wit,  his  charm, 
or  his  irony.  As  may  be  imagined,  what 


538 


THE   DIAL 


[December  14 


England  calls  "the  Irish  question"  and  also  what 
Boston  calls  "the  Irish  question,"  come  in  for 
their  share.  The  author  treats  them  all  with 
humor,  beneath  which  lies  oftentimes  a  keen  dart, 
or  perhaps  a  deeper  protest.  One  of  the  best  of 
his  comments  upon  the  question  of  Irish  freedom 
he  puts,  quite  fittingly,  into  the  mouth  of  the 
Devil:  "Ireland  has  always  been  a  great  brother 
to  myself  and  England."  Irish  imagination  at  its 
best  is  a  precious  thing;  and  the  reader  may  be 
assured  of  finding  it  at  somewhere  very  near  its 
best  in  "The  Whale  and  the  Grasshopper." 

"Beef,  Iron,  and  Wine"  (Doubleday,  Page; 
$1.25),  is  so  like  a  volume  of  stories  by  0.  Henry 
that  the  effect  is  positively  uncanny.  Mr.  Jack 
Lait,  who  is  advertised  as  writing  "a  fresh,  snappy, 
human  story  each  day"  for  a  Chicago  newspaper, 
and  "a  human  Arabian  Nights  tale  each  month" 
for  a  well-known  magazine,  has  modeled  his  style, 
his  subject  matter,  and  his  technique  so  closely  on 
0.  Henry  that  the  comparison  is  inevitable.  Mr. 
Lait  has  the  whole  bag  of  tricks,  and  it  is  only 
fair  to  say  that  he  uses  them  with  all  the  ease, 
confidence,  and  success  of  the  master.  He  can 
produce  a  rabbit  from  the  interior  of  a  top-hat 
or  a  gold  watch  from  the  ear  of  a  reader  in  the 
same  surprising  and  delightful  fashion  as  his  great 
exemplar.  And  he  tells  a  story  almost  as  well. 
Certain  qualities,  the  personality  of  genius,  which 
0.  Henry  had,  the  tenderness  of  insight,  the  sym- 
pathy of  complete  understanding,  cannot  be 
imitated;  they  are  copyrighted  by  God  Almighty. 
But  the  accurate  observation,  the  profound  knowl- 
edge of  life,  particularly  of  life  in  the  big  city, 
the  ability  to  make  his  characters  vital  in  a  few 
words,  and  to  crack  off  his  story  like  a  snap  of 
the  whip, —  all  these  he  has  in  large  measure. 
Every  story  or  sketch  in  this  volume,  with  the 
exception  of  "One  Touch  of  Art,"  is  an  amazingly 
clever  and  successful  performance.  Perhaps  as 
Mr.  Lait  acquires  more  renown,  he  may  abandon 
the  imitative  style  he  now  employs  and  create  a 
new  epic  of  American  Nights  entertainment. 
Whatever  he  does  will  be  interesting.  In  spite 
of  his  horrible  diurnal  fecundity  one  may  look  with 
anticipation  for  a  new  book  from  his  pen. 

When  a  good  humorist  turns  to  tragedy,  there 
are  few  more  effective  than  he.  The  result  is 
always  a  little  surprising  —  illogically  enough; 
for  the  manufacture  of  humor  is  a  far  more 
serious  business  than  the  creation  of  pathos.  It 
is  not  strange  that  Irvin  S.  Cobb,  who  writes  with 
a  true  gift  for  humor,  should  prove  equally  effec- 
tive when  he  becomes  serious,  as  he  does  occasion- 
ally in  his  collection  of  stories  called  "Local 
Color."  (Doran;  $1.35.)  His  title-story  describes 
the  adventure  of  a  struggling  author  who  courts 
local  color  as  a  prisoner  in  Sing-Sing.  It  tells  of 
his  gradual  descent  to  the  level  of  his  associates, 
until,  his  term  completed,  he  is  ready  to  commit 
his  experiences  to  paper,  and  discovers  himself 
not  only  in  the  position,  but  actually  in  the  state 
of  mind  of  the  released,  sullen  convict.  The  story 
is  very  moving,  very  convincing.  But  Mr.  Cobb 
cannot  long  remain  tragic.  In  "First  Corinthians" 
he  recites  the  humorous  history  of  the  East-Side 


Finkelsteins,  whom  charity  adopts  with  bewilder- 
ing results.  "Smooth  Crossing"  is  a  very  neatly 
constructed  tale  of  criminal  and  detective.  And 
perhaps  the  most  typical  of  the  lot  is  a  newspaper 
story,  "Enter  the  Villain,"  which  Mr.  Cobb  asserts 
to  be  absolutely  moral-less.  Moral  or  no  moral, 
it  is  excellent.  The  author's  pictures  of  American 
local  color  suggest  a  great  deal  that  is  not  directly 
painted  in.  They  are  something  more  than  enter- 
taining. 

A  delightful  compound  of  psychotherapy  and 
high  spirits  is  "Richard  Richard"  by  Hughes 
Mearns  (Penn;  $1.35).  An  unambitious  dabbler  in 
the  modern  black  arts  takes  upon  himself  the  cure 
of  the  alcoholically  inclined  scion  of  the  house  of 
Wells,  which  is  distinctly  the  first  family  of  Penn 
Yan,  N.  Y.  The  Wells  estate  is  a  Southern  planta- 
tion transplanted  to  the  shores  of  Keuka  Lake, 
and  the  family  has  the  full  measure  of  Virginia 
indifference  to  mere  financial  routine.  So  it  is 
fortunate  that  Richard  Richard  proves  to  be 
fabulously  wealthy.  The  plot  does  not  cut  very 
deeply  into  the  structure  of  life,  perhaps;  but 
the  dialogue  is  quite  delightful.  There  are 
moments  when  is  suggests  Locke,  and  others  when 
it  outdoes  Mr.  Dooley;  it  conveys  painlessly  and 
without  insistence  the  modicum  of  psychology 
necessary  to  the  reader.  There  are  bits  of  acute 
analysis  throughout. 

Katherine  Metcalf  Roof  has  written  in  "The 
Stranger  at  the  Hearth"  (Small,  Maynard;  $1.35), 
one  of  the  analytical,  intellectual  novels  we  expect 
from  certain  American  woman  writers.  The  story 
presents  two  antitheses  — •  that  between  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  America  of  our  fathers  and  the  present 
melting-pot,  and  that  between  the  Anglo-Saxon 
and  Latin  understanding  of  love.  The  social 
contrast  forms  a  continuous  background  to  the 
plot.  The  author  is  not  of  those  who  look  with 
hope  to  the  future  of  America.  One  wonders 
what  she  would  say  to  Mary  Antin,  or  Mary 
Antin  to  her!  She  sees  in  the  break-up  of  the 
old  tradition  the  cataclysmic  descent  of  the  hordes 
of  barbarism.  From  a  hundred  unexpected  points 
of  view  she  presents  the  picture  of  the  alien  over- 
running New  York,  as  seen  through  the  eyes  of  an 
exquisite  American  woman  married  to  an  Italian. 
She  finds  society  vulgarized  by  the  children  of 
immigrants,  shops  and  streetcars  filled  with  jos- 
tling masses  of  inarticulate  peasants,  the  English 
tongue  a  rarity,  courtesy  the  last  heritage  of  the 
waning  aristocracy.  The  tragedy  of  the  plot  lies 
in  the  innate  lack  of  sympathy  between  the  Amer- 
ican Nina  Varesca  and  her  count.  Upon  her 
return  to  her  own  country,  she  draws  comparisons 
between  his  alternating  inconstancy  and  demon- 
strativeness,  and  the  companionable  love  exem- 
plified in  one  of  her  compatriots.  Her  husband 
is  not  capable  of  trusting  her,  and  she  is  unable 
to  take  him  seriously  until  the  final  misapprehen- 
sion has  driven  him  to  suicide. 

Beatrice  Forbes-Robertson  Hale  is  a  feminist, 
and  believes  that  women  are  individuals.  The 
individual  at  the  centre  of  "The  Nest-Builder" 
(Stokes;  $1.35)  does  not  clamor  for  independence 
and  self-development,  but  she  has  a  sure,  relent- 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


539 


less  tendency  toward  home-making  and  striking 
root  in  the  community.  She  is  a  well-bred  and 
fine-spirited  English  girl,  so  beautiful  that  artists 
find  her  their  inspiration,  and  so  talented  that  she 
can  at  any  moment  become  completely  self-sup- 
porting. (This  relief  from  economic  tension  gives 
a  heroine  an  unfair  advantage.)  She  marries  a 
genius  of  difficult  and  egotistical  temperament, 
who  loves  her  for  her  beauty  and  hates  the 
shackles  of  domesticity  to  which  she  clings.  Chil- 
dren are  an  annoyance  to  him;  to  her,  the  central 
motive.  The  alienation  of  the  lovers  is  told  sym- 
pathetically, and  distinctly  from  the  woman's 
point  of  view.  The  author,  with  much  simplicity, 
assumes  certain  feminine  truisms  which  are  out- 
side the  psychology  of  a  man  even  of  the  genius  of 
Galsworthy.  The  story  is  rounded  out  by  a 
catastrophe,  epic  and  moving,  rather  than  by  a 
solution.  Stefan  Byrd  dies  a  man,  giving  his  life 
to  France  in  the  great  war,  and  leaves  Mary  to 
fulfil  her  destiny  without  him.  There  could  be 
no  other  happy  ending  to  this  conflict  of  tempera- 
ments. 

''I  do  not  believe  it  is  moral  to  regulate  life  by 
considering  the  desire  to  remain  undisturbed  of 
those  that  are  decayed  and  petrified."  So  we 
should  all  agree,  probably,  differing  only  in  our 
definitions  of  petrifaction.  But  June  Ferriss, 
the  advanced  heroine  of  Ethelyn  Leslie  Huston's 
novel,  "The  Towers  of  Ilium"  (Doran;  $1.35), 
adopted  the  extract  in  its  entirety,  refusing  to 
renew  her  illegal  marriage  with  the  father  of  her 
child  for  the  immoral  reason  (so  the  world 
regarded  it)  that  she  did  not  love  him.  June 
possessed  the  forcefulness,  the  sincerity,  the 
strength,  of  her  exemplar  Ellen  Key;  she  also 
possessed  something  of  the  obscurity,  and  her 
author  much  of  the  verbosity,  of  the  writer  of 
"Love  and  Marriage."  It  is  a  clever  turn  of  plot 
that  provides  exactly  the  situation  whereby  Mrs. 
Huston  can  prove  her  case.  She  does  not  outrage 
the  feelings  of  the  conventional  by  conscious 
immorality  on  the  part  of  her  heroine;  but,  hav- 
ing pushed  the  girl  into  the  required  situation,  she 
lets  her  act  and  speak  in  accordance  with  her 
perfectly  justifiable  standards  of  conduct.  It  is 
all  very  neat  and  very  interesting;  but  we  wish 
that  she  had  not  resorted  to  a  trick.  We  wish, 
too,  that  her  tale  had  been  shorter.  The  best  of  it 
shows  the  development  of  the  child  June,  her 
dawning  maturity,  her  premature  gruelling  by  the 
forces  of  the  city,  leading  to  her  fight  for  the 
unfortunate,  and  to  the  ideals  which  were  to  govern 
her  own  precarious  existence.  June's  subsequent 
career,  save  in  the  light  of  a  trial  of  strength,  is 
not  very  absorbing.  But  June  herself  is  absorb- 
ing, and  th§  people  who  surround  her  are  equally 
real.  The  argument  which  lies  behind  their  several 
characters,  desires,  and  existences  is  also  a  very 
real,  if  debatable,  one  to  present-day  readers. 

The  conscientious  objector  enters  fiction  in  most 
attractive  guise  in  "Quaker-Born"  by  Ian  Camp- 
bell Hannah  (Shaw;  $1.35).  Edward  Alexander, 
a  millionaire  undergraduate  of  Cambridge,  has 
been  brought  up  a  Quaker  by  his  devout  and  spir- 
itual mother.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  war,  and 


especially  after  the  bombardment  of  Scarborough, 
•   he  is  almost  swept  away  into  enlisting,  but  on  her 
death-bed  she  re-imbues  him  with  his  faith  in  the 
!   righteousness  of  non-resistance.    So,  misunderstood 
!   by  his  friends,  he  goes  to  serve  as  a  non-com- 
!   batant  with  the  Ambulance,  is  reported  killed,  and 
i   finally  comes  back  wounded,  to  marry  the  daughter 
;   of   the   Master   of   his   college,   a   girl  who   had 
accidentally  kissed  him  in  an  early  chapter.     The 
tale   is   told   with   a   rollicking  good-humor  that 
reminds  one  of  Jerome  K.  Jerome,  Ian  Hay,  and 
other  British  jesters.    Occasionally  the  sophistica- 
tion of  the  style  lapses  into  what  one  can  only 
call  "kiddishness."     The  psychology  of  the  high- 
spirited  Quaker  is  indicated  in  a  conventionalized 
way,   from    the   standpoint   of   resulting   action. 
There  is  a  pompous  and  hypocritical  M.  P.  who 
is  most  satisfactorily  outwitted  in  his  pretensions 
to  the  hand  of  the  heroine. 


The  China 
Year  Book. 


BRIEFS  ox  XEW  BOOKS. 

No  one  desiring  to  be  well  informed 
in  regard  to  affairs  in  the  Orient 
can  afford  to  be  without  "The 
China  Year  Book,"  edited  by  Messrs.  Bell  and 
Woodhead  (Routledge,  $3.75).  The  failure  of  the 
editors  to  issue  an  edition  for  1915,  owing  to  the 
European  war,  renders  the  volume  for  1916,  just 
from  the  press,  the  more  valuable.  It  is  scarcely 
desirable  to  list  the  subjects  treated  in  this  handy 
reference  book,  for  the  reason  that  the  list  appears 
to  be  wellnigh  complete,  and  any  partial  mention 
of  subjects  would  only  serve  to  mislead.  The  table 
of  contents  shows  thirty  main  heads,  ranging  from 
geography  to  trade-marks,  each  of  these  heads 
minutely  subdivided  for  easy  reference,  and  each 
subdivision  treated  seemingly  with  painstaking 
accuracy  and  in  surprising  detail.  The  book 
should  lie  upon  the  desk  of  every  newspaper  man 
who  writes,  either  as  editor  or  as  reporter,  about 
the  Far  East,  and  on  the  shelves  of  all  students  of 
the  Orient  or  of  contemporary  international  affairs. 


ohnMv.ir. 


^°  rea(^er  °f  J°nn  MUTT'S  account 
of  his  boyhood  and  youth  can  have 
closed  the  book  without  wishing 
for  a  sequel.  And  now  the  sequel  appears  in 
"A  Thousand-Mile  Walk  to  the  Gulf,"  covering, 
it  is  true,  only  a  little  more  than  half  a  year 
(September,  1867,  to  April,  1868),  but  acceptably 
bridging  the  gap  between  "The  Story  of  My  Boy- 
hood and  Youth"  and  "My  First  Summer  in  the 
Sierra"  —  excepting  an  interval  of  a  few  months, 
which  a  letter  added  to  the  journal  of  the  walk  to 
the  gulf  is  made  to  cover.  Not  polished  as  a  work 
of  literature,  but  perhaps  none  the  worse  for  that, 
is  the  hasty  journal  now  given  to  waiting  readers 
by  Mr.  William  Frederic  Bade,  who  seems  to  have 
discharged  his  editorial  duties  faithfully  and  well. 
He  had  at  his  disposal  both  the  original  journal, 
interlined  and  amplified  by  its  author,  and  a  type- 
written rough  copy,  dictated  to  a  stenographer 
and  slightly  revised;  also  two  separate  elabora- 


540 


THE    DIAL 


[December  14 


tions  of  the  journalist's  sojourn  in  Savannah, 
where  he  camped  for  a  week  in  a  graveyard- — 
strange  choice  of  an  open-air  bed-chamber.  Views 
from  photographs,  with  two  sketches  by  Mr.  Muir, 
illustrate  the  long  tramp,  and  a  map  shows  its 
course.  (Houghton  Mifflin;  $2.50.) 


Adding  to  the       ''The  Letters  of  Henry  Brevoort  to 

Iroing-Brevoort     -,„     ,  .  _.      .       ,y         ._ 

correspondence.  Washington  Irving  (Putnam; 
$10.  )i,  edited  by  George  S.  Hellman, 
and  eked  out  by  an  extended  Introduction  and  a 
number  of  other  Brevoort  papers,  fill  two  attrac- 
tive volumes  uniform  with  the  letters  of  Irving 
to  Brevoort  published  last  year.  Henry  Brevoort 
was  a  member  of  a  distinguished  New  York 
family,  a  prominent  and  public-spirited  citizen, 
and  according  to  all  the  information  we  possess, 
a  cultured  and  likable  man ;  but  most  persons  will 
read  these  letters  because  of  their  recipient,  rather 
than  because  of  their  author.  Those  here  given, 
which  are  from  the  family  papers  in  possession 
of  Brevoort's  grandson,  Mr.  Grenville  Kane,  bear 
dates  from  1811  to  1843,  and  are  written  from 
various  places  —  New  York,  Mackinac,  Paris, 
London.  They  deal  pleasantly  with  neighborhood, 
family,  and  personal  matters,  but  they  show  noth- 
ing that  is  new  regarding  Irving's  character,  and 
reveal  no  important  biographical  facts.  The  sup- 
plementary material  includes  four  letters  from 
Irving  to  Brevoort  not  contained  in  the  earlier 
volumes.  To  all  appearances  these  letters  are 
better  edited  than  were  those  of  Irving  to  Brevoort, 
though  the  means  of  testing  accuracy  are  not 
so  readily  available.  At  all  events,  the  introduc- 
tions and  occasional  notes  explain  some  of  the 
more  obscure  references  to  persons  and  places.  A 
slip  like  "Clare"  as  the  title  of  John  Howard 
Payne's  drama  (Vol.  II.,  p.  162)  may  be  due  to 
careless  proof-reading. 


"A  Book  of  Burlesques,"  by  H.  L. 

Caricatures  -,r        ,  /T  ^.-i  oc\      •  LI 

of  satire.  Mencken  (Lane;  $1.25),  is  exactly 

the  sort  of  thing  it  purports  to  be, 
and  exactly  the  sort  of  thing  that  readers  of  "The 
Smart  Set"  have  long  been  familiar  with.  It  is 
enough,  perhaps,  to  say  that  Mr.  Mencken  is  well 
practised  in  its  manufacture,  and  that  these  newly 
published  burlesques  are  fairly  representative  of 
his  degree  of  proficiency.  Burlesque  is  not  a  thing 
to  chuckle  over;  it  is  not  straight  humor,  laying 
bare  the  incongruity  of  things.  Nor  does  it  invite 
thought  like  satire.  Satire,  when  it  is  good,  strips 
the  covering  from  something  inherently  absurd  or 
pernicious.  Not  so  burlesque,  which  takes  any  and 
every  subject  for  its  travesty,  making  fun  of 
anything  within  its  range  of  vision  by  means  of 
exaggeration  and  incongruity  of  phrasing, — "so 
to  speak,"  as  Mr.  Mencken  would  add.  The  con- 
versation of  pallbearers  at  a  funeral,  a  concert 
programme,  a  church  before  a  wedding,  Cheops 
building  his  pyramid,  two  Americans  viewing  an 
Alpine  sunset, —  these  are  a  few  of  his  subjects. 
They  are  perfectly  legitimate  subjects  for  travesty 
—  provided  you  want  to  take  the  trouble.  But 
they  are  so  ordinary  that  you  have  to  take  a 
great  deal  of  trouble,  and  employ  quantities  of 


hyperbole,  to  save  your  travesty  from  being  equally 
ordinary.  Mr.  Mencken  occasionally  over-reaches 
himself,  exaggerating  to  the  very  brink  of  mean- 
inglessness  —  so  to  speak.  His  burlesques  are 
veritable  caricatures  of  satire. 


The  length  and     The   present   reviewer    (like  many 
breadth  of  another  delver  in  this  'field,  doubt- 

English  drama.        ]oc!D^    ^Qa    ^Q^    fy,Q   ^^    £Qr   & 


pact  and  properly  edited  collection  of  English 
plays  so  often  brought  home  to  him  by  the  impor- 
tunities of  would-be  readers  that  he  was  prepared 
to  welcome  any  attempt  to  fill  the  gap.  But  to 
tell  the  truth,  the  feat  performed  by  Professors 
Tatlock  and  Martin  in  their  single  volume 
entitled  "Representative  English  Plays"  (Century, 
$2.50)  fairly  took  his  breath  away.  The  boldness 
of  the  plan  is  apparent  from  the  table  of  contents, 
on  which  twenty-five  titles  stand  for  the  whole 
length  and  breadth  of  English  drama  —  Shake- 
speare alone  excepted  —  from  "Noah's  Flood"  to 
a  society  comedy  that  still  holds  the  boards.  In 
order  to  bring  the  collection  within  these  narrow 
confines,  the  editors  state  in  the  preface  that  it 
was  impossible  to  include  "all  celebrated  or  influ- 
ential plays  or  plays  of  all  types."  Thus  in  the 
eighteenth  century,  for  example,  no  specimen  is 
given  of  either  the  ballad  opera  or  the  bourgeois 
tragedy.  Many  Elizabethan  and  Restoration  plays 
of  world  fame  had  to  be  omitted  as  well  as  plays 
of  transitional  decades  especially  interesting  to  the 
student  since  they  represent  the  decline  of  one 
tradition  and  the  rise  of  another.  It  is  less  sur- 
prising that  little  space  should  be  allotted  to  the 
minor  creative  periods.  But  in  the  case  at  least 
of  the  interval  of  over  sixty  years  between  "The 
School  for  Scandal"  and  "The  Lady  of  Lyons," 
there  is  a  break  in  the  continuity  which  can  hardly 
be  said  to  be  bridged  by  the  one  intervening  play, 
Shelley's  "Cenci,"  which  belongs  to  the  closest 
rather  than  the  legitimate  drama.  It  is  true  that 
during  the  Napoleonic  upheaval,  the  London  pub- 
lic seems  to  have  supported  dramatic  entertain- 
ments of  as  low  an  order  of  merit  as,  according 
to  Mr.  Archer,  it  is  doing  in  the  present  world 
catastrophe.  But  from  the  welter  of  early  nine- 
teenth century  farces,  extravaganzas,  and  spec- 
tacles, one  or  two  pieces  might  well  have  been 
singled  out,  if  only  to  illustrate  the  trend  of  the 
times.  Within  limits,  however,  the  editors  of  this 
volume  of  plays  have  chosen  with  much  wisdom. 
In  only  two  or  three  instances  out  of  the  twenty- 
five  is  there  likely  to  be  general  objection.  One 
is  the  selection  of  "Edward  the  Second"  to  rep- 
resent Marlowe,  whereby  the  reader  is  deprived 
of  what  should  be  his  inalienable  right  —  the 
"mighty  line"  of  "Tamburlaine"  or  "Faustus." 
The  other  is  the  choice  of  Dryden's  "Conquest  of 
Granada"  instead  of  "All  for  Love,"  even  though, 
as  the  editors  contend,  there  is  good  reason  to 
desire  the  reader  to  be  bored  with  the  former 
instead  of  being  thrilled  by  the  latter.  It  is  ques- 
tion of  the  historical  versus  the  literary  attitude. 
The  introductions  and  notes  supply  with  rigid 
economy  of  space  the  information  necessary  for 
understanding  each  play  and  for  setting  it  in  its 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


541 


true  perspective.  Along  with  a  summary  of  the 
accepted  critical  estimates,  there  are  many  fresh 
impressions,  and  there  is  throughout  a  praise- 
worthy absence  of  the  stereotyped  phrase.  In 
some  instances  it  is  regrettable  that  clarity  is 
sacrificed  to  informality,  and  the  looseness  of  cer- 
tain of  the  statements  may  be  challenged.  Just 
what,  for  example,  does  this  assertion  mean  with 
reference  to  "The  Way  of  the  World":  "All  that 
saves  the  plot  from  being  farce  is  that  there  are 
no  farcial  situations"?  Or  this  comment  upon  the 
"cynical  impudence"  of  "The  School  for  Scandal": 
ult  is  acceptable  because  the  play  is  a  work  of  art, 
not  a  study  of  human  character"?  The  bibliog- 
raphy is  on  a  sensible  scale  and  it  is  well  adapted 
to  the  general  purposes  of  the  book.  One  omis- 
sion, that  of  Dr.  Bernbaum's  "The  Drama  of 
Sensibility,"  may  be  noted  in  an  otherwise  satis- 
factory and  suggestive  list. 


Catholicism 


"The  Problem  of  Human  Peace," 

,  •»«-    l        l  f\      •  /m  TT    1 

VJ  Malcolm  Quin  (T.  Fisher 
Unwin),  is  not  likely  to  exercise 
much  influence  in  securing  peace.  To  begin  with, 
admitting  that  Christianity  has  for  nineteen  hun- 
dred years  failed  to  contribute  measurably  toward 
producing  peace,  he  holds  that  only  through 
"Scientific  Catholicism"  can  peace  ever  come.  By 
Catholicism  he  means  the  Church  of  Rome  with 
all  its  institutions,  including  the  papacy;  .by 
scientific  Catholicism  he  means  evolutionary  reli- 
gion and  faith  recognizing  the  discoveries  of 
science  and  reason,  in  short,  Catholicism  as  the 
Modernist  would  have  it.  That  solid  advantage 
would  come  to  the  cause  of  peace  through  forward- 
looking  and  greater  acceptance  of  scientific  knowl- 
edge is  beyond  doubt.  That  this  must  of 
necessity  be  linked  with  the  Catholic  Church  is 
wholly  arbitrary,  and  is  likewise  a  peculiarly  em- 
barrassing condition,  seeing  that  Pope  Leo  X. 
condemned  the  Modernist  view  of  Catholicism 
which  is  here  advanced  as  a  power  for  peace. 
Before  peace  comes  by  this  route  the  Catholic 
Church  itself  will  have  to  be  convinced  of  the 
Catholicism  Mr.  Quin  is  advocating. 


The  tragic  death  of  Emile  Verhaeren,  who  was 
crushed  while  trying  to  board  a  train  at  Rouen  on 
November  27,  is  a  loss  not  to  Belgium  alone  but 
to  the  world.  For  Yerhaeren,  while  in  a  peculiar 
sense  the  spokesman  of  his  people,  had  found,  for 
our  confused  and  aspiring  civilization,  a  voice  that 
carried  far  beyond  the  borders  of  his  own  land. 
Influenced  in  his  youth  by  Hugo  and  the  Roman- 
ties,  he  early  found  his  true  way,  and  his  first 
published  work  exhibited  a  robust  and  joyous 
naturalism.  He  was  preeminently  a  singer  of  the 
modern  world,  poet  of  democracy  and  industrial- 
ism, who  dreamed  of  a  time  when  local  jealousies 
might  be  swept  aside  and  when  the  energy  that 
he  delighted  to  celebrate  might,  express  itself  in 
an  international  movement  for  a  more  habitable 
world.  It  is  a  part  of  the  pathos  of  his  death 
that  it  should  have  come  at  a  time  when  events 
had  shown  how  illusory,  or  at  least  how  premature, 
were  his  most  passionate  dreams. 


HOLIDAY  PUBLICATIONS. 

II. 
BIOGRAPHY  AND  REMINISCENCES. 

To  have  met  Edward  FitzGerald,  if  only  for  a 
moment  and  for  a  brief  interchange  of  courteous 
commonplaces,  is  almost  enough  to  justify  a  man 
in  writing  his  autobiography.  Mr.  Edward  Clodd, 
well  known  as  an  admirer  of  and  writer  about 
FitzGerald,  had  the  pleasure  just  indicated,  and 
also  was  blessed  with  some  acquaintance  with  that 
eccentric  recluse's  old  friend,  Mary  Lynn,  who 
once  allowed  Mr.  Clodd  to  copy  one  of  Edward's 
(thus  she  always  called  him)  letters  to  her  — 
letters  too  familiar  to  be  surrendered  to  Mr.  Aldis 
Wright  for  the  collection  he  was  publishing.  This 
letter  Mr.  Clodd  reproduces  in  his  "Memories," 
one  of  the  most  engaging,  most  seductive  books 
of  its  kind.  A  mere  list  of  names  from  the  table 
of  contents  will  fire  the  reader  with  a  desire  for 
the  book.  Grant  Allen,  W.  K.  Clifford,  Huxley, 
Spencer,  Du  Chaillu,  Whymper,  Meredith,  Gissing, 
Andrew  Lang,  Moncure  Conway,  Sir  Richard  and 
Lady  Burton  —  these  are  a  few  of  the  many  inter- 
esting persons  he  knew  and  writes  about.  Por- 
traits, of  course,  are  not  wanting.  (Putnam;  $3.) 

Theatre-managers  like  the  late  Charles  Frohman 
are  born,  not  made.  From  the  day  when,  as  a 
boy  of  eight,  he  succeeded,  to  his  great  joy,  in 
spiling  a  souvenir  book  of  "The  Black  Crook" 
at  a  profit  of  seventeen  cents,  to  the  time  of  his 
management  of  more  theatres  than  he  could  well 
keep  accurate  count  of,  he  burned  with  a  single 
enthusiasm  —  that  for  the  stage,  though  he  never, 
except  once  as  a  lad,  trod  its  boards  in  public. 
The  biography  of  this  prince  of  showmen  now 
comes  very  acceptably  to  hand  in  a  handsome 
volume  of  generous  proportions,  written  by  Mr. 
Isaac  F.  Marcosson  and  Mr.  Daniel  Frohman 
(Charles's  elder  brother),  and  entitled  "Charles 
Frohman:  Manager  and  Man."  Such  abounding 
vitality,  so  cheery  an  optimism,  so  romantic  a 
temperament  united  with  such  practical  sagacity, 
will  not  soon  find  their  equal,  either  in  the 
theatrical  world  or  elsewhere.  "Why  fear  death? 
It  is  the  most  beautiful  adventure  of  life,"  were 
the  reassuring  words  with  which,  joining  hands 
with  a  little  company  of  friends,  he  went  smiling 
to  his  ocean  grave  on  the  deck  of  the  "Lusi- 
tania,"  Sir  James  Barrie  contributes  a  prefatory 
"appreciation,"  cordial,  affectionate,  gently  humor- 
ous, and  the  book  is  profusely  illustrated. 
(Harper;  $2.) 

Admiral  C.  C.  Penrose  FitzGerald  resumes  the 
history  of  his  seafaring  in  a  substantial  volume 
entitled  "From  Sail  to  Steam"  (with  no  apologies 
to  Admiral  Mahan),  a  sequel  to  "Memories  of 
the  Sea."  These  new  "naval  recollections"  cover 
the  years  1878-1905,  from  the  author's  first 
appointment  to  the  command  of  a  vessel  down 
to  his  retirement  from  sea-service  and  his  engaging 
in  other  activities  for  the  good  of  the  Empire. 
Naturally  he  advocates  a  strong  armament,  and 
with  Lord  Roberts  he  called  for  conscription  long 
before  the  present  war  broke  out.  Current  mil- 
itarv  and  naval  events  are  made  to  contribute  to 


542 


THE   DIAL 


[December  14 


the  significance  of  the  writer's  backward  glances, 
and  his  oldtime  memories  of  the  German  Kaiser 
are  placed  in  sharp  contrast  with  present  impres- 
sions of  that  ruler.  Thus  the  book  has  no  lack 
of  piquancy  amid  its  general  readability.  Sketches 
from  the  author's  pencil  help  to  illustrate  his  chap- 
ters, and  portraits  are  added.  (Longmans;  $3.50.) 

Humor  and  drollery  of  the  first  quality  abound 
in  Mr.  James  F.  Fuller's  random  reminiscences, 
for  which  he  coins  a  Latin  word  (easily  intel- 
ligible) as  title.  "Omni ana"  is  explained  in  a 
sub-title  as  "the  Autobiography  of  an  Irish 
Octogenarian."  Architecture,  engineering,  author- 
ship, the  stage,  and  one  would  hesitate  to  say 
how  many  more  vocations  and  avocations  have 
enlisted  the  abounding  energies  of  this  variously 
gifted  son  of  Erin.  Interested  in  everything  con- 
ceivable, he  has  apparently  led  a  cheerfully  active 
life  and  achieved  at  least  average  success,  though 
he  humorously  laments  his  lot  in  having  one  of 
the  unlucky  names.  John,  Henry,  William, 
Edward,  and  Thomas  are  of  good  omen;  James, 
Charles,  and  Francis  are  not.  He  seeks  in  vain 
for  a  conspicuously  successful  James.  How  about 
the  late  railway  magnate  of  Great  Northern  fame? 
There  are  so  many  good  and  quotable  things  in 
this  entertaining  book  that  the  only  safe  course  is 
to  resist  the  temptations  to  quote  at  all,  lest  one 
should  go  too  far.  Numerous  portraits  are 
inserted,  for  the  writer  knew  many  persons  of 
note,  who  help  to  make  his  book  one  that  cannot 
easily  be  laid  aside  unfinished.  (Button;  $3.) 

Mr.  C.  Silvester  Home's  centennial  biography 
of  David  Livingstone  appears  in  a  new  edition 
among  the  season's  books.  Accounted  a  worthy 
tribute  to  the  great  explorer  whose  achievements 
were  especially  commemorated  three  years  ago,  the 
little  volume  is  still  a  handy  and  readable  book, 
skilfully  epitomizing,  from  Livingstone's  own 
journals  and  letters,  the  main  events  of  his  active 
and  useful  life.  The  dozen  pictorial  presentations 
of  significant  scenes  and  situations  in  that  life 
are  necessarily  imaginative,  in  great  part,  but  they 
add  to  the  book's  attractiveness  for  young  readers, 
who  will  hardly  find  a  better  account  of  the  man 
and  missionary  than  Mr.  Home's.  (Macmillan; 
$1.25.) 

Missionary  life  in  the  Far  East  is  the  subject 
of  Mrs.  George  Churchill's  "Letters  from  My 
Home  in  India,"  edited  and  arranged  by  the 
writer's  friend,  Mrs.  Grace  McLeod  Rogers.  By  a 
strange  omission,  apparently  designed  rather  than 
inadvertent,  the  letter-writer's  name  fails  to  appear 
on  the  title-page,  that  of  the  compiler  occupying 
the  place  of  honor;  but  on  the  cover  Mrs.  Church- 
ill comes  into  her  own.  The  inference  is,  after 
examining  the  book,  that  these  familiar  letters  have 
stood  considerable  "editing,"  as  would  be  the  case 
with  most  correspondence  on  its  way  to  publica- 
tion, and  they  would  not  suffer  if  still  further 
revised.  But  they  tell  an  interesting  story  of 
devoted  service  in  a  worthy  cause  through  the  best 
part  of  a  lifetime  —  from  1873  to  the  time  of 
publication,  with  the  prospect  of  still  further  con- 
tinuance in  the  same  work.  Portraits  and  views 
are  reproduced  from  photographs.  (Doran; 
$1.35.) 


The  "father  of  Imperial  Penny  Postage,"  Eng- 
land's second  Rowland  Hill,  is  agreeably  presented 
by  his  daughter,  Mrs.  Adrian  Porter,  in  "The  Life 
and  Letters  of  Sir  John  Henniker  Heaton,  Bt." 
The  baronet  certainly  earned  his  title,  for  it  is 
claimed  by  his  admirers  that  his  postal  reforms 
contributed  no  little  to  the  welding  of  the  Empire 
in  unconscious  preparation  for  the  present  severe 
test  of  its  solidity  and  strength.  After  a  brief 
chapter  of  formal  biography  Mrs.  Porter  shows 
the  many-sidedness  of  the  man  by  describing  him, 
and  allowing  others  to  describe  him,  in  various 
capacities  and  situations.  As  he  had  a  talent  for 
making  friends,  the  book  naturally  abounds  in 
references  to  and  tributes  from  many  of  his  con- 
temporaries, including  persons  of  universal  celeb- 
rity and  interest.  It  is  well  illustrated.  (Lane; 
$3.) 

Singularly  attractive  to  the  apostles  of  new 
faiths  has  been  the  little  town  of  Harvard,  Mass., 
rendered  historic  by  Bronson  Alcott  and  his  brief 
Fruitlands  experiment,  and  before  that  by  the 
coming  of  the  Shakers,  and  still  earlier  by  the 
advent  of  Shadrack  Ireland,  the  New  Light 
preacher.  Near  by,  also,  the  Millerites  selected 
a  spot  whence  they  expected  an  early  translation 
to  a  better  world.  It  is  of  the  Shakers,  however, 
that  Miss  Clara  Endicott  Sears  has  to  tell  us  in 
her  second  book  about  this  remarkable  town.  Her 
first,  it  will  be  recalled,  revived  fading  memories 
of  the  short-lived  community  established  by  Alcott. 
Now  she  goes  further  back  to  Mother  Ann  Lee 
and  her  followers,  with  whose  fortunes  Harvard  is 
inseparably  associated.  "Gleanings  from  Old 
Shaker  Journals"  is  evidently  the  outcome  of  years 
of  intimacy  with  the  Harvard  Shakers,  and  manu- 
script sources  that  perhaps  no  other  writer  could 
have  had  access  to  are  made  to  yield  an  abundance 
of  curious  matter  in  these  chapters  of  mingled 
biography  and  religious  history.  Many  views  and 
portraits  are  inserted.  (Houghton  Mifflin;  $1.25.) 

ART  AND  ARCHITECTURE. 

Never  has  there  been  a  better  time  than  now  for 
the  publication  in  English  of  books  about  Russia. 
England's  Muscovite  ally  is  an  object  of  cordial 
interest  to  all  Englishmen  and  also  to  many 
Americans.  Accordingly  Miss  Rosa  Newmarch 
has  done  well  to  defer  until  now  the  issue  of  her 
long  meditated  book  on  "The  Russian  Arts."  For 
nearly  twenty  years  the  work  has  been  taking 
shape  in  her  mind,  and  though  she  had  wished 
to  make  it  far  more  comprehensive  than  has  been 
found  practicable,  she  has  certainly  brought 
together,  in  what  she  now  offers  concerning  Rus- 
sian architecture,  painting,  and  sculpture,  much 
that  is  new  to  most  readers  as  well  as  important  in 
any  survey  of  so  considerable  a  field.  The  usual 
illustrative  accompaniment  to  such  a  work  is  not 
wanting.  (Button;  $2.) 

Blue  china  of  English  make  but  decorated  with 
American  scenes,  American  portraits,  and  even 
scraps  of  American  literature,  such  as  Franklin's 
maxims,  was  common  in  our  grandparents'  time. 
The  reason  that  the  Staffordshire  potters  thus 
ignored  the  claims  of  their  native  scenery  and 
celebrities  in  their  manufactures  for  the  transat- 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


543 


lantic  trade  was,  of  course,  purely  commercial; 
and  though  they  doubtless  received  good  prices 
for  their  wares,  they  could  have  had  no  previ- 
sion of  the  high  value  to  be  placed  by  a  later 
generation  on  those  not  always  artistically  pleasing 
pieces  of  table  equipment.  Collectors  of  old  china 
will  greatly  enjoy  "The  Blue-China  Book,"  by 
Mrs.  Ada  Walker  Camehl.  It  is  a  work  of 
research,  diligence,  and  expert  knowledge.  No  , 
small  section  of  American  history  is  decipherable 
in  these  richly  illustrated  plates  and  platters  and 
cups  and  saucers,  of  which  Mrs.  Camehl  tells 
us  so  many  interesting  things.  The  delicate  repro- 
ductions, on  full-page  plates,  are  fairly  bewilder- 
ing in  number.  Most  of  them  are,  as  was  to  be  i 
expected,  in  blue.  Others,  even  when  described 
as  blue,  are  otherwise  represented.  Blacks  and 
pinks  partially  belie  the  book's  title.  A  check-list 
of  Anglo-American  pottery  and  a  description  of 
the  White  House  collection  of  "Presidential 
China,"  with  other  supplementary  matters,  are 
appended.  (Button;  $5.) 

Adornment  of  the  domicile  may  be  made  a  fine 
art,  and  as  such  it  is  discussed  by  Miss  Grace 
Wood  and  Miss  Emily  Burbank  in  their  attractive 
work  on  "The  Art  of  Interior  Decoration."  Its 
fundamental  principles,  they  tell  us  in  the  preface, 
are  three,  each  expressed  in  a  single  word:  har- 
mony, simplicity,  spaces.  In  the  concluding  chan- 
ter, however,  these  principles  are  restated  as  four 
in  number:  good  lines,  correct  proportions,  har- 
monious color  scheme,  appropriateness.  Besides 
explicit  directions  for  the  furnishing  of  rooms, 
there  are  chapters  on  the  successive  periods  in  : 
furniture  styles,  and  some  attention  is  paid  to  the 
collecting  of  antiques.  While  a  long  purse  is 
needed  if  one  is  to  make  the  best  practical  use  of 
the  book,  a  person  of  moderate  means  will  find 
useful  suggestions  in  its  pages.  The  illustrations 
from  photographs  are  of  great  beauty.  (Dodd, 
Mead;  $2.50.) 

Horticulture  is  a  theme  not  always  handled 
with  both  expert  knowledge  and  more  than  a 
modicum  of  literary  skill.  Mr.  A.  Glutton-Brock, 
an  English  authority  on  gardening,  contributed 
lately  to  the  London  "Times"  a  series  of  short 
letters  on  matters  horticultural,  and  these  were  so 
well  received  as  to  lead  to  their  collection  in  book 
form.  "Studies  in  Gardening,"  as  the  volume  is 
entitled,  will  appeal  to  American  garden-lovers  in 
its  American  edition,  which  enjoys  the  advantage 
of  being  prefaced  and  annotated  by  Mrs.  Francis  ! 
King,  author  of  "The  Well-Considered  Garden." 
A  useful  introduction  of  some  length  is  also  sup- 
plied by  Mr.  Glutton-Brock.  For  the  cottager  of 
moderate  means  rather  than  the  millionaire  dweller 
in  a  palace  these  brief  and  practical  chapters  on 
flowers  and  shrubs,  beds  and  borders,  annuals  and 
perennials,  soils  and  climatic  conditions,  with 
numerous  other  related  topics,  are  evidently 
intended.  Mrs.  King's  footnotes  help  to  adapt  the 
book  to  American  use,  and  her  preface  is  a  fine 
kindler  of  horticultural  enthusiasm.  (Scribner; 
$2.) 

Under  the  heading,  "Garden  Ornaments,"  Miss 
Mary   H.   Northend   writes   understandingly   and 


with  a  simple  charm  of  style  concerning  the  varied 
equipment  of  a  well-ordered  garden,  from  rude 
stepping  stones  in  grass  walks  to  marble  bird- 
baths  and  graceful  fountains.  The  matter  is 
divided  into  ten  chapters,  and  is  fully  illustrated 
with  views  from  gardens  belonging  to  the  writer's 
friends.  Formality  rather  than  the  careless  lux- 
uriance and  irregularity  of  nature  characterize 
most  of  these  illustrative  examples.  Garden 
walks,  seats,  pools,  steps,  entrances,  fountains, 
sundials,  pergolas,  arches,  and  tea  houses,  with 
necessary  attention  to  the  floral  features  of  the 
garden,  have  supplied  topics  for  a  treatise  of 
respectable  proportions.  The  author  is  well  versed 
in  matters  pertaining  to  the  house  beautiful  and 
its  surroundings,  as  is  proved  by  her  works  on 
domestic  architecture,  notably  her  "Remodeled 
Farmhouses"  of  a  year  ago.  (Duflfield;  $2.50.) 

POETRY. 

Finely  fitting  in  lightness,  grace,  airy  fanciful- 
ness,  are  Mr.  William  Griffith's  verses  on  the 
"Loves  and  Losses  of  Pierrot."  Pierrot,  Pier- 
rette, Harlequin,  Columbine,  Yvonne,  Scar- 
amouche  —  with  these  names  to  inspire  him,  what 
wonder  that  he  has  written  a  pleasing  little  book 
of  poems  f  Of  the  twenty-two  in  the  book,  that 
in  memory  of  Pierrette  is  perhaps  the  most  beauti- 
ful, as  it  certainly  is  the  most  touching.  It  ends 
thus: 

She  went  so  softly  and  so  soon — 

Sh! — hardly   made   a    stir; 
But  going  took  the  stars  and  moon 
And  sun  away  with  her. 

Mr.  Rodney  Thomson  contributes  a  frontispiece 
and  decorative  tailpieces.  (Shores;  $1.) 

To  the  lover  of  the  austere  in  art,  of  strict 
observance  of  form,  of  an  instinctive  avoidance 
of  extremes,  the  luxurious  volume  offered  by  Mr. 
James  H.  Worthington  and  Mr.  Robert  P.  Baker, 
under  the  unpunctuated  title,  "Sketches  in  Poetry 
Prose  Paint  and  Pencil,"  will  not  appeal.  The 
poetry  ranges  from  free  verse  to  verse  less  free, 
but  not  strictly  fettered  by  the  rules  of  rhyme  and 
rhythm;  and  it  is  all,  with  the  very  rare  use 
of  a  dash,  unpunctuated.  The  same  breathless 
incoherence  marks  the  prose,  which  contents  itself 
with  the  comma  and  the  period,  and  perhaps  a 
dash  once  in  a  dozen  pages,  as  indications  of 
breaks  in  the  continuity  of  the  thought.  Here 
is  a  brief  section  —  one  cannot  call  it  a  sentence  — 
of  the  prose:  "But  to  attain  love  is  to  reach  with 
finite  hands  and  grasp  the  infinite  it  cannot  be 
possessed,  yet  he  who  accepts  less  of  life,  is  guilty 
of  base  prostitution,  for  love  is  a  direction  not  a 
goal,  it  is  as  the  north  and  not  the  pole."  (The 
last  two  clauses  seem  to  have  strayed  in  from  the 
poetry  division.)  Perhaps  this  quotation,  short 
though  it  is,  will  indicate  the  general  tenor  of 
Mr.  Worthington's  compositions.  Mr.  Baker's 
pictorial  contributions  may  be  described  in  his 
own  words:  they  "are  not  intended  as  slavish 
illustrations  of  any  particular  moment  of  time 
or  quotation  but  rather  as  allegorical  renderings 
of  the  artist's  views  of  the  general  tendency  of  the 
thoughts  permeating  the  author's  work."  It  is 
a  striking  and  unusual  volume.  (Lane;  $15.) 


544 


THE    DIAL 


[December  14 


Darwin  has  said  that  "progress  in  history  means 
the  decline  of  phantasy  and  the  advance  of 
thought," —  a  truth  illustrated  by  the  gradual  pass- 
ing of  the  tavern  sign  and  the  substitution  therefor 
of  a  bald  name  or  perhaps  of  a  meaningless  num- 
ber. "Old  Tavern  Signs:  An  Excursion  in  the 
History  of  Hospitality,"  by  Mr.  Fritz  Endell,  is 
a  notable  book  of  a  rather  unusual  kind.  As  to 
its  genesis,  the  author  tells  us,  "first  it  was  the 
filigree  quality  and  the  beauty  of  the  delicate 
tracery  of  the  wrought-iron  signs  of  southern 
Germany  that  attracted  his  attention."  Then  their 
symbolism  engaged  his  study,  and  he  could  not 
stop  until  he  had  pushed  his  researches  as  far 
back  as  possible  and  reported  his  findings  in  this 
artistic  volume,  which  he  himself  lavishly  illus- 
trates with  drawings  of  much  quaintness  and 
charm.  English  and  Continental  (especially 
German)  signs  contribute  chiefly  to  the  making  of 
the  book.  A  bibliography  of  forty  titles  is  added, 
and  an  index  follows.  The  edition  is  limited  to 
550  copies.  (Houghton  Mifflin;  $5.) 

From  an  old  chest  of  John  Hay's  have  been 
brought  forth  a  score  of  unpublished  poems  suit- 
able for  publication,  and  a  dozen  or  more  uncol- 
lected  pieces  are  added.  These  thirty-three 
examples  of  the  statesman's  mastery  of  a  finer  art 
than  diplomacy  are  now  incorporated  in  a  hand- 
some volume,  limited  in  its  edition,  containing 
also  the  poems  already  familiar  to  the  public.  A 
four-page  introduction,  explanatory  and  appre- 
ciative, ia  contributed  by  the  poet's  son,  Mr. 
Clarence  L.  Hay.  So  undesirous  of  publicity,  or 
even  of  a  well-earned  fame,  was  Mr.  Hay  that  he 
kept  back  or  published  anonymously  many  of  his 
finest  pieces  of  verse.  It  is  a  satisfaction  indeed 
to  have  now  "The  Complete  Poetical  Works"  of 
the  creator  of  Jim  Bludso.  A  fine  portrait  of 
Hay,  in  photogravure,  adorns  this  tastefully  made 
volume.  (Houghton  Mifflin;  $5.) 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

A  very  riot  of  the  imagination,  riotously 
expressed  in  picture  and  text,  is  offered  in  "The 
Clan  of  Munes,"  by  Mr.  Frederick  J.  Waugh,  N.A. 
A  clever  little  wizard  from  the  North  created  this 
numerous  clan  out  of  gnarled  and  twisted  spruce 
trees.  In  the  words  of  the  book,  he  "cunningly 
joined  together  these  fragments  of  spruce-trees 
until  he  had  made  him  several  little  wooden  images. 
Two  of  them  he  recognized  at  once  as  looking 
very  much  like  Adam  and  Eve,  while  the  rest  were 
just  munes.  But  it  did  not  matter  much  which 
was  Adam  and  which  was  Eve" —  nor  does  any- 
thing very  much  matter  in  so  arbitrarily  whim- 
sical, confusingly  chaotic  a  construction  as  this 
freak  of  the  artist-author's  imagination.  But  his 
wizard  from  the  North  has  as  much  right  to  create 
a  race  of  living  beings  out  of  spruce  knots  as 
Cadmus  had  to  make  men  of  dragon's  teeth,  or 
Deucalion  and  Pyrrha  to  turn  stones  into  men  and 
women.  The  ample  form  of  the  book  admits  of 
astonishing  extravagances  in  illustration,  some 
rioting  in  color,  others  more  subdued,  but  all 
extraordinary,  to  say  the  least.  (Scribner,  $2.50.) 

Nearly  thirty-two  years  have  passed  since  the 
whimsical  Whistler  gathered  an  audience  of  the 


London  elect,  at  ten  o'clock  in  the  evening,  to  hear 
his  now  famous  lecture  on  art.  "Ten  O'Clock," 
accordingly,  has  ever  since  been  the  name  attached 
to  this  unique  performance.  First  published  in 
1888,  it  has  been  four  times  reproduced  in  this 
country,  and  now  appears  in  a  fifth  American  edi- 
tion, sumptuous  in  form,  with  a  foreword  by 
Mr.  Don  C.  Seitz  and  an  appendix  containing 
Swinburne's  venomous  article  (Thackeray's  "hur- 
ticle"  indeed)  on  the  lecture,  from  the  "Fort- 
nightly"; the  artist's  rejoinder,  under  the  caption, 
"Et  Tu  Brute,"  from  "The  Gentle  Art  of  Making 
Enemies";  the  letter,  "Freeing  a  Last  Friend," 
from  the  same  pen;  and  Swinburne's  fine  poem, 
"Before  the  Mirror,"  a  tribute  to  his  friend's  art 
written  long  before  the  rupture.  Explanatory 
notes  by  the  publisher  are  usefully  added  here  and 
there  through  the  book,  which  is  printed  in  a 
limited  edition  on  Van  Gelder  hand-made  paper 
and  tastefully  bound  and  boxed.  (Mosher;  $2.) 

Few  know  better  than  Mr.  Charles  G.  D.  Roberts 
how  to  present  in  descriptive  narrative  the  romance 
and  also  the  pathos  and  the  tragedy  of  animal 
life  from  the  animal's  point  of  view.  Ten  of  his 
animal  stories  are  collected  in  an  alluring  volume 
under  the  title,  "The  Secret  Trails."  Black  boars, 
bull  moose,  patient  oxen,  dogs  of  war  (in  the 
latest  meaning  of  the  term),  and  other  interesting 
representatives  of  dumb-animal  life  fill  Mr. 
Roberts's  pages.  A  very  effective  chapter  reveals 
the  too  little  known  tragedy  of  the  aigrette.  Pic- 
tures of  stirring  events  in  the  lives  of  the  char- 
acters of  the  book  accompany  the  narrative. 
(Macmillan;  $1.35.) 

"Papers  on  .Playmaking,"  in  five  thin  volumes, 
compose  the  third  series  of  "Publications  of  the 
Dramatic  Museum  of  Columbia  University."  The 
papers  are  reprints,  with  introductions  and  notes. 
First  comes  Mr.  Rudyard  Kipling's  letter  to  the 
London  "Spectator,"  July  2,  1898,  on  the  genesis 
of  "The  Tempest."  Mr.  Ashley  H.  Thorndike 
writes  a  preface  and  notes.  Next  is  a  collection  of 
letters  from  Augier,  the  younger  Dumas1,  Sardou, 
Zola,  and  other  French  dramatists,  on  "How  to 
Write  a  Play,"  with  an  introduction  by  Mr. 
William  Gillette  and  notes  by  Professor  Brander 
Matthews.  The  third  volume  contains  "A  Stage 
Play,"  by  W.  S.  Gilbert,  prefaced  by  Mr.  William 
Archer,  and  annotated  by  Professor  Matthews. 
In  volume  four  we  have  Francisque  Sarcey's 
treatise,  "A  Theory  of  the  Theater,"  introduced 
and  annotated  by  Professor  Matthews.  Finally, 
an  extra  volume  gives  "A  Catalog  of  Models  and 
of  Stage-Sets  in  the  Dramatic  Museum  of  Col- 
umbia University."  Every  autumn,  beginning  with 
1914,  has  seen  the  issue  of  a  series  of  four  papers 
on  some  theme  connected  with  the  stage,  and  the 
issue  is  to  continue,  being  designed  especially  for 
the  benefit  of  interested  persons  unable  to  visit 
the  Dramatic  Museum.  (Printed  for  the 
Museum;  subscription  price,  $5.) 

A  pleasing  oddity  in  book-manufacture  comes 
from  the  Abingdon  Press  with  a  brief  but  impres- 
sive Christmas  lesson.  "Gifts  from  the  Desert," 
by  Mr.  Fred  B.  Fisher,  conveys  the  message  of 
Ram-Sahai,  Hindu  sage  and  preacher,  as  taken 
from  the  speaker's  lips  and  translated  by  Mr. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


545 


Fisher.    It  is  a  short  sermon  on  the  text,  ''They 
presented  unto  him  gifts;   gold,  and  frankincense, 
and  myrrh."     The  significance  of  these  offerings 
is  strikingly  explained  by  this  real  or  imaginary  j 
wise  man  of  the  East.     A  preface  (or  "introit," 
of  obvious  Latin  derivation)    appropriately  calls  | 
attention  to  the  abundance  of  oriental  imagery  j 
and   symbolism   in   the   Bible.     Illustrations  and  ; 
decorations  are  supplied  by  Mr.  Harold  Speak-  ! 
man.     (Abingdon  Press;  50  cts.) 

A  book  for  mothers  to  write  and  then  to  read 
over  and  over  again  with  never-failing  delight  is 
offered  in  the  form  of  a  daintily  illustrated  album, 
with  "Baby's  Journal"  printed  on  cover  and 
title-page.  Blank  and  partly  blank  pages  are 
provided  in  sufficient  number  to  hold  the  records 
of  Baby's  first  two  years  of  memorable  sayings 
and  doings.  Page-headings  suggest  the  proper 
order  and  arrangement  of  these  entries,  and  space 
is  provided  for  the  statistics  of  the  infant's  initial 
condition  and  subsequent  development.  The 
colored  decorative  drawings  by  Miss  Blanche 
Fisher  Wright  are  all  that  Baby  and  his  biog- 
rapher could  desire.  (Scribner;  $2.) 

The  average  man,  says  the  statistician,  stands  j 
sixteen  chances  of  being  killed  by  lightning  to 
one  of  becoming  a  millionaire.  Hence  the  wis- 
dom of  early  forming  a  conception  of  happiness 
that  has  nothing  to  do  with  wealth.  As  a  heJp 
to  such  rational  envisagement  of  the  future  one 
might  do  worse  than  to  read  "The  Way  to  Easy 
Street,"  by  Mr.  Humphrey  J.  Desmond,  who  tells 
us  that  this  desirable  thoroughfare  "is  a  happy 
condition,  but  is  arrived  at,  not  by  a  state  of 
finances,  but  rather  by  a  state  of  mind.  It  is 
a  subjective  condition  of  wisdom,  and  the  eager 
pursuit  of  wealth  does  not  lead  that  way." 
Incident  and  anecdote  help  agreeably  to  point 
Mr.  Desmond's  moral.  Citing  from  Dr.  George 
M.  Gould's  works  on  eye-strain,  he  erroneously  j 
makes  this  Philadelphia  specialist  an  Englishman. 
The  book  is  flexibly  and  neatly  bound,  and  is 
boxed.  (McClurg;  50  cts.) 

Not  the  light-hearted  joy  of  Christmas,  not  its 
jollity  and  merriment  as  known  to  youth,  but  the  | 
tender  melancholy,  the  sweetly  sad  remembrances,  i 
the  nameless  regrets  that  the  season  brings  to  j 
those  of  maturer  years,  form  the  subject  of  Mr.  j 
Lawrence  Gilman's  miniature  volume  entitled  "A 
Christmas  Meditation."  As  explained  in  a  pref-  i 
atory  note,  the  little  book  is  a  reprint  of  an  edi-  i 
torial  written  for  "Harper's  Weekly"  six  years  | 
ago.  Its  reissue  in  its  present  shape  is  welcome,  j 
(Dutton;  25  cts.) 

Would  you  achieve  success?     Then  ponder  the  j 
Rev.  Dr.  Madison  C.  Peters's  "Seven  Secrets  of  j 
Success,"  which  are  briefly  stated  thus:  "Do  your 
best.     Be  determined   to   succeed.     Your  oppor- 
tunity your  chance.    Have  an  all-controlling  pur- 
pose.   Work  to  win.    Don't  stand  still.    Cultivate 
a   pleasing   personality."     To   the   discussion   of 
these  seven  principles  are  added  "other  talks  on  ! 
making    good."      Illustrative    instances    are    not 
lacking  in  the  author's   brief   elaboration   of  his 
successive  themes.    The  short  paragraph  of  a  few 
lines  or  of  even  less  than  a  line  is  freely  used  as 


a    typographical    aid    to    emphasis.      (McBride; 
75  cts.) 

Conduct,  possessing  as  it  does  even  more  impor- 
tance than  Matthew  Arnold  assigned  to  it,  is  a 
theme  qf  perennial  interest.  President  Henry 
Churchill  King  gives  some  useful  hints  concerning 
right  conduct  in  his  little  book,  "It's  All  in  the 
Day's  Work,"  which  is  written  from  "a  point  of 
view  that  aims  not  to  make  too  much  of  any 
single  incident  in  the  day's  work;  that  takes 
what  comes,  to  face  it  thoughtfully  and  energet- 
ically, and  turns  with  undiminished  energy  to  the 
next  thing."  Good  bracing  counsel,  such  as  the 
young  men  and  women  at  Oberlin  or  anywhere  else 
may  profit  by,  abounds  in  Dr.  King's  pages.  It 
is  a  book  for  all  who  wish  to  acquit  themselves 
well  in  the  battle  of  life.  (Macmillan;  50  cts.) 


FIXDING  THE  BEST  ix  THE 
BOOK  HARVEST. 


The  obligations  imposed  on  the  book 
reviewer  at  this  season  of  the  year  are  mani- 
fold. He  must,  in  a  way,  satisfy  the  interests 
of  many  people.  But  we  narrow  our  duties 
down  to  two  insistent  channels,  whenever  we 
are  confronted  by  a  hundred  or  more  gaily 
caparisoned  volumes  clamoring  to  be  read. 
We  know  that  in  a  cursory  article  such  as 
this  is  destined  to  be,  we  must,  within  the 
limited  limits  of  space,  give  a  fair  representa- 
tion of  the  juvenile  literary  crop  for  Christ- 
mas, and  pay  due  regard  to  "standards." 
Without  "standards"  in  the  choice  of  books 
for  girls  and  boys,  you  might  just  as  well 
order  your  story  over  the  telephone,  giving, 
as  a  gauge  to  the  clerk,  the  height  of  your 
child  and  the  color  of  his  hair. 

After  reaching  a  fairly  numbed  state,  with 
"juvenile  readers  cramp,"  so  to  speak,  we 
always  pause  amidst  the  deluge,  and  pick  out 
those  persistent  products  of  the  Juvenile  Book 
Harvest  that  still  make  us  conscious  of  their 
existence.  Do  not,  however,  infer  from  this 
that  "we  are"  the  tired  book  reviewer.  We 
look  forward  to  our  obligations  of  each  season 
with  zest;  literary  fads  in  the  child  realm 
are  curious  phenomena,  with  curious  reasons, 
educational  —  wise  and  otherwise  —  for  their 
being.  Because  we  have  determined  certain 
"standards"  of  reading  for  children,  we  are 
against  the  myriad  editions  of  re-told  legends 
and  fairy  tales;  we  anathematize  the  "series" 
as  a  useless  dead-weight  of  reproduction.  But 
we  do  not  overlook  any  book  because  of  these 
prejudices. 

Fortunately,  each  year  brings  to  light  a  few 
books  of  the  exceptional  order  —  the  kind  we 
should  add  to  our  "standard"  list.  Mind  you, 
we  can  narrow  down  a  "standard"  list  until 
it  becomes  a  "classic"  one.  But  the  lists 


546 


THE    DIAL 


[December  14 


which  libraries  and  schools  are  compiling 
grow  in  length  and  importance  from  season 
to  season.  Classics  are  a  luxury,  determined 
by  accumulating  years  of  acceptance.  But 
we  are  always  at  liberty  to  say  tha,t  "stan- 
dard" lists  need  revision. 

Take  the  conventional  attitude  of  educators 
toward  the  subject  of  the  Bible  as  reading  for 
children.  Year  in  and  year  out  we  have  been 
given  diluted,  one-syllabled  per-versions  of 
the  Old  and  New  Testaments.  There  have 
been  offered  us  biblical  narratives,  in  lan- 
guage far  more  difficult  to  understand  than 
the  King  James  version, —  all  exemplifying 
by  their  presence  and  acceptance  that  some- 
where in  the  "whole"  Bible  was  a  stumbling- 
block  over  which  the  child  world  could  not 
be  made  to  creep. 

A  step  in  the  right  direction  was  taken 
when  Mrs.  Joseph  Gilder,  with  the  coopera- 
tion of  Bishop  Potter,  issued  the  "Bible  for 
Young  Folks"  (Century;  $1.50),  consisting 
of  suitable  passages  selected  from  the  Holy 
Writ.  Then  Mrs.  Houghton  wrote  her  admir- 
able treatise,  "Telling  Bible  Stories"  (Scrib- 
ner;  $1.25).  This  year,  the  "standard"  shifts 
with  the  issuance  of  a  truly  remarkable  col- 
lection of  "Bible  Stories  from  the  Old  Testa- 
ment" (Houghton  Mifflin;  $2.),  in  which 
Frances  Jenkins  Olcott  attests  her  skill  and 
judgment  by  culling  texts  from  the  Bible, 
with  collateral  reading  suggested  on  almost 
every  page.  The  introduction  and  appendixes 
are  excellent  guides,  and  altogether  I  con- 
sider this  volume  to  be  one  of  the  most 
thoughtful  contributions  to  the  juvenile 
appreciation  of  the  larger  Book  we  have  had 
in  a  long  while.  It  is  illustrated  by  Willy 
Pogany. 

Compared  with  Nora  Archibald  Smith's 
"Old,  Old  Tales  from  the  Old,  Old  Book" 
(Doubleday,  Page;  $1.50),  Miss  Olcott 's  book 
is  an  example  of  the  new  method.  Yet  Miss 
Smith,  in  her  re-telling  of  the  Bible,  has  done 
her  work  feelingly  and  with  proper  spirit. 
My  contention  is  that,  as  early  as  possible, 
•children  should  be  cultivated  in  the  realiza- 
tion of  style;  this  realization  should  go  hand 
in  hand  with  the  natural  desire  for  the  story. 
In  the  Bible,  the  two  are  inseparable.  That 
is  why  I  prefer  Miss  Olcott 's  direct  method. 

The  prospective  book-buyer  is  oftentimes 
ignorant  of  the  fact  that  lists  of  children's 
books  are  procurable  every  year  at  the 
libraries.  One  can  ask  to  see  Corinne  Bacon 's 
"Children's  Catalog  of  One  Thousand  Books" 
(Wilson;  $2.)  and  therein  find  grouped  most 
of  the  "standard"  books  of  years  gone  by. 
Under  Poetry,  for  instance,  there  are  listed 
treasuries  of  verse,  gathered  by  such  excellent 


hands  as  W.  E.  Henley,  E.  V.  Lucas,  and 
Kate  Douglas  Wiggin.  Examine  these,  and 
when  the  bookseller  shows  you  Kenneth 
Grahame's  "The  Cambridge  Book  of  Poetry 
for  Children"  (Putnam;  $1.50),  you  will  be 
able  better  to  judge  his  excellent  inclusions 
and  strange  omissions.  But  anthologists  of 
any  feeling  whatsoever  are  usually  on  the 
safe  side,  though  in  their  choice  some  may 
have  reasons  while  others  merely  have  rhyme. 
I  think  there  are  fuller  collections  than  this 
one,  yet  I  recommend  it  because  I  think  that, 
in  following  the  taste  of  the  author  of  "The 
Golden  Age,"  one  cannot  go  far  wrong. 

Nor  can  editors  of  fairy  tale  collections 
stray  too  greatly  from  rich  fields.  I  remem- 
ber one  year  a  sumptuous  volume,  "Favorite 
Fairy  Tales"  (Harper),  brought  together  as 
showing  that  Dr.  Hadley  of  Yale  had  loved 
"Jack  the  Giant  Killer"  when  he  was  a  boy, 
that  Henry  James  had  loved  "Hop  o'  My 
Thumb,"  and  so  on,  down  a  long  list  of  rep- 
resentative men  and  women.  A  similar 
arbitrary  grouping  has  been  used  this  year 
in  "The  Allies'  Fairy  Book"  (Lippincott; 
$1.75),  only  it  is  based  on  a  strong  thread  of 
historical  interest.  Since  Andrew  Lang  pre- 
pared his  very  worthy  edition  of  Perrault's 
"Fairy  Tales,"  I  have  met  nowhere  with  a 
more  graphic  explanation  of  the  meaning  of 
fairy  lore  than  that  offered  by  Mr.  Edmund 
Gosse,  who  stands  sponsor  for  this  excellent 
volume.  And  in  the  way  of  embellishment, 
Arthur  Rackham  has  never  been  more  del- 
icate or  more  imaginative. 

Every  year  we  have  to  revise  our  concep- 
tion of  what  are  the  best  editions  of  "stand- 
ard" books  to  buy  for  young  people.  Of 
course,  the  best  are  oftenest  the  most  expen- 
sive, but  I  believe  they  are  also  the  cheapest 
in  the  end.  There  is  not  a  boy  within  whose 
reach  there  is  not  some  cheap  form  of 
"Treasure  Island"  or  "Kidnapped";  but  I 
would  rather  have  every  boy  read  his  Steven- 
son in  the  sumptuous  volumes  being  issued 
by  the  Scribners,  with  spirited  pictures  in 
color  illustrating  the  wonderful  fitness  of 
N.  C.  Wyeth,  the  artist,  to  catch  the  youthful 
romance  in  which  these  stories  abound.  For 
the  present  season,  "The  Black  Arrow" 
($2.25),  thus  decorated,  gives  us  special  joy. 
Wyeth 's  plates  are  simpler,  more  dramatic 
than  the  detailed  pen  drawings  of  Louis 
Rhead.  But  the  latter  has  given  us,  for  many 
Yuletides  past,  varied  classics,  like  "Robinson 
Crusoe"  and  "Tom  Brown's  School  Days," 
with  illustrations  copiously  sprinkled  through 
delightful  typography  (Harper;  per  vol., 
$1.50) .  His  edition  of  "The  Arabian  Nights" 
($1.50)  has  just  been  published.  In  passing, 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


547 


let  us  recall  the  colorful  canvases  painted  by 
Maxfield  Parrish  for  Kate  Douglas  Wiggin's 
selections  of  these  never-dying  Oriental  fic- 
tions (Scribner;  $2.25). 

The  Orient  is  uppermost  in  a  story  written 
by  Judith  Gautier  and  called,  in  the  recent 
translation  made  for  young  readers,  "The 
Memoirs  of  a  White  Elephant"  (Duffield; 
$1.50).  We  recommend  it,  in  spite  of  the 
unnecessary  "foreword  to  the  American  edi- 
tion," as  being  almost  as  spirited  as  Kipling's 
Mowgli.  Iravata's  adventures  are  fanciful 
and  breathless.  The  author  tells  her  story 
with  grace;  it  is  not  always  that  a  pseudo- 
fairy  tale  can  remain  so  unaffected. 

We  have  been  concerned  these  many  years 
over  the  poor  quality  of  biography  for  young 
folks.  Not  many  authors  have  fathomed  the 
manner  of  narrating  a  life  so  as  to  make  it 
a  true  story  of  sustained  interest  Belle 
Moses  has  gone  a  great  way  toward  pointing 
the  best  path  to  follow, —  in  her  biographies 
of  Miss  Alcott  and  Lewis  Carroll.  Simplicity 
and  directness  of  style  mark  these  volumes, 
as  well  as  her  ''Paul  Revere"  (Appleton; 
$1.35),  just  published.  Last  season  Jacque- 
line Overton  offered  another  solution  to  tne 
problem  of  biography  writing,  when  she  pre- 
pared her  story  of  Robert  Louis  Stevenson 
(Scribner;  $1.)  with  a  deftness  which  held 
older  readers  as  well  as  the  young  for  whom 
it  was  so  well  suited.  This  year  Albert 
Bigelow  Paine  advances  the  "standard"  many 
points.  He  has  brought  to  his  "Boys'  Life  of 
Mark  Twain"  (Harper;  $1.25)  all  the  enthu- 
siasm characterizing  his  larger  work.  We  are 
surprised  to  find  the  material  so  skilfully 
compressed.  This  volume  should  be  warmly 
welcomed  everywhere.  We  are  also  partic- 
ularly pleased  with  a  collection  of  short  "life 
stories" —  the  boyhood  of  such  famous  men  as 
Titian,  Chopin,  Mendelssohn,  Andrea  del 
Sarto,  and  others,  written  by  Katherme  Dun- 
lap  Gather  (Century;  $1.25).  If  there  must 
be  a  supplementary-reading  type  of  book  for 
the  schools,  this  will  fill  a  need. 

The  foregoing  list  of  books  I  consider  to  be 
among  those  of  "unusual"  character.  No  one 
can  go  far  wrong  in  selecting  them.  But  there 
are  a  host  of  others  that,  while  not  marked 
by  keen  originality,  are  nevertheless  worth 
while.  Every  year  brings  forth  stories  as 
bright  and  hopeful  as  Elia  W.  Peattie's 
"Sarah  Brewster's  Relatives"  (Houghton 
Mifflin ;  $1.),  emphasizing  the  moral  trans- 
formation which  can  befall  a  girl  who  tends 
to  be  over-pampered  and  falsely  proud.  We 
have  had  an  infinite  number  of  historical 
stories  exploiting  United  States  history, 
similar  in  character  and  in  incident  to  Bvron 


;  A.  Dunn's  "The  Boy  Scouts  of  the  Shenan- 
doah"  (McClurg;  $1.10),  and  we  have  become 
quite  used  to  those  heroes  who  out-general 
the  best  Generals  the  Civil  War  ever  pro- 
duced. In  the  present  volume,  Stonewall 
Jackson's  campaign  is  accurately  set  forth. 
So  consistently  well-mannered  and  sweet-tem- 
pered is  Marion  Ames  Taggart  that  we  will 
take  such  stories  of  hers  as  "Beth  of  Old 
Chilton"  (Wilde;  $1.25)  on  the  supposition 
that  therein  will  be  kept  up  some  of  the  tradi- 
tions of  Louisa  May  Alcott.  Such  boy  scout 
adventures  as  Walter  P.  Eaton  has  been  writ- 
ing for  some  years  are  innocuous  and  supply 
a  want  which  has  grown  with  the  popularity 
of  the  "series."  It  must  be  said  to  the  credit 

j  of  Mr.  Eaton,  however,  that  his  latest  volume 
—"Peanut— Cub  Reporter"  (Wilde;  $1.)— 
has  more  evidence  of  spontaneity  about  it 
than  any  of  the  other  tales  that  have  strung 
together  a  long  list  of  happenings  "on  the 
hike." 

Among  the  fiction,  we  believe  we  have  dis- 
covered nevertheless  several  well-written  nar- 
ratives. We  do  not  hesitate  to  recommend 
Cornelia  Meigs's  "Master  Simon's  Garden" 
(Maemillan;  $1.25),  which  gives  a  panoramic 
display  of  American  conditions  from  the  days 
of  colonial  Puritanism  to  the  very  moment  of 
the  Revolution.  The  tale  is  cleverly  con- 
structed and  follows  the  welfare  of  several 
generations.  Nor  does  "Polly  Trotter, 
Patriot"  (Maemillan;  $1.25)  fall  very  far 
behind  in  cumulative  interest  and  mainte- 
nance of  atmosphere.  Rarely  has  the  spirit  of 
Independence  been  so  well  suggested  as  in  this 
latest  volume,  from  the  joint  pens  of  Emilie 

I  B.  Knipe  and  Alden  A.  Knipe.     And  of  a 

I  further-off  period  of  history,  an  excellent  idea 
may  be  gleaned  from  Clarence  M.  Case's 
"The  Banner  of  the  White  Horse"  (Scribner ; 
$1.),  a  tale  of  Saxon  conquest. 

We  have  small  space  to  enumerate  all  the 
stories  which  now  flood  the  market.  We  can 
only  emphasize  the  warning  that  the  majority 
of  them  are  indifferent,  and  that  it  is  better 
to  go  to  the  "standard"  list  for  recommenda- 
tions. One  is  safe  in  buying  reprints,  such 

i  as  "Robinson  Crusoe"  and  the  "Pinocchio," 
which  are  the  latest  volumes  included  in  the 
Lippincott's  estimable  "Stories  All  Children 
Love"  series.  (Per  vol.,  $1.25.) 

Fairy  tales,  other  than  the  "Allies'  Book," 
are  plentiful,  and  there  are  many  editions  to 
select  from.  We  like  the  purpose  of  Penrhyn 
Coussens's  "Tales  of  Heroism  and  Daring" 
(Duffield;  $1.50)  better  than  the  execution. 
The  selections  are  haphazardly  arranged  and 
very  sketchy  in  wording.  It  is  a  book  of 
suggestion  for  the  story-hour,  rather  than  a 


548 


THE    DIAL 


[December  14 


distinctive  story-book.  Katharine  Pyle's 
"Wonder  Tales  Retold"  (Little,  Brown; 
$1.35)  are  enriched  with  effectively  tinted 
color  plates.  A  reprint  of  Henry  E.  School- 
craft's  "Indian  Fairy  Book"  (Stokes;  $1.50) 
will  enrich  the  Indian  shelf  of  any  library. 

The  fairy  tale  as  a  source  for  dramatization 
is  this  year  very  evident  in  the  issuance  of 
school  plays  with  explicit  directions  as  to 
mounting  and  costuming.  Such  variety  as 
that  offered  in  the  "St.  Nicholas  Book  of  Plays 
and  Operettas"  (Century;  second  series,  $1.) 
and  Laura  E.  Eichards's  "Fairy  Operettas" 
(Little,  Brown;  $1.)  will  find  instant  recogni- 
tion from  the  teacher.  The  dramatic  piece  as 
an  accessory  in  the  school-room  has  still  to  be 
measured  carefully,  the  market  being  flooded 
with  weak  materials  of  little  literary  merit. 

The  fact  of  the  matter  is,  a  good  teacher 
should  do  her  own  dramatizing.  In  looking 
over  the  artistic  volumes  of  "Old  English 
Nursery  Tales"  (Daughaday;  per  vol.,  $1.), 
retold  by  Georgene  Faulkner,  and  brightly 
illustrated  by  Milo  Winter,  we  were  impressed 
by  the  fact  that  here  at  hand  are  simple 
sources  for  converting  material  into  dialogue 
form.  But  we  must  guard  ourselves  against 
those  plays  which  have  no  other  merit  than 
that  they  were  once  tried  out  in  the  class- 
room. Act  plays  all  you  wish,  but  do  n  't  rush 
too  generally  into  print  with  them ! 

The  "Story  Lady  Series,"  under  the  kindly 
guidance  of  Miss  Faulkner,  suggests  that 
maybe  there  are  other  books  of  similar  char- 
acter suitable  for  the  smallest  folk  in  the 
nursery.  We  are  glad  to  find  Sara  Cone 
Bryant,  in  her  "Stories  to  Tell  to  the  Littlest 
Ones"  (Houghton  Mifflin;  $1.50),  continuing 
the  sensible  work  she  has  already  done  in  the 
way  of  giving  advice  to  story-tellers.  Jingles 
and  prose  variously  mixed  are  here  offered 
in  accord  with  all  the  psychological  turns  of 
style  she  has  discovered  to  be  pleasing  to 
juvenile  attention.  The  pictures  by  Willy 
Pogany  are  fanciful  and  familiar. 

On  the  whole,  however,  the  picture  book 
is  rather  conspicuous  by  its  reticent  appear- 
ance or  flagrant  absence.  Probably  that  is 
due  to  war  and  expense  of  manufacture. 
Many  volumes  before  us  are  a  strange  assort- 
ment of  different  grades  of  paper.  E.  Boyd 
Smith's  "In  the  Land  of  Make  Believe" 
(Holt;  $1.50)  is  a  gay  circus  book,  and  out 
of  the  varied  supply  of  Christmas  Feasting 
on  my  desk  is  the  brightest  oblong  book  we 
have  for  the  "small  fry." 

Many  parents  do  not  even  know  how  to 
approach  their  youngsters  in  the  spirit  of  fun 
which  should  prevail  in  the  nursery.  So  that, 
after  a  fashion,  though  Gene  Stratton- 


Porter's  "Morning  Face"  (Doubleday,  Page; 
$1.50)  is  hardly  literary  in  form,  it  will  sug- 
gest many  playful  things  for  the  parent  to 
practise  on  children  as  delightfully  cheerful 
as  the  little  girl  whose  portrait  forms  the 
wrapper  design  of  this  heterogeneous  array 
of  verses  and  stories.  The  youthful  "pencil- 
and-paper  fiend"  will  discover  an  outlet  for 
his  artistic  inclinations  in  Clifford  L.  Sher- 
man's "The  Great  Dot  Mystery"  (Houghton 
Mifflin;  $1.). 

The  handy  boy,  the  daring  boy,  and  the 
young  naturalist  we  always  group  together. 
They  are  of  the  same  stock,  and  their  tastes 
are  always  reckoned  with  in  the  holiday  har- 
vest. Mucilage,  pasteboard,  odd  boxes,  covers, 
strings,  and  so  forth  are  the  chief  characters 
in  such  practical  treatises  as  Edna  Foster's 
"Something  to  Do,  Boys"  (Wilde;  $1.25), 
Milton  Goldsmith's  "Practical  Things  with 
Simple  Tools"  (Sully  &  Kleinteich;  $1.),  and 
C.  C.  Bowsfield's  "How  Boys  and  Girls  Can 
Earn  Money"  (Forbes;  $1.).  How  simple 
the  directions  seem,  with  the  diagrams  and 
the  sleight-of-hand  foldings.  The  motto  for 
such  books  should  be  "The  Boy  Useful  in  the 
House  Beautiful !" 

In  these  camp  fire  days  and  boy  scout 
moments,  we  can  recommend  Gilbert  H. 
Trafton's  "Bird  Friends"  (Houghton  Mifflin; 
$2.),  because  of  the  encyclopedic  knowledge 
it  can  throw  on  the  special  subject  which 
other  authorities,  like  Neltje  Blanchan  and 
Olive  Thorne  Miller,  cannot  touch.  Novelty 
in  the  animal  world  is  always  attractive  to 
the  young  reader,  and  we  can  imagine  many 
a  youngster  relishing  W.  S.  Berridge's  "The 
Wonders  of  Animal  Life"  (Stokes;  $2.),  with 
such  unique  chapters  as  those  about  birds 
that  can't  fly  and  fish  that  can't  swim. 

What  says  the  adventurous  reader  to  such 
titles  as  Lieutenant  Chatterton's  "Daring 
Deeds  of  Famous  Pirates"  (Lippincott; 
$1.25)  and  Ernest  Young's  "Daring  Deeds  of 
Trappers  and  Hunters"  (Lippincott;  $1.25)  ? 
Are  they  not  descriptive  enough?  Even 
though  there  may  be  similar  volumes  of 
sounder  character,  nevertheless  are  they  safe 
and  sound  in  spirit.  Philip  A.  Bruce 's 
"Brave  Deeds  of  Confederate  Soldiers" 
(Jacobs;  $1.50)  likewise  contains  some  thrill- 
ing historical  studies.  The  market  is  full  of 
such  books,  and  you  only  have  to  know  the 
reader's  taste  to  fill  the  bill. 

The  adventurous  story  is  also  plentiful. 
There  is  the  semi-fictional  book,  like  William 
A.  Johnston's  "Deeds  of  Doing  and  Daring" 
(Wilde;  $1.25),  of  scope  similar  to  Cleveland 
Moffatt's  "standard"  book  on  the  same  sub- 
ject. There  is  Dr.  Francis  Rolt-Wheeler's 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


549 


"The  Boy  with  the  United  States  Mail" 
(Lothrop,  Lee;  $1.50),  in  which  all  the  excit- 
ing history  of  the  Post  Office  Department  is 
unfolded  in  fictional  form. 

And  where  is  the  Christmas  spirit  in  all 
this,  you  ask!  One  small  volume  creeps  out 
from  the  deluge  before  us  with  the  Yuletide 
cheer ;  and  that  is  Ruth  Sawyer 's  "  This  Way 
to  Christmas"  (Harper;  $1.) — a  good  little 
tale  of  lonely  expectancy  and  rich  fulfilment. 

Here  space  calls  a  halt,  and  we  end  with  a 
plea.  Do  not  shop  for  children  hastily.  Do 
not  rely  on  the  salesman  who  has  a  pile  of 


the  "latest"  to  sell.  Look  for  yourself;  and 
prepare  yourself  to  judge  of  the  output  by 
some  "standard."  You  can  form  for  your- 
selves that  "standard"  with  very  little  trouble 
— with  much  less  trouble  than  trying  after- 
ward to  undo  a  vitiated  taste  in  the  child, 
or  counteract  a  lurid  imagination.  The  child 's 
mental  food  is  not  all  unadulterated.  It  is 
a  moral  duty  on  the  part  of  the  grown  per- 
son to  realize  this  and  refuse  to  buy  "cheap 
goods,"  whose  presence  tends  each  year  to 
lower  more  and  more  the  "standard"  book. 
MONTROSE  J.  MOSES. 


HOLIDAY  JUVENILE  LIST. 


The  following  list  contains  the  titles  of  all  the  more  important  juvenile  books  published 
this  season.    The  list  is  classified  as  to  subject  matter  and  the  titles 
arranged  in  the  general  order  of  their  importance. 


TALKS  OF  TRAVEL,  AND  ADVEXTURE. 

Daring:  Deeds  of  Hunters  and  Trappers.  True 
Stories  of  the  Bravery  and  Resource  of  Trappers 
and  Hunters  in  All  Parts  of  the  World.  By 
Ernest  Young.  Illustrated  in  color,  8vo,  248 
pages.  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.  $1.25. 

The  Ruby  Story  Book.  Tales  of  Courage  and 
Heroism.  Retold  by  Penrhyn  W.  Coussens. 
With  frontispiece  in  color,  12mo,  341  pages. 
Duffleld  &  Co.  51.50. 

The  Boy's  Book  of  Pirates.  By  Henry  Gilbert. 
Illustrated,  8vo,  319  pages.  Thomas  Y.  Crowell 
Co.  $1.50. 

Daring  Deeds  of  Famous  Pirates.  True  Stories  of 
Stirring  Adventures  of  Pirates,  Filibusters,  and 
Buccaneers.  By  Lieutenant  E.  Keble  Chatterton. 
Illustrated  in  color,  247  pages.  J.  B.  Lippincott 
Co.  $1.50. 

The  Quest  of  the  Golden  Valley.  The  Yukon  is 
the  Scene  of  Action.  By  Balmore  Browne; 
illustrated  by  the  author.  12mo,  279  pages. 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $1.25. 

Jungle  Chums.  A  Boy's  Adventures  in  British 
Guiana.  By  A.  Hyatt  Verrill.  Illustrated,  8vo, 
236  pages.  Henry  Holt  &  Co.  $1.35. 

Billy  Topsail,  M.D.  Experiences  with  Doctor  Luke 
of  the  Labrador.  By  Norman  Duncan.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  317  pages.  Fleming  H.  Revell 
Co.  $1.25. 

The  Strange  Gray  Canoe.  By  Paul  G.  Tomlinson. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  278  pages.  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons.  $1.25. 

Bobby  of  the  Labrador.  By  Dillon  Wallace.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  325  pages.  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co. 
$1.25. 

On  Parole.  By  Anna  P.  and  Frances  P.  Siviter. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  320  pages.  Henry  Holt  & 
Co.  $1.25. 

The  Monster-Hunters.  By  Francis  Rolt-Wheeler. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  348  pages.  Lothrop,  Lee  & 
Shepard  Co.  $1.25. 

The  Golden  City.  By  A.  Hyatt  Verrill.  12mo,  272 
pages.  Duffleld  &  Co.  $1.25. 

The  Story  of  an  Indian  Mutiny.  By  Henry  Gilbert. 
Illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  8vo,  350  pages. 
Thomas  Y.  Crowell  Co.  $1.50. 

Three  in  a  Camp.  By  Mary  P.  Wells  Smith.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  276  pages.  Little,  Brown  &  Co. 
$1.20. 

The  Trail  of  the  Pearl.  By  Garrard  Harris.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  349  pages.  Harper  &  Brothers. 
$1. 

Lumberjack  Bob.  A  Story  of  a  Lumber  Camp  in  the 
Alleghanies.  By  Lewis  E.  Theiss.  With  frontis- 
piece, 12mo,  320  pages.  W.  A.  Wilde  Co.  $1. 

The  Rambler  Club  in  Panama.  By  W.  Crispin 
Sheppard.  Illustrated,  12mo,  318  pages.  Penn 
Publishing  Co.  50  cts. 


TALES  OF  THE  GREAT  WAR. 

Tales  of  the  Great  War.  By  Henry  Newbolt;  illus- 
trated in  color,  etc.,  by  Norman  Wilkinson  and 
Christopher  Clark.  8vo,  294  pages.  Longmans, 
Green,  &  Co.  $1.75. 

Heroes  of  the  Great  War;  or,  Winning  the  Victoria 
Cross.  By  G.  A.  Leask.  Illustrated,  12mo,  301 
pages.  Thomas  Y.  Crowell  Co.  $1.50. 

In  Khaki  for  the  King.  A  Tale  of  the  Great  War. 
By  Escott  Lynn.  Illustrated  in  color,  12mo,  375 
pages.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $1.50. 

Stirring  Deeds  of  Britain's  Sea-Dogs.  Naval  Hero- 
ism in  the  Great  War.  By  Harold  F.  B.  Wheeler. 
Illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  large  8vo,  348  pages. 
Robert  M.  McBride  &  Co.  $1.50. 

STORIES    OF   PAST   TIMES. 

Tom  Andersen,  Dare-Devil.  A  Young  Virginian  in 
the  Revolution.  By  Edward  M.  Lloyd.  Illus- 
trated in  color,  8vo,  415  pages.  Houghton 
Mifflin  Co.  $1.50. 

With  Sam  Houston  in  Texas.  By  Edwin  L.  Sabin. 
Illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  12mo,  320  pages.  J.  B. 
Lippincott  Co.  $1.25. 

True  Stories  of  Great  Americans.  New  vols.: 
Lafayette,  by  Martha  F.  Crow;  John  Paul  Jones, 
by  L.  Frank  Tooker;  La  Salle,  by  Louise  S. 
Hasbrouck;  George  Washington,  by  William  H. 
Rideing.  Each  illustrated,  12mo.  Macmillan 
Co.  Per  vol.,  50  cts. 

The  Boy's  Book  of  Famous  Warships.  Accounts  of 
famous  fighting  ships,  their  historic  engage- 
ments, and  renowned  commanders.  By  William 
O.  Stevens.  Illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  8vo,  236 
pages.  Robert  M.  McBride  &  Co.  $1.60. 

Ian  Hardy  Fighting  the  Moors.  By  Commander 
E.  Hamilton  Currey.  Illustrated  in  color,  8vo, 
320  pages.  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.  $1.50. 

Polly  Trotter,  Patriot.  By  Emilie  B.  and  Alden 
A.  Knipe.  Illustrated,  12mo,  303  pages. 
Macmillan  Co.  $1.25. 

Once  Upon  a  Time  in  Indiana.  Edited  by  Charity 
Dye;  illustrated  by  Franklin  Booth.  12mo,  150 
pages.  Bobbs-Merrill  Co.  $1. 

The  Banner  of  the  White  Horse.  A  Story  of  the 
Saxon  Conquest.  By  Clarence  M.  Case.  Illus- 
trated in  color,  12mo,  310  pages.  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons.  $1. 

The  Sapphire  Signet.  By  Augusta  H.  Seaman. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  290  pages.  Century  Co.  $1.25. 

A  Little  Maid  of  Bunker  Hill.  By  Alice  Turner 
Curtis.  Illustrated,  12mo,  239  pages.  Penn 
Publishing  Co.  90  cts. 

The  Pathfinders  of  the  Revolution.  Tells  of  the 
Great  March  into  the  Wilderness  and  Lake 
Region  of  New  York  in  1779.  By  William  E. 
Griffls.  Illustrated,  12mo,  316  pages.  W.  A. 
Wilde  Co.  50  cts. 

The  Thorn  Fortress.  A  Tale  of  the  Thirty  Years' 
War.  By  M.  Bramston.  12mo,  131  pages. 
Abingdon  Press.  50  cts. 

Bonny  Lesley  of  the  Border.  By  Amy  E.  Blanchard. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  331  pages.  W.  A.  Wilde  Co. 
50  cts. 


550 


THE    DIAL 


[December  14 


HISTORY   AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

The   Story  of  the   United   States.      By   Marie   Louise 

Herdman.      Illustrated    in    color,    large    8vo,    496 

pages.      Frederick   A.   Stokes  Co.      $2.50. 
A  Nursery  History  of  the  United   States.     By  Lucy 

Lombard!    Barber;    illustrated    in    color,    etc.,    by 

Edith    Duggan.      4to,    199    pages.      Frederick    A. 

Stokes  Co.     $2. 
Autobiography    of    Benjamin    Franklin.      Edited    by 

Frank  Woodworth  Pine;   illustrated  in  color  by 

E.   Boyd    Smith.      12mo,    346   pages.      Henry   Holt 

&  Co.     $2. 
The    Life    of    Nelson.      By    Robert    Southey;     with 

Introduction   by   Henry  Newbolt.     Illustrated   in 

color,  8vo,  371  pages.     Houghton  Mifflin  Co.     $2. 
The   Boys'   Life   of   Mark   Twain.      The    Story    of   a 

Man    Who    Made    the    World    Laugh    and    Love 

Him.      By    Albert    Bigelow    Paine.       Illustrated, 

12mo,   354  pages.     Harper  &  Brothers.     $1.25. 
The   Boys'   Life   of   Lord   Kitchener.      By   Harold   F. 

B.      Wheeler.        Illustrated,      8vo,      288      pages. 

Thomas   Y.   Crowell   Co.     $1.50. 
Boyhood    Stories    of    Famous    Men.      By    Katharine 

Dunlap    Cather.      Illustrated,    12mo,    278    pages. 

Century  Co.     $1.25. 
The    Princess    Pocahontas.      By    Virginia    Watson; 

illustrated     and     decorated     in     color,     etc.,     by 

George  Wharton  Edwards.    Large  8vo,  306  pages. 

Penn  Publishing  Co.      $2.50. 
Pilgrims     of     To-day.       Biographical     Sketches     of 

Famous   Men   and   Women.      By   Mary   H.   Wade. 

Illustrated,    12mo,    253    pages.      Little,    Brown    & 

Co.      $1. 
Young      People's      Story      of      Massachusetts.        By 

Herschel  Williams.     Illustrated,  12mo,  287  pages. 

Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.     $1.25. 
Elizabeth    Fry.      The    Angel    of    the    Prisons.      By 

Laura  E.  Richards.    Illustrated,  12mo,  206  pages. 

D.  Appleton  &  Co.     $1.25. 

BOYS'  STORIES  OF  MANY  SORTS. 

The   Boy   with    the    U.    S.   Mail.      By   Francis   Rolt- 

Wheeler.     Illustrated,  12mo,  349  pages.     Lothrop, 

Lee  &  Shepard  Co.     $1.50. 
Nobody's   Boy    (Sans    Famille).      By    Hector   Malot; 

translated  by  Florence  Crewe-Jones.    Illustrated 

in   color,   12mo,   372   pages.      New   York:   Cupples 

&   Leon  Co.     $1.25. 
Mark    Tidd's     Citadel.       By    Clarence    B.     Kelland. 

Illustrated,  12mo,  280  pages.     Harper  &  Brothers. 

$1. 

Our  Davie  Pepper.  By  Margaret  Sidney.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  492  pages.  Lothrop,  Lee  & 
Shepard  Co.  $1.50. 

Dave  Porter  and  His  Double;  or,  The  Disappear- 
ance of  the  Basswood  Fortune.  By  Edward 
Stratemeyer.  Illustrated,  12mo,  295  pages. 
Lothrop,  Lee  &  Shepard  Co.  $1.25. 

Bruce  Wright.  By  Irving  Williams.  Illustrated 
in  tint,  12mo,  327  pages.  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 
$1.25. 

The  Fullback.  By  Lawrence  Perry.  Illustrated, 
12mo,  302  pages.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.25. 

Left  Guard  Gilbert.  By  Ralph  Henry  Barbour. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  310  pages.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. 
$J.25. 

Drake  of  Troop  One.  By  Isabel  Hornibrook.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  321  pages.  Little,  Brown  &  Co. 
$1.25. 

Archer  and  the  "Prophet."  By  Edna  A.  Brown. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  388  pages.  Lothrop,  Lee  & 
Shepard  Co.  $1.20. 

Billy  Burns  of  Troop  5.  By  I.  T.  Thurston.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  220  pages.  Fleming  H.  Revell  Co. 
$1. 

The  Unofficial  Prefect.  By  Albertus  T.  Dudley. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  254  pages.  Lothrop,  Lee  & 
Shepard  Co.  $1.25. 

Rod  of  the  Lone  Patrol.  By  H.  A.  Cody.  12mo, 
348  pages.  George  H.  Doran  Co.  $1.25. 

Bob  Hazard,  Dam  Builder.  By  Carl  Brandt.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  272  pages.  Reilly  &  Britton  Co. 
$1. 

Deeds  of  Doing  and  Daring.  Stories  Based  on 
Careers  of  Some  Industrial  Heroes.  By  William 
A.  Johnston.  Illustrated,  12mo,  300  pages.  W. 
A.  Wilde  Co.  $1. 

Tont  \Vickham,  Corn  Grower.  By  Carl  Brandt. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  288  pages.  Reilly  &  Britton 
Co.  $1. 

Sonny  Jim.  By  Elaine  Sterne.  Illustrated,  12mo, 
314  pages.  W.  A.  Wilde  Co.  $1. 


Miss    Ann    and    Jimmy.      By    Alice    Turner    Curtis. 

Illustrated,    12mo,    234    pages.      Penn   Publishing 

Co.      90   cts. 
Ted     of    McCorkle's    Alley.       By    Isabelle    Horton. 

12mo,    88    pages.      Abingdon    Press.      50    cts. 

GIRLS'   STORIES    OF   MANY   SORTS. 

Sarah  Brewster's  Relatives.  By  Elia  W.  Peattie. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  199  pages.  Houghton  Mifflin 
Co.  $1. 

Phyllis  McPhilemy.  A  School  Story.  By  Mary 
Baldwin.  Illustrated  in  color,  12mo,  314  pages. 
E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $1.50. 

The  Twins  "Pro"  and  "Con."  By  Winifred  Arnold. 
Illustrated,  8vo,  269  pages.  Fleming  H.  Revell 
Co.  $1.25, 

How  Janice  Day  Won.  By  Helen  Beecher  Long. 
12mo,  310  pages.  Sully  &  Kleinteich.  $1.25. 

The  Independence  of  Nan.  By  Nina  Rhoades. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  373  pages.  Lothrop,  Lee  & 
Shepard  Co.  $1.20. 

Little  Mother.  By  Ruth  Brown  MacArthur.  Illus- 
trated in  color,  etc.,  8vo,  338  pages.  Penn  Pub- 
lishing Co.  $1.50. 

Jane  Stuart,  Comrade.  By  Grace  M.  Remick. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  375  pages.  Penn  Publishing 
Co.  $1.25. 

Isabel  Carleton's  Year.  By  Margaret  Ashmun.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  291  pages.  Macmillan  Co.  $1.25. 

Liberty  Hall.  By  Florence  H.  Winterbum.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  300  pages.  Harper  &  Brothers. 
$1.25. 

Beth  of  Old  Chilton.  By  Marion  Ames  Taggart. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  348  pages.  W.  A.  Wilde  Co. 
$1.25. 

June.  By  Edith  Barnard  Delano.  Illustrated, 
12mo,  235  pages.  Houghton  Mifflin  Co.  $1.25. 

The  Key  to  Betsy's  Heart.  By  Sarah  Noble  Ives. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  225  pages.  Macmillan  Co.  $1.25. 

Lnclle  Triumphant.  By  Elizabeth  M.  Duffield. 
12mo,  306  pages.  Sully  &  Kleinteich.  $1. 

Anne,  Princess  of  Everything.  By  Blanche  Eliza- 
beth Wade.  Illustrated,  12mo,  207  pages.  Sully 
&  Kleinteich.  $1. 

Dorothy  Dainty's  New  Friends.  By  Amy  Brooks; 
illustrated  by  the  author.  12mo,  233  pages. 
Lothrop,  Lee  &  Shepard  Co.  $1. 

Blithe  McBride.  By  Beulah  Marie  Dix.  With 
frontispiece  in  tint,  12mo,  258  pages.  Macmillan 
Co.  $1.25. 

About  Harriet.  By  Clara  Whitehill  Hunt;  illus- 
trated in  color  by  Maginel  W.  Enright.  8vo,  150 
pages.  Houghton  Mifflin  Co.  $1.25. 

A  College  Girl.  By  Mrs.  George  De  Home  Vaizey. 
12mo,  416  pages.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $1.25. 

The  Three  Gays  at  Merryton.  By  Ethel  C.  Brown. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  223  pages.  Penn  Publishing 
Co.  90  cts. 

Letty's  Springtime.  By  Helen  Sherman  Griffith. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  317  pages.  Penn  Publishing 
Co.  50  cts. 


BOY    SCOUTS    AND    CAMP    FIRE    GIRLS. 

The  Boy  Scouts'  Year  Book.  Edited  by  Walter  P. 
McGuire  and  Franklin  K.  Mathiews.  4to,  illus- 
trated, 259  pages.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  $1.50. 

Blackbeard's  Island.  Adventures  of  Three  Boy 
Scouts  in  the  Sea  Islands.  By  Rupert  S.  Hol- 
land. Illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  12mo,  320  pages. 
J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.  $1.25. 

Peanut — Cub  Reporter.  A  Boy  Scout's  Life  and 
Adventures  on  a  Newspaper.  By  Walter 
Prichard  Eaton.  With  frontispiece,  12mo,  300 
pages.  W.  A.  Wilde  Co.  $1. 

The  Boy  Scouts  of  the  Shenandoah.  By  Byron  A. 
Dunn.  Illustrated,  12mo,  200  pages.  A.  C. 
McClurg  &  Co.  $1.10. 

The  Boy  Scout  Crusoes.  A  Tale  of  the  South  Seas. 
By  Edwin  C.  Burritt.  Illustrated,  12mo,  280 
pages.  Fleming  H.  Revell  Co.  $1.25. 

Fagots  and  Flames.  A  Narrative  of  Winter  Camp 
Fires.  By  Amy  E.  Blanchard.  With  frontis- 
piece, 12mo,  305  pages.  W.  A.  Wilde  Co.  $1. 

The  Woodcraft  Manual  for  Girls:  The  Fifteenth 
Birch  Bark  Roll.  By  Ernest  Thompson  Seton. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  424  pages.  Doubleday,  Page 
&  Co.  Paper,  40  cts. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


551 


NATURE  AND  OUT-DOOR  LIFE. 

Morning  Face.  Out-door  Life  Presented  in  Prose, 
Verse,  and  Picture.  By  Gene  Stratton-Porter; 
illustrated  with  photographs  taken  by  the 
author.  4to,  128  pages.  Doubleday,  Page  & 
Co.  $2. 

The  Wonders  of  Animal  Life.  By  W.  S.  Berridge; 
illustrated  from  photographs  by  the  author. 
8vo,  270  pages.  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co.  $2. 

Hollow  Tree  .Night*  and  Days,  Being  a  Continua- 
tion of  the  Stories  about  the  Hollow  Tree  and 
Deep  Woods  People.  By  Albert  Bigelow  Paine. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  290  pages.  Harper  &  Brothers. 
$1.50. 

Bird  Friends.  A  Complete  Bird  Book  for  Amer- 
icans. By  Gilbert  H.  Trafton.  Illustrated  in 
color,  etc.,  8vo,  330  pages.  Houghton  Mifflin 
Co.  $2. 

Pilot,  and  Other  Stories.  By  Harry  Plunket  Greene; 
illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  by  H.  J.  Ford.  Large 
8vo,  227  pages.  Macmillan  Co.  $2. 

Half-True  Stories  of  Dwellers  of  Field  and  Forest. 
By  Stanton  D.  Kirkham.  Illustrated,  large 
8vo,  202  pages.  Paul  Elder  &  Co.  $2. 

The  Book  of  Forestry.  By  Frederick  Franklin 
Moon,  B.A.  Illustrated,  12mo,  315  pages.  D. 
Appleton  &  Co.  J1.76. 

Wonderdays  and  Wonderways  through  Flowerlaiid. 
A  Summer  Adventure  of  Once  Upon  a  Time. 
By  Grace  Tabor.  Illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  8vo, 
268  pages.  Robert  M.  McBride  &  Co.  $1.50. 

The  Wandering  Dog.  Trials  and  Tribulations  of 
a  Fox-Terrier.  By  Marshall  Saunders.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  363  pages.  George  H.  Doran  Co. 
$1.50. 

Famous  Four-Footed  Friends.  By  G.  C.  Harvey. 
Illustrated,  8vo,  180  pages.  Robert  M.  McBride 
&  Co.  $1.50. 

Betty's  Beautiful  Nights.  How  Fairies  Influence 
the  Changing  Seasons.  By  Marian  W.  W.  Fen- 
ner;  illustrated  by  Clara  M.  Burd.  8vo,  212 
pages.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $1.50. 

Forest  Friends.  By  Royal  Dixon.  Illustrated*  in 
color,  12mo,  206  pages.  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co. 
$1.35. 

Mother  West  Wind  "How"  Stories.  By  Thornton 
W.  Burgess.  Illustrated  in  color,  12mo,  228 
pages.  Little,  Brown  &  Co.  $1. 

Merry  Animal  Tales.  A  Book  of  Old  Fables  in 
New  Dresses.  By  Madge  A.  Bigham.  Illus- 
trated in  color,  etc.,  12mo,  200  pages.  Little, 
Brown  &  Co.  75  cts. 

Little  White  Fox  and  His  Arctic  Friends.  By  Roy 
J.  Snell.  Illustrated  in  color,  12mo,  130  puges. 
Little,  Brown  &  Co.  75  cts. 

OLD  FAVORITES  IN   NEW  FORM. 

The  Water-Babies.  By  Charles  Kingsley;  illus- 
trated in  color,  by  Jessie  Willcox  Smith.  4to, 

361  pages.     Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.     $3. 
The  Black  Arrow.     A  Tale  of  the  Two  Roses.     By 

Robert    Louis    Stevenson;     illustrated    in    color 

by  N.  C.  Wyeth.     Large  8vo,  328  pages.     Charles 

Scribner's  Sons.     $2.25. 
Robinson   Crusoe.     By  Daniel   Defoe;   illustrated  in 

color  by  John  Williamson.     8vo,  356  pages.     J.  B. 

Lippincott   Co.      $1.25. 
The    Arabian    Nights'    Entertainments.      Illustrated 

and  decorated  by  Louis  Rhead.     Large   8vo,   429 

pages.     Harper  &  Brothers.     $1.50. 
The  Life  and  Adventures  of  Robinson   Crusoe.     By 

Daniel   Defoe;    illustrated   by   Gordon   Robinson. 

12mo,  237   pages.      "Complete  Edition."     Thomas 

Y.   Crowell  Co.     $1.25. 
King  Arthur  and  the  Knights  of  the  Round  Table. 

By     Sir     Thomas     Malory;     edited     by     Clifton 

Johnson    and    illustrated    by    Rodney    Thomson. 

12mo,   335   pages.     Macmillan  Co.     $1.50. 
A    Child's    Garden    of    Verse*.      By    Robert    Louis 

Stevenson;  illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  by  Florence 

Edith      Storer.         12mo,      115      pages.        Charles 

Scribner's  Sons.     50  cts. 
A  Child's  Pilgrim's  Progress.     By  H.  G.   Tunnicliff, 

B.A.       Illustrated     in     color,     12mo,     139     pages. 

Thomas  Y.   Crowell  Co.     75   cts. 
Granny's   Wonderful   Chair   and   Its   Tales   of  Fairy 

Times.      By    Frances    Browne;     introduced    and 

illustrated    in    color,    etc.;    by    Katharine    Pyle. 

Large  8vo,  211  pages.     E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.    $2.50. 
The    Adventures    of    Miltiades    Peterkin    Paul.      By 

John    Brownjohn.       Illustrated,     4to,     88     pages. 

Lothrop,  Lee  &   Shepard  Co.     $1. 


Peter  Pan.  Retold  from  Sir  James  M.  Barrie's 
play;  edited  and  arranged  by  Frederick  O. 
Perkins.  Illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  8vo,  73  pages. 
Silver,  Burdett  &  Co.  50  cts. 

Classics  for  Children.  New  editions,  new  vols.: 
Lamb's  Tales  from  Shakespeare,  45  ctft ;  The 
Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments,  edited  by 
Martha  A.  L.  Lane,  50  cts.;  Hans  Andersen's 
Fairy  Tales,  first  and  second  series,  edited  by 
J.  H.  Stickney,  each  45  cts.;  The  Water-Babies, 
by  Charles  Kingsley,  edited  by  J.  H.  Stickney; 
Defoe's  Robinson  Crusoe,  edited,  with  Introduc- 
tion and  Notes,  by  W.  P.  Trent;  The  King  of 
the  Golden  River,  by  John  Ruskin;  /Esop's 
Fables,  edited  by  J.  H.  Stickney,  40  cts.; 
Gulliver's  Travels,  edited  by  Edward  K.  Robin- 
son, 40  cts.;  Gods  and  Heroes,  by  Robert  E. 
Francillon,  48  cts.;  Irving' s  The  Alhambra, 
edited  by  Edward  K.  Robinson.  Each  illus- 
trated, 12mo.  Ginn  &  Co. 

The  Rose  Child.  A  Tale  of  Childhood  in  Switzer- 
land. By  Johanna  Spyri;  translated  by  Helen 
B.  Dole.  Illustrated  in  color,  12mo,  62  pages. 
Thomas  Y.  Crowell  Co.  50  cts. 

Moni,  the  Goat-Boy.  By  Johanna  Spyri;  trans- 
lated by  Elisabeth  P.  Stork.  Illustrated  in 
color,  by  Maria  L.  Kirk;  12mo,  72  pages.  J.  B. 
Lippincott  Co.  50  cts. 

CHILDREN  OF  OTHER  LANDS  AND  RACES. 

The  Memoirs  of  a  White  Elephant.  The  Elephant 
is  the  Companion  of  a  Princess  of  Siam.  By 
Judith  Gautier;  translated  from  the  French  by 
S.  A.  B.  Harvey.  Illustrated,  8vo,  233  pages. 
Duffleld  &  Co.  $1.50. 

Treasure  Flower.  A  Child  of  Japan.  By  Ruth 
Gaines.  Illustrated,  12mo,  205  pages.  E.  P. 
Dutton  &  Co.  $1.25. 

Apank,  Caller  of  Buffalo.  By  James  Willard  Schultz. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  227  pages.  Houghton  Mifflin 
Co.  $1.25. 

The  Cave  Twins.  They  Lived  in  England  in  the 
Stone  Age.  By  Lucy  Fitch  Perkins;  illus- 
trated by  the  author.  8vo,  163  pages.  Houghton 
Mifflin  Co.  $1. 

Chandra  In  India.  By  Etta  Blaisdell  McDonald. 
Illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  12mo,  111  pages.  Little, 
Brown  &  Co.  50  cts. 

IN  THE  REALM  OF  WORK  AND  PLAY. 

The  Boys'  Book  of  Mechanical  Models.     By  William 

B.  Stout.     Illustrated,   12mo,  257   pages.     Little, 
Brown  &  Co.     $1.50. 

The   Jolly   Book    of    Playcraft.      By    Patten    Beard. 

Illustrated,  8vo,  227  pages.     Frederick  A.  Stokes 

Co.     $1.35. 
Amateur   Circus  Life.     A  New  Method   of  Physical 

Development    for    Boys    and    Girls.      By    Ernest 

Balch.     Illustrated,  12mo,  190  pages.     Macmillan 

Co.     $1.50. 
Handicraft   for   Handy   Girls.      Practical    Plans   for 

Work  and  Play.     By  A.  Neely  Hall  and  Dorothy 

Perkins.      Illustrated    by    the    author,    8vo,    413 

pages.     Lothrop,  Lee  &  Shepard  Co.     $2. 
The  Camera  Man.     His  Adventures  in  Many  Fields. 

By    Francis    A.    Collins.      Illustrated,    12mo,    210 

pages.     Century  Co.     $1.30. 
Something-to-do,  Boys!     Edited  by  Edna  A.  Foster. 

Illustrated,    8vo,    252    pages.      W.    A.    Wilde    Co. 

$1.25. 
Simple    Art    Applied    to    Hand    Work.       By    H.    A. 

Rankin   and   F.    H.   Brown.      Vol.   II.,    illustrated 

in    color,    etc.,    12mo,    206    pages.      E.    P.    Dutton 

&  Co.     $1.50. 
How    Boys   and    Girls    Can   Earn    Money.      By   C.    C. 

Bowsfield.     12mo,  247  pages.     Forbes  &  Co.     $1. 
Wood,  Wire,  and  Cardboard.     By  J.   G.  Adams  and 

C.  A.    Elliott;    with    Foreword    by    R.    Hudson. 
Illustrated,    12mo,    115    pages.      E.    P.    Dutton    & 
Co.     $1. 

Physical  Training  for  Boys.  By  M.  N.  Bunker. 
Illustrated,  16mo,  170  pages.  Lothrop,  Lee  & 
Shepard  Co.  $1. 

Practical  Things  with  Simple  Tools.  A  Book  for 
Young  Mechanics.  By  Milton  Goldsmith.  Illus- 
trated, 8vo,  214  pages.  Sully  &  Kleinteich.  $1. 

The  Great  Dot  Mystery.  By  Connecting  Dots, 
Pictures  Are  Made.  By  Clifford  L.  Sherman. 
Illustrated,  4to.  Houghton  Mifflin  Co.  $1. 

SCIENCE    AND    INDUSTRY. 

The     American     Boys'     Book     of     Electricity.       By 

Charles  H.   Seaver.     Illustrated,   8vo,   365    pages. 
Philadelphia:  David  McKay.     $1.50. 


552 


THE    DIAL 


[December  14 


On  the  Battle-Front  of  Engineering.  By  A.  Russell 
Bond.  Illustrated,  12mo,  331  pages.  Century 
Co.  $1.30. 

Uncle  Sam's  Outdoor  Magic.  With  the  Reclamation 
"Workers.  By  Percy  Keese  Fitzhugh.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  313  pages.  Harper  &  Brothers. 
$1.25. 

The  Boys'  Book  of  Firemen.  By  Irving  Crump. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  269  pages.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. 
$1.26. 

The  Story  of  Glass.  By  Sara  Ware  Bassett.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  230  pages.  Penn  Publishing  Co. 
75  cts. 

POEMS    AND    PLAYS. 

The     Cambridge     Book     of     Poetry     for     Children. 

Selected     and     edited     by     Kenneth      Grahame. 

12mo,    288    pages.      G.    P.    Putnam's   Sons.      $1.50. 
Fairy  Gold.     Poems  by  Katharine  Lee  Bates.     12mo, 

232   pages.     E.   P.   Button   &  Co.     $1.50. 
Favourites  of  a  Nursery  of  Seventy  Years  Ago,  and 

Some  Others  of  Later  Date.     Compiled  by  Edith 

Emerson   Forbes.      Illustrated,    12mo,    620   pages. 

Houghton    Mifflin   Co.      $2. 
Falry-Tale  Plays.     By  Marguerite  Merington.    With 

frontispiece    in   color,    8vo,    248    pages.      Duffleld 

&  Co.     $1.50. 

Fairy  Operettas.  By  Laura  E.  Richards.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  119  pages.  Little,  Brown  &  Co. 

II. 
St.  Nicholas  Book  of  Plays  and   Operettas,   Second 

Series.      Illustrated,    12mo,    243    pages.      Century 

Co.      $1. 
Indiana  Authors.     A   Representative  Collection   for 

Young  People.      By  Minnie   O.   Williams.      12mo, 

355   pages.     Bobbs-Merrill  Co.     $1.25. 

TO   TELL   IN   THE   STORY  HOUR. 

Bible  Stories  to  Read  and  Tell.  150  Stories  from 
the  Old  Testament  with  References  to  the  Old 
and  New  Testaments,  selected  and  arranged 
by  Frances  J.  Olcott;  illustrated  in  color  by 
Willy  Pogany.  8vo,  486  pages.  Houghton 
Mifflin  Co.  $2. 

The  "Story  Lady"  Series.  By  Georgene  Faulkner, 
"the  Story  Lady."  Comprising:  Old  Russian 
Tales,  illustrated  in  color  by  Frederic  Rich- 
ardson; Italian  Fairy  Tales,  illustrated  in  color 
by  Frederic  Richardson;  Christmas  Stories, 
illustrated  in  color  by  Frederic  Richardson;  Old 
English  Nursery  Tales,  illustrated  in  color  by 
Milo  Winter.  Each  8vo.  Chicago:  Daughaday 
&  Co.  Per  vol.,  $1. 

Toll- >!«•- \Vliy  Stories  about  Great  Discoveries.  By 
C.  H.  Claudy.  Illustrated  in  color,  8vo,  258 
pages.  Robert  M.  McBride  &  Co.  $1.50. 

Stories  to  Tell  the  Littlest  Ones.  By  Sara  Cone 
Bryant;  illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  by  Willy 
Pogany.  8vo,  177  pages.  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 
$1.50. 

Tell  Me  a  Hero  Story.  By  Mary  Stewart.  Illus- 
trated in  color,  12mo,  320  pages.  Fleming  H. 
Revell  Co.  $1.25. 

Told  by  the  Sandman.  By  Abbie  Phillips  Walker. 
Illustrated,  16mo,  97  pages.  Harper  &  Brothers. 
50  cts. 

FAIRY   TALES    AND    LEGENDS. 

The  King  of  Ireland's  Son.  Gaelic  Folk-Romance. 
By  Padraic  Colum;  illustrated  and  decorated 
by  Willy  Pogany.  8vo,  316  pages.  Henry  Holt 
&  Co.  $2. 

The  Allies'  Fairy  Book.  With  Introduction  by 
Edmund  Gosse  and  illustrations  in  color  by 
Arthur  Rackham.  8vo,  122  pages.  J.  B. 
Lippincott  Co.  $1.75. 

The  Russian  Garland  of  Fairy  Tales.  Being  Rus- 
sian Folk  Legends  translated  from  a  collection 
of  Chap-Books  made  in  Moscow.  Edited  by 
Robert  Steele;  illustrated  in  color  by  R.  de 
Rosciszewski.  Large  8vo,  243  pages.  Robert 
M.  McBride  &  Co.  $1.50. 

The  Clan  of  Munes.  Adventures  of  a  New  Tribe 
of  Fairies.  By  Frederick  J.  Waugh,  N.A. 
Illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  oblong  8vo,  56  pages. 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $2.50. 

The  Indian  Fairy  Book,  from  the  Original  Legends. 
Compiled  by  Henry  R.  Schoolcraft;  illustrated 
in  color  by  Florence  Choate  and  Elizabeth 
Curtis.  8vo,  303  pages.  Frederick  A.  Stokes 
Co.  $1.50. 

Fables.  Illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  by  F. 
Opper.  8vo,  320  pages.  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co. 
$1.50. 


Pinocchlo.  An  Italian  Fairy  Story,  with  a  Puppet 
in  Leading  Role.  By  "C.  Collodi"  (Carlo  Lor- 
enzini) ;  illustrated  in  color,  by  Maria  L.  Kirk. 
8vo,  234  pages.  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.  $1.25. 

Wonder  Tales  Retold.  Written  and  illustrated  by 
Katharine  Pyle.  Illustrated  in  color,  12mo,  322 
pages.  Little,  Brown  &  Co.  $1.35. 

Andersen's  Fairy  Tales.  "Windermere  Series"; 
illustrated,  8vo,  286  pages.  Rand  McNally  & 
Co.  $1.35. 

Rinkitink  in  Oz.  By  L.  Frank  Baum.  Illustrated 
in  color,  etc.,  large  8vo,  314  pages.  Reilly  & 
Britton  Co.  $1.25. 

Top-of-the-World  Stories.  Translated  from  se- 
lected Scandinavian  Folk  Stories  by  Emilie 
Poulsson  and  Laura  E.  Poulsson.  Illustrated 
in  color,  12mo,  206  pages.  Lothrop,  Lee  & 
Shepard  Co.  $1. 

The  Tin  Owl  Stories.  Wonder  and  Fairy  Tales. 
By  William  Rose.  Illustrated,  12mo,  262  pages. 
Henry  Holt  &  Co.  $1.40. 

The  \Vonderbox  Stories.  Twelve  Fairy  Tales.  By 
Will  Bradley.  Illustrated,  12mo,  154  pages. 
Century  Co.  $1. 

PICTURES,  STORIES,  AND  VERSES   FOR  LITTLE 
TOTS. 

In  the  Land  of  Make  Believe.  By  E.  Boyd  Smith; 
illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  by  the  author.  Oblong 
12mo.  Henry  Holt  &  Co.  $1.50. 

Aunt  Sadie's  Rhymes  and  Rhyme-Stories.  By  Aunt 
Sadie;  illustrated  by  the  author,  assisted  by 
Harold  Soderston.  Large  8vo,  114  pages.  E.  P. 
Button  &  Co.  $1.26. 

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1916] 


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Four  striking  plays  that  will 

arouse  a  great  deal  of  interest 

WAR:    A  Play  in  Four  Acts.     Translated  from  the 

Russian  of  Michael  Artzibashef. 
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[December  14 


In  Five  Years 
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A  Progressive's  View  of  the 

Election  Walter  Lippmann 

Women  in  the  Campaign. . .  .Frances  A.  Kellor 
The  Eailroads  and  the  People.  .James  0.  Pagan 

The  Adamson  Law Edwin  J.  Clapp 

Reflections  on  the  War ....  The  Earl  of  Cromer 
The  Prolongation  of  Peace ..  Simeon  Strunsky 
Mexico:  A  Review  and  a  Forecast. John  Barrett 
The  Alleged  Failure  of  the 

Church . . .- Vida  D.  Scudder 

George  Moore Duncan  Phillips 

Books  for  Tired  Eyes Arthur  E.  Bostwick 

There's  Pippins  and  Cheese  to 

Come Charles  S.  Brooks 

The  New  Poetry John  Erskine 

Three  Poems Amy  Lowell 

Highmount.  A  Poem Louis  Untermeyer 

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Vol.  LXI. 


DECEMBER  28,  1916 


No.  732. 


CONTEXTS. 


SEEING  IT  THROUGH.    Randolph  Bourne  .     .  563 
EMILE  VERHAEREN.    Benj.  M.  Woodbridge  .  565 

LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IX  LONDON.     (Special 

Correspondence.)     J.  C.  Squire    ....  567 

CASUAL  COMMENT 569 

Our  debt  to  Professor  Miinsterberg.  —  The 
Newark  prizes  for  poetry. — War  as  a  stim- 
ulant to  poetry. —  Glorification  of  periodical 
literature. —  Out  of  the  depths. —  From  an 
inquiring  correspondent.  —  An  overworked 
word. — Expert  bibliopoly. — Enlivenments  to 
library  routine. 

COMMUNICATIONS 572 

Verse — Free  or  Confined?    H.  E.  Warner. 

O.  HENRY:    A  CONTEMPORARY  CLASSIC. 

Archibald  Henderson .*  573 

AFRICA   AND    THE    GREAT    WAR.      Talbot 

Mundy   .    ."  -.  •.    .    .    .    ,    .    .    ."•-.'.  575 

CLASSIC     UTTERANCES     OF     AMERICAN 

STATESMEN.     William  E.  Dodd    .     .     .576 

RELIGIONS  AND  MORALS  OF  THE  WORLD. 

Nathaniel  Schmidt 579 

AN    EIGHTEENTH    CENTURY    GALLANT. 

Eichard  E.  Danielson 582 

THE  NEW  SPIRIT.    Graham  Aldis  .     ,    .    .    .584 

THE     ACTIVITIES     OF     TRADE     UNIONS. 

Lindsay  Rogers 585 

RECENT  FICTION.    Edward  E.  Hale  ....  586 

NOTES  ON  NEW  FICTION    .    .    .    .    1    ..587 
Penrod  and  Sam. — Helen. — Blithe  McBride. 
— The   Incredible   Honeymoon. — Shadows  of 
Yesterday. — Further   Foolishness. — The    Tri- 
umph  of   Tim. — In  the  Garden   of  Delight. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS     .     .     ...     .     .589 

Mexico  and  the  present  administration. — 
The  book  of  the  dance. — A  century  of  social 
life  in  England. — Truth  finds  a  timid  cham- 
pion.—  The  science  of  advertising. —  Mr. 
Jack's  new  volume. — The  eternal  heart  of 
France. — The  psychology  of  wit. 

NOTES  AND  NEWS  .    V    .    .    .    .    .    .    .     .  592 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  .  .  594 


SEEING  IT  THROUGH. 


How  widely  Mr.  Wells 's  latest  consolation 
for  the  war  will  be  disseminated  and  absorbed 
by  this  Wellsian  generation  we  have  yet  to 
learn,  but  one  can  at  least  register  the  gravity 
of  the  situation  which  his  latest  book  creates. 
There  is  still  a  possibility  that  Mr.  Britling 
may  not  be  Mr.  Wells  himself  but  rather  a 
mere  ironic  portrait  of  the  very  modern  Briton 
bouleverse  by  the  personal  thrust  of  the  war. 
If  this  is  so,  the  "seeing  it  through"  to  an 
end  which  materializes  only  in  a  Finite  God 
is  a  touch  of  Wellsian  humor  only  too  deeply 
ironic.  But  Mr.  Britling 's  ante-bellum 
vivacity,  his  self-conscious  gayety  of  life  with 
its  tumbling  ideas,  its  pianolas  and  hockey 
and  automobiles,  its  careless,  vital,  intellect- 
ual women,  its  nonchalant  air  of  wanting 
everybody  to  see  very  clearly  that  the  modern 
Englishman  is  intensely  getting  much  more 
out  of  life  than  anybody  else  in  the  world, — 
all  this  is  too  much  of  the  very  air  that  Mr. 
Wells  breathes  not  to  make  one  wonder  at  the 
risk  he  runs  and  the  responsibility  he  will 
undertake  in  getting  himself  misunderstood. 
If  Mr.  Britling  is  not  Mr.  Wells,  his  reaction 
to  the  war,  his  conviction  of  the  many  aspects, 
protests,  explanations  that  have  to  be  set 
down  very  clearly  and  confidently  in  pam- 
phlets of  sonorous  titles,  makes  him  at  least 
Mr.  Wells 's  own  brother.  And  the  map- 
revising  which  takes  place  after  the  death  of 
Mr.  Britling 's  son  seems  to  set  us  back  into 
the  old  captivating  intellectual  serenity  which 
always  tried  to  fuse  and  steady  and  lift  the 
emotional  tangles  and  defeats  of  life  without 
bruising  them. 

But  the  old  Wells  magic  is  no  sooner 
revived  than  a  rude  hand  brushes  over  it  and 
blots  it  out.  This  quick  flop  into  religion, 
this  opening  of  the  flood-gates  by  the  letter  to 
the  parents  of  the  dead  Heinrich,  this 
unstemmable  plunge  into  the  emotional  abyss, 
with  never  a  recovery  or  hint  of  a  recovery, 
takes  the  breath  away  in  dismay.  Does  it 
mean  that  the  Mr.  Britlings  of  England, 
quenched  in  personal  sorrow,  are  beginning  to 
find  their  consolation  in  this  last  and  least 


564 


THE    DIAL 


[December  28 


reparable  of  idealisms  ?  Have  they  no  choice 
but  to  find  God?  It  is  true  that,  as  a  prag- 
matist,  Mr.  Wells  may  have  hinted  at  his 
God  in  his  "First  and  Last  Things."  But  no 
one  took  the  pragmatists  to  mean  any  more 
than  that  if  there  was  a  God,  this  was  the 
kind  of  God  he  was.  To  feel  that  there  is  a 
God,  to  feel  that  there  must  be  a  God,  would 
have  seemed  a  few  years  ago  a  jump  too 
colossal  for  even  a  tender-minded  pragmatist 
to  make,  except  poetically  or  in  wistful  play. 
The  question  that  staggers  us  in  Mr.  Wells 's 
book  is,  Just  how  far  is  he  dealing  in  wistful 
play?  Which  may  lead  the  cynical  to,  Just 
how  far  does  he  deal  in  anything  else? 

What  Mr.  Wells  is  up  to,  however,  is  far 
less  important  than  what  the  people  who  read 
him  will  think  he  is  up  to,  and  whether  they 
will,  in  all  sincerity,  allow  themselves  to  be 
influenced  by  the  consolation  which  he  makes 
his  hero  see  through  to.  The  American  world 
has  been,  for  a  number  of  years,  in  the  high- 
est state  of  suggestibility  toward  Mr.  Wells. 
So  magical  is  his  power  of  seeming  to  express 
for  us  the  ideas  and  dilemmas  which  we  feel 
spring  out  of  our  modernity  and  stamp  us 
with  a  sort  of  cautious  self -consciousness,  that 
a  great  many  of  us  would  be  in  a  high  state 
of  suggestibility  toward  Mr.  Britling  even  if 
we  were  convinced  that  Mr.  Wells  did  not 
mean  him  to  be  Mr.  Wells  himself.  The  dis- 
coverer of  the  Finite  God  has  a  great  Amer- 
ican following  whom  each  successive  book 
tends  to  sweep  from  their  emotional  moor- 
ings. For  several  weeks  after  these  readings, 
they  are  not  quite  themselves.  Their  imagina- 
tive life  is  engaged  on  researches  magnificent, 
on  the  turning  of  their  personal  relations  into 
passionate  friendships,  on  thinking  in  large 
emotional  international  terms.  But  in  a  part 
of  this  following  Mr.  Wells  is  fortunate.  There 
are  those  of  us  who  feel  a  flimsiness  in  his 
fabric,  a  slight  limp  in  his  soaring,  a  little 
uneasiness  in  his  facile  content  to  reiterate  the 
dilemmas  of  sex  and  samurai  rather  than  to 
make  hopeful  stabs  at  a  solution.  He  seems  to 
acquire  more  and  more  a  certain  brave  lumi- 
nousness  of  phrase  which,  if  dwelt  on,  shines 
so  little  deeper  than  itself. 

We  continue  to  be  swept  away,  but  we 
have  an  anchor  somewhere  to  windward.  The 
drop  of  the  poison  of  distrust  has  upon  us  the 
altogether  happy  effect  of  inoculating  us 
against  disillusionment.  We  get  all  the  thrill 
of  Mr.  Wells  and  we  are  never  disappointed 


in  him.  This  protection  was  never  so  much 
needed  as  now.  If  Mr.  Wells  has  not  capitu- 
lated at  this  all-testing  crisis  to  an  obscuran- 
tism against  which  he  always  so  bravely 
contended,  he  is  at  least  willing  to  take  the 
responsibility  of  his  suggestive  power.  He 
is  willing  to  see  us  follow  him  into  a  consola- 
tion that  is  all  the  more  insidious  for  his 
making  it  rush  in  and  overwhelm  the  rational 
and  realistic  consolation  of  intelligence  which 
Mr.  Britling  was  setting  for  himself.  He  is 
willing  to  have  that  gallery  of  people  who  are 
reading  Mr.  Britling  this  month  and  will  be 
reading  him  for  many  weeks  to  come  set  about 
the  imaginative  adventure  of  substituting  the 
Finite  God  for  the  Research  Magnificent,  or 
at  least  of  building  their  war-consolation  out 
of  a  God  —  immensely  pragmatic,  I  admit, 
immensely  diluted,  almost  a  figure  that  one 
becomes  pathetic  and  tender  about,  yet  unmis- 
takably a  God.  The  effect  he  would  produce 
on  our  minds  is  that  somehow  this  Finite 
God  would  not  be  gainsaid.  The  combination 
of  horrors  was  too  potent.  No  other  consola- 
tion would  have  staggered  up  to  meet  it.  A 
year  of  butchery,  tension,  dread,  the  sacrifice 
of  the  young  Hugh  and  the  young  Heinrich, 
national  and  personal  calamity  playing  into 
each  other  in  the  vivid  personal  mind,  meet- 
ing, embracing,  reinforcing  each  other, — 
but  did  this  have  to  end,  even  in  the  mind  of 
the  most  self-consciously  pagan  and  intellect- 
ual of  middle-class  Englishmen,  in  this 
sentimental  cosmification  of  his  own  despair- 
ing struggle?  One  reacts  to  it  as  to  a  sort 
of  wilful  bankruptcy  of  intellect. 

Yet  our  reaction  would  be  stronger  if  we 
were  not  in  the  habit  of  not  being  disillu- 
sioned by  Mr.  Wells.  For  our  slight  distrust 
acts,  as  everything  else  seems  to  act,  to  his 
glory  and  ratification.  If  we  trusted  him, 
the  shock  of  disillusionment  would  be  com- 
plete, and  we  would  have  no  more  of  him. 
But  distrusting  him,  we  find  ourselves  giving 
him  the  benefit  of  the  doubt.  Over  here 
where  we  strain  our  imaginations  to  feel  the 
personal  shock  of  the  war,  and  console  our- 
selves with  the  Tightness  of  the  cause  and  a 
nebulous  vision  of  vast  changes  to  come,  Mr. 
Wells  tempts  us  to  wonder  if  this  consolation 
of  his,  were  we  enmeshed  in  its  claims,  per- 
sonally dragged  in  its  terrible  wash,  would 
be  the  only  one  for  us  too.  And  the  number 
of  Americans  who,  under  the  spell  of  the 
book,  will  see,  like  a  burst  of  light  before 


1916] 


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565 


their  eyes,  how  impossible  it  was  for  Mr. 
Britliug  or  for  any  American  spectator  to 
come  to  any  other  consolation, — this  will  be  the 
index  of  what  the  war  is  doing  to  our  educa- 
tion, of  how  far  it  is  setting  back  our  struggle 
after  a  modern  and  realistic  philosophy  of 
life. 

For  some  of  us  the  benefit  of  the  doubt 
will  not  save  Mr.  Wells.  It  was  bad  enough 
for  the  French  and  Germans  to  erect  new 
tribal  gods  to  go  out  with  their  armies  and 
smite  the  aggressor.  It  is  bad  enough  to  have 
the  American  bishops  put  a  God  of  Hosts  into 
their  Prayer  Book  to  proteet  our  soldiers  and 
make  them  to  ''wage  war  in  righteousness." 
But  these  are  robust  and  inevitable  expan- 
sions of  the  old  primitive  popular  and 
national  religions,  as  unsophisticated  as  the 
objectifications  of  desire  which  savage  peoples 
use  to  innate  their  ardor  and  endow  them  with 
a  sense  of  power.  These  tribal  Gods  of  Hosts 
collapse  with  the  passing  of  battle.  Only  the 
ignorant  are  really  moved.  The  intelligent 
use  them  only  in  metaphors  of  pious  fervor. 

A  Wellsian  Finite  God,  however,  is  far 
more  plausible  and  dangerous.  A  personal 
god  tends  to  linger  long  after  the  crisis  which 
produced  him  has  passed.  He  is  always  there 
to  help  and  to  be  helped.  For  his  struggles, 
as  Mr.  Britling  rhapsodizes  them,  appeal 
almost  to  instincts  of  chivalry.  Mr.  Britling 
finds  in  him  all  the  consolations  he  needs  for 
personal  calamity,  and  he  objectifies  him  into 
a  Captain  of  Mankind.  And  such  a  God 
seems  sustaining  as  long  as  he  is  a  mere 
cosmified  Mr.  Asquith  leading  him  by  the 
hand.  But  extend  this  succor  to  other  fields 
of  struggle.  Are  we  to  see  Mr.  Britling 's  God 
as  a  cosmified  Mr.  Asquith  leading  him  by  the 
hand  to  the  victory  of  public  right  in  Europe, 
or  as  a  mystic  Russia  in  the  skies  struggling 
hopefully  along  with  her  for  the  possession 
of  Constantinople!  The  Finite  God  breaks 
down  as  soon  as  we  get  outside  of  our  own 
private  consolation,  and  we  see  the  world 
again  as  contending  powers  controllable  only 
as  we  get  power  sublimated  into  workman- 
ship, and  superstition  into  intelligence. 

Mr.  Wells  does  not  disillusion  us,  and  so  we 
«annot  be  angry  with  him.  But  his  plunge 
into  the  rubbish  of  Captains  of  Mankind. 
World-Republics.  Religion  as  the  first  and 
last  thing,  will  steel  our  hearts  against  such 
cheap  and  easy  consolations  for  calamities 
against  which  there  can  be  no  consolation. 


There  is  one  hope  left  for  Mr.  Britling  — 
that  he  went  back  to  his  map-drawing.  He 
may  have  faced  his  God  frankly  for  what 
he  was,  the  overwhelming  need  of  his  stricken 
hour,  the  object  that  his  desire,  crushed  with 
his  sympathy  for  European  fathers  and 
mothers  in  their  stricken  hour,  built  for  his 
consolation.  But,  created  for  his  need,  its 
shining  face  passes  slowly  away,  and  Mr. 
Britling  returns  to  the  Better  Government  of 
the  World,  with  its  recasting  of  frontiers,  its 
justice  that  shall  demand  no  more  sacrifice. 
There  are  the  relentless  realities  the  need  for 
which  will  not  pass  away. 

Otherwise  Mr.  Britling  did  not  see  it 
through.  For  those  who  live,  the  world  is 
not  livable  except  through  triumph  over  the 
despair  of  death,  and  over  a  religion  which 
is  little  more  than  an  evasion  of  that  despair. 
The  only  consolation  permitted  is  to  feel  one 's 
self  cooperating  with  the  intelligent  forces 
that  are  making  for  the  better  ordering  of 
the  world.  To  be  on  the  right  track,  that  is 
salvation  in  the  modern  world.  Mr.  Britling 
with  his  maps  was  sound  in  instinct  and  pur- 
pose. His  poring  put  him  in  the  current  of 
the  world's  hope.  Past  religion  into  creative 
intelligence,  such  effort  should  lead  all  who 
will  resolutely  seek  such  consolation.  Noth- 
ing else  is  a  seeing  it  through. 

RANDOLPH  BOURNE. 


EMILE  VERHAEREN. 

KO/.OI  TeOvane 


"A  noble  minstrel  lies  dead"  and  Moschus 
called  on  all  the  wooded  vales  and  streams  of 
Sicily  to  mourn  with  him  for  Bion  whose 
songs  they  should  echo  no  more.  From  even- 
corner  of  the  earth  where  civilization  has 
reached  Maeterlinck  might  ask  homage  to  the 
memory  of  his  great  fellow-countryman. 
Verhaeren,  whose  genius  found  its  inspiration 
in  each  new  conquest  of  the  human  spirit. 
Belgian  first  and  last  —  no  man  could  have 
a  prouder  title  to-day  —  his  work  mirrors  our 
age  in  its  present  achievement  and  its  aspira- 
tion for  the  future.  For  this  singer  of 
kermesse  and  monastery,  this  eloquent  denun- 
ciator of  German  outrage  on  "the  spirit  of 
to-day,"  has  sung  the  epic  of  modern  inven- 
tion and  industry  with  its  mastering  of 
nature 's  resources,  and  has  dreamt  the  dream 
of  the  federation  of  the  world. 

Emile  Verhaeren  was  born  at  St.  Amand 
on  the  Scheldt  in  1855.  His  childhood  was 


THE    DIAL 


28 


spent  amid  rural  Belgian  scenes  which  he  has 
lovingly  described  in  some  of  his  poems.  To 
the  end  of  his  life  he  loved  to  return  to  the 
simple  country  folk  among  whom  he  grew  up, 
and  they  regarded  him  as  a  friend  and 
neighbor.  As  a  boy  he  studied  with  Maeter- 
linck and  Rodenbach  at  the  Jesuit  College 
of  Sainte-Barbe  at  Ghent,  and  later  read  law 
at  Louvain.  During  his  student  days  he  was 
engaged  in  various  literary  enterprises;  it  is 
not  surprising,  then,  that  after  a  brief 
practice  at  the  Brussels  bar  he  gave  himself 
entirely  to  poetry. 

Car  il  ne  reste  rien  que  1'art  sur  cette  terre 
Pour  tenter  un  cerveau  puissant  et  solitaire 
Et  le  griser  de  rouge  et  tonique  liqueur. 

But  his  conception  of  art  was  far  from  that 
of  the  romanticists  who  would  withdraw 
from  their  fellow-men  into  an  ivory  tower 
to  dream  of  impossible  Utopias.  For  Ver- 
haeren,  the  artist  is  one  who  "hails,  kindles 
and  fans  that  holy  fire,  energy"  in  whatever 
form  it  presents  itself.  He  would  "chisel  the 
whole  world  into  a  lyric" ;  he  would  grapple 
with  the  myriad  energies  which  our  age  of 
iron  has  produced  and  forge  his  Utopia  from 
them.  No  one  form  of  activity  could  satisfy 
him, —  hence  his  refusal  to  accept  any  of  the 
professions  offered  him, —  his  restless  spirit 
exulted  in  every  new  conquest  of  human 
effort  and  his  enthusiasm  vented  itself  in 
pagans  to  the  new  Apollo. 

O  race  humaine  aux  astres  d'or  nouee, 

As-tu  senti  de  quel  travail  formidable  et  battant, 

Soudainement,  depuis  cent  ans, 

Ta  force  immense  est  secou6e? 

Hence  his  love  of  the  concentrated  force  of 
great  cities  —  les  villes  tentaculaires  —  which 
draw  into  themselves  the  rich  blood  of  the 
country  and  mould  a  new  type  of  men  whose 
fatherland  is  I' Internationale.  He  sees  in 
the  common  striving  toward  a  great  end,  the 
progress  of  humanity,  a  new  brotherhood 
among  men.  "II  faut  aimer  pour  decouvrir 
avec  genie."  His  vision  was  not  destined  to 
immediate  realization.  As  I  have  said  else- 
where, he  chanted  the  triumph  of  life,  and 
now  the  cannon,  mouthpieces  of  the  modern 
quest  of  power,  are  pealing  back  the  triumph 
of  death.  But  his  vision  is  none  the  less 
prophetic  for  that ;  it  is  shining  still  above  the 
fray  and  offers  man  his  one  ray  of  hope. 

Verhaeren's  literary  work  consists  of  some 
twenty  volumes  of  verse,  four  dramas,  and  a 
half-dozen  essays.  A  rapid  survey  of  his 
poetry,  on  which  his  fame  rests,  may  serve  to 
show  the  evolution,  as  well  as  the  underlying 
unity  of  his  thought.  His  earliest  work  seems 
to  have  been  intended  to  put  in  literary  form 


certain  striking  aspects  of  national  life.  His 
admiration  for  the  old  Flemish  artists, 
revealed  again  in  his  critical  essays,  aided  by 
recollections  of  his  own  student  days, 
inspired  "Les  Flamandes,"  in  which  he  por- 
trays with  vivid  realism  the  boisterous 
popular  festivals — "le  decor  monstrueux  des 
grasses  kermesses."  Again,  a  collection  of 
sonnets  entitled  "Les  Moines"  sympathet- 
ically describes  the  quiet  life  of  the  cloisters. 
In  the  monks  Verhaeren  celebrates  the  hero- 
ism of  renunciation  and  fidelity  to  a  lost 
cause,  the  relic  of  a  mighty  past.  Then  comes 
a  change.  The  following  volumes  show  the 
poet's  seething  temperament  turning  inward 
and  relentlessly  tearing  him.  He  had  left  his 
native  land  for  a  long  period  of  travel  and  he 
was  to  pass  through  the  dark  forest  before  he 
found  himself.  In  strange  cities  the  storm 
and  stress  of  the  age  caught  and  nearly 
swallowed  him.  He  tells  of  his  struggle  in 
volumes  of  which  the  very  titles  are  eloquent  r 
"Les  Soirs,"  "Les  Debacles,"  "Les  Flambeaux 
Noirs."  It  is  the  revolt  of  a  great  and  too 
self-conscious  individuality  which  finds  itself 
out  of  harmony  with  the  universe.  "Mourir, 
comme  des  fleurs  trop  enormes,  mourir/r  is 
his  cry.  But  the  life  instinct  was  strong  in 
him  and  he  emerged  from  the  crisis  with  a 
new  power.  He  had  learned  the  lesson  of  the 
monk's  self-renunciation,  and  the  overflowing 
zest  of  life  of  the  kermesse  was  directed  into 
a  new  channel  —  the  identification  of  the 
individual  with  the  spirit  of  his  time.  His 
one  desire  is  now 

De  n  'etre  plus  qu  'un  tourbillon 

Qui  se  disperse  au  vent  mysterieux  des  choses. 

And  so  he  throws  himself  passionately  into 
every  tendency  of  modern  life.  His  admira- 
tion is  a  little  tumultuous  at  first:  energy  of 
any  sort  seems  an  end  in  itself;  he  feels 
drawn  by  the  tense  struggle  in  great  cities  and 
portrays  in  vivid  imagery  the  migration  from 
"Les  Campagnes  Hallucinees, "  from  "Les 
Villages  Illusoires"  toward  "Les  Villes  Ten- 
taculaires." "Tous  les  chemins  se  rythment 
vers  elle."  Then,  more  marvellous  than  the 
multifarious  passions  and  industries  crowded 
into  the  metropolis,  he  finds  a  discipline,  an 
order,  which  restrains  and  guides  them  toward 
a  common  goal,  just  as  the  monastic  rule 
bends  into  harmony  the  contrasting  char- 
acters of  the  monks.  In  the  drama,  "Les 
Aubes,"  there  is  a  sort  of  vision  of  the  recon- 
ciliation of  town  and  country  when  love 
supersedes  strife.  Zola  tells  how,  shattered 
in  mind  and  body,  he  found  again  moral  and 


THE    DIAL 


567 


physical  strength  by  passing  a  year  with  a 
blacksmith.  "II  m'apparaissait  comme  le 
heros  grandi  du  travail,  1 'enfant  infatigable 
de  ce  siecle,  qui  bat  sans  cesse  sur  1'enclume 
1'outil  de  notre  analyse,  qui  fa§onne  dans  le 
feu  et  par  le  fer  la  societe  de  domain. " 
Verhaeren's  evolution  from  the  years  of 
romantic  storm  and  stress  to  his  final  serene 
outlook  on  life  was  founded  on  similar  expe- 
riences. 

It  is  in  Verhaeren's  last  work,  "Les  Forces 
Tumultueuses,"    "La    Multiple    Splendeur" 
and  "Les  Rythmes  Souverains"  that  his  phil- 
osophy takes  final  shape.    He  has  found  the 
meaning  of  the  separate  phases  of  energy  so 
triumphantly  hailed  in  earlier  volumes. 
Si  nous  nous  admirons  vraiment  les  uns  les  autres, 
Du  fond  meme  de  notre  ardeur  et  notre  foi, 
Vous  les  penseurs,  vous  les  savants,  vous  les  apotres, 
Pour  les  temps  qui  viendront  vous  extrairez  la  loi. 

He  asks  from  each  and  all  admiration  and 
love  for  fellow-toilers  in  the  great  struggle 
which  is  to  make  man  really  the  master  of  the 
universe,  and  for  him  complete  mastery  means 
identification  of  the  conqueror  with  the  con- 
quered. In  this  brotherhood  and  pantheism, 
is  the  sovereign  rhythm.  The  poet's  role  is 
that  of  the  seer  who  brings  his  vision  of  the 
future  to  incite  to  greater  effort.  "Nous 
croyons  deja  ce  que  les  autres  sauront." 

There  is  a  wide-spread  belief  that  Ver- 
haeren  is  the  leader  of  the  vers  libristes,  or 
at  least  he  is  constantly  associated  with  them. 
But  his  sincerity  and  high  seriousness  of 
purpose  place  him  far  above  this  rather 
effeminate  and  decadent  school.  The  doctrine 
of  art  for  art's  sake  was  anathema  to  him. 
As  a  matter  of  fact,  his  earliest  work  is  in  the 
traditional  Alexandrine,  and  when  later  he 
uses  irregular  metrical  verse  forms  it  is  not 
through  caprice  or  as  an  experiment  in 
versification,  but  because  in  his  effort  to  put 
himself  into  harmony  with  the  age  he  felt  the 
need  of  the  most  varied  rhythm.  Never  was 
Buffon's  dictum  "le  style  est  I'homme  meme" 
better  exemplified. 

Conscious  of  his  achievement,  Verhaeren 
has  summed  up  his  life  work  in  magnificent 
verses : 

Celui  qui  me  lira  dans  les  siecles,  un  soir, 

Troublant  mes  vers,  sous  leur  sommeil  ou  sous  leur 

cendre, 
Et    ranimant    leur    sens    lointain    pour    mieux    com- 

prendre 

Comment  ceux  d  'aujourd  'hui  s'etaient  armes  d'espoir, 
Qu'il  sache,  avec  quel  violent  elan,  ma  joie 
S'est,  a  travers  les  cris,  les  revoltes,  les  pleurs, 
Ruee  au  combat  fier  et  male  des  douleurs, 
Pour  en  tirer  1 'amour,  comme  on  eonquiert  sa  proie. 

BENJ.  M.  WOODBRIDGE. 


LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IN  LONDON. 

(Special  Cprrespondence  of  THE  DIAL.) 

The  publishing  season  is  almost  over.  It 
has  naturally  been  a  thin  one,  but  really  inter- 
esting books  have  been  rather  more  numerous 
than  last  year.  The  booksellers  are  not  doing 
badly.  The  demand  for  commonplace  war 
books  has  fallen  off,  but  books  about  condi- 
tions at  the  end  of  the  war  and  narratives  of 
personal  experiences  on  the  firing-line  are 
selling  well.  Of  the  novels  those  which  are 
doing  best  are  by  established  authors.  The 
booksellers  say  that  the  public  won't  touch 
novels  by  new  authors  in  war-time.  Perhaps 
the  public,  in  sticking  to  the  old  novelists,  is 
moved  by  an  unconscious  desire  to  cling  to 
something  familiar  which  remains  from  a 
period  of  which  so  much  that  was  familiar 
has  disappeared.  But  something  must  be 
ascribed  to  the  shrinkage  in  the  amount  of 
reviewing  done  by  the  press.  New  novels  are 
getting,  as  a  body,  very  little  show. 

The  most  discussed  novel  of  the  past  month 
is  Mr.  Gilbert  Carman's  "Mendel."  The  hero 
is  an  East  End  Jew  alleged  to  possess  colos- 
sal artistic  genius.  There  is  a  great  deal  of 
(as  I  think)  rather  windy  talk  about  Art 
and  Life,  and  the  sexual  atmosphere  is  depres- 
sing in  the  extreme.  The  most  striking 
feature  of  the  work  is  the  way  in  which  living 
people,  scarcely  disguised,  are  used  as  char- 
acters, and  actual  events  are  incorporated  in 
the  narrative.  A  good  many  young  novelists 
are  showing  this  tendency  to  go  round,  as  it 
were,  with  a  reporter's  notebook  and  trans- 
cribe their  observations.  It  means  death  to 
imagination  and  form,  though  it  is  undoubt- 
edly labor-saving.  And  it  is  certainly  irritat- 
ing to  those  readers  who  do  not  want  to  be 
bothered  by  wondering  (whenever  there  is 
any  doubt!)  as  they  come  to  each  character, 
"who  it  is  meant  to  be." 

This  question  of  the  amalgamation  of  fiction 
and  biography  is,  in  another  aspect,  amus- 
ingly touched  on  by  Miss  Susan  L.  Mitchell 
in  her  new  critical  monograph  on  George 
Moore  (Maunsel,  Dublin).  Miss  Mitchell  — 
who  assists  "JE"  in  the  Irish  cooperative 
movement  and  writes  comic  topical  verse 
better  than  anyone  else  in  Ireland  —  talks  a 
good  deal  of  sense  about  her  subject  and 
sprinkles  it  freely  with  jests.  She  has  no 
reverence,  and  repeats  descriptions  of  Mr. 
Moore  in  which  he  is  said  to  resemble  a  gos- 
ling, a  boiled  ghost,  and  a  gooseberry.  In 
analyzing  Mr.  Moore's  memoirs  she  observes 
that,  as  some  novelists  impute  real  adven- 
tures to  characters  with  fictitious  names,  so 
Mr.  Moore  imputes  imaginary  deeds  and 


568 


THE    DIAL 


December  28 


words  to  living  men.  He  writes  novels  about 
people  he  knows,  and  mixes  fact  and  fiction 
with  devilish  ingenuity.  Miss  Mitchell  fore- 
sees a  time  when  someone  will  notice  the  com- 
mercial possibilities  of  this  form  of  art. 
Fashionable  portrait  painters  will  do  with  pen 
and  ink  what  others  do  with  paint.  Lord 
Edwin  and  Lady  Angelina  will  walk  into  the 
craftsman's  study,  armed  with  their  love- 
letters  and  particulars  about  the  various  per- 
sons whom  they  refrained  from  marrying. 
They  will  pay  a  substantial  fee,  and  the 
result  will  be  an  extremely  complimentary 
history  of  their  lives. 

There  has  been  little  new  poetry,  most  of 
the  better  poets  being  silent.  Mr.  Ezra  Pound 
has  invented  one  more  strange  title  for  a 
book:  this  time  it  is  "Lustra."  The  most 
interesting  first  book  I  have  seen  is  "The 
Hunter  and  other  Poems"  by  W.  J.  Turner 
(Sidgwick  and  Jackson).  Mr.  Turner,  known 
as  an  exhilarating  music  critic,  is  a  young 
man,  and  at  present  in  the  army.  His  imag- 
ination is  as  exuberant  as  his  humor.  There 
are  only  one  or  two  perfectly  satisfying  lyrics 
in  his  book.  One  of  these  is  on  the  not  easily 
negotiable  subject  of  Cotopaxi  and  Popo- 
catepetl. The  others  contain  a  good  many 
obscurities  and  awkwardnesses  due  to  haste 
which,  in  his  case,  is  ascribable  to  an  excess  of 
vitality.  But  he  has  an  original  vision  and 
does  not  imitate,  and  he  is  worth  watching. 
Mr.  Maurice  Hewlett's  epic  on  the  English 
agricultural  laborer,  "The  Song  of  the  Plow" 
(Heinemann),  has  been  a  surprise  to  many 
people.  It  seemed  impossible  that  a  man 
could  write  a  really  readable  long  poem  with 
a  thousand  years  of  agrarian  history  as  his 
subject,  and  only  a  type  as  his  hero.  But  the 
six  thousand  lines  are  never  dull,  frequently 
beautiful  and  occasionally  amusing,  especially 
when  the  author  belabors  the  backs  of  persons 
he  does  not  like,  such  as  Henry  VIII.  and 
James  I.  The  verse-form  is  terza  rima,  and 
monotony  is  skilfully  avoided.  All  the  impor- 
tant details  of  poor-law  legislation,  history  of 
wages  and  so  on,  are  audaciously  sketched  in 
and  the  author  concludes  with  an  appeal  for 
economic  independence  for  Hodge  after  the 
war. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  have  included  in  their 
"Golden  Treasury  Series"  (in  which  no  other 
living  author  is  represented)  a  selection  from 
the  poems  of  Thomas  Hardy.  It  is  being 
gradually  realized  that  Hardy  is,  to  say  the 
least,  as  important  a  poet  as  he  is  a  novelist. 
His  earlier  verse  was  sometimes  ungainly,  and 
often  gloomy  to  an  almost  ludicrous  degree. 
He  told  short-stories  in  verse  in  which  all  the 
aces  were  put  with  such  system  into  the  hands 


of  malevolent  Fate  that  one  could  not  help 
feeling  that  the  characters  were  getting  a  far 
worse  time  than  they  had  any  right  to  expect. 
But  with  increasing  age  he  has  fallen  more 
and  more  back  upon  his  own  feelings;  his 
verse  has  become  strangely  musical,  and  some 
of  the  lyrics  done  since  his  seventieth  birth- 
day, particularly  those  inspired  by  the  death 
of  his  wife,  are  amongst  the  most  beautiful 
poetry  of  his  time.  I  know  no  contemporary 
poem  so  moving  as  "The  Ghost  of  the  Past" 
with  its  subtle  yet  simple  music.  It  begins : 

We  two  kept  house,  the  Past  and  I, 
The  Past  and  I; 

Through  all  my  tasks  it  hovered  nigh, 
Leaving  me  never  alone. 

It  was  a  spectral  housekeeping 
Where  fell  no  jarring  tone, 

As  strange,  as  still  a  housekeeping 
As  ever  has  been  known. 

That  Mr.  Hardy  himself  realizes  the  supe- 
riority of  his  later  work  is  shown  by  his  — 
for  I  presume  it  to  be  his  own  —  selection.    In 
this  new  edition,  I  may  add,  many  of  the 
poems  are  altered  and  improved. 

Macmillans  have  brought  out  two  new  books 
by  Mr.  Yeats:  "Reveries  over  Childhood  and 
Youth"  and  "Responsibilities  and  other 
Poems."  Each  of  these  books  has  already 
appeared  privately.  I  presume  that  they  will 
be  published,  or  have  already  been  published, 
in  America.  "Reveries"  has  a  most  appro- 
priate name.  The  whole  book  is,  as  it  were, 
crooned  in  a  reminiscent  monotone  and  the 
language  has  the  uniform,  even  tone  of  things 
seen  through  a  veil.  Some  passages  throw  a 
good  deal  of  light  on  Mr.  Yeats 's  conception 
of  the  nature  and  functions  of  poetry,  and  the 
candor  of  the  personal  reflections  is  the  can- 
dor of  a  man  talking  to  himself  over  a  fire. 
In  one  place  Mr.  Yeats  recalls  that  in  the 
fine  frenzy  of  his  youth  he  assumed  a  melan- 
choly air  "in  memory  of  Hamlet,"  and  was 
in  the  habit  of  looking  at  the  image  of  his  tie 
in  shop  windows,  and  deploring  that  it  would 
not  keep  properly  ballooned  like  Byron's  tie 
in  the  picture.  Most  men  have  done  that  sort 
of  thing,  and  frank  confession  is  rather  a 
modern  habit ;  but  that  is  just  the  kind  of 
hyper-private  minor  frailty  that  it  takes  a 
really  courageous  man  to  admit  to. 

Two  enormous  volumes  of  Lafcadio  Hearn, 
"Interpretations  of  Literature"  (Heinemann) 
you  have  probably  seen  on  your  side.  Critics 
here  have  differed  about  them.  Some  com- 
plain that  it  is  an  insult  to  Hearn 's  memory 
to  publish  his  explanations  to  Japanese 
students  that  a  thrush  is  a  speckled  bird  and 
a  primrose  a  small  yellow  flower.  To  others 
the  insight  into  Hearn 's  method  of  interpret- 
ing the  West  to  the  most  alien  race  in  the 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


569 


civilized  world  makes  the  volume  well  worth 
having.  Hearn's  catholicity  is  certainly  illus- 
trated in  the  book.  So  is  his  independence 
of  judgment,  which  was  no  doubt  assisted  by 
the  fact  that  lie  was  living  remote  from  other 
litterateurs  and  out  of  reach  of  the  infections 
of  fashion.  A  really  solid  work  of  literary 
criticism  is  "The  English  Drama  in  the  Age 
of  Shakespeare,*'  by  W.  Creizenach  (Sidg- 
wick  and  Jackson).  This  is  a  translation  of 
the  first  eight  books  of  the  fourth  volume  of 
a  "History  of  Modern  Drama"  by  a  former 
professor  of  the  University  of  Cracow.  This 
Pole's  erudition  is  imposing.  He  knows  the 
obscurest  crannies  of  Elizabethan  literature, 
and  his  book  is  admirable  as  a  manual  of  facts 
and  respectable  as  a  piece  of  sober  critical 
exposition. 

Chatto  and  Windus  have  begun  a  collected 
edition  of  the  tales  of  Tchekov,  who  has  hith- 
erto appeared  here  in  scattered  volumes. 
Duckworth's  have  issued  a  farewell  book  of 
sketches  by  Mr.  R.  B.  Cunninghame  Grahame, 
and  the  Oxford  Press,  a  collection  of  Ballads 
illustrating  the  history  of  Sir  Robert  Wai- 
pole's  administration,  excellently  edited  by 
an  American  scholar,  Dr.  Milton  Percival. 
The  eighteenth  century's  political  songs  are 
not  so  numerous  or  so  good  as  those  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  but  they  are  at  least  as 
coarse  and  abusive,  and  they  give  a  good  idea 
of  what  the  man  in  the  tavern  thought  of 

Walpole. 

J.  C.  SQUIRE. 

London,  December  3,  1916. 


CASUAL  COMMENT. 


OUR  DEBT  TO  PROFESSOR  MUNSTERBERG,  who 
died  suddenly  the  sixteenth  of  this  month 
while  lecturing  to  a  class  of  Radcliffe  students, 
is  not  inconsiderable.  Among  contemporary 
psychologists  it  would  be  hard  to  find  one 
who  had  done  more  to  advance  the  science  to 
which  he  was  devoted.  It  is  a  far  cry  from 
the  "mental  philosophy'-  of  our  grandfathers, 
with  its  neat  but  arbitrary  divisions  and  sub- 
divisions of  the  mind,  to  the  modern  concep- 
tion of  the  "stream  of  consciousness"  and  the 
present-day  methods  of  psychological  exper- 
iment and  research;  and  these  methods  had 
nowhere  been  more  ingeniously  elaborated  or 
more  fruitfully  applied  than  in  the  psycho- 
logical laboratory  established  by  this  German 
scientist  at  Harvard,  where  he  had  taught 
since  his  call  to  Cambridge  from  Freiburg  in 
1892  at  the  age  of  twenty-nine.  Born  at 
Dantzic,  he  was  educated  there  and  at  the 
universities  of  Leipsic  and  Heidelberg. 


Among  the  more  important  of  his  many  writ- 
ings—  by  no  means  all  on  psychology  —  are 
"Psychology  and  Life,"  "Grundziige  der 
Psych ologie"  (a  second  volume  of  which  was 
in  preparation  at  the  time  of  his  death), 
"American  Traits,"  "The  Americans,"  "Eter- 
nal Life,"  "Principles  of  Art  Education," 
"Science  and  Idealism,"  "On  the  Witness 
Stand,"  "Psychotherapy."  and  "The  Eternal 
Values"  (of  which  a  German  edition  was  also 
issued).  Peculiar  and  distinctive  was  his 
work  in  applying  the  methods  of  the  psycho- 
logical laboratory  to  the  solution  of  practical 
problems  of  daily  life.  It  is  to  the  credit  of 
the  university  that  called  him  to  America  that 
small  heed  was  paid  to  the  recent  clamor  for 
the  dismissal  of  this  German  scholar  and 
writer. 

•  *         • 

THE  NEWARK  PRIZES  FOR  POETRY  in  praise 
of  that  fair  city,  which  has  just  brought  to  a 
close  the  elaborate  celebration  of  its  two  hun- 
dred and  fiftieth  anniversary,  have  been 
awarded;  and  the  curious  fact  reveals  itself 
that  not  one  of  the  thirteen  prize-winners  is 
a  Newarker.  New  York  talent,  in  the  person 
of  Mr.  Clement  Wood,  captures  the  first  prize, 
of  $250,  and  Mrs.  Anna  Blake  Mezquida  of 
\  San  Francisco  wins  the  second,  of  $150.  To 
a  Philadelphian,  Mr.  Albert  E.  Trombly,  is 
awarded  the  third,  of  $100,  while  the  ten  fifty- 
dollar  prizes  go  to  five  New  Jersey  compet- 
itors, four  in  other  states,  and  one  in  London. 
This  last,  standing  also  last  on  the  list,  is 
Mr.  Ezra  Pound,  who  heads  his  poem  "To  a 
City  Sending  Him  Advertisements."  Mr. 
Wood's  is  entitled  "The  Smithy  of  God." 
Excepting  Mr.  Pound,  no  name  of  wide  note 
appears  among  the  thirteen.  Spirits  are  not 
finely  touched  but  to  fine  issues,  and  a  bustling 
manufacturing  city,  with  no  great  historic 
or  romantic  background,  can  make  only  feeble 
appeal  to  the  Longfellows  and  Tennysons  of 
our  age  —  if  we  have  any  such.  Yet  there  is 
no  reason  to  doubt  that  the  successsful  com- 
petitors have  done  full  justice  to  their  pre- 
scribed theme. 

•  •         • 

W.VR     AS      A      STIMULANT     TO     POETRY     has 

brought  some  agreeable  surprises  in  its  train 
of  desolation  and  horror.  Not  merely  has  a 
poet  here  and  there  been  moved  to  sing  in 
martial  strain,  but  something  like  a  flood  of 
verse  —  good,  bad,  and  indifferent,  it  is  true, 
but  always  striving  for  some  measure  of 
poetic  excellence — seems  to  have  been  let  loose 
with  the  dogs  of  war.  More  volumes  of  verse 
are  coming  from  the  press  than  ever  before, 
and  new  periodicals  devoted  to  poetry  are 
springing  up  with  astonishing  frequency. 


570 


THE    DIAL 


[December  28 


Last  May  "The  Poetry  Review"  made  its 
appearance  at  Cambridge,  Mass.  "The 
Poetry  Journal"  vies  with  it  in  friendly 
rivalry  on  the  other  side  of  the  Charles  River, 
in  Boston.  Chicago  not  long  ago  started  its 
"Poetry:  A  Magazine  of  Verse,"  and  Phil- 
adelphia is  the  home  of  another  similar  recent 
publication,  "Contemporary  Verse."  At 
Alton,  Illinois,  "The  Ajax,"  chiefly  devoted 
to  verse,  came  out  in  its  initial  number  last 
month.  A  further  sign  of  the  times  may  be 
read  in  the  recent  award  by  Yale  University 
of  the  Howland  Memorial  Prize  for  belles- 
lettres  to  the  late  Rupert  Brooke's  sonnets. 
In  England  the  vogue  of  verse  is  almost 
unprecedented.  "In  spite  of  every  prophecy 
to  the  contrary,"  says  Mr.  Walter  de  la  Mare, 
who  is  here  to  receive  and  convey  to  Brooke's 
mother  the  above-mentioned  prize,  "the  war 
seems  to  have  made  poetry  more  popular  in 
England  than  ever  before.  I  judge  that 
partly  by  the  increase  in  the  number  of  books 
of  verse  which  pass  before  me  for  review. 
Anthologies  from  the  universities;  anthol- 
ogies sold  as  chap  books;  anthologies  on  the 
war ;  anthologies  of  the  poetry  of  the  year  — 
it's  surprising  how  many  have  been  published 
in  England  during  the  past  year,  and  how 
well  they  have  sold."  Despite  the  number  of 
verse-writers  sacrificed  to  the  god  of  war  in 
both  England  and  France,  the  spirit  of  poetry 
is  by  no  means  dead  in  either  of  those  stricken 
countries.! 

GLORIFICATION  OP  PERIODICAL  LITERATURE 
could  not  go  much  further  than  Mr.  Hamilton 
Holt  has  carried  it  in  an  article  contributed 
to  "Louisiana  School  Work."  He  says  that 
"our  educators  are  at  last  beginning  to  recog- 
nize that  the  greater  part  of  the  reading  now- 
adays both  for  pleasure  and  for  profit  is  in 
papers  and  periodicals  rather  than  books." 
Also:  "The  fact  is  that  the  living  literature 
of  to-day  is  in  the  form  of  pamphlets,  period- 
icals, reprints  and  clippings.  'A  bound 
volume,'  as  has  been  said,  4s  an  emeritus 
work,  and  when  the  author  comes  out  in  sets 
he  is  on  the  road  to  oblivion. '  "  Still  further : 
"In  fact,  it  has  been  said  that  a  man's  intel- 
lectual interests  may  be  measured  by  the  ratio 
of  unbound  to  bound  volumes  in  his  working 
library.  The  more  durable  the  binding,  the 
less  useful  the  book."  And  finally:  "The 
study  of  the  magazine,  then,  supplemented  by 
text-books  and  newspaper  clippings,  seems 
destined  to  be  the  next  forward  step  in  Amer- 
ican education."  This  magnification  of  the 
magazine  is  but  natural  on  the  part  of  one 
in  Mr.  Holt's  position.  If  an  editor  does  not 
believe  in  the  product  of  his  daily  toil,  who 


will?  But  some  of  his  remarks  in  praise  of 
current  periodical  reading  matter  as  calcu- 
lated to  improve  the  reader's  literary  style 
(this  commendation,  however,  is  rather  in  the 
form  of  testimony  from  others  than  in  that 
of  independent  assertion)  should  be  taken 
with  reservations.  "Whoever  wishes  to  attain 
an  English  style,  familiar  but  not  coarse,  and 
elegant  but  not  ostentatious,"  can  do  better 
than  to  give  his  days  and  nights  to  magazines 
and  newspapers. 

OUT  OF  THE  DEPTHS  the  librarian  of  Wil- 
liamsport's  public  library  (its  corporate  name 
is  the  James  V.  Brown  Library)  lifts  up  his 
voice.  In  his  yearly  report  to  the  board  of 
trustees,  he  begins:  "DE  PROFUNDIS.  The 
European  cataclysm  has  affected  the  intellect- 
ual life  of  Williamsport  as  profoundly  as  it 
has  influenced  that  of  other  American  cities. 
Added  to  the  deterrent  to  reading  of  a  wide- 
spread, grim  determination  to  hold  unaltered 
views  arrived  at  during  the  early  stages  of 
the  conflict,  the  flood  of  business  has  per- 
mitted the  people  less  time  for  study  than  in 
the  past.  Both  moral  discontent  and  mental 
feverishness  have  disarranged  long-standing 
mental  habits.  Magazines  and  newspapers 
have  been  devoured  with  febrile  eagerness, 
while  statelier  books  of  travel  have  been  impa- 
tiently rejected."  In  the  changes  thus  wrought 
in  mental  habits  and  literary  tastes  this  ob- 
server notes  one  "great  outstanding  fact" — 
namely,  "the  emergence  of  a  growing  demand 
for  the  recognition  of  the  absolute  necessity  of 
idealism,  whether  it  be  clothed  in  the  visions 
of  the  pacifists,  in  the  logic  of  the  preachers  of 
preparedness,  or  in  the  lofty  phrases  of  the 
apostles  of  patriotism.  To  the  realization  of 
this  ideal  the  public  library  is  possibly  better 
able  to  contribute  than  any  other  agency." 
Brave  words,  these  last,  contrasting  sharply 
with  the  less  hopeful  utterance  lately  quoted 
in  these  columns  from  another  eminent  mem- 
ber of  the  writer 's  profession  in  an  adjoining 
state. 

FROM    AN    INQUIRING    CORRESPONDENT,    who 

frankly  calls  herself  "intensely  inquisitive," 
comes  a  set  of  questions  having  perhaps  more 
than  private  and  personal  interest.  Relieved 
of  irrelevant  idiosyncrasies  on  the  part  of  the 
typewriter,  these  questions  are  as  follows : 
"What,  in  its  strictest  sense,  is  the  meaning 
of  a  writer 's  license  ?  Has  any  writer  a  right 
to  live  his  or  her  'nom-de-plume'?  How  is 
one  able  to  have  a  book  published  without  his 
or  her  real  identity  becoming  known,  other- 
wise ?  Wherein  lies  the  difference  between  liv- 
ing under  an  assumed  name  and  under  a  pen 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


571 


name?  Will  the  fact  that  one  is  following 
the  writer's  profession  protect  him  so  long 
as  he  lives  an  honest,  upright  life,  and  in  no 
way  violates  the  law  otherwise?  If  it  is  true 
that  Jack  London  took  part  in  the  rebellion 
against  the  Mexican  Government  for  the  sake 
of  gaining  experiences  for  literary  purposes, 
can  it  be  justified  under  a  writer's  license 
under  the  strictest  interpretation  of  inter- 
national law  ?  Has  there  ever  been  a  case  in 
the  courts  where,  in  a  prosecution  for  using 
an  assumed  name,  the  plea  of  writer's  license 
and  pseudonym  was  used?  Can  you  give 
citations?"  In  brief  reply,  so  far  as  these 
inquiries  seem  to  merit  serious  reply,  it  may 
safely  be  said  that  writer's  license,  like  poetic 
license,  has  no  application  outside  of  literary 
art.  If  one's  publisher  is  discreet  and  honor- 
able, there  ought  to  be  no  difficulty  about  con- 
cealing one's  identity  as  author.  Obviously, 
no  "writer's  license"  is  needed  to  protect  a 
person  innocent  of  wrong-doing,  and  no  such 
license  will  shield  him  from  punishment  for 
lawlessness.  No  such  cases  as  the  inquirer 
refers  to  are  known  to  the  present  writer. 
•  •  • 

AN  OVERWORKED  WORD,  overworked  in  writ- 
ing and  far  more  so  in  speech,  is  the  verb 
"say,"  especially  in  the  third  person  singular 
of  its  past  tense.  All  sorts  of  devices  are 
adopted  by  practised  writers  to  avoid  too 
frequent  repetition  of  "said."  Many  of  the 
fairly  acceptable  substitutes  are  familiar 
enough,  such  as  "murmured,"  "sighed," 
"groaned,"  "gasped,"  "exclaimed,"  "cried," 
"retorted,"  "replied,"  "declared,"  "as- 
serted," and  so  on.  The  list  of  suitable 
synonyms  and  semi-equivalents  is  long  enough 
to  satisfy  any  reasonable  person,  so  that  there 
is  little  excuse  for  resorting  to  such  unsatis- 
factory substitutes  as  "smiled,"  "laughed," 
"frowned,"  "scowled,"  "shuddered,"  and 
other  terms  that  do  not  express  or  even  imply 
articulate  utterance.  A  little  study  of  the 
words  used,  or  capable  of  being  used,  in  place 
of  the  overworked  "said"  has  been  made  by 
"The  Writer."  It  is  a  comprehensive  list, 
suitability  being  sacrificed  to  inclusiveness,  so 
that  it  need  cause  little  surprise  to  learn  that 
there  are  no  fewer  than  three  hundred  and 
eighty-five  verbs  that  might  be  pressed  into 
service  by  a  not  over-scrupulous  searcher  for 
variations  upon  the  monosyllabic  "said." 
From  "acceded"  to  "yowled"  there  is  a  wide 
range  of  choice;  but  why,  after  all,  make 
such  a  bugaboo  of  repetition  in  this  instance  ? 
As  reasonably  might  we  alternate  the  use  of 
knives  and  forks  with  chisels  and  chopsticks. 


EXPERT  BIBLIOPOLY  is  now  taught  at  the 
New  York  Booksellers'  School  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Mr.  B.  W.  Huebsch.  The  director's 
name  is  significant:  it  reminds  one  that  it  is 
in  Germany  that  bookselling,  like  so  many 
other  activities,  has  been  raised  almost  to  the 
rank  of  a  fine  art.  At  Leipzig  in  1853  the 
Booksellers'  Training  School,  the  first  insti- 
tution of  its  kind,  was  started  with  sixty-four 
pupils,  a  number  that  in  sixty  years  increased 
to  four  hundred  and  thirty.  The  book  trade 
supported  the  school  most  handsomely,  con- 
tributing more  than  fifty  thousand  marks  in 
the  year  before  the  war.  What  has  happened 
since  is  obscured  by  battle  smoke.  The  New 
York  school  is  of  much  later  origin  — 1915, 
we  believe.  Its  coming  term  will  comprise 
twenty  sessions  of  two  hours  each,  and  will 
be  divided  into  two  semesters,  with  the  busy 
Christmas  season  separating  them.  Lecturers 
both  of  academic  equipment  and  of  business 
experience  will  give  instruction  in  such  sub- 
jects as  the  history  of  bookselling,  the  use  of 
the  bibliographic  tools  of  the  trade,  the  details 
of  book  manufacture,  types  of  book-buyers, 
the  psychology  of  the  book-buyer,  when  to 
talk  to  a  customer  and  when  to  refrain,  how 
to  show  a  book,  how  to  sell  a  book  to  a  cus- 
tomer, how  to  sell  him  another,  the  art  of 
book-display  in  shop  and  in  window,  and 
other  like  practical  matters  —  all  for  a  modest 
fee  of  ten  dollars. 

•         •          • 

ENLIVENMENTS  TO  LIBRARY  ROUTINE  come 
in  various  forms.  The  writer  of  this  recalls 
a  number  of  such  departures  from  the  ordi- 
nary course  —  among  them  a  bold  but  unsuc- 
cessful attempt  to  rob  the  cash  drawer,  where 
accumulated  fines  and  other  moneys  excited 
the  injudicious  greed  of  a  professional  bur- 
glar. But  the  primary  purpose  of  this  para- 
graph is  to  invite  the  reader  to  enjoy  a  brief 
passage  from  Mr.  Clement  W.  Andrews 's 
recent  Report  of  the  John  Crerar  Library.  In 
pleasing  variation  from  the  statistical  and 
other  sober  records  of  that  pamphlet,  we 
read:  "The  Librarian's  correspondence  not 
infrequently  contains  proofs  of  the  gratitude 
of  readers  for  help  given  them  by  the  Library, 
in  many  cases  accompanying  gifts  of  their 
publications  or  offers  of  special  prices  on 
them;  but  it  may  be  doubted  if  this  feeling 
has  actually  become  so  intense  as  to  lead  them 
to  personify  the  institution,  even  though  one 
correspondent  did  address  'Dr.  John  Crerar 
Library  —  My  dear  Dr.  Library.'" 


572 


THE    DIAL 


[December  28 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


VERSE  —  FKEE    OE    CONFINED? 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

To  answer  in  detail  the  criticisms  of  my  article 
on  "Poetry  and  Other  Things"  in  your  August  15 
number  would  be  a  waste  of  time.  A  single  sen- 
tence of  mine  may  have  been  misleading,  though 
I  thought  it  clear  enough  in  its  connection. 
Speaking  of  the  highly  artificial  form  of  the  son- 
net I  said:  "It  is  a  dull  ear  nevertheless  that 
does  not  find  an  increase  of  beauty  in  this  com- 
plexity as  a  matter  of  sound  or  music."  I  did  not 
say  that  complexity  in  itself  is  beautiful  or  that 
beauty  increases  with  the  degree  of  complexity. 
Neither  did  I  say  anything  of  the  content  of  the 
sonnet,  which,  in  most  cases,  is  a  matter  of  sound 
only. 

But  by  what  perverse  ingenuity  do  they  attrib- 
ute to  me  the  opinion  that  "metrical  rhymed  verse 
is  the  only  form  proper  to  poetry,"  or  that  poetry 
is  found  only  "in  rhymed  stanza  form"?  I 
expressly  mentioned  blank  verse  as  the  easiest 
poetic  form.  Other  things  being  equal,  rhymed 
verse  is  superior  to  the  unrhymed,  certainly  as  a 
matter  of  music,  which  is  largely  the  excuse  for 
poetry  at  all.  So  alluring  is  it  that  it  often  con- 
ceals the  most  commonplace  thought.  Most  people 
as  well  as  poets  "love  that  beauty  should  go 
beautifully." 

The  only  criticism  which  goes  to  the  heart  of  the 
matter  is  that  of  Mr.  Dolch,  who  thinks  my 
psychology  wrong.  That  it  is  correct  up  to  a 
recent  date  he  concedes,  but  in  our  day  with  the 
vast  amount  of  reading  we  must  hurry  through, 
"the  eye  fairly  flits  along  the  lines,  picking  up  the 
meaning  without  hardly  becoming  conscious  of  the 
words  in  which  it  is  expressed.  Such  a  reader 
(an  educated  person)  reads  for  the  thought  and 
feeling  content,  not  for  the  artistry  of  expres- 
sion." If  this  is  true,  it  is  an  excellent  reason 
for  doing  away  with  free  verse,  as  well  as  the 
regular  forms,  since  prose  is  so  much  the  better 
medium  for  conveying  the  thought  and  feeling 
content.  Perhaps  I  am  not  an  educated  person 
but  I  am  conscious  of  the  words  in  the  most  rapid 
prose  reading,  and  I  read  poetry  mainly  for  the 
artistry  of  expression,  not  for  information.  There 
is  some  art  in  free  verse,  he  thinks,  for  the  division 
of  lines  is  made  so  as  to  "cause  his  idea  to  strike 
home  with  the  maximum  emotional  effect.  Why? 
And  if  rhythm,  rhyme,  alliteration,  beautiful  and 
beautifully  ordered  words  add  to  the  emotional 
effect,  why  not  employ  all  the  elements  that  make 
for  beauty  and  read  slowly  enough  to  enjoy  them? 
Moreover  his  principle  would  apply  to  prose  as 
well  as  free  verse  —  to  the  great  advantage  of  the 
space  writer. 

To  Mr.  Fletcher's  question  whether  the  extract 
from  "Antony  and  Cleopatra"  is  prose  or  poetry, 
it  is  enough  to  say  that  there  is  no  change  of 
poetic  form.  Read  aloud  or  spoken  the  listener 
would  know  no  difference  between  Shakespeare's 
division  of  lines  and  his.  The  rhythm,  the  imagery, 
the  allusions,  the  entire  content  as  well  as  form 
is  unchanged.  In  turn  I  will  ask  him  whether 


Butcher  and  Lang's  translation  of  the  "Odyssey" 
and  the  ''Modern  Reader's  Chaucer"  are  poetry. 
Of  the  first,  the  translators,  after  noting  the 
shortcomings  of  various  verse-renderings,  say: 
"It  is  for  this  reason  that  we  have  attempted  to 
tell  once  more  in  simple  prose  the  story  of 
Odysseus."  Did  they  succeed?  In  the  other,  they 
have  tried  to  give  the  real  Chaucer  "and  nothing 
else,  so  far  as  Chaucer  can  be  found  in  modern 
English  prose."  It  will  not  be  questioned,  I  sup- 
pose, that  Homer  and  Chaucer  were  poets  and 
their  work  poetry.  What  became  of  it?  If  it  is 
found  in  the  thought  and  feeling  content  only 
then  these  are  not  prose  translations,  since  nothing 
has  been  changed  but  the  form.  And  has  it 
escaped  the  notice  of  Mr.  Fletcher  that  prose  also 
has  a  form? 

With  Miss  Lowell's  contention  that  the  lines  are 
part  of  the  symbol  "and  quickly  give  the  rhythm 
to  a  trained  eye,"  I  wholly  disagree.  The  division 
of  lines  may  aid  the  eye  in  noting  the  phrase  or 
clause,  but  this  would  be  just  as  true  of  prose  as 
free  verse.  It  would  be  equally  true  to  say  that 
"double  leading"  helps  to  give  the  rhythm.  On 
her  theory,  moreover,  free  verse  is  built  on 
cadence,  not  rhythm.  Lines  are  symbols  of  noth- 
ing at  all  except  the  printer's  convenience.  Mani- 
festly they  are  not  sound-symbols  as  letters  are. 
These,  combined  in  words,  give  us  the  long  and 
short,  or  accented  and  unaccented,  syllables  on 
which  rhythm  depends.  When  we  speak  of  prose 
rhythm,  we  mean  something  entirely  different, 
which  ought  to  be  distinguished  by  a  different 
term. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  vers  librist  does  not 
divide  his  lines  on  cadence  or  any  regular  prin- 
ciple. They  consist  of  a  single  syllable  or  a 
handful  of  words  according  to  individual  whim. 
It  is  free  but  it  is  not  verse  except  in  some  per- 
verted meaning  of  the  term. 

There  is  nothing  in  the  content  of  poetry  which 
may  not  be  found,  perhaps  not  in  equal  degree,  in 
prose.  Its  emotional  urge  is  due  largely  to  its 
music,  due  not  to  length  of  line  but  structure. 
Good  poetry  requires  a  noble  content  as  well  as 
perfection  of  form,  and  this  is  equally  true  of 
prose.  Rhythm  is,  however,  the  characteristic 
feature  of  the  one  and  its  absence  of  the  other. 

H.  E.  WARNER. 

Grafton,  Mass.,  December  8,  1916. 


As  a  sequel  to  "The  Unity  of  Western  Civiliza- 
tion," the  Oxford  University  Press  is  soon  to  pub- 
lish a  volume  of  essays,  entitled  "Progress  and 
History,"  arranged  and  edited  by  Mr.  F.  S. 
Marvin.  The  essays  attempt  to  show  the  per- 
manent unifying  factors  which  hold  western  civili- 
zation together,  despite  the  war.  They  were  given 
originally  as  lectures  at  the  Woodbrooke  Settle- 
ment, Birmingham,  England.  In  addition  to  the 
editor,  other  lecturers  were  Baron  Friedrich  von 
Hogel,  Professor  J.  A.  Smith,  R.  R.  Marett,  and 
the  Rev.  A.  J.  Carlyle. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


573 


O.  HENRY:  A  CONTEMPORARY  CLASSIC.* 


There  is  something  of  peculiar  appropriate- 
ness in  the  circumstance  that  the  first  biog- 
raphy of  0.  Henry  is  the  work  of  the  Edgar 
Allan  Poe  Professor  of  English  in  a  South- 
ern university.  Poe  is  a  name  closely  asso- 
ciated with  literature  in  the  South,  and  in 
particular  with  the  University  of  Virginia. 
0.  Henry  is  likewise  associated  with  the 
South,  and  in  particular  with  Greensboro, 
North  Carolina,  his  birthplace.  Yet  neither 
was  sectional  in  outlook  or  local  in  attach- 
ment. The  one  was  exotic  in  spirit,  eclectic 
in  taste,  international  rather  than  national  .in 
quality ;  constructive  genius  in  technique 
alone  associates  him  with  his  native  land. 
The  other  was  essentially  American  in  spirit, 
catholic  in  taste,  geographically  local  and 
warmly  human  in  quality;  everything  but 
constructive  genius  in  technique  associates 
him  with  his  native  land.  Yet  each  was  a 
marvellous  creator  of  types  and  of  species; 
each  a  genius  in  the  technique  of  his  art. 
Each  made  a  permanent  enlargement  of  our 
conception  of  the  possibilities  of  literature. 
Each  made  a  definite  and  remarkable  contri- 
bution to  world  literature. 

The  curiously  entitled  volume,  which  has  so 
long  been  expected,  is  the  work  of  a  lifelong 
friend  of  Will  Porter  and  an  unstinted  admirer 
of  0.  Henry.  Professor  Smith,  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Virginia,  a  native  of  Greensboro. 
Much  of  the  drudgery  incident  to  any  con- 
siderable work  of  biography  was  spared  the 
biographer  in  the  present  instance,  through 
the  indefatigable  researches  of  the  late  Harry 
Peyton  Steger.  a  most  enthusiastic  O.  Henry- 
ite.  The  author  acknowledges  his  chief 
indebtedness  to  Mr.  Arthur  W.  Page,  who 
not  only  placed  all  the  material  collected  by 
Mr.  Steger  at  Professor  Smith's  disposal,  but 
greatly  facilitated  any  biographer's  task 
through  a  valuable  series  of  articles  on  0. 
Henry  which  he  published  in  the  "Bookman." 
Even  with  all  this  material  ready  to  hand, 
Professor  Smith,  prompted  by  enthusiasm  for 
the  subject,  made  extended  researches  on  his 
own  account,  covering  a  period  of  several 
years.  The  result  is  a  work  of  rare  charm 
and  moving  interest,  a  happy  mean  between 
the  biographical  and  the  critical  study.  The 
style,  virile  and  trenchant,  not  too  literary 
to  shun  the  colloquial  or  too  impartial  to  veil 
enthusiasm,  is  a  genuine  index  of  the  author. 

*  AN  O.  HENRY  BIOGBAPHY.  By  C.  Alphonso  Smith. 
Garden  City:  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.  $2.50. 


It  is  very  difficult  at  this  moment  to  form 
an  estimate  of  the  value  of  the  best  work  of 
0.  Henry.  Only  a  year  ago,  Professor  Pattee 
in  his  "American  Literature  since  1870" 
incautiously  ventured  the  unmodified  state- 
ment that  Richard  Harding  Davis,  along  with 
0.  Henry  and  others,  "debauched  the  short 
story  and  made  it  the  mere  thing  of  a  day,  a 
bit  of  journalism  to  be  thrown  aside  with  the 
paper  that  contained  it. "  And  specifically  he 
says:  "0.  Henry  with  his  methods  helped 
greatly  to  devitalize  and  cheapen  it.  With 
him  the  short  story  became  fictional  vaude- 
ville. Everywhere  a  straining  for  effect,  a 
search  for  the  piquant  and  the  startling.  He 
is  theatric,  stagy,  smart,  ultra-modern.  .  . 
He  is  flippant,  insincere,  with  an  eye  to  the 
last  sentence  which  must  startle  the  reader 
until  he  gasps.  After  O.  Henry  the  swift 
decline  of  the  short  story,  the  inclusion  of  it 
in  correspondence  courses,  and  the  reign  of 
machine-made  art."  Only  a  few  months  ago, 
the  author  of  "Vain  Oblations,"  whose  mor- 
bidezza  and  New  England  strain  are  so  pro- 
nouncedly felt  in  her  own  spectacular  stories, 
asserted  that  it  is  "pernicious  to  spread  the 
idea  that  O.  Henry  is  a  master  of  the  short 
story,"  and  rashly  ventured  the  unqualified 
dictum:  "0.  Henry  did  not  write  the  short 
storjr.  O.  Henry  wrote  the  expanded  anec- 
dote." Over  against  such  destructive  dicta, 
professionally  inconoclastic,  must  be  set  the 
remarkable  series  of  tributes,  not  unfamiliar 
to  the  American  reading  public,  from  many 
quarters,  which  Professor  Smith  catalogues 
in  his  business-like  chapter,  entitled  "Vogue." 
In  view  of  the  inordinately  large  sales  of  the 
works  of  certain  other  contemporary  Amer- 
ican authors,  which  are  conspicuously  defi- 
cient in  literary  excellence,  no  great 
significance  attaches  to  the  fact  of  the 
enormous  sales  of  sets  of  0.  Henry's  works. 
The  most  impressive  tribute  to  the  effect  of 
the  genius  of  O.  Henry  upon  his  contempo- 
raries was  the  tribute  paid  to  his  memory  by 
his  admirers  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States 
so  soon  after  his  death.  The  contributions  for 
this  memorial,  which  was  erected  in  the 
capital  of  his  native  state,  expressed  not  less 
the  admiration  of  his  American  fellow-crafts- 
men for  the  art  and  technique  of  O.  Henry, 
the  writer,  than  the  affection  felt  by  his 
friends  for  William  Sidney  Porter,  the  man. 

The  volume  before  us  embodies  a  group  of 
distinctive  and  notable  features.  The  opening 
note  in  the  symphony,  let  us  say,  arrests  atten- 
tion ;  the  prelude — "  The  Life  and  the  Story" 
—  is  a  remarkable  instance  of  critical  divina- 
tion. Owing  to  the  startling  nature  of  the 
disclosures  set  forth  in  chapter  six, —  disclo- 


574 


THE    DIAL 


[December  28 


sures  hitherto  given  only  subterranean  cur- 
rency, yet  long  known  to  real  students  of 
Porter's  life, —  many  of  the  newspaper  re- 
viewers have  grievously  distorted  the  perspec- 
tive of  the  book  by  treating  these  revelations 
as  a  sort  of  superb  "newspaper  scoop." 
Surely  the  admirable  literary  qualities  of  the 
chapter  deserve  praise  fully  commensurate 
with  the  regrettable  notoriety  attaching  to 
the  chapter  because  of  its  features  of  morbid 
popular  interest.  Already,  the  reviews  are 
beginning  to  exhibit  a  healthier  appreciation 
of  the  merits  of  the  work  as  a  whole.  No 
review  which  fails  to  survey  the  work  in  its 
entirety  can  lay  claim  to  attention  as  just 
consideration. 

It  is  worthy  of  note  that  the  chapter  in 
which  the  author  takes  perhaps  the  liveliest 
relish  and  "lets  himself  go"  with  the  most 
refreshing  zest,  is  the  chapter  entitled 
"Favourite  Themes."  This  chapter  is  not  an 
integral  part  of  the  biography  of  Will  Porter : 
it  is  a  critical  appreciation  of  the  mental 
furniture  and  appointments  of  a  literary 
figure  invented  by  Will  Porter  and  fantas- 
tically denominated  "0.  Henry."  It  might 
be  published  separately  as  an  essay  on  the 
art  and  genius  of  0.  Henry.  From  the 
standpoint  of  perspective,  it  is  not  wide 
enough  in  its  survey ;  we  do  not  see  all  of 
0.  Henry,  but  only  the  part  that  Professor 
Smith  particularly  relishes.  In  a  word,  the 
many  glaring  faults  of  his  art, —  the  excessive 
use  of  slang,  the  smart-aleckisms  which  bear 
the  sign  manual  of  the  fifteen-cent  magazine, 
the  purely  anecdotal  side  of  not  a  few  of  the 
stories,  the  plays  on  words,  sometimes  sin- 
gularly clever,  which  not  infrequently  degen- 
erated into  rather  inexpensive  jocularity,  the 
electrifying  final  surprises  which  completely 
subvert  the  reader's  position  and  mockingly 
leave  him  thus  topsy-turvy, —  these  and  other 
faults  are  ignored.  As  a  sort  of  "golden 
treasury"  of  0.  Henry's  best  things,  it  is 
admirable;  a  comparison  between  Irving, 
Poe,  Hawthorne,  and  0.  Henry,  which  con- 
cludes the  chapter,  is  a  notable  illustration  of 
Professor  Smith's  powers  in  criticism.  Per- 
sonally, I  feel  that  the  stories  contained  in 
"The  Gentle  Grafter"  and  "Heart  of  the 
West, "  and  the  peculiar  qualities  they  possess, 
have  met  with  something  not  unlike  neglect 
at  Professor  Smith's  hands. 

The  attention  accorded  to  the  chapter,  "  The 
Shadowed  Years,"  is  due  in  no  small  degree 
to  the  dubiety  aroused  in  the  reader's  mind 
in  regard  to  Porter's  guilt  or  innocence.  My 
friend,  the  able  lawyer,  tells  me  that,  from  the 
standpoint  of  evidence,  the  biographer  does 
not  clear  Porter:  his  flight  savors  of  guilt 


rather  than  innocence;  his  lavish  habitual 
generosity  well  accords  with  appropriation 
of  small  funds;  his  furtiveness  of  look  in 
entering  public  places  bears  the  mark  of  one 
who  has  sometime  gone  wrong.  Strangest  of 
all,  most  inexplicable  of  all,  is  his  failure  to 
defend  himself,  his  listlessness  in  the  face  of 
the  grave  charge  of  embezzlement  of  funds. 
The  last  fact  arouses  the  suspicion,  in  my  own 
mind,  that  Porter  was  innocent,  and  gives 
point  to  the  long-familiar  rumor  that  in  keep- 
ing silent  and  waiving  defence  he  was  really 
shielding  someone  else.  A  very  close  student 
of  Porter's  Texas  life  tells  me  that  a  minute 
examination  of  the  evidence  of  the  trial  has 
convinced  him  that  Porter  was  guilty ;  another, 
who  knew  Porter  intimately,  assures  me  that 
Porter  was  utterly  incapable  of  committing 
the  crime  with  which  he  was  charged.  What- 
ever be  the  truth, —  and  the  man's  personality 
and  character  alike  cry  aloud  his  innocence, 
—  certain  it  is  that  his  biographer  has 
defended,  with  a  true  chivalric  spirit,  the 
memory  of  his  friend.  And  further,  we  may 
say  that  the  moral  purgation  of  the  prison 
life  has  so  effectively  demonstrated  itself  to 
the  biographer's  mind  that  this  idea  of  regen- 
eration links  up  and  gives  definite  character 
to  the  book,  from  chapter  to  chapter,  from 
prelude  to  finale. 

In  disproof  of  the  statement  that  0.  Henry- 
had  no  vital  associations  with  North  Carolina, 
let  me  say  that  I  published  a  memorial  essay 
in  connection  with  the  erection  of  the  national 
memorial  in  Ealeigh,  in  1914,  setting  forth 
in  detail  certain  facts  in  the  case.  Somewhat 
later,  I  published  a  letter  in  "The  Nation" 
(January  14,  1915)  dealing  with  the  same 
subject.  It  has  been  treated  fully  in  chapter 
four  of  the  present  volume,  "Birthplace  and 
Early  Years."  It  is  the  story  of  Porter's  life 
in  the  town  of  Greensboro,  where  he  and 
Smith  grew  up  as  boys  together.  Professor 
Smith,  with  the  loving  touch  of  reminiscence 
and  the  skilled  pen  of  the  mature  critic,  has 
placed  0.  Henry  in  his  native  environment  as 
a  jeweller  places  the  sparkling  gem  in  its  true 
setting.  Professor  Smith  has  forever  fixed 
this  "somnolent  little  Southern  town"  upon 
the  literary  map  of  America.  This  was  as 
truly  "W.  S.  Porter  land"  as  certain  sections 
of  New  York  City  are  now  termed  "0.  Henry 
land."  The  metropolitan  writers  have  hith- 
erto "placed"  the  great  short-story  writer, 
0.  Henry,  in  his  "Little  Bagdad  on  the 
Subway."  Professor  Smith  has  now  "placed" 
William  Sidney  Porter  upon  his  native  heath. 
Greensboro  and  New  York  —  Alpha  and 
Omega. 

ARCHIBALD  HENDERSON. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


575 


AFRICA  AND  THE  GREAT  WAR.* 


Out  of  the  host  of  books  that  have  emerged 
to  throw,  each  in  a  different  way,  some  light 
on  the  causes  of  the  Great  War,  this  by  Dr. 
Gibbons  stands  alone,  and  is  unlikely  to  be 
eclipsed  unless  Dr.  Gibbons  himself  should 
write  another  to  surpass  it.  There  is  prob- 
ably no  man  better  qualified  to  take  a  broad 
and  comprehensive  view  of  this  vast  subject. 
In  compressing  within  a  book  of  five  hundred 
pages  the  diplomatic  story  of  the  plundering 
of  Africa  since  1899,  he  has  attempted  some- 
thing new  and  has  accomplished  what  many 
a  bold  writer  would  have  thought  impossible. 
For  this  is  a  readable  book,  as  well  as  a  store- 
house of  forgotten  facts  and  necessary  infor- 
mation that  lead  one  as  by  a  row  of  lights  to 
understanding. 

From  first  to  last  the  reader  will  be 
absorbed.  After  turning  the  last  page  many 
a  man  will  order  every  other  work  by  the  same 
writer,  for  that  is  the  compelling  nature  of 
Dr.  Gibbons 's  pen.  But  whatever  the  polit- 
ical or  national  convictions  of  the  reader 
chance  to  be,  let  him  make  ready  to  abandpn 
one  after  another  while  he  reads;  because 
Dr.  Gibbons  has  so  marshalled  indubitable 
facts  as  to  disperse  the  ignorance  befogging 
the  minds  of  many  of  us.  He  leaves  us  finally 
without  any  confidence  at  all  in  the  truthful- 
ness or  good  intentions  of  the  recognized 
vendors  of  international  news,  but  with  a 
greater  faith  in  the  peoples  of  the  earth,  as 
distinguished  from  their  leaders. 

The  book  is  not  without  faults,  some  due  to 
haste  that  are  likely  to  be  corrected  in  the 
next  edition.  One  hardly  expects  from  Dr. 
Gibbons  such  "howlers"  as  the  old  familiar 
"whom  are"  and  "whom  were";  yet  there 
they  stand  on  pages  423  and  471  respectively. 
Neither  is  there  any  obvious  reason  why  a 
scholar  with  his  command  of  lucid  literary 
English  should  descend  to  such  phrases  as  "on 
the  outs  with." 

Dr.  Gibbons 's  acquaintance  with  Africa  is 
vast,  but  it  is  not  difficult  at  times  to  distin- 
guish between  those  parts  of  it  in  which  he 
has  dwelt  and  whose  high  officials  are  his 
friends,  and  those  other  colonies  that  he  has 
studied  with  no  ordinary  grasp  and  vision 
but  nevertheless  from  a  distance.  For 
instance,  they  are  not  P.  &  0.  Steamers,  but 
B.  I.  that  call  at  East  African  ports.  He 
confuses  the  words  Uganda  and  Baganda,  in 
ignorance  of  the  fact  that  Uganda  is  a 
country  where  a  Baganda  dwells,  and  that  a 
Baganda  is  one  of  many  Waganda,  who  talk 


*  THE  NEW  MAP  OF  AFRICA,  1900-1916. 
Gibbons.     New  York:    Century  Co.     $2. 


By  Herbert  Adams 


Luganda.  And  it  is  likely  to  confuse  the 
uninitiated  when,  by  a  slip  on  page  211,  he 
puts  Uganda  and  Abyssinia  on  the  West 
Coast. 

There  are  errors  of  judgment,  too.  He 
omits  consideration  of  the  influence  of  women 
on  the  politics  and  future  of  South  Africa, — 
a  strange  omission  when  one  remembers  that 
almost  the  entire  Boer  intelligence  depart- 
ment was  of  the  fair  sex  during  the  greater 
part  of  the  Boer  War, —  and  he  fails  to 
reckon  with  the  extent  to  which  fusion  of  the 
races  must  depend  on  wearing  down  feminine 
conservatism.  One  might  wish,  too,  that  he 
had  dwelt  at  greater  length  on  the  missionary 
influence  (so  largely  international)  that  has 
such  weighty  effect  on  "home"  opinion.  He 
makes  the  statement  that  "Denominational- 
ism  in  missionary  propaganda  is  criminal 
folly";  and  most  of  the  world  is  about  ready 
to  agree  with  him  so  far;  but  Dr.  Gibbons 
surely  could  go  further  and  it  is  pity  that  he 
refrains. 

There  is  too  much  Winston  Churchill  in  the 
book  —  not  very  much,  but  too  much.  Mr. 
Churchill's  opinions  have  been  proved  worth- 
less so  often,  and  his  trip  to  East  Africa  was 
of  such  short  duration,  that  to  cite  him  as  an 
authority  causes  irritation.  In  fact,  on  page 
296,  Dr.  Gibbons  is  at  pains  to  show  the  van- 
ity of  Mr.  Churchill's  prophecies,  thus  arous- 
ing wonder  why  Churchill  was  dragged  in. 
Here  and  there  expressions  of  opinion  will 
not  pass  unchallenged.  But  on  the  whole 
there  are  very  few  faults  to  cavil  at. 

Dr.  Gibbons  stoutly  denies  any  tendency  to 
pro-Germanism,  and  in  fact  if  he  shows  any 
favoritism,  it  is  toward  those  British  officials 
of  the  upper  class  on  whose  disinterested  ser- 
vices the  empire  has  been  built.  It  is  possible 
that  close  personal  friendships  and  admira- 
tion for  honesty  of  purpose  may  have  blinded 
him  a  little  to  a  few  besetting  sins.  He  makes 
no  secret  of  his  belief  that  British  Crown 
Colonies  are  likely  to  suffer  in  the  future  from 
scarcity  of  such  men, —  so  many  of  whom 
were  slaughtered  in  the  early  stages  of  the 
war. 

So  far  as  laxity  of  administration  in  the 
early  days  and  harshness  of  present  rule  goes, 
he  spares  Germany  much  that  might  be  told 
against  her.  He  absolves  the  Germans  alto- 
gether from  plotting  for  revolution  in  South 
Africa,  and  gives  them  full  credit  for  their 
sportsman-like  defence  in  the  Kamerun  and 
East  Africa.  He  finds  them  worthy  of  all 
praise  in  Togoland,  and  not  too  badly  to  be 
blamed  in  other  parts.  Wherein  they  are 
guilty  is  that  they  attempted,  rather  too  late 
in  the  day  in  Africa,  what  all  the  other 


576 


THE    DIAL 


[December  28 


powers  did  just  in  time  to  keep   ahead  of 
them. 

After  reading  this  book  one  does  not  sym-  i 
pathize  the  less  with  Belgium  in  her  misery ; 
but  one  is  reminded  of  the  misery  Belgium  ! 
inflicted  on  the  Congo,  and  of  Belgian  pub-  I 
lie  opinion  that  refused  redress.  The  fact 
is  brought  out  that  France,  now  fighting  in 
defence  of  Belgium  and  clamorous  at  outrage, 
has  a  black  record  of  her  own  in  the  French 
Congo.  The  account  of  German  butchery  and 
near-extermination  of  Herreros  in  West 
Africa  is  offset  presently  by  British  treatment 
of  the  Zulus  in  Natal.  And  the  sale  of  liquor 
by  the  Portuguese  to  natives  south  of  the 
Equator  is  at  least  balanced  by  British  sales 
of  gin  to  natives  of  the  West  Coast.  The 
Portuguese  and  Belgians  suffer  most  in  the 
final  comparison,  because  they  have  accom- 
plished so  little  good  to  counterbalance  all 
the  slavery  and  robbery  and  worse.  But  the 
Italians  fare  very  little  better. 

Granting  the  premise  that  Africa  cannot 
be  left  to  evolve  a  civilization  of  its  own,  Dr. 
Gibbons  ends  with  a  strong  plea  for  Germany. 
He  succeeds  in  proving  that  the  successful 
efforts  of  the  other  powers  to  keep  Germany 
out  of  Africa  have  been  largely  responsible 
for  the  suspicious,  exasperated,  and  at  last 
pugnacious  growth  of  German  thought,  edu- 
cated —  as  is  the  political  thought  of  all  the 
nations  —  by  a  few  men  who  are  able  to  lead 
public  opinion  in  the  direction  opposite  to 
that  the  public  itself  intends.  He  says  that 
the  Allies  have  expressly  undertaken  to 
uphold  Belgium's  rights  on  the  Congo,  and 
those  of  Portugal  in  both  East  and  West; 
but  he  distinctly  raises  a  doubt  as  to  their 
intention  to  keep  faith  with  Portugal,  and  he 
leaves  the  reader  wondering  whether — should 
the  Allies  win  the  war — their  wisest,  safest, 
sanest  course  would  not  be  to  hand  over  the 
Congo  and  the  Portuguese  possessions  en  bloc 
to  Germany. 

It  is  along  the  north  coast  of  Africa  that 
Dr.  Gibbons  is  most  at  home,  and  his  chapters 
on  Morocco  and  Egypt  are  among  the  best 
in  the  book.  His  hearty  approval  of  British 
method  in  Egypt  has  not  prevented  him  from 
discussing  its  limitations;  and  his  explana- 
tion of  the  Egyptian  Nationalist  movement 
is  clear  and  convincing.  His  definition  of 
Moslem  fanaticism  is  new  and  well  worth 
study.  In  fact,  the  whole  book  is  worth 
study ;  it  is  difficult  to  read  it  without  reach- 
ing out  for  works  of  reference  and  trying  to 
master  within  the  hour  what  Dr.  Gibbons  has 
been  studying  down  the  years.  Such  books 
are  few  and  far  between. 


The  greatest  service  Dr.  Gibbons  renders 
perhaps  is  this:  that  he  shows  no  one  great 
nation  to  be  much  blacker  than  another.  All 
have  been  plunderers,  all  are  guilty  of 
atrocious  murder  in  the  past,  and  Germany 
is  only  doing  now  to  all  the  others  what  each 
of  the  others  has  already  done  elsewhere.  It 
is  impossible  to  read  the  book  and  not  see  the 
absurdity  of  recrimination,  or  not  to  see  the 
great  good  that  might  be  done,  almost  by  a 
stroke  of  the  pen,  in  a  reasonable  re-division 
of  Africa  that  would  give  Germany  her  share. 

The  best  men  of  all  the  nations  would  be 
none  too  many  for  the  task  of  civilizing 
Africa,  and  the  worst  men  of  any  nation  have 
no  business  there.  The  pity  of  it  is  that  there 
are  not  more  men  like  Dr.  Gibbons,  in  all  the 
countries  now  at  war,  to  explain  to  the  misled 
men  who  fight,  the  length  and  breadth  and 
depth  and  despicable  rottenness  of  the  in- 
trigue, self-named  diplomacy,  that  has  blinded 
them  and  brought  them  to  this  present  pass. 
He  takes  the  history  of  each  separate  colony 
in  turn,  holds  it  to  the  light,  and  shows  with- 
out malice  but  without  favor  things  that  the 
people  of  no  nation  in  the  world  would  have 
tolerated  for  a  moment,  could  they  but  have 
been  convinced  of  the  truth  in  time.  Yet, 
because  of  the  inherent  decency  of  most  men, 
he  leaves  us  confident  of  a  future  in  which 
Africa  may  forget  that  men  called  her  "Dark" 
and  -Darkest."  TALBOT 


CLASSIC  UTTERANCES  OF  AMERICAN 
STATESMEN.* 


In  "The  Collier  Classics"  is  projected  a 
series  of  books  similar  to  the  so-called  "five 
foot  shelf"  of  which  President  Eliot  was  the 
editor.  Its  purpose,  as  stated  in  the  intro- 
duction by  the  general  editor,  Professor 
William  Allen  Neilson  of  Harvard,  is  to  give 
to  the  public  the  second  best  of  the  world's 
thought  and  reasoning.  All  the  ideas  and 
the  cultures  of  the  present  are  being 
re-studied  and  re-valued  in  the  light  of  the 
great  war  in  Europe ;  and  hence  the  common 
man  must  have  the  best  things,  for  which  he 
is  supposed  to  stand,  placed  before  him  again, 
in  order  that  he  may  test  them  and  find 
whether  they  are  worth  retaining, —  worth 
fighting  for,  as  one  is  tempted  to  think  was 
in  the  mind  of  the  editor  when  he  wrote  his 
introduction.  This  great  body  of  material, 
which  in  universality  of  appeal  is  only  just 
below  the  "five  foot  shelf,"  is  to  be  issued 

*  AMERICAN  STATESMEN,  from  Washington  to  Lincoln. 
Edited  by  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  LL.D.  In  five  volumes, 
with  frontispiece  portraits.  "The  Collier  Classics."  New 
York :  P.  F.  Collier  &  Sons.  By  subscription. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


577 


in  groups  of  volumes.  The  first  group,  edited 
by  Professor  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  now 
published,  treats  of  America,  rather  of  the 
United  States.  This  is  to  put  the  cart  before 
the  horse,  for  the  ideals  and  cultures  now 
being  weighed  in  the  balances  of  war  date 
back  to  the  thirteenth  century.  They  are 
English,  French,  German,  and  American  in 
the  main;  and  to  set  all  the  best  of  these 
before  us,  in  so  far  as  books  may  present  such 
things,  it  would  have  been  more  logical  to 
begin  at  the  beginning. 

Still  one  must  not  quarrel  with  the  minor 
details  of  an  important  contribution  or  col- 
lection. What  we  have  here  is  the  body  of 
patriotic  material  on  which  the  people  of  the 
United  States  have  been  fed,  if  one  may  use 
such  a  vulgar  term.  To  be  sure,  it  is  not  all 
contained  in  these  five  small  volumes,  very 
pretty  and  flexible,  ready  for  the  pocket  when 
one  is  about  to  take  a  journey;  but  the  best 
is  fairly  represented,  and  the  selections  cover 
enough  of  the  field  of  American  political, 
economic,  and  social  history  to  satisfy  most 
people,  especially  those  who  do  not  seek 
origins  but  effects.  Something  from  the  sea 
rovers  of  Elizabeth,  pages  from  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh  on  "The  Beautiful  Empire  'of 
Guiana,"  from  John  Twine  on  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  Virginia  House  of  Burgesses,  and 
from  Charles  Sumner  on  the  Pilgrim  Fathers, 
indicate  the  character  of  the  earliest  selec- 
tions. 

Perm's  account  of  Pennsylvania  in   1684, 
and  Franklin 's  portrait  of  himself  as  he  first 
entered  Philadelphia,  with  his  small  bundle 
of  luggage  and  his  two  loaves  of  bread  pro-  | 
trading  from  his  pockets,  may  be  taken  as 
representative  of  the  character  of  the  mater-  i 
ial  which  describes  the  patriots  and  statesmen  ; 
of  the  middle  region  about  1700;   while  two 
or  three  selections  from  the  greatest  of  Amer- 
ican wits  of  the  time,  William  Byrd  of  Vir-  \ 
ginia,  set  forth  a  certain  ideal  of  that  ancient  ; 
dominion.    And  there  are  typical  writings  of 
Patrick  Henry,  the  Adamses,  Hamilton,  and 
John   Hancock   for  the  first  period   of   the 
Revolutionary  quarrel.     The  first  of  the  five 
volumes    closes    with    the    outbreak    of    the 
Revolution.     The  second  volume  introduces 
the  reader  to  Tom  Paine  in  his  "Times  That 
Try  Men's  Souls";    to  William  H.  Drayton,  j 
the  South  Carolina  "fire-eater,"  who  proposed 
the  dethronement  of  George  III. ;  to  Washing- 
ton,  Jefferson,    George  Rogers   Clarke,   and  , 
other  leaders  of  politics  and  thought  for  the 
period  of  the  Revolution  and  the  constitu- 
tional  reaction,  closing  with  Francis  Hopkin- 
son's     "Inconveniences     of     Independence." 
The  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  volumes  bring  the 


series  of  selections  down  to  1861, —  a  very 
convenient  place  for  a  pause. 

In  the  latter  volumes  there  are  representa- 
tive literary,  political,  or  philosophical  expres- 
sions from  John  Randolph,  Henry  Clay, 
Daniel  Webster,  Andrew  Jackson,  James  K. 
Polk,  and  other  ardent-minded  Americans  of 
the  middle  period  of  our  history.  John 
Randolph 's  witty  and  stinging  account  of  the 
weakness  of  the  Jefferson  administration  in 
1806  is  one  of  the  best  things,  both  as  polit- 
ical attack  and  as  keen  satire,  contained  in 
these  volumes.  The  quality  of  this  and  the 
other  selections  from  Randolph  give  rise  to 
the  feeling  that  an  edition  of  the  writings  of 
that  literary  and  oratorical  genius  ought  to 
be  collected  and  published.  John  Quincy 
Adams  appears  quite  as  frequently  as 
Randolph,  and  the  contrast  between  the 
spirits  of  the  two  men  is  clearly  shown.  If 
each  was  a  patriot  and  a  statesman,  then  it 
would  seem  that  they  must  have  been  patriots 
and  statesmen  of  different  countries  and 
entirely  different  ideals, —  or  perhaps  one 
might  say  that  each  was  a  patriot  at  certain 
times  and  a  politician  at  certain  other  times. 

In  none  of  these  volumes  is  there  a  poor  or 
unrepresentative  selection, —  except,  perhaps, 
in  connection  with  military  matters.  Profes- 
sor Hart  has  somehow,  in  the  busy  days  of 
the  last  twelvemonth,  found  time  to  read  a 
vast  amount  of  American  historical  writing 
and  to  select  the  best  for  these  volumes.  I 
think  no  one  will  complain  at  the  quality  of 
what  is  here  presented,  nor  find  fault  with 
the  editing, —  unless  one  must  complain  at. 
the  proofreading  which  allowed  Jacob  Wirt 
to  stand  for  William  Wirt  (Vol.  I.,  p.  274), 
or  the  "venerable  Ashury"  for  Bishop 
Asbury  of  missionary  and  Methodist  fame 
(Vol.  IV.,  p.  146). 

On  another  score,  however,  there  is  some- 
thing to  be  said.  During  the  last  ten  years 
a  vast  body  of  material  has  been  gathered  and 
data  collected  which  compels  the  historian  to 
take  a  wider  range.  And  since  Professor 
Hart's  work  is  designed  to  present  material 
representative  of  all  that  our  statesmen  stood 
for,  one  may  ask  why  there  is  not  somewhat 
more  to  show  why  the  Fathers  worked  with 
such  feverish  earnestness  for  a  new  constitu- 
tion in  1787.  Even  in  Professor  Hart's 
second  volume  there  is  good  evidence  that  the 
country  was  recovering  from  the  ills  which 
gave  rise  to  so  much  complaint,  but  nothing 
is  included  to  show  the  economic  interests 
which  underlay  the  whole  agitation  for  a  con- 
stitution against  which  no  man  could  raise 
his  voice  without  being  branded  by  Washing- 
ton and  the  rest  as  fools  or  knaves. 


578 


THE    DIAL 


[December  28 


Nor  is  there  anything  to  show  what  really 
underlay  the  Hayne- Webster  debate.  Surely 
all  good  scholars  know  ere  this  that  it  was  no 
more  Webster's  devotion  to  the  Union  than  it 
was  Hayne 's  attachment  to  disunion  that  gave 
meaning  to  that  famous  debate.  It  was 
Benton's  scheme  to  reduce  the  price  of  public 
land  in  the  West  to  a  point  considered  by  the 
East  as  dangerous  to  her  interests  which 
moved  Webster  to  his  eulogy  of  the  Union. 
Perhaps  Benton's  speech  of  1826  would  have 
been  more  enlightening  than  either  Hayne 's 
or  Webster's  thrusts  at  each  other.  Of  Clay 
there  is  a  great  deal  in  these  volumes,  but 
nothing  which  reveals  the  real  Clay  at  any 
critical  time,—  say  1825,  1833,  or  1843.  Per- 
haps Clay 's  writings  do  not  supply  the  histor- 
ian with  fair  and  full  views  of  his  character 
and  purposes. 

But  the  most  questionable  feature  of  the 
work  is  the  emphasis  which  it  places  upon  the 
jingo  element  in  the  utterances  of  our  states- 
men. On  an  early  page  we  find  this  quota- 
tion :  "  Go  on  therefore  renowned  gentlemen, 
fall  on  resolvedly,  till  your  hands  cleave  to 
your  swords,  your  swords  to  your  enemies' 
hearts,  your  hearts  to  victory. "  In  the  second 
volume  Washington  is  quoted  as  saying: 
"Building  up  an  army  requires  time,"  and 
the  thought  is  so  frequently  'repeated  in 
every  possible  way  that  one  begins  to  wonder 
whether  the  subject  has  not  somehow  got  the 
better  of  the  editor's  judgment.  Without 
undertaking  to  enumerate  the  many  pages 
which  are  occupied  with  the  problem  of  mil- 
itary preparedness,  it  is  perfectly  plain  that 
this  is  the  theme  of  the  work,  its  very  raison 
d'etre.  The  word  "preparedness"  appears 
eleven  times  in  the  titles  of  the  selections  of 
the  third  volume  alone;  and  such  phrases  as 
"squeak  the  fife  and  beat  the  drum,"  "living 
happily  like  the  Chinese,"  "defenselessness 
of  the  United  States,"  "religious  necessity  of 
a  navy,"  "not  to  be  kicked  into  war,"  etc., 
make  the  tables  of  contents  read  much  like 
the  campaign  speeches  of  Mr.  Eoosevelt. 

The  effect  on  the  mind  of  the  reader  is  that 
our  country  is  now  and  ever  has  been  utterly 
undefended,  and  that  every  one  should  wax 
indignant  at  the  half-criminal  negligence  of 
American  leadership.  Whether  Professor 
Hart  really  desired  to  make  use  of  his  oppor- 
tunity for  purposes  of  propaganda  is  open  to 
question.  He  is  one  of  the  best  known  of 
American  historians;  he  has  trained  many 
of  the  younger  scholars  who  are  now  teach- 
ing and  writing  American  history.  It  is 
therefore  difficult  for  the  reviewer  to  believe 
such  a  thing  of  him.  Yet  there  is  now  and 
has  been  these  two  years  past  a  powerful 


movement  in  this  country  to  commit  it  to  the 
policy  which  has  wrecked  Germany:  the 
policy  which  began  in  the  over-emphasis  of 
nationalism  under  Bismarck  and  concluded  in 
the  raw  and  brutal  doctrine  that  might  makes 
right.  In  Germany  the  greatest  historians 
became  avowed  preachers  of  the  cult,  and  they 
went  so  far  as  to  re-write  the  history  of 
ancient  Kome  to  prove  that  all  that  was  good 
in  the  great  republic  entered  into  Caesar,  who 
was  made  a  god;  and  that  the  Hohenzollerns 
are  the  modern  Caesars.  We  cannot  read  von 
Treitschke,  Mommsen,  or  von  Sybel  without 
realizing  that  we  are  reading  masterful  pam- 
phleteers. But  pamphleteers  became  the 
great  masters  of  young  Germany  in  the  late 
eighties ;  and  the  German  school  of  historians 
became  the  model  for  the  rest  of  the  world 
for  the  reason  that  in  this  school  there  was 
ample  evidence  of  great  learning. 

Shall  we  produce  the  next  school  of  pam- 
phleteers and  call  them  historians?  There  is 
grave  danger  of  this,  and  the  book  under 
review  is  a  fine  example  of  how  to  begin  the 
undertaking.  Patriotism  and  nationalism  are 
the  slogans  of  bad  men  as  well  as  good.  There 
have  always  been  leaders  of  the  American 
people  who  talked  brutally  and  urged  young 
men  to  seize  other  people's  territory,  who 
swaggered  and  blustered  their  way  to  high 
station,  and  who  because  of  their  station  may 
now  be  quoted  with  effect.  There  are  many 
powerful  men  in  this  country  to-day  who 
want  nothing  quite  so  much  as  scholars  who 
will  find  them  the  justification  for  deriding 
democracy  and  for  endeavoring  under  the 
guise  of  patriotism  to  bring  about  the  over- 
throw of  whatever  of  popular  government  we 
have  been  able  to  maintain.  They  admire 
Germany  and  intend  to  imitate  her  efficiency : 
they  demand  of  our  government  the  kind  of 
protection  in  every  market  that  Germany  has 
given  her  corporations;  they  hope  to  make 
of  our  free  and  easy  society  something  quite 
different  from  democracy.  Nothing  aids  them 
more  than  to  have  historians  and  scientific 
men  point  out  the  absurdity  of  popular  gov- 
ernment and  the  blessings  of  universal  mil- 
itary service, —  for  wherever  the  German 
system  of  universal  service  has  been  adopted 
popular  initiative  and  popular  control  of 
affairs  have  quickly  died.  Stability,  as  they 
think,  succeeded;  order  and  social  stratifica- 
tion took  the  place  of  disorder  and  the  impu- 
dent assumption  of  airs  on  the  part  of 
"nobodies."  It  matters  not  whether  a  people 
call  their  system  democratic,  republican,  or 
what  not, —  the  real  powers  are  likely  to  assert 
themselves,  and  in  our  country  these  powers 
are  economic.  They  do  not  believe  in  any 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


579 


system  that  denies  them  the  first  places  at 
the  common  counsel  board. 

The  fear  of  the  reviewer  in  laying  down 
these  volumes  is  that  one  of  the  ablest  of 
American  historians  has  unwittingly  allowed 
himself  to  be  used  by  those  whom  he  would 
immediately  denounce  if  their  true  character 
were  made  evident.  Nor  can  we  believe  Pro- 
fessor Hart  would  for  a  moment  think  of 
becoming,  even  in  a  mild  way,  a  sort  of 
American  von  Treitschke.  Our  history  should 
rise  above  mere  nationalism,  far  above  par- 
tisan or  sectional  bias,  and  should  set 
examples  of  truth  for  truth 's  sake.  It  should 
show  men  how  the  world  came  to  be  what  it 
is,  and  not  how  any  particular  nation  may 
become  a  world  power  or  an  empire.  We  are 
citizens  of  the  world,  not  of  the  United  States, 
as  Jefferson  and  many  another  of  our  Revolu- 
tionary leaders  were  fond  of  saying.  What 
better  place  shall  we  have  in  the  world  than 
the  Germans  or  others  who  have  perverted 
history  if  we  too  worship  at  the  shrine  of 
nationalism,  which  is  only  a  sort  of  provincial- 

ism?  WILLIAM  E.  DODD. 


THE  RELIGION'S  A3TD  MORALS  OF  THE 
WORLD.* 


Every  new  volume  of  the  "  Encyclopaedia  of 
Religion  and  Ethics"  lays  the  theologian  and 
the  ethical  teacher,  as  well  as  the  general 
reader,  under  fresh  obligations,  and  adds  to 
the  reputation  of  its  resourceful  editor.  Dr. 
Hastings  is  carrying  out  his  ambitious  plan 
with  a  marked  degree  of  success.  The  inter- 
national character  of  the  work  is  not  allowed 
to  suffer  from  the  war.  Even  the  volumes 
published  since  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  con- 
tain many  valuable  articles  by  German  and 
Austrian  scholars;  the  French,  Russian,  and 
Japanese  savants,  like  the  Dutch  and  Scandi- 
navian, were  selected  years  ago  because  of 
eminence  in  their  respective  fields;  some 
important  articles  have  been  entrusted  to 
American  theologians  and  philosophers,  and 
an  American  scholar,  Dr.  Louis  H.  Gray,  has 
been  made  assistant  editor.  Among  the  con- 
tributors are  Jews  and  Gentiles,  Christians 
(Roman  Catholics  and  Greek  Orthodox  as 
well  as  Protestants)  and  independents.  It  is 
well  to  be  reminded  at  the  present  time  that 
such  a  cooperation  of  scientific  investigators, 
regardless  of  race,  nationality,  and  religious 
affiliation,  is  the  normal  thing  and  altogether 
necessary  for  the  best  results. 

•  ENCYCLOPEDIA  or  RELIGION  AND  ETHICS.  Edited  by 
James  Hastings,  with  the  assistance  of  John  A.  Selbie  and 
Louis  H.  Gray.  Volumes  IL  VIH.  New  York:  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons.  Per  voL,  $7. 


The  outstanding  features  of  this  encyclo- 
paedia are  the  numerous  articles  on  primitive 
religions  and  less  known  countries  and 
peoples,  and  the  highly  composite  articles  on 
important  religious  and  ethical  ideas,  customs, 
and  institutions.  Much  attention  has  been 
given  in  recent  years  to  the  social  conditions 
of  peoples  still  remaining  on  comparatively 
low  stages  of  development  in  various  parts  of 
the  world.  Excellent  summaries  of  the 
results,  so  far  as  religion  and  morals  are  con- 
cerned, will  be  found  in  the  articles  ou 
Australia  (by  Thomas),  Australasia  (by 
Keane),  Buriats  (by  Klementz),  Indo-China 
(by  Cabaton),  Indonesians  (by  Frazer), 
Dravidians  (by  Crooke  and  Frazer),  Hotten- 
tots (by  Hartland),  the  various  tribes  of 
American  Indians  (by  Gray),  and  many 
others.  There  are  especially  rich  contribu- 
tions to  our  knowledge  of  India.  In  his  arti- 
cle on  Ethnology,  Dr.  Keane  concludes  that 
"man  gradually  spread  from  his  Indo-Malay- 
sian  home  to  the  uttermost  confines  of  the 
habitable  globe,"  and  that  "the  main  divisions 
of  mankind  may  be  regarded  as  being 
descended  in  their  several  zones  from  four  un- 
differentiated  Pleistocene  ancestral  groups." 
The  four  races  are  the  White,  Black,  Yellow, 
and  Red,  with  their  cradle  lands  respectively 
in  North  Africa,  South  Africa,  the  Tibetan 
plateau,  and  the  Americas.  The  classification 
of  known  peoples  is  useful,  though  incomplete 
(Sumerians,Elamites,and  others  are  omitted), 
tentative,  and  dubious.  Scholars  will  not 
readily  agree  with  Dr.  Keane  that  the  Philis- 
tines were  Semites,  the  Pelasgians  Hamites, 
the  so-called  Dravidian  peoples  Caucasians, 
and  the  Cro  Magnon  race  neolithic.  Biolog- 
ical and  ethical  evolution  is  excellently  treated 
by  Drs.  Punnett  and  Clodd.  Among  the 
numerous  achievements  hoped  for  from  ethi- 
cal evolution,  the  abolition  of  war  is  not  men- 
tioned. On  this  terrible  and  inexcusable  form 
of  barbarism  the  religious  and  ethical  systems 
described  in  these  volumes  are  strangely  silent. 
The  Friends,  we  are  told,  condemn  it,  and  the 
Ethical  Movement  seeks  its  suppression  by  an 
international  organization.  The  trifling  arti- 
cle on  Internationally  does  not  touch  upon 
it,  and  there  is  no  treatment  of  Cosmopolitan- 
ism. 

The  composite  articles  on  ideas  and  insti- 
tutions are  often  exceedingly  valuable,  each 
subdivision  being  treated  by  some  eminent 
specialist.     In  many  instances  it  would  be 
difficult  to  find  anywhere  else  a  more  authori- 
tative and  comprehensive  discussion.    Differ- 
|  ent  conceptions  of  their  task  by  the  various 
|  writers  could  scarcely  be  avoided,  and  the 
!  character   of   the   only   available   sources   is 


580 


THE    DIAL 


[December  28 


sometimes    responsible    for    a    disappointing  ! 
result.     Under  Ethics  we  have  a  bright  pic- 
ture of  the  ancient  Germans,  while  the  Celts 
present   a    very    gruesome    aspect.      In    the  ' 
former  case  the  virtues  were  used  for  classifi- 
cation, in  the  latter  the  vices;    and  the  one- 
sidedness  of  Tacitus  is  as  evident  as  that  of  j 
Cicero  or  Cassar,  though  it  had  a  different  ! 
cause.     One  writer  gives  a  description,  from  i 
fragmentary  sources,  of  the  moral  character- 
istics of  a  pagan  nation,  another  his  idealistic  j 
conception    of    what    constitutes    Jewish    or  j 
Christian  ethics.    In  a  number  of  articles  of  I 
this  type  there  is  a  regrettable  lack  of  com- 
prehensiveness.    Thus,  under  the  caption  of  j 
Drama,  much  curious  and  interesting  infor- 
mation is  given  concerning  this  form  of  poetry 
among    native    Americans,    Arabs,    Chinese, 
Japanese,  Jews,   Persians,   and  Polynesians, 
and  there  are  good  descriptions  of  the  Greek, 
Indian,  and  Roman  drama.     But  the  reader 
finds  to  his  amazement  that  there  is  no  discus- 


sion of  French,  Spanish,  Italian,  English,  Ger- 
man,  or   Scandinavian   drama.     A   separate 


article  is  indeed  devoted  to  Ibsen;  but  there 
are  none  on  Moliere,  Corneille,  Metastasio, 
Holberg,  Echegaray,  Hauptmann,  or  Maeter- 
linck. Similarly,  the  article  on  Literature 
deals  with  the  writings  of  Babylonians  and 
Egyptians,  American  Indians  and  Dravidians, 
Chinese,  Brahmins,  and  Parsis;  but  there  is 
no  attempt  to  appreciate  from  the  standpoint 
of  religion  and  ethics  the  great  literatures  of 
European  peoples  in  recent  times.  The  great 
article  on  Education  describes  and  discusses 
everything  within  its  scope  except  the  systems 
of  higher  and  lower  education  in  Europe  and 
America  in  the  last  centuries.  The  prceceptor 
Germanice  is  not  mentioned,  and  there  is  no 
article  on  Melanchthon.  Japanese  marriage  is 
described,  but  not  Chinese. 

Such  perplexing  gaps  are  noticeable  also 
in  the  religious  field.     In  reviewing  the  first  ; 
volume  (THE  DIAL,  Nov.  16,  1909),  the  pres-  j 
ent  writer  expressed  the  hope  that  there  would 
be  more  separate  articles  on  the  leading  gods.  ! 
The  general  plan  does  not  seem  to  have  per- 
mitted this.     By  comparison,  the  goddesses  | 
fare  better.     There  are  articles  on  Cybele,  \ 
Ishtar,     Isis,     Matronae,     Mother-goddesses; 
there   are  none   on   Marduk,   Assur,   Horus,  i 
Chemosh,  or  even  Yahwe.     Originally  there  \ 
seems  to  have  been  a  purpose  to  devote  an  | 
article  to  the  god  of  the  Hebrews.    In  Volume 
VI.  (p.  254)  there  is  a  reference  to  Jahweh 
(the  J  to  be  pronounced  in  German  fashion) 
for  the  occurrence  of  the  name  in  Babylonian 
documents.    Under  the  title  Jahweh  there  is 
only  a  reference  to  Israel,  where  these  docu- 
ments are  not  mentioned,  and  there  is  no  com- 


prehensive discussion  of  the  name.  It  is  in 
vain  to  look  for  Moses,  for  there  is  no  article 
on  this  personage,  scarcely  touched  upon  at 
all  in  the  discussion  of  Israel.  Ancient  Israel 
has  been  strangely  neglected  in  this  encyclo- 
paedia. There  are  no  articles  on  Amos  or 
Hosea,  Isaiah  or  Jeremiah.  One  of  the  great 
masterpieces  of  the  world's  literature,  Job,  is 
nowhere  discussed.  The  Old  Testament,  under 
the  heading  "Bible,"  was  assigned  to  a  distin- 
guished New  Testament  scholar,  Dr.  Sanday, 
who  thinks  it  probable  that  the  nucleus  of  the 
Pentateuch  was  committed  to  writing  by 
Moses,  "whose  figure  must  exceed  that  of  the 
grandest  of  the  later  prophets" ;  he  gives  a 
few  lines  to  these,  mentions  Job,  and  discusses 
at  great  length  questions  of  canonicity  and 
inspiration.  While  every  holy  city  of  India 
seems  to  be  remembered,  Jerusalem  is  for- 
gotten; Bethlehem  and  Hebron  are  not  to 
be  compared  with  Kapilavastu  and  Hardwar. 
One  would  have  been  grateful  for  descrip- 
tions of  Kerbela  and  Kairawan,  along  with 
those  on  Mecca  and  Medina. 

Dr.  W.  T.  Davison  describes  the  "Biblical 
and  Christian  God"  from  the  standpoint  of 
an  almost  unwavering  orthodoxy.  There  are 
a  few  pathetic  touches  of  modernism.  "It  may 
not  lightly  be  taken  for  granted,"  he  says, 
"that  the  God  of  Noah,  of  Abraham,  of  Moses, 
was  identical  in  all  respects  with  the  God  of 
the  Jahwistic  writer  of  850  B.  C.,  or  of  the 
Priestly  Code  after  the  Exile."  The  theolog- 
ical opinions  of  the  mythical  hero  of  the  flood 
are  compared  with  those  of  the  hypothetical 
authors  conjured  up  by  the  reigning  critical 
dynasty!  "If  Matt,  xxviii,  19,  contains  the 
exact  words  of  the  Saviour,"  he  observes,  "He 
did  before  His  ascension  virtually  lay  down 
this  doctrine"  (of  the  Trinity).  Are  we  to 
infer  that,  if  they  are  not,  neither  Jesus  nor 
the  evangelists  knew,  or  thought  it  worth 
while  to  reveal,  the  secret  finally  confided  to 
the  wrangling  bishops  of  Nicaea?  Andrew 
Lang's  spirited  contention  for  the  Australian 
All-Father  (God,  Primitive  and  Savage) 
should  be  compared  with  Soderblom's  more 
balanced  conception  in  Gudstrons  uppkomst 
(Upsala,  1914).  Wiedemann's  description  of 
Amenhotep  IV.  (God,  Egyptian)  is  important, 
as  it  shows  how  little  ground  there  is  for 
regarding  him  as  "the  first  monotheist  in  his- 
tory." 

An  American  theologian,  Dr.  W.  D. 
Mackenzie,  was  entrusted  with  the  article  on 
Jesus  Christ.  It  is  learned,  thoughtful,  and 
well  arranged;  it  presents  the  growth  of 
Christology  in  an  admirable  manner,  and,  in 
spite  of  a  strong  conservative  bias,  manifestly 
seeks  to  meet  modern  criticism  on  its  own 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


581 


ground.  From  the  author's  standpoint,  how- 
ever, this  latter  is  not  an  easy  thing.  Where 
the  fundamental  conceptions  are  so  different 
it  cannot  but  be  extremely  difficult  to  realize 
the  historic  problems  and  to  appreciate  the 
full  force  of  philological  and  exegetical  argu- 
ments. Thaumaturgic  powers,  sinlessness,  a 
Messianic  consciousness  based  on  metaphysical 
uniqueness,  virgin  birth,  resurrection,  and 
ascension  are  readily  assumed  by  one  who  is 
able  to  conceive  of  Jesus  as  a  god  walking  on 
earth  in  order  to  discover  by  personal  exper- 
ience and  "to  taste  what  it  is  to  be  a  man"; 
while  the  scholar  whose  chief  interest  is  to 
find  out,  by  ordinary  historic  methods,  by 
textual  and  literary  criticism,  and  by  retrover- 
sion  of  the  sayings  recorded  in  Greek  into  the 
Aramaic  vernacular  of  Jesus,  what  manner  cf 
man  he  was,  what  were  his  ideas  and  ideals, 
and  what  is  the  moral  value  of  his  contribu- 
tions to  the  life  of  the  race,  as  naturally 
comes  to  take  it  as  a  matter  of  course  that  the 
prophet  of  Nazareth  was  a  human  being,  and 
not  something  else.  When  the  character  of 
the  sources  is  considered,  it  is  no  more  remark- 
able that  "liberal"  interpreters  should  differ 
in  details,  or  even  in  the  general  estimate. 
than  it  is  in  the  case  of  many  other  subjects 
of  historic  investigation.  The  curious  alli- 
ance of  orthodoxy  with  the  ill-founded  scepti- 
cism of  Smith  and  Drews  is  not  likely  to  stop 
the  scientific  quest  for  the  real  Jesus  of  his- 
tory. Writing  on  the  Gospels,  Dr.  Burkitt 
dates  Mark  65-70  A.  D.,  Matthew  80-100  A.  D., 
Luke  100  A.  D.,  and  John  100-110  A.  D.  He 
clearly  shows  what  must  be  thought  concern- 
ing the  historic  worth  of  the  Fourth  Gospel ; 
as  is  common  at  the  present  time,  he  exagger- 
ates the  age  and  significance  of  Mark.  Dr. 
Sanday,  in  his  article  on  the  Bible,  identifies 
the  synoptic  source  sought  by  modern  scholars 
with  the  Matthaean  Logia  of  Papias.  He  does 
not  mention  that  Papias  only  knew  of  an 
Aramaic  work  of  Matthew,  now  lost,  and  that 
many  scholars  have  regarded  a  translation  of 
this  work  as  the  nucleus  of  our  Greek 
Matthew. 

An  instructive  sketch  of  the  sixteen 
branches  of  the  Greek  Orthodox  Church  is 
given  by  Dr.  Troitsky;  it  contains,  however, 
no  description  of  its  leading  theologians  or 
spiritual  life.  There  are  no  articles  on  Barna- 
bas, Hermas,  Ignatius,  Clement  of  Rome, 
Clement  of  Alexandria,  Irenaeus,  or  the 
Apostolic  Fathers  in  general;  although 
Basilides,  Marcion,  and  Montanus  are  remem- 
bered. Dr.  Scott  thinks  it  possible  to  recon- 
struct the  earlier  type  of  Gnosticism,  before 
the  great  systems,  from  our  third  century 
works,  and  regards  the  Hermetic  literature  as 


"our  chief  existing  record  of  pre-Christian 
gnosticism";  while  Dr.  Stock  (writing  on 
Hermes  Trismegistus)  concludes  that  "these 
works  were  composed  between  A.  D.  313  and 
330,"  Dr.  Scott  does  not  mention  the  pagan 
gnosticism  of  the  Mandaeans,  treated  in  a 
masterly  manner  by  Dr.  Brandt.  In  his 
eulogy  of  Luther,  Dr.  Jacobs  glosses  over  both 
the  serious  faults  of  the  great  reformer  and 
his  peculiar  attitude  to  the  canon  of  Scrip- 
ture. Dr.  Orr,  in  his  apologetic  way,  frees 
Calvin  from  all  responsibility  for  the  judicial 
murder  of  Servetus,  and  makes  no  mention 
of  his  attitude  of  Castellio.  Flacius  is  deemed 
more  worthy  of  an  article  than  Melanchthon ; 
his  importance  as  an  exegete  is  overestimated. 
Denck  and  Franck,  like  Castellio,  are  passed 
over  in  silence;  but  there  is  an  article  on 
Enthusiasts,  reminding  one  of  the  Pantheon 
Anabaptisticum,  where  the  heresies  of  some 
of  their  less  clear-headed  friends  are  recorded ; 
and  the  catalogue  is  continued  down  to  date, 
without  omission  of  Mohammed,  who  is 
treated  after  the  manner  of  Marraccio.  Thus 
it  happens  that  Frank  Sanford  and  "Elijah" 
Dowie  are  introduced  where  there  is  no  place 
for  Finney  and  Moody,  Channing,  Beecher, 
and  Phillips  Brooks,  any  more  than  for 
Bourdaloue,  Bossuet,  and  Fenelon,  or 
Lamennais  and  Mazzini.  One  phase  of 
American  theology  is  interestingly  described 
in  Dr.  Warfield's  article  on  Jonathan 
Edwards,  and  a  graceful  tribute  is  paid  to 
Emerson  by  Dr.  J.  M.  E.  Ross,  a  Presbyterian 
minister. 

The  various  aspects  of  Buddhism  are,  as  a 
rule,  presented  with  ample  knowledge  and 
good  judgment;  but  Dr.  Geden's  statement 
(God,  Buddhist)  concerning  Gautama  that 
"in  all  probability  he  himself  shared  the 
ordinary  views  of  his  contemporaries  as 
regards  the  being  and  nature  of  God"  is  a 
sheer  assumption,  without  any  foundation  in 
our  oldest  sources,  and  contrary  to  the  general 
tenor  of  his  teaching.  Dr.  Margoliouth  's  treat- 
ment of  Mohammed  is  characterized  by  great 
learning,  keen  criticism,  and  an  almost  total 
lack  of  sympathy.  He  proceeds  on  "the 
theory  that  Islam  is  primarily  a  political 
adventure,"  and  maintains  that  "it  is  impos- 
sible to  find  any  doctrine  which  he  is  not  pre- 
pared to  abandon  in  order  to  secure  a  political 
end," — even  "the  unity  of  God  and  his  claim 
to  the  title  of  Prophet."  On  a  fairer  inter- 
pretation, the  instances  which  Dr.  Margoli- 
outh probably  has  in  mind  do  not  bear  out 
this  charge,  and  may  even  be  cited  as  evi- 
dences of  Mohammed's  sincerity.  Unfortu- 
nately, we  know  much  less  of  the  "warner"  of 
Mecca  than  of  the  civil  and  religious  ruler 


582 


THE    DIAL 


of  Medina ;  but  what  we  know  does  not  war- 
rant our  questioning  a  genuine  spiritual 
experience  and  high  moral  aims  in  the  earlier 
period,  however  we  may  regret  the  many 
errors  of  his  later  life.  Without  a  recogni- 
tion of  this  the  religion  he  founded  cannot  be 
understood.  Dr.  Margoliouth 's  conception 
of  the  Harranians  is  noteworthy,  if  not 
altogether  free  from  objections.  Dr.  Weir's 
reference  to  the  "Christian  Sabians"  (Moham- 
medanism) is  inexplicable.  Dr.  Farnell's 
description  of  Greek  Religion  is  a  model  of 
its  kind. 

As  regards  Logos,  Dr.  Inge 's  statement  that 
"the  authors  of  the  Septuagint  use  it  to  trans- 
late the  Hebrew  Memra"  is  wrong  and  mis- 
leading ;  the  Memra  of  the  Aramaic  Targums 
is  not  found  in  the  Hebrew  Bible,  and  the 
Greek  version  does  not  show  the  slightest  trace 
of  the  Logos  speculation.  Dr.  Gilbert  thinks 
that  the  importance  of  the  Kingdom  of  God 
in  the  thought  of  Jesus  can  be  gauged  by  the 
comparatively  rare  occurrence  of  the  term  in 
the  so-called  Logia  or  Q,  where  it  is  found 
only  eight  times  against  seventeen  in  Matthew. 
Can  the  nai've  faith  in  a  purely  hypothetical 
document,  made  in  Germany  the  other  day, 
go  further  than  this?  Discoursing  on  the 
important  topic  of  Immortality,  Dr.  Mellone 
leaves  out  as  irrelevant  the  inquiry  as  to  the 
origin  and  development  of  the  idea,  steers 
clear  of  spirit-rappings  as  well  as  resurrec- 
tions, does  not  trouble  himself  about  the  souls 
of  Pithecanthropus  erectus,  his  ancestors,  or 
his  descendants  in  the  embryonic  state, 
rejects  conditional  immortality,  is  not  satisfied 
with  posthumous  influence,  ignores  hell,  and 
declares  in  favor  of  an  eternal  developing  and 
perfecting  of  every  human  personality. 

Typographical  errors  are  extremely  rare  in 
these  new  volumes.  "Xousares"  should  be 
"Dousares"  (Vol.  VI.,  p.  421)  ;  the  Mandaic 
word  for  Sunday  is  correctly  given  in  Syriac 
letters, but  wrongly  transliterated  (Vol.  VIII., 
p.  389).  In  the  case  of  "Jahillya"  for 
"Jahiliya,"  the  worst  is  not  the  spelling; 
Fallaize  has  misunderstood  Robertson  Smith 's 
translation  of  a  passage  from  the  Kitab  al 
Aghani.  "Jahiliya"  is  not  a  place-name,  it 
means  "ignorance,"  and  refers  to  the  period 
before  Mohammed.  The  Mohammedan  era 
still  continues  to  be  employed  in  various  arti- 
cles, often  without  reduction  of  the  dates; 
writers  on  Roman  history  have  ceased  dating 
events  ab  urbe  condita. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  a  general  index  to  the 
complete  work  will  be  added,  like  that  in  "  The 
Encyclopaedia  Britannica, "  as  there  is  no  ade- 
quate system  of  cross-references. 


A  somewhat  careful  reading  of  these  seven 
volumes,  each  of  which  contains  about  a  mil- 
lion words,  has  left  upon  the  mind  of  the 
reviewer  two  strong  impressions.  It  is  a 
treasury  of  well  sifted  information  for  which 
every  student  must  be  grateful.  In  it  Chris- 
tianity is  presented  side  by  side  with  the  other 
religions,  and  religion  is  placed  in  its  larger 
social  setting.  On  the  other  hand,  the  apolo- 
getic manner  in  which  topics  related  to 
Christianity  are  treated  contrasts  painfully 
with  the  scientific  spirit  characteristic  of 
practically  all  other  departments  of  the  great 

wor  '  NATHANIEL  SCHMIDT. 


AN  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY  GALLANT.* 


In  rewarming  the  old  fires  of  an  eighteenth 
century  romance  Mrs.  Webster  has  contrived 
to  avoid  that  archness  of  manner  which  ladies 
who  re-edit  court  memoirs  so  generally 
assume.  There  is  not  a  snigger  in  the  volume. 
This,  in  itself,  is  an  achievement.  Indeed  she 
describes  the  celebrated  affair  of  the  Cheva- 
lier de  Boufflers  and  the  Comtesse  de  Sabran 
with  sympathy,  dignity,  and  perhaps  a  certain 
solemnity.  With  no  gusto  whatever  for 
scandalous  anecdote,  she  explains  patiently  to 
her  not  too  erudite  readers  conditions  in  the 
French  court  which  must  strike  them  as 
strangely  different  from  the  home  life  of  the 
late  Queen  Victoria.  Her  book  makes  no 
claims  as  to  original  research  or  historical 
discovery.  Rather  it  is  a  compilation  from 
various  sources  of  much  that  pertains  to  the 
famous  Chevalier  de  Boufflers  and  his  grande 
passion,  arranged  in  a  coherent  and  readable 
fashion  so  that  even  the  most  insular  Briton 
derives  from  its  perusal  a  more  sympathetic 
understanding  of  the  men  and  women  of  the 
times  of  Louis  Sixteenth  and  the  French 
Revolution. 

Mrs.  Webster  is  less  successful  in  attempt- 
ing to  paint  the  highly  colored  background 
of  the  period  than  in  her  delineation  of  the 
two  principal  characters.  The  Chevalier  de 
Boufflers  and  the  Comtesse  de  Sabran  are 
made  real  to  us  through  the  medium  of  their 
own  correspondence,  an  extraordinary  corre- 
spondence covering  many  years  and  all  the 
emotions  of  humanity,  ranging  from  the  light- 
est gossip  and  airiest  philosophy  to  tumul- 
tuous outpourings  and  passionate  reproaches, 
—  singularly  human,  wholly  free  from  the 
pedantry  or  artificiality  one  sometimes  expects 
in  eighteenth  century  letters.  Their  authors 
write  with  perfect  simplicity,  freshness,  and 

*  THE  CHEVALIER  DE  BOUFFLERS.  By  Nesta  H.  Webster. 
New  York:  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $4. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


583 


charm,  all  the  ease  of  the  great  world,  all 
the  frankness  of  great  souls,  and  with  a  keen 
delight  in  their  own  facility  at  epigram  and 
vivid  description.  Mrs.  Webster  has  been 
wise  to  quote  copiously  from  their  letters.  On 
the  other  hand,  her  translations  are  not 
always  happy  and  one  wishes  that  she  had 
appended  the  originals  more  consistently.  It 
is  not  easy  to  render  in  English  the  grace  of 
de  Boufflers's:  "Les  vrais  plaisirs  n'ont  pas 
d  'age :  ils  ressemblent  aux  anges,  qui  sont  des 
enfants  eternels";  or  the  Comtesse's:  "Ce 
qu'il  y  a  de  plus  a  desirer,  c'est  d'etre  bien 
trompe  jusqu'a  son  dernier  jour."  One 
wishes,  too,  that  more  of  the  delightful  and 
often  improper  songs  of  the  Chevalier  had 
been  included  in  this  book,  songs  which,  as 
Chamfort  said  to  him, 

Sont  cites  par  toute  la  France; 

On  salt  par  cour  ces  riens  charmants 

Que  tu  produis  avec  aisanee. 

He  inherited  this  gift  of  easy,  graceful 
versification  from  his  mother,  the  delightful 
Madame  de  Boufflers,  who  ruled  the  easy 
court  at  Luneville.  She  was  a  charming  lady, 
as  famous  for  her  wit  as  her  inconstancy,  and 
her  son  may  have  learned  from  her  the  art 
of  conversation,  as  well  as  of  versifying. 

II  faut  dire  en  deux  mots 

Ce  qu'on  veut  dire; 

Les  longs  propos 

Sont  sots. 

The  brilliant  and  worldly  son  of  a  brilliant 
and  worldly  mother,  de  Boufflers  was  destined 
for  the  Church.  While  at  the  seminary,  he 
delighted  the  fashionable  world  with  the  pub- 
lication of  "Aline,  Heine  de  Golconde,"  a 
story  which  had  an  extraordinary  vogue  at 
the  time,  and  which  resulted  in  his  giving  up 
the  career  of  an  abbe,  an  event  which  he  cel- 
ebrated in  the  following  lines: 
J'ai  quitte  ma  soutane 

Malgre  tous  mes  parents; 
Je  veux  que  Dieu  me  damne 

Si  jamais  je  la  prends. 
Eh!  rnais  oui  da, 

Comment  peut-on  trouver  du  mal  a  caf 
Eh!  mais  oui  da, 

Se  fera  pretre  qui  voudra. 

Henceforward  he  wandered  through 
Europe,  a  poet,  an  artist,  adored  by  Voltaire 
and  man}-  ladies,  a  soldier  and  a  courtier.  He 
was  of  a  curiously  frank  turn,  and  indeed 
was  little  suited  to  diplomacy  or  the  obse- 
quious knee-service  of  the  court.  He  once 
wrote:  "II  n'y  a  que  Dieu  qui  ait  un  assez 
grand  fonds  de  gaiete  pour  ne  pas  s'ennuyer 
de  tous  les  hommages  qu'on  lui  rend."  He 
was,  however,  one  of  the  most  popular  men 
of  his  time ;  his  extraordinary  wit  and  gaiety, 
his  originality  and  charm  made  him  in 


demand  everywhere,  while  his  natural  good 
taste  never  let  him  become  merely  the  buffoon. 
Famous  for  his  gallantries,  he  was  in  no  sense 
a  cold  voluptuary  or  a  cynical  seducteur. 
The  Prince  de  Ligne  said  of  him  that  the 
foundation  of  his  character  was  "une  ~bonte 
sans  mesure,"  and  perhaps  so  many  ladies 
loved  him  for  the  simple  reason  that  he  was 
very  lovable.  With  all  his  intellectual  power, 
personal  charm,  and  position  at  court,  de 
Boufflers  never  achieved  high  place  or  per- 
manent accomplishment.  He  was  indeed 
Governor  of  Senegal,  where  he  worked  nobly 
for  the  amelioration  of  the  lot  of  the  wretched 
natives,  slaves  and  free,  and  he  was  prominent 
as  G  member  of  the  States-General  which  ush- 
ered in  the  Revolution  where  he  labored 
with  enthusiasm  and  devotion,  to  no  effect 
whatever. 

To  most  people  the  central  fact  of  his  life 
was  his  long  love  affair  with  the  Comtesse  de 
Sabran.  When  he  met  her  first  she  was  the 
young  widow  of  the  old,  heroic  Comte  de 
Sabran,  famous  for  many  gallant  exploits,  the 
best  known  of  which  was  his  glorious  fight 
of  the  "Centaure"  against  four  English  men 
of  war,  a  fight  of  seven  hours  duration,  which 
was  only  concluded  when  "with  broken  masts 
and  torn  sails,  and  with  eleven  bullet-wounds 
in  his  own  body, —  his  ammunition  exhausted, 
and  the  last  cannon  —  charged  with  his  silver 
plate,"  he  struck  his  flag.  At  sixty-nine  the 
old  sailor  married  Eleonore  de  Jean,  a  girl 
of  nineteen,  a  girl  so  candid,  innocent,  and 
lovely  that  the  cynical  court  of  Louis  XV. 
delighted  to  honor  her  with  the  title  of  "Fleur 

,  des  Champs."  After  the  death  of  the  old 
Comte  de  Sabran,  the  young  widow,  one  of 
the  great  ladies  of  France,  was  courted  by 
many,  but  her  one  lover  was  de  Boufflers. 
In  spite  of  his  inconstancy  and  inconsistency, 
she  never  wavered  in  her  devotion,  and  in 
his  fashion  he  loved  her  very  truly.  Lovers 
for  almost  twenty  years,  they  were  not  mar- 
ried until,  in  the  wreckage  of  the  Revolution, 
the  scruples  which  prevented  the  penniless 
Chevalier  from  taking  such  a  step  were 
washed  away,  and  in  their  old  age  their 
troubled,  passionate  careers  subsided  sweetly 
and  happily  into  love  in  a  cottage.  Their 
lives  covered  the  reigns  of  two  kings,  the 
French  Revolution,  the  Directory,  and  the- 
age  of  Napoleon.  Their  letters  express  the 
reactions  of  those  vivid  days  on  intense,  sin- 
cere, and  brilliant  minds.  Their  lives  are 
well  worth  study.  Mrs.  Webster  is  to  be 
thanked  for  presenting  them  for  the  first 
time  to  English  readers  in  such  a  thorough 

i  and  sympathetic  way. 

RICHARD  E.  DANIELSON. 


584 


THE    DIAL 


[December  28 


THE  IS"EW  SPIRIT.* 


Professor  Perry  has  written  a  book  of 
essays  which  looks  squarely  toward  the 
future,  and  the  best  of  them  are  the  ones  in 
which  he  explains  why  as  an  independent 
civilian  and  a  thoughtful  American  he  has 
become  a  convert  to  the  doctrine  of  universal 
service. 

Three  years  ago  such  a  book  as  this  was 
not  in  evidence;  our  thinking  has  become 
quickened  since  then.  "Ordeal  by  Battle," 
a  stirring  volume  by  Mr.  F.  S.  Oliver,  the 
disciple  and  friend  of  Lord  Roberts,  served 
as  spur  to  many.  But  this  vigorous  and 
uncompromising  appeal  somehow  seemed  too 
completely  based  on  one  particular  factor — 
that  of  German  aggressiveness — and  too  fatal- 
istic in  its  conception  of  an  eternity  of 
Spartan  preparedness  against  the  danger  of 
once  more  being  thus  caught  unawares.  Pro- 
fessor Perry  is  more  moderate.  His  imme- 
diate impetus  to  write  seems  to  have  come 
from  his  attendance  at  one  of  the  first  Platts- 
burg  training  camps.  The  spirit  of  the 
camps,  the  utter  weariness  of  marching  and 
fighting  under  pack  followed  by  glorious 
moments  of  unrestrained  repose,  the  subjec- 
tion of  unessential  idiosyncrasies  to  a  common 
purpose,  the  daily  dedication  of  the  work,  its 
drudgery  as  well  as  its  interest,  in  the  salute 
to  the  flag  at  retreat, —  all  this  he  has  suc- 
ceeded in  expressing  simply  and  with  real 
penetration  in  an  essay  modestly  entitled 
"The  Impressions  of  a  Plattsburg  Recruit." 

And  in  the  main  his  argument  is  the  one 
that  is  current  there :  "the  right  to  vote 
implies  the  duty  to  serve,"-  -  an  opinion 
which  is  probably  concurred  in  no  more 
heartily  by  the  Plattsburg  "rookies,"  who 
enjoy  their  service,  than  by  the  Mexican 
militiamen  who  do  n  't  enjoy  theirs.  Professor 
Perry  is  a  firm  believer  in  the  right  to  call 
upon  all  available  force  in  the  defence  of 
national  as  well  as  individual  ideals. 

He  who  takes  up  arms  must  enter  the  service  of 
peace.  This  is  not  a  mere  paradox  or  the  echo  of 
a  prevailing  sentiment,  but  honest  downright  morals. 
Universalism  must  take  precedence  of  nationalism 
on  the  same  ground  that  entitles  nationalism  to  take 
precedence  of  individualism.  Nationalism  is  a 
higher  principle  of  action  than  individualism  by  all 
the  other  individuals  of  whom  it  takes  account.  A 
nation  is  not  a  mystical  entity  other  than  you  and 
me,  but  it  is  more  than  you  or  me  inasmuch  as  it 
is  both  of  us  and  still  more  besides.  Similarly, 
humanity  is  more  than  nationality,  not  because  it 
is  different,  but  because  it  is  bigger  and  more  per- 
manent. 

*  THE  FREE  MAN  AND  THE  SOLDIER.  Essays  on  the  Recon- 
ciliation  of  Liberty  and  Discipline.  By  Ralph  Barton  Perry, 
Professor  of  Philosophy  in  Harvard  University.  New  York : 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.40. 


And  the  solution  for  any  national  aggres- 
sive tendencies  connected  with  national  arm- 
ament he  finds  in  "The  Tolerance  of  Nations/' 
which  is  akin  to  the  tolerance  of  religions: 
"Peace  itself  has  to  be  redeemed,  and  that 
which  alone  will  save  it  will  be  an  eager 
championship  of  differing  national  ideals,  a 
generous  rivalry  in  well-doing,  the  athlete's 
love  of  a  strong  opponent,  and  the  positive 
relish  for  diverse  equality."  There  is  a 
refreshing  absence  of  "America  First"  in  his 
advocacy  of  the  whole  proposal. 

But  what  makes  one  doubtful  of  Professor 
Perry 's  universalism  is  his  handy  assumption 
that  nations  have  a  unity  like  that  of  individ- 
uals. They  tend  to  acquire  one  in  time  of 
war,  and  they  will  tend  to  remain  so  possessed 
after  war.  But  to  agree  upon  the  existence 
of  a  national  culture,  whether  legitimate  and 
respectful  of  the  rights  of  others  or  not,  and 
to  classify  and  limit  the  individual's  activities 
by  his  relation  to  that  culture,  smacks  of  the 
mediaeval  church's  dealings  with  science. 
This  war  provides  an  instance:  the  "Pac- 
ifists" who  oppose  it  in  Germany  are 
applauded  here;  the  lukewarm  or  critical 
"Pacifists"  in  England  are  condemned.  And 
yet  the  attitude  and  motives  of  Ramsey 
Macdonald  and  Dr.  Liebknecht  are  probably 
as  nearly  alike  as  those  of  any  two  human 
beings. 

A  situation  which  develops  such  a  paradox 
cannot  be  the  solution  of  the  national-inter- 
national problem.  Peace  must  come  from 
within  the  individual,  from  the  encourage- 
ment of  his  willingness  to  play  fair  and  at 
the  same  time  to  esteem  whatever  is  best  in 
another's  nation.  Such  an  attitude  is  not 
opposed  to  caution,  but  it  is  a  shift  from  the 
suspicion-basis  of  modern  statecraft.  It  rec- 
ognizes the  necessity  of  giving  the  fullest 
decision  to  untrammelled  individual  opinion 
as  the  only  antidote  to  the  oft  repeated  phe- 
nomenon of  a  national  stampede.  And  for 
this,  despite  his  insistence  upon  the  impor- 
tance of  educating  the  freeman-soldier,  Pro- 
fessor Perry's  "reconciliation  of  liberty  and 
discipline"  must  prove  inadequate.  For,  as 
he  says : 

If  a  man's  conscience  is  offended,  so  much  the 
worse  for  his  conscience.  What  he  needs  is  a  new 
conscience  which  will  teach  him  to  keep  the  faith 
with  his  fellows  until  such  time  as  their  common 
understanding  and  their  controlling  policy  shall  have 
been  modified.  The  man  who  refuses  to  obey  the 
law  or  play  the  game  because  he  has  been  outvoted  is 
more  likely  to  be  afflicted  with  peevishness  or  egotism 
than  exalted  by  heroism. 

It  would  be  unfair  to  believe  that  Professor 
Perry's  inspiring  experiences  at  Plattsburg 
have  influenced  his  philosophic  plea.  But 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


585 


perhaps  the  elan  of  such  voluntary  service 
may  have  caused  him  to  forget  that  much  of 
its  peculiar  sanctity  would  be  lost  if  it  were 
to  become  a  matter  of  compulsory  routine  in 
every  man 's  life, —  simply  a  certificate  of  his 
physical  fitness.  There  is  no  call  for  gilding 
over  an  additional  burden  by  dwelling  on  its 
incidental  advantages.  Universal  service  may 
be  a  military  necessity ;  if  it  is,  let  us  have  it 
with  as  little  delay  and  friction  as  possible. 
But  we  should  adopt  it  on  that  ground  alone. 
There  is  no  reason  for  yielding  to  our  instinct, 
a  guileless  offshoot  of  Puritanism,  and  once 
more  making  a  necessity  out  of  what  is  now 
at  any  rate  something  of  a  virtue. 

GRAHAM  ALOIS. 


THE  ACTIVITIES  OF  TKAI>E  UNIONS.* 


So  far  as  it  goes,  Professor  Groat's  "Intro- 
duction to  the  Study  of  Organized  Labor  in 
America"  is  an  admirable  book.  But  there 
will  lurk  in  the  reader's  mind  a  suspicion 
that  the  time  and  material  have  to  a  large 
extent  been  wasted,  not  on  account  of  failure 
to  accomplish  the  task  set,  but  because  of 
the  nature  of  the  task  itself. 

No  one  deprecates  more  than  the  reviewer 
the  ostentatious  display  of  bibliographical 
apparatus,  customary  in  books  of  this  kind. 
Professor  Groat  decided  to  keep  his  pages  free 
from  the  interruptions  of  references,  although 
in  "cases  where  the  authorities  could  be 
definitely  stated,  they  are  named  in  the  body 
of  the  text.'-  This  is  unobjectionable,  the 
author  says,  for  the  reasons  that  the  material 
is  not  so  new  that  critics  will  wish  to  verify 
it,  and  the  sources  are  so  widely  scattered  as 
not  to  be  readily  available.  The  validity  of 
both  these  reasons  may  be  doubted,  and  the 
result  will  not  be  entirely  satisfactory  either 
to  the  general  reader  or  to  the  student  who 
has  not  the  assistance  of  an  instructor's  lec- 
tures ;  for  general  statements  are  made  con- 
cerning many  important  matters,  and  if  the 
sources  are  mentioned  it  is  with  an  ofttimes 
apparently  nonchalant  indifference  to  chapter 
and  verse.  It  follows  that  those  interested  — 
and  Professor  Groat  undoubtedly  hopes  that 
his  readers  will  not  stop  with  this  "Introduc- 
tion •• —  can  only  achieve  further  information 
after  a  considerable  search.  The  reader  is 
only  irritated,  for  example,  to  be  told  that  a 
certain  definition  of  a  boycott  was  given  by 
Justice  Blank  of  a  state  court,  and  not  be 
able  to  have  the  case  reference  to  ascertain 

*  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  STUDY  OF  ORGANIZED  LABOR  IN 
AMERICA.  By  George  Gorham  Groat,  Ph.D.  New  York: 
Macmillan  Co.  $1.75. 


the  nature  of  the  opinion.  And  the  scant 
list  of  authorities  which  are  mentioned  very 
generally  in  the  preface  by  no  means  does 
justice  to  an  immense  amount  of  important 
literature  which  is  now  being  intensively 
explored,  largely  by  the  Economics  Seminary 
of  the  Johns  Hopkins  University. 

Practically  all  the  present-day  trade  union 
problems  are  to  some  extent  covered  by  Pro- 
fessor Groat's  discussion.  He  first  furnishes 
a  slight  background  for  the  modern  organiza- 
tions by  considering  wage  theories  and  the 
development  of  industrial  conditions.  After 
a  survey  of  the  structure  of  the  unions  and 
their  government,  he  passes  to  the  problem  of 
collective  bargaining,  and  then  takes  up  the 
strike,  arbitration,  the  boycott,  the  closed 
shop,  and  trade  agreements.  Separate  sec- 
tions deal  with  the  political  activities  of 
unions  and  revolutionary  industrialism. 

All  this  is  preeminently  descriptive,  and 
so  completely  and  accurately  done  that  the 
volume  will  probably  supplant  previous  ones 
in  text-book  availability  and  value  for  the 
general  reader.  The  material  it  contains  is 
more  than  that  necessary  for  a  mere  intro- 
duction; and  the  treatment,  while  clear  and 
concise,  is  by  no  means  elementary.  Natur- 
ally enough,  the  author  is  a  believer  in  union- 
ism, and  approves  many  of  the  union  methods 
and  demands  in  the  struggle  with  capital; 
but  his  bias  is  nowhere  pronounced,  and  both 
sides  of  the  questions  are  always  presented. 

But  as  an  interpretative  piece  of  work  the 
book  is  a  failure, —  and  this  is  the  second 
reason  why,  in  the  opinion  of  the  reviewer, 
the  time  and  material  have  perhaps  been 
wasted.  Possibly  Professor  Groat's  purpose 
was  simply  to  describe  the  fairly  obvious; 
yet  there  are  some  fundamental  questions 
which  must  be  answered  before  the  labor 
movement  can  be  understood.  What  is  the 
economic  and  ethical  philosophy  of  the  trade 
unionist  ?  What  code  of  ethics  can  sanction, 
for  example,  the  insistence  of  the  railway 
brotherhoods  that  their  demands  be  met,  with 
their  programme  of  a  national  strike  as  the 
alternative?  Is  it  right,  furthermore,  for 
innocent  employers  to  be  injured  by  a  sym- 
pathetic strike  to  enforce  the  claims  of  union- 
ists whose  employers  are  not  innocent?  And 
there  are  many  questions  of  a  similar  nature 
which  arise  in  a  discussion  of  such  revolu- 
tionary movements  as  syndicalism  and  sabot- 
age. 

The  treatment  of  these  questions  is  of  the 
briefest.  By  this  criticism  it  is  not  meant 
that  a  single  author  can  within  the  limits  of 
an  "Introduction"  give  full  discussions  of 


586 


THE    DIAL 


[December  28 


these  ethical  problems;  but  it  does  not  seem 
too  much  to  ask  that  the  problems  be 
indicated  and  a  few  of  the  varying  views  set 
forth,  so  that  the  reader  may  know  by  what 
norms,  if  any,  the  successful  struggle  of  the 
labor  class  may  be  justified. 

LINDSAY  ROGERS. 


KECENT  FICTION.* 


American  writers  have  always  done  well 
with  short-stories.  Irving,  Hawthorne,  and 
Poe  wrote  famous  short-stories  at  a  time  when 
few  in  our  country  were  successful  in  their 
effort  to  write  long  ones,  and  since  then  the 
short-story  has  been  one  of  the  established 
forms  of  fiction.  It  is  certainly  one  of  the 
most  popular  forms,  if  we  may  judge  from 
the  great  number  of  periodicals  which  seem  to 
depend  mainly  on  the  magnet  of  brief  fiction. 
Supplying  the  demand  has  become  a  trade 
which  anyone  can  learn,  according  to  the 
advertisements  of  the  trade  schools  of  the 
craft.  Not  many  of  the  innumerable  short- 
stories  written,  however,  are  preserved  to 
posterity,  indeed  few  ever  appear  in  the  solid 
form  of  the  bound  volume.  There  is  no  com- 
parison between  the  number  of  novels  pub- 
lished and  the  number  of  collections  of 
short-stories.  Publishers  are  likely  to  decline 
the  latter  without  thanks.  People  hesitate 
before  picking  up  a  collection  unless  it  is  by 
somebody  well  known.  There  seems  to  be  a 
feeling  that  they  are  well  enough  in  magazines 
or  newspapers,  but  that  they  are  rather 
ephemeral.  Mr.  Bliss  Perry  some  time  ago 
said,  "Here  is  a  form  of  literature  easy  to 
write  and  easy  to  read."  However  it  may  be 
with  the  writing  of  really  good  short-stories, 
it  is  generally  easier  to  read  a  short  story 
than  a  part  of  a  long  one,  which  is  probably 
the  reason  for  the  great  number  of  story- 
magazines. 

In  spite  of  all  this,  there  are  still  many  fine 
short-stories,  and  great  reputations  have  been 
founded  on  them.  Kipling  and  Conan  Doyle 
would  stand  much  where  they  stand  now  had 
they  never  written  novels.  The  talent  of 
0.  Henry  found  ample  scope  in  the  briefer 
form,  and  the  great  reputation  of  the  late 
Jack  London  was  made  chiefly  by  his  short- 
stories.  Most  of  our  writers  of  fiction  at  the 
present  day,  however,  are  best  known  by  their 
novels.  Such  is  the  case  with  Mrs.  Edith 
Wharton.  Following  the  realistic  tradition, 

*  XINGU,  and  Other  Stories.  By  Edith  Wharton.  New 
York:  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.35. 

SHORT  STORIES  FROM  LIFE.  With  an  Introduction  by 
Thomas  L.  Masson.  New  York :  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co. 
$1.25. 


—  if  we  have  in  mind  Henry  James  and  Guy 
de  Maupassant,  who  were,  I  suppose,  the  chief 
influences  of  the  nineties  in  the  particular 
form  of  art  which  interested  her, —  she  often 
puts  her  impressions  of  life  into  short-stories 
or  even  sketches  of  character.  But  she  is  at 
her  best  in  her  novels.  She  has  the  grasp  of 
fact  and  the  power  of  imagination  and  the 
sense  of  art  that  sometimes  contrive  to  make 
the  reading  of  a  novel  a  memorable  expe- 
rience. We  have  in  "Xingu"  a  number  of 
stories  which  were  mostly  written,  it  would 
seem,  before  her  work  in  France ;  at  least  they 
show  little  effect  of  what  has  been  a  remark- 
able period  in  her  life.  Two  of  the  stories  — 
one  of  them  the  best  of  the  collection  —  are 
French  in  subject,  but  the  others  are  views 
of  the  world  which  Mrs.  Wharton 's  readers 
already  know.  Situations  in  the  individual 
life,  developments  or  contrasts  of  character, 
ironic  phases,  are  recounted  in  a  slow  natural 
way,  with  all  the  implications  and  suggestions 
of  life  itself.  "Xingu,"  the  story  that  gives 
its  name  to  the  collection,  is  a  lighter  bit  and 
very  amusing,  though  on  a  subject  hardly 
worth  Mrs.  Wharton 's  attention.  The  false 
culture  of  the  ladies'  library  club  is  to  our 
generation  one  of  the  conventional  sources  of 
humor,  somewhat  as  the  goat  who  ate  tomato- 
cans  and  the  man  who  put  up  stove-pipes  used 
to  be  in  the  last  generation.  There  are 
undoubtedly  women  who  run  after  literary 
notabilities,  who  carry  around  volumes  of 
"Appropriate  Allusions,"  who  quote  literary 
opinions  or  catchwords  without  much  idea  of 
their  meaning,  who  really  care  more  for  social 
amusement  than  for  literature;  but  even  if 
there  are,  it  seems  hardly  worth  while  to  say 
so  again  unless  one  says  it  exceedingly  well. 
Aside  from  this  (somewhat  priggish)  consid- 
eration, "Xingu"  is  certainly  most  amusing. 
The  best  in  the  collection,  however,  is  "Com- 
ing Home,"  a  story  of  the  war  where  Mrs. 
Wharton  uses  her  skill  in  something  she 
clearly  thought  (and  rightly)  well  worth 
doing. 

"Short  Stories  from  Life"  comes  in  con- 
veniently for  one  who  is  interested  in  getting 
an  idea  of  what  short-story  writers  nowadays 
are  trying  to  do.  If  our  other  collection 
offered  fair  examples  of  literature,  this  col- 
lection might  show  the  general  run  of  the 
short-story  as  it  appears  in  the  periodical  of 
to-day.  It  does  not  do  exactly  that  because 
the  stories  in  the  collection  are  all  pretty 
short.  "Life,"  it  appears,  was  interested  in 
knowing  how  short  a  story  could  be,  and 
therefore  opened  a  competition  with  terms 
which  should  encourage  the  extreme  of 
brevity.  This  was  managed  by  the  ingenious 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


587 


device  of  paying  for  the  stories  that  were  pub- 
lished at  the  rate  of  ten  cents  for  every  word 
less  than  fifteen  hundred — paying,  one  might 
say,  for  what  was  left  out  instead  of  for  what 
was  there.  That,  of  course,  set  a  standard  of 
extreme  shortness;  none  of  Mrs.  Wharton's 
stories  would  have  brought  a  cent  in  the 
competition. 

It  would  be  hard  to  say  offhand  just  how 
good  or  bad  these  stories  are.  To  read  the 
book  through  is  like  trying-  to  dine  on  nine 
cocktails,  eighteen  hors  d'aeuvres,  eighteen 
pieces  of  cheese,  eighteen  liqueurs,  nine  demi- 
tasses,  and  nine  cigarettes,  making  eighty-one 
courses  in  all,  which  is  too  long  even  for  a 
Chinese  banquet.  Or  if  not  too  long,  it  is 
long  enough  to  spoil  any  delicacy  of  taste.  It 
would  take  eighty-one  hours  to  criticize  it 
fairly.  Fortunately  the  Introduction  by  the 
managing  editor  of  "Life''  suggests  some  sort 
of  criterion.  Mr.  Masson  says  that  "a  short- 
story  must  be  a  picture  out  of  real  life  which 
gives  the  reader  a  definite  sensation."  One 
may  doubt  this  very  seriously;  many  good 
stories  are  really  stories  and  not  pictures  at 
all.  In  writing  of  the  technique  of  the  short- 
story,  however,  Mr.  Masson  says  that  its  wprds 
should  not  suggest  "the  fatal  thought  that 
the  author  is  dependent  upon  others  for  his 
phrasing.  When,  for  example,  we  read  'With 
a  glad  cry  she  threw  her  arms  about  him'  'A 
hoarse  shout  went  up  from  the  vast  throng' 
'He  flicked  the  ashes,'  we  know  at  once  that 
the  author  is  dealing  only  in  echoes."  This 
is  interesting,  partly  because  one  of  these  test- 
phrases  occurs  (in  a  slightly  different  form, 
"flicking  the  ash")  in  the  story  which  gained 
the  second  prize.  It  would  be  a  foolish 
attempt  at  smartness  to  ask  what  must  be  the 
case  with  the  others  when  the  next  to  the  best 
was  at  fault  in  so  fatal  a  manner.  Perhaps 
one  would  not  agree  that  the  test-phrases  are 
perfectly  reliable.  Whether  they  are  or  not, 
the  general  idea  is  of  course  right,  as  well  as 
that  about  the  short-story  coming  out  of  real 
life.  We  feel  that  originality  of  seeing  and 
writing  is  more  likely  to  result  in  something 
good  than  the  use  of  old,  even  well-tried 
material ;  we  want  something  that  a  man  sees 
for  himself  and  tells  for  himself,  not  some- 
thing that  is  but  an  echo  of  what  may  be  read 
better  elsewhere.  These  stories  from  "Life" 
do  not  stand  that  test  so  well  as  Mrs. 
Wharton's.  I  must  confess  that  the  story 
about  the  ladies'  club  talking  about  Xingu 
has  some  echoes  in  it,  but  in  the  main  Mrs. 
Wharton  is  interested  in  things  she  has 
observed  for  herself,  or  heard  of,  in  the  great 
procession  of  life  as  it  goes  by. 


The  authors  of  the  stories  from  "I^ife" 
often  tell  us  of  matters  which  I  do  not  believe 
came  direct  from  real  life.  Take  the  story 
which  gained  the  first  prize.  It  is  the  tale  of 
a  German  commander  of  a  submarine  engaged 
to  an  American  girl,  who,  after  he  has  been 
highly  praised  for  sinking  a  great  ocean  liner, 
finds  that  his  fiancee  was  on  board.  Possibly 
that  is  a  "picture  out  of  real  life";  it  may 
not  be  "dealing  in  echoes";  but  I  have  my 
doubts.  It  seems  to  me  rather  a  case  con- 
structed to  illustrate  the  somewhat  common- 
place idea  of  a  certain  irony  in  life  or  a  cer- 
tain poetic  justice  or  something  of  the  sort. 
Many  of  the  tales  are  more  like  the  real  thing. 
The  story  which  seems  to  me  to  smack  most 
of  real  life  is  one  called  "The  Old  Grove 
Crossing,"  in  which  a  judge  on  the  bench  and 
a  leader  of  the  bar  amuse  themselves  in  court 
one  day  in  rivalry  in  a  conventional  piece  of 
sentimental  rhodomontade.  One  good  thing 
about  the  story  is  that  the  author  austerely 
hides  from  us  the  fact  (if  it  be  one)  that  they 
both  knew  the  whole  thing  was  conventional. 
That  seems  very  like  life  indeed;  perhaps 
they  thought  they  were  genuine,  perhaps  not. 
Who  can  say?  I  presume  I  have  rather  a 
prejudiced  view  on  this  question  because  I 
sent  a  story  to  this  competition  which  really 
was  a  transcript  of  a  piece  of  life  I  found  in  a 
seventeenth  century  town-record.  Perhaps 
(beside  being  poor  in  other  ways),  it  did  not 
seem  to  the  judges  to  be  a  picture  out  of  real 
life,  although  it  was.  If  it  had  echoes  in  it 
(and  it  certainly  did),  they  were  echoes  of 
the  record.  The  fact  is  that  we  do  not  always 
recognize  real  life  when  we  see  it.  These 
stories  offer  one  a  good  opportunity  for 
amusement  in  testing  the  matter.  Is  Mrs. 
Wharton  really  like  life?  Are  the  seventy- 
two  authors  of  the  eighty-one  stories  ?  If  one 
can  answer  that  question,  one  will  have  a  test 
that  will  enable  one  to  enjoy  much  and  reject 
more  in  the  fiction  of  our  day. 

EDWAKD  E.  HALE. 


XOTES  ox  XKW  FICTIOX. 


It  is  safe  to  say  that  nobody  who  has  read  Booth 
Tarkington's  "Seventeen"'  will  ever  quite  dare  to 
be  seventeen  again.  But  "Penrod  and  Sam," 
its  successor,  though  quite  as  jolly,  has  exactly  the 
contrary  effect  of  making  the  reader  long  for  a 
return  of  the  conscienceless,  adventurous  age  of 
ten.  Mr.  Tarkington  is  a  master  of  the  small 
boy's  language  and  temperament;  he  understands 
his  longings  and  his  disgusts  and  his  temporary 
ambitions;  he  has  the  rare  power  of  reduplicating 
intonation  in  print,  which  is  half  the  outfit  of  any 
humorist.  When  Penrod  is  deepest-dyed  in  inward 
guilt,  then  is  he  most  righteous  in  his  own  defence. 


588 


THE    DIAL 


[December  28 


When  found  by  a  parent  in  the  act  of  ransack- 
ing the  bureau  drawers  sacred  to  that  incredible 
creation,  an  older  sister,  he  complains:  "I  just 
want  to  make  sompthing,  mamma.  My  goodness! 
Can't  I  even  want  to  have  a  few  pins  without 
everybody  makin'  such  a  fuss  about  it  you'd  think 
I  was  doin'  a  srime!"  (The  last  monosyllable,  it 
must  be  explained,  was  drawn  from  private  pro- 
nunciation of  journalistic  headlines.)  The  fact 
that  sompthing  happened  to  be  the  "good  ole 
snake"  calculated  to  wreak  havoc  below-stairs,  had 
of  course  nothing  to  do  with  the  case  of  injured 
innocence.  Mr.  Tarkington  has  as  rare  an  inven- 
tive faculty  as  Penrod  —  but  why  pursue  the  sub- 
ject? After  all,  he  is  his  own  best  reviewer,  as 
his  book  is  its  own  best  advertisement.  (Double- 
day,  Page;  $1.35.) 

For  a  charming,  unexciting,  but  realistic  story  of 
ante-bellum  aristocracy  in  Paris  and  the  Midi, 
"Helen,"  by  Arthur  Sherburne  Hardy,  will  prove 
thoroughly  acceptable.  One  must  not  expect  to 
be  entertained  by  the  lurid  and  gaudy  Parisian 
"society"  of  much  modern  fiction  —  fiction  indeed! 
—  but  one  may  meet  here  the  older,  more  truly 
French  aristocracy  of  birth  and  breeding,  whose 
elderly  survivors  do  not  disdain  the  rive  gauche, 
nor  yet  the  rue  du  Bac,  and  whose  younger  off- 
shoot have  approached  the  Etoile.  These  people 
live  quietly,  unassumingly;  but  their  lives  are 
rich  in  associations,  in  friendships,  in  all  that 
really  counts.  It  is  a  circle  in  which  the  grand- 
mother is  more  honored  than  the  debutante.  More 
particularly,  this  story  concerns  a  brother  and 
sister  of  half- American  birth,  and  wholly  European 
breeding,  who  are  suddenly  transplanted  from 
the  exile  of  a  Riviera  villa  to  this  ripening  Paris 
atmosphere  of  which  we  were  speaking.  Helen's 
poise  when  thus  confronted  by  the  "world"  is 
unshaken,  but  she  retains  the  originality  of  thought 
and  of  will  to  do  the  unconventional.  Her  gradual 
adaption  to  life  is  the  ultimate  theme  of  the  story. 
Mr.  Hardy  is  a  writer  who  knows  his  setting  with 
a  rare  completeness;  he  is  rare  in  one  other 
respect  —  that  he  is  not  unwilling  to  spend  time 
and  care  on  his  work.  But  his  people  are  not 
quite  flesh  and  blood ;  they  are  seen  but  dimly, 
like  figures  behind  ground  glass.  (Houghton 
Mifflin;  $1.35.) 

Beulah  Marie  Dix  has  done  so  much  toward 
re-creating  the  atmosphere  of  Puritan  days  that 
perhaps  one  should  not  demand  variety  as  well 
as  verisimilitude  in  her  work.  Certain  it  is  that 
her  new  story,  "Blithe  McBride,"  is  much  of  a 
piece  with  her  previous  tales  from  "Soldier 
Rigdale"  on.  Its  heroine  is  a  child  brought  up 
among  the  thieves  of  Crocker's  Lane,  London,  who 
escapes  to  the  "plantations,"  hoping  as  a  bond- 
servant there  to  lead  at  least  a  decent,  honest 
life.  But  she  falls  into  the  hands  of  some  godly 
folk  from  Massachusetts,  who  introduce  her  to  a 
new  life  that  brings  something  of  both  good  and 
ill  and  a  great  deal  of  that  all-essential  element 
in  the  life  of  any  veritable  heroine  of  fiction  — 
adventure.  This  includes,  of  necessity,  some  time 
spent  as  a  captive  with  the  "tawnies."  "Blithe 
McBride"  is  a  story  for  children  in  their  teens  or 


for  grownups  who  have  not  lost  their  appreciation 
of  the  simple  and  the  sentimental  in  story-telling. 
(Macmillan;  $1.25.) 

Long  ago,  when  the  "Strand"  was  bringing  out 
"The  Hound  of  the  Baskervilles"  and  one  was  put 
upon  a  very  uncertain  sense  of  honor  not  to  read 
thereof,  second  only  to  the  stolen  charms  of  that 
masterpiece  were  the  delights  of  E.  Nesbit's  chil- 
dren's stories,  which  were  printed  a  few  pages 
beyond.  A  new  novel  from  her  pen,  "The  Incred- 
ible Honeymoon,"  shows  that  she  has  lost  none 
of  her  gift  for  story-telling,  nor  the  singular  power 
to  make  improbable  things  seem  real.  Thus  when 
her  hero  Edward  Basingstoke  buys  a  bulldog 
named  Charles,  sets  forth  to  see  England  on  foot 
and,  falling  over  a  garden  wall,  meets  and  elopes 
with  its  unhappy  proprietress,  one  accepts  the 
facts  just  as  one  accepted  all  the  author's  delight- 
ful statements  in  more  credulous  days  —  and  one 
enjoys  the  story  to  the  top  of  one's  bent.  Edward 
and  Katharine  —  and  Charles  —  after  a  mock  mar- 
riage held  to  satisfy  a  trio  of  pursuing  aunts,  set 
forth  to  seek  adventures  throughout  the  length  and 
breadth  of  England.  Unfortunately  they  seek  it 
in  the  well-travelled  parts,  thus  allying  the  book 
somewhat  too  closely  with  the  Williamson  type  of 
guidebook  novel.  But  all  the  same  one  may  enjoy 
the  story  for  itself,  as  a  well-written,  unpreten- 
tious, and  most  readable  tale.  (Harper;  $1.30.) 

Some  dozen  dusty  long-forgotten  objects  in  a 
dusty  all-but-forgotten  museum  of  Naples  inspired 
the  same  number  of  stories  by  Marjorie  Bowen,  an 
historical  romancer  of  no  slight  experience.  In 
her  "Shadows  of  Yesterday"  she  recounts  adven- 
tures in  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  century  Italy 
and  England,  using  her  material  with  a  fair  degree 
of  skill  and  of  knowledge  of  the  times.  Her  sub- 
jects are  apt  to  be  a  bit  gloomy,  dealing  with 
degeneracy,  sudden  death,  and  love  unrequited; 
but  she  can  be  moving  as  well  as  startling,  as  her 
"Petronilla"  proves;  and  she  does  at  times  show 
a  strain  of  grim  humor  as  in  "The  Town  Lady," 
which  even  at  its  grimmest  is  relatively  mirth- 
provoking.  It  is  amusing,  if  one  is  of  an  inquir- 
ing turn,  to  translate  these  tales  of  lust  and 
murder  into  modern  terms ;  the  process  will  serve 
to  remind  the  reader  of  the  relative  availability  of 
the  period  for  the  production  of  sensational  fic- 
tion. Not  that  Miss  Bowen  is  not  within  her 
rights.  Far  be  it  from  us  to  assert  that  she  had 
not  just  ground  for  her  fancies;  the  Visconti  and 
their  kind  were  undoubtedly  somewhat  further 
removed  from  civilized  standards  of  conduct 
than  —  shall  we  say,  a  certain  more  northern  suc- 
cessor in  vandalism?  But  time  exaggerates,  in 
the  same  degree  that  distance  enchants;  and  from 
the  material  of  yesterday  as  well  as  from  that 
of  to-day,  one  may  choose.  Miss  Bowen  has 
chosen  the  side  that  appealed  to  her,  and  she  has 
presented  it,  admittedly,  remarkably  well.  (Dut- 
ton;  $1.50.) 

Those  unfortunate  individuals  who  have  not 
read  Stephen  Leacock  should  lose  no  time  in 
doing  so,  though  it  must  be  recorded  that  his 
latest  volume,  "Further  Foolishness"  has  not  all 
the  richness  of  flavor  which  made  his  "Nonsense 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


589 


Novels"  and  "Moonbeams  from  the  Larger 
Lunacy"  humorous  classics.  The  trouble  with 
many  American  humorists  who  manipulate  so 
dexterously  is  that  they  do  not  know  enough  to  ! 
be  funny  beyond  the  degree  of  the  slap-stick.  ; 
They  are  innocent  of  wit.  Mr.  Leacock,  however, 
knows  whereof  he  writes,  and  there  is  that  subtle 
quality  in  his  work  without  which  nonsense 
becomes  no  sense.  The  present  volume  is  timely 
in  its  subject  matter.  There  is  a  description  of 
Germany  from  within  out;  there  is  a  most  sig- 
nificant little  bit  entitled  "In  Merry  Mexico," 
which  advances  the  only  plausible  explanation  of 
the  present  state  of  affairs;  there  is  also  one 
precious  bit  of  intimate  contemporary  portraiture 
entitled:  "The  White  House  from  Without  In." 
(Lane;  $1.25.) 

The  theme  of  Mr.  Horace  Annesley  Vachell's 
latest  book,  "The  Triumph  of  Tim"  (Doran, 
$1.40),  concerns  the  development  of  a  young  par- 
agon brought  up  in  the  best  English  traditions, 
who  is  driven  from  home  by  a  scandal,  and  grows 
to  the  stature  of  a  man  through  a  whole  Odyssey 
of  adventures,  only  to  come  back  at  last  to  the 
old  traditions,  a  completely  fashioned  character. 
A  moral  current  sweeps  him  through  many  varie- 
ties of  wild  and  bitter  experience,  to  a  haven 
foreordained.  This  hero  has  a  talent  for  every- 
thing he  takes  up,  without  any  well-defined  bent. 
He  is  golden-haired,  he  is  athletic,  he  is  affable, 
he  is  the  soul  of  honor.  But  with  all  this  he 
remains  pleasantly  diffused,  like  a  real  person- 
ality. The  scene  changes  from  rural  England  to 
a  sailing-vessel  rounding  the  Horn,  wanders 
through  California,  then  shifts  abruptly  to  Con- 
carneau,  where  Tim  finds  his  metier  and  all  but 
finds  his  long-lost  love.  All  these  scenes  are  han- 
dled with  an  effect  of  competence  and  familiarity, 
and  are  made  more  than  episodic  by  the  moral 
progression  they  accompany.  It  is,  in  the  older 
meaning  of  the  term,  a  fine  and  conscientious 
novel. 

The  legend  upon  the  wrapper  of  "In  the 
Garden  of  Delight,"  by  L.  H.  Hammond  (Crowell; 
$1.),  challenges  comparison  with  James  Lane 
Allen's  "Kentucky  Cardinal," — a  just  but  daring 
proceeding.  For  the  little  book,  though  full  of 
quiet  charm,  just  misses  the  elfin  poetry  and 
enchanting  style  of  its  prototype.  It  has  much 
to  say  about  birds,  trees,  and  skies,  and  one  feels 
that  the  author  has  true  sensibility  to  nature. 
There  is  a  certain  fragility  in  the  plot,  but  then 
a  book  of  this  kind  does  very  well  without  a 
scenario.  The  narrator,  from  an  invalid  chair, 
watehes  the  foreordained  mating  of  two  amiable 
young  persons,  and  that  is  the  whole  story.  There 
is  a  slightly  obvious  sentimentality  in  the  title 
which  also  leaves  its  trail  across  many  of  the 
pages.  It  is,  however,  a  thoroughly  wholesome 
sentimentality,  which  makes  the  book  peculiarly 
suitable  to  give  away  for  Christmas.  One  imagines 
quiet  and  friendly  families  reading  it  aloud  with 
much  pleasure.  It  is  a  pleasant  little  book,  but 
it  is  not  a  second  "Kentucky  Cardinal." 


BRIEFS  ox 


BOOKS. 


Mexico  and  "What's  the  Matter  with  Mexico?" 

adm^frotion.  is  the  title  of  Caspar  Whitney's 
latest  book.  (Macmillan;  50  cts.) 
It  is  only  a  rhetorical  question  to  introduce  his 
answer  in  the  latest  addition  to  "Our  National 
Problems."  The  substance  of  his  answer  has 
already  appeared  in  the  "Outlook,"  and  the  recast 
material  exhibits  becoming  restraint,  except  where 
he  has  to  express  bis  opinion  of  the  Wilson-Bryan 
policy.  He  seems  biassed  in  favor  of  the  Gringo, 
not  to  mention  the  promoter,  rather  than  against 
the  native,  but  his  vigorous  championship  of  the 
former  often  betrays  him  into  an  unsympathetic 
attitude.  He  attempts  a  brief  historical  introduc- 
tion that  is  neither  clear  nor  accurate.  According 
to  his  analysis,  Mexico  suffers  principally  from  the 
revolutionary  habit;  but  this,  he  points  out,  is 
individual  rather  than  popular  in  impulse.  The 
great  bulk  of  the  people  are  placidly  disposed  but 
irresolute,  easily  led,  and  attracted  by  momentary 
trifles.  This  is  only  what  we  should  expect  of 
a  conglomerate  mass  of  people,  sixty  per  cent 
of  whom  are  of  native  descent,  and  half  as  many 
more  of  mixed  blood.  One  may  question  the 
accuracy  of  his  figures  without  doubting  their 
essential  truth,  and  note  with  satisfaction  that 
among  the  more  cultured  upper  tenth  he  does 
recognize  a  "few  high-minded,  loyal  Mexicans." 
He  would  initiate  improvement  by  the  establish- 
ment of  a  firm  government,  and  follow  this  by 
an  honest  and  just  policy  toward  the  lower  classes. 
No  one  will  quarrel  with  this  as  a  general  principle, 
but  Mr.  Whitney  evidently  would  judge  indul- 
gently any  form  of  government  that  promised 
reasonable  stability.  Therefore  he  would  strip 
revolt  of  all  high-flown  phrases,  disregard  all  pre- 
tense in  favor  of  agrarian  or  political  rights,  and 
depend  upon  the  slow  processes  of  education  to 
effect  any  essential  improvement  in  general  condi- 
tions. Once  more  he  may  be  right  in  his  main 
purpose,  but  he  does  not  indicate  how  this  is  to 
be  accomplished  with  a  high-spirited,  sensitive 
people.  For  this  reason  his  chapters  recounting 
the  effects  wrought  in  Mexico  by  the  foreigner 
are  more  convincing.  Of  those  effects  up  to  1910 
and  of  the  subsequent  ruin  wrought  by  revolution, 
we  are  reasonably  certain,  and  he  gives  brief 
sketches  of  many  who  figured  in  both  movements. 
But  he  does  not  clearly  show  us  the  way  out  of 
the  present  welter  of  blood  and  pillage;  nor  does 
he  convince  us  that  the  policy  of  the  present 
administration  has  been  wholly  injudicious. 


Mr.  Arnold  Genthe  has  given  us  a 

The  book  of  «         3t._u 

the  dance.  wondrous   volume   ot   aesthetic   sig- 

nificance in  "The  Book  of  the 
Dance"  (Mitchell  Kennerley;  $6.).  An  introduc- 
tion by  Mr.  Shaemas  O'Sheel  heralds  the  fact  that 
the  long-lost  art  of  dancing  has  within  the  last 
few  years  been  reborn  through  the  medium  of  a 
few  devoted  artists  who,  preparing  separately 
through  long  periods  without  a  common  plan,  have 
appeared  as  it  were  in  a  company  —  artists  like 


590 


THE    DIAL 


[December  28 


Isadora  Duncan,  Maud  Allan,  Ruth  St.  Denis,  and 
Pavlowa.  Mr.  O'Sheel  knows  the  inner  meaning 
of  true  dancing,  for  he  says  of  Isadora  Duncan: 
"She  is  a  seer  and  a  prophet,  fulfilled  of  under- 
standing and  wisdom.  The  deep  disease  of  the 
soul,  its  wasting,  anemic  illness  since  it  ate  of  the 
weeds  of  prudery  and  went  wandering  on  the 
hard  roads  of  materialism,  is  known  to  her,  and 
she  has  a  great  pity;  and  with  devoted  effort, 
through  consecrating  trials  of  toil  and  rejection, 
she  has  fitted  herself  to  be  a  physician  of  the 
spirit."  But  the  chief  interest  of  the  volume  lies 
in  what  follows  Mr.  O'SheePs  expressive  intro- 
duction. Here  Mr.  Genthe  has  given  us  ninety  or 
more  exquisite  f  photographs,  some  in  colors, 
which  record,  as  he  puts  it,  "something  of  the 
fugitive  charm  of  rhythmic  motion,  significant 
gesture,  and  brilliant  color  which  the  dance  has 
once  more  brought  into  our  lives."  "The  Book 
of  the  Dance"  is  much  more  than  a  thing  of 
aesthetic  beauty:  it  contains  a  gospel  for  strug- 
gling, cramped,  inarticulate  souls  who  long  for 
freedom  and  expression.  Many  have  already 
found  the  means  of  losing  self  in  the  infinite 
through  rhythmic  motion  to  music.  This  is  the 
glad  message  the  book  brings  —  and  blessed  are 
they  who  find  the  book  and  hear  the  call. 


,         The  Lowell  Institute  lectures  for  the 

A  century  of  ... 

social  life  in  present  year  were  delivered  by  the 
England.  Reverend  F.  J.  Foakes  Jackson, 

until  recently  dean  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge, 
but  now  of  the  faculty  of  Union  Theological 
Seminary.  The  lectures,  eight  in  number,  have 
since  been  published  under  the  title  "Social  Life 
in  England,  1750-1850"  (Macmillan,  $1.50).  It 
was  to  be  expected  that  a  professed  Socialist 
would  select  a  subject  along  the  line  of  his  chief 
interest;  but  in  carrying  out  his  plan  the  author 
has  carefully  avoided  all  controversial  matters  and 
has  given  a  series  of  discussions  that  are  sym- 
pathetic as  well  as  critical.  Professor  Jackson 
draws  his  information  largely  from  literary 
sources,  each  lecture  being  based  on  some  impor- 
tant literary  work  or  series  of  works.  He  views 
the  eighteenth  century  through  the  Journals  of 
Wesley  and  the  poems  of  Crabbe.  The  early 
nineteenth  is  seen  through  Cobbold's  novel 
"Margaret  Catchpole"  and  the  "Creevy  Papers." 
The  early  Victorian  period  is  described  from  the 
writings  of  Dickens  and  Thackeray.  Gunning's 
"Reminiscences  of  Cambridge"  is  used  to  illus- 
trate English  university  life,  and  the  novels  of 
Surtees  and  Trollope  serve  the  same  purpose  for 
sport  and  rural  life.  The  lectures  are  highly 
interesting  and  make  delightful  reading;  but  they 
are  somewhat  uneven  in  quality  and  the  main  pur- 
pose of  the  series  seems  to  be  lost  sight  of  at 
times.  Perhaps  the  most  satisfactory  is  the  lec- 
ture on  Wesley  and  his  age,  in  which  the  author 
succeeds  in  sketching  both  the  great  preacher  and 
his  environment.  The  lectures  on  Crabbe  and 
"Margaret  Catchpole"  are  not  so  well  done;  the 
literary  background  is  traced  with  some  care,  but 
the  description  of  Suffolk  life  leaves  a  rather 
blurred  impression.  The  account  of  the  matri- 


monial tangle  of  George  IV.  seems  hardly  worth 
while,  but  the  lectures  on  social  abuses  in  the  days 
of  Dickens  and  the  struggle  of  Becky  Sharp  and 
her  class  for  social  recognition  are  very  suggestive 
and  enlightening.  It  is  a  strange  society  that 
Professor  Jackson  depicts:  it  was  narrow,  self- 
satisfied,  and  wanting  in  refinement;  it  had  many 
unlovely  traits,  but  it  was  also  strong  and  resource- 
ful, for  it  produced  a  series  of  social  movements 
that  have  revolutionized  English  life.  And  in 
discussing  the  changes  that  have  come  over  both 
country  and  town,  the  author  does  not  fail  to 
point  out  that  there  was  much  that  was  good  and 
delightful  in  the  English  past. 


Truth  finds  One.  scarcely    wonders    that    that 

atimid  fascinatingly    important    character 

champion.  who    wrote    «The    ^^^    ^^    ^ 

Theatre"  (Stewart  &  Kidd,  $1.)  here  modestly 
described  as  "one  of  the  best  known  theatrical 
men  in  New  York"  (why  the  shrinking  depreca- 
tion of  "one  of  the"?),  should  hide  his  identity 
in  this  provocative  fashion.  How  naive  the  con- 
fessions—  even  to  the  glaring  admission  that  the 
author  is  an  embittered  old  man  of  forty !  After 
a  lifetime  devoted  to  uncovering  the  dark  mys- 
teries of  New  York  City,  it  is  no  wonder  that  this 
blighted  and  disillusioned  figure  should  come  at 
the  end  of  his  life  to  the  confessional.  As  Tolstoy 
would  say  (egad!) :  "I  cannot  keep  silent."  And 
yet  there  is  perhaps  some  happiness  for  this  old 
gentleman  in  his  few  declining  years,  for  he 
blithely  says:  "I  return  —  back  [note  the  happy 
use  of  the  expressive  word"back"j  to  my  old 
home  city,  back  to  its  joy  of  old  friends  and  to 
the  delight  of  its  happier,  more  genuine  life  and 
living."  In  New  York,  wolfish  and  relentless, 
"girlish  innocence  and  sweetness"  are  quickly 
replaced  by  "a  hardness  that  only  one  other  kind 
of  experience  that  I  know  of  will  set  on  the  coun- 
tenance of  a  young  girl."  Which  is  only  in  line 
with  the  blunt  saying  that  "theatrical  Broadway 
knows  chastity  only  to  prey  upon  it  if  it  can." 
It  is  deplorable,  of  course,  that  the  producing 
managers  demand  "good  looks,  good  figure,  good 
proportions  and  that  mysterious,  indefinable  some- 
thing that  is  called  'personality'  "  —  indeed  that 
they  prefer  these  things  to  "intelligence  and 
mental  training";  but  managers  will  be  managers. 
And  New  York  is  no  worse  than  the  rest  of  the 
country,  one  surmises.  However,  it  is  scarcely 
worth  the  bother  to  catalogue  the  well-known  sins 
of  the  New  York  theatrical  world;  since  the 
charges  are  generally  true  of  any  large  center  in 
the  United  States,  or  England,  or  Europe,  for 
that  matter.  Favoritism,  corruption,  commercial- 
ism, "star-dom,"  syndicates,  the  philosophy  of 
giving  the  public  something  much  lower  than  they 
will  patronize  and  pretending  to  give  just  "what 
the  public  wants," — there  is  a  remedy  for  these 
things,  for  America;  and  that  is  the  problem  which 
our  modest  author  shirks.  When  our  dramatists 
measure  up  to  European  standards  of  excellence; 
when  our  public  declines  to  accept,  without 
protest,  what  it  is  offered  in  the  theatre,  there  will 
be  no  excuse  for  anonymous  confessions. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


591 


New  needs  are  continually  calling 

The  science  of         .    ,  .   ,  ,          J  „  ,       ,  ° 

advertising.  m<x)  existence  new  orders  ot  books, 
"lest  one  good  order  should  corrupt 
the  world."  The  business  of  advertising  has 
recently  been  illuminated  by  the  publication  of 
several  careful  psychological  studies,  the  most 
recent  of  which,  "Advertising  and  Its  Mental 
Laws,"  by  Henry  Foster  Adams,  instructor  in 
psychology  in  the  University  of  Michigan 
(Macmillan;  $1.50),  summarizes  much  of  value  in 
the  others  and  adds  a  great  deal  of  new  material, 
the  result  largely  of  extensive  laboratory  investiga- 
tions among  students.  The  book  teems  with  infor- 
mation and  practical  suggestions  for  the  scientific 
advertiser,  while  at  the  same  time  it  has  its  attrac- 
tion for  the  psychologist  on  account  of  the  thor- 
oughly sound  method  revealed  in  almost  all  the 
investigation.  The  effects  of  advertising  in  reduc- 
ing the  selling  cost,  the  volume  of  advertising  in 
the  country,  the  discussion  of  the  relative  value 
of  mediums,  the  citation  from  W.  D.  Scott's 
"Advertising  and  Selling"  with  reference  to  the 
relative  merits  of  "Standard"  magazines  or 
"Flats,"  and  especially  those  parts  of  the  chapters 
on  Association  and  Fusions  (the  author's  original 
contribution)  which  handle  so  adequately  the  com- 
plex and  important  questions  of  strategic  position 
on  the  page  and  size  and  frequency  of  advertise- 
ment,—  all  these  will  advance  the  science  of  the 
subject.  On  the  other  hand,  the  admirable  exposi- 
tion of  statistical  method  and  the  chapters  on 
Attention  and  Memory,  as  well  as  the  data  con- 
cerning sex-differences  in  so  many  kinds  of  reac- 
tions, will  prove  good  study  for  the  psychologist. 
Of  course  many  of  the  conclusions,  which,  to  do 
the  author  justice,  he  does  not  regard  as  very 
conclusive,  are  open  to  the  common  objection  to 
laboratory  experiments.  The  chapter  on  Statis- 
tical Method  does  not  recognize  the  fact  that  cer- 
tain commodities  are  essentially  more  attractive 
than  other  commodities,  and  that  students  have 
preferences  irrespective  of  the  attractiveness  or 
scientific  placing  of  advertisements,  which  might 
change  in  an  inscrutable  way  the  results  obtained. 


Those  of  us  who  read  "  The  Hibbert 

Mr.  Jack's  T  ,„    ,  .,          ,.^         .      -r 

new  volume.  Journal  because  its  editor  is  Mr. 
L.  P.  Jacks  will  need  to  add  to  our 
library  shelves  his  latest  collection  of  short  stories, 
"Philosophers  in  Trouble"  (Holt;  $1.25).  The 
public  at  large  will  not  be  interested  in  the  book, 
and  need  not  be.  One  must  already  be  addicted 
to  Mr.  Jacks's  work  to  care  for  these  stories.  Two 
of  them  are  printed  for  the  first  time:  the  other 
four  are  from  "Cornhill,"  "Blackwood's,"  "The 
Hibbert  Journal,"  and  "The  Atlantic  Monthly," 
and  are  ephemera  admirable  as  periodical  liter- 
ature but  hardly  worth  gathering  into  a  book.  For 
after  the  subtle  artistry  and  out-of-doors  manhood 
one  felt  in  every  line  of  "Mad  Shepherds,"  "Phil- 
osophers in  Trouble"  is  disappointing.  The 
"trouble"  into  which  the  various  philosophers  fall 
arises  always  from  the  conflict  between  thought 
and  conduct,  between  school  theories  and  practical 
actions.  Camelius  in  the  story  called  "Not  Con- 
vincing"; the  psychologist  among  the  Saints  who 


tries  a  variety  of  religious  experiences  with  hand 
on  wrist  and  eye  on  the  clock;  the  casuists  who 
allow  Count  Zeppelin,  fallen  from  one  of  his 
airships,  to  drown  in  a  British  duck-pond  rather 
than  sacrifice  principle  and  rescue  him ; —  all  are 
engaged  in  the  diverting  pastime  of  squaring  the 
human  circle, —  in  other  words,  reconciling  dogmas 
with  deeds.  But  the  characters-  speak  only  their 
parts,  and  the  author-manager  rather  rudely 
thrusts  them  through  their  allotted  lines  and  off 
stage,  so  that  the  philosophical  problems  which 
they  solve  seem  less  significant  than  if  faced  by 
real  men  and  women. 


The  eternal          Under  the  title,  "French  Perspec- 
heartof  tives"    (Houghton   Mififlin;   $1.25), 

Miss  Elizabeth  Shepley  Sergeant 
has  collected  a  dozen  ^essays  which  reveal  an 
intimate  acquaintance  with  France  such  as  has 
been  granted  to  few  Americans.  She  makes  her 
debut  as  an  inmate  of  a  cosmopolitan  sanitarium, 
which,  she  broadly  bints,  is  about  as  much  the 
real  France  as  the  one  most  foreigners  think  they 
have  learned  to  know  in  the  hotels  near  the 
Boulevards.  From  this  Babylon  she  enters  a  quiet 
little  pension  de  famille  (accent  distinctly  on 
famille),  where  she  gets  her  first  idea  of  the  real 
bulwark  of  France,  the  "professional  conscience." 
There  follow  glimpses  of  Parisian  working  girls, 
with  whose  lives  Miss  Sergeant  became  familiar 
through  her  interest  in  social  betterment.  Every- 
where she  finds  "pride  in  the  job  well  done,"  com- 
bined with  a  spirit  of  independence  sprung  from 
calm  resignation  to  hardship  that  must  be.  In 
somewhat  lighter  vein  is  the  sketch  of  the  pre- 
Dreyfus-affair-bookseller  Achille,  whose  ideals 
were  formed  before  that  unfortunate  officer's  trial 
Had  revolutionized  literature.  In  the  eyes  of  M. 
Achille,  the  jeunes  gens  d'aujourd'hui  are  raving 
with  a  fury  anything  but  divine.  Miss  Sergeant 
is  at  pains  to  present  us  to  one  set  of  these 
methodless  madmen,  the  Unanimiste  poets.  Other 
chapters  take  us  to  the  provinces  for  an  introduc- 
tion to  a  rustic  poet  of  the  Felibrigian  brotherhood 
or  to  a  village  cure.  Or  again  we  are  invited  to 
one  of  the  Entretiens  d'Ete  in  the  old  monastery 
on  the  borders  of  Champagne  and  Burgundy  which 
M.  Desjardins  put  at  the  disposal  of  modern 
seekers  after  truth.  Delightful  essays  these,  spark- 
ling with  humor  and  conveying  many  a  gentle  hint 
to  Americans  who  have  presumed  to  sit  in  judg- 
ment on  France  that  they  are  after  all  terriblement 
jeunes.  "Mme.  Langeais  liked  to  tell,  for  the 
benefit  of  young  America,  the  story  of  an  elderly 
count  who,  when  his  son  kissed  before  the  com- 
pany the  bride  whom  he  had  brought  for  the  first 
time  to  the  family  lunch-table,  said  in  cold  reproof: 
'My  son,  I  beg  you  to  come  down  to-morrow 
tout  embrasses — already  kissed.'  "  Miss  Sergeant 
says  she  has  collected  the  essays  in  book  form 
with  the  intention  of  showing  that  the  France  we 
all  admire  to-day  is  not  a  phoenix  risen  from  the 
ashes  of  the  past,  but  a  France  "living  through 
these  bitter  years  on  the  strength  of  her  ancient 
everyday  virtues."  She  has  succeeded  admirably. 


592 


THE    DIAL 


[December  28 


The  psychology      The  .™T   °*   °ur   P^chic    nature 
Of  Wit.  associated  with  the  name  of  Freud 

has  found  its  way  into  popular  rec- 
ognition in  the  tecnique  of  psycho-analysis;  and 
psycho-analysis  is  the  art  of  relieving  nervous 
disabilities  by  unearthing  the  hidden  mainsprings 
of  conflict  which  are  responsible  for  instability. 
The  sane  and  happy  life  is  the  adjusted  life,  in 
which  the  powers  are  exercised  freely  and  fully 
and  with  a  reaction  of  pleasure,  defended  by  a 
temperamental  optimism.  Such  a  view,  in  the 
hands  of  Freud  and  his  followers,  lays  bare  the 
mechanisms  of  adjustment,  and  sets  forth  the 
complicated  array  of  forces  which  strive  for  hap- 
piness; and  among  these  the  saving  sense  of 
humor  holds  a  high  place.  More  particularly  it 
unearths  the  system  of  defences  laid  well  down 
in  subconscious  foundations,  by  which  are  warded 
off  all  menaces  of  content.  Over-restraints  and 
resistances  imposed  by  the  stringencies  of  exis- 
tence —  the  contrasts  between  what  life  brings  and 
what  is  desired  —  carry  the  peril  of  breakdown 
as  well  as  of  unhappiness.  Fun  leavens  the  mass. 
It  is  not  so  well  understood  that  Freudian  inter- 
pretations have  extended  to  many  of  the  side-paths 
of  the  mental  machinery,  and  there  aimed  at  an 
interpretation  of  human  nature  in  its  less  stren- 
uous and  less  official  moments.  Of  these  the  most 
engaging  is  the  analysis  of  Wit,  which  Dr.  Freud 
presents  under  the  title,  "Wit  and  its  Relation  to 
the  Unconscious"  (Moffat,  Yard  &  Co;  $1.25), 
now  available  in  a  translation  by  Dr.  A.  A.  Brill. 
The  problems  are  these :  Why  are  things  amusing  ? 
What  are  the  varieties  of  wit?  What  is  the 
nature  of  the  relief  which  wit  affords?  What 
mechanisms  does  wit  employ?  The  central  con- 
clusions reached  are  that  many  of  the  mechanisms 
used  by  the  subconscious  in  its  "nervous"  struggles, 
appearing  again  in  the  dramatic  transformation 
of  dreams,  are  also  at  work  in  wit;  dream  pro- 
cesses and  wit  processes  are  similar.  For  the 
justification  of  the  thesis  the  reader  must  be 
referred  to  the  rather  prolix  analysis  of  the  text; 
and  this  not  without  misgivings,  for  the  argument 
is  not  easy  to  follow,  and  by  that  token  still  less 
easy  to  summarize.  But  the  reader  will  carry 
away  the  valuable  impression  that  underlying  wit, 
farce,  humor,  the  comic,  the  nai've,  the  ridiculous, 
and  the  silly,  even  the  sacrilegious  and  the  obscene, 
there  is  a  play  of  mental  forces,  and  the  reflex 
of  personal  and  social  esteem,  that  is  at  once 
interesting  and  important.  The  impression  is  more 
convincing  that  Dr.  Freud  has  seen  the  problem 
correctly,  has  mastered  the  approaches  and  found 
a  key,  and  less  convincing  that  he  has  utilized  to 
the  full  the  elements  of  his  vision  and  the  possibil- 
ities of  his  technique.  What  is  needed  is  not  so 
much  a  translation  as  a  revised  version  of  Freud, 
better  adapted  to  the  apprehending  temperament 
of  the  Anglo-Saxon  mind.  And  then  there  remains 
the  constant  bug-bear  of  sex  allusions,  in  which 
some  see  significant  truth  and  others  irrelevant 
obscenity.  There  is  less  of  it  in  this  volume  than 
in  others,  but  enough  to  disturb  the  perspective. 
The  book  cannot  be  neglected  either  by  those  who 
wish  to  study  Freud  or  by  those  who  wish  to  study 
the  sense  of  humor. 


NOTES  AND 


"Backwater,"  by  Dorothy  M.  Richardson,  the 
second  volume  in  the  trilogy  "Pilgrimage,"  will  be 
published  early  in  January  by  Mr.  Alfred  A. 
Knopf.  The  first  volume,  "Pointed  Roofs,"  has 
just  been  issued. 

Messrs.  Henry  Holt  and  Company  announce, 
for  early  publication,  Miss  Constance  D'Arcy 
MacKay's  "The  Forest  Princess."  This  will  be 
Miss  Mackay's  seventh  book  of  or  about  drama  to 
be  issued  by  the  Holts. 

A  posthumous  novel  by  Theodore  Watts-Dunton, 
"Vesprie  Towers,"  is  announced  for  immediate 
publication  by  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder.  This  title 
;  uggests  that  it  may  have  something  to  do  with  the 
"Luck  of  the  Vespries." 

A  two-volume  edition  entitled  "Visions  and 
Beliefs  in  the  West  of  Ireland"  by  Lady  Gregory, 
which  is  to  be  published  early  in  the  new  year, 
will  bear  the  Putnam  imprint.  The  collection  is 
rich  in  Irish  fancy  and  folk-lore. 

The  January  announcements  of  the  Frederick 
A.  Stokes  Co.  include:  "Brandon  of  the 
Engineers,"  by  Harold  Bindloss;  "The  Flower 
Patch  among  the  Hills,"  by  Flora  Klickmann; 
"The  World's  Minerals,"  by  L.  J.  Spencer. 

Norman  Angell's  forthcoming  volume  entitled 
"The  Citizen  and  Society,"  to  be  published  by 
the  Putnams  in  the  spring  of  1917,  purports  to 
explain  the  principles  of  social  action  which  the 
author  has  previously  applied  chiefly  to  definite 
cases  of  international  politics. 

Of  the  "National  Cyclopedia  of  American 
Biography,"  issued  by  James  T.  White  &  Co., 
Volume  XV.  is  now  ready.  It  contains  over  one 
thousand  biographies  of  notable  men  and  women 
of  our  time,  and  many  portrait  illustrations. 

Dr.  W.  Sanday  has  rewritten  his  Oxford 
University  pamphlet  on  "The  Meaning  of  the  War 
for  Germany  and  Great  Britain,"  which  in  its  new 
dress  is  about  to  be  published  by  the  Oxford 
University  Press.  It  is  to  be  entitled  "In  View 
of  the  End:  A  Retrospect  and  a  Prospect." 

Miss  Ida  M.  Tarbell's  book,  "Making  Men  at 
Ford's,"  is  announced  for  early  spring  publica- 
tion by  the  Funk  &  Wagnalls  Co.  Her  "New 
Ideals  in  Business,"  just  issued  by  the  Macmillan 
Co.,  as  described  in  its  sub-title,  is  "an  account 
of  their  practice  and  their  effects  on  men  and 
profits." 

Mrs.  Richard  Aldington  ("H.  D."),  the  Amer- 
ican wife  of  the  young  English  poet  now  at  the 
front,  is  about  to  revisit  her  native  country. 
Messrs.  Constable  &  Co.,  of  London,  have  just 
issued  her  new  book,  "A  Sea  Garden,"  which  bears 
the  American  imprint  of  the  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 

A  striking  illustration,  especially  so  in  this  time 
of  the  great  war,  of  the  widening  foreign  interest 
felt  in  0.  Henry,  whose  biography  by  Professor 
Smith  is  reviewed  in  this  issue  of  THE  DIAL,  is  the 
news  that  the  "Mercure  de  France"  will  publish 
soon  an  essay  by  Dr.  Archibald  Henderson,  on  the 
life  and  art  of  0.  Henry. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


593 


Professor  William  P.  Trent,  editor  of  a  new 
edition  of  Robinson  Crusoe  for  young  readers, 
recently  published  by  Messrs.  Ginn  &  Co.,  is  now 
at  work  on  a  definitive  edition  of  Defoe's  famous 
work.  The  author  has  devoted  much  time  to 
research  study  on  Defoe  and  his  classic,  and  his 
extensive  notes  will  make  the  forthcoming  edition 
of  great  value  to  all  interested  in  his  subject. 

Laurence  Jerrold,  whose  "France:  Her  People 
and  Her  Spirit"  is  one  of  the  December  publiea- 
tions  of  the  Bobbs-Merrill  Co.,  has  lived  in  Franc* 
for  many  years  as  correspondent  of  the  "London 
Daily  Telegraph."  To  his  work  he  has  brought 
an  intimate  knowledge,  resulting  from  years  of 
investigation  and  observation,  and  the  unbiased 
viewpoint  of  one  not  native  to  the  land  of  which 
he  writes. 

A  memorial  edition  of  Henry  James's  "The 
Portrait  of  a  Lady,"  with  a  photogravure  repro- 
duction of  the  Sargent  portrait  of  Mr.  James  has 
recently  been  issued  by  the  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 
It  is  a  two-volume  edition.  Among  the  art  books 
which  this  house  has  just  published  are  "French 
Etchers  of  the  Second  Empire,"  by  William  A. 
Bradley,  and  "A  Catalogue  of  Arretine  Pottery," 
by  George  H.  Chase. 

At  the  recent  annual  meeting  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Letters,  John  Burroughs, 
dean   of   American   nature-writers,   was   awarded 
the    gold    medal    for    essays    and    belles-lettres. 
Among   those  to   whom   similar  honor  has   been 
accorded  in  former  years  are :  William  Rutherford  ; 
Mead,  for  architecture ;  Augustus  St.  Gaudens,  for  ' 
sculpture;  James  Ford  Rhodes,  for  history;    and 
William  Dean  Ho  wells,  for  fiction. 

Among   the   many    war   books    announced    for 
early   publication   by   English   houses,   two   stand   | 
out  prominent:  "At  the  War,"  by  Lord  North-  ! 
cliffe,  issued  on  behalf  of  the  British  Red  Cross;  j 
and  "My  Country,"  including  the  article  by  the  j 
Queen   of  Rumania   published   in   "The   Times." 
The  Queen's  book  is  issued  in  the  aid  of  the  Red 
Cross  in  Rumania.    Messrs.  Hodder  &  Stroughton 
stand  sponsor  for  these  two  volumes. 

An  unusual  book  soon  to  be  published  by  the  | 
Houghton  Mifflin   Co.  is  by  Robert  S.  Peabody 
entitled  "Hospital  Sketches."    It  will  consist  of  a 
series  of  drawings  made  by  the  author  during  his 
convalescence  in  a  hospital.    The  drawings  are  of 
imaginary  typical  scenes  abroad.     Facing  each  is  • 
a  page  of  appropriate  text  selected  from  some 
well-known    English   author,   in   either   prose   or  j 
verse,  with  an  introduction  explaining  the  plan  and 
purpose  of  the  book. 

"Inside  the  German  Empire,"  by  Herbert  B. 
Swope,  of  the  New  York  "World,"  which  is  soon 
to  be  published  by  the  Century  Co.,  embodies  the  : 
author's  observations  during  his  recent  trip 
through  Germany.  His  book  is  said  to  portray 
the  "inner  workings  of  the  most  completely  organ- 
ized society  in  the  world,  and  to  show  what  it  is 
that  has  made  of  seventy  million  men,  women,  and 
children  a  great  battling  force,  whose  vanguard 
is  the  German  Army,  but  whose  strength,  courage, 
endurance,  and  confidence  spring  from  all  the 
people,  irrespective  of  age,  position,  or  sex." 


Public  Sales  in  New  York 

of  important 

Art  and  Literary  Collections 

Are  held  almost  dally  from  October  to 
June  in  large  and  handsome  Exhibition 
Gallaries.  Correspondence  la  invited 
with  owners,  executors,  and  librarians. 

Halsey  Print  Collection 

In  November  the  American  Portraits  and 
Views  from  the  magnificent  Print  Collection 
of  Mr.  Frederic  R.  Halsey  of  New  York  were 
sold  in  The  Anderson  Galleries  for  $54,157.50 
and  the  Sporting  Prints  for  $39,371.00.  The 
French  Engravings  of  the  Eighteenth  Century 
were  sold  in  December  for  $114,531.00.  The 
English  Stipple  Engravings  will  be  sold  in  five 
evening  sessions  beginning  January  8th  and  the 
Eighteenth  Century  Mezzotints  in  five  evening 
sessions  beginning  February  5th.  The  Modern 
Etchings  will  be  sold  February  23-27,  the  Prints 
of  the  French  Revolution  on  March  14-15,  and 
the  Old  Masters  on  March  26-28.  The  dates  of 
other  sales  will  be  announced  later.  This  is  the 
largest  and  most  important  Collection  of  Prints 
ever  sold  in  the  United  States  and  contains  rari- 
ties almost  unknown  to  American  collectors. 
Illustrated  Catalogues,  $1  each.  Advance  sub- 
scriptions for  the  entire  issue  (ten  catalogues 
at  least)  will  be  received  at  $6.  It  is  important 
for  Print  Collectors  to  send  their  orders  at  once, 
as  the  issues  are  limited. 

Other  Important  Sales 

Jan.  2-5,  the  Library  of  Dr.  Russell  W.  Moore 
of  New  York.  Jan.  8-9,  the  Library  of  John  J. 
Sullivan  of  Long  Island  City.  Jan.  18-19,  Rare 
Books  from  the  Libraries  of  J.  L.  Clawson  of 
Buffalo  and  Stanley  K.  Wilson  of  Philadelphia. 
Jan.  22-23,  a  remarkable  Collection  of  Chinese 
Porcelains  and  Dr.  Arnold  Genthe's  very  fine 
Collection  of  Japanese  Prints.  Jan.  24-25,  an 
extraordinary  Collection  of  Americana  from  the 
finest  private  library  in  the  world,  that  of  Henry 
E.  Huntington,  including  the  principal  part  of 
the  famous  Christie-Miller  Library  which  was 
bought  for  Mr.  Huntington  in  London  for 
$350.000.  Jan.  25-26,  the  Autograph  Col- 
lections of  the  late  Sarah  Josephus  Hale  and 
the  late  Major-General  David  A.  Hunter.  Jan. 
29-30,  the  Print  Collection  of  Mrs.  Frank 
Hartley.  Jan.  31,  a  fine  Collection  of  Ameri- 
cana. Catalogues  of  these  sales  will  be  sent 
free  to  intending  buyers. 

Many  very  important  sales  are  scheduled  for 
February  and  March,  and  announcements  will 
follow. 

THE  ANDERSON  GALLERIES 

"Where  the  Hoe  Library  Was  Sold" 


Madison  Avenue  at  Fortieth  Street 


NEW  YORK. 


594 


THE    DIAL 


[December  28 


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JLIST  OP  NEW  BOOKS. 


[The  following  list,  containing  86  titles,  includes 
books  received  by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 


BIOGRAPHY. 

George  Edmund  Street,  Unpublished  Notes  and 
Reprinted  Papers.  With  an  Essay  by  Georgiana 
Goddard  King.  Illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  8vo, 
345  pages.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $2.25. 

The  Making  of  an  American.  By  Jacob  A.  Riis. 
New  edition,  with  numerous  illustrations  and 
an  Introduction  by  Theodore  Roosevelt;  12mo, 
443  pages.  Macmillan  Co.  $2.25. 

HISTORY. 

Egptian  Records  of  Travel  in  Western  Asia.  Vol. 
II.,  Some  Texts  of  the  XVIIIth  Dynasty,  exclu- 
sive of  the  Annals  of  Thutmosis  III.  By  David 
Paton.  4to.  Princeton  University  Press.  $7.50. 

Extracts  from  the  Itineraries  and  Other  Miscel- 
lanies of  Ezra  Stiles,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  1755-1794, 
with  a  Selection  from  His  Correspondence. 
Edited  by  Franklin  Bowditch  Dexter,  Litt.D. 
Large  8vo,  620  pages.  Yale  University  Press.  $3. 

Vespucci  Reprints,  Texts  and  Studies.  New  yols.: 
Sensuyt  le  Nouveau  Monde,  1515,  in  Facsimile, 
$2.;  Paesi  Novamente  Retrovati  and  Novo 
Mondo,  1508,  in  Facsimile,  $2.;  The  Soderini 
Letter,  translated,  with  Introduction  and  Notes, 
by  George  T.  Northup,  $1.25;  The  Soderini 
Letter,  1504,  in  Facsimile,  75  cts. ;  The  Mondus 
Novus,  translated  by  George  T.  Northup,  75  cts. 
Each  12mo.  Princeton  University  Press. 

Political  Frontiers  and  Boundary  Making.  By 
Colonel  Sir  Thomas  H.  Holdich.  8vo,  307  pages. 
Macmillan  Co.  $3.25. 

England's  World  Empire:  Some  Reflections  upon 
Its  Policy  and  Growth.  By  Alfred  Hoyt 
Granger.  12mo,  323  pages.  Open  Court  Pub- 
lishing Co.  $1.50. 


1916] 


THE    DIAL 


595 


State  Administration  in  Maryland.  By  John  L. 
Donaldson,  Ph.D.  Large  8vo,  165  pages.  Balti- 
more: Johns  Hopkins  Press.  Paper. 

The  Hohenzollern  Household  and  Administration 
in  the  Sixteenth  Century,  Chapters  I.-II.  By 
Sidney  B.  Fay.  8vo,  64  pages.  Northampton, 
3Iass.:  Smith  College.  Paper. 

BOOKS  OF  VERSE. 
Verses.      By    Hilaire    Belloc;    with    Introduction    by 

Joyce    Kilmer.      12mo,    91    pages.      Laurence    J. 

Gomme.     $1.25. 
Poems.      By    Alan    Seeger,    with    Introduction    by 

William     Archer.       12mo,     174     pages.       Charles 

Scribner's  Sons.     $1.25. 
The  Voices  of  Song:  A  Book   of  Poems.     By  James 

W.      Foley;      with     Introduction      by      Theodore 

Roosevelt.       With     portrait,     12mo,     181     pages. 

E.   P.   Dutton   &  Co.     $1.50. 
3few  Poetry  Series.     New  vols.:  Sea  Garden,  Imagist 

Poems,    by    "H.    D.";    Songs    Out    of    School,    by 

H.  H.   Bashford.     Each   12mo.     Houghton  Mifflin 

Co.      Per   vol.,    75    cts. 
Selected     Poems     of     Thomas     Hardy.       16mo,     214 

pages.       "Golden    Treasury    Series."      Macmillan 

Co. 
Chinese  Lyrics.     By  Pai   Ta-Shun;   illustrated  with 

reproductions    of    old    Chinese    paintings.      8vo, 

39   pages.     Charles  Scribner's  Sons.     $5. 
Ballads,     Patriotic     and     Romantic.       By     Clinton 

Scollard.     12mo,  182  pages.    Laurence  J.  Gomme. 

$1.50. 
Andvari's   Ring;.      By   Arthur   Peterson.      12mo,    232 

pages.     G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.     $1.25. 
A  Lark  Went  Singing,  and  Other  Poems.     By  Ruth 

Guthrie  Harding;  with  Introduction  by  Richard 

Burton.     16mo,  86  pages.     Minneapolis:  Edmund 

D.   Brooks.      $1. 
Nine    Poems    from    a    Valetudinnrium.      By    Donald 

Evans.     12mo,  51  pages.     Philadelphia:  Nicholas 

L.   Brown.      $1. 
California     and     the      Opening     of     the     Gateway 

between    the    Atlantic    and    the    Pacific.      }2mo, 

34  pages.     Paul  Elder  &  Co.     75   cts. 
Vie    de    Bordeaux.      By    Pitts    Sanborn.       12mo,    51 

pages.      Philadelphia:    Nicholas    L.    Brown.      $1. 

ESSAYS    AM>    GENERAL    LITERATURE. 

Appreciations  of  Poetry.  By  Lafcadio  Hearn; 
selected  and  edited,  with  Introduction,  by  John 
Erskine,  Ph.D.  Large  8vo,  408  pages.  Dodd, 
Mead  &  Co.  $3.50. 

Suspended  Judgments:  Essays  on  Books  and  Sen- 
sations. By  John  Cowper  Powys.  8vo,  438 
pages.  G.  Arnold  Shaw.  $2. 

Five  Masters  of  French  Romance:  Anatole  France, 
Pierre  Loti,  Paul  Bourget,  Maurice  Barr&s, 
Romain  Rolland.  By  Albert  Leon  Guerard. 
12mo,  325  pages.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.50. 

English  Poetry  and  Prose  of  the  Romantic  Move- 
ment. Selected  and  edited,  with  Notes,  Bib- 
liographies, and  a  Glossary  of  Proper  Names. 
By  George  Benjamin  Woods,  Ph.D.  With  maps, 
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The     Social     Study    of    the     Russian     German.       By 

Hattie  Plum  Williams.  8vo,  101  pages.  Lincoln: 
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Social  Rules  A  Study  of  the  Will  to  Power.  By 
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Workfellows  in  Social  Progression.  By  Kate 
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Government  Telephones:  The  Experience  of 
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When  the  Prussians  Came  to  Poland:  The  Expe- 
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Turczynowicz.  Illustrated,  12mo,  281  pages. 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $1.25. 

The  Psychology  of  the  Great  "War.  By  Gustave 
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Venetian  Painting  in  America,  the  Fifteenth  Cen- 
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The  Cliosophic  Society,  Princeton  University:  A 
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pages.  Princeton  University  Press.  $1.50. 

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Fundamentals  of  French:  A  Combination  of  the 
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The  Spanish  American  Reader.  By  Ernesto  Nelson. 
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An  Outline  History  of  English  Literature.  By 
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Spanish  Commercial  Correspondence.  By  Arthur 
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The  Teaching  of  Government:  Report  to  the  Amer- 
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Committee  on  Instruction.  12mo,  284  pages. 
Macmillan  Co.  $1.10. 

The  Elements  of  Public  Speaking.  By  Harry  G. 
Houghton,  M.A.  12mo,  333  pages.  Ginn  &  Co. 
II. 

Lake  English  daggles.  New  vols.:  Eliot's  The 
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Virgil's  vEneid,  in  the  English  translation  of 
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The  Child  of  the  Moat,  1557  A.  D.:  A  Story  for 
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The  Russian  Story  Book:  Tales  from  the  Song- 
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Baldy  of  .Nome.  By  Esther  Birdsall  Darling; 
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Girlhood  and  Character.  By  Mary  E.  Moxcey; 
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Advertising  by  Motion  Pictures.  By  Ernest  A. 
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Studies  In  Magic  from  Latin  Literature.  By 
Eugene  Tavenner,  Ph.D.  8vo,  155  pages. 
Columbia  University  Press.  $1.25. 

Alas!  I  am  a  Prussian:  The  Soliloquy  of  a  German 
in  America.  16mo,  44  pages.  New  York:  J.  A. 
J.  Tibbals.  60  cts. 

My  Last  Friend,  Dog  Dick.  By  Edmondo  de 
Amicis;  translated  by  J.  G.  Lista.  12mo,  35 
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The  Fountain  of  Youth.  By  E.  Leigh  Mudge,  Ph.D. 
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My  Ideal  of  Marriage.  By  Christian  D.  Larson. 
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1916]  THE     DIAL  599 

HOW   IT  AFFECTS    READERS 

"I  consider  it  first  among  tne  best  periodicals  or  the  world. 
It  has  charm,  variety,  dignity,  wit,  and  wisdom. 

"Never  before  nave  I  seen  so  many  stimulating,  sound,  and 
suggestive  articles  gathered  together  by  a  single  editor." 

"" A  qualityjof  individuality,  of  surprise,  and  of  fascination  .  . . 
tnat  I  defy  any  man  ...  to  discover  in  any  otter  publication." 

"I  entered  upon  it  prepared  to  scoff,  tut  nave  remained  to 
pray  —  for  more. 

k  \Vno  said  there  could  be  notning  new  under  the  sun?  He 
never  read  THE  UNPOP!  ...  It  makes  most  everything 
else  sound  so  wordy  and  opaque  and  muddleheaded! 

"I  especially  commend  the  omission  of  the  names  of  the  au- 
thors, since  it  forces  the  reader  to  judge  by  worth,  and  not  by 
reputation. 


A  specimen  copy  on  application 
Contents  of  the  January-March,  1917,  Number: 

No  Names  of  Contributors  are  given  in  the  number  containing  their  Contributions 

SOME  SECOND  THOUGHTS  OF  A  SOBEEED  GEKMAN  TKUST  LAWS  AND  OURS 

PEOPLE  QN  THE  DIFFICULTY  OF  BEING  ALONE 

THE  CONSEKVATION  OF  CAPACITY  NA 
THE  INGENUITY  OF  PARENTS 

THE  ECONOMIC  HYMN  OF  HATE  A  D°UBLE  ENTEY  EDUCATION 

WHAT  IS  THE  MATTER  WITH  THE  THEATER?  MODEST  MODERNIST  PAPERS,  I. 

OEDIPUS  AND  JOB  THAT  PATIENCE  WORTH  BABY 

THE  TWO  OPPOSING  RAILROAD  VALUATIONS  CORRESPONDENCE 

AS  TO  PARSONS  EN  CASSEROLE 

Address  THE  UNPOPULAR  REVIEW 

LONDON:    WILLIAMS  &  NORGATE 

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THE    DIAL 


[December  28,  1916 


"Our  net  saving, — Ly  mimeo- 
graphing, this  lot  of  requisitions 
— is  eleven  dollars.    We  paid  a 
printer  seventeen  dollars  for  our  last 

supply."    Here's  economy  with  independ- 
ence in  duplicating  forms,  letters  and  circu- 
lars for  store,  factory  and  office.    You  simply 
typewrite,  hand- write,  rule  or  draw  whatever  you 
want  copied;  put  the  stencil  on  the  mimeograph — 
which  is  automatically  fed,  automatically  inked, 
electrically  operated — and  in  twenty  minutes  have  a 
thousand  perfect  duplicates.    Easy!    There's  no  type  to  set — 
and  throw  in;  no  cuts  to  buy — and  throw  away;  no  printers  to 
wait  on — and  pay.    Booklet  "F"  explains  how  the  mimeograph 
•will  help  you  improve  your  systems  and  your  business — and 
save  money.     A.  B.  Dick  Company,  Chicago — and  New  York. 


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