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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/dialliterarycrit38browrich 


THE    DIAL 


qA  Semi-Monthly  Journal  of 


Literary  Criticism,  Discussion,  and  Information 


p^'blic  Library. 


VOLUME  XXXVIII. 
January  1  to  June  16,  1905 


CHICAGO 

THE  DIAL  COMPANY,  PUBLISHERS 

1905 


INDEX  TO   VOLUME  XXXVIII. 

PAOB 

America,  A  Cooperative  History  of St.  George  L.  Sioussat    .     .     .  190 

America,  The  Latest  History  of Anna  ffelotse  Abel     ...     .  262 

American  Caricature,  The  Father  of Ingram  A.  Pyle 318 

American  Literary  IxsTrycT,  The Charles  Leonard  Moore      .     .  113 

American  Literature,  DE^-ELOPMENT  of  an W.  E.  Simonds 13 

American  Poet,  Our  Pioneer Charles  Leonard  Moore      .     .  223 

American  Poetry,  Recentt William  Morton  Payne  .  197 

Americanism.  The  Philosophy  of Joseph  Jastrow 147 

Antiquarianism,  Luxuries  of Frederic  Ives  Carpenter      .     .  85 

Balzac's  Latest  Biographer Annie  Russell  Marble     .     .  413 

Bible,  In  the  Realm  of  the Ira  M.  Price 45 

Bibliography  in  America William  Coolidge  Lane  ...  76 

Birds  ant)  Other  Folk May  Estelle  Cook      ....  386 

Charity  Administration  at  Home  and  Abboad    ....     Max  West 269 

Civil  War,  Close  of,  and  Beginning  of  Brcgnstruction  David  Y.  Thomas      ....  230 

Cornish  Character,  A  Fa3ious Percy  F.  Bicknell      ....  308 

Criticism.  Some  Asperities  and  Amenities  of Percy  F.  Bicknell      ....  257 

Dial.  The,  Quarter-Century  of 305 

DiPLOMATLST,  Remlstscences  OF  A Clark  S.  Northup     ....  260 

Dramas  in  Verse,  Recent William  Morton  Payne      .     .  46 

East,  Ideals  of  the Frederick  W.  Gookin     ...  39 

Eastern  Struggle,  Echoes  from  the Wallace  Rice 416 

Economics,  Some  Recent  Books  in H.  Parker  Willis      ....  264 

Education,  Recent  Books  on Henry  Davidson  Sheldon    .     .  270 

Elizabethan  Englishmen.  Six  Great James  W.  Tupper     ....  123 

English  Churchmen,  Two Percy  F.  Bicknell      ....  234 

English  Painter,  Memorials  of  an Edith  Kellogg  Dunton   .     .     .  145 

Erin,  The  Troubled  Tale  of Laurence  M.  Larson  ....  411 

Fiction,  Recent William  Morton  Payne  15,  124,  388 

Garden  and  Orchard,  In Edith  Crranger 380 

Gentleman's  Library,  A 185 

Ghost  in  Fiction.  Decay  of  the Olivia  Hotoard  Dunbar     .     .  377 

Good  Fortune.  Philosophy  of Edith  J.  R.  Isaacs    ....  354 

Indu.^trial  Enterprises,  Public  Management  of     .     .     .  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell     ....  11 

Inter  VIE  WER.S,  A  Prince  of Percy  F.  Bicknell      ....  141 

Iklsh  Poet.  Memoirs  of  an Clark  S.  Northup      ....  7 

Iroquois  Confederacy,  The Laxcrence  J.  Burpee  .          .  119 

Italian  By-Ways Anna  Benneson  McMahan      .  351 

Learning,  The  Endowment  of Joseph  Jastrow 343 

LiBR-utY  Work,  Modern  :   Its  Aims  and  its  Achievements  Ernest  Cushing  Richardson  73 

Literary  Loiterings.  Mr.  Lang's Percy  F.  Bicknell      ....  409 

Literature,  The  Basis  of T.  D.  A.  Cockerell     ....  346 

Mazzini  Centenary,  The 407 

Measure,  A  Salutary 255 

Military  Rule  and  National  Expansion Frederic  Austin  Ogg  .     .  151 

•Monistic  Trinity,' A T.  D.  A.  Cockerell     ....  232 

Monopoly,  Story  of  a  Great Frank  L.  Mc  Vey 313 

Monroe  Doctrint:  to  Date,  The James  Oscar  Pierce  ....  122 

Montaigne,  Michel  de,  Our  Intimate  Friend     ....  Mary  Augusta  Scott  ....  82 

Music,  Recent  Books  about Ingram  A.  Pyle 237 

Musical  Encyclop-^dia,  A George  P.  Upton 310 

Napoleonic  Aftermath,  A E.  D.  Adams 41 

National  Library,  Story  of  Our Aksel  G.  S.  Josephson    ...  81 

Peace  ant)  War,  A  Woman's  REMIN^scENCES  of     ...     .  Walter  L.  Fleming     ....  43 

PiRACiE,  An  Apologie  for 3 

Poet's  Retrospect,  A Ill 


IV. 


INDEX 


Publisher's  Confessions,  A 

Publisher's  Retrospect,  A  Veteran    .... 

Railwat  Problem,  The 

Reason  in  Human  Conduct 

Renaissance,  Masters  of  the  Early  and  Late 

Science  and  Personality 

Shakespearian  Miscellany,  A 

Southern  Life  in  War  Time 

Southerner's  Problem,  The 

Struggles  in  the  World  of  Suffering  .     .     . 

Swinburne,  The  Poetry  of 

Thackeray  in  America 

Thankless  Muse,  The 

Thomas,  Theodore 

Thomas,  Theodore,  Life-Work  of 

Traveller  and  Orientalist,  Memoirs  of  a 
Tudor  London,  Men  and  Manners  in      .     .     . 

Wanderers  in  Many  Lands 

Wanderings  over  Four  Continents     .... 

War,  From  the  Seat  of 

Watts-Dunton,  Theodore 

Western  Exploration,  Pioneers  op     ...     . 

What  May  We  Believe  ? 

wordsworthian  in  reminiscent  mood,  a    .     . 


Percy  F.  Bicknell 

John  J.  Halsey 

A.  K.  Rogers 

George  Breed  Zug  .... 
T.  D.  A.  Cockerell  .... 
Charles  H.  A.  Wager  .  .  . 
Walter  L.  Fleming  .... 
W.  E.  Burghardt  Du  Bois  .  . 
Charles  Richmond  Henderson 
William,  Morton  Payne  .     .     , 

M.  F. 

Percy  F.  Bicknell      .... 


Notes  on  New  Novels 

Directory  of  the  American  Publishing  Trade     . 

Announcements  of  Spring  Books,  1905 

List  of  One  Hundred  Books'  fob  Summer  Beading 

Briefs  on  New  Books  ^ 

Briefer  Mention    . 

Notes   

Topics  in  Leading  Periodicals 

Lists  op  New  Books 


PAGE 

375 

37 
196 
349 
320 
415 
194 
347 
315 
155 
152 
187 
5 

33 
227 
267 
121 
382 

88 
9 

78 
353 

86 
117 

392 

328 

206 

394 

.     .  18,  49,  91,  128,  156,  201,  239,  272,  322,  356,  418 
22,  52,  95,  276,  326,  360,  423 

23,  53,  96,  131,  159,  205,  242,  276,  327,  361,  395,  423 
24,  97,  160,  243,  328,  397 

24,  54,  97,  132,  160,  213,  243,  278,  331,  362,  397,  424 


William  Morton  Payne 
Wallace  Rice     .     .     . 
Arthur  Howard  Noll 
Wallace  Rice    .     .     . 
Wallace  Rice    . 
Wallace  Rice    . 
William  Morton  Payne 
Lawrence  J.  Burpee  . 
T.  D.  A.  Cockerell     . 
Percy  F.  Bicknell 


AUTHORS  AND  TITLES 

FAGE 

Adam,   Madam.     My  Literary  Life 21 

Adams,  Oscar  Fay.     Dictionary  of  American  Authors, 

flftli  edition ;.j 360 

Adams,    W.    Davenport.      Dictionary   of    the   Drama,- 

VoL  I ,. 94 

•A.   E.   G.'   Whistler's  Art   Dicta -..; 827 

•Adventures  of  King  James  II.  of  England' 159 

Adier,   Elkan   N.     Jews  In  Many  Lands 391 

Alflalo,  M.    The  Truth  about  Morocco 90 

Albertson,  Charles  C.     Light  on  the  Hills 23 

Aldrich,   Thomas  Bailey.     Judith  of  Bethulia 48 

AUaben,    Prank.      Concerning    Genealogies 276 

Alden,  Carroll  S.     Jonson's  Bartholomew  Fair 131 

Allen,    Gardner    W.      Our    Navy    and    the    Barbary 

Corsairs     ; 359 

Altsheler,  Joseph  A.     Guthrie  of  the  Times 15 

Altsheler,    Joseph   A.     The   Candidate 391 

'American  Interior  Decoration' 53 

Angell,  J.  R.     Psychology 273 

Anspacher,  Louis  K.    Tristan  and  Isolde 48 

Armbruster,  Carl.     Lyrics  of  Wagner 51 

Asakawa,    K.      The   Russo-Japanese    Conflict 9 

Ashley,  Roscoe   L.     Government   and  the   Citizen ....  96 

Atkinson,   George  F.     Text  Book  of  Botany 327 

Austin,  Alfred.     The  Poet's  Diary 129 


OF  BOOKS  REVIEWED 

PAOB 

Avery,  Elroy  M.     History  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  I.  262 

Baddeley,  St.  Clair.    Recent  Discoveries  in  the  Porum  129 

Baedeker's   London,    fourteenth   edition..  ..  ..m 327 

Bain,    Alexander.      Autobiography 94 

Baker,   George  P.     Forms  of  Public  Address 205 

Baldwin,   Charles   S.     American  Short   Stories 13 

Barry,   Richard.      Port  Arthur 417 

Barton,  G.  A.  A  Year's  Wanderings  in  Bible  Lands..  385 
Baxter,  Lucy  W.    Thackeray's  Letters  to  an  American 

Family     ., 187 

'Belles  Lettres  Series' 276 

Bennet.  Robert  A.     For  the  White  Christ 390 

Benton,  Josiah  H.,  Jr.     A  Notable  Libel  Case 128 

Besant,  Walter.    London  in  the  Time  of  the  Tudors . .  121 

Bennet,  Robert  A.     For  the  White  Christ 890 

Boynton,  H.  W.     Journalism  and  Literature 157 

Bradford,  Gamaliel,  Jr.     The  Private  Tutor 128 

Brady,   Cyrus  T.     Conquests  of  the   Southwest 275 

Brady,   Cyrus   T.     Indian  Fights   and  Fighters 202 

Brady,  Cyrus  T.     The  Two  Captains 390 

Brandenburg,    Broughton.      Imported   Americans 52 

Brewster,  H.   Pomeroy.     Saints  and  Festivals  of  the 

Christian  Church    ;.. 203 

Briggs,  Le  Baron  R.     Routine  and  Ideals 271 

Brooks,  Sarah  W.     A  Garden  with  House  Attached.  382 


INDEX 


▼. 


FAOB 

Brown,   Anna  Robeson.     The  Wine  Press 392 

Brownell,  W.   C.     French  Art,  enlarged  edition 396 

Bryce,   James.     Holy  Roman  Empire,  new  edition.  ..    159 

Bullen,  Frank  T.     Denizens  of  the  Deep 242 

Burgoyne,  Frank  J.  An  Elizabethan  Manuscript . .  85 
Borne-Jones,    Lady.       Memorials    of   Edward    Bume- 

Jones 145 

Burroughs,    John.      Far   and    Near 19 

Byles,  C.  E.     Life  and  Letters  of  R.  S.  Hawker 308 

Calne,   Hall.     The  Prodigal  Son 17 

Candler,  Edmund.      The  Unveiling  of  Lhasa 384 

Canfield,  William  W.     Legends  of  the  Iroquois 121 

Carnegie    Library,    (Pittsburgh)    Catalogue 276 

Carter,  A.   Cecil.     Kingdom  of   Siam 91 

Carryl,    Guy   W.      The   Garden   of   Years 199 

Carver,    Thomas   N.      Distribution    of   Wealth 266 

Castle,  Agnes   and   Egerton.     Rose   of  the  World..  ..    388 

Gather,  Willa  S.     The  Troll  Garden 394 

Caxton   Thin    Paper   Classics 159,    326 

Champlin,   John    D.,    and   Lucas,   Frederic  A.     Toung 

Folks'    Cyclopadia    of    Natural    History 395 

Chancellor,   William  E.     Our   Schools 270 

Chapin,   Anna  Alice.      Makers   of   Song 237 

Clark,    Charles   Heber.      The    Quakeress 393 

Clement,   Clara  E.     Women  in  the  Fine  Arts 22 

Clement,    Ernest   W.      Japanese   Floral    Calendar ....      53 

Coates,   Florence   Earle.      Mine  and   Thine 200 

Cochrane,  Charles  H.  Modern  Industrial  Progress..  203 
Cohn,  Adolphe,  and  Page,  Curtis  H.     French  Classics 

for  E^nglish   Readers 326 

Cohen,    Isabel    E.      Legends   and    Tales 277 

Colby,   Frank   Moore.      Imaginary   Obligations 20 

Coleridge-Taylor,   S.      Twenty-Four  Negro  Melodies..   422 

Colton,   Arthur.      The   Belted   Seas 394 

Colwell,    Percy   R.      Poems   of   William   Morris 22 

Conant,  Charles  A.     Wall  Street  and  the  Coimtry ....    265 

Conrad,     Joseph.       Nostromo 126 

Conway,  W.  Martin.     Early  Voyages  to  Spitzbergen  . .    277 

Cook,  Albert  S.     Dream  of  the  Rood 423 

Cook,    Albert    S.,    and    Benham,    Allen    R.    Specimen 

Letters    423 

Cook,  Albert  S.     Yale  Studies  in  English 131,  276 

Cooke,    Marjorie    B.      Dramatic    Episodes 276 

Cox,  Kenyon.      Old  Masters  and  New 422 

Crockett,    S.   R.      Raiderland 89 

Crockett,   S.  R.     The  Loves  of  Miss  Anne 126 

Cruttwell,    Maud.      Verrocchio 320 

Cramp,    Walter   S.      Psyche 392 

Craven,    John    J.      Prison    Life    of    Jefferson    Davis, 

new    edition 276 

Crawford,  F.  Marion.     Whosoever  Shall  Offend 16 

Cubberley,  E.  P.  History  of  Education,  Part  II ... .  53 
Daniels,  Mabel  W.     An  American  Girl  In  Munich..  ..    326 

Darwin,    Leonard.      Municipal   Trade....- 11 

Davidson,  A.  B.  Theology  of  the  Old  Testament..  ..  45 
Davidson,  Thomas.  Education  of  Wage  Earners..  ..  271 
Davis,    Edward    Z.      Translations    of    German    Poetry 

in   American    Magazines 360 

Deecke,   William.      Italy 95 

Dellenbaugh,  Frederick  S.     Breaking  the  Wilderness.   274 

Devine,  Edward  T.     Principles  of  Relief..;. 155 

Dewey,  Melvil.     A.  L.  A.   Catalog 96 

Dexter,  Edwin  G.     History  of  E^ducation 270 

D'Humieres,  Robert.      Through   Isle   and  Empire..  ..    360 

Dole,  Nathan  Haskell.     The  Greek  Poets 22 

Douglas,   James.      Theodore   Watts-Dunton 78 

DufC,    Montstuart    E.    Grant.      Notes    from    a  Diary, 

1896-1901    419 

Dunn,  J.  P.,   Jr.     Indiana,  revised  edition 277 

Durham,  Edith.     The  Burden  of  the  Balkans 384 

Dyer,   Henry.      Dai    Nippon 92 

Eastman,  C.  A.     Red  Hunters  and  the  Animal  People  158 

Edgington,    T.    B.     The  Monroe   Doctrine 122 

Edwards,  William  S.     In  to  the  Yukon 91 


FASB 

Edwards,   Amelia  B.     Untrodden    Peaks    and    Unfre- 
quented   Valleys,    third    edition 360 

'E.    G.    O.'      Egomet 156 

Elton,    Charles    I.      William   Shakespeare 194 

Ely,   Helen  R.     Another  Hardy  Garden   Book 381 

Ehnerson's  Works,  'Centenary'  edition 22 

'  Ethical    Addresses  '    360 

Evans,  Henry  R.     The  Napoleon  Myth 159 

Everett,  William.     Italian   Poets  since  Dante 49 

Falkiner,   C.  Litton.     Illustrations  of  Irish  History. .   273 

Finerty,  John  F.     People's  History  of  Ireland 411 

Finck,   Henry   T.      Fifty   Songs   of    Schubert 96 

Firth,  John  B.     Constantine  the  Great 324 

Fletcher,  Banister  and  Banister  F.     History  of  Archi- 
tecture,  fifth   edition 277 

Flint,    George   E.      Power    and   Health   through   Pro- 
gressive   Exercise     422 

Ford,    Worthington    C.      Journals    of   the    Continental 

Congress     132,  396 

Forman,  Elbert  E.    Along  the  Nile  with  General  Grant     90 
Foster,  John  W.     Arbitration  and  the  Hague  Court..    275 

Fox,    John,    Jr.      Following   the    Sun-Flag 416 

Free,   Richard.      Seven   Years'    Hard 156 

Fullerton,  Edith  L.     How  to  Make  a  Vegetable  Garden  382 

Ganz,  Hugo.     The  Land  of  Riddles 89 

Gardenhire,  Samuel  M.     The  Silence  of  Mrs.  Harrold  391 
Galton,   Francis,   and   others.      Sociological   Papers..  .   326 

Garnett,    Richard.      William   Shakespeare 46 

Gayley,    C.    M.,    and    Young,    C.    C.      Principles    and 

Progress  of  English  Poetry 97 

Genung,  John  F.     Words  of  Koheleth 46 

Ghent,   William  J.     Mass  and  Class 155 

Oilman,  Lawrence.     Phases  of  Modern  Music 238 

Gissing,   George.      By  the  Ionian   Sea 385 

Glyn,   Elinor.     The  Vicissitudes   of  Evangeline 389 

Gocher,   William  H.     Wadsworth 130 

Goetz,   Philip  B.      Interludes..-., 199 

Goodrich-Freer,   A.      Inner   Jerusalem 91 

Gosse,    Edmund.      Coventry   Patmore 272 

Grant,   Robert.      The    Undercurrent 15 

Greene,  Evarts  B.     Government  of  Illinois 53 

Greene,  Joseph  N.     The  Funeral 205 

Greer,   H.  Valentine.      By  Nile  and   Euphrates ;.,     90 

Gregory,   Augusta.      Gods   and  Fighting  Men 131 

Griffiths,  Arthur.     Fifty  Years  of  Public  Service..  ..    325 
Grimm,   Jakob.      Rede   auf   Schiller,    new   edition..  ..    421 

Gronau,    George.      Titian 321 

Grundy,  G.  B.     Murray's  Small  Classical  Atlas 23 

Guerber,  H.  A.     Stories  of  Popular  Operas 238 

Gulick,  Sidney  L.     White  Peril  in  the  Far  East 356 

Haeckel,   Ernst.      The  Wonders  of   Life 232 

Haggard,   H.  Rider.      The   Brethren 126 

Hale,  Edward  E.,  Jr.     Dramatists  of  To-day.... 357 

Hale,    Philip.      Modem  French   Songs 51 

Hall,   Charles  G.     Cincinnati   Southern  Railway 130 

Hanchett,  Henry  G.     Art  of  the  Musician 419 

Hancock,   H.  Irving.     The  Physical  Culture  Life..  ..    422 

Hand,  J.  B.     Ideals  of  Science  and  Faith 87 

Hapgood,   Isabel  F.     Novels  of  Tourgueniefl 96 

Harper,    William   R.      Trend    in   Higher   Education..    271 

Harris,   Ella  I.     Tragedies  of   Seneca 23 

Hart,  Albert  B.     The  American  Nation,  first  section.    190 
Hastings,  James.     Dictionary  of  the  Bible,  extra  vol- 
ume      ;. 45 

Hawthorne,    Hildegarde.       Poems 201 

Haynie,    Henry.      Captains    and    the   Kings 50 

Heath's   Memoirs   of   the  American   Revolution,   Wes- 

sels's  edition   204 

Heilprln,   Angelo.     The   Tower   of   Pelfie 203 

Henderson,   C.   Hanford.      Children   of  Good  Fortune.   354 
Henderson,   Charles  R.     Modern  Methods  of  Charity.   269 

Henderson,   W.   J.     Modern  Musical   Drift 237 

Herrick,    Francis    H.      Home    Life    of    Wild    Birds, 

revised    edition 396 


VI. 


INDEX 


PAOK 

Hennig,    Richard.     Wunder   und   Wlssenschaft 421 

Hewlett   Maurice.     Fond   Adventures 393 

Hlchens,   Robert.      The   Garden   of   Allah 388 

Hlglnbotham,  John   U.     Three  "Weeks  in  Europe ....      89 

Higginson,  Mary  T.     The   Playmate  Hours 200 

Hlgglnson,  T.  W.  Hawthorne  Centenary  Celebration  240 
Higginson,   T.  W.,   and  Macdonald,  William.     History 

of   the    United    States 360 

Hill,  Frank  A.     Seven  Lamps  for  the  Teacher's  Way  159 

Holdlch,  Thomas  H.     India 201 

Holme,  Charles.     Daumier  and  Gavarni >. 51 

Holmes,    Bayard.      Appendicitis ;. 53 

Holt,  Emily.     The  Secret  of  Popularity 52 

Holtzmann,   Oscar.     Life  of  Jesus 158 

Home,    Herbert    P.      Condivl's    Michelangelo 51 

Home,   John.      Starting  Points 14 

Horsley,   W.   C.     Chronicles  of  an  Old  Campaigner..    158 

Hough,   Emerson.     The  Law  of  the  Land 128 

Hubbell,    George   A.      Up    Through   Childhood 272 

Hulbert,    Archer    B.      Historic    Highways,    Vols.    XI. 

to    XVI 322 

Huneker,   James.     Iconoclasts 357 

Hunter,    Robert.      Poverty ._ 155 

Huntington,  Dwight  M.     Our  Big  Game 204 

Hutchinson,    Thomas.     Poems   of    Shelley 243 

Hutton,  Lawrence.     Literary  Landmarks  of  the  Scot- 
tish  Universities    ., 50 

Hutton,  William  H.  Letters  of  William  Stubbs ....  236 
Hyde,  William  DeWitt.  From  Epicurus  to  Christ..  202 
Irving,  Edward.  How  to  Know  the  Starry  Heavens.  274 
James,  Bartlett  B.     McSherry's  History  of  Maryland  204 

Japp,  Alexander  H.     Robert  Louis  Stevenson 358 

Jebb,   Richard.     Tragedies  of  Sophocles 23 

Jenks,    Tudor.      In   thei   Days   of   Shakespeare 96 

Job,    Herbert    K.      Wild    Wings 387 

Johnson,  Charles  F.  Forms  of  English  Poetry..  ..  53 
Johnson,    C.    W.       Proceedings    of    13th    Republican 

National    Convention 52 

Johnson,    E.    A.      Light   Ahead    for   the    Negro 317 

Johnston,    Charles,    and    Spencer,    Carlta.      Ireland's 

Story 41  j^ 

Johnston,  John   O.     Life  and  Letters  of  Liddon 234 

Johnston,  R.  M.  Napoleonic  Empire  in  Southern  Italy  324 
Johnston,  W.  D.     History  of  the  Library  of  Congress. 

Vol.  1 81 

Jonson,    G.    C.    Ashton.      Handbook   to    Chopin 238 

Jordan,  Mary  A.  Correct  Writing  and  Speaking..  23 
Julicher,   Adolf.     Introduction  to  the  New  Testament  203 

Kakuzo,    Okakura.     The   Awakening   of   Japan 40 

Kellor,    Frances    A.      Out    of    Work 156 

Kennedy,  William  S.  Whitman's  Diary  in  Canada.  154 
King,    Henry    C.      Personal    and    Ideal    Elements    in 

Education     272 

Kinley,    David.     Money 264 

Knapp,  Oswald  G.     An  Artist's  Love  Story iso 

Knight,    William.      Retrospects,    vol.    1 117 

Knowles,  Frederic  L.     Love  Triumphant 199 

Lang,  Andrew.     Adventures  among  Books 409 

Lang,    Andrew.      Historical    Mysteries 204 

Lang,  Andrew.    History  of  Scotland,  Vol.  Ill 19 

Laut,   A.   C.     Pathfinders   of  the   West 353 

Lazenby,   Alfred.     Tides    of   the    Spirit 396 

Lee,   Sidney.     Great  Englishmen  of  the  16th  Century  123 

Le  Queux,  William.     The  Closed  Book 17 

Lethaby,   W.   R.     Mediaeval   Art 320 

'  Letters  of   a   Portuguese  Nun,'   Brentano's  edition . .      53 

Lewis,  Alfred  H.     The  Sunset  Trail 392 

'  Library  of  Art ' 320,  358 

•Life   in    Sing    Sing' 241 

Lincoln,    Joseph    C.      Partners   of   the   Tide 394 

Litchfield,  Frederick.     How  to  Collect  Old  Furniture  159 

Little    Giant,   Question    Settler 242 

Liftman,    Enno.      Arabic    Manuscripts     in     Princeton 

University 205 


FASB 

List,  Friedrlch.     National  System  of  Political  Econ- 
omy        326 

Lloyd,   Francis  E.,   and  Bigelow,  Maurice  A.     Teach- 
ing   of    Biology    in    Secondary    Schools 22 

Lloyd,   Herbert  M.     Morgan's  League  of  the  Iroquois  119 
Locke,   William  J.     The  Morals  of  Marcus  Ordeyne.    389 

Lodge,    George   Cabot.      Cain 47 

Loewenberg,    J.      Deutsche    Dichterabende 421 

London,    Jack.      The    Sea- Wolf 16 

Loveman,   Robert.      Songs    from   a   Georgia   Garden . .    200 

Lucas,   E.  V.     Letters  of  the  Lambs .j 360 

Macbean,    L.      Marjorie    Fleming 52 

McClain,    Emlin.      Constitutional    Law 327 

Macdonald,  William.     Autobiography  of  Franklin..  ..    423 

MacGrath,    Harold.      The   Princess    Elopes 394 

MacGrath,    Harold.      Enchantment j..-. .   394 

Mackail,  J.  W.     Georgics  of  Virgil,  Riverside  edition.   131 
McKinley,   A.  E.     Suffrage  Franchise  in  the  Colonies  326 

McLain,   J.   S.     Alaska  and   the  Klondike 385 

MacLehose,    Sophia    H.      From    the    Monarchy   to    the 

Republic   in   France 205 

Macmillan's    Pocket    English    Classics 276 

McVey,    Frank   L.      Modern    Industrialism 158 

Mace,  W.  H.     School  History  of  the  United  States..      23 

Mahaffy,    J.   P.     The   Progress  of   Hellenism 420 

Maitland,  J.  A.  Fuller.     Grove's  Dictionary  of  Music, 

Vol   1 310 

Marston,   E.     After  Work 37 

Marriott,    Charles.      Genevra 17 

Martin,   Isabella   D.,  and  Avary,   Myrta  L.     A   Diary 

from    Dixie 347 

Mason,  D.   G.     Beethoven  and  his  Forerunners 237 

Mason,  A.  E.  W.     The  Truants 17 

Matthews,    Brander.      American   Familiar  Verse 14 

Matthews,    Brander.     Recreations  of   an   Anthologist.      54 

Matthews,   Brander.      Wampum   Library 13 

Matthews,  Brander.     Wampum  Library 13 

Maxwell,  Donald.     Log  of  the  'Grlffln' 89 

Maynadier,  Gustavus  H.     Works  of  Defoe 95 

Meigs,   William  M.      Life   of   Benton 239 

Metcalf,    Maynard    M.      Organic    Evolution 92 

Miall,  L.  C.     House,  Garden,  and  Field 386 

Mills,   Edmund   J.      Secret   of  Petrarch 239 

Mitchell,    Lucy    M.      History    of    Ancient    Sculpture, 

one-volume    edition    396 

Montgomery,  D.  H.     Student's  American  History ....    423 

Montresor,    F.    F.      The    Celestial    Surgeon 393 

Moore,   Charles   Leonard.     The   Red   Branch   Crests..      48 

Moore,   T.   Sturge.     Albert   Durer 358 

More,    Paul   E.     Shelburne   Essays,   first  series 18 

Morris,    Charles.      Spanish-American    Tales 96 

Morris,    W.    O'Connor.      Wellington 93 

Miinsterberg,  Hugo.     The  Americans 147 

Munsterberg,    Hugo.     The    Eternal    Life 415 

Murray,   A.    H.    Hallam.     On   the   Old    Road   through 

France    to    Florence 88 

Musician's  Library,  The 51,  96,  422 

Mustard,  W.   P.      Classical  Echoes   in   Tennyson 23 

Myers,    Albert    C.      Hannah   Logan's    Courtship 273 

Myers,  Philip  Van  Ness.     Mediaeval  and  Modern  His- 
tory,   revised    edition 361 

Nason,  Frank  L.     The  Vision  of  Elijah  Berl 392 

Nassau,  Robert  H.     Fetichism  in  West  Africa 325 

National    Educational    Association    Journal,    1904 ....      53 
Newberry,    Percy    E.,    and    Garstang,     John.       Short 

History   of   Ancient   Egypt 240 

Newnes'    Art    Library 95,    243 

Niemann,   August.     Conquest  of  England 127 

Nordau,    Max.      Morganatic 127 

Noussanne,   Henri   de.      The   Kaiser    as   He   Is 274 

Noyes,    Ella.      Story    of    Ferrara 157 

Oberholtzer,    Ellis    P.      Abraham    Lincoln 95 

O'Connor,   D.   S.     Les   Classiques   Frangais 277,  327 

O'Higgins,   Harvey   T.     The   Smoke-Eaters 393 


INDEX 


Vll. 


PAQK 

Okakura,    Kakusa.      Ideals   of   the    East 39 

■'Old  South  Leaflets' 243 

'  Opal,    The  ' >; 392 

Oppenheim,    E.   Phillips.      The   Betrayal > 17 

Orcutt,   William  D.     The  Flower  of  Destiny 393 

'  Organized  Labor   and   Capital ' 155 

Osborn,   Hartwell.     Trials  and   Triumphs 157 

Osier,    William.      Science    and    Immortality 86 

•  O.*     The  Yellow  War 418 

Page,   Thomas  Nelson.     The   Negro 315 

Paine,   Albert   Bigelow.     Thomas   Nast 318 

Palmer,   A.  Emerson.     New  York  Public  School 270 

Palmer,   Frederick.      With   Kuroki    in  Manchuria..  ..        9 

Paltsits,    V.    H.      Captivity    of    Nehemiah    How 380 

Parsons,   Arthur  J.     Catalog  of  the  Gardner  Greene 

Hubbard    Collection    of    Engravings 416 

Payne,   William  M.     American  Literary  Criticism..  .      14 

Peck,    Theodora.      Hester  of  the   Grants 392 

Peckham,     George     W.     and     Elizabeth     G.       Wasps, 

Social   and   Solitary 387 

Pellissier,     Georges.       Eltudes     de    LittSrature    et    de 

Morale  Contemporaines   423 

Perry,   Bliss.      The  Amateur   Spirit 93 

Phelps,    C.    E.   D.      The   Accolade 393 

Phelps,   George   T.      Parsifal 23 

Phillips,    Stephen.      The    Sin   of    David 47 

Phillpotts,    Eden.      Farm    of    the    Dagger 17 

Phillpotts,   Eden.      The    Secret   Woman 389 

Piatt,    Isaac   H.     Walt   Whitman 85 

Potter,  A.  C.     Rowlands's  The  Bride 361 

Powell,    E.   P.      Orchard   and   Fruit   Garden 381 

Pryor,   Mrs.    Roger   A.      Reminiscences   of   Peace   and 

War    43 

'Publisher's  Confessions,  A' 375 

Quarles,     Francis.       Sions     Sonets,    Riverside     Press 

edition    •. 424 

Ransom,   Caroline  L.      Studies   in  Ancient  Furniture.   275 

Reinach,    S.      Story    of   Art 202 

Renan,  Ernest.     Letters  from  the  Holy  Land 241 

Rhoades,  James.  Little  Flowers  of  St.  Francis..  ..  132 
Rhodes,   James  Ford.      History  of  the  United   States, 

Vol.  V 230 

Rice,    Wallace.      The    Athlete's   Garland 423 

Rick,  Karl.     Das  Maifest  der  Benediktiner  und  Andre 

Erzahlungen .' 421 

Riley,   Thomas   J.      Higher   Life  of  Chicago 327 

Ringwalt,  Ralph  Curtis.     Briefs  on  Public  Questions.    423 

Ripley,  Mary  C.     Oriental  Rug  Book 94 

Ripley,  William  Z.  Trusts,  Pools,  and  Corporations..  396 
Rittenhouse,  Jessie  B.  Younger  American  Poets ...  53 
Roebuck,  George  E.,  and  Thome,  William  B.     Primer 

of    Library    Practice 91 

Rogers,    Joseph   M.      Life  of   Benton 325 

Rogers,   Joseph  M.     The   True   Henry  Clay 204 

Rolfe,  William  J.     Life  of  Shakespeare 49 

Rose,   J.   Holland.      Napoleonic   Studies 41 

Ross,   Janet.      Old   Florence   and   Modern   Tuscany..  .    351 

Russell,    Charles    E.      The    Twin   Immortalities 197 

Russell.    G.    W.    E.      Sydney    Smith 420 

Sahler,  Florence  I.     Captain  Kidd  and  other  Charades     52 

Sandars,  Mary  F.     Honore  de  Balzac 413 

Santayana,   George.      Life   of  Reason 349 

Sargent,  Charles  S.  Trees  and  Shrubs,  Part  IV..  ..  326 
Sargent,     Charles    S.       Manual    of    Trees    of    North 

America 360 

Sargent,  George  H.  Epigrams  and  Aphorisms  of  Oscar 

Wilde     423 

Schaefer,  H.     Songs  of  an  Egyptian  Peasant 132 

Schultze,  Ernst.     Auswahl  aus  den  Kleinen  Schrlften 

von  Jakob  Grimm    421 

ScoUard,  Clinton.     Lyrics  and  Legends  of  Christmas- 
tide     199 

Seaman,  Louis  L.  From  Tokio  through  Manchuria..  10 
'  Shakespeare  :     The  Man  and  his  Works' 423 


PASB 

Sharp,  William.     Literary  Geography 202 

Shaf er,  Sara  A.     Beyond  Chance  of  Change 394 

Shaw,  Bernard.     Common  Sense  of  Municipal  Trading     12 
Sheldon,    Anna    R..    and    Newell,    M.    Moyca.       The 

Medici    Balls ,. 352 

Sheldon,  Walter  L.     Ethics  for  the  Young,  third  and 

fourth    series     22 

Sherman,   Frank   D.      Lyrics  of  Joy 199 

Sidis.  Boris,  and  Goodhart.  S.  P.     Multiple  Personality     20 
Singer,   Otto.     Selections  from  the  Music  Dramas  of 

Wagner    ^. .   422 

Singleton,    Esther.      Venice 326 

Sinclair,    May.      The    Divine   Fire 18 

Sinclair,    Upton.      Manassas », 16 

Slater,   J.   H.      Book-Prices  Current,   1904 86 

Smith,  Charles  S.     Working  with  the  People 156 

Smith,   Orlando   J.      Balance gg 

Smith,  R.  Bosworth.     Bird  Life  and  Bird  Lore 3g6 

Smith,  William  B.     The  Color  Line 317 

Solberg,   Thorvald.      Copyright   in   Congress 360 

Spanuth.    August,    and    Orth,    John.      Liszt's    Hunga- 
rian Rhapsodies    : 51 

Sparks,   Edwin  E.      The  United   States  of  America . .    418 
Sparroy,    WIlfrM,    and   Hadji   Khan.      With   the   Pil- 
grims   to    Mecca 3g3 

Spearman,  Frank  H.      Strategy  of  Great  Railroads..    196 
Stephen,   Leslie.     Hours   in  a  Library,  new  edition..    205 

Stephens,    Kate.      American   Thumb- Prints 420 

Sternburg,    Speck  von.     American   and   German   Uni- 
versity Ideals    24 

Stevenson,    Burton    E.      The   Marathon    Mystery 128 

Stevenson's   Works,    '  Biographical '    edition 423 

Stoddard,   Charles  Warren.     The  Island   of  Tranquil 

Delights     5^ 

Story,    A.    T.      Story    of    Wireless    Telegraphy 131 

Strobridge,   Idah  M.     In   Miners'   Mirage- Land 21 

Strong,   Josiah.      Social   Progress,   1905 326 

'  Super   Flumina  '     422 

Sutro,   Emil.      Duality   of   Thought   and  Language ...      22 

Swinburne's  Works,  new  collected  edition Ill,  152 

Sykes,    Mark.      Dar-ul-Islam 90 

Tanner,   Amy   Eliza.      The    Child 272 

Tarbell,  Ida  M.     The  Standard  Oil  Company 313 

Temple  Topographies    , 131 

Thackeray's   Works,   "Kensington"   edition 97 

Thirteenth  Universal  Peace  Congress  Report    276 

Thomas,    David    Y.      Military    Government    in    Newly 

Acquired   Territory    151 

Thomas,    Edith   M.      Cassia 2OI 

Thompson- Seton,    Ernest.      Woodmyth    and    Fable...    386 
Thorndike,   Edward  L.     Mental   and   Social   Measure- 
ment           52 

Thurston,    Katherine    C.      The    Masquerader 18 

Tiffany,  Nina  M.  and  Francis.     Harm  Jan  Huidekoper  323 

Traubel,   Horace.      Whitman's   American    Primer 154 

Tremain,  Henry  E.     Last  Hours  of  Sheridan's  Cavalry     20 
Trent,    W.    P.,    and    Henneman,    J.    B.      Thackeray's 

Works    22 

Treves,  Sir  Frederick.     The  Other  Side  of  the  Lantern  382 

Trow,    Charles  E.     Old    Shipmasters   of   Salem 241 

Underbill,    Evelyn.      The    Gray    World 124 

'University  of  Pennsylvania  Publications' 326 

Upton,   George   P.      Theodore   Thomas 227 

Valentine,   Edward   U.      Hecla   Sandwith 393 

Vambery,  Armlnius.     Story  of  My  Struggles 267 

Van  Dyke,   Henry.     Music 197 

Villiers,    Frederic.      Port    Arthur 275 

Von  Heidenstam,   O.   G.      Swedish  Life ..      21 

Wack,    Henry    W.      Romance    of    Victor    Hugo    and 

Juliette   Drouet    357 

Waddington,    Mary    K.      Italian   Letters   of   a    Diplo- 
mat's  Wife    357 

Ward,  Mrs.  Humphry.     Marriage  of  William  Ashe.  ..    389 
Ward,    Wilfrid.      Aubrey   de    Vere 7 


VIU. 


INDEX 


PAOE 

Waterfleld,  Margaret.     Garden  Colour..-,- 380 

Waters,  Robert.     Reminiscences  of  Hoboken  Academy  96 

Waters,  W.  G.     Montaigne's  Travels  in  Italy 82 

Watson,  Gilbert,     Sunshine  and  Sentiment  in  Portugal  89 

Watson,   H.   B.   Marriott.      Hurricane   Island 388 

Watson,  Thomas  E.     Bethany 127 

Webster,  Henry  K.     Traitor  and  Loyalist 15 

Weingartner,  Felix.     The   Symphony  since  Beethoven  23 

Wells,   Carolyn.     A   Parody  Anthology 53 

Wendell,    Barrett,    and   Greenough,    Chester    N.     His- 
tory of   Literature   in  America 22 

Weyman,    Stanley   J.      The  Abbess   of  Vlaye 126 

Wharton,   Edith.     Italian  Backgrounds 352 

Whibley,    Charles.      Literary    Portraits 323 

White,   Andrew   D.,   Autobiography  of ;.. 260 

White,  Mary.     How  to  Make  Pottery 52 


FAOB 

Whitson,    John    H.      Justin    Wingate,    Ranchman..  ..  392 

Who's  Who    (English)    for  1905 159 

Wilde,    Oscar.      De   Prof undis 359 

Williamson,  C.  N.  and  A.  M.  The  Princess  Passes . .  389 
Wilson,     James     Grant.     Thackeray     in     the     United 

States 189 

Winch,  William   H.      Notes  on  German   Schools 271 

Winfleld,   C.  H.     Block-House  by  Bull's  Ferry 275 

Winkley,  J.  W.     John  Brown  the  Hero 240 

Winsor,   Justin.     Kohl  Collection   of  Maps 132 

Workman,  William  H.  and  Fanny  B.     Through  Town 

and   Jungle    383 

Yerkes  Observatory  Publications,  Vol.  II . . 22 

Ystridde,   Y.      Three   Dukes 125 

'  Zur  Wiirdlgung  Schiller's  in  Amerika ' 421 


MISCELLANEOUS 


Bibliographical    Research,    Cooperation    in.      Eugene 

Fairfield  McPike    226 

*  Burlington    Magazine,    The  ' > 132,  242 

'  Country    Calendar,    The  ' 132 

English   Literature   in   Secondary   Schools,   The   Fate 

of.     Robert  N.    Whiteford 35 

'  Garden    Magazine,    The  ' 54,  96 

Indian  Narrative,   A  Missing.     Lawrence  J.  Burpee.   307 

Japanese   Imperial  Poetry.     Ernest  W.   Clement 7 

Lane  Company,  John,  Incorporation  of 396 


'Milton's  Prayer  of  Patience,'  Author  of.    T.  W.  B..  ..  116 

Moffat,   Yard   &   Co.,    Incorporation   of 132 

Montaigne  and  Italian  Music.     Grace  Norton 144 

Parsifal.     (Sonnet.)     W.  M.  P 226 

Publishing  Ethics,  A  Point  In.     S.  E.  Bradshaw..  ..m  260 

Schiller    Celebration,    The 327 

Shakespeare  Quarto,  Finding  of  a.     W.  J.  Eolfe 116 

Shakespeare's   'Second   Best  Bed.'     R 187 

Swinburne.      (Sonnet.)      William   Morton   Payne..  ,.  152 


fVaWi' 


•'■/ 


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BLOUNT S  opinion: 

'^  Half  the  men  who  are  earning  the  big 
money  in  law  here  in  Chicago  donH  know 
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Who  cares  for  fine  professional  work  if  it 
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time ! " 

PEMBERTON'S  view: 

^'  Men  are  so  made  that  they  want  to  respect 
something.  And  in  the  long  run  they  will 
respect  learning,  ideas,  and  devotion  to  the 
public  welfare." 

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first,  last  and  all  the  time.  .  .  .  It  don't 
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a  pool-room.  All  is  if  you  want  to  be 
m  the  game  you  must  have  the  price  of 
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HELEN'S  wish: 

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THE  ARCHITECT'S  climax: 

"  One  by  one  he  recalled  the  fraudulent 
works  in  which  he  had  had  a  part, — 
the  school  from  which  he  had  tried  to  steal 
some  of  the  money  his  uncle  had  denied  him, 
and  finally  this  hotel  which  had  crumpled 
at  the  touch  of  fire.  That  spirit  of  greed 
had  eaten  him  through  and  through." 


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"The  book  bites  into  the  mind."  —  Baltimore  Neivs. 

"More  than  all,  he  tells  a  story  that  is  worth  the 
telling."  —  The  Boston  Transcript. 

"The  book  is  a  tremendous  study  of  character  .  .  . 
strong,  realistic,  interesting." — Ghrand  Rapids  Herald. 

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"It  is  the  human  quality  in  books  that  is  the  gauge 
of  their  attractiveness,  and  there  is  plenty  of  this  in 
'The  Common  Lot.'  "  — New  York  Times. 

"It  is  a  splendidly  told  story  —  a  powerful  story." 

—  The  Salt  Lake  Trihme. 


The  Common  Lot 


By  Robert  Herrick 


Sixth  Edition.    $1.50 


"The  most  significant  novel  of  the  year  in  this  counti'y." — The  Independent. 


THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY,  Publishers,  66  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York 


THE  DIAL 

a  &tmi'fSLon1^\v  Journal  of  Hitniarg  Criticism,  Stscusgion,  anl>  information. 


ENTERED  AT   THE   CHICAGO   POSTOFFICE   AS    SECOND-CLASS   MATTEB. 

No.  44o.  JANUARY  1,  1905.    Vol.  XXXVIII. 

Contents. 

PAGE 

AN  APOLOGIE  FOR  PIRACIE 3 

THE  THANKLESS  MUSE.     Percy  F.  Bicknell   .     .       5 

COMMUNICATION .      7 

Japanese  Imperial  Poetry.     Ernest  W.  Clement. 

MEMOIRS  OF  AN  IRISH  POET.    Clark  S.  Northup      7 

FROM  THE  SEAT  OF  WAR.     Wallace  Rice     .     .      9 

THE  PUBLIC  MANAGEMENT  OF  INDUSTRIAL 

ENTERPRISES.     T.  D.  A.  Cockerdl     ....     11 

THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  AN  AMERICAN  LIT- 
ER ATLTIE.     W.  E.  Simonds 13 

RECENT  FICTION.  William  Morton  Payne  ...  15 
Grant's  The  L'^ndercurrent. — Altsheler's  Guthrie 
of  the  Times.  —  Webster's  Traitor  and  Loyalist.— 
Sinclair's  Manassas.  —  London's  The  Sea- Wolf .  — 
Crawford's  Whosoever  Shall  Offend. — PhiUpotts's 
The  Farm  of  the  Dagger.  —  Caine's  The  Prodigal 
Son.  —  Oppenheim's  The  Betrayal.  —  Le  Queux's 
The  Closed  Book.  —  Mason's  The  Truants.  —  Mar- 
riott's Geuevra.  —  Miss  Sinclair's  The  Divine  Fire. 
—  Mrs.  Thurston's  The  Masquerader. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 18 

Essays  by  the  hermit  of  Shelburne.  —  The  period 
of  the  Covenant  in  Scotland.  —  The  .wanderings 
of  a  naturalist,  far  and  near.  —  Sheridan  and 
the  closing  days  of  the  Civil  War.  —  A  dogmatic 
essayist.  —  The  nature  of  Personality. — A  French- 
w  Oman's  narrative  of  her  literary  life. — Town  and 
country  life  in  Sweden.  —  The  land  of  mirages.  — 
The  artistic  achievements  of  women. — Vagaries  in 
language  and  thought. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 22 

NOTES 23 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS      ....  24 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS 24 


AX  APOLOGIE  FOR  PIRACIE. 

After  experiencing  the  benefits  of  interna- 
tional copyright  for  thirteen  years  —  alsit  omen 
—  the  act  whereby  those  benefits  were  secured 
to  American  and  English  authors  alike  is  now 
brought  up  for  renewed  discussion  by  no  less  a 
IDcrson  than  Mr.  Howells,  who,  in  his  '  Editor  s 
Easy  Chair'  for  December,  registers  a  half- 
querulous  complaint,  and  suggests,  at  least,  that 
our  reading  public  has  been  in  some  ways  a 
sufferer  through  the  operation  of  the  act  in 


.v..-rV;; 

quesiibn.  The  responsibility  for  the  complaint 
is  thrown,  in  part,  upon  the  shoulders  of  an 
anonymous  'friend,'  who  is  quoted  as  opining 
*  that  the  Devil  has  got  hold  of  the  job.  and 
turned  it  to  his  own  ends,'  that  '  no  solid  Eng- 
lish book  is  reprinted  here,'  that  our  '  publishers 
don't  look  at  a  serious  b<x)k,'  and  that  *  no  one 
now  reads  anything  but  trash,'  and  who  closes 
his  screed  with  the  prediction  that  *we  shall 
relapse  into  barbarism,  and  then  resort  to  piracy, 
which  will  so  improve  our  minds  that  we  shall 
again  seek  a  lawful  alliance,  then  degenerate 
again,  and  so  on  and  so  on.' 

This  whimsical  plaint  evidently  appeals  to 
Mr.  Howells,  for  he  proceeds  on  his  own  account, 
and  in  somewhat  similar  vein,  to  comment  upon 
the  consequences  of  our  '  wanton  benevolence ' 
as  expressed  in  the  law  of  1891.  Although  he 
does  not  write  in  the  fashion  of  one  who 
expects  to  be  taken  altogether  seriously,  he 
makes  some  rather  positive  assertions  that  chal- 
lenge inquiry.  He  says,  for  example,  that  '  the 
law  has  strangely  and  curiously  resulted  in 
alienating  the  international  public  which  the 
authors  of  the  two  countries  chiefly  concerned 
used  to  enjoy,  or  rather  which  used  to  enjoy 
them.  English  authors  have  now  less  currency 
in  America  than  they  had  before  the  passage 
of  the  act,  and  American  authors  have  less  cur- 
rency in  England,  although  in  the  social,  politi- 
cal, and  commercial  interests  there  has  been  so 
great  an  affinition  of  their  respective  nations.' 
?fow  assertions  like  these  may  without  much 
diflBculty  be  brought  to  the  test  of  fact,  and 
that  test  seems  to  us  to  refute  the  verj-  bases  of 
the  argument  so  genially  developed  by  Mr. 
Howelk. 

Discussing  these  strange  propositions,  'The 
Publisher's  Weekly'  says  flatly  of  their  pro- 
pounder  that  '  his  conclusions  are  as  wrong  as 
his  premises,  and  his  premises  as  wrong  as  his 
facts.'  Mr.  George  Haven  Putnam,  who,  assur- 
edly, does  know  the  facts,  likens  the  essayist's 
reasoning  to  that  which  is  reputed,  according  to 
the  old  rhyme,  to  have  made  a  heretic  of  Bishop 
Colenso. 

'  A   bishop   there  was  of  Natal, 
Who  a  Zulu  did  take  for  a  pal ; 
Said  the  Zulu :   "  Look  here. 
Ain't  the  Pentateuch  queer?" 
Which  converted  my  Lord  of  Natal. ' 

And  Mr.  George  Piatt  Brett,  who  likewise  knows 
tlie  facts,  declares  that  ^Ir.  Howells's  article 
'  fairly  bristles  with  unfounded  charges  as  to  the 
evil  effect^  of  international  copyright.' 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


Have  American  authors  less  currency  in  Eng- 
land than  they  had  before  the  Copyright  Act 
of  1891  ?  The  correspondent  whom  Mr. 
Howells  quotes  says  that  'not  even  our  worst- 
authors  are  now  popular  in  England,  let  alone 
our  best  ones.  .  .  .  The  younger  English 
readers  do  not  know  our  good  authors ;  and  there 
is  unhappily  growing  up  in  the  racially  and 
lingually  related  countries  a  generation  re- 
ciprocally ignorant  of  their  respective  litera- 
tures.' ISTow  if  this  be  the  case  with  our 
authors  in  the  mother-country,  it  can  hardly 
be  a  consequence  of  the  act  in  question,  for 
the  simple  reason  that  under  that  act  our 
authors  have  practically  the  same  standing  that 
they  had  before.  Before  its  adoption,  they 
might,  if  they  so  desired,  secure  English  copy- 
right under  substantially  the  same  conditions 
at  present.  If  more  of  them  noAv  do  so  than 
formerly,  it  is  because  they  have  become  more 
enterprising  in  protecting  their  books  from 
piracy.  The  proverbial  stubbornness  of  facts 
when  confronted  with  imaginary  suppositions 
is  illustrated  by  Mr.  Brett's  reference  to  the 
official  statistics  of  our  Government,  ''which 
prove  that,  not  only  has  the  business  of 
exporting  books  nearly  doubled  in  tlie  last  five 
years,  but  that  the  value  of  books  exported  from 
this  country  is  very  much  greater  than  the  value 
of  books  imported  into  it,'  Mr.  Brett  further 
avers  that  '  few  American  books  of  wide  popu- 
larity fail  to  appear  in  special  English  editions 
printed  abroad  Avhich  find  a  public  there  cer- 
tainly not  smaller  than  that  enjoyed  by  writers 
of  native  origin.'  And  he  clinches  his  case  by 
quoting  a  fellow-puiblisher  to  the  following 
effect:  'The  records  of  our  sales  show  that 
instead  of  a  decrease  in  the  sale  of  American 
books  in  England  there  has  been  a  greater  sale 
of  works  by  Ilnited  States  authore  in  that  coun- 
try during  the  last  three  years  than  ever  before.' 

So  much  having  been  said  for  one  aspect  of 
the  question,  let  us  now  turn  to  the  other.  Here. 
of  course,  the  case  is  somewhat  different,  for 
if  an  English  author  wishes  to  obtain  copy- 
right in  this  country  upon  our  hard  conditions, 
he  may  do  so,  whereas  previous  to  1891  he  had 
no  possible  protection  from  our  laws.  Doubt- 
less, under  the  act  of  1891,  we  have  diminished 
our  reading  of  English  literarj^  rubbish,  and 
substituted  therefor  the  reading  of  the  similar 
home  product.  But  good  English  books  are 
certainly  obtainable  in  this  country  at  prices 
that  compare  favorably  with  those  at  what  the 
best  American  books  are  put  upon  the  market. 
More  than  this  it  is  not  reasonable  to  expect. 
There  have  been  a  few  instances,  no  doubt,  in 
which  important  English  books  have  had 
unusually  high  prices  set  upon  them  in  both 
markets,  a  proceeding  which  we  may  consider 
unwise,  but  concerning  which  we  have  not  the 


shadow  of  a  right  to  be  dictatorial.  A  com- 
plaint upon  this  score  is  hardly  more  than  a 
veiled  apology  for  the  piratical  practices  which 
so  shamed  us  before  the  law  ended  them  in 
1891,  and  which  flouted  in  the  most  brazen 
manner  the  rights  of  literary  property.  Mr. 
Putnam  declares  it  to  be  '  undoubtedly  the 
case  that  there  has  been  with  copyrighted 
foreign  books  a  steady  tendency  to  lower  prices,' 
and  in  support  of  this  proposition  quotes  Mr. 
Spofford's  statement  that  'the  great  benefit  of 
international  copyright  has  been  the  gradujil 
decline  in  the  price  of  standard  foreign  works.' 

Thus  the  contention  of  Mr.  Howells  and  his 
correspondent  is  shown  to  have  not  a  leg  uiwn 
which  to  stand ;  one  of  the  two  being  completely 
amputated  by  the  official  facts,  while  the  other, 
if  still  preserving  a  semblance  of  functional 
activity,  is  seen  to  be  too  crippled  for  any  real 
usefulness.  There  is  absolutely  nothing  in  the 
considerations  adduced  which  gives  cause  of 
legitimate  complaint  against  our  national  pro- 
tection of  the  rights  of  English  authors.  But 
there  may  be  seen  at  many  points,  just  beneath 
the  surface,  the  crest  of  the  reptile  that  was 
scotched  in  1891  after  years  of  effort.  Mr. 
Howells  should  not  speak  of  'the  ruthless  but 
kindly  rule  of  the  pirate,'  nor  should  he  give 
voice  to  any  plea  based  upon  the  grievance  of 
our  being  no  longer  able  to  get  English  books 
by  plunder.  Of  course  he  does  not  really 
mean  that  we  ought  to  withdraw  the  protec- 
tion of  our  law  from  English  writers ;  and,  des- 
pite what  goes  before,  Ave  have  no  doubt  that 
his  closing  sentence,  in  which  he  says  that  we 
had  better  keep  '  our  historical  novels  and  a 
good  conscience'  than  get  'the  best  English 
fiction  and  the  sense  of  having  robbed  the 
author,'  is  the  expression  of  his  inmost  thought. 
iSTevertheless,  we  cannot  but  regard  as  infelici- 
tous the  manner  in  which  he  has  raised  this 
buried  subject  of  discussion. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  our  law  should  be 
amended  for  the  further  protection  of  English 
authors,  and  of  the  authors  of  the  Continental 
countries.  It  still  affords  inadequate  protec- 
tion for  works  that  have  to  be  translated  from 
foreign  tongues,  while  the  provision  for  double 
typesetting,  inserted  at  the  dictation  of  a  self- 
ish class  interest,  remains  as  a  dark  blot  upon 
its  character.  As  '  The  Nation '  remarked 
many  years  ago,  this  provision  would  be  fairly 
matched  by  a  provision  that  no  foreigner  land- 
ing in  the  United  States  should  be  entitled  to 
the  protection  of  the  police  and  the  courts  until 
he  had  purchased,  and  was  actually  Avearing,  a 
suit  of  clothes  made  by  an  American  tailor. 
Such  is  the  reductio  ad  ahsurdum  to  which  we 
are  led  by  a  candid  examination  of  this  most 
obnoxious  clause  in  an  otherwise  commendable 
piece  of  legislation. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL. 


How  our  curious  unwillingness  to  adopt  a 
policy  of  thoroughgoing  fairness  toward  foreign 
authors  affects  us  in  the  eyes  of  the  international 
public  is  strikingly  illustrated  by  our  copyright 
relations  with  Japan,  an  illustration  which  Mr. 
Putnam  uses  with  telling  effect.  For  some 
years  we  have  been  trying  to  secure  a  copy- 
right treaty  with  that  country,  but  the  reply 
which  the  statesmen  of  Japan  make  to  our 
request  is,  in  substance,  '  that  when  our  nation 
has  accepted  the  world's  standard  of  action  in 
regard  to  the  recognition  of  literary  property, 
and  has  become  a  party  to  the  Convention  of 
Berne,  no  separate  treaty  between  the  United 
States  and  Japan  will  be  necessary.'  In  other 
words,  the  Asiatic  empire  accepts  the  civilized 
provisions  of  that  Convention  and  the  American 
commonwealth  rejects  them!  It  should  be  a 
cause  for  much  searching  of  hearts,  because, 
as  Mr.  Putnam  justly  says,  this  attitude  on  our 
part  puts  us  outside  '  the  comity  of  nations ' 
in  the  treatment  of  the  rights  of  authors. 


THE  THANKLESS  MUSE. 


Again  and  again  the  would-be  author  is 
warned  not  to  adopt  literatiire  as  a  vocation, 
but,  if  he  must  dabble  in  letters,  to  let  his  writ- 
ing be  merel}-  an  avocation,  a  side  issue,  a 
harmless  relaxation  from  the  stem  business  of 
law  or  medicine  or  theology  or  trade.  It  is  time 
a  word  were  uttered  on  the  other  side,  and  a 
plea  made  for  what  Milton  aUowed  himself  to 
c-all  '  the  thankless  Muse.' 

At  the  outset  it  will  of  course  be  understood 
that  if  one's  ambition  is  to  *  get  on '  in  a  worldly 
sense,  if  fame  and  fortune  and  a  numerous 
j^rogeny  are  the  objects  of  desire,  literature  is 
an  exceUent  calling  not  to  embrace.  But  pre- 
supposing that  one  has  enough  of  the  ascetic 
and  tlie  stoic  in  his  composition  to  enable  him 
to  eat  bread  and  pulse  (if  need  be)  with  a  glad 
heart,  literature  will  be  found  to  offer  not 
merely  compensations  but  real  and  positive  sat- 
isfactions, and  that  too,  most  often,  in  inverse 
ratio  to  the  success,  commercially  considered, 
that  is  attained  in  its  pursuit.  "  Mature  is  sat- 
isfied with  little,  and  if  she  be  so,  even  so  am 
I.'  Thus  said  Spinoza,  the  excommunicated 
Jew,  who,  as  tradition  has  it,  was  forced  by 
IK)verty  to  abandon  his  hope  of  winning  the 
gifted  Clara  Maria  van  den  Ende  and  soon 
became  absorbed  in  a  more  ideal  love-suit 
—  to  immortal  truth.  A  more  strenuous 
literary  life  than  his  it  would  be  hard  to 
imagine.  Practicing,  from  choice  as  well  as 
from  necessity,  a  rigid  economy  in  daily 
life,  confined  somewhat  closely  to  his  chamber 
both  bv  the  oxactinix  nature  of  his  studies  and 


by  the  state  of  his  health,  the  life-long  object 
of  malignant  assault  and  acrimonious  abuse 
from  the  orthodox,  alienated  even  as  a  youth 
from  his  family  and  early  f riends;,  and  in  hearty 
intellectual  accord  with  none  of  his  contem- 
poraries, this  heroic  scholar  and  writer  has  yet 
given  us  his  word  that  his  life  was  a  happy  one. 
Problems  perplexed  him  until  it  was  easier  for 
him  to  work  at  their  solution  than  to  refrain; 
and  in  this  inward  compulsion  he  found  his 
happiness. 

Counsels  of  perfection  are  cheap,  and  it  is 
not  the  present  writers  purpose  to  indulge  in 
them.  But  the  name  of  Spinoza,  the  devoted 
seeker  and  declarer  of  truth,  calls  up  that  of  his 
great  English  contemporary,  who  counted  it 
gain  to  lose  his  eyesight  in  penning  his  '  Pro 
Populo  Anglicano  Defensio.'  Warned  by  his 
ph}-6ician  what  he  must  expect,  ^I  would  not 
have  listened,'  Milton  declares,  '  to  the  voic-e  of 
iEsculapius  himself  in  preference  to  the  sug- 
gestions of  the  heavenly  monitor  within  my 
breast :  my  resolution  was  unshaken,  though,  the 
alternative  was  either  the  loss  of  my  sight  or 
the  desertion  of  my  dut}-.  .  .  I  resolved,  there- 
fore, to  make  the  short  interval  of  sight  which 
was  left  me  as  beneficial  as  possible  to  the  com- 
mon weal.'  Another  devoted  follower  of  litera- 
ture and  learning,  but  one  whom  we  are  more 
inclined  to  think  of  as  a  dry-as-dust  gerund- 
grinder,  an  arrogant  and  irritable  pedant,  than 
as  an  acute  writer  and  reasoner  of  recognized 
authority,  is  the  younger  Scaliger.  Living  in 
the  century  preceding  that  of  Spinoza  and  Mil- 
ton, and  when  literature  received  even  less  rec- 
ognition as  a  reputable  calling,  Joseph  Scaliger 
had  the  courage  to  be  true  to  himself.  When 
as  a  young  man  he  was  offered  an  assistant- 
professorship  of  law  at  Valence  in  acknowledg- 
ment of  his  remarkable  attainments  in  juris- 
prudence, he  did  not  for  a  moment  hesitate  in 
liis  reply  or  so  much  as  dream  of  turning  his 
back  on  literature,  which  he  rated  above  law, 
medicine,  the  diurch,  or  any  other  calling.  He 
had  mastered  law  merely  as  an  instrument  of 
philological  inquiry,  which  was  in  his  eyes  not 
an  amusement  for  the  ingenious,  but  the  only 
means  of  interpreting  ancient  records. 

Those  who  have  read  (as  all  ought  to  have) 
Herbert  Spencer's  Autobiography,  will  remem- 
ber what  he  says  in  his  closing  chapter  about 
the  consolations  of  literature  'It  has  been 
with  me,'  he  writes,  '  b.  source  of  continual 
pleasure,  distinct  from  other  pleasures,  to 
evolve  new  thoughts,  and  to  be  in  some  sort  a 
spectator  of  the  way  in  which,  under  pereistent 
contemplation,  they  gradually  imfolded  into 
completeness.  There  is  a  keen  delight  in  intel- 
lectual conquest  —  in  appropriating  a  portion 
of  the  unlmown  and  bringing  it  within  the 
realm  of  the  known.'    But  of  mere  success  as 


6 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


an  author  in  the  eyes  of  the  world,  he  main- 
tains that  when  it  is  achieved  it  often  brings 
vexations  and  worries  greatly  overbalancing  the 
pleasures.  '  Adverse  criticisms  of  utterly  unjust 
kinds  frequently  pursue  the  conscientious 
writer,  not  only  during  his  period  of  struggle, 
but  after  he  has  reached  his  desired  position. 
Careless  mis-statements  and  gross  misrepresen- 
tations continually  exasperate  him;  and  if  he 
measures  the  pains  produced  by  these  against 
the  pleasures  produced  by  due  appreciation,  he 
is  likely  to  find  them  in  excess.'  Again  he 
declares :  'Of  literary  distinction,  as  of  so 
many  other  things  which  men  pursue,  it  may 
be  truly  said  that  the  game  is  not  worth  the 
candle.  .  .  A  transitory  emotion  of  joy  may  be 
produced  by  the  first  marks  of  success;  but 
after  a  time  the  continuance  of  success  excites 
no  emotion  which  rises  above  the  ordinary 
level,'  In  the  same  vein  he  writes,  '  It  is  indeed 
astonishing  to  what  an  extent  men  are  deluded 
into  pursuit  of  the  bubble  reputation  when  they 
have  within  their  reach  satisfactions  which  are 
much  greater.'  But  for  him  who  devotes  him- 
self to  serious  authorship  not  for  the  saJce  of 
reputation  or  pecuniairy  return,  there  are  ample 
rewards  in  store,  though  he  must  be  prepared 
to  practise  renunciation.  Spencer  tells  us  that 
a  writer  of  this  class  '  must  be  content  to  remain 
celibate,  unless  indeed  he  obtains  a  wife  having 
adequate  means  for  both,  and  is  content  to  put 
himself  in  the  implied  position.  Even  then 
family  cares  and  troubles  are  likely  to  prove 
fatal  to  his  undertakings.  As  was  said  to  me 
by  a  scientific  friend,  who  himself  knew  by 
experience  the  effect  of  domestic  worries  — 
"Had  you  married  there  would  have  been  no 
system  of  philosophy."  '  But,  *  after  all,'  Spen- 
cer concludes  in  his  own  case,  '  my  celibate  life 
has  probably  been  the  best  for  me  as  well  as  the 
liest  for  some  unknown  other.'  As  Gibbon 
solaced  himself  with  a  history  instead  of  a  wife, 
so  Spencer  found  compensation  in  his  Synthetic 
Philosophy  for  the  renounced  conjugal  joys; 
and  in  the  '  weeks,  months  and  years  of 
wretched  nights  and  vacant  days '  that  made 
existence  for  him  '  a  long-drawn  weariness,'  the 
one  thing  that  supported  him  and  gave  him  a 
motive  for  continuing  the  struggle  was  the 
hope,  however  faint,  of  finishing  his  self- 
appointed  task. 

Having,  then,  pondered  Spencer's  words  of 
counsel  and  warning,  and  made  up  our  minds 
to  attempt  something  in  literature  to  benefit 
mankind,  we  are  further  cautioned  by  our  phil- 
osopher to  be  ready  to  bear  losses  and  priva- 
tions, and  perhaps  ridicule.  For  '^  adequate 
appreciation  of  writings  not  adapted  to  satisfy 
popular  desires  is  long  in  coming,  if  it  ever 
comes;  and  it  comes  the  more  slowly  to  one 
who  is  either  not  in  literary  circles,  or,  being  in 


them,  will  not  descend  to  literary  "  log-rolling  " 
and  other  arts  by  which  favourable  recognition 
is  often  gained.  Comparative  neglect  is  almost 
certain  to  follow  one  who  declines  to  use  influ- 
ence with  reviewei-s,  as  I  can  abundantly  tes- 
tify.' 

These  quotations  may  be  thought  much  more 
deterrent  than  encoiiraging  to  the  literary 
aspirant.  Let  them  rather  nerve  him  to  sterner 
and  loftier  endeavor.  What  there  is  of  truth 
in  them  can  work  him  no  harm.  It  is  astonish- 
ing how  little  is  required,  of  material  resources, 
to  support  a  life  of  plain  living  and  high  think- 
ing. There  is  more  than  a  kernel  of  truth  in 
what  Thoreau,  a  writer  eminently  unsuccessful 
in  a  business  way,  says  of  the  poet.  '  The  poet 
is  he  that  hath  fat  enough,  like  bears  and  mar- 
mots, to  suck  his  claws  all  winter.  He  hiber- 
nates in  this  world  and  feeds  on  his  own  mar- 
row.' 

Perhaps,  therefore,  the  best  fortune  one  can 
wish  a  young  writer  is  to  be  ever  on  the  eve  of 
a  great  success,  but  never  quite  to  attain  it ;  for 
with  complete  success,  if  such  there  be,  must 
come  disillusion,  weariness,  and  disgust.  It  is 
only  those  who  take  the  static  and  not  the 
dynamic  view  of  life  who  cherish  expectations 
of  gaining  this  perfectly  satisfying  success, 
which  always  turns  out  to  be  simply  another 
name  for  stagnation  and  death.  What  is  better 
than  to  be  beckoned  forever  onward  by  the  ideal 
that  alone  gives  purpose  and  meaning  to  one's 
life?  '  Every  motive  of  a  great  artist  must,  in 
its  perfect  completion,  open  the  mind,  as  it 
were,  to  perceive  a  still  greater  work,  which 
hovers  invisibly  above  it,  and  fills  us,  while  we 
laiow  not  whence  it  comes,  with  that  ever  unsat- 
isfied curiosity  which,  after  fancying  it  has 
exhausted  all,  feels,  at  the  very  moment  we 
turn  away,  that  it  has  only  seen  the  smallest 
part.'  So  says  Hermann  Grimm  in  his  biog- 
raphy of  Michael  Angelo.  It  is  the  dimming 
of  this  ideal,  the  blurring  and  blotting  of  this 
beatific  vision,  that  is  too  often  wrought  by 
that  success  which  is  measured  in  terms  of 
popular  applause  and  in  dollars  and  cents. 
From  this  kind  of  success  we  cannot  too  fer- 
vently pray  that  our  weakness  may  be  delivered. 
The  book  that  wins  immediate  acclaim  with 
the  masses,  and  large  pecuniary  returns,  is  the 
book  an  author  should  devoutly  hope  never  to 
write. 

The  humorous  complaint  of  a  popular  writer 
that  not  one  of  her  offered  contributions  had 
ever  been  rejected  by  an  editor,  because  she 
wrote  nothing  of  sufficient  depth  to  be  misun- 
derstood, may  well  have  had  a  note  of  sincerity 
in  it.  Immediate  favor  is  often  won  at  the  cost 
of  subsequent  neglect.  The  purveyor  to  the 
demands  of  the  hour  seldom  ministers  to  the 
needs  of  the  centuries.     To  be  sure,  it  may  be 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


said  that  it  is  very  easy  to  affect  a  fine  scorn 
of  an  unattainable  success;  and  disparagement 
of  even  a  transitory  renown  will  inevitably 
recall  a  certain  ancient  fable.  But  it  has  never 
been  proved  that  the  grapes  were  not  really 
sour.  The  chances  are  very  many  that,  could  they 
have  been  reached,  they  would  have  proved 
somewhat  disappointing.  At  the  utmost,  they 
would  have  yielded  but  a  momentar}-  gratifica- 
tion. This  much,  finally,  is  certain,  that  in 
the  success  that  tempts  or  forces  one  to  renounce 
a  congenial  solitude  for  the  whirl  of  society, 
a  lettered  seclusion  for  the  glare  of  pub- 
licity, the  silent  approval  of  one's  conscience 
for  the  resounding  plaudits  of  the  crowd, 
there  lurks  a  very  real  danger.  Gregari- 
ousness,  it  has  been  well  said,  is  not  conducive 
to  the  production  of  fine  literature.  The  gen- 
erative process  will  not  be  exposed  to  the  vidgar 
gaze;  conception  has  its  mysterious  laws,  in 
things  of  the  spirit  even  more  than  in  those  of 
the  body ;  and  to  him  alone  who  will  '  strictly 
meditate  the  thankless  Muse'  shall  it  be  given 
to  effect  something  praiseworthy  in  literature, 
and  to  learn  that  the  Muse,  thus  courted,  is  not 
so  thankless  a  mistress  after  all. 

Percy  F.  Bickxell. 


COMMUNICA  TION. 

JAPANESE  IMPERIAL  POETRY. 
(To  the  Editor  of  Thb  Dial.) 
The  poems  of  the  Japanese  Emperor  always 
possess  interest  to  his  people;  but  his  recent 
metrical  ventures  have  a  special  s'igmifieance  in 
the  present  crisis,  as  the  following  clipping  from 
the  'Japan  Times'  will  show: 

'  The  Kokumin,  which,  in  its  Imperial  Birthday  num- 
ber, devoted  the  editorial  column  to  an  eulogy  of  the 
illustrious  virtues  and  sublime  wisdom  of  our  most  august 
Emperor,  the  well-spring  of  Japanese  patriotism,  Japanese 
loyalty  and  Japanese  valour,  knows  the  right  chord  where- 
with to  touch  the  nation's  mind,  when  it  recurs,  as  it 
does,  to  the  same  subject  by  reproducing  some  of  His 
Majesty's  latest  poetical  compositions  (uta),  with  appro- 
priate remarks.  The  journal  quotes  three  of  these,  and 
our  literal  translation  of  them,  which  cannot  be  expected 
to  do  justice  to  the  Imperial   original,   is  as  follows: 

"  The  sons,  all 

In    the    field   of  battle 
To    serve    are    gone; 

Alone    the   aged. 
Fields    and    farms    guard:" 

"  Gods   of    yore   still    living. 

Their   divine   minds 
Please   it    will 

The    faith    and    devotion 
My  nation,  my  people  display."' 

'■  This   age,   when   think  we, 
The    seas   of   four   quarters 

All    brothers    and    sisters    are; 
Why   wind   and  waves 

Rage  and  agitate  so?"  ' 


t\t  gtto  looks. 


Memoirs  of  ax  Irish  Poet.* 


Tokyo,  Japan,  Dec.  1,  irW4. 


Ebxest  W.  Clbment. 


A  biography  of  Aubrey  Thomas  de  Vere 
could  hardly  fail  to  be  interesting.  His  mind 
and  character  were  so  noble,  his  personality 
was  so  attractive,  his  friendships  among  great 
contemporaries  were  so  numerous,  that  an 
account  of  his  life  and  achievements  could 
hardly  fail  to  charm.  The  present  volume,  by 
Mr.  Wilfrid  Ward,  is  intended  to  take  the  place 
of  the  second  volume  of  recollections  which  Mr., 
de  Vere  had  planned  (the  first  appearing  in- 
1897),  but  of  which  he  had  at  death  written 
practically  nothing.  As  his  literar}-  executor^ 
Mr.  Ward  found  many  of  his  letters  and  many 
passages  in  his  diaries  suitable  for  publication.. 
These  he  has  skilfully  woven  into  a  readable 
narrative,  in  such  a  way  as  to  let  the  poet  tell 
his  own  story  and  reveal  his  own  mind  and  tem- 
perament, at  the  same  time  furnishing  '  some 
graphic  contemporary  descriptions  of  great 
men.' 

Many  will  regret  that  Mr.  Ward  has  not 
given  us  a  fuller  biography,  based  on  all  of 
de  Yere's  published  recollections  and  on  a  full 
collection  of  his  letters.  Little  is  here  said, 
for  example,  of  his  poetry  and  of  his  position 
among  the  Victorian  singers.  But  we  must 
respect  Mr.  Ward's  plea  that  the  limit  of  time 
prescribed  by  Mr.  de  Vere  for  the  publication  of 
this  work  rendered  a  fuller  biography  impos- 
sible; and  that  the  materials  presented  are, 
after  all,  sufficient  to  give  a  true  picture  of 
the  man  himself. 

The  life  of  Aubrey  de  Vere  was  a  long  and 
comparatively  uneventful  one.  Born  in  the 
year  before  Waterloo,  he  survived  all  of  his 
famous  contemporaries,  living  through  a  year 
of  the  new  century.  Although  he  took  a  keen 
interest  in  public  affairs,  —  the  distresses  of 
Ireland,  the  American  Civil  War,  the  ec-clesias- 
tical  controversies  of  the  time,  —  his  life  was 
mainly  spent  in  solitude,  in  the  study  of  poetry 
and  theology.  Destined  by  his  father  for  the 
Church,  he  seems  from  an  early  age  to  have 
been  fond  of  theological  reading  and  a  close 
student  of  religious  problems.  The  narrative 
of  his  gradual  change  of  belief,  which  led  to 
his  reception  in  1851  into  the  Chtirch  of  Rome, 
is  well  told,  of  course  at  considerable  length 
and  with  svmpathetic  approval.  Mr.  Ward 
speaks  on  these  matters  with  no  uncertain 
voice;  yet  we  must  commend  his  thoroughly 
broad  and  liberal  treatment  of  the  whole  subject 

•  AfBBKY  DE  Vere.  A  Memoir,  Based  on  his  Unpub- 
lished Diaries  and  Correspondence.  By  Wilfrid  Ward. 
With  portraits.     New  York  :  Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


of  the  Oxford  Movement  and  ite  tendencies,  so 
■far  as  he  touches  on  them  here. 

De  Vere's  theological  speculations,  however, 
did  not  remove  him  entirely  from  the  world 
of  action.  During  the  terrible  famine  of 
1846-7,  he  devoted  himself  to  energetic  work  on 
relief  committees,  and  to  that  close  study  of  the 
Irish  situation  which  bore  fruit  in  1848  in  his 
*  English  Misrule  and  Irish  Misdeeds,'  which 
Lord  Manners  pronounc-ed  '  the  most  valuabLi 
contribution  to  our  Irish  political  literature 
since  the  days  of  Burke,'  and  in  almost  every 
passage  of  which  even  Carlyle  found  '  much  to 
agree  with.'  Throughout  his  life,  his  voice  and 
pen  were  active  in  the  effort  to  ameliorate  the 
conditions  in  Ireland,  and  to  solve  such  per- 
plexing questions  as  that  of  adjusting  lana  difR- 
culties  and  of  providing  for  the  university  edu- 
cation of  larger  numbers  of  Catholic  Irishmen. 

Yet  Avhile  Aubrey  de  Vere  won  some  distinc- 
tion as  an  able  political  thinker,  he  will  be 
remembered  chiefly  as  a  poet.  Poetry  was  his 
real  vocation ;  and  though  he  failed  to  win  wide 
recognition,*  his  devotion  to  poetry  was  none 
the  less  ardent.  His  failure  to  win  popular 
favor  is  explainable  on  more  than  one  ground. 
One  reason  he  himself  gives,  in  a  letter  to  Pro- 
fessor Charles  Eliot  Norton. 

'Literary  labour,  with  the  hope  of  a  result,  must 
be  a  very  animating  thing!  For  a  great  many  years 
I  have  never  written  anything  in  prose  or  verse 
without  the  knowledge  that,  on  account  of  jeal- 
ousies and  animosities,  either  political  or  polemical, 
what  I  wrote  was  in  fact  but  a  letter  to  some  few 
friends,  known  and  unknown,  to  be  illustrated  by 
a  good  deal  of  abuse,  and  recalled  to  my  recollec- 
tion by  the  printer's  bill.  I  am  of  the  unpopular 
side,  you  know,  in  England  because  I  am  a  Catholic, 
and  in  Ireland  because  I  am  opposed  to  revolution- 
ary schemes.' 

Moreover,  as  Hutton  pointed  out  to  him,  his 
poetry  lacked  a  certain  force  which  might  have 
arrested  the  ear  of  a  wider  public.  Besides,  his 
choice  of  Christian  themes  tended  to  diminish 
th€  volume  of  that  poetry  which  appealed  to 
a  public  not  always  sensible  of  the  real  value 
of  Christianity,  or  at  least  indifferent  to  the 
thoughts  and  moods  of  the  pietist.  We  must 
bear  in  mind,  too,  that  from  1850  on,  Tenny- 
son was  the  dominant  figure  in  British  poetry; 
and  that,  as  Henry  Taylor  wrote  to  de  Vere  in 
1850,  Hhere  is  hardly  ever  more  than  one  poet 
flourishing  at  a  time,  as  there  is  only  one 
Prima  Donna.'  Yet  we  venture  to  believe  that 
with  the  coming  of  a  day  of  larger  toleration 

•  So  little  known  Is  Aubrey  Thomas  de  Vere  that  he  has 
often  been  confused  with  his  father.  Sir  Aubrey  de  Vere 
<1788-1846),  author  of  'The  Duke  of  Mercla,'  'Julian  the 
Apostate,'  'Mary  Tudor,'  '  The  Lamentation  of  Ireland,' 
some  sonnets,  etc.  This  confusion,  for  example,  exists  In 
the  early  volumes  of  Poole's  Index,  and  in  the  English 
"Catalogue,  1816-51 ;  while  in  a  well-known  anthology  of 
-world  literature  the  brief  sketch  of  Sir  Aubrey  Is  embel- 
liahed  with  a  portrait  of  his  son  ! 


and  broader  sympathies,  the  poetry  of  Aubrey 
de  Vere  will  be  more  widely  read,  and  a  more 
appreciative  pixblic  will  concede  to  him  that 
higher  position  among  the  inspired  group  to 
which  he  is  justly  entitled. 

We  have  already  alluded  to  the  friendships 
of  Aubrey  de  Vere.  Like  Carlyle,  he  was  a 
liero- worshipper;  and  his  heroes  were  his 
friends.  He  came  early  under  the  spell  of 
Wordsworth,  and  first  came  to  know  the  old 
bard  in  London  in  1841.  A  letter  to  his  sister 
gives  young  de  Vere's  impressions,  from  which 
we  quote  a  few  sentences. 

'He  strikes  me  as  the  kindest  and  most  simple- 
hearted  old  man  I  know.  He  talks  in  a  manner 
very  peculiar.  As  for  duration,  it  is  from  the  rising 
up  of  the  sun  to  the  going  down  of  the  same.  As 
for  quality,  a  sort  of  thinking  aloud,  a  perpetual 
purring  of  satisfaction.  ...  I  was  at  first 
principally  struck  by  the  extraordinary  purity  of 
his  language,  and  the  absolute  perfection  of  his 
sentences;  but  by  degrees  I  came  to  find  a  great 
charm  in  observing  the  exquisite  balance  of  his 
mind,  and  the  train  of  associations  in  which  his 
thoughts  followed  each  other.  .  .  .  He  is  the 
voice,  and  Nature  the  instrument;  and  they  always 
keep  in  perfect  tune.' 

In  1842,  de  Vere  stayed  in  Wordsworth's  own 
house,  — '  the  greatest  honour,'  he  declared,  '  of 
his  life.'  For  nearly  fifty  years  following  the 
death  of  Wordsworth  in  1850,  he  made  an 
annual  pilgrimage  to  the  poet's  grave. 

De  Vere's  friendship  with  Tennyson  began  in 
1841  or  1842.  His  contribution  to  the  Tenny- 
son Memoir  is  of  no  small  importance;  and 
Mr.  Ward  prints  some  passages  from  the  diaries 
which  give  us  further  interesting  pictures  of 
the  future  poet  laureate. 

'April  17  [1845].— 1  called  on  Alfred  Tennyson, 
and  found  him  at  first  much  out  of  spirits.  He 
cheered  up  soon,  and  read  me  some  beautiful  Ele- 
gies, complaining  much  of  some  writer  in  "Fraser's 
Magazine"  who  had  spoken  of  the  "foolish  facil- 
ity" of  Tennysonian  poetry, 

'April  18. — Sat  with  Alfred  Tennyson,  who  read 
MS.  poetry  to  Tom  Taylor  and  me.  Walked  with 
him  to  his  lawyer's:  came  back  and  listened  to  the 
"University  of  Women."  .  .  .  As  I  went 
away,  he  said  he  would  wdllingly  bargain  for  the 
reputation  of  Suckling  or  Lovelace,  and  alluded  to 
"the  foolish  facility  of  Tennysonian  poetry."  Said 
he  was  dreadfully  cut  up  by  all  he  had  gone 
through. 

'Maj-^  9. — Alfred  Tennyson  came  in  and  smoked 
his  pipe.  He  told  us  with  pleasure  of  his  dinner 
with  Wordsworth,  —  was  pleased  as  well  as  amused 
by  Wordsworth  saying  to  him,  "Come,  brother 
bard,  to  dinner, ' '  and  taking  his  arm.      .      .      . ' 

While  Wordsworth  was  de  Vere's  acknowl- 
edged master  in  poetry,  Newman  was  his  guide 
in  religious  thought.  Yet  he  was  never  a 
servile  imitator.  In  1850,  a  year  before  he 
became  a  Catholic,  he  thus  wrote  of  Newman, 
who  had  joined  the  Roman  communion  five 
years  before : 

'There  is,  as  you  say,  occasionally  an  iron  hard- 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


ness  in  J.  Newman;  but  in  him,  as  in  Dante,  there 
is  also  an  exquisite  and  surpassing  sweetness,  which 
makes  me  regard  the  hardness  as  but  that  tribute 
of  strength  and  hardihood  which  accompanies  the 
heroic  mind.  .  .  .  Breadth  of  mind  may  not 
be  Newman's  peculiar  excellence,  but  that  is  only 
one  form  of  greatness  out  of  many.  The  only  part 
of  his  mind  which  1  do  not  like  is  that  which  comes 
out  in  his  vein  of  irony.' 

Elsewhere  he  speaks  of  Wordsworth  and  New- 
man as  *  England's  two  greatest  men  of  late 
times.' 

The  volume  abounds  in  glimpses  of  other 
great  men,  —  Coleridge,  Carlyle,  Browning, 
Eichard  Monckton  Milnes,  Sir  Henry  Taylor, 
Manning,  Vaughan,  Faber,  Gladstone,  —  a 
group  of  characters  who  loom  up  large  on  the 
stage  of  Victorian  politics,  literature,  and 
ecclesiastical  history,  and  most  of  whom  were 
men  of  remarkable  personality.  Yet  not  the 
least  of  the  reader's  reward  comes  from  his 
more  intimate  knowledge  of  a  pure  and  unself- 
ish life,  lived  largely  in  the  service  of  his  fel- 
lows: a  poet  who  here  reveals  himself  most 
fully  as  the  patriot  and  the  friend. 

Claek  S.  Noethup. 


From  the  Seat  of  ^Var.* 


The  titanic  struggle  for  predominance  in 
Asia  is  beginning  to  have  its  echoes  in  books 
brought  out  in  our  own  country.  The  feeling 
that  the  United  States  is  intimately  involved 
in  the  results  of  the  combat  is  taken  for  granted 
by  the  three  writers  whose  books  make  so  impor- 
tant a  contribution  to  the  general  understand- 
ing of  the  subject,  though  the  first  of  them  is 
at  some  pains  to  demonstrate  the  reasons  for 
America's  interest,  the  others  assuming  it  as  a 
f  act. 

Dr.  K.  Asakawa  is  lecturer  on  the  civiliza- 
tion and  histon*  of  East  Asia  at  Dartmouth 
College;  he  is  a  graduate  of  Yale,  and  his  fit- 
ness for  the  task  of  detailing  the  causes  and 
issues  of  '  The  Russo-Japanese  Conflict '  is  cer- 
tified to  by  Professor  Williams,  under  whom 
he  studied  at  New  Haven.  But  he  required  no 
credentials  beyond  the  subject-matter  of  his 
own  narrative,  which  is  a  clear  and  logical  pres- 
entation of  the  cause  of  his  native  land,  with 
an  endeavor  to  make  an  unprejudiced  state- 
ment of  the  side  of  its  adversaries  also.  In  the 
latter  effort  he  is  as  successful  as  any  one  could 
reasonably  expect,  his  desire  to  quote  from  Rus- 

*  The  Russo-Japakese  Con"flict.  Its  Causes  and 
Issues.  By  K.  Asakawa,  Ph.D.  With  an  Introduction  by 
Frederick  WeHs  WilUams.  Boston :  Houghton,  Mifflin  & 
Co. 

"With  Kuboki  in  Manchttkia.  By  Frederick  Palmer. 
Illustrated.     New  York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

Feom  Tokio  through  Makchuhia  with  the  Japan- 
ese. By  Louis  Livingston  Seaman,  M.D.  New  York :  D. 
Appleton  &  Co. 


sian   authorities   wherever   they    have   spoken 
amoimting  to  solicitude.    He  accepts  tacitly  the 
economic  interpretation  of  history  up<Hi  which 
Karl  Marx  and  his  followers  insist,  proving 
that  the  vast  increase  in   the  population  of 
Japan  requires  an  outlet  on  the  Asiatic  main- 
land, and  setting  forth  the  right  and  interests 
recently  acquired  by  Japan  in  both  Manchuria 
and  Korea.     It  is  easy  to  glean  from  these 
showings  that  the  very  existence  of  the  nation 
demands  a  freedom  of  commercial  exchanges 
which  Russia  is  not  at  all  ready  to  grant  since 
her  acquisition  of  Manchuria  and  her  scheming 
for   the   control    of   the   Korean   government. 
Japan  is  compelled  to  import  large  quantities 
of  food-stuffs  for  the  support  of  her  population, 
pa\-ment  for  which  can  be  made  only  through 
the  sale  of  her  factory  products.    This  requires 
an  open  door  in  Manchuria,  for  Japan  essen- 
tially, for  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain 
in  less  degree.    Korea  is,  as  the  Japanese  states- 
man observes,  a  sword  thrust  out  against  Japan 
from  the  continent,  no  less  than  the  obvious 
outlet  for  the  surplus  population  of  the  island 
empire.     It  is  also  an  effectual  wedge  thrust 
into  the  heart  of  Russian  schemes  for  the  stu- 
pendous theft   of   Manchuria   from   China,    a 
permanent  threat  against  the  reactionary  com- 
mercial policy   of   St.    Petersburg.     War  was 
inevitable;  and,  the  circumstances  being  what 
they  are,  peace  seems  remote. 

Of  the  broad  causes  leading  up  to  hostilities. 
Dr.  Asakawa  tells  us  little  not  already  known. 
But  in  details  and  the  marshalling  of  facts  he 
is  far  fuller  than  anyone  preceding  him.  He 
is  especially  solicitous  to  disavow  the  imputa- 
tion of  revenge  for  the  iniquiiy  of  Russian 
intervention,  in  company  with  France  and  Ger- 
many, after  the  war  with  China,  as  a  casus  belli; 
but  he  shows  that  this  attitude  on  the  part  of 
Russia  was  the  means  of  awakening  Japan  to 
a  sense  of  the  need  for  warlike  preparations. 
As  for  the  diplomatic  negotiations  immediately 
preceding  the  war,  he  is  content  with  showing 
how  often  Russia  had  been  successful,  even  with 
Japan  itself,  in  the  same  sort  of  policy,  though 
he  does  not  lay  quite  the  stress  needful  on  Rus- 
sia's assumption  that  Japan  would  not  fight  — 
that  'the  bluff  would  not  be  called,'  in  the 
language  of  the  card-table,  which  is  often  the 
logic  of  diplomacy  as  well.  The  book  contains 
portraits  of  the  statesmen  who  figure  in  its 
pages,  and  may  be  taken  as  a  valuable  contri- 
bution to  contemporary  history  from  the  end  of 
the  war  with  China  through  the  diplomatic  cor- 
respondence immediately  following  the  outbreak 
of  hostilities. 

Mr.  Frederick  Palmer's  volume,  'With 
Kuroki  in  Manchuria,'  presents  a  newspaper 
correspondent's  pictures  of  Japanese  readiness 
and  skill  in  warfare,  confirming  the  impressions 


10 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


already  accepted  in  this  country,  and  leaving 
little  doubt  that  the  perfection  of  Japanese  dis- 
cipline and  the  qualities  of  Japanese  character 
will  enable  her  armies  to  maintain  their  posi- 
tion against  heavy  odds,  even  though  the  Kus- 
sians  themselves  are  undergoing  a  rapid  educa- 
tion in  military  matters.  Mr.  Palmer  was 
present  at  the  crossing  of  the  Yalu  River,  and 
his  story  closes  with  the  occupation  of  Liao- 
Yang:  it  did  not  seem  possible  to  him  that 
Russia  would  attempt  to  retake  her  position  in 
that  city,  so  he  failed  tO'  see  one  of  the  greatest 
and  most  disastrous  of  Russian  repulses.  At 
the  close  of  his  book,  Mr.  Palmer  indulges 
somewhat  in  the  dubious  game  of  prophecy,  and 
his  most  interesting  prognostication  follo\\"s: 

'If  after  repeated  attempts  Eussia  fails,  then  from 
sheer  exhaustion  on  both  sides  peace  will  come.  If 
she  succeeds,  the  line  of  least  resistance  for  her  by 
which  she  can  re-establish  her  prestige  in  the  East 
is  to  swing  in  flank  upon  Peking,  while  Germany  at 
Kiauchou  and  France  in  southern  China  will  not  say 
her  nay.  England  and  America  cannot  run  their 
battleships  over  the  plains  of  Chi-li.  The  limit  of 
their  power  is  the  range  of  their  naval  guns,  unless 
they  land  troops.  Port  Arthur,  with  her  harbor  open 
to  reinforcements  and  supplies,  is  an  impregnable 
fortress.  Eussia  cannot  take  Port  Arthur  or  Korea 
with  Japan  in  command  of  the  sea.  If  England  and 
the  United  States  are  so  far  negligent  of  their 
selfish  interests  as  ever  to  permit  Japan  to  lose  com- 
mand of  the  sea,  England  will  no  longer  be  a  power 
in  the  Far  East,  and  the  United  States  might  as 
well  cede  her  Pacific  coast  to  Mexico  so  far  as  trade 
or  influence  on  the  eastern  shores  of  the  Pacific  are 
concerned.  Eussia 's  pride  is  bitten  deep.  She 
will  have  no  honest  truce  with  the  Anglo-Saxons 
now.    Our  course  is  clear.' 

Mr.  Palmer  believes  that  if  Japan  takes  Harbin 
the  war  will  abruptly  cease,  and  that  an  army 
of  a  million  men  is  needed  by  Russia  to  drive 
Japan  back  to  the  Korean  frontier.  His  entire 
book  is  vividly  written,  and  will  be  found  as 
informing  as  it  is  interesting  in  its  accounts 
of  the  actual  fighting.  Numerous  reproduced 
photographs  by  Mr.  Hare  add  greatly  to  its 
value. 

If  Mr.  Palmer's  book  is  taken  as  proof  of 
Japan's  capabilities  in  destructive  warfare,  that 
of  Dr.  Seaman,  '  From  Tokio  through  ^Man- 
churia  with  the  Japanese,'  is  equally  important 
as  showing  their  constructive  and  conserving 
qualities.  As  a  military  surgeon  (attached  to 
our  armies  in  the  Philippines),  Dr.  Seaman's 
chief  interest  naturally  lay  in  the  treatment  of 
the  sick  and  wounded  in  times  of  war,  as. well 
as  the  means  taken  to  prevent  sickness  in  the 
field.  The  testimony  he  gives  regarding  Japan- 
ese science  and  skill  shows  that  remarkable  peo- 
ple to  be  as  far  in  advance  of  European  and 
American  civilization  in  these  respects  as  they 
appear  to  be  in  all  others  that  constitute  an 
effective  army  and  navy.  Dr.  Seaman  had  some 
interesting  experiences  in  ]\Ianohuria,  at  Che- 


foo,  and  in  attempting  to  reach  Port  Arthur;, 
but  prominence  is  always  given  to  the  hospitals 
and  medical  systems.  What  he  says  of  the 
health  of  the  Japanese  troops  is  almost  incred- 
ible in  view  of  the  fact  that  in  the  war  with 
Spain  the  United  States  lost  fourteen  soldiers 
through  preventable  disease  for  every  one  who. 
died  in  action,  and  that  Great  Britain  in 
South  Africa,  and  France  in  the  Madagascar 
expedition,  did  little  better, —  or,  rather,  did 
worse.    Listen ! 

'  The  medical  oflicer  [Japanese]  is  omnipresent.. 
You  will  find  him  in  countless  places  where  in  an 
American  or  British  army  he  has  no  place.  He  is 
as  much  at  the  front  as  in  the  rear.  He  is  with  the 
first  screen  of  scouts,  with  his  microscope  and  chem- 
icals, testing  and  labelling  wells,  so  that  the  army 
to  follow  shall  drink  no  contaminated  water.  When 
the  scouts  reach  a  town,  he  immediately  institutes 
a  thorough  examination  of  its  sanitary  condition,, 
and  if  contagion  or  infection  is  fount!  he  quaran- 
tines and  places  a  guard  around  the  dangerous  dis- 
trict. Notices  are  posted,  so  that  the  approaching: 
column  is  warned,  and  no  soldiers  are  billeted' 
where  danger  exists.' 

The  Japanese  rank  and  file  seem  to  be  as 
much  more  cleanly,  temperate,  and  moral  than 
the  American  or  British  as  these  last  are  thaa 
the  Russian  —  which  is  saying  a  great  deal. 
]Mr.  Palmer  bears  witness  to  the  fact  that  the 
Japanese  armv  not  only  took  sanitary  care  of 
itself,  but  of  all  the  filth  left  by  its  retreating 
advei-saries.  Even  flies,  he  observes,  disap- 
peared, in  spite  of  the  swarming  myriads  gen- 
erated in  Russian  squalor  and  ignorance.  Small 
wonder  is  it  that  the  wards  for  intestinal  and 
contagious  diseases  in  the  Japanese  hospitals 
are  empty,  and  that,  as  Dr.  Seaman  says,  '  The 
loss  from  preventable  disease  in  the  first  six 
months  of  the  terrible  conflict  with  Russia  will 
be  but  a  fraction  of  one  per  cent, —  this,  too, 
in  Manchuria,  a  country  notoriously  unhealthy.' 
In  the  Spanish-American  war,  he  notes  that 
'  The  mortality  from  bullets  and  wounds  was 
268,  while  that  from  disease  reached  the  appal- 
ling number  of  3,862,'  on  the  American  side. 
And  in  regard  to  the  wounded,  an  even  more- 
remarkable  exhibit  is  made,  stated  thus: 

'Up  to  August  1st,  9,862  cases  had  been  received 
at  the  Eeserve  Hospital  at  Hiroshima,  of  whom 
6,636  were  wounded.  Of  the  entire  number  up  to- 
that  time,  only  34  had  died.  Up  to  July  20th,  the 
hospital  ship  HaJcuii  Maru  alone  brought  2,406  casu- 
alities  from  the  front  without  losing  a  case  in 
transit.  Up  to  July  1st,  1,105  wounded — a  large 
proportion  of  whom  were  stretcher  cases — were 
received  in  the  hospitals  at  Tokio;  none  died,  and 
all  but  one  presented  favorable  prognoses.' 

Such  facts  as  these  lend  significance  to  the 
statement  of  a  distinguished  Japanese  officer 
with  whom  Dr.  Seaman  discussed  Russia's  over- 
whelming numbers. 

'  "Yes;  we  are  prepared  for  that,  Eussia  may  be 
able  to  place  2,000,000  men  in  the  field.     We  can 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


11 


furnish  500,000.  You  know  in  every  war  four  men 
■die  of  disease  for  every  one  who  fails  from  bullets. 
That  will  be  the  position  of  Bussia  in  this  war.  We 
propose  to  eliminate  disease  as  a  factor.  Every 
man  who  dies  in  our  army  must  fall  on  the  field 
of  battle.  In  this  way  we  shall  neutralize  the  supe- 
riority of  Russian  numbers  and  stand  on  a  com- 
paratively equal  footing."  ' 
Very  suggestively  does  Dr.  Seaman  observe, 
comparing  American  methods  with  Japanese, 
■'The  only  difference  is,  we  talk,  while  Japan 

*^-  Wallace  Rice. 


The  Public  Maxagemext  of  Ixdustriax. 
enterprises.* 

In  the  Spring  of  1904,  I  wrote  to  a  corre- 
spondent, a  well-known  student  of  municipal 
affairs,  that  I  was  about  to  visit  England.    In 
replying,  he  desired  me  to  take  note  of  various 
things,  but  particularly  to  notice  the  terms  upon 
which  public  franchises  were  being  granted  in 
that  country.    It  so  happened  that  in  the  course 
of  my  visit  I  met  Mr.  John  Bums,  member  of 
Parliament  and  of  the  London  County  Council ; 
and  to  him  I  referred  the  question  put  by  my 
correspondent.      'Upon    what    terms    are    we 
granting    franchises  ?'    said    he ;    '  upon    no 
terms ! ' —  and   he  proceeded  to   tell  me  how 
many  cities  had  taken  over  their  street-cars, 
their  water-works,  electric-lighting,  and  what 
not.    !Mr.  Bums  did  not  exaggerate;  municipal 
ownership  is  in  the  air  of  England  to-day,  and 
as  yet  there  is  nothing  to  show  that  public  con- 
trol is  losing  favor.    When  the  progressives  of 
the  London  County  Council  undertook  to  gov- 
ern the  metropolis,  so  far  as  their  powers  per- 
mitted, there  were  many  who  predicted  disaster. 
The  rule  of  these  'theorists'  has  indeed  cost 
money,  but  it  has  produced  so  many  blessings 
that  it  has  won  approval,  and  in  spite  of  abuse 
the  result  of  each  election  has  been  a  progressive 
victory.    The  story  of  the  London  County  Coun- 
cil, with  the  visible  results  of  its  work,  are  I 
think  of  more  significance  than  anything  else 
in  England  to-day. 

Such  a  movement  naturally  and  properly  pro- 
duces its  own  literature.  If  the  judgment  of 
contemporary  writers  is  not  exactly  impartial, 
it  is  at  all  events  the  fruit  of  genuine  mental 
pertui'bation.  The  thing,  whether  it  appears 
good  or  bad,  has  to  be  dealt  with  somehow,  and 
no  writer  doubts  that  his  judgment  upon  it  is 
of  great  moment.  The  time  for  mere  disdain, 
or  even  for  mere  opposition,  is  past. 

•  Municipal  Trade.  The  Advantages  and  Disadvan- 
tages Resulting  from  the  Substitution  of  Representative 
Bodies  for  Private  Proprietors  in  the  Management  of 
Industrial  Undertakings.  By  Major  Leonard  Darwin. 
New  York :  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 

The  CoiduoK  Sense  of  Municipal  Trading.  By 
Bernard  Shaw.  Westminister :  Archibald  Constable  &  Co., 
Ltd. 


In  this  spirit,  and  quite  honestly,  does  Major 
Darwin  discuss  Municipal  Trade  in  a  work  of 
464  pages.     His  book  is  the  result  of  much 
research,  and  is  full  of  interesting  information. 
Very  conveniently  for  the  reader,  the  gist  of 
each  chapter  is  summed  up  in  a  few  sentences, 
so  that  it  is  possible  to  get  at  the  main  argu- 
ments of  the  author  almost  too  easily,  and  the 
impression  gathered  from  the  detailed  perusal 
of  the  text  may  be  confirmed  by  the  author's  own 
summary.    It  is  stated  at  the  outset  that  Munic- 
ipal Trade  is  increasing  rapidly,  and  is  more 
extensively  undertaken  in  Great  Britain  than 
in  any  other  countr}*.     Municipal  Trade  and 
Socialism  are  said  to  be  products  of  the  same 
forc-es;  but  this  volume  has  no  immediate  con- 
cern with  the  latter.    '  The  strongest  argument 
in  favor  of  [Municipal  Trade  is  that  companies, 
looking  mainly  to  making  profits,  may,  in  the 
case  of  monopolies,  ignore  questions  connected 
with  public  health,   morals,  order,   or  conve- 
nience. Municipal  Trade  is,  therefore,  undoubt- 
edly right  in  many  cases.'     However,  there  is 
the  danger  of  corruption ;  '  a  large  number  of 
voters  being  in  the  pay  of  the  State  adds  greatly 
to  the  probability  of  corruption.'    Then  foUows 
a   detailed  discussion  of  various  cases,  and  a 
demonstration  of  the  unreliability  of  statistics, 
with  such  statements  as  these :    '  No  gain  is 
made  by  Municipal  Trade  unless  a  risk  is  run. 
.  .  Municipal    Trade    diminishes    competition 
and  checks  progress.  .  .  Looking  to  the  future, 
a   reformed  municipal  trade  should  be   com- 
pared with  a  reformed  private  trade.'    The  last 
sentence   indicates   the  main   position  of   the 
author,  which  is  that  private  trade  may  be  so 
reformed  and  controlled  as  to  serve  all  public 
purposes  as  well  or  better  than  municipal  trade, 
with  the  exception  of  certain  specified  under- 
takings, which  it  is  held  shoidd  be  in  public 
hands. 

On  the  whole.  Major  Darwin  goes  so  far  that 
one  wonders  why  he  does  not  go  farther.  The 
reason  is,  apparently,  that  he  cannot  escape 
from  a  certain  old-fashioned  point  of  view,  bom 
of  the  orthodox  political  economy  of  the  last 
century.  He  cannot  see  things  in  their  broader 
light,  being  too  much  concerned  with  financial 
profit-and-loss,  and  too  afraid  of  'subsidising' 
one  class  at  the  expense  of  the  rest,  —  as  if 
private  trade  did  not  do  this  on  a  gigantic  scale ! 
Consequently  his  book  is  hailed  in  certain  quar- 
ters as  a  really  scientific  demonstration  of  tiie 
fallacies  of  modem  scwialistic  movements; 
whereas  it  actually  affords  a  remarkable  illus- 
tration of  the  working  of  the  new  wine,  though 
it  be  in  old  bottles. 

It  is  impossible  in  a  brief  review  article  to 
discuss  the  arguments  pro  and  con,  but  refer- 
ence may  be  made  to  page  57,  where  it  is  urged 


12 


THE    DIAL. 


[Jan.  1, 


that  sentimental  considerations  cannot  be  al- 
lowed to  weigh  in  the  balance. 

*A  feeling  of  gratification  at  their  city's  acMeve- 
ments  is  felt  by  most  citizens,  especially  by  those 
possessing  the  municipal  franchise,  because  the 
sentiment  that  they  have  a  share  in  the  ownership 
and  management  of  large  municipal  works  is 
agreeable  to  them,  even  if  that  share  be  excessively 
small;  and  such  feelings  will  create  a  desire  for  a 
further  increase  in  the  number  of  the  functions  to 
be  performed  by  municipalities.  But  does  this 
desire,  founded  on  this  feeling,  indicate  in  the 
slightest  degree  that  any  such  increase  in  the  func- 
tions performed  by  the  state  would  be  beneficial? 
.  .  .  We  are  considering  whether  the  popularity  of 
Municipal  Trade  proves  it  to  be  intrinsically  bene- 
ficial; and,  as  far  as  popularity  depends  on  mere 
sentiment,  it   obviously  proves  nothing.' 

On  the  contrary,  it  seems  to  me  that  if  a  given 
municipal  enterprise  (or  anything  else)  pro- 
duces a  feeling  of  gratification  in  the  minds  of 
the  citizens,  that  feeling  in  itself  is  an  asset  of  a 
valuable  kind,  fairly  to  be  set  even  against 
financial  loss.  Major  Darwin  must  surely 
admit  that  even  if  (as  was  not  stated)  the 
gratification  of  the  '  sentiment '  involved  some 
loss  of  money,  the  exchange  might  be  no  rob- 
ber}^, or  otherwise  he  shcftild  hesitate  the  next 
time  he  buys  a  ticket  to  the  theatre,  or  treats 
himself  to  any  innocent  form  of  amusement. 

The  American  reader  will  find  the  use  of  the 
word  '  corporation,'  meaning  always  a  public 
body,  rather  confusing.  It  will  also  be  recog- 
nized, in  comparing  American  experiences, 
that  what  will  succeed  in  one  place  may  very 
well  fail  in  another;  in  other  words,  the  abilil^^ 
of  any  city  to  develop  the  best  type  of  govern- 
ment depends  upon  the  character  of  its  cit- 
izens. At  the  same  time,  it  has  been  justly 
urged  that  public  mismanagement  sufficient  to 
create  a  national  scandal  may  yet  be  a  small 
thing  compared  Avith  the  almost  unrecorded 
fruits  of  private  rapacity,  —  a  fact  which  should 
prevent  us  from  being  discouraged  by  apparent 
failures. 

Mr.  Bernard  Shaw's  little  book  on  '  The  Com- 
mon Sense  of  Municipal  Trading '  comes  like  a 
breath  of  fresh  air  to  dispel  the  fogs  engendered 
by  fruitless  controversy.  Characteristically,  he 
says  in  his  preface:  'I  hope  nobody  will  be 
deterred  from  reading  this  book  by  the  notion 
that  the  subject  is  a  dry  one.  It  is,  on  the  con- 
trar}'-,  one  of  the  most  succulent  in  the  whole 
range  of  literature.'  And  so  it  is,  in  his  hands. 
I  am  sorry  I  cannot  quote  the  whole  book;  any 
mere  summary  would  be  inadequate.  The  fol- 
lowing quotation  will  best  serve  to  give  an  idea 
of  Mr.  Shaw's  point  of  view,  and  if  it  is  rather 
longer  than  is  usually  permitted  in  a  review,  I 
think  no  apology  is  necessary : 

'Consider  the  case  of  a  great  dock  company. 
Near  the  docks  three  institutions  are  sure  to  be 
found:  a  workhouse,  an  infirmary,  and  a  police 
court.      The    loading    and    unloading    of    ships    is 


dangerous  labor,  and  to  a  great  extent  casual  labor, 
because  the  ships  do  not  arrive  in  regular  numbers 
of  regular  tonnage  at  regular  intervals,  nor  does 
the  work  average  itself  sufficiently  to  keep  a  com- 
plete stafP  regularly  employed  as  porters  are  at  a 
railway  station.  Numbers  of  men  are  taken  on 
and  discharged  just  as  they  are  wanted,  at  sixpence 
an  hour  (in  London)  or  less.  This  is  convenient 
for  the  dock  company;  but  it  surrounds  the  dock 
with  a  demoralized,  reckless  and  desperately  poor 
population.  No  human  being,  however  solid  his 
character  and  careful  his  training,  can  loaf  at  the 
street  corner  waiting  to  be  picked  up  for  a  chance 
job  without  becoming  more  or  less  of  a  vagabond: 
one  sees  this  even  in  the  artistic  professions,  where 
the  same  evil  exists  under  politer  conditions,  as 
unmistakably  as  in  the  ranks  of  casual  labor.  The 
shareholders  and  directors  do  not  live  near  the 
docks,  so  this  does  not  affect  them  personally.  But 
the  rate  payers  who  do  live  near  the  dock  are 
affected  very  seriously  both  in  person  and  pocket. 
A  visit  to  the  workhouse  and  a  chat  with  one  of 
the  Poor  Law  Guardians  will  help  to  explain  mat- 
ters. 

'Into  that  workhouse  every  dock  laborer  can 
walk  at  any  moment,  and,  by  announcing  himself 
as  a  destitute  person,  compel  the  guardians  to  house 
and  feed  and  clothe  him  at  the  expense  of  the  rate- 
payers. When  he  begins  to  tire  of  the  monotony 
of  "the  able  bodied  ward"  and  its  futile  labor, 
he  can  wait  until  a  ship  comes  in;  demand  his  dis- 
charge; do  a  day's  work  at  the  docks;  spend  the 
proceeds  in  a  carouse  and  a  debauch;  and  return  t& 
the  workhouse  next  morning,  again  a  destitute  per- 
son. This  is  systematically  done  at  present  by  num- 
bers of  men  who  are  by  no  means  the  least  intel- 
ligent or  capable  of  their  class.  Occasionally  the 
carouse  ends  in  their  being  taken  to  the  police  sta- 
tion instead  of  returning  immediately  to  the  work- 
house. And  if  they  are  unlucky  at  their  work,  they 
may  be  carried  for  surgical  treatment  to  the  infirm- 
ary; for  in  large  docks  accidents  that  require  hos- 
pital treatment  occur  in  busy  times  at  intervals  of 
about  fifteen  minutes.  Finally,  when  they  are  worn 
out,  they  subside  into  the  workhouse  permanently 
as  aged  paupers  until  they  are  buried  by  the 
guardians. 

'Now  workhouses,  infirmaries  and  police  courts 
cannot  be  maintained  for  nothing.  Of  late  years 
workhouses  have  become  much  more  expensive;  in 
fact  the  outcry  against  the  increase  of  the  rate, 
which  is  being  so  vigorously  used  to  discredit 
municipal  trading,  is  due  primarily  and  overwhelm- 
ingly to  Poor  Law,  and  only  secondarily  to  educa- 
tional and  police  expenditures,  and  has  actually 
forced  forward  those  branches  of  municipal  trading 
which  promise  contributions  out  of  their  profits  in 
relief  of  the  general  rate.  This  expenditure  out 
of  the  rates  on  the  workhouse  is  part  of  the  cost 
of  poverty  and  demoralization;  and  if  these  are 
caused  in  any  district  by  the  employment  of  casual 
labor,  and  its  remuneration  at  less  than  subsistence 
rates,  then  it  is  clear  that  a  large  part  of  the  cost 
of  the  casual  labor  is  borne  by  the  ratepayer  and 
not  by  the  dock  company.  The  dividends,  in  fact, 
come  straight  out  of  the  ratepayers'  pockets,  and 
are  not  in  any  real  sense  profits  at  all.  Thus  it  is 
one  of  the  many  ironies  of  the  situation  that  the 
sacrifices  the  ratepayer  makes  to  relieve  the  poor 
really  go  largely  to  subsidize  the  rich. 

'A  municipality  cannot  pick  the  ratepayer's 
pocket  in  this  fashion.  Transfer  the  docks  to  the 
municipality,  and  it  will  not  be  able  to  justify  a 
loss  at  the  workhouse  and  police  station  by  a  profit 
at  the  docks.  The  ratepayer  does  not  go  into  th* 
accounts;  all  he  knows  is  whether  the  total  number 


1905] 


THE    DIAL 


la 


of  pence  in  the  pound  has  risen  or  fallen.  Conse- 
quently the  municipality,  on  taking  over  the  docks, 
wonld  be  forced  to  aim  in  the  first  instance  at 
organizing  its  work  so  as  to  provide  steady  perma- 
nent employment  for  its  laborers  at  a  living  wage, 
even  at  the  cost  of  being  overstaffed  on  slack  days, 
iintil  the  difBculty  had  been  solved  by  new  organ- 
ization and  machinery,  as  such  difficulties  always 
are  when  they  can  no  longer  be  shirked.  Under 
these  conditions  it  is  quite  possible  that  the  profits 
made  formerly  by  the  dock  company  might  disap- 
pear; but  if  a  considerable  part  of  the  pauperism 
and  crime  of  the  neighborhood  disappeared  simulta- 
neously, the  bargain  would  be  a  very  profitable  one 
indeed  for  the  ratepayers,  though  the  Times  would 
abound  with  letters  contrasting  the  former  commer- 
cial prosperity  of  the  dock  company  with  the 
present  "indebtedness"  of  the  municipalitv. '  (Pp. 
21-24.) 

T.   D.   A.    COCKERELL. 


The  Developmext  of  ax  Americ  ax 
Literature.  * 


Something  of  a  new  departure  in  the  machin- 
err  for  a  critical  study  of  our  native  authors 
is  noted  in  the  appearance  of  three  attractive 
volumes  forming  the  beginning  of  what  is 
announced  as  '  The  Wampum  Library  of  Amer- 
ican Literature.'  When  completed,  this  enter- 
prise will  include  '  a  series  of  uniform  volumes, 
each  of  which  shall  deal  with  the  development 
of  a  single  literary  species,  tracing  the  evolu- 
tion of  this  definite  form  here  in  the  United 
States,  and  presenting  in  chronological  sequence 
typical  examples  chosen  from  the  writings  of 
American  authors.  The  editors  of  the  several 
volumes  provide  critical  introductions  in  which 
they  outline  the  history  of  the  form  as  it  has 
been  evolved  in  the  literature  of  the  world.' 
The  entire  work  is  under  the  editorial  super- 
vision of  Prof.  Brander  Matthews.  We  regard 
the  plan  as  timely  and  useful.  If  the  succeed- 
ing volumes  are  as  capably  edited  as  the  three 
now  publishd,  the  series  will  prove  of  great 
value  in  the  historical  study  of  our  literature, 
and  will  go  far  in  substantiating  the  existence 
of  a  definite  body  of  compositions  to  which  the 
distinctive  title  of  American  literature  may 
properly  and  worthily  be  applied.  That  there 
is  a  quality  as  well  as  a  tone  in  the  work  of  our 
own  authors  notably  distinct  from  that  of  the 
British  product  is  emphasized  in  at  least  two 
of  the  three  volumes  at  hand. 

Xaturally  one's  attention  is  drawn  to  the 
critical  essays  introducing  the  selections  in  the 
several  volumes,  and  to  the  principles  which 
have  directed  the  choice  of  the  specimens  pre- 

•  The  Wampt-m  Lebraby  of  Amzbicax  Literatche. 
Edited  by  Brander  Matthews,  Litt.D.  Vol.  I.,  American 
Short  stories,  edited  by  Charles  Sears  Baldwin,  Ph.D.  ; 
Vol.  II.,  American  Literary  Criticism,  edited  by  William 
Mor'cn  Payne.  LL.D. ;  American  Familiar  Verse,  edited 
bv  B-""-'  r  Matthews,  Litt.D.  New  York:  Longmans, 
Green  A  Co. 


sented.  Taking  first  the  volume  of  Short  Sto- 
ries we  find  that  Mr.  Baldwin  has  planned, 
both  in  his  introduction  and  in  Ms  illustra- 
tions, to  emphasize  development.  He  particu- 
larly states  that  it  is  not  his  purpose  to  collect 
the  best  American  short  stories.  Recognizing 
this  particular  literary  development  as  alto- 
gether an  indigenous  growth,  he  notes  the 
appearance  of  Poe's  'Berenice'  (1835)  as  the 
emergence  of  the  definite  form.  Previous  to 
this  date  lies  the  period  of  experiment.  Taking 
Irving's  '  Eip  Van  Winkle '  as  the  initial  exam- 
ple, significant  in  its  method  of  the  influence 
of  both  Addison  and  Goldsmith,  the  editor 
points  out  that  the  '  sketch,'  as  Irving  correctly 
termed  his  work,  is  not  identical  in  form  with 
the  t}-pe  which  was  to  be  evolved.  As  further 
specimens  of  the  productions  of  this  tentative 
period  he  cites  the  wonderfully  clever  tale  by 
William  Austin,  entitled  '  Peter  Rugg,  the 
Missing  Man,' — strikingly  suggestive  in  its 
weird  symbolism  of  the  maimer  of  Hawthorne; 
*The  French  Village,'  by  James  Hall;  and 
'The  Inroad  of  the  Xabajo,'  by  Albert  Pike. 
The  characteristics  of  the  subsequent  period-, 
that  in  which  the  perfected  type  becomes  appar- 
ent, are  illustrated  by  selections  from  Haw- 
thorne, Longfellow,  Poe,  Willis,  Mrs.  Kirkland, 
Fitz-James  O'Brien,  Bret  Harte,  Webster,  Bay- 
ard Taylor,  H.  C.  Bunner,  and  Harold  Fred- 
eric. 

In  the  short  story  as  conceived  by  Poe,  Mr. 
Baldwin  finds  the  perfect  model  of  the  new 
form.  The  definite  principles  embodied  in  its 
construction  are  recognized  as  harmonisation, 
simplification,  and  gradation.  '  Every  detail  of 
setting  and  style  is  selected  for  its  architectural 
fitness.  .  .  Its  contrivance  to  further  the  mood 
may  be  seen  in  the  use  of  a  single  physical 
detail  as  a  recurring  dominant  [like  the  refrain 
so  frequent  in  his  verse] .'  '  At  best  he  planned 
a  rising  edifice  of  emotional  impressions,  a 
work  of  creative,  structural  imagination.'  The 
defining  mark  of  the  short  story  is  thus  arrived 
at :  '  Unity  of  impression  through  strict  unity 
of  form.'  The  particular  tale  chosen  to  rep- 
resent the  power  of  Poe  is  *  The  Fall  of  the 
House  of  Usher,' — a  perfect  example  of  this 
theory  in  its  application.  Mr.  Baldwin,  by  the 
way,  makes  no  reference  to  '  the  interest  in  sit- 
uation,' discussed  by  Mr.  Henry  S.  Canby  in  a 
recent  number  of  The  Dial.*  In  a  condensed 
and  rapid  survey  of  a  dozen  pages  the  author 
completes  his  introduction  with  an  account  of 
the  literary  derivation  of  the  short  story  from 
the  late  Greek  and  Latin  romances,  through 
the  mediaeval  tales  and  the  work  of  the  Italian 
and  French  story  writers. 

•  The  Modem  Short  Story,  by  Henry  Seidel  Canby. 
The  Dial,  Sept.  1,  1904. 


14 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


Upon  the  same  general  principle  —  namely 
to  illustrate  the  progress  of  its  evolution  —  is 
based  the  plan  of  the  second  volume  in  the 
series,  which  deals  with  the  development  of  the 
critical  spirit  in  American  literature.  The 
essays  selected  are  wholly  upon  literary  themes, 
and  include  examples  of  Dana,  Ripley,  Emer- 
son, Poe,  Margaret  Fuller,  Lowell,  Whitman, 
Whipple,  Stedman,  Howells,  Lanier,  and  Jamep. 
Mr.  Payne's  introduction  is  particularly  illumi- 
nating, and  may  fairly  be  included  with  the 
essays  which  follow,  as  an  illustration  of  lit- 
erary insight  and  critical  discrimination.  The 
natural  law  of  literary  development:  first  the 
creative,  then  the  critical  period,  is  modified 
in  the  history  of  American  literature  by  the 
fact  that  the  native  beginnings  in  this  country 
were  the  beginnings  not  of  seedlings  but  of 
transplanted  growths  which  may  develop  only 
after  the  plants  have  acquired  adaptability  to 
the  new  environment.  Thus  does  the  author 
account  for  the  retardation  of  the  growth  both 
of  the  creative  imagination  and  of  critical  per- 
ception among  American  writers  imtil  the  open- 
ing of  the  nineteenth  century.  *  It  would  be 
invidious,'  says  Mr.  Payne,  '  to  single  out  any 
one  [distinctive  writer  of  that  period]  as  "the 
father  of  literary  criticism  "  in  America.  Per- 
haps Bryant  would  come  as  near  as  any  to 
deserving  that  title  by  virtue  of  the  article  [a 
review  of  Brown's  Essay  on  American  Poetry] 
which  appeared  in  The  North  American  Review 
for  1818.  .  .  A  better  case  is  made  out  for 
Richard  Henry  Dana  (1787-1879),  who  in  the 
years  1817-19  contributed  to  that  Review  a 
number  of  lengthy  critical  studies.'  We  have 
space  to  note  but  few  of  many  interesting 
details  which  enliven  this  essay;  but  the  care- 
ful appreciations  of  Whipple  and  Lowell  shoidd 
be  mentioned.  Poe  is  happily,  and  by  no  means 
slightingly,  referred  to  as  *the  enfant  terrible 
of  American  criticism.'  Of  Lanier  Mr.  Payne 
remarks,  perhaps  too  mildly,  that  he  '  rather 
forced  the  relation  between  poetry  and  music, 
and  his  scholarly  equipment  was  inadequate  to 
the  ambitious  task  which  he  set  himself  in  these 
lecture  courses  which  were  afterwards  made 
into  books.' 

In  the  third  volume,  which  treats  of  Amer- 
ican familiar  verse,  Mr.  Matthews  has  departed 
slightly  from  the  plan  followed  by  Mr.  Baldwin, 
in  that  his  collection  appears  to  be  Hhe  first 
attempt  to  select  the  best  specimens  of  familiar 
verse  by  American  authors  only.'  The  editor 
has  l^een  catholic  in  his  choice,  for  we  find  selec- 
tions apparently  as  incongruous  as  the  well- 
worn  classic  of  '  Old  Grimes '  and  the  tender 
lyric  '  Auf  Wiedersehen,'  the  children's  favorite 
*  'Twas  the  Night  before  Christmas/  and  '  Pan 
in  Wall  Street.'  Yet  upon  examination,  in 
spite  of  what  at  first  appears  a  rather  startling 


catholicity  in  the  admission  of  selections, 
this  body  of  verse  as  a  whole  gives  a  coordi- 
nated and  agreeable  impression  of  the  sentiment 
and  cleverness  of  American  poets  in  this  par- 
ticular field.  Mr.  Matthews  in  his  introduction 
defines  the  term  Familiar  Verse  as  '  the  lyric  of 
commingled  sentiment  and  playfulness  which 
is  more  generally  and  more  carelessly  called 
vers  de  societe'  and  further  indicates  as  re- 
quisite elements  in  its  success  the  characteristics 
of  brevity,  brilliancy,  and  buoyancy.  Electing 
to  use  the  more  inclusive  phrase  which  he 
employs  in  his  title,  he  finds  that  the  familiar 
verse  in  English  literature,  including  the  work 
of  British  and  American  poets,  is  as  rich  as 
that  existing  in  French  literature  and  probably 
superior  to  the  latter.  American  familiar  verse 
proves  to  be  '  less  often  a  song  of  Society  itself 
than  is  its  British  rival;  it  has  a  little  less  of 
the  mere  glitter  of  wit  and  perhaps  a  little 
more  of  the  mellower  tenderness  of  humor.  It 
shrinks  less  from  a  homely  theme;  and  it  does 
not  so  often  seek  that  flashing  sharpness  of 
outline,  which  Praed  delighted  in  and  which 
sometimes  suggests  fireworks  at  midnight.' 
Holmes,  Saxe,  Eugene  Field,  and  Henry  Cuy- 
ler  Bunner,  together  with  Stedman  and  Aldrich 
among  living  poets,  are  recognized  as  our  most 
conspicuous  masters  in  this  form  of  verse. 

From  the  character  of  these  three  volumes 
it  is  evident  that  the  series  when  complete  will 
place  in  their  proper  proportions  the  successive 
steps  in  the  evolution  of  these  distinct  literary 
forms, —  a  desirable  thing  to  accomplish,  and 
one  not  easily  achieved  in  a  single  volume  of 
cssais.  The  one  unfortunate  feature  in  the 
general  plan  of  the  library  is  the  arbitrary 
restriction  which  prohibits  a  selection  from 
any  living  American  writers  whose  birth  has 
occurred  since  December  31,  1850;  while  selec- 
tions are  included  from  living  authors  born 
before  that  date,  and  from  others  who  were 
born  later  but  who  are  now  dead.  Inasmuch 
as  the  work  is  planned  not  to  exploit  our  writers 
but  to  illustrate  and  record  the  development 
of  our  literature  in  its  various  forms,  this  illogi- 
cal rule  must  prove  imnecessarily  embarrassing 
to  the  editors  and  often  unfair  to  the  reader. 

W.  E.  SiMONDS. 


'First  Aid  for  the  After-Dinner  Speaker'  might 
have  been  the  title  of  a  little  book  compiled  by 
Mr.  John  Home,  and  more  modestly  styled  by  him 
'Starting  Points.'  It  is  a  collection  of  'sentences 
sifted  from  authors  of  to-day  and  yesterday,'  and 
designed  to  offer  a  bait  to  the  mind  oppressed  with 
the  necessity  of  saying  something  in  public,  and 
having  not  the  least  idea  how  to  begin.  The  selec- 
tion is  catholic  enough,  in  all  conscience;  Ruskin 
jostles  with  Mr.  J.  K.  Jerome,  and  Erasmus  with 
Mr.  John  Huntley  Skrine — whoever  the  gentleman 
may  be.  As  the  editor  remarks,  'A  commonplace 
to-day    may    be    an    archangel's    blast    to-morrow.' 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL. 


15 


Recext  Fictiox.  * 


One  of  the  noteworthy  achievements  of  mod- 
em psychology  is  its  demonstration  of  the  part 
played  in  shaping  human  lives  by  the  uncon- 
scious or  sub-conscious  factors  in  the  mental  pro- 
cess. The  poets  have  known  this  truth  intui- 
tively for  years,  but  it  has  remained  for  the 
men  of  science  to  establish  it  by  experiment. 
■'The  Undercurrent,'  a  new  novel  by  Mr.  Robert 
•Grant,  offers  us  a  concrete  illustration  of  this 
principle  as  applied  to  a  special  case.  His  theme 
is  the  very  modem  problem  of  the  divorce  evil, 
and  he  shows  us  how  the  undercurrent  of  emo- 
tion eventually  triumphs  over  reason,  and  sweeps 
away  the  intellectual  objections  which  stand  in 
the  path  of  a  woman's  happiness.  The  situation 
is  subtly  handled,  and  one  of  the  oldest  of  stories 
thereby  acquires  new  distinction.  It  is  the 
familiar  story  of  marriage  without  much  thought, 
the  husband's  rapid  development  into  a  vulgar 
Tjrute,  and  his  final  desertion  of  wife  and  chil- 
<lren.  Then  the  right  man  appears  upon  the 
scene,  and  the  deserted  wife  is  torn  by  the  con- 
flict between  desire  and  dutj'.  The  plea  of  duty 
is  voiced  by  the  representatives  of  church  and 
society,  and  their  argument  convinces  her  intel- 
lect, yet  it  takes  only  a  slight  mishap  to  the 
man  whom  she  loves  to  bring  about  her  surrender. 
Although  this  is  a  very  special  case,  and  the 
writer  does  everything  in  his  power  to  make  us 
feel  that  considerations  of  the  sanctity  of  the 
marriage  bond  and  the  interests  of  society  should 
not  be  permitted  to  stand  in  the  way'  of  this 
Tvoman's  happiness,  he  presents  the  argument 
against  divorce  -with  absolute  fairness  and  with  so 
much  cogency  that  it  should  have  prevailed  upon 
a  woman  of  her  strength  of  character,  and  held 
her  fii-m  in  her  resolution  to  accept  the  conse- 
quences of  her  ill-considered  marriage.  When 
impulse  gets  the  better  of  argument,  and  she 
A-ields  with  the  author's  evident  approval  of  her 

*  The  Undercurrext.  By  Robert  Grant.  New  York : 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

GrTHRiE  OF  THE  TIMES.  A  Story  of  Success.  By 
Joseph  A.  Altsheler.     New  York :   Doubleday,  Page  &  Co. 

Traitor  and  Loyalist.  Or,  The  Man  WTio  Found  his 
Country.  By  Henry  Kitchell  Webster.  New  York :  The 
Macmillan  Co. 

Manassas.  A  Novel  of  the  War.  By  Upton  Sinclair. 
New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 

The  Sea- Wolf.  By  Jack  London.  New  York :  The 
Macmillan  Co. 

Whosoever  Shall  Offend.  By  F.  Marion  Crawford. 
New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 

The  Farm  of  the  Dagger.  By  Eden  Fhillpotts.  New 
York  :    Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. 

Ths  Prodigal  Son.  By  Hall  Caine.  New  York:  D. 
Appleton  &  Co. 

The  Betrayal.  By  E.  Phillips  Oppenheim.  New  York : 
Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. 

The  Closed  Book.  Concerning  the  Secret  of  the  Bor- 
gias.  By  William  Le  Queux.  New  York :  The  Smart  Set 
Publishing  Co. 

The  Truants.  By  A.  E.  W.  Mason.  New  York  :  Harper 
&   Brothers. 

Genevra.  By  Charles  Marriott.  New  York :  D.  Apple- 
ton  &  Co. 

The  Divtxe  Fire.  By  May  Sinclair.  New  York :  Henry 
Holt  &  Co. 

The  Masqcerader.  By  Katherine  Cecil  Thurston.  New 
York  :    Harper  £  Brothers. 


action,  we  become  conscious  of  a  ehUling  of 
the  moral  atmosphere,  and  a  lowering  of  the 
heroine  in  our  esteem.  Of  course,  this  method  of 
dealing  with  the  difficulty  is  a  hundred  times 
more  honest  than  the  artificial  expedient  of  the 
husband's  timely  death,  which  most  novelists 
would  find  adequate,  but  we  cannot  help  feeling 
that  the  writer  tips  his  moral  balance  the  wrong 
Avay,  and  that  the  clergyman's  'One  wearies  of 
this  everlasting  demand  for  happiness  in  this 
life,'  strikes  a  deeper  note  than  can  be  heard 
in  the  protestations  of  the  lovers. 

Mr.  Joseph  A.  Altsheler  has  deserted  the  field 
of  warfare  for  that  of  present-day  journalism 
and  politics,  and  has  given  us  in  his  'Guthrie  of 
the  Times'  an  interesting  and  straightforn'ard 
story  of  modem  life— 'a  story  of  success,'  he 
calls  it,  and  the  description  is  true  in  more  senses 
than  one.  The  scene  of  the  novel  is  a  state  un- 
named, but  easily  identifiable  as  Kentucky;  the 
hero  is  a  newspaper  writer  of  resource  and  high 
ideals ;  the  heroine  is  a  young  woman  who  has  to 
become  re- Americanized  after  a  life  spent  main- 
ly abroad.  How  the  hero  defeats  the  attempt  to 
impeach  a  public  officer  in  the  interests  of  a  cor- 
rupt financial  enterprise,  how  the  heroine,  wit- 
nessing, admires,  and  how  in  the  end  he  wins  both 
her  love  and  an  unexpected  nomination  for  Con- 
gress, are  the  chief  matters  which  enlist  our 
interest.  Incidentally,  we  are  given  a  vivid  pic- 
ture of  a  Kentucky  mountain  feud,  in  which  the 
hero  plays  a  part.  The  whole  story  is  told  to 
direct  and  workmanlike  effect,  and  illustrates  not 
only  the  practice  of  journalism  as  exhibited  by 
the  leading  figure,  but  also  the  characteristic  lit- 
erarj'  qualities  which  journalism  of  the  better 
type  develops  in  its  professional  followers. 

Two  novels  of  the  Civil  War  demand  a  place 
in  our  present  selection.  Mr.  Henry  Kitchell 
Webster's  'Traitor  and  Loyalist'  is  a  straight- 
forward storj'  of  blockade-running  in  the  early 
days  of  the  conflict.  The  scene  of  operation  is 
the  course  from  Nassau  to  Wilmington,  and  the 
author  has  thoroughly  informed  himself  upon 
the  technical  details  of  the  trade.  His  hero 
is  the  captain  of  a  merchantman  who  goes  into 
the  risky  business  because  it  is  his  father's 
business,  because  that  father  is  a  New  York 
copperhead  of  rabid  prejudices,  and  because  the 
son,  having  been  brought  up  to  obey  his  father's 
orders,  does  not  give  much  thought  to  the  polit- 
ical and  patriotic  considerations  involved.  The 
heroine  is  the  daughter  of  a  secessionist  leader 
of  North  Carolina,  and  it  devolves  uf)on  the  hero 
to  take  her  as  a  passenger  when  he  runs  the 
blockade  with  his  consignment  of  supplies.  It 
is  his  love  for  her  that  eventually  opens  his  eyes 
to  the  fact  that  he  is  betraying  his  countrj',  and 
her  trust  in  his  essential  integrity  that  leads 
him  to  give  up  his  trade  and  give  his  serxdces 
to  the  imperiled  nation.  This  he  is  about  to  do 
when  the  storj-  ends.  The  work  is  cleverly  done 
upon  conventional  lines,  and  has  both  breeziness 
and   \'igor. 

'Manassas,'  by  Mr.  Upton  Sinclair,  is  a  very 
different  sort  of  book,  having  for  its  purpose 
not    entertainment,    but     instruction     and     the 


16 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  ly 


revivifying  of  the  intense  emotions  of  the  years 
preceding  the  Avar.  It  is  only  fair  at  the  outset 
of  our  comment  to  give  warning  that  it  has  a 
hero  but  no  heroine.  Although  absolutely  devoid 
of  the  love  interest,  which  is  not  even  hinted  at 
in  the  course  of  these  four  hundred  pages,  it 
is  one  of  the  most  thrillingly  interesting  books 
of  its  kind  that  we  have  ever  read.  We  are  not 
quite  sure  that  it  even  has  a  hero,  for  the  leading 
character,  whose  life  is  portrayed  for  us  from 
childhood  up,  does  not  become  a  man  of  action 
until  the  very  close,  but  is  presented  to  us 
throughout  as  one  in  whose  mind  and  feelings 
are  reflected  the  interests  and  the  passions  of 
the  period  of  anti-slavery  agitation.  The  real 
drama  of  the  book  is  the  historical  clash  of  the 
two  civilizations,  and  individuals  seem  to  be  made 
use  of  only  by  way  of  incidental  illustration.  The 
hero,  if  we  may  so  call  him,  is  reared  upon  a 
Mississippi  plantation  which  will  eventually  fall 
to  him  as  an  inheritance.  When  still  a  boy,  he 
is  taken  to  Boston,  and  there  educated.  He  does 
not  lose  sympathy  for  his  own  people  as  a 
result  of  this  removal,  but  his  eyes  are  opened  to 
the  horrors  of  slavery,  and  he  realizes  that  when 
the  struggle  comes  it  will  be  his  duty  to  stand 
by  the  union.  As  the  fundamental  cause  of  that 
struggle  slavery  is  emphasized,  and  rightly,  as 
all-important.  In  the  course  of  the  narrative  we 
are  made  acquainted  with  the  workings  of  the 
Underground  Railroad,  the  mobbing  of  abolition- 
ists, the  enforcement  of  the  Fugitive  Slave  Law 
in  Boston  and  elsewhere,  and  John  Brown's  mad 
enterprise  at  Harper's  Ferry.  We  are  also  given, 
although  not  taken  to  the  scene,  vivid  accounts 
of  the  border  warfare  in  Kansas,  of  the  great 
slavery  debates  in  the  Senate,  of  the  dastardly 
assault  upon  Sumner,  and  nearly  every  other 
matter  affecting  the  slavery  issue  during  the 
fifties.  In  fact,  the  reader,  if  he  stops  to  think 
at  all,  must  soon  realize  that  what  he  is  reading 
is  not  fiction  at  all,  but  a  consecutive  and  almost 
documentary  history  of  the  period.  It  is  his- 
tory written  with  warmth  and  an  eye  for  dra- 
matic effect,  to  be  sure,  but  it  is  nevertheless 
essentially  history.  It  is  the  author's  triumph  that 
his  readers  are  not  likely  to  think  very  much 
about  such  things,  so  enthralling  has  he  made  his 
pages.  It  is  only  near  the  close  that  Sumter  is 
fired  upon,  and  the  war  begun.  Then  we  get  a 
few  impressionist  snap-shots  of  the  excitement  in 
both  sections,  a  hurried  account  of  the  scenes 
of  confusion  in  and  about  Washington,  a  glimpse 
of  the  new  President  as  he  seemed  in  those  first 
days  of  trial  to  the  men  who  had  been  too  bewil- 
dered to  take  his  true  measure,  and  finally,  the 
rout  at  Bull  Run  from  the  standpoint  of  the  hero, 
a  private  in  his  first  engagement.  This  battle 
episode  suggests  'The  Red  Badge  of  Courage,' 
only  it  seems  to  be  better  done.  And  here,  hav- 
ing brought  us  just  over  the  verge  of  actual  con- 
flict, the  book  ends— ends  where  most  novels  of 
the  Civil  War  begin.  It  is  a  work  deserving  of 
very  high  praise.  It  does  not  treat  its  histoi-y 
as  a  spectacle  simply,  but  has  the  rare  quality  of 
arousing  our  emotions  almost  to  the  pitch  of  those 
that  made   the   war  inevitable,   and   of  enabling 


us  of  a  later  generation  to  feel  the  passion  of 
those  great  past  days  when  conscience  counted 
for  something  in  our  polities,  and  Avhen  a  worthy 
cause  evoked  our  noblest  national  energies. 

A  fastidious  man  of  letters,  whose  life  has- 
never  been  ruffled  by  anything  more  serious  than 
the  clash  of  conversational  wits  or  the  contro- 
versies of  the  critical  pen,  is  one  day  crossing 
the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  on  a  ferry-boat.  The 
Bay  is. foggy,  but  he  has  no  thought  of  danger 
until  the  ferry  is  suddenly  struck  amidships  and 
speedily  sunk.  The  cause  of  the  mishap  is  an 
outward-bound  sealer,  and  upon  this  craft  the 
victim  of  the  collision  finds  himself  after  he  is 
restored  to  consciousness.  He  then  discovers  to 
his  consternation  that  he  is  in  for  a  voyage  of 
several  months  to  the  coast  of  Japan  and  Kams- 
chatka,  and  that  he  has  ceased  to  be  even  a  free 
agent.  The  captain  of  the  sealer,  it  appears,  is 
a  brute  of  violent  disposition  who  is  a  law  imto 
himself,  and  this  autocrat  decrees  that  the  new 
passenger  shall  sign  as  cabin-boy,  'for  the  good 
of  his  soul,'  as  the  Sea- Wolf  grimly  remarks. 
Since  this  person  has  a  rough  and  ready  way  of 
enforcing  his  arguments  by  a  free  use  of  his  fists,, 
and  since  the  newlj-rescued  man  has  then  and 
there  a  convincing  object-lesson  of  the  validity 
of  this  method  of  reasoning,  the  views  are  per- 
force accepted,  and  he  faces  for  the  first  time- 
in  his  career  the  realities  of  life.  From  this  jDoint 
on,  the  book  becomes  a  tale  of  the  sea,  and  of 
the  daily  routine  of  a  floating  hell.  The  Sea- 
Wolf  is  the  incarnation  of  sheer  animalism,  the 
vigor  of  his  physical  frame  matched  by  the 
strength  of  his  will,  and  capable  of  every  sort  of 
brutality.  He  is  also— and  this  is  the  curious 
thing  about  him— by  way  of  being  a  philosopher; 
he  reads  Spencer  and  Browning,  and  interprets 
them  by  the  light  of  a  vigorous  and  unsophis- 
ticated intellect.  Of  ethical  obligations  he  has 
no  notion  whatever,  being  a  very  startling  em- 
bodiment of  Nietzsche's  ideal  of  the  Uehermensch. 
Nothing  like  a  scruple  is  ever  known  to  him,  and 
he  is  in  equal  measure  hated  and  feared  by  his 
men.  Under  this  rough  tutelage  the  man  of  let- 
ters turned  ship's  drudge  learns  many  things  not 
set  down  in  the  books,  and  develops  a  strength 
and  a  resourcefulness  that  he  would  othenvise 
never  have  known.  Thus  the  story  becomes  essen- 
tially an  account  of  the  development  of  charac- 
ter under  extraordinary  conditions,  and  its  aspect 
as  a  narrative  of  adventure  is  obscured  by 
its  aspect  as  a  psychological  study.  It  is  not  a 
pleasant  tale  to  read— it  is  too  strongly  seasoned 
to  be  that,—  but  it  acquires  a  certain  fascination 
in  the  course  of  its  telling,  and  fairly  grips  the 
attention  in  its  culminating  passages. 

Mr.  Crawford 's  technique  becomes,  if  anything,. 
more  refined  with  each  new  work  that  he  puts 
forth,  but  his  substance  grows  thinner  than  ever. 
A  forced  and  mechanical  invention  marks  the 
plot  of  'Whosoever  Shall  Offend,'  and  the  charac- 
ters are  but  slightly  modified  variations  of  the 
types  that  he  has  been  fashioning  for  the  past 
score  of  years.  The  new  novel  is  concerned,  with 
a  polished  villain,  who  murders  his  Avife  and  seeks 
to  murder  his  stepson,  all  with  the  sordid  object 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL, 


IT 


of  gaining  their  fortune  for  himself,  and  in  the 
end  is  trapped  and  punished  according  to  his 
deserts.  It  is  all  very  cleverly  managed,  but  the 
interest  is  of  the  mildest. 

In  'The  Farm  of  the  Dagger/  Mr.  Eden 
Phillpotts  resorts  to  the  scene,  the  period,  and 
even  the  special  theme  of  his  'American  Pris- 
oner.' Once  more  we  are  taken  to  rural  Dart- 
moor in  the  early  nineteenth  century,  and  once 
more  we  are  made  acquainted  with  the  grim 
walls  of  the  Prince  Town  prison.  By  way  of  a 
variation,  however,  the  hero  is  not  an  American 
prisoner  but  an  English  gentleman,  although  one 
of  our  captured  fellow-eountrj-men  plays  an 
important  part  in  the  story.  The  "substance  of  the 
book  is  a  Montague  and  Capulet  feud  imder 
English  skies,  ending,  unlike  that  of  Terona,  with 
the  happy  union  of  the  lovers.  The  parents  are 
sacrificed  instead,  which  is  much  more  satisfac- 
tory. 

Ml".  Hall  Caine  has  chosen  to  entitle  his  new 
novel,  'The  Prodigal  Son.'  The  scene  is  Ice- 
land, used  by  the  author  as  the  stage-setting  for 
one  of  his  earlier  novels.  His  'Prodigal  Son' 
is  a  despicably  weak  person,  pleasure-loving,  and 
incapable  of  resisting  temptation.  He  becomes 
morally  responsible  for  his  wife's  death  through 
neglect  coupled  with  infatuation  for  another 
woman.  He  goes  abroad,  breaks  the  most  solemn 
pledges,  becomes  a  gambler  and  a  cheat,  and 
forges  his  father's  name.  But  with  all  these  sins 
to  his  account,  he  develops  into  a  musical  genius, 
assumes  a  new  name,  and  wins  both  wealth  and 
fame.  Returning  to  Iceland,  he  becomes  fully 
acquainted  with  the  misery  he  has  wrought,  and 
makes  what  tardy  reparation  is  still  within  his 
power.  The  story  shows  a  confused  sense  of 
moral  values,  and  fairly  reeks  with  cheap  sen- 
timentality. Its  style  is  common  and  its  situa- 
tions theatrical.  Altogether  it  is  a  poorer  per- 
formance than  was  to  be  expected  even  from 
the  author  of  'The  Christian'  and  'The  Eter- 
nal aty.' 

The  new  novel  of  Mr.  E.  Phillips  Oppenheim 
is  called  'The  Betrayal.'  Its  hero  is  an  impe- 
cunious pedagogue  of  refined  sensibilities  but 
imfortunate  parentage.  Its  heroine  is  the  daugh- 
ter of  a  noble  lord  whose  chief  public  interest  is 
the  development  of  a  plan  for  the  defence  of 
the  nation  against  foreign  invasion.  This  plan 
requires  the  utmost  secrecy,  and  the  committee 
in  charge  hit  upon  the  obscure  pedagogue  as  the 
proper  person  to  act  as  their  secretary.  He  is 
scrupulously  honest  and  painstaking,  but  despite 
his  best  efforts  the  plans  of  the  committee  some- 
how leak  out  and  are  sold  to  the  enemy.  The 
mystery  lasts  a  long  while,  and  is  finally  solved 
by  the  revelation  that  the  duke  who  is  the  head 
of  the  organization  is  the  traitor,  having  fallen 
into  a  financial  pit,  and  seeking  to  recoup  his 
fortunes  b^'  these  infamous  means.  In  the  end, 
his  treachery  discovered,  he  conveniently  com- 
mits suicide,  the  hero  and  heroine  marry,  and 
the  skies  are  once  more  clear.  The  story  is  ani- 
mated and  exciting,  and  the  leading  characters 
are  limned  with  a  considerable  degree  of  skill. 


•The  Closed  Book,'  by  Mr.  William  Le  Queux, 
is  undeniably  a  'shocker,'  but  it  is  fairly  well 
wi-itten,  and  the  plot  is  striking.  It  concerns  two 
buried  treasures — the  jewels  of  Luerezia  Borgia 
and  the  plate  of  Crowland  Abbey.  A  mediaeval 
manuscript  written  by  an  Italian  monk  discloses 
the  secret  of  both,  and  nearly  puts  an  end  to  the 
lives  of  several  people,  its  leaves  being  impreg- 
nated w-ith  the  mysterious  poison  of  the  Borgias. 
The  quest  for  the  treasure  is  pursued  by  two  rival 
sets  of  discoverers,  which  makes  the  story  very 
exciting.  The  main  lines  of  the  narrative  are 
worked  out  to  a  tolerably  satisfactory  conclusion, 
but  several  threads  that  promise  to  be  important 
are  dropped  during  the  process,  and  we  are  left 
in  dark  perplexity  concerning  the  connection  with 
the  plot  of  several  of  the  secondary  figures. 

Mr.  Mason's  novels  are  apt  to  be  loose-jointed, 
and  based  upon  somewhat  unnatural  situations. 
The  leading  character  of  'The  Truants'  is  an 
Englishman  who,  having  done  nothing  in  particu- 
lar to  justify  his  existence,  is  afraid  that  his  wife 
will  come  to  feel  contempt  for  him,  and  so  resorts 
to  the  device  of  leaving  her  until  he  shall  have 
achieved  fortune  or  reputation  upon  the  score  of 
his  personal  merits.  His  first  effort  is  made  in 
America,  where  he  falls  among  thieves.  Then  he 
ships  as  a  common  sailor  on  a  North  Sea  trawler, 
and  gets  a  taste  of  rough  life.  But  this  does  not 
seem  to  lead  to  anything,  so  he  finally  enlists  in 
the  French  Foreign  Legion,  does  hard  service  in 
Algiers,  and  wins  distinction  for  his  bravery.  The 
real  fact  of  the  matter  is  that  he  should  not  have 
left  his  wife  at  all,  for  she  is  of  the  kind  that  is 
sure  to  seek  consolation— a  trait  of  which  he  was 
fairly  warned  before  he  went  away.  When  he 
learns,  in  his  African  camp,  that  she  is  on  the 
point  of  finding  and  accepting  consolation  for  his 
desertion,  he  becomes  a  deserter  himself,  escapes 
through  Morocco  to  the  coast,  and  returns  to 
Europe  just  in  time  to  thwart  the  villain  who 
has  designs  on  his  honor.  There  is  a  good  deal 
of  variety  about  this  romance,  but  it  is  not  a  yeiy 
oiganic  piece  of  work.  The  best  part  of  it  is 
that  devoted  to  the  Foreign  Legion,  of  which  the 
author  seems  to  have  made  a  special  study.  It  is 
fairly  new  ground  for  the  average  reader,  in  spite 
of  that  'soldier  of  the  legion'  who  'lay  dying  at 
Algiers,'  and  whose  story  is  embalmed  in  one  of 
the  most  familiar  pieces  of  sentimental  verse. 

Mr.  Marriott's  new  novel,  'Genevra,'  is  a  study 
of  a  woman's  temperament,  framed  in  the  Cor- 
nish setting  that  the  author  knows  so  well  how  to 
describe.  The  story  has  as  little  as  possible  of 
the  dramatic ;  a  few  other  people  have  to  be  intro- 
duced as  foils  to  the  principal  figure;  there  must 
even  be  a  man  capable  of  awakening  her  love,  for 
otherwise  her  character  would  be  only  half 
revealed.  She  is  one  of  those  self-repressed 
women  whom  few  understand;  except  for  one 
unguarded  hour  she  keeps  the  citadel  of  her  soul 
from  invasion.  The  traditions  of  her  race  are 
dignified,  and  her  life  remains  in  keeping  with 
them,  even  when  beset  by  the  vulgarities  of  a 
shrewish  sister-in-law  and  a  sleek  suitor.  Only  in 
her  poems  does  she  offer  her  soul  for  the  inspec- 


18 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


tion  of  others,  and  those  who  surround  her  are 
blind  to  any  revelation  of  that  kind.  The  man  to 
whom  she  yields  herself  for  a  time  proves  a  crea- 
ture of  common  clay  (although  a  famous  artist), 
and  the  tragedy  that  comes  with  her  realization 
of  that  fact  leaves  her  spirit  chastened  but 
unbroken.  Her  life-story  is  a  tapestry  of  severe 
•design  and  sombre  hue;  the  life  is  her  own,  not 
another's,  and  we  are  left  in  no  doubt  that  it 
must  remain  so  in  the  unrecorded  years  to  come. 

'The  Divine  Fire'  is  a  title  that  fairly  sug- 
gests the  theme  of  Miss  May  Sinclair's  novel, 
which  is  a  full-length  study  of  the  poetic  tem- 
perament, framed  in  a  varied  and  curiously  inter- 
esting environment,  and  drawn  with  a  firmness  of 
hand  that  excites  one's  admiration.  Who  Miss 
Sinclair  may  be  we  know  not,  but  if  this  is  her 
first  novel,  she  has  made  a  promising  beginning. 
The  work  has  six  hundred  closely  printed  pages, 
and  they  are  none  too  many  for  the  delight  of  the 
reader.  The  poet  whose  fortunes  are  followed 
through  all  this  maze  is  no  abstract  creation  of 
sentimental  fancy,  but  a  man  of  flesh  and  blood, 
a  man,  moreover,  placed  amid  the  most  depress- 
ing surroundings— a  London  bookshop,  a  Blooms- 
bury  boarding-house,  and  the  fellowship  of  semi- 
bohemian  journalistic  life.  He  is  a  cockney  by 
breeding  and  circumstance,  and  he  struggles  des- 
perately to  preserve  his  aspirates.  But  with  all 
this  he  is  a  poet,  and  his  genius  forces  its  Avay  to 
self-expression.  The  author  is  daring  enough  to 
give  us  an  occasional  illustration  of  his  poetical 
powers,  which  is  rather  unwise,  because  the  son- 
nets she  prints,  although  tolerable  imitations  of 
Eossetti,  are  by  no  means  up  to  the  level  of  such 
a  genius  as  she  describes.  Of  the  purification 
of  this  genius,  and  of  the  moral  quixotism  of  the 
poet's  life,  this  book  is  one  long  and  minutely- 
■detailed  chronicle.  It  rises,  moreover,  to  real  dis- 
tinction of  style,  besides  being  of  absorbing  inter- 
est from  cover  to  cover.  It  is  the  sort  of  book 
that  one  begins  by  skimming,  and  ends  by  giving 
the  closest  attention  to  paragraph  and  phrase. 

Granting  the  initial  possibility  of  two  men  so 
•closely  resembling  one  another  as  to  deceive  their 
closest  friends— and  even  the  wife  of  the  one 
who  is  married— granting  this,  there  is  no  further 
difficulty  of  an  insuperable  nature  in  accepting 
the  plot  of  Mrs.  Thurston's  'The  Masquerader. ' 
Of  the  two  men  who  agree  to  exchange  identities, 
one  is  a  gifted  but  obscure  person ;  the  other  is  a 
rising  statesman,  a  member  of  Parliament,  and  a 
leader  of  the  opposition.  Unfortunately,  he  is 
also  a  morphino  maniac,  and  he  provides  himself 
with  an  official  substitute  in  order  that  he  may 
retire  from  the  world  from  time  to  time  for 
indulgence  in  the  vice  which  has  mastered  him. 
The  man  who  impersonates  him  upon  these  occa- 
sions develops  a  genius  for  politics,  and  eventu- 
ally leads  his  party  to  power.  Incidentally,  he 
falls  in  love  with  the  wife  of  the  man  for  whom 
he  thus  acts  as  a  substitute,  and  the  wife  unsus- 
peetedly  finds  herself  caring  for  her  husband; 
that  is,  for  the  man  whom  she  believes  to  be  her 
husband.  Here  is  where  the  author  takes  the  bull 
by  the  horns  and  grows  audacious  in  her  inven- 
tion.   For  when  the  wife  makes  discovery  of  the 


imposture,  she  is  not  outraged,  as  a  conventional 
heroine  would  be,  but  remains  faithful  to  her 
newly-awakened  affections.  This  difficult  relation 
is  treated  with  a  delicacy  that  can  give  no  offense, 
but  the  moralist  is  sure  to  find  in  the  denoument 
a  stumbling-block.  For  when  the  real  husband 
dies  of  an  overdose  of  morphine,  and  the  lovers 
are  left  to  face  the  future,  they  decide  that  their 
feelings  for  each  other  constitute  the  all-impor- 
tant factor  in  the  perplexing  situation,  and  that  it 
is  best  for  them  to  continue  the  imposture  indefi- 
nitely, without  regard  to  such  unimportant  mat- 
ters as  property  and  inheritance.  It  is  a  con- 
elusion  to  take  one's  breath  away,  but  it  at  least 
offers  a  refreshing  contrast  to  the  artificial 
means  that  any  other  novelist  would  have  devised 
for  getting  out  of  the  difficulty.  And  the  story 
is  so  ingeniously  told  and  cleverly  constructed 
that  its  very  boldness  is  in  a  measure  justified. 
William  Morton  Patxe. 


Briefs  on  New  Books. 


Essays  hy 
the  hermit  of 
^helbume. 


In  no  dilettante  spirit  does 
Mr.  Paul  Elmer  More  approach 
his  task  of  criticism.  Two  years 
of  solitary  meditation  in  a  secluded  spot  on  the 
Androscoggin,  where  the  recluse  lived  much  after 
the  manner  of  Thoreau  at  Walden,  revealed  to 
him  that  his  work  was  to  be  the  criticism  of 
others'  writings,  not  the  production  of  master- 
pieces of  his  own.  'Shelburne  Essays:  First 
Series'  (Putnam)  is  a  collection  of  literary, 
psychological,  and  ethical  studies,  of  unusual 
seriousness  and  power.  The  first  essay  is  on 
Thoreau,  but  our  forest  hermit  is  no  natui-alist; 
he  respects  nature 's  secrets,  and  refrains  from  the 
botanist's  and  entomologist's  and  ornithologist's 
prying  curiosity.  To  the  problems  of  the  soul, 
as  presented  in  literature  and  life,  he  devotes  his 
energies.  An  excellent  study  of  Hawthorne 
dwells  on  the  romancer's  loneliness  and  pictures 
the  inevitable  solitariness  of  every  soul  as  the 
theme  that  most  poAverfully  appealed  to  the 
creator  of  Hester  Prynne  and  Ethan  Brand  and 
Hepzibah  Pyncheon.  An  essay  on  Emerson  is  per- 
haps all  the  better  for  being  not  wholly  in  sym- 
pathy with  the  Transcendentalist.  Appropriately 
enough  thei-e  follows  a  chapter  on  Carlyle,  in 
which  the  writer  says  some  things  that  have  not 
been  said  before,  but  allows  himself  to  assume  as 
beyond  dispute  that  Carlyle 's  marriage  was  a 
'pathetic  tragedy,'  and  even  does  his  part  toward 
increasing  the  pathos.  After  this  one  is  not 
unprepared  to  find  him  calling  Froude's  life  of 
Carlyle  'one  of  the  two  great  biographies  of  the 
language,'  the  other  of  course  being  Boswell's 
Johnson.  A  somewhat  minute  study  of  Mr. 
Arthur  Symons's  decadent  verse  would  seem  a 
waste  of  energy  except  for  the  psychological 
interest  to  be  found  in  these  poems,  as  the  essay- 
ist observes,  by  those  that  are  curious  to  follow 
the  varied  currents  of  modern  thought.  In  the 
recent  Irish  literary  revival,  Mr.  More,  'wearied 
of   the   imperialistic  arrogance    of    Kipling    the 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


19 


gi-eat  and  the  lesser  Kiplings, '  had  hoped  to  find 
the  promise  of  better  things ;  but  he  is  somewhat 
disappointed,  a  note  of  defeat  seeming  to  him 
predominant  in  the  tones  given  forth  by  Erin's 
harp.  In  other  words,  it  is  decadence  we  again 
meet  with  here,  though  quite  a  different  one  from 
the  decadence  of  a  Baudelaire  or  a  Symons. 
Count  Tolstoy  is  to  our  author  a  false  prophet, 
in  whose  humanitarianism  he  sees  nothing  but  the 
'vicious  circle  of  attempting  to  unite  men  for  the 
mere  sake  of  union. '  Yet  surely  the  connotations 
of  *  brotherly  love '  forbid  its  interpretation  as  an 
empty  end  in  itself.  Discussing  the  religious 
ground  of  humanitarianism,  Mr.  More  distin- 
guishes between  unworldly  or  religious  motives 
and  those  impulses  that  properly  apply  to  the 
daily  life  and  conduct  of  the  world 's  i>eople ;  and 
he  maintains  that  'to  intrude  the  aspirations  of 
faith  and  hope  and  the  ethics  of  the  golden  rule 
of  love'  into  worldly  affairs  is  *a  mischievous 
folly.'  Is  religion  then  to  be  merely  for  Sunday 
use,  and  a  cloistered  virtue  the  only  one  practic- 
able? Perhaps  something  more  of  the  spirit  and 
less  of  the  letter  of  religion  may  help  toward  solv- 
ing the  diflSculty.  Our  essayist  may  be  thought  at 
times  to  take  himself  and  his  hermit  experience, 
and  his  '  long  course  of  wayward  reading, '  a  little 
too  seriously.  But  he  is  not  yet  old,  and  he  has  a 
right  to  enjoy  the  seriousness  of  youth  while  it 
lasts.  Poets,  too,  are  seldom  richly  endowed  with 
humor;  and  Mr.  More  is  not  unknown  as  a  poet, — 
indeed,  his  essays  are  embellished  here  and  there 
with  verses  of  his  own.  chiefly  translations.  A 
constant  tendency  to  find  analogies  in  Hindu  liter- 
ature is  conspicuous  in  this  ex-professor  of 
Sanskrit.  However,  he  has  certainly  read  widely 
and  wisely,  and  his  essays  are  unquestionably  full 
of  meat.  

The  third  volume  of  Mr. 
Andrew  Lang's  'Historv  of 
Scotland'  (Dodd,  Mead  &'Co.), 
has  to  do  with  the  period  from  the  accession  of 
Charles  I.  to  the  end  of  Argj-U's  rising,  1G25  to 
1688.  The  impression  received  from  this  work  is 
that  the  author  is  not  attempting  to  write  a 
formal  history  of  Scotland,  but  is  rather  using 
the  materials  he  has  collected  and  studied  to  test 
the  accuracy  of  earlier  works  by  well-known 
authors.  The  result  is  that  while  those  who  are 
intimately  familiar  with  the  details  of  Scottish 
historj'  will  find  Mr.  Lang  intenselj'  interesting 
as  a  critic  and  as  a  shrewd  investigator,  uncover- 
ing new  sources  of  information,  the  ordinary 
reader  must  frequently  be  puzzled  to  understand 
the  connection  and  relation  of  events.  The 
author  takes  for  granted  his  reader's  knowledge 
of  the  general  course  of  Scottish  history,  even  to 
the  extent  of  omitting  any  general  outline.  His 
most  striking  characteristic  is  his  dispassionate, 
judicial,  possibly  even  cynical,  attitude  towards 
persons  and  incidents  in  relation  to  the  contests 
over  religion  with  Charles  I.  Thus  he  writes  of 
the  Covenant  by  which  Scotch  Presbyterians 
bound  themselves  to  resist  the  liturgj-  of  Charles 
I. :  *  Scotland  was  once  more  in  the  happy  pos- 
ture of  Israel  of  old,  and  enjoyed  a  definite  legal 
instrument,  binding  on  all  posterity,  and  regulat- 


The  period  of 
the  Covenant 
in  Scotland. 


The  tcanderings 
of  a  naturalist, 
far  and  near. 


ing  the  relations  between  itself  and  the  Creator 
of  the  universe.  Nothing  was  absent  but  the  sig- 
nature of  the  other  high  contracting  party. '  *  The 
friends  of  freedom,  as  ever,  allowed  ru>  freedom 
to  any  but  themselves.  The  zealots  of  liberty  of 
conscience  permitted  no  liberty  of  conscience  to 
exist  among  persons  of  other  opinions.  In  what 
respect  their  conduct  was  better  than  the  king's 
(which  was  as  bad  as  possible)  it  is  diflScult  to 
discover;  but  historians  usually  prefer  the  cause 
of  popular  to  that  of  individual  tyranny. '  *  They 
[the  Covenanters]  on  the  other  hand,  to  repeat 
Mr.  Gardiner's  eloquent  words,  "had  long  been 
led  astray,  and  had  now  returned  to  the  Shepherd 
and  Bishop  of  their  Souls";  not  only  so,  they 
butted  other  sheep  who  would  not  enter  the 
fold.'  It  may  be  doubted  whether  a  mental  tem- 
I>er  and  attitude  so  far  removed  from  the  intense 
religious  feeling  of  the  time  of  which  he  is  writ- 
ing, does  not  preclude  an  author  from  really 
undei"standing  and  judging  fairly  the  men  of  that 
time.  But  in  respect  to  exact  statement  of  doubt- 
ful events  at  least,  Mr.  Lang's  work  is  a  fine 
example  of  modem  scholarship,  being  based  on  a 
careful  analysis  of  the  documents  and  other 
sources  available  for  the  study  of  Scottish  his- 
tory.   

After  all  the  years  Mr.  John 
Burroughs  has  devoted  to  the 
study  of  birds,  it  is  not  strange 
that  he  has  learned  to  borrow  some  of  their  ways. 
His  latest  volume  of  essays,  'Far  and  Near' 
(Houghton),  tells  how  he  has  taken  to  himself 
wings  and  flitted  as  far  as  Alaska  for  one  season, 
and  to  Jamaica  for  another.  On  these  flights 
his  bird-like  keenness  of  vision  has  served  him 
well,  and  the  messages  he  brings  back  are  good  to 
listen  to.  Among  the  specialists  of  the  Harriman 
Alaska  Expedition  of  1899,  Mr.  Burroughs  was, 
so  to  speak,  a  generalist;  yet  he  had  enough  spe- 
cial knowledge  in  many  fields  to  report  with  zest 
the  discoveries  made  by  the  'fiends'  in  rocks, 
plants,  glaciers,  birds,  and  bears.  Meanwhile  he 
kept  his  eye  on  the  landscape,  and  tells  the 
untravelled  reader  what  he  most  wants  to  know, 
and  tells  it  in  his  own  expressive  way.  The  hills 
of  Wj'oming  are  'almost  as  plump  and  muttony 
in  places  as  the  South  DoAvns  of  England';  in 
the  Bad  Lands,  'the  earth  seems  to  have  been 
flayed  alive,  —  no  skin  or  turf  or  verdure  or  vege- 
table mould  anywhere,  —  all  raw  and  quivering.' 
Alaska  itself  'is  covered  with  an  unbroken  carp)et 
of  verdure.  .  .  .  Green,  white,  and  blue  are  the 
three  prevailing  tints  all  the  way  from  Cook  Inlet 
to  Unalaska;  blue  of  the  sea  and  sky,  green  of 
the  shores  and  lower  slopes,  and  white  of  the 
lofty  p>eaks  and  volcanic  cones,  —  they  are  min- 
gled and  contrasted  all  the  way.'  True  to  his 
northern  instinct,  Mr.  Burroughs  finds  Jamaica 
a  place  'cursed  with  perpetual  summer,'  and  com- 
plains that  he  cannot  make  love  to  Nature  there. 
'Nature  in  the  tropics  has  little  tenderness  or 
winsomeness.  She  is  barbaric;  she  is  painty  and 
stiff;  she  has  no  sentiment;  she  does  not  touch 
the  heart ;  she  flouts  and  revels  and  goes  her  own 
way  like  a  wanton.  She  has  never  known  adver- 
sity; she  has  no  memory  and  no  longing;  there  is 


20 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


no  autumn  behind  hei-  and  no  spring  beiore.' 
Nevertheless,  no  blossom  of  southern  woods,  no 
significant  feature  of  the  land,  no  bird-note,  no 
star  new  to  northern  eyes,  escapes  this  treasurer 
of  beauty.  But  after  all,  it  is  in  the  interludes  of 
^Near'  between  these  two  themes  of  the  'Far' 
that  we  find  Mr.  Burroughs  most  himself.  The 
nature-lover  who  writes  the  little  comedy  of  the 
water-thrush  family,  and  the  little  tragedy  of  the 
frozen  baby  rabbits,  is  the  same  who  long  ago 
won  our  hearts  with  stories  of  similar  home-hap- 
penings. The  records  of  far  journeys  in  this  new 
book  may  not  add  greatly  to  his  reputation,  but 
they  serve  the  gracious  purpose  of  showing  us  an 
old  friend  in  new  surroundings. 


Sheridan  and  To  the  already  extensive  list 
the  closing  days  of  historical  monographs  relat- 
or the  Civil  War.  ^^^  ^^  the  period  of  the  Civil 
War  there  is  added  a  sprightly  and  vivid  account 
of  the  operations  which  brought  that  war  to  a 
•close,  namely,  the  eleven  days'  operations  from 
March  29  to  April  8,  1865,  by  Sheridan  and  his 
cavalrymen  in  front  of  Petersburg  and  Richmond. 
This  is  from  the  pen  of  Brevet  Brigadier-General 
Henry  E.  Tremain,  and  is  entitled  'Last  Hours  of 
Sheridan's  Cavalry'  (Bonnell,  Silver  &  Bowers). 
General  Tremain  was  himself  as  aide-de-camp  to 
General  Crook,  an  active  participant  in  many  of 
the  scenes  which  he  here  describes.  He  has  com- 
piled his  book  from  notes  taken  by  him  on  the 
field,  which  have  heretofore  been  published  in  the 
newspaper  press,  and  have  been  subjected  to  the 
comment  and  criticism  of  other  actors  in  the 
same  drama,  much  of  which  is  here  reproduced 
and  made  appendant  to  the  principal  narrative. 
The  result  is  an  unusually  valuable  compilation 
of  contemporary  notes.  In  quite  full  detail,  and 
occupying  over  400  pages,  the  writer  carries  his 
readers  rapidly,  but  not  too  hastily,  through  the 
vicissitudes  of  an  exciting  campaign.  This  is  the 
campaign  in  which  it  has  been  said  that  'Grant 
commanded  both  his  own  and  Lee 's  army. '  Sheri- 
dan's  work  in  weaving  the  final  toils  around  the 
fated  Confederacy  is  here  graphically  narrated, 
and  the  reader  has  an  hourly  view  of  the  keen 
insight  and  circumspection  with  which  the  great 
commander  performed  the  task  for  which  he  was 
summoned  from  the  Valley  of  Virginia.  When 
the  evening  of  April  6  is  reached,  and  one  reads 
again  Sheridan's  terse  despatch  to  Grant,  'If  the 
thing  is  pressed,  I  think  Lee  will  surrender,'  and 
when  the  next  day  sees  the  Federal  pursuit  of 
Lee  more  warm  and  eager  than  ever,  the  reader 
is  prepared  to  share  Sheridan's  confidence  in  the 
expected  result.    . 

There  is  considerable  'bite'  in 
Mr.  Frank  Moore  Colby's 
short  essays,  'Imaginary  Obli- 
gations' (Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.),  as  those  who  have 
read  them  in  'The  Bookman'  and  elsewhere  can 
testify.  Mr.  Colby  possesses  a  good  measure  of 
shrewd  sense,  a  wholesome  hatred  of  humbug  and 
a  keen  eye  to  detect  it,  a  practised  pen,  and  a 
knack  of  terse,  incisive,  and  often  striking  expres- 
sion. But  with  these  qualities  go  their  defects: 
aiming  to  be  brilliant  and  sententious,  he  occa- 


A  dogmatic 
essayist. 


sionally  exaggerates  and  makes  phrases.  The 
modesty  of  careful  utterance  is  shocked  by  such 
an  assertion  as  that  'false  hvunor-worship  is  the 
deadliest  of  social  sins';  and  the  writer  illus- 
trates the  vice  he  on  another  page  inveighs 
against  (phrase-making)  Avhen  he  allows  the  fol- 
lowing to  escape  his  pen :  '  There  is  nothing  more 
amazing  to  the  reader  than  the  way  a  mind  can  be 
wrapped  in  a  "policy."  Many  a  decorous  news- 
paper is  edited  by  a  moral  papoose.  In  private 
life  ' '  the  policy ' '  would  make  you  talk  in  epitaphs 
of  last  year's  opinions,  hook  your  fancy  to  a 
foregone  conclusion,  turn  your  mind  into  a  bare 
card-catalogue  of  the  things  you  used  to  think.' 
A  vocabulary  is  a  fine  thing,  and  so  is  a  small 
boy's  new  drum;  but  so  also  is  moderation.  How- 
ever, Mr.  Colby  is  still  a  young  man.  Perhaps 
when  he  is  older  he  will  not  bristle  with  so  many 
positive  convictions,  and  possibly  he  will  express 
himself  more  often  in  the  form  of  query  and  sug- 
gestion. The  neutral  tints  of  doubt  may  tend 
now  and  then  to  displace  the  glaring  primarj' 
colors  of  certitude.  Something  of  Charles  Lamb's 
'twilight  of  dubiety'  will  perchance  soften  his 
mental  horizon-line,  as  he  sits,  pen  in  hand,  enter- 
taining us  with  his  views  de  omnibus  rebus  et 
quibusdam  aliis.  Some  of  his  best  chapters  have 
to  do  with  'The  Business  of  Writing'  and  'Liter- 
ary Compulsion.'  'The  Literary  Temperament' 
is  treated  in  a  way  that  makes  the  reader,  if  he 
be  also  a  Avriter,  squirm  in  his  chair.  '  The  Temp- 
tation of  Authors'  contains  a  wai'ning  to  success- 
ful and  pi'olific  writers.  'The  danger  in  spread- 
ing one's  self  thin  is  that  the  time  surely  comes 
when  it  is  done  unconsciously.  A  man  thinks  it 
is  his  thought  flowing  on  like  that,  when  it  is  only 
his  ink.'  The  fitness  of  Mr,  Colby's  title,  'Imagi- 
nary Obligations,'  is  somewhat  imaginary,  in 
spite  of  his  explanation  in  the  preface.  But  a 
book  must  have  a  title,  and  for  a  collection  of 
loosely  related  essays  one  will  serve  about  as  well 
as  another.  

Among  the  subjects  rescued 
from  vague  speculations  and 
transfeiTed  to  the  field  of 
descriptive  inquirj^  none  is  more  inviting,  and 
also  more  baffling,  than  the  nature  of  personality. 
The  change  of  front  which  modern  psychology 
presents  in  contrast  with  older  points  of  view 
has  been  active  in  this  field,  and  has  made  it  evi- 
dent that  personality,  like  other  eomjilexes  of 
psychological  processes,  is  itself  the  result  of 
growth  and  accordingly  may  be  subject  to  var- 
ious lapses  and  degeneration.  A  recent  work  by 
Dr.  Boris  Sidis  and  Dr.  Simon  P.  Goodhart, 
entitled  'Multiple  Personality,  an  Experimental 
Investigation  into  the  Nature  of  Human  Individ- 
uality' (Appleton),  represents  both  the  kinds  of 
inquiry  and  the  nature  of  the  results  typical  of 
the  modern  point  of  view.  The  most  original  as 
well  as  most  interesting  portion  of  the  volume  is 
given  over  to  a  painstaking  account  of  a 
remarkable  loss  of  personality,  in  many  respects 
the  most  complete  on  record.  It  is  the  most  com- 
plete, not  only  because  so  large  a  portion  of  the 
normal  mental  processes  Avere  lost,  reducing  the 
subject  to  a  condition   of  a  curiously  modified 


TJie  nature  of 
Personality. 


1905] 


THE    DTATi 


21 


Tovm and 
country  life 
in  Sweden. 


infancy,  but  also  because  the  new  personality  has 
been  so  interestingly  developed  by  education,  and 
ultimately  united  with  the  old.  On  the  basis  of 
this  and  similar  cases,  certain  of  which  justify 
the  title  of  'Multiple  Personality,'  these  investi- 
gator indicate  the  contribution  of  these  abnormal 
forms  toward  the  right  understanding  of  the 
nature  of  personality.  While  this  xmderstanding 
is  by  no  means  complete  or  easily  summarized, 
the  trend  of  the  results  is  such  as  to  lay  emphasis 
up>on  the  normal  participation  of  the  sub-con- 
scious activities  in  the  formation  of  that  memory- 
continuum  by  which  the  material  fgr  the  sense 
of  personality  is  supplied.  Equally  do  such  inves- 
tigations discountenance  the  supernatural  and 
transcendent  theories  which  have  done  so  much 
to  confuse  the  conceptions  involved.  In  brief,  the 
study  of  the  abnormal  distinctly  reinforces  the 
naturalistic  conceptions  of  personality  that  result 
from  a  psychological  study  of  the  growth  of  this 
precious  sense.     

Sweden  is  the  healthiest  coun- 
try in  Europe;  it  boasts  a 
death-rate  of  only  sixteen  and 
a  half  per  thousand,  and  a  correspondingly  high 
average  term  of  life.  In  their  evolution  from  the 
Suiones,  these  people  have  been  but  little  affected 
by  extraneous  influences;  they  have  received  no 
impress  from  Roman  culture,  Roman  law,  or  the 
feudal  system  that  ruled  mediaeval  society. 
Christianity  came  to  them  through  the  Normans 
of  France;  the  Roman  church  exercised  a  nom- 
inal sway  in  the  country  for  two  centuries,  but  it 
was  never  very  effective.  In  that  period,  how- 
■ever,  the  country  produced  a  great  personage  in 
Saint  Brigitta  (Bridget),  who  was  influential  in 
bringing  about  the  return  of  the  Popes  from 
Avignon  to  Rome  in  the  fourteenth  century.  A 
far  greater  national  hero  was  Gustavus  Adolphus, 
whose  defense  of  Protestant  principles  brought 
Sweden  prominently  into  the  field  of  European 
polities  in  the  sixteenth  century,  a  prominence 
which  ended  with  the  loss  of  Finland,  after  that 
of  Pomerania  and  the  Baltic  Provinces,  early  in 
the  nineteenth  century.  The  country  has  shared 
its  king  (since  1814)  with  Norway,  though  each 
country'  has  its  own  constitution.  In  Sweden  the 
<?ost  of  education  is  defrayed  by  the  state  or 
parish,  is  absolutely  free  to  the  recipient,  is 
thorough,  and  is  so  prolonged  that  men  usually 
postpone  their  marriage  until  they  are  thirty 
years  of  age.  It  is  the  original  home  of  what  is 
tnown  in  this  country  as  'sloyd,' — a  system  of 
industrial  education  which  makes  deft  fingers 
and  'develops  mechanical  practice  and  general 
handiness.'  These  characteristics  and  many 
more  that  might  be  mentioned,  give  interest  to 
Mr.  0.  G.  Yon  Heidenstam's  voliune  on  'Swedish 
Life  in  Town  and  Country,'  in  the  series  describ- 
ing 'Our  European  Neighbors'  (Putnam).  The 
■chapters  on  the  literature,  arts,  and  economics  of 
the  country  are  highly  entertaining;  but  of  sur- 
passing interest  are  the  few  paragraphs  which 
inform  us  of  Sweden's  successful  solution  of  the 
•drink  problem  with  which  other  countries  have 
:grappled  in  vain. 


A  Frenchtooman's  Madame  Adam  is  best  known 
narrative  of  her  for  her  journal  of  the  Paris 
literary  life.  g^g^g^  j^g^  'Nouvelle  Revue' 
which  she  founded  and  for  many  years  edited, 
and  her  salon  which,  with  her  Review,  exerted  a 
recognized  political  influence.  Her  account  of 
her  earlier  life  has  already  been  noticed  in  these 
columns.  With  short  intermission,  now  follows 
its  sequel  in  'My  Literary  Life'  (Appleton), 
which  brings  the  record  down  to  the  later  sixties 
—or  at  least  this  is  to  be  inferred;  for  hardly  a 
date  appears  in  the  whole  book,  whose  chief 
defect  (or  excellence)  is  its  haj>-hazard  garrulity, 
extending  to  the  length  of  542  pages.  Such  an 
outpouring  necessarily  contains,  for  the  foreign 
reader  at  any  rate,  much  that  is  lacking  in  inter- 
est. The  reproduction  of  long  conversations 
between  i>ersons  of  far  less  than  world-wide  fame 
on  themes  of  not  exactly  universal  concern  is  a 
prominent  feature  of  the  book.  Is  it  from  short- 
hand notes,  or  from  memorj-  aided  by  imagina- 
tion, that  these  pages  of  talk  are  taken?  What 
appears  to  be  an  absurd  mistranslation  enlivens 
one  of  them.  A  certain  Dr.  Maure,  an  epicure, 
relates  of  Cousin,  with  great  contempt,  'Would 
you  believe  me,  that  one  day  arriving  in  the  mid- 
dle of  luncheon  I  heard  him  asking  his  governess 
for  some  veal,  and  it  was  pheasant ! ! '  That 
gouvemante  may  mean  housekeeper  as  well  as 
governess  seems  not  to  have  impressed  itself  on 
the  anonymous  translator.  Reminiscences  of 
George  Sand,  About,  Berlioz,  Wagner,  Liszt, 
Flaubert,  Merimee,  Ste.  Beuve,  and  other  celebri- 
ties, give  the  book  its  value,  apart  from  our 
interest  in  the  very  communicative  lady  who 
writes  it.  The  narrative  closes,  as  shall  this 
notice,  with  Mme.  d'Agoult's  recipe  for  founding 
a  salon.  'You  need,'  she  writes  to  the  author, 
'twenty  men  friends  and  five  women  to  found  a 
salon.  You  have  them.  Mine  wOl  remain  the  big 
winter  salon,  yours  will  be  the  little  summer 
salon,  and  thus  our  intimate  set  will  never  be 
quite  dispersed. ' 


The  land 
of  mirages 


A  study  of  the  American  des- 
erts that  has  quite  as  much 
atmosphere  as  Mrs.  Austin's 
'Land  of  Little  Rain,'  and  that  seems  to  get  even 
closer  to  the  strange  heart  of  the  matter,  is  the 
little  volume  of  sketches  entitled  'In  Miners' 
]Mirage-Land, '  by  Mrs.  Idah  Meacham  Strobridge. 
The  book  is  published  by  the  author  from  her 
own  bindery  in  Los  Angeles,  in  an  autograph 
edition  limited  to  one  thousand  copies.  The  cover- 
design  and  chapter-headings  are  the  work  of  Mr. 
J.  Duncan  Gleason,  and  a  reproduction  of  Mr. 
Frank  P.  Sauerwen's  painting  called  'Mirage  in 
the  Desert'  makes  an  appropriate  frontispiece. 
'Mirage  of  Water  or  Mirage  of  a  Mine!  It  mat- 
ters not  which  it  may  be,  the  end  is  the  same  for 
him  who  follows  after  the  Siren  who  is  always 
in  league  with  Death.'  This  quotation  will  ser\-e 
to  show  how  Mrs.  Strobridge  interprets  her  title. 
Some  of  the  tales  are  of  literal  mirages,— a  shin- 
ing lake,  an  exquisitely-colored  palace,  a  red- 
shirted  man  driving  his  wagon  down  a  dusty 
road ;  other  sketches  have  to  do  with  the  no  less 


22 


THE    DIAL. 


[Jan.  1^ 


The  artistic 
achievements 
of  women. 


fabulous  and  fateful  mirages  of  the  mind,  the 
dreams  of  treasure  hidden  in  the  desert  which 
ever  evades  the  prospector  while  luring  him  on  to 
give  his  life  in  the  search.  The  stories  have  a 
strength  and  directness  of  style  that  make  them 
very  real,  and  the  little  introductory  studies  pre- 
facing the  tales  help  to  suggest  the  charm  and 
mystery  of  the  strange  regions  dealt  with. 

'Women  in  the  Fine  Arts' 
(Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.),  by 
Mrs.  Clara  Erskine  Clement,  is 
a  compendium  of  miscellaneous  information  about 
all  the  women  artists  that  the  author  could  dis- 
cover between  the  seventh  century  B.  C.  and  the 
twentieth  A.  D.  Among  the  thousand  names 
included,  the  late  nineteenth  century  is  most  fully 
represented.  As  the  greater  part  of  the  material 
about  contemporary  painters  was  furnished  by 
themselves,  we  may  assume  that  it  is  correct ;  and 
as  Mrs.  Clement's  aim  was  to  include  all  the 
names  and  all  the  facts  she  could  get,  we  cannot 
criticise  her  selection  or  proportion.  Being  alpha- 
betically arranged,  the  book  is  a  convenient  man- 
ual from  which  to  extract  information  about 
artists  who  have  not  yet  got  into  the  encyclopae- 
dias. A  number  of  full-page  illustrations  add 
interest  to  the  text,  and  a  fifty-page  introduction 
gives  a  general  idea  of  what  women  have  accom- 
plished in  art.       


Vagaries  in 
language  and 
thought. 


Anyone  who  desires  an  addi- 
tional illustration  of  the  readi- 
ness Avith  which  the  inexpert 
abuse  the  methods  and  materials  belonging  to 
recognized  fields  of  science  may  find  it  in  Mr. 
Emil  Sutro's  'Duality  of  Thought  and  Language' 
(New  York:  Physio-Psychic  Society).  The 
author  professes  to  have  made  the  remark- 
able discovery  that  there  are  two  voices  in  man, 
the  one  of  the  larynx  and  the  other  of  the  oesoph- 
agus; and  that  these  two  possess  unique  rela- 
tions to  the  'soul'  element  of  speech.  Tortuous 
and  commonplace  repetitions  and  variations  of 
this  theme  make  up  the  volume;  which,  indeed, 
has  no  claim  to  consideration  except  as  an  exam- 
ple of  the  confusion  which  may  be  the  fruit  of 
interest  and  enthusiasm  unfortified  by  apprecia- 
tion of  what  scientific  investigation  is  or  what 
it  has  accomplished. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


'Lectures  and  Biographical  Sketches,'  'Miscel- 
lanies,' and  'Natural  History  of  Intellect  and 
Other  Papers, '  are  the  titles  of  three  volumes  added 
to  the  'Centenary'  edition  of  Emerson,  published  by 
Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  These  three  vol- 
umes complete  the  twelve  of  which  the  set  con- 
sists, and  the  last  of  them  is  provided  with  an 
elaborate  general  index  to  the  entire  edition.  No 
less  than  five  papers  in  this  closing  volume  are 
now  printed  for  the  first  time.  The  editing  of 
these  volumes,  done  by  the  pious  hands  of  Mr. 
Edward  Waldo  Emerson,  ofiPers  a  shining  example 
of  what  such  editorial  work  should  be,  and  makes 
the  present  form  of  the  writings  far  more  desirable 
than  any  of  the  earlier  ones. 


Professor  Barrett  Wendell 's  '  Literary  History  of 
America'  has  been  condensed  by  its  author,  with 
the  help  of  Mr.  Chester  Noyes  Greenough,  into  *A 
History  of  Literature  in  America, '  for  the  use  of 
schools.  Superfluous  and  questionable  matters  ar& 
omitted  from  this  version,  which  otherwise  pre- 
serves the  outline,  and  much  of  the  text,  of  the 
original  production.  The  book  is  published  by 
Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

Volume  II.  of  the  'Publications  of  the  Yerkes 
Observatory  of  the  University  of  Chicago'  is  a 
handsome  quarto  with  many  plates.  It  includes  a 
paper  on  double  stars  by  Professor  Burnham,  one 
on  Eros  by  Professor  Barnard,  two  papers  on 
stellar  spectra,  and  three  others.  There  are  some 
highly  satisfactory  photographs  made  with  the  great 
40-inch  refractor  of  the  Observatory.  This  volume 
is  also  issued  as  No.  VII.  in  the  series  of  the 
Decennial  Publications  of  the  University. 

Messrs.  Thomas  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.  publish  a  hand- 
some library  edition  of  Thackeray  in  thirty  vol- 
umes. The  editorial  matter  is  supplied  by  Pro- 
fessors W.  P.  Trent  and  J.  B.  Henneman,  ^nd 
includes  a  special  introduction  to  each  of  the 
works,  besides  a  biographical  essay  prefatory  ta 
the  entire  edition.  There  are  numerous  illustra- 
tions, and  altogether  the  edition  is  highly  satisfac- 
tory, both  for  completeness  and  inexpensiveness. 

'Ethics  for  the  Young,'  third  and  fourth  series,, 
are  sent  us  by  the  W.  M.  Welch  Co.,  Chicago.  These 
books  are  written  by  Mr.  Walter  L.  Sheldon,  lec- 
turer of  the  St.  Louis  Ethical  Society,  and  have 
for  their  respective  subjects  'Duties  in  the  Home^ 
and  the  Family '  and  '  Citizenship  and  the  Duties 
of  a  Citizen.'  These  are  teaching  books  of  a  help- 
ful kind,  written  in  dialogue,  and  provided  with 
outlines,    exercises,    and   illustrative    quotations. 

'Avril'  is  the  appropriate  title  of  a  group  of 
essays,  by  Mr.  Hilaire  Belloe,  upon  the  poetry  of 
the  French  Renaissance.  The  subjects  of  the  essays 
are  these  six:  Charles  of  Orleans,  Villon,  Marot, 
R'onsard,  Du  Bellay,  and  Malherbe.  Each  is  given 
an  introductory  critical  discussion,  and  each  is  then 
illustrated  by  a  number  of  poems,  printed  in  French 
and  commented  upon  in  English.  This  beautifully 
printed,  written,  and  illustrated  book  is  published 
by  Messrs.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.,  and  is  a  treasure 
in   every  sense. 

'The  Teaching  of  Biology  in  the  Secondary 
School, '  by  Professors  Francis  E.  Lloyd  and  Maurice 
A.  Bigelow,  is  a  new  volume  in  the  'American 
Teachers'  Series,'  published  by  Messrs.  Longmans,. 
Green,  &  Co.  It  is  a  work  fully  up  to  the  high 
standard  set  by  its  predecessors  in  this  series,  and 
no  teacher  of  the  subject  in  an  American  high 
school  can  afford  to  be  without  it.  We  commend 
particularly  the  sensible  pages  devoted  to  the  sub- 
ject of  'temperance'  instruction  in  connection  with 
the  study  of  physiology. 

'The  Poems  of  William  Morris,'  selected  and' 
edited  by  Mr.  Percy  Robert  Colwell,  is  a  hand- 
some volume  published  by  Messrs.  T.  Y.  Crowell  & 
Co.  The  selection  is  a  generous  one,  although  in 
the  nature  of  the  case  a  single  volume  can  give 
hardly  more  than  a  taste  of  'Jason,'  'Sigurd,'  and 
'The  Earthly  Paradise.'  There  is  an  introductory 
essay,  a  limited  bibliography,  and  a  few  notes.  The 
same  publishers  have  issued,  in  style  uniform  with 
the  above  book,  an  anthology  of  '  The  Greek 
Poets,'  edited  by  Mr.  Nathan  Haskell  Dole.  The 
range  of  the  selection  is  from  Homer  to  Meleager, 
and  the  translations  represent  a  greater  number  of 
hands  than  the  authors  themselves.  They  are 
taken  from  writers  old-fashioned  and  modern,  and . 
the  editor  contributes  a  number  of  his  own. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


23 


XOTES. 


A  new  novel  by  Charles  Egbert  Craddock  will 
be  published  this  month  by  the  Macmillan  Co.  The 
title  has  not  yet  been  annooneed. 

'Henry  Ward  Beecher  as  His  Friends  Saw  Him,' 
a  small  book  of  personal  tributes  by  various  hands, 
is  a  recent  publication  of  the  Pilgrim  Press. 

The  next  volume  of  the  'Cambridge  Modern  His- 
tory,' announced  for  publication  this  month  by  the 
Macmillan  Co.,  will  be  devoted  to  'The  Wars  of 
Keligion. ' 

A  new  edition  of  Mr.  Hamilton  Wright  Mabie's 
'Backgrounds  of  Literature,'  with  an  added  chapter 
on  'Hawthorne  in  the  New  World,'  is  published  by 
the  Macmillan  Co. 

'  Correct  Writing  and  Speaking, '  by  Miss  Mary 
A.  Jordan,  is  an  admirable  addition  to  the 
'Woman's  Home  Librarv, '  published  by  Messrs. 
A.  8.  Barnes  &  Co. 

'A  Handbook  of  Plant-Form  for  Students  of 
Design,'  with  one  hundred  plates,  drawn  and 
described  by  Mr.  Ernest  E.  Clark,  is  a  recent  pub- 
lication of  Mr.  John  Lane. 

'Selected  Poems  by  John  Davidson,'  published 
by  Mr.  John  Lane,  gives  us  in  a  single  small  vol- 
ume the  best  of  the  author's  ballads,  'Fleet  Street 
Eclogues,'  and  miscellaneous  pieces. 

'A  Guide  to  Parsifal,'  by  Mr.  Eichard  Aldrich, 
is  published  by  the  Oliver  Ditson  Co.  It  is  illus- 
trated, both  with  photographs  of  stage  scenes 
and  with  examples  of  motives  in  musical  notation. 

Trollope's  'The  Bertrams,'  edited  by  Mr.  Algar 
Thorold,  is  published  as  a  volume  of  Mr.  John 
Lane's  'New  Pocket  Library.'  It  fills  over  eight 
hundred  pages,  yet  it  is  by  no  means  a  big  book. 

The  Macmillan  Co.  publish  'Type  Studies  from 
the  Geography  of  the  United  States,'  by  Dr.  Charles 
A.  McMurry.  It  is  the  first  part  of  an  elementary 
physical  geography  of  this  country,  prepared  for 
school  use. 

'School  Civics,'  by  Mr.  Frank  David  Boynton, 
is  'an  outline  study  of  the  origin  and  development 
of  government  and  the  development  of  political 
institutions  in  the  United  States.'  It  is  published 
by  Messrs.  Ginn  &  Co. 

Still  another  book  about  'Jiu-Jitsu. '  This  time 
the  work  is  by  Captain  Harry  H.  Skinner,  and  the 
illustrations  are  from  poses  by  Mr.  B.  H. 
Kuwashima,  The  Japan  Publishing  Co.,  New  York, 
are  responsible  for  this  work. 

'Light  on  the  Hills,'  edited  by  Dr.  Charles  Car- 
roll Albert  son,  is  a  devotional  anthology  published 
by  the  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.  The  selection  of  poems 
is  not  altogether  discriminating,  but  the  book  con- 
tains much   that   is   of   enduring  spiritual   value. 

'The  Government  of  Ohio:  Its  History  and 
Administration,'  by  Professor  Wilbur  H.  Siebert, 
is  published  by  the  Macmillan  Co.  in  their  'Hand- 
books of  American  Government,'  a  series  in  which 
several  other  states  have  previously  been  included- 

'A  School  History  of  the  Fnited  States,'  by 
Professor  WiUiam  H.  Mace,  is  published  by  Messrs. 
Rand,  McNally  &  Co.  It  is  an  elementary  text- 
book, handsomely  illustrated,  and  provided  with 
helpful  teaching  and  reference  apparatus  in  great 
variety. 

'The  Nibelungenlied, '  translated  into  rhymed 
English  verse  in  the  metre  of  the  original,  comes 
to  us  from  Messrs.  Henry  Holt  &  Co.  The  transla- 
tion is  by  Professor  George  Henry  Needier,  and  is 
accompanied  by  a  lengthy  essay  upon  the  poem 
and  it-s  sources. 


'Parsifal  and  Galahad,'  by  Miss  Helen  Isabel 
Whitow,  is  a  pamphlet  recently  published  by  Mr. 
Thomas  Whittaker.  It  is  an  essay  upon  the  sources 
of  the  Parsifal  legend  as  well  as  an  analysis 
of  the  use  which  Wagner  made  of  it  in  his  musie- 
drama. 

'Classical  Echoes  in  Tennyson,'  by  Prof.  Wilfred 
P.  Mustard,  is  a  new  volume  of  the  'Columbia 
University  Studies  in  English. '  The  work  has  been 
done  before,  but  not,  we  believe,  as  thoroughly  and 
minutely  by  any  one  person.  The  Macmillan  Co. 
publish  this  volume. 

Miss  Ella  Isabel  Harris  has  translated  the  trag- 
edies of  Seneca  into  English  veirse,  and .  thereby 
placed  students  of  modem  literature  who  know 
not  Latin  under  a  considerable  obligation.  The 
volume  is  published  by  Mr.  Henry  IVowde  at  the 
Oxford  University  Press. 

Mr.  Andrew  J.  George  has  edited  'The  Complete 
Poetical  Works  of  William  Wordsworth'  for  the 
'Cambridge  Editions'  of  Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin 
&  Co.  The  volume,  with  its  introduction,  notes,  an., 
bibliography,  fills  nearly  a  thousand  two-columned 
pages,  and  has  a  fine  frontispiece  portrait. 

Dr.  William  Anthony  Granville's  'Elements  of 
the  Differential  and  Integral  Calculus,'  published 
by  Messrs.  Ginn  &  Co.,  is  described  as  'essentially 
a  drill  book.'  It  constitutes  the  first  volume  in 
a  new  series  of  mathematical  text-books  under  the 
general  editorship  of  Professor  Percy  F.  Smith. 

Mr.  H.  W.  Mabie's  "William  Shakespeare,  Poet, 
Dramatist,  and  Man'  is  reissued  by  the  Macmillan 
Co.  in  a  new  edition,  with  a  new  preface,  and  at 
a  low  price.  The  illustrations  of  the  earlier  edi- 
tion are  missing,  which  is,  of  course,  the  reason  why 
the  work  is  now  offered  in  so  inexpensive  a  form. 

Herr  FeUx  Weingartner 's  essay  on  'The  Sym- 
phony since  Beethoven,'  translated  with  the 
author's  permission  by  3Jj8s  Maude  Barrows  Dut- 
ton,  is  published  as  a  booklet  by  the  Oliver  Ditson 
Co.  It  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  pieces  of  musi- 
cal criticism  produced  of  recent  years,  and  deserves 
a  very  wide  circulation. 

Professor  Jebb's  masterly  prose  translation  of 
'The  Tragedies  of  Sophocles'  may  now  be  had  in 
a  single  volume  unencumbered  by  Greek  text  or 
'  commentary,  and  thus  brought  within  the  reach  of 
modest  purses.  This  translation,  so  much  more 
desirable  than  any  other,  is  published  by  the 
Macmillan  Co.  for  the  Cambridge  University  Press. 

'Murray's  Small  Classical  Atlas,'  edited  by  Mr. 
G.  B.  Grundy,  and  published  by  Mr.  Henry  Frowde 
at  the  Oxford  University  Press,  is  accurately  de- 
scribed in  the  preface  as  a  'good  and  at  the  same 
time  inexpensive'  work.  Colored  contours  and 
legible  type  make  the  maps  exceptionally  clear. 
They  are  fourteen  in  number,  preceded  by  an  elab- 
orate index. 

The  German  text  of  'Parsifal,'  facing  an  English 
translation  made  to  fit  the  score  by  Mr.  George 
Turner  Phelps,  is  published  in  a  small  volume  by 
Mr.  Kichard  G.  Badger.  It  well  illustrates  the 
utter  hopelessness  of  attempting  to  sing  the  work 
with  English  words  and  at  the  same  time  preserve 
more  than  a  small  fraction  of  its  poetical  impres- 
siveness.  Mr.  Turner  has  struggled  manfully  with 
an  impossible  task. 

The  editorial  supervision  of  Messrs.  Houghton, 
Mifflin  &  Co. 's  series  of  limited  Riverside  Press 
Editions  has  been  placed  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Ferris 
Greenslet,  associate  editor  of  'The  Atlantic 
Monthly.'  Mr.  Greenslet  will  give  his  special 
attention  to  extending  the  series  along  harmonious 
lines,  establishing  an  authoritative  text  for  print- 


24 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1 


ing,  and  furnishing  such  sparing  editorial  apparatus 
as  may  be  necessary.  The  typographical  and  artis- 
tic features  of  this  series  will  continue  in  the  care 
of  Mr.  Bruce  Rogers. 

Baron  Speck  von  Sternburg,  the  German  Ambas- 
sador, made  an  address  last  June  at  the  University 
of  the  South.  This  address,  entitled  'American 
and  German  University  Ideals,'  has  been  beauti- 
fully printed  at  the  new  University  Press  of 
Sewanee,  Tennessee,  and  speaks  well  for  the 
mechanical  equipment  of  that  department  of  the 
University. 

A  new  and  complete  edition  of  Mark  Twain's 
writings,  in  twenty-three  volumes,  is  being  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Harper  &  Brothers.  This  'Hill- 
crest'  edition,  as  it  is  called,  includes  a  biograph- 
ical and  critical  study  by  Prof.  Brander  Matthews, 
and  a  new  preface  written  especially  for  this  pur- 
pose by  Mark  Twain.  The  illustrations  consist  of 
a  series  of  portraits  of  the  author,  together  with 
numerous  drawings  by  the  best  American  illustra- 
tors. 


Topics  tn  IiEAding  Periodicals. 

January,   1905. 

Alexander,  John  W.     Charles  H.  Caffln.     World's  Work. 
Amsterdam  Impressions.      Edward   Penfleld.     Scribner. 
Anglo-American  Treaty,  A  Permanent.     Atlantic. 
Audiences,  American.     Thomas  W.  Higginson.     Atlantic. 
Austria  and  Bohemia,  What  People  Read  in.   Rev.  of  Revs. 
Berlin,  My  Embassy  at.     Andrew  D.  White.     Century, 
City  Superstitions.     Robert  Shackleton.     Harper. 
Copyright,  Concerning.     Mark  Twain.     North  American. 
Cornwall,  A  Valley   in.     Arthur   Symons.     Harper. 
Country  Parson,  From  the  Journal  of  a.     Atlantic. 
Country   Store,  The.     Charles  M.   Harger.     Atlantic. 
D'Annunzio's  Latest  Play.    Helen  Zimmern.    No.  American. 
Diplomatic  Leadership,  Proper  Grade  of.     No.  American. 
Education,  Quantitative  Study  of.     Forum. 
Erasmus  and  '  The  Cloister  and  the  Hearth.'     Scribner. 
Europe,  Political  Problems  of.     F.  A.  Vanderlip.    Scribner. 
Expatriation,  Doctrine  of.     John  B.  Moore.     Harper. 
Factory  Village,  An  Instructive.     World's  Work. 
Forestry   Methods,    German    and   American.      Forum. 
Fourteenth  Amendment,  The.    E.  G.  Murphy.  No.  American. 
Germany  Then  and  Now.     W.  von  Schierbrand.     Forum. 
Gompers,   Samuel.     Walter  E.  Weyl.     Review  of  Revieics. 
Grotius,   Hugo.      Andrew   D.  White.     Atlantic. 
Hand,  Chat  about  the.     Helen  Keller.     Century. 
Hans  Breitmann.      Elizabeth   Robins  Pennell.     Atlantic. 
'  Honor,  '  Question  of.     T.  R.   Lounsbury.     Harper. 
Ichthyosaurs.     Henry  F.  Osborn.     Century. 
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Japan  and  Asiatic  Leadership.  P.  S.  Reinsch.  No.  American. 
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Physical  Deterioration  in  England.     Thos.  Burke.    Forum. 
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Presidential  Election,  Our  Method  of.     North  American. 
Railroad's  Control,  Freeing  a  City  from  a.     World's  Work. 
Railroad's  Death-RoU,  The.     Leroy  Scott.      World's  Work. 
'  Readable    Proposition,    A.'      Bliss    Perry.     Atlantic. 
Russia,  New  Era  in.     E.  J.  Dillon.     Review  of  Reviews. 
Russia,  Representative  Government  for.     North  American. 
Russian  Words,  English   Spelling  of.     Review  of  Reviews. 
Salnte-Beuve,  A  Note  on.     Brander  Matthews. .   Century. 
Species,  Origin  of.     Hugo  de  Vries.     Harper. 
Street,  Ethics  of  the.     Marguerite  Merington.     Atlantic. 
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Thoreau  as  a  Diarist.     Bradford  Torrey.     Atlantic. 
Thoreau's  Journal.     Atlantic. 

War,  New  Features  of.     Thomas  F.  Millard.     Scribner. 
War-Dragon's  Trail,  On  the.     John  Fox,  Jr.     Scribner. 
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XiisT  OF  New  Books. 

[  The  following  list,  containing  1 14  titles,  includes  books 
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BIOGRAPHY   AND   MEMOIRS. 

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Life  and  Letters  of  Henry  Parry  Liddon,  D.D.,  D.C.L., 
LL.D.  By  John  Octavius  Johnston,  M.A. ;  with  a  con- 
cluding chapter  by  the  Lord  Bishop  of  Oxford.  With 
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Th.  Nast  :  His  Period  and  his  Pictures.  By  Albert  Bige- 
low  Paine.  Illus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  large  Svo, 
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John  Bunyan.  By  W.  Hale  White.  Illus.,  12mo,  uncut, 
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Life  of  Father  Taylor  :  The  Sailor  Preacher.  Illus.,  8vo, 
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Mrs.  Maybrick's  Own  Story  :  My  Fifteen  Lost  Years.  By 
Florence  Elizabeth  Maybrick.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  394. 
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Dr.  Barnardo,  The  Foster-Father  of  '  Nobody's  Children.' 
By  Rev.  John  Herridge  Batt.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  196. 
London :   S.  W.  Partridge  &  Co. 

William  Shakespeare  :  Poet,  Dramatist,  and  Man.  By 
Hamilton  Wright  Mabie.  New  edition,  with  a  new 
preface.      12mo,    pp.    345.      Macmillan    Co.      $1.    net. 

John  Gilley  :  Maine  Farmer  and  Fisherman.  By 
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American    Unitarian    Association.       60    cts.    net. 

HISTORY. 

A  History  of  the  United  States  and  its  People,  from 

the  Earliest  Records  to  the  Present  Time.     By  Elroy 

McKendree  Avery.    (To  be  completed  in  12  vols.)    Vol. 

I.,  illus.   in  color,   etc.,  large  Svo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp. 

405.     Cleveland :  Burrows  Brothers  Co.     $6.25  net. 
Illustrations  of  Irish  History  and  Topography,  mainly 

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gilt  top,  pp.   380.     Macmillan  Co.      $2.  net. 
From  the  Monarchy  to  the  Republic  of  France,  1788- 

1792.     By  Sophia  H.  MacLehose.     Illus.,  12mo,  uncut, 

pp.  447.     Macmillan  Co.     $2.  net. 
Europe   in   the  Far  East.      By   Sir  Robert   K.   Douglas. 

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Helen   Blair    and    James   Alexander    Robertson;    with 

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cts. 

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The  Early  Writings  of  Montaigne,  and  Other  Papers ; 

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Musings  and  Pastels.     By  Bert  Finck.     Svo,  uncut,  pp. 

59.     Louisville :  John  P.  Morton  &  Co. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAI. 


^ 


HEW  EDITIONS  OF  STANDARD 
LITERATURE. 

Dante's  Divixa  Commedia.     Trans,  into  English  prose  by 

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University  Fress.     $1.  net.  - 
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208.     T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.     50  cts.  net. 
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Judith  of  Bethclia  :  A  Tragedy.  By  Thomas  Bailey 
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The  Twin*  Immortai,ities.  and  Other  Poems.  By  Charles 
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A  Defective  Santa  Clacs.  By  James  Whitcomb  Riley. 
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Songs  from  a  Georgia  G.\kdex,  and  Elchoes  from  the 
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The  Songs  of  an  Egyptian  Peasant.  By  Heinrich 
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The  Quest  of  John  Chapman  :  The  Story  of  a  Forgotten 

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349.     Macmillan  Co.     $1.50. 
Old   Heidelberg.      By   William  Meyer-Forster :   trans,  by 

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TRAVEL  AND  DESCRIPTION. 

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India.  By  Colonel  Sir  Thomas  Hungerford  Holdich, 
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RELIGION   AND   THEOLOGY. 

The  Christlvn  OppoRTUN^XY  '■  Being  Sermons  and  Speeches 
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An  Outline  of  a  Bible-School  Ciirkiculum.  By  George 
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cago  Press.      $1.50. 

Studies  in  Biblical  Law.  By  Harold  M.  Wiener,  M.A. 
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SOCIOLOGY   AND   ECONOMICS. 

The  History  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company.  By  Ida 
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The  Xegro  :  The  Southerner's  Problem.  By  Thomas  Nel- 
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The  Risk  and  Decline  of  the  Free  Trade  Mo^'bmknt. 
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MUSIC  AND  ABT. 

Beethoven   and   his   Forerunners.      By   Daniel  Gregory 

Mason.      With    portraits,    12mo,    gilt    top,    uncut,    pp. 

352.      Macmillan    Co.      $1.50   net. 
Fifty  Songs  by  Franz  Schubebt.    For  high  voice.   Edited 

by    Henry   T.    Finck.      Large    4to,    gilt    top,    pp.    219. 

'  Musician's   Library.'      Oliver   Ditson   Co.     $2.50   net. 
The  Temple  of  Art  :   A  Plea  for  the  Higher  Realization 

of   the    Artistic   Vocation.      By    Ernest   Xewlandsmith. 

With  frontispiece.   12mo,  uncut,  pp.   156.      Longmans, 

Green  t  Co.     $1.20  net. 
P.ARSIFAL :    An    English    Text    for    the    Score.    By    George 

Turner   Phelps.      16mo,   pp.    85.     R.    G.    Badger.     50 

cts.   net. 

SCIENCE. 

Ax  Outline  of  the  Theory  of  Organic  Evolution.  With 
a  description  of  some  of  the  phenomena  which  it 
explains.  By  Maynard  M.  Metcalf,  Ph.D.  Illus.  in 
color,  etc.,  Svo,   pp.   204.      Macmillan   Co.      $2.50  net. 

The  Becqxikrkl  Rays  and  the  Properties  of  Radium.  By 
Hon.  R.  J.  Strutt.  Illus..  large  Svo,  uncut,  pp.  214. 
Longmans,  Green  &  Co.     $2.40  net. 

How  to  Know  the  St.\rry  Heavens  :  An  Invitation  to 
the  study  of  Suns  and  Woilds.  By  Edward  Irving. 
Illus.  in  color,  etc..  Svo,  pp.  313.  Frederick  A.  Stokes 
Co.     $2.  net. 

Publications  of  the  Yekkes  Observatory  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago.  Vol.  II.,  4to,  pp.  400.  Univer- 
sity of  Chicago  Press. 

The  Fresh-Water  Fishes  of  Mexico  Xorth  of  the  Isth- 
mus of  Tehuantepec.  By  Seth  Eugene  Meek,  Ph.D. 
Illus..  large  Svo.  uncut,  pp.  252.  Chicago :  Field 
Columbian  Museum.     Paper. 

BOOKS  OF  REFERENCE. 

Murray's    Small    Classical    Atlas.      Edited    by    G.    B. 

Grundy.  M.A.     Large  4to.     Oxford   University   Press. 
Dictionary  of  Royal  Lineage.     By  C.  M.  Allstrom.     In 

2  vols.,  large  Svo.     Chicago :  Published  by  the  author. 

$7. 
Appendicis    ad    Hainu-Copingeri    Repertorium    Biblio- 

GRAPHICUM :     Additiones     et     Emendationes.        Edidit 

Dietericus    Reichling,    Dr.    Phil.    Fasciculus    I.  ;    large 

Svo,    uncut,    pp.    206.      Munich :    Jacques    Rosenthal. 

Paper. 
Yearbook    and  List  of  Active    Members  of    the  Xational 

Educational  Association,  1904-5.     Large  Svo,  pp.  263. 

Published  by  the  Association.     Paper. 

BOOKS   FOR    THE    YOUNG. 

The  Tomboy  xt  Work.     By  Jeannette  L.  Gilder.     Illus.. 

12mo,  pp.   252.      Doubleday,   Page  &  Co.     $1.25. 
LoN"DON  Mews.     By  Catherine  R.  Janvier.     Illus.  in  color, 

etc.,   oblong  4to.     Harper  &  Brothers.     $1.50  net. 
Monkey  Shines  :     Little  Stories  for  Little  Children.     By 

Boleon  Hall.     Illus..  4to,  pp.  78.     A.  Wessels  Co.     $1. 

EDUCATION.— BOOKS  FOR  SCHOOL 
AND  COLLEGE. 

Our  Schools  :  Their  Administration  and  Supervision.  By 
William  Estabrook  Chancellor.  12mo,  pp.  434.  D.  C. 
Heath  &  Co.     $1.50. 

Personal  and  Ideal  Elements  in  Education.  By  Henry 
Churchill  King.  12mo.  uncut,  pp.  277.  Macmillan 
Co.     $1.50  net. 

Pedagogues  and  P.\rents.  By  Ella  Calista  Wilson. 
12mo.  pp.  290.     Henry  Holt  &  Co.     $1.25  net. 

Moral  Education.  By  Edward  Howard  Griggs.  12mo, 
gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  352.  New  York  :  B.  W.  Huebsch. 
$2.  net. 

National  Education.^.  Association  :  Journal  of  Proceed- 
ings and  Addresses  of  the  Forty-third  Annual  Meet- 
ing, Juno  27-July  1.  1904.  Large  Svo.  pp.  1003. 
Published  by  the  Association. 


26 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.   1 


SVLLABUS  OF  LECTURES  ON  THE  HISTORY  OF  EDUCATION. 

With   selected  bibliographies   and   suggested   readings. 

By  Ellwood  P.  Cubberley.     Second  edition,  revised  and 

enlarged.      Part   II.,    large   8vo,   pp.    361.      Macmillau 

Co.     $1.50  net. 
The  Education  of  the   Wage-Earners  :    A  Contribution 

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12mo,  pp.  247.     Ginn  &  Co.      75  cts. 
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A  Pi/EA  for  the   Historical  Teaching  of  History  :   An 

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8vo,  uncut,  pp.   30.     Oxford  University  Press.      Paper. 
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Elements    of    Botany.       By    Joseph     Y.     Bergen,     A.M. 

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Forms    of    English    Poetry.      By    Charles    F.    Johnson, 

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A  School  History  of  the  United  States.     By  William 

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Excursions    and    Lessons    in    Home    Geography.      By 

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Physiological     Economy    in     Nutrition,    with    Special 

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H.     Chittenden,    Ph.D.       Illus.,    large    8vo,    pp.    478. 

Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co.     $3.  net. 
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Spearman.     With  maps,  8vo,  pp.  287.     Charles  Scrib- 

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The  Nibelungenlied.     Trans,   into  rhymed  English  verse 

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2T 


NEW  GRAND  CANYON  HOTEL,  EL  TOVAR. 

Nearly  everything  worth  while  in  the  Southwest 
dates  back  to  Francisco  Vasquez  Coronado,  the  Spanish 
governor  of  Galacia,  who  left  Mexico  in  the  year  1540, 
accompanied  by  several  hundred  warriors,  in  search  of 
the  mythical  seven  cities  of  Cibola. 

Coronado  and  his  men  found  no  gold,  but  they 
discovered  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  other  sections  of 
the  Rockies.  Their  most  spectacular  "  find  "  was  the 
Grand  Canyon  of  Arizona. 

Chief  among  Coronado's  lieutenants  was  a  brave 
conquistador  named  Pedro  del  Tovar,  captain  of  the 
detachment  that  explored  and  conquered  the  province 
of  Tusayan,  now  known  as  Mokiland.  While  among 
the  Mokis,  Tovar  heard  of  the  Grand  Canyon,  which 
borders  old  Tusayan  on  the  west.  He  reported  the  tale 
to  Coronado,  and  Cardenas  was  sent  out  to  verify  it. 

Though  not  the  first  white  man  to  see  this  titan  of 
chasms,  Tover  was  largely  instrumental  in  its  discov- 
ery, so  when  the  Santa  Fe  needed  an  appropriate  name 
for  the  new  hotel  at  Bright  Angel,  "  El  Tovar  "  was 
selected.  It  is  true  that  Don  Pedro,  etc.,  waited  nearly 
four  centuries  for  immortality,  but  better  men  have 
waited  a  thousand  years — and  still  remain  unknown  to 
fame. 

It  is  a  far  cry  from  1540  to  1905.  Early  in  Jan- 
uary will  be  opened  the  most  unique,  the  most  com- 
fortable, the  most  costly  hotel  in  the  Southwest,  under 
management  of  Mr.  Fred  Harvey,  whose  reputation  as 
a  caterer  is  national. 

Occupying  a  site  7000  feet  above  sea-level,  close  to 
the  rim  of  the  grandest  of  canyons,  at  the  railway  ter- 
minus and  not  far  from  the  head  of  Bright  Angel  trail, 
El  Tovar  commands  a  prospect  without  parallel  in  the 
world — a  perpendicular  mile  from  rim  to  river  (seven 
miles  by  trail)  and  thirteen  dizzy  miles  across  to  the 
opposite  Canyon  wall.  The  roaring  Colorado  below 
looks  like  a  silvery  thread  and  its  tumult  seldom 
reaches  the  stillness  of  the  upper  air.  On  three  sides 
are  the  fragrant  pines  of  Coconino,  a  Government 
forest  reserve,  and  the  largest  continuous  belt  of  pine 
timber  in  the  United  States.  Everywhere  a  riot  of 
color  and  beauty  of  form,  a  vision  unspeakable. 

EI  Tovar  is  a  long,  low,  rambling  edifice,  built  of 
native  boulders  and  pine  logs.  Expressed  with  exact- 
ness, the  width  north  and  south  is  325  feet  and  from 
east  to  west  200  feet. 

El  Tovar  is  to  cost  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  million 
dollars.  No  money  has  been  spared  to  get  the  most 
up-to-date  equipment  possible.  Take  the  item  of  fur- 
niture: it  is  all  from  special  arts  and  crafts  designs, 
combining  use  and  beauty. 

Among  the  minor  comforts  may  be  mentioned  a 
telephone  in  each  room  with  direct  office  connection. 
There  is  not  a  room  in  the  house  where  the  son  fails  to 
enter  at  some  period  of  the  day. 

The  protection  against  fire  is  very  complete,  the 
reserve  supply  of  water  in  the  steel  tank  being  125,000 
gallons.  The  plant  furnishing  heat,  light,  power  and 
water  is  far  enough  removed  to  be  unobjectionable. 

There  are  stables  and  corrals  where  horses  and 
teams  are  kept  for  trips  along  the  rim  and  down  to 
the  river.  A  searchlight  has  been  ordered,  to  light  ap 
the  wierd  canyon  depths  at  night. 

Adjacent  is  a  Hopi  bouse,  built  of  stones  and  adobe, 
exactly  reproducing  one  of  the  unique  dwellings  of  the 
Hopi  Indians.     In  this  picturesque  structure  will  live 


several  families  of  Hopi  weavers  and  potters,  plying 
their  strange  handicrafts.  A  museum  of  rare  Indian 
curios  will  be  installed  and  photos  sold. 

Mr.  Harvey  has  selected  Air.  Chas.  A.  Brant  as  local 
manager,  a  gentleman  favorably  known  in  hotel  and 
club  circles. 

The  opening  of  El  Tovar  on  January  10,  1905,  will 
add  another  strong  reason  to  the  many  already  existing 
why  the  Grand  Canyon  of  A^zona  should  be  visited 
on  the  way  to  California  over  the  Santa  Fe.  The 
canyon  itself  needs  no  endorsement.  It  is  the  greatest 
scenic  wonder  of  the  world. 


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COXTEVTS. 

P4«B 

THEODORE  THOMAS 33 

COMMUNICATION 35 

The    Fate    of    English    Literature    in    Secondary 
Schools.     Robert  N.  Whiieford. 

A     \T]TERAN     PUBLISHER'S     RETROSPECT. 

Percy  F.  Bicknell 37 

THE    IDEALS    OF    THE    EAST.      Frederick   W. 

Gookin 39 

A    NAPOLEONIC    AFTERMATH.      E.  D.  Adams     41 

A   WOMAN'S  REMINISCENCES  OF  WAR  AND 

PEACE.     Walter  L.  Fleming 43 

IN  THE  REALM  OF  THE  BIBLE.    Ira  M.  Price     45 
Davidson's  The  Theology  of  the  Old  Testament. 
—  Hastings's  A  Dictionary  of   the   Bible,  Extra 
Volume.  —  Genung's  The  Words  of  Koheleth. 

RECENT   DRAMAS  IN  VERSE.      William  Morton 

Payne 46 

Garnett's  William  Shakespeare.  —  Phillips's  The 
Sin  of  David.  —  Lodge's  Cain.  —  Aldrich's  Judith 
of  Bethulia. — Anspacher's  Tristan  and  Isolde. — 
Moore's  The  Red  Branch  Crests. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 49 

The  modem  Italian  poets.  —  The  latest  life  of 
Shakespeare. —  A  veteran  journalist's  reminiscen- 
ces.—  Landmarks  of  the  Scottish  universities. — 
For  the  art  student  and  bibliophile. — 'With  Stod- 
dard on  a  South  Sea  shore.'  —  A  series  for  music- 
lovers.  —  Two  great  cartoonists  of  France.  —  A 
handbook  of  Mental  Statistics. — Observations  of  an 
amateur  immigrant. — The  preservation  of  contem- 
porary political  records.  - —  A  beginner's  manual  of 
pottery. 

BRIEFER  MENTION .    52 

NOTES 53 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS .54 


THEODORE  THOMAS. 

The  great  musician  whose  beneficent  life  was 
ended  on  the  fourth  of  this  month  was  a  Ger- 
man by  birth,  but  became  one  of  the  foremost 
of  Americans,  and  as  such  our  bereaved  nation 
does  honor  to  his  memory,  and  pays  its  heart- 
felt tribute  of  gratitude  for  his  half-century 
of  activity  in  furthering  the  highest  interests 
of  American  culture.  The  part  taken  by  music 
in  the  impressive  services  of  his  burial,  two  days 
later,  had  a  closer  fitness  than  that  of  merely 
emphasizing  the  particular  nature  of  his  life 
work ;  it  acquired  a  peculiar  special  significance 
from  the  relation  of  the  selections  performed 
to  the  ideals  to  which  Theodore  Thomas  had 
given  unswerving  allegiance  through  all  his 
years,  and  to  the  essential  memory  of  the  art 
which  it  has  been  his  mission  to  interpret  for 
the  sweetening  of  human  existence  and  the 
ennobling  of  human  character.  It  has  some- 
times been  ingeniously  argued  that  music  is  a 
form  of  entertainment,  a  titillation  of  the  sense 
without  any  bearing  upon  the  conduct  or  the 
purpose  of  life.  If  ever  a  claim  seemed  hollow, 
it  was  during  the  hours  consecrated  to  this 
mans  memory,  when  music  was  invoked  to 
express  the  thoughts  and  feelings,  far  beyond 
the  power  of  words  to  reach,  of  the  mourning 
multitude. 

At  the  church  services,  the  mighty  spirits 
of  Bach  and  Beethoven  took  possession  of  the 
sacred  edifice.  An  organ  prelude,  followed  by 
the  rugged  measures  of  Luther's  hymn,  gave  to 
the  hour  its  religious  key.  Then  the  wind  choir 
of  the  orchestra  intoned  the  divine  choral 
melody  of  the  Xinth  Symphony  with  its  mes- 
sage of  human  brotherhood,  so  deeply  felt  by 
all  those  present,  as  they  recalled  the  inspira- 
tion that  it  had  been  to  them  in  time  past,  and 
associated  that  inspiration  with  their  sense  of 
gratitude  toward  the  dead  leader.  Finally,  the 
note  of  personal  grief  came  from  the  organ 
with  those  strains  from  the  close  of  the  Passion 
according  to  St.  Matthew  which  are  the  supreme 
expression  at  once  of  tenderness,  pathos,  and 
sublimity.  A  few  hours  later,  when  the  remains 
had  been  laid  to  rest,  a  great  company  gathered 
in  the  Orchestra  Hall,  and  listened  silently, 
with  bowed  heads,  to  the  following  programme 
of  memorial  music : 

Chorale    Bach 

Symphony    No.    3,    '  Eroica ' BeetJuwen 

Allegro  con  brio 

Marcia  funebre 
Siegfried's   Death  March,  'Die   Gotterdam- 

merung'     Wagner 

Tone   Poem,    'Tod   und  Verklarung' Strauss 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


Here  again,  in  exquisite  and  harmonious 
sequence,  were  stirred  the  emotions  fitting  the 
occasion.  First  came  the  note  of  religious  resig- 
nation, then  the  note  of  chastened  joy  that  is 
never  far  removed  from  tears,  followed  by  that 
of  mourning,  unrelieved  and  black.  Then  came 
the  same  solemn  note  of  mourning,  but  this 
time  relieved  by  tender  and  heroic  memories, 
and  then,  last  of  all,  came  the  note  of  hopeful- 
ness, of  Verhliirung,  of  buoyant  life  reasserting 
its  claim,  of  heart  renewed  for  the  future.  It 
was  a  perfect  hour,  perfectly  embodied  in  the 
divine  symbolism  of  the  deepest  of  the  arts. 

It  is  not  easy  to  adjust  our  minds  to  the  fact 
that  Theod'ore  Thomas  is  dead.  Those  who, 
like  the  present  writer,  have  heard  something 
like  five  hundred  concerts  given  under  his  lead- 
ership during  the  past  thirty  years,  who  owe  to 
him  practically  their  whole  acquaintance  with 
orchestral  music,  must  be  simply  dazed  by  their 
loss.  To  such,  he  has  stood  for  all  these  years 
as  the  beginning  and  the  end  of  miLsic.  almost 
as  their  sole  means  of  access  to  its  fountain  of 
inspiration.  The  contrast  ,l3etween  those  who 
have  had  the  inestimable  opportunity  of  long 
continued  contact  with  his  work  and  those  who 
have  not  is  like  the  contrast  between  persons 
who  have  all  their  lives  had  the  use  of  a  com- 
prehensive collection  of  English  poetrv*  and  the 
persons  who  have  had  within  reach  only  some 
'Library  of  Poetry  and  Song'  or  'Golden 
Treasury '  of  excerpts.  It  is  only  by  thus  trans- 
ferring the  case  to  its  literary  parallel  that  it  is 
possible  to  realize  what  such  a  loss  means,  or  to 
imagine  how  much  poorer  life  would  have  been 
without  his  labors  for  its  enrichment.  There 
are  in  this  country  —  there  are  in  Chicago 
alone  —  many  thousands  of  men  and  women 
who  have  enjoyed  a  liberal  education  in  music 
through  his  agency,  and  who  could  not  without 
that  agency  have  had  anything  but  a  casual  and 
fragmentary  acquaintance  with  the  art  which 
for  the  past  two  centuries  —  from  Bach  to 
Brahms  —  has  contributed  at  least  as  largely 
as  any  other  art  to  the  upbuilding  of  the  spiri- 
tual life. 

Mr.  Thomas  was  in  his  seventieth  year  when 
ke  died,  and  sixty  of  his  years  were  spent  in  the 
country  of  his  adoption.  It  is  easily  within 
bounds  to  say  that  no  other  musician  during 
those  years  has  done  so  much  as  he  for  the 
development  of  musical  taste  in  the  United 
States.  And  the  secret  of  his  achievement  —  if 
we  may  call  it  a  secret  —  is  found  in  his  stead- 
fast devotion  to  the  highest  ideals  of  his  art. 
His  rugged  and  uncompromising  temper,  in  all 
questions  directly  concerning  his  art.  often 
made  him  enemies,  but  of  a  kind  for  which  his 
followers  loved  him  all  the  more.  It  is  barely 
ten  years  since,  in  the  city  which  he  had  honored 
by  choosing  for  his  permanent  home,  that  he 


was  made  the  victim  of  a  vicious  and  virulent 
attack,  accompanied  by  every  imaginable  form 
of  mean  and  malicious  insinuation,  solely 
because  he  refused  to  lower  his  standards  for  the 
sake  of  a  cheap  popularity,  or  to  prostitute  his 
art  to  commercial  considerations.  And  even 
after  the  fury  of  that  outburst  was  past,  and 
those  responsible  for  it  had  been  revealed  in 
all  their  contemptible  insignificance,  there  were 
still  raised  against  him  from  time  to  time  the 
voices  of  those  who  should  have  been  better 
advised,  urging  that  he  make  concessions  to  the 
ignorant  humor  of  the  public,  and  give  them  the. 
music  for  which  they  clamored  instead  of  the 
music  which  he  knew  that  they  ought  to  hear. 

To  all  these  appeals  Mr.  Thomas  turned  a 
deaf  ear,  and  continued  in  his  imperturbable 
'course.  And  if  we  accord  him  all  honor  for 
this  attitude,  we  must  permit  the  honor  to  be 
shared  with  the  men  upon  whose  invitation  he 
had  come  to  Chicago  in  1891,  and  who  gave 
liim  unfailing  support  to  the  end.  It  was  a 
loyal  body  of  public-spirited  citizens  —  fifty  at 
first,  the  number  afterwards  dwindling  to  much 
less  than  that  —  who  made  with  him  in  the 
beginning  the  solemn  compact  that  only  artistic 
considerations  should  prevail  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  enterprise,  that  the  question  of  box- 
office  receipts  should  never  be  allowed  to  modify 
a  standard  of  excellence  which  art  alone  should 
dictate.  How  well  that  promise  Avas  kept,  and 
at  how  gi*eat  a  personal  sacrifice  on  the  part  of 
those  who  kept  it,  is  a  matter  of  history. 

Some  further  historical  recapitulation 
becomes  appropriate  at  this  point.  After  meet- 
ing large  annual  deficits,  amounting  in  the 
aggregate  to  about  half  a  million  dollars,  for 
twelve  years,  the  men  who  had  been  keeping  the 
orchestra  in  existence  felt  that  the  time  had 
come  to  call  upon  the  larger  public  to  share  the 
burden.  Accordingly,  in  1903,  they  declared 
their  belief  that  an  endowment  fund  of  three- 
quarters  of  a  million  must  be  raised,  and  a  per- 
manent home  provided  for  the  orchestra.  Thus, 
and  thus  only,  would  •  its  lasting  continuance 
he  insured.  They  announced  that  they  were 
prepared  for  one  more  year  to  meet  the  losses 
of  the  orchestra,  which  must  then  come  to  an 
end  unless  the  public  was  willing  to  give  prac- 
tical expression  of  a  wish  for  its  preservation. 
A  popular  subscription  was  then  inaugurated, 
which  in  the  course  of  the  year  following  pro- 
duced from  upwards  of  eight  thousand  sub- 
scribers nearly  the  required  sum.  In  May  of 
the  present  year,  ground  was  broken  for  the  new 
building,  during  the  summer  and  fall  the  work 
of  construction  went  on,  and  its  doors  were 
opened  on  December  14  for  the  dedicatory  con- 
cert under  the  leadership  of  Mr.  Thomas.  Two 
concerts  in  the  regular  series  followed,  and 
then,  on  Christmas  eve,  the  veteran  conductor 


1905.] 


THE    DIAJL 


8$ 


laid  down  his  baton  forever.  He  had  lived  to 
see  realized  his  fondest  dream;  he  died  knowing 
that  his  work  would  live  after  him,  not  merely 
in  memory,  but  in  actual  prosecution  upon  the 
foundation  for  which  he  so  long  had  labored. 

This  knowledge  must  have  been  an  unspeak- 
able consolation  to  him  in  his  dying  hour,  and 
it  offers  a  kind  of  consolation  to  those  of  us 
who  are  left  to  mourn  his  loss.  Had  his  life 
been  lessened  by  even  a  single  year,  it  is  not 
likely  that  the  subscription  would  have  been 
carried  on  or  the  building  erected.  In  that  case, 
the  body  of  musicians  to  whom  he  had  been 
giving  such  masterly  training  for  the  twelve 
years  past  would  in  all  probability  have  been 
dispersed,  and  one  of  the  two  or  three  chief 
agencies  of  musical  education  in  this  country 
would  have  come  to  an  end.  As  matters  now 
stand,  we  have  the  building,  the  grand  concert 
organ  included,  we  have  the  orchestra,  and  it  is 
generally  understood  that  by  the  terms  of  the 
conductor's  will,  his  collection  of  scores,  valued 
at  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  million,  will  also 
become  the  property  of  the  Orchestral  Associa- 
tion as  trustee  for  the  public.  In  these  facts 
there  is  much  cause  for  thankfulness,  whatever 
the  sense  of  personal  loss,  while  mingled  with 
this  thankfulness  is  our  grateful  recollection  of 
the  leader  through  whose  ministrations  we  so 
often  have  heard,  in  the  beautiftd  words  of  Mr. 
Charles  Eussell, 

'  As  from  a  Sinai  speak  the  souls  of  seers 
Such  mighty  messages  that  whoso  hears. 
With  burning  eyes  aloft  and  bosom  heaving. 
For  that  pure  joy  unmixed  with  mortal  grieving. 
Feels  close  about  his  heart  the  touch  of  tears.' 


COMMUNICA  TION. 

THE  FATE  OF  ENGLISH  LITERATURE  IN 

SECONDARY  SCHOOLS. 

(To  the  Editor  of  The  Dial.) 

For  eleven  years  I  have  had  to  confront  the 
ghosts  of  the  entrance  requirement  texts  that  are 
still  perched  on  the  threshold  of  enterprise  and 
success  in  the  right  teaching  of  Enelish  litera- 
ture. They  are  as  much  substance  as  ghost, 
secretly  terrifying  teachers  whose  mouths  are 
gagged  by  a  discretion  that  enables  them  to  keep 
their  pyositions.  Superintendents  and  principals 
ignorantly  or  helplessly  crook  the  hinges  of  their 
knees  exactly  as  they  did  ten  years  ago  to  the 
demands  of  that  examination  which  must  be 
passed  at  the  gates  of  the  universities.  High 
school  walls,  on  which  are  the  glowing,  dragon- 
like shapes  of  mechanical  drudgery  devices  and 
pedantic  details  required  by  the  teaching  of  the 
over-edited  texts,  move  toward  enervated  teach- 
ers and  pupils.  Will  friendly  arms  be  reached 
out  to  save,  as  was  the  case  when  at  the  last 
moment  Poe's  unfortunate  escaped  the  Pit? 

A  prominent  bookman,  when  questioned  by 
me  in  regard  to  what  he  thought  of  the  texts, 


replied,  'My  business  is  to  sell  all  the  English 
texts  required  by  the  colleges,  but  the  reason  why 
I  know  so  little  about  what  you  ask  is  that  I 
entered  college  by  means  of  them,  and  to  this  day 
I  have  never  had  any  taste  for  English,  for 
mechanical  outlines,  Jack  pudding  farce  essays, 
and  plagiarized  critical  comment.' 

Another  friend  of  mine,  a  teacher,  had  to  fight 
for  three  years  over  the  feasibility  of  publishing 
connected  poetic  masterpieces  with  a  background 
of  the  various  historical  periods  in  the  develop- 
ment of  English  literature.  A  principal  of  one  of 
the  finest  high  schools  in  the  country,  after 
examining  his  book  in  manuscript,  said  to  him, 
*  You  are  ten  years  ahead  of  your  time.  You  will 
never  get  that  book  published  with  the  entire 
educational  system  against  you;  the  committee 
down  East  will  not  brook  it  for  a  minute.  No 
publisher  will  touch  it.  I  thoroughly  believe  in 
your  book  and  wish  I  could  use  it  in  my  school,' 
In  order  to  ascertain  the  need  for  such  a  book 
with  the  general  school  public,  the  author  sent 
out  over  a  hundred  circular  letters  to  the  teach- 
ers of  English  in  large  and  small  high  schools. 
He  received  fifty  answers,  forty  of  which  were 
in  favor  of  anthology  work;  but  of  these  forty 
teachers  very  few  were  doing  anything  of  the 
kind,  simply  because,  as  they  said,  *The  course 
as  mapped  out  at  present  does  not  permit.'  To 
his  astonishment,  ten  of  these  forty  teachers 
refused  to  sign  their  names  to  the  letters;  they 
were  afraid  to  go  on  record  as  heretics  or  apK)S- 
tates.  Many  wrote  long  letters  to  show  how 
exceedingly  dissatisfied  they  were  with  a  lack  of 
system  in  teaching  the  requirement  texts,  stating 
that  these  were  unconnected  and  would  be  gladly 
eschewed  if  'the  powers  that  be'  would  take  their 
fingers  off  the  schools. 

These  letters  from  all  parts  of  the  country 
showed  that  the  pulse  of  American  secondary 
school  education  is  not  in  the  wrist  of  college 
authority;  and  by  them  my  friend  convinced  men 
of  the  vital  method  of  such  a  book,  and  that  a 
reaction  had  set  in  against  texts,  which  manacle 
the  minds  of  both  teacher  and  pupil  to  a  detailed 
mastery  of  a  few  isolated  masterpieces  and  their 
historical  pyeriods  in  the  development  of  English 
literature. 

Last  year  I  visited  a  fine  high  school,  and  while 
in  the  preparatory  English  recitation  heard  the 
teacher  say,  'Remember,  girls  and  boys,  that  the 
learning  of  English  is  nowadays  as  difficult  as 
your  Greek  and  Latin,  and  now  have  I  not  always 
placed  emphasis  on  the  time  element?  English 
demands  exactly  as  much  as  you  spend  on  your 
Latin.'  I  made  careful  inquiry  concerning  this 
teacher,  and  found  out  that  she  required  so  many 
themes  that  those  which  did  not  fill  her  waste 
paper  basket  were  pardoned  the  padding  from 
encyclopaedias  because  she  felt  sure  that  Greek 
or  Latin  time  had  been  spent  in  their  prepara- 
tion. On  the  black-board  I  noticed  a  list  of 
questions  on  '  The  Vicar  of  Wakefield '  as  formid- 
able as  'What  is  this?'  'What  is  this?'  found 
every  week  in  the  College  English  column  of  *  The 
Journal  of  Education,'  and  outlines  reminding 
one  of  the  Cretan  labyrinth.  The  text  they  were 
reading  had  no  connection  with  its  predecessor. 


3@ 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


But  was  the  teacher  to  be  blamed  in  this  respect? 
Are  not  all  the  texts  disconnected,— is  there  any 
unity  of  development  ?  There  was  but  one  end  to 
all  her  work,—  the  great  gate  down  College  lane 
toward  which  her  literary  bankrupts  were 
scrambling. 

Another  phase  of  the  tragedy  seemed  to  me  to 
be  that  almost  all  of  the  third  and  fourth  year 
pupils  were  in  her  classes.  In  the  third  year 
there  were  forty  pupils,  all  intending  to  go  to 
college.  I  thought  of  the  thirty  who  would  never 
go,  and  blushed  for  their  knowledge  of  English 
literature.  Not  so  much  did  I  worry  as  to  what 
the  world  would  think  of  their  knowledge  but  as 
to  what  they  themselves  would  afterwards  suffer, 
when  they  would  realize  how  they  had  been 
duped  into  thinking  college  entrance  require- 
ments a  fine  knowledge  of  the  great,  developing 
body  of  English  literature. 

I  inspected  the  work  of  the  teachers  of  English 
who  were  giving  the  General  Course,  and  here  I 
found  literature.  English  poetry  and  prose  were 
systematically  taught.  There  was  little  forced 
work.  It  was  good  to  breathe  in  the  air  of  taste 
and  appreciation;  and  I  thought.  Now  if  I  were 
in  a  college  which  set  of  pupils  would  I  desire 
to  come  to  me?  I  would  wish  interest,  spon- 
taneity, and  some  definite  critical  and  apprecia^- 
tive  power. 

At  recess  I  wandered  into  the  school  library, 
where  a  Senior  girl  sat  in  front  of  several 
opened  volumes.  I  asked  her  what  she  was  doing. 
*0h!  I  am  padding  an  essay  on  ''Macbeth".' 
^Are  you  taking  material  from  books,'  I  asked. 
'No,  not  so  much  that,  as  I  am  practising 
phrasal  and  sentence  extension.  My  theme  must 
fill  six  pages  and  I've  got  to  fill  out.'  'Dear 
me!'  I  said,  'do  you  enjoy  your  work  in  that 
course?'  'No,'  she  replied,  'but  maybe  I'll  go  to 
college  some  day,  and  then  I've  asked  the  prin- 
cipal if  I  could  go  into  the  English  literature  of 
the  General  Course,  but  he  won't  let  me;  then  it 
is  the  crack  course,  our  preparatory  course. 
English  is  the  only  study  I  don 't  like  in  it,  but  I 
want  what  all  the  pupils  get  from  the  course  — 
favors  and  recognition  from  those  who  run  the 
school. ' 

When  I  left  that  building  I  felt  full  of  gaiety, 
but  lalso  felt  horror  treading  on  my  heels  as  the 
question  came:  Is  the  High  School  fated  to  be 
a  feeder  for  a  college?  If  so,  I  could  endure  it 
in  all  but  the  giving  up  of  my  English  literature. 

The  high  school  that  I  visited  was  doing  fine 
work  in  everything  except  the  English  require- 
ments. The  teacher  of  English  knew  her  subject 
but  she  taught  under  the  incubus  of  the  texts; 
she  was  simply  magnetized  by  the  distant  college 
walls.  All  of  her  pupils  were  going  to  college, 
and  whatever  they  lost  in  high  school  they  would 
gain  there. 

I  went  to  another  high  school  and  the  situation 
was  not  much  better.  Through  the  occult  power 
of  the  colleges  the  General  Course  had  been  rele- 
gated to  the  rear,  so  that  only  two  courses  were 
paramount,  —  the  Preparatory  and  the  Commer- 
cial. Everybody  desired  to  make  an  effort  to 
study  for  the  university.  The  brightest  pupils 
from  the  lower  grades  had  been  recommended  to 


the  Preparatory  Course,  and  those  ranking  next 
had  been  urged  to  it  by  their  parents  and  teach- 
ers. Its  course  was  considered  the  finest,  and 
therefore  it  received  brains  and  numbers.  Is 
there  any  school  where  favors  do  not  go  to  the 
brightest  and  most  assertive?  But  does  English 
literature  rightly  taught  go  to  them  ?  No ;  and  at 
the  present  writing  the  delicate  problem  is  yet  to 
be  solved. 

In  the  larger  secondary  schools,  pupils  who  do 
not  go  away  to  college  receive  a  much  better 
course  in  English  literature  than  those  who  da 
go.  They  receive  a  systematic  course  in  Ameri- 
can and  English  literature  with  the  historical 
background.  The  entrance  requirement  texts  of 
high  intrinsic  worth  are  used  when  they  naturally 
come  up  in  the  historical  development  of  litera- 
ture. No  attempt  is  made  to  make  the  great 
body  of  English  poetry  and  prose  dance  about 
disjecta  membra  of  itself,  for  such  indeed  is 
the  dance  of  death  for  literature  in  secondary 
schools. 

If  the  teachers  of  English  literature  could 
avoid  the  requirement  -  text-system,  they  could 
divide  the  school  body  during  the  last  two  years 
and  give  to  all  the  broad,  liberal,  historically 
developing  literature  which  fits  not  only  for  col- 
lege but  also  for  after  life.  Then  the  pupils 
would  be  safe,  and  the  entrance  requirement 
texts  would  not  mar  those  unfortunate  girls  and 
boys  who,  after  leaving  the  high  school,  cannot 
go  to  college.  All  would  be  satisfied  with  this 
equalization  of  the  two  courses,  the  General  and 
the  Preparatory,  since  in  the  study  of  English 
literature  the  high  school  would  be  the  people's 
college  and  the  university's  college. 

A  summary  of  the  situation  in  the  high  schools 
is  as  follows: 

(1)  The  colleges  do  not  hurt  the  English 
composition  and  rhetoric  work  of  any  course  in 
the  first  year. 

(2)  The  colleges  do  hamper  the  work  in 
English  literature  of  the  third  and  fourth  years 
of  the  Preparatory  Course  by  requiring  the 
abominable  text-system. 

(3)  The  colleges  cause  the  requirement  texts 
to  be  regarded  as  more  meritable  than  any- 
thing offered  in  any  other  course  in  English 
literature.  Therefore,  the  systematic  study  of 
American  and  English  literature  in  the  second, 
third,  and  fourth  years  of  the  General  Course^ 
in  which  are  the  English,  Geiman,  and  Latin- 
Scientific  divisions,  is  presented  to  the  minority 
of  the  school  body. 

The  college  is  especially  detrimental  to  English 
literature  in  secondary  schools  by  reason  of  its 
academy  where  the  study  does  not  exist.  When 
high  school  graduates  come  up  for  the  entrance 
examination,  they  are  not  passed  on  literature  but 
on  the  amount  of  theme  work  and  the  required 
texts.  Hence  the  disappearance  of  English  liter- 
ature in  the  adjacent  high  schools. 

Not  long  ago  a  principal  of  a  high  school  said 
to  me,  'I  hate  to  see  English  literature  go,  but 
the  presence  of  our  city  college  demands  it.  In 
its  academy  there  is  no  literature,  and  why 
should  I  have  it?  As  a  defensive  policy  for 
increasing  our  numbers  and  holding  our  own  with 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL. 


ST 


that  academy,  I  have  made  our  Preparatory 
Course  identical  with  its  Preparatory  Course. 
Now  since  the  high  school  offers  the  same  course 
as  that  given  by  the  academy  of  the  college,  and 
since  it  does  not  cost  anything  to  send  children 
to  the  high  school,  the  city  parents  will  patronize 
a  free  school,  the  graduates  of  which  are  always 
prepared  to  enter  not  only  our  college  but  any 
other  college  in  the  land.  Of  course  the  ques- 
tions naturally  arise:  Should  citizens  be  taxed 
to  suppKjrt  an  academy?  Why  should  not  the 
citizens  receive  remuneration  as  the  college 
receives  it  from  the  pupils  who  are  preparing 
for  their  college  course?' 

As  I  have  already  suggested,  the  salvation  and 
solution  of  the  English  problem  lie  in  giving  the 
Preparatory  pupils  the  same  English  literature 
that  is  given  to  the  pupils  of  the  Greneral  Course, 
and  in  asking  the  colleges  to  prescribe  or  pro- 
scribe teachers,  letting  the  texts  take  care  of 
themselves.  There  can  be  and  should  be  uni- 
formity in  these  two  requirements. 

The  University  Departments  of  English  are 
keenly  feeling  the  presence  of  weaklings  who 
have  entered  their  courses  by  means  of  the 
thimib  screws.  The  universities  are  tired  of  their 
own  ad  nauseum  entrance  method  and  are  suffer- 
ing the  nemesis  of  forced,  unnatural  work  so 
much  that  they  are  now  seeking  to  be  motive 
powers  to  form  a  backwater,  which  'in.  gurgit* 
vasto'  will  go  up  the  stream  to  smooth  the  ruf- 
fled waters  and  right  the  current. 

A  child  may  read  the  signs  of  reformation,  but 
who  is  mature  enough  to  set  the  high  water-  mark 
by  supplying  *a  general  substitution  of  vital 
methods,  which  are  diflScult,  for  mechanical 
methods,  which  are  easy,  in  the  work  of  our 
teachers  of  English  literature,  high  and  low?' 

I  wish  every  secondary  school  teacher  of  Eng- 
lish in  the  country  would  read  the  editorial  in 
The  Dial  of  November  16  last,  and  Mr.  Abra- 
ham Flexner's  article  on  'The  Preparatory 
School'  (especially  p.  372),  in  the  September 
number  of  'The  Atlantic  Monthly.'  And  their 
cry  rises  tingling  to  the  stars.  Ena-lish  litera- 
ture in  the  schools  shall  not  be  termed  the  texts 
prescribed  by- the  colleges. 

The  passing  of  English  literature  in  the  schools 
has  been  taking  place  for  the  last  ten  years;  but 
from  America's  educational  Aval  on  an  Arthur 
is  coming,  and  thrice  as  fair,  to  separate  the  t^xts 
from  colleges  which  have  never  made  their  teach- 
ers satellites  to  a  few  disconnected  masterpieces. 
'Man  is  freest,  when  freest  bound,'  when  in  the 
imiversity  he  gives  fruit  instead  of  thistles  and 
methods;  and  when  such  comes  from  the  colleges 
to  the  secondary  schools,  we  will  receive  him, 
reverencing  him  as  our  conscience,  saying,  'Let 
the  King  reign!'  I  cannot  tell  what  he  will 
bring,  but  as  the  humblest  of  his  forertmners  I 
think  it  will  be  largely  '^■ital  methods,  which  are 
diflBcult,'  modeled  after  those  which  are  now 
foimd  in  the  very  few  best  text-books  on  English 
literature  for  secondarv  schools  published  during 
1903-1904  by  the  book  houses. 

Robert  N.  Whiteford. 
The  Peoria  High  Schooi,  January  6,  1905. 


t  |ttfo  go0hs. 


A  Veterax  Pubusher's  Eetrospect.* 

How  richly  stored  with  pleasant  memories  of 
authors  a  publisher's  mind  may  become  after 
years  of  work  at  his  calling,  was  shown  to  the 
delight  of  his  many  readers  by  the  late  James 
T.  Fields.  But  there  are  publishers  and  pub- 
lishers, and  the  charm  of  Mr.  Fields's  reminis- 
cences was  due  quite  as  much  to  the  story-tell- 
er as  to  the  eminent  persons  a<bout  whom  he 
wrote.  Other  publishers  have  written  reminis- 
cently  since  Mr.  Fields's  book  appeared,  but  few 
have  approached  in  attractiveness  of  manner 
and  interest  of  matter  the  still  popular  '  Yes- 
terdays with  Authors. '  And  now  the  retiring 
head  of  another  old  and  honored  publishing 
house  brings  forth  his  store  of  anecdotes  and 
impressions  of  the  famous  men  and  women  with 
whom  a  half-century  of  business  dealings 
brought  him  in  contact,  and  with  many  of 
whom  he  stood  on  terms  of  cordial  friendship. 
These  octogenarian  reminiscences  are  from  the 
pen  of  Mr.  Edward  Marston,  whose  name  at 
once  calls  up  those  of  his  sometime  associates, 
Sampson  Low  and  son,  Searle,  and  Eivington; 
and  with  the  names  come  back  faint  or  vivid 
remembrances  of  books  that  bore  their  imprint, 
— good  old  three-volume  novels  by  Willde  Col- 
lins, Blackmore,  Black,  Eeade,  George  Mac- 
donald,  Clark  Russell,  and  others,  and  many 
excellent  books  of  travel  by  such  famous  ex- 
plorers as  Stanley,  Mounteney-Jephson,  Parke, 
MacGahan,  Schweinfurth,  Xares,  Markham, 
Bumaby,  and  Butler,  The  pleasant  pages  of 
Mr.  Marston's  book  are  not  especially  distin- 
guished for  elegance  of  style  or  charm  of  man- 
ner, or  even  for  very  great  attention  to  order- 
liness of  arrangement  and  accuracy  of  detail. 
But  as  they  give  in  rapid  succession  glimpses 
of  live  men  and  women  whom  one  is  always 
glad  to  meet,  the  book  is  excellent  company 
for  a  winters  evening.  ^Ir.  Marston  is  already 
known  to  the  reading  public,  which  has 
received  with  considerable  favor  a  dozen  vol- 
umes from  his  pen,  dealing  chiefly  with  fish- 
ing, travel,  books  and  booksellers,  and  copy- 
right. 

A  pleasing  sketch  of  his  boyhood,  passed 
mostly  on  a  Hertfordshire  farm,  forms  the 
subject  of  Mr.  ^larston's  opening  chapter.  Eefer- 
ring  to  the  books  of  poetry  and  drama  read 
'with  the  keenest  enjoyment'  by  the  active- 
minded  lad,  the  mature  man  doubts  whether 
this  desultory  reading  did  him  much  good.  We 
should  say  it  certainly  did  him  a  great  deal  of 

*  Attek  Work.  Fragments  from  the  Workshop  of  an 
Old  Publisher.  By  E.  Marston,  P.R.G.S.  Illustrated.  New 
York :  Imported  by  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 


38 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


good,  having  no  small  influence  in  determining 
his  future  sphere  of  usefulness,  and  begetting 
in  him  a  facility  in  the  use  of  literary  allusion 
and  poetical  quotation  that  makes  itself  agree- 
ably manifest  in  the  present  volume.  At  the 
age  of  twenty-one  he  went  to  seek  his  fortune 
in  London,  where  he  soon  became  connected 
with  Sampson  Low  in  the  book-publishing  busi- 
ness. A  partnership  with  the  Lows,  father  and 
son,  followed  in  1856,  and  with  several  changes 
of  location  from  one  street  to  another,  and  under 
a  varying  firm-name,  he  continued  to  pub- 
lish books,  apparently  with  increasing  success, 
for  more  than  forty  years.  A  memorable  inci- 
dent of  his  early  life  in  London  was  the  death 
and  grand  public  funeral  of  the  Duke  of  Well- 
ington, the  pageantry  of  woe  being  witnessed 
by  him  as  the  parade  passed  the  company's 
warehouse  at  47  Ludgate  Hill,  Nov.  18,  1852, 
on  its  way  to  St.  Paul's,  where  the  remains 
were  interred.  As  the  writer  names  July  14 
as  the  date  of  the  Duke's  death,  he  leaves  the 
poor  man's  soul  to  wander  for  four  months  in 
pitiful  quest  of  some  pious  hand  to  bestow  the 
rites  of  sepulture;  whereas  the  actual  date  of 
demise  was  September  14. 

Mr.  Marston's  house  has  acted  as  the  Eng- 
lish publishers  for  some  of  our  well-known 
authors,  including  Holmes,  Mrs.  Stowe,  Louisa 
Alcott,  and  Captain  Mahan.  It  also  published 
a  little  book  for  the  late  Eev.  William  Milburn, 
the  famous  blind  chaplain  of  the  Senate.  After 
giving  an  account  of  the  culpable  careless- 
ness of  the  doctor  who  wrought  the  irreparable 
mischief  in  Milbum's  boyhood,  the  writer  quotes 
from  a  familiar  poem  that  Mr.  Milburn  used 
to  recite  in  giving  his  lecture  on  blindness.  The 
verses,  probably  known  to  many,  begin  thus, — 
*I  am  old  and  blind, 
Men  point  to  me  as  smitten  by  God's  frown.' 
They  are  entitled  '  Milton's  Prayer  of  Pa- 
tience, '  and  have  often  been  attributed  to  the 
blind  poet  himself.  Mr.  Marston  ascribes  them 
to  Elizabeth  Lloyd,  '  a  lady  of  Philadelphia.' 
But,  unless  we  are  in  error,  they  were  written 
by  Elizabeth  L.  Howell,  to  whom  they  are  cred- 
ited by  Miss  Edith  Granger  in  her  admirable 
and  accurate  '  Index  to  Poetry  and  Eecitations. ' 
Among  other  eminent  Americans  of  his  acquaint- 
ance, our  author  pays  tribute  to  the  schol- 
arly attainments  of  Eiihu  Burritt,  '  the  learned 
blacksmith. '  His  place  of  residence  is  named 
■as  Vermont,  Mass. !  Not  only  is  there  no  such 
town  in  Massachusetts,  but  Elihu  Burritt  was 
bom  and  died  in  New  Britain,  Connecticut, 
•although  for  a  while  he  lived  in  Worcester,  and 
later  in  Philadelphia,  spending  also  some  years 
•abroad.  Another  error  in  things  American 
occurs  in  a  letter,  quoted  withoiit  correction  by 
.the  author,  in  which  Dakota  is  spoken  of  as  a 
;prosperous  State.  But  as  the  letter  is  dated  1872, 


statehood  for  both  the  Dakotas  was  still  seven- 
teen years  in  the  future.  One  more  correc- 
tion, and  we  have  done.  '  R.  0.  Houghton, ' 
on  page  77,  is  doubtless  a  misprint  for  H.  0. 
Houghton,  the  late  publisher  and  printer,  an 
old  friend  of  our  author's. 

Two  chapters  are  devoted  largely  to  Henry 
M.  Stanley,  whose  books  were  published  by 
Mr.  Marston's  firm,  and  who  was  a  close  friend 
of  Mr.  Marston.  After  quoting  many  letters 
from  Stanley,  and  relating  much  that  is  of  inter- 
est about  him,  the  author  gives  an  account 
of  the  lively  competition  among  publishers  for 
'  In  Darkest  Africa. ' 

'On  Stanley's  return  I  went  to  Egypt  to  meet 
him,  at  his  special  request  by  cablegram,  and  I 
spent  a  delightful  time  with  him:  while  there  X 
wrote  that  curious  little  book,  "How  Stanley  wrote 
'In  Darkest  Africa,'  "  It  tells  the  whole  story  of 
ray  visit,  and  I  shall  not  attempt  to  tell  the  story 
over  again.  I  carried  away  from  Cairo  a  largo; 
portion  of  the  manuscript  of  "In  Darkest  Africa." 
The  competition  which  I  had  to  encounter,  and 
the  correspondence  which  it  involved  with  pub- 
lishers over  the  whole  of  Europe  and  a  good  deal 
of  Africa,  Asia,  and  America,  would  fill  a  large 
volume.  I  successfully  overcame  them  all.  I 
arranged  for  publication  in  America,  Italy,  France, 
Germany,  Spain,  Portugal,  Sweden,  Norway,  Den- 
mark, Holland,  and  Hungary.  I  am  not  sure  that 
there  were  not  two  languages  in  the  latter  country. 
The  competition  for  the  American  issue  for  this 
work  was  very  great:  it  narrowed  down  eventu- 
ally to  the  bids  of  Messrs  Harper  Brothers  and 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  I  was  placed  in  the 
invidious  position  of  being  obliged  to  arbitrate  on 
the  competition  of  two  friends.  The  simple  method 
was  to  fix  a  time  and  accept  the  highest  bidder. 
Before  it  was  known  by  Messrs  Scribner  that  the 
settlement  was  wholly  in  my  hands,  young  Mr. 
Scribner  had  started  for  Cairo,  determined  to  win 
by  a  coup  de  main.  We  passed  each  other  in  the 
Mediterranean  almost  within  hail,  he  outward 
bound  and  I  homeward  bound.  Mr.  Scribner 's  visit 
to  Cairo,  though  unnecessary  as  regarded  arrang- 
ing for  the  book,  was  as  pleasant  as  mine  had  been. 
On  opening  the  sealed  offers  of  Messrs.  Harper  and 
Messrs.  Scribner,  I  found  that  Messrs.  Scribner  had 
won.  Their  offer  was  a  magnificent  one,  amounting 
to  many  thousands  of  pounds,  and  Messrs.  Harper's 
was  not  very  far  behind  it.' 

Speaking  of  Stanley's  journalistic  activity  in 
Spain  during  the  Carlist  War,  the  author  con- 
cludes with  this  unintelligible  sentence,  — 
'  Most  unfortunately  he  lost  the  whole  of  his 
correspondence  on  this  subject,  which  had 
appeared  in  "  The  New  York  Herald,  "  and  this 
can  hardly  now  be  replaced. '  But  is  not  the 
'  Herald '  on  file  in  not  a  few  large  libraries  ? 

A  frankly  communicative  letter  from  Captain 
Mahan  contains  autobiographical  matter  of 
interest,  and  may  well  be  drawn  on  at  this 
point. 

'Finally,  I  may  say  that  the  term,  "sea  power," 
which  now  has  such  vogue,  was  deliberately  adopted 
by  me  to  compel  attention,  and,  I  hoped,  to  receive 
currenc3\  Purists,  I  said  to  myself,  may  criticise 
me  for  marrying  a  Teutonic  word  to  one  of  Latin 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL. 


39 


origin,  but  I  deliberately  discarded  the  adjective, 
"maritime,"  being  too  smooth  to  arrest  men's 
attention  or  stick  in  their  minds.  I  do  not  know 
how  far  this  is  usually  the  ease  with  phrases  that 
obtain  currencv;  my  impression  is  that  the  origi- 
nator is  himself  generally  surprised  at  their  taking 
hold.  I  was  not  surprised  in  that  sense.  The 
effect  produced  was  that  which  I  fully  purposed; 
but  I  was  surprised  at  the  extent  of  my  success, 
"Sea  power,"  in  English  at  least,  seems  to  have 
come  to  stay  in  the  sense  I  used  it.  "The  sea 
Powers"  were  often  spoken  of  before,  but  in  an 
entirely  different  manner — not  to  express,  as  1 
meant,'  at  once  an  abstract  conception  and  a  con- 
crete fact.  It  may  seem  odd  to  you,  but  I  do  not 
to  this  day  understand  my  success.  I  had  done 
what  I  intended;  I  recognize  that  people  have 
attributed  to  me  a  great  success,  and  have  given 
me  abundant  recognition.  I  enjoy  it  and  am  grate- 
ful; but  for  the  most  part  I  do  not  myself  appre- 
ciate the  work  up  to  the  measure  expressed  by 
others. ' 

Many  will  remember  the  fright  suffered  by 
the  English  at  the  prospect  of  a  Channel  tun- 
nel. The  recent  friendly  agreement  concluded 
between  England  and  France  has  given  fresh 
hopes  to  the  advocates  of  such  a  tunnel.  Mr. 
Marston  shrinks  at  the  bare  thought,  and 
quotes  Captain  Mahan  to  the  following  effect: 

'  Such  a  tunnel  would  be  a  bridge  between  France 

and    Great    Britain Historically,    every 

bridge    is    an    element     of    danger It 

may  safely  be  predicted  that  once  built  it  will  not 
be  destroyed,  but  that  throughout  any  war  reliance 
will  be  placed  upon  its  defences.  History  teaches 
us  again  and  again  the  dangers  of  surprise — the  dan- 
gers of  over-confidence.  You  will  have  continually  in 
your  midst  an  open  gap,  absorbing  a  large  part  of 
your  available  force  for  its  protection.  As  to  the 
effect  upon  the  sea  power  of  Great  Britain,  it  is 
obvious  that  your  navy,  were  it  tenfold  its  present 
strength,  can  neither  protect  the  tunnel  nor  remedy 
the  evils  incurred  by  its  passing  into  the  hands  of 

an   enemy It  is  an   odd  kind  of  thing 

— making  one  lay  down  the  pen  and  muse — to 
think  of  an  open  passage  to  Great  Britain  in  the 
hands  of  a  foe,  and  British  ships,  like  toothless 
dogs,  prowling  vainly  round  the  shores  of  the 
island.' 

And  to  the  advocate  of  disarmament  and  inter- 
national confidence,  it  is  also  an  odd  kind 
of  thing  —  making  one  lay  down  the  pen  and 
muse  —  to  think  of  Great  Britain  recoiling  in 
terror  from  a  little  round  hole  in  the  ground, 
which  a  large  part  of  its  available  force  is 
unable  to  protect. 

Two  visits  to  America  contribute  to  Mr. 
Marston's  book  sundry  items  that  will  be  of 
especial  interest  to  cis-Atlantic  readers.  But 
they  will  wonder  what  sort  of  a  whim  it  is  that 
makes  the  writer  refer  to  the  historic  seat  of 
our  oldest  university  as  *  Cambridge  City. '  Does 
he,  with  an  Englishman's  perspective,  view  it  as 
one  of  our  frontier  settlements  and  class  it  Avith 
Carson  Citv.  Boise  City,  Ohevenne  City,  and 
Golden  City? 

Of  the  many  portraits  in  this  attractive  vol- 
ume,   Stanlers    has  the    place    of   honor,    as 


frontispiece,  the  author's  being  inserted  toward 
the  end.  A  list  of  Mr.  Marston's  ventures  in 
print,  with  encomiums  thereon  quoted  from 
various  sources,  fills  the  closing  pages;  and 
these  testimonials,  together  with  a  number  of 
eulogistic  letters  printed  in  the  body  of  the 
book,  help  us  to  a  better  acquaintance  with  our 
genial  author.  Pebcy  F.  Bickxeli* 


The  Ideals  of  the  East.* 

The  fundamental  difference  between  the  Occi- 
dental man  and  his  brother  of  the  Orient  is 
psychological.  Try  as  tiiey  may,  it  is  impossi- 
ble for  Siem  to  think  quite  alike.  Divergent 
mental  processes  stand  in  the  way  of  complete 
mutual  understanding.  A  wide  gulf  separates 
the  man  who  naturally  gives  expression  to  even 
his  most  imaginative  thoughts  in  direct  if  not 
prosaic  diction,  from  him  who  is  wont  to  clothe 
his  ideas,  ordinary  as  well  as  other,  in  pictur- 
esque and  symbolical  imagery.  Nor  is  this  all. 
The  difference  is  more  than  one  of  language 
merely:  it  is  also  the  thought  relation  to  the 
accumulated  beliefs,  traditions,  and  customs  of 
the  respective  races.  To  the  difficulty  of  bridg- 
ing the  chasm  we  have  the  testimony  of  Lafca- 
dio  Heam,  who  still  felt  himself  an  alien  at 
heart  after  fourteen  years  of  intimate  associa- 
tion with  and  close  study  of  the  Japanese  peo- 
ple,— ^years  during  which  he  identified  himself 
with  them  in  every  possible  way.  Because  of 
this  difference,  and  because  the  art  of  a  people 
is  the  expression  of  what  is  highest  and  noblest 
in  their  culture,  it  has  long  been  realized  that 
comprehensive  interpretation  of  the  content  of 
Japanese  art  is  beyond  the  capacity  of  any  for- 
eigner. 

In  making  this  statement  it  is  necessary  to 
guard  against  misconception.  The  art  of  the 
Orient  is  not  to  be  judged  by  a  standard  differ- 
ent from  that  which  we  should  apply  in  consid- 
ering other  art.  As  to  its  aesthetic  value,  it 
speaks  for  itself.  In  this  respect  art  is  a  uni- 
versal language.  There  is  not  one  philosophy 
of  art  for  the  East  and  another  for  the  West. 
The  aim  of  the  artist  is  everywhere  the  same. 
His  impulse  is  creative;  his  purpose  is  to  give 
organic  balance  and  internal  beauty  to  an 
arrangement  of  lines,  masses,  light  and  dark, 
and  color.  The  measure  of  the  result  as  art  is 
the  power  and  skill  and  insight  with  which  these 
elements  have  been  handled.  It  does  not  depend 
upon  accuracy  of  representation,  which  belongs 
to  the  domain  of  science,  nor  upon  any  story- 

*  The  Ideals  of  the  East.  With  Special  Reference 
to  the  Art  of  Japan.  By  Okakura  Kakuzo  [printed 
•  Kakasu  Okakura '] .    New  York :      K.  P.  Button  &  Co. 

The  AwAKE^^^•G  of  Japan.  By  Okakura  Kakuzo.  New 
York  :     The  Century  Co. 


40 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


telling  or  preachment  whatsoever.  As  to  these 
and  other  extraneous  things,  all  that  is  needful 
is  that  they  be  so  dealt  with  as  not  to  interfere 
with  the  aesthetic  enjoyment  of  the  spectator. 

But  while  the  subject-matter  with  which 
artists  have  to  do  is  only  the  vehicle  for  their 
aestlietic  appeal,  it  necessarily  brings  into  their 
work  a  host  of  associated  ideas.  And  so,  in  con- 
sidering the  art  of  a  people  so  widely  removed 
from  us  as  the  Japanese,  we  feel  the  need  to 
imderstand  much  more  than  the  art  itself  as 
such.  Attempts  at  interpretation  have  been 
many:  some  of  them  are  more  than  creditable  to 
their  authors  and  of  undoubted  value  as  far  as 
they  go.  But  even  in  their  measure  of  success 
they  make  it  apparent  that  the  autlioritative 
utterance  must  emanate  from  one  to  the  manner 
born.  The  more  welcome,  therefore,  is  the  mes- 
sage conveyed  in  '  The  Ideals  of  the  East,'  from 
the  pen  of  one  eminently  qualified  for  the  task. 
The  author,  Okakura  Kakuzo — to  follow  the 
Japanese  custom  of  placing  the  family  name 
first, — is  a  distinguished  scholar  and  connois- 
seur whose  name  is  well  known  to  every  student 
of  his  country's  art.  If  that  art  is  to  retain  its 
ancient  and  distinctive  characteristics,  and  not 
go  down  before  the  blighting  onslaught  of 
commercialism  and  foreign  ideas,  it  will  be 
due  in  no  small  degree  to  his  efforts,  and  to  the 
influence  of  the  academy  known  as  the  Nippon 
Bijitsuin,  of  which  he  is  the  founder  and 
President. 

The  book  in  which  Mr.  Okakura  has  sketched 
the  evolution  of  Asiatic  art-ideals  is  written 
with  a  wealth  of  knowledge  and  penetrative 
insight  that  quite  disarm  the  alien  critic,  who, 
lacking  the  broad  range  of  information  and 
intuitive  comprehension  of  Oriental  thought, 
cannot  hope  to  speak  with  a  certainty  equal  to 
that  of  the  author.  Yet  so  widely  does  his 
reading  of  Indian,  Chinese,  and  Japanese  his- 
tory vary  from  what  we  have  hitherto  con- 
ceived, that  it  is  difficult  to  accept  all  that  he 
says  without  question.  How  far,  we  ask,  has 
he  built  on  solid  ground,  and  to  what  extent  on 
mere  fable  ?  His  statements  are  put  forth  with 
such  calm  assurance  that  it  may  be  he  has  had 
access  to  sources  of  authentic  information  of 
which  we  as  yet  remain  in  ignorance.  But  the 
burden  of  proof,  as  the  lawyers  say,  would  seem 
to  be  upon  him  to  show  that  there  is  not  a  large 
admixture  of  myth  in  the  alleged  facts  upon 
which  he  bases  his  theory  when  dealing  with 
the  early  history  of  the  East. 

That,  however,  may  be  dismissed  as  a  detail 
not  necessarily  affecting  the  force  of  the 
author's  argument,  and  the  more  readily  when 
we  consider  the  skill  and  accuracy  with  which 
he  has  handled  the  facts  of  the  later  periods.  In 
his  purview,  'Asia,  the  great  Mother,  is  for- 
ever   One.'      The   transforming  and   unifying 


force,  he  shows  us,  was  not  so  much  Buddhism 
as  Indian  idealism,  of  which  the  religion  of 
Gautama  is  but  a  phase,  though  the  chief  vehi- 
cle by  which  the  culture  was  diffused.  With 
comprehensive  vision,  Mr.  Okakura  traces  its 
progress  step  by  step-,  and  has  set  it  forth  in  a 
brief  though  clear  and  convincing  summary. 
This  occupies  more  than  half  of  the  book;  the 
rest  is  given  over  to  a  rapid  survey  of  the  his- 
tory of  art  in  Japan  viewed  in  relation  thereto. 
In  its  larger  aspect,  Japanese  art  is  thus  seen 
to  be  the  symbol  and  expression  of  all  Asian  cul- 
ture,— the  mirror  in  which  its  soul  is  reflected. 
To  prevent  its  debasement  by  Hhe  scorching 
drought  of  modem  vulgarity'  is  the  cause  to 
which  Mr.  Okakura's  talents  have  been  devoted. 
But,  as  he  rightly  says,  it  is  to  Asia  herself  that 
the  appeal  must  be  made.  The  outcome,  to 
quote  his  final  words,  must  be  '  Victory  from 
within,  or  a  mighty  death  without.' 

Eveiy  sentence  in  this  remarkable  and  sig- 
nificant book  is  so  charged  with  meaning  that 
the  reviewer  is  constantly  tempted  to  linger 
over  the  separate  statements,  instead  of  keeping 
to  the  argument  as  a  whole.  Inviting,  too,  are 
the  felicitous  turns  of  phrase  to  be  found  upon 
every  page,  and  the  skill  with  which  concep- 
tions involving  great  difficulty  in  their  verbal 
expression  have  been  clearly  set  forth.  The 
master}^  of  the  English  language  which  Mr. 
Okakura  displays  is  indeed  amazing.  For  the 
misspelling  of  his  personal  name  on  the  title 
page — Kakasu  instead  of  Kakuzo — it  may  be 
assumed  that  he  is  not  responsible.  It  is  possi- 
ble that  the  reader  not  steeped  in  Oriental  lore 
may  find  the  book  too  compactly  written,  some 
of  its  statements  too  condensed  and  allusive  for 
easy  comprehension.  The  commentary,  it  is 
to  be  hoped,  will  be  supplied  by  the  same  hand 
at  no  distant  day,  in  the  shape  of  a  more 
extended  and  amply  illustrated  work  upon  the 
subject. 

'  The  Awakening  of  Japan '  is  marked  by  the 
game  epigrammatic  style  and  forceful  utterance 
that  characterize  '  The  Ideals  of  the  East.' 
Listen  to  the  opening  words: 

'  The  sudden  development  of  Japan  has  been  more 
or  less  of  an  enigma  to  foreign  observers.  She  is 
the  country  of  flowers  and  ironclads,  of  dashing 
heroism  and  delicate  tea-cups, —  the  strange  border- 
land where  quaint  shadows  cross  each  other  in  the 
twilight  of  the  New  and  the  Old  World.  Until 
recently  the  West  has  never  taken  Japan  seriously. 
It  is  amusing  to  find  nowadays  that  such  success 
as  we  have  achieved  in  our  efforts  to  take  a  place 
among  the  family  of  nations  appears  in  the  eyes 
of  many  as  a  menace  to  Christendom.  In  the  mys- 
terious, nothing  is  improbable.  Exaggeration  is 
the  courtesy  which  fancy  pays  to  the  unknown. 
What  sweeping  condemnation,  what  absurd  praise, 
has  not  the  world  lavished  en  New  Japan?  We  are 
both  the  cherished  child  of  modern  progress  and  a 
dread  resurrection  of  heathendom  —  the  Yellow 
Peril  itself!  ' 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


41 


Were  not  the  opinion  so  frequently  expre^ed, 
it  would  be  incredible  that  anyone  should  con- 
sider it  possible  for  Japan  to  have  reached  her 
present  stage  of  development  in  fifty  years 
by  a  sudden  emergence  from  a  state  of  half- 
civilization  but  little  removed  from  barbarism. 
How  different  is  the  reality,  Mr.  Okakura  shows 
in  this  impressive  review  of  the  causes  that  led 
to  the  downfall  of  the  feudal  system  and  fitted 
the  people  to  assimilate  and  utilize  extraneous 
knowledge  when  put  within  their  reach.  Before 
the  awakening  came  from  without,  the  national 
consciousness  had  already  been  stirred  by  the 
voice  within, — the  tyranny  of  the  Togugawa 
regime  had  nearly  run  its  course. 

What  Mr.  Okakura  pleads  for  so  eloquently 
in  both  of  his  books  is  the  preservation  of 
Asiatic  culture.  With  impassioned  fervor  he 
asks: 

'If  the  guilty  conscience  of  some  European 
nations  has  conjured  up  the  specter  of  a  Yellow 
Peril,  may  not  the  suffering  soul  of  Asia  wail  over 
the  realities  of  the  "White  Disaster!  ' 

And  again: 

'  The  venerable  East  still  distinguishes  between 
means  and  ends.  The  West  is  for  progress,  but 
progress  toward  whatf  When  material  efficiency 
is  complete,  what  end,  asks  Asia,  will  have  been 
accomplish^!  When  the  passion  of  fraternity  has 
■culminated  in  universal  cooperation,  what  purpose 
is  it  to  serve?  If  mere  self-interest,  where  do  we 
find  the  boasted  advance!  ' 

WTiere  indeed?  Are  not  stocks  and  bonds 
better  than  art?  Is  not  the  smoke  of  factory 
chimneys  grateful  to  the  nostrils  of  the  truly 
enlightened  man?  Is  it  not  better  to  be  an 
operative  than  to  remain  an  independent  pro- 
ducer? Is  not  cheapness  more  desirable  than 
quality?  That  the  West  can  ever  accept  the 
views  of  Eastern  scholarship  in  regard  to  such 
matters,  is  asking  too  much.  Does  it  not  assert 
that  *  aggressive  nations  have  no  conscience,' 
and  that  '  In  the  West,  international  morality 
remains  far  below  the  standard  to  which  indi- 
vidual morality  has  attained?' 

Notwithstanding  the  imminence  of  the  White 
Peril,  Mr.  Okakura's  attitude  is  far  from 
despondent.  He  finds  a  solid  foundation  for  his 
hopes  in  the  strength  of  the  national  spirit  and 
the  revivals  of  ancient  customs  now  in  progress. 
But  he  is  not  happy  in  citing  the  names  of 
Katsuo,  Zesshin,  Hogai,  and  Gaho,  to  prove 
that  the  art  of  old  Japan  still  lives,  for  Zesshin 
and  Hogai  were  'gathered  to  their  fathers' 
some  years  ago.  Fortunately,  Gaho  and  Natsuo 
are  not  the  only  eminent  men  among  living 
Japanese  artists;  but  in  their  effort  to  uphold 
the  glories  and  traditions  of  the  past,  they  have 
to  contend  against  '  the  unfortunately  con- 
temptuous attitude  which  the  average  Westerner 
assumes  toward  everything  connected  with  Ori- 
ental civilization,'  which,  as  Mr.  Okakura  points 


out,  tends  to  destroy  the  self-confidence  of  the 
Japanese  in  their  canons  of  art.  The  menace  is 
from  the  inroad  of  Western  ideas :  the  great  dif- 
ficulty '  lies  in  the  fact  that  Japanese  art  stands 
alone  in  the  world,  without  immediate  possibil- 
ity of  any  accession  or  reinforcement  from  kin- 
dred ideal  or  technique.'  Yet  to  Western  ideas 
as  such,  Mr.  Okakura  displays  no  aversion. 
Only  as  they  tend  to  destroy  the  characteristic 
flavor  of  Asian  culture  do  tiiey  arouse  his  hos- 
tility. In  other  fields  he  bids  them  weloome, 
as,  for  example,  the  elevation  of  the  social 
status  of  womEui,  which  he  warmly  commends 
and  asserts  to  be  *  the  elevation  of  the  race.' 
Feedeeick  W.  GooKLNr. 


A  Napoleonic  Aftermath.* 


For  his  two-volume  work  on  Napoleon  I., 
published  some  three  years  ago,  Mr.  J.  Holland 
Kose  received  a  very  general  approval,  both  on 
account  of  the  method  of  presentation  and 
because  of  the  inclusion  of  new  material  dis- 
covered by  researches  in  the  archives  of  the  Brit- 
ish foreign  office.  The  same  author  now  pre- 
sents a  volume  of  essays  most  of  which  deal 
with  incidents  in,  or  aspects  of,  the  Napoleonic 
career  that  could  not  consistently  be  treated  at 
length  in  the  more  formal  work,  but  which  yet 
have  interest  in  themselves.  All  but  four  of 
these  essays  have  been  published  in  various 
magazines,  and  those  thus  published  are  quite 
distinct  from  the  others  in  that  they  are,  with 
one  exception,  largely  technical,  referring  to 
disputed  incidents  which  are  primarily  of  inter- 
est to  the  historical  student  alone.  Such,  for 
example,  are  the  essays  on  '  A  British  Agent 
at  Tilsit,'  an  attempt  to  determine  the  identity 
of  the  man  who  discovered  the  secret  of  the 
plans  adopted  by  Napoleon  and  Alexander  in 
their  famous  interview  on  the  raft  at  Tilsit,  and 
'  Britain's  Food  Supply  in  the  Napoleonic 
War,'  a  statistical  examination  of  prices  to  esti- 
mate the  effectiveness  of  the  continental  block- 
ade. The  four  new  studies  deal  with  larger 
questions  of  wider  interest,  though  even  here 
the  reader  must  have  a  general  familiarity  with 
the  events  of  European  history  during  the 
Napoleonic  period  to  understand  what  Mr.  Eose 
is  writing  about. 

The  purpose  of  the  first  of  these  new  essays, 
'  Wordsworth,  Schiller,  Fichte,  and  the  Idealist 
Revolt  against  Napoleon,'  is  to  examine  the 
attitude  of  literary  men  of  genius  at  the  incep- 
tion of  the  French  revolution,  and  to  show  how 
and  why  that  attitude  was  changed  by  the  course 
of  political  events.     Briefly    put,    Mr.  Rose's 

•  Napoleoxic  Studies.  By  J.  Holland  Rose.  New  York : 
The  Macmillan  Co. 


42 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


analysis  of  this  change  is  that  these  writers, 
and  others  like  Coleridge  in  England  and  Czar- 
toryski  in  Russia,  passed  from  extreme  admira- 
tion to  extreme  hatred  for  Fraace,  because  the 
French  people  were  content  to  sacrifice  humani- 
tarian and  idealistic  principles  to  material  bene- 
fits and  military  glory.  In  the  case  of  Words- 
worth, this  was  due  not  so  much  to  dislike  for 
the  person  and  activities  of  Napoleon  himself 
as  to  bitter  sorrow  at  the  failure  of  France  to 
fulfill  the  glorious  promise  of  the  early  revolu- 
tion, when  the  youth  of  the  nation  rejoiced  in 
projects  full  of  generous  intentions  for  the 
peoples  of  all  Europe.  The  early  feeling  of 
the  German  writers  was  much  like  that  of 
Wordsworth,  but  was  in  addition  strikingly 
lacking  in  any  patriotic  national  sense,  the  gene- 
ral tendency  of  German  literature  being  to  deny 
the  principle  of  national  or  race  unity.  For 
such  men  the  humiliation  and  suffering  of  Ger- 
many under  Napoleon's  control  acted  as  a  cura- 
tive medicine,  developing  the  inherent  but  hith- 
erto undiscovered  sense  of  loyalty  to  country, 
and  permitting  them  a  patriotic  enthusiasm  in 
later  life  that  did  much  to  compensate  for  the 
loss  of  earlier  enthusiasm  for  French  ideals  of 
equality.  There  is  nothing  in  Mr.  Rose's  exami- 
nation that  has  not  previously  been  brought  out 
by  other  writers  in  separate  essays  on  the  vari- 
ous individuals  enumerated,  but  they  are  here 
grouped  as  representative  of  a  world-wide 
movement  which  had  its  unmistakable  influence 
in  uniting  Europe  against  Napoleon. 

The  one  reprinted  essay  of  general  rather 
than  technical  interest  is  '  The  Religious  Belief 
of  Napoleon,'  previously  published  in  *The 
Quarterly  Review'  for  October,  1903.  Most 
historians  have  treated  very  briefly,  or  have 
passed  over  in  silence  the  question  of  actual 
religious  belief,  though  some  have  defended 
Napoleon  as  having  high  moral  perceptions  even 
though  he  made  no  attempt  to  realize  such  per- 
ceptions in  practise.  With  such  writers  moral 
perceptions  are  made  to  stand  in  the  place  of 
religious  belief.  It  is  with  the  latter  alone  that 
Mr.  Rose  is  concerned.  He  finds  that  Napoleon 
in  early  life  was  in  no  way  guided  by  religious 
belief,  and  that  in  the  years  when  he  was  an 
enthusiast  in  the  cause  of  the  revolution,  his 
indifference  became  contempt.  But  when  Napo- 
leon became  a  leader  and  ruler  of  great  masses 
of  men,  he  was  quick  to  recognize  the  power  of 
religious  conviction  upon  others  and  to  utilize 
it  as  a  tool  in  executing  his  political  plans. 
Thus  when  at  St.  Helena,  in  discussing  his 
alliance  with  the  Pope  in  1800,  and  his  deter- 
mination to  make  France  Catholic  rather  than 
Protestant,  he  said : 

/These  parties,  by  tearing  one  another  to  pieces, 
would  have  annihilated  France,  and  would  have 
made  her  the  slave  of  Europe,  when  my  ambition 


was  to  make  her  the  mistress  of  Europe.  With  the 
aid  of  Catholicism  I  should  more  easily  attain  all 
my  great  results.  Abroad,  Catholicism  would  keep 
the  Pope  on  my  side;  and  with  my  influence,  and 
our  forces  in  Italy,  I  did  not  despair  of  having, 
sooner  or  later,  by  one  means  or  another,  the  direc- 
tion of  this  Pope.  And  thenceforth  what  an  influ- 
ence! What  a  lever  of  opinion  for  the  rest  of  the 
world!  Never  in  all  my  quarrels  with  the  Pope 
have  I  touched  a  dogma.' 

In  his  earlier  career  he  even  applied  political 
and  military  measurements  to  spiritual  author- 
ity, instructing  the  French  minister  at  Rome 
to  'treat  with  the  Pope  as  if  he  had  200,000 
men,'  but  later  he  became  convinced  that  such 
spiritual  authority  had  not  the  weight  of  a 
feather  in  the  game  of  world  politics.  In  1807 
when,  just  after  the  battle  of  Essling,  the  papal 
nuncio  found  him  and  read  to  him  the  bull  of 
excommunication,  Napoleon  replied,  '  You  have 
done  your  duty;  you  are  a  very  brave  man;  I 
esteem  you ' ;  but  he  added,  '  What  can  the  Pope 
do?  I  have  300,000  men  under  my  orders. 
With  his  lightning  can  he  make  the  arms  fall 
from  my  soldiers'  hands  ? '  From  these  and 
similar  incidents,  Mr.  Rose  seeks  to  show  that 
Napoleon's  attitude  toward  religion  'was  at 
bottom  determined  by  political  considerations,' 
and  he  also  denies  any  real  religious  change  in 
the  later  years  spent  at  St.  Helena. 

Regarding  the  new  essays  in  this  volume  it  is 
sufficient  to  say  that  they  serve  to  emphasize 
the  value  of  the  research  Avork  which  Mr.  Rose 
has  done  in  the  British  archives,  and  to  prove 
that  in  spite  of  the  great  number  of  scholarly 
studies  of  the  Napoleonic  era,  large  deposits  of 
unused  material  still  exist.  Mr.  Rose  is  at  his 
best  when  dealing  with  diplomatic  history;  his 
chief  study  has  been  in  that  direction,  and  it 
is  therefore  natural  that  the  principal  value  of 
the  present  volume  should  lie  in  the  essays 
which  are  diplomatic  studies.  The  remaining 
three  of  the  new  papers  are  of  this  character. 
'  Pitt's  Plans  for  the  Settlement  of  Europe '  is 
a  resume  of  new  material  bearing  on  the  vari- 
ous proposals  made  for  such  settlement  during 
Pitt's  two  administrations.  '  Egypt  during  the 
First  British  Occupation '  describes  among  other 
incidents  the  squabbles  of  British  and  French 
officials  over  the  possession  of  collections  made 
by  French  savants,  the  terms  of  the  French 
capitulation  having  forbidden  the  carrying 
away  of  historical  or  scientific  relics;  the  Mari- 
etta stone  was  involved  in  this  controversy. 
'  Austria  and  the  Downfall  of  Napoleon '  places 
more  emphasis  than  has  been  customary  in  his- 
tory upon  the  importance  of  the  position  and 
acts  of  Austria  in  1813  and  1814.  All  of  these 
topics  are  treated  in  such  a  way  as  to  make 
them  of  general  interest,  though  the  proof  fur- 
nished is  in  each  case  new  and  of  a  technical 
nature.     Mr.   Rose   has   in   fact  reached  that. 


1905.] 


THE    DTATi 


4a 


fortunate  position  where,  with  a  reputation  for 
scholarly  and  careful  work  solidly  established, 
he  is  able  to  select  larger  topics  for  presenta- 
tion without  feeling  it  necessary  to  burden  his 
readers  with  an  undue  amount  of  mere  material 
in  way  of  proof.  The  new  essays  in  the  pres- 
ent volume  are  an  excellent  illustration  of  this. 

E.  D.  Adams. 


A  WOMAX'S   REMryiSCENCES    OF 

Peace  and  TTar.* 


It  is  not  often  that  we  are  given  at  the  same 
time  two  such  entertaining  and  instructive  vol- 
umes of  reminiscences  as  those  of  Mrs.  Clay  and 
Mrs.  Pryor,  both  of  which  recently  appeared. 
Both  cover  the  same  period — the  fifties  and  the 
sixties;  and  both  depict  the  same  places  and 
scenes  and  people — Washington  in  the  decade 
before  the.  war,  Kichmond  and  the  Confederacy, 
and  the  ruin  of  the  South.  Mrs.  Clay  was  a 
brilliant,  wise,  witty  woman  of  the  worid  in 
the  time  she  describes,  a  leader  in  Washington 
society;  Mrs.  Prjor  was  also  of  that  society, 
but  more  inclined  to  the  pleasures  of  the  domes- 
tic circle.  Her  book  gives  us  a  better  under- 
standing of  the  life  of  Confederate  women 
than  does  that  of  Mrs.  Clay,  who  writes  princi- 
pally of  official  personages. 

Mrs.  Pr3or  is  the  wife  of  one  who  has  had  a 
varied  career, — newspaper  editor  in  Richmond 
and  Washington,  special  minister  to  Greece, 
elected  in  1856  to  Congress,  and  after  secession 
a  Confederate  Congressman,  a  colonel,  a  general, 
and  a  private  soldier.  Since  the  war  he  has 
become  known  as  one  of  the  ablest  of  Xew 
York  law}-ers,  a  prominent  politician  in  Xew 
York  state,  and  judge  of  its  Supreme  Couri;. 
Mrs.  Pnor  devotes  six  interesting  chapters  to 
her  Washington  life, — to  descriptions  of  the 
official  society  and  the  notable  persons  whom  she 
knew,  the  fashions  and  manners  of  the  fifties, 
the  entertainments  of  ante-bellum  Washington, 
and  of  the  stormy  session  of  the  last  Congress 
of  the  old  Union.  Washington  was  then  in 
some  respects  a  provincial  capital,  with  only  a 
political  and  therefore  floating  population ;  but 
we  have  Mrs.  Prs'ors  word  that  it  was  a  very 
pleasant  place  in  which  to  live,  and  in  the  spring 
a  very  pretty  country  town.  Though  the  'old 
residents'  held  aloof,  official  society  was  then 
composed  of  people  who  were  there  because  they 
were  of  importance  at  home ;  there  were  few  of 
the  modem  '  plutocrats '  who  now  go  to  Wash- 
ington to  get  the  social  privileges  denied  them 
elsewhere.  In  those  days,  literary  men  found 
Washington  a  pleasant  place  to  live  in;  and 
President  Fillmore  gathered  about  him  such 

•  Remixiscences  of  Peace  and  War.  By  Mrs.  Roger 
A.  Pryor.     New  York  :    The  Macmillan  Co. 


men  as  G.  P.  R.  James,  John  P.  Kennedy, 
Washington  Irving,  and  other  men  of  letters. 
But  when  sectional  passions  ran  high,  everj'- 
thing  was  forgotten  save  politics,  and  the  death 
of  Irving  was  almost  unnoticed  on  account  of 
the  hanging  of  John  Brown.  Under  Pierce  and 
Buchanan,  and  with  the  growth  of  the  Republi- 
can party,  sectional  lines  began  to  be  drawn  in 
social  Ufe.  Extremists  seldom  and  seldomer 
met.  Naturally,  imder  Democratic  Presidents 
the  official  society  was  predominantly  Demo- 
cratic; and  among  the  Democrats  the  influence 
of  Southerners,  men  and  women,  was  strongly 
felt.  It  was  Admiral  Porter's  theory,  that  had 
Washington  been  a  livelier  place,  with  more 
amusements  and  diversions,  during  the  last  two 
administrations  before  the  war,  the  Southerners 
would  not  have  seceded.  On  account  of  family 
bereavement,  Mrs.  Pierce  did  not  entertain;  and 
Buchanan  was  a  solitary  old  bachelor  who  did 
not  understand  the  meaning  of  amusement. 

However,  Mrs.  Pryor  describes  a  splendid 
regime  in  those  few  years  before  the  end.  Wash- 
ington suppers  of  the  late  fifties  almost  rivalled 
the  feasts  of  the  Roman  emperors.  But  there 
were  drawbacks.  At  one  of  President  Buchan- 
an's dinners,  Mrs.  Pryor  was  taken  in  by  a 
backwoods  Congressman  who  had  stimulated 
himself  too  freely,  and  distressed  Mrs.  Pryor 
by  winking  at  Miss  Harriet  Lane,  the  niece  of 
the  President.  The  coming  of  the  first  Japa- 
nese embassy  was  an  event  in  Washington  his- 
tory, and  Mrs.  Pryor  became  the  proud  first 
American  possessor  of  a  Japanese  fan. 

Of  fashions  and  dressmakers  of  the  period, 
Mrs.  Pryor  has  much  to  say.  Her  philosophy 
of  dress  will  be  interesting  to  the  present  age. 
Those  were  leisurely,  spacious,  expansive  times, 
when  there  was  still  plenty  of  room  in  the 
world,  and  people  dressed  accordingly.  We  are 
told  that  the  immense  hoopskirts  and  marvel- 
lous headgear  were  not  ugly,  but  were  weU 
suited  to  expensive  dressing.  Incidentally  it 
comes  out  that  dresses  were  extremely  low  in 
the  neck,  and  that  sermons  were  then  preached 
against  them;  but  having  been  invented  about 
1280  and  preached  against  since  then,  Mrs. 
Pr}or  predicts  they  will  survive.  That  men 
have  no  business  interfering  in  affairs  of  dress, 
she  evidently  believes,  and  illustrates  by  Mr. 
Marcy's  case.  He,  when  Secretary  of  State, 
ordered  American  ministers  abroad  to  appear 
only  in  plain  civilian  dress.  At  several  courts 
the  ministers  were  informed  that  to  wear  such 
dress  would  be  considered  disrespectful.  Mr. 
Buchanan,  in  England,  when  Parliament 
opened,  '  had  nothing  to  wear,'  and  his  absence 
came  near  causing  an  inquiry  in  Parlia- 
ment. Finally  he  appeared  at  court  in  the  pre- 
scribed civilian  dress,  but  wearing  a  sword  'to 
distinguish  myself  from  the  upper  court  serv- 


44 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


ants.'  Such  was  the  effect  of  a  man's  med- 
dling with  matters  of  dress. 

Washington  life  on  the  eve  of  war  was  not 
pleasant.  People  were  restless  and  fevered 
with  anxiety ;  political  questions  affected  society, 
and  there  was  no  longer  much  intercourse 
between  people  of  the  South  and  those  of  the 
]!^orth.  Mrs.  Douglas  cut  all  her  husband's 
opponents;  and  many  others  did  likewise.  The 
Battle  of  the  Giants  was  on  in  Congress,  and 
members  spoke  for  days  on  the  state  of  the 
country.  All  else  was  neglected  for  this.  Mem- 
bers were  wild  with  passion,  and  bitter  lan- 
^age  aroused  bitter  feelings.  Friends  of  many 
years  no  longer  greeted  one  another.  President 
Buchanan  prayed  that  secession  might  'not 
•come  in  my  time, '  and  almost  died  of  anxiety. 
When  South  Carolina  seceded  he  was  at  a  wed- 
ding-party; and  it  fell  to  Mrs.  Pryor  to  break 
the  news  to  him.    She  says  that  he  was  stunned. 

After  the  inauguration  of  President  Lincoln, 
Mrs.  Pryor  went  with  her  husband  to  the  great 
gathering  of  the  Virginians,  who  came  from 
all  over  the  world  when  the  rallying-cry  was 
the  exhortation  of  old  Sir  George  Somers  of 
the  '  Sea  Venture,' — '  Be  true  to  duty,  and 
return  to  Virginia.'  Few  failed  to  obey  the  call. 
'*  The  very  earth  trembled  at  the  tramp  of  the 
Virginians,  as  they  marched  to  the  assize  of 
arms  of  the  Mother  of  them  all.'  Then  fol- 
lowed the  enthusiastic  preparation  for  the 
impending  conflict.  Volunteers  were  fitted  out 
jand  sent  to  the  front.  At  first  Mrs.  Pryor  endeav- 
ored to  keep  near  her  husband,  who  was  in  the 
army;  but  this  was  difficult,  so  she  sent  her 
•children  to  relatives  while  she  herself  nursed 
the  sick  and  wounded  in  the  hospitals.  During 
the  last  years  of  the  war  she  gathered  her  little 
family  together  in  Petersburg,  almost  within 
the  battle-lines ;  and  there,  in  the  midst  of  the 
siege,  in  danger  and  in  want,  she  fought  the 
wolf  from  the  door,  just  as  did  so  many  other 
Southern  women.  Her  Washington  finery  was 
made  over  and  sold  to  the  wives  of  speculators 
in  Richmond.  Such  expedients  carried  the 
family  through  the  last  dark  days  before  the 
surrender,  when  the  husband  and  father  was  in 
a,  Northern  prison. 

Some  of  the  letters  quoted  tell  more  than 
has  been  generally  known  before  of  the  desper- 
ate condition  of  the  poorer  people  of  Eichmond 
long  before  the  war  ended.  There  is  a  descrip- 
tion, for  instance,  of  the  rising  of  the  women  in 
the  'Bread  Eiot.'  The  original  account  of  Gen- 
eral Lee's  bit  of  borrowed  bacon  is  here  given. 
On  one  occasion  he  had  two  biscuits  for  break- 
fast, and  gave  one  of  them  to  an  Irish  member 
of  Parliament  who  was  visiting  him.  Lee's 
quarters  at  Petersburg  were  near  Mrs.  Pryor's 
home. 


The  plundering  propensities  of  Federal  sol- 
diers are  compared  with  the  conduct  of  the 
Confederates  under  Lee  and  of  the  British 
under  Comwallis,  to  the  discredit  of  the  former. 
McClellan,  Mrs.  Pryor  declares,  was  a  gentie- 
raan,  but  some  of  the  other  Federal  command- 
ers were  not.  There  is  a  ludicrous  glimpse  of 
Sheridan,  who,  after  seizing  Mrs.  Pryor's  house 
for  his  own  use,  sends  her  his  photograph.  And 
there  was  a  New  England  officer  who,  after 
having  taken  General  Pr^'or's  fine  horse,  wrote 
back  informing  the  General  of  the  horse's 
good  health,  and  asking  for  its  pedigree. 

There  was  nothing  to  do  in  Virginia  after  the 
war.  So  Mrs.  Pryor  pawned  her  watch  and 
ring,  and  with  the  money,  Roger  A.  Pryor,  ex- 
'  rebel '  General  and  Congressman,  went  to  New 
York  to  start  anew. 

These  memoirs  show  unconsciously  the  differ- 
ence between  the  Border  South  and  the  Lower 
South  of  1861.  In  secession  the  Virginians 
held  back,  and  there  was  a  strong  Union  party 
until  the  last,  but  it  died  in  a  day  when  Lincoln 
called  for  troops.  Mrs.  Pryor  criticizes  some- 
what the  policy  of  the  Confederacy, — directed, 
it  will  be  remembered,  by  men  of  the  Lower 
South, — blaming  the  leaders  for  the  war  and 
for  dragging  it  out  after  longer  resistance  was 
hopeless.  She  did  not  expect  secession  when  it 
came,  and,  like  other  Virginians,  expected  much 
from  the  Virginia  Peace  Commission.  She  says 
that  in  1860  the  people  of  Charleston  turned  the 
cold  shoulder  to  the  Northern  delegates  to  the 
Democratic  Convention,  thus  widening  the 
breach  between  North  and  South.  The  Rich- 
mond admtnstration  is  mildly  but  persistently 
criticised.  In  this  connection  Mrs.  Pryor  calls 
attention  to  a  rather  important  fact:  There 
never  was  any  official  recognition  of  gallant 
action  by  the  Confederate  government,  no  men- 
tion in  orders,  no  medals,  no  promotion  on  the 
field.  Davis,  the  author  believes,  opposed  Pryor's 
further  promotion  after  he  had  been  made 
brigadier-general;  consequently  Pryor  resigned 
and  entered  the  ranks  as  a  private  soldier.  It 
should  be  remembered,  however,  that  the  Presi- 
dent was  also  severely  criticised  by  the  Gulf 
States  Congressmen  for  partiality  to  Virginians, 
and  especially  for  making  Pryor  a  brigadier- 
general.  It  will  always  be  difficult  for  Vir- 
ginians to  understand  how  much  the  Lower 
South  sacrificed  for  Richmond  during  the  last 
years  of  the  war. 

The  reminiscences  are  brightly  told ;  there  is 
little  dwelling  on  the  dark  side  of  things,  and 
the  tendency  of  the  book  is  irenic.  As  a  contri- 
bution to  the  history  of  the  period  it  is  of  value 
not  so  much  for  the  facts  set  forth  as  for  the 
color  and  feeling  that  can  be  found  only  in  these 
first-hand  accounts.       Walter  L.  Fleming. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


45 


IX  THE  Realm  of  the  Bibee.* 


Recent  years  liave  seen  notable  progress  in 
the  conception  and  statement  of  the  character 
-and  scope  of  biblical  theolog}'.  German  works 
in  considerable  numbers  have  devoted  their 
pages  to  its  treatment,  but  it  was  conceded  that 
"the  final  word  had  been  by  no  means  spoken  on 
this  vital  theme.  '  The  International  Theologi- 
<?al  Library '  projected  a  work  on  this  line  sev- 
eral years  ago.  and  secured  the  consent  of  Pro- 
fessor Davidson  of  Edinburgh  to  prepare  it. 
Years  swept  by  with  no  visible  completion  of 
the  task,  until  the  death  of  Dr.  Davidaon  in 
1902,  As  a  consequence  of  this  calamity,  Prin- 
■cipal  Salniond  undertook  to  edit  the  manu- 
scripts that  were  probably  designed,  at  some 
later  date,  to  constitute  the  promised  volume  on 
the  Biblical  Theolog}^  of  the  Old  Testament. 
The  editor  found  no  easy  task  in  preparing  for 
publication  manuscripts  that  had  had  several 
revisions  at  the  hand  of  the  author.  But  the 
work  has  been  done  ^ith  great  conscientious- 
ness, and  as  a  rule  with  eminent  success ;  and  it 
lias  given  iis  in  permanent  form  some  of  the 
fundamental  principles  of  the  Old  Testament 
:as  seen  and  interpreted  by  one  of  the  leading 
Old  Testament  scholars  of  this  age.  The  chap- 
ter arrangement  of  the  volume  is  significant,  as 
embodying  in  the  authors  mind  the  dominating 
ideas  of  the  Old  Testament.  The  chapters  dis- 
<niss  (1)  the  science  of  Old  Testament  theology, 
{2)  the  doctrine  of  God,  (3)  the  Divine  nature, 
{4)  the  Spirit  of  God,  (5)  the  Divine  attri- 
butes, (6)  the  doctrine  of  good  and  evil,  (7) 
sin,  (8)  the  doctrine  of  redemption,  (9)  supra- 
human  good  and  evil,  (10)  priesthood  and 
atonement.  (11)  the  doctrine  of  the  last  things 
— ^the  Messianic  idea,  (12)  immortalitv*.  These 
themes  are  treated  not  by  the  chronological  but 
by  the  topical  method. 

Dr.  Davidson's  known  views  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment led  us  to  expect  a  discussion  of  each  theme 
on  the  basis  of  its  development  or  growth.  But 
in  this  we  are  somewhat  disappointed.  Though 
a  cautious  critic,  his  caution  seems  to  have 
restrained  him  from  giving  everywhere  an  up-to- 
date  scientific  treatment  of  Ms  subject.  He 
accepts  the  analysis  of  the  Pentateuch,  of  the 
historical  books,  and  of  the  double  assignment 
of  Isaiali.  Xevertheless,  he  gives  a  timely  word 
of  warning  against  the  extreme  radical  tenden- 
cies of  the  modem  critical  school.     This  work 

•  The  Theology  of  the  Old  Testament.  By  the 
late  A.  B.  Davidson,  D.D.,  LL.D.  Edited  by  S.  D.  F. 
Salmond,   D.D.     Xew  York :    Charles   Scribner's   Sons. 

A  DiCTioxARY  OF  THE  BIBLE.  Dealing  with  its  Lan- 
guage, Literature,  and  Contents,  including  the  Biblical 
Theologj-.  By  James  Hastings.  Extra  Volume,  con- 
taining Articles,  Indexes,  and  Maps.  New  York :  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons. 

The  Words  of  Koheleth,  Son  of  David,  King  in  Jeru- 
salem. By  John  Franklin  Genung.  Boston :  Houghton, 
Mifflin   &   Co. 


has  some  features  that  are  a  positive  gain  for 
biblical  students.  Dr.  Davidson  was  a  mas- 
ter of  careful  word-study,  and  of  close  discrimi- 
nation between  the  inherent  meanings  of  words; 
indeed,  upon  this  very  feature  much  of  the 
detail  of  Old  Testament  theolog)'^  depends. 
He  breaks  up  into  clear  divisions  the  mass  of 
great  truths  contained  in  the  Old  Testament. 
The  book  throbs  with  a  large  and  living  con- 
ception of  the  scope  and  sweep  of  revelation,  and 
the  relations  that  exist  between  the  Old  and 
N^ew*  Testaments.  Students  of  the  Bible  will 
find  here,  as  in  the  authors  useful  little  Cam- 
bridge Bible  commentaries  on  several  Old  Tes- 
tament books,  containing  incisive,  profitable,  and 
helpful  discussions  of  some  of  the  fundamental 
doctrines  of  the  Old  Testament. 

Hastings's  *  Dictionary  of  the  Bible,'  com- 
pleted in  1902,  in  four  volumes,  is  a  monu- 
mental work.  But  its  compass  and  treatment 
could  not  include  all  the  themes  which  a  Bible- 
student  of  to-day  expects  to  find  in  such  a  dic- 
tionary. Besides,  the  last  five  years  have  seen 
several  important  discoveries  that  affect  the 
interpretation  of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments, 
and  these  should  be  put  within  the  reach  of 
Bible-students  by  men  who  can  speak  authori- 
tatively. As  time  progresses,  there  are  more 
and  more  themes  that  must  demand  the  careful 
consideration  of  every  student  of  the  Scrip- 
tures. An  '  Extra  Volume '  has  been  prepared 
and  published  to  meet  just  this  new  require- 
ment. It  contains  thirty-eight  articles  by  spe- 
cialists, covering  several  of  the  most  important 
side-issues  of  the  Bible-students.  Some  of  the 
most  notable,  for  the  newness  of  matter  or  the 
length  of  the  contribution,  are  the  following: 
'  Agrapha,'  by  Professor  Eopes  of  Harvard ; 
'  Code  of  Hammurabi,'  by  Mr.  Johns  of  Cam- 
bridge ;  '  Papyri,'  by  Professor  Buhl  of  Copen- 
hagen :  '  Eeligion  of  Babylonia  and  x^ssyria,'  by 
Professor  Jastrow  of  University  of  Pennsylva- 
nia ;  *  Eeligion  of  Israel,'  by  Professor  Kautzsch 
of  Halle ;  '  Sermon  on  the  Mount,'  by  Professor 
Yotaw  of  University  of  Chicago ;  and  '  Textual 
Criticism  of  the  New  Testament,'  by  Dr.  Mur- 
ray of  Canterbury.  Each  of  these  contributions 
puts  into  the  hands  of  Bible-studente  matter  of 
authoritative  value,  and  the  best  that  we  may 
hope  to  have  for  some  years  to  come.  The  arti- 
cle on  the  ' Eeligion  of  Israel'  covers  123 
double-column  pages,  is  very  exhaustive,  and 
would  make  a  large  volume  as  books  are  made 
to-day.  The  last  200  pages  contain  the  working 
apparatus  for  the  entire  work,  inclusive  of  this 
extra  volume.  They  include  the  name  of  each 
^\-riter  and  his  contributions,  an  alphabetic  list 
of  all  themes  discussed  in  the  entire  work,  an 
index  of  Scripture  passages  and  other 
literature,  a  full  list  of  Hebrew  and  Greek 
words,  an  index  to  the  all-too-few  illustrations. 


46 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


and  a  list  of  the  thirteen  maps  that  embellish 
the  five  volumes.  The  completion  of  this  great 
work  for  Biblical  students  and  scholars  is  a  tri- 
umph. Its  comprehensiveness,  its  scholarship, 
its  progres&iveness,  and  its  aggressiveness,  give 
it  first  place  among  all  dictionaries  of  the  Bible 
in  the  English  language. 

Professor  Genung's  '  Epic  of  the  Inner  Life/ 
a  study  of  the  Book  of  Job,  has  won  a  place  in 
the  literature  of  that  noble  book.  The  same 
author  has  now  turned  his  attention  and  thought 
to  another  book  of  the  Old  Testament  that  has 
proved  to  be  a  riddle  to  many  readers.  This 
work  is  based  on  sound  scholarship,  and  pro- 
ceeds along  the  highway  of  literary  excellence. 
About  the  first  half  of  the  volume  is  given  to  a 
frank  discussion  of  '  The  Book  and  its  World,' 
followed  by  *  Koheleth's  Response  to  his  Time,' 
''The  Issue  in  Character,'  and  ^The  Literary 
Shaping.'  The  author  is  at  his  best  in  dealing 
with  current  questions  regarding  this  puzzling 
book.  His  discussion  reveals  a  well-balanced 
sense  of  the  literary  and  spiritual  values  that 
are  to  be  found  in  Koheleth,  that  is,  the 
preacher.  The  long-discussed  and  troublesome 
questions  as  to  the  authorship  of  Ecclesiastes 
are  surveyed  so  as  to  give  the  reader  an  idea  of 
some  of  the  problems  that  must  be  dealt  with 
in  any  interpretation  that  may  be  adopted.  The 
last  half  of  the  volume  is  a  new  translation 
of  the  book  out  of  the  Hebrew,  with  a  summary 
of  thought  on  the  margins.  On  the  lower  part 
of  each  page  there  is  a  commentary,  in  smaller 
type,  which  puts  certain  words  and  phrases 
under  the  exegetieal  microscope.  In  summing 
up,  the  author  says :  '  The  new  question  in  vir- 
tual control  is.  What  is  that  thing  reward  after 
all, — that  object  to  which  all  life  and  labor  are 
so  prevailingly  keyed?  The  truest  answer  to 
all  questions  is  in  conclusion  "  Fear  God  and 
keep  his  commandments,  for  this  is  the  sum 
of  manhood."  '  Ir^  M.  Price. 


Recent  Dramas  in  Verse.* 


Since  Lander's  immortal  'Citation  '  there  have 
been  many  attempts  to  portray  in  imaginative 
guise— through  the  medium  of  dialogue,  novel,  or 
poem— the  man  Shakespeare  as  he     lived     and 

•William  Shakespeare.  Pedagogue  and  Poacher. 
A  Drama.     By  Richard  Garnett.     New  York :  John  Lane. 

The  Sin  of  David.  By  Stephen  PhiUlps.  New 
York:  The  MacmlUan  Co. 

Cain.  A  Drama.  By  George  Cabot  Lodge.  Boston : 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 

Judith  of  Bethulia.  A  Tragedy.  By  Thomas  Bailey 
Aldrich.     Boston :  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 

Tristan  and  Isolde.  A  Tragedy.  By  Louis  K.  An- 
spacher.      New  York  :   Brentano's. 

The  Red  Branch  Crests.  D^irdre.  M6ve.  Cuchulain. 
By  Charles  Leonard  Moore.  Philadelphia :  Published  by 
the  Author. 


moved  among  his  fellows.  The  attempt  is  always 
a  bold  one,  and  he  who  makes  it  must  be  excep- 
tionally endowed  with  sympathy  and  penetrative 
insight.  Among  the  most  ingenious  and  success- 
ful experiments  upon  this  baffling  theme  must 
surely  be  reckoned  the  little  two-act  drama  of  Dr. 
Garnett,  by  him  entitled  'William  Shakespeare, 
Pedagogue  and  Poacher,  '  and  made  to  deal  with 
the  deer-stealing  episode  of  the  poet's  legendary 
youth.  Here  we  have  the  young  Shakespeare, 
hardly  more  than  a  lad,  but  some  time  since 
entrapped  into  marriage  with  a  shrewish  and 
puritanical  woman  several  years  his  senior,  and 
already  planning  for  emancipation  and  the  free 
life  of  London.  Indeed,  he  has  already  des- 
patched to  a  friend  in  the  city  the  first  fruits  of 
his  invention,  a  comedy  entitled  'The  Taming  of 
a  Shrew,'  for  which  his  own  domestic  experiences 
have  afforded  abundant  material  in  the  way  of 
characterization,  although  for  the  taming  process 
he  must  perforce  draw  upon  his  imagination. 
The  deer-stealing  escapade  is  the  central  feature 
of  Dr.  Garnett 's  play,  and  in  consequence  thereof 
Shakespeare  and  the  scholars  who  have  joined 
him  in  the  moonlight  adventure  are  haled  before 
the  outraged  justice  of  Sir  Thomas  Lucy.  Sir 
Thomas  is  by  way  of  being  a  euphuist,  and  Lady 
Lucy,  who  once  had  secret  leanings  toward  the 
yooithful  poet,  is  piqued  that  he  should  have 
become  the  possession  of  Mistress  Hathaway.  At 
the  close,  he  is  saved  from  condign  punishment 
by  the  api>earance  of  Lord  Leicester,  who  comes 
as  a.  messenger  from  the  Queen  (to  whom  the 
comedy  has  been  read)  and  bears  the  poet  away 
to  the  court.  W^e  quote  the  lines  in  which  Ann 
Shakespeare  advises  Sir  Thomas  that  the  lash 
would  be  a  proper  punishment  for  her  erring 
spouse. 

'  Long   have    I    groaned    o'er   William's    evil    courses. 

And   mourned  to   know  my  household   fed  by  rapine, 

And  my  own  stomach's   pure   integrity 

Polluted  by  his  depredations. 

How  oft  when  spit  hath  turned,  or  caldron  bubbled. 

Mid  savoury  smells  and  steams  have  I  with  voice 

Gentle  and  low,   an  excellent  thing  in  woman. 

Demanded,  William,  whence  this  venison? 

And  he  would   laugh,  and  cite  some  silly  tale 

Of  Theseus  or  the  ghost  of  Heme  the  Hunter. 

Pardon   I   pray   not  then,   but  penalty 

Conducive  to  his  reformation; 

Like  lightning,   sanctifying  where  it  strikes, 

And  in  my  poor  conceit,  the  lash,  applied 

By  loving  spirits  wielding  arms  of  flesh 

Best  scared  this  poaching  devil  out  of  him.  ' 

He  is  not  to  be  punished  too  severely,  but  just 
enough   to  make  him  helpless   for  a  few  days,, 
wherein  the  faithful  wife  Taay  find  her  oppor- 
tunity to  chide  him  for  his  misdeeds. 

'  Beseech  you  then  of  your  great  charity 
Suffer  the  sinner's  weal  to  overpoise 
The  burdened  scale  of  his  transgressions, 
Using  such  nice  adjustment  of  the  lash 
As  but  a  week  may  bind  him  to  his  bed. 
Where  he  may  call  Repentance  to  efface 
The  long  score  he  hath  run  up  with  the  Fiend, 
And  be  his  own  inquisitor,  things  past 
Summoning  to  sessions  of  sweet  silent  thought. 
Save  when  I  moralise  the  spectacle. ' 

Shakespeare's  defense  in  court  is  of  a  nature 
to  enrage  Sir  Thomas  beyond  measure,  and  the 
luckless  poet  is  condemned  to  the  three-fold  pen- 


1905] 


THE    DIAX. 


47 


alty  of  flogging,  imprisonment,  and  banishment 
from  the  shire.  Handed  over  to  the  constable  for 
execution,  the  latter  says: 

'  Sir  Thomas,  I'm  afeared  to  touch  the  man. 
Thou  heardest?  he  hath  a  familiar  spirit. 
Perchance  an  impish  sootikin,  but  haply 
Tail-switching  Lucifer,   Hell's  emperor.' 

To  this  Shakespeare  replies: 

'  Aye,  man,  I  hold  in  fee  ten  thousand  spirits. 
And  more  can  summon  from  the  vasty  deep. 
Who  at  my  word  shall  seize  thy  knight  and  thee 
And  set  bemocked  upon  the  public  stage. 
Stuff   for  the   himaourous   world's   derision.' 

It  will  have  been  noticed  from  the  above  extracts 
that  Dr.  Gamett  has  made  a  large  use  of 
Shakespearian  lines,  distributing  them  impar- 
tially among  the  several  characters.  This  is  one 
of  the  noteworthy  features  of  the  drama,  and  may 
be  further  illustrated  by  the  following  striking 
words,  placed  in  Shakespeare's  mouth  when  he 
announces  to  his  wife  his  early  departure  for 
^prodigious  London': 

'  And  I  will  seek  a  manly  soul,  and  wear  him 
In  my  heart's  core,  even  in  my  heart  of  hearts. 
And  in  high  verse  I  will  eternise  him. 
Blazoning  his  beauty  forth,  his  name  concealing 
To  set  the  wide  world  wondering  who  he  was. 
And  sharp  debate  shall  drain  the  inky  stands 
Of  sage  and  scholar  labouring  to  divine 
If  worth  it  was  of  his,  or  wit  of  mine.  ' 

Such  is  Dr.  Gamett 's  way  of  accounting  for 
the  mysterj-  of  the  sonnets. 

'The  Sin  of  David,'  by  Mr.  Stephen  Phillips, 
is  a  modem  version  (not  too  modem)  of  the 
adulterous  love  of  the  King  of  Israel  and  the 
wife  of  Uriah  the  Hittite.  The  scene  is  Eng- 
land, the  epoch  that  of  the  Cromwellian  wars. 
Sir  Hubert  Lisle,  commander  of  a  section  of  the 
Parliamentary  forces,  is  captivated  by  the  young 
wife  of  Colonel  Mardyke,  an  aged  and  austere 
puritan,  and,  to  clear  his  path,  despatehes  the 
latter  upon  an  errand  that  means  ceii^in  death. 
For  several  years  thereafter,  he  enjoys  the  fruits 
of  his  despicable  act  as  far  as  an  uneasy  consci- 
ence will  permit,  but  in  the  end  is  sadly  stricken 
by  the  judgment  of  God  in  the  death  of  the  child 
that  the  woman  has  borne  to  him.  Her  eyes  also 
are  opened  by  this  calamity,  and  she  at  first  turns 
from  her  husband  with  loathing,  but  afterwards 
consents  to  a  sort  of  chastened  reconciliation. 
This  old  story  of  sin  and  expiation  is  told  in  the 
simplest  form;  the  work  is  bare  of  ornament  or 
accessory,  and  its  poignancy  is  all  the  more  effect- 
ive for  the  severe  priming  of  the  author's  imagi- 
nation. The  verse  is,  as  we  had  a  right  to  expect 
from  Mr.  Phillips,  dignified  and  filled  with  a 
haunting  melodious  charm.  It  is  best  exhibited 
by  passages  of  one  or  two  lines,  such  as 

'Thou  hast  unlocked  the  loveliness  of  earth, ' 

or  as 

'  And  I  must  bide,  till  this  full  beauty  drop 
"Which  even  divinity  did  flush  to  dream, ' 
or  as 

'  How  o'er  the  Fenland  hath  grown  fairy  land 
And  all  these  levels  gleam  as  passionate 
As  the  high  gardens  of  Assyrian  Kings. ' 

Longer  passages  are  not  so  easy  of  extraction, 
but  the  one  following  may,  perhaps,  be  held  an 
adequate  illustration  of  this  latest  work  of  an 
accomplished  poet  in  its  more  sustained  flights. 


The  passage  is  all  but  the  closing  one  of  this 

three-act  drama. 

'  Our  former  marriage,  though  by  holy  bell 
And  melody  of  lifted  voices  blest, 
Was  yet  in  madness  of  the  blood  conceived 
And  bom  of  murder :  therefore  is  the  child 
Withdrawn,  that  we  might  feel  the  sting  of  flesh 
Corruptible ;   yet  he  in  that  withdrawal 
Folded  upon  the  bosom  of  the  Father, 
Hath  joined  us  in  a  marriage  everlasting; 
Marriage  at  best  of  spirit,  not  of  sense. 
Whose  ritual   is  memory  and   repentance. 
Whose   sacrament  this  deep    and  mutual   wound. 
Whose  covenant  the  all  that  might  have  been. 
And  to  this  troth  majestic  shadows  throng. 
And  stand  about  as  in  dumb  sympathy. 
In  presence  of  these  silent  witnesses. 
And  one  perchance  that   carrieth  now  a  babe, 
I  take  in  mine  thy  hand  and  call  thee  wife — 
Wife,  wife,  till  the  grave-shattering  trumpet ! ' 

If  the  public  of  a  century  ago  was  startled  and 
shocked  by  the,  audacity  of  Byron 's  '  Cain, '  it  is 
interesting  to  speculate  concerning  what  its  emo- 
tions would  have  been  could  it  have  foreseen  the 
'Cain'  of  Mr.  George  Cabot  Lodge.  For  Mr. 
Lodge  has  still  further  allegorized  the  Biblical 
allegory,  and  boldly  presented  the  flgure  of  the 
first  murderer  as  that  of  a  Prometheus  or  Savior 
of  mankind.  He  slays  Abel,  not  from  envy  or  a 
sudden  fit  of  anger,  but  with  reasoned  and  elo- 
quently defended  purpose,  because  he  sees  in  the 
cringing  and  submissive  nature  of  his  brother  a 
menace  to  the  future  generations  that  might 
spring  from  his  loins. 

'  The  cause  is  grave  beyond  thy  power  of  thought 

And  holds  dominion  both  for  thee  and  me. 

Who  share  the  self-same  trust  and  equally 

Safeguard  the  sacred  heritage  of  life. 

We  are   not  merely  men  but  more  than  men 

Since  we  are  pregnant  of  futurity. 

We  are  not  measured  by  the  fretful  years 

That  span  our  being,  since  we  store  the  seed 

Of  myriad  generations  yet  unborn. 

We  are  the  start  of  young  humanities ! 

We  are  the  spring  and  freshet  of  mighty  streams. 

That  thro'  the  reach  of  the  imending  years. 

As  thro'  vast  fields  where  darkness  wars  with  dawn. 

Shall  keep  their  fruitful  and  resistless  way ! 

We  have  within  us  such  an  utterance 

As  once  proclaimed  shall  peal  forevermore. 

Echoed  and  multiplied  from  age  to  age, 

Down  thro*  the  endless  labyrinth  of  time  I 

We  are  the  scabbard  of  a  sword  of  flame. 

We  are  the  wardens  of  the  House  of  Life, 

We  are  the  guardians  of  a  sacred  fire. 

We  are  the  gates  of  Dawn, — the  First  of  Men ! 

Such  is  the  cause ! —  for  this  we  shall  not  yield 

The  torch  of  freedom  to  the  winds  of  fear. 

Nor  blight  the  burgeon  from  the  seed  of  truth 

With  frost  of  lies  or  dust  of  ignorance ! 

Nay,  we  must  shield  the  torch  and  gruard  the  flower; 

We  must  be  perfect  in  our  sacred  trust ; 

We  must  preserve,   in  strength  and  faith  and  love. 

Our  whole  inheritance  that  all  may  share ! — 

Not  for  the  safety  of  a  mean  content. 

Not  in  the  terrour  of  a  wrathful  God, 

Shall  we  renounce  the  treasure   and  the  task. 

Or  sell  the  birthright  of  the  Sons  of  Man !' 

And    so,    deliberately    and    with    love    for    his 
brother  in  his  heart,  Cain  slays  Abel,  and,  seek- 
ing their  mother  afterward,  justifies     his     act. 
Wrung  by  her  grief,  she  is  nevertheless  persuaded 
by  his  eloquence,  and  blesses  him  in  the  end. 
'  Till  now  my  tears  have  blinded  me ;   at  last 
I  see  and  know — thou  art  the  Son  of  Man, 
Thou  art  the  Saviour  —  and  my  son,  my  son ! 
Love  and  forgive  me !  for  the  blood  of  Abel 
Rose,  a  red  mist  between  thy  soul  and  mine ! 
Now  I  am  weak  no  more ;   I  say  to  thee : 


48 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16> 


Go  forth,  go  forth ;  lonely  and  godlike  man  ! 
My  heart  will  follow  tho'  my  feet  must  stay.' 

After  this  tender  and  moving  scene  of  parting, 
Cain  goes  forth  to  take  up  his  burden,  much  as 
Prometheus  goes  to  meet  his  doom  in  Mr.  Moody's 
poem  of  'The  Fire-Bringer. ' 

'  Farewell !  my  will  and  mine  alone 

Has  made  me  outcast  from  the  laws  of  men. 

And  from  God's  laws,  and  from  the  homes  of  men. 

I  am  the  man  I  am :  no  cause  but  this 

Hast  cast  me  naked  and  lonely  from  the  pale. 

To  wander,  alien  in  the  Academe, 

Cursed  and  derided  in  the  market-place. 

Slandered    and    scourged   before   the    shrines    of   God. 

O  I  shall  weary  with  all  the  woes  of  the  world ! 

And  when  I  shall  lift  up  the  immortal  light 

Like  dawn  in  the  dark  places  of  men's  souls. 

All  men  shall  hail  it  as  a  ruinous  fire 

Born   for   their   world's   destruction ;    they   shall   rise. 

Nerved  with  ferocious  fear,  and  hale  me  forth. 

Seize   me,   traduce   me,   judge   me,   and   condemn, — 

And  press  the  hemlock  to  my  unshrinking  lips 

Or  nail  my  scourged  flesh  naked  to  the  cross !  ' 

The  solemn  burden  and  the  stately  march  of 
this  fine  poem  has  been  impressively  illustrated 
by  the  foregoing  passages.  It  remains  to  give 
one  brief  example  of  Mr.  Lodge's  diction  in  a 
tender  and  lyrical  mood.  The  words  are  Abel's, 
just  as  he  is  about  to  make  his  sacrifice  at  the 
altar. 

'  The  golden  sandals  of  reluctant  day 
Climb  the  broad  shoulders  of  the  heavenward  hills. 
Earth  fills  with  darkness  like  a  shallow  bowl 
And   sleep  weighs  down  the  weary  lids  of  life. 

0  peace  of  God,  vigil  of  God's  great  love, 

1  feel  you  now,  in  vast  serenity. 
Brood  like  a  benediction  on  the  world ! ' 

The  scheme  of  this  work  is  as  simple  as  possi- 
ble. The  only  speakers  are  Adam,  Eve,  Cain,  and 
Abel,  unless  we  add  the  voice  of  God,  heard 
from  time  to  time.  Of  the  three  acts,  the  first 
belongs  mainly  to  Adam  and  Eve,  the  second  to 
the  brethren  and  the  tragedy,  the  third  to  Cain's 
reconciliation  with  his  mother.  The  diction  of 
the  poem  is  almost  as  severe  as  its  outline,  and  is 
sustained  throughout  at  a  lofty  pitch. 

The  three  dramas  thus  far  described  are 
strictly  closet  affairs ;  no  one  would  think  of  plac- 
ing them  upon  the  boards  of  any  actual  stage. 
With  Mr.  Aldrich's  'Judith  of  Bethulia'  the  case 
is  different,  for  this  drama  was  written  not  only 
with  an  eye  to  stage-production  in  general,  but 
as  a  vehicle  for  the  talent  of  a  particular  actress. 
The  actual  performance,  with  Miss  O'Neil  in  the 
titular  part,  took  place  in  Boston  last  October. 
The  four  acts  of  the  play,  moreover,  are  based 
upon  the  author's  poem  of  'Judith  and  Holo- 
f ernes,'  from  which  lines  and  lengthy  passages 
are  freely  borrowed  and  incorporated  into  the 
dramatic  work.  We  select  for  reproduction  the 
climacteric  passage,  the  monologue  of  Judith  in 
the  tent,  just  before  she  slays  the  sleeping 
Holofemes. 

'  I  did  not  longer  dare  to  look  on  him. 
Lest  I  should  lose  my  reason  through  my  eyes. 
This  man  —  this  man,  had  he  been  of  my  race, 
And  I  a  maiden,   and  we  two  bad  met  — 
What  visions  mock  me !     Some  ancestral  sin 
Hath  left  a  taint  of  madness  in  my  bra,in. 
Were  I  not  I,  I  would  unbind  my  hair 
And  let  the  tresses  cool  his  fevered  cheek, 
And  take  him  in  my  arms  —  Oh,  am  I  mad? 
Yonder  the  watch-fires  fiare  upon  the  walls. 
Like  red  hands  pleading  to  me  through  the  dark ; 


There  famished  women  weep,  and  have  no  hope. 

The  moan  of  children  moaning  in  the  streets 

Tears  at  my  heart.     O  God!  have  I  a  heart? 

Why  do  I  falter !     Thou  that  rulest  all. 

Hold  not  Thy  favor  from  me  that  I  seek 

This  night  to  be  Thy  instrument !     Dear  Lord, 

Look  down  on  me,  a  widow  of  Judea, 

A  feeble  thing  unless  Thou  sendest  strength ! 

A  woman  such  as  I  slew  Sisera. 

The  hand  that  pierced  his  temples  with  a  nail 

Was  soft  and  gentle,  like  to  mine,  a  hand 

Moulded  to  press  a  babe  against  her  breast ! 

Thou  didst  sustain  her.     Oh,  sustain  Thou  me 

That   I    may   free   Thy   chosen  from  their  chains ! — 

Each  sinew  in  my  body  turns  to  steel, 

My  pulses  quicken,  I  no  longer  fear  ! 

My  prayer  has  reached  Him,  sitting  there  on  high! 

The  hour  is  come  I  dreamed  of  !     This  for  thee 

O  Israel,  my  people,  this  for  thee !  ' 

This  is  probably  the  finest  page  of  a  book  that 
is  dignified  and  impressive  throughout,  a  book  not 
unworthy  of  the  trained  artistic  hand  which 
brings  it  to  us  as  a  gift. 

'Tristan  and  Isolde'  is  a  tragedy  by  Mr.  Louis 
K.  Anspacher.  Structurally,  it  is  weakened  by 
being  dragged  out  through  five  acts,  instea-d  of 
the  three  in  which  the  unening  dramatic  instinct 
of  Wagner  realized  that  it  must  be  moulded.  In 
the  present  work,  the  voyage  to  Cornwall  is  sup- 
pressed altogether,  its  happenings  being  related 
after  the  discovery  of  Tristan's  faithlessness. 
Mr.  Anspacher  has  also  introduced  several  subsi- 
diary characters  whose  presence  tends  to  make 
the  action  diffuse.  As  an  example  of  his  verse, 
we  quote  a  passage  spoken  by  King  Mark  in  the 
third  act. 

'  We  three  can  never  dwell  beneath  one  roof ; 

Tintagel  Castle,    where   King   Uther   died, 

The  mighty  founder  of  a  line  of  Kings, 

Is  now  too  small  to  hold  its  three  possessors. 

My  human  pity  never  learned  revenge  ; 

There  is  no  malice  in  my  punishment. 

The  pillory  of  public  banishment 

Will  not  be  pressed  on  thee ;  but  thou  must  go. 

Parting  as  secretly  as  thou  hast  come. 

Thou  art  not  pure  enough  to  seek  the  Grail ; 

For  he  who  compasses  that  high  devoir 

Must     guiltless  be,  and  pure  as  virgin  lilies. 

Go,  then,  thy  better  self  will  pray   for  thee ; 

Devote  thyself  to  vows  and  blessed  works; 

Until   the  saints,  whose  joy  is  saving  souls. 

Absolve  thy  heart.     I,  too,  in  time,  shall  add 

What  prayers  forgiveness  may  find  tongue  to  speak. 

My  blessings  go  as  wayfarers  with  thee. 

Go,  go ;  I  never  wish  to  see  thy  face  again.' 

As  will  been  seen  from  these  lines,  which  are 
among  the  best  to  be  found  in  the  drama,  the 
work  is  uninspired  and  mechanical.  It  is  aa 
exercise  in  metrical  composition  rather  than  a 
creative  product. 

Under  the  title  of  'The  Red  Branch  Crests' 
Mr.  Chai-les  Leonard  Moore  has  versified  three 
Celtic  legends.  The  poems  are  dramatic  in  form 
and  each  is  in  from  six  to  ten  scenes.  The  form  is 
a  verse  of  seven  syllables  and  four  accents,  and 
the  lines  are  in  rhymed  couplets.  There  are 
a  few  irregularities,  but  the  verse  keeps  fairly 
close  to  the  norm.  It  is  favorably  illustrated  by 
the  closing  passage,  the  lament  spoken  after  the- 
death  of  Cuchulain  and  his  men. 

'  Slaughtered  host  and  slaughtered  King 
Lie  in  one  vast  battle  ring. 
From  his  final  field  of  fame 
Bear  the  matchless  form  of  flame ! 
Largest  of  our  lordly  line 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


49 


Bear  him  to  Emania's  shrine. 

Last  of  the  immortal  clan. 

The  Tuartha  de  Danaan. 

Bear  him  past  the  mountain  gates 

Where  his  vanished  godsire  waits  ! 

Ulster  weep,  thy  champion  slain. 

Guard  of  thy  sky-domed  domain. 

Thou  no  citadel  or  wall 

Built  —  thou  needed  none  at  all  — 

When,   a  glancing  armament. 

He   about   thy   borders   went : 

Floods  of  foes  that  round  him  welled, 

Baffled,   backward,    down,   he   quelled  I 

Brin  weep,  thy  hero  gone. 

Unto   Alba,   Britain   known. 

Known  to  Pict   and  known  to  Dane, 

Famous  o'er  the  ocean  plain  — 

Weep,  but  triumph !     For  he  shall 

Blaze  above  Death's  blackest  pall. 

Islands  of   remotest  reach. 

Utmost  lands  of  unknown  speech. 

Races  hid   in  Time's  far  womb. 

Unto  these  he  shall  untomb. 

Shall  revealed  in  splendor  stand 

The  glory  of  his  native  land. 

Tongue  of  poet,  hero  heart. 

Till  from  the  dry  earth  those  depart. 

Shall  echo  ever,  ever  name 

Cuchulain's  deeds,  Cucbulain's  fame.' 

The  three  sections  of  Mr.  Moore's  poem,  united 
into  one  fateful  web,  are  respectively  entitled 
'Deirdre,'  'Meve/  and  'Cuchulain.'  They  exploit 
with  vigor  and  dramatic  effect  what  is  perhaps 
the  most  familiar  cycle  of  Celtic  legend.  The 
experiment  is  interesting  and  fairly  successful 
from  a  poetical  point  of  view,  although  its  mate- 
rial must  ever  be  alien  to  English  modes  of  con- 
sciousness. We  can  take  to  our  hearts  nearly  all 
the  forms  of  classical  and  Teutonic  legend,  but 
the  Celtic  treasury,  rich  though  it  be,  seems  to 
us  a  thing  of  remote  imaginings,  motives,  and 
agencies.  William  Morton  Txynh. 


Briefs  ox  Xew  Books. 


Dr.  William  Everett,  at  the  begin- 

The  modem  •  ^     l-  i  imi. 

itcaian  poets.  ^^S  01  tis  volume  upon  The 
Italian  Poets  since  Dante'  (Serib- 
ner),  makes  some  cogent  remarks  upon  the  recent 
English  neglect  of  the  most  charming  of  mod- 
em literatures.  Time  was  when  the  best  English 
poets  got  their  finest  inspiration  from  Italian 
sources,  and  when  Italian  literature  was  known  as 
familiarly  to  cultivated  people  as  French  or  Ger- 
man literature  is  now.  But  that  time  has  van- 
ished, and  the  Italian  'language  holds  by  no 
means  the  same  place  in  our  courses  of  study  as 
the  German,  which  was  little  more  than  a  collec- 
tion of  imcouth  dialects  centuries  after  Dante, 
Petrarch,  and  Boccaccio  had  made  their  tongue 
the  vehicle  of  the  loftiest,  the  tenderest,  and  the 
wittiest  ideas.'  Thus  it  has  come  about  in  our 
own  day  that  'manj'  men  and  women  would  be 
ashamed  to  confess  ignorance  of  Heine  and 
Uhland,  of  Victor  Hugo  and  Verlaine,  who  would 
see  no  disgrace  in  admitting  that  Guarini  and 
Alfieri,  Leopardi  and  Carducci,  were  sealed  books 
to  them.'  Dante  alone  we  read  and  know;  his 
successors  are  little  more  than  names  to  us.  It 
was  for  the  purpose  of  calling  renewed  attention 
to  this  great  and  unduly  neglected  literature  that 
Dr.  Everett  prepared  the  course  of  Lowell  Insti- 


tute lectures  that  are  reprinted  in  the  present 
volume.  He  entered  upon  the  task  with  an 
enthusiasm  bom  of  a  large  and  loving  acquain- 
tance with  the  poets  of  Italy,  and  he  succeeds  in 
imparting  no  little  of  this  emotion  to  his  readers. 
*For  this  work,'  he  says,  'I  claim  one  qualifica- 
tion. The  sound  of  their  beautiful  language  has 
sung  in  my  ears  from  my  very  earliest  infancy. 
On  the  sacred  soil  of  Florence  and  Fiesole,  before 
the  memory  of  events  begins,  I  drank  in  the  music 
of  Tuscan  equally  with  the  notes  of  my  own 
tongue.  I  can  remember  no  hour  in  which  every- 
thing Italian  was  not  set  before  me  as  a  source 
of  supreme  interest.  Many  here  know  Italy  bet- 
ter than  I  do;  none  but  a  native  can  love  her 
more.'  Of  the  eight  chapters  in  Dr.  Everett's 
book,  three  are  devoted  to  Petrarch,  Ariosto,  and 
Alfieri.  The  other  five  discuss  an  average  of 
three  poets  each,  from  Pulci  to  Leopardi.  In 
each  ease  the  biographical  and  critical  characteri- 
zation is  followed  by  a  series  of  representative 
selections,  given  sometimes  in  the  author's  own 
translation,  sometimes  in  that  of  others.  The 
work  is  luminous  and  vivid  in  style,  and  a  delight 
to  the  instinct  of  every  lover  of  literature.  Nor 
is  it  made  any  the  less  delightful  by  the  infusion 
of  the  author's  individuality,  and  the  occasional 
exhibition  of  a  fine  old  crusted  prejudice.  We 
think  none  the  less  of  him  for  saying  that 
'Boiardo's  avoidance  of  all  melody  might  entitle 
him  to  be  named  Richard  Wagner,'  for  he  takes 
pains  to  inform  us  upon  another  page  that  he 
cares  nothing  for  music.  And  so  he  will  prob- 
ably to  the  end  of  his  days  cherish  the  delusion 
.that  the  author  of  'Die  Meistersinger'  —  the 
most  melodious  of  all  musical  creations— was 
incapable  of  melody.  A  bit  of  old  fogyism  crops 
out  now  and  then,  as  in  the  judgment  of  the 
modem  fashion  'which  thinks  it  high  criticism 
to  say  that  Homer  is  not  the  perfection  of  poetry, 
and  "Marmion"  is  not  a  p>oem  at  all,'  or  in  the 
remarks  about  Columbus  and  his  contemporaries, 
*  whose  colonial  exploits  we  are  now  so  absurdly 
undervaluing  in  order  to  crown  with  laurels  the 
mythical  Leif  and  Thorwald. '  But  many  idiosyn- 
eracies  may  be  pardoned  a  writer  who  can  give 
us  (p.  138)  the  eloquent  panegyric  ui>on  Milton, 
and  many  another  purple  patch  revealed  in  these 
pages.  The  only  words  we  carmot  quite  forgive 
him  are  those  in  which  he  speaks  of  '  the  ferocity 
of  Dante. '  From  the  point  of  view  of  the  scholar, 
little  exception  is  to  be  taken  to  this  work.  It  is 
true  that  Dr.  Everett  takes  as  unquestioned  the 
identity  of  Petrarch's  Laura  with  the  wife  of 
Hugh  de  Sade,  and  that  he  makes  the  amazing 
misstatement  that  Carducci  died  last  year.  But 
in  general,  his  book  is  of  such  a  nature  as  to 
avoid  controverted  matters  of  fact,  and  is  thus 
spared  the  attack  of  the  scientific  critic.  To  say 
that  the  book  is  readable  is  to  do  it  much  less 
than  justice.         

The  latest  Dr.  William  J.  Rolfe's  new  Life  of 

life  of  Shakespeare  (Estes)  is  not  an  in- 

Shakespeare.  dispensable  book.  It  contains  no 
new  material  of  importance,  and  almost  no  new 
inferences  from  the  old.  The  author  seldom  pre- 
sents his  own  views  of  current  Shakespearian 
questions    except    those  that    centre    about   the 


50 


THE    DIAJL 


[Jan.  16, 


Sonnets;  and  even  the  literary  comments  upon 
the  plays,  in  which  the  book  unnecessarily 
abounds,  he  quotes  from  easily  accessible 
sources.  This  is  the  more  to  be  deprecated 
because  a  Shakespearian  student  of  Dr,  Rolfe's 
experience  must  surely  have  opinions  that 
are  worth  expressing.  He  cannot  point  out 
the  'Spenserian  flavour'  of  'The  Lover's 
Complaint'  except  in  the  words  of  Verity  and 
Malone  (page  214),  and  he  even  spares  himself 
the  trouble  of  describing  in  his  own  language  the 
Choruses  of  Henry  V.  (p.  243).  The  following, 
on  'Love's  Labour's  Lost,'  fairly  represents  his 
method  (p.  163) :  'It  is  "a  play  of  conversation 
and  situation"  (Furnivall),  in  which  "depth  of 
characterization  is  subordinate  to  elegance  and 
sprightliness  of  dialogue"  (Staunton).'  Nor  are 
the  quoted  comments  always  chosen  with  judg- 
ment. Baynes's  silly  moralizing  on  the  'Bidford 
challenge'  is  quoted  at  length  (pp.  102,  103) 
without  comment,  and  two  pages  (pp.  229,  230) 
are  given  to  Grant  White's  'fine  writing'  on 
^  The  Merchant  of  Venice. '  Five  pages  (pp.  264- 
268)  of  quotation  and  comment  are  devoted  to  the 
question  whether  the  marriage  of  Benedick  and 
Beatrice  was  happy.  Indeed,  the  quotation  from 
Hazlitt  on  'Lear'  (p.  413)  may  not  unfairly  be 
taken  to  express  the  biographer's  mistaken  con- 
ception of  his  task:  'We  wish  that  we  could 
pass  this  play  over  and  say  nothing  about  it. 
All  that  we  can  say  must  fall  far  short  of  the 
subject,  or  even  of  what  we  ourselves  conceive 
of  it;  .  .  .  yet  we  must  say  something.' 
There  is  an  abundance  of  the  profitless  conjec- 
ture that  few  biographers  of  Shakespeare  have 
had  the  good  taste  to  avoid.  Though  the  book 
was  originally  printed  two  years  ago,  the  present 
reprint  ought  certainly  to  have  been  brought  up 
to  date.  The  author  says  (p.  235)  of  Morgann's 
■'Essay  on  the  Dramatic  Character  of  Sir  John 
Falstaff'  that  it  is  'unfortunately  long  out  of 
print,'  though  it  was  reprinted  in  Nichol 
Smith's  'Eighteenth  Century  Essays  on  Shake- 
speare' early  in  the  past  year.  Nor  does  he 
refer  to  Mr.  Churton  Collins 's  admirable  discus- 
sion of  Shakespeare's  classical  scholarship  in  his 
recent  'Studies  in  Shakespeare,'  ^  discussion 
that  must  henceforth  be  taken  into  consideration 
"by  anyone  who  would  treat  Shakespeare's  educa- 
tion and  learning  with  intelligence.  The  illustra- 
tions of  the  book  are  entirely  commonplace,  and 
the  index  is  incomplete.  For  the  purpose  for 
which  it  was  first  written, — to  introduce  a  sub- 
scription edition  of  Shakespeare,— the  biography 
is  perhaps  not  useless;  but  its  republication,  with 
the  volumes  of  Halliwell-Phillips  and  Sidney  Lee 
accessible  to  everyone,  seems  to  us  quite  unjusti- 
fied. 

A  veteran  Mr.  Henry  HajTiie,  correspondent 

journalist's  for  many  journals  from  many 
reminiscences.  p^rtg  of  the  world,  but  for  the  last 
twenty  years  a  resident  of  Paris,  tells  us  in  his 
book  of  reminiscences  entitled  '  The  Captains  and 
the  Kings'  (Stokes),  that  during  the  period  just 
mentioned  he  has  written  'something  like  three 
thousand  articles,  or  above  six  millions  of  words,' 
and  that  nearly  every  article  was  signed  with 


his  own  name.  'To  be  anonymous  in  writing, 
whether  private  or  public,'  he  declares,  'is  fre- 
quently to  be  unfair  if  not  cowardly.'  Mr.  Hay- 
nie's  own  style  is  frank  and  straightforward, 
with  no  suspicion  of  giving  aught  but  the  truth, 
except  perhaps  a  slight  tendency  to  convey  an 
impression  of  intimacy  with  an  incredible  num- 
ber of  celebrated  persons.  His  pages  are  lavishly 
sprinkled  with  the  names  of  eminent  men  and 
women,  access  to  whom  has  been  gained  by  this 
energetic,  quick-witted,  and  resourceful  journalist 
and  interviewer.  Possibly  he  himself  helps  to 
explain  this  when  he  openly  acknowledges  that 
'to  be  the  chronicler  of  grand  personages  it  is 
not  necessary  that  one  should  have  ever  been  on 
familiar  terms  with  them,  nor  do  we  need  to  be 
very  precise  and  exact  as  to  their  goings  and 
comings  in  daily  life.'  But,  with  all  the  allow- 
ance this  confession  calls  for,  the  book  is  to  be 
commended.  It  is  interesting  from  cover  to 
cover;  and,  while  it  has  chiefly  to  do  with  per- 
sons, is  free  from  objectionable  personalities. 
Mr.  Haynie's  long  presidency  of  the  Foreign 
Press  Association  of  Corresi>ondents  in  Paris  has 
brought  him  into  contact  with  many  persons  one 
is  glad  to  read  about,  especially  those  <^f  his  own 
calling.  What  he  writes  about  the  late  M.  de 
Blowitz  is  particularly  worth  reading.  The 
author's  amusing  outbreak  against  'that  abomin- 
ation called  grammar'  gains  point  from  his  own 
occasional  lapses  from  Addisonian  English,  as 
where  he  writes,  'On  the  return  of  my  wife  and 
I  to  America.  .  .  .'  Another  slip,  of  a  dif- 
ferent sort,  occurs  on  the  page  facing  Gladstone 's 
portrait,  where  he  describes  that  statesman  as 
clean-shaven,  although  the  well-remembered  gray 
whiskers  are  plainly  visible  in  the  picture. 
Thirty-two  portraits  and  nine  facsimiles  of  let- 
ters or  parts  of  letters  are  given. 

Landmarks  of  The  Scotch  blood  that  appears  from 
the  Scottish  his  own  words  to  have  flowed  in  his 
umversities.  veins  should  have  made  the  'Liter- 
ary Landmarks  of  the  Scottish  Universities'  (Put- 
nam) a  congenial  theme  to  the  late  Laurence 
Hutton;  but  although  this  posthumous  volume  of 
our  lamented  author  is  graceful  and  entertaining, 
it  is  a  compilation  somewhat  perfunctory  in 
character  and  not  beyond  the  capacity  of  almost 
any  industrious  hack-writer.  With  the  exception 
of  a  personal  letter  from  the  Rev.  James  Sharp, 
the  information  collected  appears  to  be  drawn 
from  the  standard  sources.  Nevertheless  the  lit- 
tle book  is  at  least  a  handy  manual,  and  besides 
history  and  statistics  it  gives  many  a  pleasant 
anecdote.  Just  why  the  author  has  assumed  in 
his  readers  a  less  than  elementary  knowledge  of 
English  literature  is  not  apparent.  He  stops  to 
explain  that  James  Boswell,  who  studied  at  Edin- 
burgh and  Glasgow  Universities,  was  'the  author 
of  the  Life  of  Samuel  Johnson,  an  immortal  book, 
and  most  assuredly  a  landmark  in  literature.' 
Furthermore,  he  says  of  Boswell  that  almost 
nothing  is  known  of  him,— and  so  we  must  try 
to  be  thankful  for  what  he  has  here  told  us. 
After  styling  Bums  'a  genius,  but  not  altogether 
a  gentleman,'  he  condescendingly  characterizes 
Scott  as  'a  gentleman  and  almost  a  genius.'    He 


1905.J 


THE    DIAL, 


51 


boggles  unnecessarily  at  the  term  'ninth  jubilee' 
as  applied  to  Glasgow  University's  450th  birthday. 
Two  or  three  attempts  to  be  facetious  are  less 
happy  than  might  have  been  wished.  The  por- 
traits and  other  illustrations  are  many  and  good; 
and  they  alone  would  almost  suffice  to  make  the 
book  worth  while. 

For  the  art  Excepting     Yasaii's,     the     only 

student  and  known     contemporary    biography 

bmiophxie.  ^^l   Michelangelo   is  'that   written 

by  Ascanio  Condi\'i,  himself  a  painter  and  by 
repute  a  life-long  member  of  the  master's  house- 
hold. Though  this  work  has  been  given  decided 
preference  over  Vasari's  sketch  by  no  less  an 
authority  than  John  Addington  Symonds,  it 
seems  never  to  have  appeared  in  satisfactory 
English  translation.  Now  the  deficiency  is  sup- 
plied by  the  scholarly  and  fluent  rendering  of 
Mr.  Herbert  P.  Home,  published  in  a  limited 
edition  by  Mr.  D.  B.  Updike  at  the  Merrymount 
Press.  Something  more  than  a  translator's  share 
in  the  volume  has  been  taken  by  Mr.  Home,  for 
the  'Montallegro'  type  here  used  for  the  first 
time  is  of  his  design,  and  he  is  resjwnsible  also 
for  the  book's  decorative  features  and  general 
arrangement.  The  type  is  perhaps  the  most  suc- 
cessful adaptation  from  the  early  Italian  founts 
that  has  yet  appeared;  it  is  thoroughly  simple 
and  legible  in  character,  with  lines  just  hea\'j' 
enough  to  avoid  any  effect  of  weakness  in  the 
printed  page.  Though  Mr.  Ui>dike's  typograph- 
ical tenets  are  usually  sound,  we  can  hardly 
subscribe  to  all  of  them.  We  realize  that  thiu 
spacing  in  Xyp^  composition  is  essential  to  the 
best  artistic  effect;  but  when  it  is  carried  so 
far  as  to  interfere  with  readability,  as  is  often 
the  ease  in  the  present  volume,  its  virtue  is  de- 
cidedly open  to  question.  The  presswork  shown 
in  the  book  could  hardly  be  improved  upon,  being 
delightfidly  clear  and  even  throughout,  and  the 
handmade  paper  used  is  excellent  in  quality. 
Altogether,  the  volume  is  one  in  which  the  biblio- 
phile no  less  than  the  art  student  will  rejoice. 


••  \fith  Stoddard  Written  with  his  usual  troprical 
on  a  South  luxuriance  of  style,    Mr.    Charles 

Seashore.'  Warreu  Stoddard's  'Island  of 
Tranquil  Delights'  (Boston:  Herbert  B.  Turner 
&  Co.)  is  a  little  disappointing  in  its  lack  of  sus- 
tained interest  and  convincing  reality.  Fact  and 
fiction  chase  each  other  rather  bewilderingly 
through  his  glowing  pages,  and  the  whole  effect 
is  vague  and  impressionistic.  A  California  cir- 
cus story  entitled  'A  Sawdust  Fairy,'  in  which 
the  fairj-,  when  divested  of  tights  and  spangles, 
is  a  stimted  little  street  gamin,  is  the  only  realis- 
tic chapter  in  the  book.  In  most  of  the  others 
we  have  glamour  and  charm  and  sensuous  sug- 
gestion of  things  ineffable  and  delightful;  but 
this  prolonged  riot  of  the  imagination  wearies  the 
plain  reader.  Somewhat  too  imqualified  are  Mr. 
Stoddard's  praises  of  the  virtue  that  he  finds 
accompanying  the  unclothed  condition ;  and  some- 
what tiresomely  frequent  are  his  pictures  of  the 
sea-bathing  natives  of  his  beloved  Otaheite.  But 
his  fondness  for  the  gentle  savage  is  sincere,  and 
he  is  not  unsuccessful  in  depicting  his  attractive 


qualities.  The  story  of  'My  Late  Widow'  per- 
plexes bj"  its  description  of  two  separate  and  dis- 
similar deaths  of  apparently  the  same  person, 
who  is  first  drowned  and  then  murdered.  But 
perhaps  all  things  are  possible  in  the  Island  of 
Tranquil  Delights. 

*  The  Musician 's  Library, '  published 
miM^c^era.     ^^  *^®  Oliver  Ditson  Co.,  and  beau- 

tifidly  printed  at  the  Merrymount 
Press,  has  just  been  enlarged  by  the  addition  of 
five  new  volumes.  We  have  described  the  plan 
of  this  series  in  previous  reviews;  it  is  stifficient 
to  say  here  that  each  volume  has  a  special  editor, 
who  provides  a  critical  or  biographical  introduc- 
tion and  other  helpful  matter.  Two  of  the  five 
new  volumes  are  devoted  to  lyrics  by  Ridiard 
Wagner  (for  tenor  and  soprano,  respectively) 
and  have  been  prepared  by  that  veteran  conduc- 
tor, performer,  and  teacher,  Mr.  Carl  Armbruster. 
They  give  us  (with  German  and  English  text) 
the  most  important  lyrics  of  the  music-dramas, 
from  •  Rienzi '  to  '  Parsifal. '  The  soprano  volume 
has  in  addition  the  '  Trois  Melodies '  of  1840  and 
the  'Fiinf  Gedichte'  of  1857  —  the  latter  written 
fbr  verses  by  Wagner's  Egeria,  Mathilde  Wesen- 
donck.  These  volumes  are  in  every  way  delight- 
ful. Two  other  volumes,  edited  by  Mr.  Philip 
Hale,  are  made  up  of  songs  by  modern  French 
eomjwsers,  fifty  in  number,  arranged  alphabeti- 
cally from  Bemberg  to  Widor.  The  editor's 
introduction  is  a  thoroughly  competent  piece  of 
critical  work.  Finally  a  volume  containing  ten 
of  Liszt's  'Hungarian  Rhapsodies'  is  edited  by 
Messrs.  August  Spanuth  and  John  Orth.  They 
are  the  best  known  of  the  total  nineteen,  but  no 
custom  can  stale  their  infinite  variety. 


Two  great  The  special  winter  number  of  the 

cartoonists  'International  Studio' (John Lane) 
of  France.  jg  devoted  to   the   expositicm  and 

illustration  of  the  work  of  two  great  French 
cartoonists,  Daumier  and  Gavami.  Like  many 
other  modem  French  artists  and  draughtsmen, 
these  two  did  most  of  their  work  for  the  illus- 
trated comic  jotimals,  a  fact  which  doubtless 
accoimts  in  large  measure  for  the  small  regard 
in  which  their  names  are  held  today.  Critical 
and  biographical  notes  on  Daumier  are  translated 
from  an  essay  by  M.  Henri  Frantz,  and  M.  Octave 
Uzanne  writes  of  Gavami.  Both  essays  are 
exceedingly  interesting,  not  only  in  relation  to 
the  partictdar  artists  under  discussion,  but  also 
as  suggesting  reflections  about  the  whole  class  of 
modem  art-work  which  is  being  poured  out  in 
vast  quantities  day  by  day,  meant  solely  for  the 
cheapest  reproduction,  and  yet  in  many  cases 
strong,  original,  expressive  of  salient  phases  of 
modem  civilization,  and  deserving  of  more  atten- 
tion than  the  mere  laugh  it  provokes  at  the  break- 
fast table.  The  essays  are  after  all  mere  intro- 
ductions to  the  plates,  which  include  one  hundred 
and  twenty  reproductions  in  black  and  white,  and 
twenty  in  color  and  photogravure.  These  illus- 
trate every  phase  of  the  artists'  genius  and 
emphasize  their  fertility  and  versatility— partic- 
idarly  Gavami 's  —  of  which  the  essays  si>eak. 
Incidentally  the  cartoons  furnish  a  fascinating 


52 


THE    DIAL. 


[Jan.  IG, 


interpretation  of  Parisian  life  and  manners.  The 
si>ecial  numbers  of  'The  Studio'  are  always  inter- 
esting, but  this  one  is  unusually  unique  and  sug- 
gestive.   

A  handbook  T^e  title  of  a  recent  work  by  Prof. 
of  Mentca  Edward  L.  Thorndike,  'An  Intro- 

statistics,  duction   to  the  Theory  of  Mental 

and  Social  Measurement'  (New  York:  The 
Science  Press),  may  cause  an  exclamation  of  sur- 
prise among  the  laity  that  such  measurements 
are  possible.  Professor  Thorndike 's  book  is 
intended  entii-ely  for  the  student,  and  for  him 
it  supplies  a  distinctly  felt  want.  In  psychology 
and  sociology,  groups  of  phenomena  are  fre- 
quently dealt  with  which  express  averages,  rela- 
tions, variations,  con-elations  of  sets  of  measure- 
ments, from  the  analysis  of  which  important  con- 
clusions are  to  be  derived.  There  are  well  rec- 
ognized principles  that  determine  the  working 
up  of  such  statistical  material.  These  principles 
the  student  has  had,  until  now,  largely  to  learn 
incidentally  by  precept  and  example.  Dr.  Thorn- 
dike has  provided  an  extremely  practical  and 
well-planned  volume,  that  supplies  the  student 
with  both  the  principle  and  the  practice  of  the 
treatment  of  such  relations  as  they  occur  in 
psychology  and  sociology. 

Observations  It  is  difficult  to  estimate  the  good 
of  an  amateur  that  might  result  from  Mr.  Brough- 
immigrant.  ^^^  Brandenburg's  investigation  of 

the  immigration  question,  if  his  book  on 
'Imported  Americans.'  (Stokes)  should  reach 
those  in  authority,  or  even  those  whose  interest 
in  the  subject  gives  them  influence  in  matters 
related  to  it.  That  the  immigration  question 
still  remains  an  important  national  problem,  in 
spite  of  all  efforts  made  to  solve  it,  is  undisputed. 
The  most  earnest  efforts  to  provide  proper  laws 
for  the  exclusion  of  undesirable  aliens,  with  an 
efficient  system  for  securing  the  enforcement  of 
such  laws,  has  resulted  in  little  more  than  an 
evasion  of  them  by  the  least  desirable  emigrants. 
Mr.  Brandenburg  traces  the  causes  of  this  failure 
by  an  investigation  as  thorough  and  complete  as 
it  i)erhaps  is  possible  to  make.  The  two  clos- 
ing chapters,  on  'Legislation  and  Evasion'  and 
'The  Immigrant,'  give  a  synopsis  of  what 
has  been  done  and  what  might  be  done  in  the 
way  of  improving  present  conditions.  After 
reading  Mr.  Brandenburg's  book  many  will  agree 
with  him  that  the  remedy  for  the  evils  complained 
of  might  best  be  effected  through  an  immigration 
board  in  the  immigrant's  home-town. 


Tfte  preservation  The  full  record  of  the  proceed- 
of  contemporary  ings  of  the  Thirteenth  Republican 
political  records.  National  Convention,  held  at 
Chicago  on  June  21,  22,  and  23,  1904,  has  been 
published  in  permanent  form  by  the  compiler, 
Mr.  Charles  W.  Johnson  (Minneapolis,  Minn.), 
who  was  the  General  Secretary  of  the  Conven- 
tion. The  work  is  handsomely  printed  and  bound, 
and  is  embellished  with  portraits  of  the  principal 
officers  of  the  convention  and  its  nominees,  and 
with  sketches  of  the  public  careers  of  Messrs. 
Roosevelt  and  Fairbanks.    The  notable  addresses 


which  accompanied  the  nominations  of  these  can- 
didates are  here  reproduced  verbatim.  Thus  an 
exceedingly  valuable  contribution  to  the  current 
political  literature  of  the  counti*y  lias  been  made 
by  the  enthusiastic  compiler.  He  has  heretofore 
prepared  and  published  in  like  permanent  form 
the  full  recoi'ds  of  each  of  the  twelve  preceding 
national  conventions  of  the  same  party.  The 
whole  series  serves  to  perpetuate,  in  the  precise 
language  used  in  each  convention,  the  history  of  a 
political  party,  in  convenient  foi-m  for  both  pub- 
lic and  private  libraries;  and  within  its  limited 
field,  it  furnishes  a  faithful  pen-picture  of  the 
discussions  of  the  times. 

A  beginnei-'s  Miss  Mary  White,  known  tO' 
manual  of  workers     in      basketry     for     her 

pottery.  ^^^    excellent    manuals    of  direc- 

tions for  beginners  in  that  craft,  has  now 
written  a  book  about  pottery  intended  to- 
serve  the  same  purpose.  Like  its  predecessors, 
'How  to  Make  Pottei-y'  (Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.) 
is  a  clear,  simple,  and  thoroughly  practical  man- 
ual, and  will  doubtless  help  to  popularize  a  handi- 
craft which  is  at  present  fascinating  but  very 
mysterious  to  most  persons.  Miss  White  begins 
with  a  description  of  the  tools  and  materials 
needed,  then  tells  how  to  work  by  hand  and  on 
the  potter's  wheel,  and  how  to  decorate  and  glaze 
the  pots.  She  also  explains  the  general  princi- 
ple of  the  kiln.  As  in  the  basket  books,  there  axe 
a  number  of  excellent  plates,  ajid  dii'ections  tell 
exactly  how  to  reproduce  the  objects  illus- 
ti-ated. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


People  who  like  riddles  will  find  plenty  of  mate- 
rial on  which  to  exercise  their  ingenuity  in  a 
small  volume  by  Miss  Florence  L.  Sahler,  entitled 
'Captain  Kidd  and  Other  Charades'  (Robert  Grier 
Cooke).  The  fifty-three  charades  are  in  rhyme,  and 
there  is  a  key  at  the  back  of  the  book  by  means 
of  which  one  may  discover  whether  or  not  a  cor- 
rect answer  has  been  arrived  at.  A  very  interesting 
preface  tells  a  little  about  the  history  of  charades* 

This  is  the  day  of  children,  and  it  is  surprising 
that  nobody  had  written  a  book  about  that  most 
fascinating  child  'Pet  Marjorie, '  until  the  centen- 
ary of  her  birth  suggested  the  idea  to  Mr.  L.  Mac- 
bean.  Of  course,  Dr.  Brown's  'Marjorie  Fleming* 
is  the  last,  as  it  was  almost  the  first,  word  about 
Marjorie,  and  it  was  a  happy  thought  of  Mr.  Mac- 
bean  or  his  publishers  (Putnam)  to  incorporate  this 
little  classic  in  his  volume.  Mr.  Macbean  's  share 
of  the  work  is  devoted  to  a  fuller  description  of 
Marjorie 's  life  and  surroundings,  and  contains 
many  characteristic  extracts  from  her  journal,  a 
manuscript  copy  of  which  fortunately  came  to  light 
while   the   book    was   in    preparation. 

?The  Secret  of  Popularity,  or  How  to  Achieve 
Social  Success'  (McClure,  Phillips  &  Co.)  is  an 
attempt  on  the  part  of  Miss  Emily  Holt,  author  of 
the  'Encyclopaedia  of  Etiquette,'  to  instruct  the 
social  non-entities,  of  whom  the  world  is  unfortu- 
nately so  full,  in  the  way  to  please.  Miss  Holt 
has  apparently  no  hesitancy  in  assuming  that  a 
charming  manner  is  as  easily  taught  and  acquired 
as  good  manners.  She  goes  about  her  task  with 
vigor,    system,,    and    thoroughness,    analyzing   'The 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


53 


Woman  Admired  by  Men,'  'The  Child  We  Love,' 
'  Welcome  Guests, '  '  The  Successful  Hostess, '  '  A 
Bachelor  and  a  Gentleman,'  and  half  a  dozen 
other  types,  among  whom  the  most  exacting  reader 
should  be  able  to  find  something  that  will  fit  his 
cAse. 

Messrs.  Clifford  &  Lawton  have  published  a  port- 
folio entitled  'American  Interior  Decoration,'  con- 
taining forty-five  half-tone  plates  showing  views 
of  the  best  contemporary  American  interiors  cor- 
rectly- classified  by  periods.  The  pictures  present 
a  considerable  variety  in  style  and  aim,  tending, 
however,  to  the  older  and  standard  forms  rather 
than  to  the  Arts  and  Crafts  styles  so  popular  at 
present.  They  do  not,  of  course,  reproduce  detail 
or  color,  but  they  make  clear  the  general  scheme 
of  work,  and  they  are  interesting  as  showing  what 
is  being  accomplished  by  American  decorators. 

'The  Younger  American  Poets,'  according  to 
Miss  Jessie  B.  Eittenhouse's  book  thus  entitled, 
are  eighteen  in  number,  eleven  of  them  being  men. 
We  have  no  particular  fault  to  find  with  the  selec- 
tion, since  the  one  serious  omission,  that  of  Mr. 
Moody,  is  explained  as  due  to  copyright  considera- 
tions. Certainly  the  eighteen  writers  discussed  are 
deser\-ing  of  serious  consideration,  and  Miss  Kitten- 
house  discourses  upon  their  characteristics  with 
intelligent  appreciation.  She  gives  us  abundant 
illustrative  extracts  as  well  as  criticism,  and  her 
book  contains  a  series  of  portraits  and  a  biographi- 
cal index.  Messrs.  Little,  Brown  &  Co.  are  the 
publishers. 

The  journal  of  the  National  Educational  Associa- 
tion for  1904  comes  to  us  in  the  usual  stout  volume, 
this  time  having  for  a  companion  a  year  book  with 
minutes,  reports,  and  membership  lists.  The  con- 
tents of  the  volume  form  a  veritable  encyclopaedia 
of  current  educational  thought,  and  even  the  list 
of  the  more  interesting  papers  is  too  long  for  us 
to  print.  It  may  be  noted,  however,  that  about 
forty  of  the  papers  have  a  special  bearing  upon 
the  educational  exhibit  at  St.  Louis,  where  the 
meeting  of  last  July  was  held,  and  that  the  num- 
ber of  papers  from  foreign  contributors  is  unusu- 
ally large.  In  the  year  book  we  have  an  account 
of  the  various  special  problems  now  in  the  hands 
of   committees   of  investigation. 

Bayard  Holmes,  B.S.,  M.D.,  a  well  known  author- 
ity, has  prepared  a  book  on  'Appendicitis  and 
Other  Diseases  about  the  Appendix'  (Appleton) 
which  is  almost  in  the  nature  of  a  popular  work, 
so  prevalent  has  the  disturbance  become  since 
its  definition  in  1867.  It  is  primarily  addressed,  of 
course,  to  students  of  medicine  and  surgery,  and 
contains  the  necessary  plates  and  directions  for 
diagnosis  and  treatment.  It  scarcely  need  be  said 
that  Dr.  Holmes  believes  emphatically  in  surgery 
as  the  only  remedy  applicable  when  the  disease  has 
manifested  itself;  and  the  notes  of  the  cases  that 
have  come  within  his  own  knowledge  prove  that 
his  apprehensions  regarding  delay  are  well  founded. 
At  the  same  time  he  goes  far  toward  removing 
the  fear  of  the  surgeon's  knife,  so  common  every- 
where, by  similar  proof  of  his  statement  that  '  Ideal 
appendicectomy  ought  not  to  require  more  than 
an  inch-and-a-quarter  incision,  ten  minutes  of 
anaesthesia,  and  four  days  in  the  hospital.'  No 
scar  remains  to  mark  the  entrance  of  the  surgeon's 
knife,  and  in  most  cases  the  subcutaneous  injec- 
tion of  a  local  anaesthetic  suffices,  it  being  needful 
to  remain  in  bed  on  a  light  diet  only  one  day  there- 
after. The  book  contains  an  index  and  a  brief 
bibliography,  and  is  the  first  part  of  a  larger  work 
covering  'The  Surgery  of  the  Abdomen,'  now  in 
hand  bv  the  author. 


XOTES. 


Messrs.  Paul  Elder  &  Co.  publish  'The  Busi- 
ness Career  in  Its  PubUe  Eelations, '  by  Dr.  Albert 
Shaw,  being  the  first  lecture  delivered  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  California  upon  the  Weinstock  founda- 
tion. 

'Forms  of  English  Poetry,'  by  Dr.  Charles  F. 
Johnson,  is  a  recent  publication  of  the  American 
Book  Co.  It  is  a  compact  little  manual  which 
teachers  of  English  will  find  very  useful  in  their 
work. 

The  'Letters  of  a  Portuguese  Nun  to  an  Officer 
in  the  British  Army,'  printed  in  facsimile  from 
the  edition  of  1817,  with  the  addition  of  a  bibliog- 
raphy, is  a  pretty  little  book  that  has  recently 
come  to  us  from  the  Messrs.  Brentano. 

'The  Japanese  Floral  Calendar,'  by  Mr.  Ernest 
W.  Clement,  is  an  interesting  and  beautifully  illus- 
trated little  volume  just  issued  by  the  Open  Court 
Publishing  Co.,  the  contents  being  reprinted  from 
their  monthly  periodical,  'The  Open  Court.' 

'A  Plea  for  the  Historical  Teaching  of  History,' 
by  Mr.  C.  H.  Firth,  is  published  by  the  Oxford 
Clarendon  Press.  It  gives  us  the  author's  inaugural 
lecture  of  a  few  weeks  ago,  when  he  assumed  his 
new  post  of  Regius  Professor  of  Modem  History  at 
Oxford. 

Two  recent  publications  of  the  University  of 
Wisconsin  are  'Das  Sprichwort  bei  Hans  Sachs,' 
by  Mr.  Charles  Hart  Handschin,  and  'The  King's 
Household  in  England  before  the  Xorman  Con- 
quest,' by  Mr.  Laurence  Marcellus  Larson.  Both 
are  in  the  form  of  doctoral  dissertations. 

'The  Government  of  Illinois,'  by  Mr.  Evarts 
Bout  ell  Greene,  is  a  new  volume  in  the  'Hand- 
books of  American  Government, '  published  by  the 
Macmillan  Co.  The  work  is  excellently  done,  and 
will  earn  the  gratitude  of  teachers  of  civil  gov- 
ernment throughout  the  schools  of  the  State. 

Part  n.,  completing  the  work,  of  Professor  E.  P. 
Cubberley's  'Syllabus  of  Lectures  on  the  History 
of  Education,'  is  sent  us  by  the  Macmillan  Co. 
As  in  the  earlier  section  of  the  work,  the  alternate 
pages  are  left  blank  for  the  insertion  of  new  mat- 
ter, and  the  syllabus  is  accompanied  by  selected 
bibliographies  and  suggestions  for  reading.  There 
are  also  many  quaint  and  interesting  illustrations 
from  old  books  and  prints. 

'A  Parody  Anthology,'  collected  by  Miss  Carolyn 
Wells,  and  published  by  Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons,  is  a  book  that  includes  many  examples,  new 
and  old,  of  this  form  of  literary  diversion;  and  the 
average  is  surprisingly  good.  We  are  particularly 
glad  to  find  here  resuscitated  the  parodies  written 
by  Miss  Phoebe  Cary  and  those  contained  in 
Bayard  Taylor's  'Diversions  of  the  Echo  Club.' 
The  arrangement  is  by  victims,  and  there  are  full 
indexes  of  titles,  authors,  and  authors  parodied. 

It  is  announced  bv  the  Arthur  H.  Clark  Co.,  pub- 
lishers of  'The  Philippine  Islands:  1493-1898,' 
which  is  being  compiled  and  edited  by  Miss  Emma 
Helen  Blair  and  Mr.  James  Alexander  Robertson, 
that  Volume  XXXII.  and  possibly  a  portion  of  Vol- 
ume XXXIII.  of  that  series  will  contain  the  origi- 
nal Pigafetta  relation  of  the  Magellan  expedition, 
with  Sk  page-for-page  English  translation.  The 
Italian  text  is  copied  from  the  original  manuscript 
in  the  Bibliotheca  Ambrosiana,  Milan,  Italy,  said 
to  be  the  oldest  Pigafetta  manuscript  in  existence. 
All  the  peculiarities  of  the  manuscript  (which  is 
written  in  the  Venetian  dialect  of  the  early  six- 
teenth century,  with  occasional  French  and  Span- 
ish words)  have  been  carefully  preserved;  and  thus 


54 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16. 


for  the  first  time  scholars  who  cannot  have  access 
to  the  original  manuscript  will  be  enabled  to  have 
before  them  the  words  of  Pigafetta,  as  he  wrote 
them.  To  those  who  are  unable  to  read  the  nar- 
I'ative  in  the  original,  the  English  translation  will 
be  of  the  utmost  service,  while  the  copious  annota- 
tions should  prove  helpful  to  all. 

The  success  of  'Country  Life  in  America'  has 
encouraged  the  publishers  of  that  periodical, 
Messrs.  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.,  to  project  a  new 
magazine  devoted  wholly  to  what  has  been  but 
one  of  the  interests  covered  in  the  older  publica- 
tion. 'The  Gardening  Magazine,'  as  it  is  called, 
will  be  confined  strictly  to  gardening  subjects.  The 
first  number,  dated  February,  will  appear  about  the 
middle  of  the  present  month. 

'Eecreations  of  an  Anthologist,'  by  Professor 
Brander  Matthews,  is  a  volume  of  pleasant  literary 
essays  published  by  Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. 
Among  the  titles  are  'Unwritten  Books,'  'Amer- 
ican Satires  in  Verse,'  'Carols  of  Cookery,'  and 
'  Recipes  in  Rhyme. '  A  paper  on  the  uncollected 
poems  of  H.  C.  Bunner  is  made  particularly  inter- 
esting by  its  presentation  of  several  of  the  more 
broadly  comic  pieces  of  that  versatile  humorist. 

It  has  been  known  for  some  time  past  that  the 
late  Theodore  Thomas  was  preparing  for  th,e  pub- 
lic an  autobiographical  account  of  his  career,  under 
the  editorial  supervision  of  his  life-long  friend, 
Mr.  George  P.  Upton.  It  had  not  been  expected, 
however,  that  the  work  would  be  ready  until  next 
Fall;  and  it  is  a  gratifying  surprise  to  learn  that 
it  is  so  far  advanced  that  the  publishers,  Messrs. 
A.  C.  MeClurg  &  Co.,  are  able  to  promise  its  defi- 
nite appearance  in  April.  This  book,  as  already 
announced,  is  to  be  called  'Theodore  Thomas:  A 
Musical  Autobiography,'  and  will  consist  of  two 
large  volumes — the  first  devoted  to  his  life  work, 
and  the  second  almost  entirely  to  programmes.  It 
was  Mr.  Thomas's  original  intention  to  confine  the 
autobiography  to  the  musical  events  of  his  boy- 
hood and  first  public  appearances,  but  as  the  work 
proceeded  he  became  more  and  more  interested,  and 
made  it  complete  by  bringing  it  down  to  the  pres- 
ent orchestral  season.  The  same  volume  will  also 
contain  an  appreciation  by  Mr,  Upton  of  Mr. 
Thomas's  life  as  a  man  and  work  as  a  musician 
and  conductor,  in  which  much  additional  informa- 
tion will  be  set  forth.  The  second  volume  will 
contain  all  his  representative  and  most  significant 
programmes  from  1855  to  1905,  which  may  be  called 
the  period  of  his  public  career,  carefully  edited 
and  explained  when  necessary.  Mr.  Thomas  has 
added  interest  as  well  as  authority  to  this  volume 
by  contributing  a  series  of  terse  essays  upon  vari- 
ous musical  subjects  of  interest  to  the  general 
public  hardly  less  than  to  the  musician. 


List  of  New  Books. 


[The  following  list,  containing  90  titles,  includes  books    j 
received  by  Thk  Dial  since  its  last  issue.]  j 

BIOGRAPHY.  I 

Theodore    Watts-Dunton,     Poet,     Novelist,     Critic :       A    1 

Biographical   and  Critical  Study.      By  James  Douglas,    i 

Illus.   in  photogravure,  etc.,  large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut. 

pp.   481.      John    Lane.      $3.50   net. 
Life   of  Thomas  Hart  Benton.       By  William  M.  Meigs. 

With   photogravure   portrait,    8vo,    gilt   top,   uncut,   pp. 

535.     J.  B.   Lippincott  Co.      $2.   net. 
Thomas  Gainsborough,  R.A.     By  A.  E.  Fletcher.     Illus. 

in   photogravure,   etc.,    12mo,   gilt  top,   uncut,   pp.    236. 

'  Makers    of    British    Art.'      Charles    Scribner's    Sons. 

$1.25   net. 
Bravest  of  the  Brave  :   Captain    Charles    de    Langlade. 

By   Publius   V.   Lawson,   LL.B.      Illus.,   12mo,   pp.   257. 

Published  by  the  author  at  Menasha,  Wis. 


HISTORY. 

Historical  Mysteries.  By  Andrew  Lang.  With  photo- 
gravure portrait,  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  304.  Longmans, 
Green  &  Co.     $2.50  net. 

Heath's  Memoirs  of  the  American  War.  Reprinted  from 
the  original  edition  of  1798.  Edited  by  Rufus  Rock- 
well Wilson.  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  435.  A.  Wessels  Co. 
$2.50  net. 

The  Holy  Roman  Empire.  By  James  Bryce,  D.C.L.  New 
edition ;  enlarged  and  revised  throughout.  8vo,  gilt 
top,  uncut,  pp.  575.     Macmillan  Co.     $1.50  net. 

Indian  Fights  and  Fighters  :  The  Soldier  and  the  Sioux. 
By  Cyrus  Townsend  Brady,  LL.D.  Hlus.,  8vo,  pp. 
423.     McClure,   Phillips  &  Co.      $1.30  net. 

Early  Western  Travels,  1748-1846.  Edited  by  Reuben 
Gold  Thwaites.  Vol.  X.,  large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp. 
357.     The  Arthur  H.  Clark  Co.      $4.  net. 

The  Napoleon  Myth.  By  Henry  Ridgely  Evans.  Illus., 
large  8vo,  pp.  65.    Chicago:  Open  Court  Publishing  Co. 

La  Maison  D'Albe  et  les  Archives  Colombiennes.  Par 
M.  Henry  Vignaud.  4to,  uncut,  pp.  18.  Paris :  Au 
SiSge  de  la  Societe. 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 

The  Shade  of  the  Balkans  :  Being  a  collection  of  Bul- 
garian Folk-Songs  and  Proverbs,  Here  First  Rendered 
into  English,  with  an  Essay  on  Bulgarian  Popular 
Poetry  and  Another  on  the  Origin  of  the  Bulgars.  8vo, 
uncut,  pp.  328.     London  :  David  Nutt. 

Stories  and  Sketches  of  Japan.  By  Lafacadio  Hearn. 
In  4  vols.,  comprising  :  Exotics  and  Retrospectives,  In 
Ghostly  Japan,  Shadowings,  and  A  Japanese  Miscel- 
lany.    12mo,  Little,  Brown  &  Co.      Per  vol.,  $1.25. 

Inaugural  Addresses  of  the  Presidents  of  the  United 
States  from  Washington  to  Lincoln.  Edited  by  John 
Vance  Cheney.  With  photogravure  portrait,  16mo, 
gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  300.  Chicago  :  The  Lakeside  Press. 

Makers  of  the  American  Republic  :  A  Series  of  Patriotic 
Addresses.  By  David  Gregg,  D.D.,  Hon.  W.  W.  Good- 
rich, and  Dr.  Sidney  H.  Carney,  Jr.  New  and  enlarged 
edition.  With  frontispiece,  12mo,  pp.  527.  E.  B.  Treat 
&  Co.     $2. 

NEW  EDITIONS  OF  STANDARD 
LITERATURE. 

Complete  Poetical  Works  of  Shelley  :  Including  mate- 
rials never  before  printed  in  any  edition  of  the  poems. 
Edited  by  Thomas  Hutchinson.  With  portrait,  8vo, 
uncut,  pp.  1023.     Oxford  University  Press. 

The  Letters  of  Horace  Walpolb,  Fourth  Earl  of  Orford. 
Chronologically  arranged  and  edited  by  Mrs.  Toynbee. 
Vols.  IX.  to  XII.,  1774-1783.  With  photogravure  por- 
traits, 12mo,  gilt  tops,  uncut.  Oxford  Universitjr  Press. 
Sold  only  in  sets  of  16  vols.,  at  $27.  net. 

Novels  and  Stories  of  Ivan  Turgenieff.  Newly  trans, 
from  the  Russian  by  Isabel  F.  Hapgood.  Vol.  XIV., 
The  Brigadier  and  Other  Stories;  Vol.  XV.,  Spring 
Freshets  and  Other  Stories  ;  Vol.  XVI.,  A  Desperate 
Character  and  Other  Stories ;  completing  the  set.  Each 
with  photogravure  frontispiece,  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut. 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  (Sold  only  in  sets  by  sub- 
scription.) 

The  Journal  to  Eliza  and  Various  Letters.  By  Lau- 
rence Sterne  and  Elizabeth  Draper ;  with  Introduction 
by  Wilbur  L.  Cross.  Illus.  with  etchings,  8vo,  gilt 
top,    uncut,    pp.    287.      J.    F.    Taylor    &   Co. 

The  Journal  to  Stella,  with  Other  Writings  relating  to 
Stella  and  Vanessa.  By  Jonathan  Swift,  D.D.  ;  with 
notes  by  Sir  Walter  Scott.  With  photogravure  frontis- 
piece, 18mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  713.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 
$1.25  net. 

The  Travels  of  Marco  Polo.  The  translation  of  Mars- 
den  revised  by  Thomas  Wright,  F.S.A.  With  photo- 
gravure frontispiece,  18mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  461.  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons.     $1.25  net. 

The  Early  Italian  Poets,  together  with  Dante's  Vita 
Nuova.  Trans,  by  D.  G.  Rossetti.  With  photogravure 
frontispiece,  18mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  351.  Charles  Scrib- 
ner's Sons.     $1.25  net. 

BOOKS   OF  TERSE. 

Cassia,    and    Other    Verse.      By  Edith  M.  Thomas.     12mo, 

gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  89.     R.  G.  Badger.     $1.50. 
Love   Sonnets   to   Ermingarde.      By  Edward  O.   Jackson. 

Illus.,  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  60.    R.  G.  Badger.    $1. 
SoEUR  Marie  :   A  Poem.     By  Mary  Randall  Shippey.    With 

portrait,    12mo,    gilt   top,    uncut,    pp.    96.      New   York : 

Robert  Grier  Cooke. 
The  Path  o'  Dreams.     By  Thomas  S.  Jones,  Jr.     12mo, 

uncut,  pp.  47.     R.  G.  Badger.     $1. 
Prairie   Breezes.     By  James  W.   Foley.     12mo,   gilt  top, 

uncut,  pp.  103.     R.  G.  Badger.     $1.25. 
Incense.      Bj'    Levi    Gilbert.      12mo,    gilt   top,    uncut,   pp. 

118.      Jennings  &  Graham.     75  cts.  net. 
The    Rubaiyat    of   Omar    Cayenne.      By    Gelett    Burgess. 

16mo,  pp.  31      F.  A.  Stokes  Co.     Paper,  25  cts. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL. 


55 


FICTIO:ii. 

Walter  Pietebse  :  A  Story  of  Holland.  By  Multatuli 
(EMuard  Douwes  Dekker)  ;  trans,  by  Hubert  Evans, 
Ph.D.  With  portrait,  12mo,  pp.  303.  New  York: 
Friderici  &  Gareis.     $1.50. 

The  Fibst  Stone,  and  Other  Stories.  By  W.  T.  Washburn. 
12mo,  pp.  217.     R.  F.  Fenno  &  Co.     $1. 

A  Rose  of  Noeman'dy.  By  William  R.  A.  Wilson.  Pop- 
ular edition  ;  with  frontispiece,  12mo,  pp.  379.  Little, 
Brown  &  Co.     75   cts. 

Stealthy  Steve  :  A  Satirical  Detective  Story.  By  Newton 
Newkirk.  Illus.,  16mo,  pp.  172.  Boston :  John  W. 
Luce  &  Co.     75  cts. 

TRAVEL  AXD   DESCRIPTION. 

Literary  Geography.  By  William  Sharp.  Illus.,  4to, 
gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  248.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 
53.50  net. 

The  Heart  of  a  Continent  :  A  Narrative  of  Travels  In 
Manchuria  across  the  Gobi  Desert,  through  the  Him- 
alayas, the  Pamirs,  and  Hunza,  1884-1894.  By.  CoL 
Francis  Edward  Younghusband,  CLE.  New  edition, 
revised.  Illus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  large  8vo,  gilt 
top,  pp.  332.     Charles  Scribner's  Sons.     $2.  net. 

RELIGION. 

On  Holy  Ground  :  Bible  Stories,  with  Pictures  of  Bible 
Lands.  By  William  L.  Worcester.  Illus.,  large  8vo, 
gilt  top,  pp.  492.     J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.      $3.  net. 

Tales  Told  in  Palestine.  Collected  by  J.  E.  Hanauer ; 
edited,  with  illustrations,  by  H.  G.  Mitchell.  8vo,  pp. 
221.     Jennings  &  Graham.     $1.25  net. 

Temple  Series  of  Bible  Handbooks.  New  vols. :  Con- 
nection between  Old  and  New  Testaments,  by  Rev. 
George  Milne  Rea,  D.D. ;  St.  John  and  his  Work,  by 
Rev.  Canon  Benham,  D.D.  Each  with  frontispiece, 
24mo.      J.   B.   Lippincott    Co. 

SOCIOLOGY  AND  ECONOMICS. 

Modern  Methods  of  Charity  :  An  Accoont  of  the  Sys- 
tems of  Relief,  Public  and  Private,  in  the  Principal 
Countries  having  Modern  Methods.  By  Charles  Rich- 
mond Henderson,  assisted  by  others.  Large  8vo,  gilt 
top,  uncut,  pp.  715.     Macmillan  Co.     $3.50  net. 

Economic  Method  and  Economic  Fallacies.  By  William 
Warrand  Carlile,  M.A.  Large  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  284. 
Longmans,  Green  &  Co.     $3.  net. 

SCIENCE   AND   NATURE. 

House,  Garden,  antj  Field  :  A  Collection  of  Short  Nature 
Studies.  By  L.  C.  Miall,  F.R.S.  Illus.,  12mo,  uncut, 
pp.  316.     Longmans,  Green  &  Co.     $2. 

Modern  Theory  of  Physical  Phenomena  :  Radio- Activity, 
Ions,  Electrons.  By  Augusto  Rlghl ;  authorized  trans- 
lation by  Augustus  Trowbridge.  12mo,  pp.  165.  Mac- 
millan Co.     $1.10  net. 

Life  and  Energy  :  An  Attempt  at  a  New  Definition  of  Life, 
with  Applications  to  Morals  and  Religion.  By  Walter 
Hibbert,  F.I.C.  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  182.  Longmans, 
Green  &  Co.     $1. 

Twenty-First  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ameri- 
can Ethnology,  1899-1900.  By  J.  W.  Powell.  Illus. 
in  color,  etc.,  4to,  pp.  360.  Government  Printing 
Office. 

Twenty-Second  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ameri- 
can Ethnology,  1900-1901.  By  J.  W.  Powell.  Illus. 
in  color,  etc.,  4to,  pp.  320.  Government  Printing 
Office. 

BOOKS    OF   REFERENCE. 

Faith  and  Folklore  :  A  Dictionary  of  National  Beliefs, 
Superstitions,  and  Popular  Customs,  Past  and  Current, 
with  their  C!%ssical  and  Foreign  Analogues.  By  W. 
Carew  Hazlitt.  In  2  vols.,  illus.,  large  8vo,  gilt  tops. 
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56 


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IMPORTANT  LIBRARY  BOOKS 

Gass's  Journal 

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portraits,    and  facsimile    maps.      Second  Edition.      Cloth,    boxed,  Thtvaites,  LL.D.,  facsimiles  of  the  original  title-pages,  maps,  and 

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An  Index  to  Poetry  and  Recitations 

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Florence  in  the  Poetry  of  the  The  Illini 

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Mozart      Beethoven      William  Tell      Maid  of  Orleans 

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W.  W.  CANFIELD. 

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FAMOUS  BATTLES  OF  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY 

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THE   DIALr 


71 


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THE  LITTLE  BOOK  OF  LIFE  AFTER  DEATH.  By  Gcstav 
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Wadsworth.  With  introduction  by  Prof.  William  James.  16mo, 
cloth,  $1.00. 

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KENNEL  SECRETS.  How  to  Breed.  Exhibit,  and  Manage 
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A  SHORT  CONSTITUTIONAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES.    By  Ffuans  Kswtoh  Thorpb.    12mo,  cloth,  $1.75  net. 


FOOD  AND  COOKERY  FOR  THE  SICK  AND  CONVALES- 
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QEOROE  ELIOT.  By  Mathilob  Buss,  yeui  lUuttrated  EdiHam. 
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ington,  M.A.    12mo,  $1.25. 

LAURA  BRIDOMAN.  Dr.  Howe's  Famous  Pupil  and  What 
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A'ew  Popular  Ediiion.    Illustrated.     Crown  8to,  $1.50. 

THE  OLD  MASTERS  AND  THEIR  PICTURES.  By  SAmAH 
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THE   INTELLECTUAL   UFE.     By  Philip  Oilbskt  HAnrrox. 

Jfetc  lUustraUd  EdUion.    12mo,  cloth,  $1.75. 

IN  GHOSTLY  JAPAN.  Exotics  and  Retrospectives.  Shadow- 
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cloth,  $10.00 ;  half  crushed  morocco,  $27.50. 

SAMUEL  LOVER'S  NOVELS.    With  frontispieces.   4  rob.   12mo, 
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half  crushed  morocco,  $107.25.    (Sold  only  in  sets). 
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SUSAN  CLEGO  AND  HER  FRIEND  MRS.  LATHROP.     By 
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PAINTED  SHADOWS.    By  Richabd  Lb  GAUjxsn.    12mo,  $1.50. 

THE    PRINCESS   THORA.     By  Harris  Burlavd.     niustrated. 

12mo,  $1.50. 

SWEET  PEGGY.    By  LniinB  Sarah  Harris,    ninstrated.    12ino, 
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THE    WOLVERINE:    A    Romance   of   Early    Michigan.     By 

Albbbt  L.  Lawbbscb.     Illustrated.     12mo,  $1.50. 

THE  GOLDEN  WINDOWS.    By  Lacra  K.  Bichards.    Jfetp  Pop- 
ular EdUion.    12mo,  cloth,  $1.00. 

THE   VIKING'S   SKULL.     By  Johh   R.  Caruso,      niostrated. 
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LIFE  AND  DEATH  AND  OTHER  LEGENDS  AND  STORIES. 

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cloth,  $1.00. 

THE  NORTH  STAR.    A  Tale  of  Norway  in  the  Tenth  Century.    By 
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THE  WOOD  CARVER  OF  'LYMPUS 

frontispiece.    12mo,  $1.50. 


By  M.  K.  Waixbb.    With 
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ANNA,  THE  ADVENTURESS. 

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THE  EFFENDI.  A  Romance  of  the  Soudan.  By  Florbbcb  Brooks 
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THE  QUEEN  OF  QUELPARTE.  A  Story  of  Russian  Intrigue  in 
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THE  BOY  CAPTIVE  OF  OLD  DEERFIELD.    By  Mart  P.  Wblu 

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THE  STORY  OF  ROLF  AND  THE  VIKING'S  BOW.    By  Allxs 

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72  THE     DIAL.  [Feb.  1,1905. 


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Vol.  II.   THE  REFORMATION 

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No.  447.       FEBRUARY  1,  1905.    Vol.  XXXVm. 

COXTEBTTS. 

PAOB 

MODERN  LIBRARY  WORK:  ITS  AIMS  JlSD  ITS 

ACHIEVEMENTS.    Ernest  Cushing  Richardson     73 

BIBLIOGRAPHY  IN  AMERICA.    WiUiam  Codidge 

Lane 76 

THEODORE    WATTS-DUNTON.      WiUiam  Morton 

Payne 78 

THE   STORY  OF   OUR  NATIONAL   LIBRARY. 

Aksel  G.  S.  Josephson 81 

OUR      INTIMATE      FRIEND,      MICHAEL      DE 

MONTAIGNE.     Maiy  Augusta  Scott  ....     82 

THE  LUXURIES  OFANTIQUARIANISM.  Frederic 

Ives  Carpenter 85 

WHAT  MAY  WE  BELIEVE  ?      T.  D.  A.  CockereU     86 

WANDERINGS     OVER     FOUR      CONTINENTS. 

Wallace  Bice 88 

Murray's  On  the  Old  Road  through  France  to 
Florence.  —  Maxwell's  The  Log  of  the  Grif&n.  — 
Higinbotham's  Three  Weeks  in  Europe. — Watson's 
Sunshine  and  Sentiment  in  Portugal.  —  G&nz's 
The  Land  of  Riddles.  —  Crockett's  Raiderland.  — 
Afl&lo's  The  Truth  about  Morocco.  —  Farman's 
Along  the  Nile  with  General  Grant.  —  Sykes's 
Dar-ul-Ialam. — Greer's  By  Nile  and  Euphrates. — 
Groodrich-Freer's  Inner  Jerusalem.  —  Carter's  The 
Kingdom  of  Siam.  —  Edwards's  In  to  the  Yukon. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 91 

A  manual  for  the  library  assistant. — More  students' 
search-lights  on  Japan.  —  The  theory  of  organic 
evolution. — Some  noteworthy  Atlantic  essays. — 
Wellington,  and  England's  military  power.  — -  A 
new  Oriental  Rug-book.  —  A  bic^^phy  of  the 
mind. — Untrustworthy  information  about  Italy. — 
A  Dictionary  of  the  Drama. — ^The  latest  biography 
of  Lincoln. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 95 

NOTES 96 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS      ....  97 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS 97 


MODERN  LIBRARY  WORK:    ITS  AIMS 
AND  ITS  ACHIEVEMENTS. 

AS  SUOOBSTSD  BT  THB  ST.  liOUIS  COKFKBSNCB  Or 
THS  AMKBICAK  I.IBRABT  ASSOCIATION. 


The  work  of  the  recent  St.  Louis  conference 
of  the  American  Library  Association  perhaps 
does  not  form  so  good  a  basis  for  a  general 
smmning  up  of  the  aims  and  achievements  of 
modem  library  work  in  America  as  might  some 
of  the  previous  conferences;  but  as  strongly 
emphasizing  many  of  the  highest  of  these  aims 
and  tendencies,  it  was  unequalled  in  the  annals 
of  the  Association.  It  was  intended,  as  Presi- 
dent Putnam  said  in  his  opening  address,  to 
deal  at  this  meeting  with  the  larger  phases  of 
the  library  movement;  to  the  neglect,  if  neces- 
sary, of  the  customary  discussions  of  practical 
detail.  The  cosmopolitan  character  of  the 
attendance  and  the  scientific  elevation  of  the 
themes  gave  to  all  the  work  a  character  that 
fairly  represents  the  increasing  breadth  and 
deration  of  modem  library  aims    in   generaL 

One  of  the  chief  ideals  of  modem  library 
work,  as  of  all  economic  and  social  life,  is 
cooperation.  'No  bibliothecal  body  has  ever 
emphasized  and  developed  this  fundamental 
social  aim  as  has  the  American  Library  Associ- 
ation,—  not  forgetting  the  work  of  the  Boyal 
Society  or  the  Institut  de  Bibliographic.  Its 
achievements  in  this  line  are  well  known,  —  the 
Poole's  Index  and  its  successors  and  imitators; 
the  standardization  of  methods  in  cataloguing, 
and  in  cards  and  other  materials;  the  adoption 
of  the  metrical  system  of  measurements;  the 
publication  of  catalogue  cards,  cooperative  lists 
of  periodicals,  the  'A.L.A.'  Catalogue,  and  so  on. 
The  St.  Louis  conference  showed  much  coopera- 
tive work,  of  one  sort  or  another,  being  done  in 
Prussia,  Sweden,  Xorway,  Switzerland,  Austria, 
Belgium,  France,  and  Great  Britain;  and  the 
cosmopolitan  character  of  modem  library  aims 
was  illustrated  by  such  results  of  cooperation 
on  an  international  scale  as  the  International 
Catalogue  of  Scientific  Literature,  the  Ziirich 
Index,  and  the  work  of  the  Institut  de  Bibli- 
ographic, by  the  proposals  to  extend  interna- 
tional catalogues  to  oflBcial  literature,  historical 
periodicals,  and  manuscripts,  and  by  the  Hand- 
book of  Learned  Societies.  It  took  concrete 
form  in  two  proposals  for  organized  interna- 
tional cooperation,  on  both  of  which  special 
committees  were  appointed:  Mr.  Jasfs  propo- 
sition from  the  Library  A^ociation  of  the 
United    Kingdom    for    cooperation    with    the 


74 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


'  A.  L.  A/  in  establishing  uniform  cataloguing 
rules,  and  the  suggestion  of  President  Putnam 
and  President  Francis  for  the  afl&liation  of  the 
library  associations  of  Europe  and  America. 

The  most  significant  recent  result  of  cooper- 
ation is  undoubtedly  the  published  catalogue 
card,  as  developed  especially  by  the  Library  of 
Congress,  the  John  Crerar  Library,  and  the 
Publishing  Board  of  the  *  A.  L.  A.'  Librarians 
are  no  longer  tolerant  of  the  economic  waste  of 
expending  over  and  over  again  the  expert  work 
required  in  cataloguing,  and  the  mechanical 
work  in  reduplicating  cards  by  manuscript.  The 
present  aim  is  to  relegate  manuscript  work  in 
cataloguing  to  the  same  position  now  occupied 
by  manuscript  processes  in  the  production  of 
books.  Two  indications  of  aim  and  achieve- 
ment in  this  field  are  Mr.  Lane's  proposal  of 
cooperation  to  supplement  existing  card  publi- 
cation, and  the  announcement  that  printed 
cards  for  all  the  titles  in  the  new  'A.  L.  A.' 
Catalogue  would  be  distributed  by  the  Library 
of  Congress.  The  significance  of  this  latter 
plan  lies  in  the  fact  that  it  affords  a  method 
of  utilizing  card  publication  by  the  small 
library,  whereas  this  system  has  hitherto  been 
chiefly  of  advantage  to  the  large  libraries. 

Another  more  or  less  distinctively  modem 
aim  of  American  library  workers  is  to  encour- 
age scientific  bibliography  —  that  most  impor- 
tant aid  to  the  librarian's  work.  This  idea  was 
indicated  at  the  St.  Louis  conference  by  the 
formation  in  connection  with  the  meeting  of 
the  Association,  and  largely  from  among  its 
members,  of  the  American  Bibliographical  Soci- 
ety. The  membership  and  officers  of  this  new 
organization  are  such  as  point  most  encourag- 
ingly to  marked  results  in  the  bibliographical 
field. 

One  of  the  most  significant  movements  in 
modern  scientific  library  administration  in 
America  was  represented  at  St.  Louis  in  the 
meeting  of  the  state  librarians.  When  the  *  A. 
L.  A.'  was  formed,  and  for  ten  years  afterward, 
there  were  hardly  half  a  dozen  librarians  in 
America  to  whom  the  word  'archive'  meant 
anything  practical.  Today  archival  science  is 
developed  to  a  high  degree  in  many  states.  To 
the  careful  observer  of  library  progress  there 
are  few  achievements  in  American  library  work 
so  valuable  in  themselves  and  so  promising  of 
future  scientific  usefulness  as  that  of  which 
Mr.  Owen's  work  in  Alabama  is  perhaps  the 
best  type,  but  which  is  now  being  done  in  many 
states. 

Perhaps,  after  all,  most  of  the  indications 
of  achievement  brought  out  at  the  St.  Louis 
meeting  might  be  grouped  as  efforts  tending  to 
promote  the  familiar  triple  aim,  '  the  best  read- 
ing, for  the  largest  number,  at  the  least  cost.' 


The  aim  to  secure  the  best  reading  was  typically 
illustrated  by  the  'A.  L.  A.'  Catalogue,  dis- 
tributed at  this  time.  The  modern  library  idea 
is  to  guide  the  reader,  and  especially  to  guide 
the  librarian  who  is  to  guide  the  reader,  to  the 
best  literature.  To  this  end  there  are  now 
many  publications  issued  each  year  intended 
to  aid  in  the  selection  of  books,  but  the  new 
'  A.  L.  A.'  Catalogue,  whatever  may  be  said  in 
criticism  of  its  details,  stands  as  the  type  and 
personification  of  the  spirit  of  helpfulness  in 
selection  that  is  one  of  the  definite  aims  of 
modem  library  work.  Other  straws  pointing  in 
the  same  direction  were  the  appointment  of  a 
committee  to  cooperate  with  Mr.  Thompson  in 
the  preparation  of  his  work  on  fiction,  and 
in  the  demand  of  the  library  commissions  for 
special  select  lists  to  be  used  in  their  work. 

In  its  efforts  to  serve  the  '  largest  number,' 
modern  library  work  has  taken  on  an  immense 
number  of  secondary  aims  and  activities,  many 
of  which  were  in  evidence  at  St.  Louis.  The 
modem  aspect  of  this  general  aim  may  be  said 
to  be  this :  to  educate  continuously  every  mem- 
ber of  the  community.  This  purpose  takes  the 
special  form  of  (1)  cooperation  with  the  work 
of  the  schools,  and  (2)  continuing  the  work  of 
the  school  from  the  point  where  the  school 
lays  it  down,  and  carrying  it  to  the  end  of  life. 
This  has  become  one  of  the  most  generally 
recognized  aims,  and  has  been  the  inspiration 
of  much  of  the  best  and  most  aggressive  work 
in  the  popular  library  field.  It  was  mentioned 
by  Mr.  Dewey,  the  most  untiring  promoter  of 
the  conception,  and  was  implied  by  the  work 
of  the  library  commissions. 

Another  modem  aspect  of  this  aim  to  serve 
the  largest  number  was  illustrated  by  the  spe- 
cial exhibit  at  St.  Louis  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Free  Circulating  Library  for  the  Blind.  This 
exhibit  is  a  type  of  the  tendency  to  provide  for 
the  special  needs  of  every  worthy  class  in  the 
community,  and  makes  evident  the  remarkable 
progress  in  recent  years  in  the  provision  for 
this  particular  class  by  the  public  libraries. 

The  purpose  to  provide  for  every  class  and 
condition  of  men  has  its  counterpart  in  a  grow- 
ing tendency  to  provide  all  sorts  and  conditions 
of  things  for  all.  Musical  scores  are  now  sup- 
plied in  many  libraries,  and  Mr.  Dewey's 
address  on  the  limits  of  state  aid  advocated  the 
purchase  of  pictures,  lantern-slides,  perforated 
rolls  for  mechanical  music,  etc.  While  this  idea 
opened  the  way  to  some  pleasantries  about 
'  enriching  the  repertory  of  the  organ-grinder,' 
and  a  pretended  fear  that  the  principle  would 
lead  to  rivalry  with  the  pawn-shop,  it  repre- 
sented a  recognized  aim  to  serve  every  man's 
peculiar  intellectual  need  through  the  medium 
of  the  library. 


1905] 


THE    DIAL. 


76 


Still  another  aspect  of  this  aim  to  serve  the 
many  may  be  found  in  the  so-called  missionarj- 
work  of  pushing  out  the  library  frontiers  by 
the  founding  of  new  collections.  This  mission- 
ary spirit  in  modem  library  work  permeates 
radically  the  whole  atmosphere;  modern  libra- 
rians are  irrepressible  expansionists.  The  best 
result  of  this  spirit  is  shown  in  the  work  of  the 
state  library  commissions.  A  league  of  these 
commissions  was  formed  at  this  conference  and 
active  steps  are  being  taken  to  promote  its 
work.  The  same  spirit  was  also  especially  indi- 
cated at  St.  Louis  by  the  decision  to  hold  the 
Association's  next  annual  meeting  at  Portland, 
for  the  avowed  purpose  of  doing  what  could 
be  done  to  promote  the  extension  of  libraries  in 
the  Northwest. 

Another  indication  of  this  same  general  aim 
of  serving  the  largest  number  may  be  seen  in 
the  extension  of  their  service  rendered  by  the 
already  established  libraries.  To  this  aspect 
belongs  what  is  known  as  '  library  extension/  in 
its  narrower  sense,  —  library  lectures  and 
devices  intended  to  encourage  the  use  of  libra- 
ries or  to  extend  their  field  of  influence  in  the 
community.  Mr.  Jast's  paper  was  something  of 
a  revelation  to  many  of  the  greater  results 
accomplished  in  this  direction  by  British  as 
compared  with  American  libraries. 

Connected  with  this  improvement  in  the  use 
of  present  facilities  is  the  matter  of  the  inter- 
library  loan.  The  progress  made  in  this  direc- 
tion of  supplementing  the  facilities  of  libraries 
by  lending  to  one  another  was  clearly  brought 
forth  at  St.  Louis;  but  more  clearly  still  was 
brought  out  the  fact  of  the  inferiority  as  yet  in 
this  regard  of  American  achievement  to  Euro- 
pean. However,  the  very  knowledge  of  such 
inferiority  establishes  a  stimulus,  and  it  may 
be  said  that  one  of  the  most  definite  aims 
brought  out  by  this  conference  is  the  extension 
of  the  inter-library  loan.  This  in  turn  brought 
forth  what  may  be  called  a  sub-aim,  —  the 
determination  to  secure,  if  practicable,  some 
reform  in  the  rates  of  postage  for  library  books 
necessary  before  the  inter-library  loan  system 
can  be  properly  developed. 

Perhaps  one  of  the  most  suggestive  indica- 
tions as  to  the  tendency  in  library  expansion 
was  the  discussion  of  the  conference  over  the 
limits  of  state  aid,  and  similar  questions  raised 
at  the  meetings  of  the  state  librarians  and  the 
state  library  commissions.  There  is  a  signifi- 
cant growth  in  the  tendency  to  apply  to  the 
fostering  of  library  interests  in  the  state  the 
same  principles  that  have  been  applied  to  its 
schools ;  and  state  commissions,  travelling  libra- 
ries, travelling  librarians,  grants,  and  other 
fostering  aids  are  being  more  and  more  freely 
extended,  and  are  resulting  in  very  remarkable 


success    in    the    way  of  serving  the  greatest 
number. 

The  problem  of  how  to  secure  at  the  least 
cost  all  the  worthy  objects  touched  upon  in  the 
foregoing  statements  is  one  that  gives  the  mod- 
em library  worker  a  great  deal  of  concern. 
Low  cost  to  the  individual  user  must,  in  the 
last  analysis,  be  inseparable  from  economy  of 
administration.  It  is  true  that  profuseness  of 
state  or  municipal  aid  does  not  involve  any 
direct  expense  to  the  non-tax-paying  reader, 
who  is  perhaps  in  the  majority.  But  such  pro- 
fuseness, if  not  economically  administered, 
means  for  the  individual  user  so  much  less 
advantage;  or,  in  short,  it  increases  the  cost  to 
him  of  what  advantages  he  does  enjoy.  At  any 
event,  economy  in  purchase  and  economy  in 
administration  are  two  very  live  problems  of 
modern  library  work.  The  matter  of  economy 
in  purchase  was  represented  at  St.  Louis  by  the 
remarkably  interesting  report  of  the  committee 
on  relations  with  the  book  trade,  concerning  eco- 
nomical methods  of  purchase  and  especially  the 
matter  of  increased  cost  of  books  to  libraries 
under  the  present  net  price  system  of  book 
publishing. 

To  the  subject  of  economy  belongs  also  the 
remarkable  growth  of  organization  in  library 
administration.  Attention  was  directed  to  this, 
first  of  all,  by  the  fact  that  the  Librarian  of 
Congress  was  the  President  of  the  conference; 
then  by  the  fact  that  many  of  the  ablest  partici- 
pants in  the  conference  were  heads  of  depart- 
ments of  one  or  another  of  the  great  libraries; 
then  by  the  fact,  emphasized  by  President  Put- 
nam in  his  address,  that  there  are  now  fifty- 
nine  libraries  in  America  having  over  300,000 
volumes  each ;  and,  finally,  by  the  facts  brought 
out  in  the  report  on  gifts  regarding  the  Carnegie 
branch  libraries,  especially  those  in  New  York 
and  Philadelphia.  The  marked  development  of 
the  great  libraries  and  the  multiplication  of 
their  activities  have  demanded  a  corresponding 
development  of  their  organization.  Subdivision 
of  labor,  the  analysis  and  coordination  of  dif- 
ferent functions  in  different  departments,  —  in 
short,  all  the  matters  belonging  to  the  economi- 
cal administration  of  a  great  business,  have 
had  earnest  attention  and  show  striking  results. 
Without  any  depreciation  of  the  work  of  the 
great  public  municipal  libraries  which  have 
shown  such  expansion  and  development  of 
organization  in  their  branch  systems,  or  the 
work  of  such  libraries  as  the  State  Library  at 
Albany,  the  John  Crerar  Library,  the  Columbia 
University  Library,  and  others,  it  will  not  be 
invidious  to  say  that  the  Library  of  Congress 
offers  an  example  of  concrete  achievement  in  the 
way  of  multiplied  activities,  well  organized  on 
economical  lines  and  producing  practical  results. 


76 


THE    DIAL. 


[Feb.  1, 


that  is  probably  unequalled  in  the  modern 
library  world,  except  by  the  work  of  Panizzi. 
Yet  it  is  fair  to  say,  too,  that  this  spirit  of 
practical  business  organization  is  also  produc- 
ing among  many  of  the  smaller  libraries  some 
most  interesting  results  in  the  way  of  sharp 
organization  and  economy  through  subordina- 
tion of  function  —  that  primary  aspect  of  eco- 
nomical administration  by  which  the  more 
highly  paid  is  not  allowed  to  do  the  work  of 
the  less  highly  paid.  The  removal  of  this  lat- 
ter standing  reproach  against  the  old-fashioned 
organization  is  closely  connected  with  the  ques- 
tion of  skilled  labor,  and  the  library  schools  have 
greatly  helped  in  developing  both  theory  and 
application  by  tending  to  draw  the  line  between 
skilled  and  unskilled  labor.  It  may  be  noted  in 
this  connection  that  the  multiplication  of 
branch  libraries  and  distributing  stations 
reduces  the  cost  to  the  individual  user  by  saving 
him  time  and  money  in  getting  at  the  books. 

Any  account  of  the  aims  and  achievements 
of  American  libraries  as  suggested  by  the  St. 
Louis  conference  would  be  incomplete  without 
reference  to  the  fact,  brought  out  in  the  meet- 
ing by  President  Putnam,  that  at  the  time  of 
the  Louisiana  Purchase  America  had  but  one 
hundred     libraries,     with     50,000     volumes; 
whereas  today  she  has  10,000  libraries,  with 
more  than  50,000,000  volumes.    This  in  itself 
is  a  splendid  record  of  achievement,  but  it  is 
not  the  end.    It  is  a  primary  aim  of  American 
libraries  collectively  to  have  at  least  one  copy 
of  every  book  needed  for  serious  use  in  this 
country.    Assuming  that  5,000,000  of  the  best 
forei^  books  form  the  ultimate  basis,  it  is  true 
that  probably  half  of  this  number  may  be  found 
in  American  libraries;  and  ninety  per  cent,  of 
the  remainder  are  easily  obtainable,  either  in  the 
originals  or  in  fac-simile  reproduction.     This 
particular  development  of  our  American  libra- 
ries is  an  aim  second  only  to  the  vital  prac- 
tical purpose  of  serving  the  life-long  education 
of  the  average  citizen.    The  splendid  contribu- 
tions   now    made    by    municipal,    state,    and 
national  authorities,  supplemented  by  remark- 
able gifts  from  private  sources  (shown  in  the 
St.  Louis  report  to  amount     to    more    than 
$6,000,000  and  137,000    volumes    during    the 
previous  year),  is  producing  a  record  of  results 
on  both  counts  of  which  we  may  well  be  proud. 
But  there  is  still  much  to  do,  and  one  of  the 
chief  aims  of  modem  library  work  must  be  to 
make  the  consciousness  of    the    necessity     of 
library  work  for  the  education  of  the  mass  of 
the  people  and  the  progress  of  the  higher  civili- 
zation so  vivid  and  ever  present  that  means  for 
essential  development  of  all  varied  activities 
may  be  multiplied. 

Ernest  Gushing  Eiohabdson. 

President  American  Library  Association. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  IN  AMERICA. 


Bibliography  begins  to  be  cultivated  only 
after  many  other  literary  and  scientific  studies 
are  already  well  established.  It  depends  upon 
the  existence  of  large  collections  of  books  in 
which  its  facts  may  be  industriously  gathered; 
it  is  seldom  pursued  for  pecuniary  profit;  it 
implies  a  certain  leisure  on  the  part  of  well- 
informed  persons  who,  not  having  the  spark 
of  genius  that  kindles  original  production,  are 
content  to  review  what  others  have  done  and 
have  the  skill  to  record  it  in  systematic  ways 
and  make  it  useful  to  those  who,  basing  their 
work  on  facts  already  established,  c'arry  forward 
the  outposts  of  discovery. 

Another  task  that  engages  the  bibliographer 
is  the  unravelling  of  some  of  the  perplexities 
that  beset  the  history  of  human  progress,  where, 
because  of  the  failure  of  the  ordinary  records, 
the  succession  of  events  or  the  relations  of 
cause  and  effect  have  to  be  painfully  determined 
by  out-of-the-way  investigations  and  by  infer- 
ences drawn  from  sources  where  the  less- 
instructed  reader  would  not  expect  to  find  help, 
until  at  last  the  truth  comes  out  with  new  dis- 
tinctness. Such  is  the  work  of  the  historical 
bibliographer,  especially  in  everything  that 
connects  itself  with  the  history  of  the  book, 
printed  or  manuscript,  and  upon  his  help  the 
historian  proper  must  often  depend. 

A  humbler  service,  but  a  most  useful  one,  is 
that  of  the  commonplace  bibliographer,  the 
practical  librarian  whose  time  and  strength  are 
given  to  answering  the  every-d'ay  questions 
which  the  readers  in  his  library  ask.  If  he 
has  the  happy  faculty  of  quickly  taking  the 
point  of  view  of  the  inquirer,  and  the  instinct 
that  tells  him  where  to  direct  his  search,  he 
accumulates  a  store  of  practical  bibliographical 
information  which  may  become  liighly  valua- 
ble, and  if  he  does  his  work  systemati- 
cally he  is  prepared  to  serve  the  cause  of 
bibliography  by  shaping  his  material  into  num- 
berless hand-lists  and  reading  guides  such  as 
every  library  bulletin  is  glad  to  print. 

All  these  varieties  of  bibliographical  activ- 
ity, —  the  record  of  production,  the  historical 
study,  and  the  popular  guide,  —  have  begun  to 
flourish  on  American  soil.  Careful  and 
thorough  work  has  been  carried  on  in  each  field, 
and  in  paths  that  lead  from  one  field  to  another, 
and  favorable  conditions  have  not  been  lacking. 
Considering  the  fact  that  bibliographical 
studies  are  relatively  young  with  us,  it  is 
remarkable  how  little  work  of  a  slipshod  char- 
acter has  been  put  forth  and  how  much  work, 
undertaken  on  an  elaborate  scale  and  depending 
for  its  value  on  great  accuracy  and  complete- 
ness, is  already  under  way. 

The  practical  bibliography,  also,  —  not  .the 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


77 


dreary  list  of  mere  titles  that  simply  appals  the 
inquirer,  but  the  well-digested  guide,  illumi- 
nated by  every  appropriate  device  of  classifica- 
tion, annotation,  and  selection,  that  forms  a  gen- 
uine help  to  the  student,  starting  him  straight, 
directing  his  steps,  giving  him  useful  clues, 
and  saving  him  from  pitfalls,  —  this  kindly, 
serviceable,  informal  bibliography  appears  now 
and  then,  and  is  as  welcome  as  a  wdl-informed 
and  keen-eyed  friend.  Justin  Winsor's  *  Read- 
er's Handbook  of  the  American  Eevolution,' 
Adams's  'Manual  of  Historical  Literature,' 
Charming  and  Harf  s  '  Guide  to  the  Study  of 
American  History,'  Gross's  *  Bibliography  of 
British  Municipal  History,'  Bowker  and  Iles's 
'Reader's  Guide  in  Economic,  Social,  and 
Political  Science,'  —  these  are  good  examples. 
The  annotated  bibliographies  issued  by  the; 
American  Library  A^ociation  on  fine  arts 
and  music,  on  American  history,  on  children  s 
books,  and  on  reference  books  have  the  same 
practical  end  in  view,  and  have  been  found  act- 
ually serviceable. 

Among  the  more  elaborate  bibliographical 
enterprises  of  the  day  are  the  '  International 
Catalogue  of  Scientific  Literature,'  to  which  the 
United  States  contributes  its  share  through  the 
Smithsonian  Institution;  the  catalogue  of  the 
Library  of  Congress,  printed  in  card  form  so 
that  it  may  be  duplicated  and  maintained  com- 
plete in  twenty-five  depositor}'  libraries,  and  so 
that  every  library'  may  incorporate  into  its  own 
catalogue  whatever  separate  titles  it  can  use; 
the  catalogue  of  the  Surgeon  General's  Library 
in  Washington,  practically  a  great  classified 
bibliography  of  medicine  and  the  most  exten- 
sive in  existence,  stretching  out  already  to 
twenty-five  quarto  volumes  and  containing  a 
million  and  a  quarter  entries;  the  'Index 
Medicus,'  a  classified  index  to  current  medical 
periodicals  and  publications,  begun  in  1879  and 
continued  down  to  June,  1899,  when  the  great 
expense  of  the  work  compelled  its  suspension, 
but  renewed  in  1903  with  the  help  of  the  Car- 
negie Institution;  various  bibliographies  pub- 
lished in  card  form,  covering  zoology  (103,000 
titles  to  January  1,  1904,  published  in  Zurich, 
but  American  in  its  plan  and  administration), 
botany  (8,000  titles,  issued  by  the  Torrey 
Botanical  Club),  new  American  botanical  spe^ 
cies  (30,000  titles,  prepared  at  first  by  Miss 
Day  of  the  Gray  Herbarium,  Cambridge,  and 
now  by  Miss  Clark  of  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture), agriculture  (2,800  titles,  issued  by  the 
same  department),  the  contents  of  250  current 
learned  periodicals  (21,000  titles,  printed  under 
the  care  of  the  Publishing  Board  of  the  Amer- 
ican Library  Association),  and,  to  mention  one 
older  work,  Sabin's  '  Dictionary  of  Books  relat- 
ing to  America,'  a  monument  of  patient  labor. 


suspended  in  the  midst  of  the  letter  *  S '  in  1891, 
but  with  a  prospect  of  continuation  in  the 
near  future.  Excellent  bibliographical  work 
of  another  kind  has  been  done  by  various  print- 
ing clubs  in  republishing  rare  books  and  in  issu- 
ing careful  monographs  on  the  history  of  the 
printed  book  in  its  various  aspects. 

Shorter  contributions  of  an  historico-bibli- 
ographical  nature  found  for  a  brief  period  a 
medium  for  publication  in  '  The  Bibliographer,' 
edited  during  the  first  five  months  of  its  exist- 
ence (January  to  May,  1902),  by  Paul  Leices- 
ter Ford,  and  continued  after  his  death  by  the 
publishers,  Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.,  until 
June,  1903.  Articles  of  a  bibliographical  char- 
acter occasionally  appear  in  the  library  jour- 
nals, or  in  the  literary  and  historical  periodi- 
cals; but  in  general  the  former  journals  con- 
cern themselves  almost  exclusively  with  mat- 
ters of  library  administration,  and  the  latter 
hold  that  strictly  bibliographical  contributions 
interest  but  a  limited  number  of  their  readers. 
What  shall  be  the  task  of  the  new  Biblio- 
graphical Society  of  America?  What  kind  of 
bibliographical  work  shall  it  take  up,  and  in 
what  way  can  it  be  most  helpful  to  the  progress 
of  American  bibliography?  It  has  no  endow- 
ment and  cannot  expect  to  have  one,  at  least 
until  it  has  proved  its  usefulness  and  shown 
that  it  can  be  trusted  to  administer  its  affairs 
wisely.  Depending  upon  the  yearly  fees  of  its 
members,  it  cannot  take  up  great  projects 
requiring  generous  and  continued  support,  such 
as  only  governments  or  endowments  can  afford. 
Such  projects,  however,  may  for  the  present  be 
safely  trusted  to  the  Carnegie  Institution,  to 
the  Library  of  Congress  (if  its  present  liberal 
and  enlightened  policy  continues  to  receive  the 
support  of  Congress) ,  and  to  some  of  the  larger 
societies,  such  as  the  American  Historical 
Association. 

Bibliography  of  a  popular  kind,  —  the  current 
recommendation  of  good  books,  the  preparation 
of  reading  lists  on  current  topics,  and  the  com- 
pilation of  more  extensive  works,  if  their  prin- 
cipal field  of  usefulness  is  in  public  libraries, 
may  be  left  to  the  larger  libraries,  to  some  of 
the  library  commissions,  and  especially  to  the 
Publishing  Board  of  the  American  Library 
Association,  which  enjovs  the  use  of  a  fund  of 
$100,000,  estabHshed  by  Mr.  Carnegie,  the 
income  of  which  is  to  be  applied  primarily  to 
the  prosecution  of  just  such  work. 

To  edit  a  good  journal  of  bibliography,  — 
one  which  should  be  a  medium  for  the  publica- 
tion of  articles  in  the  field  of  historical  and 
descriptive  bibliography,  should  keep  its  read- 
ers informed  of  work  in  progress  and  preserve  a 
record  of  work  published  elsewhere,  and  should 
gather  up  the  news  in  regard  to  books,  new  and 


n 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


old,  which  book-lovers  want  to  know,  —  such 
would  be  a  useful  task  not  at  present  performed 
by  any  other  agency  in  America,  and  it  is  to  be 
hoped  that  the  new  Society  may  be  able  to  take 
up  this  function  and  discharge  it  successfully. 
Such  an  enterprise,  however,  cannot  be  entered 
upon  unadvisedly,  and  the  Society  must  be 
assured  that  material  of  an  interesting  charac- 
ter exists  in  sufficient  abundance,  that  contribu- 
tors who  have  the  time  and  inclination  to  put 
it  into  shape  are  ready  to  do  so,  and  that  read- 
era  will  be  willing  to  support  such  a  periodical 
by  their  subscriptions. 

There  is  other  appropriate  work,  also,  for 
the  Society  to  take  up,  such  as  the  publication 
of  certain  useful  bibliographical  records  or  com- 
pilations which  depend  upon  material  to  be 
found  in  different  places  and  which  can  there- 
fore best  be  prepared  by  cooperation.  One  such 
catalogue  has  been  announced  as  its  first  publi- 
cation, —  a  '  List  of  Incunabula  in  American 
libraries/  Other  publications  of  a  similar 
character  suggested  to  the  Council  of  the  Soci- 
ety include  a  list  of  early  manuscripts  in 
American  libraries;  a  list  of  special  collections 
in  American  libraries,  designed  to  show  inquir- 
ers where  material  relating  to  their  special 
studies  can  best  be  found,  and  indicating  the 
character  of  the  material  accessible;  a  classified 
list  of  current  bibliographical  records,  includ- 
ing not  only  journals  which  make  bibliographi- 
cal records  their  principal  aim,  but  also  those 
which  regularly  contain,  in  addition  to  other 
matter,  reviews,  lists,  or  notices  of  works  on 
particular  subjects. 

Other  possibilities  of  larger  scope  lie  hazily 
in  the  distance,  —  such  as  a  comprehensive 
bibliography  of  all  American  publications;  a 
bibliography  of  bibliographies  on  a  more  com- 
plete and  extended  scale  than  has  been 
attempted  before;  a  list  of  periodicals  accessi- 
ble in  American  libraries;  and  other  similar 
dreams  that  the  enthusiastic  bibliographer  often 
revels  in.  But  these  all  belong  to  a  later  stage 
in  the  Society's  history,  if  they  are  to  come 
into  its  history  at  all,  for  they  demand  wide 
cooperation  and  the  maintenance  of  a  strong 
staff  of  paid  workers. 

Whatever  the  Society  undertakes  to  do,  it  is 
evident  that  it  should  strive  to  make  its  mem- 
bership desirable  to  all  classes  of  book  lovers, — 
book  makers  (authors  and  publishers),  book 
sellers,  book  distributors  (librarians),  book 
collectors,  and  book  readers.  It  hopes  to  become 
a  common  meeting  place  for  all  these  interests, 
and  to  find  the  means  to  perform  some  useful 
service  in  which  many  will  cooperate  and  which 
will  be  acceptable  to  all. 

William  Coolidge  Lane. 

President  Bibliographical  Society  of  America. 


^\it  It^to  §ooks. 


Theodore  Watts-Dunton.* 

Kossetti  once  said  of  Mr.  Watts-Dunton  that 
he  '  had  sought  obscurity  as  other  poets  seek 
fame.'  There  may  be  a  trifling  exaggeration  in 
the  statement,  but  it  is  certainly  true  that  this 
distinguished  man  of  letters  has  been  careless 
of  his  reputation,  has  left  it  to  shift  for  itself, 
and  has  never  resorted  to  anything  like  self- 
advertisement.  He  has  even  neglected  the  pre- 
cautions that  most  writers  take  naturally  and 
as  a  matter  of  course  for  the  permanent  pres- 
ervation of  their  work,  and  has  throughout  hij 
career  remained  indifferent  to  the  applause  of 
the  larger  public.  Thus  it  came  about  that 
'  Aylwin '  was  withheld  from  publication  for 
many  years  after  it  was  written,  that  the  poems 
were  widely  scattered  in  print  —  or  even  lent  in 
manuscript  f oitai  to  friends,  and  lost  —  but  not 
collected  into  a  volume  until  a  comparatively 
recent  date,  and  that  the  great  mass  of  the 
critical  writings  must  still  be  sought  in  the 
files  of  the  periodicals  to  which  they  were  first 
contributed.  This  condition  of  things,  a  cause 
of  deep  regi-et  to  those  of  us  who  long 
ago  learned  to  honor  the  name  of  Theodore 
Watts,  was  remedied  in  part  some  six  or  seven 
years  ago  by  the  publication  of  '  Aylwin '  and 
'The  Coming  of  Love,'  and  some  further  rem- 
edy is  now  offered  by  the  volume  which  serves 
as  the  subject  of  the  present  review,  and  which 
has  been  prepared  with  the  consent  of  Mr. 
Watts-Dunton  by  one  of  his  younger  friends. 

The  object  of  Mr.  Douglas  in  this  work  is  to 
give  a  general  view  of  the  man  and  his  writings. 
As  far  as  the  man  is  concerned,  the  work  is  by 
no  means  a  formal  biography,  but  rather  a 
series  of  dissolving  views  of  a  strong  personal- 
ity, illustrative  of  his  wide  interests,  his  varied 
scholarly  acquirements,  the  keenness  and  sym- 
pathy of  his  critical  temper,  and  the  genius  for 
friendship  which  has  brought  to  him  richer 
rewards  than  fall  to  the  lot  of  many  men  of 
letters,  however  fortunately  they  may  be  cir- 
cumstanced. As  far  as  the  writings  are  con- 
cerned, Mr.  Douglas  leaves  them  to  speak  for 
themselves,  for  something  like  two-thirds  of  his 
book  is  occupied  with  reprinted  essays  and 
poems,  or  fragmentary  illustrations  of  the 
longer  compositions.  His  own  commentary  is 
rambling  and  possibly  overwrought,  but  will  be 
found  serviceable  as  a  sort  of  connective  tissue 
whereby  the  reprinted  passages  are  held  to- 
gether, or  as  a  sort  of  transparent  jelly  in 
which   they   are    embedded.     We   could   have 

♦Theodore  Watts-Dunton.     Poet  Critic,  Novelist.  By 
James  Douglas.     Illustrated.    New  York :  John  Lane. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAi. 


79 


spared  the  extracts  from  '  Aylwin '  and  '  The 
Coming  of  Love,'  since  those  books  are  now 
within  everybody's  reach,  but  we  are  heartily 
grateful  for  the  reprinted  criticism,  since  that 
has  been  hitherto  practically  inaccessible.  As 
the  purpose  of  the  work  was  to  represent  its 
subject  in  his  triune  character  of  critic,  poet, 
and  writer  of  imaginative  prose,  all  three 
species  of  composition  had  to  be  included  in 
something  like  equal  measure,  but  it  is  for  the 
critical  writing  alone  that  the  volume  is  really 
to  be  treasured. 

Even  in  this  character,  we  are  bound  to 
regard  it  as  a  makeshift.  The  writer  whom 
Mr.  Swinburne  has  called  'the  first  critic  of 
our  time,  perhaps  the  largest-minded  and  surest- 
sighted  of  any  age,'  is  not  to  be  preserved  for 
posterity  by  any  collection  of  extracts;  nothing 
less  than  his  entire  work  will  satisfy  the  stu- 
dent and  lover  of  literature.  No  matter  if  it 
*  would  fill  several  folio  volumes,'  it  is  too  pre- 
cious to  be  lost,  and  too  uniformly  weighty  to 
be  sifted.  It  is  fundamental  criticism,  of  the 
t3rpe  which  Coleridge  has  hitherto  chiefly  rep- 
resented in  our  literature,  and  it  has  an  insight 
equal  to  that  of  Coleridge,  besides  resting  upon 
a  basis  of  knowledge  broader  than  was  possessed 
by  the  older  critic,  with  all  his  excursions  into 
strange  poetical  and  philosophical  realms.  It 
must  all  be  brought  together  at  some  time,  and 
if  its  author  is  unwilling  to  do  us  this  final 
service,  it  must  be  done  for  us  (and  for  him) 
by  another  hand. 

As  a  student  of  the  poetry  of  his  and  our 
own  time,  Mr.  Watts-Dunton  has  seen  clearly 
that  a  new  spirit  has  come  over  the  most  refined 
contemporary  thought  as  exercised  in  imagina- 
tive directions,  and  this  manifestation  he  has 
happily  named  '  The  Renascence  of  Wonder.' 
We  are  not  sure  that  this  is  *  the  greatest  phil- 
osophical generalization  of  our  time,'  as  Mr. 
Douglas  seems  to  think  it,  but  it  is  a  felicitous 
phrase,  in  any  event,  and  makes  a  text  for  a 
singularly  penetrative  piece  of  critical  writing. 
A  special  introduction  to  one  of  the  later  edi- 
tions of  '  Aylwin '  first  introduced  the  words  to 
the  public. 

'The  phrase,  the  Renascence  of  Wonder,  merely 
indicates  that  there  are  tvro  great  impulses  gov- 
erning man,  and  probably  not  man  only,  but  the 
entire  world  of  conscious  life:  the  impulse  of 
acceptance  —  the  impulse  to  take  unchallenged  and 
for  granted  all  the  phenomena  of  the  outer  world 
as  they  are  —  and  the  impulse  to  confront  these 
phenomena  with  eyes  of  inquiry  and  wonder.' 

In  the  noteworthy  essay  contributed  to  the 
new  edition  of  Chambers's  *  Cyclopaedia  of  Eng- 
lish Literature, '  this  principle  is  carefully  elab- 
orated. 

'It  would  seem  that  something  works  as  inevi- 
tably and  as  logically  as  a  physical  law  in  the 
yearning  which  societies  in  a  certain  stage  of  devel- 


opment show  to  get  away,  as  far  as  possible,  from 
the  condition  of  the  natural  man;  to  get  away  from 
that  despised  condition  not  only  in  material  affairs, 
such  as  dress,  domestic  arrangements  and  econ- 
omies, but  also  in  the  fine  arts  and  in  intellectual 
methods,  till,  having  passed  that  inevitable  stage, 
each  society  is  liable  to  suffer  (even  if  it  does  not 
in  some  cases  actually  suffer)  a  reaction,  when 
nature  and  art  are  likely  again  to  take  the  place 
of  convention  and  artifice.' 
Speaking  of  the  sense  of  wonder  that  came 
into  English  literature  with  the  Elizabethan 
eclosion,  the  author  goes  on  to  say: 

'It  is  that  kind  of  wonder  which  filled  the  souls 
of  Spenser,  of  Marlowe,  of  Shakespeare,  of  Webster, 
of  Ford,  of  Cyril  Toumeur,  and  of  the  old  ballads: 
it  is  that  poetical  attitude  which  the  human  mind 
assumes  when  confronting  those  unseen  powers  of 
the  universe  who,  if  they  did  not  weave  the  web 
in  which  man  finds  himself  entangled,  dominate  it.' 

Twice  since  the  *  spacious  times'  of  which 
these  words  are  written  has  the  same  sort  of 
reaction  from  reality  been  witnessed  in  our  lit- 
erature :  a  hundred  years  ago  we  called  it  the 
romantic  revival;  in  our  own  time  Mr.  Watts- 
Dunton  calls  it  the  renascence  of  wonder.  It 
seems  to  be  the  same  thing  over  again,  although 
in  its  latest  appearance  it  assumes  a  more  reg- 
ulated form,  and  its  vagabond  tendencies  are 
more  strictly  restrained  by  the  greater  amount 
of  exact  knowledge  at  our  command. 

When  in  the  mood  of  romance  or  of  wonder, 
whichever  we  may  call  it,  the  spirit  tries  to  get 
away,  not  only  from  reality  of  the  barren  prac- 
tical sort,  but  also  from  seli-consciousness.  Mr. 
Watts-Dunton  brings  out  this  fact  very  strik- 
ingly when  he  contrasts  the  genuine  with  the 
sophisticated  type  of  nature-worship. 

'How  hateful  is  the  word  "experience"  in  the 
mouth  of  the  litterateurs.  They  all  seem  to  think 
that  this  universe  exists  to  educate  them,  and  that 
they  should  write  books  about  it.  They  never  look 
on  a  sunrise  without  thinking  what  an  experience 
it  is;  how  it  is  educating  them  for  bookmaking. 
It  is  this  that  so  often  turns  the  true  Nature- 
worshipper  away  from  books  altogether,  that  makes 
him  bless  with  what  at  times  seems  such  malicious 
fervour  those  two  great  benefactors  of  the  human 
race.  Caliph  Omar  and  Warburton's  cook.' 

The  impulse  which  led  to  the  writing  of 
these  lines  is  that  which  forced  the  writer  to 
reject,  with  sure  instinct,  Arnold's  famous 
definition  of  poetry  as  a  '  criticism  of  life.'  The 
truth  of  the  matter  is  that  poetry  is  not  life 
criticised  but  life  expressed,  with  intensity  and 
clarity,  and  that  just  so  far  as  poetry  becomes 
criticism  it  ceases  to  do  its  proper  office.  Closely 
allied  with  this  repudiation  is  that  of  '  the  mod- 
em Carlylean  heresy  of  work,'  concerning 
which  we  read : 

'It  is  not  a  little  singular  that  this  heresy  of  the 
sacredness  of  work  should  be  most  flourishing  at 
the  very  time  when  the  sophism  on  which  it  was 
originally  built  is  exploded;  the  sophism,  we  mean, 
that  Nature  herself  is  the  result  of  Work,  whereas 
she  is  the  result  of  growth.    One  would  have  thought 


80 


THE    DIAL, 


[Feb.  1, 


that  this  was  the  very  time  for  recognizing  what 
the  sophism  has  blinded  us  to,  that  Nature's  per- 
manent temper  —  whatever  may  be  said  of  this  or 
that  mood  of  hers  —  is.  the  temper  of  Sport,  that  her 
pet  abhorrence,  which  is  said  to  be  a  vacuum,  is 
really  Work.  We  see  this  clearly  enough  in  what 
are  called  the  lower  animals  —  whether  it  be  a  tiger 
or  a  gazelle,  a  ferret  or  a  coney,  a  bat  or  a  butter- 
fly—  the  final  cause  of  the  existence  of  every 
conscious  thing  is  that  it  should  sport.  For  this 
end  it  was  that  "the  great  Vishnu  yearned  to 
create  a  world."  Yet  over  the  toiling  and  moiling 
world  sits  Moloch  Work,  while  those  whose  hearts 
are  withering  up  with  hatred  of  him  are  told  by 
certain  writers  to  fall  down  before  him  and  pre- 
tend to  love.' 

One  of  the  most  eloquent  of  the  essays  here 
reproduced  for  us  by  Mr.  Douglas  has  for  its 
subject  the  Bible,  and  more  particularly  the 
Book  of  Psalms,  and  was  published  as  long  ago 
as  1877  in  '  The  Athenaeum.'  From  this  essay 
we  wish  to  make  several  quotations. 

'  A  great  living  savant  has  characterized  the  Bible 
as  "  a  collection  of  the  rude  imaginings  of  Syria, ' ' 
"the  worn-out  old  bottle  of  Judaism  into  which 
the  generous  new  wine  of  science  is  being  poured. ' ' 
The  great  savant  was  angry  when  he  said  so.  The 
"new  wine"  of  science  is  a  generous  vintage, 
undoubtedly,  and  deserves  all  the  respect  it  gets 
from  us;  so  do  those  who  make  it  and  serve  it  out; 
they  have  so  much  intelligence;  they  are  so  honest 
and  so  fearless.  But  whatever  may  become  of  their 
wine  in  a  few  years,  when  the  wine-dealers  shall 
have  passed  away,  when  the  savant  is  forgotten  as 
any  star-gazer  of  Chaldaea, —  the  "old  bottle"  is 
going  to  be  older  yet, —  the  Bible  is  going  to  be 
eternal.  For  that  which  decides  the  vitality  of  any 
book  is  precisely  that  which  decides  the  value  of 
any  human  soul  —  not  the  knowledge  it  contains, 
but  simply  the  attitude  it  assumes  towards  the  uni- 
verse, unseen  as  well  as  seen.  The  attitude  of  the 
Bible  is  just  that  which  every  soul  must,  in  its 
highest  and  truest  moods,  always  assume  —  that  of 
a  wise  wonder  in  front  of  such  a  universe  as  this 
—  that  of  a  noble  humility  before  a  God  such  as  He 
"in  whose  great  Hand  we  stand."  ' 

And  the  secret  of  the  English  Bible  is  that 
it  is  written  in  the  Great  Style,  which, 
'  Both  in  literature  and  in  life,  is  unconscious 
power  and  unconscious  grace  in  one.  .  .  .  Out 
of  the  twenty-three  thousand  and  more  verses  into 
which  the  Bible  has  been  divided,  no  one  can  find  a 
vulgar  verse;  for  the  Great  Style  allows  the  stylist 
to  touch  upon  any  subject  with  no  risk  of  defile- 
ment. That  is  why  style  in  literature  is  virtue. 
To  reproduce  the  Great  Style  of  the  original  in  a 
Western  idiom,  the  happiest  combination  of  cir- 
cumstances was  necessary.  .  .  .  That  noble 
heroism  —  bom  of  faith  in  God  and  belief  in  the 
high  duties  of  man  —  which  we  have  lost  for  the 
hour  —  was  in  the  very  atmosphere  that  hung  over 
the  island.  And  style  in  real  life,  which  now,  as  a 
consequence  of  our  loss,  does  not  exist  at  all  among 
Englishmen,  and  only  among  a  very  few  English 
women  —  having  given  place  in  all  classes  to  man- 
ner—  flourished  then  in  all  its  charm.  And  in  lit- 
erature it  was  the  same:  not  even  the  euphuism  im- 
ported from  Spain  could  really  destroy  or  even 
seriously  damage  the  then  national  sense  of  style.' 

These  extracts  from  a  remarkable  essay  must 
suffice,  although  it  is  hard  to  refrain  from  quot- 
ing also  what  is  said  of  the  contrast  between 


the  Psalms  in  the  Authorized  Version,  and  their 
doggerellized  perversion  by  Hopkins  and  Stern- 
hold,  Tate  and  Brady.  For  the  '  Hopkins  ele- 
ment' must  be  taken  into  account  by  all  who 
would  understand  the  English  character. 

'When  St.  Augustine  landed  here  with  David  he 
found  not  only  Odin,  but  Hopkins,  a  heathen  then 
in  possession  of  the  soil.' 

Leaving  these  serious  matters,  we  will  now 
devote  what  little  space  remains  us  to  such  bits 
of  anecdote  as  may  seem  best  to  illustrate  the 
lighter  side  of  this  absorbing  book.  Professor 
Minto,  in  charge  of  'The  Examiner,'  was  the 
first  editor  to  secure  the  regular  services  of 
Theodore  Watts  as  a  contributor.  The  first 
article  which  he  wrote  for  that  paper  was  the 
occasion  of  the  following  scene,  which  took 
place  on  the  evening  of  the  day  when  the  article 
had  appeared,  and  at  the  house  of  W.  B.  Scott. 

'Bell  Scott,  who  took  a  great  interest  in  the 
"Examiner,"  was  especially  inquisitive  about  the 
new  writer.  After  having  in  vain  tried  to  get  from 
Minto  the  name  of  the  writer,  he  went  up  to  Watts, 
and  said:  "I  would  give  almost  anything  to  know 
who  the  writer  is  who  appears  in  the  'Examiner' 
for  the  first  time  today."  "What  makes  you 
inquire  about  it?"  said  Watts.  "What  is  the  inter- 
est attaching  to  the  writer  of  such  fantastic  stuff 
as  that?  Surely  it  is  the  most  mannered  writing 
that  has  appeared  in  the  'Examiner'  for  a  long 
timel"  Then,  turning  to  Minto,  he  said:  "I  can't 
think,  Minto,  what  made  you  print  it  at  all." 
Scott,  who  had  a  most  exalted  opinion  of  Watts  as 
a  critic,  was  considerably  abashed  at  this,  and 
began  to  endeavour  to  withdraw  some  of  his  enthu- 
siastic remarks.  This  set  Minto  laughing  aloud, 
and  thus  the  secret  got  out.' 

Mr.  Watts-Dunton's  first  meeting  with  Bor- 
row is  described  in  his  introduction  to  *Lav- 
engro,'  Borrow  figuring  under  the  fictitious 
name  of  Dereham. 

'Dereham  loved  Richmond  Park,  and  he  seemed  to 
know  every  tree.  I  found  also  that  he  was  ex- 
tremely learned  in  deer,  and  seemed  familiar  with 
every  dappled  coat  which,  washed  and  burnished 
by  the  showers,  seemed  to  shine  in  the  sun  like 
metal.  Of  course,  I  observed  him  closely,  and  I 
began  to  wonder  whether  I  had  encountered,  in  the 
silvery-haired  giant  striding  by  my  side,  with  a 
vast  umbrella  under  his  arm,  a  true  "Child  of  the 
Open  Air."  "Did  a  true  Child  of  the  Open  Air 
ever  carry  a  gigantic  green  umbrella  that  would 
have  satisfied  Sarah  Gamp  herself?"  I  murmured 
to  Gordon,  while  Dereham  lingered  under  a  tree 
and,  looking  round  the  Park,  said  in  a  dreamy  way, 
"Old  England!     Old  England!"  ' 

Probably  the  most  interesting  of  all  these 
personal  passages  is  that  which  relates  the  con- 
versation between  the  author  and  Mr.  Lowell 
upon  the  occasion  of  their  first  meeting,  but  it 
is  too  long  to  quote,  and  will  not  suffer  mutila- 
tion. 

This  fascinating  book  tempts  to  endless  quo- 
tation and  comment,  but  it  is  just  as  easy  to 
stop  here  as  it  would  be  later  on.  A  final  word 
should  be  said  of  the  illustrations,  which  include 


1905.] 


THE    DTATi 


81 


Welsh  and  English  landscapes,  works  of  art  by 
Rossetti  and  others,  and  both  outside  and  inside  ; 
views  of  The  Pines,  which  for  many  years  has  j 
been  the  joint  home  of  Mr,  Watts-Dunton  and 
the  great  poet  with  whose  name  his  own  will 
forever  be  associated.     It  is  not  for  rhetorical  i 
effect  that  Mr.   Swinburne  has  just  dedicated  ; 
the  new  collected  edition  of  his  poems  'to  my  j 
best  and  dearest  friend,'  or  that  he  further  says :  i 

'It  is  nothing  to  me  that  what  I  write  should 
find  immediate  or  general  acceptance;  it  is  much  to 
know  that  on  the  whole  it  has  won  for  me  the  right 
to  address  this  dedication  and  inscribe  this  edition   | 
to  you. ' 

A  few  intimate  glimpses  of  this  association 
are  given  us  from  time  to  time  by  Mr.  Douglas, 
but  we  are  deprived  of  anything  more  than 
these  glimpses  by  the  unwillingness  of  both  Mr, 
Watts-Dunton  and  Mr,  Swinburne  to  permit 
the  privacy  of  their  home  to  be  unveiled. 

William  Moktox  Patxe. 


The  Story  of  oxtr  Xatioxai.  LiIbrary.* 


Some  years  ago  a  plan  was  formed  to  pro- 
duce a  series  of  '  Contributions  to  American 
Library  History,'  to  be  edited  and  published 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Library  of  Congress. 
Such  a  series  of  volumes,  prepared  according 
to  a  uniform  plan,  can  not  fail  to  prove  of 
great  interest,  not  only  to  librarians,  but  to  all 
interested  in  the  history  of  American  civiliza- 
tion, as  describing  the  development  of  one  of 
the  most  potent  agencies  for  culture.  The  vol- 
ume imder  review  is  the  first  to  appear,  and  it 
is  very  fitting  that  it  should  deal  with  the 
institution  that  has  grown  to  be,  in  fact  if  not 
in  name,  the  library  of  the  nation.  It  deals 
with  the  formative  period  of  the  Library  of 
Congress,  ending  with  the  appointment  by 
Abraham  Lincoln  of  Ainsworth  R.  Spofford  to 
be  its  librarian.  A  second  volume  will  deal 
with  Mr.  Spofford's  administration  and  the 
short  incumbency  of  Mr.  Young,  and  a  third 
volume  will  treat  of  the  other  libraries  belong- 
ing to  the  general  government. 

Mr.  Johnston  has  taken  great  pains  to  collect 
a  tremendous  mass  of  material  from  both  oflBcial 
and  private  sources.  Congressional  documents, 
the  minutes  of  the  Library  Committee  since 
1830  (those  kept  during  the  early  years  were 
destroyed  in  the  fire  of  1814,  and  from  1814 
to  1830  no  records  of  its  proceedings  seem  to 
have  been  made), files  of  newspapers  and  period- 
icals, such  as  '  The  National  Intelligencer, '  'The 
Washington  Republic,'  and  *  The  North  Amer- 
ican Review,'  as  well  as  the  writings  of  many 

•HiSTOHT    OF  THE    LIBRARY   OF   CONGRESS.       By   William 

Dawson    Johnston.      Volume   I..    1800-1864.      Washington : 
Government  Printing  Office. 


contemporary  authors,  have  been  searched  and 
abstracted,  and  the  abstracts  orderly  arranged 
and  connected  by  a  narrative.  The  result  is  a 
truly  documentary  history  of  over  five  hundred 
pages.  An  enumeration  of  the  chapter  headings 
will  give  a  fair  idea  of  the  scope  of  the  work. 
They  are  as  follows:  Conditions  before  1800; 
Establishment  of  the  Library,  1800-1805; 
Growth  of  the  Library,  1805-1814;  Destruction 
of  the  old  Library  and  Purchase  of  the  Jefferson 
Library;  The  Development  of  the  Library, 
1814-1829;  The  Library  in  PoUtics;  The  Devel- 
opment of  the  Library,  1829-1851 ;  Development 
of  the  Library,  1852-1864;  Other  Libraries  of 
Congress  and  of  the  Government;  The  Smith- 
sonian Institution  and  Plans  for  a  National 
Library. 

The  documents  reprinted  in  the  last  chapter 
cast  a  curious  reflection  on  the  appreciation 
which  Congress  up  to  that  time  had  shown 
towards  its  Ubrary.  In  fact.  Congress  never 
regarded  it  as  being  more  than  its  name  implied, 
a  Ubrary  established  for  the  use  of  its  members. 
That  the  privilege  of  using  the  library  was  from 
the  beginning  open  to  the  President  and  Vice- 
President  of  the  United  States,  and  was  gradu- 
ally extended  to  the  judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  to  foreign  ministers,  to  the  heads  of 
departments,  and  then  to  all  officers  of  the 
government,  serves  only  to  emphasize  this  nar- 
row point  of  view.  Voices  were  heard,  however, 
almost  from  its  establishment,  urging  that  it 
ought  indeed  to  be  the  Library  of  the  Nation, 
and  claiming  for  it  a  wider  scope  and  a  larger 
usefulness  than  it  could  have  if  merely  intended 
for  the  members  of  Congress  and  the  officials 
of  the  government.  As  the  years  went  by,  its 
scope  was  enlarged,  and  its  collections  outgrew 
the  original  purpose  of  its  founders.  But  Con- 
gress still  treated  it  as  merely  an  adjunct  to 
itself. 

The  history  of  the  Library  during  the  period 
covered  by  Mr.  Johnston's  first  volume  is  largely 
one  of  slow  accumulation,  disastrous  fires,  and 
congressional  indifference.  But  it  is  also  a 
history  of  large  plans.  Scientific  men  and 
writers  in  current  periodicals  were  tireless  in 
outlining  plans  for  its  development,  and  many 
members  of  the  Joint  Committee  on  the  Library 
took  a  deep  interest  in  its  welfare.  Among  the 
successive  members  of  the  committee  we  find 
men  like  John  Quincy  Adams,  Edward  Everett, 
George  Perkins  Marsh,  Rufus  Choate,  Horace 
;Mann,  and  Charles  Francis  Adams.  '  The  prin- 
cipal function  of  the  committee,'  the  author 
states,  'was  the  selection  of  books  for  the 
Library.'  But  no  uniform  plan  was  followed. 
Mahlon  Dickerson,  who  was  chairman  from 
1817  to  1828,  *  would  have  made  it  a  library  of 
science';  Edward  Everett,  who  served  on  the 
committee,   though   never   as   chairman,   from 


82, 


THE    DIALi 


[Feb.  1, 


1835  to  1835,  '  would  have  made  it  a  library  of 
literature;  still  other  members  of  the  com- 
mittee thought  it  necessary  to  cater  to  the 
various  tastes  and  peculiar  fancies  of  divers 
and  many  members  of  Congress,  members  of 
the  diplomatic  corps,  heads  of  departments, 
and  others  to  whom  the  privileges  of  the  Library 
were  extended,  who  wanted  anything  new,  and 
everything,  if  possible,  entertaining.'  One  mem- 
ber of  the  committee  proposed  a  plan  'of  filling 
up  each  department  of  the  Library  in  succes- 
sion,' and  a  contemporary  writer  '  said  that 
under  the  proper  direction  the  annual  appro- 
priation of  $5,000  might  be  so  utilized  as  to 
make  the  Library  in  twenty  years  one  of  the 
first  libraries  in  the  world.  It  might  even  have 
been  possible,'  Mr.  Johnston  adds,  '  by  agreeing 
further  to  buy  great  collections  of  books  as 
opportunities  offered,  to  have  made  the  Library 
the  first  of  the  great  libraries  of  the  world.' 
At  this  period  the  prices  of  books  in  the  anti- 
quarian market  were  still  very  moderate;  few 
American  collectors  had  yet  appeared  on  the 
scene.  But  the  Library  of  Congress  was  not  in 
the  field,  and  to  European  booksellers  *  America 
meant  chiefl}'^  New  York  and  Providence.' 

It  was  in  1790  that  a  committee  of  Con- 
gress, with  Representative  Elbridge  Gerry  of 
Massachusetts  as  chairman,  was  appointed  '  to 
report  a  catalogue  of  books  necessary  for  the 
use  of  Congress,  with  an  estimate  of  the  expense, 
and  the  best  mode  of  procuring  them.'  The 
committee  reported  in  June,  recommending  an 
appropriation  of  $1,000.  The  report  was  laid 
on  the  table.  Not  until  1800,  upon  the  removal 
of  the  Capital  to  Washington,  was  the  matter 
again  taken  up;  the  sum  of  $5,000  was  then 
appropriated  '  for  the  purchase  of  such  books 
as  may  be  necessary  for  tlie  use  of  Congress.' 
At  first  no  annual  appropriations  were  made 
for  the  purchase  of  books;  $5,000  was  again  set 
aside  for  this  purpose  in  1806,  and  in  1811 
another  $5,000.  In  1816,  Thomas  Jefferson'*^ 
library  was  purchased  for  $23,950.  From  this 
year  on,  annual  appropriations  were  made,  at 
first  varying  between  $1,000  and  $2,000,  until 
in  1825  it  became  $5,000,  at  which  amount  it 
remained  during  the  whole  period  covered  by 
the  present  volume  —  with  the  single  exception 
of  the  year  1852-53,  when  $85,000  was  set  aside 
to  replace  the  loss  caused  by  the  fire  of  1851. 
The  Librarian  of  Congress  was  from  the  begin- 
ning chosen  by  the  President  of  the  United 
States,  and  in  1802  Thomas  Jefferson  appointed 
John  Berkley,  who  at  the  time  was  Clerk  of 
the  House  of  Representatives.  When  Berkley 
died,  in  1807,  his  successor  as  Clerk  of  the 
House,  Patrick  Magruder,  was  also  made  Libra- 
rian of  Congress.  During  Magruder's  incum- 
bency, which  lasted  imtil  1815,  as  well  as  during 
that  of  his  predecessor,  the  actual  management 


of  the  Library  seems  to  have  been  left  to  the 
Assistant  Librarian.  Magruder  resigned  in 
1814,  and  in  1815  George  VVatterston,  a  Wash- 
ing'ton  litterateur,  was  appointed.  Much  space 
—  too  much  space  —  is  given  by  Mr.  J  ohnston 
to  the  biography  of  this  man,  who  may  have 
been  a  prominent  figure  in  the  Capital  in  his 
days,  but  who  was  but  a  mediocre  librarian. 
During  the  whirlwind  caused  by  Andrew  Jack- 
son, Watterston  was  removed,  and  John  Silva 
Meehan  was  appointed  in  his  place.  The  change 
was  hardly  for  the  better.  Meehan  was  removed 
in  1861,  being  regarded  as  a  Southern  sympa- 
thizer, and  Dr.  J.  G.  Stephenson  succeeded  him. 
Stephenson  resigned  in  1863,  and  on  the  last 
day  of  1864  President  Lincoln  appointed  as 
his  successor  Ainsworth  R.  Spofford,  who  since 
1861  had  served  as  Chief  Assistant  Librarian. 
Mr.  Spofford  had  already  rendered  valuable 
service  to  the  Library,  especially  in  preparing 
the  alphabetical  author  catalogue  of  1864, 
which  he  followed  up  in  1869  with  an  '  Index 
of  Subjects.' 

An  interesting  episode  in  the  history  of  the 
Library  during  this  period  is  the  visit  to  this 
country  of  Alexandre  Vattemare  and  the  begin- 
ning of  the  system  of.  international  exchange 
of  documents  and  other  publications  between 
libraries  of  all  countries.  The  founding  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  also  falls  within  this 
period;  the  discussion  of  the  proposed  forma- 
tion, through  the  Smithson  Fund,  of  a  national 
library  is  treated  at  great  length  and  forms 
one  of  the  most  interesting  chapters  in  the  book. 

Mr.  Johnston's  work  is  something  more  than 
a  history  —  and  also  something  less.  It  is  a 
collection  of  documents  strung  together  on  a 
rather  thin  thread  of  narrative.  This,  one  may 
suppose,  was  done  advisedly,  as  the  most  fitting 
treatment  of  the  material  in  hand,  the  mass 
of  which  is  certainly  appalling.  What  has  been 
given  is,  consequently,  not  so  much  a  history  as 
material  for  a  history.  But  as  such  it  is  of 
great  value.    The  index  is  rather  meagre. 

Aksel  G.  S.  Josephson. 


Otjb  Intimate  Friend,  Michael, 
DE  Montaigne.* 

I       Sainte-Beuve  opens  his  charming  Monday's 
I  conversation     on     'Montaigne     en     Voyage' 
j    (Lundi.  24  mars.  1862)  with  a  quotation  from 
!  Mme.  de  La  Fayette.  '  Ce  serait  plaisir  d'  avoir 
un  voisin  comme  lui, '  and  goes  on, '  Montaigne 
est  notre  voison  a  tous ' :  '  I\Iontaigne  is  the  inti- 
mate friend  of  each  one  of  us. '  Emerson  voices 

♦The  Journal  of  Montaigne's  Travels  in  Italy  by 
way  of  Switzerland  and  Germany  in  1580  and  1581. 
Translated  and  edited,  with  an  introduction  and  notes,  by 
W.  G.  Waters.  In  tbree  volumes.  Illustrated.  New  York : 
E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 


1905.J 


THE   DTATi 


83 


the  same  thought  in  recalling  the  delight  with 
which  he  read  the  single  odd  volume  of  Cot- 
ton's translation  of  the  Essaj-s  in  his  fathers 
library.  '  It  seemed  to  me  as  if  I  had  myself 
written  the  book,  in  some  former  life,  so  sin- 
cerely it  spoke  my  thought  and  experience.' 

Michael  de  ^Montaigne  died  on  the  13th  of 
September,  1592;  one  week  later  there  was 
published  in  London  Eobert  Greene's  'A 
Groatsworth  of  Wit, '  containing  the  first 
printed  allusion  to  Shakespeare.  Sainte- 
Beuve's  wisest  of  Frenchmen  makes  his  bow 
and  retires  from  the  stage  just  as  the  wisest  of 
Englishmen  enters  to  fill  it  for  all  time.  But 
how  vast  is  wisdom  to  express  herself  with  such 
absolute  divergence.  No  man  ever  lived, 
surely,  who  so  took  both  men  and  fools  into  his 
confidence  as  did  Montaigne.  The  most  enter- 
taining biography  in  all  the  world,  the  journal 
intime  of  a  spirit  as  honest  as  it  was  wise  and 
as  vivacious  as  it  was  simple,  is  yet  to  be  con- 
structed out  of  the  immortal  '  Essais. '  Of 
Shakespeare,  from  Shakespeare,  we  know  noth- 
ing. The  author  of  the  greatest  drama  litera- 
ture has  produced  remains  so  shrouded  in  mys- 
tery, under  a  world-wide  blaze  of  publicity, 
that  an  elaborate  theory  has  grown  up,  not 
indeed  that  the  player,  WiUiam  Shakespeare, 
did  not  exist,  but  that  he  did  not  write  the 
works  generally  known  by  his  name. 

The  first  edition  of  Montaigne's  '  Eesais '  was 
published  in  1580.  The  breadth  of  experience 
they  show,  the  infinite  variety  of  historical  and 
classical  allusion,  their  extraordinary  philoso- 
phical insight  into  men  and  things,  very  nat- 
urally led  to  the  supposition,  of  Villemain 
among  others,  that  the  author  had  been  a  con- 
siderable traveller.  But  at  that  time  Montaigne 
had  been,  in  his  own  language,  '  scarce  out  of 
sight  of  the  vanes  of  his  own  house. '  In  fact 
he  had  gone  no  farther  afield  than  the  beaten 
path  between  his  native  Perigord  and  Paris. 
That  path  he  had  traversed  many  times,  first 
as  counsellor  of  Bordeaux  and  later  as  gentle- 
man of  the  King's  bedchamber  to  Henry  II.  The 
outlook  of  the  '  Essais '  on  the  world  is  jiist 
Montaigne.  '  When  I  travel,'  he  says 
quaintly,  '  I  do  not  look  for  Gascons :  I  have 
left  them  at  home.  I  rather  seek  for  Greeks  and 
Persians.'  Montaigne's  most  extended  search 
for  Greeks  and  Persians  took  place  during  the 
years  1580  and  1581,  when  he  travelled  leisurely 
to  Italy  through  Germany  and  Switzerland. 
His  Journal  of  these  travels  is  even  more  inter- 
esting in  its  way  than  the  *  Essais,'  for  Mon- 
taigne on  horseback  seeing  the  world  is  more 
uniformly  attractive  than  Montaigne  in  his 
tower  saying  some  things  certainly  that  he  had 
better  not  have  said.  He  displayed  the  instinct 
of  the  genuine  traveller  in  his  fondness  for 
devising  tours  off  the  main  route,  just  as  the 


mood  seized  him,  counting  on  getting  lost  from 
his  more  prosaic  companions.  When  they 
remonstrated  with  him,  he  explained  conclu- 
sively that  he  seemed  to  be  like  '  one  who  reads 
some  delightful  story  or  good  book,  and  dreads 
to  turn  the  last  page.' 

Naturally,  the  bent  of  Montaigne's  mind  led 
him  to  observe  the  way  of  life  of  foreign  folk, 
how  they  lived  and  what  sort  of  social  and 
political  institutions  they  had  developed  for 
themselves.  For  this  reason,  the  philosophical 
Frenchman  is  the  most  interesting  traveller  in 
an  age  of  travel.  His  diary  furnishes  all  sorts 
of  valuable  and  curious  information  about  the 
Elizabethan  Germans  and  Italians.  Some  of 
this  information  found  its  way  into  later  edi- 
tions of  the  '  Essais, '  and  doubtless  the  reason 
why  the  Journal  was  not  published  by  Mon- 
taigne or  by  his  family  was  that  he  regarded  it 
largely  as  material  for  future  '  Essais. ' 

It  is  a  little  difficult  to  understand  Mon- 
taigne's regret  that  he  had  not  taken  a  cook 
along,  for  it  would  be  fairly  easy  to  concoct  a 
German  meal  or  to  furnish  an  Italian  house 
from  the  Journal.  And  just  as  in  the  '  Essais ' 
the  most  incongruous  subjects  jostle  one 
another,  so  here  we  learn  in  one  sentence  that 
in  Ferrara  the  streets  were  paved  with  bricks 
and  they  served  fruit  on  plates.  Florence,  a 
smaller  town  than  Ferrara,  was  paved  with  flat 
stones  without  pattern  or  regularity.  He  found 
glass  in  the  windows  of  even  the  smallest  Swiss 
cottages,  but  the  windows  of  Italian  inns  were 
open,  except  for  huge  wooden  shutters  that 
excluded  sun,  light,  and  air  in  bad  weather.  At 
Lucca,  a  fashionable  watering-place,  his  bed 
was  a  movable  frame  resting  on  trestles  and 
furnished  only  with  a  mattress  and  coverlet. 
Linen  of  all  sorts,  salt,  cooking  utensils,  and 
candlesticks  were  rented  extra.  Dishes,  glass- 
ware, and  knives,  the  traveller  bought  himself. 
The  cost  of  travel  is  recorded  as  high  in  Ger- 
many, cheaper  in  France,  and  cheapest  in  Italy, 
but    Montaigne    thought    the    German    prices 

*  quite  justified '  by  superior  accommodations. 

There  is  an  echo  of  Elizabethan  music  in  the 
note  of  Fano  in  the  Marches,  '  Rhymesters 
are  to  be  found  in    almost    every    inn,'    and 

*  there  is  a  musical  instrument  in  every  shop, 
even  the  stocking-darner's  at  the  corner  of  the 
street.'  Later,  of  Empoli,  near  Florence,  we 
read  that  the  peasants  have  *  lutes  in  their 
hands  and  the  pastoral  songs  of  Ariosto  on 
their  lips  —  which  thing  indeed  may  be 
observed  all  through  Italy.'  Toleration  is  a 
striking  quality  of  this  acute  observation.  Swiss 
cooking  Montaigne  found  the  best  he  had  ever 
met  with.  So  also  he  praises  German  stoves 
and  feather  coverlets  and  Italian  oil.  Pass- 
ing through  Fomovo  on  his  way  home,  he  does 
not  mention  the  great   French  victory  there. 


84 


THE    DIAL. 


[Feb.  1, 


in  1495,  while  he  goes  omt  of  his  way  to  visit 
the  battlefield  of  Pavia  where  Francis  I.  lost 
all  save  that  negligible  piece  of  property  he 
called  his  honor. 

Nowhere  is  Montaigne's  large-minded  tol- 
eration more  marked  than  towards  religions 
differences.  In  Augsburg  he  'attended  a  Luth- 
eran baptism,  in  Eome  he  witnessed  a  Jewish 
circumcision.  Curious  facts  of  the  change  of 
religions  turn  up  here  and  there.  At  Lindau 
the  priest  said  there  were  only  two  or  three 
Catholics  in  the  place,  but  Montaigne  observed 
that  the  priests  and  nuns  still  performed  the 
service  and  drew  their  incomes.  At  Kempten 
in  Bavaria  he  heard  the  mass  celebi*ated  on  a 
Thursday  with  all  the  ceremonial  of  Easter 
Sunday  at  Notre  Dame  in  Paris,  but  nobody 
was  present  but  priests.  Montaigne  himself 
lived  and  died  in  the  Catholic  faith.  He  kissed 
the  Pope's  toe,  and  has  left  here,  I  fancy,  the 
most  entertaining  account  of  that  performance, 
throwing  in  a  highly  picturesque  and  just 
description  of  the  Bolognese  Pope,  Gregory 
XIII.  At  Loreto  he  bore  witness  to  his  piety 
by  setting  up  to  Our  Lady  a  silver  memorial  of 
himself,  his  wife,  and  his  daughter.  But  he 
goes  on  to  say  almost  immediately,  '  I  have 
a  suspicion  that  they  melt  down  the  old  silver 
plate  and  put  it  to  other  uses.'  Tlie  Holy 
City  he  testifies  enjoyed  less  liberty  than  Ven- 
ice. Burglaries  were  common  and  the  streets 
were  notoriously  unsafe  after  nightfall.  Again, 
the  Eoman  revenue  ofl&cers  searched  his  boxes, 
turning  over  'even  the  smallest  articles  of 
apparel,'  while  other  Italian  towns  were  sat- 
isfied by  the  presentation  of  the  luggage  for 
search.  His  Eoman  experience  with  his  books 
is  characteristic.  The  books,  among  them  a 
copy  of  the  *Essais,'  were  all  seized  and  kept 
for  a  long  w'hile.  Montaigne  writes :  '  This 
evening  they  brought  back  to  me  the  vol- 
ume of  my  Essais,  castigated  and  brought 
into  harmony  with  the  opinions  of  the  monkish 
doctors.'  It  developed  that  the  censor,  unable 
himself  to  read  French,  had  asked  for  the 
judgment  of  a  French  monk.  Montaigne 
declined  to  agree  with  his  countryman  that 
he  was  in  error  on  various  points,  —  for 
instance,  that  it  is  cruel  to  inflict  on  men 
greater  pain  than  is  necessary  to  kill  them,  or 
that  children  should  be  brought  up  to  look  at 
all  sides  of  a  question.  The  censor,  *a  man 
of  parts,'  he  records,  '  completely  exonerated 
me,  and  was  anxious  to  let  me  see  that  he  set 
small  value  on  these  emendations.'  His  book 
of  Hours  fell  under  suspicion  because  it  was 
a  Paris  imprint,  and  'La  republique  des 
Suisses'  was  not  returned  to  him,  'because 
they  had  found  out  that  the  trianslator  was  a 
heretic,  though  his  name  did  not  appear  any- 
where in  the  volume.' 


In  Eome,  Montaigne  sought  and  obtained 
for  himself  the  title  of  Eoman  citizen.  '  It  is 
a  vain  title,'  he  says,  'nevertheless  I  take 
great  pleasure  in  the  possession  of  the  same.' 
'Voila  un  aimable  philosophe,'  observes  Sainte- 
Beuve,  '  qui  paye  ouvertement  son  tribut  ii 
I'illusion  est  a  la  vanite  humaine.'  But  it 
was  not  wholly  vanity  that  prompted  the 
amiable  philosopher  to  secure  Eoman  citizen- 
ship. Montaigne  was  by  nature  a  citizen  of 
the  world,  and  Eome  was  to  him  of  all  cities  the 
one  most  filled  with  the  corporate  idea,  the 
one  in  which  differences  of  nationality  counted 
least.  He  felt  at  home  there,  the  very  air  he 
thought  the  pleasantest  and  wholesomest  he  had 
ever  breathed.  He  was  in  the  city  negotiating 
the  business  of  citizenship  during  Holy  Week, 
and  he  has  considerable  to  say  about  the  pomp 
and  grandeur  of  the  religious  ceremonies.  He 
hears  a  bull  excommunicating  the  Huguenots 
read  before  the  pope  from  the  great  portico  of 
St.  Peter's,  he  attends  service  in  the  Sistine 
Chapel,  and  one  day  on  his  way  out  after  mass 
he  stops,  full  of  curiosity,  to  watch  a  priest 
exorcize  an  insane  man.  The  shoes  •  and 
breeches  of  the  flagellants  on  Good  Friday  sug- 
gested to  him  that  they  were  persons  of  meian 
condition  most  of  whom  had  hired  themselves 
out  for  the  occasion.  This  Eoane  full  of  appeal 
to  sight  and  sense  was  all  for  the  court  and 
the  nobility.  He  noted  that  there  were  no  main 
streets  of  trade,  but  that  gardens  and  palaces 
abounded  everywhere.  These  palaces  built  over 
the  antique  ruins  of  classic  Eome  Montaigne 
compared  to  the  nests  of  martins  and  crows  on 
the  roofs  and  in  the  walls  of  the  French 
churches  destroyed  by  the  Huguenots  in  Peri- 
gord. 

Here  is  the  real  Montaigne,  profoundly 
impressed  by  the  spell  of  Eome.  Going  about 
the  city  with  his  favorite  authors,  Plutarch  and 
Seneca,  in  his  head,  he  was  delighted  to  find 
that  he  needed  no  other  guide,  and  he  declared 
that  the  only  Eome  he  recognized  was  the  sky 
above  his  head  and  the  august  sites  beneath  his 
feet.  What  he  saw  was  the  sepulchre  of  the 
ancient  world,  and  the  vastness  of  a  world  in 
ruins  suggested  to  him,  he  said,  not  compre- 
hension, but  respect  and  reverence  only. 

Much  of  the  interest  of  Montaigne's  travels 
comes  from  his  habit  everywhere  of  seeking  out 
and  talking  with  all  sorts  and  conditions  of 
men.  In  Basel  he  supped  with  Felix  Plater 
and  saw,  for  the  first  time,  in  the  great  physi- 
cian's house  an  articulated  skeleton.  He  made 
a  point  in  Ferrara  of  going  to  see  the  unhappy 
Tasso  in  his  prison-house,  and  he  dined  in 
Florence  with  the  Grand  Duke,  Francesco  dei 
Medici,  and  his  Venetian  wife,  Bianca  Capello. 
He  thought  the  Grand  Duchess  a  hand- 
some woman,  according  to  Italian  taste,  with 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL, 


85 


an  agreeable  and  inspiring  face.  On  the  whole, 
it  is  clear  that  Montaigne  did  not  see  much 
beauty  abroad.  One  pretty  exception  to  the 
monotony  of  comments  on  the  plainness  of 
Grerman  and  Italian  women  is  the  record  of  his 
secretary,  made  in  Stertziag  in  the  Tyrol :  *  M. 
de  Montaigne,  having  espied  a  fair  young  girl 
in  a  church,  asked  if  she  could  speak  Latin, 
deeming  she  was  a  scholar.' 

From  these  conversations,  or  from  reflections 
to  which  they  gave  rise,  there  flows  a  steady 
stream  of  engaging  wisdom.  He  went  to  a 
dance  of  country  folk  in  the  great  hall  of  the 
Grand  Duke's  palace  in  Florence,  and  reflects, 
'  I  have  a  notion  that  this  licence,  which  they 
enjoy  on  the  great  feast  day  of  the  city,  seems 
to  them  a  sort  of  shadow  of  their  lost  liberty.' 
Of  Pistoia,  with  its  gonfalonier  and  nine  priors 
living  in  great  state  in  the  grand  ducal  palace 
during  their  short  term  of  office,  but  essentially 
imprisoned  there  for  the  two  months,  he  writes : 
*  I  felt  pity  at  the  sight  of  men  thus  satisfied 
with  these  apish  tricks.'  At  the  baths  of 
Lucca  two  physicians  wait  upon  the  traveller 
and  beg  him  to  act  as  umpire  in  their  consulta- 
tion over  the  case  of  a  nephew  of  Cardinal  de 
Cesis,  *  whereupon,'  says  Montaigne,  *  I  could 
not  help  laughing  in  my  sleeve,'  adding, 
'  Medicine  after  all  is  a  poor  affair.'  For 
some  reason  the  French  ambassador  was  denied 
access  to  the  Vatican  Librarj-  to  which  Mon- 
taigne was  admitted  without  difficult}'.  He 
philosophises,  —  *A11  things  come  easily  to  men 
of  a  certain  temper,  and  are  unattainable  by 
others.  Right  occasion  and  opportunity  have 
their  privileges,  and  oftentimes  hold  out  to 
ordinary  folk  what  they  deny  to  kings.' 

Montaigne's  Journal  was  first  translated  into 
English  by  William  Hazlitt,  and  annexed  to 
his  edition  of  Charles  Cotton's  translation  of 
the  Essays  in  1842.  Curiously  enough,  Mr. 
W.  Carew  Hazlitt,  in  a  recent  reprint  (1902) 
of  his  father's  work,  omits  the  translation  of 
the  Journal  for  the  whimsical  reason,  entirely 
gratuitous,  that  the  diary  is  all  in  the  third 
person  and  was  dictated  by  Montaigne  to  his 
secretary.  As  a  matter  of  fact  more  than  half 
of  the  story  of  the  journey,  the  last  half,  was 
written  by  Montaigne's  own  hand,  as  William 
Hazlitt  expressly  notes  when  he  comes  to  the 
break.  But  Hazlitf  s  translation  is  now  out  of 
date,  and  Mr.  W.  G.  Waters  has  done  a  real 
service  to  letters  by  making  a  new  one.  His 
book  has  been  beautifully  printed  by  BaUantyne 
of  Edinburgh,  and  is  enriched  by  photogravures 
of  Montaigne  and  of  his  tomb  in  the  vestibule 
of  the  Hall  of  Faculties  at  Bordeaux,  together 
with  nine   plates  from   Piranesi's  '  Views   of 

Maby  Augusta  Scott. 


THE   liUXUKTES   OF   AXTIQUARIAXISM.* 

The  rich  man  has  his  luxuries  —  yachts, 
automobiles,  palaces,  mostly  vanities  of  the 
senses  to  the  austere  philosophic  mind.  Why 
should  not  the  poor  scholar  have  his,  —  vast 
libraries,  rare  manuscripts,  recherche  fac- 
similes, vain  and  non-productive  though  these 
things  may  sometimes  seem  to  tiie  utilitarian 
rich? 

'Ah,  why 
Shoald  life  all  labour  beT 

the  Lotos-Eater  (the  Natural  Man)  pointedly 
inquires.  Not  quite  the  same  is  the  inquiry 
of  the  antiquarian  scholar  on  the  American 
side  of  the  great  waters,  who  is  trying  to 
cooperate  in  the  modem  movement  for  the 
resuscitation  and  re-interpretation  of  the  past 
in  its  richer  and  more  significant  and  more 
vital  epochs.  Rather  his  plaint  is:  Why,  if 
life  is  to  be  labor,  should  labor  be  with  such 
imperfect  materials  and  means?  Why,  with 
such  wealth  behind  us  and  around  us,  must 
American  libraries  of  research,  generous  in 
some  of  their  beginnings,  be  so  few,  so  slow  of 
growth,  so  hampered  and  neglected?  Why  is 
it  that  our  university  libraries  are  almost  uni- 
formly unendowed  and  ill-housed,  confined  to 
a  modicum  of  books  in  print,  and  few  of  them 
rich  in  the  older  material,  much  of  it  still  pux- 
diasable,  which  makes  true  historical  and  lit- 
erary research  possible?  But,  even  as  he  puts 
the  question,  are  not  riches  and  learning 
already  striking  hands?  Is  not  the  time  now 
come  when  books  as  well  as  laboratory  and 
museum  material  shall  begin  to  bulk  in  uni- 
versity budgets  and  in  the  gifts  of  our  Car- 
negies  and  our  Rockefellers? 

In  England  at  least,  if  not  in  America,  things 
are  being  done  in  more  liberal  measure.  There 
is  the  incomparable  library  of  the  British 
Museum,  and  a  score  of  others  that  are  supple- 
mentary; publishing  societies,  like  the  Early 
English  Text  Society,  are  supported,  even 
though  meagrely;  there,  too,  facsimile  edi- 
tions of  the  Shakespeare  folios  and  of  the 
first  Chaucer  folio  are  being  published;  the 
Palaeographical  Society  has  been  re-established; 
and,  as  a  striking  single  illustration  of  the 
trend  over  there,  the  present  magnificent  photo- 
graphic facsimile  and  transcript  of  an  often- 
cited  but  little-known  Elizabeiian  manuscript 
in  the  library  of  the  Duke  of  Northumberland 
has  just  been  given  to  the  world. 

The  manuscript  itself  is  valuable,  and  brings 
to  light  some  new  material.  Every  scholar  and 
student    of    Elizabethan    literature    must    be 

•Collotype  Facsimile  and  Type  Thanscetpt  of  an 
ElLizABETHAN  MANUSCRIPT  preserved  at  Alnwick  Castle, 
Nortbxunberland.  Edited,  with  notes  and  introduction,  bj 
Frank  J.  Burgoyne.     New  York :    Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 


86 


THE    DIAL. 


[Feb.  1, 


deeply  grateful  for  the  gift  thus  made  to  the 
learned  public.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  more  of 
the  many  existing  manuscripts  of  this  sort 
may  be  similarly  produced.  But,  aiter  all,  the 
thrifty  and  frugal  mind  must  query  whether 
the  value  in  this  case  is  commensurate  with  the 
outlay.  As  it  stands,  we  have  a  beautiful  monu- 
ment of  palaeography;  but  what  if  the  tran- 
script alone  had  been  printed,  in  modest  form, 
and  the  rest  of  the  sum  here  expended  had  been 
turned  in  to  the  scanty  treasury  of  the  Early 
English  Text  Society?  Would  we  not  be  bet- 
ter off  if  that  had  been  done  ?  And  so  this  vol- 
ume seems  to  us  to  be  one  of  the  luxuries  of 
antiquarianism,  set  forth  by  the  munificence 
of  a  patron.  Yet  who  will  be  socialist  enough 
to  say  that  the  taste  and  personal  preference 
of  this  patron  should  not  be  allowed? 

The  manuscript,  which  dates  about  1597,  and 
seems  to  have  been  written  for  one  of  Bacon's 
kin,  perhaps  in  Bacon's  own  scriptorium,  con- 
tains in  its  present  mutilated  form  some  nine 
pieces,  six  of  them  by  Bacon  himself,  —  two  or 
three  of  these  latter  being  well-known  tracts 
or  speeches  of  his,  one  a  copy  of  speeches  for 
a    court    'Device'     (two    of    them    unknown 
before  the  discovery  of  this  MS.  in  1867),  one 
a  brief  essay  *  Of  Magnanimitie    or   heroicall 
virtue '  never  before  printed,  and  another,  '  An 
Advertisement     touching     private     Censure,  ^ 
dealing    with   the   toleration   question,    never 
before  printed.     There  is  also  a  brief  speech 
'ffor  the  Earle  of  Sussex  at  ye  tilt,  an:  96,' 
never  before  printed  and  of  unknown  author- 
ship, and  the  well-known  letter  of  Sir  Philip 
Sidney  to  Queen  Elizabeth  against  the  Anjou 
marriage.    The  bulk  of  the  volume,  however,  is 
taken  up  with  that  choice  anonymous  specimen 
of    Elizabethan    personal    abuse    and    political 
invective    known     as    *  Leicester's     Common- 
wealth. '■      There  is  something  monumentally 
impudent  yet  delicious  in  the  ending  of  this 
latter  piece,  where  the  author,  after  pursuing 
Leicester  through  some  eighty  folio  pages  with 
unrelenting  and   atrocious   abuse,  craves  par- 
don 'of  my  Lord  of  Leicester  for  my  boldnesse, 
if  I  have  been  too  plaine  with  him'!    The 
Bacon  material  that  is  new  presents  little  of 
great  value.     The  part  not  new  is  instructive 
for  various  varianis  from  the  accepted  texts, 
and  thus  the  volume  is  important  for  students 
of  Bacon. 

But  the  manuscript  as  we  have  it  here  is 
mutilated.  The  outer  sheet,  among  numerous 
scribblings,  seems  to  present  a  list  of  the  orig- 
inal contents,  omitting,  however,  four  of  the 
pieces  actually  contained  in  the  group.  If  we 
may  trust  this  list,  there  was  once  in  the  vol- 
ume, along  with  additional  essays  by  Bacon, 
the  lost  play  of  '  The  He  of  Dogs '  by  Nash, 
and  'Asmund  and  Cornelia';  also  two  Shake- 


spearian plays,  the  'Kichard  II.'  and  'Rich- 
ard III.'  Among  the  scribblings,  too,  along 
with  entries  of  tiie  names  of  Thomas  Nashe. 
Bacon,  and  William  Shakespeare,  in  separate 
lines,  occurs  in  one  line  the  mysterious  con- 
junction 'By  Mr.  ffrauncis  William  Shake- 
speare.' Another  proof,  of  course,  of  the 
Baconian  authorship  of  Shakespeare!  Of  the 
evidence  of  such  furtive  inference,  of  innuendo, 
and  of  laborious  intricate  vaticination,  like 
that  of  medicine  man,  astrologer,  or  alchemist 
in  all  ages,  is  that  theory  built  up! 

Frederic  Ives  Carpenter. 


What  May  We  Believe  ?  * 


Science,  speaking  objectively,  is  concerned 
with  physical  realities;  a  scientific  concept  is 
one  which  has  for  its  basis  sense-impressions, 
regarded  by  us  as  tokens  of  an  external  world 
of  being.  Metaphysical  conceptions  are  those 
resulting  from  the  projection  of  normally- 
derived  concepts,  in  various  combinations,  into 
regions  where  they  are  beyond  the  test  of  expe- 
rience. We  may  postulate  a  third  region  of 
Metapsychics,  conceivable  in  the  sense  that  the 
metaphysics,  or  even  physics,  of  some  superior 
being  might  be  wholly  metapsychical,  i.  e., 
unthinkable,  to  us.  Certainly,  as  we  descend  in 
the  scale  of  life,  there  must  soon  come  a  point 
where  our  metaphysics  become  metapsychic,  and 
eventually  one  where  our  physics  are  equally 
so,  and  self-consciousness  finally  sinks  in  the 
infrapsychic. 

The  mind  of  man,  thus  confined  within  nar- 
row limits  of  clear  perception,  has  always  been 
restless.  In  truth,  this  is  not  because  of  the 
smallness  of  his  field,  but  rather  because  of 
the  obscurity  of  its  boundaries,  and  their  varia- 
bility according  to  individual  and  race.  The 
man  of  science  is  ever  for  enlarging  his  domain, 
but  he  purposes  that  it  shall  be  his  indeed,  from 
wall  to  wall;  his  notion  of  property  is  that 
understood  by  the  law,  not  that  of  the  artist 
who  owns  the  distant  landscape  by  virtue  of  his 
enjoyment  of  it.  The  idealist  refuses  to  recog- 
nize boundaries,  and  insists  upon  planting  his 
choicest  flowers  on  the  other  side  of  the  wall; 
where,  perchance,  the  wild  beasts  devour  them, 
and  the  man  of  science  says  '  I  told  you  so.' 

The  reconciliation  of  these  quarrelsome  indi- 
viduals is  no  light  task.  Your  modem  idealist 
denies  the  proposition,  so  admirable  to  common 
sense,  that  a  bird  in  the  hand  is  worth  two  in 

•Science  and  Immortality.  The  Ingersoll  Lecture, 
1904.  By  WUliam  Osier.  Boston:  Houghton,  Mifflin 
&  Co. 

Ideals  of  Science  and  Faith.  Edited  by  Rev.  J.  E. 
Hand.     New  York :     Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 

Balance,  the  Fundamental  Verity.  By  Orlando  J. 
Smith.     Boston :    Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL. 


87 


the  bush.  He  even  ventures  to  urge  that  it  is 
not  worth  one  in  the  bush,  when  that  one  hops 
cheerfully  and  sings  sweetly.  Wliat  is  one  to 
say  to  such  an  unreasonable  individual?  Must 
we  prove  that  it  ts  in  the  hand,  after  all,  to 
bring  about  an  agreement?  That,  possibly,  is 
not  worth  while;  it  is  too  much  like  breaking 
the  cup  to  prove  its  fragility. 

The  three  books  at  present  under  review 
attempt,  in  their  several  ways,  either  to  move 
the  wall  or  justify  the  individual  who  would 
cUmb  over  it.  It  is  hardly  possible  to  take  a 
precisely  neutral  position,  although  that  is  here 
and  there  attempted. 

Dr.  William  Osier,  Professor  of  Medicine, 
Johns  Hopkins  University,  just  now  appointed 
Regius  Professor  of  Medicine  in  the  University- 
of  Oxford,  delivered  the  Ingersoll  Lecture 
on  Immortality  at  Harvard  University  in  1904. 
Coming  after  James,  Fiske,  and  others  of  high 
renown,  he  was  justified  in  the  expression  of 
a  certain  modest  timidity;  but  as  we  close  the 
little  book  we  feel  proud  to  be  of  the  English- 
speaking  race,  with  a  language  capable  of  being 
put  to  such  worthy  use.  The  argument  is  not 
of  the  strenuous  sort;  the  words  flow  gently 
and  naturally,  as  they  expose  the  mellowed 
thought  of  a  mature  and  reverent  mind.  As  we 
found  in  reading  James,  the  very  mildness  of 
the  insistence,  the  very  modesty  of  the  presenta- 
tion, lends  to  it  a  force  which  is  not  at  all 
inherent  in  many  a  fist-aided  pulpit  oration. 
We  may  be  permitted  a  single  quotation,  suf- 
ficiently long  to  give  a  good  idea  of  the  lan- 
guage and  the  meaning. 

'  A  word  in  conclusion  to  the  young  men  in  the 
audience.  As  perplexity  of  soul  will  be  your  lot 
and  portion,  accept  the  situation  with  a  good  grace. 
The  hopes  and  fears  which  make  us  men  are  insep- 
arable, and  this  wine-press  of  Doubt  each  one  of 
you  must  tread  alone.  It  is  a  trouble  from  which 
no  man  may  relieve  his  brother  or  make  agreement 
with  another  for  him.  Better  that  your  spirit's 
bark  be  driven  far  from  the  shore  —  far  from  the 
trembling  throng  whose  sails  were  never  to  the 
tempest  given  —  than  that  you  should  tie  it  up  to 
rot  at  some  lethean  wharf.  On  the  question  before 
us  wide  and  far  your  hearts  will  range  from  those 
early  days  when  matins  and  evensong,  evensong 
and  matins  sang  the  larger  hope  of  humanity  into 
your  young  souls.  In  certain  of  you  the  changes 
and  chances  of  the  years  ahead  will  reduce  this  to 
a  vague  sense  of  eternal  continuity,  with  which,  as 
Walter  Pater  says,  none  of  us  wholly  part.  In  a 
very  few  it  will  be  begotten  again  to  the  lively 
hope  of  the  Teresians;  while  a  majority  will  retain 
the  sabbatical  interest  of  the  Laodicean,  as  little 
able  to  appreciate  the  fervid  enthusiasm  of  the  one 
as  the  cold  philosophy  of  the  other.  Some  of  you 
will  wander  through  all  phases,  to  come  at  last,  I 
trust,  to  the  opinion  of  Cicero,  who  had  rather  be 
mistaken  with  Plato  than  be  right  with  those  who 
deny  altogether  the  life  after  death;  and  this  u 
my  own  confessio  fidei:    (Pp.  42-43.) 

The  volume  entitled  '  Ideals  of  Science  and 
Faith '    consists    of     a     series    of    essays  by 


various  British  writers,  edited  by  tiie  Eev. 
J.  E.  Hand,  who  provides  a  rather  prosy 
introduction.  The  essays  are  of  various 
degrees  of  merit,  the  best  being  *A 
Physicist's  Approach,'  by  Sir  Oliver  Lodge, 
*A  Biological  Approach,'  by  Professors  J.  A. 
Tliomson  and  Patrick  Geddes,  *A  Sociolog- 
ical Approach  towards  Unity,'  by  Mr.  Victor  V. 
Branford,  and  *An  Educational  Approach  — 
A  Technical  Approach,'  by  Professor  Geddes. 
The  Eev.  John  Kelman,  in  *A  Presbyterian 
Approach,'  frankly  accepts  the  teachings  of 
science,  and  sums  up  his  position  thus ; 

'  Looking  forward,  we  wait  for  new  light,  not  only 
without  trembling  for  the  faith,  but  with  eager 
cnriosity  that  we  may  understand  our  faith  more 
perfectly.  Looking  back,  along  the  line  of  the  his- 
tory of  Presbyterianism,  we  see  a  long  controversy, 
due  mainly  to  a  misunderstanding.  But  behind  and 
beneath  all  controversy,  we  are  proud  to  recognize 
in  Presbyterian  faith  the  basal  principles  of  all  true 
science — the  demand  for  unity  and  order,  and  the 
assertion  of  the  rights  of  intellect.'     (P.  2Ao.) 

On  the  other  hand,  Mr.  Wilirid  Ward,  speaking 
for  the  Church  of  Rome,  says: 

*  The  results  of  the  scientific  movement,  as  they 
come  to  us  from  the  hands  of  the  opponents  of 
Christianity,  the  church  cannot  accept.  They  are 
not  pure  science.  What  is  advanced  as  science  is  in 
reaUty  often  subtly  coloured  by  the  prepossessions 
of  its  advocates.  Only  learning  and  thought  among 
Christians  themselves,  fairly  equal  in  extent  and 
quality  to  those  of  their  opponents,  can  afford  the 
means  for  the  desired  synthesis.'     (P.  322.) 

Mr.  Branford's  essay  is  a  very  suggestive  one, 
setting  forth  the  view  that  human  activities 
continually  tend  to  run  —  not  exactly  '  to 
seed,'  but  to  barrenness  in  formalism  and 
ceremonialism.  That  which  was  first  symbolic 
is  at  length  taken  for  the  thing  it  symbolizes, 
while  the  thing  itself  is  forgotten.  In  religion 
the  outcome  is,  of  course,  idolatry;  in  industry 
it  is  finance,  whereby  the  manipulation  of  the 
tokens  of  wealth  is  supposed  to  be  equivalent 
to  the  production  of  goods,  and  the  rich  man 
has  often  no  more  relation  to  the  sources  of 
his  gains  than  the  idol  has  to  the  God  (or,  if 
you  like,  idea)  he  was  originally  intended  to 
typify.  In  literature  and  art,  the  equivalent 
of  idolatry  is  found  in  the  work  of  the  stylists, 
who  are  satisfied  with  clever  technique,  though 
the  result  may  be  idiotic  or  beastly  to  the  man 
who  looks  beneath  the  surface.  In  politics,  the 
expression  of  a  living  need  or  sentiment  tends 
at  length  to  crystallize  into  a  rigid  law,  which 
presently  assumes  superiority  over  the  people 
for  whose  good  it  was  made,  and  compels  those 
who  would  make  necessary  readjustments  at 
times  to  resort  to  revolutions.  Will  our  readers 
be  scandalized  if  we  suggest  that  the  United 
States  Constitution  is  already  too  much  like  an 
idol?  Science  does  not  escape  from  the  tend- 
ency to  formalism  any  more  than  religion,  poli- 


88 


THE    jyiAJL 


[Feb.  1, 


tics,  industry,  or  art.  If  it  now  seems  free,  it 
is  because  in  the  more  civilized  countries  it  is 
growing  rapidly;  but  those  who  are  intimately 
acquainted  with  its  condition  are  well  aware 
that  'eternal  vigilance  is  the  price  of  liberty,' 
in  science  as  elsewhere.  There  have  been  times 
when  science  was  almost  the  least  progressive 
of  human  activities,  and  our  author  intimates 
that  certain  phases  of  mathematics  today  come 
dangerously  near  to  pure  formalism. 

Mr.  Orlando  J.  .  Smith,  in  his  book  called 
'Balance,'  endeavors  to  deduce  human  immor- 
tality, and  other  things,  from  Newton's  postu- 
late that  *  to  every  action  there  is  an  equal  and 
opposite  reaction.'  In  other  words,  to  revert  to 
the  simile  given  at  the  beginning  of  this  article, 
he  undertakes  to  prove  that  these  things  are 
not  really  outside  the  wall.  The  result  is  unsat- 
isfactory to  the  materialists,  who  do  not  accept 
his  demonstration  as  valid,  and  equally  so  to 
those  who  like  the  other  side  of  the  wall,  because 
it  is  the  other  side.  The  little  book  was  sent  to 
a  large  number  of  persons  (mostly  D.D.'s,  but 
including  Messrs.  Mallock,  Benjamin  Kidd, 
etc.)  before  publication,  with  requests  for  a 
review,  and  these  reviews,  favorable  and  unfav- 
orable, have  been  published  with  it.  Further 
review  is  therefore  perhaps  superfluous,  though 
there  are  many  things  one  would  like  to  say. 

T.  D.  A.   COCKEEELL. 


Wanderfngs  over  Four  Contixents.* 

Through  Latin  Europe,  France,  Italy,  Por- 
tugal, devout  pilgrimages  paid  by  painters  and 
men  of  letters  to  ancient  shrines  of  art  and 
architecture;  hasty  trips  by  men  of  affairs, 
across  to  Morocco  in  the  interests  of  diplomacy 
and  the  world's  well-being,  up  the  Nile,  over 
ten  provinces  of  Turkey  in  Asia  to  the 
Euphrates,  into  inner  Jerusalem,  north  to  Rus- 
sia, back  to  Scotland,  then  in  one  leap  across 

*0n  the  Old  Road  thhodgh  France  to  Floeence. 
By  A.  H.  Hallam  Murray.  Accompanied  by  Henry  W. 
Nevlnson  and  Montgomery  Carmichael.  Illustrated.  New 
York:  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 

The  Log  of  the  Griffin.  The  Sory  of  a  Cruise  from 
the  Alps  to  the  Thames.  By  Donald  Maxwell.  Illustrated. 
New  York :    John  Lane. 

Three  Weeks  in  Eithopb.  The  Vacation  of  a  Busy 
Man.  By  John  U.  Higinbotham.  Illustrated.  Chicago : 
Herbert  S.  Stone  &  Co. 

Sunshine  and  Sentiment  in  Portugal.  By  Gilbert 
Watson.     Illustrated.    New  York:  Longmans,  Green  ft  Co. 

The  Land  of  Riddles  (Russia  of  To-Day).  By  Hugo 
Ganz.  Translated  from  the  German  by  Herman  Rosen- 
thal.    New  York :    Harper  ft  Brothers. 

Raiderland.  All  about  Grey  Galloway,  Its  Stories, 
Traditions,  Characters,  Humours.  By  S.  R.  Crockett. 
Illustrated  by  Joseph  Pennell.  New  York:  Dodd,  Mead 
ft  Co. 

The  Truth  about  Morocco.  An  Indictment  of  the 
Policy  of  the   British  Foreign  Office  with  Regard  to  the 


the  continents  to  Siam,  that  kingdom  botli  new 
and  old,  and  across  the  waters  to  the  northern 
United  States,  the  recent  books  of  travel  afford 
more  than  a  glimpse  of  a  world  in  which  the  one 
salient  fact  is  human  sympathy  and  earnest 
endeavor  at  understanding  and  interpretation. 
All  these  books,  —  some  of  them  as  beautiful  as 
modern  color  processes  for  real  works  of  art 
can  make  them,  most  of  the  others  with  photo- 
graphs reproduced  in  half-tone,  —  survey  the 
foreigner  with  pleasure  and  in  friendship,  seek- 
ing to  bring  the  people  of  the  world  together 
on  a  basis  of  common  sympathy  and  apprecia- 
tion, and  succeeding  to  a  marked  degree.  No 
one  will  rise  from  a  reading  of  these  numerous 
works  without  being  more  amicably  disposed 
toward  those  of  other  climes  and  races,  with- 
out a  widening  of  sympathies  as  well  as  a 
deeper  comprehension  of  facts.  And  this  is 
very  modem  and  significant. 

The  most  beautiful  of  these  books  is  that  for 
which  Mr.  Hallam  Murray  has  made  a  devout 
pilgrimage  'On  the  Old  Road  through  France 
to  Florence.'  In  the  earlier  half  of  his  jour- 
ney, from  Rouen  to  the  confines  of  Italy  at 
Mentone,  he  was  accompanied  by  Mr.  Henry 
W.  Nevinson,  in  the  latter  half,  on  to  the 
beauties  of  Florence,  by  Mr.  Montgomery  Car- 
'michael.  The  text  of  the  book  is  subordinate 
to  the  illustrations,  of  which  there  are  no  fewer 
than  forty-eight  in  color,  admirably  printed  on 
paper  more  dull  and  hence  more  grateful  to 
the  eye  than  usual,  besides  eighteen  sketches 
printed  in  the  text.  The  cover  shows  the  fleurs- 
de-lis  of  France  and  of  Florence,  with  the 
scallop  shell  of  Normandy  and  the  pilgrim,  a 
commendable  and  appropriate  bit  of  symbolism. 
The  narrative,  however,  refuses  to  stand  upon 
a  lower  level  even  than  Mr.  Murray's  beautiful 
pictures,  being  informed  with  the  spirit  of  true 
literature,  filled  with  historical  references,  and 
not  without  the  glamour  of  poetry  from  the 
lands  where  the  world  of  modem  poesy  came 
into  being.  There  is,  for  example,  a  chapter 
in  Mr.  Nevinson's  account  on  '  Minor  Saints 

Anglo-French  Agreement.  By  M.  Aflalo.  With  a  Preface 
by  R.   B.  Cunninghame  Graham.     New  York :    John  Lane. 

Along  the  Nile  with  General  Grant.  By  Elbert 
E.  Farman,  LL,D.  Illustrated.  New  York :  The  Grafton 
Press. 

Dar-ul-Islam.  a  Record  of  a  Journey  through  Ten 
of  the  Asiatic  Provinces  of  Turkey.  By  Mark  Sykes. 
With  Appendix  by  John  Hugh  Smith,  and  Introduction  by 
Professor  E.  G.  Browne.  Illustrated.  New  York :  Im- 
ported  by   Charles   Scribner's   Sons. 

By  Nile  and  Euphrates.  A  Record  of  Discovery 
and  Adventure.  By  H.  Valentine  Greer.  Illustrated. 
New  York :    Imported  by  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

Inner  Jerusalem.  By  A.  Goodrich-Preer.  Illus- 
trated.    New  York :     E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 

The  Kingdom  of  Siam.  By  the  Ministry  of  Agricul- 
ture, Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  Siamese  Section. 
Edited  by  A.  Cecil  Carter,  M.A.  Illustrated.  New  York: 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

In  to  the  Yukon.  By  William  Seymour  Edwards. 
Illustrated.     Cincinnati :     The  Robert  Clarke  Co. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL, 


89 


and  Prophets/  from  which  the  following  is 
worth   reprinting: 

'  Minor  saints,  minor  poets, —  the  whole  of  this 
country  of  Languedoc  and  Provence  has  been  full 
of  them.  They  are  the  great  benefactors  of  man-  \ 
kind.  The  times  that  produce  great  saints  and  great  | 
poets  can  look  after  themselves.  When  St.  Francis 
or  Dante  is  at  work,  no  one  is  likely  to  forget  the 
worship  of  the  Holy  Ghost.  But  it  is  during  the 
years  when  the  spirit  of  man  burns  low,  when  peo- 
ple live  and  die  with  souls  unkindled,  wallowing 
in  the  common  round,  the  daily  task,  the  struggle 
for  an  average  and  uninspired  existence —  it  is  then 
that  the  minor  saint,  the  minor  poet,  fulfill  their 
benefaction  and  maintain  the  tradition  of  that  holy 
spirituality  which  neither  strives,  nor  cries,  nor 
pays. ' 

To  build  a  boat  in  the  mountains  of  Switzer- 
land, convey  it  to  Lake  Zurich,  and  thence 
navigate  it  (when  it  was  not  being  towed)  down 
the  Ehine  through  Germany  and  Holland  and 
across  to  the  mouth  of  the  Thames,  surely 
make  up  an  achievement  sufficiently  remarkable 
to  deserve  commemoration  in  book  form.  Hence 
Mr.  Donald  Maxwell's  *  Log  of  the  "  Griffin  "  ' 
will  be  found  full  of  strange  events,  told  with 
the  utmost  good  humor,  and — as  the  purpose  of 
the  long  voyage  was  rather  the  making  of  pic- 
tures than  anything  else  —  full  also  of  charm- 
ing sketches  of  German  and  Dutch  scenes, 
partly  the  work  of  the  author  and  partly  that 
of  his  first  mate  and  sole  companion,  Mr.  Cot- 
tington  Taylor.  There  were  some  exciting 
events  during  the  voyage,  —  the  *  Griffin* 
was  twice  shipwrecked,  —  and  the  manner  in 
which  it  was  greeted  by  the  inhabitants  along 
the  river  is  really  illustrative  of  national  char- 
acter: it  was  not  until  the  little  ship  was  in 
the  Thames  that  it  was  subjected  to  ridicule! 
Without  being  in  any  way  a  serious  work,  the 
narrative  c-ommends  itself  as  well-told,  vera- 
cious, original;  while  in  its  artistic  aspect  the 
book  is  beautiful. 

As  evidence  of  what  can  be  done  by  the 
strenuous  traveller  in  a  very  short  time,  tiie 
book  by  Mr.  John  TJ.  Higinbotham,  a  busi- 
ness man  of  Chicago,  entitled  'Three  Weeks 
in  Europe, '  is  noteworthy.  Within  the  brief 
period  named,  the  author  contrived  to  see  some- 
thing of  Xaples,  Capri,  Pompeii,  Eome,  Flor- 
ence, Venice,  !Milan,  Lugano,  Lucerne,  Berne, 
Zurich,  Shaffhausen,  Bale,  and  had  three  days 
in  Paris  and  as  many  in  London.  The  narra- 
tive is  good-natured,  quite  without  pretension, 
and  readable ;  and  it  is  provided  with  numerous 
illustrations,  reproduc-ed  from  photographs, 
apparently  of  Mr.  Higinbotham's  own  taking. 

Mr.  Gilbert  Watson's  '  Sunshine  and  Senti- 
ment in  Portugal '  is  a  curious  book,  in  which 
fact  and  fiction  are  so  commingled  that  it  is 
difficult  to  distinguish  each  from  each.  We 
make  out  that  the  author  fell  in  love  with  a 
very  pretty   Portugese  girl  while  accompany- 


ing an  expedition  for  excavating  certain  lime- 
stone caves  near  Faro,  and  that  nothing  par- 
ticular came  from  either  the  love  affair  or  the 
excavation,  except  the  present  book.  It  justi- 
fies its  name,  for  it  is  bright  and  sunny,  and 
succeeds  in  giving  an  idea  of  certain  unin- 
spected sides  of  the  Portuguese  character,  induc- 
ing the  reflection  that  very  little  is  known,  about 
a  country  that  appears  to  improve  mightily  upon 
intimate  contact.  The  illustrations,  which 
are  rather  indifferent,  appear  to  be  by  the  author. 

There  is  little  in  the  book  of  Dr.  Hugo  Ganz 
concerning  the  Bussia  of  to-day  that  adds  to- 
the  recent  knowledge  poured  forth  so  profusely 
concerning  that  unhappy  land.  He  proves  it 
to  be  indeed  *  The  Land  of  Biddies, '  as  many 
a  traveller  has  done  before  him;  but  he  does- 
this  largely  out  of  the  mouths  of  distinguished 
individuals  whose  names  he  withholds.  Him- 
self an  Austrian,  with  prejudices  under  full 
control,  he  made  no  special  preparation  for  his 
sojourn  imder  alien  skies,  —  his  chief  concern 
seemingly  having  been  to  escape  the  courtesies 
of  the  Bussian  secret  police,  about  whom  he  had 
every  reason  to  feel  apprehensive.  He  has 
much  to  say  about  von  Plehve  which  seems  to 
indicate  that  his  taking  off  was  a  great  national 
benefit.  One  searching  chapter  on  the  imperial 
family  is  perhaps  the  most  enlightening  series  of 
statements  in  the  book,  —  certainly  the  most 
significant  at  this  time.  With  a  kindness  of 
heart  and  intention  that  cannot  be  gainsaid, 
there  is  nevertheless  in  the  Czar  a  weakness  of 
judgment  described  as  'almost  pathological,' 
and  this  with  an  intellect  which  Dr.  Ganz  says 
can  best  be  characterized  as  'subtle.'  After 
reading  the  book,  Busia  still  remains  the  land 
of  contradiction.  The  translation,  by  ^Mj-. 
Herman  Bosenthal,  is  into  excellent  English. 

Old  Galloway,  especially  that  portion  of  it 
known  as  the  Stewartry  of  Kirkcudbright,  is 
exploited  by  Mr.  S.  B.  Crockett  in  his  *  Baider- 
land, '  both  historically  and  in  a  literary  sense. 
He  has  gathered  together  the  old  legends  of  a 
spot  long  independent  of  settled  law  as  under- 
stood by  its  neighbors,  and  has  scattered  these 
legends  through  the  work,  giving  it  th.e  air  of 
a  collection  of  more  or  le«  doubtfiQ  history 
but  of  excellent  literary  material.  About  these- 
episodes  are  woven  fragments  of  descriptioni 
and  statements  taken  from  the  authentic  his- 
tories, bits  of  modem  experiences,  and  descrip- 
tions of  natural  scenes  and  beai*ties.  The  work 
concludes  with  'The  Diary  of  an  Eighteenth- 
Century  Galloway  Laird, '  one  William  Cun- 
inghame  of  Coprington,  who  spent  much  time 
in  Virginia  as  manager  for  the  tobacco  lords  of 
that  day.  The  book  has  an  index,  and  the 
drawings  of  Mr.  Joseph  Pennell  are,  as  always,, 
delightful. 


90 


THE    DIAL. 


[Feb.  1, 


Mr.  Moussa  Aflalo,  author  of  'The  Truth 
about  Morocco, '  although  a  British  subject,  was 
for  almost  a  lifetime  continually  connected  with 
the  courts  of  successive  Sultans  of  that  little 
known  land.  His  book  is  written  with  an  eye 
single  to  overthrowing  that  policy  of  Great 
Britain  which  may  be  best  described  as  giving 
France  a  free  hand  for  the  annexation  of  the 
Morocco  territory  to  its  other  northern  African 
possessions,  in  return  for  a  freer  hand  accorded 
England  in  the  settlement  of  questions  now 
agitating  the  Far  East,  —  in  effect  a  partial 
abrogation  of  the  alliance  between  France  and 
Russia.  It  is,  in  the  main,  an  attack  upon 
Lord  Lansdowne's  policy  in  respect  to  Morocco 
and  England's  commercial  interests  there,  and 
devotes  itself  to  showing  how  great  the  loss 
will  be  when  France  has  assumed  control,  and 
how  thoroughly  everything  painfully  done  to 
•raise  British  prestige  through  a  long  series  of 
years  has  been  overturned  by  a  scratch  of  the 
pen.  The  book  presents  a  thorough  statement 
of  the  attitude  of  Morocco  toward  the  outer 
world,  by  one  in  possession  of  the  facts. 

The  Hon.  Elbert  E.  Farman  was  for  many 
years  United  States  Consul-Oeneral  at  Cairo, 
and  as  the  highest  official  representative  of  his 
country  in  Egypt  at  the  time  of  General 
Grant's  visit  to  that  interesting  region  in  May 
and  June  of  1877,  he  was  thrown  into  intimate 
association  with  that  distinguished  soldier  dur- 
ing his  tour  up  the  Nile.  By  skilfully  blend- 
ing with  his  descriptive  narrative,  'Along  the 
Nile  with  General  Grant,'  a  really  profound 
knowledge  of  Egyptian  antiquities  and  of  the 
most  modern  developments,  Mr.  Farmian  has 
succeeded  in  keeping  his  book  fully  up  to  the 
times  in  one  respect,  while  presenting  an  excel- 
lent portrait  of  Grant  on  the  other.  To  Amer- 
icans, nothing  can  be  of  more  interest  than  the 
report  of  Grant's  conversation  during  the  jour- 
ney, given  in  the  General's  own  words. 

'When  I  went  to  Washington  to  take  command 
of  the  armies,  I  had  in  mind  three  plans  for  a  move- 
ment upon  the  forces  under  General  Lee.  One  was 
that  which  I  adopted.  A  second  was  to  divide  the 
army  of  the  Potomac  into  three  divisions,  and  with 
ten  days'  rations  cut  loose  from  Washington  and 
move  quickly  to  the  northwest  of  ESchmond  and 
compel  Lee  to  fight  immediately  a  decisive  battle. 
If  I  had  then  had  two  generals  that  I  had  known 
as  well  as  I  afterwards  knew  Generals  Sherman  and 
Sheridan,  and  in  whose  ability  I  had  had  the  same 
■confidence  that  I  afterwards  had  in  theirs,  I  should 
have  adopted  this  plan.  I  would  have  taken  com- 
.inand  personally  of  one  of  these  divisions  and  placed 
the  two  Generals  each  in  command  of  one  of  the 
•others.  But  I  had  no  generals  that  I  then  dared 
to  trust  with  so  important  an  undertaking.  .  .  . 
I  adopted  the  first  because  I  regarded  it  as  certain 
•of  success,  though  I  knew  it  would  involve  hard 
fighting  and  great  sacrifices.' 

/  Dar-ul-Islam, '  the  title  of  Mr.  Mark 
^Sykes's  really  enjoyable  volume,  signifies  'the 


heart  of  Mohammedanism, '  and  is  most  apt. 
His  wanderings  began  at  Beyrut,  in  November, 
1902,  and  ended  at  the  Eussian  frontier  not 
far  from  Mount  Ararat,  apparently  in  the  mid- 
dle of  1903.  His  journey  took  him  to  Damascus, 
Palmyra,  Aleppo,  Zeitun,  Diarbekr,  Nisibin, 
Sulimanieh  on  the  Persian  frontier,  Mosul, 
Bitlis,  Van,  and  Mosuna,  and  thence  home  by 
way  of  Orgoif,  Tiflis,  Batum,  and  the  Black 
Sea.  Mr.  Sykes,  it  seems,  is  an  Irishman,  and 
he  brings  to  his  book  a  keen  sense  of  the  ridic- 
ulous which  compels  liis  delighted  readers  to 
share  with  him  many  wonderful  things  he  came 
upon  during  his  extended  tour,  some  of  it  over 
lands  little  known  to  the  Caucasian  of  to-day. 
Of  these  he  drew  sketch  maps,  and  his  text 
corrects  some  errors  of  the  guide-books,  whidh 
in  the  main,  however,  were  found  accurate.  He 
shared  the  life  of  the  people  among  whom  he 
sojourned,  and  he  has  kindly  words  to  say  for 
the  Turk  at  all  times,  —  many  more,  in  fact, 
than  for  the  degraded  races  to  which  the  Otto- 
man empire,  in  spite  of  impressions  to  the  con- 
trary, is  still  bringing  peace  and  enlighten- 
ment. He  dwells  on  the  democracy  of  the 
East,  too  firmly  a  part  of  the  daily  life  to 
require  argument  regarding  it.  We  reproduce  a 
passage  describing  an  incident  witnessed  by  the 
author  at  Constantinople. 

'We  passed  the  funeral  of  a  Hamal  porter.  In 
Moslem  countries  it  is  customary  for  the  friends 
of  the  dead  to  carry  them  to  the  grave,  taking  turns 
to  put  their  shoulders  beneath  the  load;  but  this 
poor,  rough  coffin  was  only  borne  by  three,  and  no 
one  followed  to  mourn  or  help.  In  the  midst  of 
the  bustle  of  the  street,  the  cracking  of  whips,  the 
cries  of  the  hawkers,  the  laughter  and  playing  of 
children,  this  sad,  shuflSing,  laboring  group  had  a 
piteous  and  forlorn  appearance.  On  the  other  side 
of  the  road  walked  a  Palace  aide-de-camp  tightly 
laced  in  a  smart  Prussian  uniform;  he  jingled  his 
spurs  and  clanked  his  sword  in  the  manner  of  the 
continental  oflScer;  he  curled  his  mustache  like  a  fop 
and  smoked  his  cigarette  with  an  air  of  languid 
condescension,  in  excellent  imitation  of  the  lieuten- 
ant of  Western  Europe  and  his  marvelous  swagger, 
bom  of  years  of  peaceful  armament;  but  still  when 
this  man  saw  the  funeral,  he  hooked  up  his  sword, 
threw  away  his  cigarette,  and,  stepping  out  into 
the  street,  put  his  shoulder  under  the  coffin  and 
strode  along  sharing  the  burden  with  the  three 
ragged  porters.' 

Mr.  H.  Valentine  Greer,  an  Englishman,  was 
associated  with  the  researches  conducted  by  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  on  the  site  of 
ancient  Nippur  in  Mesopotamia,  and  with  Pro- 
fessor Flinders  Petrie  in  the  excavations  in 
Egypt;  and  he  has  combined  the  results  of 
his  experiences  in  a  book  entitled  '  By  Nile  and 
Euphrates. '  So  far  as  the  valley  of  the  latter 
river  is  concerned,  he  has  a  tale  of  its  inhabi- 
tants and  their  rulers,  the  Turks,  varying  con- 
sidertably  from  that  of  Mr.  Sykes,  in  the  book 
last  mentioned,  —  it  may  be  assumed,  becaiLse 
he  was   brought  into   little  contact  with   the 


1905.] 


THE    DTAT. 


91 


Turks  as  individuals.  Of  the  scientific  and  his- 
torical results  of  his  various  excavations  he 
has  almost  nothing  to  say,  those  being  reserved 
for  the  official  publications  of  their  directors. 
One  of  his  experiences  at  Bahsamun,  near  Fay- 
oum,  is  worth  reprinting. 

'In  one  tomb  I  had  a  curious  experience.  Ali 
had  just  cleared  the  entrance  from  the  shaft  as  I 
came  upon  the  scene,  and  as  I  looked  into  the 
chamber  by  the  light  of  a  candle  it  seemed  as  if  the 
place  had  never  been  touched.  There  were  more 
than  a  dozen  bodies,  which  were  ranged  around 
the  walls,  and  the  floor  was  covered  with  a  thick 
layer  of  dust.  The  minute  I  stepped  into  the  cham- 
ber I  broke  the  crust  of  dust,  and  before  my  aston- 
ished eyes  the  whole  contents  of  the  tomb  crum- 
bled away  instantly.  It  was  rather  an  uncanny 
sight,  but  the  explanation  was  simple  enough.  The 
dust  had  settled  over  the  bodies,  after  the  last 
burial,  and  becoming  moist  had  practically  taken 
a  mould  of  everything  that  lay  under  it  and  hard- 
ened sufficiently  to  keep  its  shape  as  the  shrinkage 
and  sinking  of  what  lay  beneath  had  taken  place. 
Utterly  undisturbed,  it  had  been  strong  enough  to 
support  its  own  weight,  but,  naturally,  when  I  trod 
upon  it  the  lot  crumbled  to  powder.' 

The  author  gives  an  account  of  the  misunder- 
standing which  sent  him  back  to  England  after 
he  had  reached  the  site  of  Nippur,  in  full 
accordanc-e  with  Professor  Hilprecht's  state- 
ments. The  book  is  well  illustrated  with  repro- 
duced  photographs. 

In  a  portly  volume  entitled  '  Inner  Jeru- 
salem,'  filled  with  illustrative  photographs  of 
places  and  scenes,  Mr.  A.  Goodrich- Freer  has 
contrived  to  answer  a  great  many  interesting 
questions  regarding  life  in  the  Holy  City,  so 
that  the  reader  rises  from  the  work  with  a 
sense  of  having  at  last  learned  just  what  Jeru- 
salem means  to  its  widely  assorted  inhabitants, 
especially  to  those  who  comprise  the  European 
colonies  there.  The  knowledge  displayed  in 
the  book  is  such  as  could  have  been  acquired 
only  by  long  residence,  and  is  used  with  dis- 
crimination and  a  sympathetic  outlook  upon 
the  curious  ramifications  of  temporal  and  spir- 
itual power.  Mr.  Freer  gives  some  statistics 
concerning  Protestant  missions  in  that  quarter, 
which  go  to  show  that  the  expense  of  bringing 
an  occasional  unbeliever  to  the  Cross  is  some- 
what disproportionate  to  results  achieved  else- 
where. He  summarizes  the  results  of  the 
activities  of  the  Church  Missionary  Society 
(Anglican),  from  1895  to  1901  inclusive,  as 
follows :  '  In  seven  years  there  has  been  a 
total  expenditure  in  Palestine  of  £114,370.  .  . 
The  number  of  adult  baptisms  has  been  nine, 
...  at  the  cost  of  £12,707  per  head. '  It 
is  to  be  observed  that  here  the  Protestants  are 
debarred  from  attempting  to  convert  members 
of  other  Christian  churches,  and  from  pros- 
elytization  among  Moslems,  as  matters  of  essen- 
tial comity  and  policy.  England  appears  to 
be   exceedingly   backward   in    everything   that 


could  add  to  her  prestige  in  this  region,  while 
the  comparatively  recent  visit  of  the  German 
Emperor  has  been  productive  of  striking  results. 

A  number  of  Siamese  officials  gathered 
together  at  the  recent  Louisana  Purchase  Expo- 
sition in  St.  Louis  have  combined  to  give  a 
graphic  and  authentic  account  of  the  land  they 
serve,  calling  the  work  '  The  Kingdom  of 
Siam. '  It  contains  everything  the  stranger 
needs  to  know  of  a  fascinating  country,  pros- 
pering under  an  autocrat  so  modem  that  he 
justifies  the  old  statement  regarding  the  gov- 
ernmental efficiency  of  the  benevolent  despot, 
with  customs  and  laws  as  exotic  as  can  well  be 
imagined.  Siam  has  taken  long  strides  for- 
ward in  recent  years,  as  the  statistics  adduced 
bear  ample  witne^;  and  there  seems  to  have 
been  a  hand  sufficiently  restraining  to  keep  the 
people  of  the  kingdom  from  the  specious 
advances  of  Christendom,  implying  slums  no 
less  than  palaces.  The  book  has  no  literary 
endeavor  manifest  in  its  pages,  bein^  rather  a 
complete  hand-book  of  the  kingdom^  with 
numerous  illustrations  of  persons  and  places,  — 
an  encyclopedia  in  little. 

Camera  in  hand,  Mr.  William  Seymour 
Edwards  set  forth  from  his  home  in  West  Vir- 
ginia in  August,  1903,  on  a  long  journey  to 
the  Xorth  by  way  of  the  great  lakes.  He 
returned  late  in  October,  stopping  at  the  Fair 
in  Buffalo  on  his  way.  Letters  home,  written 
in  simple  and  straightforward  style,  and  reveal- 
ing a  pleasant  personality,  have  been  gathered 
into  a  pleasant  volume  bearing  the  title  *  In  to 
the  Yukon,'  which,  if  it  says  nothing  new,  at 
least  says  it  brightly  and  interestingly.  The 
illustrations  consist  of  reproduced  snap  shots 
taken  by  the  author.  Wallace  Eice. 


Briefs  ox  Xew  Books. 

A  manual  for  ^^-  George  E.  Roebuck,  district 
the  Hhrarif  librarian    at    Stepney,    and    Mr. 

assistant.  WUliam    Benson    Thome,  district 

librarian  at  Bromley,  have  issued  '  A  Primer  of 
Library  Practice  for  Junior  Assistants  '  (Put- 
nam), which  naturally  adapts  itself  more  partic- 
ularly to  the  needs  of  English  than- of  American 
library  workers,  little  as  one  might  think  these 
needs  should  differ  in  the  two  cases.  Perhaps 
the  chief  interest  of  the  book  to  us  lies  in  its 
revelation  of  these  differences  of  library  organi- 
zation, management,  and  ideals, —  these  in  tum 
being  conditioned  by  the  nature  of  the  communi- 
ties which  the  libraries  serve.  The  book  oi)ens- 
with  a  brief  outline  of  public  library  history  in 
Great  Britain,  where  the  first  public  subscription 
library,  the  London  Libi'ary,came  into  being  more 
than  a  centmy  after  our  first  similar  experiment, 
the  Library  Company  of  Philadelphia.  Com- 
pared   not    only   with    America,    but    also   with 


92 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


cantiuental  Europe,  England  was  slow  to  see  the 
need  of  public  libraries.  Chapters  two,  three, 
and  four  deal  with,  organization,  classification, 
and  cataloguing,  and  such  minor  details  as  book- 
repairing,  correspondence,  reports,  helping  read- 
ers, and  what  to  do  in  emergencies.  Chapter  five 
treats  of  librarj'  extension  work,  a  branch  of 
public  service  less  developed  than  with  us.  The 
final  chapter  is  really  the  only  one  dealing 
specifically  with  the  library  assistant,  for  whom 
the  book  Avas  written.  Matters  of  pei-sonal  con- 
duct and  obedience  to  superiors  ai'e  discussed, 
and  fatherly  advice  is  freely  offered  to  the  ambi- 
tious subordinate  who  hopes  to  rise.  The  impor- 
tance of  general  information,  of  knowing  some- 
thing of  everything  rather  than  everything  of 
something,  is  dwelt  upon.  The  usefulness  of 
this  smattering  of  knowledge  in  library  work  is, 
perhaps  unfortunately,  not  to  be  denied;  yet  our 
authors  would  have  done  well  to  advise  in  addi- 
tion a  scholarly  application  to  some  one  branch 
of  learning.  A  few  matters  of  no  value  to 
American  library  workers  will  be  found  in  the 
book,  such  as  the  numerous  references  to  the 
*  indicator  '  and  its  proper  use.  Since  the  old 
Boston  Public  Library  indicator  was  discarded, 
thirty  years  ago,  this  cumbersome  and  in  large 
libraries  impracticable  method  of  showing  what 
books  are  in  and  what  are  out,  has  rarely  if  ever 
been  emploj^ed  in  our  libraries.  In  the  chapter 
on  cataloguing,  which  might  well  have  discussed 
more  at  length  the  various  kinds  of  catalogues, 
the  usefulness  in  many  instances  of  a  title  entry 
together  with  subject  and  author  entries  is 
insufl&ciently  recognized.  An  appendix  gives  the 
Public  Library  Act  of  1892.  A  second  appendix 
outlines  a  course  of  reading  for  junior  assistants. 
As  a  work  of  literature  this  jDrimer  leaves  some- 
thing to  be  desired.  In  a  treatise  emphasizing 
again  and  again  the  importance  of  accuracy  and 
of  attention  to  details,  it  is  startling  to  meet 
with  so  slovenly  a  sentence  as  this,  having  refer- 
ence to  these  very  matters  of  detail:  '  But  if, 
as  is  often  unfortunately  the  case  —  especially 
when  a  new  library  has  to  be  prepared  for 
opening  in  a  very  limited  time  —  they  are  neg- 
lected, it  will  be  found  very  diflScult  to  after- 
wards teach  the  staff  the  wisdom  of  so  doing.' 
As  an  example  of  the  printer's  art,  the  little 
book  is  irreproachable. 


More  students'  All  available  search-lights  are  now 
search-lights  directed  upon  Japan,  for  the  study 
on  Japan.  ^  j^^^  ^^^y  of  contemporaneous 
events,  but  also  of  their  historic  and  prehistoric 
causes  and  origins.  Profoundly  different,  and 
startling  by  their  contrast,  are  the  methods  of 
the  late  Lafcadio  Heam,  Avho  was  a  human 
camera  with  a  limitless  supply  of  sensitive  plates 
in  the  storehouse  of  his  nature,  and  of  Dr.  Henry 
Dyer,  a  hard-headed,  thick-skinned  Scotchman, 
Avho  states  all  that  he  sees  and  knows  in  terms 
of  plainest  common  sense.  This  latest  book  on 
Japan  — *  Dai  Nippon,  a  Study  in  National  Evo- 
lution '—  belongs  to  the  literature  of  knowledge, 
and  will  interest  especially  those  who  like  unem- 
broidered    facts    and    plenty    of    statistics    and 


tables,  and  who  hate  anything  like  '  fine  Avriting,' 
eloquence,  or  '  gush.'  Dr.  Dyer  did  a  noble  work 
in  establishing  the  College  of  Engineering  in 
Japan  in  the  seventies;  and  his  monument  may 
be  beheld  not  only  in  the  title  *  Emeritus  Profes- 
sor Imperial  University  '  of  Tokio,  and  in  the 
bronze  bust  upon  a  column  which  his  Japanese 
admirers  have  raised  in  his  honor,  but  also  in 
the  superb  material  results  visible  in  the  army, 
navy,  railways,  factories,  and  multifarious  oper- 
ations in  Japan.  At  the  end  of  each  of  his 
twenty  chapters  he  gives  a  bibliography;  but  in 
his  text  he  quotes  entirely  too  much  fi*om  Pro- 
fessor Chamberlain  and  other  British  writers, 
thus  revealing  his  limitations  on  the  ideal  side 
of  life.  The  style  of  the  book  is  pragmatic,  and 
not  calculated  to  thrill;  but  in  one  point  Dr. 
Dyer  has  excelled  all  other  writers  on  Japan. 
He  shows  clearly  and  forcibly,  as  well  as  copi- 
ously, what  the  great  aimy  of  Yatoi,  hired  assist- 
ants and  salaried  organizers  and  advisers,  in  the 
days  of  their  youth  and  strength  thirty  years 
ago,  did  for  the  Japanese  in  raising  their  ideals 
and  pointing  the  way  to  future  success.  In  cer- 
tain chapters,—  like  those  on  the  fall  of  Feud- 
alism, the  Japanese  Mind,  Transition,  Education, 
etc.,—  Dr.  Dyer  shows  little  acquaintance  with 
the  native  literature  or  history  apart  from  what 
one  can  pick  up  by  reading  foreign  books;  but 
his  other  chapters,  on  Industrial  Developments, 
Art  Industries,  Commerce,  Administration,  and 
Finance,  are  handled  in  a  bold  and  masterly 
Avay.  Like  all  who  have  served  the  Japanese 
longest  as  co-Avorkers  and  brothers  in  sympathy, 
Dr,  Dyer  scouts  the  idea  of  any  '  yelloAV  peril.' 
He  finds  more  to  dread  in  the  future  from  the 
royal  and  imperial  pharisees  of  Europe  than 
from  anything  likely  to  arise  from  Jaj^an  or 
China.  There  is  a  good  map,  Avith  appendices, 
bibliography,  and  an  index.  The  book  is  printed 
on  good  honest  English  paper,  and  is  imported 
into  this  country  by  Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons.  Alas  for  publishers'  ignoi-ance  of  Jap- 
anese imperial  susceptibility!  As  in  the  cases 
of  Dr.  Gulick's  and  Lafcadio  Hearn's  latest 
books,  the  publishers  of  this  one  Avill  doubtless 
find  that  any  book  Avith  the  sixteen-petalled 
chrysanthemum  on  its  cover  is  not  alloAA-ed  to  be 
sold  publicly  in  the  Japanese  Empire. 


The  theory  ^^r  some  time  the  need  has  been 

of  organic  felt,  especially  by  teachers,  for  a 

evolution.  brief,   non-technical   exposition   of 

the  theory  of  organic  evolution,  Avhicli  should 
adequately  set  forth  not  only  the  fundamental 
facts  on  Avhich  that  theory  is  based,  but  also  the 
standpoint  and  results  of  present-day  investi- 
gators in  this  field  of  biolog\'.  To  meet  this  need 
has  been  the  aim  of  Prof.  Maynard  M.  Metcalf 
in  his  *  Outline  of  the  Theory  of  Organic  Evolu- 
tion '  (Macmillan).  The  book  is  the  outgrowth 
of  a  series  of  lectures  given  to  the  classes  in 
biology  at  the  Woman's  College  of  Baltimore, 
and  consequently  the  author  has  had  the  advant- 
age ofl>eing  able  by  actual  trial  to  adapt  his 
matter  to  the  comprehension  of  those  not  espe- 
cially trained  in  the  biological  sciences.    The  plan 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL, 


93 


followed  in  the  treatment  of  the  subject  is  some- 
what different  from  that  which  has  become  con- 
ventional in  popular  lectures  and  treatises  on 
evolution.  The  first  half  of  the  book,  roughly 
speaking,  is  occupied  with  a  very  condensed  out- 
line of  the  theoiy  of  organic  evolution  as  it  is 
held  by  the  majority  of  biologists  at  the  present 
time,  together  with  a  brief  account  of  some  of 
the  more  important  objections  that  have  been 
urged  against  it.  The  stock  evidence  usually 
adduced  in  its  support  is  presented  separately 
in  the  second  half  of  the  book  under  the  head- 
ing '  The  Phenomena  Explained  by  the  Theory.' 
Aside  from  this  departure  in  the  grouping  of  the 
material,  the  treatment  does  not  differ  essen- 
tially from  that  usually  followed  bj*  popular 
writers  on  the  subject.  An  excellent  account  is 
given  of  the  principal  facts  regai'ding  coloration 
in  animals.  One  of  the  concluding  sections  is 
■devoted  to  the  relation  of  man  to  evolution,  in 
which  the  author  earnestly  urges  the  importance 
of  educating  public  opinion  to  the  necessity  of 
attention  to  those  principles  of  good  breeding, 
in  the  literal  sense,  which  are  essential  to  true 
evolutionary  progress  in  the  human  si>eeies.  Two 
features  of  the  book  are  especially  praiseworthy : 
first,  the  clearness  and  distinctness  with  which 
essentials  are  presented;  second,  the  wealth  of 
illustration.  It  is  safe  to  say  that  no  previous 
popular  treatise  on  evolution  has  been  so  com- 
pletely and  so  well  illustrated  as  this.  The  fact 
that  the  figures  are  for  the  most  part  copied 
fi'om  other  sources  necessitates  a  considerable 
A'ariation  in  their  quality,  but  the  occasional 
shortcomings  in  the  matter  of  quality  are  amply 
compensated  for  by  quantity.  The  chief  criti- 
cism to  be  made  regarding  the  book  as  a  whole 
is  its  failure  to  give  any  adequate  account  of 
the  important  results  of  many  of  the  recent 
investigations  in  the  field  of "  evolution.  One 
especially  misses  an  account  of  the  results  of 
the  application  of  statistical  methods  to  the 
problems  in  this  field.  With  the  exception  of 
the  book  admirably  meets  the  need  for  a  popular 
this  single  marked  defect,  we  can  but  feel  that, 
and  accurate  account  of  the  theory  of  organic 
evolution,  

Somenoteu^ny^^  °^"^s  ^°  reviewer's  commeuda- 
AtJantic  essays.  "On  to  secure  a  wide  readmg  for 
Mr.  Bliss  Perrj"'s  volume  of 
essays,  '  The  Amateur  Spirit  '  (Houghton. 
Mifflin  &  Co.),  Indeed,  they  are  already  well 
known  from  haA-ing  appeared  originally  in  *  The 
Atlantic  Monthly  '—  with  one  exception,  '  The 
Life  of  a  College  Professor,'  which  was  printed 
in  *  Scribner's  '  before  the  writer  had  exchanged 
the  professor's  for  the  editor's  chair.  His  title- 
chapter  balances,  in  a  keenly  appreciative  and 
discriminating  manner,  the  conflicting  claims  of 
amateurism  and  professionalism  in  the  great 
business  of  life,  and  leaves  us  to  hope  with  the 
author  that  *  this  combination  of  qualities,  this 
union  of  the  generous  spirit  of  the  amateur  with 
the  method  of  the  professional,'  is  not  an  impos- 
sible ideal.  The  second  essay  deals  with  a  quality 
quite  opposed  to  that  of  the  amateur,  the  lover,— 
indifferentism.    Voltaire's  Sismor  Pococurante  is 


made  to  serve  as  type  of  the  indifferentist,  if 
the  word  may  be  allowed.  The  author's  search 
for  those  subtle  elements  in  character  and  train- 
ing that  produce  '  pococurantism  '  in  all  its 
varied  forms  fails,  apparently,  to  hit  on  what 
would  seem  to  be  a  not  infrequent  cause,— 
exalted  idealism  combined  with  a  too  insistent 
consciousness  of  the  yawning  gap  forever  sepa- 
rating conception  and  realization.  Perhaps,  how- 
ever, he  would  make  the  resultant  discourage- 
ment and  listlessness  merely  another  form  of 
ttat  weakness  of  the  will  which  he  names,  or 
of  the  hypercritical  temperament  which  he  also 
recognizes.  The  chapter  on  '  Hawthorne  at 
North  Adams  '  is  admirable,  written  as  it  is  by 
a  true  lover  and  skilful  interpreter  of  Haw- 
thorne, and  also  a  native  of  that  rugged  little 
comer  of  Massachusetts  dominated  by  Greylock 
Mountain  and  the  Hoosac  and  Taconic  ranges. 
The  six  short  studies  as  a  whole  reveal  a  certain 
fine  artistic  detachment  in  the  writer's  nature. 
He  has  something  of  Signor  Pococurante  in  him, 
and  also  a  suflSeient  infusion  of  Candide.  both 
of  them  characters  for  whom  he  manifests  a 
liking.  In  short,  to  apply  to  hjm  words  of  his 
own,  he  is  one  of  the  *  speculative,  amused, 
imdeluded  children  of  this  world.'  Sanity,  bal- 
ance, kindliness,  unite  with  insight  and  imagina- 
tion to  give  his  pages  their  peculiar  charm. 


Wellington,  In  the  series  of  biographical 
and  England's  studies  which  concems  itself  with 
military  power.  ^Yie  lives  and  characters  of  the 
great  worthies  of  history,  and  is  called  '  The 
Heroes  of  the  Nations  '  (Putnam),  the  latest 
volume  is  given  to  a  survey  of  the  career  of 
Wellington,  by  Mr.  William  O'Connor  Morris. 
The  book  takes  the  form  and  scope  made  familiar 
to  us  by  the  preceding  volumes  of  the  series; 
and  the  aim  of  the  editors,—  to  select  characters 
*  about  whom  have  gathered  the  great  traditions 
of  the  nations  to  which  they  belonged,  and  who 
have  been  accepted,  in  many  instances,  as  types 
of  the  several  national  ideals,' —  has  been  abun- 
dantly realized  in  the  choice  of  Wellington.  The 
sub-title,  too, — '  the  revival  of  the  miUtaiy  power 
of  England'— is  suggestive  of  the  identifica- 
tion of  the  period  with  the  man.  Judge  O'Con- 
nor Morris  seemed  especially  fitted  for  his  task 
by  his  exhaustive  researches  for  his  earlier  suc- 
cessful work  on  '  The  Campaigns  of  1815  ':  and 
the  fact  that  ten  of  the  thirteen  chapters  of  the 
present  book  are  devoted  to  Wellington's  mili- 
tary career,  while  only  three  describe  his  polit- 
ical life,  is  fairly  indicative  of  the  relative 
importance  of  these  two  periods  to  English  his- 
tory. In  his  estimate  of  the  Duke's  achieve- 
ments, Judge  Morris  does  full  justice  to  his 
great  opponents  Napoleon  and  Soult,  while  pro- 
testing against  the  extravagance  of  Napier's 
eulogies  on  both  these  captains;  and  he  concedes 
Wellington's  inferiority  in  strategy  to  *  the 
greatest  of  strategists,'  while  claiming  for  him 
the  merit  of  being  *a  comsummate  leader  of  men 
in  battle,  which  largely  atoned  for  imdoubted 
strategic  errors,'  The  book  is  well  indexed,  and 
abundantly   supplied   with    apparatus   of   maps, 


94 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


plans,  and  illustrations.  In  a  note  appended  to 
the  preface  by  Mr.  H.  W.  C.  Davis,  the  editor 
of  the  series,  we  are  informed  of  the  death  of 
the  author  shortly  after  reading-  the  last  proofs 
of  this  volume,  and  before  he  had  time  to  pre- 
pare the  index.  Mr.  Davis  remarks  in  the  con- 
cluding sentence  that  '  the  Judge's  conclusions, 
although  they  have  been  challenged  by  some  high 
authorities,  deserve  the  attention  due  to  acute 
independent  study  of  the  original  sources  of 
information  ';  a  statement  which  will  probably 
be  indorsed  by  most  readers  of  the  book. 


In  his  *  Dictionai-y  of  the  Drama  ' 
^Dictionary        (lippincott),    Mr.    W.    Davenport 

Of  XtiC  UTCLIUXQ't  »T  1  -I  T,  *j_ 

Adams  has  endeavored  to  provide 
the  student  and  the  general  reader  with  a 
*  handy  means  of  reference  to  the  leading 
facts  of  the  history  of  the  theatre  in  the 
United  Kingdom  and  the  United  States.'  The 
scope  of  the  work  is  such  that  it  seeks  to 
give  information  about  playhouses  and  their 
designers,  plays  and  their  writers  and  per- 
formers, their  scenic  and  musical  illustrators, 
and  stage  literature  generally.  Names  of  plays 
are  alphabetically  entered,  followed  by  the  place 
and  date  of  their  first  performance,  with  details 
of  their  first  east,  as  well  as  records  of  their 
principal  revivals.  Sj>ecial  attention  has  been 
given  to  the  stage^history  of  Shakespeare's  plays 
and  other  classics  of  dramatic  literature.  Mr. 
Adams's  Dictionary  will  prove  invaluable  to  stu- 
dents of  the  drama.  Being  an  English  work, 
however,  considerable  more  attention  is  given 
to  English  histrionic  nomenclature  than  to  Amei-- 
ican;  for  instance,  Charles  Frohman,  America's 
leading  theatrical  entrepreneur  is  merely 
referred  to  as  follows :  '  Charles  Frohman  became 
lessee  of  the  Duke  of  York's  Theatre,  London,  in 
1897.'  This  would  hardlj'^  prove  satisfactory 
to  an  American  student  in  search  of  historical 
or  biographical  data.  The  work  is  divided  into 
two  parts,  the  present  being  Volume  I.,  A— G. 
The  second  volume  is  promised  for  early  issue. 

A  new  As   fine   specimens   of   the  art   of 

Oriental  the    Oriental    rug-weaver    become 

Rug-book.  rarer     and     their     market     price 

advances,  the  literature  about  them  grows  more 
voluminous,  as  might  naturally  be  expected.  The 
latest  addition  to  the  list  of  works  dealing  with 
the  subject  is  Mrs.  Mary  Churchill  Ripley's 
'  Oriental  Rug  Book  '  (F.  A.  Stokes  Co.).  In 
her  desire  to  be  thorough  the  author  has  gone  far 
afield  in  search  of  information.  Every  page 
bears  witness  to  painstaking  investigation,  and  to 
earnest  effort  to  answer  all  questions  that  may 
be  asked.  But  excess  of  enthusiasm  has  its 
dangers.  Though  the  book  contains  much  that 
is  new  and  of  value,  the  useful  items  are  so  over- 
laid by  a  liberal  embroidery  of  irrelevant  matter 
that  their  separation  from  the  overcharged  con- 
text is  attended  with  some  difficulty,  notwith- 
standing the  aid  afforded  by  the  chart  with  its 
columns  entwined  with  *  flowers  of  thought.' 
Such  information  as  that  given  on  page  57  con- 
cerning tests  for  determining  the  age  of  rugs. 


and  the  explanation  on  page  110  of  the  way  the 
mottled  effect  of  the  centres  of  antique  Ghiorde& 
rugs  was  produced,  will  be  appreciated  by  every 
lover  of  these  beautiful  fabrics.  Excellent,  too, 
is  the  advice  to  become  thoroughly  acquainted 
with  methods  and  materials  before  attempting 
to  draw  conclusions  from  the  patterns  employed,, 
and  in  studying  the  latter  to  avoid  '  all  effort  to 
force  the  eye  to  see  what  does  not  exist,  and  to 
twist  the  designs  of  adventition  into  those  that 
shoAV  deliberate  intention.'  Pattern,  however,  is- 
a  topic  fascinating  to  the  author,  who  fairly 
revels  in  the  reading-in  of  meanings  against 
which  she  warns  others.  Her  point  of  view  is- 
shown  in  the  absurd  definition,  '  ornament  is 
decoration  that  has  evolved  from  patterns  that 
were  based  on  symbols  used  by  primitive  peoples- 
to  express  thought.'  And  so,  in  addition  to  con- 
stant references  here  and  there,  she  devotes  a 
whole  chapter  to  '  Legends  and  Myths  that 
may  be  illustrated  by  designs  in  rugs.'  (The 
italics  are  ours.)  Despite  its  discursiveness,  the 
book  has  substantial  merit,  though  its  usefulness 
would  be  much  greater  if  it  could  be  stripped  of 
some  of  its  redundant  verbiage.  The  illustra- 
tions, eight  of  which  are  in  color,  deserve  special 
comm,endation  because  of  the  typical  character 
of  the  rugs  selected  for  reproduction. 


The  late  Professor  Alexander 
onhemFnd  Gain's  Autobiography  (Longmans,. 
emn  .  Green  &  Co.)  will  undoubtedly  be 
a  disappointment  to  the  reader  who  is  looking  for 
literaay  charm  or  for  any  strong  infusion  of  the 
human  interest.  It  is  a  dry,  concise  chronicle, 
in  which  first  place  is  given  to  facts  about  the 
Avriter's  own  scientific  activity  and  published 
work,— professedly  a  record  of  his  intellectual 
history  first  of  all.  As  such  it  will  add  something 
—perhaps  not  very  much— to  our  knowledge  of 
the  particular  doctrines  with  Avhich  Professor 
Bain's  name  is  connected;  but  the  wider  interest 
that  belongs  to  a  revelation  of  inner  conflict,  and 
emotional  response  to  the  problems  of  life,  is- 
almost  wholly  lacking.  The  narrative  parts  are 
more  particularly  disappointing.  Famous  names- 
meet  us  frequently  in  his  pages;  but  it  is  usually 
in  the  way  of  colorless  statements,  Avhich  give 
little  sense  of  the  men  themselves.  Perhaps  as- 
vivid  a  touch  as  any  is  the  account  of  a  meeting 
in  Paris  with  Comte,  and  the  desci-iption 
of  the  famous  philosopher,  with  his  short, 
paunchy  figure,  round  cropped  head,  and 
hard  features,  his  bright  colored  di*essing 
gOAvn,  his  moods  of  abstraction  alternating  Avith 
vehement  and  magniloquent  monologue.  '  I  may 
say  again,  with  regard  to  Comte,  that  I  never 
knew  or  could  imagine  such  a  case  of  the  nega- 
tion of  humor.  His  whole  attitude  Avas  that  of 
severe  denunciation  or  self-aggrandisement,  and 
his  only  smile  was  a  giin. '  However,  to  him  AA-ho 
can  appreciate  it,  and  who  does  not  ask  for  what 
there  is  no  pretense  of  giving,  the  book  has  a 
certain  power  in  spite  of  (perhaps  to  some  extent 
of  account  of)  its  severity  of  ti-eatment  and  lack 
of  extraneous  charm.  Personally  one  may  not 
find  either  the   temperament  or  the  philosophy 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


95 


of  Professor  Bain  altogether  attractive.  But  no 
one  can  deny  a  tribute  of  respect  and  admiration 
to  the  fearless,  straightforward,  clear-thinking 
personality,  who,  by  sheer  force  of  hard  work, 
praxitical  good  judgment,  and  intellectual  acumen, 
at  last  attained  for  himself  the  influential  posi- 
tion from  which  prejudices  and  cliques  were  so 
long  successful  in  debarring  him. 

mtrmtworthy  A  book  devoted  to  facts  and  fig- 
information  ures  and  statistics  may  be  forgiven 
<ibout  Italy.  f^j.  ^gt  being  entertaining,  but  it 
cannot  be  forgiven  for  being  inaccurate,  or,  if 
offered  in  a  new  edition  or  new  translation,  for 
being  out-of-date.  Deecke's  *  Italy  '  (Macmil- 
lan),  recently  translated  by  Mr.  H.  A.  Nesbitt, 
is  a  large  octavo  volume  of  nearly  500  pages, 
mainly  devoted  to  such  subjects  as  Geology,  Pop- 
ulation, History,  Commerce,  Political  Institu- 
tions, etc.,— only  one  of  its  sixteen  chapters 
ti-eating  of  the  things  for  which  Italy  chiefly 
stands  in  the  minds  of  most  persons,  its  Art, 
Language,  and  Science.  That  the  book  is  dull  is 
thei-efore  not  surprising;  but  that  it  is  also  full 
of  errors  is  both  surprising  and  inexcusable. 
Even  so  simple  a  matter  as  the  topography  of 
Rome  contains  blunders  obvious  to  the  most  casual 
visitor.  For  example,  two  errors  occur  in  a 
single  paragraph  (p.  392) :  the  statue  of  Gior- 
dano Bruno  is  wrongly  placed  in  the  Piazza 
Navoua  (indeed,  an  earlier  page  of  this  same 
book  locates  it  correctly  in  Campo  di  Fiori),  and 
the  dome  of  the  Pantheon  is  alluded  to  as  *  the 
glorious  dome  built  by  Agrippa.'  Now  it  has 
been  a  matter  of  common  knowledge,  settled  by 
unquestionable  evidence  a  dozen  years  ago,  that 
Adrian,  and  not  Agrippa,  was  the  builder  of  the 
Pantheon  dome,  its  portico  only  dating  from  the 
time  of  Agrippa.  The  picture  of  the  Roman 
Forum  is  fully  five  years  out-of-date,  showing 
conspicuously  a  row  of  modem  houses  long  since 
pulled  down  from  its  northern  border  which  for- 
merly concealed  the  beautiful  ruins  of  the  Basil- 
ica Emilia,  the  pavement  of  the  Sacred  Way, 
and  the  ancient  Sepulcretum  of  pre-historic 
Rome  now  to  be  seen  there.  And  when  was  it 
ever  time  of  this  spot  (certainly  it  is  not  true 
now)  that  it  appears  a  *  miserable  desert  where 
at  most  a  couple  of  inquiring  foreigners  or  bored 
sight-seers  are  wandering  about  '?  On  the  con- 
trary, it  is  the  enthusiasm  and  the  large  numbers 
of  sight-seers,—  students,  and  lecturers  with 
classes  in  their  trail,—  which  one  is  sure  to 
encounter  there  at  any  hour  of  the  day  and  any 
season  of  the  year,  that  is  the  chief  drawback 
to  one's  enjoyment  of  this  classic  spot.  If  the 
book  is  no  more  trustworthy  in  its  imposing 
tables  of  statistics  than  in  these  simple  every- 
day matters,  it  is  certainly  not  to  be  regarded 
as  an  authoritv. 


The  latest 
tiography 
of  Lincoln 


Dr.  Ellis  Paxson  Oberholtzer  has 
undertaken  to  arrange  for  a  series 
of  biographies,  twenty-five  in  num- 
ber, of  the  men  who  had  to  do  in  one  way  or 
another  with  the  American  Civil  War,  from 
Webster  and  Benton  to  Jay  Cooke.     Competent 


men  are  to  write  the  books,  Southern  men  those 
giving  the  Southern  side,  and  Northern  men  the 
other.  The  series  is  to  be  known  as  '  The  Ameri- 
can Crisis  Biographies,'  and  is  to  be  published 
by  Messrs.  George  W.  Jacobs  &  Co.  The  editor 
has  opened  the  series  with  a  life  of  Abraham 
Lincoln,  a  book  of  about  the  size  of  the  single- 
volume  bi(^raphies  of  the  *  American  Statesmen 
Series,'  and  following  much  the  same  plan.  At 
first  thought,  one  wonders  why  another  life  of 
Lincoln  of  this  kind  should  be  written,  for  there 
are  already  several  excellent  short  biographies 
of  *  the  first  American. '  But  the  series  demanded 
it,  and  the  author  has  produced  a  well-balanced, 
readable,  compact  book,  that  gives  the  important 
facts  of  Lincoln's  life,  and  shows  him  as  pos- 
terity will  be  likely  to  see  him,  not  as  a  demigod, 
but  with  full  appreciation  of  his  character  and 
genius.  Belonging  to  a  later  generation,  the 
author  is  free  from  the  bias  that  is  inevitable 
in  one  who  lived  near  the  days  of  the  war;  and  he 
has  brought  to  his  work  historical  training  and  a 
practised  hand. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


Mr.  Isaac  Hull  Piatt 's  volume  on  Walt  Whitman 
is  the  latest  issue  of  the  'Beacon  Biographies'  of 
eminent  Americans,  published  by  Messrs.  Small, 
Maynard  &  Co.  Like  its  predecessors  in  this  trim 
and  attractive  series,  the  biography  is  selective 
and  compact,  consisting  of  less  than  150  pages  all 
told,  yet  remarkably  complete  and  clear  in  its 
detsiils.  The  author  is  a  lover  of  his  poet;  but  his 
presentation  in  this  essay  is  so  sane  and  so  wholly 
free  from  extravagances  that  it  is  quite  likely  to 
win  the  heart  of  an  unprejudiced  reader.  Indeed 
as  a  quiet,  straightforward,  sympathetic  appreci- 
ation and  interpretation  of  'the  good  gray  poet,' 
this  little  volume  is  altogether  worth  while.  The 
internal  arrangement  of  the  book  includes  a  chron- 
ology and  full  bibliography,  and  there  is  a  portrait. 

'The  Works  of  Daniel  Defoe,'  in  sixteen  volumes, 
edited  by  Prof.  Gustavus  H.  Maynadier,  are  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Thomas  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.  This 
is  the  'first  complete  edition  of  the  writings  of 
the  first  great  realist.'  We  cannot  help  won- 
dering how  many  readers  of  average  general  intel- 
ligence could  name  off-hand  enough  of  the  'works' 
of  Defoe  to  account  for  even  half  of  the  number  of 
volumes.  'Bobinson  Crusoe'  fills  three  of  them, 
'Moll  Flanders,'  'Colonel  Jaeque'  and  'The  Fortun- 
ate Mistress'  two  each,  and  the  other  seven  contain 
single  works  and  collections.  Each  volume  has  an 
etched  frontispiece  and  a  special  editorial  introduc- 
tion, and  the  set  is  sold  at  a  very  moderate  price. 
The  editor,  who  is  already  responsible  for  similar 
editions  of  Fielding  and  Smollett,  is  a  competent 
authority  upon  eighteenth  century  literature,  and 
has  done  his  work  with  commendable  scholarship. 

Two  new  volumes  in  'Newnes'  Art  Library* 
(Wame)  are  devoted  respectively  to  Kaphael  and 
Constable's  Sketches.  They  are  made  up,  like  the 
previous  volumes  of  the  series,  of  a  brief  mono- 
graph upon  the  life  and  art  of  the  painter,  followed 
by  about  sixty  half-tone  reproductions  of  his  works. 
The  binding  is  in  paper  boards  with  vellum  back. 
Mr.  Edgecumbe  StaJey  furnishes  the  prefatory  notes 
for  the  volume  on  Kaphael,  in  this  case  chiefly 
biographical,  and  a  list  of  his  principal  works,  with 
their  present  locations.     'The  Betrothal  of  the  Vir- 


96 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


gin'  in  the  Brera  is  reproduced  in  photogravure  as 
a  frontispiece.  Sir  James  D.  Linton,  R.I.,  writes  of 
Constable's  life  and  art,  explaining  the  character- 
istics of  his  landscapes  and  the  importance,  towards 
a  true  understanding  of  his  art,  of  the  drawings, 
sketches,  and  studies  in  the  South  Kensington 
Collection,  which  is  the  basis  of  the  present  volume. 

'Government  and  the  Citizen,'  by  Mr,  Roscoe 
Lewis  Ashlej',  is  a  simple  text-book  of  civil  govern- 
ment, illustrated,  and  furnished  with  text  questions 
upon  the  several  chapters.  Mr.  Ashley's  two  larger 
works  for  mature  students  of  the  subject  are  favor- 
ably known,  and  many  teachers  will  be  glad  that 
he  has  now  added  to  the  series  a  book  fitted  for  the 
grammar  schools.  The  Macmillan  Co.  publish  the 
volume. 

'Reminiscences  of  Hoboken  Academy'  (E.  Steiger 
&  Co.),  by  Mr.  Robert  Waters,  formerly  one  of  its 
teachers,  but  now  superintendent  of  the  West 
Hoboken  schools,  is  a  brochure  of  seventy  pages, 
packed  full  of  enthusiasm  and  loyalty  for  the  old 
academy,  and  breathing  a  high-spirited  devotion  to 
the  things  of  the  mind  and  the  heart  that  does  one 
good  to  encounter.  Though  written  primarily  at 
the  request  of  graduates  of  the  academy,  and  of 
chief  interest  to  them,  Mr.  Waters 's  pleasant  little 
pamphlet  will  prove  unusually  interesting  even  to 
the   general   reader. 

The  subscription  edition  of  'The  Novels  and 
Stories  of  Ivan  Tourguenieff, '  published  by  the 
Messrs.  Scribner,  is  at  last  complete  in  sixteen  vol- 
umes, and  we  have  to  congratulate  those  respon- 
sible for  the  enterprise  upon  the  extremely  satis- 
factory way  in  which  they  have  performed  their 
task.  Here  at  last  we  have  the  entire  work  in 
fiction  of  perhaps  the  greatest  of  all  novelists 
presented  in  admirable  English  and  in  beautiful 
mechanical  form.  Miss  Hapgood's  introductions  to 
the  several  volumes  are  of  great  value  for  their 
presentation  of  the  Russian  critical  estimate  of  the 
author.  Volumes  XIV,  to  XVI.,  now  published, 
include  'Spring  Freshets,'  thirteen  short  stories, 
and  the  exquisite  'Poems  in  Prose.' 

Mr.  Henry  T.  Finck's  editing  of  'Fifty  Songs  of 
Franz  Schubert,'  which  he  has  just  done  for  the 
'Musician's  Library'  of  Messrs.  Oliver  Ditson  & 
Co.,  has  been  conspicuously  a  work  of  love,  and  this 
is  by  no  means  the  first  occasion  upon  which  he  has 
expressed  (and  imparted  to  others)  his  enthusiastic 
appreciation  of  'the  greatest  of  the  song-writers.' 
Indeed,  when  we  look  through  this  collection, 
ranging  from  the  'Gretchen  am  Spinnrade'  of  1814 
to  the  'Am  Meer'  of  1828,  we  do  not  find  much 
difficulty  in  agreeing  with  his  view  that  in  these 
fifty  songs  'there  is  as  much  genius,  and  almost  as 
much  variety'  as  in  the  editor's  earlier  collection 
of  'Fifty  Mastersongs  by  Twenty  Composers,' 
included  in  the  same  series  of  volumes. 

The  eighteenth  annual  volume  of  the  English 
'Book-Prices  Current,'  covering  the  auction  season 
of  1903-1904,  has  recently  been  sent  us  by  the 
publisher,  Mr.  Elliot  Stock  of  London.  So  long 
have  the  accuracy  and  inclusiveness  of  this  stand- 
ard reference  work  been  established  that  its  value 
requires  no  further  emphasis  at  this  time.  With  its 
American  prototype,  it  should  find  place  on  the 
shelves  of  every  well-ordered  public  library.  From 
the  compiler's  introduction,  we  learn  that  the  sea- 
son covered  in  this  latest  volume  was  by  no  means 
satisfactory  to  the  trade.  While  the  real  treasures 
of  the  book-world  have  held  their  own  fairly  well, 
the  ordinary  items  that  make  up  the  bulk  of  the 
sales  have  shown  a  falling  off  of  from  thirty  to 
forty  per  cent.,  as  compared  to  what  they  have 
brought  in  years  of  happier  commercial  conditions. 


XOTES. 


A  new  novel  by  Mr.  S.  Weir  Mitchell  and  the 
Hon.  Andrew  D.  White's  autobiography  and  remin- 
iscences are  scheduled  for  March  publication  by 
the  Century  Co. 

A  volume  devoted  to  Chaucer,  under  the  editor- 
ship of  Prof.  Fred  Norris  Robinson,  is  being  pre- 
pared for  Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.'s  well- 
known  series  of  'Cambridge  Poets.' 

Mrs.  Humphry  W^ard  's  latest  novel,  '  The  Mar- 
riage of  William  Ashe,'  now  appearing  serially  in 
'Harper's  Magazine,'  will  be  issued  in  book  form 
by  Messrs.  Harper  &  Brothers  earh^  in  March. 

Messrs.  A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.  publish  'In  the  Days 
of  Shakespeare,'  by  Mr.  Tudor  Jenks,  a  pleasant 
book  for  young  readers,  in  the  manner  of  the 
author's  recent  book  about  Chaucer  and  his  times. 

Dr.  Lyman  Abbott's  recent  sermon  at  Harvard 
University,  which  has  provoked  widespread  discus- 
sion, is  soon  to  be  published  by  Messrs.  Thomas  Y. 
Crowell  &  Co.  in  a  booklet  entitled  'God  in  His 
World.' 

A  volume  of  'Historical  Tales:  The  Romance  of 
Reality,'  by  Mr.  Charles  Morris,  is  published  by 
the  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.  The  subjects  of  the  tales 
are  Spanish- American;  the  language  is  simple,  and 
the  book  has  illustrations. 

Messrs.  Little,  Brown,  &  Co.  republish,  in  a  neat 
uniform  set  of  four  volumes,  their  books  by  the 
late  Lafcadio  Hearn.  The  titles  are,  'A  Japanese 
Miscellany,'  'Shadowings, '  'Exotics  and  Retrospec- 
tives,' and  'In  Ghostly  Japan.' 

'Four  American  Indians,'  by  Mr.  Edson  L.  Whit- 
ney and  Miss  Frances  M.  Perry,  is  a  reading  book 
for  schools  published  by  the  American  Book  Co. 
King  Philip,  Pontiac,  Tecumseh,  and  Osceola  are 
the  respective  subjects  of  the  biographies. 

Messrs.  R.  R.  Donnelley  &  Sons  Co.  publish  a  neat 
volume  containing  the  'Inaugural  Addresses  of  the 
Presidents  of  the  LTnited  States  from  Washington 
to  Lincoln,'  edited  by  Mr.  John  Vance  Cheney. 
This  is  the  second  volume  of  the  '  Lakeside  Classics  * 
issued  by  this  house. 

The  new  'Garden  Magazine,'  published  by  Messrs. 
Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.,  makes  an  excellent  begin- 
ning with  its  February  number;  text,  illustrations, 
and  typography  being  all  of  the  best.  The  period- 
ical will  doubtless  speedily  make  itself  indispensable 
to  those  whose  special  interests  it  serves. 

'The  Planting  of  a  Nation  in  the  New  World'  is 
the  title  of  the  first  volume  in  Prof.  Edward  Chan- 
ning's  long-promised  History  of  the  United  States. 
This  volume  will  be  issued  by  the  Macmillan  Co. 
within  a  month  or  two,  and  the  remaining  seven 
volumes  will  appear  at  intervals  thereafter. 

The  recent  developments  in  Russia  lend  unusual 
timeliness  to  Mr.  A.  Cahan's  novel  'The  White 
Terror  and  the  Red,'  announced  for  immediate  pub- 
lication by  Messrs.  A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.  The  book 
is  said  to  present  a  dramatic  picture  of  internal 
affairs  in  the  Czar's  domain,  written  from  the  point 
of  view  of  a  member  of  the  Revolutionary  party. 

The  'A.  L.  A.  Catalog'  (sic),  in  its  new  form, 
extended  to  include  eight  thousand  volumes,  is  a 
work  of  great  usefulness,  and  the  Library  of  Con- 
gress deserves  the  warmest  thanks  for  having  under- 
taken its  publication  and  distribution  at  a  nominal 
price.  It  has  two  parts  in  one;  the  former  a  classi- 
fied enumeration,  and  the  latter  a  dictioiiary  cata- 
logue of  the  best  modern  type.  Since  Mr.  Melvil 
Dewey  is  the  editor  (with  the   assistance   of   Miss 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL, 


97 


May  Seymour  and  Mrs.  H.  L.  Elmendorf ),  the  Dewey 
system  of  classification  is  the  basis  of  the  work. 
It  is  an  invaluable  guide  for  the  small  public 
library,  the  school  library,  and  the  general  reader 
in  search  of  the  best  books  upon  any  particular 
subject. 

A  popular  cloth-bound  edition  of  'A  Eose  of  Nor- 
mandy, '  by  Mr.  William  E.  A.  Wilson,  has  just  been 
added  by  Messrs,  Little,  Brown,  &  Co.  to  their  popu- 
lar fiction  series.  Mr.  Wilson  has  written  another 
romance,  entitled  *A  Knot  of  Blue,'  for  spring 
publication. 

Among  the  authors  to  be  represented  on  the 
spring  list  of  Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifliin  &  Co.  are 
Mrs.  Elizabeth  Eobins  Pennell,  the  Bishop  of  Eipon, 
Mr.  Alleyne  Ireland,  Dr.  C.  Hanford  Henderson, 
Prof.  Charles  S.  Sargent,  Mrs.  Mary  Austin,  Dr. 
Lyman  Abbott,  and  Prof.  George  H.  Palmer. 

Prof.  Lewis  Campbell  has  recently  completed  a 
volume  on  the  Tragic  Drama  in  Aeschylus,  Sopho- 
cles, and  Shakespeare,  the  purpose  of  which,  he  says, 
is  to  invite  attention  to  the  essential  points  of 
correspondence  between  the  great  masterpieces  of 
Athens  and  of  Elizabethan  England.  Messrs.  Long- 
mans, Green,  &  Co.  will  publish  the  book. 

'The  Principles  and  Progress  of  English  Poetry,' 
by  Professor  C.  M.  Gayley,  is  published  by  the 
Macmillan  Co.  It  is  essentially  a  book  of  texts, 
from  Chaucer  to  Tennyson,  although  the  amount 
of  apparatus  is  considerable,  and  although  there 
is  an  introductory  study  of  a  hundred  pages  on  '  The 
Principles  of  Poetry.'  Mr.  Clement  C.  Young  has 
collaborated  with  Professor  Grayley  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  this  work. 

Twelve  volumes  of  the  'Kensington'  Thackeray, 
just  sent  to  us  by  Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons, 
complete  the  thirty-two  volumes  of  this  dignified 
and  almost  monumental  library  edition  of  the  great 
novelist.  We  have  praised  it  so  highly  as  the 
several  volumes  have  from  time  to  time  appeared, 
that  little  now  remains  to  be  said  beyond  recording 
our  satisfaction  that  the  work  is  complete.  The 
new  plates  made  by  Mr.  DeYinne,  the  fine  quality 
of  paper  and  bindiiig,  the  care  given  to  producing 
a  comprehensive  and  accurate  text,  and  the  abun- 
dance of  the  illustrations,  are  features  that  speak 
for  themselves,  and  make  this  edition  highly  satis- 
factory. The  Brcokfield  letters  are  now  for  the 
first  time  included  in  a  complete  Thackeray,  and 
a  list  of  characters  is  now  for  the  first  time  made. 


Topics  ix  liEADixG  Periodicai,s. 

February  1,  1905. 


Animals,  —  Do  They   Think?      John   Burroughs.      Harper. 
Arnold,  Matthew,  Intime.     Peter  A.  Sillard.     Atlantic. 
Bank,  A  Model.     Will  Payne.      -World's   TTorfc. 
Beautifying  Ugly  Things.     Mary  B.  Hart.     WorWa  WorTc. 
Biography.      William  R.   Thayer.     So.  American. 
Boston  Symphony  Orchestra  and  its  Founder.     Century. 
Business,  The  Word.     Richard  Le  Gallienne.     Harper. 
Canada's  Attitude  toward  Us.      World's  Worlc. 
'  Castles,  Land  of  a  Hundred.  '     Ernest  Rhys.     Harper. 
Chicago's  New   Park   Service.     H.   G.  Foreman.     Century. 
Cleopatras,  Six.     William  Everett.     Atlantic. 
College   Students.  —  Should    They    Study?     Ko.   American. 
Democratic  Predicament,  The.    Edward  Stanwood.  Atlantic. 
Election  Elspenditures,   Publicity  of.     No.  American. 
Everglades   of    Florida,    The.      Century. 
Far  East  after  the  War.     Baron  Kaneto.      World's  Work. 
Fighting-Whales,  The  Little.     J.   B.   Connolly.     Harper. 
Finland,  The   Conflict  in.      D.   B.   Macgowan.      Century. 
German   Emperor,   The.      Andrew   D.    White.      Century. 
Gothic  in  French  Architecture.     A.  Rodin.    No.  American. 
Haicheng,   White   Slaves   of.      John   Fox,   Jr.      Scribner. 
Hans  Breltmann  as  Romany  Rye.    E.  R.  Pennell.    Atlantic. 


Herbert   as   Religious   Poet.     G.   H.   Palmer.     Atlantic. 
Heroines,   Love  Affairs  of.     H.  T.  Finck.     Harper. 
Insurance  Laws.     H.  W.  Lanier.      World's   Work. 
Italian    Recollections.      Madame    Waddlngton.      Scribner. 
Jackson  and  Van  Buren  Pai>ers.     Jas.  Schouler.    Atlantic. 
Japanese  Problems.     Count  Okuma.     No.  American. 
Jiu-Jitsu.     H.   Irving  Hancock.     Rev.  of  Revs. 
Korea  and   its  Emperor.     W.   F.    Sands.      Century. 
La   Salle  the  Great.     Henry  Loomis  Nelson.     Harper. 
Marine  Biology,   Studies  in.     W.   S.  Harwood.     Harper. 
Mary   Stuart,   Youth  of.     H.  W.   Longfellow.     Harper. 
Menelik,  Making  a  Treaty  with.      World's  Work. 
Morocco,  Conditions  in.     Philip  F.  Bayard.  No.  American. 
Newspaper  Woman's  Confessions.    Helen  Winslow.   Atl'ntic. 
Pacific  Railroads,   A  '  Corner '  in.      World's   Work. 
Panama  Canal  Problems.     John  Barrett,     Rev.  of  Revs. 
Political  Economist,  The,  and  the  Public.  No.  American. 
Pompeiian  Discovery,  A  New,     Ettore  Pais,     Century. 
Poverty.  Some  Remedies  for.     G.  P.  Brett,     No.  American. 
Radium  —  Cause  of  the  Earth's  Heart,     Harper. 
Railway  Rates.     W.  Morton   Grinnell.     No.  American. 
Scandinavia,   What  People  Read  in.     Rev.   of  Revs. 
Simpler  Living,  Plan  for.     G.  P.  Brett.     World's  Work. 
Singers   Now   and   Then.      W.   J.    Henderson.      Atlantic. 
Socialism   in  Europe.     F.  A.  Vanderlip.     Scribner. 
South  Polar  Campaign  Results.     J.  S.  Keltic.     No.  Amer. 
Spanish  Treaty  Claims.     Crammond  Kennedy.     No.  Amer. 
Street-Railway  Fares  in  the  U,  S,     Rev.  of  Revs. 
Theatre,    National,   Financing  the.     No.  American. 
Theatre   Folk  of  New   York,      John  Corbin.     Scribner. 
Thomas,   Theodore,     W,  J.  Henderson.     Rev.  of  Revs. 
Venezuela,   Industrial  Outlook  in.     Rev.  of  Revs. 
Wall  Street  as  It  Is.     S.  A.  Nelson.     World's  Work. 
War,  Lessons  of,  for  America  and  England.   No.  American. 
War,  What  Justifies  Intervention  in?     Rev.  of  Revs. 
War  Correspondent  and  Future.     T.  F.  Millard.     Scribner. 
Wealth,  Our  Growth  in.     C,  M.  Harvey,     World's  Work. 
Wireless  Telegraphy,  Advance  of.      World's  Work. 


List  of  Xew  Books. 


[^The  following  list,  containing  50  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  The  Diai.  since  its  last  ustie.] 

BIOGRAPHY  AND   MEMOIRS. 

The  Chboxicles  of  ax  Old  Campajgxze:  M,  de  la 
Colonic,  1692-1717,  Trans,  from  the  French  by 
Walter  C.  Horsley.  Illus,  in  photogravure,  etc,,  large 
8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  479,  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 
$4.  net. 

HtJKKELL  Feoude  :  Memoranda  and  Comments.  By 
Louise  Imogen  Guiney.  Illus.,  large  8vo,  pp.  439. 
E.   P.   Dutton   &  Co.     $3.  net. 

IK  THE  Days  of  Shakespeabe.  By  Tudor  Jenks.  Illus., 
16mo,  pp.  238.     A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co,     $1.  net. 

JOHX  Bbowk  the  Hebo  :  Personal  Reminiscences.  By 
G,  W,  Wlnkley,  M,  D, ;  with  introduction  by  Frank 
B,  Sanborn,  Illus.,  16mo,  pp.  126,  Boston :  James 
H,   West   Co.      85    cts.    net. 

HISTORY. 

Eably  Westebx  Tbavkls.  1748-1846.  Edited  by  Reu- 
ben Gold  Thwaites,  LL.D.  Vol,  XL.  Part  I.  (1819) 
of  Faux's  Memorable  Days  in  America,  1819-1820. 
Large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  305.  Arthur  H. 
Clark  Co.    $4.  net. 

The  Fhilxppine  Islaxds,  1493-1898.  Edited  by  Emma 
Helen  Blair  and  James  Alexander  Robertson ;  with 
historical  Introduction  and  additional  notes  by 
Edward  Gaylord  Bourne.  Vol.  XXI.,  1624.  Illus,. 
large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp,  320,  Cleveland : 
Arthur    H.    Clark    Co.      $4.    net. 

Spanish-Amebican  Historical  Tales  :  The  Romance  of 
Reality.  By  Charles  Morris,  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  346. 
J,    B,    Lippincott    Co.      $1, 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 

Lettebs  of   William   Stubbs,      Bishop   of  Oxford,   1821- 

1901.        Edited    by    William    Holden    Hutton,      B,D. 

Illus.    in    photogravure,    etc..    large    8vo,    tmcut.    pp. 

428,     E.   P,   Dutton   &  Co.    $4,  net. 
EIgomet.      By    E.    G.    O.      12mo,    uncut,    pp.    230.      John 

Lane.     $1.25  net. 


n 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


COKNEK  Stones.     By  Katherine  Burrlll.     12mo,  gilt  top, 

uncut,  pp.  227.     E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.     $1.25  net. 
The  Old  Family  Doctor.     By  Henry  C.  Brainerd,  M.D. 

With    frontispiece,    12mo,    gilt    top,    uncut,    pp.    117. 

Arthui-  H.  Clark  Co. 
Thoughts  tor  the  Occasion,    Fraternal  and  Benevolent. 

Compiled   by    Franklin    Noble,    D.D.      12mo,    pp.    576. 

New  York:    E.  B.  Treat  &  Co.  $2. 

NEW  EDITIONS  OF  STANDARD 
LITERATURE. 

The  Poems  of  Algernon  Charles  Swinburne.  In  6 
vols.,  with  photogravure  portrait,  8vo,  gilt  tops. 
Harper   &    Brothers.      $12.    net. 

Bartholomew  Fair.  By  Ben  Jonson ;  edited  by  Carroll 
Storrs  Alden,  Ph.D.  Large  8vo,  pp.  238.  "Yale 
Studies  in  English."     Henry  Holt  &  Co. 

Thiers's  The  Moscow  Expedition.  Edited  by  Hereford 
B.  George,  M.A.  With  maps.  12mo,  pp.  312, 
Oxford  University  Press. 

BOOKS   OF  VERSE. 

Poems.       By    Hildegarde    Hawthorne.       12mo,    gilt    top, 

uncut,  pp.  38.    R.  G.  Badger.    $1. 
Echoes.      By   Elizabeth  H.  Rand.     12mo,  gilt  top,   uncut, 

pp.  55.     R.  G.  Badger.     $1.25. 
Poems.      By  Annie  M.   L.   Clark.      12mo,    gilt  top,   uncut, 

pp.   83.     R.  G.  Badger.     $1.25. 
The  Dial  of  the  Heart.    By  Philip  Green  Wright.    12mo, 

gilt  top,   uncut,  pp.  61.     R.   G.   Badger.     $1.25. 
Memories.      By    Kathleen    A.    Sullivan.      12mo,    gilt    top, 

uncut,   pp.   62.     R.    G.   Badger.    $1. 
Heart   Lines.      By  F.   A.   Van  Denburg.     12mo,   gilt  top, 

uncut,   pp.    45.      R.   G.   Badger.     $1. 
Echoes  from   the  Forest.     By  H.   W.   Bugbee.     12mo, 

uncut,   pp.   62.     R.   G.   Badger.     $1. 
Corporal   Day.      By   Charles   Henry   St.    John.      8vo,    gilt 

top,   pp.   48.     R.   G.    Badger.      $1. 
A    Sky   Panorama.      By   Emma   C.   Dulenay.     12mo,   gilt 

top,  uncut,  pp.  28.     R.  G.  Badger.     $1. 

FICTION. 

The    Millionaire    Baby.      By    Anna    Katharine    Green. 

Illus.,   12mo,  pp.   358.     Bobbs-Merril  Co.     $1;50. 
The    Celestial   Surgeon.     By   F.   F.   Montr6sor,      12mo, 

pp.    375.     Longmans,   Green  &  Co.     $1.50. 
A  Modern  Legionary.     By  John  Patrick  Le  Poer.     12mo, 

pp.    311.      E.   P.    Dutton   &  Co.      $1.50. 

TRAVEL  AND  DESCRIPTION. 

Old  Florence   and   Modern   Tuscany.      By   Janet  Ross. 

Illus.    in    photogravure,    etc.,    12mo,    gilt   top,    uncut, 

pp.  229.     E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.     $1.50  net. 
Broadway  :     A  Village  of  Middle  England.     By  Algernon 

Gissing;   illus.  by  E.  H.  New.     ISmo,  gilt  top,  uncut, 

pp.    90.      "Temple   Topographies."      E.    F.    Dutton    & 

Co.      50   cts.   net. 
Evesham.     Written  and  illus.  by  Edmund  H.  New.     18mo, 

gilt    top,    uncut,    pp.     98.       "Temple    Topographies." 

E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.     50  cts.  net. 

THEOLOGY. 

A  Harmony  of  the  Gospels,     for  Historical  Study :    An 

Analytical    Synopsis   of   the   Four   Gospels.      By   Wm. 

Arnold    Stevens    and    Ernest    DeWitt    Burton.      Third 

edition,    revised.      8vo,    pp.    283.      Charles    Scribner's 

Sons.     $1.  net. 
Principles    of   Literary    Criticism   and   the    Synoptic 

Problem.      By    Ernest   DeWitt   Burton.      4to,   pp.   72. 

"Decennial     PMblications."      University     of     Chicago. 

Paper,  $1.  net. 

ART. 

The  Peel  Collection  and  the  Dutch  School  of  Painting. 

By    Sir    Walter    Armstrong.      Illus.    in    photogravure. 

etc.,  4to,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  82.    E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 

$2.   net. 
The  Tuscan  and  Venetian  Artists  :    Their  Thought  and 

Work.     By  Hope   Rea ;   with   introduction   by   Sir  W. 

B.    Richmond,    K.C.B.       New    and    enlarged    edition. 

Illus.,    12mo,    gilt    top,    pp.    182.      E.    P.    Dutton    & 

Co.    $1.50   net. 
P.4.0LA  Veronese.     Illus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  large  8vo. 

'  Newnes'   Art   Library.'     Frederick   Warne   &   Co. 

$1.25. 


Sib  Edward  Bubne-.Tonbs.  Illus.  in  photogravure,  etc., 
large  8vo.  "Newnes'  Art  Library."  Frederick  Warn© 
&  Co.     $1.25. 

REFERENCE. 

Who's  Who,  1905 :     An  Annual  Biographical  Dictionary. 

12mo,  pp.   1796.     Macmillan  Co.      $2.   net. 
A  Check  List  of  Foreign  Newspapers   in  the  Library 

of  Congress.     Compiled  under  the   direction  of  Allan 

Bedient  Slauson.     4to,  pp.   71.     Government  Printing 

Office. 

BOOKS    FOR    SCHOOL    AND    COLLEGE. 

Material    foe    Practical    German    Conversation.      By 

Lawrence    Fossler.       16mo,    pp.    255.       Ginn    &    Co. 

60   cts. 
Zadig,     and    Other    Stories.      By    Voltaire.    Chosen    and 

edited    by    Irving    Babbitt.      With    portrait.       16mo, 

pp.  200.     D.  C.  Heath  &  Co. 
Spenser's  Faerie   Queene.     Book  I.     Edited  by  Martha 

Hale    Shackford,    Ph.D.      16mo,    pp.    232.      Houghton, 

Mifflin    &    Co.      Paper,    30    cts. 
Alahcon's  Novelas  Cortas  Escogidas.     Edited  by  Alfred 

Renny.     16mo,  pp.  155.     D.  C.  Heath  &  Co. 
Velera's   El   Cautivo   de   Dona   Mencia.     Edited  by  R. 

Diez    de    la   Cortina,    B.A.      18mo,   pp.    59.      Wm.   R. 

Jenkins.     Paper,  25   cts. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Modern  Industrial  Progress.  By  Charles  Cochrane. 
Illus.,  large  8vo,  pp.  647.  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.  $3. 
net. 

The  Future  of  Road-making  in  America  :  A  Sympo- 
sium. By  Archer  Butler  Hulbert  and  others.  Illus., 
12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  211.  "Historic  Highways 
of  America."  Cleveland :  Arthur  H.  Clark  Co. 
$2.50  net. 

The  Home  Mechanic  :  A  Manual  for  Industrial  Schools 
and  Amateurs.  By  John  Wright.  Illus.,  large  8vo, 
pp.  435.     B.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.     $2.50  net. 

Practical  Poker.  By  R.  F.  Foster.  Illus.,  16mo,  gilt 
edges,   pp.    253.      Brentano's.      $1.50. 

The  Mormon  Menace  :  Being  the  Confession  of  John 
Doyle  Lee,  Danlte.  With  introduction  by  Alfred 
Henry  Lewis.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  368.  New  York: 
Home  Protection  Publishing  Co. 

Notes  foe  the  Guidance  of  Authors,  in  the  Submis- 
sion of  Manuscripts  to  Publishers.  24mo,  pp.  66. 
Macmillan   Co.      Paper,    25    cts. 

Simple  Rin:.ES  for  Bridge.  By  K.  N.  Steele.  24mo,  pp. 
34.     New  York:    Wm.  R.  Jenkins.  Paper,  25  cts.  net. 


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'PHIS  work  is  the  grreatest,  most  aathoritative,  and  only  exhaostiyely  complete  history  of  America  that  has  ever 
been  undertaken.     The  work  is  under  the  editorial  supervision  of  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Professor  of  History  at 
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Wisconsin  Historical  Societies.    The  history  will  be  complete  in  twenty-eight  volumes,  each  the  work  of  an  acknowl- 
edged historical  scholar  who  is  a  specialist  in  that  period  of  our  nation's  history  of  which  his  volume  treats.    The 
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Vol,    II.     Basis  of  American  History,  by  Professor  Livingston  Farrand,  Columbia  University. 
Vol.  III.    Spain  in  America,  by  Professor  E.  G.  Bourne,  Yale  University. 
Vol.  IV.    England  in  America,  by  Lyon  Q.  Tyler,  President  of  William  and  Mary  College. 
Vol.    V.    Colonial  Self-Government,  by  Professor  Charles  M.  Andrews,  Bryn  Mawr  College. 

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The  Wonders  of  Life 

By  ERNEST  HAECKEL 
Author  of  "  The  Riddle  of  the  Universe." 

THE  great  success  of  The  Riddle  of  the  Universe,  and 
the  innumerable  letters  asking  for  more  knowledge 
to  supplant  that  of  the  Riddle,  have  led  the  author  to 
write  this  present  volume.  In  the  earlier  book  Professor 
Haeckel  made  a  comprehensive  survey  of  the  general 
questions  of  science  as  they  concerned  the  whole  universe, 
in  the  light  of  monistic  philosophy.  But  in  The  Wonders 
of  Life  the  author  has  confined  himself  to  organic  science. 


The  Land  of  Riddles 

{RUSSIA  OF  TO-DAY) 
By  HUGO  GANZ 

ANEW  book  about  Russia,  of  rare  timeliness,  that 
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or  the  science  of  life.    The  object  of  this  book  is,  he  says,    :    and  bringing  it  down  to  date.   Among  other  topics,  the  late 


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The  Complete  Poems  of  Algernon  Charles  Swinburne 

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greatest  living  poet.    To  possess  his  complete  works  should  be  a  joy  and  a  distinction. 

TITLES  OF  THE   SIX  VOLUMES 

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Erbchtheus. 
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Poems  from  "  Tristram  "  —  The  Heptalogia  (with  additions). 
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Seager's  INTRODUCTION  TO  ECONOMICS 

By  Professor  HENRY  ROGERS  SEAGER,  of  Colnmbia.     560  pp.,  Syo.     Price,  $2.00  net. 

The  author  treats  of  the  principles  of  Economies  in  vital  rdation  to  the  facts  and  problems  of  business  life. 

F.  H.  DIXOX,  Professor  in  Dartmouth  College  :  "  Prof  eaaor  Seager  baa  written  what  is  probably  the  best  text-book  on  the  elementt  e/  ee0nomics 
that  hat  yet  appeared.  .  .  .  The  feature  of  the  book  is  the  exhauatiTe  treatment  of  the  subject  of  distribution,  to  which  eight  chapters  are 
devoted.  The  mental  balance  of  the  writer  is  here  moat  evident,  for  in  spite  of  bis  Anatrian  training,  he  finds  himself  unable  to  follow  th 
Austrian  writers  in  their  extreme  poaitions.  His  acceptance  of  much  of  the  thinlring  of  the  classical  school  in  combination  with  the  more 
conservatiTe  portions  of  modem  theory,  results  in  a  prasentation  which,  far  from  being  wmTeiing  and  indefinite,  as  one  might  fear,  is  c<Miaistent, 
sane,  and  satisfying." 

THE  NIBELUNGENLIED 

Translated  into  rhymed  verse  in  the  metre  of  the  original  by  Dr.  Georgb  Henrt  Needueb,  of  University  College,  Toronto. 

Gilt  top,  oS-T  pp.     12mo.     $1.75  net  (by  mail,  §1.87). 

Prof.  H.  C.  6.  BRAXDT,  Hamilton  College,  Clinton,  X.  Y.:  "It  is  the  best  English  translation,  without  question.  The  translator  abows  his 
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Nivedita's 
WEB  OF  INDIAN  LIFE 

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book  is  chiefly  devoted  to  the  Eastern 
woman,  but  also  treats  at  length  of 
the  Indian  Sagas,  the  Caste  system, 
the  Synthesis  of  Indian  Thought. 

"  A  setting  forth  of  the  institutions, 
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India  that  gives  the  Hindus'  side 
.  .  .  the  spirit  of  the  book  is  trans- 
parently informed  with  her  exalted 
simplicity  of  purpose  to  tell  the  very 
truth  and  the  inner  truth.  .  .  .  We 
only  cite  enough  to  excite  a  whole- 
some desire  on  the  part  of  open- 
minded  American  students  to  see 
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PEDAGOGUES  AND  PARENTS 

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teachers,  the  author  has  clearly  and  wittily 
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we  met  its  superior.  Most  books  appeal  to  a 
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Von  Schierbrand's 

AMERICA,  ASIA, 

AND  THE  PACIFIC 

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Angell's  PSYCHOLOGY 

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of  Chicago.     402  pp.     8vo.     $1..50. 

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.\'!?S,A7t'['?v\?^.   Coventry  Patmore 


COyTESTS. 
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I2th  Thousand 

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No.  U8.      FEBRUARY  16,  1905.  Vd.  ZXXVin. 


Contexts. 


A  POET'S  RETROSPECT Ill 

THE  AMERICAN  LITERARY  INSTINCT.    Charles 

Leonard  Moore 113 

COMMUNICATIONS 116 

The    Anther   of    'Milton's   Prayer   of   Patience.' 

T.   W.  H. 
A  Shakespeare  Quarto  Fonnd.      W.  J.  Rolfe, 

A  WORDSWORTHIAN  IN  REMINISCENT  MOOD. 

Percy  F.  Bickndl 117 

THE  IROQUOIS    CONFEDERACY.      Lawrence  J. 

Burpee 119 

MEN    AND    MANNERS    IN    TUDOR    LONDON. 

Arthur  Howard  XoU 121 

THE   MONROE    DOCTRINE   TO    DATE.      James 

Oscar  Pierce 122 

SIX     GREAT    ELIZABETHAN     ENGLISHMEN. 

James  W.  Tupper 123 

RECENT  FICTION.  William  Morton  Payne  .  .  .  124 
Miss  Underhills  The  Gray  World.  —  Ystridde's 
Three  Dukes.  —  Haggard's  The  Brethren.— Wey- 
man's  The  Ahbeas  of  Vlaye. —  Conrad's  Nostromo. 
— Crockett's  The  Lores  of  Miss  Anne. — Niemann's 
The  Coming  Conquest  of  England.  —  Nordau's 
Morganatic  —  Watson's  Bethany.  —  Hough's  The 
Law  of  the  Land. — Stevenson's  The  Marathon 
Mystery.  —  Bradford's  The  Private  Tutor. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 128 

The  story  of  a  famous  libel  case.  —  Up-to-date 
knowledge  of  the  Forum. — Diary  of  a  poet  laureate. 
— A  novel  municipal  experiment. — Love  afiPairs  of 
a  famous  bachelor.  —  An  episode  in  Connecticut 
history.  —  An  edition  de  luxe  of  the  '  Georgics.'  — 
The  story  of  Wireless  Telegraphy.  —  A  new  book 
of  Irish  legends  and  folk-lore. 

NOTES 131 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS 132 


A  POETS  RETROSPECT. 


The  great  English  poet  who  is  now  approach- 
ing his  seventieth  year,  and  who  remains  the 
solitary  sumvor  in  the  twentieth  century  of 
the  great  group  of  nineteenth-oentury  poets  with 
whom  he  is  associated,  is  now  engaged  in  super- 
intending a  uniform  republication  of  his  poet- 
ical writing.  Since  these  writings  occupy 
twenty-four  volumes  of  various  sizes,  since  they 
are  expensive  and  in  some  cases  out  of  print, 
and  since  they  are,  neveri;heless,  indispensable 
to  every  lover  of  poetry,  it  is  a  cause  for  thank- 
fulness that  all  of  them  will  soon  be  obtainable 
in  a  shape  both  uniform  and  definitive.  The 
lyrical  section  of  this  new  edition  is  already 
complete  and  in  the  hands  of  the  public;  the 
dramatic  section,  we  are  assured,  will  soon 
follow. 

In  addition  to  the  debt  under  which  Mr. 
Swinburne  has  thus  placed  us,  we  have  also  to 
thank  him  for  having  seized  this  occasion  to 
take  us  iato  his  confidence  by  publishing  a  retro- 
spective view  of  his  poetical  activity,  which  has 
now  extended  over  nearly  half  a  century.  How- 
ever clearly  a  poet  may  reveal  himself  in  his 
writings,  there  is  always  a  peculiar  satisfaction 
in  the  supplementary  sort  of  revelation  that  is 
offered  when  he  deigns  to  tell  us  something  of 
their  liistory,  and  to  give  us  some  glimpse  of  the 
light  ia  which  they  present  themselves  to  his 
own  consciousness.  This  is  what  Mr.  Swin- 
burne has  now  done  in  the  lengthy  '  dedicatory 
epistle '  which  inscribes  his  collected  poems  to 
his  'best  and  dearest  friend.'  It  is  no  doubt 
true  that  a  poet  is  not  always  the  best  judge  of 
his  own  poems,  and  Mr.  Swinburne  is  as  likely 
as  others  to  err  in  this  respect,  but  the  interest 
of  such  self-criticism  as  he  gives  us  is  not  to  be 
questioned,  and  we  cannot  help  wishing  that 
Tennyson  and  Browning  had  likewise  left  U6 
some  similar  subjective  measure  wherewith  to 
test  our  own  objective  estimate  of  their  work. 

In  an  introductory  paragraph  Mr.  Swinburne 
sets  forth  his  theory  of  the  poefs  attitude 
toward  his  public  in  this  matter  of  appraise- 
ment and  explanation, 

*It  is  impossible  for  any  man  to  undertake  the 
task  of  commentary,  however  brief  and  succinct,  on 
anything  he  has  done  or  tried  to  do,  without 
incurring  the  charge  of  egoism.  But  there  are 
two  kinds  of  egoism,  the  furtive  and  the  frank: 
and  the  outspoken  and  open-hearted  candour  of 
Milton  and  Wordsworth,  Comeille  and  Hugo,  is  not 
the  least  or  the  lightest  of  their  claims  to  the 
regard  as  well  as  the  respect  or  the  reverence  of 


112 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


their  readers.  .  .  .  Whether  i|fc  is  worth  while 
for  any  man  to  oflfer  any  remarksj  or  for  any  other 
man  to  read  his  remarks  on  his  own  works,  his  own 
ambition,  or  his  own  attempts,  he  cannot  of  course 
determine.  If  there  are  great  examples  of  absti- 
nence from  such  a  doubtful  enterprise,  there  are 
likewise  gi-eat  examples  to  the  contrary.  As  long  as 
the  writer  can  succeed  in  evading  the  kindred 
charges  and  the  cognate  risks  of  vanity  and  humility, 
there  can  be  no  reason  why  he  should  not  undertake 
it.  And  when  he  has  nothing  to  regret  and  nothing 
to  recant,  when  he  finds  nothing  that  he  could  wish 
to  cancel,  to  alter,  or  to  unsay,  in  any  page  he  ha* 
ever  laid  before  his  reader,  he  need  not  be  seriously 
troubled  by  the  inevitable  consciousness  that  the 
work  of  his  early  youth  is  not  and  cannot  be  unnat- 
urally unlike  the  work  of  a  very  young  man.' 

In  other  words,  Mr.  Swinburne  says  again,  from 
the  vantage  point  of  his  mature  years,  what  he 
said  of  the  Toems  and  Ballads'  when  they 
Avere  published  in  1866,  that  they  were  '  bom  of 
boy's  pastime,'  that  they  were  not  such  poems 
as  a  man  would  write,  but  that,  allowing  for  the 
limitations  and  the  exuberance  of  youth,  they 
were  produced  in  all  artistic  sincerity.  He  has 
told  us  since,  in  imperishably  beautiful  verse, 
how  his  life  outgrew  that  boyish  phase  of  riot- 
ous imaginings,  how  he  rode  *the  red  ways  of 
the  revel  through,' 

'Till  on  some  winter's   dawn   of  some  dim   year 
He  let  the  vine-bit  on  the  panther's  lip 
Slide,  and  the  green  rein  slip, 
And  set  his  eyes  to  seaward,' 

and  how,  in  the  end, 

'The  sweet  sea's  breath 
Breathed  and  blew  life  in  where  was  heartless  death. 
Death  spirit-stricken  of  soul-sick  days,  where  strife 
Of  thought  and  flesh  make  mock  of  death  and  life, 
And  grace  returned  upon  him.' 

The  critics  have  long  since  recovered  from 
the  hysteria  which  overcame  them  when  they 
first  sought  to  pass  judgment  on  the  '  Poems 
and  Ballads,'  and  they  hardly  need  now  to  be 
reminded  that  the  dramatic  studies  contained 
in  that  volume  were  neither  confessions  of  a 
vicious  personal  experience  nor  exercises  of  an 
unregulated  imagination. 

'There  are  photographs  from  life  in  the  book; 
and  there  are  sketches  from  imagination.  Some 
which  keen-sighted  criticism  has  dismissed  with  a 
smile  as  ideal  or  imaginary  were  as  real  and  actual 
as  they  well  could  be:  Others  which  have  been  taken 
for  obvious  transcripts  from  memory  were  utterly 
fantastic  or  dramatic.  If  the  two  kinds  cannot  be 
distinguished,  it  is  surely  rather  a  credit  than  a 
discredit  to  an  artist  whose  medium  or  material 
has  more  in  common  with  a  musician's  than  a 
sculptor 's. ' 

It  was,  as  the  author  says,  a  '  quaint  reception  '" 
that  the  book  received,  and  *  the  clatter  aroused 
by  it '  was  to  him  a  source  of  no  little  amuse- 
ment. 

Writing  of  his  next  book,  the  glorious  *  Songs 
before  Sunrise,'  Mr.  Swinburne  disclaims  the 
notion  that  he  was  merely  engaged  in  the  task 


of  translatingj  'Mazzini's  gospel  into  verse. 
'  Mazzini  was  no  more  a  Pope  or  a  Dictator  than 
I  was  a  parasite  or  a  papist.'  'I  never  pre- 
tended,' he  goes  on  to  say,  *  to  see  eye  to  eye 
with  my  illustrious  friends  and  masters,  Victor 
Hugo  and  Giuseppe  Mazzini,  in  regard  to  the 
positive  and  passionate  confidence  of  their 
sublime  and  purified  theology.'  In  this  con- 
nection, the  author  gives  us  the  keynote  to  all 
that  he  has  ever  written  upon  the  two  subjects 
of  religion  and  politics.  On  the  former  theme 
he  says: 

'That  the  spirit  and  the  letter  of  all  other  than 
savage  and  barbarous  religions  are  irreconcilably 
at  variance,  and  that  prayer  or  homage  addressed 
to  an  image  of  our  own  or  of  other  men's  making, 
be  that  image  avowedly  material  or  conventionally 
spiritual,  is  the  affirmation  of  idolatiy  with  aU 
its  attendant  atrocities,  and  the  negation  of  all 
belief,  all  reverence,  and  all  love,  due  to  the  noblest 
object  of  human  wox-ship  that  humanity  can  realize 
or  conceive.' 

These  words  are  the  rational  basis  upon  which 
rest  such  poems  as  '  Ileriha,'  '  Before  a  Cruci- 
fix,' the  '  Hymn  of  Man,'  and  '  Tlie  Altar  of 
Eighteousness.'  He  claims  consistency  in  his 
political  doctrine  when  he  says,  comparing  his 
later  poems  with  the  '  Songs  before  Sunrise,' 
that 

'Every  passing,  word  I  have  since  thought  fit 
to  utter  on  any  national  or  political  question  has 
been  as  wholly  consistent  with  the  principles  which 
I  then  did  my  best  to  proclaim  and  defend  as  any 
apostasy  from  the  faith  of  all  republicans  in  the 
fundamental  and  final  principle  of  union,  voluntary 
if  possible  and  compulsory  if  not,  would  have  been 
ludicrous  in  the  impudence  of  its  inconsistency  with 
these  simple  and  irreversible  principles.  Monarch- 
ists and  anarchists  may  be  advocates  of  national 
dissolution  and  reactionary  division;  republicans 
cannot  be.' 

The  poet  then  gives  us  a  running  commen- 
tary upon  his  dramatic  verse,  beginning  with 
'  The  Queen  Mother,'  '  written  while  yet  under 
academic  or  tutorial  authority,'  and  acknowl- 
edging it  to  be  imitative  of  the  Elizabethan 
model.  In  '  Chastelard '  he  thinks  that  '  some- 
thing of  real  and  evident  life'  is  discernible. 
'  Bothwell '  he  calls  an  'epic  drama,'  and  quotes 
Avith  pardona])le  pride  the  praise  bestowed  upon 
it  by  Hugo.  'Occuper  ces  deux  cimes,  cela 
n'est  donne  qu'a  vous.'  'Mary  Stuart'  was 
coldly  received  by  the  public,  but  Sir  Henry 
Taylor  applauded  it,  and  the  author  avows: 
^I  think  I  have  never  written  anything 
wortliier  of  such  reward  than  the  closing 
tragedy  which  may  or  may  not  have  deserved 
but  which  certainly  received  it.'  Of  the  two 
Greek  plays,  he  thinks  the  'Atalanta'  too 
exuberant,  effusive,  and  in-egular,  and  doubts 
whether  the  whole  is  greater  than  any  part  of 
it.  'The  '  Ereehtheus '  he  views  with  greater 
satisfaction,  and  this  must  surelv  be  the  ver- 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL, 


11^ 


diet  of  the  critic  who  considers  the  two  works 
in  their  entirety.  Little  is  said  of  the  four 
later  plays,  but  the  author  is  careful  to  remind 
us,  in  speaking  of  them,  that  he  writes,  like 
Charles  Lamb,  for  antiquity.  '  When  I  write 
plays  it  is  with  a  view  to  their  being  acted  at 
the  Globe,  the  Red  Bull,  or  the  Black  Friars.' 

Speaking  of  his  hTical  work,  Mr.  Swinburne 
gives  the  highest  place,  and  justly,  in  our  opin- 
ion, to  the  two  great  Pindaric  odes,  '  Athens ' 
and  '  The  Armada.' 

'By  the  test  of  these  two  poems  I  am  content 
that  my  claims  should  be  decided  and  my  station 
determined  as  a  h-ric  poet  in  the  higher  sense  of 
the  term;  a  craftsman  in  the  most  ambitious  line 
of  his  art  that  ever  aroused  or  ever  can  arouse  the 
emulous  aspiration  of  his  kind.' 

He  happily  characterizes  and  links  together  the 
'  Hymn  to  Proserpine '  and  the  '  Hj-mn  to  Man  ' 
as  '  the  death-song  of  spiritual  decadence  and 
the  birth-song  of  spiritual  renascence.'  Of  his 
lyrics  of  nature  he  writes  with  exquisite  charm, 
and  his  doctrine  is  thus  expressed : 

'Mere  descriptive  poetry  of  the  prepense  and 
formal  kind  is  exceptionally  if  not  proverbially 
liable  to  incur  and  to  deserve  the  charge  of  dulness: 
it  is  unnecessary  to  emphasize  or  obtrude  the  per- 
sonal note,  the  presence  or  the  emotion  of  a  spec- 
tator, but  it  is  necessary  to  make  it  felt  and  keep 
it  perceptible  if  the  poem  is  to  have  life  in  it  or 
even  a  right  to  live.' 

To  know  how  faithfully  Mr.  Swinburne  has  fol- 
lowed this  precept  we  have  but  to  recall  a  few 
such  poems  as  '  A  Forsaken  Garden,'  '  In  the 
Ba}-,'  and  *  By  the  Xorth  Sea.' 

Mr.  Swinburne's  personal  and  memorial 
poems  have  often  brought  upon  him  the  charge 
of  extravagance  in  praising,  and  it  is  only  nat- 
ural that  he  should  take  some  account  of  this 
accusation, 

'If  ever  a  word  of  tributary  thanksgiving  for 
the  delight  and  the  benefit  of  loyal  admiration 
evoked  in  the  spirit  of  a  boy  or  aroused  in  the 
intelligence  of  a  man  may  seem  to  exceed  the  limit 
of  demonstrable  accuracy,  I  have  no  apology  to 
offer  for  any  such  aberration  from  the  safe  path  of 
tepid  praise  or  conventional  applause.' 

Confessing  to  rare  good  fortune  in  both  friends 
and  enemies,  he  declares  that  it  should  be 

'Always  a  subject  for  thankfulness  and  self- 
congratulation  if  a  man  can  honestly  and  reasonably 
feel  assured  that  his  friends  and  foes  alike  have 
been  always  and  at  almost  all  points  the  very  men 
he  would  have  chosen,  had  choice  and  foresight  been 
allowed  him,  at  the  very  outset  of  his  career  in 
life.' 

Most  of  all  was  he  fortunate  in  winning  the 
friendship  of  Landor,  Mazzini,  and  Hugo,  '  the 
three  living  gods,  I  do  not  say  of  my  idolatry, 
for  idolatry  is  a  term  inapplicable  where  the 
gods  are  real  and  true,  but  of  my  whole-souled 
and  single-hearted  worship.'  What  wonder  that 
he  should  have  sought  to  find  expression  in  song 
for  the  joy  of  such  friendships,  and  that  he 


should  have  found  terms  for  the  expression  in 
some  degree  commensurate  with  his  gratitude^ 

The  two  great  misapprehensions  of  the  gen- 
eral public  concerning  Mr.  Swinburne'si  work 
are  that  it  is  prevailingly  sensual  and  that  its 
verbal  affluence  conceals  poverty  of  thoughti 
Both  these  notions  are  supremely  ridiculous/ 
The  first  of  these  notions  is  the  exact  opposite 
of  the  truth,  and  could  not  possibly  be  enter- 
tained by  anyone  familiar  with  the  work  as  at 
whole.  In  all  but  a  few  of  his  pieces,  he  is  a 
poet  of  spirit  rather  than  of  sense,  and  austerity 
is  perhaps  the  most  fitting  epithet  to  apply  to- 
liis  work.  Nor  does  it  take  a  very  prolonged 
study  of  that  work  to  discover  that  it  is  rich- 
in  thought  and  varied  in  intellectual  interesli 
beyond  the  work  of  most  other  poets.  Mr^ 
Swinburne  would  be  the  last  person  to  deny 
that  poetry  must  be  the  embodiment  of  ideas^ 
or  fail  absolutely  in  its  mission.  His  own  words 
are  these: 

'There  is  no  music  in  verse  which  has  not  in  it 
sufficient  fullness  and  ripeness  of  meaning,  sufficient 
adequacy  of  emotion  or  of  thought,  to  abide  tha 
analysis  of  other  than  the  published  scrutiny  of 
prepossession  or  the  squint-eyed  inspection  ot. 
maUgnity. ' 

By  this  test  he  is  clearly  willing  to  be  judged^ 
and  we  have  no  doubt  that  when  judged  by  it 
fairly  and  fully,  he  will  not  be  found  wanting. 


THE  AMERICAN  LITERARY  INSTINCT. 

Geographical  and  racial  explanations  of  the 
evolution  of  genius  have  become  somewhat 
faded  of  late.  Even  Taine  modified  his  theories 
considerably  after  the  publication  of  his  '  His- 
tory of  English  literature.'  But  one  would 
like  to  call  his  spirit  up  and  propound  the 
following  problem  to  him :  *  There  is  a  country, 
sir,  larger  in  extent  than  Europe.  It  is  a  land; 
of  extremes.  In  summer  it  is  throughout  nearly 
its  whole  extent  a  part  of  the  tropics.  In  winter 
the  north  pole  is  seemingly  situated  in  every 
city.  Its  geographical  features  are  on  an  enor-. 
mous  scale,  —  tremendous  mountain  systems^^ 
vast  rivers,  limitless  plains,  unending  forests.. 
It  is  inhabited  by  eighty  millions  of  people 
drawn  from  all  the  great  stocks  of  the  world.^ 
It  is  a  new  ark  where  descendants  of  all  of 
N'oah's  family  are  reunited.  And  they  are  fused 
together  by  one  system  of  laws  and  the  use  of 
one  language.  What,  sir,  in  your  judgment^ 
should  be  the  resulting  literary  instincte  and 
development  of  such  a  people?' 

Can  we  doubt  that  our  critic's  ashes  would 
lighten  with  his  wonted  fires,  that  his  ghost[ 
eyes  would  glitter  with  delight,  and  that  he 
would  say,  though  in  far  more  vivid  phrase,*^ 


114 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


fiomething  like  this :  '  Excellent !  Superb !  You 
ere  describing  the  place  and  the  moment  for 
an  ideal  outburst  of  literature.  The  muster  of 
races  in  your  new  empire  should  bring  together 
all  the  instincts  and  ideals  of  the  world.  The 
North  should  send  you  its  cloudy  gods,  its 
dreamings  and  its  doubts.  The  South  should 
bestow  upon  you  its  clear  divinities,  its  passions 
and  its  fire.  Your  literary  population  should  be 
a  cast  of  stars.  Your  geographical  immensities 
should  raise  to  the  nth  power  all  the  forces  and 
faculties  of  the  migrating  personages  of  older 
mythologies  and  literatures.  A  brighter  Hamlet 
should  jostle  a  darker  Othello,  The  Greek 
Achilles,  the  Gennan  Siegfried,  the  Celtic 
Cuchulain  should  reincarnate  themselves  in 
more  splendid  forms.  Art  should  be  the  inherit- 
ance of  your  whole  people.  Your  brilliant  and 
intoxicating  atmosphere  should  cause  them  to 
talk  business  in  blank  verse,  do  their  love- 
making  in  song,  go  to  church  in  a  galliard,  and 
ijome  home  in  a  coranto.^ 

So  perhaps  it  should  be  —  but  so  certainly 
it  has  not  been.  If  one  were  exactly  to  reverse 
ifchis  imaginary  picture  one  would  be  nearer  the 
anark.  Once  indeed  in  our  history,  back  in  the 
iforties  and  fifties,  there  was  a  stir  of  intellec- 
Ttual  life  in  this  country.  Foreign  philosophies 
-were  imported  and  retailed,  native  folk-lores 
"ivere  investigated,  our  men  of  intellect  stood  at 
ithe  stiBet  comers  and  crowds  assembled  to  listen 
tto  iflrem,  there  was  a  cry  that  we  must  have  a 
national  literature.  And  a  very  remarkable  if 
not  absolutely  great  artistic  production  resulted. 
Even  then  the  careers  of  the  greatest  were  fresh 
illustrations  of  the  fact  that  when  God  creates 
^  genius,  he  signs  a  lettre  de  cachet,  a  sentence 
of  life  imprisonment  in  the  world.  Poe  was 
practically  starved  out.  Hawthorne  would  have 
.«hared  his  fate  but  for  the  accident  of  his 
ihaving  a  personal  friend  in  Franklin  Pierce. 
Lowell,  Longfellow,  and  Bryant  wasted  their 
Ibest  years  in  dry  professorial  or  newspaper 
?iw>rk.  Yet  the  difference  between  then  and  now 
is  enormous.  If  these  people  were  not  rewarded 
■greaily,  they  were  listened  to  and  discussed. 
'They  felt  they  had  a  public.  It  is  safe  to  say 
that  there  was,  not  relatively  but  absolutely, 
twenty  times  as  much  sympathy  for  and  appre- 
ciation of  things  of  the  mind  in  their  time  as 
there  is  today. 

A  recently  translated  book,  '  Success  among 
IN^ations^'  by  a  brilliant  Hungarian,  Emil  Reich, 
•devotes  a  chapter  to  American  possibilities, 
intellectual  and  political.  The  author  has  no 
■great  admiration  for  us  and  no  grave  fear  of 
•our  dominating  the  world  in  either  way.  He 
dscribes  the  inferiority  which  he  attributes  to 
•08  to  three  causes:  First,  the  overwhelming 
imfluence  of  our  women;  second,  the  lack  of 


outward  pressure  which  would  drive  us  to  an 
intenser  inward  life;  third,  our  almost  exclu- 
sive preoccupation  with  commerce  and  industry. 
Woman  and  Genius  are  enemies  of  old.  Pos- 
sibly the  root  of  their  hostility  is  that  they  both 
bear  children.  Another  reason  is  that  society 
is  the  creation  of  woman  and  that  the  rough, 
sayage  Orson-like  Genius  is  a  creature  of  soli- 
tude, and  seldom  comes  into  society  except  to 
revolt  against  it  and  try  to  shake  it  down. 
France  is  the  only  nation  where  woman  has  a 
power  and  influence  comparable  with  that  which 
she  exercises  in  America.  M.  Brunetiere,  in  an 
admirable  essay,  has  sought  to  determine  the 
amount  of  success  with  which  woman  has 
wielded  her  sceptre  in  France.  He  is  most 
polite;  he  makes  out  the  best  case  he  can  for 
the  ladies;  but  in  the  end  he  is  forced  to  confess 
that  not  a  single  Frenchman  of  first-class  talent 
has  ever  bowed  to  feminine  domination.  Third- 
rate  thinkers,  lap-dog  poets,  a  long  train  of 
Abbes  and  Academicians  has  thronged  their 
salons.  But  Rabelais,  Montaigne,  Moliere,  Cor- 
neille,  Lafontaine,  and  their  like,  have  shoul- 
dered their  way  on  without  the  aid  of  feminine 
plots  or  applause.  It  is  not  that  these  men  did 
not  feel  the  charm  and  beauty  of  womanhood. 
Genius  generally  feels  it  too  deeply.  But  they 
declined  to  submit  first-rate  intellects  to  the 
domination  of  second-rate  ones.  It  is  precisely 
in  those  countries  where  woman  is  kept  in  the 
background,  in  England  and  Germany,  that 
the  ideal  of  womanhood  blooms  most  gorgeously 
in  the  pages  of  the  poets.  Neither  France  nor 
America  can  show  anything  in  their  literatures 
to  match  the  women  of  Shakespeare  and  Goethe. 
And  America  at  least  has  but  few  of  those 
lyrics  of  love  and  admiration  which  are  as 
numerous  in  the  literatures  of  other  nations  as 
the  songs  of  their  birds  in  spring.  Think  of  the 
long  roll  of  English  love  poems,  —  the  epi- 
thalamiums  of  Spenser,  the  Elizabethan  son- 
nets, the  verse  of  Donne,  the  Cavalier  lyrics, 
the  triumphant  strains  of  Bums  and  Shelley, 
and  Tennyson's  picture  gallery  of  fair  women ! 
With  us,  Poe's  few  mystical  notes  of  adoration, 
two  or  three  southern  love-songs,  and  some 
rather  cold  poems  by  the  New  England  men, 
are  about  all  that  our  women  have  been  able 
to  inspire.  Probably  they  do  not  care;  having 
the  reality  of  reign  they  may  not  need  verbal 
homage.  But  their  throne  has  been  built  up 
mainly  by  the  poet.  Every  educated  man  sees 
in  his  mistress's  face  not  only  her  own  beauty, 
but  the  shadow  of  the  beauty  of  the  heroines 
of  song.  She  sums  up  for  him  all  that  ideal 
seraglio  which  has  filled  his  brain  since  boy- 
hood. She  is  Rosalind  and  Viola  and  Imogen, 
Shelley's  Miranda,  and  Burns's  Mary  Morison. 
And  to  keep  her  power  alive  she  needs  to  be 


1905.] 


THE    DTAT. 


115 


able  to  compel  men  to  create  new  images  of 
her  grace  and  charm.  Should  women  ever  suc- 
ceed in  having  poetry  dismissed  from  the  ser- 
Tice  of  mankind,  should  they  kick  down  the 
ladder  by  which  they  have  risen,  they  will  soon 
themselves  be  relegated  back  into  the  rank  of 
squaws  and  serfs. 

Our  Hungarian  author  holds  that  the 
strength  of  Europe  is  in  its  division,  that  the 
hard-won  boundaries  of  the  different  lands  have 
preserved  national  peculiarities,  have  fostered 
varietv'  and  stren^h  of  character,  have  fenced 
out  influences  which  vrould  have  resulted  in  a 
Chinese  uniformity.  The  view  is  sound.  Here 
in  America  we  have  established  a  certain  form 
of  civilization  and  then  set  it  in  motion  on  its 
Juggernaut  course  to  crush  and  roll  out  all 
originality  and  level  the  natural  elevations  and 
depressions  of  humanity  into  one  desert  of 
commonplace.  Everybody  must  be  alike  through 
twenty  degrees  of  latitude  and  fifty  of  longi- 
tude. Even  if  the  type  of  civilization  which 
we  have  evolved  were  the  highest  possible,  such 
sameness  would  be  soul-depressing.  Everj'^  one, 
I  suppose,  has  revolted  against  the  Miltonic 
idea  of  heaven  because  of  the  monotony  of 
amiabilit)'  and  harp-playing  which  prevailed 
there  before  Lucifer  put  some  variet}'  into  the 
place.  The  slightest  acquaintance  with  foreign 
•countries  is  enough  to  convince  one  that  the 
cultivation  of  personality',  of  eccentricity  even, 
adds  greatly  to  the  delight  of  human  inter- 
course. And  of  course  it  is  the  salt  and  savor 
•of  literature.  Compare  two  contemporary  nov- 
els, one  English  and  the  other  American,  and 
it  will  be  seen  at  once  that  English  life  is 
infinitely  richer  in  varied  types  of  humanity 
than  American.  It  would  be  interesting  to 
speculate  as  to  the  results  if  the  Southern  Con- 
federacy had  succeeded  in  breaking  up  our 
nation.  A  great  slave-holding  aristocracy  left 
to  develop  at  its  own  will  would  probably  have 
given  birth  to  magnificent  personalities.  One 
sign  of  the  spirit  of  conformity  which  prevails 
in  America  is  the  liking  for  the  study  of  law, 
which  has  obtained  here  from  the  beginning. 
Edmund  Burke  said  in  one  of  his  speeches  that 
"there  had  been  more  copies  of  Blackstone  sold 
in  the  Colonies  than  in  the  mother  country. 
Now  law  is  a  narrowing  study.  It  is  apt  to 
make  men  as  sharp  and  bright  and  as  like  as 
pins.  I  remember  once,  in  a  dispute  with  my  old 
law  preceptor,  I  drew  on  a  piece  of  paper  a 
perpendicular  line  and  beside  it  a  circle.  The 
straight  line,  I  said,  represented  the  legal  mind, 
the  circle  the  poetical.  *Yes,'  answered  my 
friend,  'the  lawyer  is  an  integer  and  the  poet 
a  cipher.'  The  rejoinder  was  clever,  and  it  is 
odd  that  men  have  accepted  the  same  sign  as 
.a  sjrmbol  of  nothingness  and  of  the  universal. 


Commercialism,  I  fear,  is  ingrained  in  Amer- 
ica, —  it  is  blood  of  our  blood,  bone  of  our  bone. 
Other  nations,  of  course,  have  been  and  are 
commercial,  and  as  long  as  we  must  eat  and 
have  clothes  to  cover  us  there  is  no  help  for  it. 
But  in  other  nations  there  is  a  saving  sense  of 
something  better.  The  secret  desire  of  an 
Englishman  is  to  be  a  Lord.  The  secret  desire 
of  a  Frenchman  is  to  be  a  Member  of  the 
Academy.  The  secret  desire  of  a  German  is  to 
write  a  big  book  on  the  Dialects  of  the  Turanian 
Tribes.  These  ambitions  are  a  ferment  that 
elevate  and  lighten  life.  I  have  cast  about  a 
good  deal  for  a  formula  which  would  express 
the  honest  ambition  of  the  average  American, 
and  the  other  day  I  found  it  in  the  first  line 
of  an  insurance  advertisement  which  met  my 
eye.  It  ran  thus :  '  To  live  better  and  save 
more  is  the  big  idea  which  goes  to  bed  with  us 
all.'  Obviously  this  sage  of  the  shop  does  not 
mean  by  his  '  live  better '  the  same  thing  which 
Marcus  Aurelius  meant  when  he  said,  '  Even 
in  a  palace  life  may  be  lived  well.'  No!  He 
means  by  it  to  have  more  food  and  better 
clothes  and  a  bigger  house  and  greater  social 
importance.  There  is  no  harm,  indeed  there 
is  good  in  these  things;  but  to  make  them  the 
'big  idea  which  goes  to  bed  with  us  all,'  — 
why,  the  Hottentots  have  a  higher  hope.  No 
real  religion,  or  art,  or  literature,  no  science 
save  that  which  ministers  to  material  wants, 
can  flourish  in  a  community  obsessed  by  such 
ambition. 

Yet  as  all  men  crave  permanence,  and  strive 
to  leave  some  record  of  themselves,  as  the  savage 
carves  pieces  of  bone  or  scratches  hunting  scenes 
on  the  wall  of  his  cave,  so  we  are  forced  to 
some  kind  of  art.  And  the  kinds  of  art  which 
are  accepted  and  are  successful  among  us 
express  our  popular  instincts.  As  a  corollary 
to  the  dominance  of  woman  in  our  life  we  have 
a  worship  of  prettiness  and  decorum.  We  do 
small  things  delicately.  We  are  much  concerned 
with  style,  and  import  the  last  year's  fashions 
from  France  and  England  and  make  fetiches 
of  them.  As  women  approve  authority,  we  are 
fond  of  maxim-makers  and  moralists  and 
writers  who  tell  us  how  to  succeed  in  life.  I 
have  always  thought  that  people  must  be  very 
bad  to  need  to  go  to  church  as  much  as  they 
do;  and  similarly  I  think  the  nation  must  be 
weak  mentally  and  morally  which  requires  so 
many  props  of  moral  phrases  and  axioms  to 
support  it.  On  the  otlier  hand,  our  women- 
instructed  minds  shrink  from  strong  passions 
and  tragic  situations.  We  must  apologize  for 
indulging  in  tragedy,  as  Snug  the  Joiner  apol- 
ogized for  bringing  a  Hon  into  the  presence  of 
the  ladies.  Wihitman  was  perfectly  right  in 
his  characterization  of  our  lady-like  literature. 


116 


THE    DIAX. 


[Feb.  16, 


If  he  had  only  had  the  ability  to  visualize  his 
ideas,  to  create  instead  of  merely  making  cata- 
logues of  possible  characters  and  giving  hints 
of  situations  rank  from  the  soil,  he  would  have 
been  a  great  literary  reformer.  That  he  would 
have  been  popular  is  another  thing.  Poe,  our 
profoundest  thinker  and  artist,  is  not  popular, 
Hawthorne,  a  tragedian  of  the  spirit,  is  not 
popular.  Cooper  is  only  read  by  boys ;  Herman 
Melville  and  Brockden  Browne  are  not  read  at 
all.  Hardly  anything,  indeed,  is  read  today 
except  that  which  deals  gracefully  with  the 
commonplace,  touches  on  the  domestic  emo- 
tions, or  gratifies  our  social  vanity  by  reviving 
the  names  and  deeds  of  our  not  very  remote 
forefathers. 

The  corollary  to  the  uniformity  of  our  life 
is  a  notable  lack  of  depth  and  variety  of  person- 
alities in  our  books.  It  is  hardly  too  much  to 
say  that  there  are  more  vivid,  original,  eccen- 
tric characters  in  a  single  novel  of  Smollett  or 
Dickens  than  in  our  whole  novel  literature. 
Our  striving  is  for  good  taste,  —  we  are  going 
to  be  genteel  if  we  break  something;  and  our 
books  reflect  the  general  insipidity  and  tame- 
ness. 

The  corollary  to  our  commercialism  is  a 
distaste  for  the  ideal  and  a  craving  for  cheap 
amusement.  Life  is  not  enacted  in  Wall  or 
Wake  street  as  it  is  in  the  plays  of  Shakespeare 
or  the  dramas  of  Wagner.  Dealers  in  sugar 
and  cotton  and  manipulators  of  the  stock  mar- 
ket are  not  going  to  believe  in  gods  and  ghosts 
and  elves  and  heroes  and  heroines  of  romance. 
When  they  need  relaxation  they  swap  doubtful 
stories,  or  read  the  productions  of  our  immortal 
American  humorists ;  or  go  to  see  the  light  and 
frothy  performances  of  our  stage.  I  have  in 
mind  a  famous  club  where  rich  men  congregate 
and  where  the  haMtues  sit  around  and  listen 
to  the  news  from  the  stock  ticker,  and  when 
there  is  any  great  fluctuation  in  the  market 
they  get  their  pencils  out  and  calculate  how 
much  each  of  their  friends  has  gained  or  lost 
by  the  operation.  That  is  an  intellectual  diver- 
sion of  a  kind,  —  but  ah !  how  different  from 
the  conversation  in  a  street  of  Athens  when 
Socrates  had  gathered  a  crowd  about  him,  or 
the  talk  in  the  circles  of  the  Mermaid  Inn  or 
Johnson's  Club,  or  the  intercourse  in  the  court 
of  Saxe- Weimar. 

In  one  of  Keats' s  letters  he  describes  himself 
as  standing  in  a  central  street  of  London  and 
looking  north,  east,  south,  and  west,  and  seeing 
nothing  anywhere  but  dulness.  We  cannot 
always  tell  at  a  given  time  what  ferment  is 
going  on  about  us,  what  rich  and  glorious 
fabrics  of  thought  and  art  are  rising  like  exhal- 
ations, silently  and  unseen.  But  certainly  there 
is  little  in  America  today  to  encourage  a  lover 


of  the  things  of  the  mind.  Our  poets  are  driven 
into  business,  our  artists  into  exile.  Our 
thinkers  become  college  professors,  where  they 
dry  up  and  blow  away.  Sir  Richard  Temple 
said  once  that  '  None  was  ever  a  great  poet 
who  did  much  apply  himself  to  anything  else.' 
We  cannot  expect  a  great  literature  if  we  do 
not  support  and  back  the  persons  who  can  pro- 
duce. But  Americans  do  not  want  a  great 
literature.  They  want,  in  the  inspired  words 
of  our  insurance  advertisement,  '  to  live  better 
and  save  more.'    Charles  Leonard  Mooee. 


COMMUNICA  TIONS. 


THE  AUTHOR  OF  'MILTON'S  PRAYER  OF 

PATIENCE.' 

(To  the  Editor  of  The  Dial.) 

The  reviewer  of  Mr.  Marston's  Reminiscences, 
in  your  issue  of  January  16,  is  correct  in  sup- 
posing the  poem  attributed  to  Milton  on  his  blind- 
ness to  have  been  written  by  Elizabeth  Lloyd 
Howell.  Mr.  Marston  is  also  correct,  for  Lloyd 
was  Mrs.  Howell's  maiden  name.  She  changed 
both  her  name  and  her  religious  denomination 
on  her  marriage;  and  although  really  best  known 
through  an  allusion  to  her  by  Whittier,— the 
poem  describing  a  summer  ride  with  her,— she 
once  spoke  of  him  to  me  in  a  distinctly  superior 
and  patronizing  manner.  She  was  a  woman  of 
some  beauty,  but  was  charged  by  some  of  the 
ladies  at  the  summer  boarding  house  where  we 
met  with  wearing  'plumpers'  in  her  cheeks,  Avhat- 
ever  they  may  be,— a  form  of  self-decoration  in 
which  the  kindly  Quaker  poet  would  have  found, 
I  am  sure,  some  hearty  amusement.  Mr.  Sted- 
man,  in  the  excellent  biographical  notes  at  the 
end  of  his  'American  Anthology,'  speaks  of  her 
poems  as  having  appeared  in  'The  Wheat  Sheaf 
in  1852.  She  lived  to  be  eighty-five,  but  did  not 
further  distinguish  herself,  I  believe,     t.  W.  H. 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  Feb.  4,  1905. 

A  SHAKESPEARE  QUARTO  FOUND. 
(To  the  Editor  of  The  Dial.) 

My  friend.  Dr.  F.  J.  Fumivall,  has  just  sent 
me  the  'Westminster  Gazette'  for  January  13, 
which  states  that  a  copy  of  the  1594  quarto  of 
'Titus  Andronieus'  has  been  found  in  the  house 
of  a  countrywoman  in  Sweden.  Such  an  edition 
was  entered  on  the  Stationers'  Registers  under 
date  of  February  6,  1594,  as  'a  book  intituled  a 
Noble  Romaine  Historye  of  Titus  Andronieus'; 
but  no  copy  of  it  has  previously  been  discovered. 
Langbaine,  in  his  'Dramatic  Poetry'  (1691),  re- 
fers to  it,  but  even  at  that  early  date  no  copy  had 
survived. 

The  book  is  at  present  in  the  care  of  the  libra- 
rian of  Lund  University.  An  offer  of  £300  has 
been  made  for  it  and  refused.  It  will  probably 
fetch  more  than  double  that  price  when  put  on  the 
market.  W.  J.  Rolfe. 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  Feb.  7,  190.5. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


117 


Cj^e  Hcto  g00ks. 


A   WORDSWORTHIAX  IK   REMDTISCENT 

Mood.* 

Any  book  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  William 
Knight,  the  Wordsworth  scholar  and  St. 
Andrews  professor  of  philosophy,  is  sure  to  be 
richly  worth  the  reading.  His  '  Eetrospects/ 
of  which  the  first  yolume  now  appears,  is  a  treat 
such  as  his  long  acquaintance  with  men  of  let- 
ters, his  yeai-s  of  work  side  by  side  with  them 
in  the  field  of  literature,  and  his  mastery  of 
the  art  of  pen  portraiture,  would  have  led  one 
confidently  to  expect.  After  noting,  in  his 
preface,  the  indisputable  benefit  to  be  derived 
from  communion,  whether  personal  or  through 
books,  with  '  characters  that  are  strong,'  orig- 
inal, exalted  and  benign,  that  are  many-sided, 
fertile-minded  and  ideal,'  he  says  a  word  con- 
demnatory of  that  distorted  presentation  of  a 
man's  life  which  is  not  seldom  found  in  the 
so-called  critical  biography.  '  What  is  posterity 
the  better,'  he  asks,  '  for  knowing  the  verdict  of 

A,  B,  and  C  upon  "the  great  of  old,"  whose 
spirits  still  "  rule  us  from  their  urns  " ;  more 
especially  when  there  is  much  more  of  the  A, 

B,  and  C,  the  new  critics,  than  of  the  departed 
sage  or  seer  in  the  books  which  the  former 
write?  What  it  surely  needs  much  more  is  to 
have  an  adequate  and  trustworthy  re-presenta- 
tion of  the  past,  and  new  pictures  of  the  men 
and  women  —  these  "  great  of  old  "  —  as  in  a 
mirror,  so  that  the  living  may  be  able  to  realize 
the  dead  as  they  lived  and  moved  and  had 
their  being  in  the  flesh.'  Without  conscious 
idealization,  therefore,  or  any  embroidery  or 
amplification  of  plain  facts  and  spoken  words, 
Professor  Knight  has  produced  some  chapters 
of  fragmentarv^  biography  that  are  as  fascinat- 
ing as  they  are  convincing,  their  very  charm 
indeed  largely  lying  in  their  evident  truthful- 
ness and  their  admirable  restraint.  *I  lack 
the  power,'  he  says,  '  of  recasting  or  recon- 
structing a  conversation  out  of  a  minimum  of 
actual  fact.  In  no  instance  is  an  attempt  made 
to  reproduce  a  lengthened  conversation  with 
those  whose  letters  are  printed.  ^Many  detached 
remarks  are  given,  but  no  continuous  discus- 
sion.' Without  further  preliminaries,  let  us 
now  plunge  in  medias  res.  Here  is  a  glimpse 
of  Carlyle  and  his  wife : 

'We  were  sitting  in  the  "golden  silence"  he 
loved  so  much,  and  yet  ignored  so  often,  when  Mrs. 
Carlyle  entered.  I  was  struck  by  her  gracious  air. 
That  afternoon  it  was  most  gracious.  She  was  pre- 
paring tea,  when  her  husband  made  a  disparaging 
remark  on  one  of  our  modern  writers;  and  she  said, 
■with    the    utmost    naivete,   "Oh,   Tom,    you're   so 

*  Retrospects.  By  William  Knight.  Volume  I.  New 
York :   Imported  by   Charles   Scrlbner's   Sons. 


eccentric."  "Yes,"  exclaimed — ^I  may  say  growled 
— her  husband;  "Yes,  hut  can  you  find  my  cen- 
tref"  ' 

A  visit  to  Tennyson  in  1890  is  described. 
The  grace  and  dignity  with  which  the  aged  poet 
bore  his  weight  of  years  was  impressive. 
'  There  was  the  keen  eagle  eye ;  and  though  the 
glow  of  youth  was  gone,  the  strength  of  a^e  was 
in  its  place.  The  lines  of  his  face  were  like  the 
furrows  in  the  stem  of  a  wrinkled  oak-tree ;  but 
his  whole  bearing  disclosed  a  latent  strength 
and  nobility,  a  reserve  of  power,  combined  with 
a  most  courteous  grace  of  manner.  I  was  also 
struck  by  the  neglige  air  of  the  man ;  so  differ- 
ent from  that  of  Browning,  or  Arnold,  or 
Lowell.'  From  the  conversation  recorded,  all 
noteworthy,  a  paragraph  on  the  sonnet  may  be 
quoted. 

*He  said  he  thought  the  best  in  the  language  were 
Milton's,  Shakespeare's,  and  Wordsworth's;  after 
these  three,  those  by  his  own  brother  Charles.  "I 
at  least  rank  my  brother's  next  to  those  by  the 
three  Olympians."  He  added,  "A  sonnet  arrests 
the  free  sweep  of  genius,  and  if  poets  were  to  keep 
to  it,  it  would  cripple  them;  but  it  is  a  fascinating 
kind  of  verse,  and  to  excel  in  it  is  a  rare  distinc- 
tion." I  ventured  to  refer  to  the  metrical  and 
structural  necessity  that  its  last  line  should  form 
the  climax,  both  of  thought  and  expression,  in  a 
sonnet;  and  that  the  whole  should  be  like  a  wave 
breaking  on  the  shore.  He  said,  "Not  only  so; 
the  whole  should  show  a  continuous  advance  of 
thought  and  of  movement,  like  a  river  fed  by 
rillets;  as  every  great  poem,  and  all  essays  and 
treatises,  should."  ' 

The  memoir  of  Tennyson  by  his  son  has  made 
us  familiar  with  the  poet's  firm  belief  in  the 
immortality  of  the  soul,  a  belief  that  also  finds 
frequent  attestation  in  his  poems.  Worth 
recording  in  this  connection  is  his  assertion  to 
Professor  Knight  that  *the  idea  of  annihila- 
tion would  be  more  horrible  to  me  than  the  idea 
of  everlasting  torments.' 

The  charm  of  Dean  Stanle}''s  radiant,  ver- 
satile, many-sided  personality  is  well  conveyed. 
Let  us  quote  an  incident  illustrating  his  imper- 
turbable good  humor. 

'On  another  occasion  he  was  journeying  in  the 
same  neighborhood,  when  two  fellow-passengers  in 
his  carriage,  ignorant  of  who  he  was,  began  to  abuse 
the  heretical  and  latitudinarian  Dean,  unstinting 
in  their  denunciations.  When  he  reached  his  sta- 
tion, and  was  about  to  walk  to  a  carriage  in  wait- 
ing, he  suddenly  remembered  that  he  had  left  his 
umbrella  in  the  train  and  returned  for  it,  when 
the  passenger  who  had  used  so  many  bad  words 
about  him  had  taken  it  up,  and  found  the  name 
(the  Dean  of  Westminster)  on  the  handle.  He 
apologized  profoundly,  and  said  that  he  did  not 
know  who  it  was  who  was  travelling  with  him. 
"Never  mind,"  said  the  Dean.  "You  have  given 
me  a  good  deal  to  think  about,  and  I  am  much 
obliged  to  you."  ' 

This  chapter,  one  of  the  longest  and  best  in  the 
book,  closes  with  a  lecture  by  Stanley  on  *  The 
Mutual   Eelations    of    Religion,    Science,   and 


118 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


Literature,'  which  he  delivered  at  Dundee  in 
1875,  and  which  has  never  before  been  pub- 
lished except  as  a  newspaper  report. 

Of  Gladstone's  phenomenal  memory,  and  of 
his  wide  reading  in  general  literature,  we  have 
heard  much.  Following  is. an  anecdote  illus- 
trating both: 

'I  well  remember  a  dinner-party  in  London  at 
which  Mr.  Gladstone  was  the  principal  guest, 
although  there  were  many  representatives  of  Latera- 
ture  and  Science  as  well  as  Politics  present.  After 
dinner  the  conversation  turned  to  the  number  of 
lines  in  the  great  poems  of  the  world;  and  Mr. 
Gladstone  was  asked:  How  many  are  there  in  the 
"Iliad"?  He  at  once  replied,  and  to  a  second 
question  gave  the  number  in  the  "Odyssey."  "In 
the  'Divine  Comedy'?"  inquired  one  guest. 
Instantly  the  number  in  the  "Inferno,"  the  "Pur- 
gatorio,"  and  the  "Paradiso"  were  told.  In 
"Hamlet,"  "Paradise  Lost,"  "Faust"  (I  only 
remember  these),  the  answer  came  without  a  pause, 
as  if  out  of  a  brain  in  compartments,  where  the 
facts  had  been  stored  away,  and  which  now  opened 
as  by  a  spring.  I  was  asked  by  our  host  if  I  could 
tell  the  number  in  "The  Excursion"  and  in  "The 
Prelude,"  and  by  some  one  else  how  many  there 
were  in  "The  White  Doe  of  Bylstone."  In  each 
case  I  had  to  shake  my  head  in  ignorance.  I  said 
it  had  never  occurred  to  me  to  estimate  poems  by 
their  quantity.  "No,"  said  Gladstone,  "none  of 
us  do  that — the  test  is  a  qualitative  one — ^but  liter- 
ary statistics  are  bf  use."  It  seemed  to  me,  how- 
ever, as  if  the  instinct  of  the  Chancellor  of  the 
Exchequer  had  been  at  work  in  the  brain  of  the 
Premier  in  reference  to  the  great  poems  of  the 
world,  and  that  the  chambers  of  memory  were  full 
to  overflowing.  On  telling  this  afterwards  at  St. 
Andrews  to  his  old  Oxford  tutor — Bishop  Charles 
Wordsworth — he  said  that  Gladstone's  memory  was 
superlative.  "I  remember  sending  him,  to  the 
country  house  in  which  he  was  then  residing,  a 
Latin  version  which  I  had  just  written  of  one  of 
the  hymns  in  the  'Christian  Year.'  He  replied  at 
once,  and  quoted  in  his  letter  another  excellent 
rendering  of  the  same  hymn  in  Latin,  made  long 
ago  by  a  friend  of  his,  which  he  said  was  still  as 
vivid  to  him  as  if  he  had  received  it  yesterday."  ' 

Among  lesser  notables,  the  author  gives  excel- 
lent pictures  of  those  ardent  apostles  of  the 
true  and  the  beautiful,  James  Smetham, 
William  Davies,  and  J.  Henry  Shorthouse,  and 
a  vei-y  readable  chapter  on  that  woman  of  rare 
scholarship,  Anna  Swanwick.  Smetham,  the 
artist  and  poet,  w^as  one  of  those  whose  patient 
strivings  are  not  destined  to  be  crowned  with 
conventional  success  - —  which,  however,  was  the 
last  thing  desired  in  his  case.  '  In  my  secret 
heart,'  he  declares,  '  I  look  upon  myself  as  one 
who  has  got  on,  and  got  to  his  goal,  as  one  who 
has  got  something  a  thousand  times  better  than 
a  fortune,  more  real,  more  inward,  less  in  the 
poAver  of  others,  less  variable,  more  immortal, 
more  eternal;  as  one  whose  feet  are  on  a  rock, 
his  goings  established,  with  a  new  song  in  his 
mouth,  and  joy  on  his  head.'  In  his  memories 
of  Whitwell  Elwin,  rector  of  Booton  in  Nor- 
folk, and  editor  of  the  '  Quarterly  Review ' 
from  1854  to  1867,  Professor  Knight  quotes 


from  one  of  Elwin's  letters  a  curious  anecdote 
showing  how  painstaking  Wordsworth  was  in 
applying  the  file  to  his  verses.  Mrs.  Gaskell  is 
the  ultimate  authority  for  the  story,  and  is 
quoted  by  Elwin  as  follows: 

'One  day  when  they  were  living  at  Grasmere  (no 
post-office  there)  Wordsworth  walked  over  to  Amble- 
side (more  than  four  miles)  to  post  some  poem  that 
was  to  be  included  in  a  volume  just  being  printed. 
After  dinner,  as  he  sat  meditating,  he  became  dis- 
satisfied with  one  line,  and  grew  so  restless  over  the- 
thought  that  towards  bedtime  he  declared  he  must 
go  to  Ambleside  and  alter  it;  for  "in  those  days: 
postage  was  very  heavy,  and  we  were  obliged  to  be 
very  prudent."  So  he  and  Miss  Wordsworth  set 
off  after  nine  o  'clock,  walked  to  Ambleside,  knocked 
up  the  post-office  people,  asked  for  a  candle,  got 
the  letter  out  of  the  box,  sent  the  good  people  to 
bed  again,  and  sat  in  the  little  parlour,  "puzzling 
and  puzzling  till  they  got  the  line  right";  when 
they  replaced  the  letter,  put  out  the  candle,  and 
softly  stole  forth,  and  walked  home  in  the  winter 
midnight. ' 

Having  now  had  a  glimpse  of  this,  that,  and 
the  other  of  our  authors  contemporaries,  let 
us  take  a  look  at  the  writer  himself.  In  a  letter 
that  he  prints  from  James  Martineau  is  a  pro- 
posal that  Mr.  Knight  should  succeed  Dr. 
Martineau  as  minister  of  little  Portland  Street 
Chapel,  a  position  Martineau  was  forced  to 
resign  in  1872.  Although  the  offer  was 
declined,  the  letter  attests  the  broad  liberality 
of  both  writer  and  recipient. 

'As  I  muse  upon  the  matter,  I  come  round  again 
and  again  to  the  one  only  thing  which,  as  I  believe, 
would  hold  and  save  these  people,  and  prevent  the' 
virtual  sacrifice  of  their  spiritual  life:  viz.  your 
removal  to  London  to  take  charge  of  them.  It  is; 
a  daring,  and  I  fear  an  impracticable,  thought.  I 
see  all  the  difficulty  of  such  a  move  after  so  recent 
a  declaration  of  Trinitarian  opinion — though  not  as; 
identified  with  Christianity,  but  only  as  an  after- 
thought of  philosophical  speculation.  I  hear  before- 
hand the  outcry  of  your  opponents,  that  their  sus- 
picions are  justified.  I  anticipate  scruples  on  the- 
part  of  my  own  people.  Nevertheless,  beneath  all 
this,  the  natural  affinities  and  realities  are  on  the 
side  of  such  a  solution.  And  if  my  people  had  the 
magnanimity  to  rely  on  the-se  and  offer  you  a  free 
pulpit,  trusting  that  adequate  theological  sympathy 
would  work  itself  out;  and  if  you,  on  the  strength 
of  this  unpledged  attitude,  felt  encouragement  to- 
brave  reproach,  and  take  a  position  involving  no 
retraction  and  only  the  engagement  to  go  whither 
the  truth  of  God  might  lead;  it  is  my  sincere  per- 
suasion that  a  work  would  open  before  you  here- 
more  congenial  and  of  higher  character  than  any 
which  the  Free  Kirk  can  have  in  reserve  for  you. 
You  are  appointed,  I  must  think,  to  draw  upwards 
those  who  would  otherwise  have  less  faith  than  you: 
and  your  faculties  will  never  move  with  their 
power  unhindered  till  you  have  to  deal  with  such  an 
audience.' 

Other  most  interesting  chapters,  of  which  lack 
of  space  forbids  further  notice,  are  on  Brown- 
ing, Frederick  Denison  Maurice,  and  Matthew 
Arnold.  A  second  volume  is  promised,  giving 
'  reminiscences  of  and  letters  from  Ruskin,  Car- 
dinal Newman,  George  Frederick  Watts,  James 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


119 


Russell  Lowell,  Lords  Selbome  and  Coleridge, 
Herbert  Spencer,  Lecky,  Henry  Sidgwick, 
Roden  Noel,  Dora  Greenwell,  Aubrey  de  Vere, 
the  late  Master  of  Balliol,  Sir  John  Seeley, 
Leslie  Stephen,  William  Morris,  Dante  Rossetti, 
Mrs.  Oliphant,  and  many  others/  —  surely  a 
most  attractive  list.  Let  us  hope  that  our  enter- 
tainer, after  making  us  wait  so  long  for  his 
first  volume,  which  was  begun  and  an  initial 
chapter  printed  many  years  ago,  will  now  spare 
us  further  proof  that  'expectation  makes  a 
blessing  dear.'  Percy  F.  Bicknell. 


The  Iroquois  Confederacy.* 

This  will  surely  be  remembered  as  an  era  of 
historical  reprints,  so  far  at  least  as  the  United 
States  is  concerned.  Xever  before,  probably, 
has  there  been  such  a  veritable  flood  of  old  his- 
torical books  reissued  in  new  dress.  What  is 
more  to  the  point,  the  books  themselves  are  in 
nearly  every  case  books  of  real  value,  —  books 
which  have  not  been,  and  often  could  not  be, 
replaced  by  later  works  in  the  same  field. 

It  is  also  a  notable  fact  that,  either  directly 
or  indirectly,  a  large  proportion  of  these  books 
throw  light  upon  the  history  and  the  manners 
and  customs  of  the  Indian  tribes;  and  several 
are  devoted  especially  to  that  most  remarkable 
of  Xorth  American  tribes,  the  Iroquois.  Xot 
long  ago,  Cadwallader  Colden's  '  History  of  the 
Five  Indian  Xations  of  Canada'  appeared  in 
a  neat  little  reprint,  in  two  volumes;  but 
without  that  indispensable  adjunct  of  a  history 
of  any  sort  —  an  index.  Xow  we  have  two 
other  books  dealing  with  the  same  tribe:  Mor- 
gan's 'League  of  the  Iroquois,'  and  Canfield's 
'Legends  of  the  Iroquois.'  Though  published 
more  than  half  a  centurj-  ago,  Morgan's  '  League 
of  the  Iroquois '  still  remains  the  best  and  most 
authoritative  work  on  the  subject.  It  is  not 
absolutely  free  from  historical  and  other 
errors,  —  indeed,  what  work  is  ?  —  but  they  are 
all  of  comparatively  minor  importance,  and  the 
book  is,  as  Francis  Parkman  described  it,  a 
'production  of  singular  merit.'  The  present 
edition  —  for  it  would  be  most  unjust  to  call 
it  merely  a  reprint  —  presents  not  only  a  scru- 
pulously accurate  printing  of  the  edition  of 
1851,  but  is  enriched  with  voluminous  notes  by 
the  present  editor,  Mr.  Herbert  M.  Lloyd;  an 
Introduction,  by  the  editor;  some  interesting 
personal    reminiscences    of    Morgan,    by    Mr. 

*  LEAGrE    OF    THE    HO-DE-XO-SAU-NEE,    OB    IBOQCOIS.       By 

Lewis  H.  Morgan.  New  edition,  with  additional  matter. 
Edited  and  annotated  by  Herbert  M.  Lloyd.  New  York: 
Dodd,  Mead    &   Co. 

The  Legexds  of  the  Iboquois.  Told  by  '  The  Com- 
planter.'  From  authoritative  Notes  and  Studies.  By  Will- 
lam  W.  Canfield.     New  York :  A.  Wessels  Co. 


Charles  T.  Porter,  the  *only  survivor  of  th« 
three  co-laborers  in  the  original  book' ;  a  sketch 
of  Morgan's  life,  with  a  bibliography  of  his 
writings,  by  the  editor;  biographical  notes  on 
Ely  S." Parker  and  Charles  T.  Porter;  and  last, 
but  by  no  means  least,  an  excellent  index, 
including  a  partial  vocabulary  of  Seneca  names. 
The  illustrations  include  a  portrait  of  Morgan, 
and  a  map  of  the  Iroquois  country  prepared  by 
the  Rev.  Wm.  M.  Beauchamp,  S.T.D.  A  fact 
worthy  of  special  commendation  is  that  the 
editor  has  availed  himself  to  a  very  large  extent 
of  Morgan's  own  emendations  of  his  original 
text,  whether  contained  in  his  subsequent 
works  or  in  the  form  of  manuscript  notes.  In 
this  way  we  have  in  many  cases  Morgan's  cor- 
rections of  his  own  mistakes  —  mistakes  which 
he  was  led  into  in  the  1851  book,  through 
insufficient  information,  but  which  his  own  sub- 
sequent investigations  proved  to  be  false  or 
inaccurate. 

For  his  editorial  notes  Mr.  Lloyd  has  drawn 
upon  every  source  of  information,  and  they 
reveal  his  wide  and  discriminating  reading  of 
literature  on  the  Iroquois.  There  is  just  onfe 
criticism  that  must  be  made,  and  that  applies 
not  to  the  substance  but  to  the  arrangement 
of  the  notes.  These  are  thrown  into  a  bulky 
Appendix  at  the  back  of  the  book,  and  are 
arranged  in  such  a  fashion  that  reference  to 
them  is  anything  but  convenient.  Possibly  -a 
good  deal  of  this  is  due  to  the  fact  that  in  the 
present  edition  the  two  former  volumes  are 
thrown  into  one,  while  the  paging  remain^ 
distinct.  Had  the  book  been  paged  in  a  single 
series  through  the  two  volumes,  much  of  the 
confusion  might  have  been  avoided.  However, 
this  is  a  minor  point. 

One  cannot  easily  overestimate  the  import 
tance  and  value  of  Morgan's  'League  of  tb^ 
Iroquois.'  If  only  as  a  reliable  record  of  th^ 
political  and  social  organization  of  an  extremely 
interesting  tribe,  it  would  be  a  work  of  per- 
manent interest.  The  Iroquois  had  no  written 
language ;  their  laws  and  history  and  traditions 
were  carried  down  from  mouth  to  moutlu 
Though  greatly  reduced  in  numbers,  they  stili 
retain  their  individuality  as  a  tribe,  or  group 
of  tribes ;  but  it  is  probable  that  even  now  much 
of  the  material  contained  in  Mr.  Morgan's  book 
would  have  been  unobtainable,  had  the  '  League 
of  the  Iroquois '  never  been  written,  —  and 
within  a  comparatively  short  time,  when  the  last 
remnant  of  the  once  all-powerful  Confederacy 
disappears  in  the  surrounding  mass  of  Aryafi 
stock,  the  history  of  the  great  League  would! 
have  become  a  lost  chapter  in  the  history  of 
America.  Morgan's  entiiusiasm  for  his  worlj^ 
and  a  natural  gift  for  presenting  even  the  dry- 
est  facts  in  a  graphic  and  interesting  way,  oom^ 


120 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


bine  to  make  the  '  League  of  the  Iroquois '  not 
only  a  work  of  prime  importance  to  all  students 
of  Indian  life  and  character,  but  a  book  that 
one  reads  with  genuine  enjoyment  for  its  own 
sake. 

.  Perhaps  an  even  deeper  interest  attaches  to 
this  work  on  the  Iroquois, —  so  far,  at  least, 
as  the  author  himself  is  concerned,  —  by  reason 
of  a  vast  investigation  which  grew  directly  out 
of  it,  and  to  which  Morgan  devoted  the  latter 
half  of  his  life.  In  studying  the  manners  and 
customs  of  the  Senecas,  he  had  been  struck  by 
the  peculiar  system  of  relationship  which 
existed  in  that  tribe,  —  a  system  under  which 
the  familiar  relationships  of  father,  mother, 
sister,  brother,  uncle,  aunt,  etc.,  were  extended 
apparently  beyond  the  usual  limits  of  consan- 
guinity, in  a  most  bewildering  fashion.  To 
othersj  as  the  Rev.  Dr.  Mcllvaine  has  pointed 
out,  this  apparent  confusion  of  relationships, 
though  often  noticed  before,  had  suggested 
nothing  but  the  confusion  of  a  savage  mind 
and  the  reign  of  unreason.  To  Morgan  it  was 
the  first  step  upon  a  great  linguistic  trail,  which 
he  was  to  follow  throughout  the  remainder  of 
his  life,  and  which  led  him  to  results  far 
transcending  his  expectations.  It  led  him, 
^rst  of  all,  to  the  discovery  that  the  Iroquois 
method  of  characterizing  kinship  was  substan- 
tially the  same  as  that  of  the  Dakotah  tribes 
in  the  Far  West.  This  induced  him  to  conjec- 
ture whether,  if  such  an  extraordinary  system 
were  common  to  two  tribes  so  remote  as  the 
Iroquois  and  the  Dakotah,  it  might  not  be 
•found  to  be  common  to  all  the  tribes  of  North 
and  South  America. 

•  Here  one  may  note  the  two  characteristics 
which,  above  all  others,  marked  the  nature  of 
Lewis  Morgan,  and  were  chiefly  responsible  for 
his  successful  conclusion  of  a  task  that  can  only 
b6  described  as  gigantic;  these  were  his  ver}' 
remarkable  power  of  generalization  —  a  power 
which  seemed  to  have  in  it  something  very  like 
intuition, —  and  his  indomitable  perseverance. 
He  followed  this  intellectual  trail  with  all  the 
obstinate  persistency  of  one  of  those  Iroquois 
wa:rriors  for  whom  he  possessed  such  genuine 
sympathy.  As  the  first  of  these  characteristics 
Jed  him  to  generalize  as  to  the  probable  exist- 
ence of  a  system  of  consanguinity  common  to  all 
the  American  tribes,  with  all  the  important 
conclusions  to  which  such  a  fact  would  inevi- 
tably lead,  so  the  second  induced  him  to  devote 
ten  long  years  to  an  investigation  of  the  sub- 
ject, which  not  only  embraced  all  the  available 
literature,  but  included  personal  visits  to  every 
important  tribe  on  the  continent.  The  result 
)Fas  a  complete  vindication  of  his  theory. 

But  the  trail  did  not  end  here;  it  led  him 
still  farther  afield.     If  the  system  of  relation- 


ship first  discovered  among  the  Iroquois  was 
now  proved  to  be  common  to  all  the  aboriginal 
tribes  of  North  and  South  America,  was  it  not 
possible  that  the  same  system  might  be  found 
among  the  Turanian  and  Polynesian  families? 
Another  ten  years  were  given  to  this  investi- 
gation, schedules  of  questions  being  prepared 
and  sent  through  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
to  missionaries  and  American  consuls  in  every 
quarter  of  the  globe.  Again  Morgan's  broad 
and  pregnant  generalization  proved  to  be  cor- 
rect. 

Dr.  Mcllvaine,  whose  reminiscences  form  an 
interesting  feature  of  the  appendix  to  the 
^League  of  the  Iroquois,'  tells  us  that  during 
this  period  Morgan  lived  and  worked  under 
great  mental  excitement. 

'I  well  remember  one  occasion  when  he  came  into 
my  study  saying,  "I  shall  find  it,  I  shall  find  it 
among  the  Tamil  people  and  Dravidian  tribes  of 
Southern  India."  At  this  time  I  had  no  expecta- 
tion of  any  such  result;  and  I  said  to  him,  "My 
friend,  you  have  enough  to  do  in  working  out  your 
discovery  in  connection  with  the  tribes  of  the  Amer- 
ican continent;  let  the  peoples  of  the  old  world  go." 
He  replied  "I  cannot  do  it, — I  cannot  do  it;  I  must 
go  on,  for  I  am  sure  I  shall  find  it  all  there."  Some 
months  afterward  he  came  in  again,  his  face  all 
aglow  with  excitement,  the  Tamil  schedule  in  his 
hands,  the  answers  to  his  questions  just  what  he  had 
predicted;  and,  throwing  it  on  my  table,  he 
exclaimed,  "There!    What  did  I  tell  you?"  ' 

But  again  the  trail  led  him  onward.  If  the 
same  common  system  of  relationship  and  affin- 
ity was  common  to  all  the  members  of  the 
ancient  Turanian  and  Polynesian  stocks,  as  well 
as  to  the  aboriginal  tribes  of  America,  it  might 
also  prove  to  have  prevailed  in  early  days  among 
the  two  other  great  groups  of  the  human  family, 
the  Semitic  and  Aryan  races;  in  a  word,  it 
might,  and  probably  would,  prove  to  have  been 
absolutely  universal,  and  would  lead  back  from 
each  of  the  linguistic  groups  to  the  prehistoric 
race  which  was  the  progenitor  of  them  all.  Here 
was  a  problem  to  stir  the  blood,  —  one  whose 
solution  might  satisfy  any  ambition.  To  quote 
again  from  Dr.  Mcllvaine: 

'When  he  broached  this  final  generalization  to  me 
I  was  appalled,  not  having  the  least  expectation 
that  it  could  be  verified.  But  with  his  customary 
enthusiasm  and  energy,  almost  superhuman,  he 
immediately  addressed  himself  to  another  series  of 
vast  investigations,  with  a  similar  result  in  the 
end.  He  found  overwhelming  evidence  that  the 
system  had  once  prevailed  in  all  the  Arabic  or 
Semitic  peoples,  including  the  Hebrews,  in  all  the 
Sanscritic  or  Aryan  branches,  the  Brahmans,  Per- 
sians, Greeks,  Romans,  Gothic,  Celtic  and  Sclavonic 
nations,  among  our  own  ancestors, — in  a  word, 
throughout  the  human  race,  over  three-fourths  of 
which  his  investigations  extended.  This  last  gener- 
alization stands  perhaps  unequalled  for  its  vastnesj 
and  grandeur,  and  for  its  fruitfulness  in  results,  by 
anything  in  the  history  of  science  known  to  me 
except  that  of  the  Newtonian  theory  of  gravita- 
tion.' 


1905] 


THE    DIAX, 


121 


The  results  of  these  long-continued  investi- 
gations were  published  by  the  Smithsonian 
Institution,  in  1871,  in  a  large  volume  entitled 

*  Systems  of  Consanguinity  and  Affinity  of  the 
Human  Family.'  The  re\aewer  well  remembers 
the  amazement  with  which  he  first  looked 
through  this  great  work  and  realized  the  stu- 
pendous nature  of  the  task  which  had  been 
brought  to  such  a  successful  conclusion.  The 
conclusions  which  grew  inevitably  out  of  a  care- 
ful examination  and  analysis  of  these  data  went 
far  beyond  Mr.  Morgan's  most  sanguine  expec- 
tations. It  not  only  became  clear  that  the  appar- 
ently meaningless  system  of  relationship  which 
he  had  proved  to  be  common  to  every  branch  of 
the  human  family  established  beyond  question 
the  existence  in  prehistoric  times  of  a  universal 
system  of  communal  marriage,  but  as  the 
voluminous  material  was  more  exhaustively  ana- 
lysed and  compared,  facts  of  startling  signifi- 
cance emerged,  —  the  curtain  of  countless  gen- 
erations rolled  back,  and  the  prehistoric  world, 
with  its  primitive  social  organization,  and  its 
primitive  mental  and  moral  structure,  stood 
revealed.  As  Morgan  had  gathered  together  in 
his  *  Systems  of  Consanguinity '  an  immense 
body  of  new  facts,  new  data,  so  in  his  later  work 
ion  *  Ancient  Society '  he  interpreted  these  facts 
and  drew  from  them  conclusions  and  generali- 
zations of  the  utmost  importance  to  Ethnology 
and  all  its  sister  sciences.  As  the  editor  of  the 
present  book  rightly  says,  '  ^lorgan's  work  in 
the  domain  of  Ethnology  is  quite  comparable 
to  that  of  Darwin  in  another  field.' 

So  much  space  has  been  given  to  Mr.  Morgan 
that  it  will  be  impossible  to  deal  at  length  with 
the  other  author  under  consideration.  Can- 
field's  *  Legends  of  the  Iroquois '  is  one  of  the 
most  important  volumes  in  the  admirable  series 
which  the  Wessels  Company  has  been  issuing 
for  some  time  past,  under  the  general  editor- 
ship of  !Mr.  Kufus  Rockwell  Wilson.  These 
volumes  do  not  profess  to  be  much  more  than 
reprints,  with  such  notes  as  are  absolutely  indis- 
pensable; but  in  type,  paper,  and  general 
makeup,  they  are  all  that  could  be  desired.    The 

*  Legends  of  the  Iroquois '  present  what  is  from 
several  points  of  view  the  most  fascinating  side 
of  Indian  character,  the  poetic  and  imaginative 
side.  If  space  permitted  it  would  be  worth  while 
to  quote  one  of  these  legends, —  for  instance, 
the  Birth  of  the  Arbutus,  as  delicate  and  charm- 
ing a  little  allegory  as  one  could  find  anywhere, 
but  of  which  no  just  impression  could  be  given 
without  quoting  it  entire.  It  may  be  said  for 
this  book  that  while,  like  Morgan's  '  League  of 
the  Iroquois,'  it  has  a  distinct  value  to  the  stu- 
dent of  Ethnology,  or  anyone  who  is  interested 
in  the  study  of  Indian  life  and  character,  it  will 
also  appeal  with  equal  force  to  the  reader  who 


seeks  only  entertainment;  for  we  venture  to  say 
that  anyone  who  dips  into  this  book  of 
legends-^ one  might  almost  call  them  fairy 
tales  —  will  find  them  as  fascinating  as  a  book 
of  verses  or  a  metrical  romance. 

LaWBENCE  J.  BUEPEE. 


Mex  axd  Maxxers  IX  Tudor  IjOxdox.  * 

The  time  of  the  Tudors,  beginning  with  the 
accession  of  Henry  VII.  in  1485  and  ending  with 
the  death  of  Elizabeth  in  1603,  was  one  of  the 
greatest  periods  in  English  history.  It  included 
the  reigns  of  Henry  YIL,  Henry  YIIL,  Edward 
YI.,  Mary  and  Elizabeth.  It  embraced  the 
entire  sixteenth  century,  which  saw  the  rise  of 
absolute  monarchy,  the  Reformation  extended 
and  England  made  Protestant,  the  Renaissance 
active  in  that  country,  the  printing-press  busy, 
a  noble  literature  developed,  the  birth  of  mod- 
em science,  and  men's  minds  lifted  to  a  new 
view-point  of  the  universe  and  far  above  that 
from  which  they  had  previously  observed  nature 
and  natural  things;  it  saw  also  the  greatest  of 
commercial  revolutions  consequent  upon  the 
discover)'  of  a  new  ocean  route  to  India,  and  a 
new  world  in  the  west  opened  for  exploration 
and  colonization-  It  was  an  age  of  great  men ; 
more  than  two  thousand  English  names  from 
that  century  have  been  found  worthy  of  a  place 
in  the  'Dictionary  of  National  Biography,' — 
three  times  as  many  as  appear  from  any  previ- 
ous century. 

The  gravitating  point  in  this  great  historical 
period  lay  principally  in  London.  By  far  the 
greatest  number  of  events  which  made  the  time 
of  the  Tudors  so  important  and  so  interesting 
occurred  in  that  city,  which,  as  the  trade  of  the 
East  deserted  the  Mediterranean  lines  and  the 
older  commercial  capitals  lost  their  rank,  rose 
in  greatness.  It  was  there  that  the  lives  of  the 
two  Henrys,  of  Edward,  of  Mary  and  Elizabeth, 
were  chiefly  spent.  It  was  there  that  the  revo- 
lutions which  marked  the  period  found  their 
storm-centre.  It  was  in  the  city  of  London  that 
executions  occurred  for  witchcraft,  for  political 
causes,  or  for  conscience's  sake,  the  most  numer- 
ous and  notable  in  aU  history. 

As  London  was  England  to  so  large  an  extent, 
we  are  naturally  curious  to  learn  all  we  can 
about  the  city  at  that  interesting  period.  The 
late  Sir  Walter  Besanf  s  quarto  volume  on  '  Lon- 
don in  the  Time  of  the  Tudors '  goes  far  toward 
gratifying  our  curiosity.  It  is  in  the  same 
sumptuous  form  as  the  same  author's  *  London 
in  the  Eighteenth  Century,'  reviewed  in  these 
columns  some  time  since.    The  illustrations  are 

•  London  in  thb  Time  of  the  Tudors.  By  Sir  Walter 
Besant.     Illustrated.     New   York :     The  Macmillan  Co. 


122 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


for  the  most  part  reproductions  of  contemporary 
prints;  chief  among  them  is  a  panorama  of  the 
city,  extending  over  three  double-pages  of  the 
book,  originally  drawn  by  Anthony  Van  den 
Wyngaerde  in  1543,  well  illustrating  the  map 
folded  into  the  cover,  embracing  12  pages,  and 
being  a  reduced  reproduction  of  Ralph  Agas's 
map  of  about  1560.  The  city  thus  presented  to 
us  was  not  a  place  of  narrow  crooked  streets 
and  closely-built  houses,  but  a  straggling  town 
where  parks  and  gardens  and  trees  abounded, 
in  the  midst  of  which  were  to  be  seen  such 
massive  structures  as  the  Tower  of  London, 
Westminster  Abbey,  St.  Paul's,  and  many  pal- 
aces, hospitals,  and  monastic  buildings. 

London  had  not  in  those  days  assumed  the 
gigantic  uniformity  of  the  modem  metropolis, 
nor  was  it  as  yet  wholly  absorbed  in  the  whirl 
of  business  life.  It  was  not,  as  at  present,  a 
province  covered  with  houses,  but  a  city  of 
moderate  size,  with  walls  and  gates  beyond 
which  lay  pleasant  suburbs.  It  is  difficult  now 
to  arrive  at  any  correct  estimate  of  its  popula- 
tion. There  could  not  have  been  less  than  thirty 
or  forty  thousand  souls  within  its  walls  in  the 
twelfth  century;  and  in  the  succeeding  cen- 
turies, while  other  towns  in  England  were  stead- 
ily declining,  London  was  growing.  It  was 
estimated  that  in  the  reign  of  Mary  the  city 
had  a  population  of  from  150,000  to  180,000, 
and  that  this  rose  to  300,000  in  1607.  All  this 
was  in  spite  of  frequent  visitations  of  the 
plague,  causing  a  heavy  death-rate, — as,  for 
example,  in  1564,  when  23,660  died,  more  than 
20,000  of  them  of  the  plague.  The  number  of 
foreign  residents  was  probably  not  less  than 
10,000  at  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century. 

The  business  of  the  city,  as  well  as  its  domes- 
tic operations,  were  largely  carried  on  in  the 
streets,  much  in  the  manner  of  a  tropical  city. 
Its  red  brick,  half-timbered  houses,  with  high 
gables,  oriel  windows,  and  terraces,  and  its  citi- 
zens in  picturesque  and  even  gay  attire, — ^all 
gave  to  the  city  the  color  and  stamp  of  origin- 
ality. The  Thames  was  crossed  by  but  one 
bridge;  its  waters  were  clear,  and  gardens  and 
meadows  lined  its  banks, — though  it  is  said  to 
have  given  employment  in  1594  to  40,000  men 
as  boatmen,  sailors,  fishermen.  It  was  a  pleas- 
ure-loving city  in  those  days.  The  barbers'  and 
tobacconists'  shops  were  favorite  places  of  resort. 
Of  the  latter  there  were  no  less  than  seven  thou- 
sand in  the  city;  and  in  some  of  them  instruc- 
tion was  given  in  the  art  of  smoking.  St. 
Paul's  was  a  rendezvous  for  promenaders  and 
idle  folk.  Smithiield  had  its  Fair  on  certain 
days.  At  Bartholomew's  Fair  were  puppet- 
shows  and  exhibitions  of  curiosities,  and  in 
Southwark  were  bear-baitings.  There  were 
bowling  alleys,  cock-fighting,  and  '  tent-pegging 
in  the  tilt-yard.'    Toward  the  end  of  the  period 


arose  the  theatre,  to  surpass  in  popularity  all 
other  forms  of  amusement,  notwithstanding  the 
fierce  invectives  hurled  against  it  by  the  Puri- 
tans. The  city  was  full  of  inns;  and  wherea& 
these  had  formerly  been  places  of  lodging,  and 
some  of  them,  like  the  Inns  of  Court,  were  col- 
leges of  residence,  and  totally  distinct  from  the^ 
taverns  and  cookships  whose  business  it  was  to 
furnish  food  and  drink,  it  now  became  the 
function  of  the  Inns  to-  provide  food,  and  they 
were  consequently  made  the  meeting-places  of 
those  famous  constituents  of  the  early  clubs. 

Sir  Walter  Besant's  work  is  rightly  called  a 
survey.  It  is  not  a  history;  it  is  not  a  story. 
It  is  especially  happy  in  its  accounts  of  how 
people  lived  and  dressed,  what  they  ate  and 
drank,  what  customs  they  pursued  at  their  wed- 
dings and  at  the  burial  of  their  dead, — from  the 
king  and  queen  down  to  the  'prentice,  who  at 
this  period  was  at  the  height  of  his  power  and 
importance,  chiefly  as  a  disturber  of  the  peace, 
and  whose  business  it  was  to  attract  customers 
by  calling  out  in  front  of  the  shops,  *  What  d'ye 
lack,  gentles?  What  d'ye  lack?  My  ware  is 
best ! '  The  author  has  drawn  largely  upon 
contemporary  authors, — Stowe,  Harrison  (who 
contributed  to  Holinshed),  the  Maitland  manu- 
scripts, and  other  works  which  can  only  be 
read  at  the  present  day  through  the  medium  of 
their  modem  transcribers. 

x\rthur  Howard  Noll. 


The  Monroe  Doctrine  to  Date.* 


Magazine  writers  in  America  have  for  sev- 
eral decades  past  found  agreeable  occupation 
for  their  pens  in  discussing  and  explaining 
President  Monroe's  declaration  concerning  the 
attitude  of  America  toward  the  interests  of 
European  nations  on  this  continent.  With  each 
fresh  possibility  of  a  foreign  entanglement  has- 
appeared  a  new  exposition  of  the  proper  Ameri- 
can policy ;  and  more  or  less  difference  of  opin- 
ion has  been  developed,  owing  to  the  failure  of 
commentators  to  examine  the  subject  exhaus- 
tively. The  events  of  recent  years  have  not 
only  renewed  but  intensified  the  public  interest 
in  the  subject,  and  have  furnished  so  much  new 
material  for  consideration  that  what  has  here- 
tofore required  space  for  a  magazine  article 
now  demands  a  treatise.  The  appearance  of 
Mr.  Thomas  B.  Edgington's  compendious  vol- 
ume on  the  Monroe  Doctrine  is  therefore  timely^ 
The  author,  an  attorney  of  over  forty  years' 
practice  at  the  bar  of  Memphis,  Tennessee,  has 
brought  to  his  task  a  long  professional  experi- 
ence, and  an  extended  study  of  original  sources 

*  The  Monroe  Doctrine.  By  T.  B.  Edgington,  of  the 
Bar  of  Memphis,  Tennessee.    Boston  :    Little,  Brown  &  Co. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL, 


123 


of  information.  The  modest  thesis  of  Mr. 
George  F.  Tucker  of  Boston  (1885)  has  been 
drawTi  upon,  and  followed  in  part ;  but  the  pres- 
ent author  has  availed  himself  of  the  wealth  of 
new  material  which  recent  international  epi- 
sodes have  introduced,  and  has  brought  down  to 
date  his  discussion  of  the  phases  of  Monroeism 
which  have  been  made  prominent  in  the  debates 
of  later  years.  Among  other  subjects  thus  pre- 
sented are  the  treaty  establishing  the  Ha^e 
Tribunal,  the  Venezuelan  Boundary  case,  the 
settlement  of  the  European  claims  against 
Venezuela,  and  the  Panama  Canal  treaty  and 
concession.  Mr.  Edgington  preserves  a  calm 
and  historical  spirit  in  all  his  comments  on  the 
interesting  subjects  of  which  he  treats,  and  the 
argumentation  in  which  he  not  infrequently 
indulges  is  that  of  a  candid  jurisconsult  rather 
than  that  of  a  partisan.  Indeed,  it  would  be 
diflScult  for  a  stranger  to  discover  from  these 
pages  the  author's  political  predilections.  As 
authority  for  the  positions  he  assumes,  he  makes 
numerous  citations  from  well-established  legal 
treatises,  and  from  documents  of  historical  ver- 
ity. The  whole  work  may  be  called  a  glossary 
upon  the  leading  features  of  recent  American 
diplomacy,  with  the  Monroe  Doctrine  kept  in 
view  as  the  cardinal  feature. 

Mr.  Edgington's  exposition  of  the  true  scope 
and  purport  of  President  Monroe's  declaration 
is  correct  and  discriminating,  and  states  clearly 
the  present  general  understanding  at  home,  and 
the  same  with  which  we  are  credited  by  most  of 
the  European  states.  AMiile  the  authoi^s  general 
purpose  is  historical  and  not  prophetic,  he  does 
not  hesitate  to  point  out  in  several  respects 
what  course  the  United  States  should  pursue  in 
order  to  preserve  a  just  consistency  with  our 
past.  The  '  Calvo  doctrine '  is  expounded  at 
length,  exposing  its  errors,  and  its  trangressions 
of  international  law;  and  the  author  explains 
that  it  cannot  be  combined  with  the  Monroe 
Doctrine  '  in  any  American  system,'  and  urges 
that  "the  fact  should  be  made  known  by  the 
United  States  to  the  European  powers  that  it 
does  not  indorse  the  Calvo  heresy.'  At  the 
same  time,  'the  policy  of  this  government 
should  be  to  induce  the  Spanish-American 
republics  to  adopt  the  Monroe  Doctrine  each  for 
itself.'  And  as  the  modem  substitution  of 
steam  for  sailing  vessels  has  made  coaling  sta- 
tions necessary,  we  may  well  concede  the  use  of 
such  stations  in  this  hemisphere  to  the  European 
powers,  as  not  inconsistent  with  the  Monroe 
Doctrine,  while  we,  without  violating  our  own 
precedents,  secure  the  use  of  similar  stations 
abroad ;  and  '  it  would  be  a  sound  international 
policy  for  the  United  States  to  take  the  initia- 
tive in  this  matter.'  These,  though  the  sugges- 
tions of  an  advocate  rather  than  the  comments 
of  a  historian,  are  timeh',  and  may  well  receive 


careful  consideration. 

On  the  vexed  question  of  Canning's  claim  to 
the  authorship  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine,  Mr. 
Edgington  seems  to  be  unusually  undecided. 
What  is  apparently  his  conclusion  on  the  sub- 
ject correctly  avers  that  '  The  term  "  Monroe 
Doctrine"  simply  became  a  new  name  for  an 
old  policy  of  the  government.  It  was  a  policy 
recognized  by  Congress  and  sustained  by  the 
Federal  and  Anti-federal  parties,  as  it  is  now 
by  the  Eepublican  and  Democratic  parties.' 
This  conclusion  makes  superfluous  the  authors 
previous  statement  that  '  Canning  thereupon, 
operating  through  Richard  Kush  and  John 
Quincy  Adams,  became  the  real  author  of  the 
Monroe  declaration.'  Xor  should  we,  in  justice 
to  our  own  statesmen,  concede,  as  does  the 
author,  that  Hhe  Monroe  message,  if  not 
inspired  by  Mr.  Canning  in  whole  or  in  part, 
was  at  least  in  conformity  with  his  general  pol- 
icy.' The  facts  are,  that  the  policy  to  which 
Canning  vainly  endeavored  to  commit  the  Mon- 
roe administration  differed  materially  from  the 
*  Monroe  Doctrine ' ;  that  the  essential  elements 
of  that '  Doctrine '  were  definitely  adopted  by  the 
Monroe  administration,  and  recognized  as  a  part 
of  *  the  old  policy '  of  this  country,  as  early  as 
1820,  when  we  were  first  confronted  with  the 
schemes  of  the  Holy  Alliance ;  that  Monroe  and 
Adams  and  Rush  fathomed  at  once  the  British 
selfishness  which  inspired  the  '  Canning  doc- 
trine,' turned  coldly  away  from  it,  as  their 
correspondence  shows,  and  persisted  in  the 
course  previously  adopted;  and  that  while 
Canning  undoubtedly  welcomed  the.  results 
which  followed  the  Monroe  declaration,  no  part 
of  the  credit  therefor  belongs  to  him.  The 
American  *  aloofness'  was  pronounced,  and 
Canning's  failure  to  draw  us  into  an  'entan- 
gling alliance'  was  conspicuous.  The  results 
of  the  action  of  the  Monroe  administration  in 
1823  must  be  ranked  among  the  accomplish- 
ments of  American  diplomacy. 

James  Oscae  Pierce. 


Six  Great  Elizabethan  Exglishmex.* 


The  'Dictionary  of  National  Biography'  is 
not  an  especially  entertaining  work.  Its  '  lives ' 
are  compressed,  confined  to  facts,  and  for  the 
most  part  without  criticism.  When,  therefore, 
^Ir.  Sidney  Lee,  of  recent  years  the  editor  of 
that  work,  prepared  and  later  published  his 
Lowell  Institute  lectures  on  '  Great  Englishmen 
of  the  Sixteenth  Century,'  he  was  able  to  deck 
out  a  few  bare  biographies  in  a  fashion  more 
pleasing  to  the   average   reader  than  is   per- 

•  Great  Englishmen  of  the  Sixteenth  Centubt.  By 
Sidney  Lee,  Litt.D.,  Editor  of  the  '  Dictionary  of  National 
Biography,'  etc     New  York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 


124 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


mitted  in  a  biographical  dictionary.  He  has 
vivified  the  personalities  of  these  half-dozen 
men, — More,  Sidney,  Raleigh,  Spenser,  Bacon, 
and  Shakespeare,  —  and  has  made  them  show- 
forth  almost  the  entire  activity  of  the  age.  The 
introductory  chapter  designs  to  give  in  brief 
prospect  the  spirit  of  the  century  as  a  whole,  so 
as  to  make  a  sort  of  frame- work  into  which  the 
succeeding  chapters  may  be  fitted,  —  in  this 
respect  being  an  improvement  on  the  opening 
lecture,  which  surveyed  in  general  terms  the 
nses  to  the  public  of  the  '  Dictionary  of  National 
Biography.' 

Much  that  Mr.  Lee  says  is  of  course  trite 
enough.  One  cannot  write  of  this  century 
without  frequent  repetition  of  twice-told  tales, 
such  as  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury's  prophecy 
of  More's  greatness,  or  Shakespeare's  munifi- 
•cence  toward  his  wife  in  leaving  her  his  second- 
best  bedstead.  Yet  the  book  is  no  mere  rehash- 
ing of  the  commonplace.  Mr.  Lee  endeavors 
to  place  these  men  before  us  in  the  light  of 
their  personal  environment  as  well  as  in  the 
greater  light  of  their  relation  to  their  time. 
Thus  he  points  out  the  moral  paradox  in  the 
minds  and  consciences  of  the  men  of  this 
period,  —  More's  liberalism  in  his  'Utopia,' 
and  his  intolerance  in  his  own  religious  faith, 
intolerance  which  led  him  to  the  block; 
Ealeigh's  elevated  altruism  in  his  '  Historic  of 
the  World,'  and  his  dishonesty  and  greed  of 
^old  in  his  public  life ;  and,  most  noted  of  all. 
Bacon's  lofty  philosophic  spirit  in  his  books, 
and  his  petty  sycophancy  and  treachery  in  his 
■career  on  the  bench.  And  in  lesser  degree  the 
paradox  existed  in  Sidney,  Spenser,  and  Shake- 
speare ;  for  all  these  men  came  with  the  Renais- 
sance and  lived  into  the  Reformation.  It  was  no 
mere  personal  peculiarity,  but  something  char- 
acteristic of  the  time;  the  great  Queen  herself 
was  perhaps  the  most  puzzling  paradox  of  all. 

It  is  especially  the  relation  these  six  bore  to 
the  Renaissance  that  most  interests  Mr.  Lee. 
Each  man  represented  some  striking  phase  of 
this  wonderful  movement,  and  combined  they 
practically  make  up  its  totality,  taking  the  term 
Renaissance  in  its  widest  sense.  More  stood  for 
its  culture  as  comprehended  by  a  man  still 
within  the  church  portals;  Sidney  embodied  the 
personal  charm  of  the  courtier  and  the  enthu- 
siasm of  the  man  of  letters;  Raleigh  was  the 
product  of  the  spirit  of  adventure  with  its 
unquenchable  desire  to  discover  new  worlds; 
Spenser  gave  expression  to  the  newly  awakened 
sense  of  form  and  color,  of  Greek  sensuousness 
and  media3val  chivalry;  Bacon  was  the  great 
apostle  of  those  who  took  all  knowledge  to  be 
their  province;  and  Shakespeare  incarnated  all 
these  human  activities  and  aspirations  in  the 
men  and  women  of  his  dramas. 

The  last  two  chapters  of  Mr.  Lee's  book  are 


a  popular  and  brief  presentation  of  his  Life  of 
Shakespeare.  The  first,  on  Shakespeare's  career, 
shows  again  that  his  life  is  not  a  tissue  of 
uncertainties  and  conjectures,  spun  by  pseudo- 
scholarship  from  the  sonnets  and  the  plays. 
The  subject  of  the  last  chapter,  the  foreign 
influences  on  Shakespeare,  was  evidently  chosen 
to  show  how  the  New  Learning  affected  liter- 
ature in  one  specific  case,  as  well  as  to  show 
how  Shakespeare,  as  it  were,  gathered  up  into 
his  work  all  the  phases  of  this  new  learning. 
The  last  chapter  is  thus  in  a  measure  the  com- 
plement of  the  first.  The  mere  matter  of  the 
chapter  is  familiar  enough.  We  have  all  heard 
over  and  over  again  of  the  little  Latin  and  less 
Greek,  of  the  superficial  French,  of  the  influence 
of  Ovid,  and  the  rest.  Yet  these  facts  are 
worth  noting,  because  they  show,  as  perhaps 
nothing  else  so  well  can,  that  the  spirit  of  the 
Renaissance  was  not  local,  that  it  was  diffused 
throughout  Western  Europe,  and  that,  as  Mr. 
Lee  says,  it  is  to  this  diffusion  of  the  Renais- 
sance and  the  personal  preeminence  of  Shake- 
speare's genius  and  intuition  that  we  must  look 
if  we  would  understand  any  part  of  Shake- 
speare's work.  James  W.  Tuppee. 


Recext  Fictiost.* 


In  our  last  review  of  current  fiction,  we 
singled  out  as  one  of  the  best  boolvs  of  the 
season  '  The  Divine  Fire,'  by  Miss  May  Sinclair. 
That  book  is  recalled  just  now  by  another,  also 
the  work  of  an  Englishwoman  whose  name  is 
completely  unfamiliar  to  lis,  which  possesses  a 
similar  note  of  distinction,  and  has  a  theme 
which  turns  out  to  be  the  same,  if  we  consider 
it  abstractly  enough.  An  attempt  to  formulate 
that  theme  in  terms  common  to  both  works 
would  result  somewhat  as  follows.  This  very 
real  world,   as  it  exists    to    our    seeming,  is 

•  The  Gray  World.  By  Evelyn  Underbill.  New  York: 
The   Century    Co. 

Three  Dukes.  By  G.  Ystridde.  New  York :  G.  P.  Put- 
nam's Sons. 

The  Brethren.  By  H.  Rider  Haggard.  New  York : 
McClure,    Phillips    &    Co. 

The  Abbess  of  Vlayb.  By  Stanley  J.  Weyman.  New 
York :   Longmans,    Green   &  Co. 

NosTROMO.  A  Tale  of  the  Seaboard.  By  Joseph  Con- 
rad.    New  York  :   Harper  &  Brothers. 

The  Loves  of  Miss  Anne.  By  S.  R.  Crockett.  New 
York  :   Dodd,   Mead  &  Co. 

The  Coming  Conquest  of  Kngland.  By  August  Nie- 
mann.    New  York  :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

Morganatic.  By  Max  Nordau.  Philadelphia :  J.  B. 
Lippincott  Co. 

Bethany.  A  Story  of  the  Old  South.  By  Thomas  E. 
Watson.      New  York :    D.   Appleton  &   Co. 

The  Law  of  the  Land.  By  Emerson  Hough.  Indian- 
apolis :   The  Bobbs-Merrill  Co. 

The  Marathon  Mystery.  A  Story  of  Manhattan.  By  Bur- 
ton E.  Stevenson.   New  York :   Henry  Holt  &  Co. 

The  Private  Tutor.  By  Gamaliel  Bradford,  Jr.  Bos- 
ton :   Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 


1905.] 


THE    DTAT. 


125 


nothing  more  than  an  illusion  imposed  upon 
our  senses.  It  is  all  the  world  there  is  for  most 
people,  but  a  few  have  the  spiritual  insight  to 
perceive  its  shadowy  nature.  With  such  people, 
if  they  have  the  purpose  to  live  lives  to  some 
degree  corresponding  with  reality,  the  ordering 
of  conduct  becomes  subject  to  new  and  uncon- 
ventional laws;  the  motives  upon  which  most 
men  act  appear  absurdly  inadequate,  and  the 
goals  for  which  they  strive  are  seen  to  be  not 
worth  the  seeking.  Such  people  go  through  life 
as  strangers  to  their  fellows,  and  are  by  them 
set  down  as  impracticable  visionaries.  Any 
attempt  to  bring  the  two  books  into  a  closer 
or  more  concrete  resemblance  than  this  would 
fail,  for  they  are  widely  different  in  all  their 
details.  Miss  Sinclair  gives  us  a  study  of  the 
poetic  temperament;  Miss  TJnderhill  presents 
for  our  contemplation  the  temperament  of  the 
mystic.  Her  hero  is  introduced,  moreover,  in 
startling  fashion.  He  is  a  child  of  the  London 
slums,  lying  at  the  age  of  ten  years  upon  his 
death-bed  in  a  hospital.  His  life  flickers  and 
goes  out,  and  he  finds  himself  in  '  The  Gray 
WorkP — for  this  is  the  book's  title  —  among 
the  company  of  disembodied  spirits,  blown 
about  a  world  of  which  they  are  ever  cognizant, 
but  which  has  suddenly  become  curiously 
intangible.  To  the  ghost  of  this  particular 
boy,  this  is  a  most  horrible  condition  of  exist- 
ence, and  so,  by  putting  forth  all  his  power 
of  volition,  he  escapes  from  it  and  is  bom  again, 
this  time  into  a  life  of  suburban  respectability 
and  materialism.  But  as  he  grows  up  for  the 
second  time,  he  is  h-aunted  by  memories  of  the 
shadowy  interregnimi  between  his  two  lives,  and 
also  recalls  distinctly  his  earlier  incarnation. 
A  few  attempts  to  impart  his  strange  knowl- 
edge to  others  result  in  such  a  mingling  of 
incredulity  and  suspicion  that  he  soon  learns  to 
keep  such  thoughts  to  himself,  and  to  pretend 
a  belief  in  the  game  of  life  and  an  interest  in 
its  moves.  But  all  the  time  he  knows  a  truth 
that  none  about  him  can  comprehend,  and  this 
knowledge  is  reducible  to  the  two  essential  pro- 
positions that  the  actual  world  is  unreal  and 
that  the  real  '  gray '  world,  as  he  remembers 
it,  offers  a  most  dreadful  alternative.  So  he 
gropes  upward  into  the  years  of  early  manhood, 
solitary,  viewed  askance,  yearning  for  human 
sympathy  and  for  some  ideal  means  of  escape 
from  the  obsession  of  a  haunting  recollection. 
He  is  eventually  led  to  contemplate  translation 
into  the  real  world  with  some  degree  of  hope- 
fulness, for  the  belief  is  gradually  borne  in 
upon  him  that  what  the  soul  takes  with  it  out 
of  the  world  of  illusion  determines  the  satisfac- 
tion with  which  life  is  adjusted  to  the  condi- 
tions of  reality.  The  agencies  which  work  this 
change  of  attitude  are  art,  the  Catholic  church, 
the  example  of  St.  Francis  seen  through  the 


medium  of  the  Umbrian  landscape,  and  a  high- 
ly spiritualized  form  of  love.  The  following 
quotation  will  illustrate  better  than  any  words 
of  description  the  style  of  the  book,  a  style 
which,  in  its  best  moments,  is  fairly  magical, 
although  its  effects  are  produced  by  the  simplest 
means.  The  scene  is  the  interior  of  a  Catholic 
church  in  London,  looked  upon  for  the  first 
time  by  the  protaganist  of  this  story  of  mystic- 
ism: 

'He  looked  down  the  long  aisles.  They  were 
misty,  half  lighted  by  colored  windows  in  the  south. 
Far  away,  he  saw  lights  burning,  and  persons  who 
knelt  by  them.  It  all  seemed  to  him  profoundly 
unnatural.  He  felt  as  if  he  had  penetrated  to  the 
home  of  a  race  of  beings  not  entirely  human — an 
unsuspected  world  within  the  world.  A  woman 
passed  by  him.  In  the  street,  he  would  have  known 
her  for  a  very  ordinary,  well-behaving  person,  not 
to  be  suspected  of  vivid  emotions.  Here  she  was 
remote,  magical;  caught  up  by  the  strong  love  of 
the  initiate.  He  watched  her  as  she  made  the  sign 
of  the  cross  and  knelt,  very  simply  and  without 
shame,  before  an  altar.  It  seemed  to  him  that  she 
stayed  there  a  long  time;  he  dared  not  move  because 
of  the  tension  of  her  attitude.  Presently  she  kissed 
the  feet  of  a  statue  that  stood  there,  and  came 
away.  Her  face,  as  she  passed  Willie,  was  serious 
but  very  contented.  No  doubt  she  would  go  out 
into  the  foggy  sunshine  and  take  a  hansom  or  the 
omnibus  and  go  home;  but  her  real  Life  had  been  in 
the  moment  when  she  kissed  the  image  with  a 
convinced  sincerity  which  did  not  belong  to  Subur- 
bia and  its  gods.  It  was  evident  that  great  mat- 
ters happened  in  this  building.' 

We  are  by  no  means  sure  that  the  writer  has 
any  notion  of  serving,  in  this  and  similar  pas- 
sages, as  the  propagandist  of  any  particular 
faith.  Her  creed  appears  to  be  expressed,  if 
anywhere  definitely,  in  the  following  words: 

*It  seems  so  much  easier,  in  these  days,  to  live 
morally  than  to  live  beautifully.  Lots  of  us  man- 
age to  exist  for  years  without  ever  sinning  against 
society,  but  we  sin  against  loveliness  every  hour  of 
the  day.  I  don't  think  the  crime  is  less  great. 
Beauty,  after  all,  is  the  visual  side  of  goodness:  it 
is  Christ  immanent  in  the  world;  and  its  crucifixion 
still  goes  on.' 

We  fear  lest  we  have  given  the  impression  that 
this  book  is  as  sombre  as  its  title.  It  is  intense- 
ly serious,  no  doubt,  but  it  is  also  animated  and 
even  enlivened  by  touches  of  a  highly  effective 
humor.  Indeed,  its  most  striking  characteristic 
is  found  in  the  fact  that  the  writer  has  one 
eye  constantly  fixed  upon  the  most  concrete 
matters  and  incidents,  while  the  other  is  as 
constantly  engaged  in  exploring  the  spiritual 
depths,  or  in  contemplating  the  eternal  verities, 
of  human  existence. 

'Three  Dukes,'  by  G.  Ystridde, — this  is  a 
fantastic  title  and  a  puzzling  name.  The  title 
is  explained  by  reference  to  a  Russian  folk-song, 
and  the  name  we  shall  infer,  upon  internal  evi- 
dence, to  be  that  of  a  woman.  As  already 
hinted  at,  the  novel  is  one  of  Russian  life,  not 
the  brilliant  life  of  capital  and  court,  nor  the 


126 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


melodramatic  life  of  conspiracy  and  exile,  but 
the  life  of  a  country  estate  far  in  the  Russian 
interior,  dominated  by  an  eccentric  nobleman 
of  singular  ideas  and  uncontrollable  temper, 
and  made  sprightly  by  the  intrusion  of  a  self- 
possessed  and  charming  English  governess.  The 
genuineness  of  the  local  coloring  is  undeniable, 
and  the  deft  manipulation  of  both  characters 
and  incident  shows  unusual  talent.  These  vir- 
tues of  the  story  are  offset  by  a  rambling  and 
incoherent  structure,  with  hardly  a  vestige  of 
a  plot,  and  an  ending  which  is  not  so  much  a 
conclusion  as  a  breaking-off.  The  book  has  a 
charm  which  these  defects  almost  serve  to 
heighten,  and  the  interest  is  kept  up  throughout, 
although  we  sometimes  wonder  why  this  should 
be  the  case. 

Mr.  Eider  Haggard  has  found  in  the  epoch 
of  the  Crusades  a  new  field  for  his  romantic 
invention,  and  gives  us,  in  '  The  Brethren,'  one 
of  the  best  of  his  books.  The  courtly  figure 
of  Saladin,  dear  to  us  from  the  childhood  days 
when  we  were  entranced  by  '  The  Talisman,'  is 
revived  almost  in  the  spirit  of  Scott,  and  is  the 
central  object  of  interast  in  the  present  romance. 
A  niece  of  the  great  Saracen,  bom  of  the  union 
between  his  sister  and  an  English  knight,  has 
been  nurtured  in  her  father's  home,  and  pro- 
tected by  her  two  cousins,  the  'brethren'  of 
the  tale.  Saladin  determines  to  gain  possession 
of  this  young  woman,  and  his  emissaries  are 
successful  in  ensnaring  her  and  bearing  her 
away  from  her  English  home.  Thereupon  the 
brethren,  both  loving  her,  follow  her  to  the  East, 
bent  upon  her  rescue,  and  the  romance  is  in 
full  swing.  Their  adventures  are  many  and 
exciting,  and  they  are  eventually  successful, 
although  the  one  who  is  doomed  to  disappoint- 
ment in  his  love  remains  in  the  East  to  do 
further  battle  for  the  Cross.  Historically,  the 
romance  culminates  with  the  siege  and  capture 
of  Jerusalem  by  the  infidel  hosts,  and  the  clem- 
ency of  Saladin  toward  the  inhabitants  of  the 
city,  the  result  of  the  heroine's  throwing  herself 
at  the  feet  of  the  conqueror  with  a  plea  for 
mercy. 

Romance  of  a  sort  made  more  familiar  to 
us  by  recent  writers  is  provided  by  Mr.  Stanley 
Weyman's  new  book,  'The  Abbess  of  Vlaye.' 
The  period  is  that  of  Henry  lY.,  who  has  just 
become  reconciled  with  the  Church  and  recog- 
nized as  King  of  France,  but  is  still  far  from 
having  set  his  house  in  order.  Particularly  in 
the  region  of  Perigord  are  conditions  unsettled, 
and  a  certain  turbulent  Captain  of  Vlaye  is 
having  things  much  his  own  way.  How  the 
king's  lieutenant  restores  order  in  that  region, 
and  incidentally  wins  domestic  happiness,  is 
related  in  a  spirited  and  picturesque  way  by 
Mr.  Weyman,  whose  invention  never  seems  to 


fail  him,  and  Avhose  workmanship  may  be  seen 
at  its  best  in  this  performance. 

The  psychology  of  South  American  politics 
is  the  matter  which  occupies  Mr.  Joseph 
Conrad's  attention  in  '  ISTostromo,'  the  longest 
novel  he  has  thus  far  produced.  South  America 
has  provided  a  theme  for  many  other  works  of 
fiction,  but  they  have  been  almost  without  excep- 
tion performances  of  melodramatic  or  opera 
bouffe  quality,  making  no  attempt  to  look  deeper 
than  the  picturesque  surface  of  things,  and 
offering  no  claim  to  be  taken  seriously  as  actual 
studies  of  life  and  character.  Mr.  Conrad,  it 
need  hardly  be  said,  never  writes  anything  that 
does  not  make  a  serious  claim  upon  our  atten- 
tion, and  his  books  set  a  very  high  standard  of 
diction,  characterization,  and  penetrative 
observation.  It  is  only  upon  the  structural  side 
that  they  are  conspicuously  lacking,  and  it 
must  be  admitted  that  readers  of  '  Nostromo,' 
although  they  will  find  in  the  book  ample 
reward  for  their  pains  in  perusing  it,  will  often 
reach  the  point  of  exasperation  at  its  lengthy 
analyses,  its  interminable  dragging-out  of  inci- 
dent, and  its  frequent  harking  back  to  ante- 
cedent conditions.  The  scene  is  a  republic  on 
the  west  coast,  conveniently  indefinite  of  loca- 
tion. In  this  country  an  English  family  has 
long  been  settled,  and  has  had  for  its  stake  the 
government  concession  of  a  silver  mine,  handed 
down  from  father  to  son,  and  entailing  much 
disagreeable  '  squeezing '  from  successive  presi- 
dents and  dictators.  The  descendant  to  whom 
it  has  fallen  when  the  present  narrative  opens 
is  the  first  one  to  make  it  a  really  valuable 
property,'  and  in  the  development  he  becomes 
the  greatest  power  in  the  state,  enlisting  foreign 
capital,  building  railroads,  and  carrying  govern- 
ments upon  his  pay  roll.  A  final  desperate 
effort  on  the  part  of  the  greedy  politicians  to 
get  control  of  the  goose  that  lays  this  golden 
Q^g  is  the  main  feature  of  the  plot,  but,  as  was 
observed  at  the  outset,  the  psychological  interest 
predominates  over  the  adventurous  or  romantic 
interest,  which  justifies  the  author  in  naming 
this  novel  after  one  of  its  characters  —  a  minor 
character  as  far  as  the  main  action  of  the  story 
is  concerned,  but  the  one  upon  whom  Mr. 
Conrad  has  concentrated  his  analytical  powers. 
The  work  is  a  very  strong  one,  and  we  can  think 
of  no  other  writer,  unless  it  be  Mr.  Cunning- 
ham-Grahame,  who  could  have  done  anything 
like  as  well  with  the  same  material. 

We  expect  neither  psychology  nor  any  other 
kind  of  insight  from  Mr.  S.  R.  Crockett,  but 
we  do  expect,  and  generally  get,  an  entertaining 
story  of  some  sort.  '  The  Loves  of  Miss  Anne ' 
is  the  latest  of  these  fictions,  and  the  setting  is 
Scotch.  Miss  Anne  is  a  minx  who  regards  all 
men  as  fair  game  for  her  coquetry,  and  who 


1905.] 


THE    DIAli 


127 


practices  through  four  hundred  pages  upon  as 
many  as  come  within  her  reach.  Her  devices 
are  sometimes  desperately  wicked,  but  she  car- 
ries off  her  enterprises  with  a  high  hand,  and 
never  comes  wholly  to  grief,  although  some- 
times dangerously  close  to  its  verge.  Her  story 
may  be  read  with  a  good  conscience,  which  is 
more  than  one  can  say  of  a  good  many  of  oui 
recent  novels. 

Some  months  ago  there  was  published  in 
Oermany  a  novel  by  Herr  August  Niemann, 
entitled  *  Der  Weltkrieg — Deutsche  Traume.' 
This  novel,  translated  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Freese,  is 
310W  published  as  '  The  Conquest  of  England,' 
a  more  exactly  descriptive  title.  For  the 
^  dreams '  of  the  German,  in  the  view  of  this 
author,  are  of  overthrowing  the  English  power, 
and  of  an  imperial  army  taking  triumphant 
possession  of  London.  That  some  Germans 
entertain  such  dreams  we  imagine  to  be  true; 
that  they  represent  the  real  ambitions  of  the 
^eat  heart  of  the  German  people  we  take  leave 
to  doubt  and  even  to  deny.  Such  a  denial,  of 
course,  to  be  effective  should  come  from  the 
nation  thus  traduced,  and  we  may  mention  in 
passing  that  it  has  recently  been  most  vigor- 
ously voiced  by  Professor  Paulsen.  And  surely, 
no  wilder  or  more  criminal  ambition  could  be 
entertained  by  any  serious  German  than  that  of 
destroying  the  power  with  which,  above  all 
others,  Germany  is  marked  out  to  march  hand 
in  hand  toward  a  common  goal  of  culture  and 
civilization.  But  enough  of  this.  The  story, 
considered  as  a  historical  romance,  is  of  a  type 
familiar  enough,  and  is  related  in  a  workman- 
like manner.  The  war  is  foreshadowed  by  an 
alliance  of  the  powers  inimical  to  England,  and 
actually  begins  on  the  Afghan  frontier.  It  ends, 
as  we  have  before  suggested^  with  the  German 
occupation  of  London  and  the  division  of  the 
lion's  spoils.  It  is  a  fairly  good  story,  and 
is  curiously  interesting  from  the  way  in  which 
it  represents,  upon  every  possible  occasion,  the 
point  of  view  of  the  German  anglophobe. 
Throughout  it  is  taken  for  granted  that  England 
is  the  arch-enemy  of  civilization,  that  its  foreign 
policy  is  a  complex  network  of  rapacity  and 
hypocrisy,  and  that  it  is  deaf  to  the  voice  of 
the  higher  idealism.  To  us,  who  know  so  well 
ihat  this  is  the  exact  opposite  of  the  truth,  and 
that  among  modem  nations  England,  whatever 
its  faults  or  mistakes,  stands  upon  a  higher 
moral  plane  than  any  of  its  rivals,  and  is  much 
more  apt  to  subordinate  expediency  or  self- 
interest  to  ethical  principle  —  to  us  who  know 
this  the  author  is  merely  amusing  in  the  display 
of  his  prejudiced  animosity,  but  there  is  cause 
for  some  degree  of  serious  reflection  in  the  fact 
that  such  a  book  as  this  should  have  had  the 
popular  success  that  is  reported  from  the  coun- 
try of  its  origin. 


In  reading  *  Morganatic,'  Herr  Max  Nordau's 
latest  work,  due  allowance  must  be  made  for 
the  fact  that  the  author  is  primarily  a  student 
of  the  political  and  social  problems  of  modem 
civilization,  and  only  incidentally  a  novelist. 
He  has  so  wide  an  acquaintance  with  the  cur- 
rents of  contemporary  thought  and  with  the 
conditions  of  Continental  society  at  the  present 
time  that  his  work,  whatever  form  it  may 
take,  and  despite  its  occasional  flavor  of 
sensationalism,  cannot  fail  to  be  inter- 
esting, a  proposition  of  which  the  novel  at  hand 
affords  ample  proof.  While  the  work  is  open 
to  criticism  upon  structural  grounds,  and  while 
it  exhibits  no  great  skill  in  the  penetration  of 
character,  it  makes  up  for  these  defects  by  a 
rich  variety  of  incident  and  a  dramatic  anima- 
tion of  action.  It  is  chiefly  concerned  with  the 
efforts  of  a  designing  woman,  the  morganatic 
widow  of  an  Austrian  prince,  to  obtain  for  her- 
self and  her  son  the  social  recognition  that  she 
believes  to  be  their  right,  but  that  are  denied 
them  by  the  chief  representatives  of  the  family. 
It  is  a  story  of  intrigue,  of  financial  speculation, 
and  of  the  life  of  aristocrats  and  operatic 
artists.  The  efforts  of  the  princess,  seconded 
in  only  a  half-hearted  way  by  her  son,  are  com- 
pletely unsuccessful.  She  dies  an  embittered 
woman,  and  he  takes  refuge  in  a  religious 
order.  Our  sympathetic  interest  centres  about 
neither  of  these  figures,  but  rather  about  that 
of  a  young  girl  of  illegitimate  birth  and  lyrical 
genius  who  makes  a  career  for  herself,  softening 
animosities  and  overcoming  prejudices  by  virtue 
of  her  marked  and  charming  individuality. 

*  Bethany,'  by  Mr.  Thomas  E.  Watson,  is  a 
book  which  describes  Southern  life,  and 
Georgian  life  in  particular,  during  the  years 
immediately  preceding  the  Civil  War.  It  also 
includes  scenes  from  the  earlier  years  of  the 
struggle  itself,  and  ends  with  the  battle  of 
Gettysburg.  It  is  related  in  the  first  person, 
and  is  apparently  a  novel  of  a  rambling  sort, 
although  the  element  of  truth  is  much  larger 
than  the  element  of  invention.  It  presents  the 
Confederate  point  of  view  with  much  plausi- 
bility, and  such  leaders  as  Toombs,  Yancey, 
and  Stephen  speak  for  themselves  and  their 
cause  at  great  length.  It  pretends  to  be  a  book 
of  boyish  memories  of  the  persons  and  scenes 
described,  and  is  in  this  respect  essentially 
genuine,  although  as  a  matter  of  fact  the  author 
(who  was  born  in  1856)  would  have  had  to  be 
a  few  years  older  to  be  an  intelligent  eye-witness 
of  the  matters  concerning  which  he  writes.  The 
fire-eating  Southerner  has  not  often  been  exhib- 
ited, in  either  history  or  fiction,  more  truthfully 
and  vividly  than  in  the  present  work.  One 
paragraph  in  the  apologetic  preface  seems  to 
demand  a  word  of  comment.  Mr.  Watson 
writes :  *  When  it  shall  have  gradually  dawned 


128 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16» 


upon  all  Northern  writers  that  the  Southern 
States  in  1860  did  no  more  than  exercise  a 
right  which  had  been  almost  universally  con- 
ceded from  the  founding  of  the  Government  — 
a  right  in  which  the  seceders  believed,  and  which 
provocation  seemed  to  call  for  the  use  of  — 
then,  perhaps,  we  shall  have  historical  literature 
which  does  not  stigmatize  us  as  rebels  and  our 
leaders  as  traitors/  We  are  willing  to  grant 
that  the  argument  for  secession  was  a  strong 
one,  and  that  secession  itself  was  carried  out 
with  strict  regard  for  legality,  but  what  pos- 
sible defense  can  be  offered  by  the  author  or 
anyone  else  for  the  conduct  of  those  leaders 
who  had  taken  a  solemn  oath  to  support  the 
Constitution,  and  who  in  1860-61  deliberately 
violated  that  oath?  We  are  not  overfond  of 
using  the  words  '  rebel '  and  '  traitor,'  but  that 
application  to  the  leaders  in  question  seems 
strictly  legitimate,  and  in  the  case  of  these  men, 
whatever  we  may  think  of  others,  the  excuse 
of  a  divided  allegiance  is  the  merest  sophistry. 
We  fear  that  Mr.  Watson  is  still  sadly  in  need 
of  reconstruction. 

If  our  sympathies  enable  us  to  make  a  gen- 
erous allowance  for  the  influence  of  Southern 
birth  and  environment  in  expressing  our  opinion 
of  Mr.  Watson's  book,  there  is  no  reason  why 
we  should  extend  them  sufficiently  to  cover  the 
work  of  a  Northerner  like  Mr.  Emerson  Hough. 
'The  Law  of  the  Land,'  viewed  as  a  piece  of 
literary  workmanship,  is  far  superior  to  '  Beth- 
any,' but  its  argument  is  inexcusably  pernicious. 
The  author  plants  himself  squarely  upon  the 
right  of  the  white  Southerner  to  deny  everj' 
kind  of  right  to  the  black,  and  thereby  makes 
himself  an  apologist  for  the  lawlessness  with 
which  the  race  question  is  handled  throughout 
the  South,  The  most  overbearing  acts  of  license 
and  violence  are  condoned,  and  every  suggestion 
of  philanthropic  endeavor  to  improve  the  con- 
dition of  the  negro  is  made  the  subject  of  a 
sneer.  Of  course,  being  a  skilful  novelist,  Mr. 
Hough  so  shapes  his  story  as  to  make  a  strong 
appeal  for  the  enlistment  of  our  sympathies  in 
the  cause  for  which  he  argues,  and  he  has  the 
further  advantage  of  fixing  his  scene  (although 
somewhat  vaguely)  in  the  reconstruction  period, 
when  negro  domination  threatened  the  very 
existence  of  civilization  in  many  a  Southern 
commonwealth.  But  for  all  that,  his  main 
position  is  untenable,  by  any  other  logic  than 
that  of  the  emotions,  for  it  resolves  itself  into 
proclaiming  that  the  powers  of  law  may  properly 
be  set  aside  whenever,  in  the  opinion  of  the 
white  element  of  population,  they  do  not  operate 
to  keep  the  negro  in  his  place  — -  the  definition 
of  that  '  place '  being  left  unreservedly  to  the 
white  man's  discretion. 

We  approach  a  new  detective  story  with  many 
misgivings,  because  long  experience  has  taught 


ua  that  their  mysteries,  when  finally  revealed, 
are  both  cheap  and  artificial,  while  many  minor 
matters,  introduced  to  whet  the  curiosity,  are 
neglected  altogether  in  the  final  edaircisse- 
ment.  Of  '  The  Marathon  Mystery,'  by  Mr. 
Burton  Stevenson,  we  may  however  say  that 
the  workmanship  is  exceedingly  deft,  and  that 
in  neither  of  the  respects  above  mentioned  is 
it  open  to  serious  criticism.  The  mystery  is- 
no  more  artificial  than  need  be,  and  the  details 
of  the  plot  all  turn  out  to  be  important  cog* 
in  the  mechanism.  This  story  is  distinctly 
better  than  '  The  Holladay  Case,'  to  which  it 
is  in  some  respects  a  sequel. 

'  The  Private  Tutor,'  by  Mr,  Gamaliel  Brad- 
ford, Jr.,  is  an  amateurish  production,  without 
much  to  tell  in  the  way  of  a  story,  but  having 
some  very  pretty  pages  descriptive  of  Eome, 
where  the  action  is  laid,  '  Glorified  Baedeker 
or  liare '  would  do  fairly  well  as  a  character- 
ization of  these  pages,  which  are  the  result  of 
a  sympathetic  intimacy  with  the  scenes 
described.  The  hero,  if  we  may  so  style  him, 
is  a  pleasant  young  fellow,  an  artist  manque, 
whom  fate  has  placed  in  charge  of  the  graceless 
son  of  an  American  millionaire  during  a  Euro- 
pean trip.  The  father  hopes  that  the  boy  will 
get  culture,  or  character,  or  something  of  the 
sort  from  the  tour,  but  the  hope  is  manifestly 
vain.  He  turns  out  to  be  so  mean,  so  vulgar. 
and  so  impossibly  disgusting,  that  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  take  his  figure  seriously  as  a  study  of 
any  conceivable  kind  of  real  humanity.  In 
fact,  the  author  exhibits  no  power  of  character- 
ization worth  mentioning,  either  in  this  case  or 
in. any  other,  and  therein  is  the  essential  failure 
of  his  novel.  This  defect  is  hardly  to  be  offset 
by  style  and  observation,  which  qualities  are  in 
fair  measure  his.  William  Morton  Payne, 


Briefs  on  I^ew  Books. 


The  story  A   very   interesting   treatise   on   a 

of  a  famous  much  neglected  episode  in  Amer- 
itbeicase.  jg^j^    history    has    recently    been 

given  us  by  Mr.  Josiah  H.  Benton,  Jr.,  in  'A 
Notable  Libel  Case:  The  Criminal  Prosecution  of 
Theodore  Lyman,  Jr.,  by  Daniel  Webster,  in  the 
Supreme  Judicial  Court  of  Massachusetts,  Novem- 
ber Term,  1828'  (Boston:  Charles  E.  Goodspeed). 
The  trial  here  described  was  on  an  indictment 
alleging  that  Lyman  had  charged  Webster  with 
having  conspired  with  other  leading  Federalists 
in  1807-08  to  break  up  the  Union  on  account  of 
the  Embargo  Acts,  and  to  re-annex  the  New 
England  States  to  the  mother  country.  The 
defendant  was  an  ex-mayor  of  Boston,  and  a  man 
of  the  highest  social  and  political  standing.  He 
was,  however,  an  enemy  of  John  Quincy  Adams, 
and  during  the  campaign  of  1828  he  became  one 
of  the  proprietors  of  a  semi-weekly  jiewspaper. 


1905.} 


THE    DIAL, 


129 


tlie  ^Jacksou  Republican/  whose  one  aim  was  to 
defeat  Adams  iu  his  race  for  reelection  to  the 
Presidency.  The  charge  against  Senator  "Web- 
ster, which  became  the  ground  of  the  ease  against 
Lyman,  was  printed  in  this,  sheet,  October  29, 
1828.  Twelve  days  later,  Webster,  through  his 
counsel,  presented  the  charge  as  a  criminal  libel 
to  the  Gi-and  Jury  in  the  Supreme  Judicial  Court, 
and  this  body  at  once  retui'ued  an  indictment. 
This  indictment  itself  was  an  imusual  document, 
being  based  on  a  principle  of  English  Star-Cham- 
ber  prosecutions  never  adopted  as  a  part  of  the 
common  law  of  the  United  States;  and  by  em- 
ploying the  method  of  a  criminal  prosecution 
rather  than  a  civil  action,  Mr.  Webster  clearly 
put  his  opponent  at  a  sei'ious  disadvantage.  The 
trial,  which  began  December  16,  ai'oused  greater 
jxjpular  interest  and  called  out  a  more  brilliant 
display  of  legal  oratorj'  than  Boston  had  known 
in  a  generation.  But  the  outcome  was  only  that 
the  jury  failed  to  agree,  and  the  case  was  con- 
tinued until  the  March  term,  1829,  whence  it  was 
continued  again  until  the  November  teim.  When 
November  came,  the  Solicitor-General  proclaimed 
that  inasmuch  as  every  resource  had  been  ex- 
hausted at  the  ti-ial  of  the  year  before,  public 
justice  did  not  require  that  the  case  be  tried  a 
second  time;  and  it  was  therefore  dismissed.  *It 
is  difficult  to  believe,'  says  Mr.  Benton,  'that  Mr. 
Webster  himself  thought  it  necessary  for  his  per- 
sonal or  official  vindication  to  institute  this 
extraordinai-y  prosecution.  He  was  doubtless 
induced  to  do  it  only  as  a  part  of  the  bitter 
jK>litical  contest  then  being  waged  between  the 
friends  of  Adams  and  of  Jackson.  The  subse- 
quent conduct  of  Mr.  Lyman  toward  Mr.  Web- 
ster shows  that  he  considered  the  case  as  really 
political  and  not  personal  on  the  pai't  of  Mr. 
Webster.  The  trial  for  the  time  interrupted  the 
previous  intimate  social  relations  between  Web- 
ster and  L\-man,  but  in  a  year  or  two  they  became 
reconciled,  and  remained  warm  pereonal  friends 
through  life.'  The  histoi-y  of  the  episode  is  well 
worked  out  by  Mr.  Benton,  and  letters  and  other 
documentaiy  materials  are  so  skilfully  employed 
in  the  text  that  the  story  almost  tells  itself  from 
the  records.  The  monograph  is  admirably  printed 
and  contains  five  excellent  engravings. 


Vp-to-date  To    keep    really    up-to-date    in    a 

knowledge  of  knowledge  of  the  Roman  Forum 
the  Forum.  jg  ^  ^.^j.^,  difficult  matter.  Although 
one  of  the  oldest  places  in  Roman  history,  it 
has  been  so  long  buried  that  it  is  one  of  the 
newest  topographically,  the  last  sis  years  having 
done  more  to  uncover  and  explain  its  ancient 
monuments  than  all  the  eailier  centuiies  together 
had  done  before.  So  many  have  been  the  revela- 
tions of  pick  and  spade  during  this  time  that  the 
traveller  returning  after  only  a  few  years  of 
absence  feels  himself  quite  a  stranger  in  the  once 
familiar  spot.  It  seems,  and  is,  much  larger 
than  as  he  remembers  it,  several  modem 
encroachments— a  row  of  dwellings,  a  street-car 
track,  a  church,  a  convent,  and  a  garden— hav- 
ing been  banished.  Underaeath  where  they  once 
stood     are     the     remains    of    ancient    basilicas, 


shrines,  temples  and  tombs,  beside  one  old  cem- 
etery which  clearly  dates  back  before  Romulus, 
before  the  Forum  itself,  to  the  time  when  the 
Seven  Hills  were  occupied  by  tribes  of  shepherds 
only.  Official  reports  have  been  made  of  these 
things  (in  Italian)  by  the  Director  of  Excava- 
tions, Commendatore  Boni.  Professor  Hiilsen 
has  published  (in  German)  a  large  pamphlet 
which  furnishes  many  technical  details,  measure- 
ments, and  the  like.  But  the  average  English 
or  American  traveller  has  very  much  needed  a 
smaller  work,  of  equal  accuracy  but  more  pop- 
ular and  practicable,  as  a  guide  among  these 
new-old  stones  and  pillars  and  pavements.  Such 
a  book  is  now  to  be  had  in  Mr.  St.  Clair  Bad- 
deley's  'Recent  Discoveries  in  the  Forum,  1898- 
1901'  (Macmillan).  The  author  has  been  in 
close  touch  with  all  the  work  as  it  went  on,  and 
fommately  has  seen  fit  to  give  us  many  inci- 
dents of  the  eventful  days,  and  illustrations 
showing  the  scenes  of  transition.  For  example^ 
the  fi-ontispiece  shows  in  the  process  of  demoli- 
tion the  shabby  house  which  for  yeai"s  had 
crowded  the  beautiful  Temple  of  Faustina  and 
covered  the  spot  under  which  was  soon  to  be 
found  the  magnificent  inscription  and  comer- 
stone  of  the  ancient  Basilica  Emilia;  another 
picture  shows  the  section  of  the  Sacra  Via  which 
had  to  be  saciificed  to  reveal  the  tomb  of 
Romulus.  These  are  the  things  that  being  left 
uni'ecorded  are  sure  to  be  soon  forgotten,  yet 
which  everyone  would  wish  to  know.  The  book 
is  interesting  beyond  the  rule  of  guide-books; 
the  map  is  excellent,  and  the  forty-five  illustra- 
tions are  well-chosen.  One  is  puzzled,  however, 
to  find  in  a  book  about  the  Forum  an  accovmt 
of  the  recent  discovery  of  the  Altur  of  Peace  in 
the  Campus  Martins.  Although  interesting  in 
itself,  it  has  surely  no  right  to  a  place  in  this, 
book,  and  chi  a  page  whose  caption  is  'The 
Forum.'  The  Altar  of  Peace  is  one  of  the  great 
memorials  of  the  Augustan  Age  in  Rome,  but  it 
is  a  part  of  the  story  of  the  Campus  Martins  and 
not  of  the  Forum  Romanum. 


Diary  of  'Edited  by  Lamia'— these  words  on 

«  poet  the  title-page  of '  The  Poet 's  Diary ' 

laureate.  (Macmillan)   convey  a  broad  hint 

as  to  the  shrinking  Poet's  identity;  and  when, 
on  turning  a  few  leaves,  we  meet  with  our  old 
acquaintance  Veronica,  the  last  lingering  doubt 
is  dispelled.  We  have  here  the  same  Mr.  Alfred 
Austin  as  in  'Lamia's  Winter  Quarters'  and  'The 
Garden  that  I  Love,'  dexterouslj-  spinning  out 
sentence  after  sentence  and  paragraph  after 
paragraph  with  a  facile  grace  of  composition,  a 
deft  intei-weaving  of  literary  allusion  and  quota- 
tion, a  ready  succession  of  pleasing  ideas,  that 
cannot  but  excite  our  admiration.  Italy  and 
things  Italian— a  fertile  theme— are  the  principal 
topics  discussed;  and  well  does  the  diarist  know 
his  Rome  and  his  Florence.  The  closing  chapter 
is  written  in  'The  Garden  that  I  Love'— the 
Poet's  home— and  is  therefore  laiglish  in  atmos- 
phere. The  diarist's  manner  is  winsome,  and  it 
seems  ungracious  to  damn  his  book  with  faint 
praise;  but  not  even  tie  most  gifted  of  us,  not 


130 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


even  a  poet  laureate,  can  always  attain  perfec- 
tion. Perhaps  the  less  excellent  books  serve  a 
purpose  in  accentuating  the  mei-its  of  the  more 
excellent;  and  if  a  writer  fills  one  volume  with 
harmless  banalities,  his  readers  may  be  impelled, 
if  only  by  very  weariness,  to  tiu'u  for  possible 
relief  to  some  of  his  others.  In  short,  there  is 
nothing  so  inevitable  and  compelling  about  'The 
Poet's  Diary'  as  to  warrant  the  assertion  that  its 
loss  would  eclipse  the  gaiety  of  nations  or  very 
greatly  imj>overish  the  public  stock  of  harmless 
pleasure.  Changing  one  word  of  the  Poet 's  warn- 
ing to  orators,  we  may  say,  'The  gift  of  diary- 
writing,  like  the  gift  of  writing  mellifluous 
poetry,  is  a  sorry  and  dangerous  one  unless 
inspired,  sustained  and  restrained  by  ''Reason 
in  her  most  exalted  mood."  ' 


A  novel             A  novel  experiment    in    American 
municipal           municipal  activities,  as  interesting 
experiment.         ^g  ^^  ^  unusual,  is  described  in  the 
volume  edited  by  Mr.  Charles  Gr.  Hall  and  entitled 
'The  Cincinnati  Southern  Railway:    A  History.' 
The  account  of  the  building  of  the  road,  coming 
as  it  does  from  several  pens,  is  neither  so  clear 
nor  concise  as  could  be  wished,  but  it  appears  that 
the  need  of  a  railway  connecting  Cincinnati  with 
the  South  was  felt  with  such  poignancy  as  long- 
ago  as  1836  that  a  mass  meeting  Avas  held  in  the 
western  metropolis  of  that  day  and  a  round  mil- 
lion of  dollars  subscribed  for  the  enterprise— a 
huge  sum  for  that  time.    Delay  followed  delay, 
the  aid  of  the  legislature  was  sought,  and  the 
enterprise  was  at  last  on  its  feet  when  the  Civil 
War  put  in  the  background  every  consideration 
except  the  possibilities  of  a  militaiy  road.    An- 
other seiTies  of  delays  and  disappointments  fol- 
lowed the  wai',  but  authorization     was     finally 
obtained,  not  only  from  the  legislature  of  Ohio 
but  from  those  of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  and 
in  1873  the  actual  construction  of  the  road  began 
with  money  lent  by  its  trustees  from  their  own 
pockets.     In  July,  1877,  the  first  division  of  the 
road  was  opened  for  business.     Many  millions 
of  dollars  were  raised  by  the  sale  of  bonds,  and 
the  present  situation  finds  the  road  in  possession 
of  the  Cincinnati,  New  Orleans  &  Texas  Pacific 
Railway  Company  as  lessee,  the  trustees  of  the 
Cincinnati  Southern  holding  the  legal     title    in 
trust  for  the  city  of  Cincimiati.    The  lease,  which 
was  for  a  period  of  twenty-five  years,  expires  in 
1906,  and  the  leasing  and  operating  corporation 
is  now  paying  about  $1,100,000  a  year  for  its  use 
of  the  property.    Whether  or  not  a  new  lease  will 
be  made  is  a  matter  now  open  for  discussion.    The 
book  is  profusely  illustrated  with  scenes  along 
the  road,  portraits  of  officials  and  others,  views 
of  business  houses  in  cities  on  the  route,  and 
similar  material.  . 

Love  affairs  Readers  of  Fanny  Kemble's  'Rec- 
of  a  famous  ords  of  a  Girlhood'  will  recall 
bachelor.  sundry    rather    tantalizing    refer- 

ences to  certain  interesting  complications  of  a  sen- 
timental nature,  in  which  the  artist  Lawrence  and 
Mrs.  Siddons's  two  elder  daughters,  Sally  and 
Maria,  were  involved.  Mrs.  Kemble,  writing  from 
l-emembrance  based  on  hearsay,  and  years  after 


the  events,  is  not  quite  accurate  in  her  state- 
ments; and  so  perhaps  it  is  well  to  have  such  a' 
full  and  apparently  trustworthy  account  of  the 
matter  as  is  now  given  in  'An  Artist's  Love 
Story'  (Long-mans),  as  told,  with  the  help  of 
some  hitherto  unpublished  letters  from  the  chief 
characters  concerned,  by  Mr.  Oswald  G.  Knapp. 
That  Lawrence  was  an  incorrigible  flirt,  and  that 
the  whole  story  of  his  successive  entanglements 
and  disentanglements  with  Sally  and  Maria  is  a 
paltry  enough  chronicle,  cannot  be  denied;  but 
the  prominence  of  some  of  the  actors  in  this  little 
tragi-comedy,  and  the  amiable  qualities  of  the  two 
beautiful  and  ill-fated  sistei-s,  give  the  affair  a 
certain  dignity  and  pathos.  Both  girls  died  early 
of  consiunption,  and  the  fascinating  Tom  Law- 
rence, after  breaking  no  one  knows  how  many 
hearts,  himself  died  an  old  bachelor.  Two  i)or- 
traits  that  are  printed  of  Maria  Siddons,  as 
being  both  by  Lawrence,  are  remarkable  for  their 
entire  lack  of  resemblance  to  each  other.  Other 
portraits,  including  the  familiar  National  Gallerj- 
painting  of  Mrs.  Siddons  by  Lawrence,  are  also 
given,  and  a  few  autographs  in  facsimile. 


An  episode  in  'Wadsworth,  or  The  Charter  Oak,* 
Connecticut  is  the  title  of  a  book  written  and 
history.  published     by     Mr.     William     H. 

Gocher,  of  Hartford,   Connecticut.     It  purports 
to  give  all  that  is  ascertainable  relating  to  the 
hiding  of  the  colonial  charter,  in  1687,  in  the 
famous   oak   tree   at   Hartford,— an   incident   of 
which  Captain  Joseph  Wadsworth,  according  to 
doubtful  tradition,  was  the  hero.    The  motive  of 
the  deed,  it  will  be  remembered,  was  to  keep  the 
charter  out  of  the  hands  of  Andros,  the  newly 
appointed   governor   of   all    New   England,    who 
demanded  its  sun-ender  in  the  King's  name.    Mi-. 
Gocher  has  shown  commendable  antiquarian  zeal 
in  prosecuting  his  researches ;  yet  his  readers  will 
probably  wish  he  had  not  chosen  to  weave  fact 
and  fiction  into  the  same  web  in  a  book  that  pro- 
fesses to  be  history  rather  than  a  novel.    Wads- 
worth himself  is  made  to  tell  the  story  of  the 
charter  and  its  hiding,  in  language  that  is  undis- 
guisedly  hodiernal,  and  with  many  interpolations 
of  matter  remotely  or  not  at  all  connected  with 
the  main  theme.    The  chapters  on  the  Royal  Oak, 
on  Cromwell,  and  on  the  Regicides,  are  of  this 
irrelevant  nature.     The  wording,  and  still  more 
the  spelling,  of  Joseph  Wadsworth 's  will,  which 
is  printed  in  full,  are  so  strikingly  in  contrast 
with   the  modernity  of   his  supposed   narrative, 
that  not  the  faintest  touch  of  illusion  can  cling 
to  the  latter.     But  the  author  frankly  indicates 
in  his  introduction  the  true  nature  of  what  is  to 
follow.     'By  blending  fact  and  fancy,'  he  says, 
'it  is  possible  to  weave  a  narrative  which  enter- 
tains and  at  the  same  time  instructs  the  reader. 
Those  who  believe  it  can;   those  who  doubt  it 
may;— so  let  it  go  at  that.'     There  is  reason  to 
believe,  as  readers  of  the  book  would  do  well  to 
bear    in    mind,    that    the    original    charter^  was 
secreted,  possibly  in   the  oak  tree  of  tradition, 
some    time    before    Andros 's    arrival    at    Hart- 
ford, and  that  a  duplicate  figured  in  the  historic 
scene    in    the    council    chamber.      For    a    plain 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


131 


aecouat  of  the  mattex"  chapter  sixteen  of  San- 
ford's  'EBistoiy  of  Connecticut' may  be  consulted. 
Mr.  Gocher's  work  is  lavishly  illustrated  from 
old  prints,  old  portraits,  and  modem  photographs, 
and  is  provided  with  numerous  footnotes  bearing 
evidence  of  painstaking  research. 

■In  edition  The     appearance     of     each     new 

de  huce  of  volume    from    the   Department    of 

the  'GeorgicB.'  Limited  Editions  at  the  Riverside 
Press  seizes  to  strengthen  our  conviction  that 
Mr.  Rogers's  work  represents  the  highwater 
mark,  so  far  as  this  country  is  concerned,  in  fine 
printing  at  the  present  time.  The  Department 
is  now  installed  in  a  building  of  its  own,  with 
its  own  special  facilities  in  the  way  of  material 
and  workmen ;  the  printing  will  hereafter  be  done 
on  hand  presses,  and  from  the  type  itself  rather 
than  from  electrotype  plates  as  heretofore.  This 
is  all  as  it  should  be,  and  that  the  new  conditions 
will  have  a  marked  effect  for  good  is  evidenced 
by  the  latest  volume  from  the  Press,— a  reprint 
of  the  'Geoi^es'  of  Virgil,  in  Mr.  J.  W.  Mac- 
kail's  fine  translation.  The  book  is  octavo  in  size, 
printed  on  handmade  paper  from  a  font  of  old- 
style  italics,  with  the  antique  'swash'  capitals, 
and  is  bound  in  decorated  board  covers  with  vel- 
lum back.  A  charming  outline  drawing,  of  classic 
flavor,  is  printed  in  brown  at  the  beginning  of  each 
of  the  four  books,  there  is  a  graceful  panel  design 
for  the  title-page,  and  each  paragraph  has  a  small 
decorative  initial.  But  the  decorative  features 
are  here,  as  in  all  the  Riverside  Press  books, 
entirely  subordinate  to  the  typ(^aphy;  unlike 
most  of  the  others  who  are  attempting  to  do 
what  he  has  done,  Mr.  Rogers  has  no  need  to 
employ  garish  decoration  as  a  means  of  diverting 
attention  from  crudities  of  workmanship.  The 
marked  distinction  of  his  work  is  the  result  of  an 
observance  of  sound  typ<^raphical  principles, 
combined  with  a  certain  amoimt  of  conservative 
individual  initiative,  and  an  intelligent  sense  of 
artistic  fitness.  The  'Georgics'  may  be  regarded 
as  one  of  his  most  successful  efforts. 


The  story  In  'The  Story  of  Wireless  Teleg- 

of  Wireless  raphy'  (Appleton),  Mr.  A.  T.  Story 

Telegraphy.  j^g^  presented  a  subject  of  great 
and  growing  imj>ortance  in  such  a  manner  that 
the  reader  without  technical  knowledge  can  fol- 
low the  narrative  from  beginning  to  end,  and  at 
the  close  emerge  from  his  reading  with  a  fair 
conception  of  what  has  been  accomplished  even 
on  the  technical  side.  The  steps  leading  to  Sig- 
nor  Marconi's  reduction  to  practice  of  the  knowl- 
edge existing  before  him  are  detailed,  but  with 
the  emphasis  still  left  upon  the  condition  of 
the  art  today.  It  is  curious  to  note  that  Pro- 
fessor Morse  himself  was  successful  in  using  nm- 
ning  water  as  a  conductor  for  a  telegraphic  cur- 
rent in  experiments  going  back  to  1842.  The 
share  of  Americans  generally  in  the  investiga- 
tions leading  to  the  present  triumphs  is  made 
quite  clear,  and  the  book  closes  with  an  accoxmt 
of  Professor  Fessenden's  apparatus.  There  are 
numerous  illustrations,  whereby  the  method  of 
operation  may  be  learned,  and  there  is  a  satis- 
faetnrv  index. 


A  new  book  Lad}'  Aug^ta  Gregory  continues 
of  iriah  legends  her  efforts  for  the  p)opularization 
and  folk-lore.  ^f  i^^^^^  legends  with  a  second  vol- 
ume, 'Gods  and  Fighting  Men:  The  Story  of  the 
Tuatha  de  Danaan  and  of  the  Fianna  of  Ire- 
land' (imported  by  Seribner).  The  volume  is  a 
companion  to  'Cuchulain  of  Muirthemne,'  which 
it  resembles  in  style  and  treatment.  From  the 
most  miscellaneous  sources,  some  written  but 
more  oral.  Lady  Gregory  has  collected  fragments 
of  ancient  tales  of  the  gods  and  demigods,  piecing 
them  together  into  a  mosaic  wherein  the  joints 
are  skDfully  concealed,  and  telling  them  in  the 
sort  of  English  used  by  the  Irish  peasantry,  with 
quaint  idioms  of  the  Erse  literally  translated 
and  a  general  air  of  exoticism  which  is  most  allur- 
ing. Mr.  William  Butler  Yeats  has  written  an 
introduction  for  the  book,  and  Lady  Gregory  pre- 
pares a  series  of  appendices  which  are  valuable 
to  the  beginner,— one  of  them  particularly  so,  for 
it  tells  how  to  pronounce  the  proper  names  run- 
ning through  the  narrative.  Physically,  the  book 
is  a  handsome  one,  with  a  cover  design  of  more 
than  usual  merit. 


Notes. 


An  informal  review,  by  Prof.  Goldwin  Smith,  of 
Mr.  Morley's  Life  of  Gladstone  will  be  publiahed 
immediately  by  the  A.  Weasels  Co. 

A  volume  by  Bishop  Potter  setting  forth  in  full 
his  much-discussed  views  on  the  temperance  ques- 
tion is  announced  by  Messrs.  T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co. 

'Some  Principles  of  Literary  Criticism  and  Their 
Application  to  the  Synoptic'  Problem,'  by  Prof. 
Ernest  DeWitt  Burton,  is  a  late  addition  to  the 
'Decennial  Publications'  of  the  University  of 
Chicago. 

A  reprint  of  a  hitherto  unknown  poem  by  Samuel 
Rowlands,  entitled  'The  Bride,'  made  from  the 
unique  copy  in  the  Harvard  College  Library,  will 
be  issued  this  month  by  Mr.  Charles  E.  Goodspeed 
of  Boston. 

A  reprint  of  Sylvester  Judd's  account  of  Hadley, 
Massachusetts,  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  New 
England  town  histories,  is  projected  by  Messrs.  H. 
R.  Huntting  &  Co.,  Springfield,  Mass.  The  edition 
will  be  limited. 

An  edition  of  Ben  Jonson's  'Bartholomew  Fair,' 
prepared  by  Dr.  Carroll  Storrs  Alden,  is  an  impor- 
tant recent  addition  to  the  series  of  'Yale  Studies 
in  English, '  published  for  the  University  by  Messrs. 
Henry  Holt  &  Co. 

The  'Studies  in  General  Physiology,'  by  Prof. 
Jacques  Loeb,  containing  a  resum6  of  this  eminent 
biologist's  investigations  during  the  past  twenty 
years,  will  appear  on  the  first  of  next  month  from 
the  University  of  Chicago  Press. 

'Broadway:  A  Village  of  Middle  Englaaid,'  by 
Mr.  Algernon  Gissing,  and  'Evesham,'  by  Mr, 
Edmund  H.  New,  are  two  volumes  added  to  the 
charming  series  of  booklets  called  'Temple  Topog- 
raphies,' published  by  Messrs.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 

A  new  edition  of  the  Hon.  William  L.  Scruggs 's 
'The  Colombian  and  Venezuelan  Republics,'  made 
timely  by  an  added  chapter  on  the  Panama  Canal 
and  a  reprint  of  the  Panama  Canal  Treaty,  has  been 
issued  by  Messrs.  Little,  Brown  &  Co. 


132 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


Still  another  new  magazine  devoted  to  outdoor 
life,  the  country  home,  and  similar  matters,  will 
make  its  appearance  within  a  month  or  two.  It  is 
to  be  called  'The  Country  Calendar,'  and  will  bo 
issued  from  the  office  of  'The  E-eview  of  Eeviews.' 

'The  Little  Plowers  of  St.  Francis  of  Assisi, ' 
translated  into  English  verse  by  Mr.  James 
Ehoades,  is  a  handsomely  printed  volume  just  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  E.  P.  Button  &  Co.  The  trans- 
lation is  in  blank  verse,  and  there  are  three  charm- 
ing prefatory  sonnets, 

Mr.  G.  W.  E.  Eussell's  life  of  Sidney  Smith  will 
appear  in  the  'English  Men  of  Letters'  series  this 
spring;  and  so  will  biographies  of  two  Americans — 
Mr.  William  A.  Bradley's  life  of  Bryant,  and  Dr. 
Harry  Thurston  Peck's  account  of  William  Hickling 
Prescott. 

'  The  Eetreat  of  a  Poet  Naturalist, '  by  Miss  Clara 
Barrus,  is  an  account  of  the  country  home  of  Mr. 
John  Burroughs,  at  West  Park,  New  York.  It  is 
issued  in  tasteful  pamphlet  form  by  the  Poet  Lore 
Co.,  as  the  first  number  in  a  series  called  'Poet  Lore 
Brochures, ' 

An  addition  to  Champlin's  popular  series  of 
'Young  Folks'  Cyclopedias,'  the  first  volume  of 
which  appeared  a  quarter-century  ago,  will  be  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Holt  &  Co.  in  April.  Natural  His- 
tory is  the  subject  of  the  new  volume,  and  Mr, 
Champlin  has  been  assisted  in  its  preparation  by 
Mr.  Frederic  A.  Lucas. 

Two  important  additions  have  just  been  made  to 
the  Columbia  University  'Studies  in  History, 
Economics,  and  Public  Law.'  They  are  'Pre-Mal- 
thusian  Doctrines  of  Population,'  by  Dr.  Charles 
Emil  Stangeland,  and  'History  and  Criticism  of 
the  Labor  Theory  of  Value  in  English  Political 
Economy,'  by  Dr.  Albert  C.  Whitaker. 

'The  Burlington  Magazine,'  under  its  new  Amer- 
ican piiblisher,  Mr.  Eobert  Grier  Cooke,  continues  to 
maintain  the  highest  standards  in  its  field.  The 
leading  article  in  the  January  issue  is  devoted  to  a 
description,  by  Mr.  A.  H.  Smith,  of  the  sculpture  at 
Lansdowne  House,  illustrated  with  several  fine 
reproductions. 

A  volume  on  Samuel  de  Champlain,  by  Mr.  Nar- 
cisse  E,  Dionne,  will  be  added  this  month  to  the 
'Makers  of  Canada'  series,  published  by  Messrs. 
Morang  &  Co.,  Toronto.  This  series  of  biographies, 
in  many  ways  the  most  important  publishing  enter- 
prise yet  undertaken  in  Canada,  will  be  complete  in 
twenty  volumes,  six  of  which  have  now  appeared. 

In  response  to  a  demand  from  members  of  various 
university  faculties,  the  Messrs,  Harpers  are  pre- 
paring a  special  'University  Edition'  of  their 
important  twenty-eight  volume  history,  'The  Amer- 
ican Nation,'  five  volumes  of  which  have  so  far 
appeared.  This  edition  will  contain  exactly  the 
same  text,  but  will  be  issued  in  simpler  and  more 
suitable  form  for  college  use. 

From  Herr  J.  C.  Heinriehs,  Leipzig  (imported  by 
Stechert),  we  have  'The  Songs  of  an  Egyptian 
Peasant,'  as  collected  and  translated  into  German 
by  Herr  Heinrich  Schaef er,  and  from  German  into 
English  by  Miss  Frances  Hart  Breasted.  The  orig- 
inal text  of  the  songs,  an  Egyptian  dialect  of  Arabic, 
is  given  with  the  translation,  and  the  book  is  charm- 
ingly illustrated. 

A  memorial  to  the  poet  Edward  Eowland  Sill  has 
recently  been  unveiled  at  Oakland,  California.  It 
is  in  the  form  of  a  bronze  sun-dial,  mounted  on  a 
granite  base,  and  is  the  gift  of  three  classes  of  the 
Oakland  High  School,  where  Sill  was  a  teacher  for 
a     short    time.    The    publishers    of    Sill's    works, 


Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.,  have  for  some  time 
past  held  out  promises  of  a  complete  edition  of  his 
poems  in  a  single  convenient  volume.  It  is  to  be 
hoped  on  all  accounts  that  such  an  edition  may  be 
given  us, 

Mr.  W,  D.  Moffat  and  Mr,  Eobert  S,  Yard,  both 
of  whom  for  several  years  past  have  occupied  prom- 
inent positions  in  the  house  of  Messrs.  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons,  have  now  gone  into  publishing  on 
their  own  account,  under  the  corporate  title  of 
Moffat,  Yard  &  Company.  They  have  also  formed  a 
business  alliance  with  the  publishers  of  'Town  and 
Country,'  in  which  periodical  they  have  acquired 
an  interest. 

The  reprint  of  the  Baron  de  Lahontan  's  '  New 
Voyages  to  North  America, '  which  Messrs,  MeClurg 
&  Co.  have  had  in  preparation  for  some  time  past, 
is  now  definitely  announced  for  publication  this 
month.  In  many  ways  this  will  form  the  most 
attractive  work  in  Messrs.  McClurg's  series  of 
Americana  reprints;  for,  in  addition  to  its  historical 
value,  the  narrative  of  this  gay  soldier  of  fortune 
possesses  an  intrinsic  charm  and  interest  altogether 
lacking  in  the  relations  of  his  austerer  fellow-ex- 
plorers of  the  late  seventeenth  century.  The 
edition  is  in  two  octavo  volumes,  with  introduction, 
notes,  and  index  by  Dr.  E^uben  Gold  Thwaites. 

From  the  Library  of  Congress  we  have  just 
received  two  publications  of  exceptional  importance. 
One  of  them  is  a  reprint  of  Justin  Winsor's  mono- 
graph on  'The  Kohl  Collection  of  Maps  relating  to 
America,'  first  published  by  Harvard  University 
in  1886.  The  collection  which  it  concerns  has 
recently  been  transferred  from  the  Department  of 
State  to  the  Library  of  Congress.  The  other  pub- 
lication is  Volume  I.  of  the  'Journal  of  the  Con- 
tinental Congress,'  now  to  be  for  the  first  time 
printed  in  full.  It  is  expected  that  this  work  will 
occupy  about  fifteen  volumes,  and  that  the  publi- 
cation will  require  several  years.  It  is  edited  by 
Mr.  Worthington  C.  Ford,  and  has  numerous  illus- 
trations in  facsimile. 


LiisT  OF  New  Books. 

[The  following  list,  containing  52  titles,  includes  boohs 
received  by  The  Dial  since  its  last  issue.'] 

BIOGRAPHY   AND   MEMOIRS. 

Thomas  Cranmer  and  the  English  Reformation,  1489- 
1556  By  Alfred  Frederick  Pollard,  M.A.  Illus., 
12mo,  pp.  399.  '  Heroes  of  the  Reformation.'  G,  P. 
Putnam's  Sons.     $1.35   net. 

Thomas  Moore.  By  Stephen  Gwynn.  12mo,  gilt  top, 
uncut,  pp.  204.  '  English  Men  of  Letters.'  Macmiliaa 
Co.      75   cts.   net. 

The  Long  Ago  and  the  Later  On  ;  or.  Recollections  of 
Eighty  Years.  By  George  Tlsdale  Bromley.  With  por- 
trait, 12mo,  uncut,  pp.  289.  San  Francisco:  A.  M. 
Robertson.     $1.50  net. 

HISTORY. 

The  Cambridge  Modern  History.  Planned  by  the  late 
Lord  Acton,  LL.D. ;  edited  by  A.  W.  Ward,  G.  W. 
Prothero,  and  Stanley  Leathes.  Vol.  III.,  The  Wars 
of  Religion.  Large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  914. 
Maemillan  Co,     $4.  net. 

England  under  the  Stuarts.  By  G.  M.  Trevelyan. 
Large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  566.  G,  P.  PutnatQ^a 
Sons.      $3.    net. 

The  Block-House  by  Bull's  Ferry.  By  Charles  H. 
Winfleld.  Including  the  '  Cow  Chace '  by  Major  Andr6, 
With  notes.  Illus.,  large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  61. 
New  York:  William  Abbatt. 

Journal  of  the  Continental  Congress,  1774-1789. 
Edited  from  the  original  records  in  the  Library  of 
Congress  by  Worthington  Chauncey  Ford.  Vol. ;  1., 
1774.  Illus..  4to,  uncut,  pp.  143.  Government  Print- 
ing  Office. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


138 


A  Nasrauve  of  the  Captivity  of  Nekkmiah  How  in 
1745-1747.  Reprinted  from  the  original  edition  of 
1748,    and   edited   by   Victor   Hugo   Palsits.      8vo,   gilt 

..    .top,   uncut,  pp.   72.     Cleveland :   Burrows  Brothers  Co. 

-     J3.50  net. 

Ajcbsica's  Aid  to  Gekmaxy  in  1870-71 :  An  Abstract 
from  the  Official  Correspondence  of  E.  B.  Washburne, 
U.  S.  Ambassador  to  Paris.  The  English  text,  with 
a  German  translation,  and  prefaced  by  Adolf  Hepner. 
12mo.  pp.    464.     St.   Louis:   Adoif  Hepner.     $1.50. 

GENERAL   LITERATURE. 

TkAGIC     DBAMA     in     .lESCHTLUS,     SOPHOCLE8.     AND     ShAKK- 

SPEABE :  An  Essay.  By  Lewis  Campbell,  M.A.  8to, 
gilt  top,   pp.    280.      Longmans,   Green  &.  Co.      %2.   net. 

Poetry  as  a  REPEESEXTAxrvE  Art  :  An  Essay  in  Com- 
parative -Esthetics.  By  George  Lansing  Raymond, 
L.H.D.  Fifth  edition,  revised.  8vo,  gilt  top,  pp.  356. 
G.    P.    Putnam's   Sons.      $1.75. 

The  Heaet  of  Asbuby's  Jocbnal.  Edited  by  Ezra  Squier 
Tipple,  D.D.  Illus.,  8vo.  pp.  720.  Eaton  &.  Mains. 
$1.50  net. 

DR.oiATic  Episodes.  By  Marjorie  Benton  Cooke.  12mo, 
gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  181.  Chicago:  Dramatic  Publish- 
ing Co. 

Thoughts  of  a  Fool.  By  Evelyn  Gladys.  With  frontis- 
piece, 12mo,  uncut,  pp.  258.  Chicago :  E.  P.  Rosen- 
thal,     f  1.50. 

NEW  EDITIONS  OF  STANDARD 
LITERATURE. 
HoCBS  IN  A   LiBRABY.      By  Leslie  Stephen.      New  edition, 
"With    additions.      In    4    vols..    12mo,    gilt   tops,    tmcut. 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.     $6.  net. 
The   Little  Fix)wkbs  of  St.  Francis  of  Assisl     Ren- 
dered   into   English   verse   by   James    Rhoades.      12mo, 
gflt  top,  uncut,  pp.  303.     E.  P.  Dutton  &.  Co.     $2.  net. 

BOOKS  OF  VERSE. 
The    Rubaiyat   of   the    CoMinjTER.      By   Harrv    Persons 

Taber.     24mo,  uncut,  pp.  48.     Briarclift  Manor.  N.  Y. : 

John    Bridges.      Paper. 
Songs  for  Moments  of  Hope.    By  Clara  E.  Vester.   12mo. 

gilt  top,  pp.   79.     R.  G.  Badger.     $1.25. 
Contrasted   Songs.      By  Marian   Longfellow.      With   por- 

i™|Ji  12mo,   gilt  top,    uncut,    pp.  103.      R.   G.   Badger. 

As  Thocght  is  Led:   Lyrics  and  Sonnets.     By  Alicia  K. 

Van    Buren.      12mo,    gilt    top,    uncut,    pp.    48.      R     G 

Badger.     $1. 
April    Days.      By   Luella   Clark.      12mo,    gilt   top,    uncut 

pp.   178.     R.   G.   Badger.     $1.50. 
The  Dawn  of  Freedom  ;  or.  The  Last  Days  of  Chivalry, 

and     Other     Poems.       By     Charles    Henry     St.     John. 

12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  156.     R.  G.  Badger.     $1.50. 
The  Pajlace   of  the   Heart,   and   Other   Poems   of  Love. 

By   Pattie   Williams   Gee.      12mo,   gilt   top,    uncut,   pp. 

64.     R.   G.  Badger.      $1. 

FICTION. 

The  Garden  of  -\llah.  By  Robert  Hichens.  12mo 
pp.    482.      Frederick    A.    Stokes   Co.      $1.50. 

The  Secret  Womax.  By  Eden  Phillpotts.  With  frontis- 
piece, 12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  385.  Macmillan  Co. 
91.50. 

Mysterious  Mk.  S.vbin.  By  E.  Phillips  Oppenheim. 
Illus.,    12mo,    pp.    397.      Little,    Brown    &    Co.      $1.50. 

The  Silence  of  Mrs.  Habrold.  By  Samuel  M.  Garden- 
hire.      12mo.  pp.  461.     Harper  &  Brothers.     $1.50. 

Thb^Hocse  of  Havtley.  By  Elmore  Elliott  Peake, 
12mo,  pp.  341.     D.  Appleton  t  Co.     $1.50. 

THE   Queen's   Knhght   Errant:  A  Storj-   of  the  Days  of 
Sir    Walter    Raleigh.      By    Beatrice    Marshall.      Illus 
12mo,   gilt   top,   uncut,   pp.    322.     E.   F.   Dutton   &  Co. 
$1.50. 

The  Clock  and  the  Key.  By  Arthur  Henrv  Vesey. 
12mo,   pp.    303.      D.   Appleton    &  Co.      $1.50.  ' 

At  the  E:dge  of  the  Yellow  Sky.  By  Guv  Arthur 
Jamieson.  12mo,  pp.  125.  New  York :  M.  "W.  Hazen 
Co. 

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1905]  THE    DIAXi  137 

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The  University  of  Chicago  Press 


Studies  in  General  Physiology  m  two  volumes 

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The  Messianic  Hope  in  the  New  Testament 

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COXTEXTS. 

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A    PRINCE    OF    INTERVIEWERS.       Percn   F. 

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COMMUNICATION 1-14 

Montaigne  and  Italian  Mnsic.     Grace  Norton. 

MEMORIALS  OF  AN  ENGLISH  PAINTER.    Edith 

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THE  PHILOSOPHY  OF  AMERICANTSM.     JotejA 

Jastrow 147 

MILITARY    RULE   AND    NATIONAL    EXPAN- 
SION.    Frederic  Austin  Ogg 151 

THE  POETRY  OF  MR.  SWDsBURNE.     WUliam 

Morton  Payne 152 

STRUGGLES  IN  THE  WORLD  OF  SUFFERING. 

Charles  Richmond  Henderson 155 

Devine's  The  Principles  of  Relief.  —  Organized 
Labor  and  Capital.  —  Ghent's  Mass  and  Class.— 
Hunter's  Poverty.  —  Smith's  Working  with  the 
People.  —  Miss  Keller's  Oat  of  Work.  —  Free's 
Seren  Years'  Hard. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 156 

A  bachelor  and  his  books.  —  The  birthplace  of 
Savonarola.  —  Pithy  essays  on  literary  subjects.  — 
An  Ohio  regiment  in  the  Civil  War.  —  A  scientific 
biography  of  Jesns. — Memoirs  of  a  French  dragoon 
officer.  —  The  problems  of  modem  indnstriaUsm. 
—  Animal  stories  by  an  Indian.  —  An  Eng^lish 
monarch's  adventures.  —  Facts  f6r  the  collector  of 
old  furniture. 

NOTES 159 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS     ....  160 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS    ..........  160 


A  PRINCE  OF  INTERVIEWERS. 

*  Who  is  this  Scotch  cur  at  Johnson's  heels? ' 
asked  some  one.  *  He  is  not  a  cur/  replied 
Goldsmith;  'he  is  only  a  bur.  Tom  Davies 
flung  him  at  Johnson  in  sport,  and  he  has  the 
faculty  of  sticking.' 

It  has  been  the  fashion,  even  among  John- 
son's warmest  admirers,  to  belittle  and  ridicule 
the  man  to  whose  unique  achievement  in  pen- 
portraiture  that  very  admiration  owes  its  being. 
Macaulay,  in  a  paragraph  that  exhausts  the 
vocabulary  of  contempt,  calls  him  '  one  of  the 
smallest  men  that  ever  lived '  and  '  a  man  of 
the  meanest  and  feeblest  intellect' — just  after 
he  has  extolled  the  small  man's  book  as  so  far 
superior  to  all  others  of  its  class  as  to  have  no 
second.  Indeed,  according  to  Macaulay  (the 
dictum  is  now  a  household  word)  it  was  pre- 
cisely because  Boswell  was  such  a  fool  that  he 
was  so  good  a  biographer.  The  absurdity  of 
this  extreme  view  of  the  case  is  too  patent  to 
call  for  comment,  not  to  speak  of  the  utter 
unlikelihood  that  a  man  of  Johnson's  vigorous 
understanding  and  sturdy  self-respect  would 
have  not  merely  tolerated,  but  ^tually  enter- 
tained a  warm  affection  for,  a  p^HlVa  so  devoid  of 
all  claim  to  his  esteem.  With  the  master  himself 
we  may  laugh  at  the  comicalities  of  his  disciple, 
but  it  would  be  taking  an  unfair  advantage  of 
the  man's  frank  portrayal  of  his  own  absurdities 
to  deny  him  any  higher  qualities  than  flatulent 
conceit  and  abject  sycophancy. 

Let  us,  if  we  choose,  credit  all  that  has  been 
said  of  Boswell's  delightfully  naive  exhibition 
of  his  own  idiosyncrasies.  Miss  Bumey  has 
described  his  worshipful  attention  whenever  the 
great  Doctor  began  to  speak.  At  such  times 
Boswell  so  concentrated  his  entire  thought  and 
energy  upon  his  idol  that  he  would  not  even 
answer  questions  from  others.  His  eyes  goggled 
with  eagerness,  his  listening  ear  almost  touched 
the  Doctor's  shoulder,  his  mouth  fell  ajar  as  if 
to  drink  in  every  slightest  syllable,  and.  he  ap- 
peared to  listen  to  the  great  man's  very  breath- 
ings as  if  they  had  some  mystical  meaning.  He 
took  every  opportunity  to  edge  himself  close  to 
Johnson's  side,  even  at  table,  and  was  some- 
times ordered  imperiously  back  to  his  place  like 
a  faithful  but  obtrusive  spaniel.  In  his  desire 
to  form  his  mind  after  the  Johnsonian  model, 
he  went  so  far  at  times  as  to  out- Johnson  the 
original.  His  assumption  of  a  more  than  John- 
sonian contempt  for  women  is  indicated  in  a 
replv  to  Mrs.  Knowles,  the  Quaker,  who  had 
expressed  a  hope  that  the  sex^  would  be  equal 


142 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


in  another  world.  '  That  is  too  ambitious/  he 
said.  '  We  might  as  well  desire  to  be  equal  with 
the  angels.'  Even  the  Johnsonese  idiom  he  suc- 
ceeded to  some  extent  in  making  his  own.  When 
a  distinction  was  drawn  between  moral  and 
physical  necessity,  Boswell  thus  expounded  the 
matter, —  '  Alas,  sir,  they  come  both  to  the  same 
thing.  You  may  be  as  hard  bound  by  chains 
when  covered  by  leather  as  when  the  iron  ap- 
pears.' It  was  an  odd  freak  of  his  that  once 
made  him  refrain  from  writing  to  Jobnson  for 
a  long  time,  to  see  whether  his  correspondent 
would  finally  be  induced  to  write  first.  The 
older  man  grew  uneasy  at  this  strange  silence, 
though  he  shrewdly  suspected  its  cause,  and 
upon  Boswell's  confession  gave  him  a  piece  of 
his  mind.  *  Remember  that  all  tricks  are  knav- 
ish or  childish,  and  that  it  is  as  foolish  to  make 
experiments  upon  the  constancy  of  a  friend  as 
upon  the  chastity  of  a  wife.'  A  comical  aping 
of  his  master's  exemplary  morality  reveals  itself 
now  and  then.  Wliile  suffering  grievous  prick- 
ings of  conscience  for  what  he  admits  to  have 
l)een  highly  reprehensible  conduct,  he  allays 
the  smart  by  summoning  up  pictures  of  his 
future  blameless  deportment.  Viewing  himself 
as  already  reformed  for  the  rest  of  his  days,  he 
glows  mth  prospective  virtue  and  thus  rhap- 
sodizes in  a  letter  to  his  friend  Temple,  who  had 
sent  him  a  bit  of  excellent  advice, — '  My  warm 
imagination  looks  forward  with  great  com- 
placency on  the  sobriety,  the  healthfulness,  and 
worth  of  my  future  life.'  The  pious  platitudes 
that  sprinkle  his  pages  are  highly  amusing, 
and  so  is  his  frank  record  of  Johnson's  whole- 
some advice  that  he  should  '  clear  his  mind  of 
cant.' 

Eecognizing  all  that  is  laughable  and  all  that 
is  indicative  of  weakness  and  vanity  in  such 
revelations  as  the  foregoing,  we  may  yet  find 
much  that  is  admirable  in  Boswell  both  as  a 
man  and  as  a  writer,  both  as  a  faitliful  friend 
and  as  a  keen  observer.  However  often  he  may 
have  disregarded,  merely  from  excess  of  animal 
spirits,  the  apostolic  injunction  to  give  no 
offense,  he  certainly  showed  an  exemplary  un- 
willingness to  take  offense.  The  harsh  rebuffs 
he  received  from  Johnson  dt  the  very  outset 
would  have  alienated  a  man  possessed  of  that 
smallness  of  mind  and  that  petty  vanity  so 
generally  ascribed  to  our  undaunted  biographer. 
Drawn  like  iron  to  the  magnet,  he  was  stoutly 
determined  not  to  mind  a  rude  repulse  of  his 
first  awkward  overtures.  It  was  at  Davies's 
lx)okshop,  a  place  thenceforth  sanctified  to  Bos- 
well, that  the  two  first  met.  Davies  announced 
the  great  man's  '  aweful  approach,'  and  Boswell 
nerved  himself  for  the  ordeal.  An  unfortunate 
apology  for  his  Scotch  birth  brought  him  snub 
number  one.     Then,  when  Johnson  had  com- 


plained to  Davies  of  Garrick's  refusing  him  an 
order  to  the  theatre  for  old  Miss  Williams,  Bos- 
well, watching  for  a  chance  to  join  in  the  con- 
Acrsation,  exclaimed,  '  Oh,  sir,  I  cannot  think 
Mr.  Garrick  would  grudge  such  a  trifle  to  you.' 
'  Sir,'  replied  the  other,  with  a  stern  look,  '  I 
have  known  David  Garrick  longer  than  you 
have  done,  and  I  know  no  right  you  have  to 
talk  with  me  on  the  subject.'  But  in  a  day  or 
two  Boswell  was  on  friendly  terms  with  John- 
son. '  Poh,  poh ! '  said  the  Doctor,  with  a  com- 
placent smile,  on  being  reminded  of  what  had 
passed  at  the  first  meeting,  '  never  mind  these 
things.  Come  to  me  as  often  as  you  can.  I 
shall  be  glad  to  see  you.'  Balm  to  his  wounded 
vanity  it  was  not  in  Boswell's  nature  to  refuse, 
although,  after  one  especially  outrageous  affront, 
we  find  him  protesting,  in  terms  that  won  the 
masters  admiration  for  their  happy  picturesque- 
ness,  '  I  don't  care  how  often  or  how  high  John- 
son tosses  me  when  only  friends  are  present, 
for  then  I  fall  on  soft  ground;  but  I  do  not 
like  falling  on  stones,  which  is  the  case  when 
enemies  are  present.'  The  Doctor's  commenda- 
tion of  this  image  sufficed  to  atone  for  the  rude- 
ness that  had  evoked  it;  and  though  he  allowed 
himself  to  toss  and  gore  his  follower,  he  in- 
sisted that  others  should  treat  him  well.  It  was 
Johnson's  command  that  effected  the  Scotch- 
man's election  to  the  Club,  the  dictator  having 
made  it  known  that  until  Boswell  was  admitted 
no  other  new  member  should  be  added. 

Leslie  Stephen,  in  his  admirable  life  of  John- 
son, long  ago  pointed  out  some  of  the  qualities 
tliat  made  Boswell  •'  a  prince  of  interviewers ' 
before  the  interviewer  as  we  know  him  was  so 
much  as  dreamt  of.  A  few  of  these  personal 
traits  it  may  be  not  unprofitable  or  uninterest- 
ing to  recall.  '  Perhaps,'  says  Stephen,  '  the 
fundamental  quality  in  Boswell's  character  was 
his  intense  capacity  for  enjoyment.  He  was,  as 
Mr.  Carlyle  puts  it,  "  gluttonously  fond  of  what- 
ever would  yield  him  a  little  solacement,  were 
it  only  of  a  stomachic  character." '  Like  his 
idol,  he  frankly  enjoyed  the  pleasures  of  the 
table.  '  For  my  part,'  was  Johnson's  declara- 
tion, '  I  mind  my  belly  very  studiously  and  very 
carefully:  for  I  look  upon  it  that  he  who  does 
not  mind  his  belly  will  hardly  mind  anything 
else.'  In  somewhat  the  same  vein  Boswell  ac- 
knowledges, '  I  am  myself  a  lover  of  wine,  and 
therefore  curious  to  hear  whatever  is  remarkable 
concerning  drinking'  ;  and  he  was  always  de- 
lighted when  he  could  induce  Johnson  to  discuss 
the  matter  ethically,  statistically,  and  phil- 
osophically. Now  it  is  this  curiosity  that  seems 
to  me  the  '  fundamental  quality  '  of  Bogwell  the 
biographer.  It  was  a  prime  essential  to  the 
production  of  his  marvellously  '  speaking '  like- 
ness of  the  master.     '  A  generous  and  elevated 


a905.] 


THE   DIAL. 


143 


mind,'  he  quotes  from  the  oracle,  '  is  distin- 
guished by  nothing  more  certainly  than  an  emi- 
nent degree  of  curiosity,' —  a  sentiment,  it  may 
l)e  noted,  that  reappears  in  various  form  in  the 
pages  of  the  '  Kambler.'  We  are,  then,  to  credit 
our  much-ridiculed  Boswell  with  a  hvmger  of 
the  mind  corresponding  to  his  less  praiseworthy 
animal  appetite.  It  was  an  insatiable  curiosity, 
often  degenerating  into  a  childish  inquisitive- 
ness,  and  at  times  it  provoked  its  chief  object  to 
an  impatient  outburst  of  protest.  '  I  will  not 
he  baited  with  what  and  why,'*  exclaimed  poor 
Johnson  one  day  in  desperation.  '  Why  is  a 
c-ow's  tail  long?  Why  is  a  fox's  tail  bushy?' 
The  following,  also,  must  have  been  called  forth 
after  the  master  had  been  badgered  beyond 
^endurance  by  his  affectionate  disciple, — '  ^ly 
regard  for  you  is  greater  almost  than  I  have 
words  to  express;  but  I  do  not  choose  to  be 
always  repeating  it.  Write  it  down  in  the  first 
leaf  of  your  pocket-book,  and  never  doubt  it 
again.'  At  another  time,  when  Boswell  was 
cross-examining  a  third  person  about  Johnson 
in  his  presence, — '  Sir,'  he  cried,  in  petulant 
remonstrance,  *'  you  have  but  two  subjects,  your- 
self and  me.  I  am  sick  of  both.'  But  Boswell 
was  irrepressible.  Once  when  the  two  were 
•querying  how  best  to  induce  a  friend  to  leave 
London,  Johnson  said  in  revenge  for  some  pre- 
vious offense,  '  Xay,  sir.  we'll  send  you  to  him. 
If  your  presence  doesn't  drive  a  man  out  of  his 
house,  nothing  Avill.'  Yet  the  "  unspeakable 
Scot '  stuck  to  his  victim  like  a  leech,  and 
continued  to  pry  into  the  minutest  details  of 
the  great  man's  habits  and  peculiarities,  even 
pushing  his  investigations  as  far  as  the  subject 
of  nightcaps  and  begging  to  know  why  his  idol 
never  wore  one.  It  seems  to  have  been  a  subject 
of  absorbing  interest  to  him.  He  also  noted, 
with  painstaking  accuracy,  that  though  John- 
son abstained  from  milk  one  fast-day,  he  did 
not  reject  it  when  put  into  his  cup.  The  lex- 
icographers whistlings  and  puffings,  and  his 
way  of  saying  '  too-too-too,'  were  all  conscien- 
tiously recorded;  and  on  one  memorable  occa- 
sion persistence  surpassed  itself  and  won  a  bet 
by  hazarding  the  inquiry  of  Johnson  what  he 
did  with  certain  scraped  bits  of  orange-peel  that 
lie  had  been  observed  to  treasure  up  for  purposes 
unknown.  Curiosity  in  this  instance  was  not 
gratified,  but  it  certainly  was  c-arried  to  an 
extent  that  would  have  made  its  possessor  inval- 
uable to  the  modern  newspaper  as  an  inter- 
viewer. 

To  be  sure,  there  is  much  that  is  unattractive 
in  this  eagerness  for  information,  in  season  and 
out  of  season;  but  it  was  accompanied  by  such 
innocence  of  offense,  such  unfeigned  good- 
humor,  and,  above  all,  has  resulted  so  greatly 
to  the  advantage  of  Boswell's  readers,  that  it 


would  be  ungrateful  and  unfair  to  censure  him 
too  severely.  Burke  paid  his  amiable  qualities 
a  curious  compliment  when  he  said  of  him  that 
he  had  so  much  good-humor  naturally  it  was 
scarcely  a  virtue.  Most  vain  persons  are  vain  of 
fancied  endowments:  Boswell  takes  innocent 
deUght  in  his  real  peculiarities,  and  thinks  him- 
self so  charming  an  object  as  to  need  no  dis- 
guise. There  is  no  false  shame,  no  pompous 
regard  for  imagined  dignity,  but  as  cheerful  a 
readiness  to  join  in  a  laugh  at  himself  as  at 
his  neighbor.  Though  the  joke  be  at  his  own 
expense,  it  is  none  the  less  worth  relating.  '  I 
owned  to  Johnson,*  he  tells  us,  in  a  frank  dis- 
cussion of  his  own  foibles,  '  that  I  was  occa- 
sionally troubled  with  a  fit  of  narrowness.' 
'  Why,  sir,'  was  the  reply,  '  so  am  I.  But  I  do 
not  tell  it.'  The  excellence  of  the  implied 
advice,  we  may  gratefully  note,  was  lost  on  our 
amusing  Bozzy.  Other  pleasantries  of  this  sort 
are  easily  turned  up  in  Boswell's  pages.  Music, 
he  once  confided  to  Jolmson,  affected  him  in- 
tensely, producing  '  alternate  sensations  of 
pathetic  dejection,  so  that  I  was  ready  to  shed 
tears,  and  of  daring  resolution  so  that  I  was 
inclined  to  rush  into  the  tliickest  of  the  battle,' 
—  a  battle,  of  course,  that  was  purely  hvpothet- 
ical.  '  Sir,'  replied  the  other,  'I  should  never 
hear  it,  if  it  made  me  such  a  fool.'  On  another 
occasion  Boswell  expressed  a  wish  to  fly  to  the 
woods  or  retire  into  a  desert,  a  disposition 
promptly  checked  by  one  of  Johnson's  custom- 
ary gibes  at  the  considerable  extent  of  easily 
accessible  desert  in  Scotland. 

According  to  Johnson,  Boswell  was  '  the  best 
travelling  companion  in  the  world.'  Imperturb- 
able good-humor  and  an  unfailing  ingenuity 
and  resourcefulness  in  making  talk  —  and  con- 
versation was  to  Johnson  the  worthiest  occupa- 
tion of  a  rational  being  —  combined  to  make 
the  lively  Scotchman  a  \er\  acceptable  comrade 
for  the  older  maiL  *  If,  sir,  you  were  shut  up 
in  a  castle  and  a  new-born  baby  with  you,  what 
would  you  do?'  was  one  of  Boswell's  silence- 
breakers —  ludicrous  and  well-night  witless,  no 
doubt,  but  still  welcome  to  one  whose  greatest 
horror  was  the  undisturbed  companionship  of 
his  own  thoughts.  Any  remark,  however  trivial, 
any  expedient  however  absurd,  was  justifiable 
if  it  could  but  serve  to  draw  Johnson  out;  and 
it  is  with  something  of  Shakespeare's  art  that 
our  biographer  has  contrived  to  make  his  hero 
paint  his  own  portrait.  In  his  report  of  othere' 
conversation  Boswell  never  misses  the  point  of  a 
story,  but  never  thrusts  it  on  our  notice.  The 
gist  of  one  dialogue  after  another  is  deftly 
noted,  and  there  are  few  irrelevances  in  his 
rapidly  moving  narrative.  Just  the  stroke 
needed  to  indicate  character  or  to  make  clear 
a  possible  obscurity  is  adroitly  put  in,  and  we 


144 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


pass  to  something  else.  The  story  is  so  naturally 
told  that  we  almost  imagine  it  to  ha.ve  told  itself, 
the  writer  serving  as  little  more  than  a  phono- 
graph to  be  spoken  into  by  his  various  charac- 
ters. It  is  the  art  that  conceals  art.  If  any  one 
questions  this,  let  him,  as  Leslie  Stephen  sug- 
gests, try  to  put  into  writing,  within  the  same 
compass,  the  pith  of  a  brilliant  conversation. 
Not  only  the  humble  offices  of  memory,  but  the 
higher  qualities  of  artistic  selection  and  repre- 
sentation went  into  those  paragraphs  of  club 
talk  and  coffee-house  discussion.  Those  who 
regard  the  chronicler  of  these  conversations  as 
nothing  but  a  toady,  an  echo,  a  blind  worshipper 
of  his  idol,  should  read  again  what  he  says  of 
Johnson's  anonymous  pamphlet,  written  at  the 
request  of  the  government  from  which  he  re- 
ceived his  pension,  on  *  Taxation  no  Tyranny ; 
an  Answer  to  the  Eesolutions  and  Address  of 
the  American  Congress.'  *  Of  this  perform- 
ance,' declares  the  biographer,  'I  avoided  to 
talk  with  him ;  for  I  had  now  formed  a  clear  and 
settled  opinion,  that  the  people  of  America  were 
well  warranted  to  resist  a  claim  that  their  fel- 
low-subjects in  the  mother-country  should  have 
the  entire  command  of  their  fortunes,  by  taxing 
them  without  their  own  consent.  .  .  .  Pos- 
itive assertion,  sarcastical  severity,  and  extrava- 
gant ridicule,  which  he  himself  reprobated  as 
a  test  of  truth,  were  united  in  this  rhapsody.' 

Boswell  was  the  first  biographer  in  his  kind, 
and  he  remains  so  far  the  greatest  that,  as 
Macaulay  says,  no  one  has  yet  successfully  com- 
peted for  second  place.  But  for  him,  moreover, 
it  is  possible  that  we  might  never  have  had,  in 
anything  like  their  present  form,  such  works 
as  Lockhart's  Scott,  and  Trevelyan's  Macaulay, 
and  Fronde's  elaborate  though  not  wholly  judi- 
cious attempt  to  picture  the  prophet  of  Cheyne 
Eow.  Not  merely  a  remarkable  degree  of  self- 
subordination,  but  also  a  stanch  adherence  to 
truth,  regardless  of  remonstrances,  went  to  the 
production  of  our  great  biography.  '  I  will  not 
make  my  tiger  a  cat  to  please  anybody,'  declared 
Boswell  when  Hannah  More  entreated  him  to 
soften  some  of  the  burly  Doctor's  asperities. 
Toning  down,  he  instinctively  felt,  would 
depress  the  lights  as  well  as  the  shadows.  We 
should  not  be  so  deeply  affected  by  Johnson's 
kinder  qualities  did  we  not  see  them  often 
masked  by  an  irritability  that  meant  only  a 
manly  nature's  unwillingness  to  reveal  the 
underlying  tenderness  of  heart.  And  all  this 
we  owe  to  one  who,  in  writing  his  life  of  the 
master,  counted  it  time  well  spent  *  to  run  half 
over  London  in  order  to  fix  a  date  correctly ' ; 
one  who,  in  Carlyle's  words,*  out  of  the  fifteen 
millions  that  then  lived  ahd  had  bed  and  board 
in  the  British  islands  .  .  .  has  provided  us 
with  a  greater  pleasure  than  any  other  individ- 


ual at  whose  cost  we  now  enjoy  ourselves,  per- 
haps has  done  us  a  greater  service  than  can  be 
specially  attributed  to  more  than  two  or  three.' 
Peect  F.  Bicknell. 


COMMUNICA  TION. 


MONTAIGNE  AND  ITALIAN  MUSIC. 
(To  the  Editor  of  The  Dial.) 

In  her  article  on  Montaigne  in  the  issue  of 
The  Dial  for  February  1,  Dr.  Mary  Augusta 
Scott  has  accepted  in  one  instance  (and  possibly 
in  two)  a  mistake  in  Mr.  Waters 's  translation  of 
Montaigne's  Journal  of  travel,  which  is  perhaps 
worth  correcting.  She  quotes  Montaigne  (using 
the  words  of  Mr.  Waters 's  translation)  as  saying 
that  near  Florence  'the  peasants  have  lutes  in 
their  hands,  and  the  pastoral  songs  of  Ariosto  on 
their  lips,'  What  Montaigne  wrote  (he  was  then 
writing  in  Italian)  was  that  he  was  struck  with 
three  things :  one  being  '  di  veder  questi  eontadini 
il  liuto  in  mano,  e  fin  alle  pastorelle  [the  shep- 
herdesses] 1 'Ariosto  in  bocco.'  There  are  no 
'pastoral  songs'  ascribed  to  Ariosto. 

The  other  error  is  more  difficult  to  clear  away. 
Montaigne  says:  'Les  instrumans  sont  en  toutes 
les  boutiques  jusques  aus  ravaudurs  des  carre- 
fours  des  rues.'  Mr.  Waters  translates  these 
words  as  follows:  *  There  is  a  musical  instrument 
in  every  shop,  even  in  the  stocking-darner's  at 
the  comer  of  the  street.'  It  is  hardly  conceiv- 
able that  Montaigne  wrote  of  'shops'  of  the  stock- 
ing-darners, and  described  such  shops  as  being 
at  'the  corners  of  streets.'  'Eavaudeur'  has 
other  meanings  beside  that  of  mender  of  clothes 
or  darner  of  stockings.  Nicot,  in  his  Dictionary, 
after  defining  it  by  ' Sarcinator, '  adds:  'Et  par 
metaphore  Ravaudeur  est  dit  celuy  qui  ne  s§ait 
ce  qu'  il  die,  le  propos  duquel  est  tout  rappetasse, 
et  celuy  qui  ne  fait  rien  a  droict  ni  a  propos.' 
And  Cotgrave  essentially  translates  this  by,  'A 
Botcher;  also  an  idle  or  ignorant  speaker,  one 
that  either  confounds  or  imderstands  not  what 
he  says ;  or  one  that  neither  does  nor  says  ought 
rightly.' 

In  this,  or  in  a  kindred  sense,  Montaigne  seems 
to  use  the  word  in  his  essay  'De  la  Phisionomie': 
'  Sans  peine  et  sans  suffisance,  ayant  mille  volumes 
de  livres  autour  de  moy  .  .  .  j '  emprunteray 
presentement  s'il  me  plaist,  d'une  douzaine  de 
tels  ravaudeurs,  gens  que  je  ne  f euillette  guiere, 
dequoy  enrichir  le  traicte  de  la  Phisionomie.' 

It  is  in  this  sense,  which  continued  in  use  in 
the  next  century,  and  is  defined  by  Littre  as 
'Celui  qui  ne  dit  que  des  balivemes,'  that  the 
word  in  Montaigne's  journal  is  perhaps  to  be 
interpreted,  and  the  passage— which  follows  a 
notice  of  'improvisatori'— may  be  translated: 
'Instruments  are  in  all  the  shops  and  even  [in 
the  hands  of]  the  idle  talkers  at  the  street  cor- 
ners.' 

But  if  the  simple  significance  of  darners  be  pre- 
ferred, we  may  be  reminded  of  the  'old  and  plain* 
song  of  'the  spinsters  and  the  knitters  in  the 
sun.'  Grace  Norton. 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  Feb.  IS,  1905. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


145 


C^t  ^ffo  goohs. 


Memorials  of  ax  Exolish  Patnter.* 


A  life  of  Sir  Edward  Buxne-Jones,  written 
by  his  widow,  bids  fair,  on  theoretical  grounds, 
to  be  a  performance  of  doubtful  value.  The 
Pre-Eaphaelite  painters  have  already  been  thor- 
oughly exploited  by  skilful  hands.  The  career 
of  either  EosseHi  or  Morris  furnishes  a  far  more 
dramatic  point  of  deparinire  than  the  less  eccen- 
tric and  less  varied  one  of  Bume-Jones.  There 
is,  too,  the  danger  of  sentimentality  and  of 
rhapsodical  criticism,  as  well  as  of  more  dis- 
agreeable disclosures  about  Ex>ssetti,  and  more 
irritation  over  KusMn's  peculiar  methods  of 
making  and  unmaking  friendships.  On  the 
other  hand,  we  may  expect  from  Lady  Bume- 
Jones  intimate  knowledge  and  sympathetic 
understanding,  which,  if  good  judgment  and 
skilful  manipulation  are  added,  should  produce 
a  delightful  memorial  of  a  fascinating  coterie. 

It  is  only  fair  to  Lady  Bume-Jones  to  say 
at  once  that  she  has  avoided  every  pitfall  that 
lay  along  her  path,  and  has  made  the  most  of 
every  pleasure  that  the  excursion  afforded.  She 
has  transcribed  all  the  joy  of  living  and  work- 
ing, the  buoyant  enthusiasm,  and  the  vivid, 
many-sided  interest  in  men  and  things,  which 
were  characteristic  of  her  husband  and  his 
friends.  She  has  been  reserved  where  reserve 
was  desirable;  and  her  pari;iality  for  her  sub- 
ject has  never  led  her  into  bathos.  As  for  the 
little  touch  of  affectation  in  the  account  of  her 
first  acquaintance  with  her  husband  and  the 
early  days  of  their  marriage,  it  only  adds  a  bit 
of  quaintness  to  the  narrative.  She  thoroughly 
appreciates  the  vivacity  and  color  of  her  hus- 
band's conversation  and  letters,  and  uses  his 
notes  and  correspondence,  and  those  of  his  old 
acquaintances,  to  brighten  and  vivify  her  own 
by  no  means  impleasing  style.  So  one's  doubts 
are  speedily  dissipated,  and  supplanted  by  thor- 
ough enjoyment  of  a  remarkable  piece  of  biog- 
raphy. 

The  memorial  is  in  two  copiously-illustrated 
volumes,  of  which  the  first  contains  at  once  the 
best  and  the  worst  of  Lady  Bume-Jones's  work. 
The  account  of  Bume-Jones's  family,  and  of  his 
childhood  and  school-life,  is  too  long.  It  has 
the  interest  that  belongs  to  any  close  study  of 
alert,  open-minded  boyhood;  further  than  that 
it  is  commonplace,  and  a  large  part  of  the  space 
accorded  to  it  could  have  been  spent  to  better 
advantage  on  later  and  more  unique  experiences. 
But  once  the  Oxford  days  are  reached,  with 
their  splendid  enthusiasms,  their  almost  defiant 

•  Memobials  of  ES)wabd  BtrRNK-JojrES.  By  G.  B.-J.  In 
two  TolTunes.     Illustrated.     New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 


challenge  to  life  to  show  forth  the  best  that 
is  in  it,  their  fine  achievements  of  friendship 
with  men  and  books, —  once  Lady  Bume-Jones 
begins  upon  Oxford,  the  reader's  interest  is 
quickened.  And  it  never  wanes  until  the 
second  volume  is  finished;  although  the  later 
years,  crowded  with  vast  undertakings  and  pan- 
oramic with  famous  personages,  lack  the  special 
charm  of  the  earlier  days.  Then  Ruskin  was  a 
god  to  be  worshipped  from  afar,  Bossetti  a 
giant,  Morris  a  hero,  the  world  a  place  to  sketch 
in,  and  a  sketch  the  absorbing  work  of  a  life- 
time. 

At  Oxford  Bume-Jones  saw  much  of  a  tal- 
ented set  of  Pembroke  college  men  from  his 
home  town  of  Birmingham,  but  his  sun  rose 
and  set  by  William  Morris.  Both  men  came  to 
the  university  with  the  definite  purpose  of  enter- 
ing the  church.  Both  were  bitterly  disap- 
pointed in  the  religious  life  of  their  collie  and 
the  state  of  the  episcopacy.  Both  loved  art  and 
poetry,  and  together  they  discovered  the  *  Morte 
d' Arthur,'  fell  under  the  spell  of  Poe's  mys- 
ticism, dabbled  in  mesmerism  and  church 
polemics,  and  read  Tennyson,  Thackeray, 
Eangsley,  Chaucer,  and  above  all  Euskin. 

One  morning  Morris  brought  Ruskin's  newly- 
published  *  Edinburgh  Lectures'  to  Bume- 
Jones's  rooms ,  and.  then,  to  quote  from  the  lat- 
ter, 

'Everything  was  put  aside  until  he  read  it  all 
through  to  me.  And  there  we  first  saw  about  the 
Pre-E^phaeUtes,  and  there  I  first  saw  the  name  of 
Rossetti.  So  for  many  a  day  after  that  we  talked 
of  little  else  but  paintings  which  we  had  never 
seen,  and  saddened  the  Uves  of  our  Pembroke 
friends.  * 

Shortly  afterwards,  some  of  the  work  of  MiUais 
was  shown  at  Oxford,  *and  then,'  Bume- 
Jones  says,  *  we  knew.'  During  his  first  years 
at  the  university  he  had  cherished  the  notion  of 
forming  a  clerical  Brotherhood,  composed  of 
himself,  Morris,  and  the  Pembroke  set,  which 
should  live  and  work  in  the  heart  of  the  London 
slums.  But  when  he  decided  that  painting 
was  his  destined  career,  and  Morris  made  choice 
of  architecture,  the  idea  of  the  Brotherhood 
was  gradually  abandoned;  or  rather  it  was 
modified,  taking  shape  in  such  projects  as  the 
joint  editorship  of  the  *  Oxford  and  Cambridge 
Magazine,'  and  later  in  the  partnership  decorat- 
ing of  the  walls  of  the  Oxford  Union,  or  in  the 
firm  of  Morris,  Marshall,  Faulkner  and  Co. 
And  its  mission  was  not  to  save  men's  souls,  but 
to  mend  their  minds,  by  giving  them  new  ideals 
of  truth  and  beauty. 

In  1855  both  Morris  and  Bume-Jones  left 
Oxford,  the  latter  without  waiting  to  get  his 
degree.  The  next  year  (1856)  Lady  Bume- 
Jones  styles  'Annus  Mirabilis.'  Early  in  its 
course  came  the  beginning  of  acquaintance  with 


146 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


Buskin.  Tliis  is  Burne-Jones's  account,  con- 
tained in  a  note  to  a  friend : 

'I'm  not  Ted  any  longer,  I'm  not  E.  C.  B.  Jones 
now — I've  dropped  my  personality — I'm  a  corre- 
spondent with  BUSKIN,  and  my  future  title  is 
"the  man  who  wrote  to  Buskin  and  got  an  answer 
by  return."  I  can  better  draw  my  feelings  than 
describe  them,  and  better  symbolize  them  than 
either.' 

And  below  is  a  drawing  of  himself  prostrate 
before  an  aureoled  figure  intended  for  Ruskin. 

A  little  later  came  the  meeting  with  Rossetti. 
Wishing  to  know  how  the  man  looked  who  had 
drawn  the  '  Maids  of  Elfenmere '  and  written 
'  The  Blessed  Damozel,'  Burne-Jones  went  to  a 
lecture  at  the  Working  Men's  College,  and  by 
the  good-fellowship  prevailing  there  secured  not 
only  the  sight  he  coveted,  but  an  introduction 
also,  and  following  that  an  invitation  to  Eos- 
setti's  studio  by  Blackfriars  Bridge.  Writing 
to  a  friend  shortly  after  this  visit,  Rossetti 
s]>eaks  of  '  a  certain  youthful  Jones,  one  of  the 
nicest  young  fellows  in  —  Dreamland.'  His 
liking  rapidly  ripened  into  intimacy.  Morris 
and  Burne-Jones  drew  and  painted  and  watched 
the  master  paint  in  Rossetti's  studio,  and  went 
with  him  to  see  the  Brownings,  and  the  Prin- 
seps  of  Little  Holland  House,  with  whom  Watts 
was  then  living,  and  frequently  to  the  theatre. 
But  if  the  play  did  not  suit  Rossetti,  they  were 
dragged  summarily  away,  '  which  through  wor- 
ship of  him  we  always  assented  to  obediently, 
though  much  wanting  to  know  how  the  story 
ended.  And  sometimes  we  roamed  the  streets 
and  sometimes  went  back  to  Blackfriars  to 
Gabriel's  rooms  and  sat  till  three  or  four  in  the 
morning,  reading  and  talking.' 

Rossetti  was  very  encouraging  about  Burne- 
Jones's  work.  After  having  seen  his  drawings, 
he  refused  to  allow  the  younger  artist  to  spend 
his  time  in  learning  the  mechanical  art  of  wood- 
engraving;  and  he  insisted  that  Morris  also 
should  abandon  architecture  and  take  up  paint- 
ing, as  the  best  medium  for  expressing  the 
poetry  he  had  in  him.  Poetry,  Rossetti  declared, 
had  almost  run  its  course  in  England,  but  paint- 
ing was  still  an  unknown  art  there,  and  the 
next  Keats  ought  to  be  a  painter. 

So  Morris  painted,  but  his  versatile  genius 
also  turned  to  wood-caiTing,  and  it  was  at  this 
time  too  that  he  l^egan  designing  furniture. 
When  the  two  friends  moved  into  their  famous 
apartment  at  Red  Lion  Square,  the  chairs  and 
tables  were  made  after  Morris's  designs,  and 
painted  by  him  and  Burne-Jones  and  Rossetti 
with  knights  and  ladies  from  jVIalory  — '  perfect 
marvels,'  Burne-Jones  calls  them.  Some  four 
years  later  the  Morrises  moved  into  Red  House, 
and  it  was  from  the  necessity  of  furnishing  and 
decorating  this  house,  and  the  impossibility  of 
buying  any  furniture  or  hangings  that  Morris 
could  endviTC  to  live  with,  that  the  idea  of  a 


manufactory  of  all  things  needed  in  household 
decoration  took  its  rise. 

By  the  end  of  1856  Ruskin  had  become  a 
l>atron  and  a  dear  friend.  '  Today  we  are  to  go- 
and  see  Ruskin,'  Burne-Jones  writes  to  Miss 
Sampson,  his  father's  housekeeper.  And  after 
their  return  he  goes  on: 

'Just  come  back  from  being  with  our  hero  for 
four  hours  —  so  happy  we've  been:  he  is  so  kind  to- 
ns, calls  us  his  dear  boys  and  makes  us  feel  like 
such  old  friends.  Tonight  he  comes  down  to  our 
rooms  to  carry  off  my  drawing  and  show  it  to  lots 
of  people;  tomorrow  night  he  comes  again,  and 
every  Thursday  night  the  same  —  isn  't  that  like 
a  dream?  Think  of  knowing  Buskin  like  an  equal 
and  being  called  his  dear  boys.  Oh!  he  is  so  good 
and  kind  —  better  than  his  books,  which  are  the 
best  books  in  the  world.' 

The  painting  of  the  walls  of  the  Oxford 
Union  was  Rossetti's  project.  In  it  he  enlisted 
Burne-Jones,  Morris,  Arthur  Hughes,  Alex- 
ander Munro,  the  sculptor,  Valentine  Prinsep, 
who  was  studying  with  Watts,  and  half  a  dozen 
others,  each  of  whom  promptly  abandoned  what- 
ever he  was  doing  and  went  down  to  Oxford, 
because  their  adored  Rossetti  wished  it.  Mr.. 
Prinsep  gives  a  very  vivid  account  of  dining 
Avith  Rossetti  on  the  evening  of  his  arrival. 

'There  I  found  Bossetti  in  a  plum-coloured  frock- 
coat,  and  a  short,  square  man  with  spectacles  and 
a  vast  mop  of  dark  hair.  I  was  cordially  received. 
"Top,"  cried  Bossetti,  "let  me  introduce  Val 
Prinsep."  (Topsy  was  the  name  by  which 
Morris  — ' '  that  unnaturally  and  unnecessarily  curly 
being" — wasi  known  among  his  intimates.) 

'  ' '  Glad,  I  'm  sure, ' '  answered  the  man  in  spec- 
tacles, nodding  his  head,  and  then  he  resumed  his 
reading  of  a  large  quarto.  This  was  William 
Morris.  Soon  after,  the  door  opened,  and  before 
it  was  half  opened  in  glided  Burne-Jones.  "Ned," 
said  Bossetti,  who  had  been  absently  humming  to 
himself,  "I  think  you  know  Prinsep."  The  shy 
figure  darted  forv^ard,  the  shy  face  lit  up,  and  I 
was  received  with  the  kindly  effusion  which  was- 
natural  to  him. 

'When    dinner   was    over,   Bossetti,    humming  to 
himself,  as  was  his  wont,  rose  from  the  table  and 
proceeded  to  curl  himself  up  on  the  sofa.    "Top,"" 
he    said,    "read    us    one    of   your    grinds."     "No,. 
Gabriel,"  answered  Morris,  "you  have  heard  them 
all."       "Never     mind,"     said     Bossetti,     "here's 
Prinsep,  who  has  never  heard  them,   and  besides,, 
they  are  devilish  good."     "Very  well,  old  chap," 
growled  Morris,  and  having  got  his  book  he  began 
to  read  in   a  sing-song  chant  some   of  the  poems 
afterwards  published  in  his  first  volume.    .    .    .    To- 
this  day,  forty  years  after,  I  can  still   recall  the 
scene:  Bossetti  on  the  sofa,  with  large,  melancholy 
eyes  fixed  on  Morris,  the  poet  at  the  table  reading 
and     ever    fidgetting    with    his    watch-chain,    and 
Burne-Jones  working  at  a  pen-and-ink  drawing. 
'  "Gold  on  her  head  and  gold  on  her  feet. 
And  gold  where  the  hems  of  her  kirtle  meet. 
And  a  golden  girdle  round  my  sweet, 
All  I  qu'elle  est  belle  La  Marguerite," 
still     seems    to     haunt     me.     ...    I    confess    I 
returned  to  the  Mitre  with  my  brain  in  a  whirl. ' 

In  later  years  a  great  wall  of  melancholy 
surrounded  Rossetti  and  shut  him  away  from 
liis  friends,  but  they  never  lost  their  admifa- 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL, 


147 


tion  of  the  man  in  his  prime  and  felt  nothing 
but  pity  for  the  wreck  he  had  made  of  his  life. 
As  time  went  on  Eugkin  also  dropped  away; 
but  ^lorris  nerer  failed,  and  other  friends 
came  in  to  fill  the  vacant  places, —  the  Glad- 
stones, Du  Maurier.  Lady  Leighton,  Charles 
Eliot  Xorton  and  his  family,  and  many  more, 
besides  the  host  of  young  artists  to  whom  Bm-ne- 
Jones  never  refused  his  advice  and  sympathy. 
And  the  pictures  went  on  in  never-ending  suc- 
cession. So,  while  the  later  years  have  less 
brilliancy  and  enthusiasm  than  the  earlier  ones, 
they  are  happy,  ambitious,  full  of  work  and 
new  hopes  and  new  interests.  As  Burne-Jones's 
personality  strengthened  and  he  became  more 
and  more  the  centre  of  his  own  world,  instead 
of  Boesetti's  satellite  or  Morris's  friend,  the 
stream  of  the  biography  narrows  and  deepens, 
to  show  more  of  his  character  and  of  his  per- 
sonal aims  and  methods  of  work. 

Undoubtedly  the  most  valuable  thing  about 
Lady  Bume-Jones's  work  is  the  pleasant  light 
it  casts  across  the  whole  Pre-Eaphaelite  move- 
ment. Memoirs  of  Rossetti  have  tended  to 
emphasize  the  sordid  element  in  the  lives  of  the 
circle,  and  tiie  unbalanced  element  in  their 
work.  Biographies  of  Morris  naturally  em- 
phasize their  socialistic  leanings,  and  the  Arts 
and  Crafts  side  of  the  movement.  Bume-Jones's 
work  was  confined  to  the  narrower  field  of 
painting,  and  he  was  even  more  closely  asso- 
ciated with  Eossetti  than  was  Morris.  Like 
Rossetti  and  most  of  the  others  of  the  circle, 
he  was  a  poor  man,  harassed  b}-  the  necessity 
for  petty  economies,  as  well  as  by  continual  ill- 
health, —  privations  of  which  Morris  knew 
nothing, —  yet  there  is  nothing  sordid  in  Lady 
Bume-Jones's  outlook  upon  life.  She  tells  a 
cheerful  story,  and  makes  her  readers  realize 
that  it  was  the  best,  and  not  the  worst,  of  Ros- 
setti,—  liis  greatness,  not  his  eccentricity, — 
that  his  friends  cared  for;  that  there  was  noth- 
ing necessarily  morbid  or  decadent  in  their 
love  of  beauty;  and  that  if  they  did  not  attain 
to  all  they  hoped  for,  they  were  the  better  for 
the  aspiration.  It  is  well  for  this  view  to  be 
emphasized,  particularly  when  it  is  tlone  as 
convincingly  as  Lady  Bume-Jones  has  man- 
aged to  do  it.  There  is  no  doubt  about  her 
sincerity;  every  page  of  her  writing  rings  true. 

Lady  Burne-Jones  wisely  refrains  from  any 
attempt  at  criticizing  her  husband's  work.  In 
consonance  with  this  decision,  it  is  only  suit- 
able that  the  illustrations  contained  in  the  two 
volumes  should  consist  of  portraits  of  the 
family  and  their  friends,  and  reproductions 
of  sketches  or  early  drawings.  Thus  the  illus- 
trations partake  of  the  intimate  character  of 
the  memoir,  and  add  decidedly  to  its  interest. 
Edith  Kellogg  Dcxtox. 


TuE  Philosophy  of  Americanism.* 

Professor  Muensterberg  remarks  that  his  book 
portraying  *  The  Anuericans '  might  aj^ropri- 
ately  have  been  given  the  title  that  heads  the 
present  review.  Such  philosophy  is  presented 
imder  four  heads,  to  which  are  referred  the 
inspiring  motives  that  direct  the  interests, 
ideals,  occupations,  institutions,  and  diaracter 
of  the  Americans,,  individually  and  collectively. 
TTiese  are  the  *  Spirit  of  Self-directi(Mi,'  the 
*  Spirit  of  Self-Realization  or  Initiative,'  the 
'  Spirit  of  Self-perfection,'  and  the  '  Spirit  of 
Self- Assertion.'  With  symmetrical  consistency 
these  fourfold  inspirations  serve  as  the  introduc- 
torv  chapters  to  the  fourfold  phases  of  Ameri- 
can life,  —  Political,  Economic,  Intellectual, 
Social.  The  justification  of  this  philosophical 
schedule,  and  the  necessary  harmonizing  i^reof 
with  the  course  of  events  and  with  the  present 
status  of  affairs  in  our  puzzling  democracy,  give 
form  and  substance  to  the  six  hundred  pages  of 
the  volume.  Equally  influential  as  a  motive  to 
the  authors  initiative  is  his  frequently  uttered 
conviction  that  of  all  peoples,  the  Americans 
and  the  Germans  need  to  understand  one 
another,  should  contribute  cooperatively  and 
sympathetically  to  the  growth  of  culture,  and 
should  mutually  receive  and  offer  benefit  on  the 
basis  of  their  distinctive  civilizations.  His 
labors  are  thus  sustained  by  the  conviction  that 
they  are  to  serve  as  a  step  toward  this  interna- 
tional consummation.  Practically,  the  most  effi- 
cient motive  in  shaping  the  volume  has  been 
the  desire  to  furnish  the  German  reader  with  a 
suitable  account  of  the  real  nature  of  the  Amer- 
ican people,  of  their  institutions,  their  prob- 
lems, their  mode  of  life,  their  interests,  their 
culture.  The  work  was  written  by  the  author  in 
German  for  the  Germans ;  just  as  his  book  enti- 
tled *  American  Traits '  was  written  in  English 
for  home  consumption.  The  two  treatises,  we 
are  informed,  bear  the  complementary  relation 
of  a  pair  of  stereoscopic  pictures :  the  difference 
of  their  points  of  view  i^ulting  in  an  added 
realism  of  their  combined  effect.  Apparently 
with  some  reluctance,  the  English  translation 
has  been  authorized,  and  with  some  omissions  — 
notably,  and  regrettably,  the  chapter  on  Ger- 
man-Americans, upon  which  topic  the  author's 
views  would  have  received  special  consideration 
on  the  part  of  American  readers  —  substan- 
tially reproduces  the  two  volumes  of  the  orig- 
inal. It  is  likewise  to  be  regretted  that  the 
translator  has  felt  his  obligations  to  the  original 
so  literally  as  to  force  upon  the  English  con- 
struction t}-pes  of  expression,  orders  of  phrase- 

•  The  Americans.  By  Hugo  Muensterberg,  Professor  of 
Psythology  at  Harvard  University.  Translated  by  Edwin 
B.  Holt.   Ph.D.     New  York:   McClure,   Phillips  i-  Co. 


148 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


ology,  and  modes  of  approach  to  statements, 
which  the  American's  keen  sense  of  form  —  a 
trait  noted  by  the  German- American  autlior  — 
finds  peciLliarly  irritating. 

Although  the  author  sets  forth  that  his 
concern  is  with  '  the  lasting  forces  and  tenden- 
cies of  American  life/  and  not  with  '  the  prob- 
lems of  the  day/  the  distribution  of  the  pre- 
sentations themselves  hardly  supports  this 
emphasis.  Viewed  objectively,  the  account  of 
the  political  organization  is  most  amply  pre- 
sented. The  pervasive  power  of  political  par- 
ties, the  functions  of  the  executive,  the  mode  of 
procedure  and  temper  of  Congress,  the  status 
of  the  judiciary,  the  complex  relations  of  State 
and  City  to  the  Federal  Government,  form  the 
natural  components  of  American  politics.  With 
them  are  considered  our  internal  and  external 
political  problems, —  the  dominance  of  the 
former  and  (until  recently)  the  slight  hold  of 
the  latter  upon  the  political  interest  being 
sharply  contrasted, —  and  also  the  special  social 
and  ethnological  problems  of  our  variously 
assorted  population.  A  particularly  incisive 
account  of  the  indirect  but  effective  way  in 
which  public  opinion  enters  to  make  or  mar  the 
political  game  deserves  honorable  mention.  The 
comprehensive  and  intensive  absorption  of  the 
American  people  in  industry  and  commerce 
must  in  every  account  constitute  a  vast 
and  impressive  aggregate.  Statistics  that  im- 
press and  bewilder  by  their  magnitude  testify 
the  more  strikingly  to  latter-day  strenuosity, 
by  aid  of  the  historical  comparisons  of  the 
curve  of  progression  through  which  the 
present  status  has  been  reached.  As  t3rpical 
and  important  problems  of  our  economic 
life  the  silver  question,  which  has  already 
acquired  something  of  a  bygone  flavor,  and 
those  ominous  realities,  the  tariff,  the  trusts,  and 
the  labor  unions,  are  presented  primarily  in 
terms  suited  to  Teutonic  assimilation.  With 
these  obligations  realized.  Professor  Muenster- 
berg  proceeds  with  a  notably  freer  handling  and 
more  congenial  manner,  to  set  forth  our  status 
in  regard  to  education,  high  and  low,  public  and 
private,  good  and  bad.  A  rather  bare  chapter 
on  the  achievements  of  science  in  America  gives 
way  to  a  far  more  sympathetic  account  of  our 
literary  tendencies,  successes,  and  failures.  The 
manner  in  which  Americans  express  themselves 
in  art,  and  live  and  move  in  religious  tenets  and 
activities,  occupy  chapters  proportionate  to  these 
factors  in  American  culture.  Our  social  life  is 
the  most  briefly  disposed  of;  the  introductory 
chapter  requiring  supplementing  only  by  that 
most  characteristic  feature  of  Americanism,  writ 
large  in  other  than  the  society  column,  but  here 
ungallantly  entitled  '  the  '  self-assertion  of 
women  ';  and  by  a  portrayal  of  such  aristocratic 


tendencies  as  have  survived  the  onslaught  of 
our  iconoclastic  democracy. 

By  plan,  selection  of  topics,  and  perspective 
of  presentation,  the  work  seems  measurably 
suited  to  its  objective  purpose,  that  of  carrying 
enlightenment  to  the  many  highways  and  by- 
ways of  Germany,  where  conceptions  of  what 
really  goes  on  in  our  midst,  and  notably  of  the 
motives  and  temper  of  the  participants  in  the 
drama,  are  such  as  to  cry  out  lustily  for  some 
vigorous  corrective.  On  this  score  English  read- 
ers are  prepared  to  make  proper  allowances, 
bearing  in  mind  that  much  of  what  is  familiar 
and  obvious  is  yet  not  superfluous  when  ad- 
dressed to  a  foreign  public.  They  cannot  avoid, 
however,  calling  to  mind  the  far  more  vigorous, 
discerning,  and,  to  the  Americans  themselves, 
instructive  account  which  Mr.  Brv'ce  has  given, 
though  in  larger  proportions,  of  the  institutiom-: 
of  the  American  commonwealth.  The  compari- 
son is  provoked  by  the  equally  ambitious  char- 
acter of  the  present  volume,  and  emphasizes  how 
essentially  the  value  of  such  an  undertaking  is 
dependent  upon  the  temper  of  the  artist,  as  well 
as  upon  his  particular  metier  and  technique. 
Viewed  on  its  informational  side,  and  yet 
regarding  the  critical  discernment  and  vigor 
without  wtdch  such  presentation  is  stale  and 
flat  though  possibly  profitable,  Mr.  Bryce's  work 
assumes  a  value  to  all  readers,  and  ranks  as  an 
independent  contribution;  while  to  Professor 
Muensterberg's  work  must  be  assigned  the  more 
humble  virtue  of  a  fair  suitability  to  German 
consumption. 

In  this  aspect,  however,  although  the  author's 
talents  and  position  make  his  conclusions  worthy 
of  distinct  consideration,  the  volume  does  not 
demand,  and  is  not  likely  to  receive,  a  widely 
extended  notice.  The  distinctive  note  thereof 
and  the  contention  which  it  is  certain  to  arouse 
have  as  yet  been  indicated  in  part  only.  The 
issue  arises  in  regard  to  the  pertinence  of  the 
philosophical  key  that  is  presented  as  unlocking 
the  secret  power-house  of  American  thought  and 
activity,  and  with  regard  to  the  judicial  deci- 
sions which  permeate  through  and  through 
every  topic  considered  in  the  several  chapters. 
So  much  is  this  the  case  that  the  sensitive  Amer- 
ican reader  leaves  the  volume  with  the  feeling 
of  having  been  unexpectedly  liberated  from  the 
prisoner's  stand;  while  the  publishers  (doubtless 
with  no  adequate  authority)  see  fit  to  herald 
the  volume  as  '  a  vivisection  of  the  American 
people  so  incisive,  true,  and  interesting  that 
every  American  will  enjoy  reading  it.'  As  an 
offset,  the  author  raises  the  query  whether  '  such 
a  eulogy  of  Americanism  before  the  Americans  ' 
will  not  unduly  stimulate  the  spirit  of  self- 
satisfaction  which  may  likewise  be  an  American 
trait.    Surely,  in  the  present  connection,  eulogy 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


149 


and  vivisection  are  equally  out  of  place.  The 
•question  is  not  whether  a  critical  estimate  of 
American  ways  and  contributions  is  a  legitimate 
or  desirable  matter,  but  wholly  whether  the  par- 
ticular form  of  holding  things  in  the  balance, 
which  dominates  this  volume,  can  or  does  result 
in  any  useful  or  helpful  service.  That  it  inter- 
feres essentially  with  the  successful  ministra- 
tion to  the  several  functions  which  the  book  was 
planned  to  serve,  seems  clear  enough.  While 
the  positing  of  a  philosophic  Americanism  and 
the  persistent  application  of  the  odium  of  com- 
parison are  in  themselves  questionable  proceed- 
ings, equally  in  regard  to  the  purposes  of  the 
author  and  to  the  convictions  of  the  reader,  the 
main  issue  is  as  to  the  intrinsic  value  of  such 
philosophy  and  of  such  judicial  findings  as  are 
here  handed  down.  The  philosophy  helps  the 
reader  little,  if  at  all,  and  certainly  weakens, 
when  it  seriously  affects,  the  presentation.  For- 
tunately it  frequently  does  little  more  than  fur- 
nish the  author  with  a  series  of  categories  by 
means  of  which  dominant  American  traits  — 
the  significance  of  which  at  times  lies  in  other 
•directions —  are  referred  back  to  one  or  other 
of  the  fourfold  motives.  If  one  drops  the  phi- 
losophy, and  plainly  sets  forth  the  variety  of 
characteristic  ways,  pleasant  and  unpleasant,  in 
which  the  fundamental  American  independence 
of  thought  and  action  disports  itself,  the  same 
•end  is  accomplished  and  nothing  lost.  That  cer- 
tain traits  and  tendencies  are  expressible  in 
terms  of  these  categories,  the  author  has  shown ; 
but  that  these  have  in  themselves  any  explana- 
tory or  illuminating  power  does  certainly  not 
Appear.  Yet  this  objection  could  be  ignored, 
did  not  Professor  Muensterberg  insist  that  in 
the  potency  of  these  four  arch-characters  of 
homo  Americanus  lies  all  hope  of  identifying 
and  comprehending  this  interesting  new-world 
specimen. 

If  the  philosophy  may  be  dismissed  as  of 
slight  eflBciency,  yet  not  detracting  from  the 
merits  of  the  work  except  through  its  needless 
obtrusiveness,  the  same  leniency  of  judgment 
cannot  be  extended  to  the  array  of  positive  pro- 
nouncements in  which  the  work  abounds.  That 
certain,  indeed  that  many,  of  the  positions 
taken  are  in  their  salient  features  sound,  and 
that  real  distinctions  are  shrewdly  observed,  the 
acumen  of  the  author  guarantees.  The  idealism 
of  American  life  is  particularly  well  noticed; 
though  even  here  love  of  contrast  carries  the 
point  into  quite  inappropriate  fields.  One  feels, 
too,  a  greater  confidence  in  those  judgments 
that  repeat  the  verdict  of  the  authors  previous 
volume  — '  American  Traits '  —  and  bring  with 
them  no  necessity  of  speaking  pro  to  one  public 
and  con  to  another.  One  is  grateful  when  Pro- 
fessor Muensterberg  points  out  the  haphazard 


make-up  and  wastefulness  of  our  direction  of 
the  educational  machinerj-,  and  has  in  pleasant 
memory  bis  memorable  article  in  '  The  Atlantic 
Monthly '  on  '  School  Reform.'  When  he  points 
out  the  obvious  feebleness  of  the  American 
drama,  and  is  compelled  to  admit  that  it  reflects 
little  of  that  striving  for  self-perfection  which 
pervades  Americanism,  we  again  respond  with 
a  chastened  '  Amen.'  When  he  indicates  the 
dangers  of  a  too  rapidly  established  dominance 
of  feminine  ways  of  thinking,  he  finds  a  public 
that  appreciates  without  distorting  his  caution, 
even  as  it  questions  the  need  of  it.  When  he 
indicates  —  as  so  many  have  done  before  him.  — 
as  one  of  the  serious  shortcomings  of  our 
aggressive  democracy,  the  tendency  to  overlook 
reaUy  great  men  and  to  magnify  complacent 
bourgeois  leaders,  we  realize  that  a  vital  weak- 
ness has  been  laid  bare.  This  type  of  criticism 
so  far  as  it  is  sympathetically  and  fairly  pre- 
sented —  and  on  this  score  little  fault  is  to  be 
found  —  is  sure  to  meet  with  a  fair  reception, 
even  when  the  manner  of  indicating  these  weak- 
nesses is  not  particularly  acceptable  to  the 
American  type  of  receptivity.  These  are  in  the 
main  fairly  definite  questions  in  regard  to  the 
nature  of  the  cultural  tendencies  which  we  col- 
lectively exhibit,  and  which  the  observant 
stranger  in  our  midst  is  likely  to  note. 

The  type  of  judgment,  the  fault  of  omission 
and  commission,  which  is  distinctively  more 
certain  to  arouse  protest  and  antagonism  is  not 
60  easy  to  indicate.  The  change  b«5omes  appar- 
ent when  the  discussion  shifts  from  the  indica- 
tions of  objective  failings  to  subjective  motives, 
from  what  we  do  and  how  we  do  it  to  that  inner 
perspective  of  considerations  that  eventually 
determines  action.  It  is  in  these  attempts  to 
read  back  of  the  tendencies  and  behind  the  rec- 
ords what  is  bred  in  the  bone  and  graven  in  the 
heart  of  the  American  that  the  author's  foreign 
spectacles  —  even  though  refitted  in  America 
and  accustomed  to  the  vagaries  of  our  atmos- 
phere—  render  inefficient  his  psychological 
astuteness.  It  is  on  this  score  that  the  candid 
critic,  however  favorably  disposed  towards  Pro- 
fessor Muensterberg's  able  and  good-tempered 
effort,  cannot  avoid  the  responsibility  of  indi- 
cating that,  from  the  American  point  of  view, 
the  distinctive  features  of  the  volume  carry  but 
little  of  conviction  or  enlightenment.  This  ver- 
dict conveys  with  it  no  intimation  of  deficiency 
on  the  part  of  the  author,  except  in  r^ard  to 
temperamental  and  hereditary  traits.  A  less  able 
man  might  well  have  written  a  book  of  richer 
insight:  for  it  is  notably  true  that  this  art  of 
national  delineation  demands  qualities  of  tem- 
perament even  more  than  of  training.  The  con- 
trast of  attitude  may  be  illustrated  by  referring 
once  more  to  the  philosophic  scheme  in  whici 


150 


THE    DIAL, 


[Mareh  1, 


the  present  exposition  finds  its  guidance.  In 
the  Teutonic  mind  this  fonrfold  partitioning 
of  Anicj'ican  traits  and  its  apparent  fitness  to 
the  situation  arouses  distinct  gratification.  In 
the  American  as  in  the  English  mind,  it  merely 
arouses  suspicion;  and  the  American  writer, 
finding  himself  inclined  to  fall  in  love  with  these 
categorical  muses,  becomes  scrupulously  cau- 
tious to  prevent  any  unseemly  subservience  to 
so  symmetrically  perfect  an  ideal.  The  German 
writer  points  the  finger  of  emphasis  to  it  in  his 
l>refaee;  the  American  writer  would  use  the 
same  space  to  explain  or  apologize  for  his  hesi- 
tant willingness  to  use  the  scheme  at  all. 

It  is  but  fair  that  further  instances  should  bo 
indicated  of  the  failure  of  the  author's  tempera- 
mentally guided  insight  to  lead  him  aright 
through  the  mazes  of  th^  American  character. 
Any  transition  from  an  objective  description  of 
institutions  to  a  subjective  delineation  of  char- 
acter is  particularly  difiicult  in  America  on 
account  of  the  many  varieties  of  typical  Ameri- 
cans. Professor  Muensterberg  tells  us  that  he 
is  presenting  *  a  study  of  the  Americans  as  the 
best  of  them  are,  and  as  the  others  should  wish 
to  ],)e.'  As  a  matter  of  fact  he  is  frequently 
describing  types  that  are  not  suggested  by  this 
characterization.  And  yet  he  misses  the  inner 
significance  of  this  very  variety  itself,  —  a  vari- 
ety that  will  not  lend  itself  to  the  type  of  form- 
ula here  regarded  as  dominant.  It  is  quite  the 
same  tendency  that  leads  him  to  posit  Washing- 
ton as  the  political  capital,  New  York  as  the 
commercial,  and  Boston  as  the  intellectual. 
Apart  from  the  inevitable  concentration  of 
national  politics  at  the  capital,  these  differenti- 
ations are  misleading.  If  America  were  Euro- 
peanised,  we  would  of  necessity  have  commer- 
cial and  intellectual  capitals.  The  significant 
fact  about  us  is  that  these  things  are  not  cen- 
tralised; and  the  insistence  of  the  intellectual 
superiority  of  Boston,  like  the  recurrent  glorifi- 
cation of  the  members  of  the  Harvard  faculty, 
cannot  but  arouse  a  smile  where  it  does  not  call 
up  a  less  charitable  emotion.  For  the  type  of 
national  portraiture  that  is  here  attempted,  the 
American  simply  will  not  —  though  possibly  he 
should  —  obey  the  rules  of  the  game.  The  result 
is  that  the  diversity  of  American  character  is 
slighted,  and  that  the  type  held  up  as  dominant 
to  the  inquisitive  German  is  distinctively  mis- 
leading. It  carries  with  it  little  of  the  quality 
of  a  portrait  from  the  living  modelj  but  rather 
the  conventionalised  aeademic  grouping  of  fea- 
tures that  has  its  source  in  a  prejudiced  mental 
photograph. 

Specifically  does  it  fail  by  lack  of  compre- 
hension of  the  \inderlying  sterling  English 
group  of  ideas  and  modes  of  reaction  which 
still  constitute  the  core  of  Americanism.     The 


point  would  bear  elaboration.  In  spite  of 
the  many  variations,  the  intrinsically  English 
temper  of  our  civilization  is  most  effective.  Had 
this  trait  been  appreciated,  there  would  have^ 
appeared  as  ample  reason  to  provide  for  a  chap- 
ter on  self-restraint  as  for  any  of  the  four  other 
types  of  self-conditioned  motives.  Americ-an 
self-restraint  is  not  English  self-restraint;  but 
it  serves  as  a  common  differentium  when  the 
American  is  to  be  contrasted  with  the  German 
or  the  Frenchman.  The  same  insistence  on  this 
factor  of  good  form  and  of  propriety  in  the 
conduct  of  affairs,  the  same  prominence  of  the 
ideals  of  a  '  gentleman,'  pervade  American  and 
English  life;  and — as  a  single  instance — make 
impossible  those  frequent  relations  of  personal 
hostility  that  mar  the  high  regard  that  Amer- 
icans cherish  for  the  German  academician. 
These  traits  are  deep-seated ;  they  are  difficult  to 
bring  to  the  surface.  But  it  is  their  omission 
that  imparts  the  imreality  to  the  portrait.  And, 
once  more,  there  is  a  failure  to  understand  that 
the  American  is  facile  in  importing  and  graft- 
ing foreign  products  to  native  growths,  but  has 
no  intention  of  absorbing  these  into  his  mode  of 
life.  What  we  borro^v  is  so  vastly  different  in 
its  effect  upon  the  national  temperament  from 
what  we  inherit  and  what  we  develop.  Ameri- 
can ladies  import  their  finery  from  Paris,  but 
without  thereby  becoming  in  the  least  Gallic  in 
appearance  or  in  outlook  on  things  in  general. 
The  leaders  of  the  intellectual  life  and  in  the 
world  of  commerce  make  use  of  ideas  and 
processes  that  are  made  in  Germany,  but  they 
show  nothing  (Teutonic  in  their  intellectual 
make-up.  The  expert  may  recognize  the  for- 
eign traits  in  the  transplanted  fruit,  but  the 
soil  by  which  the  tree  grows  is  thoroughly  Amer- 
ican. 

It  is  for  like  reasons  that  Professor  Muen- 
sterberg's  practical  mission  seems  equally  hope- 
less of  result.  The  German  and  the  American 
are  likely  to  continue  to  feel  such  measure  of 
attraction  and  repulsion  for  one  another  as  they 
now  cherish;  and  no  indication,  however  justi- 
fied and  adequate,  of  their  community  of  inter- 
ests and  ideals,  will  alter  the  effectiveness  of 
those  temperamental  qualities  that  —  one  may 
acknowledge  with  regret  —  do  form  a  consid- 
erable obstacle  between  the  mutual  understand- 
ing of  German  and  American.  In  this  estrange- 
ment and  national  incompatability,  the  Ameri- 
can finds  himself  not  alone;  but  often  discov- 
ers with  surprise  how  the  same  feeling,  though 
differently  motivated,  is  shared  by  so  many 
other  of  the  dominant  nations  of  Europe. 

While  acknowledging  gratefully  and  admir- 
ingly the  objective  service  which  this  volume  is 
to  perform  in  the  German  community,  the  self- 
assertive  American  cannot  refrain  from  express- 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL. 


151 


ing  with  regret  but  with  conviction  his  inability 
to  endorse  the  judicial  pronouncements  or  the 
philosophic  standpoint  of  Professor  Muenster- 
berg's  '  The  Americans/  It  is  possible  that  we 
lack  the  gift  to  see  ourselves  as  others  see  us; 
but  we  cannot  candidly  laud  the  lifelikeness  of 
the  portrait  when  we  are  introduced  into  its 
presence.  Joseph  Jasteow. 


MTL.ITARY  Rule  axd  Xatioxal, 
Expansion.* 


From  the  organization  of  the  Northwest  Ter- 
ritory in  the  days  of  the  Confederation,  to  the 
events  of  the  past  few  years  resulting  from  the 
Spanish  war,  the  United  States  has  pursued  a 
fairly  consistent,  even  though  not  arbi- 
trarily designed,  course  of  territorial  ex- 
pansion. With  an  energetic  and  growing 
population,  and  with  vast  stretches  of  produc- 
tive lands  ever  just  across  the  borders,  this 
aspect  of  our  national  history  has  been  clearly 
inevitable.  It  may  well  be  questioned  whether  we 
have  need  to  acquire  landed  possessions  across 
the  seas:  but  that  we  have,  or  soon  shall  have, 
a  real  use  for  all  the  territories  contiguous  with 
our  own  which  we  have  annexed  during  the 
past  hundred  years,  will  hardly  be  disputed  by 
anyone,  even  though  methods  employed,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  Mexican  cessions,  may  not  be 
regarded  as  always  distinctly  creditable. 

It  is  a  curious  fact  that  in  the  mass  of  lit- 
erature, more  or  less  worthy,  that  has  grown 
up  about  the  subject  of  American  expansion, 
one  very  important  phase  of  the  process  has 
until  recently  been  almost  totally  n^lected. 
The  political,  the  constitutional,  the  diplomatic, 
and  the  commercial  aspects  of  territorial  acqui- 
sition have  been  pretty  well  worked  out,  but 
as  a  rule  the  strictly  administrative  policies  and 
principles  involved  have  been  dealt  with  by 
writers  only  incidentally,  or  at  least  with  refer- 
ence merely  to  single  cases  of  annexation.  There 
has  been  no  well-grounded  attempt  at  sys- 
tematic treatment  of  the  subject  as  a  whole. 
The  need  for  such  a  piece  of  work  is  now  in  part 
supplied  by  Dr.  David  Y.  Thomas's  '  History 
of  ^Military  Government  in  newly  acquired  Ter- 
ritory of  the  United  States,'  a  doctoral  dis- 
sertation of  rather  unusual  merit  recently 
submitted  to  the  Faculty  of  Political  Science 
of  Columbia  University. 

The  proposed  scope  of  Dr.  Thomas's  mono- 
graph should  be  made  clear  before  judgment 
is  passed.     By  purchase,  conquest,  occupation, 

•  A  History  of  Militabt  Goverxstext  ix  Newly 
Acquired  Territory  of  the  United  States.  By  David 
Yancey  Thomas,  Ph.D.  (Columbia  University  Studies  In 
History.  Economics,  and  Public  Law,  Vol.  XX.).  New 
York  :  The  Macmillan  Co. 


and  partition,  the  United  States  has  acquired 
foreign  territorv  on  about  a  dozen  different 
occasions.  Usually  (the  cases  of  Texas  and 
Hawaii  being  the*  main  exceptions)  territory- 
acquired  in  any  of  these  ways  has  been  com- 
pelled to  pass  through  a  transition  stage  inter- 
vening between  the  occupation  of  it  by  the 
officials  and  troops  of  the  United  States  and^ 
the  definite  organization  of  it  into  '  territories' 
in  the  technical  sense.  During  this  transition 
stage,  when  the  authority  of  previous  owners 
and  claimants  had  been  cut  off  and  that  of  the 
United  States  could  be  asserted  only  through 
temporary  agents,  such  annexed  domains  have 
been  held  under  what  is  commonly  known  as 
Military  Government.  What  Dr.  Thomas  set 
out  to  do,  and  what  he  may  be  said  to  have 
done  with  a  good  degree  of  success,  was  to 
start  with  Louisiana  in  1803  and  make  a  sur- 
vey of  all  our  annexations  of  territory  with 
respect  to  the  theory  and  practice  of  military 
government  as  applied  during  this  preparator}' 
stage  by  the  executive  power  of  the  United 
States.  The  result,  therefore,  is  not  a  history 
of  American  expansion  in  general,  or  of  Ameri- 
can military  government  in  general,  but  a 
pointed  presentation  of  the  part  which  military 
government  has  played  in  the  intervals,  usually 
brief,  between  the  stationing  of  commandants 
by  the  President  in  annexed  territories  and  the 
placing  of  these  territories  on  a  civil  basis  by 
action  of  Congress.  The  task  of  preparing  such 
a  study,  as  the  author  conceived  it.  involved  not 
only  a  consideration  of  the  legal  status  of  new 
territory  and  the  legal  basis  for  military  gov- 
ernment and  its  various  administrative  activ- 
ities, but  also  a  description  of  the  actual 
management  of  new  acquisitions  from  the  time 
of  occupation  ixntil  the  organization  of  terri- 
torial or  state  governments. 

The  fullest  and  most  valuable  part  of  the 
book  is  that  dealing  with  the  four  great  acqui- 
sitions of  Louisiana,  Florida,  Xew  Mexico,  and 
California.  The  preliminary  governments  of  a 
military  character  established  in  these  regions 
are  discussed  with  a  very  satisfactory  apprecia- 
tion of  existing  conditions  and  with  a  clear 
conception  of  the  larger  political  and  constitu- 
tional bearings  of  the  s}-etem.  The  treatment 
of  military-  rule  in  other  annexed  territories, — 
Alaska,  Hawaii,  the  Philippines,  Porio  Rico, 
Samoa,  and  the  Panama  Canal  zone, — is  much 
briefer,  and  on  the  whole  less  satisfactory.  The 
author  tells  us  that  regarding  these  he  deems 
it '  unnecessary,  not  to  say  improper,  to  go  into 
details  upon  the  same  scale,'  and  that  *  for  the 
most  part  they  must  be  left  to  the  reader's 
memory  of  partisan  accounts,  or  to  the 
researches  of  a  later  historian  when  the  air 
shall  have  cleared  and  the  evidence  shall  be 
complete  and  accessible."    Xotwithstanding  the 


152 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


spirit  of  scholarly  caution  here  displayed,  it 
would  seem  that  more  than  two  pages  might 
profitably  have  been  given  to  Alaska,  and  more 
than  one  to  Hawaii.  It  is  fair  to  say,  however, 
that  there  is  probably  nowhere  in  print  a  bet- 
ter summary  of  military  government  in  the 
Philippines  and  Porto  Rico  than  that  given 
us  by  Dr.  Thomas. 

The  work  throughout  is  based  on  the  best 
of  documentary  materials,  and  these  are 
referred  to  in  the  foot-notes  with  a  fair  degree 
of  frequency.  One  cannot  repress  the  feeling, 
however,  that  so  elaborate  a  treatise  on  a  subject 
of  such  general  interest  ought  never  to  be  pub- 
lished unaccompanied  by  a  full  and  systematic 
bibliography.  The  index  to  the  work,  too,  is 
rather  inadequate.       Feedeeic  Austin  Ogg. 


The  Poetry  of  Mr.  SwrN^suRNE.* 

Singer  last  born  of  all  the  starry  race 
Whose  names  make  bright  the  heaven  of  Eng- 
lish song, 
With  words   that   should   not   do  thee  wholly- 
wrong 

We  fain  would  praise  and  thank  thee  for  the  grace 

Bestowed  of  all  thy  gifts,  were  not  the  space 
Of  our  slight  verse  too  narrow  for  the  throng 
Of  grateful  memories  and  emotions  strong 

That  cluster  round  thy  nam©  to  find  a  place. 

But  we  will  bring  thee  tribute  of  our  love, 
Because  thy  song  has  ever  set  above 

All  things  most  cherished  since  the  world  began 
The  priceless  thing  which  gives  to  life  its  worth, 
Most  sacred  of  the  sacred  things  of  earth, — 

The  freedom  of  the  body  and  soul  of  man. 

It  is  a  great  satisfaction  to  have  at  last  the 
complete  poetical  works  of  Mr.  Swinburne  in 
a  uniform  library  edition.  The  foremost  of  liv- 
ing poets  has  long  been  held  from  his  own  in 
the  estimate  of  the  larger  reading  public  by  the 
fact  that  it  has  hitherto  been  almost  impossible 
to  view  his  work  as  a  whole.  The  numerous 
and  multiform  books  which  have  contained  it 
have  heen  difficult  to  obtain  and  almost  prohibi- 
tive in  price.  The  author  says :  '  It  is  nothing 
to  me  that  what  I  write  should  find  immediate 
or  general  acceptance,'  and  the  sincerity  of  the 
statement  is  beyond  question.  But  it  is  much 
to  all  lovers  of  poetry  that  the  only  surviving 
exemplar  of  the  great  Victorian  age  of  song 
should  be  easily  accessible  to  them,  and  such 
access  is  now  measurably  facilitated  by  the  six 
volumes  into  which  the  contents  of  the  earlier 
sixteen  have  been  brought  together.  Even  this 
collection  does  not  include  the  dramatic  works 
(with  the  exception  of  '  Atalanta '  and  '  Erech- 

♦  Thb  Poems  of  Algernox  Charles  Swinburne.  In 
six  volumes.  With  portrait.  New  York :  Harper  &  Broth- 
•ers. 


theus'),  but  those  works  are  to  follow  in  a 
series  of  five  more  volumes. 

The  sixteen  volumes  now  reprinted  include 
the  two  Greek  dramas,  the  three  series  of 
'  Poems  and  Ballads,^  the  two  volumes  of  Arthu- 
rian narratives,  '  Songs  before  Sunrise,'  '  Songs 
of  Two  Nations,'  *  Songs  of  the  Springtides,' 
'  Studies  in  Song,'  '  A  Midsummer  Holiday,' 
'  A  Century  of  Eoundels,'  '  Astrophel,'  '  A 
Channel  Passage,'  and  the  '  Heptalogia.'  The 
last-named  collection  of  parodies  is  now  first 
acknowledged  by  Mr.  Swinburne,  although  its 
authorship  has  been  an  open  secret  from  the 
time  of  its  publication  a  quarter  of  a  century 
ago.  All  these  volumes  are  reprinted  with  prac- 
tically no  changes.  Mr.  Swinburne  is  evidently 
of  the  opinion  that  the  product  of  the  creative 
hour  had  better  be  left  to  speak  for  itself,  that 
any  subsequent  tinkering  is  more  likely  to  mar 
than  to  mend  the  original.  For  an  artist  of 
Mr.  Swinburne's  type,  whose  verses  are  forged 
at  white  heat,  although  with  no  scamping  of  the 
workmanship,  this  appears  to  be  a  just  instinct, 
although  it  is  possible  that  artists  of  other  types 
may  be  well-advised  in  making  amendments  at 
the  dictate  of  the  reflective  years  that  super- 
vene. The  question  is  one  that  admits  of  no 
general  rule  of  practice,  although  a  recollection 
of  the  ^  improvements '  that  some  great  poets 
have  made  upon  their  originals  incline  us  to 
believe  that  the  labor  limce  so  frequently  lauded 
is  more  likely  than  not  to  be  a  work  of  futility. 

Mr.  Swinburne,  at  least,  has  had  no  doubts 
as  far  as  his  own  work  is  concerned,  and  beyond 
a  few  trifling  corrections  of  the  most  obvious 
sort,  and  a  few  lines  added  to  the  '  Heptalogia,' 
has  altered  nothing.  Allied  to  the  instinct 
which  has  held  him  to  this  course  is  that  which 
has  impelled  him  to  reprint  everything  con- 
tained in  the  volumes  as  first  published.  He 
says  of  the  *  Notes'  that  accompanied  and  de- 
fended the  famous  first  volume  of  '  Poems  and 
Ballads '  that  he  has  '  nothing  to  retract  from 
them,'  and  this  statement  at  least  implies  that 
he  has  nothing  to  retract  from  the  poems  them- 
selves, or  from  any  of  the  poems  that  have  fol- 
lowed them  during  nearly  forty  years.  Even 
the  poems  inspired  by  political  passions  that 
now  seem  remote  to  us  are  all  scrupulously 
reproduced,  from  the  curses  heaped  upon  the 
third  Napoleon  and  the  ninth  Pius  in  the  sixties 
to  the  denunciation  in  the  eighties  of  '  the  hoary 
henchman  of  the  gang '  who,  in  the  opinion  of 
the  poet,  sought  the  undoing  of  England  for  the 
furtherance  of  his  political  ambitions.  Even  if 
the  years  have  lessened  the  vehemence  of  some 
of  these  old  animosities,  they  were  genuine 
enough  at  the  time  of  their  expression,  and  the 
poet  probably  feels  that  to  delete  them  from  his 
work  would  denote  a  lack  of  intellectual  integ- 


1905.] 


THE    PI  AT. 


153 


rity.  Litera  scripta  manet,  and  these  things  are 
a  part  of  the  historical  record  from  which  the 
final  judgment  pronomiced  upon  nineteenth- 
century  men  and  affairs  will  be  made  up. 

In  our  last  issue,  something  was  said  of  the 
deeply  interesting  retrospect  which  prefaces  the 
first  volume  of  this  collected  edition.  The  pur- 
pose of  the  present  review  is  mainly  to  discuss 
the  contents  of  *  A  Channel  Passage  and  Other 
Poems/  published  in  England  as  a  separate  new 
volume,  but  in  this  country  (thus  far  at  least) 
only  as  the  final  section  of  the  sixth  volume  of 
the  complete  poems.  A  few  of  Mr.  Swinburne's 
later  poems  have  seemed  to  us,  as  they  have 
appeared  from  time  to  time  in  the  reviews,  to 
be  unworthy  of  his  genius.  Although  all  these 
pieces  are  now  reprinted,  they  are  in  the  com- 
pany of  so  many  others  to  which  the  most  cap- 
tious critic  would  find  it  diflBcult  to  take  excep- 
tion, that  the  impression  made  by  the  volume  as 
a  whole  is  that  it  adds  materially  to  the  poefs 
fame.  It  maintains  as  high  an  average  level  as 
is  reached  by  most  of  the  preceding  volumes, 
and  it  fairly  outweighs  one  or  two  of  them. 
Its  publication  is  then,  absolutely  considered,  an 
event  of  the  first  importance,  or  at  least  of 
greater  importance  than  could  possibly  attad; 
to  the  publication  of  a  new  collection  by  any 
other  known  English  singer. 

The  titular  poem  is  accompanied  by  a  date 
(1855)  which  would  indicate  that  it  was  half  a 
century  old.  But  this  date  must  refer  to  the 
experience  described  rather  than  to  the  com- 
position of  the  verses,  for  '  A  Channel  Passage ' 
is  clearly  written  in  the  poet's  matured  style, 
and  it  is  inconceivable  that  it  should  really  have 
been  produced  by  a  boy  of  eighteen  —  even  by 
as  marvellous  a  boy  as  he  who  wrote  '  Hesperia.' 
A  few  lines  will  make  this  fact  sufficiently  evi- 
dent. 

'  Far   eastward,    clear   of   the   covering    of   cloud,    the    sky 

laughed  out   into  light 
From  the  rims  of  the  storm  to  the  sea's  dark  edge  with 

flames  that  were  flowerlike  and  white. 
The  leaping  and  luminous  blossoms  of  live  sheet  lightning 

that  laugh   as  they  fade 
From   the    cloud's    black    base    to   the    black    waves'    brim 

rejoiced  in  the  light  they  made. 
Far  westward,  throned  in  a  silent  sky,  where  life  was  in 

lustrous    tune. 
Shone,   sweeter   and   surer  than   morning  or  evening,   the 

steadfast  smile  of  the  moon. 
The    limitless    heaven    that    enshrined   them   was    lovelier 

than  dreams  may  behold,  and  deep 
As  life  or  as  death,  revealed  and  transfigured,  may  shine 

on  the  soul  through  sleep.- 

'  A  Channel  Passage '  is  but  one  of  the  nature- 
poems  which  are  scattered  with  lavish  hand 
.  throughout  this  volume.  Others  of  great  beautv 
are  'The  Lake  of  Gaube,'  'Hawthorn  Tide/ 
and  '  The  High  Oaks.' 

The  remEiining  contents  of  the  collection 
(with  one  notable  exception,  to  be  discussed 
hereafter)  fall  chiefly  within  the  two  categories 


of  poems  inspired  by  political  passion,  and 
poems  of  a  personal  or  memorial  nature.  In 
the  first  of  these  categories  comes  *  A  Word  for 
the  Navy '  (which  is  an  old  poem  not  hitherto 
reprinted),  *  The  Commonweal,'  'The  Question,' 
and  '  Apostasy '  (which  date  from  the  home 
rule  controversy  of  the  eighties),  the  poems  on 
recent  happenings  in  Eussia,  Greece,  and  Crete, 
and  a  group  of  pieces  occasioned  by  the  war  in 
South  Africa.  The  poems  of  this  group  are 
greatly  inferior  to  Mr.  Swinburne's  earlier  work 
of  similar  character,  and  need  not  long  detain 
us.  The  ode  to  Russia  achieved  a  certain  noto- 
riety because  of  the  line 

*  Night  hath  none  but  one  red  star — Tyrannicide,' 

which  cost  the  author  many  a  hard  journalistic 
rap.  The  verses  '  For  Greece  and  Crete '  yield 
these  noble  lines,  which  may,  however,  be  over- 
matched a  dozen  times  by  passages  in  '  Athens/ 

*  Greece,  where  only  men  whose  manhood  was  as  godhead 

ever  trod. 
Bears  the  blind  world  witness  yet  of  light  wherewith  her 

feet  are  shod : 
Freedom,    armed    of    Greece,    was    always   very   man    and 

very  God. 

'  Now  the  winds  of  old  that  filled  her  sails  with  triomph, 

when  the  fieet 
Boond    for    death    from    Asia   fled    before    them    stricken, 

wake  to  greet 
Ships   full-winged    again    for   freedom   toward    the    sacred 

shores  of  Crete.' 

The  memorial  poems  now  collected  include 
pieces  inscribed  to  Shakespeare,  Cromwell,  Nel- 
son, Bums,  Eabelais,  Voltaire,  and  Dumas,  be- 
sides personal  tributes  to  Christina  Eossetti, 
Mrs.  Lynn  Linton,  Lord  Leighton,  G.  F.  Watts, 
President  Camot,  and  Aurelio  Saffi.  There  is 
also  a  tender  dedication  (in  the  familiar  stanza 
which  the  poet  has  made  his  own  for  such  pur- 
poses) to  the  memory  of  WilHam  Morris  and 
Edward  Bume-Jones.  These  poems  have  'the 
redeeming  quality  of  entire  and  absolute  sin- 
cerity '  which  the  author  claims  for  them,  be- 
sides many  other  admirable  qualities  concerning 
which  his  own  voice  is  silent,  but  which  the 
critic  is  bound  also  to  claim  for  them.  The 
most  important  of  these  poems  is  the  ode  to 
Bums,  from  which  we  take  the  closing  stanzas. 

'  But   never,   since  bright   earth   was  bom 
In  rapture  of  the  enkindling  mom. 
Might  godlike  wrath  and  sunlike  scorn 

That  was   and    is 
And  shall  be  while  false  weeds  are  worn 

Find  word  like  his. 

'  Above  the  rude  and  radiant  earth 
That  heaves  and  glows  from  firth  to  firth 
In  vale   and   mountain,   bright   in  dearth 

And   warm   in  wealth. 
Which  gave  his  fiery  glory  birth 

By  chance  and  stealth, 

'  Above  the  storms  of  praise  and  blame 
That  blow  with  mist  his  lustrous  name. 
His  thimderous  laughter  went  and  came. 

And    lives  and   flies ; 
The  roar  that  follows  on  the  flame 

When   lightning   dies. 


154 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


'  Earth,  and  the  snow-dimmed  heights  of  air. 

And    water    winding    soft    and    fair 

Through   still  sweet  places,  bright  and  hare. 

By  bent  and  byre, 
Taught  him  what  hearts  within  them  were : 

But   his  was  Are.' 

A  word  of  praise  should  also  be  given  to  the 
Eabelais  roundel,  the  Carnot  sonnet,  and  the 
verses  in  memory  of  Mrs,  Linton,  in  the  simple 
form  of  the  verses  written  tx)  the  glory  of  Lan- 
dor  forty  years  ago. 

Among  the  miscellaneous  features  of  this  vol- 
ume may  be  noted  an  ode  to  '  Music,'  some  ex- 
•quisite  new  songs  of  childhood,  a  translation  of 
■the  Delphic  Hymn  to  Apollo,  some  lines  '  At  a 
Dog's  Grave,'  and  a  group  of  *  Prologues '  for 
certain  of  the  more  famous  Elizabethan  plays. 
These  poems  supplement  the  earlier  series  of 
sonnets  on  the  old  English  dramatists,  of  which 
the  author  says :  '  I  can  hardly  remember  any 
task  that  I  ever  took  more  delight  in  discharg- 
ing than  I  felt  in  the  inadequate  and  partial 
payment  of  a  lifelong  debt  to  the  marvellous 
and  matchless  succession  of  poets  who  made  the 
glory  of  our  country  incomparable  for  ever  by 
the  work  they  did  between  the  joyful  date  of 
the  rout  of  the  Armada  and  the  woeful  date  of 
the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war.'  Tlie  '  Prologues  ' 
may  be  taken  as  a  further  instalment  toward 
the  payment  of  the  debt  thus  acknowledged. 
They  and  the  volume  are  closed  by  '  The  After- 
glow of  Shakespeare,' — 

'  Alone    of    all    whose   doom    is    death    and    birth, 
Shakespeare  is  lord  of  souls  alive  on  earth.' 

We  have  left  for  the  close  of  this  review  our 
consideration  of  the  poem  which  is  the  crown- 
ing glory  of  the  present  volume,  *  The  Altar 
of  Righteousness '  is  so  great  a  poem  that  any 
words  of  praise  would  do  it  but  scant  justice. 
It  may  be  briefly  described  as  a  companion  to 
the  '  Hymn  of  Man,'  and  as  the  final  summing- 
up  of  the  poet's  philosophy,  the  last  word  in  his 
confession  of  religious  faith.  The  contrast  be- 
tween the  shifting  forms  of  superstition  and  the 
veiled  central  object  of  all  true  religious  emo- 
tion is  embodied  in  the  following  passage : 

'  Of  cloud  and  of  change  is  the  form  of  the  fashion  that 
man  may  behold  of  it  wrought : 

Of  iron  and  truth  is  the  mystic  mid  altar,  where  wor- 
ship is  none  but  of  thought. 

No  prayers  may  go  up  to  it,  climbing  as  incense  of  glad- 
ness or  sorrow  may  climb  : 

No  rapture  of  music  may  ruffle  the  silence  that  guards 
it,   and   hears  not  of  time. 

As  the  winds  of  the  wild  bUnd  ages  alternate  in  passion 
of  light  and  of  cloud. 

So  changes  the  shape  of  the  veil  that  enshrouds  it  with 
darkness  and  light  for  a  shroud. 

And  the  winds  and  the  clouds  and  the  stars  fall  silent, 
and  fade  out  of  hearing  or  sight. 

And  the  shrine  stands  fast  and  is  changed  not,  whose 
likeness  was  changed  as  a  cloud   in  the  night.' 

The  body  of  this  poem  offers  a  sort  of  historical 
survey  of  the  religious  instinct  groping  its  way 
upward  to  the  light.  To  the  advent  of  Chris- 
tianity this  lovely  tribute  is  paid: 


'  Then,  soft  as  the  dews  of  night, 
As   the   stars   of   the   sundown  bright. 

As  the  heart  of  the  sea's  hymn  deep. 

And  sweet   as  the  balm  of  sleep, 
Arose   on    the   world   a   light 

Too   pure   for   the   skies   to   keep.' 

A  beautiful  tribute  to  St.  Theresa  occupies  a 
conspicuous  place  in  the  poem,  and  fairly 
matches  the  glorification  of  St.  Catherine  in 
the  '  Siena '  of  '  Songs  before  Sunrise,'  Then 
comes  the  tale  of  the  gradual  undoing  of  the 
ecclesiastical  perversions  of  Christianity,  with 
mention  of  Bruno  and  Ral)elais,  and  much 
praise  of  Shakespeare. 

'  In  him   all   truth    and   the   glory   thereof   and   the   power 

and  the  pride. 
The.  song    of   the    soul    and    her    story,    bore    witness   that 

fear   had   lied. 
All  hope,   all  wonder,   all   trust,   all   doubt  that  knows   not 

of  fear^ 
The  love  of  the  body,  the  lust  of  the  spirit  to  see  and  to 

hear. 
All  womanhood,   fairer  than   love   could   conceive  or  desire 

or  adore. 
All    manhood,    radiant    above    all    heights    that    it    held    of 

yore. 
Lived   by   the   life   of   his    breath,    with    the    speech,  of   his 

soul's  will   spake. 
And    the    light    lit    darkness    to    death    whence    never    the 

dead  shall  wake.' 

The  final  section  of  the  poem  ends  as  follows: 

'  All  the  names  wherein  the  incarnate  Lord  lived  his  day 

and  died 
Tads  from  suns  to  stars,   from  stars  into  darkness  undes- 

cried. 
Christ  the  man   lives  yet,   remembered  of   man   as  dreams 

that   leave 
Light   on    eyes    that    wake    and    know    not    if   memory   bid 

them  grieve. 
Fire    sublime   as    lightning   shines,    and    exalts    in   thunder 

yet. 
Where    the    battle    wields    the    name    and    the    sword    of 

Mahomet. 
Far  above  all  wars  and  gospels,  all  ebb  and  flow  of  time. 
Lives   the   soul    that   speaks    in    silence,    and    makes   mute 

earth   sublime, 
still    for    her,    though    years    and    ages    be    blinded    and 

bedinned. 
Mazed    with    lightnings,    crazed    with    thunders,    life    rides 

and  guides  the  wind. 
Death  may  live  or  death  may  die,  and  the  truth  be  light 

or  night. 
Not  for   gain   of  heaven   may   man   put  away  the   rule   of 

right.' 

With  this  strain  of  majestic  music  in  our  ears, 
we  close  the  volume,  our  gratitude  to  the  poet 
for  his  many  past  gifts  strengthened  and  re- 
newed, our  thankfulness  deepened  for  his  con- 
tinued presence  in  the  world  of  living  men. 
William  Mokton  Payne, 


'An  American  Primer,'  by  Walt  Whitman,  edited 
by  Mj.  Horace  Traubel,  is  published  by  Messrs, 
Small,  Maynard  &  Co,  This  manuscript  of  notes 
for  a  projected  lecture  dates  from  before  the  Civil 
War,  but  has  never  before  been  put  into  print.  It 
is  a  very  important  addition  to  the  library  of  Whit- 
mania,  and  the  form  of  publication  is  most  attract- 
ive. The  same  publishers  send  us,  in  similar  form, 
'Walt  Whitman's  Diary  in  Canada,'  with  extracts 
from  other  of  his  diaries  and  literary  note-books, 
edited  by  Mr.  William  Sloane  Kennedy.  Each  vol- 
ume has  a  portrait,  and  the  former  has  some  fac- 
simile  reproductions   of  the   manuscript. 


1905.J 


THE    DIAL, 


15S 


STRUGGLES  Uf  THE  WORLD  OF  SlTFFERIXG.* 

In  the  volume  sent  forth  from  the  busy 
oflBce  of  the  secretan-  of  the  Xew  York  Charity 
Organization  Society,  those  who  are  interested 
in  benevolent  work  ■will  find  a  most  instructive 
and  stimulating  discussion  of  '  The  Principles 
of  Eelief.'  The  standpoint  is  that  of  one  who 
is  most  familiar  with  the  heroic  efforts  of 
private  charity  to  mitigate  the  sufferings  of 
dependent  families.  Ite  author,  Mr.  Edward 
T.  Devine,  is  optimistic,  and  indicates  the  con- 
ditions under  which  relief  may  help  without 
j>auperizing.  But  he  comes,  to  the  practical 
conclusion  that  all  direct  mea^-ures  will  fail 
unless  larger  social  policies  are  fostered.  The 
lxx>k  will  help  us  to  give  a  quantitative  value 
to  our  vague  notions  about  the  standard  of 
living  and  the  minimum  wage;  and  no  writer 
has  applied  this  definite  standard  to  the 
methods  of  poor  relief  more  thoroughly.  Espe- 
cially valuable  to  a  student  is  the  analysis  of 
t}-pical  relief  problems,  which  enables  one  to 
arrive  at  principles  of  relief  much  as  a  study 
of  court  decisions  takes  one  to  the  heart  of 
legal  principles.  A  brief  historieal  survey  of 
English  and  American  poor  laws  and  methods 
furnishes  a  background  for  the  generalizations, 
and  the  deductions  from  the  experiments  made 
in  connection  with  such  disasters  as  the  Chi- 
c-ago  Fire,  and  industrial  distress  in  periods 
of  crisis,  are  of  permanent  value.  The  field  of 
vision  is  chiefly  that  of  a  charity  organiza- 
tionist,  and  some  important  topics, —  as  state 
and  town  relief,  child-saving  work,  care  of 
defectives,  and  some  others, —  are  lightly 
touched.  The  work  will  be  recognized  as  one 
of  the  chief  contributions  on  this  vital  subject. 

Dr.  Washington  Gladden  has  written  a  grace- 
ful sketch  of  the  historical  development  of 
industrial  organisations  of  society  and  the  ten- 
dency to  improvement  in  the  lot  of  wage- 
earners,  in  the  volume  entitled  '  Organized 
Labor  and  Capital.'  Mr.  Talcott  Williams 
analyzes  with  wealth  of  legal  learning  the  origin 
of  corporations  and  the  ethical  and  legal  prin- 
ciples which  regulate  appropriate  treatment  of 
them.     Dr.  George  Hodges  defines  and  illus- 

•  Thb  Principles  of  Relief.  By  Edward  T.  Derine, 
Ph.D.     Xew  York  :  The  Macmillan  Co. 

Obgaxized  Labor  axd  Capital.  The  William 
Lectures  for  1904.  By  Washington  Gladden, 
Williams,  George  Hodges,  and  Francis  G.  Peabody 
delphia :  George  W.  Jacobs  &  Co. 

Mass   and   Class.      A   Survey   of  Social   Divisions 
W.  J.  Ghent.     Xew  York  :  The  Macmillan  Co. 

Poverty.  By  Robert  Hunter.  Xew  York :  The  Mac- 
millan Co. 

Working  with  the  People.  By  Charles  Sprague 
Smith.     New  York:  A.  Wessels  Co. 

Orr  or  Work.  A  Study  of  Employment  Agencies.  By 
Frances  A.  Kellor.     New  York  :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

Seven  Years'  Hard.  By  Richard  Free.  Xew  York : 
E.   P.   Dutton  &  Co. 


T.  Bull 
Talcott 
Phila- 

By 


trates  the  rights  and  wrongs  of  the  trade  union. 
Bev.  Francis  G.  Peabody  reminds  us  that  the 
great  public  is  a  party  in  controversy  whose 
interests  are  paramount  and  which  ultimately 
holds  final  power  of  decision  and  control.  Al- 
together, the  discussion,  while  rather  an  inter- 
pretation of  our  situation  than  the  report  of 
primary  investigation,  is  a  sane  and  sensible 
statement  of  many  of  the  most  essential  con- 
clusions of  impartial  and  competent  students. 

Along  the  path  of  thought  made  familiar 
by  the  Socialists,  the  author  of  '  Mass  and 
Class,  a  Survey  of  Social  Divisions,'  conducts 
us  to  the  inevitable  conclusion,  the  cooperative 
commonwealth.  And  if  the  terrible  facts  cited 
from  reliable  sources  stood  alone;  if  they  rep- 
resented the  main  tendency  of  capitalistic 
man-dgement ;  if  it  should  prove  true  that  the 
traders  cannot  be  honest  and  cannot  even  con- 
struct a  moral  code;  if  their  domination  makes 
falsehood  and  oppression  necessary, —  then  the 
people  would  greet  almost  any  change,  save 
revolution.  Our  President  has  a  mind  to  tame 
the  traders,  and  make  an  experiment  with  con- 
stitutional and  legal  regulation.  If  his  method 
fail,  ^Ir.  Ghent's  thorough  scheme  would  have 
several  millions  of  attentive  readers.  Mean- 
time, the  nation  puts  the  prophet  on  the  upper 
^elf,  and  awaits  with  some  patience  the  trial 
of  less  heroic  remedies. 

Mr.  Kobert  Hunter,  in  his  work  on  '  Poverty,' 
disclaims  any  pretensions  to  original  investiga- 
tions and  novel  contributions  to  knowledge. 
His  materials  might  be  found  in  the  documents 
and  treatises  which  are  cited  in  his  bibliography. 
Yet  it  is  fair  to  say  that  he  has  coined  the 
crude  metal  into  current  form  and  stamped  it 
with  his  own  personal  quality.  He  has,  as 
agent  of  charity  organizations  and  settlements, 
b^n  driven  by  what  he  witnessed  and  expe- 
rienced to  the  discovery  that  individual  effort 
and  philanthropic  agencies  are  utterly  inade- 
quate to  prevent  the  increase  of  misery  in  the 
absence  of  a  national  policy.  His  descriptions 
of  extreme  distress  have  the  vivid  color  and 
sharp  outline  which  comes  only  wiili  direct 
observation.  His  statistics  of  pauperism  are 
confessedly  incomplete,  and  his  estimates  may 
be  exaggerated ;  but  he  has  clearly  demonstrated 
the  necessity  for  more  thorough  investigations 
by  the  government  than  we  have  yet  had.  It 
seems  incredible  that  any  human  being  can 
read  this  volume  without  fixing  his  purpose  to 
work  for  a  more  rational  method  of  dealing 
with  the  immigration  of  defectives,  the  insur- 
ance of  unskilled  workingmen,  the  municipal 
provision  for  playgrounds,  and  the  other  sane 
and  practical  measures  which  promise  at  least 
some  degree  of  relief.  The  argument  for  legal 
prohibition  of  child-labor  in  urban  industries 
is  sound  and  vibrant  with  patriotic  and  humane 


156 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


eympathy.  Those  who  simply  neglect  to  read 
such  discussions  become  participants  in  the 
national  injustice  which  threatens  our  civiliza- 
tion with  a  new  invasion,  a  veritable  deluge  of 
barbarism.  It  will  little  avail  to  promote 
science,  art,  and  literature,  unless  adequate 
measures  are  taken  to  select  the  breeding  stock 
for  the  nation.  At  present  the  tendency  is  to 
select  the  unfit;  and  the  author  shows  that 
*race  suicide'  is  an  inevitable  consequence  of 
unregulated  immigration.  His  argument  on 
this  point  deserves  special  attention. 

The  director  of  the  People's  Institute  in  New 
York,  which  conducts  educational  work  chiefly 
in  the  Cooper  Union,  describes  his  experiments 
and  sets  down  certain  generalizations  in  his 
book  entitled  '  Working  with  the  People.' 
Workingmen  are  deeply  interested  in  those 
social  problems  that  are  concerned  with  the 
distribution  of  wealth ;  but  the  '  Classes '  up- 
town will  not  spend  time  listening  to  lectures 
on  such  subjects,  for  they  are  the  happy  pos- 
sessors. Workingmen  like  discussions  rather 
than  sermons,  and  their  interests  are  wide 
enough  to  include  music,  history,  literature, 
drama,  and  some  religion.  Sectarianism  in  a 
mixed  audience  is  not  tolerated,  but  a  man  who 
can  show  how  the  immanent  forces  of  the  uni- 
verse are  related  to  right  and  happiness  on  this 
earth  may  gain  a  hearing.  Socialism  is  wel- 
come in  such  gatherings,  because  it  gives  the 
*  Masses '  some  chance  to  control  the  social 
machinery  which  masters  their  lives.  Municipal 
ownership  of  public  utilities  is  favored  by  these 
audiences. 

Miss  Frances  A.  Kellor,  in  her  book  entitled 
'  Out  of  Work,'  has  brought  together  a  body  of 
first-hand  information  about  the  devices  and 
mysterious  ways  of  employment-agencies  and 
intelligence-offices,  which  throws  much  light  on 
the  perplexities  of  housekeepers.  Ultimately 
this  investigation  will  doubtless  aid  in  the 
amelioration  of  conditions.  The  method  of 
securing  the  facts  was  one  which  a  detective  will 
admire  and  which  the  man  of  science  will 
commend,  for  it  was  marked  by  shrewdness  and 
exactness.  The  campaign  in  which  this  plucky 
student  is  a  pioneer  will  carry  terror  to  the 
unscrupulous  and  will  help  the  honest  and  use- 
ful men  and  women  whose  function  it  is  to 
market  the  commodity  of  surplus  and  misplaced 
labor. 

In  the  volume  entitled  '  Seven  Years'  Hard/ 
a  young  clergyman  of  the  Church  of  England 
tells  in  fragments  of  anecdote,  with  a  hint  of 
social  philosophy  and  a  little  of  clerical  bias, 
some  of  his  experiences  in  a  poverty-cursed 
region  of  East  London.  It  is  not  a  story  and  it 
is  not  a  system  of  sociology,  but  a  series  of  snap 
^hots  of  the  life  of  people  ground  to  earth  by 


employers,  debased  by  drink  and  ignorance,  and 
indifferent  to  art,  science,  history,  morals,  and 
religion.  The  author  is  not  without  his  theories 
of  reform, —  he  would  have  all  land  owned  by 
government;  all  churches  united  and  free  from 
dissension  and  soup-house  bribery;  while  culti- 
vated people  from  the  West  End  should  reside 
in  the  East  End  and  leaven  the  obdurate  lump. 
In  his  view,  ordinary  philanthropy  is  mockery,, 
a  homeopathic  pill  diluted  in  a  sea  of  misery; 
for  the  '  gift  without  the  giver  is  bare.' 

Charles  Richmond  Henderson. 


Briefs  ox  Ne^v  Books. 


From  'The  Academy'  and  'Litera- 
A  bachelor  j.       ,  gathered    together    the 

and  his  books.     ,       ,      ,     ,      ^     •, ,         i,       fin     rt     rk    r 

book-chats  written  by  'E.  (x.  O., 
the  collection  bearing  the  title  'Egomet'  (John 
Lane).  A  more  thorough-going,  one  might 
almost  say  incorrigible,  bookman  than  *E.  G.  0.' 
it  would  be  hard  to  imagine.  Literature,  how- 
ever, is  not  his  calling,  as  he  tells  us  that  he 
earns  his  bread  somewhere  in  commercial  Lon- 
don, working  from  ten  in  the  morning  until  late 
in  the  afternoon,  with  two  weeks  of  vacation  in 
the  summer;  but  reading  is  his  one  passion,  and 
it  is  reading  for  pleasure  solely.  In  a  declara- 
tion neither  voicing  the  loftiest  ideals  nor 
clothed  in  immaculate  English,  he  frankly  says, 
'Life  is  given  us  for  enjoyment,  so  I  read  what 
I  believe  I  will  enjoy.'  But  his  manifest  sin- 
cerity in  all  his  literary  judgments,  and  his 
abounding  enthusiasm  for  a  wide  range  of  good 
books  make  his  chapters  delightful  reading. 
Qualities  and  preferences,  it  is  true,  he  very  hon- 
estly reveals,  that  one  might  wish  to  be  other- 
wise. For  instance,  'that  roaring  despot,  Dr. 
Johnson,'  he  likes  not  at  all.  But  as  he  repeat- 
edly sings  the  praises  of  'The  Pilgrim's  Prog- 
ress' and  'Robinson  Crusoe,'  and  as  the  way  to 
his  heart  is  through  his  favorite  books,  perhaps 
he  will  let  us  call  his  attention  to  two  familiar 
anecdotes  that  ought  to  soften  him  toward  the 
worthy  Doctor.  One  day,  as  Croker  tells  us, 
Johnson  took  Bishop  Percy's  little  girl  on  his 
knee  and  asked  her  what  she  thought  of  'The 
Pilgrim's  Progress.'  The  child  replied  that  she 
had  not  read  it.  'No!'  returned  the  Doctor; 
'then  I  would  not  give  one  farthing  for  you.' 
Thereupon  he  set  her  down  and  took  no  further 
notice  of  her.  Mrs.  Piozzi  records  in  her 
'Anecdotes'  a  saying  of  Johnson's  that  should 
delight  our  book-lover.  'Was  there  ever  yet 
anything  written  by  mere  man,'  he  asks,  'that 
was  wished  longer  by  its  readers,  excepting 
"Don  Quixote,"  "Robinson  Crusoe,"  and  "The 
Pilgrim's  Progress"?'  'E.  G.  0.'  is  an  old 
bachelor,  dried  and  seasoned,  a  lover  of  his  pipe 
and  his  fire-side,  and  perhaps  in  some  danger  of 
forgetting  that  life  is  more  than  literature,  and 
that  man  does  not  live  by  books  alone.  Yet  as 
we   are   judging   him    from    data   furnished   by 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


157 


himself  for  oux  entertainment,  we  must  be 
lenient.  We  believe  him  to  have  a  warm 
human  heart,  and  to  be  at  bottom  a  right  good 
fellow,  whose  real  name  we  should  like  to  learn, 
and  whose  acquaintance  we  should  like  to  make. 


The  city  of  Ferrara,  at  one  time 
of  Savonarola.     ^^^  ^^  the  great  Centres  of  Italian 

eultui-e,  at  present  holds  a  p)osition 
of  relative  unimportance,  and  so  little  is  heard 
of  it  that  but  few  have  a  definite  idea  even 
of  its  location.  But  the  city  that  was  the 
birthplace  of  Savonarola,  the  home  of  Ariosto, 
and  the  refuge  of  Tasso,  will  never  be  wholly 
forgotten.  Interest  in  this  old  Lombard  town 
will  doubtless  be  stimulated  by  the  recently  pub- 
lished *Storj-  of  FeiTara,'  written  by  Miss  Ella 
Noyes  and  included  in  the  'Mediaeval  Towns' 
series  (Dent-Macmillan).  The  author  devotes 
about  two-thirds  of  her  book  to  the  history  of 
the  city,  and  recounts  its  troubles  and  triumphs 
from  its  earliest  emergence  in  the  seventh  cen- 
tury to  its  great  eclipse  at  the  close  of  the  six- 
teenth. The  whole  account  centres  about  the 
ruling  family  of  Este,  which  came  into  imdis- 
puted  control  of  the  city  in  1208.  To  this 
remarkable  line  of  rulers,  typical  despots  of  the 
wonderful  age  of  the  Renaissance,  Ferrara  owes 
her  greatness  and  her  fame.  The  story  of  the 
A-arious  reigns  is,  as  a  rule,  told  in  a  sjTnpathetic 
manner;  still,  the  author  is  not  blind  to  the 
strange  weakness  and  grossness  that  seem  to 
have  fonned  a  pai't  of  the  character  and  culture 
of  the  period  and  tries  to  present  a  true  picture 
of  Estensi  despotism.  Her  work  seems  to  have 
this  defect,  however, — that  too  much  is  said  of 
the  court  and  too  little  of  the  masses  that  strove 
to  supply  the  splendor  that  is  described  so  well. 
In  the  last  third  of  the  book  we  are  given  a 
descriptive  view  of  the  city,  its  palaces,  pictures, 
streets,  churches,  and  abbeys.  In  forming  an 
idea  of  what  remains  of  FeiTara's  greatness,  the 
reader  is  aided  by  a  niunber  of  interesting  illus- 
trations drawn  by  Miss  Dora  Xoyes.  The  work 
is  written  in  easy,  dignified  English,  the  narra- 
tive is  interesting,  and  the  historian  displays 
good  taste  and  judgment  both  in  her  choice  and 
her  rejection  of  materials.  The  book  is  well 
supplied  with  poetical  quotations  from  the  great 
Italian  masters;  but  as  these  are  frequently  not 
translated,  their  presence  often  detracts  from 
the  general  interest  of  the  work. 

nthy  essays  To  say  that  the  substance  of  Mr. 
on  literary  H.  W.  Bo\niton's  volume  entitled 
subjects.  i.  Journalism    and    Literature' 

(Houghton)  has  appeared,  for  the  most  part,  in 
*The  Atlantic  Monthly'  is  enough  to  indicate 
that  it  is  made  up  of  serious  and  suggestive 
work,  though  the  nan-ow  limits  within  whidi 
the  separate  essays  are  confined  suggest  rather 
the  'by-product'  of  literary  effort  than  its 
main  purpose.  There  is  a  touch  here  and  there 
in  Mr.  Boynton's  work  that  reminds  one  of 
Miss  Repplier,  and  one  might  veiy  successfully 
pick  up  his  book  for  'dozy  hour'  reading,  fol- 
lowing the  by-paths  of  thought  which  his  sen- 
tences open  up  or  letting  them  drop  to  suit  the 


fancy.  It  is  by  no  means  eveiy  writer  who  will 
yield  results  worth  while  either  to  desultorj'  or 
to  careful  reading,  but  we  think  Mr.  Boj-nton 
has  attained  to  that  good  fortune.  The  essay 
on  'Journalism  and  Literature,'  from  which  the 
volume  takes  its  title,  attempts  no  rigid  dis- 
tinction between  the  two,  but  admits  a  great 
deal  of  inter-penetration  along  the  lower  mar- 
grin  of  the  latter  and  the  upper  margin  of  the 
former.  The  ruthless  demands  of  daily  jour- 
nalism could  not  keep  a  Godkin  confined  whoUy 
within  its  narrow  limits,  and  on  the  other  hand 
the  many  who  reach  the  higher  walks  of  litera- 
ture through  the  avenue  of  journalism  are  not 
always  successful  in  leaving  the  dust  of  the  road 
wholly  behind  them.  The  two  functions  in  their 
normal  development,  however,  are  quite  distinct. 
Literatui'e.  properly  so  called,  requires  the  cre- 
ative faculty  and  presents  a  personal  interpreta- 
tion of  life;  the  business  of  journalism  is  to 
record  events  and  to  comment  upon  them  from  a 
more  or  less  rigidly  pre-determined  point  of 
view.  The  originality  that  is  the  prime  condi- 
tion of  success  in  pure  literature  is  not  needed 
in  jouiTiaJism,  and  may  even  be  a  stumbling 
block.  On  the  whole,  we  like  the  paper  on 
'American  Humor'  better  than  anything  else  in 
Mr.  BoATitonls  volume.  The  author's  power 
of  packing  a  great  deal  of  truth  in  a  few  words 
shows  to  good  effect  in  his  adjudication  of  cer- 
tain claims  to  a  seat  on  the  bench  of  humor. 
For  instance:  'The  true  hmnorist  cannot  help 
conceraing  himself  with  some  sort  of  interpreta- 
tion of  life:    Mr.  Bangs  can.' 


Ui  Ohio 
retfiment  in 
the  Civil  War. 


The  supplying  of  materials  for  the 
future  great  history  of  the  Civil 
War  goes  on  unceasingly;  and  one 
of  the  most  jwpular  forms  taken  is  that  of  regi- 
mental records.  These,  like  the  family  genealo- 
gies and  town  annals  of  New  England,  whUe  not 
exactly  history,  are  indispensable  to  the  histo- 
rian ;  and  the  story  of  a  regiment 's  war  achieve- 
ments has  at  least  symmetrical  form,— a  true  be- 
ginning, middle,  and  end.  Those  who  i)eruse 
it  with  breathless  interest  are  the  survivors  and 
their  families;  the  'general  reader'  will  go 
through  it  as  he  does  through  the  flag-rooms  and 
relic-rooms  in  the  State-house, — with  his  hat  off 
and  his  attention  only  occasionally  roused  by  the 
mention  of  a  famous  name.  .  One  of  the  best 
recent  books  in  this  kind  is  entitled  'Trials  and 
Triumphs ;  or,  the  Record  of  the  Fifty-fifth  Ohio 
Volunteer  Infantry'  (McClui^) ;  and  its  prin- 
cipal author  is  Captain  Hartwell  Osbom,  who 
served  honorably  with  the  regiment  throughout 
the  war.  The  Fifty-fifth  Ohio  was  recruited  in 
Huron  County  (of  which  Norwalk  is  the  countj^- 
seat),  after  the  reverses  at  Bull  Run  had  stirred 
the  Noi-th  to  greater  efforts;  it  had  its  full  share 
of  the  campaigns  in  Virginia,  Tennessee,  and 
Georgia,  and  of  the  terrible  work  at  CTianeellors- 
ville  and  Gettysburg.  This  is  related  with  clear- 
ness and  graphic  power  by  Captain  Osbom;  and, 
besides  the  narrative,  the  book  is  xmusually  com- 
plete in  regimental  statistics,  sketches  of  officers 
and  citizens,  and  personal  notes  and  recollections 
of  soldiers.     Photographs,   both   'wartime'   and 


158 


THE    DIAL, 


[March  1, 


modern,  have  been  reproduced  in  profusion,  to 
recall  the  features  of  many  a  comrade;  and  the 
Avork  is  in  eveiy  way  a  real  contribution  to  the 
literature  of  the  gi-eat  struggle. 

A  scientific  Professor    Holtzmann's    'Life    of 

biography  Jesus/   published    in   Germany   in 

of  Jesus.  1901,  now  appears  in  an  English 

translation  (Macmillan).  The  book  represents  an 
effort  to  present  the  trustworthy  picture  of  the 
life  of  Jesus  that  it  is  felt  historical  science 
is  under  obligation  to  provide,  and  the  point  of 
view  is  therefore  strictly  that  of  scientific  crit- 
icism. The  work  exhibits  thorough  acquaintance 
with  the  sources,  Jewish  as  Avell  as  Christian, 
and  Avith  the  literature  of  the  subject.  More- 
over, the  writer  possesses  to  a  good  degree  the 
sATupathy  and  insight  necessary  for  such  a  task. 
As  sources  for  the  life  of  Jesus,  he  recognizes 
the  Synoptic  Gospels,  or  rather  their  sources, 
the  Gospel  of  Mark  and  MatthcAv's  collection 
of  sayings  which  was  used  by  all  three  Synop- 
tics. 'The  fii'st  and  best  source  is  ahvays  the 
Collection  of  Discourses;  the  next  best  is  the 
Gospel  of  Mark'  (p.  32).  The  'Gospel  accord- 
ing to  the  Hebrews'  is  reckoned  'one  of  the 
primary  soureesi  we  possess  for  the  life  a£ 
Jesus'  (p.  52).  While  Professor  Briggs  is  found- 
ing his  chronology  of  Jesus 's  ministry  upon 
John's  references  to  various  feasts.  Professor 
Holtzmann  is  dismissing  the  fourth  Gospel  as  a 
mere  Avork  of  art,  and  describing  the  sorry  tat- 
ters that  we  possess  of  the  lost  'Gospel  accord- 
ing to  the  Hebrews'  as  'certainly  equal  as  a 
source  to  the  Johannine  Gospel  in  value'  (p. 
46).  Surely  the  truth  lies  between  these  posi- 
tions. Holtzmann's  Greek  feeling  is  clearly  at 
fault  when  he  appeals  to  the  saying  of  Salome 
in  the  lost  'Gospel  according  to  the  Egyptians,' 
'Then  have  I  done  well  in  that  I  have  not  borne 
children,'  for  the  words  may  as  Avell  be  read 
'Then  had  I  done  well  not  to  bear  children"?' 
The  contradiction  betAveen  this  fragment  and 
the  Synoptic  tradition  as  to  Salome  (Mt.  27:56, 
Mk.  15:40)  is  factitious. 


Memoirs  of  To  those  interested  in  that  some- 
a  French  what  pei-plexing  conflict  knoAvn  as 

dragoon  officer.  ^^^  -^^^  ^f  ^^^  Spanish  Succes- 
sion, Mr.  Walter  C.  Horsley's  translation  of  a 
now  little-known  French  Avork,  Avhich  he  styles 
in  English  'The  Chronicles  of  an  Old  Cam- 
paigner, 1692-1717'  (Button),  will  be  welcome. 
The  author  of  these  'Memoires,'  he  tells  us,  is 
M.  de  la  Colonic,  and  nowhere  in  the  book  have 
we  come  upon  his  full  name,  Avhich  from  other 
sources  Ave  learn  to  be  Jean-Martin  de  la  Colonic. 
He  Avas  a  native  of  Bordeaux,  and  early  entered 
the  service  of  Maximilian  Edward,  Elector  of 
BaA-aria,  and  ally  of  France  in  the  war  that 
resulted  in  seating  Philip  of  Anjou  on  the  Span- 
ish throne.  La  Colonie  afterward  became  field- 
marshal  and  distinguished  himself  under  Prince 
Eugene  at  the  siege  of  Belgrade.  Returning  to 
Bordeaux  and  to  private  life  after  the  stiiTing 
events  of  this  chronicle,  he  devoted  himself  to 
historical  studies  and  published,  besides  the 
book   under   discussion,    &    'Cui'ious   History    of 


the  Town  and  ProAunc«  of  Bordeaux.'  His  liter- 
aiy  output  seems  to  have  met  Avith  consider- 
able favor,  as  several  editions  of  the  'Memoires* 
appeared  in  his  lifetime.  Mr.  Horsley  names 
Brussels,  1737,  as  the  place  and  date  of  the  first 
publication  of  this  Avork;  but  Ave  find  record  of 
an  earlier  edition,  apparently  the  first  one^ 
issued  at  Fi'ankfort  in  1730.  The  book  is  pre- 
eminently for  military  men,  being  devoted  to 
the  details  of  battles  and  sieges,  of  marches  and 
counter-marches.  Other  readers  Avill  find  it 
tiresomely  prolix.  Both  translator  and  printer 
appear  to  have  done  their  Avork  well.  Portraits, 
plans  of  battles,  and  a  copious  index  are  duly 
provided.  

The  problems  lu  the  preface  to  Mr.  Frank  L. 
of  Modern  McYev's    'Modern    Industrialism* 

Industrialism.  (Appfeton),  the  author  confesses 
that  it  were  indeed  a  bold  task  to  consider  such 
an  inclusive  subject  Avithin  a  single  volume.  He 
confines  himself,  therefore,  to  shoAving,  first,  the 
essential  elements  of  the  industrial  histoiy  in  the 
United  States,  Great  Britain,  and  Gennany;  sec- 
ond, to  pointing  out  some  of  their  complications; 
and,  third,  to  discussing  certain  consequent  prob- 
lems of  administration.  The  reader  is  initiated 
into  the  discussion  thi-ough  a  surA^ey  of  the  sub- 
ject, a  general  comparison  of  the  methods  of  pro- 
duction at  various  times  and  in  different  places. 
He  is  then  shoAvn  pai'ticularly  the  industrial 
changes  which  have  taken  place  within  the  three 
countries  Avhich  the  author  purposes  to  consider. 
Thence  he  is  led  through  a  more  detailed  and 
extremely  interestuig  account  of  present  indus- 
trial conditions,  and  the  institutions  Avhieh  are 
the  outcome  of  them.  Logically,  questions  arise 
as  to  the  correction  of  certain  evils,  and  solutions 
are  clearly  and  concisely  offered  from  the  point 
of  view  of  State  interference,  regulation,  and 
government  OAvnership.  Mr.  McVey's  conclusion 
as  to  present  conditions,  especialh"  in  the  United 
States,  are  somewhat  ominous;  and  yet  his  out- 
look for  the  future  can  be  considered  in  no  way 
pessimistic.  His  book,  on  account  of  its  fairness 
and  balance,  deserves  to  be  Avidelj'^  read;  and  it 
can  hardly  fail  to  create  in  its  readers  a  livelier 
interest  in  industrial  conditions. 


Mr.  Charles  A.  Eastman's  'Red 
TaT/Sr    Hunters   and   the   Animal  People' 

(Harper)  is  likely  at  ni-st  to  be  a 
little  disappointing,  it  is  so  plain,  so  lacking  in 
art  or  artifice.  After  Mr.  Long  and  Mr.  Thomp- 
son-Seton,  it  is  like  bread-and-butter  after  des- 
sert. But  it  nearly,  if  not  quite,  justifies  the 
simile,  for  if  the  reader  sustains  his  interest 
long  enough  his  taste  will  approve  the  rather 
homely  fare.  Mr.  Eastman,  as  is  well  knoAvn, 
is  an  educated  Sioux  Lidian,  but  he  does  not 
pose,  even  upon  that  vantage-ground.  That  it  is 
a  A'antage-gTound,  lioweA-er,  is  sufficiently  clear. 
Familiarity  Avith  the  wild  tribes  has  doubtless 
bred  in  him  some  coolness  with  regard  to  crack- 
ing bones  and  floAving  blood;  but  it  has  not  bred 
cruelty.  The  Indian— at  least  the  good  Indian— 
belieA^es  that  he  should  not  kill  unless  he  needs 
food.     He  thinks   that   'all   the   tribes  of  eartli 


1905.] 


THE    PTAT. 


159 


have  some  common  feeling,'  and  he  is  not 
ashamed  to  go  to  the  beaver  and  the  wild-cat, 
the  bear  and  the  deer,  to  consider  their  waj's 
and  be  wise.  He  shares  his  catch  with  the  wolf 
that  has  pointed  out  the  prey,  and  spares  the 
mountain  ewe  and  her  lamb.  He  remains  friends 
with  the  eagle  that  has  saved  his  life,  and  for 
the  sake  of  that  friendship  he  never  kills  one 
of  the  eagle-folk.  He  smokes  the  pip>e  of  peace 
over  his  fallen  enemy  the  grizzly,  and  leaves 
handfuls  of  cut  tobacco  beside  the  two  elk  who 
have  fought  to  the  finish,  'returning  to  camp 
empty-handed  out  of  respect  for  the  brave 
dead.'  'And  who  is  the  grandfather  of  these 
sUent  people?'  he  asks.  'Is  it  not  the  Great 
Mystery?  For  they  know  the  laws  of  their  life 
so  well!  They  must  have  for  their  Maker  our 
Maker.  Then  they  are  our  brothers!'  This 
spirit  of  imderstanding  and  of  awe  lifts  Mr. 
Eastman's  stories,  plain  as  they  are,  far  above 
the  ordinary  in  interest  and  significance. 


An  English  '  The  Adventures  of  King  James  IT. 
monarch's  of    England'    (Longmans)    is    the 

adventures.         ^^^  ^^   ^  ^q^j,   ^y   an   unnamed 

author,  but  with  an  introduction  by  the  Right 
Rev.  F.  A.  Gasquet,  D.D.  The  work  is  slightly 
tinged  with  a  Catholic  bias,  but  is  on  the  whole 
very  fair  in  its  statement  of  events  and  impartial, 
if  sometimes  original,  in  its  judgment  of  men. 
The  life  of  James  II.,  heretofore  little  known 
save  for  the  three  years  he  was  King,  furnishes 
many  striking  situations,  and  of  these  the  author 
has  made  the  most,  placing  special  emphasis  on 
James's  adventures  in  the  armies  of  Turenne  and 
Conde,  his  ser\-ices  as  head  of  the  English  navy, 
and  his  genuine  religious  conviction,  centred  at 
first  in  alliance  to  the  established  church,  later 
to  Catholicism.  The  customary  judgment  of  his- 
tory that  James  11.  had  much  less  real  ability 
than  his  brother  as  a  ruler,  is  here  denied,  and 
in  fact  Charles  11.  is  throughout  regarded  as  a 
trifler,  swept  unresistingly  along  by  the  current. 
The  book  is  in  no  sense  a  history,  but  is  rather  a 
characterization,  the  reader's  knowledge  of  lead- 
ing political  events  being  taken  for  granted.  This 
is  in  some  slight  degree  confusing  at  times,  but 
the  fault  is  more  than  compensated  for  by  a 
wealth  of  intimate  anecdote  not  permissible  in  a 
more  formal  history.  The  value  of  the  book  is 
much  increased  by  the  inclusion  of  several  beau- 
tiful portraits.      

Facts  for  the  In  his  book  entitled  'How  to  Col- 
coiiectorof  lect    Old    Furniture'    (Macmillan) 

old  furniture.  -^  Frederick  Litchfield  has  sup- 
plemented his  more  exhaustive  and  theoretical 
history  of  antique  furniture  with  a  practical 
appendix  treating  only  the  comparatively  mod- 
em kinds  of  old  furniture,  such  as  the  collector 
of  ordinary  means  might  wish  to  identify  or  to 
purchase.  This  limitation  excludes  everything 
earlier  than  the  sixteenth  century,  as  well  as 
the  magnificent  pieces  of  later  i)eriods  in  which 
only  the  millionaire  collector  or  the  museum 
would  have  an  acquisitive  interest,  and  centres 
attention  on  the  domestic  furniture  of  the  last 
three  hundred  years,— Renaissance,  French,  Ital- 


ian, Dutch,  and  particularly  English.  Mr.  Litch- 
field offers  numerous  hints,  cautions,  and  su^es- 
ticms,  calculated  to  put  the  reader  on  his  guard 
and  assist  him  in  making  intelligent  choice  in 
purchasing;  and  a  glossary  of  technical  terms 
used  in  connection  with  furniture  will  enable  him 
to  consult  catalogues  and  written  descriptions  of 
old  furniture  intelligently.  The  numerous  cuts 
are  with  a  few  exceptions  from  photographs  of 
examples  to  be  found  in  the  Victoria  and  Albert 
Museimi. 


XOTES. 


A  selection  of  representative  editorials  from  the 
files  of  the  New  York  '  Sun '  during  the  past  twenty 
years  will  be  published  shortly  by  Mr.  Robert  Grier 
Cooke  in  a  volume  entitled  'Casual  Essays  of  The 
Sun.' 

'Cambridge  Sketches'  is  the  title  of  a  forth- 
coming volume  by  Mr.  Frank  Preston  Steams,  made 
up  of  essays  dealing  with  life  and  character  in  the 
famous  New  England  university  town.  The  J.  B. 
Lippincott  Co.  will  publish  the  book  this  spring. 

The  English  'Who's  Who'  for  1905,  published  by 
the  Messrs.  Macmillan,  is  the  fifty-seventh  annual 
issue  of  that  important  book  of  reference.  The 
volume  is  now  eighteen  hundred  pages  thick,  plus 
another  hundred  pages  of  prefatory  and  advertising 
matter. 

A  new  coUeetion  of  Mr.  Owen  Seaman's  inimi- 
table parodies  wiU  be  published  shortly  by  Messrs. 
Henry  Holt  &  Co.  'A  Harvest  of  Chaff'  is  the  title 
of  the  book,  and  among  Mr.  Seaman's  victims  are 
Wordsworth,  Browning,  Byron,  Morris,  Eichard 
Wagner,  and  Mr.  Austin. 

'Seven  Lamps  for  the  Teacher's  Way,'  published 
by  Messrs.  Ginn  &  Co.,  is  a  reprint  of  an  address 
given  not  long  before  his  death  by  the  late  Frank 
A.  Hill.  In  response  to  a  considerable  demand  it 
has  now  been  produced  in  booklet  form,  with  a 
biographical  sketch  written  by  Mr.  Kay  Greene 
HuBng. 

Three  new  volumes  in  the  charming  '  Caxton  Thin 
Paper  Classics,'  imported  by  the  Messrs.  Scribner, 
are  the  following:  Swift's  'Journal  to  SteUa,'  with 
other  writings  relating  to  Stella  and  Vanessa;  'The 
Travels  of  Marco  Polo  the  Venetian,'  in  Marsden's 
translation,  revised  by  Thomas  Wright;  and  Eos- 
setti's  'Early  Italian  Poets,*  ineludLig  the  'Vita 
Nuova'   of  Dante. 

'The  Holy  Soman  Empire,'  by  Mr.  James  Bryce, 
is  republished  by  the  MacmiUan  Co.  in  a  new 
edition,  enlarged  and  revised  throughout,  with  a 
chronological  table  of  events,  and  three  maps.  It 
is  now  forty  years  since  the  first  appearance  of 
this  work,  and  its  qualities  of  sterling  historical 
judgment  and  masterly  philosophical  condensation 
seem  likely  to  keep  it  a  standard  work  for  at  least 
another  forty  years. 

'The  Napoleon  Myth,'  by  Mr.  Henry  Bidgely 
Evans,  is  described  as  'an  occult  study,'  and  is 
a  curious  contribution  to  the  history  of  the  Napo- 
leonic legend.  It  is  accompanied  by  a  translation 
of  the  'Grand  Erratum,'  in  which  Jean-Baptiste 
Peres,  writing  in  1827,  disproved  the  existence  of 
Napoleon,  a  few  years  after  the  publication  of 
Whately's  'Historic  Doubts.'  The  Open  Court 
Publishing  Co.  sends  us  this  extremely  interesting 
book. 


160 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


Topics  in  Leadixg  Periodicals. 

March,  1905. 

Alchemy,   Later  Day  of.     William  C.  Morgan.     Harper. 
Arbitration,    International.      John    B.    Moore.      Harper. 
Balkans,  What  People  Read  in  the.     Rev.  of  Revs. 
Civil  Service  under  Roosevelt.    W.  B.  Shaw.    Rev.  of  Revs. 
Czar's    Soliloquy,    The.      Mark    Twain.      No.    American. 
Employees,   Uplifting.      Lawrence   Lewis.      World's    Work. 
Employers'   Policies.      Charles  W.  Eliot.     Harper. 
Parmer,  Government  and  the  New.     World's  Work. 
Government  Education  in  Europe.     F.  A.  Vanderlip.    Scrib. 
Hudson  River,   The.     Marie  Van  Vorst.     Harper. 
Inauguration  Ball,  The  First.     Gaillard  Hunt.     Century. 
Indian  Types,  Portraits  of.     G.  B.  Grinnell.     Scribner. 
Industrial  Life  in  France.     World's  Work. 
Italian  Recollections.     Mary  K.   Waddington.     Scribner. 
La  Follette,  Rise  of.     Walter  Wellman.     Rev.  of  Revs. 
Lamb  Letters,  Some  New.     W.  Carew  Hazlitt.     Harper. 
Lancelot,   Guinevere,   Arthur.      Julia  Magruaer.      N.  Aincr. 
Lifeboats,  Recent  Types  of.     Rev.  of  Revs. 
Merchant   Marine  Investigation,  The.     No.   American. 
Northwest,  Political  Movements  iu  the.     Rev.  of  Revs. 
Painting,   Primitive.      John   La  Fargfe.     McClure. 
Panama  Canal, — Why  it  Should  not  be  Sea-Level.    N.  Am. 
Passive  Resistance  Movement  in  England.     No.  American. 
Peace,  Preserving  the  World's.      World's   Work. 
Philadelphia  and  American  Art.     H.  S.  Morris.     Century. 
Port  Arthur,   New  Siege  Warfare  at.     Century. 
Postmasters,   Deficient.      Henry   A.    Castle.      McClure. 
Post  Office,  The.     R.  R.  Bowker.     Rev.  of  Revs. 
Railroads,   English, — Why  they   are  Safe.      World's   Work. 
Rate-making,   Danger  of   Government.     No.  American. 
Roosevelt  and  Tiberius  Gracchus.     C.  S.  Dana.     N.  Avier. 
Russia,  Outlook  for  Reform  in.    D.  B.  Macgowan.    Century. 
Russia,  Uprising  in.     V.   G.  Simkhovitch.     World's  Work. 
Russian  Autocracy,  Doom  of.     E.  J.  Dillon.    Rev.  of  Revs. 
Russian  Monastery  Prisons.     E.  J.   Dillon.     Harper. 
Russian  Reform,  Outlook  for.     D.  B.  Macgowan.     Century. 
Santo  Domingo  and  the  U.  S.     J.  B.  Moore.     Rev.  of  Revs. 
Saxon,  Backward  Trail  of.     John  Fox,  Jr.     Scribner. 
Science,  A  Wonder-worker  of.     W.  S.  Harwood.     Century. 
Soul,  Immortality  of.     J.   H.  Hyslop.     No.  American. 
Stock- Market, — How  it  Reflects  Values.     No.  American. 
Strategy  and  Seamanship.     J.  B.  Connolly.     Scribner. 
Subway   '  Deal,'  The.     Ray   S.   Baker.     McClure. 
Surgery,  Modern.     Samuel  H.   Adams.     McClure. 
Tariff   Situation,   International  Aspect  of  our.     No.  Amer. 
Tibet,  Into.      Perceval   Landon.      World's   Woi'k. 
Treaty-Making   Power.      S.   M.   Cullom.      No.  American. 
Venezuela,  Crisis  in.     G.  M.  L.  Brown.     World's  Work. 
Volga,  Three  Days  on  the.     T.  Bentley  Mott.     Scribner. 
Wales,  Religious  Revival  in.     W.  T.  Stead.     Rev.  of  Revs. 
Washington's  Civic  Awakening.     Max  West.     Rev.  of  Revs 


IjISt  of  Neav  Books. 


[TAe  following  list,  containing  61  titles,  includes  hooks 
received  by  Thk  Dial  since  its  last  issue.^ 

BIOGRAPHY  AND   MEMOIRS. 

CONSTANTiNE  THE  GREAT,  and  the  Reorganization  of  the 
Empire  and  the  Triumph  of  the  Church.  By  John  B. 
Firth.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  368.  '  Heroes  of  the  Nations.' 
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HARPERS'  NEW  PUBLICATIONS 

The  Marriage  of  William  Ashe    .„.H^?„."!'!;.r3l'S;u.T.^r^ 

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English  upper-class  life,  which  for  artistic  perfection,  dramatic  interest,  and  vital  character-drawing  sur- 
passes all  her  previous  work.  It  promises  to  be  the  most  popular  of  Mrs.  Ward's  novels  and  the  most 
notable  work  of  fiction  of  the  present  year. 

Illustrated  by  Albert  Sterner.     Cloth.     One-volume  edition      ....      $1.50. 

Two-volimie  edition,  limited  to  1,000  sets,  autographed  by  Mrs.  Ward.  $4.00  net. 


THE  VICISSITUDES  OF 

EVANGELINE  By  Elinor  Qlyn 

A  lively,  sparkling  story  by  the  author  of  "The 
Visits  of  Elizabeth."     Evangeline  is  an  irresistible 
creature  with  wonderful  red  hair  and  amazing  eyes, 
full  of  guileful  innocence  and  innocent  guile. 
Post  8vo,  $1.50. 

THE  CANDIDATE 

By  Joseph  A.  Altsheler 

The  adventures  and  romance  of  a  Presidential  can- 
didate during  a  campaign  tour  through  the  West. 
A  rattling  good  political  novel.     Post  8vo,  $1.50. 

THE  SLANDERERS 

By  Warwick  Deeping 

A  new  novel  by  the  author  of  "  Uther  and  Igraine," 
picturing  life  in  a  little  gossiping  village  com- 
mimity.  Post  8vo,  $1.50. 

THE  BELL  IN  THE  FOG 

By  Gertrude  Atherton 

A  new  volume  of  short  stories  by  the  author  of 
"The  Conqueror,"  subtle  in  conception  and  ex- 
quisite in  workmanship.     Post  8vo,  $1.25. 

DOWN  TO  THE  SEA 

By  Morgan  Robertson 

A  book  of  new  sea-yarns  by  this  popular  writer  of 
stories  of  the  sea.     Post  8vo,  $1.25. 

HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES  By  T.  W.  Higginson 

The  author  has  written  the  complete  history  of  our 

country  from  986  A.D.  down  to  the  present  time. 

Crown  8vo,  $2.00. 


THE  DRYAD 

By  Justin  Huntly  McCarthy 

The  author  has  boldly  woven  a  strain  of  Greek 
mythology  into  a  mediaeval,  romantic  story  aglow 
with  color  and  action.  The  result  is  surprisingly 
charming.  Post  8vo,  $1.50. 

JOHN  VAN  BUREN:  Politician 

Anonymous 

The  anonymous   author    recounts   the   interesting 
career  of  a  young  New  York  lawyer  who  goes  into 
politics.     A  story  full  of  anecdotes  and  humor. 
Post  8vo,  $1.50. 

THE  SILENCE  OF 
MRS.   HARROLD 

By  Samuel  M.    Gardenhire 

A  unique  story  of  metropolitan  life.  A  woman 
who  kept  a  secret  is  the  central  character  of  the 
absorbing  plot.    Post  8vo,  $1.50. 

THE   PROBATIONER 

By  Herman  Whitaker 

The  scene  of  these  vigorous  short  stories    is  the 

snow-covered,  blizzard-swept  Canadian  Northwest. 

Post  8vo.  SI. 25. 

SELENE  By  Amelie  Rives 

The  theme  of  this  dramatic  poem  is  that  of  Diana 
and  Endymion.  A  masterly  work  by  a  writer  of 
well-known  genius.      Special  binding,  SI. 20  net. 

MOTHER  AND  DAUGHTER 

By  Gabrielle  E.  Jackson 

A  book  for  mothers  full  of  timely  suggestions  in 
regard  to  the  early  training  of  their  daughters. 
Post  8vo,  $1.25  net. 


HARPER    &     BROTHERS,    PUBLISHERS,    NEW    YORK 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


175 


Botft).  iEeati  61  Companp'iS  spring  Jloofes 


FICTION 

THE  PURPLE  PARASOL 

By  Qeorge  Barr  McCutcheon 

Author  of  "Gnuietark,"  "Beverly  of  Gnustark,"  "Ite 
I>zj  of  the  Dog,"  etc.  Full  page  illustratioos  in  colors  by 
Harrison  Fisher,  and  decorations  by  Charles  B.  Falls. 

12ino,  clotb,  $1.25. 
ART  THOU  THE  MAN? 

ninstrated  by  Charles  R.  Macaoley 
erfol  Btory. 

12mo,  Cloth,  $1.50. 


By  Guy  Berton 

An  intense  and  pow- 


PAM  By  Bettina  Von  Hutten 

Author  of  "Our  I^dy  of  the  Beeches,"  "Violette,"  etc 
ninstrated  by  B.  Hartin  Justice.  Pam  is  a  strong  char- 
acter, unusual,  yet  of  wonderful  fascination. 

12mo,  clotb,  $1.50. 

THE  HEART  OF  HOPE   By  Norval  Richardson 

Illustrated  by  Walter  Everett 
The  scene  of  this  novel  is  Ticksburg  before  and  during  the 
siege  by  Grant,    An  exciting  love  story. 

12mo,  clotb,  $1.50. 
AMANDA  OF  THE  MILL    By  Marie  Van  Vorst 

Author  of  the  "The  Woman  Who  Toils,"  etc.  A  most 
Tirid  story  of  lOTe  and  action. 

12ino,  clotb,  $1.50. 
THE  APPLE  OF  EDEN  By  E.  Temple  Thurston 

A  book  bound  to  be  discussed.  A  dramatic  story  with  a 
bold  theme,  yet  told  in  a  delicate  manner.  The  wit  is 
simply  irresistible. 

12mo,  cloth,  $1.50. 


THE  BANDOLERO 


By  Paul  Gwynne 

An  exciting 


A  romance  of  a  Spanish  outlaw's  daughter, 
tale  well  told. 

12mo,  cloth,  $1.50. 

BILLY  DUANE     By  Frances  Aymar  Mathews 

Author  of  "My  Lady  Peggy  Goes  to  Town,"  "Pamela 
Congrere,"  etc.     Illustrated  by  William  Sherman  Potts. 

12mo,  cloth,  $1.50. 

THE  VAN  SUVDEN  SAPPHIRES 

By  Charles  Carey 

A  story  of  lost  and  stolen  jewels,  full  of  complicated  situa- 
tions, which  keep  the  reader  in  suspense  until  the  end. 

12mo,  cloth,  $1.50. 
BROTHERS  By  Horace  A.  Vachell 

Author  of  "  John  Charity,"  "  life  and  Sport  on  the  Pacific 
Slope,"  etc.    niustrated  by  Will  Grefe. 

12mo,  cloth,  $1.50. 

THE  VERDICT  OF  THE  GODS 

By  Sarath  Kumar  Ghosh 

Illustrated.     A  novel  written  in  English  by  a  native   of 
India,  who  writes  of  Indian  Life  with  fine  English  diction. 

12mo,  clotb,  $1.50. 


ORLEV  FARM 


By  Anthony  TroIIope 


The  first  of  the  new  series  of  "  The  Manor  House  S'ovels.'' 
3  vols.    lUus.     12mo,  $3.75. 


HISTORY  AND  BIOGRAPHY 

ORIGINAL  JOURNALS  OF  THE  LEWIS  AND 
CLARK  EXPEDITION 

Edited  by  REUBEN  GOLD  THWAITE8,  LL.D. 

Issued  in  three  forms,  all  elaborately  Ulostrated. 

Regular  Bdition Special,  net   SGO  00 

Laiige-Paper  Edition Special,  net  $160.00 

Edition  de  lioxe Special,  net  1375.00 

Bend  for  fuU  detcription. 

LIFE  OF  HONORE  DE  BALZAC 

By  Mary  F.  Sandars 

A  biography  compiled  from  original  soorces,  and  a  fine 
picture  of  the  life  and  character  of  the  great  nOTelis*. 
Illtistrated,  8vo,  cloth,  net,  $3.00. 

A  HISTORY  OF  IRELAND  By  John  F.  Finerty 

A  complete  Uatovr  of  Ireland,  written  by  one  of  the  fore- 
most rhiiBiiioM  of  the  Irish  cause  in  America.  Written 
in  asplaanda^e. 

2  vols.,  8vo,  clotb,  net,  $2.50. 

BROWNING  By  Charles  Harold  Herford 

Author  of  "  Romantic  and  Classical  Styles,"  etc    This  is 

the  7th  volume  of  the  series  of  "  Modern  Bngluh  Writert." 

12mo,  clotb,  net,  $1.00. 

A  HISTORY  OF  ANCIENT  SCULPTURE 

By  Lucy  M.  Mitchell 

New  edition  of  a  standard  work,  copiously  illustrated  and 
well  indexed. 

8vo,  cloth,  net,  $4.00. 

BEETHOVEN.    A  Character  Study 

By  G.  A.  Fischer 

12nio,  clotb,  net,  $1.40. 


MISCELLANEOUS 

LYRICS  OF  SUNSHINE  AND  SHADOW 

By  Paul  Laurence  Dunbar 

etc.  Author  of  "Lyrics  of  Lowly  Life,"  "Cabin  and  Field," 
A  new  volume  of  poems  by  this  gifted  author. 

16mo,  cloth,  probably  net,  $1.00. 

FREE  OPINIONS  By  Marie  Corelli 

Authorof"Thelma,""  God's  Good  Man,"  etc.  A  remark- 
able series  of  criticisms  of  modem  life,  manners,  and 

'*^^^*^-         l2mo,  clotb,  net,  $1.20. 

VENICE  DESCRIBED  BY  GREAT  WRITERS 
By  Esther  Singleton 

Author  of  "  Great  Pictures  Described  by  Great  Writers," 
"  A  Guide  to  the  Opera,"  etc.    Folly  illustrated. 
Bvo,  clotb,  net,  $1.60. 

THE  TRIAL  OF  JESUS     By  Giovanni  Rosadi 

Translated  from  the  Italian  by  Dr.  Emil  Reich.     The  most 
widely  read  book  in  Italy.     A  wonderful  book. 
Illustrated,  Bvo,  clotb,  probably  net,  $2.50. 

THE  ART  OF  ORGAN  BUILDING 

By  G.  A.  Audsley 

Anthor  of  "  Keramic  Arts  of  Japan,"  etc.  2  vols.,  quarto, 
with  numerous  illustrations.  Cloth.  Edition  limited  to 
1,000  sets,  ipecuil  net  S15.00.  Edition  de  luxe,  limited  to 
250  set-i,  ipeeial  net  S'25.00. 

Send  /or  full  detcriptUm. 


DODD,  MEAD  &  COMPANY       PUBLISHERS       NEW  YORK 


176 


THE    DIAL. 


[March  16, 


THOMAS  Y.  CROWELL  &  CO/S 

NEW   PUBLICATIONS 


The  Personality 
of  God 

By  LYMAN  ABBOTT,  D.D. 

(Editor  of  The  Outlook) 

A  gi-eat  commotion  has  recently  been  caused 
by  a  sermon  preachetl  by  Dr.  Abbott  before 
the  students  of  Harvard,  in  which  he  gives  his 
definition  of  God.  The  utterance  has  called 
forth  the  widest  discussion  not  only  among 
ministers  and  theological  papers,  but  also  in  the 
secular  press.  The  appearance  of  this  "  au- 
thorized version  "  will  be  hailed  with  interest. 
What  Is  Worth  While  Series.  12mo. 
30  cents  net.     By  mail,  35  cents. 


The  Drink  Problem 
in  Modern  Life 

By  HENRY  C.  POTTER,  D.D. 

(Bishop  of  New  York) 

No  more  perplexing  problem  lias  confrontetl 
our  law-makevs  and  reformers  during  recent 
years  than  the  regulation  of  the  saloon.  Among 
noteworthy  men  who  have  advocated  new  meth- 
ods. Bishop  Potter  has  attracted  foremost  at- 
tention, and  a  frank  discussion  of  the  issue  from 
his  pen  is  therefore  of  timely  value. 
What  Is  Worth  While  Series.  12mo.  30c.  net. 
By  mail,  35  cents. 


The  Minister  as 
Prophet 

By  CHARLES  E.  JEFFERSON,  D.D. 

(Pastor  of  the  Broadway  Tabernacle, 
New  York) 

"  Dr.  Charles  E.  Jefferson's  books  get  read. 
Not  only  individuals  find  them  out  and  buy 
them,  but  his  'Things  Fundamental'  is  now 
one  of  the  required  books  of  the  reading  course 
of  Methodist  preachers  in  this  country  for  the 
coming  year,  and  his  book,  'Quiet  Hints  to 
Growing  Preachers,'  has  been  sent  forth  to 
every  Presbyterian  preacher  in  the  land  by  the 
evangelistic  committee  of  that  denomination." 
—  The  Congregationalist. 
16mo,  cloth,  gilt  top,  90c.  net.    By  mail,  $1.00. 


The  Tragedie  of 
Hamlet 

First  Folio  Edition 

Edited  by  CHARLOTTE  PORTER  and 
HELEN  A.  CLARKE 

The  original  reading  of  Shakespeare's  play  is 
here  restored  in  a  popular  text  for  the  first 
time.  The  book  is  a  veritable  pocket  variorum. 
"  Will  hold  a  place  by  itself  among  all  the  re- 
prints of  Shakespeare." — The  Outlook. 
"  I  have  taken  it  to  my  heart  at  once,  and 
every  votary  of  the  gi'eatest  English  books 
must  do  the  same." — E.  C.  Stednian. 
Type  and  presswork  by  De  Vinne.  Cloth, 
50  cents  ;  limp  leather.  75  cents  net.  Postage 
5  cents. 


THOMAS    Y.    CROWELL    &    COMPANY 

426-428  WEST  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK 


1905.] 


THE    DTATi 


177 


THE  FUGITIVE 
BLACKSMITH 


Bv  CHARLES   D.  STEWART 

Thomas  Bailey  Aldricb  says : 

"It  is  a  deliciously  fresh  story  with 
a  rich  vein  of  humor  running  through 
it.  Stumpy's  intermittent  narrative  is 
as  ingenious  and  deHghtful  as  any  of 
Scheherazade's  in  the 
'Thousand  and  One 
Nights.'" 


CONSTANCE 
TRESCOT 


Frontispiece, 
tamo, 
sai  pages, 
St. SO 


By    DR.    S.   WEIR    MITCHELL 
jiutbor  of  Hugh  WynnCy''  eu. 

Dr.  Mitchell's  latest  and  greatest  story 
— "a  masterpiece,"  says  one  of  Amer- 
ica's ablest  critics.    It  follows  a  young 
Northern    couple   in   the   South  just 
after  the  Civil  War,  devel- 
oping a  situation  of  tre- 
The  ^v     mendous    strength 

and  one  unique 

Biography  of  the  Season       \^  in  literature. 


Ready  March  29 


tSmo,  58* 
pages, 
St.  SO 


Autobiography  of 

ANDREW  D.  WHITE 

This  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  biographies  ever  written.  Dr.  White  has  led  a  wonderful 
life — a  life  which  has  come  in  close  personal  contact  with  the  greatest  men  of  the  century  and 
which    has   touched    upon   many  interests  :    education,  politics,  statecraft,  diplomacy,  literature. 

!n  two  handsome  volumes  of  600  pages  each  ;  five  photograV' 
ure  portraits  of  the  author.     Price  $7.SO  net,  postage  extra. 


THE 
SMOKE-EATERS 

By   HARVEY   J.    O'HIGGIN'S 

The  New  York  "Globe"  says: 

"Here  are  men  as  real  as  Kipling's  'Soldiers 
Three.'  .  .  .  Rarely  does  one  read  a  book 
in  which  human  strength  and  human  weakness 
are  so  capitally  portrayed.  Seldom  in  the  pages 
of  fiction  is  it  so  impressively  brought  home  to 
one  how  heroism  and  folly  can  shade  into  one 
another." 

Frontispiece,  tamo,  300  pages,  St. SO. 


IN  THE  NAME 
OF  LIBERTY 

A  Netc  Story  of  the  Terror 

By  OWEN  JOHNSOX 

Author  of  **  Arrows  of  the  Almighty  " 

John  Luther  Long  says: 

"Don't  send  me  another  story  as  fascinating 
as  that.  It  has  demoralized  me.  For  here  I 
am  at  three  o'clock  on  Sunday  morning,  with 
every  minute  capable  of  sixfold  use,  finishing 

that  book."  Frontispiece  by 

Castaigne, tamo, 406  pages, St  .so. 


READT  SOON 

SANDY 

By  the  Jtuthor  of  "Mrs.  Wiggs 
of  the  Cabbage  Patch" 

Illustrated  by  Jacobs 

tSmo,  33S  pages,  St.OO. 


READY  SOON 

WOODMYTH  AND  FABLE 

By  ERNEST  THOMPSON  SETON 

Author  of 
"The  Biography  of  a  Grizzly, ^^  etc. 

Illustrated  by  author 
t6mo,  tSl  pages,  St. as  net. 


THE  CENTURY  CO, 


Union  Square,  New  York. 


178  THE     DIAL  [March  16. 


HOUGHTON,  MIFFLIN  &  COMPANY^S 

LIST  OF  SPRING  BOOKS 

BOSTON  1905  NEW  YORK 


FICTION 


ISIDRO  By  Mary  Austik 

A  stirring  romance  of  the  MiMion  days  of  California.    Illustrated  in  four  colors  by  Eric  Fape.    12ino.    $1.50. 

THE  MATRIMONIAL  BUREAU  By  Carolyn  Wblls  and  Harry  P.  Tabkr 

A  summer  romance  with  clever  dialogue  and  audaciously  humorous  situations.    lUus.  in  tint  by  0.  M.  Relyea.    12mo.    S1.50. 

THE  OPAL  Anonymous 

A  fascinating  character  sketch  of  society  people.    With  striking  frontispiece  in  tint  by  J.  H.  Oardner-Soper.    12mo.   $1.26. 

THE  OUTLET  By  Andy  Adams 

Personal  adventures  of  the  author  of  "The  Log  of  a  Cowboy."    Illustrated  in  tint  by  E.  Boyd  Smith.    Crown  8vo.    $1.50. 

OUT  OF  BONDAGE  By  Rowland  E.  Robinson 

Amusing  stories  of  the  Oreen  Mountain  country.    16mo.    81.25. 

A  MADCAP  CRUISE  By  Oric  Bates 

Exciting  experiences  of  two  college  men  on  a  stolen  cruise.    12mo.    $1.50. 


NATURE 


WILD  WINGS  By  Herbert  K.  Job 

Adventures  and  observations  of  a  camera-hunter  among  the  wild  birds  of  North  America.    Illustrated  from  photographs. 

WASPS,  SOCIAL  AND  SOLITARY  By  G.  W.  and  E.  G.  Pbckham 

A  popular  book  of  research  and  observation.    Illustrated.     12mo,  f  1.50  net.     Postage  extra. 

xMANUAL  OF  TREES  By  Charles  S.  Sargent 

A  valuable  handbook  on  the  trees  of  North  America.    With  644  illustrations  by  C.  E.  Faxon.    8vo,  $6.00  net,  postpaid. 

TREES  AND  SHRUBS  By  Charles  S.  Sargent 

Part  IV.    This  part  completes  the  first  volume  of  this  authoritative  work.    With  25  plates  by  C.  E.  Faxon.    Each  part, 
4to,  $5  00  net,  postpaid. 


ESSAYS  AND  RELIGION 


THE  CHRISTIAN  MINISTRY  By  Lyman  Abbott 

A  live  discussion  of  the  question :  Why  Do  People  Go  to  Church  ?    Crown  8vo,  $1.50  net.    Postage  extra. 

THE  WITNESS  TO  THE  INFLUENCE  OF  CHRIST    By  William  Boyd  Carpenter 
A  spirited  discussion  of  the  religion  of  to-day  by  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Church  of  England.  12mo,  $1.10  net.  Postage  extra. 

THE  ETERNAL  LIFE  By  Hugo  Munsterberg 

An  important  contribution  to  the  discussion  of  immortality.    85  cents  net.    Postage  extra. 

THE  CHILDREN  OF  GOOD  FORTUNE  By  C.  Hanford  Henderson 

Essays  upon  such  questions  as  Human  Conduct,  The  Moral  Person,  Social  Welfare,  etc. 

ESSAYS  IN  PURITANISM  By  Andrew  Macphail 

Thoughtful  essays  full  of  good-humored  satire.    Crown  8vo,  $1.50  net.    Postage  extra. 


POETRY 


LATER  POEMS  By  John  White  Chadwick 

Presenting  Mr.  Chadwick  as  a  poet  in  his  most  mature  period. 

THE  SHOES  THAT  DANCED  By  Anna  Hampstead  Branch 

A  companion  volume  to  "The  Heart  of  the  Road  and  Other  Poems." 


MISCELLANEOUS 


THE  FAR  EASTERN  TROPICS  By  Alleyne  Ireland 

Studies  in  colonial  administration  by  an  expert.    With  map.    Large  crown  8vo,  $2.00  net.    Postage  extra. 

OUR  NAVY  AND  THE  BARBARY  CORSAIRS  By  Gardner  W.  Allen 

An  interesting  account  of  our  various  relations  with  the  Barbary  States.    Crown  8vo,  $1.50  net.    Postage  12  cents. 

IRELAND'S  STORY  By  Charles  Johnston  and  Carita  Spencer 

A  short  history  of  Ireland  for  general  readers  and  students.    Illustrated.    12mo.    $1.40  net.    Postage  14  cents. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NATHANIEL  HAWTHORNE        Compiled  by  Nina  E.  Browne 

{Special  Limited  Edition ).   A  valuable  book  for  students,  libraries,  and  collectors.   500  numbered  copies.   8  vo,  $5  net,  postpaid. 

Our  Riverside  Bulletin  for  March,  containing  complete  announcements  of  these  books,  will  be  mailed 
to  any  address,  free  of  charge,  on  request. 


1905.J 


THE    DIAL, 


179 


FROM  JOHN  LANE'S  SPRING  LIST 


THEODORE  WATTS  -  DUNTON 

Poet  Novelist  Critic 

A  Biographical  and  Critical  Study  by  James  Docglas.     With  Letters  and  Recollections  of  Swikburhb, 
Mkredith,  Whistler,  the  Rossbttis,  Bbet  Habte,  etc 

8vo  Profusdy  Illustrated  in  Photogravure  and  Half-Ume.  $3.50  net 

THE  DIAL: 

"  Fascinating  book  ....  by  no  means  a  formal  biography." 

THE  NATION  : 

''An  anthologj'  of  Mr.  Watts-Dunton's  scattered  and  too  little  known  work  in  criticism,  in  fiction, 
and  in  verse." 


THE  LIFE  OF  CERVANTES 

By  Albert  F.  Calvert,  author  of 
'•The  Alhambra."  "Impressions  of 
Spain,"  etc. 

With  numerous  illustrations  reproduced  from 
portraits,  title  pages,  and  illustrations  of 
early  editions.  —  TercetUenary  Edition. 

12mo  $1.25  net 


A  PRINCE  TO  ORDER 

A  NOVEL 

By  Charles  Stokes  Wayne. 
The  adventures  of  an  inroluntary  pretender 
to  the  throne  of  an  imaginary  kingdom  —  a 
dashing  romance. 
12mo  $1.50 


THE   WOMEN  OF  SHAKE- 
SPEARE'S FAMILY 

By    Mrs.    Mart    Rose,    Curator    of 
Shakespeare's  birthplace  at  Stratford- 


on-Avon. 
16mo 


illustrated 


50  cents  net 


OTIA 

By   Abmzne    Thomas  Kent.      With 
two  portraits. 

A  book  of  delightfol  essays  in  criticism. 

12mo  $1.25  net 


LIFE   AND   LET- 
TERS OF  R.  S. 
HAWKER 

Sometime  Vicar  of  Mor- 
wenstow.  By  his  Son-in- 
law  C.  E.  Bylks.  With 
numerous  illustrations  by 
J.  Ley  Pethybriikje 
and  others.  Containing 
much  new  material,  new- 
ly discovered  letters  from 
Hawker  and  an  account 
of  Tennyson's  visit  to 
Morwenstow. 
8vo  $5.00  net 


WITH  THE 

PILGRIMS  TO 

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THE  SPLENDOR  OF  THE  HUMAN  BODY 

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War.—  Conditions  on  January  1, 1899.—  The  First  Year  of  Occupa- 
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vention.—The  Question  of  "Relations."- Effect  of  the  Piatt 
Amendment. —  Struggle  for  Tariff  Concessions. —  Industry  and 
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Independiente.  —  Index. 


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UNITED  STATES 

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ADVICE  FOR  THE  USE  OF  PERSONS  LOSING  THEIR  SIGHT.     Translated  by  Dr.  CARROLL  E.  EDSON. 

There  is  an  undercurrent  of  pathos  under  the  charming  style  of  the  famous  oculist's  courageous  effort  to  make  his  own 

experience  of  service  to  those  of  like  misfortune.     To  such  and  to  their  friends  the  book  is  full  of  helpful  suggestions. 

Cloth,  ItJmo,  SI. 25  net.    {Postage  10c.) 

General  ABBOT'S    Problems  of  the  Panama  Canal 

Brig.  Gen.  HENRY  L.  ABBOT,  U.  S.  Army,  retired,  describes  fully,  clearly,  and  with  authority,  the  history  of  the  Canal, 
the  conditions  which  affect  work  on  the  River  Chagres.  Illustrated  with  maps,  diagrams,  and  views.  Cloth,  8io.  Nearly  ready. 

ADAMS  and  SUMNER'S    Labor  Problems 

By  THOMAS  SEWALL  ADAMS,  Ph.D.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Political  Economy,  University  of  Wisconsin,  and  HELEN  L. 
SUMNER,  A. B.    With  full  references  for  supplementary  reading.  Cloth,  SI. 60  net.    (Postage  13c.) 

"  Woman  and  Child  Labor ;  "  "Immigration;"  "  The  Sweating  System  ;  "  " Strikes  and  Boycotts ;  "  "  Labor  Organizations 
and  Employers'  Associations;"  "Profit-Sharing  and  Cooperative  Enterprises;"  "Industrial  and  Labor  Legislation,"  are 
smong  the  topics  discussed  with  what  the  Globe-Democrat  calls  "  a  splendid  combination  of  thoroughness  and  brevity." 

Mr.  ROBERT   HUNTER'S       PoVerty    New  Edition 

A  Definition  of  Poverty,  and  an  Estimate  of  its  Extent  at  the  Present  Time.     By  ROBERT  HUNTER. 

Mr.  EDWIN  MARKHAM  calls  this  much-discussed  book  "  the  most  impressive  and  important  book  of  the  year."  Its  revela- 
tions of  the  conditions  affecting  child-life  in  our  large  cities  are  arousing  a  remarkable  degree  of  interest. 

Cloth,  S1.50  net.    {Postage  1.3c.) 

NEW  NOVELS  JUST  READY 

Mrs.  SARA  ANDREW  sHAFER's    Beyond  CHance  of  Change 

is  another  delightful  book  in  the  same  vein  as  her  "The  Day  Before  Yesterday,"  which  the  Philadelphia  Ledger  describes 
as  "  half  humorous,  half  tender,  wholly  delightful."  Cloth,  SI. 50. 

Mr.  ROBERT  H.  FULLER'S  novel       The    Golden    Hope 

is  a  tale  of  the  time  of  Alexander  the  Great ;  a  riot  of  color,  adventure  and  romance,  of  which  the  Macedonian  invasion  of 
the  Empire  of  Darius  and  the  siege  of  Tyre  are  elements  in  the  historic  background.  Cloth,  SI. 50. 

Miss  ADELAIDE  L.  ROUSE'S  novel    The  Letters  of  Theodora 

displays  with  great  vivacity  and  humor  the  life  of  a  young,  and  at  first  unsuccessful,  literary  woman  in  New  York.  It  is  a 
good  story  to  read  aloud,  for  Theodora's  moods  are  an  ever-changing  joy.  Cloth,  SI. 50. 

Mr.  EDEN  PHiLLPOTTS's  powerful  novel    The  Secret  Woman 

"is  beyond  question  one  of  the  greatest  novels  in  literature.    It  is  a  masterpiece.    It  sets  Mr.  Phillpotts  among  the  immor- 
tals."   JAMES  DOUGLAS  in  The  Star  (London). 
"  It  effectually  lifts  Mr.  Phillpotts  among  the  three  or  four  novelists  of  the  first  rank  to-day." — Daily  Mail  (London). 

Second  Edition.     Cloth,  S1.50. 


THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY,  Publishers,  66  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York 


THE  DIAL 

a.  Snnt=lKontf)l2  Journal  of  ILtterarg  Criticism,  ©isnission,  ant  information. 


ENTERED   AT   THE   CHICAGO   POSTOFFICE   AS    SECOND-CLASS   MATTER. 

No.  4oO.  MARCH  16,  1905.    Vol.  XXXVIII. 

COXTEXTS. 

PASK 

A  GENTLEMAN'S  LIBRARY 185 

C0>OIUNICATI0N 187 

Shakespeare's  'Second  Best  Bed.'     R. 

THACKERAY  IN  AMERICA.    M.  F. 187 

A     COOPERATIVE     HISTORY     OF    AMERICA. 

St.  George  L.  Sioussat 190 

A     SHAKESPEARIAN     MISCELLANY.      Charles 

H.  A.  Wager 194 

THE  RAILWAY  PROBLEM.    John  J.  Halsey    .     .  196 

RECENT  AMERICAN   POETRY.     William  Morton 

Payne 197 

Van  Dyke's  Music  and  Other  Poems.  —  Russell's 
The  Twin  Inunortalities.  —  Kuowles's  Love  Tri- 
umphant. —  Carryl's  The  Garden  of  Years.  —  Scol- 
lard's  Lyrics  and  Legends  of  Christmas-Tide. — 
Sherman's  Lyrics  of  Joy.  —  Groetz's  Interludes. — 
Loveman's  .Songs  from  a  Georgia  Garden.  —  Mrs. 
Higginson's  The  Playmate  Hours.  —  Mrs.  Coates's 
Mine  and  Thine. — Miss  Thomas's  Cassia  and  Other 
Verse. — Miss  Hawthorne's  Poems. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 201 

India  in  its  physical  aspects.  —  Essays  in  literary 
topography.  —  The  story  of  Art  through  the  ages. 
—  A  study  in  the  principles  of  personality.  —  The 
story  of  our  Indian  wars. — The  marvels  of  modem 
industry.  —  New  facts  concerning  Mont  Pelee. — 
An  aid  to  the  study  of  the  New  Testament.  —  A 
year-book  for  the  whole  Christian  Church.  —  The 
history  of  a  Southern  commonwealth.  —  The  quest 
of  •  big  game '  in  America.  —  A  book  of  famous 
mysteries.  —  Memoirs  of  a  Continental  officer.  —  A 
'  true  '  biography  of  Henry  Clay.  —  An  outline  of 
the  French  Revolution. 

NOTES 205 

ANNOUNCEMENTS  OF  SPRING  BOOKS      .     .     .206 
A  complete  classified  list  of  books  to  be  issued  by 
American  publishers  during  the  Spring  of  1905. 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS 214 


A  GENTLEMAN'S  LIBRARY. 

Charles  Lamb's  reckoning  of  the  books  *no 
gentleman's  library  should  be  without '  would 
require  some  modifications  to  fit  with  our  mod- 
ern notions.  Giblx)n  would  still  occupy  a  place 
in  that  supposititious  collection,  and  possibly 
Hume.  But  we  have  our  doubts  about  Robert- 
son, Beattie,  and  Soame  Jenyns.  The  last- 
named  person  may  have  l)een,  as  Burke  said 
of  him,   '  one  of  those   who  wrote,  the  purest 


English,  that  is,  the  most  simple  and  alwrigi- 
nal  language,  the  least  qualified  with  foreign 
impregnations,'  but  the  present  age  knows  him 
not.  Paley's  'Moral  Philosophy'  and  the 
'  Histories  of  Flavins  Josephus  (that  learned 
Jew)  '  may  possibly  still  fill  nooks  in  the 
libraries  of  'modern  gentlemen,'  but  they  are 
there  as  corporeal  hereditaments,  not  as  pur- 
chases made  of  purpose  prepense.  '  Scientific 
Treatises '  are  to  1)e  found  in  great  numbers, 
to  be  sure,  but  how  different  a  matter  is  their 
science  from  that  comprised  in  the  term  as 
Elia  understood  it!  As  for  the  miscellaneous 
items  in  Lamb's  catalogue  — '  Court  Calendars, 
Directories,  Pocket-Books,  Draught  Boards, 
bound  and  lettered  on  the  back,  Almanacs, 
Statutes  at  Large' — they  have  their  modern 
analogues,  no  doubt,  for  the  type  they  represent 
is  persistent.  A  revised  version  of  the  essay- 
ist's list,  adapted  to  our  own  American  day  and 
generation,  might  run  somewhat  as  follows: 
Blue  Books,  City  Ordinances,  Automobile  Cata- 
logues, and  Club  Registers,  the  '  works '  of  Bal- 
zac, Washington,  Corelli,  and  Tolstoy  (in  uni- 
form library  sets),  the  Messages  of  the  Presi- 
dents, Ben  Hur,  the  Best  Literature  of  the  Uni- 
verse (sold  by  subscription),  and  the  writings 
of  Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie.  And  of  such  a  list 
the  l>ook-lover  might  ;<ay  as  Lamb  said  of  his 
own :  '  With  these  exceptions,  I  can  read 
almost  anything.  I  bless  my  stars  for  a  taste 
so  catholic,  so  unexcluding.' 

Tlie  'things  in  books'  clothing'  that  perch 
upon  our  modem  shelves  offer  a  variety  of  vac- 
uity and  a  hollowness  of  pretension  of  which 
Lamb  could  hardly  have  dreamed.  We  were 
speaking  not  long  ago  of  the  ingenuity  of  sub- 
scription publishers  in  inventing  new  sorts  of 
'  Libraries '  —  oratory,  sermons,  poetr}',  wit  and 
humor,  elegant  extracts,  and  what  not  —  and 
of  the  skill  of  their  agents  in  foisting  these 
choice  products  of  the  printer's  trade  upon 
unwary  or  easily  gullible  victims.  The  nefari- 
ous business  goes  merrily  on,  and  the  commer- 
cial energ}'  which  prosecutes  it  shows  no  signs 
of  al>atement.  What  a  legacy  is  being  prepared 
for  the  inheritors  of  these  showy  stores  of 
literary  hmilDcr!  What  a  time  'the  child  in 
the  house '  is  going  to  have  as  he  grows  up : 
and  the  roots  of  his  young  life  strike  blindly 
through  this  mould  in  their  search  for  nutri- 
ment I  We  have  often  reflected  upon  the 
melancholy  fortune  of  that  luckless  child.  His 
predecessor  of  a  generation  or  two  ago   (con- 


186 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


cerning  whom  the  literature  of  biography  has 
revealed  so  many  interesting  particulars)  had 
access  to  no  great  store  of  books,  but,  however 
restricted  the  pasture  afforded  for  his  brows- 
ings, there  was  a  fair  chance  that  it  would 
yield  a  '  Gulliver,'  or  a  '  Tom  Jones,'  or  a  '  Eob- 
inson  Crusoe,'  and  very  likely  all  three  of  them. 
A  'Pilgrim's  Progress,'  an  'Arabian  Nights,' 
and  a  Fox's  '  Martyrs '  were  pretty  sure  to  be 
found  in  cupboard  or  garret,  clothed  in  respect- 
able ancient  garb,  redolent  of  mystery  and 
romance.  The  battered  Shakespeare  and  the 
few  old  'Waverleys'  that  rarely  failed  to  be 
discovered  somewhere  offered  a  passport  to  the 
whole  realm  of  the  imagination,  and  were  fed 
upon  as  manna  from  heaven.  With  such 
incitements,  the  instinct  of  youth  was  wont 
to  grope  its  way  toward  the  light  of  literature, 
and  to  build  up  wholesome  tastes  upon  the  most 
solid  of  foundations. 

How  different  is  the  fate  of  the  modern 
youth !  To  begin  with,  he  is  sent  to  the  school 
of  our  new  mechanical  fashion,  and  scientific 
pedagogy  wreaks  its  will  upon  him.  He  is 
taught  'literature'  —  Heaven  save  the  mark! 
—  by  means  of  manuals  and  ingeniously-chosen 
texts,  and  his  soul  revolts.  That  this  particu- 
larly obnoxious  form  of  worriment  should  have 
any  real  relation  to  life,  let  alone  to  pleasur- 
able experience,  is  the  last  idea  that  ever  enters 
his  mind.  Left  to  his  own  devices  he  might 
have  found  his  way  into  many  a  treasure-house 
or  pleasance  of  letters,  but  once  having  learned 
to  look  upon  authors  and  their  work  as  ticketed 
and  classified  objects  of  study,  he  relegates  lit- 
erature to  the  list  of  disagreeable  things  that 
the  tyranny  of  his  elders  forces  him  to  endure 
for  a  season,  but  that  no  rational  boy  or  girl 
would  think  of  counting  among  the  pleasures 
of  life.  With  much  toilsome  constraint  of  his 
tender  childish  faculties  he  has  been  taught 
to  read,  and  then  he  is  given  literary  apples 
of  Sodom  for  the  reward  of  his  labors  and  the 
disenchantment  of  his  sense.  Later  in  life, 
when  the  pressure  of  his  environment  forces 
him  to  find  something  to  read,  he  wastes  him- 
self upon  inanities;  the  vulgarity  of  the  news- 
paper becomes  his  intellectual  pabulum,  the 
triviality  of  the  popular  magazine  his  means  of 
mental  recreation. 

Meanwhile,  books  (of  a  sort)  have  been  all 
around  him.  If  his  lot  has  been  cast  among 
the  well-to-do,  he  has  had  within  his  reach  the 
'  gentleman's  library '  of  our  theme.  If  not, 
he  has  had  its  humbler  analogue,  the  bookcase 
filled  with  spoil  of  the  department  store  and 
the  bargain  sale.  Xow  the  trouble  with  this 
'  gentleman's  library '  (and  its  cheap  substi- 
tute) is  that  it  is  woefully  undiscriminating. 
The  proportion  of  wheat  to  chaff,  of  bread  to 


sack,  is  so  small  that  the  '  child  in  the  house/ 
even  if  his  healthy  natural  instincts  have  es- 
caped perversion  at  the  hands  of  his  pedagogues, 
has  small  chance  of  finding  the  wholesome 
nourishment  that  the  family  bookshelves  would 
still  probably  afford  if  put  to  the  right  uses. 
Moreover,  the  very  idea  of  literature  is  cheap- 
ened and  vulgarized  by  the  quantity  of  printed 
matter  thus  easily  to  be  got  at.  How  can  books 
be  precious  things  if  multiplied  in  this  reck- 
less fashion,  and  thrust  upon  a  child's  atten- 
tion from  all  sides?  And  how  can  any  mere 
book  in  covers  hope  to  compete  with  the  glories 
of  the  Sunday  newspaper  with  its  colored  comic 
supplements  ? 

The  '  gentleman's  library '  of  Lamb's  detes- 
tation was  not,  we  shrewdly  suspect,  a  source 
of  great  literary  satisfaction  to  its  possessor. 
It  was  the  mark  of  respectability,  of  station  in 
life,  and  perhaps  of  affluence.  Its  modern 
prototype  is  the  mark  of  all  these  things,  dis- 
played with  an  exaggeration  of  pretension  that 
comports  with  the  other  aspects  of  modern 
extravagance.  It  is  apt  to  be  viewed  by  its 
owner  as  so  much  furniture  bought  by  the  yard, 
as  so  much  binding  made  to  match  the  other 
upholstery.  It  may  be  safely  averred  that  the 
books  it  contains  are  not  read.  In  some  cases, 
the  notion  of  their  being  read  is  flouted  by 
their  very  appearance.  We  recall  certain  edi- 
tions of  Dickens  and  George  Eliot  and  Shake- 
speare designed  for  the  very  purpose  of  making 
it  impossible  to  read  them.  Such  books  are 
architecture,  not  literature;  the  amateurs  of 
editions  de  liLxe  may  describe  them  as  '  noble 
tomes,'  and  take  pride  in  their  possession,  but 
the  lover  of  books  (in  the  Avarm  human  sense) 
would  not  have  them  as  a  gift. 

But  whether  physically  readable  or  not,  these 
collections  of  '  authors '  stand  on  the  shelf 
unhandled,  and  grow  from  year  to  year  with 
the  incapacity  of  their  owners  to  enjoy  the 
bounty  which  literature  so  liberally  offers  to 
its  elect.  Like  the  schoolboy  of  whom  it  was 
said  that  much  classical  study  had  given  him 
no  a.cquaintance  with  Greek  and  Latin,  but 
only  the  firm  conviction  that  those  languages 
existed,  so  the  '  gentleman '  whose  '  library '  we 
are  now  discussing  may  be  said  to  have  a  firm 
conviction  that  the  '  authors '  exist,  but  no 
notion  whatever  of  the  reason  for  their  exist- 
ence. Thus  is  education  justified  of  her  chil- 
dren; thus,  in  other  words,  does  the  mechani- 
cal teaching  of  facts  about  literature  bear  fruit 
in  the  mechanical  acquisition  of  'standard 
sets,'  for  the  encouragement  of  the  sharp- 
sighted  manufacturer  of  books  and  the  faithful 
editorial  hacks  whom  he  employs.  That  our 
modern  multiplication  of  editions  is  the  index 
to  a  corresponding  increase  in  literary  culture 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


187 


and  appreciation  is  about  the  last  hypothesis 
that  would  be  framed  by  a  philosopher  seeking 
to  account  for  the  'gentleman's  library'  as  it 
exists  in  our  dav  and  generation. 


COMMUNICA  TIOX. 

SHAKESPEARE'S  ^SECONT)  BEST  BED.' 
(To  the  Editor  of  The  Dial.) 

A  writer  in  the  issue  of  The  Dial  for  March  1 
refers  to  the  clause  in  Shakespeare's  will  by 
which  he  left  to  his  wife  his  'second  best  bed';  a 
clause  that  has  been  often  mentioned  as  indicat- 
ing that  the  poet  had  but  little  affection  for  his 
partner  in  life  and  the  mother  of  his  children. 
I  have  never  seen  in  print  any  explanation  of  a 
testamentary  disposition  that  was  not  uncom- 
mon, I  believe,  in  wills  of  that  period ;  but  there 
is  an  explanation  which,  I  think,  is  perfectly 
satisfactory,  and  which  relieves  the  poet  of  the 
imputation  of  having  put  a  slight  on  his  wife. 

The  question  has  often  been  asked.  If  Shakes- 
peare really  entertained  affection  for  his  wife, 
why  did  he  not  leave  her  his  best  bed?  The 
answer  is  that  under  an  existing  custom  which 
had  the  force  of  law  he  had  no  power  to  do  so, 
the  best  bed  of  a  land-owner  being  an  heirloom, 
a  species  of  personal  property  which  upon  the 
death  of  the  proprietor  goes  along  with  the  land 
to  the  heir,  and  of  which  the  heir  cannot  be  de- 
prived by  a  last  will  and  testament. 

'The  term  heirloom,'  according  to  Bouvier's 
Law  Dictionary,  'is  applied  to  those  chattels 
which  are  considered  as  annexed  and  necessary 
to  the  enjoyment  of  the  inheritance.'  It  in- 
cludes title  papers  to  lands,  together  with  the 
chest  in  which  they  are  contained,  the  keys  of  a 
house,  fish  in  a  pond,  deer  in  a  park,  family  tomb- 
stones and  moniunents,  family  portraits,  pews  in 
churches,  etc. 

In  Shakespeare's  time  the  best  bed  of  a  land- 
owner was  an  heirloom  by  custom  recognized  as 
law  in  many  parts  of  England.  Thus  Sir  Edward 
Coke,  who  was  a  contemporary  of  Shakespeare, 
says:  'And  note  that  in  some  places  chattels 
as  heirlooms  (as  the  best  bed.  table,  pot,  pan, 
cart  and  other  dead  chattels  movable)  may  go  to 
the  heire  and  the  heire  in  that  case  may  have 
an  action  for  them  at  the  common  law'  (Coke 
on  Littleton,  IS  a,  18  b,  L.  I.  C.  Sec.  12). 

Blackstone  gives  in  quaint  language  the  reason 
why  heirlooms  cannot  be  bequeathed  by  will.  He 
says:  'Yet  they  [heirlooms]  being  at  his  [the 
testator's]  death  instantly  vested  in  the  heir,  the 
devise  (which  is  subsequent  and  not  to  take  effect 
till  after  his  death)  shall  be  postponed  to  the 
custom  whereby  they  have  already  descended' 
(4  Blackstone 's  Commentaries,  p.  429). 

That  this  custom  was  regarded  in  drawing  the 
will  of  Shakespeare,  and  that  the  wUl  does  not 
in  the  least  tend  to  show  that  he  was  wanting  in 
natural  affection  for  his  wife,  would  seem  to  be 
obvious.  R. 

Little  Rock,  Ark.,  March  6,  1905. 


Cbt  Beta  ^ooks. 


Thackeray  d*  America.* 


Those  of  us  who  are  like  Mr.  Andrew  Lang 
in  being  able  to  say  of  Thackeray,  '  G'est  mon 
homme/  have  been  particularly  fortunate  of 
late.  The  recently-published  '  Letters  of  Thack- 
eray to  an  American  Family'  and  Grcneral 
James  Grant  Wilson's  '  Thackeray  in  the  United 
States '  are  books  of  quite  exceptional  interest. 
As  to  the  first,  it  may  be  with  a  somewhat 
uneasy  gratitude  that  we  accept  what  is  offered 
us.  The  old  question  of  our  right  to  such  a  gift 
arises  with  peculiar  insistence  in  the  case  of 
Thackeray,  whom  we  know  to  have  shrunk  from 
all  that  biography  and  its  accompaniments  im- 
plied to  him.  It  would  decidedly  simplify  this 
and  similar  problems  for  us,  and  help  besides  to 
dispose  of  one  of  the  most  troublesome  points  of 
literary  ethics,  if  we  could  be  given  some  oppor- 
tunity of  proving  our  fitness  for  the  privilege 
we  enjoy.  There  would  doubtless  be  some  diffi- 
culties in  the  way  of  devising  a  suitable  plan  for 
the  establishment  of  our  qualifications,  as  well 
as  in  the  selection  of  those  entrusted  with,  the 
duty  of  applying  the  test.  Even  an  authorized 
biographer — as  in  the  case  of  Carlyle,  for  ex- 
ample,— might  not  give  universal  satisfaction  if 
appointed  as  a  judge  of  candidates ;  nor  would 
all  the  advantages  of  intimacy  and  collaboration 
have  rendered  Henley  entirely  acceptable  to  sill 
Stevensonians.  The  suggestion,  it  must  be  ad- 
mitted, is  not  very  practicable.  Our  reading  of 
letters  will  probably  continue  unlicensed,  and 
those  of  us  who  have  importunate  consciences 
can,  as  Sir  Leslie  Stephen  puts  it  in  his  discus- 
sion of  the  Browning  Letters,  atone  for  our  en- 
joyment of  contraband  goods  by  vigorously  abus- 
ing the  smuggler.  Yet  in  some  cases  that 
atonement  fails  to  be  complete.  In  reading 
Thackerars  letters  we  should  be  the  better  sat- 
isfied for  some  definite  warrant  for  considering 
ourselves  other  than  mere  curious  impertinents ; 
and  lacking  such  warrant,  it  is  with  a  half- 
guilty  pleasure  that  we  welcome  the  new  vol- 
ume. 

It  is  not  far  from  a  score  of  years  since  the 
publication  of  the  Brookfield  Letters  left  little 
room  for  further  revelation  of  Thackeray's  per- 
sonality. Since  that  time,  and  with  the  addi- 
tional evidence  of  the  portrait  given  us  by  Mrs. 
Eitchie  in  the  *  Biographical  Edition,'  the  old 

•  Thackeray's  Letters  to  an  American  Faidlt. 
With  introduction  by  Lucy  W.  Baxter.  Illustrated.  New 
York :  The  Century  Co. 

Thackeray  ix  the  United  States.  By  General  James 
Grant  Wilson.  With  bibliography  by  Frederick  S.  Dick- 
son. In  two  volumes.  Illustrated.  New  York :  Dodd, 
Mead  &  Co. 


.188 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


charge  of  cj'nicism  has  bt'cn  silenced,  or  men- 
tioned, only  to  be  indignantly  disproved.  In- 
deed, some  of  us  have  l>een  so  anxious  to  free 
the  creator  of  Colonel  Newcome  and  of  Helen 
Pendennis  from  tihe  unpleasant  connotations  of 
the  word  '  cynic '  that  we  have  been  quite  ready 
to  forget  what  text  it  was  he  loved  to  treat  on, 
and  will  have  it  that  Charlotte  Bronte's  "^lion 
that  came  out  of  Judah '  roarecl  us  very  gently 
indeed.  And  yet  the  recollection  of  Mr.  Den- 
ceaee  and  Lady  GriflBn,  of  Catherine  and  her 
Galgenstein,  no  less  than  of  Colonel  iSTewcome 
and  the  Lamberts,  belongs  to  a  real  apprecia- 
tion of  the  letters.  The  possibilities  of  the  scBva 
indigimtio  of  the  satirist  bring  into  higher  relief 
the  tenderness  that  was  always  part  of  the  man. 
The  recently-published  'Letters  to  an  Amer- 
ican Family '  cover  the  period  from  1852,  the 
date  of  Thackeray's  first  visit  to  America,  to 
within  a  year  of  his  death.  Writing  to  ]\Irs. 
Brookfield.  early  in  1853,  he  says: 

'Have  you  heard  that  I  have  found  Beatrix  at 
New  York?  I  have  basked  in  her  bright  eyes;  but 
ah  me!  I  don't  care  for  her,  and  shall  hear  of  hex- 
marrying  a  New  York  buck  with  the  gi'eatest  pleas- 
ure. She  is  really  as  like  Beatrix  as  that  fellow 
William  and  I  met  was  like  Costigan.  She  has  a 
dear  woman  of  a  mother,  upwards  of  fifty-five, 
whom  I  like  the  best  and  think  the  handsomest, — 
a  sweet  lady.' 

Tlie  bright  eyes  belonged  to  Miss  Sally  Bax- 
ter, and  the  Baxter  home  at  Second  Avenue  and 
Eighteenth  Street  soon  became  to  him  '  the 
Brown  House,'  the  place  he  had  '  learned  to  love 
best  in  Xew  York.'  A  few  weeks  after  his  re- 
turn he  writes  from  Kensington : 

'I  hope,  please  God,  that  the  love  and  friendship 
I  have  had  in  your  family  may  even  go  so  far  as 
to  do  some  public  benefit, —  the  remembrance  of 
you  all  sanctifies  your  country  in  my  eyes.  When 
people  speak  here  sneeringly,  as  Londoners  will 
talk,  I  break  out  indignantly  and  tell  them  how 
much  good  and  worth  and  love  and  good-breeding 
there  is  in  the  country  of  which  they  talk  so  flip- 
pantly. And  I  pray  Heaven  it  may  be  my  chance, 
as  it  will  be  my  endeavor,  to  be  a  peacemaker 
between  us  and  you,  and  to  speak  good-will  toward 
you. ' 

In  a  letter  written  after  his  second  visit,  he 
says: 

'I  felt  glad,  somehow,  to  contribute  to  a  thread 
that  shall  tie  our  two  countries  together;  for  though 
I  don't  love  America,  I  love  Americans  with  all 
my  heart, —  and  I  dare  say  you  know  what  family 
taught  me  to  love  them.' 

It  was  the  press  which  provoked  the  qualifica- 
tion from  him ;  the  newspapers  had  '  man- 
aged to  offend  and  insult  the  most  friendly 
stranger  that  ever  entered  our  country  or  quit- 
ted it.'  But  the  journalistic  offences,  happily 
forgotten  now,  were  not  publicly  resented,  ex- 
cept perhaps  in  the  tone  of  a  few  sentences  in 
the  Eoundabout  paper,  'Half  a  Loaf.'  The  at- 
titude of  the  writer,  as  well  as  of  the  man,  re- 


mained '  inciirably  friendly  to  America,'  and  we 
have  Ethel  Newcome,  the  heroine  into  wiiom 
he  translated  his  American  Beatrix,  and  much 
of  '  The  Virginians,'  to  remind  us  of  Thack- 
eray's visit  to  the  country  that  hardly  more 
than  a  decade  earlier  had  served  to  suggest  Eden 
and  Elijah  Pogram,  Hannibal  Chollop  and  Jef- 
ferson Brick  to  Dickens. 

The  letters,  as  was  to  be  expected  from  the 
nature  of  Thackeray's  relations  to  his  corre- 
s|X)ndents,  chronicle  for  the  most  part  little  but 
the  moods  of  the  writer.  There  are  character- 
istic comments  upon  '  The  Newcomes '  and 
'  The  Virginians '  during  the  time  of  their 
publication. 

'I'm  in  low  spirits  about  the  Newcomes.  It's 
not  good.  It's  stupid.  It  haunts  me  like  a  great 
stupid  ghost.  It  says,  why  do  you  go  on  writing 
this  rubbish?  You  are  old,  you  have  no  more  inven- 
tion, etc.  Write  sober  books,  books  of  history; 
leave  novels  to  younger  folks. ' 

And  of  '  The  Virginians,'  he  says : 

'The  book's  clever  but  stupid;  that's  the  fact. 
I  hate  story-making, —  incidents,  surprises,  love- 
making,  etc., — more  and  more  every  day;  and  here 
is  a  third  of  a  great  story  done  ,  .  .  and  noth- 
ing actually  has  happened  except  that  a  young  gen- 
tleman has  come  from  America  to  England.  I  wish 
an  elderly  one  could  do  t'other  thing.  .  .  The 
public  does  not  care  about  the  story,  nor  about  the 
Virginians;   nor  I  about  either.' 

More  plainly  in  these  letters  than  in  any  other 
records,  we  can  see  how  strangely  soon  Thack- 
eray Ijecame  old.  Always,  as  a  writer,  removed 
from  youth  by  a  far  greater  distance  than  his 
years  would  warrant,  he  seems  to  find  himself 
an  old  man  at  a  time  when  his  contemporaries 
are  scarcely  yielding  to  middle-age. 

'I  used  to  have  some  reminiscences  and  feelings 
of  youth  left  Avhen  I  was  42;  now  I  am  near  43, 
and  no  grandfather  can  be  more  glum.  I  sleep  like 
a  monk,  with  a  death  's-head  in  my  room.  ' '  Come, ' ' 
says  the  cheerful  monitor,  "rouse  yourself.  Finish 
Newcomes.  Get  a  few  thousand  pounds  more,  my 
man,  for  those  daughters  of  yours.  For  your  time 
is  short,  and  the  sexton  wants  you.  You  have  been 
in  this  world  long  enough.  You  have  had  enough 
champagne  and  feasting — travelling,  novel-reading, 
novel-writing,  yawning,  grumbling,  falling  in  love, 
and  the  like.  You  are  too  old  for  these  amuse- 
ments, and  what  other  occupation  are  jou  fit  for? 
Get  200  £  a  year  apiece  for  your  girls  and  their 
poor  mother,  and  then  come  to  me."  ' 

What  may  have  been  something  of  an  assmnp- 
tion  in  earlier  days  had  grown  into  a  realitv' 
long  before  his  death.  In  all  but  brain,  he  had 
become  prematurely  old.  Dickens,  looking  at 
him  as  he  lay  in  his  coffin,  noted  that  his  hands 
were  like  tliose  of  a  man  of  eighty. 

As  to  that  ■w'hich  gives  the  letters  their  great- 
est value  to  Thackerayans, —  the  intimately  per- 
sonal tone  of  many  of  the  passages, —  comment, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  Brookfield  Letters,  seems 
almost  an  impertinence.  Tliere  are  letters 
enouofh  in  the  novels  to  furnish  material  for 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL, 


189 


appreciative  criticism  of  Thackeray's  letter- 
writdng  style.  The  Bernstein's  letter  to  Madam 
Esmond  Warrington  in  *  The  A'irginians,' 
Madame  de  Florae's  letter  to  Colonel  Xewcome, 
the  Amiens  letter  that  makes  Philip  Fir- 
min's  Charlotte,  so  hopelessly  tiresome  at 
other  times,  really  endurable  when  she  writes 
it,  are  all  perfect  of  their  kind,  and  might  suc- 
eessfiilly  be  used  to  illustrate  the  dictimi  that 
Thackeray  was  at  his  best  as  a  letter-writer. 
But  the  discussion  of  the  charm  of  these  letters, 
written  in  grateful  affection  to  his  friends,  is 
another  matter.  And  to  th^t  it  seems  most 
fitting  to  bring  the  remembrance  of  a  phrase 
of  Thackera}-'s  own,  uttered  by  the  not  unduly 
sentimental  critic  Michael  Angelo  Tirmarsh, — 
'  A  great  clapping  of  hands  is  but  a  coarse  sort 
of  s}"mpathy." 

General  Wilson's  long-expectetl  volmues  are 
the  outcome  of  his  articles  on  *  Thackeray  in  the 
United  States,'  publislied  some  years  ago  in 
'  The  Century  Magazine.'  In  them  he  has 
brought  together  much  interesting  material 
which  has  heretofore  been  scattered  througliout 
scores  of  memoirs  and  recollections,  besides  a 
considerable  number  of  unpublished  letters  and 
drawings.  For  the  very  beautiful  form  of  these 
volumes,  the  publishers  deserve  the  gratitude  of 
every  lover  of  artistically-made  books;  and 
the  contents  will  be  appreciated  by  every  Thack- 
erayan,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  pleas- 
ant discursiveness  of  reminiscence  reminds 
us  of  Lowell's  suggestion  for  an  imaginary 
biography  of  Thackeray,  modelled  on  Professor 
Masson's  Milton,  and  to  be  entitled  '  A  Life  of 
Thackeray,  or  Who  was  Who  in  England, 
France  and  Germany  during  the  Second  Quarter 
of  the  Xineteenth  Century.' 

A  noteworthy  feature  of  the  many  excellent 
illustrations  is  the  number  of  portraits,  from 
the  bust  of  Thackeray  as  a  boy  in  1822  (the 
singular  resemblance  of  which  to  the  later  like- 
nesses in  contour  and  expression  must  strike 
every  one  who  has  seen  the  replica  in  the 
Xational  Portrait  Gallery),  to  the  posthumotis 
Gilbert  portrait  l^elonging  to  the  Eefomi  Club. 
Among  the  drawings  reproduced,  perhaps  none 
is  more  distinctly  Thackerayan  than  the  page- 
ful  of  caps  drawn  for  Mrs.  Lowell  on  board  tlie 
■  Canada '  in  1852, —  they  were  fortunate  trav- 
ellers on  that  voyage  who  had  Thackeray, 
Lowell,  and  Clough  for  fellow-passengers  I 
There  are  a  couple  of  passengers'  c-aps,  thor- 
oughly individualized ;  '  Captain  Byles,  his 
hat ; "  the  familiar  spectacled  Titmarsh  in  his 
high  round  cap;  and  under  the  pointed  liell- 
topi>ed  headgear  in  the  comer  the  characteristic 
legend  '  Everybody's  cap.'  There  is  a  very  full 
liibliography  and  a  list  of  Tliackerayana,  the 


latter  c-ontaining  the  curious  error  of  a  substitu- 
tion of  •  Lothair '  for  '  Coningsby '  in  a  refer- 
ence to  Thackeray's  burlesque  of  Disraeli. 

Both  of  Thackeray's  visits  to  Ameriea  were 
quite  uneventful,  so  that  their  chief  histor}-, 
apart  from  the  lectures  (  which  were  successful, 
though  not  sensationally  so),  is  the  record  of 
the  pleasant  relations  established  between  the 
novelist  and  our  countrATnen.  He  was  fortunate 
in  his  associations.  He  saw  only  the  best  of 
us, —  the  best  side  even  of  slavery.  A  letter  to 
Miss  Perry  and  her  sisters,  published  for  the 
first  time,  gives  us  an  attractive  glimpse  of  him 
at  Baltimore,  and  a  bit  of  Emersonian  criticism 
as  well. 

'I  have  done  pretty  well  at  Baltimore,  and  am 
much  aflfected  by  the  kindness  of  a  provincial 
Warrington  there,  who  has  done  all  his  might  to 
make  me  happy  and  is  pleased  to  regard  me  with 
a  kindness  —  I  was  going  to  say  admiration, 
which  some  folks  will  not  be  angry  with  him  for 
feeling.  .  .  .  The  spectacles  were  moistened 
somehow  by  his  goodness  and  attachment  —  a  fel- 
low of  remarkable  reading,  too.  .  .  .  He  thought 
so  well  of  us  that  I  was  quite  frightened,  and  felt 
a  Domlne  non  sum  dignus.  Bon  Dieu  —  how  I 
should  like  to  be  as  good  as  that  fellow  thinks  me 
to  be  I  He  gave  me  Emerson's  Essays,  which  I  had 
never  read  —  have  you  ?  They  are  very  wise  and 
benevolent, —  they  come  to  very  like  conclusions  to 
those  which  the  Worldling  who  writes  these  pres-. 
ents  to  you  teaches  sometimes  —  and  as  I  read 
honest  Emerson  I  fancy  I  have  known  it  aU  before. ' 

Ttiough  the  'Brown  House  in  the  Second 
Avenue '  found  no  rival,  the  greatest  number 
of  friendships  seems  to  have  been  formed  with 
the  Philadelphians.  There  was  talk  of  a  con- 
sulship in  Philadelphia ;  and  in  a  letter  to  Mr. 
W.  B.  Reed,  Thackeray  comments  upon  the  sug- 
gestion. 

'There  are  half  a  dozen  houses  I  already  know  in 
Philadelphia  where  I  could  find  very  pleasant 
friends  and  company,  and  that  good  old  library 
would  give  me  plenty  of  acquaintances  more.  But, 
home  among  my  parents  there,  and  some  few  friends 
I  have  made  in  the  last  twenty-five  years,  and  a 
tolerably  fair  prospect  of  an  honest  livelihood,  on 
the  familiar  London  flagstones,  and  the  library  at 
the  Athenafum,  and  the  ride  in  the  Park,  and  the 
pleasant  society  afterwards,  and  a  trip  to  Paris 
now  and  again,  and  to  Switzerland  and  Italy  in 
the  summer. —  these  are  little  temptations  which 
make  me  not  discontented  with  my  lot,  about  which 
I  grumble  only  for  pastime,  and  because  it  is  an 
Englishman 's  privilege.  Own,  now,  that  all  these 
recreations  here  enumerated  have  a  pleasant  sound. ' 

The  consulship,  like  the  wished-for  position 
as  the  artist  of  *  Pickwick '  after  Se^Tuour  s 
death  in  1837.  and  like  the  seat  for  Oxford 
that  ^Ir.  Cardwell  filled,  twenty  years  later,  is 
one  of  the  possibilities  of  Thackeray's  career 
that  set  us  to  wondering  liow  much  we  should 
liave  lost  or  gained  by  their  realization. 

Students  of  comparative  jwpularity  will  be 
able  to  find  material  for  valuable  statistics  in 
the  list  of  mafrazine  articles  furnished  bv  the 


190 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


compiler  of  the  bibliography  in  this  volume. 
When  the  ghost  of  the  E-everend  Laurence 
Sterne,  appearing  to  the  writer  of  the  Eound- 
about  Papers  at  Dessein's  Hotel  in  1862,  put  the 
question  'How  man}-  authors  of  your  present 
time  will  last  till  the  next  century  ?  '  we  have  no 
way  of  being  sure  how  Thackeray  answered  the 
query  as  far  as  his  own  writings  were  concerned. 
In  his  estimate  of  his  work  there  was  always  a 
curious  mixture  of  self-distrust  and  recognition 
of  his  powers  which  makes  it  difficult  to  guess 
how  long  a  lease  of  fame  he  would  have  given 
himself.  The  question,  as  most  questions  will 
do,  has  answered  itself.  There  are  mentioned 
in  the  list  referred  to  not  far  from  fifteen  hun- 
dred articles  in  American  periodicals  dealing 
with  Thackeray.  The  interest  of  readers,  if 
the  number  of  such  articles  is  anything  of  a 
guide,  appears  to  show  no  signs  of  lessening, 
but  to  increase  almost  yearly;  and  Thackeray- 
anjs  may  be  well  content  with  the  place  assigned 
to  their  author.  M.  F. 


A  Cooperative  History  of  America.* 

Anyone  who  reads,  with  due  attention,  the 
'Editor's  Introduction  to  the  Series'  prefixed 
to  the  first  volume  of  '  The  American  Nation,' 
will  agree  that  therein  these  truths  are  held  to 
be  self-evident:  that  a  new  history  of  the 
United  States,  extending  from  the  discovery 
down  to  the  present  time,  is  needed;  that  no 
such  comprehensive  work  by  a  competent  writer 
is  now  in  existence;  that,  for  an  intelligent 
summarizing  of  the  present  knowledge  of 
American  history  by  trained  specialists,  and 
for  a  complete  work  written  in  untechnical  style 
which  shall  serve  for  the  instruction  and  enter- 
tainment of  the  general  reader,  there  is  but  one 
method,  the  cooperative;  that  previous  efforts 
of  this  sort  have  not  been  altogether  happy; 
that  this  series  is  to  avoid  such  unfortunate 
difficulties  as  were  evident  in  previous  ven- 
tures; that  every  volume  in  tihis  series  must 
stand  the  double  test  of  accuracy  and  readable- 
ness ;  and  that  it  is  the  editors  function  to  see 
that  the  links  of  the  chain  are  adjusted  to  each 
other,  end  to  end,  and  that  no  considerable 
subjects  are  omitted. 

All  these  bold  statements  of  fact  and  inten- 
tion we  find  in  the  editor's  introduction.    Else- 

•  The  American  Nation.  A  History.  From  original 
sources  by  associated  scholars.  Edited  by  Albert  Bush- 
nell  Hart,  Ph.D.  First  section,  in  five  volumes.  Vol.  I., 
The  European  Background  of  American  History,  by  E. 
P.  Cheney;  Vol.  II.,  Basis  of  American  History,  by  Liv- 
ingston Farrand;  Vol.  III.,  Spain  in  America,  by  E.  G. 
Bourne ;  Vol.  IV.,  England  in  America,  by  Lyon  G.  Tyler ; 
Vol.  v..  Colonial  Self-Government,  by  Charles  M.  Andrews. 
With  frontispieces  and  maps.  New  York :  Harper  & 
Brothers. 


where  we  learn  that  assistance  has  been  received 
from  various  historical  societies,  notably  those 
of  Massachusetts,  Wisconsin,  Virginia,  and 
Texas.  The  selection  of  the  authors  of  the 
individual  volumes  (  of  which  there  are  to  be 
twenty-six  in  all,  with  one  volume  of  index 
and  one  of  maps  )  seems  to  have  been  entirely 
the  editor's  function,  and  most  of  the  choices 
made  are  happy.  The  whole  series  is  divided 
into  five  groups,  each  of  which  deals  with  an 
important  epoch  in  American  history.  The 
division  into  groups,  volumes,  and  chapters 
makes  in  itself  a  topical  analysis  of  no  small 
value. 

As  would  be  expected,  each  volume  contains 
an  author's  preface;  besides  this,  however,  to 
each  volume  lie  editor  contributes  another  intro- 
duction. Here  in  a  pleasant  manner  Professor 
Hart  tells  the  reader  what  he  will  find  in  the 
volume,  how  important  this  is,  how  the  author 
has  emphasized  this  or  that  point,  and  how  the 
matters  discussed  in  this  volume  are  to  be 
'  linked  '  to  those  treated  elsewhere.  This  part 
of  the  work  may  be  serviceable  to  many  readers 
who  share  the  prevailing  hunger  for  predi- 
gested  food;  the  same  idea  is  followed  out  in 
another  cooperative  history  of  America  now  in 
course  of  publication.  It  does  not  seem,  how- 
ever, to  be  a  characteristic  of  the  best  of  those 
European  collaborations  which  in  other  respects 
have  been  models  to  the  editor  of  '  The  Ameri- 
can Nation.' 

From  the  general  plan  outlined  by  the  editor 
we  turn  to  the  individual  volumes.  Somewhat 
in  the  nature  of  a  prelude  is  Professor  Chey- 
ney's  '  European  Background  of  American  His- 
tory, 1300-1600.'  The  author  of  this  volume 
has  had  a  difficult  task,  and  has  done  it  admir- 
ably. It  is  his  part  to  tell,  without  too  much 
detail,  .a  story  already  familiar  and  covering  a 
number  of  widely  different  subjects.  This  he 
must  do  without  impairing  the  accuracy  of  his 
work  or  losing  the  reader's  interest.  Beginning 
with  the  later  mediaeval  period,  he  traces  the 
growth  of  commerce,  exploration,  and  discov- 
ery, the  work  of  Portugal  and  of  Spain,  and 
the  political  institutions  of  the  great  states  of 
Europe  that  later  were  the  chief  colonizers. 
Then  follows  a  fresh  and  succinct  discussion  of 
the  rise  and  influenc-e  of  commercial  and  col- 
onizing companies.  After  this,  the  narrative 
returns  to  the  European  centre,  and  sketches 
briefly  the  course  of  the  Eeformation  on  the 
Continent  and  in  England.  The  last  part  of 
the  volume  deals  Avith  the  constitution,  and 
especially  with  the  local  government,  civil  and 
ecclesiastical,  of  England,  the  necessary  pro- 
legomena to  the  constitutional  history  of  the 
English  colonies  in  America. 

From  the  very  nature   of   Professor  Chey- 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL. 


191 


nej^'s  work,  it  is  not  to  be  expected  that  all 
parts  of  it  shall  be  equally  the  results  of  per- 
sonal investigation,  or  based  upon  other  tiian 
secondary  materials.  The  story  is  told  dehght- 
fully  and  with  care;  but  the  necessity  for  com- 
pression causes  occasionally  a  lack  of  clearness. 
For  example,  with  reference  to  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  London  Company  under  the  charter 
of  1609,  the  author  states : 

'The  form  of  government  of  the  Company  in 
England  received  much  attention  in  the  charter, 
as  well  it  might  after  the  failure  of  the  arrange- 
ments of  the  former  charter.  The  membership, 
quarterly  assemblies  of  the  general  body  of  the 
members,  more  frequent  meetings  of  a  governing 
council  of  fifty-three  officers,  and  their  duties,  were 
all  minutely  formulated'  (pp.  151-2), 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  provision  for  the 
quarterly  courts  was  included  in  the  third 
charter,  that  of  1612,  which  is  not  mentioned 
by  Professor  Cheyney  at  all. 

We  are  now  ready  for  the  play  to  begin ;  but 
must  wait,  for  here  follows  Professor  Far- 
rand's  volume  upon  '  The  Basis  of  American 
History.'  This  inevitably  breaks  the  conti- 
nuity of  the  narrative.  We  pass  from  English 
history  and  institutions  to  the  physical 
features,  flora  and  fauna,  prehistoric  inhab- 
itants, and  Indian  tribes  of  America.  The 
author  himself  informs  us  that  his  ta^sk  has 
been  one  of  condensation,  and  the  results  are 
especially  evident  in  the  fijst  third  of  the  vol- 
ume, which  is  somewhat  below  the  general  aver- 
age of  interest.  For  example,  the  statistics 
upon  pp.  48-53  do  not  gain  by  being  printed 
out  instead  of  being  tabulated  in  figures.  The 
chief  service  of  this  portion  of  the  book  will 
be  its  suggestiveness  and  the  references  in  Pro- 
fessor Farrand's  excellent  bibliography. 

As  to  the  much-vexed  questions  of  American 
anthropolog}'  and  ethnology,  —  the  genuineness 
of  human  remains  in  tertiary  deposits,  the  evi- 
dences of  pre-glacial  man,  the  identity  of  the 
mound-builders,  and  the  origin  of  the  Ameri- 
can Indian,  —  Professor  Farrand  takes  a  con- 
servative position,  and  approves  the  prevailing 
skepticism.  Likewise,  in  his  chapters  upon  the 
Indians,  he  controverts  many  popular  generali- 
zations, such  as  the  exaggerated  estimate  of 
the  power  of  the  chief,  the  idea  of  the  complete 
subjection  of  the  squaw,  the  misunderstanding 
of  the  Indian's  '  stoicism '  with  respect  to  pain. 
These  are  examples  of  a  widespread  misinfor- 
mation; and  in  the  relations  of  the  whites  to 
the  Indians,  and  especially  in  the  policy  of  the 
Federal  Government,  the  mistakes  of  history 
are  seen  to  have  been  due  to  ignorance  and 
folly  rather  than  to  deliberate  ill-intent. 

Having  listened  to  the  prelude  and  scrutin- 
ized  the   play-bill,-  we   welcome   the  story   of 


action,  which  begins  with  Professor  Bourne's 
volume  on  *  Spain  in  America.'  A  few  pages 
of  prolegomena  lead  us  at  once  to  the  life  of 
Columbus.  The  author  holds  the  recent  attack 
of  Vignaud  upon  the  genuineness  of  Tosca- 
nelli's  letters  to  Columbus  to  have  been  unsuc- 
cessful, but  believes  that,  if  genuine^  the  letters 
did  not  give  Columbus  much  information, — 
at  most,  they  only  turned  his  mind  to  the 
problem.  The  story  of  his  long  endeavor  to 
gain  the  support  of  the  Spanish  monaichs  is 
abbreviated,  and  we  are  soon  brought  to  the 
eve  of  the  great  voyage. 

'The  son  of  the  humble  woollen-weaver  of  Genoa 
has  gone  far  in  twenty  years.  He  is  now  a  noble, 
and  a  high  official  in  an  ancient  monarchy,  and 
intrusted  with  a  unique  mission.  Yet  all  depends 
upon  the  chances  of  the  voyage  whether  these 
honors  shall  fade  away  in  the  mists  of  the  Sea  of 
Darkness,  leaving  the  mere  shadow  of  a  name,  like 
Ugolino  de  Vivaldi,  in  some  such  record  as  this: 
"Christopher  Colonus,  a  Ligurian,  proposed  to  pas3 
over  to  the  Indies  by  way  of  the  west.  After 
he  left  the  Canary  Islands,  no  news  was  heard  of 
him/'  or  whether  his  name  shall  have  eternal 
celebrity  as  the  discoverer  of  the  New  World.  No 
man  ever  faced  chances  of  fortune  so  extreme. 
On  the  other  hand,  no  sovereign  ever  secured 
imperial  domain  at  so  slight  a  sacrifice  as  Isabella 
of  Castile.  Her  venture  was  small  —  a  few  thousand 
dollars  and  presumably  empty  honors  to  an  impor- 
tunate visionary  whose  utterances  seemed  mere 
"fables"  '    (pp.  18-19). 

This  is  a  fair  sample  of  the  many  striking 
summaries  of  events  and  characterizations  of 
individuals  which  one  finds  throughout  the 
book.  Of  similar  impressiveness  is  the  author's 
final  estimate  of  Columbus  (pp.  82-83),  the 
comparison  of  Columbus  with  Magellan  (pp. 
127-128),  the  outline  of  the  new  conditions 
that  confronted  the  explorer  in  Yucatan 
(p.  151),  the  conclusions  as  to  Amerigo  Ves- 
pucci (p.  103),  and  the  resume  of  the  results 
attained  after  three  generations  of  conquest 
(ch.  xiii). 

The  narrative  of  exploration  takes  up, 
roughly,  two-thirds  of  the  volume;  the 
remainder  is  devoted  to  an  account  of  Spanish 
colonial  policy^  and  of  its  results  as  worked 
out  in  Spanish  America,  which  is  even  more  an 
original  contribution  to  Ajnerican  history  than 
the  first  part  of  the  work.  Professor  Bourne's 
discussion  of  the  Pace  Elements  and  Social 
Conditions  in  Spanish  America,  and  his  chap- 
ter on  Spanish  Experience  with  Xegro  Slaves, 
possess,  in  addition  to  their  value  as  history,  a 
peculiar  usefulness  for  those  citizens  of  the 
United  States  today  who  wish  to  gain  insight 
into  the  psychology  of  the  Spanish-speaking 
peoples  recently  added  to  our  territorial  popu- 
lation, or  into  the  character  of  those  states  with 
which  commercial  relations  will  henceforth 
bring  us  more  and  more  into  contact. 


192 


THE    DIAI. 


[March  16, 


Professor  Bourne  shows  that  the  badly 
administered  justice  and  the  financial  corrup- 
tion found  throughout  Spanish  America  were 
in  direct  violation  of  the  efforts  and  intentions 
of  the  government.  He  gives  us  a  keen  criti- 
cism of  the  traditional  view  of  Las  Casas  and 
the  Spanish  enslaving  of  Indians.  Las  Casas 
he  calls  'the  Lloyd  G-arrison  of  Indian  rights.' 

'It  is  as  one-sided  to  depict  the  Spanish  Indian 
policy  primarily  from  his  pages  as  it  would  be  to 
write  a  history  of  the  American  negro  question 
exclusively  from  the  files  of  the  "Liberator,"  or 
after  a  century  of  American  rule  in  the  Philip- 
pines to  judge  it  solely  from  the  anti-imperialistic 
tracts  of  the  last  few  years'  (p.  257). 

Xot  only  did  Spain  begin  negro  slavery  in 
the  New  World;  she  also  furnished  the  first 
abolitionist.  Before  either  the  Pennsylvania 
Quakers  or  Judge  Sewall  had  made  their  pro- 
tests, the  Jesuit  Alphonso  Sandoval  in  the 
beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century  attacked 
both  the  institution  and  the  trade  in  his  work 
'  De  Instauranda  Aethiopum  Salute.' 

The  last  chapter  gives  a  sketch  of  the  trans- 
mission of  Spanish  culture  to  the  New  World, 
and  leads  to  this  conclusion : 

'If  we  compare  Spanish  America  with  the  United 
States  a  hundred  years  ago,  we  must  recognize  that 
while  in  the  North  there  was  a  sounder  party 
politic,  a  purer  social  life,  and  a  more  general 
dissemination  of  elementary  education,  yet  in 
Spanish  America  there  were  both  vastly  greater 
wealth  and  greater  poverty,  more  imposing  monu- 
ments of  civilization,  such  as  public  buildings, 
institutions  of  learning,  and  hospitals,  more  popu- 
lous and  richer  cities,  a  higher  attainment  in  certain 
branches  of  science.  No  one  can  read  Humboldt's 
account  of  the  City  of  Mexico  and  its  establish- 
ments for  the  promotion  of  science  and  the  fine 
arts  without  realizing  that,  whatever  may  be  the 
superiority  of  the  United  States  in  these  respects, 
they  have  been  mostly  the  gains  of  the  age  of 
steam'   (pp.  315-316). 

'The  Spanish  American  peoples  have  lacked  the 
inspiration  of  united  action,  and  their  resources 
and  powers  have  been  frittered  away  in  intestine 
quarrels.  If  the  formidable  apparition  of  the  ever 
extending  United  States  draws  them  together  for 
mutual  defense;  if  the  construction  of  railroads 
sufficiently  overcomes  the  great  geographical  impedi- 
ments to  unity;  if  the  Monroe  Doctrine  shall  servo 
the  temporary  purpose  of  protecting  them  from 
foreign  attack  during  this  period  of  mutual 
approach  —  there  may  yet  arise  a  great  Spanish- 
American  federal  State,  the  counterpart  of  the 
United  States,  to  become  a  wholesome  check  on  the 
indefinite  absorption  of  alien  lands  and  peoples  to 
the  south,  and  the  home  of  a  great  people  which 
with  the  infusion  of  new  blood  will  free  itself  from 
the  evils  of  its  earlier  life  while  preserving  the 
best  of  the  heritage  from  Spain'  (pp.  317-318). 

In  the  volume  on  '  England  in  America,' 
President  Lyon  G.  Tyler  has  given  us  a  scrupu- 
lously fair  and  a  very  interesting  work.  The 
field  is  one  in  which  there  have  been  many 
workers,  and  this  volume  does  not  exhibit  the 


freshness  of  scholarship  that  characterizes  Pro- 
fessor Bourne's  work.  The  author  gives  us 
no  detailed  study  of  institutional  growth,  but 
a  general  narrative.  Here  one  inevitably  com- 
pares President  Tyler's  work  with  that  of  the 
late  Mr.  Fiske,  with  results  not  at  all  to  the 
disadvantage  of  President  Tyler. 

Captain  John  Smith's  deeds  are  told  at  some 
length,  and  President  T\'Ter  finds  time  to  make 
a  plea  for  the  Pocahontas  story.  The  progress 
of  Virginia  after  1G24  is  made  more  clear  than 
is  usually  the  case.  The  chapter  upon  Mary- 
land and  the  thorny  questions  of  religion 
exhibits  admirable  calmness  of  judgment.  The 
account  of  New  England  shows  no  lack  of 
appreciation  of  the  sterling  qualities  of  the 
Puritan  society,  though  the  tone  is  by  no  means 
that  of  the  '  hagiology '  of  Massachusetts  his- 
torians. There  is  little  room  for  detailed  dis- 
cussions, so  we  find  still  '  Tlie  introduction  of 
negro  slavery'  in  1619,  with  no  reference  here 
or  in  the  bibliography  to  Dr.  Ballagh's  strong 
argument  that  this  was  not  '  slavery '  in  the 
later  sense  of  the  term.  Again,  to  the  struggle 
of  Lord  Baltimore  with  the  Jesuits  is  devoted 
a  single  sentence,  and  Professor  Dennis's  val- 
uable article  on  this  subject  is  unnoticed.  The 
account  of  the  Fundamental  Orders  of  Con- 
necticut is  the  traditional  one,  with  which  it  is 
helpful  to  compare  that  of  Professor  Osgood 
in  his  book  on  "  The  American  Colonies.' 

Into  a  single  chapter  entitled  '  Colonial 
Neighbors'  is  compressed  all  that  is  said  by 
President  Tyler  about  the  lieginning  of  New 
France  and  of  New  Netherland.  In  the  case  of 
New  France,  we  are  promised  a  separate  vol- 
ume, '  France  in  America,'  by  Professor 
Thwaites;  but  that  just  five  pages  should  be 
devoted  to  the  narrative  of  Dutch  colonization 
seems  to  show  a  lack  of  proportion.  Unfor- 
tunately, even  this  condensation  is  not  very 
successful,  for  several  omissions  and  inaccuracies 
are  found.  Hudson  receives  very  meagre  treat- 
ment; William  LTsselincx's  name  is  not  men- 
tioned except  in  connection  with  Gustavus 
Adolphus;  the  story  of  the  English  protest  to 
the  States  General,  in  1621,  and  of  the  answer 
of  the  Dutch  Government  to  this  protest,  is 
not  wholly  correct;  the  charter  to  the  West 
India  Company  did  not  give  '  only  an  exclusive 
right  to  trade,'  for,  as  Professor  Cheyney 
points  out,  it  distinctly  permitted  colonization. 
Peter  Minuit  did  not  in  1626  succeed  ^Fay.  but 
Yerhulst,  who  held  the  directorship  after  May. 
The  charter  of  privileges  and  exemptions  was 
granted  by  the  company  to  the  patrooiis,  with 
the  approval  of  the  government:  hence  it  is 
hardly  correct  to  speak  of  the  company  '  obtain- 
ing a  new  charter'   (pp.  291-29.5).      Finally, 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL. 


193 


tliere  is  very  decided  need  of  '  linking '"  between 
the  account  of  New  Xetherland  where  Presi- 
dent Tyler  leaves  it,  and  the  story  where  Pro- 
fessor Andrews  takes  it  up. 

The  fifth  volume  and  the  last  of  this  group 
is  an  account  of  '  Colonial  Self -Government ' 
by  Prof.  C.  McL.  Andrews,  which  continues 
through  1G89  the  story  begun  by  President 
Tyler.  This  is  very  certainly  the  best  general 
account  of  this  period  that  has  yet  apjjeared. 
One  feels  that  the  author  not  only  has  intimate 
acquaintance  with  the  old  sources,  but  also  has 
been  fortunate  enough  to  reach  considerable 
new  material.  This  appears  especially  in  the 
clear  account  of  the  commercial  code  of  Great 
Britain  and  of  the  organs  of  administration 
that  were  developed ;  in  the  description  of  the 
successive  councils  that  led  up  to  the  perma- 
nent Board  of  Trade  and  Plantations  estab- 
lished in  1696,  and  of  the  plans  for  the  control 
of  the  colonies  and  for  their  union  for  defensive 
purposes.  Professor  Andrews  is  especially  to 
\)G  congratulated  upon  the  catholic  view  of 
colonial  histor\-  that  he  presents  to  us. 

As  successful  as  his  descriptions  of  institu- 
tions is  the  author's  delineation  of  personality. 
In  the  story  of  Pennsylvania,  for  example,  Wil- 
liam Penn's  own  intentions  and  acts  are  kept 
to  the  front,  yet  without  any  suggestion  of 
hero-worship.  Penn,  we  learn,  was  morally 
justified  in  his  Iwundary  controversy  with  the 
Baltimores,  but  Professor  Andrews's  conciession 
tliat  '  the  technical  right  lay  with  Baltimore, 
and  we  cannot  admire  Penn's  inclination  to 
ignore  it'  (p.  247)  evidences  his  desire  to  be 
absolutely  impartial.  Again,  the  traditional 
]ucture  of  Andros,  drawn  largely  from  Xew 
ICngland  sources,  is  subjected  to  sharp  criti- 
cism, and  we  are  told  that  '  as  compared  with 
many  other  colonial  governors,  he  was  upright, 
sympathetic  and  faithful'   (p.  93). 

Professor  Andrews  finishes  his  narrative  with 
the  stor}'  of  the  Eevolution  of  1689  as  it  devel- 
oped in  Massachusetts.  ^Maryland,  and  Xew 
York.  Of  Maseachusetts  he  states,  in  conclu- 
sion: *^  When  in  1691  a  revised  charter  was 
granted,  it  created  a  government  of  the  type 
of  Xew  York  or  Xew  Jerse}',  instead  of  the  old 
|K)pular  government'  (p.  379).  A  discussion 
of  this  charter  does  not  belong  to  this  volume, 
and  still  less  to  the  present  review,  but  cer- 
tainly there  were  very  marked  differences 
between  the  government  of  Massachusetts  under 
it,  and  that  of  Xew  York. 

The  description  of  the  social,  economic,  and 
religious  conditions  within  the  colonies  is  here 
and  there  hardly  so  carefully  worked  out  as 
the  study  of  governmental  institutions.  Though 
lie  refers  to  President  Tyler's  chapter  on  the 


subject.  Professor  Andrews  seems  to  ignore  the 
former's  conclusions  as  to  education  in  the 
southern  colonies,  and  to  stick  fast  to  Gov- 
ernor Berkeley's  well-worn  thanksgivings  over 
the  non-existence  of  free  schools  in  Virginia. 
Again  the  account  given  of  the  commercial 
legislation,  which  is  so  helpful  in  its  outline  of 
the  purpose  of  these  laws  and  of  their  history, 
is  less  satisfactorj'^  when  it  comes  to  telling  just 
how  they  worked  in  the  different  groups  of 
colonies. 

We  have  tried  thus  to  sum  up  briefly  the 
general  plan  of  the  work  and  what  we  may  call 
the  individuality  of  each  volume.  For  the  out- 
ward dress  of  the  books  we  have  only  praise. 
The  volumes  are  excellently  printed,  and  ser- 
viceably  bound.  A  very  few  typographical 
errors  have  escaped  the  editor's  watchful  eye. 
We  find  in  Volume  I.  the  word  '  Geschicte,'  p. 
37,  note,  has  lost  an  'h';  while  'Wilhelmi' 
p.  291,  note  1,  has  added  a  spurious  *i.'  In 
Volume  IV.  p.  83,  line  2,  'or'  should  be  'to'; 
and  on  p.  332,  'Vestusta'  should  be  'Vetusta.' 
In  Volume  \.,  p.  3.53,  '  F.  E.  Sharp '  might 
effectively  hide  the  identity  of  '  F.  E.  Sparks/ 
which  is  the  correct  name.  We  must  not  omit 
commendation  of  the  bibliographical  matter 
appended  to  each  volume. 

If  we  may  be  permitted  a  word  of  criticism 
of  the  series  as  a  whole,  we  feel  sure  that,  by 
serious  students  of  history,  '  The  American 
Xation '  will  be  rated  not  as  a  whole,  but  vol- 
ume by  volume  according  to  the  worth  of  each. 
Some  will  hardly  be  relied  upon  for  reference; 
but  volumes  like  that  of  Professor  Bourne  will 
take  their  place  as  standard  works.  For  the 
general  reader,  if  he  is  not  deterred  by  the 
enormous  amount  of  matter,  by  the  separate 
authorship,  and  by  the  ga|>3  that  to  some  extent 
defy  '  linking,'  the  work  will  prove  a  mine  of 
information  interestingly  told,  well  arranged, 
and  attractively  published.  Yet  even  the  gen- 
eral reader  may  be  very  willing  to  adopt  as  his 
final  opinion  these  words  of  Professor  Jameson, 
uttered  several  years  ago: 

'Stretched  upon  the  Procrustean  bed  of  uniform 
requirements  in  respect  to  extensiveness  and  general 
method  of  treatment,  the  authors  can  present  only 
those  things  which  they  have  in  common  —  abun- 
dant and  correct  information  and  acute  historical 
criticism.  Many  of  the  finer  qualities  of  the  indi- 
vidual mind  are  apt  to  evaporate  in  the  process, 
much  of  what  is  most  valuable  in  individual  views 
and  conceptions  of  history  will  find  no  place  for 
itself.  No  one  who  appreciates  these  will  readily 
assent  to  the  assertion  in  the  prospectus  to  the 
"Narrative  and  Critical  History"  that,  "when  the 
superiority  of  the  cooperative  method  is  fully  under- 
stood, the  individual  historian,  if  he  ventures  forth 
at  all,  will  be  read  for  entertainment  rather  than 
for  profit. ' '  ' 

St.  George  L.  Sioussat. 


194 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


A  Shakespearian  Miscel,l,aky.* 

The  late  Charles  Isaac  Elton's  volume  en- 
titled '  William  Shakespeare,  'his  Family  and 
Friends'  consists  of  a  series  of  disconnected 
and  occasionally  unfinished  papers,  '  evidently 
intended  to  be  the  nucleus  of  an  exhaustive 
work  upon  Shakespeare/  collected  after  the 
death  of  the  distinguished  historian  and  anti- 
quary, and  published  under  the  editorial  super- 
vision of  Mr.  A.  Hamilton  Thompson,  with  a 
memoir  of  the  author  by  Mr.  Andrew  Lang.  It 
includes  chapters  on  '  Facts  and  Traditions 
relating  to  Shakespeare's  Early  Life ' ;  the  anti- 
quities of  Stratford  and  its  neighboring  towns, 
of  the  road  from  Stratford  to  London  in 
Shakespeare's  time,  and  of  London  itself;  on 
'  Midland  Agriculture  and  Natural  History 
in  Shakespeare's  Plays ' ;  on  Shakespeare's 
family  and  descendants ;  on  '  Illustrations  of 
Shakespeare  in  the  Seventeenth  Century '  from 
Howell's  Letters,  Ward's  Diary,  and  Dowdall's 
and  Aubre/s  notes ;  and  on  '  The  Production 
of  The  Tempest,'  containing  disquisitions  on 
Hunter's  theories  of  the  sources  of  the  play,  on 
the  plays  and  pageantry  connected  with  the 
marriages  of  the  Earl  of  Essex  and  of  the  Prin- 
cess Elizabeth,  and  on  the  history  of  the  Black- 
friars  Theatre  and  its  boy  actors. 

The  book  is  a  mine  of  curious  and  valuable 
information.  Much  of  it,  to  be  sure,  has  al- 
ready found  its  way  into  annotated  editions  of 
the  plays,  but  Mr.  Elton  gives  not  only  his  con- 
clusions on  doubtful  points,  but  the  arguments 
that  led  to  them,  enriched  with  illustration 
drawn  from  the  most  out-of-the-way  sources. 
Indeed,  so  much  material  is  furnished,  and  the 
learned  antiquary  ranges  so  very  far  afield,  that 
the  drift  of  his  argument  is  not  seldom  ob- 
scured. Occasionally,  also,  the  process  is  out 
of  all  proportion  to  the  result;  for  example, 
the  author  devotes  a  chapter  of  thirty-four 
pages  to  the  history  of  the  Blackfriars  Theatre 
and  the  boy  actors  because  '  The  Tempest  pos- 
sibly may  have  been  produced  at  Blackfriars 
during  the  boys'  tenancy  of  the  theatre' 
(p.  479).  One  is  far  from  complaining  of  the 
wealth  of  facts,  however  meagre  the  inference; 
only,  the  volimie  is  hardly  one  to  be  read  con- 
secutively. The  former  criticism,  however,  that 
the  argument  is  not  always  clear,  seems  im- 
portant, especially  when  we  consider  the  legal 
training  of  the  author.  An  example  may  be 
found  in  the  discussion  of  the  date  of  Shakes- 
peare's birth  (pp.  22-25),  which  is  neither 
clear  nor  cogent,  partly,  we  venture  to  think, 
because  of  incorrect  reasoning,  and  partly  be- 

•  William  Shakespeare,  his  Family  and  Friends 
By  the  late  Charles  Isaac  Elton.  Edited  by  A.  Hamilton 
Thompson.  With  memoir  of  the  author  by  Andrew  Lang. 
New  York :  E.  P.  Button  &  Co. 


cause   of  the  awkward  handling  of  material. 
A  similar  criticism  applies,  though  in  a  less 
degree,  to  the  argument  for  the  regularity  of 
the  poet's  marriage.     Compared  with  Mr.  Lee's 
discussion  of  the  same  subject  (Life  of  Shakes- 
peare, pp.  18-24),  it  is  far  from  convincing. 
''Time    was    very    pressing,'    Mr.    Elton    says 
(p.  35),  in  explanation  of  an  unusual  clause  in 
the   marriage-license;   and   again,   though  the 
absence  of  the  bridegroom's  father  is  a  plain 
suggestion  that  the  marriage  was  irregular,  he 
asserts   (p.  35)   that  'one  of  the  two  friends 
would  doubtless  produce  a  letter  or  document 
bearing  John   Shakespeare's   signature   or   at- 
tested mark.'     These  two  statements  obviously 
beg  the  question.    Whatever  the  truth  may  be, 
could  ironical  Fate  have  played  an  unkinder 
trick  on  literary  historians,  or  have  offered  a 
greater    temptation    to    romantic    biographers, 
than  to  send  two  William  Shakespeares  to  the 
Registry  of  the  Bishop  of  Worcester,  on  two 
successive  days,  to  arrange  a  technically  irregu- 
lar marriage  with  a  lady  named  Anne?     Mr. 
Elton  appears  to  hold  a  brief,  more  or  less,  for 
the  respectability   of    Shakespeare's   character. 
The  poaching  story  he  scouts :  about  a  hundred 
years  after  Shakespeare  left  Stratford  for  Lon- 
don, '  someone  invented  the  story  of  his  robbing 
a  park.     .     .     The  park,  in  process   of  time, 
was  identified  with  Oharlecot,  and  the  owner 
with  Sir  Thomas  Lucy'  (p.  38).    Nor  does  he 
seem  convinced  that  Sir  Thomas  is  referred  to 
in  the  Merry  Wives  and  in  2  Henry  IV.     On 
the   contrary   he    devotes   himself   to   proving 
(pp.  43-45)  that  '  Shakespeare  showed  a  certain 
respect  for  the  Lucys  and  such  persons  bearing 
their  names  as  he  met  with  in  the  English 
chronicles,' —  for  example,  the  Lady  Lucy  men- 
tioned in  Richard  III.,  3.7.5,  and  the  Sir  Wil- 
liam Lucy  of  1  Henry  VI.,  Act.  4,  Scenes  3,  4. 
Like  all  careful  students  of  Shakespeare's  biog- 
raphy,   as    distinguished    from    the     Brandes 
school  of  romancers,  he  is  in  general  not  '  wise 
above  that  which  is  written.'    We  have  become 
so  familiarized  with  the    Shakespeare    legend 
that  we  are  hardly  awaxe,  ujitil  the  facts  are 
stated  succinctly  and  without  hypothetical  em- 
bellishment, how  very  little  we  know  of  Shake- 
speare's life.    It  is  somewhat  startling,  even  to 
a   professed  student   of   Shakespeare,   to  read 
(p.   26)  :     *  The   Christian  name  of  his  wife 
and  her  age     .     .     .     are  knovva  only  by  the 
inscription  on  her  tomb.'     Yet,  so  insidious  is 
the  temptation  to  romance  on  this  ever-fasci- 
nating topic,  that  Mr.  Elton,  somewhat  to  our 
amusement,  writes   (p.  38)  :     'It  may  be  as- 
sumed that  the  young  couple  lived  with  Mt. 
John  Shakespeare,  and  that  Anne  Shakespeare 
helped  in  the  housework,  while  her  husband 
found  something  to  do,  either  in  teaching  school 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL, 


195 


or  copying  papers  in  a  lawyer's  oflBce.'  Again, 
he  appears  to  be  somewhat  incautious  in  as- 
suming (p.  218)  that  the  William  Shakespeare 
who  appealed  against  paying  his  share  of  the 
St.  Helen's  assessment  in  1598  wps  the  poet. 
Mt.  Lee,  more  careful,  says  (p.  38),  'it  is  not 
certain  that  this  taxpayer  was  the  dramatist.' 
The  facts  given  by  Mr.  Elton  himself  would 
seem  to  render  such  a  doubt  reasonable,  though 
probably  the  wealthy  man's  device  of  '  swearing- 
off  taxes'  was  not  discovered  yesterday.  In 
1598,  the  poet  had  recently  bought  New  Place, 
he  was  a  large  owner  of  grain,  he  was  in  a  posi- 
tion to  be  asked  by  Eichard  Quiney  for  a  loan 
of  thirty  pounds,  and  he  was  the  author  of  at 
least  eighteen  successful  plays.  *If  the  diflB- 
culty  can  be  explained  at  all,'  says  Mr.  Elton 
(p.  219),  'it  will  probably  be  found  that  the 
poet  had  quite  recently  fallen  into  debt,  lawful 
debt,  which  in  truth  and  conscience  he  intended 
to  pay'!  In  one  interesting  particular,  the 
author  corrects  Mr.  Lee's  implication  (p.  4) 
that  John  Shakespeare  combined  farming  with 
the  trades  of  butcher  and  glover.  He  savs 
(p.  319)  : 

'People  have  talked  of  John  Shakespeare's  mul- 
tifarious pursuits,  suggesting  that  he  farmed  in  the 
common-field  at  Asbies,  and  made  up  the  wool  and 
butchered  the  stock  at  Stratford;  but,  in  fact,  the 
farm  was  under  lease  to  a  tenant,  and  he  would 
never  have  been  allowed  in  any  case  to  join  such 
incongruous  trades  as  those  of  a  butcher  and  a 
glover.  He  could  not  keep  a  regular  meat -shop  while 
trading  in  skins,  and  no  one  haa  seriously  suggested 
that  he  worked  about  as  a  slaughterman,  though 
such  people  were  classed  among  butchers.  .  .  . 
The  killing  of  calves  was  the  subject  of  constant 
restrictions,  and  it  is  certain  that  the  inspectors 
would  put  a  stop  to  anything  that  might  injure 
the  veal;  it  is  almost  inconceivable,  indeed,  that 
a  boy  would  be  allowed  to  play  such  pranks  in 
the  shambles  as  the  gossips  described.' 

The  last  sentence  is  an  amusing  reference  to 
Aubre}-'s  statement  that  '  when  he  kill'd  a  calf  e 
he  would  doe  it  in  a  high  style,  and  make  a 
speech.'  Halliwell-Phillipps  is  probably  the 
source  of  Mr.  Lee's  error,  if  error  it  is  (Out- 
lines, I.,  p.  30,  II.,  p.  339).  .Now  and  then,  on 
the  other  hand,  the  author  is  perhaps  unduly 
cautious.  It  is  generally  known  that  on  the 
identity  of  the  names  Agnes,  Annes,  and  Anne 
in  the  sixteenth  century,  depends  the  validity 
of  the  inference  that  the  Agnes  of  Eichard 
Hathaway's  will  was  Shakespeare's  wife,  Anne. 
Mr.  Elton's  scepticism  as  to  the  identity  of  the 
names  seems  to  us  unwarranted.  The  will  of 
Eobert  Arden,  which  refers  to  his  wife,  Annes, 
and  that  of  his  widow,  who  calls  herself  Agnes, 
would  almost  be  sufficient.  The  very  fact,  cited 
by  Mr.  Elton  (p.  29),  that  early  law  had 
decreed  the  distinction  of  the  names  Anne  and 
Agnes  would  seem  to  prove  that  they  were  popu- 


larly confused,  and  the  examples  given  in  Halli- 
weU-Phillipps'  Outlines  (II.,  p.  184)  show 
conclusively  that  they  actually  were.  The  book, 
however,  abounds  in  the  best  kind  of  biographi- 
cal material;  for  instance,  the  carefully  docu- 
mented descriptions  of  the  farmer's  condition 
in  the  sixteenth  century,  the  appalling  duties 
of  the  women  of  his  family,  and  the  inventory 
of  the  household  goods  of  Eobert  Arden 
(pp.  114,  117,  121),  all  of  which  enable  us, 
without  baseless  assumptions,  to  reproduce 
imaginatively  the  life  of  the  day. 

Not  only  will  the  student  of  Shakespeare's 
biography  find  his  account  in  these  papers,  but 
the  student  of  the  text  as  well.  From  the  most 
remote  quarters,  light  is  shed  on  obscure  or 
debated  passages.  Mr.  Elton's  researches  into 
agricultural  antiquities,  for  example  (pp.  140- 
147),  enable  him  to  explain  such  technical 
words  as  '  land '  (Ven.  and  Adon.,  Ded.), '  head- 
land' (2  Hen.  lY.,  5.1.16),  'furlongs' 
(Temp.,  1.1.68),  'several'  (L.  L.  L.,  2.1.223; 
Son.,  137,  1.9),  'pioned  and  twilled'  (Temp., 
4.1.64),  words  which  Schmidt  quite  fails  to 
explain  with  precision,  and  which  the  recently- 
published  reprint  of  Dyce's  Glossarj'  does  not 
even  mention.  In  the  interesting  discussion  of 
Shakespeare's  accurate  use  of  hunting  terms 
(pp.  166-176),  we  are  incidentally  reminded, 
by  a  reference  to  All's  Well,  3.6.111,  that  the 
verb  of  the  maxim,  '  First  catch  your  hare,' 
should  probably  be  'case'  (i.  e.,  flay).  In  this 
connection  it  seems  doubtful  that  'fore- 
stalled '  (Haml.,  3.3.49),  and  '  dislodged'  (Cor., 
5.4.44),  are  used  with  any  sense  of  their  signifi- 
cance as  hunting  terms  (p.  167).  One  may 
question,  also,  whether  'reels'  (Haml.,  1.4.9) 
is  a  verb  (p.  283),  and  whether  '  knocks  up  the 
curtain'  (Span.  Trag.,  4.3,  stage  direction)  is 
rightly  understood  (p.  460).  We  should  have 
expected  IMr.  Elton  to  explain  the  interesting 
iiistor}'  of  '  nagares '  in  the  Arden  inventory, 
but  he  merely  adds,  '  or  augers,  as  they  are  prop- 
erly called'  (p.  121).  It  is  surely  unnecessary 
(p!^  119)  to  see  in  Lucrece,  11.1199-1205,  a 
reference  to  the  will  of  Eobert  Arden  because  of 
the  bequest  of  the  soul  to  G-od  and  the  body  to 
the  ground,  and  the  use  of  the  term  'oversee.' 
The  wills  of  Agnes  Arden,  Eichard  Hathaway 
of  Shotter}',  Bartholemew  Hathaway,  Eichard 
Hathaway  of  Warwick,  and  Shakespeare  him- 
self all  emplo}'  the  same  terms. 

The  great  stores  of  information  contained  in 
the  book  are  placed  at  the  ready  disposal  of  the 
reader  by  a  full  and,  so  far  as  we  have  exam- 
ined, accurate  index.  It  is  a  work  of  the  very 
greatest  value  to  the  student  of  Shakespeare. 

Not  the  least  interesting  and  attractive  pages 
are  those  devoted  bv  Mr.  Lang  to  the  author 


196 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


himself.  They  contain  a  portrait  of  a  gentle- 
man and  a  scholar,  that  t\'pe  of  ijeculiar  charm 
in  which  the  annals  of  English  learning  are 
richer,  perhaps,  than  those  of  an}'  other  modern 

land. 

Charles  H.  A.  ^\  ager. 


The  Railway  Problem.* 


Xo  other  suhject  more  fully  occupies  the 
attention  of  the  public  today  than  the  railway. 
Tliis  great  network,  including  in  its  meshes 
every  community,  and  carrying  to  every  dck)r  its 
services,  has  not  needed  the  criticism  of  the 
Interstate  Commerce  Commission,  or  even  the 
statements  in  a  recent  presidential  message,  to 
fix  upon  it  an  absorbing  i>ublic  interest.  The 
aSTorthern  Securities  episode,  begun  on  Wall 
Street  and  now  continuing  in  the  Federal 
courts,  the  spectacular  performances  in  Rock 
Island  of  the  Moore  brothers,  the  recent  absorp- 
tion one  after  another  of  great  roads,  until 
now  some  twenty  great  combinations  control 
200,000  miles  of  line;  the  manipulation  of  the 
coal  roads  by  the  coal  barons,  the  present  con- 
troversy over  private  cars,  the  latest  rate  war 
between  the  trunk  lines  to  the  Atlantic  coast 
and  the  grangers  that  serve  the  Gulf,  —  all 
these  events  are  but  a  few  of  the  phenomena 
of  the  railway  world  of  today. 

A  great  change  in  public  opinion  as  regards 
the  railways  has  come  about  since  the  enact- 
ment of  the  contradictory  Interstate  Commerce 
Act  in  1886,  and  especially  since  the  imex- 
pected  application  of  the  Sherman  Anti-Trust 
Act  to  the  railroads  by  the  Supreme  Court  in 
1897.  The  thinking  public  has  come  to  see 
that,  while  the  railroad  business,  like  all  other 
businesses,  is  ojien  to  the  conduct  of  its  affairs 
in  antagonism  to  the  best  interests  of  the  whole 
community,  the  race  of  railroad  managers  has 
grown  with  the  growth  of  the  country.  It  is 
no  longer  possible  to  find  great  wreckers  in 
control  of  these  semi-public  services,  and  the 
railroad  presidents  of  today  are,  in  the  main, 
the  very  cream  of  the  business  ability  of  the 
nation.  Presidents  Cassatt,  Hughitt,  Hill,  and 
Fish  are  of  the  best,  but  they  are  representa- 
tive. These  men  handle  their  properties  not 
merely  for  dividends.  They  recognize  the 
solidarity  of  the  business  interests  of  "tlie  whole 
country,  and  Mr.  Hill,  distinctively,  has  been 
the  builder,  not  oiily  of  a  road,  but  of  a  whole 
industrial  empire  in  the  '  new  northwest.' 

If  there  is  to  be  more  state  regulation,  and 
that    seems    likely,    in    deference    to    a    more 

*  The  Strategy  of  Grkat  RAtLBOADa  By  Frank  II. 
Spearman.     New  York:   Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 


enlightened  public  opinion  it  will  probably 
attempt  not  to  shackle,  but  to  direct.  The 
older  methods  that  threatened  to  '  kill  the  goose 
that  laid  the  golden  egg '  will  not  be  repeated. 
Writers  such  as  Professor  Xewcomb  have  so 
clearly  shown  how  the  ton-mile  rate  has  stead- 
ily declined  to  a  mere  fraction,  that  the  charge 
of  wholesale  robbery  cannot  longer  be  gravely 
maintained.  Discrimination,  under  the  pressure 
of  great  sliippers,  to  whom  the  Standard  Oil 
managers  notably  showed  the  way,  is  the  evil 
of  today.  But  it  cannot  be  handled  for  abate- 
ment from  the  side  solely  of  the  railway,  and 
Mr.  Garfield's  suggestion  of  federal  incorpora- 
tion points  the  way  to  a  possil)le  solution. 

A  happy  sign  of  an  improving  pul)lic 
opinion  in  regard  to  control  of  these  great 
public  utilities  is  the  appearance  in  the 
last  two  or  three  years  of  a  literature 
devoted  to  the  railway  problem.  The  Dial 
had  occasion  a  year  ago  to  review  several  of 
the  best  of  these  volUmes.  One  of  the  latest 
contributions  is  from  the  hand  of  ]\Ir.  Frank 
H.  Spearman,  who  like  his  distinguished  pro- 
totype Frank  Xorris  knows  how  to  bring  fiction 
to  aid  the  cause  of  truth  in  this  field  of 
research.  The  author  of  '  The  Daughter  of  a 
Magnate,'  in  his  latest  work,  presents  a  series 
of  industrial  pictures  of  the  Vanderbilt,  the 
Pennsylvania,  the  Harriman,  the  Hill,  the 
Gould,  and  the  old  '  granger '  lines,  and  also 
glances  at  Eock  Island,  Santa  Fe,  and  Alton. 
He  closes  with  an  account  of  the  building  of 
the  line  from  Omaha  to  San  Francisco.  He 
writes  with  a  familiarity  with  his 'subject  that 
enlightens,  and  with  a  style  that  entertains  and 
fascinates.  One  can  hardly  say  that  he  holds 
a  brief  for  the  railways,  but  he  frequently  puts 
the  telescope  to  his  blind  eye  —  as  when  he 
says,  speaking  of  Mr.  C*assatt : 

'He  determined  that  rate  discrimination  in  the 
United  States,  the  impoverishment  of  the  investor, 
the  ruin  of  the  honest  shipper,  and  the  cause  of 
so  many  railroad  receiverships,  should  cease,  and 
to  the  task  of  putting  it  down  he  and  his  associates 
addressed  themselves;  and  after  public  prints  and 
public  speakers  had  shouted  themselves  hoarse; 
after  congress  had  failed  in  solving  the  problem,  as 
it  has  always  failed;  after  the  courts  of  the  TTnited 
States  had  failed,  as  they  have  always  failed,  this 
railroad  man  and  his  associates  took  the  abuse  m 
hand  and  stamped  it  out  of  American  railroading.' 

One  can  only  deny  the  conclusion.  But  the 
magnificent  business  ability  that  has  covered 
this  land  Avith  roads  of  steel,  has  outfitted  then! ■ 
with  the  most  perfect  railroad  appliances  in 
the  world,  and  has  not  only  squeezed  out  most 
of  the  water  of  earlier  days,  but  has  given, 
year  by  year,  a  cheaper  service  hand  in  hand 
with  a  better  service,  is  given  ample  credit  in 
the  pages  of  this  advocate.     One  cannot  dwell 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


197 


upon  the  palpable  facts  that  are  here  recorded 
and  wish  for  any  legislation  that  shall  arrest 
or  discourage  such  splendid  builders  of  our 
industrial,  commercial,  and  political  empire. 
One  can  only  sigh  and  wish  that  the  method  of 
-railroading'  might  not  be  applied  to  one  of 
the  most  important  subjects  before  the  people 
in  the  last  days  of  an  indolent  Congress.  He 
must  wish  rather  that  the  more  rational  meth- 
ods of  an  English  parliament  might  apply,  and 
these  important  measures  l)e  prepared  by  a 
commission  of  wisdom  and  expert  knowledge 
combined  for  a  legislature  humlile  enough  to 
be  guided  by  something  more  than  its  own 
esoteric  self-conceit.  Johx  J.  Halsey. 


Kecext  American  Poetry.* 

Many  a  time  and  oft  has  the  poet  essayed 
to  ]nit  into  words  the  inexpressible  soul  of 
music.  For  the  poet  who  is  also  a  lover  of 
music  the  temptation  is  wellnigh  irresistible, 
for  he  cannot  fail  to  recognize  that  the  musi- 
cian's art  is  closely  related  to  his  own,  and  com- 
plements it  in  many  subtle  ways.  If  it  be 
true,  as  Pater  claims,  that  all  art  tends  to 
approach  the  condition  of  music,  and  achieves 
a  succ-ess  measured  by  the  degree  in  which  it 
nears  this  ideal  end,  then  it  must  seem  to  the 
poet  more  than  to  other  artistic  workers  a  mat- 
ter of  urgency  that  he  possess  himself  of  the 
musician's  secret  and  penetrate  to  the  sources 
of  the  musician's  inspiration.  There  are  vari- 
ous ways  of  making  music  the  theme  of  poetry ; 
the  way  most  generally  accessible  is  that  of 
recording  the  emotions  awakened  by  a  musical 
jierformance.  and  pressing  into  the  service  such 
imagery  and  parallelisms  as  it  suggests.  This 
is  tiie  way  of  Mr.  Henry  van  Dyke,  in  the  ode 

•  Music,  and  Other  Poems.  By  Henry  van  Dyke. 
New  York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

The  Twtn  Immortauties,  and  Other  Poems.  By 
Charles  E.  Russell.  Chicago :  The  Hammersmark  Pub- 
lishing Co. 

Lo^•E  TRiriiPHAXT.  A  Book  of  Poems.  By  Frederic 
Lawrence  Knowles.     Boston  :     Dana  E^stes  &  Co. 

The  Gakdex  of  Yeaks,  and  Other  Poems.  By  Guy 
VTetmore   Carryl.      Xew   York :      G.    P.    Putnam's    Sons. 

Lthics  and  Legends  of  Christmas-Tide.  By  Clin- 
ton  Scollard.      Clinton,   X.    Y. :      G.  W.   Browning. 

Lyrics  of  Jot.  By  Frank  Dempster  Sherman.  Bos- 
ton :      Houghton,   Mifflin  &  Co. 

IxTERi-UDES.  By  Philip  Becker  Goetz.  Boston :  Rich- 
ard G.  Badger. 

SoxGs  FROM  A  GEORGIA  GARDEN,  and  Echoes  from  the 
Gates  of  Silence.  By  Robert  Loveman.  Philadelphia: 
The  J.   B.   Lippincott  Co. 

The  Playmate  Horss.  By  Mary  Thacher  Higgin- 
son.      Boston :      Houghton,    Mifflin   &   Co. 

MiXK  AND  Thine.  By  Florence  Earle  Coates.  Bos- 
ton :      Houghton,    Mifflin    &    Co. 

Cassia,  and  Other  Verse.  By  Edith  M.  Thomas.  Bos- 
ton :      Richard  G.   Badger. 

Poems.  By  Hildegarde  Hawthorne.  Boston :  Richard 
G.   Badger. 


which  opens  his  latest  volume  of  verse.  The 
following  quotation  illustrates  the  method  of 
this  writer: 

'  Light  to  the  eye  and  Music  to  the  ear. — 
These    are    the    builders    of    the    bridge    that    springs 
From    earths    dim    shore    of    half-remembered    things 
To    reach    the    spirits"    home,     the    heavenly     sphere 
Where    nothing   silent    is    and    nothing    dark. 

So  when  I  see  the  rainbow's  arc 
Spanning  the  showery  sky,  far-off  I  hear 

Music,   and    every    colour    sings : 
And  while  the  symphony  builds  up  its  round 
Full   sweep   of    architectural    harmony 
Above  the  tide  of  Time,  far,  far  away  I  see 
A  bow  of  colour  in  the  bow  of  sound.' 


nius  far,  the  poetic  imagination  is  put  to 
strictlv  legitimate  uses,  but  we  have  some  doubt 
concerning  the  legitimacy  of  the  analysis  that 
follows. 

'  Red  as  the  dawn  the  trumpet  rings. 
Imperial   purple   from  the  trombone   flows. 
The  mellow  horn  melts  into  evening  rose 

Blue  as  the   sky,  the   choir  of  strings 
Darkens    in    double-bass    to    ocean's    hue. 
Rises    in   violins    to   noon- tide's   blue. 
With  threads  of  quivering  light  shot  through  and 
through. 

This  is  a  little  too  suggestive  of  the  French- 
man's fantastical  ascription  of  a  definite  color 
to  each  of  the  vowels.  Analogies  of  this  sort  are 
too  individually  subjective  to  find  any  response 
in  the  common  consciousness:  and  their  valid- 
ity is  consequently  questionable.  The  remain- 
ing iK)ems  in  ^It.  Van  Dyke's  volume  take 
many  forms  and  handle  many  themes.  There 
are  odes,  sonnets,  legends,  lyrics,  and  bits  of 
personal  vei^e.  They  are  delicate  and  graceful 
in  workmanship,  the  expression  of  a  refined  and 
sensitive  poetic  instinct  rather  than  the  out- 
pourings of  a  creative  mood. 

Several  poems  included  in  '  The  Twin 
Immortalities,'  by  Mr.  Charles  E.  Russell, 
attempt  the  interpretation  of  music  in  a  far 
more  intimate  way  than  does  the  ode  above 
mentioned.  Three  of  these  poems,  devoted 
respectively  to  certain  compositions  by  Yolk- 
mann.  Eubinstein.  and  Beethoven,  simply  seek 
to  find  words  for  the  train  of  feelings  and  fan- 
cies evoked  by  the  music.  The  following,  for 
example,  from  Volkmann's  Serenade  in  D 
Minor,  is  very  charming: 

'  'White    silent    depths   of    moonlight    on    whose    breast 

The  silvered   trees 
Float   like  dim  argosies  at  dreamy  rest 

On  stirless  seas ; 
So  still  that  when  the  moon  sails  high 
The   song   she   sings   in  that   vast    sky 
Seems    breathc?d    afar    on    fairy    flutes : 
So  still   that   when   her  faint   strains  die 
Across   the   depths   dim    echoes    fly 

Star-touched   on   throbbing   lutes.' 

But  it  is  not  in  verse  of  this  sort,  which 
manv  others  have  done  equally  well,  that  Mr. 
Russell's  deepest  appreciation  of  music  may  be 
found.  It  is  rather  in  the  two  compositions, 
'  Graubiinden  '  and  '  Pegli,'  actually  written  in 
the  classical  form  of  the  sonata,  that  we  find 


198 


THE    DIAIi 


[March  16, 


music  and  poetry  brought  into  the  closest  pos- 
sible relations.  One  naturally  thinks,  reading 
these  poems,  of  '  Master  Hughes  of  Saxe- 
Gotha/  land  '  A  Toccata  of  Galuppi's/  but  it  is 
chiefly  to  realize  that  Mr.  Russell  has  attempted 
a  more  difficult  task  than  Browning's,  and  with 
surprising  success.  Where  Browning  gives  us 
a  masterly  technical  description,  our  present 
author  does  not  describe  at  all,  but  simply 
writes  in  conformity  with  the  severe  rule  of  the 
composer.  Taking  '  Graubiinden '  for  examina- 
tion, we  find,  first  of  all,  that  it  is  a  poem  in 
the  orthodox  four  movements.  Taking  the 
second  of  these  movements,  the  adagio,  Mr. 
Eussell's  own  words  may  be  quoted  by  way  of 
exposition.  '  The  first  stanza  announces  the 
first  theme.  Then  follows  a  development  group 
of  four  stanzas  leading  to  the  episode  in  stanza 
four.  The  first  theme  is  repeated  in  stanza 
five,  and  the  next  development  group  leads  to 
the  second  theme  in  stanza  ten.  The  material 
of  the  second  theme  —  Force  and  Time  —  is 
then  worked  out  to  the  eighteenth  stanza,  when 
there  is  a  recapitulation  of  the  first  theme  and 
a  stanza  as  a  coda.'  So  much  for  the  form  of 
this  poem ;  its  subject  is  provided  by  the  heroic 
and  successful  struggle  for  freedom  of  the  Grau- 
bundners  in  the  fifteenth  century.  We  can 
quote  but  briefly,  not  at  a  length  sufficient  to 
show  how  admirably  the  musical  form  is  imi- 
tated, but  sufficient  to  make  it  clear  that  the 
poetry  does  not  suffer  from  having  been  writ- 
ten under  these  exacting  conditions.  Here  is 
the  first  theme: 

'  Winds  that  waft  the  dead  sprays  in  and  out, 
Winds  before  whose  breath  the  faint  stars  shiver, 

Coldly    glimpsed    through    wild    clouds    blown    about, 
Now  when  leaves  float  brown  upon  the  river. 
Shorn  and  shot  by  bolts  from  out  thy  quiver. 

Tell  me  in  what  dust  thy  wrath  has  blown 
Up  and   down  the  weary   earth   forever 

Any  name  or  fame  of  theirs  is  known.' 

Here  is  a  stanza  taken  from  the  working-out  of 
the  second  theme : 

'  Even  she,  our  lady,  in  whose  name 

Faith  takes  heart  again,   and,   starward  turning, 
Hope    in    sweetest    eyes    casts    back    the    flame 

Ever   in  her  torch  uplifted  burning. 

She  to  whom  men,  turn  with  that  old  yearning, 
Sun   and  star  and   goddess.  Liberty, 

Beautiful  beyond  all  lore  or   learning, 
Sweet  as  sunrise  on  the  heaving  sea.' 

And  here  we  have  the  recapitulation  of  the  first 
theme  with  the  coda : 

'  Wind  that  blows  the  cloud-flags   far   about, 

Wind  that  makes  the  huge   storm-trumpets  shiver, 

Wind  before  whose  stern  triumphant  shout 
Men  are  bowed  in  awe  and  mountains  quiver. 
Give  us  one  great  strain  of  sea  or  river. 

Fit  to  sing  their  praise  whose  deeds  are  known. 
Round  and  round  the   radiant  world  forever. 

Grandest   strain   of   all   thy   lips   have  blown. 

'  Mother  Earth,  that  seest  all  sons  of  thine. 
Wind  thy   tender  arms  about  them  sleeping ; 

Cover  them  with  roses  and  wild  vine 

Where   the   river   in   slow   circles   sweeping 


Sings  a   quiet  song  for  their  safe-keeping. 
Bend,  O  mother,  with  thy  smile  above  them, 

Peace  in  thy  mild  eyes  and  with  no  weeping ; 
Thou   and  we  have  one  great  cause  to  love  them.' 

But  we  must  not  give  the  impression  that  Mr, 
Russell  stands  for  experimental  expression 
merely,  or  that  aesthetic  considerations  alone  are 
raised  by  his  verse.  He  has  a  very  definite 
social  creed,  which  all  his  art  is  bent  to  enforce. 
It  is  the  creed  of  democracy,  not  in  the  sense 
of  a  political  shibboleth,  but  in  that  of  the 
brotherhood  of  man,  which  his  book  maintains 
from  first  to  last.  His  work  is  dedicated  to 
President  Loubet,  the  'foremost  democrat  of 
these  times,'  and  the  passion  of  that  faith  finds 
exalted  expression  in  such  poems  as  'Adam's 
Sons '  and  the  '  Coronation  Ode.'  We  must 
quote  from  both  of  these  poems,  choosing  in 
each  case  the  final  stanza.  This  is  the  ending 
of  'Adam's  Sons': 

'  We  have  one  goal  together,  you   and  I : 
We  hear  one  echo  of  a  wailing  cry 

Incessant  raised  by  sundered   soul   from  soul 
Left    lonely    here    as    we ; 

And  if  a  land  beyond  the  clouds  that  roll 
Or  only  sleep  and  dreamless  rest  there  be 

We   know   not,    O   my   brother !   but  the  dark 

Lightens  a   little  with  this  only  spark 
That   with    clasped   hands    and   hearts   we    go   as    one 

When  through  the  dusk  we  hear  the  dim  bell  toll 
The  day  is  done.' 

And  this  is  the  close  of  the  '  Coronation  Ode ' : 

'  No  more  of  Kings :  this  is  the  age  of  man ! 
For  you  the  night   is  dark,   the   day   means  naught ; 
Wasted  for  you  your  heroes'   blood  that  ran 
And    lost  the   labor  of  their   hands  that  wrought. 
The  world  goes  on  and  leaves  you  on  your  knees 
Mumbling    and   mouthing   to    such   gauds    as   these. 
The  marchers'   chorus   swells ; 
You  hear  no  hint  of  all   it  tells. 
Voice   after  voice  the  burden  sings 
sturdy  and  strong : 
We  tread  the  wrecks  of  sceptre  and  of  throne. 
Our  feet  crush  out  old  faiths  of  fraud  and  wrong, 
We  have   no   crown    but   liberty   alone — 

Labor   and    love   are   Kings!' 

It  is  difficult  to  end  the  pleasant  task  of  illus- 
trating this  rich  and  varied  volume  of  verse. 
One  more  extract,  at  least,  shall  be  given,  a 
stanza  from  the  poet's  beautiful  tribute  to  the 
artist  of  '  La  Bella  Simonetta.' 

'  Shall    not    men's    mightiest    as    their    lightest    deeds 
Be  sown  beyond  us  in  Time's  field  for  seeds, 

And   every    word   or   work   be   rooted    there 
To  make  earth  red  with  roses,  waste  with  weeds? 

What  man  has  died  then?     Ah,  all  earth  and  air 
Are   roseate   as   with   shadow   of  a   flame 

For  him ;  the  fields  are  bright  with  leaf  and  bloom 

Sprung   from   his  time   of   sorrow   and   grey  gloom. 
And  men  that  see  the  flowerage  of  his  fame 

Twine  chaplets  wet  with  tears  tKat  keep  them  fair 
Round   Botticelli's   name.' 

This  conception  of  immortality  recurs  again 
and  again  in  Mr.  Russell's  work,  and  is  the 
keynote  of  the  titular  poem.  We  hardly 
need  the  actual  tribute  paid  to  the  greatest 
poet  now  living  in  the  world  to  remind  us  that 
the  influence  of  Mr.  Swinburne  is  manifest 
upon  many  pages. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


199 


Mr.  Frederic  Lawrence  Knowles,  in  one  of 
the  pieces  \rhich  he  has  collected  into  a  volume 
entitled  *Love  Triumphant/  makes  a  demand 
for 

'  None  of  the  old  tunes,  poet !' 

It  cannot  be  said  that  Mr.  Knowles  has  hark- 
ened  to  his  own  precept,  for  he  gives  ns  many 
of  the  old  tunes,  as  well  as  eclectic  echoes  of 
many  of  the  old  ideas.  At  one  time  it  is  Keats, 
at  another  Arnold,  at  still  another  Christina 
Bossetti,  but  what  is  your  poor  poet  to  do  when 
all  the  forms  and  the  thoughts  have  been 
pressed  into  service  by  those  who  have  gone 
before?  The  titular  poem  in  this  volume  will 
give  a  very  fair  idea  of  Mr.  Knowles's  graceful 
workmanship. 

'Helen's   lips   are  drifting  dust; 

Ilion    is    consumed   with    rust ; 

All  the   galleons  of  Greece 

Drink  the  ocean's  dreamless  peace ; 

Lost    was    Solomon's    purple    show 

Restless  centuries  ago ; 

stately  empires   wax  and  wane — 

Babylon,   Barbary   and   Spain ; — 

Only  one  thing,  undefaced. 

Lasts,   though   all  the   worlds  lie  waste 

And   the  heavens   are   overturned. 

— Dear,  how  long  ago  we  learned  ! 

'  There's  a  sight  that  blinds  the  sun, 
Sound  that  lives  when  sounds  are  done. 
Music  that  rebukes  the  birds. 
Language   lovelier  than   words. 
Hue  and  scent  that  shame  the  rose. 
Wine   no   earthly   vineyard   knows. 
Silence  stiller  than  the  shore 
Swept  by  Charon's  stealthy  oar. 
Ocean  more  divinely  free 
Than  Pacific's  boundless  sea, — 
Ye  who  love  have  learn'd  It  true. 
— Dear,  how  long  ago  we  knew !' 

During  his  brief  life,  Guy  Wetmore  Carry! 
was  chiefly  known  to  readers  at  large  as  a 
writer  of  trifles  in  verse  and  prose,  and  it  is 
only  since  his  lamented  death  that  his  more 
serious  qualities  have  been  fully  revealed.  The 
posthumous  collection  of  his  verse,  entitled 
•'  The  Garden  of  Years  and  Other  Poems,'  is  in 
spirit  far  indeed  removed  from  his  *  Grimm 
Tales  Miade  Gay,'  and  his  '  Fables  for  the 
Fxivolous.'  It  is  a  volume  of  manly  sentiment 
embodied  in  facile  and  vigorous  measures.  The 
long  poem  which  supplies  the  title  is  a  con- 
fession of  love  in  many  stanzas,  combined  with 
reminiscenc-es  of  his  Wanderjahre.  We  quote  a 
specimen  stanza. 

•  'Twas  in  the  garden,  phantom-trod,  of  those 
My  younger  years,  when  life  before  me  lay. 

That  first  I  saw  the  flower  of  Love  unclose 

From  fancy's  folded  bud.  Youth  only  knows 
How  tenderly  I  longed  to  pluck  it !  Xay, 
I  would  not  waken  those  dead  hours  to-day : 

For  Time's  consuming  fire,  with  lambent  lip. 
Has  kissed  my  fair  frail  flower,  and  so  I  may 

Xot  touch  with  the  most  careful  finger-tip 
Its  ashes,  perfect  as  the  unbumt  rose. 

Xext  in  importance  to  this  long  poem  is  the 
group  of  five  patriotic  ballads  which  follow  it, 
ballads  written  in  a  long  and  swinging  rh}-thm. 


which  may  be  illustrated  by  the  following  lines : 

'  The  faithful   unto   death,   their   sleeping-places   over 
The  torn  and  trampled  clover  to  braver  beauty  blows ; 

Of  all  their  grim  campaigning  no  sight  nor  sound  remain- 
ing. 
The  memory  of  them  mutely  to  greater  glory  grews.' 

This  volume  is  peculiarly  fortunate  in  having 
an  introduction  by  Mr.  E.  C.  Stedman,  who 
in  a  few  felicitous  words  pays  both  personal 
and  critical  tribute  to  the  author's  memory. 

'Lyrics  and  Legends  of  Christmas-Tide'  is 
the  latest  of  the  little  books  of  verse  that  Mr. 
Clinton  Scollard  puts  forth  from  time  to  time 
in  limited  editions.  There  are  something  like 
thirty  songs  in  this  collection,  unpretentiously 
charming,  and  filled  with  the  spirit  of  the  sea- 
son they  celebrate.  Our  quotation  shall  be  one 
of  the  four  stanzas  on  *Xazareth  Town.' 

'  Xazareth   town   in    Galilee ! 

Strumming   a  desert  melody. 

The  Bedouin  minstrel  trolls  in  the   street ; 

At  the  Well  of  the  Virgins  the  maidens  meet; 

The  cactus-hedges  crimson  to  flower. 

And  the  olives  silver  hour  by  hour 

As  through  the  branches  the  south  wind  steals, 

A  clear  bell  peals,  and  a  vulture  wheels 

Over  the  crest  where  the  wild  crags  be ; — 

Xazareth  town   in   Galilee !' 

The  small  volume  which  contains  Mr.  Frank 
Dempster  Sherman's  '  Lyrics  of  Joy '  may  be 
fairly  represented  by  the  exquisite  poem  called 
*  Winter  Dreams.' 

'  Deep  lies  the  snow  on  wood  and  field ; 

Gray   stretches  overhead   the   sky ; 
The  streams,  their  lips  of  laughter  sealed. 

In  silence  wander  slowly  by. 

'  Earth  slumbers,  and  her  dreams, — who  knows 
But  they  may  sometimes  be   like  ours? 

Lyrics  of  spring   in  winter's  prose 

Tliat  sing  of  buds  and  leaves  and  flowers ; 

'  Dreams  of  that  day  when  from  the  South 

Comes  April,  as  at  flrst  she  came. 
To  hold  the  bare  twig  to  her  mouth 

And  blow  it  into  fragrant  flame.' 

Long  practice  has  given  Mr.  Sherman  a  highly- 
finished  technique,  and  the  pieces  in  this  col- 
lection have  the  art  of  true  simplicity,  or  the 
simplicity  of  true  art — ^the  phrase  fits  which- 
ever way  it  is  taken. 

Somewhat  weightier  in  matter  than  the 
poems  in  the  two  collections  just  mentioned^ — 
or  at  least  more  elaborate  in  plan  —  are  the 
'  Interludes'  of  Mr.  Philip  Becker  Goetz.  These 
poems  are  written  in  blank  verse  which  is  some- 
what lacking  in  lyrical  quality,  but  has  vigor 
and  a  tang  that  gives  zest  to  the  taste. 
'  Astray '  is  possibly  not  so  characteristic  a 
specimen  as  might  have  been  chosen,  but  it  is 
the  appealing  embodiment  of  a  thought  that 
must  often  arise  in  serious  minds. 

'  I  marvel  not  that  sadder  grows  the  world. 
For  men  have  lost  the  love  of  simple  things. 
With   eloquence   of   Nature's   music   mute. 
With   speed  of  waterways  made  bond   to  trade. 
With  stately  trees  brought  low  for  needless  heaps. 


200 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


With  flowers  forced   untimely  into  bloom, — 

What   is  there  honest,   free,   and   fair  remaining? 

We  stifle  in  our  towns  of  prisoned  air 

And  happy  with  a  rare  glance  from  the  earth 

We  see  a  square  of  blue  or  curdled  cloud, 

Or  niggard  stretch  of  moonlight  through  a  street. 

At   manners  of   the   hill-bound   kind   we   scoff. 

Although  we   know  not   what  those  hills  have   taught 

Of   dumb   and   deep   contempt   for   city's   towers. 

And  in  these  keeps  of  pain,  disease,  and  sin. 

These  wards  of  grief  whose  keys  are  our  own  eyes, 

With  blanched  regard  we  tell  ourselves  we  live. 

O  mother  of  us  all,  from  whom  we  went 

As  early  as  our  tender  steps  were  free. 

Whose   near   outstretch    of   arm   we   put   aside 

To  hurry  from  thy  verdant  aisles  of  peace, 

Take  us  again,  us  sick  with  thought  or  craft. 

And  lull  us  with  thy  choirs  of  careless  birds  ; 

And  if  there  be  more  tragedy  beneath 

The   swell   of  thy   serene,   sweet  mother  breasts. 

Preserve  thy  silence  and  thy  smile  of  old, 

Make  merry   with  thy  children  as  we   glance. 

Let  perfume  charm   and  wonder  awe  once  more 

As,    leaning   to   thy  heart   our  tired   desires. 

We  feel   the   oblivious  beat   of  speechless   love.' 

This  may  be  called  belated  Wordsworthianism, 
but  the  message  is  even  more  insistent  now 
than  it  was  a  century  ago.  Besides  the  '  Inter- 
ludes/ of  which  one  has  been  quoted,  Mr. 
Goetz's  little  volume  contains  ballads,  songs, 
and  sonnets,  many  of  them  striking  in  phrase 
and  musical  in  measure.  We  cannot  refrain 
from  quoting  the  sonnet  on  Virgil. 

'  A  mere   pale  boy,  who,   watching  docile  sheep 

On   mead   and   easy   upland    o'er   and   o'er, 

Wove   many   songs   with  young   Sicilian   lore 

The  while  his  spirit  with   increasing  sweep 

Longed   to  be  where  seven   hills   in  starry  sleep 

Saw  done  the  dauntless  deeds,  saw  spent  the  gore. 

Saw  drop  the  vanward  bird  and  sink  who  bore. 

Until  one  master  stemmed  the  battle's  heap 

And    reigned    a    prince    of   peace,  —  the    high    renown 

That  mother-city  of  all  cities  born 

To   celebrate   and   rumor    through   all    time 

With  the  grand  pathos  of  her  bright,   dead  prime 

Was  that  pale  boy's,  whose  very   glories   mourn 

As   if  they  knew  immortal   rides  no   crown.' 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  this  is  poetry,  and 
of  unusual  distinction.  The  author  sometimes 
strains  a  little  for  effect,  but  the  average  qual- 
ity of  his  work  is  singularly  high. 

Mr.  Eobert  Loveman's  new  volumis  is  his 
fourth,  and,  like  the  other  three,  is  made  up 
of  brief  and  simple  lyrics.  These  rhymes  upon 
'Abelard  and  Heloise '  have  particularly  taken 
our  fancy : 

'  Abelard  and  Heloise, 
Ne'er  were   lovers  like  to  these  ; 
Flying  in  the  face  of  fate. 
Ground  beneath  the  heel  of  hate 
Constant  to  the    latest  breath. 
With   a    faith   defying   death. 
Deeper   than    unsounded   seas,  — 
Abelard   and   Heloise. 

'  Abelard  and  Heloise, 
Drained   Love's   chalice   to   the   lees ; 
Joyed  and   sorrowed,  laughed  and  wept. 
Tempest-torn    and    passion-swept ; 
Now  they  dream  away  the  days 
In   the  peaceful   Pere-la-Chaise, 
Sleeping  there  beneath   the  trees,  — 
Abelard  and  Heloise.' 

Few  poets  can  say  as  much  as  Mr.  Loveman 
can  within  the  compass  of  a  pair  of  stanzas. 


A  book  of  sincere  and  unaffected  expression, 
having  childhood,  religion,  and  nature  for  its 
themes,  is  put  forth  by  Mrs.  Mary  Thacher 
Higginson,  and  entitled  "'  The  Playmate  Hours.' 
We  select  '  The  Strength  of  the  Hills'  for  one 
of  our  illustrations. 

'  A   midnight   hush   pervades  the  air. 
No  birdling   chirps,   no   leaflet   stirs; 

Midsummer  heat  is  everywhere, 
Even  among  the  firs. 

'What   far-off   sound   grows   on   the   ear? 

Through   wild   ravines   it   sweeps   along. 
As    if    some    swift-winged    bird    drew    near 

To  wake  the  night  with  song. 

'  A   rustle  fills  the  birches  tall ; 

A  sudden   coolness  fans  the  cheek  : 
Monadnock's   breath   bears   life   to   all 

Beneath    its   rugged    peak. 

'  For  here  each  day   is  born   anew 

A   chaste   Diana,   fresh   and   fair. 
Whose  arrows,   dipped    in   forest  dew, 

Transfix  each  worldly  care.' 

Our  other  illustration  shall  be  this  fine  sonnet 
called  '  Ghost-Flowers,'  by  which  is  meant  the 
Monotropa,  or  Indian  pipe : 

'  In  shining  groups,  each  stem  a  pearly  ray. 

Weird   flecks  of  light  within  the  shadowed  wood. 

They   dwell    aloof,    a   spotless   sisterhood. 

No  Angelus,    except   the   wild   bird's   lay, 
Awakes  these  forest  nuns  ;   yet  night  and  day 

Their   heads    are   bent,    as    if    in    prayerful    mood. 

A  touch  will  mar  their  snow,   and  tempests  rude 

Deflle  ;    but   in  the   mist  fresh   blossoms  stray 
From    spirit-gardens    just    beyond    our    ken. 

Each   year   we    seek   their  virgin    hauuts   to    look 

Upon  new  loveliness,   and  watch  again 
Their   shy  devotions   near  the   singing  brook ; 

Then,   mingling  in  the  dizzy  stir  of  man. 

Forget  the   vows   made   in   that   cloistered   nook.' 

Tliere  are  not  many  of  these  poems,  and  the 
writing  of  what  few  there  are  has  been  scat- 
tered over  many  years.  At  their  best,  as  has 
been  shown,  they  are  exquisite  in  feeling  and 
finish,  and  none  of  them  falls  far  short  of  this 
best. 

'  ]\Iine  and  Thine,'  by  Mrs.  Florence  Earle 
Coates,  is  a  volume  made  up  chiefly  of  occa- 
sional verse,  if  we  extend  that  term  to  include 
personal  tributes  and  pieces  called  forth  by 
some  incidental  impression.  Thus,  the  author 
pays  her  resi>ects  to  Mr.  Stedman,  Mr.  Yeats, 
Madame  Bernhardt,  and  Helen  Keller,  among 
the  living,  and  to  Beethoven,  Picquart,  Whist- 
ler, E.  N".  Westcott,  Stevenson,  Millet,  and 
Joan  of  Arc,  among  the  dead.  She  also 
inscril>es  verses  to  England,  Paris,  and  Buffalo, 
and  to  the  '  War  for  the  Liberation  of  Cuba.' 
Her  sonnet  '  To  William  Butler  Yeats '  seems 
to  us  to  represent  her  work  uix)n  its  highest 
level. 

'  Tell  us  of  beauty  !     Touch  thy  silver   lyre 
And  bid  thy  Muse  unfold  her  shining  wings  ! 
Tell   us  of  joy  —  of  those  unaging  things 

Which  wither  not,   nor   are   consumed   by   fire. 

Things  unto  which  the  souls  of  all   aspire  ! 
Sing   us  the   mystic   song   thine   Erin  sings, 
Her   poignant  dreams,   her   weird    imaginings. 

With  magic  of  thy  "Land  of  Heart's   Desire!  " 


1905.J 


THE    DIAL. 


201 


'  Let  others  hate  I  —  from  lips  not  thine  be  hurled 
Reproaches ;    since   all    hate   at   last   miist    prove 

Abortive,  though  it  triumph  for  a  while. 
The  gospels  that  indeed  have  won  the  world 
Laid  their  foundation  on  the  strength  of  love. 

Sing  thou,  a  lover,  of  thy  wave-washed  Isle !' 

Of  the  excellence  of  Mrs.  Coates's  senti- 
ments there  can  be  no  doubt;  her  nature  is 
warmly  responsive  to  whatever  is  worthy  in 
life  or  beautiful  in  art.  But  her  expression 
does  not  often  exhibit  spontaneity  or  achieve 
distinction. 

Spontaneity  has  never  been  a  marked  char- 
acteristic of  the  verse  of  Miss  Edith  M. 
Thomas,  who  is  too  reflective  a  singer  for  the 
higher  sort  of  lyrical  utterance,  but  there  are 
touches  of  distinction  upon  nearly  even-thing 
she  writes.  Plainness  of  speech  and  subtlety 
of  thought  mark  her  work,  and  make  it  very 
precious  to  lovers  of  the  graver  kind  of  verse. 
This  writer  has  been  silent  for  so  long  that  her 
new  volume,  '  Cassia,  and  Other  Yerse/  is 
doubly  welc-ome.  Here  is  a  typical  selection, 
called  '  A  Peu  Pres  ' : 

'  Thy  palace  walls  were  founded  well. 

And  well  its  courses  thou  didst  lay ; 
One  tower   defied  the   genie's   spell 

And   stands  a  ruin  to  this  day. 

'  The  land  of  flowers  thou  didst  attain. 

And    see    the    spring's    immortal    jet ; 
Thy   staff-worn  hand  was  reached  in  vain  — 

Thy  lips  that   crystal   never  wet ! 

'  With  pains  the  altar  thou  didst  dress. 

And  the  burnt  sacrifice  prepare, 
And  call  upon  the  God  to  bless  — 

All   but   the   fire   from   Heaven   was   there  I 

*  Thou    shak'st    thy    lance    on    hard-fought    field, 
Thou  sleep'st,  the  tingling  stars  above ;  — 

Pity  and  praise  sweet  eyes  can  yield. 

But  ne'er  vouchsafe  the   Light  of  Love !  ' 

"What   dost  thou   lack?      'Tis    almost  naught 
That  parts  thee   from   thy   Heart's  Desire,  — 

A    step  —  a   span  —  an    airy   thought : 
A  pulse-beat   more,  thou   didst  require !' 

Miss  Thomas's  gift  for  moralizing  impressively 
but  not  obstrusively  upon  a  single  theme  is  well 
illustrated  by  this  poem.  That  she  has  the 
right  feeling  about  poetic  opportunity  is  shown 
by  such  lines  as  these: 

'  Thine  the  fault. 
If  nothing  near  thee  moves  thy  breast  to  song : 
Thy  mornings  are  new-lit,  thine  evenings  starred. 
Thy  wind-blown  forests  are  with  joy  exalt, 
Thy  threshold  birds  are  singing  all  day  long — 
Not  thou  dost  lack  a  Theme,  but  these  a  Bard.' 

This  volume  includes  upwards  of  two  score 
sonnets,  most  of  which  are  of  richly  imagina- 
tive beauty.  It  is  with  much  hesitation  that 
we  have  chosen  '  From  Lips  of  Stone'  to  stand 
for  the  entire  group. 

'  Amid  a  waste  and  solitary  field. 
Upon  the  twilight  boundary  of  the  day, 
Upspake  the  timeless  flintstone  huge  and  gray : 
"  WTiy  should  my  counsel  be  forever  sealed  7 
To  thee   an   ancient  truth  shall  be  revealed — 
To  thee,   a  wavering  mortal,   brief  of  stay : — 
Something   of   kin, — thou    piece    of    passioned   clay. 
Art    thou    and    I,     whom    passion    ne'er    did    wield ; 


For,  lo  !  did  not  Deucalion  at  the  flood 
Behind  him  fling  us  stones  —  and  men  we  grew? 
With  limbs  we  moved  abroad,  with  lips  we  spake ! 
And  hast  not  thou,  with  grief,   seen   flesh-and-blood 
Become  to  thee  as  stones,  that  Pity's  dew 
Could  never  melt,  nor  yet  thine  anger  break?  "  ' 

From  Miss  Hildegarde  Hawthorne's  little 
volume  of  delicate  *  Poems '  we  select '  A  Song  * 
for  our  example. 

'  Sing  me  a  sweet,  low  song  of  night 
Before  the  moon  is  risen, 

A  song  that  tells  of  the  stars'  delight 
Escaped   from  day's  bright  prison ; 

A    song    that    croons    with    the    cricket's    voice- 
That  sleeps   with   the   shadowed   trees, 

A  song  that  shall  bid  my  heart  rejoice 
At  its  tender  mysteries  ! 

'  And  then  when   the  song   is  ended,  love. 

Bend  down  your  head   unto  me ; 
Whisper  the  word  that  was  bom  above 

Ere  the  moon  bad  swayed  the  sea; 
Ere  the  brightest   stars  began  to  shine 

Or  the  farthest  sun  to  bum. 
The  oldest  of  words,  O  heart  of  mine. 

Yet  newest,  and  sweet  to  learn !' 

We  could  hardly  wish  for  a  prettier  close  fo' 
the  series  of  extracts  which  have  been  strung 
together  in  this  review. 

William  Morton  Paynb. 


B BEEFS  OX  Kew  Books. 


India  in  Geographically,  India  is  a  conti- 

its  physical  nent,   a   little   less   than   half   as 

"*''*'■"•  large  as  Europe,  but  characterized 

by  the  same  symmetry  and  proportions,  the  same 
rich   variety  of  phj-sical   features  and   climate, 
as  Europe.     It  is  more  populous  than  Europe, 
having  more  than  one  hundred  and  forty  inhab- 
itants to  the  square  mile,  while  Europe  has  less 
than  one  hundred.     And  though  usually  spoken 
of  as  a  political  entity,  it  is  a  conglomeration  of 
distinct  kingdoms  and  peoples,  and  the  concrete 
term  'Indian*  may  be  applied  to  what  is  in  the 
abstract  a  heterogeneous,  polyglot   combination 
of  individuals,  who  belong  to  a  dozen  different 
nationalities,  speak  a  Babel  of  tongues,  and  live 
in  a  variety  of  countries  the  physical  features  of 
which  differ  as  much  as  their  climatic  conditions. 
Its  ethnography  must  take   note  of  peoples  of 
Aryan,  Scythian,  Arab,  Tartar,  Dravidian,  and 
Mongolian   stocks,  speaking  more   than  seventy 
different  langua^ges.    Its  geographical  history  be- 
gan with  the  invasion  by  Alexander  the  Great 
about  the  year  327  B.  C.,— the  first  scientifically- 
conducted  military  expedition  in  the  world's  his- 
tory.     Though   for  more   than   a  century  Eng- 
land has  held  the  dominant  position  in  this  vast 
territory-,  and  official  rep>orts  to  the  British  gov- 
ernment  abound   in    information   respecting   its 
political  and  economic  geography,  j-et  a  compre- 
hensive geography  of  the  country  was  much  to 
be  desired.     Wise  choice  was  made  of  Col.  Sir 
Thomas     Hungerford     Holdich,    K.C.I.E.,    C.P., 
P.E.,  late   Superintendent  of  the  Frontier  Sur- 
veys, to  supply  this  desideratum  for  'Appletons' 
World  Series,'  and  with  few  exceptions  his  work 


262 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1^, 


will  rank  high  with  the  other  volumes  of  the 
series.  Five  chapters  are  devoted  to  the  physical 
features  of  the  various  regions  that  compose  the 
vast  continent.  A  chapter  on  the  people  of 
India  takes  due  account  of  the  religions  upon 
which  the  main  divisions  of  the  inhabitants  are 
based.  It  is  not  sui'prising  that  the  author,  who 
has  been  engaged  in  the  British  public  service  in 
India  for  more  than  twenty  years,  should  give 
his  chief  attention  to  economic  geography  in 
chapters  on  Agriculture  and  Revenue,  on  Min- 
erals, and  on  Climate.  And  inasmuch  as  twenty- 
five  thousand  miles  of  railway  have  been  built  in 
India  since  1870,  and  as  these  railways  are  the 
most  crowded  with  passenger  traffic  of  any  in 
the  world,  it  is  well  that  we  should  have  a  chap- 
ter on  Railways.  So  great  is  the  position  that 
India  now  occupies  in  the  world 's  affairs  that  the 
appearance  of  such  a  book  as  this  is  especially 
opportune.  

j:Essaysin  Twelve    essays     by    Mr.    William 

Mtevary  Sharp,  published  at  intervals  dur- 

^topography.  j^g  ^j^g  p^g^  ^^^  ^^^^  j^  ^j,g  (p^H 

"Mall  Magazine,'  dealing  with  certain  regions  in 
-connection  with  their  literary  associations,  are 
fnow  collectively  published  under  the  title  'Liter- 
iary  Geography'  (imported  by  Charles  Scribner's 
:Sons).  Of  the  topographical  literature  now  so 
tmuch  in  vogue,  this  book  is  one  of  the  best  exam- 
iples.  It  is  full  of  interesting  matter,  is  well  writ- 
\ten,  and  the  authors  selected  for  description 
(mostly  novelists)  ai'e  those  about  whom  every- 
one likes  to  know;  the  illustrations,  often  made 
from  special  photographs,  are  numerous  and  un- 
commonly beautiful.  The  '  country '  of  an  author 
may  mean  either  where  he  has  spent  his  time 
and  which  he  has  commemorated  in  his  writings, 
or  it  may  mean  the  lands  or  regions  brought 
under  the  sway  of  his  imagination,  as  Provence 
and  Palestine  by  Scott  in  'Quentin  Durward'  and 
"^The  Talisman,'  as  Samoa  or  Silverado  or  Fon- 
tainebleau  in  the  instance  of  Stevenson ;  or  it 
may  mean  the  actual  country  of  birth  and  up- 
'bringing  and  residence.  Sometimes  these  coincide, 
as  in  the  instance  of  George  Eliot,  whose  own 
<!0untry  and  whose  most  enduring  country  of  the 
imagination  are  practically  identical.  In  gen- 
eral, what  our  author  means  by  the  'country'  of 
a  great  writer,  like  Scott  or  Carlyle  or  the  Bron- 
tes, is  that  region  where  life  fii"st  unfolded  and 
where  its  roots  are,— the  countrj^  that  the  heart 
enshrines.  These  are  the  things  of  which  one  is 
always  eager  to  hear,  hoping,  although  well  know- 
ing how  vain  the  hope,  to  find  some  clue  to  that 
mysterious  and  incommunicable  secret  which  we 
cjdl  genius.  

The  story  of  To     tell     'The     Story     of     Art 

Art  through  throughout   the   Ages'    in    three 

theages.  hundred  pages,  at  the  same  time 

yielding  space  for  an  average  of  two  illustrations 
on  each  page,  would  seem  to  imply  treatment  of 
the  most  superficial  kind.  Beginning  with  the 
crude  attempts  at  art  in  the  quaternary  period, 
continuing  through  Egypt,  Chaldea,  Persia, 
<jreece,  Rome,  and  the  modern  European  and 
American   states,   the   space   would   seem   to   be 


barely  adequate  for  mere  statistics.  But  the 
scholarship  and  brilliancy  of  M.  S.  Reinach, 
member  of  the  Institute  of  France,  have  achieved 
the  apparently  impossible  and  produced  a  book 
both  critical  and  fascinating.  This  is  partly  be- 
cause Monsieur  Reinach  is  such  a  master  of  the 
phrase;  he  condenses  into  a  sentence  an  analysis 
or  a  criticism  which  others  would  spread  through 
pages.  How  admirably,  for  example,  is  the  char- 
acterization of  Andrea  del  Sarto  the  technician, 
—'commonplace  as  a  thinker,  great  as  a  paint- 
er'; and  this,  in  speaking  of  Millet  and  our 
nineteenth-centuiy  spirit,— 'The  tender  and  fra- 
ternal sentiment  that  breathes  from  Millet's  can- 
vases reveals  that  sympathy  with  the  poor  and 
humble  which  has  been  the  honor  and  the  tor- 
ment of  the  nineteenth  century.'  Impressionism 
is  defined  as  a  'pictorial  stenography,  disdainful 
of  details  which  rapid  and  sympathetic  vision 
cannot  seize.'  Whoever  wishes  to  pursue  the 
subjects  into  their  details  will  find  at  the  end 
of  each  chapter  an  exhaustive  bibliography,  mak- 
ing the  work  especially  desirable  as  a  reference 
book  covering  the  whole  field  of  artistic  expres- 
sion. The  translation,  by  Miss  Florence  Sim- 
monds,  is  admirably  done;  and  the  volume  is 
imported  by  Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 


A  study  in  It  is  from  somewhat  of  a  novel 
the  principles  view-point  that  Mr.  William  De- 
of  personality.    ^-^^  jj^^j^  ^^.^^^g  certain  phases  of 

Greek  philosophy  and  Cliristianity  in  his  latest 
work,  'From  Epicurus  to  Christ'  (Macmillan). 
He  takes,  as  a  point  of  departure,  such  elements 
of  personality  as  rise  above  the  threshold  of 
consciousness  and  are  reducible  to  philosophical 
principles.  It  is  with  a  view  to  discovering  and 
pointing  out  these  elements  that  he  consults  the 
doctrines  of  Epienrus,  of  the  Stoics,  of  Plato,  oE 
Aristotle,  and  lastly  of  Christ.  His  method  is 
to  quote,  or  to  state  simply  in  his  own  words,  the 
gist  of  each  master's  teaching,  then  to  comment 
upon  it  and  show  whei'ein  lies  its  truth  or  its 
error.  The  study  may  be  said  to  be  in  the  form 
of  an  evolution — the  best  of  the  earlier  systems 
being  faithfully  retained  to  aggrandize,  as  it 
were,  the  highest  expression  of  personality,  Christ. 
The  Christian  view  of  life,  combined  with  the 
elements  of  truth  in  the  earlier  systems,  Mr. 
Hyde  regards  as  a  really  Catholic  Christianity 
for  which  the  present  time  is  ripe.  Although  the 
author  does  not  explicitly  state  the  fact,  the 
i-eader  is  left  Avith  the  impression  that  such  a 
religion  is  ultimate.  An  extremely  interesting 
presentation  of  old  principles  in  a  new  setting, 
together  Avith  keen  suggestions  of  their  modern 
exponents,  tend  to  convmce  the  reader  that  Mr. 
Hyde  himself  is  far  from  lacking  in  certain  prin- 
ciples of  personality. 


The  story  Mr.  Cyrus  Townsend  Brady  f  ur- 

ofour  nishes    another    volume     for     the 

Indian  wars.  'American   Fights   and   Fighters' 

series  (McClure,  Phillips  &  Co.),  this  covering 
the  field  from  1866  to  1876,  and  bearing  the  title 
of  'Indian  Fights  and  Fighters:  The  Soldier  £ind 
the  Sioux.'    The  book,  like  its  three  predecessors^ 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL, 


fm 


is  fairly  authentic  history,  and  every  endeavor 
Jias  been  made  to  set  down  the  facts  without  fear 
or  favor.  ,  The  four  greater  episodes  in  the  book 
are  the  massacre  at  Fort  Phil  Kearney,  Colonel 
Forsyth's  fight  on  the  Arikaree  (Beecher's 
Island),  General  Miles 's  winter  campaign  against 
the  Sioux,  and  the  Custer  massacre  (the  battle 
of  the  Little  Big  Horn).  Such  events  as  these, 
when  coupled  with  knowledge  of  the  provocation 
given  the  Indians  by  Americans  in  no  way  re- 
sponsible to  the  military-,  who  nes'ertheless  have 
had  to  bear  the  burden  of  the  misdeeds  of  others, 
cannot  fail  to  interest  all  who  admire  splendid 
courage,  marked  resourcefulness,  and  everything 
that  goes  to  make  up  the  accomplished  soldier. 
Mr.  Brady  has  not  }>een  satisfied  with  the  official 
and  other  reports  of  the  time,  but  as  far  as  pos- 
sible has  supplemented  them  with  such  additional 
knowledge  as  he  has  been  able  to  extract  from 
those  having  direct  relation  with  the  events  set 
forth.  His  anxiety,  for  example,  to  set  straight 
the  question  as  to  whether  or  not  General  Cus- 
ter disobeyed  orders  in  advancing  upon  the  Sioux, 
and  so  bringing  himself  and  his  command  to 
dreadful  death,  has  resulted  in  a  voluminous 
correspondence  which  requires  an  apj)endix  and 
yet  leaves  the  question  not  fully  settled.  Mr. 
Brady  himself,  however,  seems  to  hold  that  there 
was  no  technical  disobedience.  The  book  is  illus- 
trated by  many  pencils,  some  of  them  in  the 
hands  of  artists  of  distinction;  the  effect  as  a 
whole  is  somewhat  heterogenous,  effective  as 
each  picture  is,  taken  by  itself. 


The  marvels  Probably    no    single    volume    yet 

of  modern  published  ^ves  so  clear  an  idea  of 

mdusti-y.  ^^^  advances  made  in  recent  years 

in  all  the  various  fields  of  practical  himian  en- 
deavor as  Mr.  Charles  H.  Cochrane 's  'Modem 
Industrial  Progress'  (Lippincott).  Abundantly 
and  pertinently  illustrated,  it  takes  up  in  suc- 
cession no  fewer  than  forty-two  major  and  a 
number  of  minor  topics.  The  chief  interest  obvi- 
ously lies  in  the  directions  of  electricity  and 
steel,  but  there  are  various  other  advances  made 
possible  by  reason  of  these,  such  as  the  excava- 
tion of  great  canals  through  enormous  and  com- 
plicated mechanisms  built  of  steel,  and  rapid 
vehicles  made  possible  through  electricity.  The 
towering  buildings  which  lend  a  Babel-like  effect 
to  our  cities,  the  great  ordnance  carried  by  our 
leviathans  upon  the  seas,  flying  machines  already 
past  the  stage  of  experiment,  the  mechanisms 
that  lend  themselves  to  stage  use  and  deceptions, 
machine-making,  and  the  differences  between  the 
American  method  with  uniform  and  interchange- 
able parts  and  the  Europ>€an  idea  of  building  to 
suit  special  occasions  and  needs,  all  the  appar- 
atus that  takes  standing  grain  from  the  field 
and  ends  with  it  in  barrels  of  flour,  glass-mak- 
ing, paper  and  its  new  uses,  boot  and  shoe  man- 
ufactures, weaving  and  spinning  in  power  looms, 
clay  and  its  newer  uses, — these  and  scores  of 
other  topics  here  find  exemplification  and  com- 
prehensive no  less  than  succinct  treatment.  The 
book  is  well  written,  with  directness  and  sim- 
plicity of  style. 


New  facta  An  important  contribution  to  our 

concerning  knowledge  of  the  ways  of  volca- 

^^^^  Peiee.  jj(jgg  jg  made  by  Mr.  Angelo  Heil- 

,prin,  F.R.G.S.,  in  his  latest  work,  'The  Tower 
of  Pelee:  New  Studies  of  the  Great  Volcano  of 
Martinique'  (Lippincott).  It  is  the  result  of  a 
series  of  visits  to  the  island,  during  which  a 
number  of  photographs  were  taken,  and  these 
photographs,  with  comment  upon  them,  constitute 
the  present  thin  quarto.  While  more  than  oup 
phase  of  the  activities  of  Pielee  is  taken  into  ac- 
count, the  book  deals  chiefly  with  the  wonderful 
tower,  believed  to  be  the  solidified  core  remaining 
in  the  vent  of  a  prehistoric  crater,  which  came 
first  into  view  during  the  great  eruption  of  1902, 
and  was  destroyed  in  the  cataclysm  of  August 
in  that  year.  It  began  to  emerge  anew  soon 
after,  growing  in  height  for  days  together  at  the 
rate  of  seventy  feet  a  day,  but  crumbling  at  its 
top  as  it  arose  owing  to  fissures  which  served  for 
the  transmission  of  explosive  vapors.  It  attained 
a  maximum  height  of  800  feet  or  more,  and  was 
supported  by  a  general  rise  of  a  supporting  base 
of  even  greater  elevation,  the  point  of  the  tower 
reaching  an  altitude  of  5,200  feet  above  sea  level. 
The  tower  disapp)eared  more  rapidly  than  it 
came,  and  now  remains  only  in  the  photographs, 
of  extraordinary  fidelity  and  impressiveness,  that 
were  taken  of  it.  The  book  is  written  with  more 
care  than  preceding  volumes  from  the  same  hand, 
and  will  be  read  with  intense  interest. 


A  year-book  'Saints  and  Festivals  of  the  Chris- 
forthetthoie  tian  Church'  (Stokes),  by  Mr.  H. 
c/insf tan  Church  pomgroy  Brewster,  is  an  unusually 
terse  and  at  the  same  time  comprehensive  church 
year-book,  in  which  is  told  the  origin,  history,  and 
present  status  of  each  of  the  chief  festivals  of 
the  entire  church,  as  well  as  of  many  local  feasts 
and  festivals  which  obtain  in  certain  parts  of 
Europe.  The  greatest  merits  of  the  work  are  its 
entire  freedom  from  denominational  bias,  and 
the  wide  knowledge  which  it  shows  of  profane 
a.nd  ecclesiastical  history  and  canon  law.  The 
record  begins  with  Advent  Sunday,  and  proceeds 
through  the  year,  giving  the  date,  fixed  or  approx- 
imate, for  each  festival,  and  finding  some  fes- 
tival for  every  day.  It  is  of  course  impossible, 
even  within  the  limits  of  five  hundred  closely- 
printed  pages,  to  tell  the  stoiy  of  all  the  canon- 
ized saints  of  the  church,  so  a  few  of  the  most 
noted  have  been  chosen  for  each  day,  and  their 
lives  briefly  sketched.  An  alphabetical  index 
grives  a  much  more  compreliensive  list  of  saints, 
with  the  proper  'saint-day'  for  each,  and  there 
is  also  a  chronological  list  of  all  the  Bishops  and 
Popes  since  the  death  of  St.  Peter,  and  a  copious 
general  index.  The  book  is  copiously  illustrated 
with  a  number  of  small  cuts  showing  pictures  of 
the  saiiits  or  of  the  quaint  symbols  that  the  old 
church  calendars  employed  to  represent  them. 

An  aid  to  the  Prof  essor  Jiilicher  's  '  Introduction 
study  of  the  to  the  New  Testament,'  in  the 
New  Testament,  original  German,  has  for  ten 
years  been  familiar  to  New  Testament  students, 
and  has  gained  a  high  place  among  such  works. 
In    the    English    translation    issued    by    Messrs. 


204 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


Putnam's  Sons,  made  from  the  second  (the 
so-eaJIed  'third  and  fourth')  German  edition  of 
1901,  it  will  reach  and  benefit  a  much  wider  cir- 
cle, and  New  Testament  study  will  be  the 
gainer  thereby.  The  translation  exhibits,  in  the 
main,  the  ease  and  fidelity  and  clearness  that 
are  indispensable  in  such  work.  More  attention 
to  finish  would  have  relieved  the  pages  of  some 
German  survivals,  such  as  Muratorianum,  Sozo- 
menos,  Theodoretus,  Elzevier,  and  Leit-motiv. 
Memphian  (for  Memphitic),  Pergamus  (for 
Pergamum),  Nizan  (for  Nisan,  passim ) ,  are  not 
improvements;  and  we  should  not  have  called  a 
water-plant  like  papyrus  a  'shrub'  (p.  568).  It 
is  amusing  to  see  'Tendenz'  soberly  exhibited  in 
parentheses  after  every  clause  in  which  the  Ger- 
man has  it;  clearly  it  is  with  some  still  an 
object  of  worship.  A  paa-enthesis  misplaced 
(p.  613)  has  thrown  a  series  of  valuable  notes 
into  confusion;  and  Mr.  Gwilliam  of  Oxford  is 
hardly  recognizable  in  G.  William  (ibid).  Cer- 
tain Greek  spellings  and  certain  English  capi- 
talizations offend  the  reviewer's  eye;  but  with 
all  its  fallibility  this  English  form  of  Jiilicher's 
work  will  be  useful  and  welcome. 


The  history  of  A  half  Century  ago  there  ap- 
a Southern  peared  'A  History  of  Maryland' 

commo7iweaith.  Y>y  James  McSherry.  It  presented 
a  fairly  adequate  description  of  the  founding 
of  the  colony,  of  the  Puritan  conquest,  and  of  the 
Revolutionary  War,  from  the  Roman  Catholic 
point  of  view  —  although  not  radically  so.  This 
work  has  now  been  revised  and  supplemiented 
by  Prof.  Bartlett  Burleigh  James,  of  the  West- 
em  Maryland  College,  and  is  published  by  the 
Baltimore  Book  Co.  The  reviser  has  restrained 
the  fulsomeness  of  McSherry,  and  has  completed 
the  story  of  Maryland  from  the  close  of  the  Rev- 
olution to  the  end  of  the  nineteenth  century. 
The  Civil  War  is  presented  from  an  unbiased 
view,  as  is  the  Reconstruction  period  following. 
A  few  incorrect  spellings,— such  as  Charles 
'Thompson,'  Secretary  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress, and  the  ease  of  'Sprigg'  instead  of  Prigg 
vs.  Pennsylvania, — are  to  be  noted.  The  polit- 
ical history  has  not  been  allowed  to  crowd  out 
the  industrial  and  economic  development  of  the 
state,  and  the  work  as  now  presented  is  a  val- 
uable addition  to  the  rather  scanty  material 
available  for  Maryland's  history. 


The  quest  of  Mr.  Dwight  M.  Huntington's  man- 
'  big  game'  ner  in  'Our  Big  Game,  a  Book  for 

inAmertca.  Sportsmen  and  Nature-Lovers,' 
(Scribner)  can  best  be  described  as  intimate, 
leaving  a  feeling  of  good-fellowship  and  cam- 
araderie as  a  characteristic  among  those  who  go 
a-shooting.  The  animals  discussed  are  those 
specified  as  'big  game'  by  the  Boone  and  Crock- 
ett Club,  and  include  wapiti,  moose,  mule-deer, 
black- tail-deer,  Virginia  deer,  the  two  sorts  of 
caribou,  bison,  musk-oxen,  big-horns,  mountain 
goats,  antelope,  grizzly,  polar,  black,  and  big 
brown  bears,  pumas,  and  lynxes.  Each  of  these 
beasts  forms  the  subject  of  a  chapter,  in  which 
its  habits  are   described,  its  haunts  given,   and 


some  experiences  in  shooting  it,  generally  those 
of  Mr,  Huntington  himself,  set  forth  in  a  man- 
ner intended  to  be  of  assistance  to  others  in  sim- 
ilar quests.  There  is  also  a  preliminary  dis- 
cussion of  arms  and  ammunition.  The  book  is 
illustrated  by  reproduced  photographs  from  life, 
showing  the  animals  as  they  have  appeared  in 
their  native  wilds. 


A  book  Mr.   Andrew  Lang  has    put    to- 

of  famous  gether  in  a  volume   called  'His- 

mystenes.  torical     Mysteries'     (Longmans), 

fourteen  short  sketches,  previously  printed  in 
various  periodicals,  all  of  which  have  the  interest 
of  uncertainty,  and  some  of  which  have  a  genu- 
ine historical  bearing.  Among  the  latter  are 
'The  Cardinal's  Necklace,'  'The  Gowrie  Con- 
spiracy,' 'The  Case  of  Allan  Breck,'  and  others, 
while  mysteries  not  really  historical,  in  the  sense 
of  having  any  relation  to  important  incidents  in 
history,  but  rather  famous  for  the  contemporane- 
ous interest  excited  in  them,  are  'The  Case  of 
Elizabeth  Canning,'  and  'The  Strange  Case  of 
Daniel  Dunglas  Home.'  In  the  last-mentioned 
essay,  Mr.  Lang's  own  interest  in  spiritualistic 
manifestations  is  made  evident.  But  each  of 
these  is  much  more  a  study  than  a  sketch,  for 
the  evidence  is  given,  and  being  carefully  weighed 
with  a  true  historical  sense,  some  conclusion  is 
reached,  the  whole  being  presented  in  a  form  at 
once  suggestive  and  convincing.  Thus  the  vol- 
ume is  both  valuable  as  a  bit  of  careful  research 
and  entertaining  as  a  collection  of  stoi-ies. 


Memoirs  of  Major  General  William  Heath,  a 

a  Continental  native  of  Roxbury,  Massachusetts, 
officer.  served  in  the  Continental  forces 

of  the  Revolutionary  War  during  the  entire  eight 
years  of  that  memorable  contest  between  the 
colonists  and  England.  In  1798  he  published  his 
Memoirs,  consisting  of  a  daily  journal  Avhich  he 
had  kept  during  the  war,  supplemented  by  recol- 
lections of  other  participants.  The  book  has  been 
out  of  print  for  many  years,  but  is  now  restored 
in  an  attractive  form  as  one  of  a  series  of 
'Source-Books  of  American  History'  (A.  Wes- 
sels  Company).  Heath  was  unfortunate  in  de- 
laying an  attack  upon  Port  Independence,  with 
which  he  was  entnisted  in  January,  1777,— a  de- 
linquency that  brought  upon  him  the  wrath  of 
the  Commander-in-Chief  and  probably  prevented 
him  from  being  entrusted  with  another  important 
command  during  the  war.  He  makes  a  mild  de- 
fense of  his  conduct  in  his  Memoirs.  The  book 
is  of  value  also  for  its  accounts  of  the  disposi- 
tion of  Burgoyne  after  his  surrender,  of  Arnold 's 
treason,  and  of  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis. 


A  'true'  One  of  the  most  readable  of  recent 

biography  of  biographies  is  that  by  Mr.  Joseph 
Henry  Clay.  -^^  Rogers,  entitled  'The  True 
Henry  Clay'  (Lippincott).  Following  the  plan 
of  the  series  of  which  it  is  a  part,  Clay's  life 
and  work  are  taken  up  topically,  each  of  the 
twenty-seven  ehaptei*s  giving  one  of  their  many 
interesting  aspects.  This  method  involves,  of 
course,  more  or  less  repetition,  but  it  adds  to 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


205 


the  completeness  and  interest  of  the  work.  As 
Clay  was  a  leader  in  public  affairs  for  nearly 
fifty  years  after  taking  his  seat  as  senator  dur- 
ing Jefferson's  administration,  there  is  necessa- 
rily much  about  politics  in  the  book;  but  the 
emphasis  is  on  the  personal  side.  The  author  is 
an  admirer  of  Clay,  yet  he  tells  the  truth  about 
him,  not  glossing  over  his  defects  and  frailties 
or  attempting  to  cover  his  blunders.  The  book 
contains  twenty-four  excellent  illustrations,  and 
is  put  forth  in  the  attractive  dress  of  the  series 
to  which  it  belongs. 


An  outline  of 
the  French 
Revolution. 


The  second  volume  of  a  brief 
work  on  the  French  Revolution, 
by  Miss  Sophia  H.  MacLehose, 
is  entitled  'From  the  Monarchy  to  the  Repub- 
lic in  France'  (Macmillan).  As  in  the  preceding 
volume,  the  author  presents  very  briefly  an  out- 
line of  the  events  of  the  period,  citing  numerous 
references,  and  giving  a  long  list  of  authorities, 
for  neither  of  which  is  there  any  necessity  in  a 
work  of  this  elementary  character.  Yet  the  out- 
line in  itself  is  good,  and  it  is  possible  that  read- 
ers may,  as  the  author  hopes,  be  attracted  to  a 
study  of  longer  histories,  by  the  interest  cre- 
ated in  incidents  here  only  summarized.  The 
numerous  reproductions  of  old  cuts  and  engrav- 
ings furnish  one  distinctly  valuable  feature  of 
the  book. 


XOTES. 


'Xapoleon  and  his  Times'  is  the  title  of  the  next 
volume  to  appear  in  the  Cambridge  Modern  His- 
tory. It  follows  in  the  series  the  volume  on  'The 
French  Bevolution'  published  last  spring. 

The  series  of  'Twelve  English  Statesmen'  is  to 
be  brought  to  a  conclusion  shortly  by  Mr.  Frederic 
Harrison's  biography  of  Chatham,  which  the  Mac- 
millan Co.  announce  for  publication  this  month. 

The  University  of  Chicago  Press  will  shortly 
issue  'The  Progress  of  Hellenism  in  Alexander's 
Empire,'  by  Prof.  John  P.  Mahaffy.  a  compendium 
of  the  long  and  brilliant  development  of  human 
culture  under  Greek  influence. 

The  series  of  six  lectures  delivered  last  fall  at 
the  Art  Institute  of  Chicago  by  Mr.  Bussell  Sturgis 
win  be  published  next  month  by  Messrs.  A.  C. 
McClurg  &  Co.  in  a  profusely-illustrated  volume 
entitled  'The  Interdependence  of  the  Arts.' 

One  of  the  most  interesting  biographical  works 
of  the  present  season  will  undoubtedly  be  found 
in  the  Hon.  Andrew  D.  White 's  Autobiography  and 
Reminiscences,  to  be  published  this  month  by  the 
Century  Co.  Some  portions  of  the  book  have 
already  appeared  in  recent  issues  of  'The  Century 
Magazine. ' 

Two  books  of  timely  interest  in  connection  with 
the  approaching  Lewis  and  Clark  Exposition  are 
announced  by  Messrs.  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.  for 
publication  within  a  few  weeks.  'From  the  West 
to  the  West,'  by  Abigail  Scott  Duniway,  is  an 
account  in  fiction  form  of  a  joiu"ney  across  the 
plains  to  Oregon,  giving  a  picture  of  the  perils  and 
hardships,  as  well  as  the  romantic  incidents,  of 
travel  fifty  years  ago.  The  other  book,  'Letters 
from  an  Oregon  Ranch,'  tells  of  an  attempt  to 
create  a   home  in  the  Western  wilderness. 


Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  will  follow  up  their 
attractive  edition  of  the  Barsetshire  and  Parlia- 
mentary novels  of  Anthony  TroUope  with  a  new 
series  to  be  called  the  Manor  House  novels.  'Orley 
Farm'  is  announced  as  the  first  volume. 

Messrs.  Laird  &  Lee  send  us  their  library  edition 
of  'Webster's  Xew  Standard  Dictionary  of  the 
Englsh  Language,'  as  compiled  by  Mr.  E.  T.  Roe. 
It  makes  a  volume  of  nearly  eight  hundred  pages, 
illustrated  and  indexed,  is  leather-bound,  and 
enclosed  in  a  box. 

'Der  Herzog  von  Mailand,'  being  a  free  transla- 
tion of  Massinger's  'The  Duke  of  Milan,'  made 
by  Herr  Hermann  Conrad,  is  published  in  the 
Greiner  and  Pfeiffer  (Stuttgart)  series  of  'Bucher 
der  Weisheit  und  Schonheit,'  obtainable  in  this 
country  from  Messrs.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

Besides  the  regular  single-volume  edition  of  Mrs. 
Humphry  Ward's  brilliant  novel,  'The  Marriage 
of  William  Ashe,'  just  published  by  the  Messrs. 
Harper,  there  will  be  a  special  edition  in  two  vol- 
umes, limited  to  one  thousand  sets,  each  copy  of 
which  will  bear  the  autograph  of  the  author. 

A  cheerful  little  book  on  'The  Funeral:  Its  Con- 
duet  and  Proprieties,'  by  Mr.  Joseph  X.  Greene,  is 
published  by  Messrs.  Jennings  &  Graham.  Under 
the  four  heads  of  the  undertaker,  the  minister,  the 
bereaved,  and  the  friends,  the  etiquette  of  the 
subject  is  discussed,  and  many  useful  suggestions 
are  made. 

The  Messrs.  Putnam  have  just  begun  the  publi- 
cation of  a  new  and  uniform  edition  of  the  late 
Leslie  Stephen's  essays.  The  edition  is  to  comprise 
eleven  volumes,  of  which  four,  containing  the 
'Hours  in  a  Library,'  are  now  at  hand.  We  need 
hardly  say  at  this  late  day  that  these  are  all  but 
the  most  delightful  literary  essays  in  the  EngUsh 
language,  and  that  their  present  convenient  repub- 
lication deserves  the  warmest  sort  of  a  welcome. 

'A  List  of  Arabic  Manuscripts  in  Princeton  Uni- 
versity Library,'  compiled  by  Dr.  Enno  Littmann 
and  published  by  the  University,  makes  public  the 
contents  of  an  important  collection  which  has 
recently  been  deposited  in  the  Princeton  library  by 
Mr.  Robert  Garrett.  This  is  a  supplement  to  the 
Houtsma  catalogue,  the  two  together  making  up 
what  is  probably  the  richest  collection  of  Oriental 
manuscripts  to  be  found  in  any  American  library. 

A  new  series  devoted  to  matters  of  present-day 
religion  and  morals  is  to  be  begun  shortly  by  Messrs. 
A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.  It  will  present  books  by  men 
of  such  distinction  as  Rev.  Dr.  Charles  Cuthbert 
Hall,  President  of  the  Union  Theological  Semi- 
nar v.  Rev.  Dr.  Washington  Gladden,  Rev.  Dr. 
William  C.  Bitting,  and  Rev.  Dr.  Wm.  Douglas 
Mackenzie,  President  of  the  Hartford  Theological 
Seminary.  The  editor  of  the  series.  Dr.  Henry  A. 
Stimson,  has  written  the  first  volume,  which  is 
entitled  'The  Right  Life.' 

'The  Forms  of  Public  Address,'  edited  by  Prof. 
George  P.  Baker,  and  published  by  Messrs.  Henry 
Holt  &  Co.,  is  an  adjunct  to  rhetorical  instruction 
which  college  teachers  of  the  subject  will  find 
extremely  useful.  It  is  essentially  an  annotated 
volume  of  examples,  with  an  introduction.  Among 
the  species  of  composition  illustrated  are  letters, 
editorials,  eulogies,  dedications,  after  -  dinner 
speeches,  and  addresses  of  various  sorts.  Thus  the 
editorial  section  gives  us  sixteen  examples  of  this 
form  of  writing,  reprinted  from  such  journals  as 
The  Dial,  '  The  Nation, '  '  The  Spectator, '  '  The  Inde- 
pendent,' and  several  newspapers. 


206^ 


THE    ]>IALf 


[March  16,' 


ANXOTTNCEMENTS  OF  SPHING  BOOKS. 

Herewith  is  presented  The  Dial's  annual  list  of 
books  announced  for  Spring  publication,  containing 
this  year  over  seven  hundred  titles.  All  the  books 
here  given  are  presumably  new  books — new  editions 
not  being  included  unless  having  new  form  or  mat- 
ter. The  list  is  compiled  from  authentic  data  espe- 
cially secured  for  this  purpose,  and  presents  a 
trustw'orthy  survey  of  the  Spring  books  of  1905. 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  MEMOIRS. 
T^heodore   Thomas,    a    musical    autobiography,     edited     by 
George   P.    Upton,    2   vols.,    illus.    in   photogravure,    etc., 
$6.  net;  limited  large  paper  edition,  $25.  net.    (A.  C.  Mc- 
Clurg  &  Ck).)        '  ■  V;     •:. 

Autobiography  of  Andrew  D.   WTiite,   2  vols.,   with  photo- 
gravure portraits,  $7.50  net.     (Century  Co.) 
Life    and   Writings    of    Benjamin    Franklin,    by   Albert   H. 
Smyth,  10  vols.,  illus.— Life  of  Florence  Nightingale^  \)y 
Sarah  A.    Tooley,    illus.— English   Men   of  Letters  series, 
new   vols.:    William    Cullen   Bryant,    by    William   Aspen- 
wall    Bradley;    William     Hickling    Prescott,     by    Harry 
Thurston    Peck      Ph.D.;      Thomas    Moore,      by    Stephen 
Gwynn;    Sydney    Smith,    by   George   W.    E.    Russell;   per 
'  vol.,  75  cts.  net.— English  Men  of  Action  series,  new  vol.: 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  by  Sir  Rennell  Rodd.— Twelve  Eng- 
lish  Statesmen    series,    new   vol.:    Chatham,    by    Frederic 
Harrison.— Eversley    Series,    new   vol.:    Oliver    Cromwell, 
i.;by  John  Morley,  new  edition.     (Macmillan  Co.) 
Life    and    Letters    of    Robert    Stephen    Hawker,    sometime 
Vicar   of  Morwenstow,    by   his    son-in-law,    C.    E.    Byles, 
illus.,   $5.    net. — Life  of   Miguel   de   Cervantes,    by   Albert 
F.   Calvert,  illus.,  $1.  net.— Memoirs  of  a  Royal  Chaplain, 
1729-1763,    edited    and    annotated    by    Albert    Hartshorne, 
illus.,    $4.   net.— Life   of  Peter   Ilich   Tchaikovsky,   by   his 
brother,    Modeste    Tchaikovsky,    edited    and    abridged    by 
Rosa  Newmarch,  illus.,  $4.  net.— The,  Duke  of  Reichstadt, 
by  Edward  Von  Wertheimer,   illus.,  $4.   net.— The  Young 
Napoleon,   1760-1793,    by   Oscar  Browning,    with   portraits, 
$2.    net.— Crown    Library,    new    vols.:    Memoirs    of   Lady 
"  Fanshawe,    new    edition,    edited    by    Beatrice    Marshall; 
Jane  Austen,   her  homes  and  her   friends,    by  Constance 
Hill,  new  edition;  illus.,  per  vol.,  $1.50  net.   (John  Lane.) 
Italian  Letters  of  a  Diplomat'si  Wife,  by  Mary  King  Wad- 
dington,   illus.,   $2.50  net.  —  Life  of  the   Marquis  of  Duf- 
ferin   and  Ava,   by   Sir  Alfred   Lyall,   P.C,   2  vols.,   with 
portraits,  $7.50  net. —  John  of  Gaunt,  by  Sydney  Armltage- 
Smith,    illus.,     $4.50    net.  —  Robert    Louis    Stevenson,    a 
record,   an   estimate,    and   a  memorial,    by  Alexander  H. 
.  Japp,  LL.D.,  illus.,  $1.50  net.     (Charles  Scribner's  Sons.) 
Life  of  Honore  de  Balzac,  by  Mary  F.   Sandars,  illus.,  $3. 
net.— Modern    English   Writers,    new   vol.:    Browning,    by 
Charles   Harold   Herford,   $1.    net.     (Dodd,    Mead    &   Co.) 
My    Memory   of   Gladstone,    by   Goldwin    Smith,    with   por- 
trait, 75  cts.   net. — Harry   Furniss  at  Home,   by  himself, 
illusi,  $4.  net.— Irish  Memoirs,  by  R.  Barry  O'Brien,  with 
plans,    $1.50  net.^ — Lady   Jean,   the   romance  of   the   great 
Douglas  cause,  by  Percy  Fitzgerald,  with  portraits,  $3.60 
net.     (A.   Wessels  Co.) 
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208 


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1905.] 


THE    DIAI. 


209 


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210 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


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THE    DIAL. 


211 


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THE    DIAI. 


[March  16, 


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(Houghton,  Mifllln  &  Co.) 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL, 


213 


American  History  in  Literature,  compiled  by  Martha  A.  L. 
Lane  and  Mabel  Hill,  2  vols.  —  First  Steps  in  Science, 
by  Lothrop  D.  Higgins.  —  Butterflies  and  Bees,  by  Mar- 
garet W.  Morley,  illus.  —  In  the  Reign  of  Coyote,  folk- 
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Reader,  by  Frances  E.  Blodgett  and  Andrew  B. 
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by  Marion  I.  Koyes  and  Kate  Louise  Guild,  illus.  — 
Moni  the  Goat  Boy,  and  other  stories,  trans,  from  the 
German  of  Johanna  Spyri  by  Edith  F.  Kunz.  —  Language 
Series,  by  Joseph  H.  Wade  and  Emma  Sylvester,  Primer 
and  First  Reader,  each  illus.  —  Common  School  Spell- 
ing Book,  by  Aaron  Gove.  —  Paper  Sloyd  for  Primary 
Grades,  by  Ednah  Anne  Rich,  with  introduction  by 
Paul  H.  Hanus,  illus.  —  Twelve  Songs  Illustrated,  for 
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(Ginn    &    Co.) 

Elements  of  German  Grammar,  by  G.  T.  Tippold.  —  Ele- 
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illus.  —  Old   Tales  and  Modern  Ideals,  by  J.   H.   Phillips. 

—  History  Stories  of  Georgia,  by  J.  Harris  Chappell, 
illus.  —  American  Pioneers,   by  William  A.   Mowry,  illus. 

—  Social  Forms  Writing  Book,  intermediate  slant,  by  D. 
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List  of  Xew  Books. 


[TAe  following  list,  containing  65  tides,  indwdts  book* 
nceived  by  The  Dial  nnce  its  last  issue.] 

BIOGRAPHY  AND   MEMOIRS. 

RoBEBT  Louis  Stevexson  :  A  Record,  an  Estimate,  and  a 
Memorial.  By  Alexander  H.  Japp,  LL.D.  With  photo- 
gravure portrait  and  facsimiles.  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp. 
308.     Charles  Scrlbner's  Sons.      $1.50   net. 

HISTORY. 

Post  Abthtb  :  Three  Months  with  the  Besiegers ;  a 
Diurnal  of  Occurrents.  By  Frederic  Vllliers.  Illas., 
large  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  176.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 
$2.50  net. 

EUblt  Western  Travels,  1748-1846.  Edited  by  Reuben 
(Sold  Thwaltes,  LL.D.  Vol.  XII.,  containing  Part  II. 
(1820)  of  Faxix's  Memorable  Days  In  America,  1819- 
20,  and  Welby's  Visit  to  North  America,  1819-20. 
Large  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  341.  Arthur  H.  Clark  Co.  $4. 
net. 

GENERAL   LITERATURE. 

The  Hawthoeke  Celebration  at  The  Wayside,  Concord, 
Mass.,  July  4-7,  1904.  Illus.  In  photogravure,  etc., 
12mo.  gilt  top,  pp.  208.  Houghton,  MlfBln  &  Co. 
$1.25    net. 

The  Right  Life,  and  How  to  Live  It.  By  Henry  A. 
Stlmson ;  with  introduction  by  William  H.  Maxwell. 
12mo,  pp.   255.     A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.     $1.20  net. 

Religion  axd  Art,  and  Other  Essays.  By  Rt.  Rev.  J.  L. 
Spalding.      16mo,   pp.   235.      A.   C.   McClurg  &  Co.      $1. 

NEW  EDITIONS  OF  STANDARD 
LITERATURE. 

New  Voyages  to  North-America.  By  the  Baron  de 
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MIRABEAU 

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Life,  Letters,  and  Travels  of 
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COXTEKTS. 

p*o« 

OUK     PIONEER     AMERICAN     POET.      Charles 

Leonard  Moore 223 

COMMUNHCATION 226 

Cooperation  in  Bibliographical  Research.     Eugene 
Fairfield  McPike. 

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THE    LIFE-WORK    OF    THEODORE    THOMAS. 

William  Morton  Payne 227 

THE  CLOSE  OF  THE  CIVIL  WAR  AND  THE 
BEGINNING  OF  RECONSTRUCTION.  David 
Y.  Thomas 2:30 

A  'MONTSTIC  TRINITY.'     T.  D.  A.  CockereU  .     .  232 

TWO  ENGLISH  CHURCHMEN.     Percy  F.  Bicknett  234 

RECEN^T  BOOKS  ABOUT  MUSIC.  Ingram  A.  Pyle  2:37 
Miss  Chapin's  Makers  of  Song. — Mason's  Beethoven 
and  his  Forerunners, — Henderson's  Modem  Musical 
Drift. — Gibnan's  Phases  of  Modem  Music. — .Jon- 
son's  A  Handbook  to  Chopin's  Works. — Miss  Guer- 
ber's  Stories  of  Popular  Operas. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 239 

A  great  western  statesman  and  expansionist. — 
New  studies  of  Petrarch  and  Laura. — John  Brown 
in  Kansas.  —  Hawthorne  redivivus.  —  Old  i^iypt 
seen  through  expert  eyes.  —  Memorials  of  a  once 
famous  sea-port.  —  The  charm  of  Renan  in  his  let- 
ters. —  A  convict's  picture  of  prison  life.  —  Stories 
of  the  lives  of  some  sea-creatures. 

NOTES 242 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS      ....  243 

LIST  OF  NT:W  books 243 


OUR  PIONEER  AMERICAN  FOET. 

There  are  estates  which  are  held  by  the 
payment  of  a  rose  or  a  piece  of  fruit  in  an- 
nual rent.  The  intellectual  domains  which 
we  take  from  great  writers  deserve  at  least  an 
equal  acknowledgment.  Some  legacies  indeed 
of  this  kind  demand  knight-service:  we  must 
go  to  war  to  defend  our  king  and  almoner, 
dead  though  he  be.  Our  first  true  American 
poet,  however,  does  not  need  the  help  of  sword 
or  torch.  He  is  serene  and  secure  in  hi^ 
modest  greatness,  and  there  is  nothing  for  us 
to  do  but  to  bring  to  his  grave-throne  our 
small  tributes  of  criticism  and  appreciation. 

It  is  related  of  Lao  Tsze  that  he  was  car- 
ried in  his  mother's  womb  for  seventA*  or  eighty 
3'ears,  so  that  when  he  was  bom  his  hair  was 
white  and  his  form  hoar  with  antiquity.  The 
youth  of  nineteen,  who,  in  a  new  country, 
amid  a  race  of  pioneers,  wrote  '  Thanaix)psis ' 
certainly  recalls  the  Chinese  philosopher.  The 
dominant  note  in  William  Cullen  Bryant's 
poetry  is  age.  Age,  engulfment,  resignation, 
death, — these  motives  return  again  and  again 
in  his  poems.  'Hiey  are  good  themes,  and 
there  is  no  reason  whv-  a  poet  should  not  be 
especially  bom  to  express  them;  but  the  sin- 
gular thing  is  that  they  should  be  sung  as  the 
herald  notes  of  our  poetic  dawn.  One  would 
think  that  then,  if  at  all,  would  sound  the 
music  of  Spring  and  Kesurrection ;  then  would 
glow  pictures  of  buoyant  action  —  the  red  col*' 
ors  of  love  and  war. 

Without  meaning  anything  but  praise,  it 
may  be  said  of  Bryant's  poems  in  general  that 
Wordsworth  forgot  to  write  them.  A  few  of 
them  rise  to  the  height  of  Wordsworth's  best, 
and  they  never  sink  to  the  level  of  his  worst. 
But  of  course  in  mass,  in  range,  in  fire,  the 
English  poet  is  immeasurably  beyond  his 
American  double  or  pupil.  There  is  a  differ- 
ence, too,  in  their  view  of  Nature  and  outlook 
on  man's  destiny.  Wordsworth  is  the  poet  of 
immortality  —  of  resurrection ;  the  Xature  he 
loved  was  ablaxe  with  Spirit.  Bryant's  Xature 
is  the  Xature  of  the  chemists  and  geologists 
and  geographers.  He  lacked  metaphysics. 
How  often  has  he  repeated  the  idea  of  man 
returning  to  his  original  elements, —  of  engulf- 
ment in  the  grave  I  By  iteration  he  makes  it 
impressive.  Yet  it  is  probably  best  to  touch 
such  thoughts,  and  leave  them.  Omar's  speak- 
ing jar  gives  us  a  more  vivid  sense  of  the  mat- 
ter. And  after  all,  the  idea,  poetically  speak- 
ing, is  nothing  much.     If  man  is  spirit,  his 


224 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


sinking  into  the  grave  is  of  little  consequence; 
and  if  earth  is  spirit,  too,  it  is  of  still  less. 
It  is  remarkable  that  Bryant  keeps  his  Stoic 
conception  of  virtue  and  morality  so  high 
while  yielding  to  an  almost  Lucretian  sense  of 
the  constitution  of  the  world. 

Bryant  has  in  poetry  the  felicity  which  the 
Psalmist  prayed  for, —  neither  poverty  nor 
riches.  Yet  his  severe  taste  saved  him  from 
that  inevitable  instinct  for  the  second-best 
which  has  ruined  so  much  American  verse.  He 
always  recalls  the  masters;  and  when  it  is  not 
Wordsworth's  star  which  is  in  the  ascendant, 
it  is  that  of  Milton,  or  Gray,  or  Collins.  He 
was  perhaps  the  most  careful  student  of  verse 
we  have  had.  But  his  music  is  too  often  a 
recollected  air.  His  pictures, —  achieving,  as 
they  frequently  do,  the  virgin  phrase,  cool, 
dewy,  and  unravished  of  man, —  lack  yet  the 
ecstacy  of  more  daring  souls.  The  sacred 
spark  in  him  was  a  lambent  phosphorescence, 
incapable  of  communicating  heat  or  fire. 

Lyrical  poetry  does  not  lend  itself  easily  to 
criticism.  The  spontaneous  gush  of  thought, 
the  record  of  fleeting  emotion,  it  is  too  evanes- 
cent in  its  nature  to  admit  of  dissection. 
One  does  not  analyze  thistle-down,  or  break 
a  butterfly  on  the  wheel.  When  the  creating 
and  combining  powers  come  in,  we  can  try  to 
trace  their  progression  and  culmination  in  a 
work  of  genius,  and  compare  the  results  with 
other  productions  of  a  like  order.  But  a  good 
lyric  ought  to  be  unitary  and  unique.  Per- 
haps the  best  way  to  discuss  a  writer  whose 
work  consists  of  a  multitude  of  short  pieces  is 
to  state  first  the  general  impression  they  pro- 
duce, and  then  go  on  and  say  what  one  can  of 
the  single  poems. 

The  largest  division  of  Bryant's  work  is  the 
group  of  blank-verse  pieces,  including  '  Than- 
atopsis,'  'The  Forest  Hymn,'  'The  Prairies,' 
'Earth,'  'Hymn  to  Death,'  'The  Flood  of 
Years,'  and  a  few  others.  As  far  as  theme  and 
matter  are  concerned,  they  are  practically  all 
one, —  the  same  thoughts  in  varied  settings. 
The  earliest  written  of  them  sums  up  their 
whole  message,  and  the  world  has  accepted  it 
as  the  greatest.  In  manner,  however,  they  are 
equally  good;  and  it  is  a  manner  which  makes 
a  small  thing  seem  almost  colossal.  The  blank- 
verse  is  studied  from  Wordsworth,  who  got  his 
by  inheritance  through  Cowper  from  Milton. 
Neither  in  Wordsworth  nor  in  Bryant,  how- 
ever, is  there  anything  which  much  resembles 
Milton's  sidereal  style.  And  the  two  later 
poets  differ  from  each  other.  In  Wordsworth's 
best  blank-verse  there  is  a  sense  of  growth, 
a  pulsating  vitality,  a  pushing  upward  as  of 
forest  trees,  each  trying  to  be  tallest.  In  Bry- 
ant's lines  there  is  the  faltering,  soundless  fall 
of  Autumn  leaves  detaching  themselves  with- 


out wind.  His  verse,  however,  is  a  most  fit 
instrument  for  the  meditative  mood.  Infe- 
rior in  passages  to  Wordsworth's  similar  work, 
it  is  superior  in  single  lines,  and  has  far  fewer 
lapses  into  prose. 

Bryant's  poems  which  bear  upon  wild-life  in 
America,  aboriginal  or  that  of  the  early  set- 
tlers, such  as  '  The  Disinterred  Warrior,'  '  The 
Hunter  of  the  Prairies,'  '  Catterskill  Falls,' 
have  all  a  stamp  of  deep  and  grave  sincerity. 
They  are  miniatures,  and  require  a  magnify- 
ing-glass  to  bring  out  their  merits.  But  even 
after  Cooper's  great  canvasses,  painted  with  a 
broad  brush,  these  little  vignettes  repay  study. 

There  are  a  good  many  of  Bryant's  minor 
pieces  which  have  a  sort  of  faded  elegance,  as 
if  they  were  originally  written  for  the  old 
Books  of  Beauty  —  the  Annuals  of  our  early 
literature.  They  are  not  in  the  least  vital, — 
they  are  purely  manufactured;  but  their  arti- 
fice is  well  done.  A  list  of  these  would  be  too 
long  to  give,  but  in  it  would  be  '  The  Song  of 
the  Greek  Amazon,'  '  Song  of  Pitcairn's  Isl- 
and,' 'The  Damsel  of  Peru.'  A  poem  like 
'  The  Lapse  of  Time '  is  of  a  higher  mood ;  yet 
it  too  is  irritating:  it  is  so  near  the  common- 
place, yet  manages  to  evade  actual  prosaism. 
It  reminds  one  of  some  of  the  slighter,  prelu- 
sive strains  of  Collins,  which  have  nothing  in 
them  but  an  ineffable  grace  —  the  classic  air. 

But  I  must  come  to  the  handful  of  lyrics 
which  are  Bryant's  real  title-deeds  to  fame 
signed  and  sealed  by  the  Muse.  Two  little 
odes  I  would  first  mention,  not  for  any  spe- 
cial mark  of  thought  or  phrase  which  they 
possess,  but  because  of  their  originality  in 
metre.  They  are  'The  Greek  Partisan'  and 
an  '  Ode  for  a  Celebration.'  Most  poets,  when 
they  try  to  bring  a  variety  of  rhythm  into  a 
short  compass,  merely  change  the  length  of 
their  lines;  but  Bryant  here  changes  the  key 
of  the  music,  as  Gray  did.  These  brief  poems 
have  in  consequence  a  dancing  movement 
which  is  most  effective. 

'The  Siesta'  is  probably  the  nearest  ap- 
proach to  a  real  song  that  Bryant  ever  wrote. 
Some  other  of  his  things  which  are  labelled 
songs  are  as  wooden  as  clothes-pegs,  as  cold  as 
icicles.  The  '  Song  of  Marion's  Men '  is  a 
martial  lyric,  and  a  fine  one,  though  it  comes 
far  short  of  equalling  the  war-poems  of  Burns 
and  Campbell,  or  even  two  more  recent  Amer- 
ican patriotic  strains,  '  The  Blue  and  the 
Gray,'  and  'The  Bivouac  of  the  Dead.'  Bry- 
ant's '  Greek  Boy '  is  also  a  Tyrtarean  poem, 
and  has  real  rather  than  painted  fire.  It  is 
of  course  reminiscent  of  Byron's  '  Isles  of 
Greece.' 

In  '  June '  for  almost  the  first  time  we  find 
Bryant  standing  impropped  by  any  other  poet. 
All  the   art  he  had  learned  from   Gray  and 


1905.] 


THE    DTATi 


225 


Collins  and  Wordsworth  was  in  his  mind  when 
he  wrote  it,  but  for  the  nonce  he  forgot  them 
and  spoke  straight  from  his  soul.  The  diction 
of  the  piece  is  full  of  floating  gold  which  con- 
centrates into  one  or  two  ingot-like  phrases. 
*  Oh,  Fairest  of  the  Rural  Maids '  is  almost 
equally  good,  but  here  Br}ant  leans  again  on 
Wordsworth's  shoulder,  as  he  does  in  'The 
Fringed  Gentian.'  '  Autunm  Woods '  is  entire- 
ly original  and  absolutely  flawless.  Singularly 
enough,  Bryant,  usually  so  grave,  not  to  say 
drab,  in  his  coloring,  here  gives  the  gayest  pic- 
ture of  American  Autumn  which  exists  in  our 
literature.  Mark  the  art  or  the  unconscious 
truth  with  which  he  assembles  all  the  bright 
aspects  of  the  season, —  the  woods  which  have 
put  their  glory  on,  the  colored  landscape,  the 
gay  company  of  trees,  the  painted  leaves,  the 
sun's  quiet  smile,  the  absence  of  gloom  where 
many  branches  meet,  the  stream  that  shines 
with  the  image  of  its  golden  screen,  the  rose- 
ate canopy  where  a  maiden's  blush  would  be 
unmarked!  The  word  'colored'  is  repeated 
three  times,  probably  with  intention.  Alto- 
gether it  is  the  most  perfect  piece  of  objec- 
tive work  which  Bryant  ever  achieved,  and 
needs  only  a  touch  of  magical  imagination  to 
place  it  fairly  by  the  side  of  Keats's  best. 
Hardly  less  admirable  is  *  The  Death  of  the 
Flowers,'  a  little  elegy  whose  sweet  and  gentle 
perfection  make  of  it  a  sister-song  to  Collins's 
'  Fidele,'  and  even  render  it  worthy  to  stand, 
at  some  remove,  in  the  presence  of  the  Death 
Song  in  '  Cymbeline.'  The  simple  fitness  of 
the  epithets  throughout  the  piece  is  Greek ;  and 
the  exquisitely  modulated  metre  is  perhaps  the 
most  lyrical  movement  in  all  Bryanf  s  verse. 

There  remain  Bryant's  three  crowning 
poems  — '  To  the  Past.'  '  Lines  to  a  Water- 
fowl,' and  '  The  Battlefield.'  The  first  has  an 
air  of  antique  greatness.  Its  bareness  is  im- 
pressive as  of  a  Spanish  Hidalgo  presiding  at 
his  empty  board  with  an  inestimable  jewel  or 
two,  heirlooms  spared  by  Fate,  glittering  on 
his  fingers.  The  piece  contains  what  is  proba- 
bly Bryant's  finest  line, — 

'  And  features,  the  great  soul's  apparent  seat,' 

although 

'  Old  ocean's  gray  and   melancholy  waste,' 

from  '  Thanatopsis,'  and 

'  "The  desert  and  illimitable  air,' 

of  the  '  Lines  to  a  Waterfowl,'  are  near  rivals. 
The  last-named  poem  is  the  quintessence  of 
Bryant's  genius.  Neither  in  motive  nor  man- 
ner does  it  recall  any  other  poet,  and  there 
is  none  throughout  time  who  would  not  be 
proud  to  own  it.  Yet  I  think  'The  Battle- 
field '  is  his  final  and  supreme  triumph.  Beauty 
and  splendor  of  picture  are  here,  and  a  grandeur 
of  utterance  which  might  have  been  thundered 
from  Sinai. 


What  is  Bryanfs  rank  among  our  American 
singers?  Poe  is  greatest  in  prose,  his  verse 
being  merely  the  gold  fringe  on  his  prose  suit 
of  sables;  yet  even  in  poetr}'  he  keeps  his 
precedence.  He  keeps  it  by  reason  of  his 
strange  originality,  his  almost  unequalled  gift 
of  proportion  and  effect,  his  charm  of  haunt- 
ing melody  and  unforgetable  picturing.  In 
weight  and  felicity  of  single  phrase,  however, 
he  is  certainly  not  equal  to  either  Bryant  or 
Emerson;  and  by  virtue  of  this  felicity,  allied 
to  a  considerable  gift  of  design,  Bryant,  I 
should  say,  must  rank  second.  Emerson's 
shower  of  verbal  sparks,  which  hardly  ever 
coalesced  into  a  star-like  poem,  can  only  place 
him  third.  Walt  Whitman  is  a  purely  l3rrical 
poet,  but  even  yet  it  is  hard  to  assay  and 
value  his  dithyrhambic  verse.  In  the  great 
battle  of  the  Ramayana,  Laksmana  is  mortally 
wounded,  and  Hanuman,  the  monkey  magician 
of  the  epic,  is  sent  to  a  distant  moimtain  for 
an  herb  of  healing  to  revive  the  hero.  What 
with  the  length  of  the  journey  and  his  adven- 
tures by  the  way,  Hanuman  forgets  the  de- 
scription of  the  plant.  '  Something  there  was,* 
he  says,  'of  red,  something  of  white,  something 
of  gold.'  But  he  cannot  make  up  his  mind 
which  of  the  flowering  things  he  sees  around 
him  is  the  right  one;  so  he  plucks  up  the 
whole  mountaiu  by  the  roots,  and  conveys  it 
back  to  the  field  of  battle.  This  is  perhaps  an 
exaggerated  comparison  for  Whitman's  poetry; 
there  is  a  sense  of  mass  and  greatness  in 
him,  yet  it  is  most  diflBcult  to  discover  in  all 
his  pages  that  plant  of  charm  and  healing 
which  we  call  poetry. 

Lowell  is  reported  to  have  said,  late  in  life, 
'We  were  none  of  us  as  great  poets  as  we 
thought  we  were.'  None  indeed  of  our  classic 
writers  had,  in  poetry  at  least,  any  great  crea- 
tive gifts.  There  were  lyrists,  occasional  poets ; 
and  it  is  useless  to  try  to  push  lyrical  and 
occasional  poetry  into  competition  with  the 
large,  continued  creations  of  Literature.  The 
question  is  easily  decided.  Let  anyone  ask 
himself  which  the  world  could  better  afford  to 
lose,  all  the  poetry  —  the  best  of  its  kind 
in  the  language  —  contained  in  Palgrave's 
'  Golden  Treasury,'  or  Shakespeare's  '  Hamlet.' 
The  verdict  could  hardly  be  long  in  doubt. 
Much  would  we  miss,  much  would  drop  from 
us,  if  the  passion  and  pathos  and  imagination 
of  England's  lyrists  were  obliterated;  but 
'  Hamlet '  is  woven  into  the  very  texture  of 
the  souls,  not  only  of  our  race,  but  of  man- 
kind. Yet  it  is  only  one  of  a  number  of 
nearly  equal  pla}^  by  a  single  author.  And 
the  same  judgment  would  almost  certainly 
have  to  be  rendered  if  the  case  were  '  Paradise 
Lost'  against  the  whole  body  of  lyrical  verse 
in  English.     However,  we  cannot  do  without 


226 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


lyrical  poetry,  and  we  may  be  glad  that  we 
have  in  Bryant  a  singer  who  lias  added  appre- 
ciably to  the  world's  stock  of  the  best  in  this 
sort  of  writing.     Charles  Leonard  Moore. 


COMMUNICA  TION. 


COOPERATION  IN  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  RESEARCH. 
(To  the  Editor  of  The  Dial.) 

The  establishment  of  a  fully  equipped  American 
bibliographical  institute  is  a  desidei'atum  that 
has  been  suggested  more  than  once,  though  there 
is  some  difference  of  opinion,  even  among  those 
who  have  carefully  considered  the  matter,  as  to 
the  endowment  required.  One  proposition  pub- 
lished calls  for  a  fund  of  two  hundred  thousand 
dollars,  or  an  implied  income  of  from  eight  thou- 
sand to  ten  thousand  dollars  per  annum.  A  much 
smaller  sum  could,  however,  be  used  advantageous- 
ly in  the  pursuit  of  certain  restricted  lines  of 
investigation.  The  importance  of  encouraging 
bibliographical  research  in  America,  is  well  un- 
derstood and  ought,  ere  long,  to  result  in  the 
creation  of  an  institution  especially  fitted 
for  the  task.  The  cataloguing  or  bibliography 
of  books,  as  books,  is  receiving  so  much 
attention  from  the  Library  of  Congress  and 
other  institutions  that,  irrespective  of  the  great 
value  of  such  work,  there  is  perhaps  no  urgent  and 
immediate  need  of  additional  undertakings  of  ex- 
actly the  same  sort.  The  purpose  of  this  note, 
therefore,  is  to  suggest  another  field  of  investiga- 
tion whose  fruitfulness  is  unlimited. 

Students  and  general  readers  frequently  come 
across  facts  which,  being  curious  or  little  known, 
or  for  other  special  reasons,  are  likely  to  be  of 
general  interest,  and  should  be  so  recorded  as  to 
make  them  more  accessible.  Let  the  Carnegie 
Institution  of  Washington  or  one  of  the  principal 
colleges  commence  the  publication  of  a  'Miscella- 
nea Curiosa,'  comprising  bibliographical  notices 
collected  by  special  investigators,  general  readers, 
and  others,  with  notes  and  queries.  Occasionally, 
an  item  found  could  be  made  the  basis  of  a 
quest  for  additional  information.  American  col- 
leges, through  their  faculties  and  students,  could 
well  cooperate  with  the  editor,  by  contributing 
notices  from  time  to  time,  and  special  branches  of 
knowledge  might  be  pursued  when  desired.  One 
of  the  most  important  desiderata,  as  observed  by 
the  writer  in  'Public  Libraries,'  March  (10:123, 
124),  would  be  the  formation  of  a  good  working 
bibliogi-aphy  of  bibliographies,  which  could  be 
included,  as  the  scope  of  the  'Miscellanea  Curi- 
osa' need  not  be  limited. 

All  the  notices  published  should  be  duly  ar- 
ranged and  classified  in  very  much  the  same  man- 
ner as  in  that  model  volume,  the  'A.  L.  A.  Cat- 
alog,' 1904  edition,  issued  by  the  Library  of 
Congress.  The  order  of  the  notices  would  thus 
eonfoi-m  to  the  common  practice  of  the  majority 
of  American  libraries,  which  would  conduce  to  the 
accessibility  of  the  work.  A  special  edition  of 
the  'Miscellanea  Curiosa'  could  be  printed  upon 
only  one  side  of  the  paper,  permitting  the  separ- 


ation of  individual  notices  for  gumming  upon 
index-cards.  As  to  the  work  itself,  an  extended 
illustration  of  its  proposed  contents  could  be 
compiled  with  little  expense  of  time  and  labor; 
but  the  few  notices  given  below  wall  perhaps 
suffice  for  the  present.  The  customary  classifica- 
tion is  here  omitted  to  economize  space. 

Astronomisches    Gesellschaft.      Vierteljahrsschrift. 

[1910    Return   of   HaHey's   Comet.] 

Vierteljahrsschrift  der  Astronomischen  Gesellschaft, 
39  Jahrgang,   drittes  Heft,  pp.  149,  152  Leipzig,   1904. 

[Contains  the  announcement  of  a  prize  of  1,000 
Mark,  offered  by  the  Astronomisches  Gesellschaft,  '  for 
the  best  determination  of  the  positions  of  Halley's  comet 
in  the  year  of  its  return.'] 

Dunlap,  William. 

[Benedict  Arnold,  as  a  British  officer,  under  military 
surveillance  by  Cols.  Simcoe  and  Dundas,  jointly  holding 
'  a  dormant  commission  '    from   Sir  Henry   Clinton.] 

History  of  the  New  Netherlands  ....  By  William 
Dunlap,  New  York,  1840.  See  2 :201.  [Consult,  also, 
Simcoe's  '  Military  Journal,'  2nd  ed.,  New  York,  1844, 
pp.   158-162,   326.] 

Hopkinson,  Hon.  Francis. 

The  Battle  of  the  Kegs,  a  Song. 

Military  Journal  .  .  .  .:  by  James  Thacher,  Hart- 
ford,   1854.      See   pp.   372-374. 

[An  amusing  song  based  upon  an  incident  of  the 
American   revolution.] 

Lee,   Henry.      1756-1818. 

Adventure   of   Sergeant- Major  John   Champe. 

Memoirs  of  the  War  in  the  Southern  Department  ot 
the  U.  S.,  by  Henry  Lee,  New  York,  1869  ;  see  pp.  394- 
411.     Ditto,  Washington,  1827,  see  pp.  270-284. 

[An  account  of  Champe's  attempt  to  capture  Benedict 
Arnold,  alive,  after  the  latter's  treason.  (Quoted  in 
Thacher's  '  Military  Journal,'  appendix,  pp.  380-399,  Hart- 
ford, 1854.)] 

[ ] 

Yankee  Doodle. 

Young  Folks'  History  of  America,  ed.  by  Hezekiah 
Butterworth,   Boston,   1881,  see  pp.   266-268. 

[A  reprint  of  the  original  version  of  15  verses,  4 
lines  each,  written  by  a  British  sergeant,  in  Boston,  in 
1775.     (See  Notes  and  Queries,  10th  series,  3:24.)] 

A  periodical  of  the  nature  above  outlined  ought 
to  prove  a  welcome  addition  to  public  libraries 
and  to  the  collections  of  educational  institutions. 
A  general  manifestation  of  interest  in  the  project 
might  further  its  inauguration. 

Eugene  Fairfield  McPike. 
(Member  B.S.A.  and  I.I.B.,  Brussels.) 
Chicago,  March  23,  1905. 


PARSIFAL. 


Stolid  he  stands,  nor  knows  he  any  thrill 
Of  grief  for  the  sore-stricken  king,  the  prey 
Of  torments  dire,  whose  anguish  to  allay 

No  balsam  serves,  avails  no  healing  skill. 

Yet  shall  he  bring  redemption,  e'en  though  still 
For  years  the  tempter  lure  his  feet  astray 
And  cheat  his  senses,  ere  the  sacred  day 

Dawn  of  the  sure  fulfilment  of  God's  will. 

And  now,  with  purpose  clear,  and  vision  purged 

Of  the  last  sense-illusion,  he,  by  grace 
Divine  enlightened,  and  by  pity  urged, 
Here  stands,  with  Grod  in  rapt  communion  merged, 
The  Grail's  pure  light  effulgent  in  his  face, 
Healer  and  Saviour  in  the  holy  place. 

W.  M.  P. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


227 


tht  Htfo  3Books. 


The  liLFE-TToRK  of  THEoi>oitE  Thomas.* 


The  Theodore  Thomas  book,  now  given  to 
the  public  just  three  months  after  the  death 
of  the  great  conductor,  has  been  prepared  by 
his  almost  life-long  friend,  Mr.  George  P. 
Upton,  dean  of  musical  critics  in  this  country, 
and  a  man  thoroughly  fitted  for  his  task,  both 
by  his  musicianly  equipment  of  experience  and 
instinct,  and  by  his  skill  in  the  art  of  effective 
literary  presentation.  The  book  was  projected 
long  before  the  lamented  death  of  Mr.  Thomas, 
and  was  thus  well  in  hand  at  the  time  when  he 
so  unexpectedly  laid  down  his  baton  forever, 
which  fact  accounts  for  its  appearance  with 
such  fortunate  promptness. 

The  interest  of  this  book  naturally  centres 
in  the  hundred  pages  or  so  of  the  Autobiog- 
raphy. These  chapters  constitute  a  ver}-  matter- 
of-fact  statement,  bare  of  all  ornament,  and 
devoid  of  the  slightest  literary  pretence,  yet 
highly  important  by  virtue  of  their  subject- 
matter.  His  life-histor}-  begins  as  follows: 
'  According  to  the  records  of  the  church  in 
Esens,  East  Friesland,  by  the  Xorth  Sea,  I 
was  born  on  the  11th  of  October,  1835.  At  this 
place  my  father  was  Stadtpfeifer/  Here  we 
have  corrected  the  statement  made  in  many  of 
the  recent  obituary  notices  that  Essen  (of 
Krupp  celebrity)  was  the  birthplace  of  Theo- 
dore Thomas.  It  appears,  indeed,  that  he  was 
bom  in  Holland,  and  was  saved  from  being  a 
Dutchman  only  by  his  German  parentage.  Of 
his  boyish  musical  ventures,  he  says: 

'I  have  been  told  that  I  played  the  violin  in  pub- 
lic at  the  age  of  five.  I  have  not,  however,  the 
slightest  remembrance  of  when  I  began  to  play. 
My  earliest  recollection  is  that  my  father  played 
the  violin,  so  I  played,  and  that  I  soon  played  the 
music  he  did.  The  members  of  his  band,  or  orches- 
tra, amused  themselves  by  bringing  music  to  me 
and  trying  to  find  something  that  I  could  not  read 
off  at  sight.' 

It  was  in  the  summer  of  1845  that  the 
Thomas  family  emigrated  to  Xew  York,  hav- 
ing a  six  weeks'  passage  on  an  American  mer- 
chant vessel.  The  father  had  a  large  family 
to  support,  and  Theodore  contributed  assistance 
by  plapng  at  theatres  and  dancing-schools.  In 
his  thirteenth  year  he,  together  with  liis  father, 
enlisted  in  a  navy  band  stationed  at  Ports- 
mouth, Virginia.  A  year  lat«r,  Theodore  ob- 
tained his  discharge,  and  started  South  on  a 
concert  tour  of  his  own. 

'I  do  not  remember  taking  anything  with  me 
but  my  fiddle,  ray  little  box  of  clothing,  and  some 
posters  which  I  had  had  printed,  announcing  a  con- 

•  Theodore  Thomas.  A  Musical  Autobiography.  Edited 
by  George  P.  Upton.  In  two  volumes.  Illustrated.  Chi- 
cago :    A.  C.  McCIurg  ft  Co. 


cert  by  "Master  T.  T. "  I  kept  a  supply  of  these 
posters  in  my  trunk,  and  when  I  had  no  money  I 
first  obtained  permission  to  use  the  dining  hall  of 
a  hotel  for  a  concert,  and  then  I  went  around  on 
the  day  before  the  concert  took  place  and  put  up 
my  posters  with  tacks.  When  the  time  for  the  con- 
cert arrived,  I  would  stand  at  the  door  of  the  hall 
and  take  the  money  until  I  concluded  that  my  audi- 
ence was  about  gathered,  after  which  I  woxild  go  to 
the  front  of  the  hall,  unpack  my  violin,  and  begin 
the  concert.  Sometimes  I  played  with  piano  accom- 
paniment, but  oftener  without.  I  have  yet  in  my 
possession  a  set  of  variations  on  ' '  Home,  Sweet 
Home,"  which  I  wrote  down  some  years  later  as 
a  souvenir  of  those  days.  I  did  not  have  printed 
programmes. ' 

Returning  to  Xew  York  the  next  year,  Theo- 
dore found  a  new  German  theatre  established, 
and  was  engaged  as  leading  violinist.  '  Here  I 
received  my  first  intellectual  impetus,  by  becom- 
ing acquainted  with  the  plays  of  the  great  Ger- 
man poets.'  He  also  remarks,  incidentally, 
that  ^better  music  wa^  played  in  the  theatres 
then  than  at  "the  present  time.'  The  modem 
play-goer,  if  he  have  not  the  facts  necessary  for 
comparison,  is  at  any  rate  prepared  to  admit 
that  no  music  could  be  worse  than  what  he 
now  hears  in  such  places  of  amusement.  The 
great  singers  who  came  to  America  in  the  early 
fifties  did  much  to  form  the  musician's  taste 
during  those  impressionable  years.  But  the 
problem  of  actual  living  remained  a  difficult 
one,  as  the  following  anecdote  attests : 

'Once,  when  I  was  a  boy,  I  remember,  seeing  no 
way  of  earning  the  money  for  my  board,  I  took  my 
fiddle  under  my  coat,  went  to  the  bar-room  of  a 
hotel,  and  played,  and  soon  had  the  money  I  needed, 
after  which  I  left.  Other  well-known  musicians 
had  to  beat  the  big  drum  all  day  in  street  parades. 
I  was,  fortunately,  not  driven  to  that.' 

In  1853,  Thomas  played  first  violin  in  the 
orchestra  of  L.  A.  Jullien,  described  as  ^the 
musical  charlatan  of  all  ages,'  who  then  came 
to  Xew  York,  bringing  with  him  some  excel- 
lent performers.  Karl  Eckert,  the  leader  of 
Mme.  Sontag's  orchestra,  was  his  next  master, 
and  made  him  '  principal '  of  the  second  violins ; 
besides  exerting  over  him  an  influence  which 
'  probably  laid  the  foundation  of  my  future 
career.'  A  year  later,  he  became  '  concert- 
meister'  under  Arditi,  whose  troupe  included 
such  singers  as  Lagrange  and  Mirate.  Of  the 
latter  he  says :  *  I  have  always  considered 
Mirate  the  greatest  tenor  I  have  heard,  without 
exception,  in  voice,  compass,  method,  and  musi- 
cianship.' And  yet,  such  is  the  evanescenc-e  of 
the  singers  fame,  his  name  is  not  now  to  be 
found  in  any  of  the  modern  dictionaries  of 
music  I 

It  was  under  Eckert  that  Thomas  first  be- 
came concerned  with  the  work  of  orchestral 
management.  He  was  entrusted  with  the  func- 
tion of  making  engagements  with  the  men,  and 
says  that  '  from  that  time  on  there  was  prob- 


228 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


ably  no  good  instrumentalist  who  did  not  spend 
his  first  years  in  America  with  the  orchestra  I 
formed/  From  the  performance  of  this  func- 
tion to  the  organization  of  his  own  orchestra 
was  a  stage  in  the  conductor's  evolution  that 
covered  the  next  ten  years.  The  chief  episodes 
of  those  years,  as  far  as  Thomas  was  concerned, 
were  his  connection  with  the  Philharmonic 
Society  of  New  York,  his  chamber  concerts 
given  with  William  Mason,  and  his  work  as 
'  concertmeister '  with  Ullmann's  opera  com- 
pany. Meanwhile,  he  was  making  a  thorough 
study  of  harmony  and  counterpoint. 

In  commenTUig  upon  Thomas's  long  period 
of  orchestral  leadership,  which  began  in  New 
York  in  1864,  and  ended  with  the  end  of  last 
year  in  Chicago,  just  after  the  fourteenth  sea- 
son of  the  Chicago  Orchestra  was  well  under 
way,  and  the  permanent  home  of  the  organi- 
zation had  received  its  inspiring  dedication,  we 
shall  attempt  little  more  than  the  singling  out 
of  a  few  suggestive  bits  of  the  Autobiography, 
and  of  Mr.  Upton's  following  chapters  of 
'  Eeminiscence  and  Appreciation.'  We  are  not 
apt  to  think  of  Thomas  as  a  joker,  but  the 
following  story  from  his  early  years  pleasantly 
illustrates  the  more  genial  side  of  his  nature : 

'We  also  had  many  little  extravaganzas,  which 
provoked  much  amusement.  On  one  occasion,  for 
instance,  while  playing  the  "Linnet  Polka,"  I  re- 
quested the  piccolo  players  to  climb  up  into  the 
trees  before  the  piece  began.  When  they  com- 
menced playing  from  their  exalted  position  in  the 
branches,  it  made  a  sensation.  I  remember  another 
funny  incident  which  happened  about  this  time.  In 
the  "Carnival  of  Venice"  the  tuba  player  had  been 
sent,  not  up  the  trees,  but  back  of  the  audience  into 
the  shrubbery.  When  he  began  to  play  the  police 
mistook  him  for  a  practical  joker  who  was  dis- 
turbing the  music,  and  tried  to  arrest  him!  I  shall 
never  forget  the  comical  scene,  as  the  poor  man 
fled  toward  the  stage,  pursued  by  the  irate  police- 
man, and  trying  to  get  in  a  note  here  and  there,  as 
he  ran.' 

Possibly  we  may  consider  in  the  light  of  a 
joke  having  Thomas  for  its  victim  his  account 
of  a  visit  from  Barnum  sometime  during  the 
seventies,  when  he  was  invited  to  tour  the 
country,  'beside  the  fat  woman  and  the  ele- 
phant,' as  an  adjunct  to  the  '  greatest  show  on 
earth.'  '  This  was  a  high  tribute,'  he  adds, 
'  but  what  had  I  done  to  deserve  it  ?' 

The  Great  Fire  in  Chicago  played  an  impor- 
tant part  in  Thomas's  fortunes,  for  he  had  been 
booked  to  open  the  season  of  the  Crosby  Opera 
House  on  the  evening  of  the  very  day  when  the 
city  —  opera  house  and  all  —  was  laid  in  ashes. 
He  reached  the  city  while  it  was  burning,  and 
at  once  went  through  to  St.  Louis,  the  scene 
of  his  next  engagement.    He  says : 

'Providence  evidently  wished  to  discipline  me  a 
little  more.  I  was  still  too  young,  too  presuming, 
and  had  too  much  vitality.     But  let  that  pass.     It 


is  sufficient  that  I  became  so  involved  financially 
by  this  disaster,  and  the  consequent  interruption  of 
our  tour,  that  it  was  many  years  before  I  recovered 
from  my  losses,  and  the  wearisome  travelling  had 
to  go  on  indefinitely.' 

Another  unfortunate  experience  for  Thomas 
personally  (although  the  public  benefitted  vast- 
ly by  it  during  two  seasons)  was  his  connection 
with  the  American  Opera  Company  (1886-8). 
'The  conductorship  was  offered  to  me,  and  I  ac- 
cepted it,  for  I  believed  in  the  idea,  and  I  knew  it 
would  also  give  my  orchestra  a  permanent  engage- 
ment, and  relieve  me  from  the  responsibility  of 
paying  salaries.  My  hopes,  however,  were  doomed 
to  disappointment,  for  it  soon  became  evident  that 
there  were  peculiarities  of  management  which 
neither  art  nor  business  could  long  endure.  Finan- 
cially the  case  was  soon  hopeless,  and  the  only 
question  left  for  me  was  how  to  get  out  of  the 
toils  in  which  I  had  been  cunningly  ensnared.  The 
management  refused  to  allow  the  much-abused  and 
at  last  fatally  stricken  organization  to  die  a  natural 
death  or  have  decent  burial,  and  so  it  came  about 
that  toward  the  close  it  was  either  a  disgrace  or  a 
calamity  to  every  one  connected  with  it.  Even 
after  it  finally  was  dead  and  buried,  its  apparition 
haunted  different  cities  all  over  the  country  for  a 
time.  My  official  connection  with  it  had  been  lim- 
ited to  that  of  musical  director.  I  had  no  business 
interest  in  it  whatever,  but  I  was  for  years  after- 
wards involved  in  lawsuits  brought  against  me  by 
its  victims.' 

These  were  dark  days  indeed,  and  Thomas 
in  1888  found  himself  seemingly  no  nearer  to 
the  permanent  organization  of  which  he  so  long 
had  dreamed  than  he  had  been  many  years 
earlier.  He  even  had  to  disband  his  orchestra, 
and  become  an  itinerant  conductor  of  impro- 
vised bands.  This  was  the  time  when  New 
York  made  '  the  great  refusal,'  and  missed  the 
greatest  musical  opportunity  in  its  history. 

But  the  clouds  were  even  then  ready  to  break, 
and  Chicago  was  preparing  to  offer  what  New 
York  had  withheld.  In  1890  the  project  of 
the  Chicago  Orchestra  took  shape,  and  the  year 
following  witnessed  the  beginning  of  Thomas's 
thirteen  years  of  continuous  leadership  in  this 
city.  How  a  body  of  public-spirited  citizens 
met  the  deficits  of  these  concerts  for  thirteen 
years,  and  gave  their  unquestioning  support  to 
the  highest  ideal  of  musical  art  as  represented 
by  him,  undisturbed  by  the  popular  clamor  for 
cheapened  music  and  lowered  standards,  is  a 
matter  of  history  so  recent  that  it  does  not 
call  for  setting-forth  in  detail.  The  most  recent 
history  of  all  is  that  of  the  campaign  for  a  per- 
manent home  for  the  orchestra,  a  campaign 
successfully  prosecuted,  whereof  the  visible 
signs  are  the  beautiful  hall  which  since  last 
December  has  opened  its.  doors  weekly  to  thou- 
sands of  delighted  music-lovers,  and  in  which 
the  concerts  now  continue,  and  will  continue 
indefinitely,  uninterrupted  even  by  the  death 
of  their  organizer,  save  for  the  one  occasion 
when  respect   for  his  memory  and  grief   for 


1905.] 


THE    DIAI. 


229 


his  loss  closed  the  doors  for  a  few  days.  The 
last  words  of  the  Autobiography  are  these: 

'We  are  now  in  the  fourteenth  season  of  the 
Chicago  Orchestra.  Its  permanency  is  secure,  its 
home  is  built,  and  the  object  for  which  I  have 
worked  all  my  life  is  accomplished.  The  old  saying, 
"Better  late  than  never,"  comes  to  mind  as  I  see 
in  my  seventieth  year  the  realization  of  the  dreams 
of  my  youth.  But  I  trust  I  may  stiU  live  long 
enough  to  show  my  gratitude  to  the  men  and  women 
who  have  made  this  possible,  and  to  leave  behind 
me  a  young  and  vigorous  institution  to  crown  the 
achievement  with  a  long  future.' 

^Ir.  Upton's  work  begins  where  that  of 
Thomas  ends,  and  gives  us,  first  of  all,  a  few 
pages  on  '  The  Last  Days  of  Theodore  Tliomas/ 
then  a  section  of  '  Reminiscence  and  Apprecia- 
tion '  extending  to  nearly  one  hundred  and 
fifty  pages.  There  is  some  supplementary 
material  furnished  for  the  early  period,  but  in 
the  main  Mr.  Upton  has  confined  himself  to 
the  years  since  1869,  when  Thomas  first  brought 
his  orchestra  to  Chicago,  and  the  critic  first 
made  his  acquaintance.  His  first  words  to  the 
writer  (then  and  for  many  years  thereafter 
musical  critic  of  the  Chicago  '  Tribune ')  were 
charcteristic. 

*I  am  glad  to  meet  any  friend  of  Mr.  Dohn's, 
and  will  be  pleased  to  have  you  come  and  see  me 
while  I  am  here.  You  must  not  expect  me  to  call 
upon  you,  for  I  am  too  busy,  and  besides,  I  never 
go  into  newspaper  offices.  I  have  no  need  to  culti- 
vate the  critics,  for  I  know  my  work.  I  do  not 
care  to  read  what  they  write,  and  would  not  have 
time  if  I  did  care.* 

Such  was  the  beginning  of  a  warm  friendship 
that  was  to  last  for  thirty-five  years.  Speak- 
ing of  the  work  now  published,  which  it  took 
much  persuasion  to  induce  Thomas  to  sanction, 
he  said:  '1  will  write  my  autobiography  as 
part  of  our  work.  It  will  be  only  a  general 
sketch  of  my  life,  and  you  must  fiU  in  the  de- 
tails, for  which  I  have  not  time.'  In  thus 
completing  the  record,  Mr.  Upton  has  given 
us  matter  both  light  and  serious,  skilfully  pre- 
serving the  balance  in  a  well-proportioned  nar- 
rative. By  way  of  diversion,  we  are  given  a 
number  of  amusing  anecdotes.  A  Xew  York 
town  was  being  canvassed  for  a  prospective  con- 
cert, and  the  information  vouchsafed  by  a  lead- 
ing citizen  that  the  'show  wouldn't  pay  much 
unless  Thomas  had  a  good  end  man.'  Somewhere 
in  Utah  '  it  was  gravely  suggested  that  the 
more  wedding  marches  he  had  on  his  pro- 
gramme the  better.'  An  Iowa  critic  thought 
that  the  Boccherini  Minuet  was  unfairly  dealt 
with  by  its  performance  pianissimo  con  sordini, 
on  the  ground  that  '  such  a  pretty  tune  deserves 
to  be  played  louder.'  In  Keokuk,  the  amuse- 
ment purveyor  was  surprised  to  be  informed 
that  Thomas  would  not  consent  to  play  dance 
music  after  the  concert  was  over  and  the  flour 
cleaned.     *  Why  not  ?     Can't  they  play  dances 


well  enough?'  In  a  Michigan  town,  there  was 
a  municipal  hold-up  in  the  shape  of  an  official 
intimation  that  the  licence  of  the  orchestra 
troupe  would  be  revoked  unless  free  tickets  were 
sent  to  all  the  members  of  the  common  coun- 
cil. This  concert  was  to  be  given  in  the  court 
house,  and  when  the  city  fathers  arrived, 
armed  with  their  free  tickets,  they  were  escorted 
to  the  jury  box  and  the  prisoner's  pen,  to  the 
huge  delight  of  the  audience. 

By  way  of  more  serious  matter,  Mr.  Upton 
reports  such  characteristic  words  of  Thomas  as 
the  following: 

'Throughout  my  life  my  aim  has  been  to  make 
good  music  popular,  and  it  now  appears  that  I  have 
only  done  the  public  justice  in  believing  and  acting 
constantly  on  the  belief  that  the  people  would 
enjoy  and  support  the  best  in  art  when  continually 
set  before  them  in  a  clear,  intelligent  manner.' 

The  indomitable  will  which  led  him  to 
eventual .  success  is  finely  illustrated  in  the 
following  words: 

*I  was  hungry  last  night,  but  no  fox  gnawing  at 
my  side,  as  in  the  Spartan  story,  can  make  me  aban- 
don the  course  of  life  I  have  laid  out  for  myself. 
I  have  gone  without  food  longer  than  I  should,  I 
have  walked  when  I  could  not  afford  to  ride,  I  have 
even  played  when  my  hands  were  cold,  but  I  shall 
succeed,  for  I  shall  never  give  up  my  belief  that 
at  last  the  people  will  come  to  me,  and  my  concerts 
will  be  crowded.  I  have  undying  faith  in  the  latent 
musical  appreciation  of  the  American  public' 

This  tribute  to  Beethoven  expresses  in  some 
slight  degree  the  feeling  with  which  the  great- 
est of  all  composers  is  regarded  by  those  who 
have  lived  for  long  years  in  communion  with 
his  work: 

'Take  Beethoven's  music,  it  is  something  more 
than  mere  pleasure;  it  is  education,  thought,  emo- 
tion, love,  and  hope.  I  do  not  doubt  that  when  my 
orchestra  plays  one  of  his  symphonies,  every  soul 
in  the  audience  is  stirred  in  a  different  way  and  by 
a  different  suggestion.  I  care  not  from  what  sta- 
tion in  life  come  the  thousands  who  sit  back  of  me. 
Beethoven  will  touch  each  according  to  his  needs, 
and  the  very  same  cadence  that  may  waft  the 
thoughts  of  one  to  drowsy  delight  or  oblivion  may 
stir  the  heart  of  another  to  higher  aspirations — 
may  give  another  hope  in  his  despair,  may  bring  to 
yet  another  a  message  of  love.' 

Mr.  Upton's  eloquent  final  characterization  of 
Theodore  Thomas  must  now  be  quoted. 

'Thus  passed  from  our  midst  the  great  musician 
who  had  wrought  so  long,  so  devotedly,  so  courage- 
ously for  the  things  that  make  for  the  refinement 
of  life  and  for  the  ennobling  of  the  spirit,  never 
once  degrading  the  great  gift  which  had  been  given 
him,  never  yielding  to  a  sordid  consideration,  nor 
compromising  his  art  with  commercialism.  His  life 
is  an  example  for  American  youth  of  a  great  purpose 
nobly  striven  for,  nobly  won,  of  work  for  civic  and 
individual  righteousness,  of  patience  in  well-doing, 
of  honors  modestly  received,  of  success  richly 
earned.  He  has  affected  the  lives  of  thousands  of 
men  and  women  for  good,  by  diverting  their  tastes 
from  the  trivial  and  meretricious  to  nobler  and 
purer  things,  for  great  music  is  a  moral  influence 


230 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


whose  extent  can  hardly  be  measured.  Life  and 
music  may  be  more  intimately  related  than  we 
know.  Music  helps  to  keep  body  and  soul  in  health, 
and  no  man 's  education  can  be  called  complete 
without   it.' 

In  the  appendix  to  the  first  volume  of  this 
Avork,  Thomas  speaks  to  ns  once  more  with  his 
own  mouth  in  the  reprint  of  his  weighty  pages 
on  '  Musical  Possibilities  in  America/  first 
published  in  '  Scribner's  Magazine '  for  March, 
1881.  The  chief  value  of  this  paper  is  in  its 
condemnation  of  the  '  movable  do  system '  in 
elementary  instruction,  and  its  plea  for  absolute 
pitch  as  the  only  possible  basis  of  sound  musi- 
cal teaching.  The  voice  is  of  one  crying  in  the 
wilderness,  but  the  logic  is  beyond  the  jwssi- 
bility  of  dispute.  A  reprinted  newspaper  arti- 
ele  on  '  Music  in  Chicago '  is  also  of  much  inter- 
est. The  volume  closes  with  some  thirty  pages 
of  addresses,  resolutions,  and  memorial  tributes 
from  various  sources. 

The  second  volume  of  Mr.  Upton's  work  is 
made  up  chiefly  of  the  programmes  of  fifty 
years,  beginning  with  the  Mason- Thomas  cham- 
ber concerts,  and  ending  with  the  concerts  of 
the  Chicago  Orchestra.  As  the  selection  had 
to  be  made  from  nearly  ten  thousand  pro- 
grammes, many  omissions  were  necessary,  but 
fourteen  important  groups  are  given  complete, 
and  the  others  are  t3^pically  represented.  For 
this  volume,  Tliomas  wrote  last  summer  a  spe- 
cial introduction,  extending  to  thirty-three 
pages,  and  dealing  with  the  topics  of  pro- 
gramme-making, encores,  late-comers,  the  prac- 
tical efi'ects  of  music,  and  the  technique  of  the 
modern  orchestra.  The  value  of  these  notes  is 
altogether  out  of  proportion  to  their  length, 
and  we  should  like  nothing  better  than  to  quote 
extensively  from  them.  We  will  content  our- 
selves with  a  single  extract  from  the  words 
addressed  to  the  habitual  late-comer. 

'  Can  a  greater  injustice  be  perpetrated  on  others 
who  perhaps  have  made  considerable  sacrifice  to  be 
punctual,  and  have  prepared  themselves  to  enter 
into  the  spirit  of  the  music  to  be  performed,  than 
suddenly  and  rudely  to  be  aroused  from  a  musical 
exaltation,  in  which  they  are  oblivious  of  their 
surroundings,  by  persons  who  oblige  them  to  rise 
and  let  them  squeeze  by  to  their  seats,  and  who 
perhaps  even  talk,  after  they  are  seated,  about 
something  not  at  all  in  harmony  with  the  music  or 
the  occasion?  Why,  everybody  understands  that  it 
is  not  only  rude  to  be  late  to  a  dinner  party,  but 
that  the  seating  of  the  late-comer  creates  such  a 
disturbance  of  the  atmosphere  that  it  is  difficult 
to  establish  unity  of  feeling  again  for  that  evening. 
How  much  more  fatal  is  it  to  the  unity  of  a  con- 
cert. ' 

As  for  the  box-holders  who  indulge  in  noisy 
conversation,  words  are  incapable  of  doing  jus- 
tice to  such  offenders.  '  I  must  be  excused  for 
giving  an  opinion  on  this  species  of  disturb- 
ance, for  ray  gift  of  emphatic  language  is  not 
adequate  to  the  subject.'    And  yet  Thomas  had 


a  very  pretty  talent  for  expressing  himself  em- 
phatically when  emphasis  seemed  called  for. 
His  occasional  habit  of  rebuking  vulgar  offend- 
ers against  the  rights  of  the  music-lover  is 
surely  one  of  the  blessings  —  even  if  a  minor 
one  —  that  we  attach  to  his  memory.  And  we 
liless  him  also  for  his  insistence  upon  punctual- 
ity and  the  methods  by  which  he  enforced  it, 
and  for  his  determination  not  to  mar  the  unity 
and  balance  of  his  programmes  by  concessions 
to  the  greedy  inconsiderate  persons  who  ask  for 
encores,  and  above  all  for  the  determination 
which  forced  upon  us,  5'ear  after  year, 
whether  we  liked  it  or  not,  the  music  that  it 
was  good  for  us  to  hear.  It  was  a  long  and 
discouraging  task,  this  education  of  the  public 
taste  in  music,  but  it  was  accomplished  at  last, 
by  a  persistency  of  effort  of  which  few  men 
would  have  been  capable,  and  Thomas  lived 
long  enough  to  know  by  experience  that  his 
efforts  toward  this  end  had  been  really  worth 
while.  This  must  have  been  even  a  greater 
satisfaction  to  him  than  the  permanent  estab- 
lishment of  his  orchestra,  which  he  also  lived  to 
^^^-  William  Mortox  Payxe. 


The  Close  of  the  Civii.  War  and  the 
Beginnixg  of  Reconstruction.* 


In  the  midst  of  a  remarkable  output  of 
American  historical  works,  it  still  remains 
true  that  the  appearance  of  a  new  volume  of 
Ehodes's  History  of  the  United  States  is  one 
of  the  most  important  events  in  the  field  of 
historical  endeavor.  Readers  who  have  had 
their  expectations  raised  to  a  high  pitch  by  a 
perusal  of  his  previous  volumes  will  find  no 
disappointment  in  the  fifth,  which  deals  with 
the  period  of  1864-60. 

After  a  few  words  of  recapitulation,  the 
opening  pages  are  devoted  to  a  description  of 
Sherman's  famous  march  and  of  Hood's  oper- 
ations in  Tennessee.  This  campaign,  which 
Sherman  originated  and  to  which  he  won  the 
assent  of  his  superiors  only  after  much  hesita- 
tion, must  be  classed  as  the  most  daring  under- 
taken by  the  Union  forces  during  the  entire 
war.  Sherman  realized  the  great  hazard,  and 
that  if  ho  failed  '  this  march  would  be  ad- 
judged the  wild  adventure  of  a  crazy  fool,' 
But  his  mind  was  made  up,  and  it  only  re- 
mained to  provide  for  the  contingencies  that 
might  arise  from  Hood's  movements.  The 
Federal  forces  must  be  so  divided  that  the 
army  which  marched  to  the  sea  would  be 
strong   enough    to    beat    off    Hood,    and    that 

*  History  of  the  United  States,  from  the  Compeo- 
MisE  OF  1850.  By  James  Ford  Rhodes,  LL.D.  Volume 
v.,   1864-1866.      New   York:    The  Macmillan  Co. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL. 


231 


which  remained  behind  with  Thomas  strong 
enough  to  crush  him.  November  12,  1864,  his 
arrangements  being  complete,  Sherman  burned 
the  bridges  and  cut  the  telegraph  wires  behind 
him.  and  started  on  a  march  comparable  only 
to  that  of  Julian  when  he  '  plunged  into  the 
recesses  of  the  Marcian  or  Black  Forest.'  For 
thirty-two  days  the  authorities  at  Washington 
received  no  tidings  of  him  beyond  what  came 
through  the  Richmond  papers. 

T^e  march  of  these  62,000  men  was  but 
little  more  than  a  holiday  picnic,  for  no 
enemy  seriously  opposed  them,  and  forage  wa;6 
abundant.  Ruin  and  d^olation  marked  their 
progress  in  a  track  thirty  miles  wide.  In  the 
march  through  South  Carolina,  oflBcers  and 
men  took  special  delight  in  inflicting  woes 
upon  the  State  that  they  regarded  as  chiefly 
responsible  for  the  war.  The  march  was  a 
punitive  measure  inflicted  upon  rebels  to 
bring  them  to  terms  of  peace.  Eighty-three 
years  before,  a  British  general  had  marched 
through  a  land  of  rebels  for  a  similar  purpose. 
It  will  be  interesting  to  compare  their  respec- 
tive policies. 

Sherman's  Mabch.  Cohxwallis's   March. 

'  The  army  will  forage  lib-  '  Lord  Cornwallis  is  higta- 

erally  on  the  country  dur-  ly  displeased  that  several 
ing  the  march.'  '  Spare  houses  have  been  set  on  fire 
nothing  '  of  Howell  Cobb's  to-day  during  the  march, — 
house.  '  Gen.  Howard  will  a  disgrace  to  the  army, — 
occupy  Columbia,  destroy  and  he  will  punish  to  the 
the  public  buildings,  rail-  utmost  severity  any  person 
road  property  but       .     .     .     guilty    of    commit- 

will  spare  libraries  and  asy-  ting  so  disgraceful  an  out- 
lums     and    private     dwell-       rage.' 

ings.'      The    house    and    li-  '  A    woman    having    been 

brary  of  William  Gilmore  robbed  of  a  watch  .  .  . 
Simms  was  burned.  Pillage  and  as  by  description,  by  a 
was  common,  but  a  few  of-  soldier  of  the  guards,  the 
fenders  were  punished.  camp  and  every  man's  kit  is 

to  be  immediately  searched 
for  the  same.' 

It  uuiy  be  pertinently  remarked  that  om* 
march  succeeded  and  the  other  failed.  Tac- 
itus may  also  be  quoted  on  that  species  of 
war  which  '  makes  a  desert  and  calls  it  peace.' 
It  must  have  been  reflections  upon  his  famous 
march  which  gave  to  Sherman  his  no  less 
famous  description  of  war. 

An  entire  chapter  is  devoted  to  that  most 
delicate  of  all  subjects,  prisoners  of  war.  The 
authors  treatment  is  not  colorless,  yet  only 
the  most  radical  on  either  side  can  take  excep- 
tions to  it.  The  records  are  incomplete,  but 
from  the  best  sources  obtainable  the  author 
figures  out  that  the  mortality  in  Southern 
prisons  was  15.5  per  cent.,  while  that  in 
Northern  prisons  was  a  little  more  than  12 
per  cent.  When  the  different  conditions  of  the 
two  sections  are  considered,  a  greater  differ- 
ence might  have  been  expected.  Perhaps  the 
policy  of  reducing  rations  in  retaliation  was 
adopted  by  the  authorities  at  Washington  on 
insufficient  grounds.     The  authors  conclusion 


i.*i  that,  *  All  things  considered,  the  statistics 
show  no  reason  why  the  North  should  reproach 
the  South.  If  we  add  to  one  side  of  the 
account  the  refusal  to  exchange  the  prisoners 
and  the  greater  resources,  and  to  the  other  the 
distress  of  the  Confederacy,  the  balance  struck 
will  not  be  far  from  even.  Certain  it  is  that 
no  deliberate  intention  existed  either  in 
Richmond  or  in  Washington  to  inflict  suffer- 
ings on  captives  more  than  inevitably  ac- 
companied their  confinement.'  The  inhu- 
manity is  explained  rather  by  the  fact  that 

'  Prom  wars  imnambered  evils  flow, — 
The  unexhausted  source  of  every  human  woe.' 

Two  chapters  give  interesting  accounts  of 
social  conditions  in  the  North  and  South  dur- 
ing the  war.  This  ac-count  has  often  been 
given  for  the  South,  but  we  still  get  glimpses 
of  things  heretofore  more  or  less  in  the  dark. 
In  both,  sections  there  were  gayety  and  gloom, 
hard  times  and  extravagance,  retrenchment 
and  speculation,  generosity  and  meanness,  re- 
ligious devotion  and  shameless  immorality, 
loyalty  and  disloyalty,  honesty  and  dishonesty. 
In  both  sections  the  people  suffered  from  the 
rigors  of  martial  law;  but  in  the  South  the 
suspension  of  the  privileges  of  the  writ  of 
habeas  corpus  lasted  for  only  one  year,  five 
months,  and  two  days,  and  all  this  time  by  act 
of  the  Confederate  Congress,  while  in  the 
North  the  suspension  lasted  one  year,  ten 
months,  and  twenty-one  days  by  Executive 
assumption,  and  the  rest  of  the  time  by  act 
of  Congress.  In  a  work  of  this  scope  one 
might  reasonably  have  expected  a  fuller  treat- 
ment of  the  very  important  subject  of  military 
arrests  and  the  suppression  of  newspapers. 
The  execution  of  Wm.  B.  Mumford  at  New 
Orleans  is  merely  mentioned  as  the  cause  of 
Davis's  proclamation  of  outlawry  against  But- 
ler, but  the  author  fails  to  state  that  the  exe- 
cution was  on  a  charge  of  treason.  If  Mum- 
ford  was  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  the 
Constitution  prescribed  the  method  for  his 
trial,  which  was  not  followed;  if  he  was  an 
alien  enemy,  he  could  not  have  been  guilty  of 
treason  against  the  United  States. 

In  the  discussion  of  illicit  trading  with  the 
enemy  and  frauds  on  the  government,  General 
Butler  comes  in  for  his  due  meed  of  blame  for 
the  questionable  business  transactions  which 
brought  him  considerable  wealth.  Perhaps  the 
General's  reputation  is  black  enough,  but  it 
might  have  been  made  still  blacker  had  the 
author  seen  fit  to  go  still  more  deeply  into 
historical  sources.  If  the  suppressed  report 
of  the  committee  appointed  by  the  War  De- 
partment to  investigate  his  conduct  has  not 
Wn  destroyed,  it  certainly  seems  time  for  it 
to  1>e  exploited.    The  surprising  thing  is,  that 


232 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


stem  old  Puritan  Massachusetts,  after  Butler's 
career  at  N^ew  Orleans  and  Norfolk,  should 
have  so  highly  honored  this  man  whose  '  repu- 
tion  at  the  bar  before  the  war  broke  out  was 
that  of  an  unscrupulous  practitioner.'  The 
shameless  pillage  and  plunder  engaged  in  by 
subordinates  and  common  soldiers  at  New 
Orleans,  largely  under  the  guise  of  sequestra- 
tion and  confiscation,  are  hardly  mentioned  in 
this  narrative,  though  the  newspapers  of  the 
day  were  full  of  specific  references  to  them. 

As  so  much  energy  is  now  being  expended 
on  the  history  of  Eeconstruction,  the  contribu- 
tion of  Dr.  Rhodes  to  that  subject  will  be  read 
with  much  interest.  Under  Lincoln's  well- 
known  '  ten-per-cent.'  plan,  the  people  of  Louis- 
iana inaugurated  a  State  government  early 
in  1864.  Lincoln  wished  to  have  Congrees 
recognize  this  government;  but  it  was  never 
done,  though  two  Congressmen  from  Louisiana 
had  been  admitted  to  seats  a  little  more  than 
a  year  before.  The  author  does  not  bring  out 
the  internal  condition  of  Louisiana,  the 
wretched  divisions  and  bickerings  of  the 
Unionists,  and  the  fact  that  the  government 
was  the  creature  of  the  military  power,  which 
would  have  justified  Congress  in  refusing  rec- 
ognition. However,  the  puny  child  might 
have  developed  a  strong  body  by  careful  nurs- 
ing. But  this  was  not  the  reason  why  Con- 
gress held  back.  It  was  due  rather,  as  the 
author  points  out,  to  the  obstinacy  of  Senator 
Sumner,  who,  though  a  majority  favored  the 
resolution,  would  not  allow  it  to  pass  because 
the  new  constitution  of  Louisiana  had  not 
conferred  the  suffrage  on  the  negro.  And 
herein  was  foreshadowed  that  long  series  of 
evils  subsequently  poured  upon  the  wretched 
South  by  Sumner  and  by  Thaddeus  Stevens. 

In  strong  contrast  with  this  was  the  mag- 
nanimous spirit  of  Lincoln,  who,  '  with  malice 
toward  none,  with  charity  for  all,'  wished  to 
'  bind  up  the  nation's  wounds.'  He  wished 
the  suffrage  conferred  upon  the  '  very  intelli- 
gent '  colored  people,  but  did  not  consider  this 
an  indispensable  condition  for  readmission. 
Tbe  debate  as  to  whether  the  States  were  in 
or  out  of  the  Union  he  regarded  as  a  senseless 
quibble.  Nobody  doubted  that  they  were  out 
of  their  proper  relation  to  the  Union.  He 
summed  up  the  situation  in  Louisiana  by  a 
homely  illustration.  Granting  that  the  new 
government  is  only  an  egg,  '  we  shall  sooner 
have  the  fowl  by  hatching  the  egg  than  by 
smashing  it.'  At  his  last  cabinet  meeting,  he 
said :  ^  I  think  it  providential  that  this  great 
rebellion  is  crushed  just  as  Congress  has  ad- 
journed and  there  are  none  of  the  disturbing 
elements  of  that  body  to  embarrass  us.  If  we 
are  wise  and  discreet  we  shall  reanimate  the 


States  and  get  their  governments- in  successful 
operation,  with  order  prevailing  and  the  Union 
re-established,  before  Congress  comes  together 
in  December."  The  failure  of  this  plan  in 
the  hands  of  his  successor,  the  author  attrib- 
utes mainly  to  Johnson's  lack  of  political 
sense.  Lincoln  himself  probably  would  have 
had  a  fight  with  Congress,  but  his  command- 
ing personality  would  have  won  on  the  main 
points.  The  so-called  '  harsh  legislation '  of 
the  Southern  States  toward  the  negro,  of  which 
Blaine,  ignorant  of  the  fact  that  some  of  it 
was  copied  from  the  laws  of  Maine,  made  so 
much,  is  set  forth  in  its  proper  light.  The 
further  story  of  Reconstruction,  to  appear  in 
the  next  volume,  will  be  awaited  with  much 
interest. 

This  volume  makes  a  distinct  contribution 
to  the  history  of  its  period,  in  the  subjects  of 
society  at  the  North,  prisoners  of  war,  and 
perhaps  on  Sherman's  march.  Tlie  copious 
citations  in  the  foot-notes  indicate  a  good  use 
of  source  material.  To  the  specialist,  the 
work  will  appeal  as  authoritative  until  more 
evidence  is  forthcoming.  The  author  has  per- 
formed a  distinct  service  in  showing  that  a 
non-partisan  account  of  our  great  Civil  War 
need  not  be  colorless.       d^^id  Y.  Thomas. 


A  'Monistic  Tkixity.'* 


The  veteran  professor  of  Jena  gave  us  to 
understand  that  '  The  Riddle  of  the  Universe,' 
published  in  1899,  was  his  last  book;  but  it 
had  such  a  wide  circulation,  and  raised  so 
many  questions,  that  the  author  felt  obliged  to 
prepare  the  work  now  under  review,  in  order 
to  make  clearer  his  views  on  biological  ques- 
tions and  their  relation  to  the  monistic  philoso- 
phy. Being  quite  unable  to  answer  the  letters 
—  more  than  five  thousand  —  addressed  to  him, 
or  to  acknowledge  adequately  the  many  docu- 
ments, flowers,  and  other  gifts  addressed  to  him 
on  his  seventieth  birthday.  Professor  Haeckel 
gracefully  begs  his  admirers  to  receive  his  new 
l)ook  as  an  expression  of  his  thanks,  the  best 
gift  in  return  he  is  able  to  make.  Perhaps, 
in  recognition  of  the  fact  that  this  latest  prod- 
uct shows  no  sign  of  diminishing  vigor,  we  may 
still  refuse  to  believe  that  Profassor  Haeckel  has 
retired  from  the  stage;  and  may  be  allowed  to 
remind  him  that  another  distinguished  evolu- 
tionist. Dr.  A.  R.  Wallace,  though  some  fifteen 
years  his^^enior,  is  still  active. 

'  The  Wonders  of  Life '  is,  of  course,  a  little 
handbook  of  monism;  that  is  to  say,  monism 

♦  The  Wonders  of  Life.  A  Popular  Study  of  Bio- 
logical Philosophy.  By  Ernst  Haeckel.  New  York : 
Harper  &  Brothers. 


1905.J 


THE   DIAL 


t38 


according  to  Professor  Haeckel.  It  is  postu- 
lated that  throughout  the  whole  universe,  *  in 
every  atom  and  every  molecule/'  are  found  three 
fundamental  attributes:  matter,  force,  and  sen- 
sation. This  is  what  Professor  Haeckel  him- 
self calls  '  a  monistic  trinity,'  a  trimonism  not 
less  mysterious  than  that  of  the  theologians. 

The  scientific  philosophers  of  the  nineteenth 
century.  Professor  Haeckel  and  his  contem- 
poraries, did  a  great  service  in  unifying  and 
therefore  simplifying  human  thought.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  century,  facts  were  being  re- 
corded rapidly,  and  it  might  have  been  expected 
that  science  would  at  length  become  a  vast 
storehouse  of  miscellaneous  information,  quite 
beyond  the  power  of  man  to  utilize  or  compre- 
hend. In  biology,  there  was  the  unceasing  dis- 
covery of  new  species,  some  thousands  of  them 
described  by  Professor  Haeckel  himself;  and 
of  course  this  outpouring  of  new  material  has 
continued  to  the  present  day,  yearly  increasing 
in  volume.  Yet,  notwithstanding  all  this,  sci- 
ence becomes  continually  more  intelligible  and 
rational;  the  pattern  of  things  is  gradually 
made  clear  as  hitherto  missing  parts  are  sup- 
plied; and,  in  short,  we  are  daily  more  assured 
of  the  fundamental  unity  and  harmony  of  the 
universe.  Thus,  in  a  sense,  all  scientific  men 
are  monists;  all  believe  that  their  smallest  con- 
tributions possess  value  for  the  very  reason 
that  they  help  toward  an  understanding  of  the 
totality  of  things,  so  far  as  this  max  be  grasped 
by  the  human  mind. 

In  another  sense,  however,  it  may  fairly  be 
maintained  that  all  sane  men  are  dualists. 
The  fundamental  dualism  is  that  of  the  I  and 
the  not-I ;  our  lives  are  made  up  of  the  actions 
and  reactions  between  these  two.  Regarding 
tilings  objectively,  and  as  a  mere  matter  of 
logic,  it  is  possible  to  argue  that  our  very  con- 
sciousness is  but  a  part  of  the  nature  of  things, 
free  will  being  no  more  inherent  in  human 
beings  than  in  gases  or  crystals.  This  is  really 
Professor  Haeckel's  position,  and  yet  it  is  im- 
possible to  read  his  very  human  work  without 
a  keen  sense  of  his  personality  as  a  consciously 
free  agent.  There  used  to  be  at  Maskelyne 
and  Cook's,  in  London,  an  automaton  which 
played  chess,  and  was  able,  it  was  said,  to  beat 
nearly  all  comers.  The  proprietors  of  the  de- 
vice declared  that  it  was  a  mere  mechanism,  and 
indeed  inspection  seemed  to  preclude  the  possi- 
bility of  someone  being  concealed  within. 
N^evertheless,  it  was  the  general  opinion  that 
there  was  a  free  agent  somewhere,  and  a  clergy- 
man of  my  acquaintance,  baffled  in  the  attempt 
to  furnish  a  more  ordinary  explanation,  really 
believed  that  the  conjurors  were  in  league  with 
the  devil.  In  much  the  same  way.  we  must  be 
permitted  to  discount  Professor  Haeckel's  assur- 


ance that  even  he  himself  is  an  automaton, —  a 
mere  result  of  blind  preexisting  causes, —  leav- 
ing it,  however,  to  our  clerical  friends  to  offer 
the  diabolical  hypothesis ! 

It  is  not  fair  to  say  that  Professor  Haeckel 
is  unaware  of  this  difficulty.  He  overcomes  it, 
to  his  own  satisfaction,  by  adding  sensation  to 
force  and  matter  as  a  third  universal  attribute 
of  being.  There  is  the  '  sensation '  of  atoms, 
that  is,  the  affinity  of  the  elements  in  chemical 
combinations.  The  '  sensation '  of  protoplasm 
is  what  is  often  spoken  of  as  its  '  irritability.' 
So  passing  upward  through  twelve  defined 
stages,  we  reach  the  sensation  of  civilized  man, 
producing  the  arts  and  sciences.  This  '  sensa- 
tion '  is  one  in  the  sense  that  force  is  one,  and 
matter  is  one,  and  is  indestructible  in  the  same 
sense.  Thus  it  is  not  necessary  to  postulate 
that  the  human  consciousness  is  the  outcome 
of  any  metamorphosis  of  matter  or  force;  on 
the  contrar}',  this  is  denied,  and  it  is  said  to 
lie  merely  the  highest  type  of  another  universal 
attribute,  '  sensation.'  We  reach  a  sort  of  pan- 
theism rather  than  atheism. 

It  is  likely  to  be  claimed  by  materialistic 
monists,  that  this  is  giving  away  the  whole 
monistic  position ;  that  the  '  monistic  trinity ' 
is  a  contradiction  in  terms,  notwithstanding 
Haeckel's  arguments  in  its  defense.  It  may  be 
so,  but  that  is  merely  a  question  of  words,  and 
it  is  much  more  interesting  to  investigate  the 
merits  of  the  Haeckelian  doctrine  than  to  dis- 
pute about  its  label.  It  is  not  very  easy  to 
understand  what  is  meant  by  an  unconscious 
sensation,  though  we  are  reminded  of  the  pho- 
tographer's use  of  the  word  '  sensitive '  in  con- 
nection with  his  plates,  and  of  the  chemist's 
'sensitive  reaction.'  At  all  events,  letting  the 
term  pass,  it  is  not  shown  that  consciousness 
and  sensation  (in  the  Haeckelian  sense)  are  the 
same  thing,  even  in  the  sense  that  light  and 
heat  are  the  same.  It  is  rather  assumed  be- 
cause philosophy  requires  it;  and  if  one  can- 
not so  believe  as  a  matter  of  faith,  there  is  no 
resort  to  actual  demonstration. 

Accepting  the  'monistic  trinity,'  it  does  not 
seem  to  me  that  it  is  necessary  to  reject  the 
immortality  of  the  soul,  or  even  a  personal 
God.  Professor  Haeckel  rejects  these,  but  for 
other  reasons;  practically,  because  they  seem 
to  him  totally  unproved  and  unlikely.  If 
'  sensation '  is  a  universal  attribute,  and  human 
consciousness  is  a  phase  of  it,  does  it  not  seem 
reasonable  to  suppose  that  it  reaches  similarly 
high  development  in  many  places  and  wa3's  in 
this  vast  universe  ?  That  it  should  be  otherwise, 
would  seem  as  'hnprobable  as  that  elaborate 
chemical  compounds  or  combinations  of  forces 
should  be  restricted  to  one  or  a  very  few  places. 
This  on  the  Haeckelian  hypothesis,  merely. 


234 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


The  book  is  translated  into  good  English,  but 
there  are  various  slips  or  misprints  in  names 
and  technical  terms,  and  the  printing  and  pa- 
per are  both  very  poor  —  or  rather,  the  printing 
is  poor  chiefly  because  of  the  paper. 

T.   D.   A.   COCKERELL. 


Two  English  Churchmen.* 


That  the  late  Canon  Liddon,  highest  of 
High  Churchmen,  strictest  of  ritualists,  and 
so  devoted  a  Puseyite  as  in  some  matters  to 
out-Pusey  his  chief,  will  be  to  very  many 
readers  no  congenial  subject  for  contemplation 
and  study,  is  of  course  at  once  to  be  taken  for 
granted  by  the  reviewer  of  his  '  Life  and  Let- 
ters '  as  prepared  for  publication  by  his  inti- 
mate friend,  the  Rev.  John  Octavius  Johnston. 
Yet  the  steadiness  of  purpose,  the  firmness  of 
conviction,  and  the  faithfulness  to  the  truth 
as  he  saw  it,  which  Liddon  displayed  in  a  life 
of  singular  consistency  and  unfaltering  obedi- 
ence to  the  high  call  of  duty,  are  such  as  to 
awaken  the  interests  of  even  a  listless  reader 
and  to  challenge  the  admiration  of  however 
violent  a  dissenter  from  the  eminent  theolo- 
gian's doctrinal  teachings.  Mr.  Johnston,  whose 
pen  has  already  been  usefully  employed  in 
completing  Liddon's  unfinished  'Life  of 
Pusey,'  and  who  as  principal  of  Cuddesdon 
Theological  College,  where  Liddon  served  as 
vice-principal  for  five  years  in  early  manhood, 
must  have  had  excellent  opportunity  to  gather 
material  for  this  later  and  scarcely  less  diffi- 
cult work,  has  presented  a  detailed  and  sym- 
pathetic study  of  Liddon's  life  and  character. 

To  us  cis-Atlantic  Anglo-Saxons,  who  are 
credited,  not  wholly  unjustly,  with  more  nerv- 
ous energy  than  enduring  strength,  with  more 
strenuousness  of  purpose  than  calm  confi- 
dence of  reserve  power,  with  a  greater  prone- 
ness  to  misapply  force  than  to  use  it  just 
where  and  when  it  will  prove  most  effective, 
there  is  something  at  once  engaging  and  in- 
structive in  the  well-ordered  life  and  wisely 
directed  activity — unhasting  and  unresting, 
duly  observant  of  ancient  conventions  and  en- 
joying in  turn  their  unfailing  aid  and  sup- 
port —  of  the  well-born,  well-endowed,  uni- 
versity-educated Englishman,  who  early  chooses 
his  life  work  and,  looking  neither  to  right  nor 

*  Life  and  Letters  of  Henry  Parry  Liddon,  D.D„ 
D.C.L.,  LL.n.,  CanoD  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  and  some- 
time Ireland  Professor  of  Exegesis  in  the  University  of 
Oxford.  By  John  Octavius  Johnston,  M.A.  With  a  con- 
cluding chapter  by  the  Lord  Bishop  of  Oxford.  Illustrated. 
New  York  :     Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 

Letters  of  William  Stubbs,  Bishop  of  Oxford, 
1825-1901.  Edited  by  William  Holden  Hutton,  B.D. 
Illustrated.     New  York  :     Imported  by  E.  P.  Button  &  Co. 


to  left,  steadily  advances,  through  easy  grada- 
tions, to  a  position  of  eminence  and  distinc- 
tion and  the  fruition  of  appropriate  and  de- 
served honors  and  emoluments.  Henry  Parr}' 
Liddon's  was  exactly  such  a  life  of  wisely 
economized  energy  and  honestly  earned  suc- 
cess. He  chose  his  calling  in  mere  childhood, 
and  thenceforward  thought  and  action  were 
guided  and  applied  with  sole  reference  to  the 
contemplated  end.  As  an  infant,  it  was  his 
favorite  diversion  to  play  at  preaching,  envel- 
oped in  the  ample  folds  of  the  '  Times '  news- 
paper. Except  swimming,  he  took  little  part 
in  boyhood's  usual  sports  and  games,  but  was 
accepted  by  his  schoolmates  as  their  spiritual 
mentor,  and  was  recognized  by  them  as  one 
that  dwelt  apart  in  a  world  of  purity  and  high 
ideals  which  even  their  unredeemed  natures 
knew  how  to  respect.  Sermon-writing  was 
one  of  his  cherised  amusements,  and  five  of 
these  discourses,  composed  at  the  age  of  four- 
teen, are  still  extant  in  a  copy-book  which  he 
sent  to  his  Aunt  Louisa  with  the  inscription, 
'  My  first  attempts  at  sermons.'  But  we  are 
relieved  to  learn  that  these  early  indications  of 
unmitigated  priggishness  were  offset  by  sundry 
qualities  of  healthy  boy-nature.  He  is  remem- 
bered for  his  courage  in  more  than  one  youth- 
ful combat.  '  I  have  seen  him  fight  many  a 
good  fight  and  come  out  smiling,'  writes  one  of 
his  school-fellows.  And  a  story  is  told  of  his 
frank  request  in  open  school,  '  Please,  sir,  may 
I  leave  off  learning  Greek?  I  am  sure  I  shall 
never  understand  it.'  Plays,  too,  as  well  as 
sermons  he  was  fond  of  writing,  though  he 
had  never  been  inside  a  theatre;  and  one  of 
these  juvenile  pieces,  '  Napoleon,'  *  an  his- 
torical drama  rather  than  a  tragedy,'  exhibit- 
ing '  vices  to  be  avoided  rather  than  virtues  to 
be  imitated,'  he  and  some  of  his  schoolmates 
acted  with  success.  The  science  of  warfare, 
strangely  enough,  was  also  exceedingly  inter- 
esting to  the  little  preacher,  who  eagerly  dis- 
cussed the  details  of  Caesar's  Gallic  campaigns 
and  Napoleon's  battles.  To  Mr.  Frederic  Har- 
rison, as  quoted  by  Mr.  Johnston,  we  are  in- 
debted for  a  pleasing  portrait  of  the  boy  Lid- 
don; and  as  his  boyhood  and  youth  present 
more  of  general  interest  than  the  ecclesiastical 
and  doctrinal  discussions  and  disputes  of  later 
life,  an  extended  extract  from  Mr.  Harrison's 
reminiscences  is  here  offered. 

'I  sat  beside  Liddon  more  than  fortj'  years  ago  in 
the  Sixth  Form  at  King 's  College  School,  for  a  year 
or  two.  He  was  three  years  my  senior,  and  the  gulf 
that  exists  from  fourteen  to  seventeen  among  school- 
fellows is  not  easily  passed.  But  I  sat  in  form  next 
to  him,  and  as  in  the  Sixth  we  did  not  change  places, 
I  was  his  daily  companion,  I  was  fond  of  all  sorts 
of  games;  he  of  none.  I  read  all  sorts  of  books;  he 
had  even  then  his  own  fixed  line  of  thought  and  of 


1905.] 


THE    DIALi 


235 


study.  He  was  much  my  senior,  and  very  old  for 
his  years,  so  there  was  no  kind  of  school  intimacy 
between  us.  He  always  seemed  to  me  an  elder 
brother  who  wished  the  young  ones  were  more  seri- 
ous. But,  different  though  our  interests  and  habits 
were,  I  always  found  him  friendly,  gentle,  and  con- 
siderate. What  was  Canon  Liddon  like  as  a  boy  of 
seventeen?  Well,  so  far  as  I  can  remember,  he  was 
at  seventeen  just  what  he  was  at  twenty-seven,  or 
thirty-seven,  or  forty-seven  —  sweet,  grave,  thought- 
ful, complete.  ...  To  me,  when  I  heard  him 
preaching  in  St.  Paul's,  or  heard  him  speak  at 
Oxford  of  more  recent  years,  he  was  just  the  same 
earnest,  zealous,  affectionate,  and  entirely  other- 
world  nature  that  I  remember  him  at  seventeen. 
The  lines  of  his  face  may  have  deepened;  the  look 
may  have  become  more  anxious  of  late  years;  but 
as  a  schoolboy  I  always  thought  he  looked  just  what 
he  did  as  a  priest.  There  was  the  same  expression 
of  sweet,  somewhat  fatherly,  somewhat  melancholy 
interest.  He  would  reprove,  exhort,  advise  boys  just 
as  a  young  priest  does  in  his  own  congregation.  We 
expected  it  of  him.  ...  I  do  not  think  that  he 
ever  joined  in  any  game  or  even  looked  on  at  any 
game;  I  am  sure  that  he  never  took  part  in  the 
rough-and-tumble  horseplay  common  among  boys; 
and  I  am  certain  he  never  returned  a  blow  or  a  prac- 
tical joke  at  his  expense.  Nor  had  he  any  occasion 
to  do  so,  for  neither  blows  nor  horseplay  was  evei 
practised  upon  Liddon.  There  was,  I  fancy,  a  kind 
of  silent  understanding  that  to  treat  Liddon  rudely, 
even  without  intending  it,  would  be  unmanly,  like 
striking  a  priest  with  his  robes  on.' 

A  pleasing  incident  recorded  in  connection 
with  Liddon's  life  at  Oxford  is  his  saving  the 
life  of  his  tutor  at  a  summer  reading  party, 
William  Stubbs,  the  future  professor  of  mod- 
ern histwv  and  Bishop  of  Oxford.  This  good 
fortune  he  owed  to  his  prowess  as  a  swim- 
mer. 

To  present  in  something  like  due  propor- 
tion the  varied  qualities,  admirable  and  not  so 
admirable,  of  the  man  Liddon, —  and  not  to 
dwell  exclusively  on  his  more  amiable  traits, — 
we  must  next  touch  on  a  few  of  those  dis- 
tinctive characteristics  that  made  him  so  well 
known  as  one  of  the  leading  and  most  un- 
compromising High  Churchmen  of  his  time. 
Appointed,  soon  after  his  graduation  from 
Oxford,  vice-principal  of  Bishop  Wilberforce's 
newh'-established  Cuddesdon  Theological  Col- 
lege, he  there  displayed  ritualizing  tendencies 
that  soon  got  the  school  into  hot  water  and 
ultimately  necessitated  his  resignation.  Here 
is  a  characteristic  extract  from  his  diary: 

'The  Bishops  of  Glasgow  and  London  have  rep- 
resented to  him  [Wilberforce]  in  the  strongest 
terms  the  necessity  of  making  the  chapel  less 
"gaudy."  Accordingly  (1)  the  Cross  has  been 
removed;  (2)  the  white  and  green  Altar  cloths  are 
forbidden;  (3)  the  painted  figures  on  the  wall  are 
to  be  covered  over;  and  (4)  the  celebrant  is  to 
stand  at  the  end,  not  in  front,  of  the  Altar.  This 
last  change  I  feel  to  be  the  most  important;  it  is 
doctrinal.  The  Bishops  wish  to  abolish  the  early 
Communions  ou  Sundays,  but  these  happily  have 
been  saved.' 


Seven  years  later  we  find  him  most  ungra- 
cioush^  refusing  to  preach  in  Westminster  Ab- 
bey because  the  invitation  was  extended  to 
him  by  Dean  Stanley,  whose  Broad-Church 
principles  he  disapproved;  or,  to  put  it  more 
accurately,  his  refusal  appears  to  have  been 
due  to  the  latitudinarianism  both  of  Dean 
Stanley  and  also  of  the  men — Maurice,  Jowett, 
and  others  —  who  were  asked,  at  the  same 
time  with  him,  to  occupy  the  Abbey  pulpit. 
This  is  the  strain  in  which  he  justifies  his 
declination : 

'You  say,  my  dear  Mr,  Dean,  that  we  refuse  to 
preach  in  the  same  church  with  yourself.  You  will, 
I  trust,  forgive  me  for  saying  that  Churchmen  have 
hoped  —  hoped  and  prayed,  hoped  against  hope  — 
that  one  from  whom  so  much  might  be  expected,  as 
j'ourself,  would  one  day  be  with  them.  Even  now 
we  do  not  acquiesce  in  the  miserable  conviction 
that  you  have  cast  in  your  lot  with  men,  like  Colenso 
and  others,  who  are  labouring  to  destroy  and  blot 
out  the  Faith  of  Jesus  Christ  from  the  hearts  of  the 
English  people.  We  still  believe  that  your  gener- 
osity, rather  than  your  judgment,  links  you  even  to 
Mr.  Maurice  and  Mr.  Jowett.  We  are  quite  sure 
your  love  of  truth,  your  sense  of  moral  beauty,  and 
in  eminent  degree  your  historical  tastes  and  wide 
sympathies,  link  you  to  us,  who  cherish  the  move- 
ment of  1833-50,  as  to  no  other  men  in  the  English 
Church.  You  will,  I  trust,  forgive  the  extreme 
freedom  with  which  I  have  answered  a  letter,  to 
which  silence  might  have  been  the  most  respectful 
answer,  if  it  had  not  been  open  to  misunder- 
standing. ' 

This  from  a  young  man  of  thirty-four  to  the 
Very  Eev.  Dean  of  Westminster!  How  little 
he  understood  the  other's  '  wide  sympathies  ' ! 

Many  matters,  such  as  the  '  Lux  Mundi ' 
controversy,  the  '  Bampton  Lectures,'  the  re- 
grettable agitation  over  Jowett's  alleged 
heresy,  Liddon's  reply  to  lilartineau's  '  Seat  of 
Authority  in  Eeligion,'  his  friendly  relations 
with  Gladstone  on  the  one  hand  and  Salisbury 
on  the  other,  his  refusal  to  consider  the  offer 
of  a  bishopric  at  the  request  of  either,  his  dis- 
tinction as  a  pulpit  orator,  and  his  famous 
sermons  at  Oxford,  at  St.  Paul's,  and  else- 
where, might  profitably  be  dwelt  on  by  the 
reviewer,  but  must  be  dismissed  with  a  bare 
mention  and  left  to  be  enjoj'ed  (or  not)  in 
their  entirety  by  readers  of  the  book.  Turn- 
ing to  the  Bishop  of  Oxford's  closing  chap- 
ter, personal  and  eulogistic  in  character,  we 
will  extract  a  final  passage  which,  picturing  to 
us  the  mature  man,  will  serve  as  companion 
piece  to  Mr.  Harrison's  pen  portrait  of  the 
youth.  After  speaking  of  the  far  richer  and 
nobler  nature  than  betrayed  itself  in  the 
numerous  controversies  that  engaged  his  zeal, 
the  writer,  referring  to  Liddon's  more  inti- 
mate friends,  continues: 

'They  remember  him  as  one  who,  possessing  in 
extraordinary   measure    the   gifts   most    perilous   to 


236 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


simplicity  and  modesty,  and  so  wielding  those  gifts 
that  men  of  all  sorts  gathered  round  him  in  thou- 
sands and  listened  to  him  as  to  no  other  preacher, 
yet  remained  un marred  by  admiration  and  kept 
quite  out  of  his  heart  all  the  degrading  thoughts  of 
what  is  called  success; — remained  apparently  one 
of  the  least  self-conscious  of  men,  ready  to  enter 
with  undivided  interest  into  anything  that  was  of 
real  interest  to  others;  as  simply  grateful  as  a  child 
for  the  simplest  kindness  shown  to  him;  never  talk- 
ing about  himself,  nor  talking  as  men  do  who,  when 
they  are  silent,  think  much  about  themselves;  and 
making  others  somehow  feel  that  it  would  not  do 
to  talk  to  him  as  though  they  thought  him  remark- 
able or  great.  Something  of  that  restraining  influ- 
ence seems  still  to  belong  to  the  very  thought  and 
memory  of  him;  it  makes  one  hesitate  (not  in 
doubt,  but  in  reverence)  about  venturing  to  give 
him  the  deep  praise  of  humility  and  simplicity;  but 
one  can  say  that  the  constant  tokens  of  a  very  hum- 
ble, simple  heart  were  there,  through  all  his  exercise 
of  splendid  powers  and  all  the  tribute  rendered  him 
by  men.  ...  It  is  hard  to  imagine  any  one 
talking  much  better  than  he  did.  The  voice,  the 
look,  the  manner,  the  perfect  flexibility  of  tone; 
the  phrases  that  summed  up  everything,  the  reti- 
cence that  suggested  more  than  any  phrase;  the  ges- 
ture, or  something  less  obtrusive  than  a  gesture, 
which  came  in  when  any  word  would  have  been 
clumsy;  the  delicate  enunciation  that  was  always 
precise  and  never  prim,  that  lent  itself  alike  to 
earnestness  and  fun;  —  these  were  but  the  accessory 
graces  of  a  mind  rich  with  knowledge  of  all  sorts, 
and  swift  to  bring  out  the  aptest  thought,  and  of 
an  imagination  so  vivid  that  every  detail  stood  at 
once  before  it,  so  discerning  that  it  saw  at  once  the 
detail  that  meant  most.  Indeed,  most  minds,  as 
they  move  in  talking,  appear  to  be  rather  lumbering 
things  in  comparison  with  what  one  can  recall  of 
him.' 

As  an  example  of  brilliant  qualities  of  intel- 
lect and  character,  of  sound  scholarship  and, 
his  convictions  being  what  they  were,  of  clear 
thinking,  of  high  endeavor  and  exalted  ideals, 
of  lofty  moral  courage  and  untiring  energy,  of 
quickening  spiritual  power  and  winning  per- 
sonality, Liddon  commands  our  cordial  admi- 
ration; and  to  his  faithful  historian  our 
thanks  are  due  for  a  worthy  addition  to  the 
literature  of  biography. 

By  a  curious  coincidence,  there  appears, 
simultaneously  with  Liddon's  life,  the  life,  as 
told  in  his  letters,  of  the  man  whom  Liddon 
had  the  good  fortune  to  rescue  from  an  un- 
timely death,  as  already  related.  The  two 
books  serve  in  some  degree  to  supplement  each 
other.  The  picture  we  paint  of  a  writer  from 
reading  his  published  works  is  more  often  than 
not  widely  at  variance  with  the  reality.  It 
will  cause  some  surprise  to  learn  from  Bishop 
Stubbs's  letters,  as  edited  and  supplemented 
with  explanatory  matter  by  Mr.  William 
Holden  Hutton,  that  the  learned  historian  of 
the  English  Constitution  had  a  rare  gift  of 
humor,  a  keen  wit,  a  geniality,  sweetness,  and 
charm,  that  not  even  the  formalities  of  correct 


letter-writing  could  wholly  disguise.  Toil 
and  learning,  vast  though  they  were  in  his 
case,  need  not,  one  is  glad  to  see,  quench  the 
inborn  spirit  of  merriment.  The  brightness 
and  lightness  of  his  fun,  always  under  the 
most  perfect  control  (for  no  man  possessed  a 
more  admirable  reserve),  were  delightfully  in 
contrast  with  the  notion  of  his  pereonality  as 
entertained  by  those  who  knew  him  only 
through  his  books.  A  few  reminiscences  of 
him  contributed  by  Mr.  James  Bryce  help  to 
give  a  true  conception  of  his  winning  pres- 
ence. That  he  was  without  vanity  and  that  he 
found  learning  its  own  sufficient  reward,  is 
also  made  clear.  His  editor  has  gathered  this 
volume  of  letters  primarily  because  '  it  was 
felt  that  later  times  might  well  have  cause 
to  complain  if  they  should  be  able  to  learn  as 
little  about  the  life  of  the  great  English  his- 
torian of  the  Nineteenth  Century  as  we  are 
able  to  know  of  Bishop  Butler.'  It  is  to  be 
hoped  that,  faithfully  as  Mr.  Hutton  has  exe- 
cuted his  task, —  and  his  interspersed  matter  is 
illuminative  and  indispensable  to  the  best  en- 
joyment of  the  letters, —  that  a  fuller,  more 
formal  biography  of  Bishop  Stubbs  may  some 
day  be  written.  Among  the  best  letters  must 
bo  named  the  frequent  missives,  by  no  means 
always  so  dry  and  tough  as  our  historian's 
Charters,  to  E.  A.  Freeman  and  J.  E.  Green. 
Of  the  desipere  in  loco  Stubbs  was  a  master, 
at  least  in  his  correspondence.  The  following, 
from  a  letter  to  Freeman,  contains  a  delicious 
hit  at  that  historian's  pedantic  insistence  on 
the  use  of  Anglo-Saxon  forms: 

'A  horrid  thought  has  just  penetrated  to  what 
my  friends  are  pleased  to  call  my  brain  —  that  I 
have  had  two  missives  from  you,  and  have  answered 
neither.  I  am,  in  fact,  rather  languid  after  the 
production  of  my  book.  However,  neither  I  nor 
Boase  either,  know  or  believe  anything  about 
Thierry's  speech  of  Henry  I.,  and  about  the  veto  I 
know  nothing,  and  Boase  only  knows  that  it  was 
the  result  of  some  diplomatic  juggling  in  the  time 
of  Hlodowigh  XIV.' 

Eeferring  on  his  first  page  to  the  *  great 
school '  that  '  arose  in  the  middle  of  the  nine- 
teenth century,  which  embodied  and  expressed 
the  enthusiasm  of  the  time  for  an  ordered 
study  of  the  past,'  the  editor  declares  that  '  of 
the  workers  in  that  school  the  greatest  was 
William  Stubbs.'  What  rank  then,  some  will 
ask,  shall  we  assign  to  his  great  contemporary 
(and  senior  by  two  years)  and  successor  in 
the  chair  of  modern  history  at  Oxford?  But 
the  quality  of  a  biographers  panegyric  is  not, 
and  should  not  be,  strained.  Both  reader 
and  writer  delight  to  dwell  in  fond  remem- 
brance on  the  prowess  of  a  deceased  hero. 
Percy  F.  Bicknell. 


1905.] 


THE    DTATi 


237 


Recext  Books  about  Music* 


Some  years  ago,  at  the  end  of  a  long  and  ani- 
mated discussion  with  that  profound  and  some- 
times illogical  thinker,  John  Ruskin,  when 
asked  for  a  definition  of  art,  W.  J.  Stillman 
replied :  *  The  harmonic  expression  of  human 
emotion.'  Elaborating  on  this  definition,  he 
afterwards  pointed  out  that  science  —  knowl- 
edge —  is  common  to  all  men,  and  invariable ;  it 
is  in  the  emotional  nature  that  men  differ;  the 
character  of  the  emotion  is  that  of  the  indi- 
vidual, and  it  is  this  which  gives  tone  and  char- 
acter to  the  art,  which  determines  the  artist, 
and  imposes  itself  on  all  the  judgments  and 
criticisms  of  his  art  as  the  element  that  gives 
precedence.  Art  is  therefore,  in  the  last  reduc- 
tion, the  proclamation  of  individuality;  and 
the  stamp  of  the  art  is  that  of  the  individuality, 
nature  furnishing  merely  the  pabulum.  In  her 
book  entitled  '  Makers  of  Song,*  Miss  Amra. 
Alice  Chapin  has  endeavored  to  indicate  the 
men  who  have  in  the  most  marked  degree  influ- 
enced the  development  of  song.  She  points  out 
that  the  development  of  music,  and  especially  of 
lyric  music,  has  been  a  matter  of  such  subtle 
and  slow  gradation  that  the  task  of  particular- 
izing and  enumerating  and  selecting  the  domi- 
nant factors  in  the  progress  has  presented  many 
difficulties;  but  if  the  sign-posts  pointed  out 
should  lead  some  student  into  a  more  compre- 
hensive understanding  of  the  history  of  song 
than  it  has  been  the  author's  privilege  to 
achieve,  the  aim  of  the  book  will  have  been 
fulfilled.  Beginning  with  the  twelfth  century, 
the  days  of  Bemart  de  Yentadom,  of  Eegnault 
de  Coucy,  of  John  of  Fornsete  —  who  gave  the 
world  the  earliest  piece  of  harmonic  music, 
'  Sumer  is  icumen  in,'  —  through  the  days  of 
the  Minnesinger  of  Germany,  with  the  Casta- 
nets, she  passes  on  to  the  years  of  Pierre  Gued- 
ron,  teacher  of  kings  and  master  of  the  seven- 
teenth century  chanson  and  romance  in  France, 
and  of  StradeUa  and  PurceU.  In  regard  to 
such  departures  as  the  inclusion  of  such  men 
as  LuUy,  StradeUa,  and  John  of  Fornsete,  the 
author  feels  that  she  will  require  no  justifica- 
tion beyond  a  careful  study  of  the  works  of 
these  composers  and  of  the  lyrical  productions 
immediately  following  their  periods  of  activity. 

•  Makebs  of  Song.  By  Anna  Alice  Chapin.  New 
York :  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. 

Beethoven  and  his  Forekxtnnebs.  By  Daniel  Gregory 
Mason.     With  portraits.      New  York:   The  Macmillan  Co. 

Modern  Musical  Drift.  By  "W.  J.  Henderson.  New 
York :   Longmans,  Green,   £  Co. 

Phases  of  Modern  Music.  By  Lawrence  Oilman. 
New  York :  Harper  &  Brothers. 

A  Handbook  to  Chopin's  Works.  By  G.  C.  Ashton 
Jonson.     New  York :  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co. 

Stories  of  Popttlab  Operas.  By  H.  A.  Guerber.  Illus- 
trated.     New   York:      Dodd,    Mead   &   Co. 


Miss  Chapin's  work  is  both  statistical  and  nar- 
rative, and  her  well- written  story  of  the  origin 
of  song  will  be  read  with  interest. 

It  has  been  said  of  Dr.  Daniel  Gregory 
Mason  that  he  often  '  expresses  what  one  has 
felt,  but  never  quite  formulated.'  His  first 
work,  '  From  Grieg  to  Brahms,'  was  commended 
for  its  succinctness,  clearness,  and  gracefulness 
of  expression.  His  latest  work,  '  Beethoven  and 
his  Forerunners,'  displays  that  firm  grasp  of 
the  subject  which  makes  it  interesting  as  well 
as  valuable  reading  for  the  student.  It  opens 
with  a  chapter  on  '  The  Periods  of  Musical  His- 
tory,' touches  upon  '  Palestrina  and  the  Music 
of  Mysticism '  and  '  The  Principles  of  Pure 
Music,'  followed  by  biographical  and  critical 
studies  of  Haydn,  Mozart,  and  Beethoven.  In 
conclusion  he  says: 

'As  we  glance  over  the  life  of  Beethoven,  and 
over  that  larger  Ufe  of  the  art  of  music  in  the 
classical  period  of  which  it  was  the  final  stage,  we 
cannot  but  be  profoundly  impressed  hj  the  unity 
and  continuity  of  the  whole  evolution.  From  ita 
first  slight  and  tentative  beginnings  in  the  experi- 
ments of  the  Florentine  reformers,  secular  music  — 
the  art  of  expressing  through  the  medium  of  tones 
the  full,  free,  and  harmonious  emotional  life  of 
modern  idealism  —  gradually  acquired,  through  the 
labors  of  the  seventeenth  century  composers,  defin- 
iteness  of  aim  and  technical  resources.  Then  In 
the  work  of  Haydn  and  Mozart  it  reached  the 
stage  of  maturity,  of  self-consciousness;  it  became 
flexible,  various,  many-sided,  adequate  to  the 
demands  made  upon  it;  it  emerged  from  childhood 
and  took  its  honored  place  in  the  circle  of  inde- 
pendent and  recognized  arts.  Finally,  it  was 
brought  by  Beethoven  to  its  ripe  perfection,  its 
full  flowering.  It  was  made  to  say  all  that,  within 
its  native  limitations,  it  was  capable  of  saying.  It 
reached  the  fulness  of  life  beyond  which  it  could 
live  only  by  breaking  itself  up  into  new  types,  as 
the  old  plant  scatters  forth  seeds.  And  even  then, 
these  new  types  were  dimly  divined,  and  suggested 
to  his  successors  by  Beethoven.  Was  it  not  hia 
effort  to  express,  in  absolute  music,  the  most  various 
shades  of  personal,  highly  specialized  feeling,  vig- 
orous, sentimental,  mystical,  or  elfishly  wayward, 
that  inspired  the  romantic  composers,  Schubert, 
Schumann,  Chopin,  and  their  feUows,  to  pursue 
even  further  the  same  quest?  Was  it  not  his 
feeling  out  toward  novel  dramatic  effects  in  the 
combined  chorus  and  orchestra,  in  the  Ninth  Sym- 
phony, that  showed  Wagner  the  path  he  must  taket' 

There  is  a  chord  of  sincerity  in  all  that  Dr. 
Mason  writes;  and  while  he  is  never  pedantic, 
his  work  shows  remarkable  insight  into  the 
origin  and  development  of  musical  works. 

Mr.  W.  J.  Henderson's  work  entitled  '  Mod- 
em Musical  Drift'  is  divided  into  six  parts, 
namely,  '  Parsifalia,'  '  Der  Ring  des  Xibelun- 
gen,'  'Isolde's  Serving  Woman,'  *  Richard 
Strauss,'  *  Aux  Italiens,'  and  '  The  Oratorio  of 
Today.'  A  number  of  these  chapters  have  been 
previously  published  in  contemporary  period- 
icals and  papers.  Keen  in  diagnosis  and  crit- 
ical in  analysis,  and  free  from  personal  preju- 


THE    DIAIi 


[April  1, 


dice,  Mr.  Henderson  never  hesitates  to  call  a 
spade  a  spade;  and  while  one  cannot  always 
agree  with  him,  he  cannot  but  admire  the 
trenchant  way  in  which  the  critic  gives  expres- 
sion to  his  views  and  opinions. 

'  So   weave    your   fancies ;    I'll    weave   mine ; 

And  let  them  wander,   dark   or  bright. 
The  Lords  of  Art   have  graven  fine ; 

Perchance   we  both   discern   aright.' 

Speaking  of  the  oratorio  of  today,  Mr.  Hender- 
son points  out  that  Sir  Edward  Elgar's  style 
belongs  entirely  to  the  present;  that  his  poly- 
phony is  built  on  a  harmonic  basis  which  almost 
completely  ignores  the  ecclesiastic  tonalities  of 
the  earlier  church  writers,  and  utilizes  the 
diatonic  and  chromatic  scheme  of  the  present, 
the  method  of  Wagner's  '  Tristan  und  Isolde.' 
And  while  he  is  credited  with  oratorio  quite  as 
dramatic  as  Tinel's,  but  saved  from  mere  the- 
atricalism  by  the  artistic  discretion  of  the  com- 
poser, the  thing  itself  is  considered  anomalous, 
because  the  narrator  becomes  an  imperative 
necessity  and  oratorio  now  demands  scenic  rep- 
resentation and  that  is  forbidden. 

'The  oratorio  of  today  tends  steadily  toward  the 
completion  of  a  cycle.  It  started  from  the  primi- 
tive religious  play  of  Cavaliere,  and  through  the 
development  of  the  method  of  choral  composition 
reached  a  point  at  which  all  conception  of  action 
disappeared.  From  that  point  it  has  been  slowly 
and  surely  moving  around  to  the  restoration  of 
the  dramatic  element,  till  now  it  stands  once  more 
at  the  very  threshold  of  the  theatre.  In  its  present 
form  it  is  an  absurdity.  Even  the  singers  find  it 
almost  impossible  to  sing  the  oratorios  of  the  new 
sort  without  putting  at  least  facial  expression  into 
their  work,  and  every  one  of  them  looks  solemnly 
conscious  of  the  foolishness  of  evening  dress. 
Mr.  Elgar's  interpretation  makes  Judas  Iscariot 
altogether  too  realistic  for  a  white  waistcoat,  and 
his  Mary  Magdalen  in  a  Princess  gown  with  kid- 
gloved  arms  is  a  portrait  which  would  make  Henner 
gasp  and  Kuskin  stare.' 

In  '  Phases  of  Modern  Music,'  Mr.  Lawrence 
Gilman  has  written  in  a  trenchant  way  of  cer- 
tain phases  of  present-day  music.  The  author 
is  endowed  with  grace  of  style,  and  he  knows 
how  to  bring  into  relief  the  interesting  features 
of  unattractive  subjects.  Among  the  subjects 
treated  are  Eichard  Strauss,  who  is  adjudged 
'  an  artist  of  profound  and  just  convictions,  the 
most  penetrant  and  sympathetic  of  humanists ' ; 
Edward  MacDowell,  the  composer,  '  a  romantic 
of  the  finer  order ' ;  Edward  Elgar,  whose 
*  Dream  of  Gerontius '  has  been  declared  the 
finest  musical  work  since  Wagner,  but  which 
the  present  author  declares  owes  its  extreme 
and  affecting  eloquence  to  Wagner.  Wagner, 
Verdi,  Mascagni,  Loeflfler,  and  Grieg  are  also 
touched  upon  with  discrimination,  vividness, 
and  spirit.  In  the  essay  on  '  Woman  and  Mod- 
em Music,'  Mr.  Gilman  answers  in  the  nega- 
tive the  question,  '  Has  Woman  ever  done 
greatly  in  creative  music  ? '     In  conclusion,  he 


adds  a  few  pertinent  words  to  the  fast  accumu- 
lating bibliography  on  the  '  Parsifal '  contro- 
versy. 

'It  is  undeniable  that  in  "Parsifal"  Wagner  has 
not  written  with  the  torrential  energy,  the  superbly 
prodigal  invention,  which  went  to  the  creation  of 
his  earlier  works;  he  is  not  here,  unquestionably, 
so  compelling  and  forceful,  so  overwhelming  in 
vitality  and  climacteric  power,  as  in  the  exuberant 
masterpieces  of  his  artistic  prime.  But  never 
before,  on  the  other  hand,  had  this  master  of 
illusion  shaped  such  haunting  and  subtle  symbols 
of  suffering  and  lamentation,  of  sadness  and  terror, 
of  pity  and  aspiration.' 

A  unique  handbook  to  the  music  of  Chopin 
has  been  compiled  by  Mr.  G.  C.  Ashton  Jon- 
son.  It  is  a  sort  of  a  '  musical  Baedeker,'  made 
particularly  useful  through  modern  conditions. 
'  Three  years  ago,'  says  the  author,  '  this  book 
could  only  have  met  with  a  very  limited  de- 
mand, owing  to  the  fact  that  the  numl>er  of 
amateurs  possessed  of  sufficient  technique  to  play 
Chopin's  music  (for  the  most  part  extremely 
difficult)  is  very  small.  But  today,  owing  to 
the  invention  of  the  pianola  and  the  fact  that 
all  Chopin's  works,  including  even  the  least  im- 
portant of  the  posthumous  compositions,  are 
now  available  for  that  instrument,  the  whole 
domain  of  his  music  is  for  the  first  time  open 
to  all.'  It  has  been  the  author's  aim  to  make 
his  book  equally  useful  and  helpful  to  concert- 
goers,  for  whom  it  forms  a  permanent  analytical 
programme,  to  pianists,  and  to  those  amateurs 
of  music  who  can  now,  owang  to  the  pianola, 
pursue  for  the  first  time  a  systematic  and  co- 
ordinated study  of  Chopin's  works.  Comments 
from  newspaper  articles  have  been  grouped  un- 
der the  opus  numbers  of  the  works  to  which 
they  refer.  In  addition,  a  brief  account  is  given 
of  each  composition,  its  relative  place  among 
Chopin's  works,  and  notes  of  any  special  points 
of  interest  attaching  to  it.  A  chronological 
table  is  included,  and  the  compilation  of  the 
approximate  dates  of  the  compositions  enables 
one  to  study  the  development  of  the  composer's 
individuality.  Tlie  volume  opens  with  a  brief 
sketch  of  Chopin's  life,  which  is  followed  by 
short  preliminary  chapters  on  various  aspects 
of  his  work.  A  perusal  of  Mr.  Jonson's  book 
will  increase  the  artistic  pleasure  to  be  ob- 
tained from  the  intelligent  study  of  this  master 
of  his  class  —  for  in  Chopin  the  romantic  school 
found  its  highest  expression. 

In  similar  vein  to  her  '  Stories  of  the  Wag- 
ner Operas '  and  '  Stories  of  Famous  Operas,' 
Miss  H.  A.  Guerber  has  now  given  us  a  volume 
of  '  Stories  of  Popular  Operas,'  in  which  are 
traced  the  stories  of  the  librettos  of  'William 
Tell,'  '  L'Africaine,'  '  Der  Freischiitz,'  'The 
Magic  Fhite,'  '  Eigoletto,'  'Othello,'  '  Fra 
Diavolo,'  '  L'Elisire  D'Amore,'  '  Romeo  and 
Juliet,'    '  I    Pagliacci,'    '  La   Tosca,'    and   '  Le 


1905.] 


THE    DIAI. 


239 


Prophete.'  As  explained  by  the  author,  the 
object  of  these  stories  is  to  enable  the  reader  to 
follow  the  motions  of  the  singers,  and,  even  if 
unfamiliar  with  the  langnage  in  which  the 
opera  is  given,  to  have  a  fair  idea  of  the  mean- 
ing of  what  is  said  and  done.  The  author  has 
studied  her  subjects  with  enthusiasm  and  fidel- 
ity, and  with  singular  thoroughness. 

Ingram  A.  Pyle. 


Briefs  ox  New  Books. 

A  great  Western  Mr.  William  M.  Meigs's  'Life  of 
statesman  and  Thomas  Hart  Benton'  (Lippin- 
expansionist.  cott)  is  the  first  critical  estimate 
of  the  great  Westerner  and  his  proper  place  in 
history.  Benton's  life  is  traced  with  painstaking 
detail,  through  the  early  years  in  North  Carolina 
and  Tennessee  to  the  fulness  of  his  fame  as  Sen- 
ator from  Missouri.  There  is  an  especially  good 
chapter  on  life  in  the  West,  which  furnishes  a 
backgi'ound  for  a  study  of  the  leader  who  was 
above  all  an  exponent  of  the  Western  spirit  and 
therefore  of  nationalism;  for  the  West  alone  was 
not  sectional  but  national.  The  political  career 
of  Benton  is  treated  topically;  thus  we  have  set 
forth  his  opinions  and  activities  on  the  Salt  Tax, 
the  Land  Laws,  the  Tariff,  Expansion,  Slavery, 
the  Bank,  Oregon  and  Texas,  the  Compromise  of 
1850,  and  the  Kansas-Nebraska  agitation.  Of  the 
personal  and  intimate  side  of  his  character,  little 
is  told,  and  what  is  told  is  not  of  a  nature  to 
increase  one's  admiration  for  the  man.  Possi- 
bly Mr.  Meigs,  who  is  an  admirer  of  Benton,  did 
not  see  that  the  effect  of  his  treatment  of  his 
hero's  character  is  to  make  the  latter  appear 
vain,  egotistical,  intolerant,  prejudiced,  and  often 
vulgar.  All  these  Benton  certainly  was  in  some 
degree ;  but  the  impression  gained  from  the  pages 
of  Mr.  Meigs  is  probably  somewhat  unfair  to  the 
subject.  The  author  does  show  us,  however,  that 
in  broad-minded  patriotism  the  Senator  from 
Missouri  was  the  superior  of  most  of  his  con- 
temporaries. Ambition  never  led  him  to  truckle 
to  the  popular  feeling  of  the  hour,  nor  did  the 
unpopularity  of  a  cause  make  him  forsake  it.  His 
life  covered  the  whole  expansion  of  the  republic, 
and  no  man  better  understood  the  meaning  of 
that  expansion  or  foresaw  more  clearly  the  dan- 
gers involved  in  the  rapid  g^rowth  of  the  country. 
He  opposed  anti-slavery  agitation  and  the  result- 
ing pro-slavery  agitation.  His  homestead  land- 
policy  would  have  settled  the  question  of  slavery 
in  the  territories;  his  plan  for  tariff  revision 
would  have  eased  what  he  considered  the  worst 
injustice  to  the  South.  The  author  is  wrong  in 
describing  Benton  as  Southern  in  his  sympathies; 
he  was  a  true  exponent  of  the  Western  spirit,  and 
failed  to  understand  the  position  of  the  South  as 
completely  as  he  did  that  of  the  East.  He 
'thought  continentally,*  and  believed  that  all  who 
thought  differently  were  wrong,  dishonorable,  in- 
triguing, and  traitorous.  In  few,  if  any,  points 
does  the  biographer  differ  from  the  views  of  Ben- 


ton. Like  him,  he  is  suspicious  of  the  East  and  of 
the  South,  has  a  low  opinion  of  the  opponents  of 
Benton,  believes  still  in  the  stoi-ies  of  the  intrigues 
of  politicians  and  statesmen  for  the  purpose  of 
shaping  the  course  of  national  policy.  His  own 
appreciation  of  the  Western  spirit  of  expansion 
should  at  this  late  date  make  him  understand  that 
Texas  and  the  far  West  were  annexed,  not  because 
of,  but  in  spite  of,  the  desire  of  pro-slavery 
leaders,  and  that  had  it  not  been  for  slavery  the 
annexation  would  probably  have  come  earlier.  The 
sketch  here  given  of  the  evolution  of  the  South- 
west, then  known  as  the  West,  is  very  satisfac- 
tory. The  character  of  the  settlers,  the  methods 
of  settlement,  the  land  system,  the  pioneer  life, 
the  political  and  economic  conditions  of  the  set- 
tlements in  the  Mississippi  valley,—  all  these  are 
well  described.  The  author  rightly  emphasizes 
the  fact  that  the  Southwest  was  settled  without 
the  aid  of  the  central  government,  that  it  suffered 
from  the  jealousy  of  the  East  and  profited  Jby  the 
friendship  of  the  South  from  whence  most  of  its 
settlers  came.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Northwest 
was  won  for  the  Union  by  the  South  and  South- 
west, and  was  settled  under  the  protection  of  the 
United  States  army,  principally  by  people  from 
the  East,  from  the  jealousy  of  which  it  suffered 
but  little.  The  author  has  consulted  most  of  the 
available  authorities  on  Benton,  and  has  gath- 
ered much  material  from  hitherto  unknown 
sources.  The  work  is  the  best  life  of  Benton  yet 
produced.  

New  studies  The   strongest   sentiments   of  Pe- 

of  Petrarch  trarch  's  heart,  and  the  varied  pas- 

and  Laura.  gj^ng   and  impulses   of  his   mind 

and  soul  while  under  the  spell  of  Laui-a's  influ- 
ence, have  been  revealed  in  the  spirit  of  scien- 
tific research  rather  than  that  of  poetic  interpre- 
tation in  'The  Secret  of  Petrarch,'  by  Mr. 
Edmund  James  Mills  (Button).  The  volume  is 
the  work  of  a  literary  scholar  of  analytic  type 
who  has  turned  his  lenses  upon  certain  disputed 
points  in  the  lives  of  the  lovers,  and  has  brought 
forward  varied  proofs  to  attest  his  own  theories 
regarding  Laura's  birthplace,  marriage,  last  ill- 
ness, and  other  details.  Beneath  the  scholar's 
zeal  is  submerged,  at  times,  that  romantic  and 
elusive  atmosphere  which  should  ever  surround 
this  record  of  poetic  love.  The  detailed  diagnosis 
of  Laura's  disease,  couched  in  terms  of  modern 
surgery,  causes  a  shiver  of  revulsion.  There  are, 
however,  compensating  passages  of  charming  ap- 
preciation and  concise  summary.  The  prose 
studies  examine  the  vexed  questions  of  Laura's 
personaJity,  her  home  and  burial-place.  Mr. 
Mills  contends  that  her  birthplace  and  home  were 
at  Pieverde,  hard  by  Caumont,  and  not  at  Avig- 
non; this  conclusion  he  attests  by  liberal,  if  not 
excessive,  citations.  With  equal  assurance  he  tes- 
tifies that  Laura  was  no  high-born  matron  of  the 
De  Sade  family,  but  a  lowly  country-maid,  'a 
white  rose  born  in  harsh  briars.'  The  metrical 
portion  which  follows  these  studies  is  compiled 
from  varied  parts  of  Petrarch's  vei-se,  using,  in 
the  main,  the  texts  of  Seartazzini,  Carducci,  and 
Ferrari,  with  a  few  new  renderings  as  in  'Love's 


240 


THE    DIAL, 


[April  1, 


Obsession,'  'Love's  Missioner,'  and  'Of  Laura's 
Eyes.'  Nearly  all  the  passages  are  chosen  to 
support  the  claims  advanced  in  the  author's  prose 
studies.  Some  of  the  lines  thus  used  seem 
strained  in  purpose;  and,  in  spite  of  the  accu- 
mulation of  references  and  quotations,  the  reader 
can  hardly  accept  all  the  author's  conclusions. 
After  all  has  been  said  pro  and  con,  it  is  not 
Laura's  birthplace  or  her  daily  tasks,  not  her 
fatal  illness  or  the  location  of  her  tomb,  that 
vitally  interest  us  of  to-day:  it  is  her  perennial 
charm  and  noble  womanhood,  so  often  portrayed 
by  her  poet-lover. 

'  Good,  too,  she  was, 
And  never  trivial ;  showing  in  that  sense 
Of  heaven  and  holiness  which  sits  so  well 
On  any  woman.     Yet  she  had  sportive  ways, 
And  was  most  keen  of  mind ;  her  intellect 
Matched  well  her  heart.     White,  slender  hands  she  had. 
And  dainty  little  figure,  and  fair  feet. 
And  grand  magnificence  of  golden  hair.' 

The  volume  is  illustrated  with  a  few  photograv- 
ures of  rare  excellence,  depicting  shrines  at  Pie- 
verde,  Sorga,  and  elsewhere,  visited  by  the  author 
in  1901.  

'It  must  be  conceded,'  as  Colonel 
TLnl^.''         Higginson    has    well    said,  'that 

John  Brown  was  the  most  eloquent 
of  all  our  great  Abolitionists,  for  his  was  the  elo- 
quence of  a  life. '  Something  of  this  eloquence  of 
action  belongs  also  to  those  who  took  part  with 
him  in  the  stirring  events  attending  the  settle- 
ment of  Kansas;  and  one  of  these  participants 
was  Dr.  J.  W.  Winkley,  whose  little  book,  'John 
Brown  the  Hero'  (James  H.  West  Co.)  gives 
some  highly  interesting  personal  reminiscences 
of  those  days  and  of  the  man  whose  name  they 
must  always  recall.  In  approaching  a  book  of 
this  character,  a  record  of  heroic  deeds  and  of  no 
less  heroic  sufferings,  the  reviewer  feels  himself 
disarmed  of  criticism  except  as  to  mere  matters 
of  historic  accuracy;  and  in  this  instance  the 
writer  deals  with  only  a  few  and  in  themselves 
insignificant  occurrences,  hitherto  un chronicled  in 
any  detail,  and  known  now  only  to  himself  and  a 
very  few  besides.  Mr.  Sanborn  has  given  in  his 
life  of  John  Brown  a  succinct  account  of  the  chief 
event  related,  and  he  says  of  it,  in  an  introduc- 
tion that  he  furnishes  to  Dr.  Winkley 's  narra- 
tive,— 'But  it  required  a  fuller  statement;  espe- 
cially since  it  seems  largely  to  have  escaped  the 
notice  of  the  chroniclers  of  that  disturbed  and 
confused  period  of  1856.  The  partisan  move- 
ment here  described  came  in  between  two  of 
Brown's  famous  fights,—  that  of  Black  Jack,  in 
early  June,  when  he  captured  the  Virginian  cap- 
tain, Pate,  and  that  in  the  end  of  August,  when 
he  repelled  the  formidable  attack  of  the  Mis- 
sourians  upon  the  small  settlement  of  Osawato- 
mie.'  Not  the  least  interesting  part  of  the  book 
is  the  account  of  the  boy  Winkley 's  adventures  in 
his  repeated  trips  to  Kansas  City,  usually  alone, 
to  get  supplies  for  the  small  settlement  where  he 
and  an  elder  brother  lived.  By  his  occult  power 
of  'localization'  he  drove  his  ox-team  unerringly 
across  the  trackless  prairie,  meeting  with  sundiy 
exciting  adventures  on  the  way.  Although  the 
matter  of  the  book  is  slender  in  amount,  and 


spread  thin  by  both  author  and  printer,  and 
although  the  glimpses  we  get  of  John  Brown  are 
few  and  fleeting,  the  publishers  are  still  within 
the  truth  in  announcing  that  'the  book  has  the 
interest  of  a  romance,'  and  that  'the  young  will 
read  it  as  if  it  were  especially  "a  story  for 
boys,"  and  the  old  will  find  in  it  matters  to  revive 
their  enthusiasm.' 

Hawthorne  ^^^   addresses  and   letters   deliv- 

redivivus.  ^^^d  and  read  at  the  Hawthorne 

commemoration  of  July  4  to  7 
at  Concord  last  summer  have  been  published  by 
Messrs.  Houghton,  MiflBin  &  Co.  under  the  title, 
'The  Hawthorne  Centenary  Celebration.'  Colonel 
Higginson,  who  presided  the  first  day,  has  edited 
the  volume,  and  besides  a  frontispiece  portrait  of 
Hawthorne  the  book  has  six  views  in  and  about 
the  Wayside,  at  Concord.  Among  these  excellent 
presentations  of  various  phases  of  the  great 
romancer's  genius  and  personality,  perhaps  the 
freshest  and  most  suggestive  is  Mr.  Charles  Fran- 
cis Adams's  discussion  of  'Hawthorne's  Place  in 
Literature, '  —  fresh  and  suggestive  because  the 
speaker  is  a  man  of  action  even  more  than  a  man 
of  letters.  Yet  he  says  dozens  of  things  that 
excite  protest  and  contradiction.  He  calls  Thack- 
eray's style  labored  —Thackeray  who  prided 
himself  on  writing  the  fluent,  unstudied,  some- 
times even  careless  English  of  a  gentleman;  and 
of  Thackeray's  characters  these  are  the  seven  Mr. 
Adams  selects  as  typical  and  likely  to  survive,— 
'Becky  Sharp,  Major  Pendennis,  and  Morgan, 
masterpieces  all,  with  Colonel  Newcome,  Captain 
Costigan,  Barry  Lyndon,  and  Esmond,  in  the  sec- 
ond rank.'  Will  one  reader  out  of  a  hundred  read- 
ily recall  Major  Pendennis 's  valet,  and  will  one 
out  of  a  thousand  place  him  before  Colonel  New- 
come  and  Barry  Lyndon  as  masterpieces  of  char- 
acter-creation? Of  familiar  types  to  be  found  in 
American  imaginative  literature,  Mr.  Adams  finds 
but  three,—  Rip  Van  Winkle,  Topsy,  and  Colonel 
Starbottle;  though  on  the  last  day  of  the  celebra- 
tion he  adds  a  fourth,  Evangeline.  While  the 
army  is  receiving  honors,  has  not  Colonel  Sellers 
a  right  to  feel  aggrieved  at  being  neglected?  In 
his  treatment  of  Hawthorne's  works,  Mr.  Adams 
amazes  us  by  naming  'Our  Old  Home'  as  'that 
one  of  his  productions  which  the  world  would 
least  willingly  let  die.'  To  the  prevalent  mania 
for  complete  editions,  editions  that  suffer  no 'pot- 
boiling  rag'  to  escape,  he  administers  a  merited 
rebuke.  Of  the  more  studied  essays  in  the  vol- 
i.ime,  Mr.  Copeland's,  Mr.  Conway's,  and  Mr. 
Frank  Preston  Stearns's  deserve  especial  notice. 
Mr.  Sanborn's  account  of  'The  Friendships  of 
Hawthorne '  is  excellent,  but  perhaps  unduly  long 
from  the  inclusion  of  some  not  indispensable 
details.  The  book  is  a  worthy  memorial  of  an 
important  event  in  our  literary  annals. 


Old  Egypt 
seen  through 
expert  eyes. 


The  best  results  of  modern  Orien- 
tal scholarship  are  being  set 
directly  before  the  eyes  of  the 
reading  public,  by  men  who  can  both  read  the  lan- 
guages of  the  ancient  Orient  and  put  what  they 
read  in  attractive   language.      Messrs.    Percy    E. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


241 


Newberry  and  John  Garstang,  who  have  done 
such  commendable  work  on  Egyptian  soil  and  in 
the  publication  of  their  'finds,'  have  jointly 
written  *A  Short  History  of  Ancient  Egypt' 
(Dana  Estes  &  Co.).  It  is  a  modest  little  work 
of  200  pages,  but  is  full  of  the  ripest  fruit  of  the 
labors  of  its  industrious  authors  in  their  explora- 
tion and  decipherment  of  the  Egyptian  monu- 
ments. It  gives  a  bird  's-eye  view  of  the  monarchy, 
from  its  founding  down  to  its  disintegration  at 
least  3,000  years  afterward.  The  style  of  the 
work  is  such  as  to  carry  the  reader  along  at  a 
rapid  pace,  and  to  give  him  merely  sketch-lines  of 
the  great  figures  that  loom  up  in  each  period  or 
dynasty  through  that  long  stretch  of  time.  The 
archaic  or  first  period  is  naturally  most  full,  for 
it  is  in  just  that  period  that  some  of  the  most 
startling  discoveries  have  been  made  within  the 
last  decade.  This  formerly  pre-historic  and 
mythical  period  now  steps  up  and  takes  its  place 
in  the  regular  and  undisputed  line  of  historical 
facts,  and  thus  wipes  out  with  one  stroke  the 
former  incredulous  statements  regarding  it.  We 
are  sorry  to  see  that  no  new  light  of  any  conse- 
quence is  found  on  the  little  known  Hyksos 
period,  and  that  its  centuries  of  silence  must  still 
remain  mute.  In  the  appended  'Chronological 
Table'  a  safe  method  is  adopted  in  putting  the 
'Founding  of  the  Monarchy'  'before  3000  B.  C 
In  fact,  no  dates  are  stated  specifically  until  the 
reign  of  Thotmes  III.,  1515-1460  B.  C.  The  long 
reign  of  Rameses  II.  is  set  at  1325-1258.  After 
this,  the  next  specific  date  is  made  at  930,  when 
'Shishank  captures  Jerusalem.'  Such  a  book  as 
this,  carefully  read,  will  lead  the  student  to  larger 
and  more  comprehensive  works  on  this  most  fas- 
cinating of  ancient  lands  and  peoples. 


Memorials  of  The  extremes  of  credulity,  super- 
a  once  famous  stition,  and  narrowness,  on  the 
tea-port.  qj^q  hand,  and  broad-minded  intel- 

ligence and  liberality,  on  the  other,  were  curi- 
ously mingled  in  the  historic  old  town  of  Salem, 
Massachusetts.  From  the  first  set  of  qualities 
sprang  the  witchcraft  delusion,  with  its  harvest 
of  innocent  lives  sacrificed  to  the  popular  frenzy; 
to  the  second  the  cause  of  tolerance  and  enlight- 
enment in  religion  is  indebted,  Salem  having 
early  and  in  a  most  emphatic  manner  joined  the 
New  England  movement  for  wider  liberty  in 
matters  theological.  That  these  opposite  ten- 
dencies developed  themselves  in  one  and  the 
same  small  community,  seems  strange  at  first,  but 
is  not  inexplicable.  The  superstitious  habit  of 
mind  of  a  sea-faring  folk  may  serve  largely  to 
explain  the  witchcraft  atrocities,  while  the  ex- 
tended acquaintance  with  the  world  gained  by 
the  sea-captains  and  sailors  of  Salem  in  their 
voyages  to  India  and  China  and  other  distant 
lands,  must  have  opened  their  eyes  to  the  nai*- 
rowness  of  New  England  Puritanism.  These 
thoughts  are  suggested  by  reading  Mr.  Charles  E. 
Trow's  'Old  Shipmasters  of  Salem'  (Putnam),  a 
book  containing  much  curious  and  interesting 
matter,  collected  from  log-books,  shipmasters' 
journals,  local  newspapers,  and  other  obscure 
sources,  and  served  up  with  a  generous  pictorial 


accompaniment.  Sea-yams  and  more  weighty 
historical  items  mingle  pleasantly  in  Mr.  Trow's 
pages,  which  are  heartily  commended  to  all  who 
like  to  read  about  those  that  go  down  to  the  sea 

in  ships.  ^___ 

The  charm  There  was  no  Frenchman  of  let- 

0/  Renan  ters  in  the  last  half  of  the  nine- 

xn  his  letters.  ^^^j^^^  century  who  had  a  more 
interesting  personality  than  Ernest  Renan.  His 
tangential  relation  to  Christianity,  as  it  blossomed 
out  in  the  French  Catholic  church ;  his  interest  in 
religion  in  general,  and  in  the  life  of  Jesus  in 
particular;  his  strong  utterances  on  the  political 
and  social  issues  of  his  day,—  aU  these  elements 
of  his  mind  made  him  an  unusually  entertaining 
talker  and  writer.  His  most  intimate  friend  in 
Paris  was  the  famous  chemist  Berthelot.  These 
two  men  so  thoroughly  agreed  and  sympathized 
that  they  readily  confided  to  each  other  their 
thoughts  on  many  of  the  great  issues  of  their  day. 
Some  of  Renan 's  best  letters  to  Berthelot  have 
been  gathered  up  and  published  in  translation 
under  the  title,  'Letters  from  the  Holy  Land' 
(Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.).  They  were  written 
from  more  than  a  score  of  places  outside  the  Holy 
Land,—  Venice,  Tripoli,  Athens,  Paris,  Alexan- 
dria, and  many  smaller  places.  The  essential 
thing,  however,  is  that  they  are  Renan 's,  and 
show  what  his  attitude  was  toward  the  national, 
religious,  and  intellectual  agitations  of  his  times, 
stretching  as  they  do  over  a  period  of  forty-five 
years,  from  1847  to  July  20,  1892,  the  last  letter 
written  by  his  own  hand.  They  breathe  the  spirit 
of  one  who  has  enlisted  in  the  cause  of  liberty  of 
thought  and  action,  with  slight  regard  for  tradi- 
tion, or  for  positions  whose  chief  defense  is  that 
they  are  hoary  with  age.  The  tenderness  of 
R'Cnan's  heart  and  the  freedom  of  his  mind  are 
two  features  that  appear  prominently  in  these 
charmingly  written  confidential  letters. 

A  convict's  Mankind   is   put   upon   sorrowful 

picture  of  inquiry  regarding  its  inhumanity 

prison  life.  by  guc^  ^  book  as  'Life  in  Sing 

Sing'  (Bobbs-Merrill  Co.),  written  by  one  who 
preserves  a  partial  anonymity  by  his  nom  de 
plume  of  'Number  1500.'  It  is  not  a  pleasant 
book,  or  is  its  manner  much  pleasanter  than  its 
matter,  since  it  makes  evident  the  fact  that  the 
criminal  of  to-day  is  rather  the  man  in  'hard 
luck'  than  one  guilty  of  any  extraordinary  moral 
turpitude  as  distinguished  from  the  hundreds 
that  go  upwhipped  of  justice.  It  sets  forth,  also, 
the  complete  uselessness  to  the  community  of  the 
lives  led  by  those  in  New  York's  most  notorious 
penitentiary,  and  the  complete  failure  there  to 
induce  the  inmates  to  effect  any  reform  in  their 
indivdual  points  of  view  that  would  lead  to  the 
betterment  of  the  race.  On  the  other  hand,  it 
points  out  the  extraordinary  value  of  the  services 
rendered  by  Mrs.  Maud  Ballington  Booth  through 
the  Volunteers'  Prisoners'  League,  which  has 
led  more  convicts  into  substantial  accord  with 
respectability  since  its  institution  in  1896  than  all 
the  i>enal  institutions  and  so-called  reformatories 
of  the  country  put  together.    It  appears  that  the 


242 


THE    DIAL. 


[April  1, 


keeper  of  the  prison  as  a  rule  is  not  the  sort  of 
person  one  Avonld  select  as  a  reforming  agent,  and 
that  little  or  nothing  is  done  inside  the  prison 
walls  that  could  have  a  deterrent  effect  upon  any 
person  fairly  embarked  on  a  criminal  career. 
There  is  no  probing  to  the  depths  to  account  for 
crime,  for  the  writer  is  evidently  a  reporter  rather 
than  a  philosopher.  The  book  contains  a  vocabu- 
lary of  prison  slang, 'thieves'  patter,'  which  has 
a  certain  value  and  interest. 


stories  of  the  Mr.  Frank  T.  Bullen  's  recent  vol- 
lives  of  some  ume,     *  Denizens     of    the    Deep, ' 

sea-creatures.  (Revell),  is  not  a  continuous 
story,  but  'a.  series  of  lives  of  some  Denizens 
of  the  Deep,  based  very  lai-gely  on  personal  ob- 
servation, buttressed  by  scientific  facts,  and 
decorated  by  imagination.'  The  author  'has 
wished  to  keep  the  work  as  unlike  an  orthodox 
natural  history  as  it  was  possible  to  make  it.'  — 
as  unlike,  that  is,  in  point  of  dulness  and  didac- 
ticism; and  he  has  succeeded.  His  vigorous  love 
of  the  sea  is  as  patent  here  as  in  his  previous 
books,  and  his  healthful  insistence  on  the  hap- 
piness of  the  sea  creatures  is  more  convincing 
than  ever.  Although  he  is  careful  to  remind  us 
that  we  know  very  little  of  the  depths  of  the 
sea,  he  often  Avrites  as  if  he  had  himself  visited 
them.  His  stories  of  the  various  species  of  whale 
are  most  ample  in  knowledge,  since  whales  are 
his  specialty;  but  in  telling  of  other  'denizens' 
also,— and  few  land-lubbers  would  guess  there 
were  as  many  as  he  describes,— his  imagination 
works  with  a  vividness  that  amounts  to  per- 
sonal identification.  For  justice,  his  chapter  on 
the  shark  is  most  noteworthy.  'The  Shark  eats 
man,'  he  says,  'not  because  he  loves  man  to  eat, 
but  because  man  when  he  falls  overboai'd  is  usu- 
ally easy  to  get.  If  the  man  be  a  good  noisy 
swimmer,  no  Shark  will  venture  near,  for  they 
are,  though  tormented  with  hunger,  a  most  nerv- 
ous and  timid  race,  and,  indeed,  always  seem  to 
me  to  lose  a  great  many  opportunities  through 
diffidence.'  For  pity,  the  chapter  on  the  seal  is 
most  memorable.  'For  my  part,  I  shall  never 
forget  Bum-Murdoch's  ci*y  of  hon-or  in  his  book, 
"Edinburgh  to  the  Antartic,"  where  he  speaks  of 
the  newly  flayed  Seal  lifting  itself  redly  to- 
Avard  heaven  in  the  glowing  sunshine,  as  if  ask- 
ing its  Maker  why  this  thing  should  be.'  For 
romance,  the  story  of  the  Stormy  Petrel  is  most 
suggestive.  The  least  satisfactory  chapter  is  that 
on  Sea-serpents ;  but  who  that  follows  truth  could 
write  satisfactorily  of  them  ? 


I^OTES. 


A  most  welcome  announcement  in  the  'English 
Men  of  Letters'  series  is  that  of  a  volume  on 
Edward  FitzGerald,  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  A.  C.  Ben- 
son. 

A  fourth  edition,  with  some  additional  matter,  of 
Mr.  George  Gary  Eggleston's  'A  Kebel's  Recollec- 
tions' is  announced  by  Messrs.  Putnam's  Sons.  This 
book,  first  published  in  1874,  has  become  some- 
thing of  a  classic  in  the  South. 


An  anthology  of  the  poetry  of  sports  and  pastimes 
has  been  made  by  Mr.  Wallace  Rice,  and  will  be 
issued  immediately  by  Messrs.  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co. 
under  the  title,  'The  Athlete's  Garland.' 

Still  another  edition  (the  fourth)  of  Miss  Kath- 
arine Hooker's  'Wayfarers  in  Italy'  makes  its 
appearance  from  the  press  of  Messrs.  Scribner's 
Sons.     The  text  and  illustrations  remain  unchanged. 

An  interesting  personal  sketch  of  Sir  Caspar  Pur- 
don  Clarke,  the  recently-appointed  director  of  the 
Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  is  contributed  by  Mr. 
John  Lane  to  the  April  issue  of  '  The  International 
Studio. ' 

'Author  and  Printer,'  a  guide  for  authors,  print- 
ers, editors,  and  proofreaders,  has  been  compiled  by 
Mr.  F.  Howard  Collins,  and  will  be  published  imme- 
diately by  Mr.  Henry  Frowde  for  the  Oxford  Uni- 
versity Press. 

'  Our  First  Century, '  by  Mr.  George  Gary  Eggleston, 
will  be  published  shortly  by  Messrs.  Barnes  &  Co. 
as  the  first  volume  in  their  'Little  History  of  Amer- 
ican Life,'  a  copiously  illustrated  record  of  man- 
ners and  customs  in  the  United  States. 

The  John  C.  Winston  Company,  of  Philadelphia, 
which  lately  took  over  the  publishing  business  of 
Messrs.  Henry  T.  Coates  &  Co.,  will  bring  out  imme- 
diately a  new  story  by  'Max  Adeler'  (Mr.  Charles 
Heber  Clark),  called  'The  Quakeress.' 

The  'Little  Giant  Question  Settler,'  published  by 
Messrs.  Laird  &  Lee,  provides  in  convenient  vest- 
pocket  form  a  surprising  amount  of  practical  and 
evidently  reliable  information  on  a  great  variety  of 
subjects.     The  arrangement  is  alphabetical. 

Mr.  John  Lane  announces  a  new  volume  from  the 
Eragny  Press,  under  the  title  'French  and  English 
Ballads.'  The  book  will  be  printed  in  red  and 
black  throughout,  with  music  type  especially  cut. 
The  editing  is  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Robert  Steele. 

The  Harpers  are  bringing  out  a  new  revised  edi- 
tion of  Mr.  Thomas  Wentworth  Higginson's  well- 
known  'History  of  the  United  States.'  Colonel 
Higginson  has  been  at  work  on  the  revision  for 
some  time,  and  has  brought  the  narrative  down  to 
the  present  year. 

'The  Bishop's  Neice, '  a  story  of  Cape  Breton  life 
by  Mr.  George  H.  Picard,  is  announced  by  Messrs. 
Herbert  B.  Turner  &  Co.  The  same  firm  have  also 
in  press  'The  Ethics  of  Imperialism,'  by  Mr.  Albert 
R.  Carman,  and  '  Science  and  a  Future  Life, '  by  Dr. 
James  H.  Hyslop. 

The  first  book  to  bear  the  imprint  of  the  new 
publishing  house  of  Messrs.  Moflfat,  Yard  &  Co.  will 
be  an  account  of  the  siege  and  capture  of  Port 
Arthur,  by  Mr.  Richard  Barry,  a  young  war  corre- 
spondent whose  recent  contributions  to  the  period- 
ica] press  have  attracted  much  interest. 

A  beautiful  photogravure  of  Whistler's  'At  the 
Piano'  forms  the  frontispiece  of  'The  Burlington 
Magazine '  for  March.  The  picture  accompanies  an 
account  of  the  recent  Whistler  memorial  exhibition, 
written  by  Mr.  Bernhard  Siekert.  An  article  on 
the  famous  Ascoli  Cope  is  contributed  to  the  same 
number  by  Miss  May  Morris,  a  daughter  of  William 
Morris. 

The  'Life,  Letters,  and  Literary  Remains'  of  the 
late  John  Henry  Shorthouse,  in  two  volumes,  is 
announced  for  spring  publication  by  the  Macmillan 
Co.  The  memoir,  written  by  Mrs.  Shorthouse,  con- 
tains much  of  the  author's  correspondence  with 
well-known  men  of  his  day.  The  second  volume 
will  include  three  short  stories  and  other  hitherto 
unpublished  writings  by  Shorthouse. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


243 


'My  Appeal  to  America,'  by  M,  Charles  Wagner, 
is  a  booklet  containing  the  French  pastor's  first 
address  given  to  an  American  audience.  It  has  an 
introduction  by  the  Eev.  Lyman  Abbott,  and  is 
published  by  Messrs.  MeClure,  Phillips  &  Co. 

A  new  and  somewhat  cheapened  edition  of  'The 
American  Revolution,'  by  Sir  George  Otto  Tre- 
velyan,  has  been  published  by  Messrs.  Longmans, 
Green,  &  Co.  The  work  is  in  three  volumes,  the 
first  of  which  has  been  considerably  re-arranged 
and  re-written. 

'The  Trial  of  Jesus,'  by  Giovanni  Bosadi,  a  work 
that  has  attracted  wide  attention  in  Italy  and  Ger- 
many, will  be  published  this  month  by  Messrs.  Dodd, 
Mead  &  Co.  in  Dr.  Emil  Beich's  English  transla- 
tion. The  author,  a  Florentine  lawyer,  condemns 
the  trial  of  Jesus  by  the  standard  of  Koman  law. 

The  editors  of  the  Cambridge  Modern  History 
now  announce  that  after  the  issue  of  Volume  XII. 
the  narrative  will  be  supplemented  by  the  publica- 
tion of  a  volume  of  maps  and  a  final  volume  con- 
taining the  genealogies  and  other  auxiliary  infor- 
mation, with  a  general  index  to  the  entire  work. 

A  timely  addition  to  the  'Old  South  Leaflets' 
series  has  just  been  made  in  the  account  of  Com- 
modore Perry's  landing  in  Japan,  reprinted  from 
the  ofiicial  report  published  by  order  of  Congress  in 
1856.  It  is  peculiarly  interesting  at  this  time  to 
read  of  this  first  stej>  in  the  opening  of  Japan  to 
general  relations  with  the  Western  world. 

The  tasteful  and  inexpensive  series  of  'Popular 
Editions  of  Recent  Fiction,'  published  by  Messrs. 
Little,  Brown  &  Co.,  is  augmented  by  four  new 
volumes,  containing  'The  Heroine  of  the  Strait' 
and  'Love  Thrives  in  War,'  by  Mrs.  Mary  Catherine 
Crowley,  'Barbara'  by  Mr.  John  H.  Whitson,  and 
'A  Girl  of  Virginia'  by  Mrs.  Lucy  M.  Thruston. 

Professor  George  H.  Palmer's  definitive  three- 
volume  edition  of  George  Herbert's  works,  an- 
nounced for  early  publication  by  Messrs.  Houghton, 
Mifflin  &  Co.,  has  been  postponed  until  next  autumn. 
The  same  publishers  also  report  that  the  one-volume 
'Cambridge'  edition  of  Byron's  works,  edited  by 
Mr.  Paul  E.  More,  will  not  be  ready  for  publication 
until  September  or  October. 

The  Oxford  Clarendon  Press  has  published  'The 
Complete  Poetical  Works  of  Shelley,'  edited  by 
Mr.  Thomas  Hutchinson.  It  is  a  volume  of  more 
than  a  thousand  pages,  with  a  portrait,  a  preface, 
many  notes,  and  all  of  the  poet's  'ascertained 
poems  and  fragments  of  verse  that  have  hitherto 
appeared  in  print.'  It  is  an  immense  satisfaction 
to  have  this  carefully-edited  text  complete  in  a 
single  volume. 

Four  new  volumes,  dealing  respectively  with 
Paola  Veronese,  Bume-Jones,  Van  Dyck,  and  Watts, 
have  recently  made  their  appearance  in  the  admira- 
ble '  Xewnes  's  Art  Library, '  published  by  Messrs, 
Warne  &  Co.  Each  volume  contains  a  brief  sketch 
of  the  artist  by  some  critic  of  authority,  a  list  of  his 
principal  works,  and  some  sixty  reproductions  in 
half-tone  of  representative  pictures,  besides  a  fron- 
tispiece in  photogravure. 

Owing  to  the  lack  of  suitable  editions,  many 
French  plays  of  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth 
centuries  are  seldom  read  in  American  schools  and 
colleges.  With  the  purpose  of  widening  the  range 
of  study  in  this  field,  Messrs.  Ginn  &  Company  are 
planning  to  issue  scholarly  editions  of  a  number  of 
the  best  plays  of  this  period.  The  first  of  these  pub- 
lications will  include  Rotrou's  'Saint  Genest'  and 
'  Venceslas. '  edited  by  Professor  T.  F.  Crane  of  Cor- 
nell Universitv, 


Topics  ix  Leadixg  Periodicals. 

April,  1905. 

Africa's  Appeal  to  Christendom.     Century. 
Alderman,  Edwin  A.     W.   P.  Trent.     Bev.  of  Reviews. 
Andersen,    Hans   Christian,    Centenary   of.      Rev.    of  Revs. 
Arctic  Seas,  Fishing  in.     J.  B.  Connolly.     Harper. 
Associated  Press,   The.      Melville  E.  Stone.     Century. 
Astor    Fortune,    The.      B.    J.    Hendrick.      McClure. 
Austria-Hungary,   Crisis  in.    M.   Baumfeld.    Rev.  of  Revs. 
Beef  Industry  and  Government  Investigation.  Bev.  of  Revs. 
Bird-Hunting   with   Camera.      H.   K.    Job.     Rev.  of  Revs. 
Boston,   Remaking  of.      Rollin   L.    Hartt.      World's    Work. 
Brook,    The.      Frank    French.      Harper. 
Canadian   Wilderness,   The.     F.  E.  Schoonover.     Scribner. 
Carnegie  Libraries,  Giving.  I.  F.  Marcosson.  World's  Work. 
Cervantes.      George    E.    Woodberry.     McClure. 
College's  Immediate  Future.     Arthur  T.  Hadley.     Century. 
District  Attorney's   Office,    In  the.     Atlantic. 
Eternal   Life,   The.      Hugo   Mflnsterberg.      AtUintic. 
Europe,    Paternalism  in.      F.   A.   Vanderlip.     Scribner. 
Florence,   Holy   Saturday    in.      Helen   Zinunern.      Century. 
Floridan    Bay-Window,    A.      Bradford    Torrey.      Atlantic. 
Germany  and  Foreign  Politics.     Arnold  White.     No.  Amer. 
Gold  Camp.  A  Western.      Phillip  V.  Mighels.     Harper. 
Herculaneum's   Gift  to  Archaeology.   C.   Waldstein.  Harper. 
Impeachment,  Law  of.     Hannis  Taylor.     No.  American. 
James,   Henry.      W.   C.   Brownell.     Atlantic. 
Kansa.s'   Battle  for   its   Oil  Interests.     Rev.  of  Revs. 
Kitchener,  Lord,   The  Call  of.     No.  American. 
Kits   and  Outfits.      Richard   Harding  Davis.     Scribner. 
Letters  of  Mark.      Thomas  W.   Higgiason.      Atlantic 
Lewis    and    Clark    Centennial    Bxi»osition.      Rev.    of   Revs. 
Library,    The   Mediaeval.      Ernest   C.   Richardson.      Harper. 
Loire,   Chateaux  of  the.     Richard   Whiteiug.      Century. 
Monroe   Doctrine^   The.      Charles  F.   Dole.      Atlantic. 
Monroe    Doctrine,    The    New.      No.   American. 
New  England  in  Autumn.      Henry  James.     No.  American, 
Sew  Jersey — a  Traitor  State.     Lincoln  Steffens.     McClure. 
N-Rays,  The.     Robert  K.   Duncan.     Harper. 
Nurses,   American,   in  Japan.     Anita   McGee.      Century. 
Orient,   War's   Disclosure  of.      I.   lyenaga.      World's   Work. 
Oyama.      Adachi   Kinnosuke.      Rev.   of  Revietcs. 
Panama  Canal  Progress.    Lindon  Bates.  Jr.    World's  irorJt. 
Philippines,    Public    School    System    in.      No.    American. 
Pilgrim,  Landing  of  a.     W.  D.  Howells.     Harper. 
Portland  Exposition,  The.     Agnes  C.  Laut.     J?ef.  of  Revs. 
Profit-Sharing.      John    Bates    Clark.      Harper. 
Railroad   Question,  The.      F.  G.   Newlands.     No.  American. 
Remarriage  after  Divorce.     Bishop  Doane.     No.  American. 
Rome  of  Today.      Mary  K.   Waddington.      Scribner. 
Russia,   Coming  Crash  in.      Karl  Blind.     No.  American. 
Russia,  The  Turmoil  in.     A.  Cahan.      World's  Work. 
Russia,   What  Ails?     Perceval  Gibbon.     McClure. 
Schiller  Centenary,  The.     W.  von  Schlerbrand.     No.  Amer. 
Science,  A  Wonder-Worker  of.     W.   S.  Harwood.     Century. 
Siberia,   My  Exile  to.      Isador  Ladoff.     Harper. 
Thomasius,    Christian.      Andrew    D.    White.      Atlantic. 
Togo  and  Xogi,  Grappling  with.     World's  Work. 
University  of  Virginia.     Charles  W.  Kent.     Rer.  of  Revs. 
University  of  Virginia.     Thomas  Nelson   Page.     Scribner. 
War,  Cost  of.     Charles  J.  Bullock.     Atlantic. 


I.IST  OF  Xeav  Books. 

[The  following  list,  containing  63  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  Thk  Dial  since  its  last  issue.^ 

BIOGRAPHY   A2fD   MEMOIRS. 

The  Life  and  Letters  of  R.  S.  Hawkeb,  Sometime  Vicar 
of  Morwenstow.  By  his  son-in-law,  C.  E.  Byles.  lUus. 
in  color,  etc.,  large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  689. 
John  Lane.      $5.   net. 

Hoxore  de  Balzac  :  His  Life  and  Writings.  By  Mary 
F.  Sandars.  Illus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  large  8vo, 
gilt  top,   imcut,   pp.   377.      Dodd,   Mead  &  Co.      $3.  net. 

A  DiAET  FEOM  Dixie.  As  written  by  Mary  Boykin 
Chesnut,  wife  of  James  Chesnut.  Jr.,  United  States 
Senator  from  South  Carolina,  1859-1861.  Eldited  by 
Isabella  D.  Martin  and  Myrta  Lockett  Avary.  Illus., 
8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  424.  D.  Appleton  ft  Co. 
$2.50  net. 


244 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


HISTORY. 

A  HiSTOEY  OF  All  Nations,  from  the  Earliest  Times : 
Being  a  Universal  Historical  Library,  by  Distinguished 
Scholars.  Edited  by  John  Henry  Wright,  LL.D.  To  be 
complete   in  24  volumes.     First  section :   Antiquity,  in 

5  vols.     Illus.    in   color,   etc.,   4to.      Philadelphia :    Lea 
Brothers  &  Co. 

The  Story  of  the  Congo  Free  State  :  Social,  Political, 
and  Economic  Aspects  of  the  Belgian  System  of  Gov- 
ernment in  Central  Africa.  By  Henry  "Wellington 
Wack,  F.R.G.S.  Illus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  large 
8vo,  gilt  top,  pp.  634.    G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    $3.50  net. 

Ireland  :  The  People's  History  of  Ireland.  By  John  F. 
Finerty.  In  2  vols.,  8vo.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $2.50 
net. 

Ireland's  Story  :  A  Short  History  of  Ireland.  By  Charles 
Johnston  and  Carita  Spencer.  Illus.,  8vo,  gilt  top, 
pp.   414.      Houghton,  Mifflin   &  Co.     $1.40   net 

Early  Dutch  and  English  Voyages  to  Spitzbebgen  in 
the  Seventeenth  Century.  Edited  by  Sir  W.  Martin 
Conway,  F.S.A.  Illus.,  large  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  191. 
London :   The  Hakluyt   Society. 

Our  Navy  and  the  Barbary  Corsairs.  By  Gardner  W. 
Allen.  Illus.,  8vo,  gilt  top,  pp.  354.  Houghton, 
Mifflin   &  Co.      $1.25. 

Indiana  :  A  Redemption  from  Slavery.  By  J.  P.  Dunn,  Jr. 
New  and  enlarged  edition ;  with  map,  16mo,  gilt  top, 
pp.  506.  "American  Commonwealths."  Houghton, 
Mifflin  &  Co.     $1.25. 

Prison  Life  of  Jefferson  Davis.  By  Bvt.  Lieut.  Col. 
John  J.  Craven,  M.D.  New  edition ;  with  portrait, 
12mo,  pp.  320.     G.  W.  Dillingham  Co.     $1.20  net. 

Early  Western  Travels,  1748-1846.  Edited  by  Reuben 
Gold  Thwaites,  LL.D.  Vol.  XIII.,  Nuttall's  Travels 
into  the  Arkansas  Territory,  1819.  Large  8vo,  gilt 
top,  uncut,  pp.  366.     Arthur  H.  Clark  Co.     $4.  net. 

GENERAL   LITERATURE. 

Literary  Portraits.  By  Charles  Whibley.  With  photo- 
gravure portrait,   8vo,   uncut,   pp.   313.     E.   P.   Dutton 

6  Co.     $2.50  net. 

Otia  :  Poems,  Essays,  and  Reviews.  By  Armine  Thomas 
Kent ;  edited  by  Harold  Hodge ;  with  memoir  by  Arthur 
A.  Bauman.  With  portraits,  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut, 
pp.  271.     John  Lane.     $1.25  net. 

De  Profundis.  By  Oscar  Wilde.  With  portrait,  12mo, 
gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  123.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Son.i. 
$1.25   net. 

The  Classics  and  Modern  Training.  By  Sidney  G. 
Ashmore,  L.H.D.  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  159. 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.     $1.25  net. 

Super  Flumina  :  Angling  Observations  of  a  Coarse  Fisher- 
man. 12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  231.  John  Lane. 
$1.25  net. 

On  Going  to  Church  :  An  Essay.  By  G.  Bernard  Shaw. 
16mo,  pp.   60.     Boston  :   John  W.  Luce  &  Co.     75  cts. 

BOOKS   OF   VERSE. 

The  Birth  of  Parsifal.  By  R.  C.  Trevelyan.     16mo,  gilt 

top,    uncut,   pp.   110.     Longmans,   Green   &   Co.     $1.20 

net. 
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top,   uncut,  pp.   95.      R.   G.   Badger.     $1.25. 
A  Pageant  of  Life.     By  Gamaliel   Bradford,   Jr.     12mo, 

gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.   77.     R.  G.  Badger.     $1.25. 
The  Harem,  and  Other  Poems.     By  Aloysius  Coll.     ]2mo, 

gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  -112.     R.  G.  Badger.     $1.50. 
Poems.     By  Egbert  Willard  Fowler.     With  portrait,  12mo, 

gilt  top,  uncut,   pp.   108.     R.  G.  Badger.      $1.50. 

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My  Lady  Clancarty  :  Being  the  True  Story  of  the  Earl 
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Langbarrov?  Hall.  By  Theodora  Wilson  Wilson.  12mo, 
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The  Golden  Hope  :  A  Story  of  the  Time  of  King  Alexan- 
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My  Poor  Relations.  By  Maarten  Maartens.  12mo,  pp. 
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The  Girl  of  La  Gloria.  By  Clara  Driscoll.  Illus.,  12mo, 
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The  Letters  of  Theodora.  By  Adelaide  L.  Rouse.  12mo, 
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The  Harvest  of  the  Sea  :  A  Tale  of  Both  Sides  of  the 
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SOCIOLOGY.  —  POLITICS.  —  ECONOMICS. 

The  Historical  Development  of  the  Poor  Law  op 
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Large  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  520.  '  Columbia  University 
Studies.'     Macmillan  Co.     Paper,  $3.  net. 

Constitutional  Law  in  the  United  States.  By  Emlin 
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Series.'     Longmans,  Green  &  Co.     $2.  net. 

The  Civil  Service  and  the  Patronage.  By  Carl  Russell 
Fish,  Ph.D.  Large  8vo,  pp.  280.  Longmans,  Green 
&  Co.     $2.  net. 

REFERENCE. 

A  Dictionary  of  American  Authors.  By  Oscar  Fay 
Adams.  Fifth  edition,  revised  and  enlarged.  8vo,  gilt 
top,  pp.  587.     Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.     $3.50. 

Classified  Catalogue  of  the  Carnegie  Library  of 
Pittsburgh.  Parts  2,  3,  and  4.  Large  8vo.  Pub- 
lished by  the  Library.     Paper. 

Little  Giant  Question  Settler.  By  Prof.  James  A. 
Beaton,  M.A.  32mo,  gilt  edges,  pp.  288.  Laird  & 
Lee.     Leather,  50  cts. 

MUSIC  AND  ART. 

A  Handbook  of  Chopin's  W^orks.  By  G.  C.  Ashton 
Jonson.  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  200.  Doubleday, 
Page  &  Co.     $1.40  net. 

Newnes'  Art  Library.  New  vols. :  G.  F.  Watts,  and 
Van  Dyck.  Each  illus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  large 
8vo.     Frederick  Warne  &  Co.     Per  vol,  $1.25. 

First  Principles  of  Pianoforte  Playing.  By  Tobias 
Matthay.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  129.  Longmans,  Green 
&  Co.      75  cts.   net. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Mechanism.      By   S.    Dunkerley,   M.Sc.     Illus.,    large   8vo, 

pp.  408.     Longmans,  Green  &  Co.     $3.  net. 
The   Dickens  Country.      By   Frederic   G.   Kitton.      Illus., 

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THE    DIAL 


[April  1,  1905. 


SECOND  EDITION 

MORAL   EDUCATION 

By  EDWARD  HOWARD  QRIQQS 

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The  latest  volume  in  the  popular  series  of  Champlin  Cyclopsedias. 

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THE  NIBELUNGENLIED 

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COXTEN'TS. 

PASS 

A  SALUTARY  MEASURE 255 

SOME      ASPERITIES     AND     AMENITIES      OF 

CRITICISM.     Percy  F.  Bickndl 257 

COMML'NICATION 260 

A  Point  in  Publishing  Ethics.    iS.  E.  Bradshaw. 

THE    REMINISCENCES    OF    A    DIPLOMATIST. 

ClaTlc  S.  Northup 260 

THE  LATEST   HISTORY  OF  AMERICA.     AHtia 

Heloise  Abel 262 

SOME    RECENT    BOOKS    IN    ECONOMICS.     H. 

Parker  Willis 264 

MEMOIRS    OF    A    TRAVELLER    AND    ORIEN- 
TALIST.    Wallace  Bice 267 

CHARITY  ADMINISTRATION  AT  HOJIE  AND 

ABROAD.     Max  West 269 

RECENT  BOOKS  ON  EDUCATION.     Henry  David- 
son Sheldon 270 

Dexter's  A  History  of  Edacation  in  the  United 
States.  —  Palmer's  The  New  York  Public  SchooL 

—  Chancellor's  Our  Schools.  —  Winch's  Notes  on 
German  Schools. — Davidson's  The  Edacation  of  the 
Wages-Earners.— Briggs 'a  Routine  and  Ideals.— Har- 
per's The  Trend  in  Higher  Education.— King's  Per- 
sonal and  Ideal  Elements  in  Education. — Hnbbell's 
Up  through  Childhood.— Miss  Tanner's  The  Child. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 272 

Mr.  Gosse's  estimate  of  Patmore.  —  An  efficient 
text  in  Psychology.  —  An  old-time  courtship.  — 
Ireland  in  the  ITth  century.  —  The  worlds  that 
people  apace. — A  prejudiced  portrait  of  the  Kaiser. 

—  Breaking  the  Western  wilderness.  —  Furniture 
of  the  ancients.  —  The  beginnings  of  expansion  by 
spoliation.  —  With  the  Japanese   at  Port  Arthur. 

—  Arbitration  and  the  Hague  Court.  —  A  minor 
episode  of  the  Revolution. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 276 

NOTES 276 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS 278 


A  SALUTARY  MEASUBE. 

The  recent  action  of  the  New  York  City 
board  of  education,  cutting  from  the  elemen- 
tary school  work  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
extraneous  matter  which  has  fastened  itself 
upon  the  system  during  recent  years,  may 
seem  somewhat  drastic,  and  possibly  may  have 
gone  too  far,  but  it  embodies  a  legitimate 
reaction  from  the  excesses  of  the  sentimental- 
ists, who,  in  their  zeal  for  what  they  are 
pleased  to  call  '  the  enrichment  of  the  curri- 
culum,' and  *  the  education  of  the  whole  child,* 
have  quite  lost  their  sense  of  educational 
perspective.     The   trouble   with   all   these   ad- 


vocates of  manual  training,  and  domestic  arts, 
and  the  various  devices  for  combining  a  vast 
deal  of  entertainment  with  a  modicum  of 
discipline  in  the  teaching  of  children,  is  that 
their  enthusiasm  gets  the  better  of  their  judg- 
ment, and  that  they  make  the  most  unwar- 
ranted demands  upon  the  limited  store  of 
time  and  money  available  for  public  school 
support  Each  of  these  fancies  or  *  fads '  —  to 
use  just  for  once  that  objectionable  word  — 
has  its  proper  claims  and  its  proper  sphere  in 
the  educational  plan,  but  its  sponsors  are 
never  willing  to  accept  what  is  fairly  admissi- 
ble in  its  behalf;  their  zeal  carries  them  be- 
yond all  bounds,  and  their  misguided  champ- 
ionship impels  them  to  efforts  which  tend  to 
impair  the  fundamental  integrity  of  essential 
education. 

We  have  no  quarrel  whatever  with  any  of 
these  matters  on  its  own  account.  All  are 
good  and  helpful  in  their  respective  ways;  all 
are  capable  of  contributing  some  useful  ele- 
ment to  the  unfolding  mind.  But  the  moment 
they  begin  to  be  treated  as  other  than  adjuncts, 
the  moment  they  attempt  to  encroach  upon 
the  area  that  belongs  to  the  essentials, 
then  the  time  comes  when  even,-  sound  edu- 
cational instinct  must  discredit  them,  when 
every  rational  educational  activity  must  be 
exerted  to  keep  them  in  their  own  place.  If 
we  can  have  all  these  pleasant  things,  or  some 
of  them,  without  giving  one  whit  less  atten- 
tion than  before  to  the  matters  that  are  really 
necessar}-,  well  and  good;  but  if  they  are  to 
be  had  only  at  the  expense  of  the  vital  ele- 
ments of  instruction,  then  the  face  of  the 
educator  cannot  be  set  too  sternly  against 
them.  It  is  very  pretty  to  talk  about  the 
development  of  the  social  consciousness,  and 
about  reproducing  in  the  individual  the  exper- 
ience of  the  race,  but  if  the  child  who  has 
been  made  the  victim  of  these  experiments 
comes  out  of  school  unable  to  write  a  credita- 
bly spelled  and  composed  letter,  unable  to  per- 
form an  arithmetical  operation  with  certainty, 
unable  to  exhibit  an  accurate  knowledge  of 
elementary  history  and  geography,  the  educa- 
tion of  that  child  has  been  a  failure,  no  mat- 
ter how  many  games  he  has  played  in  school, 
or  how  much  skill  he  has  acquired  in  clay- 
modelling  and  basket-weaving,  or  how  well  he 
can  sew  on  a  button. 

How  well  we  know  the  particular  quality 
of  scorn  with  which  this  old-fashioned  doc- 
trine is  greeted  by  the  pedagogical  senti- 
mentalist, and  with  what  superiorly  he  recites 


256 


THE    DIAL, 


[April  16, 


for  its  demolition  the  parrot-formulae  of 
his  pet  species  of  psychology.  Enveloping  the 
subject  in  a  mist  of  words,  he  so  befogs 
the  question  at  issue  that  Ms  antagonist  re- 
tires from  the  conflict  baffled  by  the  very 
intangibility  of  the  weapons  with  which  he  is 
assailed,  but  assuredly  none  the  less  certain 
of  the  solid  ground  upon  which  his  feet  are 
planted.  For  all  these  vaporings  of  the 
theorist  cannot  shake  the  conviction  of  plain 
sensible  persons  that  the  business  of  the  school 
is  teaching  and  not  amusement,  that  the 
child  who  has  the  rough  ways  smoothed  for 
him  at  every  step  is  not  the  child  who  will 
acquire  the  power  to  overcome  difficulties  by 
his  own  efforts,  that  hard  work  is  the  only 
work  worth  doing,  and  that  the  development 
of  concentrated  thought  and  strengthened  will 
is  the  final  end  toward  which  the  educational 
process  should  be  directed. 

How  well  also  we  know  the  more  definite 
arguments  adduced  in  behalf  of  that  dilution 
of  education  which  has  been  going  on  during 
the  past  generation,  and  how  meaningless  these 
arguments  become  when  closely  examined. 
With  all  the  changes  rung  upon  them  by 
pedagogical  rhetoricians,  these  pleas  for  '  the 
new  education'  are  reducible  to  the  fol- 
lowing three :  that  the  hand  should  be  trained 
to  act  no  less  than  the  head,  that  things 
should  be  studied  as  well  as  words,  and  that 
the  cultivation  of  thought  is  as  important  as 
the  cultivation  of  memory.  Admirable  pre- 
cepts all  three,  but  perverted  to  most  unworthy 
uses.  For  these  maxims,  used  as  weapons  in 
the  arsenal  of  the  half-educated  propagandist, 
are  only  too  apt  to  become  the  agencies  of  a 
reactionary  process,  speciously  labeled  reform, 
which  is  hostile  to  the  inmost  spirit  of  educa- 
tion. The  'hand  and  head'  argument  sub- 
stitutes training  in  the  practical  arts  for  the 
intellectual  discipline  of  the  school;  the 
'things  and  words'  argument  subtly  discour- 
ages the  pursuit  of  all  the  nobler  subjects  of 
study;  while  the  *  thought  and  memory'  ar- 
gument offers  a  veiled  apology  for  the  deplora- 
ble laxity  of  the  present  generation  of  young 
people,  whose  most  conspicuous  defect,  when 
the  school  turns  them  loose  upon  society,  is 
that  they  know  few  things  or  none  with  either 
exactness  or  certainty. 

If  it  is  becoming  all  the  time  more  apparent 
that  these  are  the  actual  results  of  our  over- 
weighted and  over-ornamented  school  courses, 
it  is  surely  time  to  call  a  halt,  and  endeavor 
to  get  back  to  something  like  first  principles. 
A  popular  political  maxim  assures  us  that  the 
cure  for  the  evils  of  democracy  is  more 
democracy,  and  we  shall  doubtless  be  assured 
by  the  upholders  of  the  present  educational 


anarchy  that  what  we  need  by  way  of  a  rem- 
edy for  its  unfortunate  results  is  still  more 
anarchy  —  a  still  greater  confusion  of  acci- 
dent with  essence,  a  still  further  abandonment 
of  discipline,  a  still  closer  levelling  of  educa- 
tional values,  and  a  still  wider  scope  for  the 
pedagogical  vagaries  that  are  invading  our 
schools  from  every  quarter.  This  is  a  view 
which  we  cannot  share,  and  therefore,  with- 
out knowing  at  all  closely  the  nature  of  the 
situation  in  the  New  York  schools,  we 
are  inclined  to  welcome  as  a  salutary  measure 
the  reported  recent  action  of  the  authorities. 
It  may  not  have  been  a  very  intelligent  action, 
and  its  motives  may  not  have  been  of  the 
highest,  but  it  seems  to  have  been  taken  in  the 
right  direction,  and  its  instinctive  basis  seems 
to  have  been  soimd.  In  many  important  mat- 
ters New  York,  so  long  in  the  rear,  has 
recently  been  taking  the  lead  in  educational 
affairs.  It  has  set  the  other  large  cities  of  the 
country  a  notable  example  in  the  matters  of 
school  architecture,  of  salary  and  pension 
measures  for  the  security  of  the  teaching 
profession,  of  the  extension  of  educational 
activities  beyond  the  range  of  what  is  usually 
attempted  by  public  school  systems.  Its  course 
in  the  matter  now  under  consideration  is 
likely  to  raise  a  storm  of  dissent,  but  we  are 
constrained  to  believe  that  the  outcome  will  be 
for  good. 

In  closing  this  discussion,  we  wish  to  say 
once  more  that  we  have  no  objection  to  the 
new  school  subjects  on  their  own  account.  "We 
are  opposed  to  them  only  to  the  extent  to 
which  they  encroach  upon  the  time  and  re- 
sources available  for  the  fundamentals,  only 
to  the  extent  to  which  they  serve  to  dilute  the 
strength  of  the  old-time  educational  brew. 
Kindergartens  and  schools  for  manual  training 
and  courses  in  the  domestic  arts  are  nice 
things  to  have,  but  they  must  not  be  permit- 
ted to  abridge  the  attention  given  to  the  more 
serious  work  of  education,  or  to  impair  the 
energies  devoted  to  its  service.  As  long  as 
their  secondary  importance  is  freely  admitted, 
as  long  as  they  are  treated  as  adjuncts  to  the 
system,  to  be  employed  when  the  means  are 
available,  and  to  be  dropped  when  they  are 
not,  we  give  them  cordial  approval.  But 
when  they  become  parasitic  upon  the  system, 
when  instead  of  drawing  from  their  own 
sources  of  energy,  they  tend  to  absorb  the 
energies  that  should  be  apolied  to  more  vital 
needs,  then  they  become  a  danger  of  the  most 
insidious  sort. 

That  this  danger  is  a  real  one  must  be 
apparent  to  every  close  observer  of  our  public 
schools.  In  most  communities,  the  problem  of 
ways  and  means,  even  for  essential  matters,  is 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL. 


85T 


a  difficult  one  at  best,  and  most  of  our  systems 
are  subject  to  periodical  shrinkages.  When 
such  a  shrinkage  occurs,  the  obviously  rational 
policy  is  to  provide  for  it  at  the  expense  of  the 
subjects  and  activities  of  secondary  import- 
ance, leaving  the  essentials  untouched;  but  it 
is  only  too  often  the  case  in  such  an  emer- 
gency that  the  pruning-knife  is  applied  to  all 
parts  of  the  system  alike,  vital  as  well  as' 
accessory.  The  question  is  made  one  of  '  jobs ' 
instead  of  being  kept  one  of  educational  inter- 
ests. All  the  subjects  once  intrenched  within 
a  school  system  claim  equal  consideration  with 
all  the  others,  and  so  great  is  the  present  con- 
fusion of  the  public  mind  concerning  the 
whole  question  of  relative  educational  values 
that  the  impudent  claim  of  cooking  to  be  as 
important  as  arithmetic,  of  the  kindergarten 
to  be  as  important  as  the  high  school,  is  as 
likely  as  not  to  be  allowed  by  those  in  author- 
ity. This  is  the  danger  which  should  enjoin 
a  cautious  conservatism  upon  all  school  boards 
and  superintendents  when  the  question  arises 
of  some  new  extension  of  their  activity;  this 
it  is  which  should  make  for  them  the  motto 
festina  lente  the  capstone  of  the  arch  of 
educational    wisdom. 


SOMi:  ASPERITIES  AND  AMENITIES 
OF  CRITICISM. 

A  hypercritical  censor  of  art,  so  the  story 
goes,  one  day  approached  a  certain  picture,  de- 
termined to  find  no  good  thing  in  it,  and  at 
once  exclaimed  against  the  coloring,  the  draw- 
ing, the  light  and  shade,  the  perspective,  the 
grouping,  in  fact  against  every  detail  both  of 
conception  and  of  execution.  'And  that  fly, 
too  ! '  was  the  final  querulous  criticism  ;  *  no 
more  like  a  real  fly  than  I  am ! '  whereupon  the 
preposterous  insect,  in  superb  disregard  of  all 
the  canons  of  art,  took  wing  and  flew  away. 

The  fable  illustrates  the  futility  of  much 
that  passes  under  the  name  of  criticism.  But 
the  critic's  (the  literary  critic's)  failing  is  now 
alleged  to  be  not  undue  severity,  but  too  facile 
praise.  Complaisance,  however,  is  no  new  dis- 
ease of  criticism.  It  is  curious  to  note  that 
seventy-five  years  ago,  in  the  palmy  days  of 
Jeffrey,  Brougham,  Lockhart,  and  Macaulay, 
in  the  vigorous  early  prime  of  the  *  Edinburgh,' 
the  '  Quarterly,'  and  '  Blackwood's,'  the  same 
complaint  of  indiscriminate  eulogy  was  made 
against  critics  of  English  literature.  'At  pres- 
ent,' writes  Macaulay  in  1830,  'however  con- 
temptible a  poem  or  a  novel  may  be,  there  is 
not  the  least  difficulty  in  procuring  favorable 
notices  of  it  from  all  sorts  of  publications, 
daily,  weekly,  and  monthly.    In  the  meantime. 


little  or  nothing  is  said  on  the  other  side.  The 
author  and  the  publisher  are  interested  in  cry- 
ing up  the  book.  Nobody  has  any  strong  inter- 
est in  crying  it  down.  Those  who  are  best 
fitted  to  guide  the  public  opinion,  think  it  be- 
neath them  to  expose  mere  nonsense,  and  com- 
fort themselves  by  reflecting  that  such  popu- 
larity cannot  last.  This  contemptuous  lenity 
has  been  carried  too  far.'  Nevertheless,  it  i» 
not  '  contemptuous  lenity '  but  contemptuous^ 
severity  that  most  impresses  the  student  ot 
early  nineteenth-century  literary  criticism  in. 
England.  Eeviewers  of  the  laxly  lenient  type 
there  doubtless  were,  but  their  works  have 
either  perished  with  them  or  are  at  present  not- 
readily  accessible.  A  full  century  having  now. 
passed  since  the  rise  of  English  literary  criti- 
cism (in  periodical  form)  of  a  serious  andr 
worthy  sort,  it  may  not  be  uninteresting  to- 
glance  back  and  scan  some  of  its  more  signifi- 
cant or  more  amusing  features.  Possibly,  too^ 
a  moral  or  a  lesson  may  deduce  itself  from 
such  incidents  and  anecdotes  as  can  find  place 
in  so  brief  a  retrospect. 

All  criticism  must  necessarily  lag  behind 
creation,  and  the  closer  it  presses  on  the  lat- 
ter's  heels,  the  more  liable  it  is  to  ill-considered 
judgment  and  glaring  error.  Hence  when  & 
century  ago,  with  the  opening  of  a  new  era  id 
English  poetry,  the  critics  attempted  to  pass 
judgment  on  tiie  new  school  of  poets  as  fast  a& 
their  works  issued  from  the  press  —  works  so 
startlingly  revolutionary  as  judged  by  previous 
canons  of  poetic  criticism  —  there  could  not' 
but  be,  as  viewed  by  a  later  age,  many  wild 
utterances,  many  absurdly  unjust  apportion- 
ments of  praise  and  blame,  many  amazingly 
false  predictions  as  to  the  young  singers'  final 
fate,  whether  of  oblivion  or  of  immortalityi. 
'  This  will  never  do ! '  cries  the  bewildered  and 
dismayed  Jeffrey  in  reviewing  '  The  Excur- 
sion ' ;  and  the  flayers  of  Keats  and  Shelley  and 
Coleridge  and  Byron  take  up  the  refrain,  with- 
only  here  and  there  a  discerning  and  courage-^ 
ous  critic  to  put  in  a  word  of  commendation^ 
The  sentence  from  Publius  Syrus,  Judex  dam-- 
natur  cum  nocens  absolvitur,  which  the  '  Edin- 
burgh Eeview'  adopted  as  its  motto,  received- 
an  altogether  new  and  unwarranted  interpreta- 
tion; for  now  not  the  innocence  but  the  guilt 
of  the  hapless  wight  at  the  bar  was  assumed  in. 
advance  of  proof.  Not  to  point  out  excellences^ 
but  to  detect  and  ridicule  faults  was  the  critic's 
proper  function.  Truly  it  was  no  primrose- 
path  of  pleasantness  that  the  poet  sauntared 
down,  no  balmy  atmosphere  of  unmixed  adula- 
tion that  he  breathed,  in  those  days  of  slashing 
reviews  and  cut-throat  criticisms.  The  Quar- 
terly and  Blackwood  reviews  of  Keats's  'En— 
dymion '  are  perhaps  too  well  known  to  call  for^ 


258 


THE    DIAI. 


[April  16» 


any  extracts  from  their  scurrilities.  But  not  so 
well  known  is  Gifford's  cynical  retort  upon  being 
■expostulated  with  for  his  severity,  a  severity 
that  had  moved  some  nameless  sympathizer 
with  its  victim  to  send  him  a  handsome  testi- 
monial in  the  form  of  a  banknote.  '  How  can 
you,  Gifford,'  pleaded  the  remonstrant,  'dish 
up  in  this  dreadful  manner  a  youth  who  has 
never  offended  you  ?  '  *  It  has.  done  him  good,' 
replied  the  editor  of  the  '  Quarterly,'  continu- 
ing his  writing,  with  his  green  shade  before  his 
■eyes,  totally  insensible  to  all  reproach  or 
•entreaty ;  '  he  has  had  twenty-five  pounds  from 
Devonshire.'  Still  more  relentlessly  cruel  was 
•the  treatment  Keats  received  from  the  Black- 
wood reviewer,  the  abominable  '  Z  ' ;  for,  not 
content  with  flaying  him  alive  and  spraying 
him  with  vitriol,  the  heartless  wretch,  three 
years  after  the  poet's  death,  executed  a  war- 
dance  of  triumph  on  his  grave,  exemplifying 
anew  a  too  common  propensity  to  add  insult  to 
injury.  Here  is  a  sample  of  the  writer's  pleas- 
antry: 

^Mr.  Shelley,  it  seems,  died  with  a  volume  of  Mr. 
Keats 's  poetry  "grasped  with  one  hand  in  his 
bosom" — rather  an  awkward  posture,  as  you  will 
be  convinced  if  you  try  it.  But  what  a  rash  man 
Shelley  was,  to  put  to  sea  in  a  frail  boat  with  Jack 's 
poetry  on  board!  Why,  man,  it  would  sink  a  trireme. 
In  the  preface  to  Mr.  Shelley's  poems,  we  are  told 
that  "his  vessel  bore  out  of  sight  with  a  favorable 
wind";  but  what  is  that  to  the  purpose?  It 
had  "Endymion"  on  board,  and  there  was  an  end. 
Seventeen  ton  of  pig-iron  would  not  be  more  fatal 
ballast.  Down  went  the  boat  with  a  "swirl"!  I 
lay  a  wager  that  it  righted  soon  after  ejecting  Jack. ' 

Not  satisfied  with  this,  the  editors  of  the  maga- 
zine preface  their  volume  for  1826  with  still 
further  abuse.  'Keats  was  a  Cockney,'  they 
declare,  'and  Cockneys  claimed  him  for  their 
own.  Never  was  there  a  young  man  so  encrusted 
with  conceit.'  And  more  of  like  sort.  Even 
twenty  years  after  Keats's  death  we  find  his 
-calumniators  vainly  striving  to  lay  his  ghost. 
•'A  good  deal  of  Waddle,'  they  write,  'was 
levelled  against  the  conductors  of  this  review 
when  they  had  the  misfortune  to  criticize  a 
«ickly  poet,  who  died  soon  afterwards,  appar- 
■ently  for  the  express  purpose  of  dishonouring 
.     .     The  article  was  not  written  with 


us 


«,ny  intention  of  damaging  Mr.  John  Keats's 
lungs  or  stomach.  .  .  .  But  how  are  we  to 
anticipate  such  contingencies?  Must  we,  then, 
adopt  the  wise  precautions  of  our  ancestors  in 
•cases  of  physical  torture,  and  send  the  proofs 
to  be  read  over  in  the  presence  of  a  physician 
who,  thumb  on  pulse,  might  indicate  the  pas- 
sages which  are  too  much  for  human  nature  to 
endure  ?' 

The  slashing  style  of  criticism  will  enjoy  a 
•certain  popularity  as  long  as  hiunan  nature  is 
not  angelic  nature.    The  primitive  instinct  that 


takes  delight  in  bull-baiting  and  cock-fighting, 
finds  pleasure  of  the  same  sort,  but  more 
refined,  more  intellectual,  in  a  skilfully  waged 
war  of  words,  if  only  the  battle  be  fought  with- 
out too  repellent  barbarity,  too  manifest  disre- 
gard of  accepted  rules,  on  either  side.  And 
even  where  the  contest  is  wholly  one-sided  and 
the  defendant  has  no  chance  to  be  heard,  the 
disinterested  onlooker  is  none  the  less  enter- 
tained if  only  the  blows  appear  to  be  aimed 
all  above  the  belt.  But  occasionally  the  victim 
of  these  assaults  refuses  to  take  his  castigation 
in  silence.  An  historic  instance  is  Tennyson's 
neat  retort  upon  Christopher  North,  who  had 
reviewed  in  '  Blackwood's  Magazine,'  in  a 
fashion  not  to  the  poet's  liking,  his  first  volume 
of  verse.  Familiar  though  the  lines  must  be 
to  many,  they  will  bear  repetition  here. 

'  You  did  late  review  my  lays. 

Crusty  Christopher; 
You  did  mingle  blame  and  praise, 

Rusty  Christopher. 
When  I  learnt  from  whom  It  came, 

I  forgave  you  all  the  blame, 

Musty  Christopher ; 
I  could  not  forgive  the  praise, 

Fusty  Christopher.' 

This  must  have  been  dictated  by  somewhat  the 
same  feeling  that  led  the  Greek  orator,  on  hear- 
ing himself  applauded  by  the  rabble,  to  turn  to 
a  candid  friend  and  ask  whether  he  had  said 
anything  foolish.  Thackeray,  too,  in  one  mem- 
orable instance,  made  a  very  fitting  and  amus- 
ing retort  upon  his  critic.  The  '  Times '  had 
reviewed  in  highly  offensive  language  his 
Christmas  story,  '  The  Kickleburys  on  the 
Rhine,'  stigmatizing  it  as  a  pot-boiler  of  the 
meanest  order;  and  the  critic  had  thus  charac- 
terized the  class  of  work  to  which  it  was 
assigned,  — '  For  the  most  part  bearing  the 
stamp  of  their  origin  in  the  vacuity  of  the 
writer's  exchequer  rather  than  in  the  fulness 
of  his  genius,  they  suggest  by  their  feeble 
flavour  the  rinsings  of  a  void  brain  after  the 
more  important  concoctions  of  the  expired 
year.'  In  reply  to  this  '  hurticle,'  as  Thackeray 
might  well  have  called  it,  he  prefixed  to  the 
second  edition  of  his  tale  '  An  Essay  on  Thun- 
der and  Small  Beer,'  in  which  he  bantered 
'  Jupiter  Jeames '  on  his  style,  his  '  hoighth  of 
foine  language  entoirely,'  his  pompous  Latin- 
ity,  and  so  on,  until  poor  '  Jupiter  Jeames ' 
must  have  felt  like  hiding  his  diminished  head 
—  except  that  it  was  already  snugly  hidden 
under  the  safe  cloak  of  anonymity. 

But  the  aggrieved  author  is  not  always  so 
happy  in  his  method  of  rejoinder.  Less  in  con- 
sonance with  the  original  offense  is  the  resort 
to  fire-arms,  rather  than  to  ink,  as  a  mode  of 
retaliation.  Jeffrey's  scathing  and,  in  truth, 
offensively  personal  review  of  Moore's  'Epis- 
tles, Odes,  and  other  Poems '  elicited  a  chal- 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL. 


26» 


lenge  from  the  irascible  little  Irishman.  Jeff- 
rey, who  chanced  then  to  be  in  London, 
accepted  it,  and  the  combatants  met  at  Chalk 
Farm  in  the  early  morning  of  August  12,  1806. 
The  issue  of  the  affair  furnished  the  town  with 
food  for  merriment  for  weeks  to  come.  '  What 
a  beautiful  morning  it  is !  'remarked  the  Scotch- 
man to  the  Irishman.  '  Yes,*  was  the  reply,  '  a 
morning  made  for  better  purposes';  to  which 
the  other  breathed  a  sigh  of  assent.  After  fur- 
ther pleasant  chat  during  the  loading  of  the 
pistols,  the  duellists  took  their  places  and  were 
about  to  fire,  when  the  watchful  providence 
that  has  been  known  to  intervene  on  other  sim- 
ilar occasions  stayed  the  hands  uplifted  for 
mutual  bloodshed.  Policemen  from  Bow  Street 
burst  through  the  hedge  and  took  the  com- 
batants into  custody.  This  well-timed  inter- 
ruption, together  with  the  finding  of  Jeffrey's 
pistol  to  be  bulletless — an  item  that  soon  trans- 
formed and  amplified  itself  into  the  report 
that  neither  pistol  was  loaded  —  afterward 
prompted  Byron's  sarcastic  allusion,  in  his 
*  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Eeviewers,'  to  '  Lit- 
tle's leadless  pistol.'  This  in  turn  nearly  caused 
a  duel  between  Moore  and  Byron,  but  led  in  the 
end  to  their  acquaintance  and  friendship. 
Meanwhile  Jeffrey  and  Moore  had  met  at  a 
friend's  house,  the  Scotchman  had  pacified  the 
Irishman  by  graciously  admitting  the  excep- 
tionable nature  of  parts  of  the  offending  review, 
and  the  upshot  of  it  all  was  a  firm  and  fast 
friendship  between  the  two  from  that  day  for- 
ward. All's  well  that  ends  well.  Similarly, 
the  merciless  judgment  passed  by  Jeffrey  on 
Byron's  '  Juvenile  Poems '  opened  the  way  ulti- 
mately to  a  noble  friendship  between  poet  and 
critic.  It  is  conjectured,  and  not  without 
plausibility,  that  had  it  not  been  for  the  dis- 
sipated young  lord's  early  flagellation  at  Jeff- 
rey's hands  he  might  never  have  aroused  him- 
self to  such  worthy  exertion  as  gave  to  the  world 
his  subsequent  better  poems.  We  certainly 
should  never  have  seen  the  '  English  Bards ' 
had  it  not  been  for  the  Scotch  reviewer.  Pleas- 
ing to  note  is  the  latter's  handsome  tribute  to 
the  merits  of  Byron's  greater  works  —  so  strik- 
ingly in  contrast  with  the  persistent  persecution 
of  Keats  by  the  Blackwood  critic.  '  None  but  a 
great  soul  dared  hazard  it,'  declared  Byron  in 
generous  admiration;  'a  little  scribbler  would 
have  gone  on  cavilling  to  the  end  of  the  chap- 
ter.' 

These 'and  similar  instances  of  retort,  espe- 
cially where  the  disputants  remember  that  they 
are  gentlemen  before  they  are  writers,  diversify 
and  enliven  the  pages  of  literary  history.  But 
most  often  the  critic  has  the  first,  last,  and  only 
word  in  the  matter,  however  much  one  might 
like  to  hear  the  other    side.      Macaulay,    for 


example,  cuts  to  pieces  poor  Robert  Montgom- 
ery until  the  reader  of  his  critique  is  fairly 
driven  to  side  with  the  luckless  poet.  '  We  have 
no  enmity  to  Mr.  Robert  Montgomery,'  declares 
the  critic,  and  the  reader  at  once  knows  this  to- 
be  the  prelude  to  a  merciless  onslaught  on  Mr. 
Robert.  Finding  here  and  there  in  his  poems 
reminders  of  earlier  poets,  Macaulay  accuses 
him  unsparingly  of  plagiarism.  The  whole 
arraignment  serves,  and  was  perhaps  (though 
half-unconsciously)  meant  to  serve,  as  an 
opportunity  to  display  the  critic's  remarkable 
powers  of  memory  and  his  breadth,  of  reading. 
The  accusation  of  plagiarism,  of  *very  coolly 
appropriating'  this  and  that  and  the  other,  is 
hardly  made  good.  The  reviewer's  parting  stab 
is  intended  to  give  Mr.  Montgomery  his  quietus. 
After  noticing  in  no  admiring  terms  the  poem 
entitled  '  Satan,'  Macaulay  offers  this  bit  of 
counsel, — '  We  would  seriously  advise  Mr. 
Montgomery  to  omit,  or  alter,  about  a  hundred 
lines  in  different  parts  of  this  large  volume, 
and  to  republish  it  under  the  name  of 
"  Gabriel." '  And  at  the  very  end  he  says,  '  If 
our  remarks  give  pain  to  Mr.  Robert  Mont- 
gomery, we  are  sorry  for  it,'  with  a  few  more 
equally  comforting  words.  Montgomery's  poem* 
cannot  now  be  said  to  be  in  everybody's  mouthy 
but  it  would  be  rash  to  attribute  their  obscurity 
to  Macaulay's  wild  and  wanton  rhetoric  in  the 
*  Edinburgh  Review.' 

After  a  dose  of  early  nineteenth-century 
book-reviews,  one  may  well  feel  inclined  to  say 
with  the  elder  Disraeli,  '  That  undue  severity 
of  criticism  which  diminishes  the  number  of 
good  authors  is  a  greater  calamity  than  even 
that  mawkish  panegyric  which  may  invite  indif- 
ferent ones.'  A  worthless  book  soon  dies,  but 
any  unjust  censure  that  checks  the  production 
of  good  ones  is  regrettable.  Jeffrey  himself  in 
later  life  admitted  that  he  had  erred  on  the  side 
of  severity.  'A  certain  tone  of  exaggeration,*^ 
he  says  in  retracting  some  of  his  strictures  on 
Burns,  *  is  incident,  we  fear,  to  the  sort  of  writ- 
ing in  which  we  are  engaged.  Reckoning  a  lit- 
tle too  much  on  the  dulness  of  our  readers,  we 
are  often  unconsciously  led  to  overstate  our  sen- 
timents in  order  to  make  them  understood ;  and; 
when  a  little  controversial  warmth  is  added  to 
a  little  love  of  effect,  an  excess  of  colouring  is 
apt  to  steal  over  the  canvas,  which  ultimately 
offends  no  eye  so  much  as  our  own.'  In  the  pre- 
face to  his  collected  essays  Jeffrey  further 
acknowledges  that  he  has  said  *  petulant  and' 
provoking  things '  of  Southey,  and  that  he  has- 
of  ten  spoken  *  rather  too  bitterly  and  confi- 
dently of  the  faults'  of  Wordsworth.  StiU  he 
adheres  substantially  to  his  early  opinions,  and 
claims  credit  for  making  prominent  in  all  his 
discussions  the  moral  worth  or  worthlessness  of 


860 


THE    DIAL 


[April  16, 


the  book  reviewed.     Good  morals    and    good 
literature,  he  holds,  go  together. 

Turning  from  these  now  half-forgotten  crit- 
ical writings  of  a  century  ago,  the  curious 
reader  of  them  cannot  but  retain  a  sense  of  the 
earnestness  and  zeal  animating  their  better 
pages,  and  of  the  more  than  respectable  learn- 
ing and  ability  they  often  display.  Something 
of  this  seriousness  of  purpose  might  profitably 
be  cultivated  by  present-day  critics.  A  review 
that  rivals  or  perhaps  eclipses  in  interest  and 
learning  the  work  reviewed,  or  at  least  that  sup- 
plements it  with  matter  of  real  worth,  is  always 
a  pleasant  thing  to  read,  but  how  rarely  met 
with  in  the  hasty  book-notices  of  today!  One 
fault  of  the  early  reviewers  will  of  course  be 
committed  by  their  successors  as  long  as  these 
successors  are  fallible, —  the  fault  of  uninten- 
tionally slighting  genius  and  exalting  its  oppo- 
site. But  that  these  past  appraisers  of  litera- 
ture furnish,  by  their  errors  both  of  omission 
and  of  commission,  no  less  than  by  their  excel- 
lences, some  measure  of  instruction  for  present 
guidance,  and  for  present  caution,  is  not  to  be 

disputed.  pj,goY  F.  BiCKNELL. 


■COMMUNICA  TION. 


A  POINT  IN  PUBLISHING  ETHICS. 
(To  the  Editor  of  The  Dial.) 
The  great  magazines  of  the  country  appeal  to 
a  wide  circle  of  readers,  many  of  them  being  reg- 
ular subscribers  and  many  being  regular  buyers 
from  the  news-stands.  These  make  up  the  clien- 
tele of  the  magazines  and  determine  their  suc- 
cess. Is  it  just,  then,  to  this  large  body  of  regular 
readers  for  the  publishers  to  issue  in  bookform  an 
important  serial  before  the  last  two  or  three  in- 
stalments appear  in  the  magazine?  The  reason 
for  the  early  publication  is  obvious:  it  means 
money  in  the  pocket  of  the  publishing  company, 
and  that  is  perhaps  the  main  object  the  company 
has  in  view.  But,  again,  is  it  just  to  the  maga- 
zine's regular  supporters?  Doubtless  there  are 
those  who  become  so  absorbed  in  a  story  that 
they  are  willing  to  purchase  it  in  bookform  to 
get  the  final  chapters  a  little  earlier,  yet  they  are 
probably  only  a  small  proportion  of  the  whole 
number  of  readers.  Most  of  those  who  buy  the 
book,  it  is  safe  to  say,  have  not  read  the  monthly 
instalments.  Is  it  just  to  cater  in  so  marked  a 
degree  to  this  class  while  the  regular  subscribers 
are  asked  to  wait?  Would  there  not  be  quite  as 
many  buyers  of  the  book,  if  it  were  published 
after  its  completion  in  the  magazine  ?  In  this  age 
of  commercialism,  it  is  perhaps  too  much  to  ex- 
pect that  the  publishing  companies  will  worry 
thenaselves  over  such  questions  of  ethics.  And 
yet  it  is  an  injustice  to  their  great  body  of  sup- 
porters that  they  could  and  should  avoid. 

S.  E.  Bradshaw. 
Greenville,  8.  C,  April  5,  1905. 


t  itcfo  lo0hs. 


The  Reminiscences  of  a  Dipl-omatist.* 


The  life  of  Mr.  Andrew  D.  White  has  been 
remarkably  full  of  incident  and  rich  in  oppor- 
tunity. As  professor  in  the  University  of 
Michigan,  president  of  Cornell  University,  min- 
ister plenipotentiary  to  Russia,  minister  and 
ambassador  to  Germany,  and  president  of  the 
American  delegation  at  the  Peace  Conference 
of  The  Hague,  he  has  rendered  distinguished 
services  to  his  country  for  which  he  will  be  held 
in  grateful  remembrance.  For  more  than  fifty 
years  he  has  enjoyed  the  acquaintance  and  the 
friendship  of  many  of  the  most  prominent 
scholars  and  statesmen  of  the  time.  Not  the 
least,  therefore,  of  the  services  for  which  we  are 
indebted  to  him  is  the  record  that  he  has  now 
given  us  of  the  observations  and  experiences  of 
half  a  century.  Much  of  this  matter  has 
appeared,  in  an  abridged  form,  in  '  The  Century 
Magazine'  in  the  last  two  years;  but  a  great 
deal  has  never  before  seen  the  light. 

Mr.  White  divides  his  work  under  the  follow- 
ing convenient  heads :  Environment  and  Edu- 
cation; Political  life;  As  University  Pro- 
fessor; As  University  President;  In  the  Diplo- 
matic Service;  Sundry  Journeys  and  Expe- 
riences; Miscellaneous  Recollections;  Religious 
Development.  Some  slight  overlapping  was  of 
course  inevitable ;  yet  it  is  far  better  so,  for  each 
group  of  experiences  and  reflections  thus  stands 
out  by  itself,  a  distinct  unit,  yet  linked  by  means 
of  imobtrusive  cross-references  to  other  related 
groups.  In  arrangement  the  work  is  a  model. 
By  his  skill  in  the  selection  of  material,  and 
by  his  admirably  lucid  and  even  style,  the  author 
has  made  every  page  intensely  interesting. 

Bom  in  a  prosperous  little  village  of  Central 
New  York  in  1832,  Mr.  White  enjoyed  the  ad- 
vantages of  a  happy,  wholesome  life  to  which 
both  poverty  and  riches  were  alike  strangers. 
The  glimpses  he  gives  us  of  the  futile  educa- 
tional methods  of  those  days  remind  us  of  the 
vast  changes  that  have  taken  place  in  half  a 
century.  '  Gerund-grinding '  —  against  which 
he  is  very  bitter  —  has  not,  it  is  too  true, 
entirely  disappeared;  but  the  lecture  system 
has  been  introduced  (largely  through  Mr. 
White's  example),  and  the  study  of  the  modem 
languages  and  literatures  and  of  pure  science 
is  now  generally  on  an  equal  footing  with  that 
of  the  Greek  and  Roman  classics.  Going  abroad 
in  the  summer  of  1853,  Mr.  White  lived  first  in 
Paris,  hearing  lectures  at  the  Sorbonne  and  the 
College  de  France;  later,  as  attache  of  the 
American  legation,  in  St.  Petersburg ;  and  lastly 

•  AUTOBIOGHAPHY   OF   AUDREW    DiCKSON    WHITE.      In    tWO 

volumes.    V^Ith  portraits.    New  York :  The  Century  Co. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


261 


in  Berlin,  where  he  heard  Lepsius,  the  S^yptol- 
ogist,  Boeckh  on  Grecian  history,  Karl  Eitter 
on  physical  geography,  von  Eaumer  on  Italian 
history,  and  Hirsch  on  modem  history.  Ranke 
he  pictures  as  having 

*A  habit  of  becoming  so  absorbed  in  his  subject, 
aa  to  slide  down  in  his  chair,  hold  his  finger  up 
toward  the  ceiling,  and  then,  with  his  eye  fastened 
on  the  tip  of  it,  to  go  mumbling  through  a  kind  of 
rhapsody,  which  most  of  my  German  fellow-students 
confessed  they  could  not  understand.  It  was  a 
comical  sight:  half  a  dozen  students  crowding 
around  his  desk,  listening  as  priests  might  listen 
to  the  sibyl  on  her  tripod,  the  other  students  being 
scattered  through  the  room  in  various  stages  of 
discouragement. ' 

Similar  forgetfulness  of  the  needs  of  one's 
auditors,  though  perhaps  not  in  so  extreme  a 
form,  is  not  unknown  in  some  of  our  universi- 
ties even  to-day. 

In  politics  Mr.  White  began  life  —  in  1840, 
of  course  —  as  a  Whig.  Most  entertaining  are 
his  recollections  of  the  building  of  log  cabins 
with  the  latch-string  hanging  out,  the  barrels 
of  hard  cider,  the  raccoon  skins,  the  balls  kept 
'  a-rolling  on,'  the  screaming  eagles  and  crowing 
cocks  of  a  campaign  fitly  characterized  as  *an 
apotheosis  of  tom-foolery.'  With  the  campaign 
of  1844  the  slavery  question  loomed  up  in  poli- 
tics. Concerning  Henry  Clay  and  the  slave 
problem,  Mr.  White  says: 

'How  blind  we  all  were!  Henry  Clay,  a  Ken- 
tucky slave-holder,  would  have  saved  us.  Infinitely 
better  than  the  violent  solutions  proposed  to  us  was 
his  large  statesmanlike  plan  of  purchasing  the  slave 
children  as  they  were  born  and  setting  them  free. 
Without  bloodshed,  and  at  cost  of  the  merest 
nothing  as  compared  to  the  cost  of  the  Civil  War, 
he  would  thus  have  solved  the  problem;  but  it  was 
not  so  to  be.  The  guilt  of  the  nation  was  not  to 
be  so  cheaply  atoned  for.' 

The  defeat  of  Fremont  in  1856,  Mr.  White 
thinks,  was  providential.  Had  the  great  strug- 
gle been  precipitated  then,  the  outcome  might 
have  been  far  different.  Moreover,  Mr.  White 
fully  believes  in  the  sincerity  of  President  Bu- 
chanan and  his  associates,  who  'honestly  and 
patriotically  shrank '  from  the  horrible  prospect 
of  civil  war  and  disunion. 

The  importance  of  the  work  done  before  and 
during  the  Civil  War  by  Mr.  White  and  other 
teachers  and  public  speakers  is  too  often  over- 
looked and  too  easily  underestimated.  He 
sought  ever  to  spread  intelligence  of  the 
demoralizing  effects  of  slavery;  to  aid  in  train- 
ing up  'a  new  race  of  young  men  who  should 
understand  our  own  time  and  its  problems  in 
the  light  of  history.'  His  main  work  was  done 
in  his  well-filled  lecture  room  at  Ann  Arbor, 
where  his  discussions  of  the  growth  and  decay 
of  feudalism  and  of  the  serf  system  could  not 
fail  to  throw  much  light  on  the  tendencies  of 
slavery.    In  a  visit  to  Europe  in  the  fall  of  1863, 


he  helped  in  the  work,  which  had  then  become 
extremely  important,  of  increasing  the  numbers 
of  those  friendly  to  the  Union  cause  and  opposed 
to  European  intervention,  and  of  procuring 
takers  for  the  new  national  bonds. 

In  commenting  upon  the  more  recent  events 
of  our  political  life,  Mr.  White  more  than  once 
speaks  of  what  is,  in  his  opinion,  *  the  worst  evil 
in  American  public  life,  —  that  facility  for  un- 
limited slander,  of  which  the  first  result  is  to 
degrade  our  public  men,  and  the  second  result 
is  to  rob  the  press  of  that  confidence  among 
thinking  people,  and  that  power  for  good  and 
against  evil  which  it  really  ought  to  exercise.* 
An  interesting  illustration  of  this  is  the  popular 
fiction,  long  held,  that  the  first  battle  of  Bull 
Eun  was  lost  because  General  McDowell  was 
drunk.  At  a  banquet  in  1883,  Mr.  White 
learned  from  General  McDowell  himself  that  he 
had  been,  throughout  his  military  career,  a  total 
abstainer ! 

Another  valuable  criticism  concerns  our  polit- 
ical conventions,  in  which  the  principal  part 
is  now  at  times  played  by  spectators,  and  which 
in  consequence  is  subject,  at  such  times,  to  mob 
rule.     It  is  indeed  'a  monstrous  abuse.' 

Twenty  years  of  Mr.  White's  life,  from  1865 
to  1885,  were  given  to  the  work  of  helping  to 
found,  and  of  administering,  Cornell  University. 
No  chapter  in  the  history  of  American  educa- 
tion is  more  interesting,  and  perhaps  none  is 
more  important,  than  this ;  not  so  much  because 
of  the  wonderful  growth  of  Cornell  as  because 
of  the  instructive  lessons  to  be  learned  by  edu- 
cators and  philanthropists  from  its  early  history. 
The  difficulties  with  which  Mr.  Cornell  and  Mr. 
White  had  to  contend  were  enormous:  lack  of 
available  means,  more  students  than  could  be 
handled,  some  of  whom  were  grieved  because 
they  could  not  earn  their  own  living  in  the  uni- 
versity, above  all,  the  most  violent  and  persistent 
opposition  from  sectarian  institutions  and 
presses.  So  wisely,  however,  did  they  lay  the 
foundations  of  the  university,  that  no  important 
deviation  from  their  policy  has  ever  been  made. 
The  career  of  usefulness  that  the  university  has 
already  had  is  the  best  answer  to  the  critics  — 
and  the  slanderers  —  of  its  early  days. 

About  half  of  the  book  is  devoted  to  the 
author's  diplomatic  experiences  and  to  the 
observations  and  reflections  incident  to  his  diplo- 
matic life.  The  public  has  already  been  able 
to  form  some  idea  of  the  immense  importance 
of  these  memoirs  in  the  light  they  throw  upon 
the  actions  and  characters  of  the  great  protag- 
onists of  recent  European  history  —  among 
them  Lord  John  Russell,  Lord  Pauncefote, 
Thiers,  De  Lesseps,  Cavour,  Bismarck,  Frede- 
rick III.,  William  II.,  Miinster,  Von  Biilow, 
Nicholas  II.,   Pobedonostzeff,  De  Witte,  Von 


262 


THE    DIAL 


[April  16, 


Plehve,  Makharoff,  Franz  Josef;  and  no  less 
important  in  their  way  are  the  impressions  he 
records  of  Tolstoi,  Auerbach,  Villari,  Marco 
Minghetti,  Freeman,  Bishop  Creighton,  Sir 
Henry  Maine,  Lord  Acton,  Holman  Hunt,  and 
many  others. 

Of  the  chapters  that  have  to  do  with  Euro- 
pean statesmen,  the  most  important,  probably, 
are  those  dealing  with  Bismarck  and  William 
II.,  which  have  already,  in  substance,  appeared 
in  '  The  CentiTry.'  Especially  noteworthy  is 
Mr.  White's  high  opinion  of  the  character  and 
ability  of  the  German  Einperor,  The  effect  of 
this  contribution  to  our  knowledge  of  William 
II.,  his  environment,  his  aims,  and  his  ambi- 
tions, must  be  to  increase  greatly  that  respect 
which  most  Americans  already  have  for  him, 
and  to  strengthen  the  tie  that  binds  America, 
already  so  largely  Teutonic  in  her  citizenship, 
to  the  Continental  mother-nation. 

The  chapter  on  Tolstoi  does  not  increase  our 
admiration  for  the  great  Eussian,  but  probably 
voices  the  opinion  that  will  ultimately  be  widely 
if  not  generally  held.  Mr.  White's  explanation 
of  Tolstoi's  narrowness  of  view  is  illuminating. 

'Of  all  distinguished  men  that  I  have  ever  met, 
Tolstoi  seems  to  me  most  in  need  of  that  enlarge- 
ment of  view  and  healthful  modification  of  opinion 
which  come  from  meeting  men  and  comparing  views 
with  them  in  different  lands  and  under  different 
conditions.  This  need  is  all  the  greater  because 
in  Russia  there  is  no  opportunity  to  discuss  really 
important  questions.  .  .  .  The  result  is  that  his 
opinions  have  been  developed  without  modification 
by  any  rational  interchange  of  thought  with  other 
men.  Under  such  circumstances  any  man,  no  mat- 
ter how  noble  or  gifted,  having  given  birth  to 
striking  ideas,  coddles  and  pets  them  until  they 
become  the  full-grown,  spoiled  children  of  his  brain. 
He  can  at  last  see  neither  spot  nor  blemish  in  them, 
and  comes  virtually  to  believe  himself  infallible.' 

At  the  same  time  Mr.  White  believes  Tolstoi 
to  be 

'One  of  the  most  sincere  and  devoted  men  alive, 
a  man  of  great  genius  and,  at  the  same  time,  of 
very  deep  sympathy  with  his  fellow-creatures.  Out 
of  this  character  of  his  come  his  theories  of  art 
and  literature;  and,  despite  their  faults,  they  seem 
to  me  more  profound  and  far-reaching  than  any 
put  forth  by  any  other  man  in  our  time.  .  .  . 
His  paradoxes  will  be  forgotten;  but  his  devoted 
life,  his  noble  thoughts,  and  his  lofty  ideals  will, 
as  centuries  roll  on,  more  and  more  give  life  and 
light  to  the  new  Eussia.' 

These  extracts  are  typical  of  the  breadth  of 
view,  the  sympathy,  the  candor,  the  tact  that 
characterize  Mr.  White's  utterances  in  this  book 
as  they  have  always  done  throughout  his  life. 
Fearless  in  his  condemnation  of  stupidity, 
knavery,  and  quackery  of  every  sort,  he  is  care- 
ful, so  far  as  possible,  not  to  mention  names 
where  it  would  give  pain  to  persons  now  living; 
as  for  example,  in  his  references  to  the  famous 
Fiske  will  case,  the  outcome  of  which  shattered 


one  of  the  dreams  of  his  life,  the  establishment 
of  a  great  library  at  Cornell.  Accustomed  to 
dealing  with  great  questions  and  to  taking  large 
views  of  things,  he  naturally  overlooks  the 
petty,  the  mean,  the  narrow,  when  these  are 
overbalanced  by  better  things ;  and  his  new  ver- 
sion of  the  great  Apostle's  words  is  a  creed  of 
optimism  most  stimulating  to  the  generation 
which  is  to  carry  on  his  work. 

'I  have  sought  to  fight  the  good  fight;  I  have 
sought  to  keep  the  faith,  —  faith  in  a  Power  in 
the  universe  good  enough  to  make  truth-seeking 
wise,  and  strong  enough  to  make  truth-telling 
effective,  —  faith  in  the  rise  of  man  rather  than 
in  the  fall  of  man,  —  faith  in  the  gradual  evolution 
and  ultimate  prevalence  of  right  reason  among 
men.' 

Clark  S,  Northup. 


The  liATEST  History  op  America.* 


For  several  months,  historical  students  have 
awaited  with  no  small  degree  of  curiosity  the 
appearance  of  the  initial  volume  of  Avery's 
'  History  of  the  United  States,'  to  comprise  in 
all  twelve  volumes,  with  colored  illustrations 
and  other  novel  features.  The  plan  of  the  work 
is  pretentious,  the  author's  aim  being  to  pre- 
sent in  popular  form  an  accurate  and  scholarly 
narrative  of  the  whole  course  of  American  his- 
tory, —  something  that  has  never  yet  been  suc- 
cessfully attempted. 

In  the  first  volume,  which  deals  mainly  with 
the  period  of  discovery  and  exploration,  Dr. 
Avery  pretends  to  no  original  investigation. 
His  use  of  primary  authorities  seems  to  be 
restricted  to  those  easily  accessible  in  transla- 
tions. Internal  evidence,  indeed,  points  to  the 
conclusion  that  he  is  not  personally  familiar 
with  the  Spanish  language  —  the  chief  requisite 
for  research  work  in  this  particular  field.  Even 
when  the  primary  authorities  are  easily  acces- 
sible, the  author  has  not  always  used  them,  but 
has  preferred  to  trust  to  secondary  sources.  A 
close  comparison  of  his  account  of  the  third 
voyage  of  Columbus  with  that  given  by  Wash- 
ington Irving  shows  how  minutely  he  followed 
the  earlier  work.  The  two  accounts  are  strictly 
parallel,  the  sequence  of  events  and  the  way  in 
which  they  are  related  being  exactly  the  same. 
Variations  occur  in  the  expansion  of  words 
into  phrases  and  phrases  into  clauses,  with  the 
occasional  introduction  of  descriptive  adjectives. 
For  illustration,  where  Irving  speaks  simply  of 
the  '  Trinity,'  Dr.  Avery  adds  the  word  '  Holy,' 
following,  in  this  respect,  the  example  set  by 

*  A  History  of  the  United  States  and  its  Peoplr^ 
from  the  Earliest  Records  to  the  Present  Time.  By  Elroy 
McKendree  Avery.  (To  be  completed  in  twelve  volumes.) 
Volume  I.  Illustrated  in  color,  etc.  Cleveland :  The 
Burrows   Brothers   Co. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL, 


26S 


Justin  Winsor,  who  similarly  depended  far 
more  upon  secondary  authorities  than  is  usually 
supposed. 

Nevertheless,  in  a  general  way,  as  we  con- 
clude from  volume  I.,  Dr.  Avery  is  fully  abreaiit 
of  modem  scholarship.  By  means  of  an 
exhaustive  study  of  the  best  secondary  authori- 
ties, he  has  made  himself  thoroughly  conversant 
with  the  great  problems  in  American  history. 
On  controverted  points  he  has  carefully  weighed 
the  evidence;  and,  in  the  majority  of  cases, 
has  come  to  incline  to  the  sounder  opinion.  This 
is  notable  in  the  matter  of  Amerigo  Vespucius, 
where  he  has,  most  surprisingly,  managed  to 
steer  clear  of  John  Fiske's  vagaries.  Some- 
times, however,  he  hesitates,  —  as  in  his  account 
of  Sebastian  Cabot,  —  scarcely  knowing  which 
side  to  take.  To  his  notion,  evidently,  the  con- 
flicting decisions  seem  pretty  evenly  balanced. 
As  a  result,  the  reader  is  left  in  doubt  whether 
or  not  Sebastian  Cabot  was  the  leading  spirit  in 
the  voyage  of  1496-7.  Dr.  Aver}'  seems  to  think 
he  was;  but  the  concensus  of  historical  opinion 
points  decidedly  the  other  way.  This  wavering 
attitude,  so  vexatious  to  a  critical  reader,  is 
another  indication  that  the  author  has  not  him- 
self investigated  the  sources. 

Of  really  serious  errors  in  the  book,  there  are 
none.  Minor  discrepancies  occur  once  in  a 
while,  as  in  the  statement  that  Sir  Francis 
Drake  was  the  second  European  after  Magellan 
to  cross  the  Pacific  Ocean.  This  is  a  repetition 
of  Fiske.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  several  Span- 
iards, in  the  interval  between  1521  and  1578, 
had  ventured  there.  Under  certain  circum- 
stances, omissions  of  important  truths  might 
well  be  counted  as  errors.  Dr.  Avery  fails  to 
remark  that  Sebastian  Cabofs  individual  title 
to  fame  rests,  not  upon  any  share,  self-attri- 
buted, in  the  voyages  of  his  father,  but  upon 
his  organization  of  the  first  English  trading 
company,  —  a  greater  feat  because  of  its  far- 
reaching  consequences.  Furthermore,  the 
attention  of  the  reader  has  not  been  called  to 
the  rather  unsatisfactory  character  of  the  only 
evidence  we  possess  for  the  De  Gourgues  expe- 
dition. On  these  two  occasions,  Dr.  Avery  has 
not  made  the  best  possible  use  even  of  the 
secondary  material ;  for  Professor  F.  H.  Hodder 
pointed  out  Sebastian  Cabofs  real  contribution 
to  history  several  years  ago,  in  an  article  in 
The  Dial,  and  Mr.  John  G.  Shea,  to  whom  Dr. 
Avery  is  elsewhere  much  indebted,  has,  in  his 
critical  notes  on  Charlevoix,  impeached  the 
reliability  of  the  purely  French  accounts  of  De 
Gourgues,  —  that  is,  he  has,  from  the  silence  of 
Spanish  annals,  seriously  questioned  whether 
the  Frenchmen,  massacred  by  Menendez,  were 
ever  avenged  in  the  manner  cited  by  Parkman 
and  acquiesced  in  by  Dr.  Avery. 


The  first  two  chapters  of  the  book,  which 
are  in  their  nature  introductory,  exhibit  the 
same  tantalizing  dependence  upon  the  opinions 
of  particular  individuals.  Points  in  geology, 
not  yet  fully  determined,  are  narrated  with  cer- 
tainty; while  the  theories  urged  respecting  the 
age  of  man  are  peculiar  to  Professor  G.  F. 
Wright,  who  revised  the  second  chapter.  As 
the  leading  geologists  and  palaeontologists  have 
persistently  refused  to  accept  them,  it  is  unwise 
to  embody  them  in  a  popular  work.  The 
twenty-second  chapter  is  a  first-rate  general 
account  of  the  Aborigines;  and  here  Dr.  Avery 
is  very  fortunate  in  having  secured  the  co- 
operation of  such  an  able  Indian  scholar  as  Mr. 
James  Mooney. 

The  great  weakness  of  the  book  lies  in  the 
absence  of  page  references ;  and  this  criticism  is 
made  with  all  due  regard  to  the  avowed  purpose 
of  the  author.  It  is  true  that  lengthy  notes 
often  impede  progress,  and  break,  as  it  were, 
the  continuity  of  the  narrative.  Nevertheless, 
some  intimation  of  the  sources  of  the  book 
ought  to  be  given.  It  is  not  enough  to  have  at 
the  end  a  fairly  complete  bibliography;  the 
popular  reader  is  not  likely  to  make  much  use 
of  it,  and  for  the  critical  reader  it  is  not  suffi- 
cient. Exceptions  might  also  be  taken  to  the 
scanty  use  of  quotation  marks.  The  omission 
is  intentional,  yet  hardly  to  be  commended. 
Even  to-day,  the  classical  knowledge  of  the  ordi- 
nary person  is  not  of  very  wide  range,  espe- 
cially in  the  realm  of  poetry ;  and,  as  Dr.  Avery 
has  a  personal  weakness  for  well-turned  phrases, 
poetical  catch-words,  and  flowery  expressions, 
it  is  not  presumed  that  the  popular  mind  will 
alwaj's  be  able  to  make  a  distinction  between 
quoted  but  uncredited  poetry  and  original  com- 
position. 

The  illustrative  material  is  a  noticeable  fea- 
ture of  the  entire  book,  and,  with  the  possible 
exception  of  the  imaginary  cuts,  which  are 
likely  to  be  misleading  because  they  often  rep- 
resent men  of  whom  no  portrait  is  known  to 
exist,  is  worthy  of  unstinted  praise.  The  pic- 
tures of  objects,  especially  in  the  second  chap- 
ter, are  interesting  and  instructive.  The  maps 
throughout  are  well-selected  and  seem  to  us  of 
unusual  excellence,  —  clear,  well-defined,  and 
accurate. 

Dr.  Avery's  style  of  writing  is  smooth  and 
flovdng;  but  it  lacks  the  literary  finish  of 
Prescott,  the  elegant  ease  of  Irving,  and  the 
wearing  qualities  of  Fiske.  It  abounds  in  hack- 
neyed phrases,  indirect  statements,  and  meta- 
phors that  are  txyo  often  distracting.  In  short, 
it  is  altogether  too  flowery  either  for  a  perma- 
nent classic  or  for  a  serious  piece  of  historical 
work.  Such  traits  may,  however,  commend 
themselves  to  the  general  reader  for  whom  tho 


264 


THE    DIAI. 


[April  16, 


book  was  originally  intended.  Disregarding 
a  faint  touch  of  pedantry  here  and  there, 
we  may  say  in  conclusion  that  the  good  points 
in  the  book  far  outnumber  the  bad,  and  augur 
well  for  the  series.  They  show  an  extensive 
reading,  and,  withal,  a  most  careful  and  judi- 
cious selection  of  secondary  material.  Admit- 
tedly, the  book  is  a  remarkable  achievement  for 
an  untrained  historian.  It  is  something  we 
have  wanted  for  a  long  time;  and,  if  the  suc- 
ceeding volumes  carry  out  the  design  of  the 
first  or  improve  upon  it,  it  is  to  be  hoped  that 
the  erroneous  ideas  respecting  many  phases  of 
American  history,  which  have  been  so  assidu- 
ously fostered  and  popularized  by  some  of  our 
best-known  writers,  will  eventually  be  eradi- 
^^^^^'  Anna  Heloise  Abel. 


Some  Recent  Books  in  Economics.* 


Our  steady  and  increasing  interest  in  eco- 
nomic problems  has  lately  produced^  several 
valuable  results.  There  has  been  a  growing  dis- 
position on  the  part  of  our  best  writers  to  pro- 
duce clear  and  systematic  monographs  on  spe- 
cial topics,  designed  not  simply  for  the  class- 
room but  for  the  instruction  of  a  more  and 
more  appreciative  circle  of  serious  and  thought- 
ful readers.  This  has  done  much  to  improve 
the  exposition  and  to  make  more  practical  the 
subject-matter  of  the  academic  studies  of  indus- 
ttial  phenomena.  Continuous  discussion,  by 
rendering  obsolete  portions  of  the  more  recent 
works  on  economic  topics,  has  compelled  the 
revision  of  theory  and  the  re-classification  of 
data  in  order  to  prevent  work  from  being  hope- 
lessly behind  the  tinies.  Conversely,  the  greater 
interest  of  academic  thinkers  in  practical  prob- 
lems has  led  journalists  and  men  of  affairs  to 
gather  their  scattered  writings  into  permanent 
form,  and  thereby  to  render  them  more  avail- 
able to  those  who  had  at  once  less  opportunity 
for  the  first-hand  study  of  events  and  more 
time  for  analysis.  The  three  volumes  before 
us  represent  both  of  these  hopeful  tendencies, 
two  of  them  being  the  work  of  known  theorists, 
^he  other  of  a  prolific  publicist  and ,  practical 
student  of  finance. 

The  past  two  years  have  seen  notable  addi- 
tions to  the  literature  of.  Money  and  Banking. 
Not  to  mention  an  output  of  fugitive  writings 
fully  up  to  the  average  in  quality,  the  appear- 

*  Money.  A  Study  of  the  Theory  of  the  Medium  of 
Exchange.  By  David  Klnley.  New  Yorlc :  The  Macmil- 
lan  Co. 

Wall  Stkeet  and  the  Country.  A  Study  of  Recent 
Financial  Tendencies.  By  Charles  A.  Conant.  New  York : 
Gr.   P.   Putnam's   Sons. 

The  Distribution  of  Wealth.  By  Thomas  Nixon 
Carver.     New  Yerk :    The  Macmillan  Co. 


ance  of  four  or  five  weighty  and  serious  produc- 
tions has  marked  the  period  as  one  of  unusual 
importance  in  the  history  of  this  branch  of  eco- 
nomic writing.  Professor  Kinley's  '  Study  of 
the  Theory  of  the  Medium  of  Exchange '  is  a 
welcome  addition  to  an  honorable  list,  and  the 
same  cordial  greeting  will  doubtless  be  extended 
to  one  or  two  other  books,  by  authors  of  stand- 
ing, now  known  to  be  well  toward  completion. 
All  told,  the  scientific  theory  of  money  has 
profited  greatly  from  the  attention  focussed 
upon  it  during  the  two  Bryan  campaigns ;  and 
has  profited  again  from  the  cessation  of  the 
contest  and  the  opportunity  thereby  gained  for 
sober  and  more  unbiased  thought. 

Professor  Kinley's  work  is  a  volume  of  some 
415  duodecimo  pages,  divided  into  seventeen 
chapters.  These  follow  the  conventional  group- 
ing of  topics,  and  hence  need  no  enumeration. 
They  fall,  in  general,  into  three  classes.  The 
first  includes  Chapters  I.  and  II.,  which  deal 
with  the  origin  and  idea  of  money;  the  second, 
Chapters  III.  to  XV.  inclusive,  on  the  various 
phases  of  metallic  money  and  its  problems ;  and 
the  third.  Chapters  XVI.  and  XVII.,  on  con- 
vertible and  inconvertible  paper  money.  The 
technical  reader  is  inclined  to  wish  that  the 
first  and  third  of  these  divisions  had  been 
omitted,  —  the  first  because  of  the  more  or  less 
conjectural  and  unessential  character  of  the 
data  on  which  such  discussions  must  rest,  the 
third  because  of  the  need  for  more  extended  dis- 
cussion than  a  chapter  or  two  can  afford.  But 
what  is  thus  a  defect  to  the  specialist  will  be  a 
merit  in  the  eyes  of  the  general  observer,  who 
may  even  feel  that  for  his  purpose  the  book 
might  well  go  further  and  treat  the  subject  of 
Credit  and  Banking,  which  the  author  reserves 
to  another  volume.  Taking  the  central  portion 
of  the  book,  there  will  be  found  relatively  little 
to  quarrel  with  and  much  to  commend.  While 
the  treatment  necessarily  follows  beaten  pathsy 
it  adds  its  fair  share  of  new  thought  and 
detailed  analysis  to  problems  already  much 
hammered  upon. 

Probably  the  most  useful  bit  of  originality 
in  the  book  is  the  consistent  application  of  the 
notion  of  marginal  values  to  the  general  value 
of-money  question,  and  indeed  to  all  prob- 
lems throughout  the  treatment  where  special 
application  of  value-theory  is  requisite.  In 
this  respect  the  book  is  a  marked  advance  over 
some  recent  work  which  seems  to  be  based  upon 
no  consistent  doctrine  of  value.  The  author's 
conclusions,  however,  seldom  depart  from  those 
recognized  as  orthodox,  though  he  is  distinctly 
fair  to  both  sides  of  debated  matters.  Thus, 
bimetallism  is  adjudged  inadequate  in  theory,' 
though  it  *  would  undeniably  offer  some  advan- 
tages ' ;     irredeemable  paper   currency,    on  the 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL. 


265 


whole,  is  not  safely  to  be  meddled  with,  though 
its  issue  may  result  in  'fiscal  advant^e'  — 
'dearly  bought/  however,  *by  the  community,' 
—  and  a  tabular  standard  of  value  would  *  be 
serviceable'  in  certain  cases,  though  only  a 
'  rough-and-ready  method  of  returning  the 
same  amount  of  physical  efficiency/  Professor 
Kinley  has  doubtless  done  wisely  in  omitting 
most  of  the  familiar  outlines  of  American  cur- 
rency history  which  usually  appear  in  works  on 
money. 

Probably  the  chapters  to  which  the  theorist 
will  turn  with  most  interest  are  those  which 
deal  with  the  'quantity  theory'  and  the  effect 
of  credit  on  prices.  This  book  nominally 
rejects  both  the  stereot}'ped  doctrine  of  the  quan- 
tity of  money  as  fixing  its  value,  and  the  recent 
analyses  put  forward  in  rivalry  with  that 
theory.  The  stand  taken  is  that  'the  value  of 
money,  as  it  emerges  from  any  set  of  exchanges 
is  .  .  .  the  resultant  of  a  complex  group 
of  forces,'  and  after  carefid  enumeration  of 
these  forces  the  conclusion  is  reached  that  '  the 
attempt  to  establish  a  relation  of  simple  pro- 
portion between  the  quantity  of  money  and  its 
value '  is  futile.  '  The  value  of  money/  in 
short,  'has  some  relation  to  the  quantity/  but 
'is  not  proportional  to  the  quantity  excepting 
in  the  case  of  inconvertible  paper/  and  even 
then  only  subject  to  some  limitation.  This 
(except  for  the  inconvertible  paper)  is  certainly 
a  sound  and  wise  view  of  the  matter;  and,  we 
think,  is  substantially  the  view  now  taken  by  all 
those  who  consider  the  money  question  in  an 
unbiased  way,  without  seeking  weapons  with 
which  to  belabor  others.  Unfortunately,  like 
most  statements  of  theory  which  hold  only  to 
acknowledged  truth,  it  does  not  take  us  very 
far;  and,  indeed,  the  most  serious  criticism 
upon  Professor  Elinley's  whole  treatment  is  that 
it  leaves  many  important  practical  questions 
without  definite  conclusion.  A  similar  eclectic 
outcome  is  reached  in  the  chapter  on  credit  and 
its  influence  upon  the  price  level.  The  author 
adheres  neither  to  the  school  which  determines 
the  price  level  without  referents  to  money,  nor 
to  that  which  regards  its  increased  demand  due 
to  credit  identical  in  effect  with  the  increased 
demand  due  to  money.  '  Credit  is  properly  one 
of  the  determinants  of  the  price  level,'  but  only 
one.  The  effect  of  credit  on  prices  depends  on 
the  completeness  of  the  cancellation  of  indebt- 
edness. This  theory  rests  upon  the  definition 
that  exchanges  effected  by  credit  mechanism 
represent  essentially  'a  return  to  barter  by 
representative  transfers  of  goods  rather  than  by 
physical  transfers.'  So  far  as  such  a  return 
avoids  the  necessity  for  the  use  of  money,  it 
sets  free  a  certain  amount  of  coin  for  use  in  cash 
payments  or  as   reserves,  and  this  money, — 


practically  increasing  the  stock  available  for 
use  in  money-exchanges,  —  exerts  ^whatever 
influence  upon  the  price  level  can  properly  be 
attributed  to  a  chan^  in  the  quantity  of  money. 
In  short,  a  rearrangement  of  marginal  valua- 
tions is  necessitated.  Granting  the  authors 
assumptions,  this  view  seems  a  distinctly  rea- 
sonable explanation  of  the  phenomena  of  credit, 
and  is  a  welcome  relief  from  recent  talk  about 
credit  as  identical  with  confidence,  and  from 
definitions  of  credit  as  a  '  short  sale  of  money/ 

Without  going  further  into  the  details  of  this 
book,  it  may  be  briefly  appreciated  as  a  com- 
pact and  concise  setting  forth  of  monetary 
theory,  ornamented  with  little  in  the  way  of 
allusion  or  history,  and  illustrated  scantily,  but 
based  upon  careful  study  of  the  recent  as  well 
as  the  older  works  on  the  subject.  The  origi- 
nality of  the  book  does  not  lie  in  newness  of 
material,  but  in  method  of  treatment,  and  the 
conclusions  are  throughout  eclectic  It  should 
prove  a  useful  volume  both  for  the  class  room 
and  for  popular  circulation. 

l^Ir.  Conanf  s  work  on  '  Wall  Street  and  the 
Country'  is  confessedly  an  apology  for  the 
*  financial  interests,*  and  an  effort  to  demon- 
strate the  latent  harmony  between  the  promoters 
and  financiers  of  New  York  and  the  plain  citi- 
zens throughout  the  land.  With  this  object  in 
view,  the  book  aims  to  '  set  forth  in  some  degree 
.  the  dangers  of  proceeding  too  rashly 
in  extending  the  area  of  Federal  intervention, 
and  in  fettering  that  freedom  of 
action  and  initative  which  has  been  one  of  the 
essential  causes  of  our  national  progress.'  Six 
essays  are  included  in  the  volume,  and  of  these 
the  first  three  and  the  last  serve  the  main  end, 
the  fourth  and  the  fifth  being  more  general  in 
character.  Probably  the  most  interesting  and 
informing  essay  of  the  set  is  the  one  on  '  The 
Future  of  Undigested  Securities ' ;  and  Mr. 
Conant  has  done  rightly  in  giving  it  first  place. 
The  author  believes  that  the  sufferings  inflicted 
upon  the  public  through  the  over-capitalization 
and  inflation  of  recent  corporate  enterprises  are 
to  be  attributed  largely  to  public  gullibility  and 
only  in  part  to  the  promoters.  Kecalling  the 
unfortunate  experiences  of  the  early  days  of 
joint-stock  companies,  he  points  out  that  present 
conditions  are  analogous  to  the  older  experi- 
ence, and  suggests  that  what  is  needed  is  not 
new  legislation,  but  'to  apply  to  industrial 
trusts  .  .  .  the  lesson  so  well  learned  in 
the  school  of  experience  in  railroading  and 
banking.'  The  stronger  and  better  organized  of 
the  new  corporations  will  stand  the  test  to 
which  they  are  now  being  subjected,  while  the 
others  will  share  the  fate  of  our  wildcat  banks 
of  the  ante-bellum  davs.  In  his  chapter  on 
'  The  Trusts  and  the  Public,'  Mr.  Conant  finds 


266 


THE    DIAJL 


[AprU;16, 


that  the  dangers  of  govemmeiit  regulation  far 
overtop  those  of  oppression  and  abuse  by  the 
mammoth  corporations.  'Intelligent  discus- 
sion^ he  welcomes,  and  suggests  that  'within 
the  states  corporation  laws  can  probably  be 
improved  in  many  cases  in  the  interest  of  the 
investor.'  But  to  the  consumer  he  has  little  to 
say  except  that  'in  the  nation,  perhaps,  some 
simple  laws  might  be  enacted  for  the  protection 
of  the  consumer  without  disturbing  the  rights 
of  the  shareholder.'  A  lengthy  elaboration  of 
the  classical  economic  argument  for  speculation 
is  given  in  the  essay  on  '  The  Function  of  the 
Stock  and  Produce  Exchanges.'  This,  like  the 
other  essays,  is  chiefly  a  defense  of  existing 
methods  of  financial  manipulation,  and  a  gentle 
effort  to  obscure  some  of  the  more  repulsive 
aspects  of  modern  finance.  '  The  Economic 
Progress  of  the  Century '  is  different  in  tone 
from  the  other  essays.  It  is  a  review  of  some 
of  the  economic  factors  which  have  contributed 
to  recent  industrial  advance,  and  seems  to  have 
less  of  the  character  of  a  special  plea  than  its 
companion  pieces.  Perhaps  no  higher  compli- 
ment could  be  paid  this  essay  than  to  say  that 
it  is  somewhat  in  the  style  of  the  late  David 
A.  Wells's  'Recent  Economic  Changes.' 

Mr.  Conant's  method,  —  and,  it  is  not  unfair 
to  add,  somewhat  of  his  special  bias,  —  may  be 
seen  to  good  advantage  in  the  paper  on  '  A  G-old 
Standard  for  China.'  Admirably  clear  is  this 
little  monograph  in  its  re-statement  of  the  fa- 
miliar reasons  why  Western  producers  would  be 
benefited  by  the  adoption  of  a  stable  money  by 
China,  as  well  as  in  its  explanation  of  the  modes 
by  which  the  costly  and  difficult  undertaking 
must  be  carried  through.  What  Mr.  Conant 
neglects  to  lay  stress  upon,  however,  is  the 
special  interests  behind  our  apparent  display  of 
national  altruism  and  good  feeling  in  pushing 
the  plan  forward.  The  '  Gold  Standard  for 
China '  turns  out  to  be  a  gold  standard  with  a 
silver  circulation,  yet  there  is  nowhere  a  clear 
recognition  of  the  fact  that  our  silver  product 
is  now  chiefly  controlled  by  a  single  interest, 
very  powerful  at  Washington,  and  that  the 
adoption  of  the  project  would  mean  a  great 
increase  in  the  demand  for  this  metal  and  con- 
sequently an  increase  in  its  price.  Our  experi- 
ence in  getting  silver  for  the  Philippines  fur- 
nishes an  interesting  illustration  of  the  effects 
that  would  flow  from  such  an  operation,  and 
of  the  profits  that  would  swell  certain  favored 
pockets. 

On  the  whole,  Mr.  Conant's  little  book  is  use- 
ful and  interesting,  if  read  with  due  care  and 
discretion.  Its  best  feature  is  the  clear  depic- 
tion of  many  current  conditions  on  which  the 
general  reader  has  scant  opportunity  to  inform 
himself;  its  worst,  the  ex  parte  character  already 


referred  to,  and  the  failure  to  bring  into  relief 
important  facts  which  might  materially  change 
the  opinion  of  the  reader  if  known. 

Professor  Carver's  book  on  '  The  Distribution 
of  Wealth '  is  a  discussion  of  the  abstract  prin- 
ciples upon  which  the  product  of  industry  is 
divided.  It  had  been  anticipated  by  some  as  a 
book  that  would  break  new  ground,  and  by 
others  as  a  sharp  critical  review  of  the  distribu- 
tion controversy  that  began  some  fifteen  years 
or  more  ago.  Tlie  author  evidently  regards  his 
own  work  as  a  bit  of  hard  reading,  for  he  '  hopes 
that  the  reader  who  takes  up  the  volume  will  do 
so  with  the  understanding  that  economics  is  a 
science  rather  than  a  branch  of  polite  litera- 
ture.' By  way  of  fitting  it  for  use  as  a  text, 
collateral  reading  in  the  standard  authors  on 
economic  theory  is  suggested  at  the  end  of  each 
chapter. 

None  of  the  expectations  concerning  '  The 
Distribution  of  Wealth'  seem  to  be  justified. 
Quite  sound  and  classical  (in  the  modern  sense 
of  that  term),  for  the  most  part,  there  is  little 
or  none  of  the  critical  review  of  recent  theory 
already  referred  to,  and  we  are  glad  to  say  that 
we  cannot  accept  Professor  Carver's  foreboding 
of  difficulty  in  reading  the  volume.  On  the 
contrary,  there  are  numerous  places  where  con- 
densation might  be  resorted  to  without  at  all 
rendering  the  treatment  too  abstruse  or  difficult 
to  follow.  The  book  is  in  the  main  a  clear  and 
careful  re-statement  of  the  prevalent  ideas  on 
the  theory  of  distribution  as  now  accepted. 
The  formal  division  of  the  treatment  follows 
conventional  lines  with  chapters  on  Value, 
Diminishing  Returns,  Forms  of  Wealth,  Wages, 
Rent,  Interest,  and  Profits.  In  the  chapter  on 
Interest,  the  point  of  view  accepted  by  the 
author  is  developed  along  typical  lines.  Inter- 
est, says  Professor  Carver,  is  '  the  income  which 
capital  returns  to  its  owner,  whether  he  lends 
it  or  employs  it  himself  in  his  business.'  It  is 
the  surplus  earning  over  and  above  the  amount 
needed  to  replace  losses  and  repair  wear-and- 
tear.  Capital  is  enabled  to  earn  such  an  income 
simply  because  its  material  forms  are  useful, 
and  this  essentially  justifies  the  '  productivity ' 
theory  precisely  as  a  similar  fact  in  the  case  of 
labor  accounts  for  and  measures  the  productive- 
ness of  that  economic  agent.  Producers'  goods 
make  up  the  significant  categories  of  capital, 
and  these  are  subject  to  a  law  of  marginal  pro- 
ductivity which  dictates  the  proportion  in  which 
they  will  be  combined  with  land  and  labor  in 
productive  processes.  But  any  accoamt  of  the 
productiveness  of  capital,  —  or,  in  other  words, 
any  theory  of  interest,  —  must  take  account  of 
the  supply  of  the  agent  as  well  as  of  the  demand 
for  it.  Demand  is  fully  explained  by  the  doc- 
trine of  marginal  productivity,  but  not  so  of 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL. 


267 


supply.  Such  supply  is  controlled  by  two  fac- 
tors —  the  cost  of  producing  the  capital  and  the 
necessity  of  waiting  for  a  more  or  less  slow 
return.  The  dislike  of  such  waiting  gives  rise 
to  the  payment  called  interest.  This  waiting 
or  saving  is,  in  final  analysis,  the  placing  of 
capital  in  productive  forms,  as  machinery,  etc. 
Such  saving  does  not,  always  and  everywhere, 
involve  sacrifice,  but  the  saving  of  enough  capi- 
tal to  carry  on  industry  does  do  so.  Hence  the 
amount  of  interest  paid  does  not  correspond  to 
a  general  discounting  of  future  consumption, 
but  to  a  marginal  sacrifice  or  discounting.  An 
equilibrium  between  demand  for  and  supply  of 
capital  is  arrived  at  when  the  purchaser's  (bor- 
rower's) demand  for  different  forms  of  capital 
gives  them  a  value  just  equal  to  their  marginal 
cost  of  production.  Land  seems  to  yield  inter- 
est on  principles  precisely  similar,  yet  the  inde- 
structible elements  involved  are  such  as  to  war- 
rant a  separate  theory  of  rent.  Capital  varies 
much  in  its  durability,  and  different  countries 
and  ages  vary  widely  in  the  strength  of  the  sav- 
ing spirit,  and  hence  in  the  marginal  sacrifice 
of  abstinence.  It  is  conceivable  that  interest 
might  disappear,  owing  to  a  decline  in  such 
marginal  sacrifice  to  zero;  but  no  such  result  is 
likely  to  occur.  The  '  justice '  of  interest  is  a 
question  of  political  expediency,  and  on  that 
basis  may  be  upheld,  since  without  it  capital 
would  be  scarcer  and  what  there  was  would  be 
less  ably  managed. 

This  specimen  of  the  mode  of  reasoning 
employed  in  'The  Distribution  of  Wealth'  is 
representative.  A  similar  plan  is  pursued  in 
the  other  sections,  and  generally  the  application 
of  the  doctrine  of  marginal  sacrifices  figures 
throughout  as  the  leading  principle.  Yet  there 
is  everywhere  apparent  an  effort  to  keep  the 
valuable  elements  in  conflicting  doctrines  new 
and  old,  and  to  harmonize  them  where  possible. 
The  book  is  moderate  in  tone  and  in  conclu- 
sions. Some  critics  of  Professor  Carver  have 
accused  him  of  *  circuity '  in  treatment.  It 
would  not  be  worth  while  to  recall  the  shadowy 
refinements  upon  which  this  charge  must  be 
based.  The  subject  itself  is  one  in  which  cer- 
tain assumptions  must  be  made,  and  to  these 
the  reasoning  naturally  and  unavoidably 
returns.  Only  by  eliminating  the  whole  theory 
of  distribution,  —  as  suggested  by  one  critic,  — 
will  such  a  '  danger '  be  avoided.  Professor 
Carver  has  furnished  a  sensible  and  readable 
summary  of  theory  on  an  abstract  phase  of  eco- 
nomies,—  a  phase,  too,  that  is  lately  falling 
into  disrepute.  It  should  do  something  to 
improve  the  status  of  this  field  of  study.  We 
note  in  conclusion  that  the  proofs  of  the  book 
have  been  carefully  read,  but  that  some  of  its 
mechanical  features  are  not  the  publishers'  best. 


In  the  copy  that  has  fallen  under  our  eye,  one 
*  form '  (16  pages)  has  been  omitted;  and  there 
are  other  serious  imperfections. 

H.  Pakkeb  Willis. 


Memoirs  of  a  Traveller  and 
Oriextalist.* 


M.  Arminius  Yambery,  already  well  known 
through  former  publications,  some  concerned 
with  interesting  public  events  in  his  career  and 
some  more  intimately  personal,  has  gathered 
into  two  volimies  a  number  of  the  de- 
tails, both  public  and  personal,  not  in- 
cluded in  his  previous  works,  and  has 
given  to  the  book  the  double  title  of 
'  The  Story  of  My  Struggles :  The  Memoirs  of 
Arminius  Vambery.'  His  purpose  is  stated 
quite  frankly,  and  the  book  may  be  taken  as 
supplementing  all  that  he  has  written  not 
avowedly  scientific  in  its  nature.  Where  his 
earlier  books  have  exhausted  his  reminiscences, 
as  in  the  case  of  those  describing  the  wonderful 
journey  that  he  made  into  Central  Asia  in  the 
disguise  of  a  dervish,  the  mention  here  is  merely 
passing  and  for  the  purpose  of  setting  the  event 
in  its  due  chronological  place.  In  other  re- 
spects, particularly  in  his  recollections  of  his 
earlier  years,  and  in  specifying  his  services  to 
the  cause  of  Great  Britain  in  Asia,  the  treat- 
ment is  remarkably  fuU. 

It  is  in  this  latter  respect  that  the  interest  of 
the  narrative  will  be  found  to  reside  chiefly. 
M.  Vambery  is  an  extraordinary  example  of 
what  one  man  may  accomplish  by  writing  to 
the  newspapers,  —  an  art  and  practice  gener- 
ally unknown  in  the  United  States,  greatly  to 
the  country's  loss.  It  is  no  exaggeration  what- 
ever to  say  that  M.  Vambery's  letters  to  the 
London  *  Times '  have  played  no  small  part  in 
changing  the  map  of  the  world.  He  returned 
from  his  expedition  in  Central  Asia  with  an 
amount  of  knowledge  concerning  those  parts 
exceeding  that  of  any  other  European.  He  had 
acquired  perfect  command  of  the  Turkish  lan- 
guage and  literature,  and  with  this  a  surpris- 
ing fund  of  information  about  the  government 
and  politics  of  the  Ottoman  empire.  Persia, 
too,  was  an  open  book  to  him,  and  his  history 
of  Bokhara  is  the  standard  work  on  that  little 
understood  people  after  many  years.  Adding 
his  special  means  of  information  through  an 
active  correspondence  with  public  men  in  the 
Orient,  and,  most  amazing  of  aU,  something 
resembling  intimacy  with  the  reigning  Sultan, 
and  it  will  be  seen  how  valuable    his    letters 

•  The  Stobt  of  Mt  Stbuggl.es.  The  Memoirs  of 
Arminius  Vamb6ry.  By  himself.  In  two  volumes.  Witb 
portraits.     New  York:    E.  P.  Button  &  Co. 


268 


THE    DIAL 


[April  16, 


might  become,  once  he  had  firmly  committed 
himself  to  the  cause  of  Great  Britain  as  the  one 
civilizing  and  enlightening  agent  of  that  por- 
tion of  the  world,  his  attitude  as  a  freedom- 
loving  Hungarian  giving  him  a  complementary 
hatred  for  Russia  and  her  methods. 

Born  a  Jew,  M,  Vambery's  account  of  his 
boyhood  and  youth  sets  forth  the  bitterness  of 
the  prejudice  against  that  remarkable  race  in 
Hungary  and  throughout  the  Austrian  empire, 
—  a  prejudice  hardly  yet  removed  in  his  indi- 
vidual case,  and  then  only  from  his  countrymen 
having  learned  of  the  esteem  in  which  he  is 
held  by  the  world  outside.  It  also  exemplifies 
the  loyalty  of  the  Jew  to  his  brethren,  whereby 
the  widow's  son  in  the  depths  of  poverty  was 
freely  accorded,  through  the  years  of  his  educa- 
tion, such  aid  as  was  possible  from  those  only 
less  poor  than  himself.  After  the  customary 
training  of  the  orthodox  son  of  Israel  in  the 
Scriptures  and  their  commentaries,  including 
an  amount  of  learning  by  rote  that  must  have 
had  some  effect  in  developing  his  extraordinary 
memory,  his  schooling  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  priests.  The  result  was  to 
leave  him  a  pronounced  skeptic  in  all  that  per- 
tains to  revealed  religion,  and  the  following 
passage  indicates  his  subsequent  attitude : 

'As  will  appear  from  the  following  pages  of  this 
work,  it  was  for  the  most  part  religion,  the  product 
of  divine  inspiration  and  the  supposed  means  for 
ennobling  and  raising  mankind,  which  made  me  feel 
the  baseness  of  humanity  most  acutely;  and  from 
my  cradle  to  my  old  age,  in  Europe  as  well  as  in 
Asia,  among  those  of  the  highest  culture  as  well  as 
amid  the  crudest  barbarism,  I  have  found  fanati- 
cism and  narrow-mindedness,  malice  and  injustice, 
emanating  mostly  from  the  religious  people,  and 
always  on  behalf  of  religion! ' 

Considered  in  the  light  of  his  real  attain- 
ments and  solid  contributions  to  the  world's 
knowledge  of  its  people  and  their  spoken 
tongues,  M.  Vambery's  apologies  for  his  lack 
of  a  thorough  grounding  in  the  humanities 
sound  strange,  and  are  likely  to  provoke  the 
inquiry  whether  more  learning  of  the  ascer- 
tained sort  would  not  have  left  him  less  able  to 
make  original  contributions  to  the  general 
store.  It  is  made  clear  that  he  hit  upon  Turk- 
ish as  the  field  in  which  to  exhibit  his  talents 
for  research  because  of  its  kinship  to  Hun- 
garian ;  and  when  he  had  all  that  Europe  could 
give  him,  in  his  state  of  almost  complete  desti- 
tution, he  embarked  upon  the  journey  to  Con- 
stantinople which  colored  the  rest  of  his  life. 
There  he  set  about  learning  the  cultivated 
speech  and  literature,  until  he  found  himself, 
within  a  comparatively  short  time,  generally 
accorded  the  position  of  an  'Effendi,'  —  that 
is,  a  fully  accredited  Turk.  His  interest  in 
the  beginnings  of  the  language  led  him  into  his 
expedition  to  the  former  home  of  the  Othraans, 


where  he  had  to  pass  for  montlis  in  his  artificial 
character  as  a  true  believer.  His  recital  of  his 
physical  sufferings  at  this  time  must  excite  sym- 
pathy from  every  reader,  while  his  mental  tor- 
tures were  still  more  acute. 

One  anecdote  illustrating  oriental  shrewd- 
ness is  certainly  worth  giving,  the  occurrence 
taking  place  while  M.  Vambery  was  at  Erze- 
roum  as  the  guest  of  Hussein  Daim  Pasha. 

'  One  day  the  Pasha  lost  a  valuable  diamond  ring, 
and  as  he  had  not  been  out  of  the  house  one  might 
justly  suppose  that  the  ring  would  be  found,  unless 
one  of  the  numerous  servants  of  the  establishment 
had  made  away  with  it.  As  all  investigations  were 
fruitless,  Hidayet  Effendi  sent  for  a  celebrated 
wonder-working  Sheikh,  who  squatted  down  in  the 
middle  of  the  great  entrance  hall,  where  all  the 
servants  were  assembled.  I  impatiently  waited  the 
issue  of  events.  At  last  the  Sheikh,  sitting  cross- 
legged,  produced  from  under  his  mantle  a  black 
cock,  and  holding  it  in  his  lap  he  invited  all  the 
servants,  each  in  turn,  to  come  up  to  him,  stroke 
the  cock  softly,  and  straightway  put  his  hand  into 
his  pocket;  then,  said  the  Sheikh,  the  cock,  without 
any  more  ado,  will  declare  who  is  the  thief  by 
crowing.  When  all  the  servants  had  passed  in  turn 
before  the  Sheikh,  and  touched  the  cock,  he  told 
them  all  to  hold  out  their  hands.  All  hands  were 
black,  with  the  exception  of  one,  which  had  re- 
mained white,  and  whose  owner  was  at  once  desig- 
nated as  the  thief.  The  cock  had  been  blackened 
all  over  with  coal  dust,  and  as  the  thief,  fearing  de- 
tection, had  avoided  touching  him,  his  hand  had 
remained  white,  and  consequently  his  guilt  was 
declared.  The  servant  received  his  punishment,  and 
the  Sheikh  his  reward.' 

The  autobiographer  himself  is  occasionally 
lost  in  surprise  at  his  own  advancement,  and 
the  reader  will  share  the  feeling  with  him  more 
than  once.  It  is  only  a  chapter  or  two  from  the 
scene  just  depicted,  when  he  writes  of  his  stay 
at  Lord  Houghton's  country  seat,  after  he  had 
been  invited  to  England  for  the  purpose  of  lec- 
turing and  attending  to  the  publication  of  his 
first  book,  the  account  running  thus : 

'During  one  visit  there  I  made  the  acquaintance 
of  such  celebrities  as  Lord  Lytton,  afterwards 
Viceroy  of  India;  the  poet  Algernon  Swinburne, 
who  used  to  read  to  us  passages  of  his  yet  unpub- 
lished poem,  "Atalanta  in  Calydon,"  over  which 
the  slender  youth  went  into  ecstasies;  and  last,  but 
not  least,  of  Burton,  just  returned  from  a  mission 
in  the  North-West  of  Africa.  Burton  —  later  Sir 
Eichard  Burton  —  was  to  spend  his  honeymoon  under 
the  hospitable  roof  of  the  genial  Lord  Houghton. 
The  company,  amongst  which  Madame  Mohl,  the 
wife  of  the  celebrated  Orientalist,  Jules  Mohl,  spe- 
cially attracted  my  attention,  had  met  here  in  honor 
of  Burton,  the  great  traveller,  and  as  he  was  the 
last  to  arrive,  Lord  Houghton  planned  the  follow- 
ing joke:  I  was  to  leave  the  drawing-room  before 
Burton  appeared  with  his  young  wife,  hide  behind 
one  of  the  doors,  and  at  a  given  sign  recite  the  first 
"Sura"  of  the  Koran  with  correct  Moslem  intona- 
tion. I  did  as  arranged.  Burton  went  through  every 
phase  of  surprise,  and  jumping  up  from  his  seat  ex- 
claimed, "That  is  VambSry! "  although  he  had 
never  seen  or  heard  me  before.' 

M.   Vamb6ry's  story  possesses  an   engaging 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


269 


frankness,  with  an  occasional  bit  of  self-depre- 
ciation which  has  always  some  purpose  in  view. 
For  instance,  he  observes  that  his  early  training 
in  Hungary  was  of  the  kind  that  prepared 
him  for  his  experiences  in  the  East,  adding, 

'The  difference  between  the  condition  of  a  poor 
Jew-boy  and  a  mendicant  dervish  in  central  Asia 
is,  after  all,  not  very  great.  The  cravings  of  hun- 
ger are  not  one  whit  easier  to  bear  or  less  irksome 
in  cultured  Europe  than  in  the  Steppes  of  Asia,  and 
the  mental  agony  of  the  little  Jew,  despised  and 
mocked  by  the  Christian  world,  is  perhaps  harder 
than  the  constant  fear  of  being  found  out  by  fanat- 
ical Mohammedans.' 

The  book  is  interesting  in  many  ways,  as  the 
foregoing  extracts  show  more  plainly,  perhaps, 
than  any  comment  makes  possible.  It  sets 
forth  a  long,  industrious,  and  honorable  career, 
filled  with  achievement  of  no  mean  order  and 
not  yet  closed.  Being  interestingly  told,  and 
by  one  who  learned  to  write  in  English  late  in 
life,  there  can  be  no  good  result  from  criticiz- 
ing its  style.  But  it  both  needs  and  deserves  an 
index,  in  addition  to  the  summary  of  previous 
works  from  the  same  hand  which  is  added  as 
an  appendix.  Wallace  Rice. 


Charity  ADMrNTSTRATiox  at  Home 
AXD  Abroad.* 


In  a  substantial  volume  of  seven  hundred 
closely-printed  pages.  Professor  Charles  R. 
Henderson  has  brought  together  a  valuable 
series  of  papers  on  the  administration  of  pub- 
lic and  private  charity  in  the  principal  coun- 
tries of  the  world.  For  Unrty  years,  as  the 
preface  states,  he  has  been  engaged  in  collect- 
ing materials  for  this  magnum  opus,  with  the 
assistance  of  students  and  other  friends.  As 
the  inquiry  extended  beyond  mere  statutes  and 
forms  of  organization  to  the  actual  workings 
of  the  systems  of  poor-relief  in  various  coun- 
tries, the  collection  of  information  was  a  for- 
midable task.  Professor  Henderson  himself 
writes  of  Germany,  Switzerland,  Sweden  and 
Norway,  Italy,  Scotland,  Canada,  and  (with 
the  collaboration  of  Professor  E.  C.  Hayes) 
Austria-Hungary;  Dr.  Charles  A.  Ellwood 
writes  of  public  relief  and  private  charity  in 
England;  Professor  J.  M.  Gillette  treats  of 
Ireland  and  Denmark;  Dr.  0.  J.  Price  of 
India  and  Australasia;  Professor  Eomanzo 
Adams  of  Holland;  Dr.  Annie  Marion  Mac- 
Lean  of  France;  Mr.  Eben  Mumford  of  Bel- 
gium; and  Dr.  Hannah  B.   Clark  of  Russia. 

•  Modern  Methods  of  Chakitt.  An  Account  of  the 
Systems  of  Relief,  Public  and  Private,  in  the  Principal 
Countries  Having  Modem  Methods.  By  Charles  Rich- 
mond Henderson,  assisted  by  others.  New  York:  The 
Macmlllan  Co. 


The  charity  of  the  Jews  in  Europe  and  Amer- 
ica is  described  by  Rabbi  Morris  M.  Feuer- 
licht  and  Rabbi  A.  Hirschberg.  The  long 
chapter  on  the  United  States  is  divided  among 
several  contributors:  Professor  C.  J.  BushneU 
writes  statistically  of  the  causes  and  condi- 
tions of  social  need,  and  of  the  extent,  con- 
ditions, law,  and  administration  of  public  re- 
lief in  the  various  states;  Miss  Florence  Ash- 
craft  describes  the  charitable  work  of  socie- 
ties of  women,  the  social  settlements,  and  the 
Red  Cross,  and  the  work  done  for  the  pro- 
tection of  children  and  youth;  Dr.  F.  G. 
Cressey  sketches  the  interesting  social  work 
of  the  Salvation  Army  and  the  Volunteers  of 
America;  and  Professor  Henderson  fills  in  the 
gaps  with  sections  on  voluntary  and  ecclesias- 
tical charity,  indoor  relief,  the  treatment  of 
vagrants,  medical  relief,  defectives,  preven- 
tive measures  (such  as  free  employment 
bureaus,  workingmen*s  insurance,  provident 
loans,  and  care  of  discharged  prisoners  and 
their  families),  and  cooperation  of  charitable 
agencies  through  Charity  Organization  Socie- 
ties, etc.  The  inclusion  of  paragraphs  on  city 
play-grounds,  industrial  schools,  and  other  edu- 
cational efforts  show  that  charity  is  conceived 
as  something  more  than  almsgiving. 

The  value  of  this  monographic  work  is 
vastly  increased  because  it  is  inspired  by  a 
common  purpose,  unified  by  a  common  plan, 
and  brought  together  in  a  single  volume  by  an 
author-editor  peculiarly  well  fitted  for  the 
task.  Professor  Henderson  has  a  much  more 
practical  knowledge  of  charitable  matters  than 
most  college  professors  have  of  the  subjects 
they  teach;  in  him,  indeed,  the  theoretical  and 
the  practical  are  almost  ideally  united.  One 
is  tempted  to  wish  that  he  had  somewhat  mag- 
nified his  editorial  fimction  and  supplied  a 
summary  making  clear  the  trend  of  modem 
philanthropic  effort.  But  perhaps  this  is  tiie 
wish  of  the  dilletante  or  of  the  book-reviewer 
only;  there  is  something  to  be  said  in  favor 
of  the  old-fashioned  plan  of  reading  a  book 
through  instead  of  merely  skimming  through 
the  introduction  and  conclusion,  and  those  who 
read  it  should  be  able  to  draw  their  own  gen- 
eralizations. Charity  workers  are  apt  to  be 
busy  people,  but  they  will  find  this  book  well 
worth  reading  through. 

If  this  review  is  little  more  than  a  table  of 
contents,  it  has  at  least  supplied  the  most 
conspicuous  lack  of  the  volume '  reviewed, 
whose  table  of  contents  is  only  a  list  of  coun- 
tries. A  somewhat  more  analytical  list  of  top- 
ics is  needed  to  exhibit  the  richness  and  vari- 
ety of  the  subject-matter  and  to  make  the 
book  useful  for  ready  reference,  although 
there  is  a  fairly  good  index.        Max  West. 


270 


THE    DTAT. 


[April  16, 


Recent  Books  on  Education.* 


In  no  field  of  educational  research  has  there 
been  a  larger  crop  of  monographs  during  the 
last  decade  than  in  the  department  of  American 
education.  Hitherto  no  available  summary  of 
this  recent  work  was  to  be  had.  Now  Dr. 
Edwin  Grant  Dexter,  of  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois, comes  forward  to  supply  the  need  in  a 
volume  of  six  hundred  pages  entitled  'A  His- 
tory of  Education  in  the  United  States.'  His 
purpose,  as  he  explains  it  in  his  preface,  is  *to 
supply  the  student  a  considerable  mass  of  defi- 
nite fact  .  .  .  rather  than  extended 
philosophical  discussions  of  historical  trend.' 
With  the  exception  of  the  first  fifty  pages,  the 
method  of  treatment  is  exclusively  topical ;  each 
state  in  the  union  is  sketched  briefly,  sometimes 
in  less  than  a  page.  The  body  of  the  book  con- 
sists of  closely-written  chapters  on  elementary 
education,  public  secondary  education,  school 
organization  text  books,  colleges  and  universi- 
ties, professional  education,  technical  and  agri- 
cultural education,  the  preparation  of  teachers, 
art  and  manual  training,  commercial  education, 
and  the  education  of  women,  to  mention  only 
the  most  important  topics.  In  these  chapters 
Dr.  Dexter  devotes  a  few  paragraphs  to  the  early 
history,  and  then  masses  the  facts  showing  the 
trend  of  present  development.  This  portion 
of  the  work,  particularly  the  handling  of  sta- 
tistics, is  skilfully  done.  Only  the  really  sig- 
nificant figures  have  been  selected.  Many  of 
the  historical  sketches  of  education  in  the  dif- 
ferent states  are  weak  and  perfunctory;  the 
amount  of  space  is  too  limited,  and  frequently 
two-thirds  of  the  space  is  given  over  to  an 
account  of  the  first  teacher  and  where  the  first 
school  house  was  located,  to  the  neglect  of  really 

•  A  History  of  Education  in  the  United  States. 
By  Edwin  Grant  Dexter,  Ph.D.  New  York :  The  Mac- 
miUan   Co. 

The  New  York  Public  School.  Being  a  History  of 
Free  Education  in  the  City  of  New  York.  By  A.  Emerson 
Palmer,  M.A. ;  with  Introduction  by  Seth  Low,  LL.D. 
Illustrated.     New  York :    The  Macmillan  Co. 

Our  Schools.  Their  Administration  and  Supervision. 
By  William  Estabrook  Chancellor.  Boston :  D.  C.  Heath 
&  Co. 

Notes  on  German  Schools,  with  Special  Relation  to 
Curriculum  and  Methods  of  Teaching.  By  William  H. 
Winch,  M.A.     New  York :    Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 

The  Education  of  the  Wage-Earners.  A  Contribu- 
tion toward  the  Educational  Problem  of  Democracy.  By 
Thomas  Davidson ;  edited  by  Charles  M.  Bakewell.  Boston : 
Ginn    &    Co. 

Routine  and  Ideals.  By  Le  Baron  R.  Briggs.  Boston  : 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 

The  Trend  in  Higher  Education.  By  William  Rainey 
Harper.     University  of  Chicago  Press. 

Personal  and  Ideal  Elements  in  Education.  By 
Henry  Churchill  King.     New  York :    The  Macmillan  Co. 

Up  through  Childhood.  A  Book  for  Parents  and 
Teachers.  By  George  Allen  Hubbell,  Ph.D.  New  York : 
G.   P.   Putnam's  Sons. 

The  Child.  His  Thinking,  Feeling,  and  Doing.  By 
Amy  Eliza  Tanner.     Chicago  :    Rand,  McNally  &  Co. 


significant  facts.  In  such  states  as  Indiana, 
Michigan,  North  Carolina,  and  California,  the 
characteristic  events  which  show  the  individu- 
ality of  the  system  and  its  growth  are  entirely 
omitted.  Another  objection  that  can  justly  be 
urged  applies  to  the  title  rather  than  the  con- 
tents of  Dr.  Dexter's  volume.  In  no  sense  is 
it  a  history  of  education  in  the  United  States; 
there  is  no  unity,  whole  episodes  in  the  history 
of  education  are  absent  as  are  also  the  majority 
of  the  important  personalities.  A  more  accu- 
rate title  would  have  been  '  A  Historical  Ency- 
clopaedia of  American  Education.' 

The  centenary  of  the  inauguration  of  the 
movement  for  free  public  schools  in  the  city  of 
New  York  has  suggested  the  need  of  a  general 
historical  sketch  of  the  system,  and  such  a 
sketch  has  been  written  by  Mr.  A.  Emerson 
Palmer,  secretary  of  the  New  York  school 
board.  The  author  describes  his  work  as  '  a 
fairly  complete  chronicle  rather  than  a  philo- 
sophic history.'  He  thus  parries  the  most  seri- 
ous criticism  that  can  be  made,  —  namely, 
that  the  book  treats  only  of  surface  events  and 
that  the  significance  of  the  events  chronicled  is 
not  shown.  Mr.  Palmer  is  well  informed  on 
his  own  subject,  but  he  appears  to  know  little 
or  nothing  of  the  development  of  other  city 
systems.  The  title-page  informs  the  reader 
that  this  history  is  authorized  by  the  New  York 
board  of  education,  which  fact  may  account  for 
the  somewhat  gingerly  discussion  of  several 
recent  movements  in  organization.  Not  with- 
standing these  limitations,  the  book  meets  a  dis- 
tinct need,  and  every  student  of  American  edu- 
cation would  welcome  similarly  comprehensive 
sketches  of  the  growth  of  public  education  in 
Boston,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  and  other 
centres  of  population. 

Books  treating  of  school  supervision  from  the 
formal  or  official  side  of  systems  and  laws,  have 
been  sufficiently  numerous;  a  work,  however, 
describing  the  management  of  schools  as  they 
actually  are  managed,  is  something  of  a  novelty. 
This  latter  is  the  task  that  Superintendent  Wil- 
liam E.  Chancellor,  of  Bloomfield,  New  Jersey, 
has  undertaken  to  perform  in  his  recent  volume, 
'  Our  Schools,  their  Administration  and  Super- 
vision.' The  immediate  aim  of  the  author  ha^ 
been  to  provide  a  manual  of  advice  for  teachers 
entering  the  profession  of  the  school  super- 
tendency.  Such  topics  as  boards  of  education, 
the  superintendent,  the  principal,  graded  sys- 
tems of  schools,  state  systems,  the  private  school, 
the  new  education,  and  the  educational  policy 
of  the  community  are  dealt  with  from  the  point 
of  view  of  the  school  administrator.  An  appen- 
dix of  more  than  fifty  pages  contains  reprints 
of  the  blank  forms  necessary  in  the  administra- 
tion of  city  schools.     As  a  guide  to  the  novice, 


1905.J 


THE    DIAL, 


271 


the  work  will  undoubtedly  prove  useful ;  but  its 
greatest  value  is  iu  an  entirely  different  direc- 
tion ;  as  a  study  in  social  control,  it  is  a  master- 
piece. How  boards  of  education  are  managed, 
how  public  sentiment  can  be  created  and 
brought  to  bear  on  them,  when  the 
superintendent  should  be  bold  and  when 
not  too  bold,  —  these  are  the  topics  dealt 
with  by  Mr.  Chancellor  in  a  manner 
that  might  almost  be  described  as  fascinat- 
ing. Pari;  of  the  interest  lq  these  discussions 
is  due  to  the  large  number  of  specific  cases 
which  the  author  cites.  Another  source  of 
strength,  though  of  inferior  importance,  is 
found  in  his  acquaintance  with  modem  eco- 
nomics, sociology,  and  pedagog}'.  The  book  is 
equally  free  from  the  patriotic  gloss  of  the  pro- 
fessional politician  and  the  hysterics  of  the  pro- 
fessional reformer;  it  recognises  frankly  the 
weak  spots  in  our  city  systems  and  the  difficul- 
ties that  confront  the  superintendent.  Any  one 
interested  in  knowing  the  schools  as  part  of  the 
social  machinery  of  tiie  countrv-  will  find  the 
work  profitable. 

Inspector  William  H.  Winch  of  the  English 
elementary  schools  endeavors  to  apply  an  exact 
standard  of  measurement  to  the  intellectual 
results  accomplished  in  the  schools  of  different 
countries.  '  Xotes  on  German  Schools '  is  the 
title  of  his  first  work  in  this  direction.  The 
volume,  in  the  main,  contains  accurate  and 
detailed  descriptions  of  lessons  observed  by  the 
author  in  a  four  months'  tour  of  inspection  in 
Germany.  In  the  case  of  each  lesson  described, 
all  the  obtaining  conditions  (such  as  age  of 
pupil,  grade,  number  in  class,  preparation,  and 
time  devoted  to  that  particular  branch)  are 
stated.  The  subjects  covered  in  separate  chap- 
ters are  arithmetic,  the  language  arts,  history, 
geography,  modem  languages,  elementary 
science,  drawing,  physical  exercises,  and  sing- 
ing. The  resulting  volume  lacks  the  charm  and 
picturesque  features  of  some  American  books  on 
the  same  subject,  but  is  a  more  useful  and  solid 
contribution  for  serious  students. 

Critics  who  complain  that  in  America  philos- 
ophy is  simply  an  academic  luxury  remote 
from  the  real  interests  of  life  should  read 
Thomas  Davidson's  posthumous  volume,  'The 
Education  of  the  Wage-Earners,'  which  con- 
tains the  record  of  a  unique  experiment  among 
the  Russian  Jews  of  Xew  York  City.  As  the 
result  of  a  challenge  at  the  close  of  a  lecture, 
Professor  Davidson  organized  a  class  composed 
almost  exclusively  of  wage-earners  from  the 
tenement  houses.  With  them,  he  successively 
studied  the  history  of  civilization,  modem  lit- 
erature, and  the  history  of  philosophy.  In 
spite  of  broken  English,  poor  facilities  for 
study,  and  the  exhaustion  from  excessive  physi- 


cal labor,  these  students  threw  themselves  into 
the  courses  with  surprising  intellectual  vigor 
and  enthusiasm,  which  has  been  continued 
through  a  series  of  years,  even  after  the  death 
of  the  founder.  This  result  is  a  striking  con- 
firmation of  one  of  the  founder's  theories,  viz., 
that  the  true  students  of  the  age  are  not  found 
in  universities,  largely  supported  by  the  idle 
sons  of  the  rich,  but  in  the  factories  and  work- 
shops. The  volume,  which  is  edited  by  Mr. 
Charles  M.  Bakewell,  contains  a  brief  biography 
and  characterization  of  Professor  Davidson  by 
the  editor;  two  of  the  original  lectures  of  the 
course;  the  history  of  the  movement,  written 
by  Professor  Davidson,  together  with  his  letters 
to  the  class  showing  the  underlying  spirit  of  tiie 
movement. 

A  new  volume  of  addresses  or  lay  sermons 
by  Dean  Briggs  of  Harvard  follows  the  lines  of 
his  previous  book,  *  School,  College,  and  Char- 
acter,' in  its  attitude  toward  fundamental  col- 
lege problems.  Its  contents,  however,  are  more 
miscellaneous  in  character,  containing  as  it 
does  the  Harvard  Phi  Beta  Kappa  poem  for 
1903  and  the  address  to  the  school  children  of 
Concord  on  the  hundredth  anniversary  of  the 
birth  of  Emerson,  as  well  as  the  addresses  on 
college  topics.  I)ean  Briggs  does  not  retract 
his  scepticism  concerning  modem  methods  in 
higher  education,  so  well  phrased  in  the  title 
of  one  of  his  previous  address^,  *  Old  Fash- 
ioned Doubts  concerning  Xew  Fashioned  Edu- 
cation.' He  preaches  the  gospel  of  routine, 
of  complete  mastery  of  the  automatic  side  of 
living,  as  a  prime  requisite  in  education.  His 
most  inspiring  chapters  are  those  treating  the 
moral  and  social  side  of  modem  college  life, 
where  his  wide  experience  lend  weight  and 
insight  to  his  words.  He  is  also  unusually  for- 
tunate in  his  illustrative  stories.  Admiration 
of  the  author's  style  should  not  blind  the  reader 
to  his  essentially  one-sided  presentation  of  an 
intricate  subject.  With  a  sure  hand,  the  weak- 
nesses arising  from  the  elasticity  and  individu- 
alism of  the  newer  methods  in  higher  education 
are  laid  bare,  but  nothing  is  said  of  the  initia- 
tion into  scientific  method,  the  intellectual 
maturity  and  philosophic  spirit  which  these 
same  methods  have  secured  to  the  abler  and 
more  serious-minded  students. 

Twenty-three  of  the  recent  utterances  of 
President  William  E.  Harper  have  been  gath- 
ered into  a  volume  called  '  The  Trend  in  Higher 
Education.'  The  majority  of  the  chapters, 
including  all  those  of  importance,  discuss  either 
coUege  and  university  questions  or  religious  and 
theological  education.  The  articles,  with  the 
exception  of  some  brief  occasional  addresses, 
are  vital  and  frank  almost  to  the  point 
of     blimtness,  —  there     is     no     tendency     to 


272 


THE    DIAL, 


[April  le. 


call  a  spade  an  agricultural  implement. 
At  the  same  time,  the  treatment  is  fair, 
and  no  attempt  is  made  to  criticize  a 
particular  institution  by  insinuation.  Dr. 
Harper  takes  a  vigorous  and  business-like 
attitude,  modem  but  not  radical,  and  his  gen- 
eral conclusions  are  likely  to  be  more  widely 
accepted  by  the  university  men  of  the  country 
than  those  of  any  other  writer  in  recent  years. 
The  strongest  chapters  are  '  Waste  in  Higher 
Education,'  which  should  be  sent  to  every  board 
of  regents  or  trustees  in  the  country,  'How 
Shall  the  Theological  Curriculum  be  Modified,' 
and  *  The  Situation  in  the  Small  College.'  The 
first  chapter,  '  Democracy  and  Education,'  does 
not  afford  President  Harper's  preeminently 
objective  mind  as  good  an  opportunity  to  dis- 
play itself  to  advantage  as  many  of  the  later 
themes.  Some  of  the  minor  topics  treated  are 
teachers,  salaries,  endowment  C)f  college 
athletics,  Latin  versus  science,  coeducation,  the 
three  years'  course,  and  luxury  among  college 
students. 

Both  President  King  of  Oberlin,  in  his 
volume  entitled  '  Personal  and  Ideal  Elements 
in  Education,'  and  Dr.  George  A.  Hubbell,  in 
his  book  called  *Up  through  Childhood,' 
endeavor  to  apply  the  results  of  modem 
psychology  to  moral  and  religious  education. 
President  King  writes  for  the  scholar  a  con- 
servative interpretation  of  the  results  gained  by 
men  like  Coe,  Starbuck,  and  Leuba  in  their 
researches  concerning  the  psychology  of  con- 
version and  allied  themes.  If  the  basis  of  his 
careful  and  well-wrought  argument  is  some- 
times wider  than  the  application  to  concrete 
problems,  this  apparent  discrepancy  is  to  be 
accounted  for  by  the  form  of  the  chapters,  which 
were  first  delivered  as  papers  before  religious 
conventions,  where  striking  and  concrete  con- 
clusions are  urgently  demanded.  The  volume 
contains  President  King's  inaugural  address, 
another  plea  for  the  retention  of  the  old-time 
college  course.  Dr.  Hubbell  writes  in  a  popu- 
lar style  for  a  much  wider  audience.  His  book 
reads  like  a  number  of  bright  Y.  M.  C.  A.  talks 
strung  together  with  some  appearance  of  system. 
It  abounds  in  excellent  stories  and  familiar 
verse,  and  contains  much  eloquence.  N'o  better 
book  on  religious  pedagogy  for  the  average  Sun- 
day school  teacher  has  been  written.  It  is 
readable,  fearless  in  its  discussion  of  present 
conditions,  and  embodies  many  of  the  typical 
ideas  of  the  last  decade. 

Child  study  is  rapidly  emerging  from  the 
monographic  period  to  a  stage  characterized  by 
general  summaries  and  interpretations.  The 
latest  venture  in  the  latter  direction  is  a  vol- 
ume written  by  Miss  Amy  Eliza  Tanner,  for- 
merly   of    the    University    of    Chicago,    and 


entitled  'The  Child,  his  Thinking,  Feeling, 
and  Doing.'  The  book  is  designed  for  the 
teacher  and  the  mother.  The  author  avoids 
technical  terms  and  speculative  discussions;, 
facts  in  great  abundance  have  been  supplied, 
together  with  bibliographies  suificiently  com- 
plete to  confuse  the  average  mother  or  teacher 
who  is  not  also  a  trained  student.  Inasmuch 
as  the  majority  of  readers  ignore  bibliographies, 
however,  no  great  amount  of  damage  will  result. 
The  arrangement  of  chapters  lacks  any  psycho- 
logical or  logical  basis.  For  normal  or  college 
students  who  should  have  some  groundwork  in 
general  psychology  before  studying  child  psy- 
chology. Miss  Tanner's  book  is  inferior  to  that 
of  Dr.  Kirkpatrick;  for  general  readers  it  will 
prove  more  serviceable. 

Henry  Davidson  Sheldon. 


Briefs  ox  New  Books. 


Mr.  Gosse'a 
estimate  of 
Patmore. 


Barely  a  decade  has  passed  since 
the   death   of  Coventry    Patmore, 
and  already  his  work  lies  more  in 
shadow  than  that  of  any  other  well-known  poet 
of  his  generation.    Mr.  Edmund  Gosse,  writing  of 
Patmore  in  the  series  of  'Literary  Lives'  (Scrib- 
ner),  prophesies  that  the  shadow  will  soon  pas& 
and  that  Patmore 's  reputation  will  grow  steadily 
in  the  future  until  it  reaches  a  position  as  secure,, 
if  not  as  eminent,  as  that  now  held  by  Tennyson,. 
Browning,  and  Matthew  Arnold.  Mr.  Gosse 's  biog- 
raphy is  highly  interesting;  explaining  much  that 
is  mysterious  in  Patmore 's  poetry  through  the 
strange  personality  of  the  poet,  the  biographer 
adds  something  of  distinct  value  to  the  critical 
estimate.     But  his  conclusions  are  at  least  open 
to  debate.     As  Mr.  Gosse  himself  says,  Patmore- 
was  the  type  of  the  moral  and  intellectual  aristo- 
crat; he  arrogated  to  himself  an  independence  of 
thought  and  action  not  in  harmony  with  modern 
theories  of  social  welfare.    Moreover,  his  ideals^ 
both  personal  and  literary,  were  above  his  powers 
of  realization.     The  result  of  all  this  seems,  to- 
an  outsider  unbiassed  by  personal  admiration  for 
Patmore,  consistent  with  the  facts  as  they  are. 
Patmore  is  dead,  and  with  him  died  the  inspira- 
tion of  his  presence,  the  impulse  of  his  strong 
and  aggressive  individuality,  and  the  charm  of 
his  poetry.    Patmore 's  poetry  was  Patmore  trans- 
lated into  verse,  mystically  simple,  inconsistent,, 
incomplete.     Even  'The  Angel  in  the  House'  is 
fragmentary,  and  great  reputations  are  not  built 
on  fragments.    If  he  is  to  be  remembered  it  will 
be  as  the  friend  of  great  men,  the  early  idol  of  the 
Preraphaelites.    He  started  thoroughly  abreast  of 
his  times,  but  he  did  not  care  to  forge  ahead 
with  the  rest,  and  Avas  only  angered  when  others 
insisted  that  the  goal  had  not  been  reached.   Still, 
it  is  something  to  have  been  considered  an  enemy 
Avorth  fighting,  and  the  records  show  a  famous 
quarrel  for  almost  every  famous  friendship.     It 
is  almost  impossible  to  consider  Patmore 's  poetry 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


273 


apart  from  Patmore.  'The  Azalea'  is  perfect,  so 
are  other  little  things  and  small  parts  of  some 
of  the  bigger  things;  then  all  is  said. 

An  efficient  A.  text-book  has  a  possibility  to 
text  in  make  or  mar  the  student's  interest 
Psychology.  jjj  ^  particular  section  of  the  intel- 
lectual domain  second  only  to  that  of  the  teacher. 
And  the  requirements  demanded  of  teacher  and 
text  alike  are  many,  complex,  and  strenuous. 
Tact,  insight,  judgment,  taste,  and  a  nice  feeling 
for  compromise  amid  the  emphasis  of  the  essen- 
tials, are  all  to  be  exercised  without  dogmatism, 
without  sacrifice  of  a  helpful  effort  on  the  part  of 
the  learner  or  of  enthusiasm  on  the  part  of  the 
teacher.  The  new-bom  change  ia  the  interpreta- 
tion of  subject-matter  and  of  the  spirit  of  the 
teacher  has  humanized  and  naturalized  the  text- 
book. No  discipline  has  profited  by,  and  in  turn 
inspired,  this  consummation  more  than  that  of 
psychology;  and  since  James  any  one  who  issues 
a  dull  or  unreadable  book  on  psychology  does  so 
at  his  peril.  Besides  readability,  such  a  text 
should  inspire  effort  and  lead  to  effective  absorp- 
tion of  new  ideas.  In  this  aspect  its  success  de- 
pends upon  system,  point  of  view,  and  the  sus- 
tained capacity  of  the  author.  In  all  these  re- 
spects, and  everywhere  with  distinctive  success, 
the  volume  recently  issued  by  Professor  J.  R. 
Angell  passes  a  critical  examination.  The  text 
is  readable,  the  doctrine  sound,  the  teaching  effect- 
ive. It  achieves  these  merits  by  judicious  se- 
lections and  omissions,  by  emphasis  of  the  im- 
portant and  a  sufficient  indication  of  the  details 
to  make  a  life-like  picture.  The  points  of  great- 
est emphasis  are  the  importance  of  the  functional, 
active,  effective  processes  in  the  world  of  mind, 
the  instructive  sidelights  that  are  obtained  when 
we  study  such  functions  as  a  growth  and  note 
how  such  processes  came  to  be,  and  how  differ- 
ently they  are  distributed  in  the  varieties  of 
mental  experience.  The  strength  of  the  book  is 
in  the  descriptions  of  the  higher  and  more  com- 
plex forms  of  the  mental  product,  those  in  which 
perception,  memory,  attention,  and  the  formation 
of  concepts  play  the  major  part.  The  introduc- 
tory accounts  of  the  source  of  the  material  upon 
which  the  mind  works,  and  of  its  relations  with  a 
nervous  system,  while  adequate,  are  for  many  pur- 
poses too  condensed,  and  too  summary  to  balance 
well  with  the  more  adequate  and  congenial  treat- 
ment of  what  comes  later.  Yet  in  all,  and  for 
the  purposes  of  the  general  introductory  course 
in  our  college  psychology,  the  book  has  distinctly 
greater  adaptiveness  and  promise  of  eflBciency, 
with  fewer  shortcomings,  than  almost  any  other 
book  that  has  recently  been  put  forth  to  meet  the 
needs  of  those  young  minds  about  to  be  ac- 
quainted with  the  natural  history  of  the  mental 
life.     (Holt.)         ' 

To  those  at  all  familiar  with  the 
Philadelphia  Library  (the  sub- 
scription library  founded  by 
Franklin  and  a  few  of  his  friends),  which  includes 
also  the  famous  Loganian  Library,  the  diary  of 
'Hannah  Logan's  Courtship'  (Ferris  &  Leach)  is 
a  document  of  very  real  and  living  interest;  for 
it  is  chiefly  by  reason  of  James  Logan's  valuable 


An  oJd-time 
courtship. 


collection  of  books,  now  available  for  general 
consultation,  that  the  name  of  Hannah's  father 
is  to-day  held  in  honored  remembrance,  while  it 
is  not  twenty  years  since  this  library  (with  the 
Philadelphia  Library  as  a  whole)  was  imder  the 
care  of  its  donor's  great-great-grandson,  the  late 
Lloyd  P.  Smith.  It  was  the  latter 's  great-grand- 
father, John  Smith,  who  wooed  and  won  the 
beautiful,  virtuous,  and  accomplished  Hannah 
Logan;  and  the  fortunate  lover's  diary,  still  pre- 
served to  the  extent  of  three-quarters  of  its 
original  bulk  by  the  late  librarian 's  sister,  is  now 
drawn  upon  by  Mr.  Albert  Cook  Mvers,  the  editor 
of  'Sally  Wister's  Journal,'  for  a  quaint  and 
pleasing  account  of  this  old-time  courtship.  Intro- 
duction, footnotes,  appendix,  views,  portraits, 
and  facsimiles,  all  attest  the  antiquarian  zeal 
Mr.  Myers  has  brought  to  the  execution  of  his 
task;  and  the  result  is  a  volume  exceedingly 
attractive  to  students  of  our  colonial  history,  and 
not  unattractive  to  the  general  reader.  The  prom- 
inence of  the  characters  concerned  —  James  Logan 
being  at  one  time  acting  governor  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  John  Smith  Assemblyman  of  the 
same  province  and  afterward  King's  Councillor 
of  New  Jersey  —  adds  to  the  historic  interest  of 
the  diary.  As  a  specimen  of  the  diarist's  style, 
this  brief  notice  shall  close  with  his  record  of  the 
ceremony  that  made  Hannah  Logan  his  wife. 
*  The  meeting  was  pretty  f  uU, '  writes  John  Smith 
under  date  of  10th  mo.  7th,  1748  (he  and  Han- 
nah were  of  course  good  orthodox  Quakers),  'and 
a  solid  good  time.  I  felt  in  it  a  degree  of  the  heart- 
tendring  Love  of  God,  which  was  a  strength  & 
Comfort.  Sarah  Morris  &  M.  Lightfoot  preach 'd, 
&  J.  Benezitt  pray'd;  then  we  solemnized  our 
marriage  in  an  awful  and  InteUigble  manner. 
Had  our  friends'  Company,  &  the  Entertainment 
for  them  was  very  agreeable. ' 


The  field  of  modem  Irish  history 
inTte^uii^  ^^s  long  been  permitted  to  he  fal- 
low ;  only  here  and  there,  and  par- 
ticularly where  it  directly  touches  the  English 
field,  has  much  genuine  work  been  done. 
Recently,  however,  Mr.  C.  Litton  Falkiner,  an 
enthusiastic  student  of  the  Irish  past,  has  begun  a 
systematic  study  of  the  history  of  the  whcJe 
island,  and,  especially  on  the  social  and  topograph- 
ical side.  In  his  earlier '  Studies '  he  gives  us  a  pic- 
ture of  Ireland  in  the  eighteenth  century;  in  his 
later  work,  'Illustrations  of  Irish  History'  (Long- 
mans), he  takes  us  back  to  the  seventeenth.  The 
book  is  in  two  parts:  the  first  is  a  collection  of 
papers  —  'by-products  of  historical  research' — 
dealing  with  various  subjects,  most  of  which, 
however,  concern  the  early  history  of  Dublin.  To 
the  historical  student  these  papers  have  distinct 
value;  but  the  general  reader  will  find  them  any- 
thing but  inspiring.  Of  far  greater  importance 
and  interest  is  the  second  part,  which  is  a  collec- 
tion of  source  materials,  descriptions  of  Ireland 
by  officials  and  travellers  who  visited  or  lived  jn 
the  country  during  the  Stuart  period.  As  the 
greater  part  of  these  were  written  by  royal  offi- 
cials, matters  are  naturally  seen  from  the  Eng- 
lish point  of  view ;  and  the  narrators  find  much 


274 


THE    DIAL 


[April  t6^ 


to  censure,  especially  in  popular  customs  and 
religious  observances.  Nevertheless,  taken  together 
they  form  a  picture  of  Irish  society  in  the  six- 
teenth century  that  is  clear  and  vivid,  though 
somewhat  exaggerated  and  unsympathetic.  The 
editor's  notes  explanatory  of  Celtic  terms  and 
obsolete  place-names  are  all  the  reader  can  desire. 
Some  of  the  essays  in  Part  I.,  such  as  those  in 
which  the  author  discusses  the  woods  and  the 
counties  of  Ireland,  also  give  considerable  help 
toward  a  proper  understanding  of  these  contem- 
porary accounts.  It  should  be  added  that  a  large 
part  of  this  material,  particularly  certain  chap- 
ters of  Tynes  Moryson's  Itinerary,'  had  lain  in 
manuscript  form  till  within  the  last  few  years,  a 
few  sections  being  printed  in  this  work  for  the 
first  time.  In  publishing  a  book  such  as  this,  Mr. 
Falkiner  does  the  cause  of  history  a  service;  it  is 
only  to  be  regretted  that  he  has  found  himself 
unable  to  include  a  few  extracts  from  writers 
more  in  sympathy  with  the  Irish  people  and  their 
struggles  to  maintain  their  nationality  and  their 

faith.  

It  is  well  for  the  title  of  a  book  to 

le^rZ'^ce!'''*  ^^«  ^  f^i^ly  accurate  idea  of  its 
contents.  When  one  reads  the 
title,  'How  to  Know  the  Starry  Heavens,'  he 
must  not  be  blamed  if  he  infers  that  the  work  is 
devoted  to  teaching  a  knowledge  of  the  constella- 
tions. But  this  book  of  Professor  Edward  Irving 
is  of  quite  a  different  nature.  Dedicated  to  'All 
true  citizens  of  the  Great  Cosmos  and  to  all  who 
wish  to  become  such,'  it  aims  to  interest  the  gen- 
eral reader  in  astronomical  processes,  and  in 
those  results  of  astronomical  research  that  most 
compel  the  imagination  and  are  associated  with 
the  widest  —  and  in  some  respects  the  wildest  — 
of  theorizings.  The  author's  'chariot  of  imagina- 
tion' carries  the  reader  through  the  starry 
realms,  leads  him  to  see  in  an  humble  rock-frag- 
ment something  similar  to  the  entire  known  uni- 
verse, and  in  turn  to  consider  the  latter  as  per- 
chance forming  a  fragment  of  some  yet  grander 
structure.  The  latest  speculations  about  the 
Nebular  Hypothesis  are  here  exploited  in  con- 
siderable detail,  the  discussion  of  the  structure  of 
matter  embracing  an  admirably  clear  and  suc- 
cinct account  of  various  forms  of  radio-activity. 
Line  cuts  and  photo-engravings  abound,  but  are 
scarcely  more  picturesque  than  the  language  of 
the  author,  which  is  usually  interesting  and  genu- 
inely informing.  There  are  occasional  lapses 
which  offend  the  serious  reader,  when  the  author 
attempts  undue  jocoseness,  or  oversteps  the 
boundaries  of  good  taste  in  references  to  the 
Bible.  His  philosophical  standpoint  may  be  judged 
by  a  quotation  from  page  205:  'We  have  come  to 
the  conclusion  that  nothing  exists  apart  from 
matter  and  its  energies.  Mind,  in  the  form  of 
desires  and  inclinations,  exists  not  only  through- 
out the  animal  and  vegetable  kingdoms,  but  like- 
wise in  so-called  dead  matter.  Even  the  mole- 
cules, atoms,  and  corpuscles  have  a  kind  of  sensa- 
tion and  will.*  On  the  whole,  the  book  may  be 
characterized  as  a  fresh,  up-to-date,  and  stimulat- 
ing series  of  short  essays  on  the  worlds  that  peo- 
ple space.    (F.  A.  Stokes  Co.) 


A  prejudiced  'The  Kaiser  as  He  Is'  (Putnam),  a 
portrait  of  translation  from  the  French  of  M. 

the  Kaiser.  jj^^^j^  ^j^  Noussanne  by  Mr.  Walter 
Littlefield,  is  the  most  recent  book  on  the  German 
Emperor,  The  translator  has,  in  general,  done 
his  Avork  acceptably,  though  numerous  misprints 
and  mistakes  in  capitalization  are  to  be  noted, 
and  there  are  many  minor  errors  of  statement 
that  might  well  have  been  corrected  in  the  English 
version.  For  example,  the  death  of  Fi-ederick  III. 
is  mentioned  as  happening  at  San  Remo  instead 
of  Potsdam,  and  the  assassination  of  President 
McKinley  is  connected  with  the  inauguration  of 
the  Buffalo  Exposition.  The  chief  objection  to 
the  book  is,  however,  the  prejudice  of  the  author. 
Not  only  does  he  start  out  with  the  assumption 
that  William  II.  is  un  malade,  but  every  page  con- 
tradicts the  translator's  statement  that  his  author 
is  'polite,  gracious  and  free  from  malice'  in  his 
presentation  of  facts  and  in  his  conclusions.  No 
better  evidence  of  this,  or  indeed  of  the  whole 
tone  of  the  book,  can  be  offered  than  a  few  sen- 
tences from  the  final  summing  up. 

'  William  II.  will  leave  Germany  unstable,  divided, 
poverty-stricken,  nerveless  and  feeble.  As  soon  as  he 
shall  have  disappeared,  the  fatality  of  his  work  of  self- 
advertising  and  noise  will  be  revealed.  .  .  .  One  looks 
in  vain  in  his  words,  examines  their  humour,  their 
substance,  their  intelligence,  their  utility,  their  precision, 
their  good  sense,  and  their  intent.  Only  occasionally  do 
we  find  gleams  of  almost  human  intelligence  amid  the 
platitudinous  commonplaceness  of  his  incoherent  declama- 
tions. This  man  is  always  on  the  surface  of  everything. 
His  brain  is  a  void,  and  sadder  yet,  his  heart  is  a 
Sahara.  Honour  does  not  blossom  there  and  there  pity 
dies.' 

But  enough!  If  the  work  contains  any  grains 
of  truth  they  are  hid  in  an  even  larger  measure  of 
chaff,  and  are  as  little  worth  the  search  as  Shake- 
speare regarded  the  reasons  of  Gratiano. 


Breaking 
the  Western 
wilderness. 


The  latest  of  the  instructive  vol- 
imies  prepared  by  Mr.  Frederick  S. 
Dellenbaugh  out  of  the  memoirs 
and  anecdotes  of  our  western  frontier  bears  the 
comprehensive  title,  'Breaking  the  Wilderness: 
The  Story  of  the  Conquest  of  the  Far  West,  from 
the  Wanderings  of  Cabeza  de  Vaca  to  the  First 
Descent  of  the  Colorado  by  Powell,  and  the  Com- 
pletion of  the  Union  Pacific  Railway,  with  Par- 
ticular Account  of  the  Exploits  of  Trappers  and 
Traders'  (Putnam).  It  affords  curious  verification 
of  the  economic  interpretation  of  history,  as 
insisted  upon  by  Marx  and  Engels,  in  assigning 
to  the  beaver  and  the  quest  for  his  valuable  pelt 
the  first  of  the  motives  that  led  to  the  exploration 
of  the  western  country  to  the  northward,  just  as 
the  Spanish  search  for  gold  led  to  the  entry  of 
the  white  man  upon  the  wilderness  to  the  south. 
Mr.  Dellenbaugh 's  attitude  toward  the  whites  in 
their  relations  to  the  Indian  —  called  Amerind 
throughout  the  work  —  is  all  that  rightminded- 
ness  and  honest  judgment  demand.  To  have 
cheated  and  imposed  upon  the  red  man,  often- 
times in  the  merest  wantonness,  to  have  made 
him  drunken  for  the  sake  of  cheating  him  the 
more  readily,  to  have  denied  him  ordinary 
humanity,  and  then  to  have  cast  all  the  odium 
for  his  acts  upon  his  evil  and  savage  nature,  is 
to  Mr.  Dellenbaugh  one  of  the  arch-hypocrisies 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


275 


of  the  Auglo-Saxon,  and  he  does  not  scruple  to 
say  so.  The  greatest  interest  of  the  book  will 
probably  be  found  to  lie  in  the  innumerable  and 
fully  authenticated  tales  of  trappers  and  traders 
>vith  which  its  pages  abound;  while  the  illus- 
trations, generally  from  photographs,  are  truly 
illustrative.  

The  popular  interest  that  has  been 
thTancients.  awakened  of  late  years  in  the  furni- 
ture of  the  past  by  a  number  of 
sumptuous  volumes  upon  the  subject,  is  not  likely 
to  be  gratified  by  the  work  just  issued  under  the 
title,  'Studies  in  Ancient  Furniture'  (University 
of  Chicago  Press),  by  Miss  Caroline  L.  Ransom; 
for  the  subtitle,  'Couches  and  Beds  of  the 
Greeks,  Etruscans,  and  Romans,'  limits  the  sub- 
ject-matter both  as  to  the  kind  of  furniture  dealt 
with  and  as  to  the  ancient  peoples  among  whom 
the  observations  recorded  have  been  made.  From 
all  that  we  can  learn  of  the  beds  and  couches  of 
the  Greeks,  Etruscans,  and  Romans,  they  were 
neither  beautiful  to  look  at  nor  comfortable  to  lie 
upon.  ^liss  Ransom's  book  is  not  intended  for 
popular  reading.  It  is  a  slightly  expanded  col- 
lege thesis,  and  a  scholarly  contribution  to  the 
archaeologj-  of  furniture.  No  phase  of  the  subject 
is  overlooked,  and  the  studies  include  valuable 
chapters  upon  materials,  technique,  ornament, 
furnishings,  forms,  and  styles  of  the  beds  of  the 
different  periods,  which  seem  to  be  exhaustive  as 
to  the  literary  and  monumental  sources  of  our 
information.  The  results  are  presented  in  a  man- 
ner which,  though  not  entertaining  to  the  general 
reader,  will  prove  highly  iustrucdve  to  the  stu- 
dent of  archaeology.  The  book  is  amply  illus- 
trated, and  well  provided  with  marginsd  titles, 
tables,  notes,  a  discussion  of  the  plates,  indexes, 
and  other  supplementary  aids  to  the  student  in 
pursuit  of  knowledge  regarding  ancient  dormitory 
furniture.  

The  beginnings  'The  Conquest  of  the  Southwest, 
of  expansion  the  Story  of  a  Great  Spoliation' 
by  spoliation.  (Appleton)  is  Mr.  CjiTis  Townsend 
Brady's  contribution  to  the  'Expansion  of  the 
Republic'  series;  and  an  interesting  book  he  has 
made  of  it.  It  deals  with  the  status  of  the  mag- 
nificent sweep  of  territorj-  comprised  in  the 
Southwestern  States  and  Territories,  and  in  Cali- 
fornia, before  the  secession  of  Texas,  with  the 
settlement  by  Americans  of  that  territorv',  their 
conflicts  with  the  Mexican  authorities,  their  war 
of  independence,  with  annexation,  and  with  the 
war  with  Mexico  and  the  subsequent  Gadsden 
Purchase.  It  is  written  simply  and  effectively, 
and  with  less  elaboration  of  detail  than  previous 
works  from  the  same  hand.  The  restraint  shown 
in  describing  the  victories  of  the  Americans  over 
the  Mexicans,  for  example,  adds  greatly  to  the 
effectiveness  of  the  volume:  and  Mr.  Brady's  atti- 
tude toward  the  ethical  questions  involved  in  the 
conquest  is  well  indicated  by  the  use  of  the  word 
'spoliation'  in  his  sub-title.  A  word  might  have 
been  said  about  the  evil  precedent  then  estab- 
lished for  policies  still  at  work  in  the  Philip- 
pines; but  no  doubt  is  left  in  the  mind  of  the 
reader  that  the  American  nation  was  an^iiltv  of 


a  crime  against  Mexico,  made  worse  rather  than 
better  by  the  fact  that  its  chief  perpetrators 
seemed  to  be  unaware  of  their  giiilt. 


With  the  Mr.  Frederic  Villiers,  journalist  and 

Japanese  at  artist,  has  reprinted  in  an  octavo 
Port  Arthur.  volume  his  letters  to  one  of  the 
London  newspapers,  imder  the  title, '  Port  Arthur : 
Three  Months  with  the  Besiegers;  A  Diurnal  of 
Occurents'  (Longmans).  The  book  contains  thir- 
ty-five illustrations,  about  equally  divided 
between  the  author's  sketches  on  the  spot  and 
instantaneous  photographs,  with  a  map  for  the 
better  understanding  of  the  narrative.  The  text 
is  brightly  written,  in  a  vein  altogether  cheerful, 
in  spite  of  serious  discomforts  borne  with  diffi- 
cultj'.  Mr.  Villiers  has  nothing  but  praise  for 
Japan,  its  generals  and  soldiery,  its  inventiveness, 
resourcefulness,  and  politeness;  and  Americans, 
as  deeply  in  sympathy  with  Japan  as  the  British, 
will  not  find  the  praise  fulsome  or  misplaced. 
Some  share  of  the  story  is  given  up  to  other 
correspondents,  by  way  of  affoi'ding  a  backsrround 
for  the  accounts  of  excursions  and  alanims  which 
make  up  its  bulk,  and  the  resvdt  is  an  intimate 
little  picture  of  the  life  of  newspajjer  men  at 
the  front.  The  volume  will  add,  though  not 
greatly,  to  our  knowledge  of  a  war  that  prom- 
ises to  mark  a  new  epoch  in  the  world's  history. 


Arbitration  '^^^  Hon.  John  W.  Foster  has  pre- 
and  the  jjared  a  compend  on  'Arbitration 
Hague  Court.  3^^  ^he  Ha^e  Court'  (Houghton), 
in  response  to  a  resolution  of  the  Mohonk  Arbi- 
tration Conference,  of  which  he  is  president. 
The  result  is  a  slender  volume,  printed  in 
large  tj'pe,  in  which  the  facts  leading  up  to  the 
establishment  of  the  Hague  tribunal  are  set 
forth  in  broad  lines,  and  with  it  all  that  has  been 
accomplished  since  its  institution  in  the  way  of 
practical  arbitrament.  An  appendix  contains  the 
statutes  ordained  by  the  Hague  Conference  of 
1S99,  the  resolutions  of  the  Interpai'liamentary 
Union  at  St,  Louis,  specimen  treaties  effected 
under  the  influence  of  the  movement,  and  several 
other  matters.  To  those  unfamiliar  with  the 
entirely  practical  aspect  assumed  by  this  board 
for  the  settlement  of  international  differences, 
this  crystalization  of  the  spirit  of  Christianity  in 
international  law,  the  book  will  be  a  revelation. 
It  should  have  an  educational  effect  of  the  highest 
value  on  the  attitude  of  the  American  people 
toward  a  principle  they  have  done  so  much  to 
cherish,  and  should  react  upon  the  Senate  of  the 
nation. 

A  minor  The  unsuccessful  attempt  of  Gen- 

episode  of  eral  Anthony  Wayne,  in  1780,  to 

the  Revolution,  dislodge  a  band  of  Loyalists  en- 
gaged in  cutting  fire-wood  on  the  height  at  Bulls 
Feny.  opposite  New  York  City,  was  one  of  the 
minor  events  of  the  Revolutionary  War.  Diverted 
from  his  true  purpose  of  dislodging  the  wood- 
cutters from  the  small  block-house  in  which  they 
had  taken  refuge,  Wayne  had  to  content  himself 
with  collecting  the  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs,  found 
on  the  way,  with  which  to  feed  the  army.    This 


276 


THE    DIAL 


[April  16, 


aspect  of  the  foraj^  led  Major  Andre  to  write  the 
famous  poem  on  'The  Cow  Chace,'  ending,— 

'  And  now  I've  closed  my  epic  strain ; 

I  tremble  as  I  show  it. 
Lest  this   same  warrior-drover  Wayne 

Should  ever  catch  the  poet.' 

An  exhaustive  essay  on  the  expedition,  written 
by  the  late  Clarke  H.  Winfield,  is  presented  to 
the  public  (New  York:  William  Abbatt),  with  of- 
ficial dispatches  and  some  valuable  photographic 
reproductions  of  original  material.  It  deserves  a 
place  in  every  collection  of  Americana,  and  espe- 
cially those  relating  to  the  American  Revolution. 


IS^OTES. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


A  volume  of  'Dramatic  Episodes,'  by  Miss 
Marjorie  Benton  Cooke,  is  sent  us  by  the  Dramatic 
Publishing  Co.,  Chicago.  The  success  of  Miss 
Cooke's  previous  volume,  'Modern  Monologues,'  has 
been  such  as  to  justify  the  preparation  of  the 
present  work,  which  contains  ten  pieces,  each  in 
a  single  scene,  dealing  mostly  with  the  fashions  or 
the  humors  of  present-day  life. 

The  'Official  Report  of  the  Thirteenth  Universal 
Peace  Congress,'  held  in  Boston  last  October,  has 
just  been  published  by  the  Committee  intrusted 
with  that  function,  and  makes  a  volume  of  three 
hundred  and  fifty  pages.  It  contains  the  full  pro- 
ceedings of  the  various  sessions,  besides  lists  of 
members  and  delegates.  It  is  a  work  of  deep  inter- 
est to  all  having  at  heart  the  cause  of  civilization. 

Professor  Albert  S.  Cook,  as  editor  of  the  'Yale 
Studies  in  English,'  seems  to  have  formed  a  definite 
plan  to  produce  a  new  edition  of  Ben  Jonson's 
plays,  in  the  guise  of  a  series  of  doctoral  disserta- 
tions by  his  advanced  students.  'The  Alchemist' 
and  'Bartholomew  Fair'  have  already  been  given 
us  in  this  form,  and  two  more  volumes  are  now  at 
hand.  Dr.  De  Winter  has  edited  '  The  Staple  of 
News,'  and  Dr.  Herbert  S.  Mallory  'The  Poetaster' 
for  this  series.  Each  monograph  is  a  volume  of 
nearly  three  hundred  pages,  presenting  a  critical 
text,  with  the  accompaniment  of  elaborate  notes,  a 
glossary,  and  an  introduction.  The  plan  thus  not- 
ably inaugurated  by  Professor  Cook  may  well  be 
recommended  to  other  instructors  in  other  universi- 
ties. It  seems  to  offer  a  solution  of  the  problem  of 
making  the  doctoral  thesis  a  work  of  more  than 
merely  academic  interest  and  usefulness. 

The  'Belles-Lettres  Series'  of  Messrs.  D.  C.  Heath 
&  Co.,  which  we  described  at  the  time  of  its  incep- 
tion, is  now  making  substantial  progress.  Two 
volumes  in  the  dramatic  section  were  published  a 
year  ago,  and  to  this  section  there  are  now  added 
volumes  of  Webster  and  Browning.  The  former 
includes  'The  White  Devil'  and  'The  Duchess  of 
Malfy,'  edited  by  Prof.  Martin  W.  Sampson,  while 
the  latter  gives  us  'A  Blot  on  the  'Scutcheon,' 
'Colombe's  Birthday,'  'A  Soul's  Tragedy,'  and  'In 
a  Balcony,'  edited  by  Prof.  Arlo  Bates.  Mr. 
Andrew  J.  Georj;e's  edition  of  Coleridge  (published 
in  1902)  has  been  fitted  into  the  section  of  the 
series  devoted  to  nineteenth-century  poets.  Finally, 
for  the  Old  English  section.  Prof.  James  W.  Bright 
has  edited,  in  two  volumes,  the  Gospels  of  Matthew 
and  John,  from  the  West-Saxon  manuscripts.  All 
these  books  have  introductions,  notes,  bibliographies, 
and  carefully-collated  texts,  and  give  us  great  con- 
fidence in  the  ultimate  value  of  this  important  edu- 
cational series. 


The  very  interesting  anonymous  'Confessions  of 
a  Publisher,'  which  have  been  appearing  recently  in 
the  Boston  'Transcript,'  will  be  published  in  book 
form  this  month  by  Messrs.  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co. 

'The  Etiquette  of  Correspondence,'  published  by 
the  A.  Wessels  Co.,  and  prepared  by  Miss  Helen  E. 
Gavit,  has  just  been  issued  in  a  second  edition, 
revised   and   enlarged. 

'Mechanism,'  by  Professor  S.  Dunkerley,  is  a  com- 
prehensive text-book  on  the  kinematics  of  machines, 
prepared  for  technical  colleges,  and  published  by 
Messrs.   Longmans,   Green,    &   Co. 

The  John  Crerar  Library,  Chicago,  has  just  pub- 
lished *  A  List  of  Cyclopedias  and  Dictionaries,  with 
a  List  of  Directories,'  now  contained  in  that  collec- 
tion. The  work  extends  to  nearly  three  hundred 
pages. 

The  G.  W.  Dillingham  Co.  republish  Dr.  Craven's 
'Prison  Life  of  Jefferson  Davis,'  a  work  of  consid- 
erable historical  interest,  for  which  the  demand  has 
recently  been  renewed  by  the  revival  of  an  old  con- 
troversy. 

'The  Drink  Problem  in  Modern  Life,'  by  Bishop 
Henry  C.  Potter,  and  'The  Personality  of  God,'  by 
the  Rev.  Lyman  Abbott,  are  two  additions  to  the 
'  What  Is  Worth  While '  series  of  Messrs.  Thomas  Y. 
Crowell  &  Co. 

'The  First  Principles  of  Pianoforte  Playing,'  by 
Professor  Tobias  Matthay,  is  an  extract  from  the 
author's  'The  Act  of  Touch,'  with  two  extra  chap- 
ters, now  published  in  a  separate  volume  for  the 
use  of  schools  by  Messrs.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 

Simultaneously  with  the  publication  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Williamson's  'The  Princess  Passes,'  Messrs. 
Henry  Holt  &  Co.  issue  a  new  uniform  edition  of  the 
earlier  book  by  the  same  authors,  the  popular 
'Lightning  Conductor,'  illustrated  from  photographs 
of  the  scenes  described  in  the  story. 

'Dodge's  Advanced  Geography,'  by  Professor 
Richard  Elwood  Dodge,  is  published  by  Messrs. 
Band,  McNally  &  Co.  It  is  a  work  of  over  three 
hundred  pages,  not  unwieldy  in  form,  and  consists 
of  two  parts,  'The  Principles  of  Geography'  and 
'Comparative  Geography  of  the  Continents.' 

'The  Historical  Development  of  the  Poor  Law  of 
Connecticut,'  by  Dr.  Edward  Warren  Capen,  is  one 
of  the  Columbia  'Studies  in  History,  Economics, 
and  Public  Law.'  It  is  a  pamphlet  of  portentous 
thickness  (over  five  hundred  pages),  and  is  pub- 
lished for  the  University  by  the  Macmillan  Co. 

Those  who  are  afflicted  with  the  mania  of  ances- 
tor-hunting will  welcome  a  little  book  by  Mr.  Frank 
AUaben,  called  'Concerning  Genealogies,'  and 
published  at  the  Grafton  Press.  It  is  a  volume  of 
practical  suggestions,  pleasantly  worded,  and 
embodies  the  results  of  much  experience  in  the 
work. 

Parts  2,  3,  and  4  of  the  Classified  Catalogue  of 
the  Carnegie  Library  of  Pittsburgh  have  for  their 
respective  subjects  Philosophy  and  Religion,  Soci- 
ology and  Philology,  and  Natural  Science  and  Use- 
ful Arts.  Each  is  a  fairly  thick  volume,  made  valua- 
ble for  reference  by  classification,  annotation,  and 
an  index. 

Four  volumes  recently  added  to  Macmillan 's 
'Pocket  English  Classics'  series  include  abridg- 
ments of  the  translation  of  Homer's  Odyssey  by 
Messrs.  Butcher  and  Lang,  and  of  the  Hiad  by 
Messrs.  Lang,  Leaf,  and  Myers;  a  condensed  reprint 
of  'Alice  in  Wonderland,'  with  Tenniel's  drawings; 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


277 


and  Hawthorne's  'Wonder  Book.'  This  little  series, 
carefully  edited,  well  printed,  and  inexpensive  in 
price,  should  find  a  much  wider  field  than  the  class- 
room for  which  it  is  particularly  designed. 

Mr.  J.  P.  Dunn,  Jr. 's  volume  on  Indiana,  in  the 
*  American  Commonwealths '  series,  has  been  reissued 
by  Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  in  a  new  and 
enlarged  edition,  bringing  the  history  down  to  date. 
The  original  text  has  undergone  few  changes,  hav- 
ing borne  the  charge  of  criticism  without  suffering 
any  very  serious  damage. 

'  Early  Dutch  and  English  Voyages  to  Spitzbergen 
in  the  Seventeenth  Century, '  edited  by  Sir  W.  Mar- 
tin Conway,  is  Volume  XI.  of  the  second  series  of 
the  publications  of  the  Hakluyt  Society.  It  in- 
cludes the  narrations  of  Gerritsz  and  Segersz,  now 
first  translated  into  English,  as  well  as  other  lesser 
but  pertinent   documents. 

Messrs.  Ginn  &  Co.  publish  a  'Syllabus  of  Cos- 
tinental  European  History  from  the  FaU  of  Home 
to  1870,'  prepared  by  Prof.  Oliver  Huntington 
Bichardson,  in  collaboration  with  Messrs,  Guy 
Stanton  Ford  and  Edward  Lewis  Durfee.  Seventy- 
eight  lectures  are  outlined,  and  the  alternate  leaves 
of  the  book  are  left  blank  for  notes. 

The  Jewish  Publication  Society  of  America  have 
issued  a  small  volume  of  '  Legends  and  Tales  in 
Prose  and  Verse, '  compiled  by  Miss  Isabel  E.  Cohen. 
The  sources  of  this  material  range  aU  the  way  from 
Apocrypha  and  Talmud  to  the  writings  of  modern 
English  and  American  poets,  forming  a  variety  of 
pleasant  and  instructive  reading  for  the  young. 

*Les  Classiques  Francais'  is  a  new  series  of 
charming  little  books  with  the  Dent  imprint,  pub- 
lished in  this  country  by  the  Messrs.  Putnam.  The 
first  two  volumes  issued  are  'Contes  Choisis'  by 
Balzac,  prefaced  by  M.  Bourget,  and  a  volume 
containing  Chateaubriand's  'Atala, '  'Ben6, '  and  *Le 
Dernier  Abenc6rage,'  prefaced  by  the  Vicomte  de 
Vogufi. 

Professor  A.  S.  Cook,  of  Yale,  has  edited  for  the 
Oxford  University  Press  'The  Dream  of  the  Bood,' 
an  Old  English  Poem  attributed  to  Cynewulf,  and 
the  little  book  will  be  ready  shortly.  The  MS.  was 
discovered  in  1822  in  the  Chapter  Library  of  the 
Cathedral  of  Vercelli,  where  it  still  remains.  Pro- 
fessor Cook  discusses  and  dismisses  the  theory  of 
Caedmon's  authorship. 

Under  the  title  of  'The  Life  and  Nature  Series' 
Messrs.  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.  have  in  preparation  an 
attractive  library  of  supplementary  school  reading, 
selected,  edited,  and  arranged  by  Mr.  Charles 
"Welsh.  The  first  two  volumes,  to  be  published  this 
spring,  will  include  'The  Bee  People'  by  Miss  Mar- 
garet W.  Morley.  and  'Lady  Lee  and  Oither  Animal 
Stories '  by  Hermon  Lee  Ensign. 

The  following  books,  hitherto  published  else- 
where, have  been  added  to  the  list  of  Messrs.  Fox, 
Duffield  &:  Co.:  'The  Case  of  Bussia,'  a  composite 
view  by  Alfred  Bambaud,  Vladimir  Simkovitch,  J. 
Novicoff,  Peter  Boberts,  and  Isaac  Hourwich; 
'Zionism.'  by  Max  Xordau;  'The  Little  Kingdom 
of  Home.'  by  Mrs.  Margaret  E.  Sangster;  and  'Ten 
Girls  from  Dickens,'  by  Kate  Dickinson  Sweetser. 

A  volume  of  'Specimens  of  the  Elizabethan 
Drama  from  Lyly  to  Shirley'  (1580-1642)  is  about 
to  be  issued  from  the  Oxford  University  Press. 
Nearly  a  hundred  typical  and  representative  scenes, 
complete  in  themselves,  have  been  selected  by  Mr. 
"W.  H.  Williams,  now  Professor  of  EngHsh  Litera- 
ture in  the  University  of  Tasmania,  A  short  appre- 
ciation is  prefixed  to  each  section,  notes  being 
added. 


The  Messrs.  Seribner  are  the  American  importers 
of  the  new  edition  (the  fifth)  of  'A  History  of 
Architecture  on  the  Comparative  Method,'  by  Ban- 
ister Fletcher.  The  revision  is  by  Mr.  Banister  F. 
Fletcher,  the  son  of  the  authorJ  This  handsome 
volume  of  seven  hundred  pages  and  two  thousand 
illustrations  is  a  veritable  encyclopsedia  of  its  sub- 
ject, and  presents  in  compact  form  an  immense 
amount  of  information. 

To  the  'Oxford  Modern  French  Series'  of  texts, 
published  by  the  Oxford  Clarendon  Press,  have  just 
been  added:  'Les  Normands  en  Angleterre  et  en 
France,'  extracted  from  Thierry,  and  edited  by  Mr. 
A.  H.  Smith;  also  Jules  David's  'Le  Serment,' 
edited  by  Miss  C6cile  Hugon,  Mr.  W.  B.  Jenkins 
sends  us  texts  of  'L'Abbe  Daniel,'  by  Andr6  Theu- 
riet,  edited  by  Mr.  C.  Fontaine,  and  Scribe's  'Le 
Verre  d'Eau,'  edited  by  Professor  F.  G.  G.  Schmidt. 
From  Messrs.  D.  C.  Heath  &  Co.  we  have  Theodor 
Storm 's  '  Geschichten  aus  der  Tonne, '  edited  by  Pro- 
fessor Frank  Vogel.  and  'The  Story  of  Cupid  and 
Psyche, '  arranged  by  Miss  H.  A.  Guerber  for 
translation  into  French. 

In  addition  to  the  books  that  they  have  issued 
during  the  past  two  months,  Messrs.  G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons'  spring  announcement  list  includes  the  follow- 
ing: 'The  Eomance  of  Victor  Hugo  and  Juliette 
Drouet.'  by  Mr.  Henry  WelUngton  Wack;  'The  St. 
Lawrence  Biver:  Historical,  Legendary,  Pictur- 
esque,' by  Mr.  George  Waldo  Browne;  'Talks  in  a 
Library  with  Laurence  Hutton,'  recorded  by  Miss 
IsabelMoore;  'Chinese  Life  in  Town  and  Country,' 
by  Mr.  E.  Bard;  a  volume  on  Montaigne,  in  the 
series  of  'French  Classics  for  English  Beaders';  St. 
Pierre 's  '  Paul  et  Virginie, '  in  '  Les  Classiques  Fran- 
cais' series;  a  reprint  of  ' Freethinking  and  Plain 
Speaking,'  in  the  new  edition  of  Sir  Leslie 
Stephen's  essays;  two  new  volumes,  covering  the 
period  from  the  beginning  to  1272,  in  Mr.  C.  W.  C. 
Oman's  Historv  of  England;  'Mohammed  and  the 
Rise  of  Islam,'  by  Mr.  D.  S.  Margoliouth,  in  the 
'Heroes  of  the  Nations'  series;  a  life  of  John  Knox, 
by  Dr.  Henry  Cowan,  in  the  '  Heroes  of  the  Bef  orma- 
tion'  series";  Mr.  Dudley  Heath's  monograph  on 
Miniatures,  in  'The  Connoisseur's  Library';  'Love 
Alone  Is  Lord,'  by  Mr,  F.  Frankfort  Moore;  'The 
Digit  of  the  Moon,  and  Other  Love  Stories  from  the 
East';  and  the  anonymous  novel,  'Our  Best  Society.' 

In  addition  to  the  books  included  in  their  Spring 
Announcement  List,  the  Macmillan  Co.  will  issue 
the  following  volumes  before  or  during  June :  '  The 
Game :  A  Transcript  from  Life, '  Mr.  Jack  London 's 
new  novel;  'The  Toll  of  the  Bush.'  a  tale  of  New 
Zealand  life,  by  Mr,  William  Satchell;  'The  House 
of  Cards, '  by  Major  John  Heigh ;  '  Sturmsee, '  by 
the  author  of  'Calmire';  'China  in  Law  and  Com- 
merce,' by  Mr,  T.  B.  Jernigan;  'Beadings  in  De- 
scriptive and  Historical  Sociology,'  by  Professor 
Franklin  H.  Giddings;  'Primitive  Traits  in  Belig- 
ious  Bevivals:  A  Study  in  Mental  and  Social  Evo- 
lution,' by  Professor  Frederick  Morgan  Davenport; 
'The  War  of  the  Classes,'  by  Mr.  Jack  London; 
'The  Freedom  of  Authority,'  by  Professor  J.  Mac- 
bride  Sterrett;  'Outlines  of  Christian  Apologetics,' 
by  Professor  Hermann  Schultz,  translated  by  Pro- 
fessor Alfred  B.  Nichols;  'The  Polariscope  in  the 
Chemical  Laboratory,'  by  Professor  George  W. 
Eolfe;  'The  Educative  Process,'  by  Mr.  W, 
C.  Bagley;  'Fenris,  the  Wolf:  A  Tragedy,' 
by  Mr.  Percy  Mackaye;  'How  to  Write:  A 
Handbook  Based  on  '  the  English  Bible, '  by 
Professor  Charles  Sears  Baldwin;  and  'The 
Metaphysics  of  Nature, '  by  Professor  Carveth  Bead, 
of  University  College,  London. 


278 


THE    DIAL. 


[April  16, 


liisT  OF  New  Books. 


[TAe  following  list,  containing  114  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  The  Diai,  since  its  last  issue,^ 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  REMINISCENCES. 

AUTOBIOGBAPHY   OF   ANDREW    DiCKSON    WHITE.       In    2    VOlS., 

with  photogravure  portraits,  large  8vo,  gilt  tops, 
uncut.     Century  Co.     $7.50  net. 

The  Life  of  the  Mabquis  of  Dufferin  anb  Ava.  By 
Sir  Alfred  Lyall,  P.O.  In  2  voLs.,  illus.  in  photo- 
gravure, etc.,  large  8vo,  gilt  tops.  Charles  Scrib- 
ner's  Sons.     $7.50  net. 

Italian  Letters  of  a  Diplomat's  Wife.  By  Mary  King 
Waddington.  Illus.,  8vo,  gilt  top,  pp.  324.  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons.     $2.50  net. 

The  Navy  as  I  Have  Knowtn  It,  1849-1899.  By  Admiral 
Hon.  Sir  E.  R.  Freinantie,  G.C.B.  With  photo- 
gravure portrait,  large  8vo,  gilt  top,  pp.  472.  Cas- 
sell  &  Co.     $5.  net. 

Harm  Jan  Huidekoper.  By  Nina  Moore  Tiffany  and 
Francis  Tiffany.  Illus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  large 
8vo,  gilt  top,  pp.  386.     Boston :     W.  B.  Clarke  Co. 

Fifty  Years  of  Public  Service.  By  Major  Arthur 
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%m 


THE    DIAL 


[April  16, 


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OTHER  AMERICANA  REPRINTS 
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''THE  CONQUEST'' 

17*VEN  now,  after  two  years  and  many  additions  to  the  literature  of  the  subject,  the  greatest  amount  of  exact  informa- 
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''  THE  SOULS  OF  BLACK  FOLK'' 

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A  HANDBOOK  OF  MODERN  JAPAN 

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r 

tion  is  in  preparation,  for  which  the  author  is  writing  an  additional  chapter  on  the  war,  and  many  new  portraits  of 
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''THE  ILLINI" 

'TpO  put  into  a  book  —  half  fiction,  half  history  —  the  giant  figures  of  Illinois'  heroic  sons  so  that  they  are  made  real 
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BIRDS  OF  CALIFORNIA 

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Horsfall,  the  leading  delineator  of  bird-life.  The  production  of  a  reference  work  destined  to  become  standard  is 
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1905.]  THE     DIAL.  285 

RECENT  SUCCESSFUL  McCLURG  BOOKS 


THEODORE  THOMAS    A  MUSICAL  BIOGRAPHY 

JUST  as  Mr.  Thomas  himself  was  the  foremost  figure  in  the  development  of  music  in  America,  this  book  of  his  life 
must  be  regarded  as  the  most  important  contribution  to  the  history  of  that  development.  Fortunately  all  his  personal 
share  in  the  two  volumes  was  finished  some  time  before  his  death,  so  that  the  work  is  in  every  way  complete.  In  the 
able  hands  of  Mr.  George  P.  Upton  the  labor  of  collecting  and  editing  the  immense  amount  of  diverse  material  has  been 
most  satisfactorily  performed,  and  the  books  represent  a  fitting  tribute  to  the  great  leader. 

In  two  volumes  (the  second  almost  entirely  of  programs)  with  portraits  and  views,  $6.00  net ;  Large-paper  edition, 

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AN  INDEX  TO  POETRY  AND  RECITATIONS 

'TpHE  distinction  belonging  to  this  monumental  reference-book  is  that  which  always  goes  to  any  achievement  that  has 

■*■    successfully  supplied  an  urgent  want  of  long  standing.     As  over  ten  thousand  selections  have  been  indexed  by 

titles,  authors,  and  first  lines,  it  is  easy  to  see  what  a  boon  the  book  is  to  librarians,  booksellers,  and  teachers.    tS-oo  <*''• 

MR.  CODTS  ''WORLD'S  BEST''  SERIES 

"\ /f  R.  Sherwin  Cody  has  been  unusually  successful  in  discovering  an  undeveloped  field,  and  giving  to  a  great  many 
■*■-■•  people  just  what  they  had  been  unable  to  find  before.  His  "  World's  Greatest  Short  Stories  "  has  been  adopted 
in  scores  of  educational  institutions,  also  his  "Best  English  Essays"  and  "Great  Orations."  He  has  an  unusual 
faculty  for  discriminating  selections,  and  the  ability  to  supply  introductions  and  notes  that  make  a  wide  popular  appeal. 
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FICTION  IN  BEAUTIFUL  FORM 

T  II /"ITH  the  publication  of  "  The  Thrall  of  Leif  the  Lucky"  in  1902  a  new  idea  was  inaugurated — the  presenta- 
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pictures  by  the  Kinneys,  two  young  artists  who  have  since  demonstrated  their  unequaled  ability  in  the  handling  of 
mediaeval  subjects.  "Leif  the  Lucky,"  with  its  illustrations  in  full  color  (the  first  ever  used  in  fiction)  and  its 
characteristic  decorations  and  type,  created  a  sensation.  A  year  later  came  another  Viking  romance  from  the  same 
author  and  illustrators,  "The  Ward  of  King  Canute,"  which  proved  equally  successful,  as  it  was  distinguished 
by  the  same  original  features. 

MR.  RANDALL  PARRISH 

TN  the  introduction  of  new  authors  we  have  been  notably  successful.  After  Miss  Liljencrantz's  books  came  a 
■*■  romance  of  early  Chicago  by  another  hitherto  unknown  writer — "When  Wilderness  Was  King."  With  the 
benefit  of  the  embellishments  by  the  Kinneys  it  secured  immediate  attention,  which  augmented  rapidly  when  the  charm 
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other  evidences  of  prosperity.  Mr.  Parrish's  second  novel,  "My  Lady  of  the  North,"  has  been  even  more  popular, 
and  at  the  present  time  over  sixty  thousand  volumes  of  these  two  stories  have  been  sold  —  the  work  of  a  writer 
absolutely  unknown  about  a  year  ago. 

''FOR  THE  WHITE  CHRIST'' 

TN  this  romance  of  Charlemagne's  day  (just  published)  the  publishers  felt  that  a  suitable  story  far  exceeding  all 
■'■  previous  efforts  in  book  making  was  at  hand.  The  author,  Robert  Ames  Bennet,  had  gone  thoroughly  into 
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ROSE  OF  THE  WORLD 

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THE   FOUNTAIN  OF  YOUTH 

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By  DAVID  GRAHAM  PHILLIPS,  Author  of  "The  Cost" 

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Edward  Everett  Hale,  Jr.'s  DRAMATISTS  OF  TO-DAY.  An  informal  discussion  of  the  principal 
plays  of  Rostand,  Sudermann,  Hauptmann,  Phillips,  Pinero,  Shaw,  and  Maeterlinck.  ($1.50  net,  by  mail 
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$1.62.)     A  striking  consideration  of  our  position  as  a  world  power. 

RECENT  FICTION 

May  Sinclair's  THE  DIVINE  FIRE.     A  remarkable  story  of  a  London  poet,  that  has  received  highest 

praise  from  highest  sources. Mr.  and  Mrs.  Williamson's  THE  PRINCESS  PASSES,  and  J.  H. 

Bacon's  PURSUIT  OF  PHYLLIS.     Two  notable  romances  of  travel. Colton's  THE  BELTED 

SEAS.     A  rollicking  tale,  in  which  the  New  York  Evening  Post  declares  "Colton  has  done  for  the 

Yankee  sailor  what  Jacobs  has  done  for  the  British  seaman." Deledda's  AFTER  THE  DIVORCE. 

A  powerful  Sardinian  tale  by  an  authoress  who  is  making  an  international  reputation. Burton  E. 

Stevenson's  THE  MARATHON  MYSTERY,  and  Pattee's  HOUSE  OF  THE  BLACK  RING.    Two 

tales  of  mystery  that  competent  critics  say  combine  interest  with  literary  ability  to  a  marked  degree. 

Mrs.  Dolores  M.  Bacon's  DIARY  OF  A  MUSICIAN.     Another  novel  of  the  artistic  temperament. 

"Of  extraordinary  interest."— Times'  Review. Theodore Winthrop's  MR.  WADDY'S  RETURN. 

A  posthumous  novel  in  whose  pages  "  is  found  again  the  old  charm  of  Winthrop  the  writer."  —  Nation. 
Guy  Wetmore  Carryl's  TRANSGRESSION  OF  ANDREW  VANE.  A  romance  of  the  Amer- 
ican Colony  in  Paris,  and  probably  the  lamented  author's  best  work. Canfield's   FERGY  THE 

GUIDE.     About  "a  liar  who  must  rank  as  an  artist.  .  .  .  Mr.  Blashfield's  illustrations  add  not  a  little 

to   the    enjoyment."  —  New    York   Evening  Post. Loomis's    CHEERFUL   AMERICANS,    and 

MORE  CHEERFUL  AMERICANS.  Satirical,  yet  kindly  stories  by  an  author  who  is  "unaffectedly 
funny  and  entertains  from  beginning  to  end." —  New  York  Tribune. 

RECENT  JUVENILES 

Champlin's  YOUNG    FOLKS'   CYCLOPAEDIA  OF   NATURAL   HISTORY.    ($2.50.) C.   P. 

Burton's  BOYS  OF  BOB'S  HILL.  ($1.25.)  A  book  full  of  high  spirits  that  will  amuse  young 
or   old. Costello's  NELSON'S  YANKEE  BOY,  and  Bruneck's  PRINCE  HENRY'S  SAILOR 

BOY.      Two   striking  naval  stories  with  equally  striking  illustrations.      ($1.50   each.) Taggart's 

NUT-BROWN  JOAN.     A  very  hmnan  story  for  girls  by  the  author  of  the  popular  "  Miss  Lochinvar." 

($1.50.) CarroU  Watson  Rankin's  DANDELION  COTTAGE.    ($1.50.)      "  A  really  charming  book 

for  girls  with  a  vein  of  most  refreshing  humor." — Netv  York  Tribune. 

IN   PRESS   FOR   EARLY   PUBLICATION 

A  new,  thoroughly  revised,  and  greatly  enlarged  edition  of  Wallace's  RUSSIA. H.  Parker  Willis's 

OUR    PHILIPPINE    PROBLEM H.    T.    Stephenson's   SHAKESPEARE'S    LONDON 

Stopford  Brooke's   LECTURES  ON  SHAKESPEARE David  Starr  Jordan's  GUIDE  TO  THE 

STUDY  OF  FISHES KeUogg's  AMERICAN  INSECTS. 


290  THE     DIAL.  [Mayl, 


SECOND   PRINTING 

THE  OPENING  OF  TIBET 

By  PERCEVAL  LANDON 

(With  Introduction  by  Colonel  Youngliusband) 

THE  NEW  YORK  GLOBE  says: 

"  *  The  Opening  of  Tibet'  should  take  place  with  such  books  as  Stanley's  *  In  Darkest  Africa'  and  Nansen's 
♦  Farthest  North '  —  books  which,  while  of  the  greatest  historical  importance,  yet,  because  so  filled  with  the  romance 
and  mystery  and  thrill  of  the  unknown,  fire  the  popular  imagination  and  are  of  the  liveliest  general  interest.  .  .  . 
All  the  exuberance  of  adjectival  praise  usually  reserved  for  the  latest  novel  alone  might  with  great  appropriateness  be 
applied  to  Mr.  Landon's  volume,  which  is  of  absorbing  interest  from  the  first  page  to  the  last." 

Colonel  Sir  Francis  Younghusband,  the  leader  of  this  expedition  to  Lhasa  (the  mysterious  city 
of  Tibet)  commends  Perceval  Landon,  Special  Correspondent  of  the  London  Times^  as  the  best 
man  to  chronicle  this  journey  of  discovery.  In  his  introduction  to  the  book  he  endorses  this  state- 
ment.    His  opinions  as  to  the  author  are  echoed  by  all  the  leading  newspapers  and  periodicals ; 

CHICAGO  RECORD-HERALD: 

"  Should  the  British  expedition  to  Lhasa  leave  no  other  good  results  than  Perceval  Landon's  large  volume,  *  The 
Opemng  of  Tibet'  it  would  still  be  justified." 

THE  SPECTATOR: 

"  The  unveiling  of  the  last  of  the  hidden  civilization  of  the  world  has  found  a  worthy  chronicler.  The  Tibetan 
expedition  was  fortunate  to  have  with  it  a  writer  so  competent  to  do  justice  to  its  romance,  so  sympathetic  and  reten- 
tive of  impressions,  and,  above  all,  the  possessor  of  a  style  so  dexterous  and  graceful." 

The  volume  is  superbly  illustrated  from  photographs  by  the  author^  and  while  it  is  well  worth 
two  guineas  (the  selling  price  in  England),  the  American  edition  is  published  at  ^^3.80  net.  (Postage, 
38  cents  extra.) 

JAMES      WATT       By  ANDREW  CARNEQIE 

Taking  the  inventor  of  the  steam  engine  as  his  subject,  Mr.  Carnegie  gives  us  a  personal  appre- 
ciation of  that  great  man — an  account  depicting  Mr.  Carnegie's  usual  quick  insight  into  character 
and  written  in  his  own  interesting  style.  Net,  ^1.40.     (Postage,  14  cents.) 

THROUGH   ISLE  AND   EMPIRE 

By  VICOMTE  ROBERT  d'HUMIERES 

(With  An  Introductory  Letter  by  Rudyard  Kipling) 

A  delightful  study  of  England  and  Englishmen.  A  book  that  has  caused  a  sensation  in  England 
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THE  LION'S  SKIN    By  JOHN  s.  wise 

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THE  INDIFFERENCE  OF  JULIET    By  grace  s.  Richmond 

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ferent emotion.      Full  of  youth  and  charm  and  real  sentiment.  Illustrated  by  Henry  Hutt.     $1.50. 

THE  MORTGAGE  ON  THE  BRAIN    By  Vincent  harper  !■ 

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HURRICANE  ISLAND    By  H.  B.  Marriott  watson 

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Constitutional  Law  in  the 
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SHAKESPEARE.  —  Facsimile    Reproductions   of  the    Portions   of  Shakespeare    not 
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With  Introductions  and  Notes  by  EsxasT  dk  Sslixcoubt. 

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meni  0/  Cretteid  the  only  other  authority  is  the  later  (but  independent)  edition  of  1593.  Of  Sower's  Praise  of  Peace  and  the 
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of  the  Duchess,  of  which  there  are  three  MSS.  For  lines  31-96  of  the  last  mentioned,  which  are  missing  in  two  of  the  MSS.,  Thynne 
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and  Cressida.  And  it  is  well  to  bear  in  mind  that  from  1532  to  1597,  the  text  of  the  Canterbury  Tales  was  most  easily  accesrible 
to  readers  in  one  of  the  four  Folios. 

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tbe  Bodleian  copy,  and  is  complete. 

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[May  1, 


JUST    PUBLISHED 

MIRABEAU    And  the  French  Revolution      AMERICAN    THUMB=PRINTS 


6y  Hon.  Charles  F.  Warwick. 

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By  Hon.  John  Bigelow. 
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296 


THE    DIAL 


[May  1, 


THE  BUILDING  OF 
A  TRUST 


THE  BIOGRAPHY  OF 
A    TRUST     BUILDER 


IDA  M.  TARBELUS 

History  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company 

The  two  great  questions  to-day  before  the  American  people  are: 

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THE    DIAL, 


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formed  the  romance  of  the  poet's  life.  Hugo's  letters  to  Juliette  were  published  in  France  some  time  ago,  but  her 
love  letters  in  reply,  or  perhaps  the  letters  which  inspired  Victor  Hugo's  correspondence,  are  now  for  the  first  time 
made  public.     They  throw  an  interesting  light  on  one  of  the  most  remarkable  attachments  in  literary  history. 

Mr.  Wack  has  written  a  most  readable  book  around  the  letters,  giving  a  sketch  of  Hugo's  life  during  his  exile 
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The  Works  and  Letters  of  Charles  and  Mary  Lamb 

Edited  by  E.  V.  LUCAS 
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I.  Miscellaneous  Prose.     1798-1834.  IV.  Dramatic  Specimens. 

II.  The  Essays  of  Elia  V.  Poems  and  Plays. 

and  The  Last  Essays  of  Elia.  VI.  and  VII.  The  Letters. 

III.   Books  for  Children.  (Completing  the  Work.) 

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best  editions,  a  very  large  mass  of  new  matter  has  been  discovered  and  incorporated,  and  Mr.  Lucas  in  his  notes  has 
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Lhasa  and  Its  Mysteries 

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802 


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The  Progress  of  Hellenism  in  Alexander's  Empire 

By  John  P.  Mahaffy,  Sometime  Professor  of  Ancient  History  in  the  University  of  Dublin. 
Professor  Mahaffy  has  in  this  book  epitomized  the  results  of  his  studies,  extending  over  more  than  twenty  years  and 
covering  all  the  known  records  of  Greek  influence  in  Alexander's  empire.     The  book  is  thus  a  compendium  of  rare 
value :  to  the  student  it  presents  an  accurate  summary  of  a  most  brilliant  culture-epoch ;  to  the  casual  reader  it  offers 
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The  Messianic  Hope  in 
the  New  Testament 

By  Shaileb  Mathews, 

Professor  of  New  Testament  History  in 

the  University  of  Chicago. 
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ical lines  and  embodying  the  latest 
results  of  critical  work  in  popular 
form  is  extremely  rare  in  America. 
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study.  It  subjects  the  narrative  to 
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determine  which  of  the  concepts 
common  to  the  writers  are  of  local 
application  and  contemporary,  and 
wluch  are  applicable  under  all 
circumstances  of  time  and  place. 
The  messianic  hope  forms  the  main 
theme  of  the  discussion. 

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Studies  in 
General  Physiology 

(In  two  Tolumes) 

By  Jacques  Loeb, 
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the  University  of  California. 
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oring to  ascertain  the  laws  controlling 
physical  life-phenomena,  and  espe- 
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fertilizing  ova,  and  has  been  able  to 
develop  the  ova  thus  treated.  The 
experiments  have  not  been  elsewhere 
recorded,  so  that  these  volumes  possess 
a  special  value  to  physicians  and  other 
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of  departure  in  similar  investigations. 

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Lectures  on  Commerce 

Edited  by  Henry  R.  Hatfield, 
Formerly  Dean  of  the  College  of  Com- 
merce and  Administration  in  the 
University  of  Chicago. 

These  lectures  —  sixteen  in  number 
—  were  delivered  before  the  College 
of  Commerce  and  Administration  in 
the  University  of  Chicago.  They 
treat  of  railways,  banking,  trade, 
industry ;  and  inasmuch  as  the  lec- 
turers include  such  men  as  Secretary 
Morton,  Ex-Comptroller  Eckels, 
Vice-President  Forgan,  Professor 
Laughlin,  they  are  extremely  inter- 
esting to  all  who  wish  a  first-hand 
account  of  modem  and  successful 
business  methods.  The  book  is  of 
exceptional  value  to  young  men. 

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The  Place  of  Industries  in  Elementary 
Education 

By  Katharine  E.  Dopp, 
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growth  in  the  child  and  the  stages  or  ages  of  industrial 
development  in  the  race.  It  is  pointed  out  that  better 
results  in  primary  education  can  be  attained  only  by 
assigning  to  the  industries  a  much  larger  place  in  the 
curriculum  than  heretofore.  A  recent  revision  has 
enlarged  the  volume  by  some  70  pages  of  text  and  16  full- 
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The  Psychology  of  Child  Development 

By  Irving  King, 
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point  of  view  to  child  psychology,  and  it  promises  to 
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method  will  be  welcome  and  inspiring. 

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/  In  three \ 
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A  History  of  Matrimonial  Institutions 

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Professor  Howard  has  ^ven  in  these  volumes  the  niost  complete  study  yet  published  on  the  history  of  marriage  and 
divorce.     The  work  is  in  three  parts.     In  the  first  the  author  fixes  the  sociological  basis  for  the  discussion;  the 
second  treats  of  the  development  of  marriage  in  England ;  the  third  is  devoted  to  marriage  and  divorce  in  the  United 
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The  Trend  in  Higher  Education 

By  William  Rainey  Harper, 
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sa3ring  that  the  volume  is  meeting  a  hearty  welcome 
from  that  lai^e  class  of  readers  who  are  interested  in 
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those  actively  engaged  in  perfecting  the  organization  of 
the  high  schools,  the  colleges,  and  the  universities. 

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Religion  and  the  Higher  Life 

By  William  Rainey  Harper, 
President  of  the  University  of  Chicago. 
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solution  for  the  religious  problems  which  confront  men 
and  women  during  the  periods  of  late  youth  and  early 
manhood  or  womanhood.  The  book  has  its  message  for 
all  who  are  honestly  and  earnestly  striving  to  answer 
the  questions  which  inevitably  arise  in  connection  with 
the  religious  life ;  it  is  also  a  faithful  index  of  religious 
conditions  in  our  colleges  and  universities. 

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THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAQO   PRESS  ,« ™.H'=r^^r?N-S«.  vork 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


303 


Messrs.  HARPER  &  BROTHERS  announce  a  new,  definitive  history 


of  the  United  States 


The  American  Nation 


A  History  from 
Original 
Sources 

by  Associated 
Scholars 


EDITED  BY 


Complete  in 
28  Volumes 


5  Volumes 
Now  Ready 


Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Ph.D.  LL.D. 

Professor  of  History  at  Harvard  University 

THIS  work  is  the  most  important  and  complete  history  of 
America  that  has  been  undertaken.  The  work  has  pro- 
gressed under  the  editorial  supervision  of  Albert  Bushnell 
Hart,  Professor  of  History  at  Harvard  University,  in  consultation 
with  advisory  committees  appointed  by  the  Massachusetts,  Virginia,  Texas,  and  Wisconsin  Historical  Societies. 
The  history  will  be  complete  in  twenty-eight  volumes,  each  the  work  of  an  acknowledged  historical 
scholar  who  is  a  specialist  in  that  period  of  our  nation's  history  of  which  his  volume  treats.  Each  writer 
has  spent  years  of  study  upon  his  subject  and  has  searched  many  records  and  other  historical  data,  bring- 
ing to  light  new  facts  and  evidence.  The  names  of  these  scholars  and  the  standing  of  the  editor  are  an 
assurance  of  the  authority  and  permanence  of  this  work.  The  plan  of  the  narrative  is  chronological,  the 
volumes  following  each  other  in  close  sequence,  and  its  scope  a  critical,  political,  biographical  account  of  the 
events  and  forces  which  have  been  vital  in  the  making  of  our  nation. 


Group  1.— Foundations  of  the  Nation. 

Volume  1.— 1300-1500. 

EUROPEAN    BACKGROUND    OF    AMERICAN    HISTORY.      By 

Edward  Potts  Cheyney,  A.M.,  Professor  of  History,  Unir.  of  Pa. 

Volume  2.— 1500-1900. 
BASIS  OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY.      By  Livingston  Farnuid,  A.M., 
Professor  of  Anthropology,  Columbia  University. 

Volume  3.— 1450-1580. 
SPAIN  IN  AMERICA.  By  Edward  G.  Bourne,  Ph.D.,  Prof,  of  History, 
Yale  University. 

Volume  4.— 1580-1652. 
ENGLAND  IN  AMERICA.    By  Lyon  G.Tyler,  LL.D.,Prefc  of  WUUam 
and  Mary  College. 

Volume  5.— 1652-1690. 
COLONIAL  SELF-GOVERNMENT.      By  Charles  McLean  Andrews, 
Ph.D.,  Professor  of  History,  Bryn  Mawr  College. 

Gboup  2. — Transformation  Into  a  Nation. 

Volume  6.— 1690-1740. 
PROVINCIAL  AMERICA.     By  Evarts  B.  Greene,  Ph.D.,  Prof,  of  m». 
tory,  Univ.  Illinois. 

Volume  7.— 1740-1763. 
FRANCE  IN  AMERICA.     By  Reuben  Gold  Thwaites,  LL.D.,  Secre- 
tary  of  the  State  Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin. 

Volume  8.— 1763-1776. 

PRELIMINARIES    OF    THE    REVOLUTION.       By  George  Elliott 

Howard,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of  History,  University  of  Nebraska. 

Volume  9.— 1776-1783. 
THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.     By  Claude  HaUtead  Van  Tyne, 
Pb.D.,  Assistant  Professor  of  American  History,  Univ.  of  Mich. 

Volume  10.— 1783-1789. 
THE  CONFEDERATION  AND  THE  CONSTITUTION.    By  Andrew 
Cunningham  McLaughlin,  A.M.,  Director  of  the  Bureau  of  Histori* 
cal  Research,  Carnegie  Institution. 

Gboup  3. — Deveiopment  of  tlie  Nation. 

Volume  11.— 1789-1801. 
THE  FEDERALIST  8Y8TE1L    By  John  8.  Bassett,  Prof,  of  History, 
Trinity  College,  N.  C. 

Volume  12.— 1801-1811. 
THE   JEFFEB80NIAN    SYSTEM.      By  Edward  Channing,   Ph.D., 
Professor  of  History,  Harvard  University. 

Volume  13.— 1811-1819. 
RISE  OF  AMERICAN  NATIONAUTY.       By  Kendric  Charles  Bab- 
cock,  Fh.D.,  President  of  the  University  of  Arizona. 


Volume  14.— 1819-1829. 
RISE  OF  THE  NEW  WEST.     By  Frederick  Jackson  Turner,  Ph  D., 
Professor  of  American  History,  University  of  Wisconsin. 
Volume  15.-1829-1837. 
JACKSONIAN  DEMOCRACY.    By  WiUiam  MacDonald,  LL..D.,  Pro- 
fessor of  History,  Brown  University. 

Gboup  4.— Trial  of  Nationality. 

Volume  16.— 1837-1841. 
SLAVERY  AND  ABOUTION.     By  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  LL  D., 
Professor  of  History,  Harvard  University. 
Volume  17.— 1841-1850. 
WESTWARD  EXTENSION.     By  George  Pierce  Garrison,  Ph-D  ,  Pro- 
fessor of  History,  University  of  Texas. 

Volume  18.-1850-1859. 
PARTIES  AND  SLAVERY.     By  Theodore  C.  Smith,  Ph.D.,  Profeswr 
of  American  History,  Williams  College. 

Volume  19.-1859-1861. 

CAUSES  OF  THE  CIVIL  WAR.    By  French  Ensor  Chadwick,  U.  8.  N., 

recent  President  of  the  Naval  War  College. 

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THE  APPEAL  TO  ARMS.    By  James  Kendall  Hoamer,  LL.D.,  recent 

Librarian  of  the  Minneapolis  Public  Library. 

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OUTCOME  OF  THE  CIVIL  WAR.    By  James  Kendall  Hosmer,  LL.D. 

Gboup  5.  —  National  Expansion. 

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RECONSTRUCTION,  POLITICAL  AND  ECONOMIC.     By  William 

A.  Dunning,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of  History,  Columbia  University. 

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Adelphi  CoUege.     y^j^^  24.-1885-1897. 
NATIONAL  PROBLEMS.     By  Worthington  Chauncy  Ford,  Chief  of 
the  Division  of  Manuscripts,  Library  of  Congress. 
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AMERICA  THE  WORLD  POWER.   By  JohnHoUaday  Latan^,  Ph.D., 
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IDEALS    OF    AMERICAN    GOVERNMENT.       By  Albert  BushneU 
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INDEX  TO  THE  AMERICAN  NATION.    Prepared  by  David  M.  Mat- 
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AMERICAN  NATION  ATLAS.    Revised  by  the  Editor. 


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UITEKED  AT  THE  CHICAGO  P08TOFFICE   At    tECONO-CLASS   MATTEL 


No.  4^3. 


MAY  1,  1905.         Vol.  XXXVin. 


Ck>XTEyTS. 

THE  DIAL'S  QUARTER-CENTURY 305 

COMML'XICATION 307 

A  Mitwing  Indian  NarratiTe.    Lawrence  J.  Burpee. 

A   FAMOUS   CORNISH  CHARACTER.     Percy  F. 

Bicknell ;308 

A  MUSICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA.     George  P.  Upton  310 

THE  STORY  OF  A  GREAT  MONOPOLY.     Frank 

L.McVeg 1:53 

THE  SOLTHERNERS  PROBLEM.     W.  E.  Bwg- 

hardt  DuBois 315 

THE   FATHER   OF  AMERICAN  CARICATURE. 

Ingram  A.  Pyle 318 

MASTERS   OF   THE    EARLY   AND   LATE   RE- 
NAISSANCE.    George  Breed  Zug 320 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 322 

America's  historic  highways.  —  A  Dnteh  philan- 
thropist and  pioneer.  —  Essays  on  old  writers.  — 
The  first  Christian  emperor.  —  The  Napoleonic 
empire  in  Sonthem  Italy.  —  A  wielder  of  sword, 
pen.  and  hrnsh.  —  PrimitiTe  costoms  in  West 
Africa.  —  A  new  life  of  Benton.  —  Music  study  in 
Munich.  —  A  German  advocate  of  protectionism. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 326 

NOTES 327 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS      ....  328 

A  DIRECTORY  OF  THE  AMERICAN  PUBLISH- 
ING TRADE .328 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS .331 


THE  DIAL'S  QUARTER-CENTURY. 

Twenty-five  years  ago  on  this  first  day  of 
May  was  begun  the  publication  of  The  Dial. 
Turning  back  to  its  first  issue,  the  date  1880 
has  a  strangely  distant  look;  but  little  else 
is  changed.  The  heading  is  the  same;  the 
original  size  of  the  paper  has  been  adhered 
to,  with  an  increase  in  the  number  of  pages 
demanded  by  its  growth;  and  its  general 
physical  appearance  is  substantially  as  it 
was  in  the  beginning,  modified  by  inevitable 
changes  in  methods  and  standards  of  typog- 
raphy. Its  bound  volumes,  of  uniform  height 
and  nearly  uniform  thickness,  standing  in 
a  long  row  on  the  library  shelves,  express  the 
consistency  and  stability  which  from  the  first 
the  publication  has  sought  to  establish  and 
maintain. 

Such  details  as  these  are  not  matters  of 
accident,  nor  are  tiiey  without  significance. 
Fluctuations  in  a  journal's  character  and 
standards,  a  lack  of  fixed  ideals  and  clearly- 
defined  aims,  the  indecision  and  instability 
that  lead  to  trying  first  one  tack  and  then 
another  in  the  hope  of  catching  the  winds  of 
popular  favor,  are  usually  typified  in  capri- 
cious changes  of  external  form.  The  Dial 
has  chosen  a  very  different  course;  and  no 
survey  of  its  career  would  be  at  all  discern- 
ing that  did  not  take  this  feature  into  the 
account.  Its  effort  has  been  to  achieve  dis- 
tinction through  consistency  and  persistency; 
to  be  itself,  with  its  own  standards  and  char- 
acter; to  have  its  ideals,  and  live  up  to  them. 
Its  aims  and  scope,  the  sort  of  journal  it 
would  try  to  be,  the  work  it  would  set  itself 
to  do  and  the  manner  in  which  it  would  try 
to  do  it,  were  problems  that  were  thought  out 
in  advance;  and  the  course  then  decided  on 
was  followed  with  as  little  deviation  as  pos- 
sible. Whatever  of  success  and  influence  the 
paper  has  gained,  and  the  fact  that  it  is  now 
able  to  celebrate  its  twenty-fifth  anniversary, 
must  be  attributed  largely  to  this  cause. 

Obviously,  those  who  set  for  themselves 
such  tasks, — to  work  for  ideal  aims,  to  limit 
wittingly  their  opportimities  for  material 
gain,  and  sacrifice  immediate  for  ultimate 
success, — must  be  prepared  to  travel  a  long 
and  somewhat  lonely  road.    Xo  others,  indeed. 


806 


THE    DIAL 


[May  1, 


have  any  place  therein.  But,  fortunately  for 
the  stimulus  to  higher  forms  of  endeavor, 
there  are  compensations  peculiar  to  the  case. 
The  task,  though  difficult,  may  not  be  impos- 
sible; and  those  who  succeed  in  it  are  likely 
to  find  their  triumph  coming  at  last  through 
the  very  causes  that  made  it  seem  at  first 
improbable  or  incredible.  It  is  clear  now  to 
many,  as  it  was  in  the  beginning  to  but  few, 
that  had  The  Dial  been  less  tenacious  of 
its  ideals,  had  it  been  willing  to  decline  to 
lower  levels  and  to  narrower  aims,  its  rea- 
sons for  existence  would  have  been  defeated 
and  its  career  self-annulled.  Definiteness  and 
singleness  of  purpose,  a  clear  view  of  what 
was  intended  to  be  done  and  unwavering  per- 
sistency in  doing  it,  are  factors  largely  to  be 
credited  with  such  success  as  the  enterprise 
has   achieved. 

The  occasion  is  doubtless  one  for  self-con- 
gratulation and  rejoicing.  Yet  somehow  it 
finds  us  not  wholly  in  an  exultant  mood. 
Boasting  is  forbidden  before  one  has  taken 
his  armor  off,  and  he  may  then  be  too  weary 
to  care  much  for  boasting.  Those  who  have 
large  issues  have  generally  paid  the  price; 
and  leaders  of  forlorn  hopes,  in  life  as  on 
the  battle-field,  are  little  prone  to  merry- 
making over  their  success.  They  are  glad 
and  proud  to  be  successful:  it  is  for  this 
that  they  have  staked  and  won.  But  taking 
a  retrospective  look,  they  think  of  other 
things, — of  what  it  all  has  cost;  of  the  ex- 
penditure of  time  and  strength,  the  tale  of 
years  that  have  been  taken  from  their  own 
liv^  to  give  life  to  that  for  which  they 
strove.  A  quarter-century  is  a  big  portion 
of  a  man's  working  life,  particularly  when 
it  spans  the  period  between  thirty-five  and 
sixty  years;  and  what  one  gets  in  return  for 
it  should  be  something  worth  the  while.  That 
it  is  well  worth  the  while,  there  is  no  ques- 
tion in  this  case.  But  in  looking  back  over 
the  way  that  has  been  traversed,  and  counting 
up  the  cost,  one  thinks  vividly  of  the  toils 
and  struggles,  the  anxieties  and  disappoint- 
ments, the  tragedies  unwitnessed  and  trials 
unrecorded,  the  menaces  and  perils,  *gorgons 
and  chimeras  dire,'  unseen  by  all  but  him, 
that  have  beset  the  way.  He  thinks,  too,  of 
the  many  who  were  with  him  on  the  journey 
and  are  now  no  more. 

But  the  occasion  lends  itself  also  to  a  more 
cheerful  tone.  The  heading  of  our  article 
itself  shows  that  we  have  much  to  be  thank- 


ful for.  Those  who  know  something  of  the 
problems  and  history  of  journalism  know  how 
rarely  success  is  won  by  periodicals  that  are 
precluded  by  the  very  terms  of  their  being 
from  making  anything  like  a  popular  appeal. 
Earely  do  such  become  established;  more 
rarely  still  do  they  achieve  a  quarter-century 
of  continuous  publication.  But  infinitely 
rarer  is  it, — so  rare,  indeed,  that  instances 
are  but  exceptions  to  the  contrary  rule, — • 
that  they  remain  all  that  time  under  the  same 
control  and  guidance  with  which  they  began 
their  career.  The  founder  and  editor  of  The 
Dial  at  the  beginning  is  still  its  chief  editor 
and  director,  and  has  been  such  throughout 
the  quarter-century.  Fortunate  in  this  long- 
continued  service,  he  has  been  fortimate  also 
in  the  loyal  cooperation  of  his  associates, 
and  in  his  staff  of  capable  and  often  devoted 
contributors.  While  in  the  earlier  years 
something  like  half  the  paper  was  written 
by  the  editor,  in  recent  years  the  work  has 
been  done  by  writers  scattered  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  coast,  following  the 
specialization  of  knowledge  and  interests  that 
is  so  distinctive  a  feature  of  our  time.  In 
entire  sympathy  with  the  ideals  and  motives 
of  the  journal,  all  have  labored  zealously 
with  him  to  uphold  its  standard  and  enhance 
its  interest  and  value.  Another  cause  for 
satisfaction  is  that  the  paper  has  never  missed 
an  issue,  and,  as  has  already  been  pointed 
out,  has  never  changed  its  general  character 
and  aims.  The  chief  change  that  has  taken 
place  was  in  the  increased  frequency  of  issue, 
from  monthly  to  semi-monthly,  about  midway 
of  its  career;  but  this  was  a  needed  improve- 
ment and  advance,  which  may  be  followed  by 
others  as  occasion  may  require.  It  may  not  be 
amiss  to  point  ont  in  this  place  the  fact 
that  at  the  present  time  The  Dial  is  the 
only  journal  in  America  given  up  to  the 
criticism  of  current  literature;  it  is  also  the 
only  literary  periodical  in  the  country  not 
owned  or  controlled  by  a  book  publishing 
house  or  a  newspaper. 

If  further  grounds  for  felicitation  were 
needed  than  those  already  cited,  they  might  be 
found  in  a  consideration  of  the  opportunities 
for  doing  good  possessed  by  an  enlightened 
and  independent  organ  of  literary  criticism 
in  America.  On  this  point,  however,  and  on 
the  service  that  The  Dial  has  been  able  to 
render  to  this  cause,  we  are  content  to  let 
others  speak  for  us.      It  would  be  interesting 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


307 


if  there  were  space,  to  speak  of  the  advances 
in  the  book-publishing  and  book-reading 
worlds  in  the  period  covered  by  our  hasty 
survey.  Here,  too,  there  is  cause  for  satis- 
faction, since  we  are  doubtless  safe  in  saying 
that  the  demand  for  books  of  the  better 
class  has  increased  faster  than  the  increase  in 
population,  denoting  an  advance  in  culture 
and  civilization.  Especially  is  this  true  of 
the  great  Middle  Regions  of  the  country, 
the  regions  making  such  tremendous  strides 
in  growth  and  influence.  CJonsiderations  like 
these  show  that  it  was  no  mistake  that  The 
Dial  was  located  in  the  metropolis  of  this 
great  and  growing  region,  in  which  its  in- 
fluence is  doubtless  more  direct  and  forceful 
than  if  emanating  from  the  seaboard.  The 
example  and  inspiration  of  such  a  journal 
in  a  city  so  lately  supposed  to  be  given 
hopelessly  to  sordid  standards  and  material 
aims  is  something  also  to  be  taken  into  the 
account.  Dealing  with  literature  in  the 
largest  sense,  it  is  but  natural  that  the 
literature  of  its  own  country  should  be  its 
chief  concern;  but  local  of  course  it  should 
not  and  could  not  be.  It  is  but  simple  justice 
to  the  American  publishers  to  add  that  by 
none  are  The  Dial's  work  and  influence 
more  clearly  comprehended  than  by  them; 
and  not  least  among  the  reasons  for  gratula- 
tion  on  this  occasion  should  be  noted  their 
intelligent  appreciation  and  encouragement. 

We  began  with  a  note  from  the  past:  we 
end  with  a  note  for  the  future.  One  quarter- 
century  of  The  Dial  is  ended.  It  begins 
another  with  a  surer  confidence  and  a  soberer 
wisdom;  and  though  the  old  is  tinged  with 
sadness,  the  new  is  lit  with  cheerfulness  and 
hope.  F.  F.  B. 

The  first  issue  of  The  Dial  (May  1,  1880)  was 
made  up  of  nineteen  pages  of  reading  matter  and 
five  pages  of  advertisements.  The  present  issue 
of  May  1,  1905,  contains  upwards  of  thirty 
reading  pages  and  some  twenty-eight  pages  of 
advertisements.  Besides  an  account  of  'The  Orig- 
inal Dial/*  by  Korman  C.  Perkins,  and  other  mis- 
cellaneous matter,  the  first  issue  contained  a  review 
of  Hildreth's  'History  of  the  United  States,'  by 
W.  F.  Poole;  of  Brooke  Herford's  'Keligion  in 
England,'  by  David  Swing;  of  Lindsay's  'Mind 
in  the  Lower  Animals,'  by  V.  B.  Denslow;  of 
Austin  Dobson's  'Vignettes  in  Ehyme,'  by  Fran- 
cis F.  Browne;  of  Brander  Matthews 's  'The  Thea- 
tres of  Paris,'  by  J.  S.  Eunnion;  and  of  Lalor's 
translation  of  Nohl's  'Condensed  Biographies  of 
Musicians,'  by  George  P.  Upton.  Of  the  writers 
of  these  reviews,  the  Editor  and  Mr.  Upton  are  the 
only  ones  now  living,  both  being  contributors  to 
the  present  issue  of  The  Dial. 


COMMUNICA  TION. 

A  MISSING  INDIAN  NARRATIVE. 
(To  the  Editor  of  The  Dial.) 

May  I  venture  to  add  a  word  or  two  to  Mr. 
McPike's  interesting  letter  on  the  subject  of 
cooperation  in  bibliographical  research,  in  The 
Dial  for  April  IT 

I  merely  wish  to  cite  an  instance,  from  my 
own  personal  experience,  of  at  least  one  direc- 
tion in  which  the  suggested  'Miscellanea  Curi- 
osa'  might  be  made  of  very  great  service  to 
students  and  investigators  in  every  department 
of  human  knowledge. 

In  looking  up  material  bearing  upon  the 
Mandans,  to  utilize  in  editing  that  portion  of 
the  Journals  of  LaVerendrye  and  his  sons  which 
covers  their  Mandan  tour,  I  came  uix>n  a  let- 
ter, quoted  by  Schoolcraft  in  his  'Indian  Tribes 
of  the  United  States,'  etc.,  Part  in.,  p.  253. 
The  letter  is  dated  January  28,  1852,  and  is 
from  D.  D.  Mitchell,  at  that  time  United  States 
Superintendent  of  Indian  Affairs;  and  the  pass- 
age to  which  I  particularly  wish  to  refer  is 
as  follows: 

'  The  early  portion  of  their  [the  Mandan]  history  I 
gather  from  the  narration  of  Mr.  Mackintosh,  who  it 
seems  belonged  to  or  was  in  some  way  connected  with 
the  French  Trading  Company  [he  probably  means  the 
North  West  Company,  many  of  whose  employees  were 
French]  as  far  back  as  1772.  According  to  his  narration 
he  set  out  from'  Montreal  in  the  summer  of  1773,  crossed 
over  the  country  to  the  Missouri  river,  and  arrived  at 
one  of  the  Mandan  villages  on  Christmas  Day.  He  gives 
a  long  and  somewhat  romantic  description  of  the  manner 
in  which  he  was  received  and  dwells  at  some  length  upon 
the  greatness  of  the  Mandan  population,'  etc.,  etc. 

It  seems  clear  from  the  above  that  Mr. 
Mitchell  is  not  merely  giving  the  substance  of  a 
conversation  with  the  Mr.  Mackintosh  referred 
to,  but  that  he  refers  to  a  written  narrative, 
either  in  print  or  in  manuscript. 

I  have  searched  high  and  low  for  this  Mack- 
intosh document,  in  the  Canadian  Archives  at 
Ottawa,  the  Parliamentary  Library  at  the  same 
place,  the  Library  of  Congress,  the  Smithsonian 
Institution,  and  every  other  depositary  that 
would  be  likely  to  contain  such  a  narrative, 
and  have  enquired  of  men  like  Dr.  Thwaites 
of  Madison,  Dr.  Bryce  of  Winnipeg,  and  Ben- 
jamin Suite  of  Ottawa,  who  are  recognized  as 
authorities  on  early  western  exploration  and 
the  western  tribes,  but  so  far  as  I  can  learn 
the  Mackintosh  document  is  not  in  any  public 
library,  nor  does  it  seem  to  be  known  to  those 
who  would  be  most  likely  to  have  seen  it. 

Here,  it  seems  to  me,  is  a  case  in  point  for 
the  proposed  'Miscellanea  Curiosa.'  Someone, 
somewhere,  must  surely  know  something  about 
Mackintosh  and  his  elusive  narrative. 

While  I  cite  this  merely  as  an  example  of  the 
probable  usefulness  of  the  periodical  suggested 
by  Mr.  McPike,  I  may  add  that  I  shall  be 
exceedingly  grateful  for  any  information  that 
can  be  afforded  me  by  readers  of  The  Dial  as 
to  the  Mackintosh  narrative. 

Lawrexce  J.  Burpee, 
Librarian,  Ottawa  Public  Library. 

Ottawa^  Canada,  April  15,  1905, 


308 


THE    DIAI. 


[May  1, 


C^i  ^tto  §00ks. 


A  FAMOUS  Cornish  Character.* 


Eobert  Stephen  Hawker,  for  forty  years 
vicar  of  Morwenstow  in  Cornwall,  was  emphat- 
ically a  ^character.'  Mr,  Baring-Gould's 
account  of  him  has  made  Hawker  a  familiar 
figure  to  many  readers,  all  the  more  so  that  in 
this  lively  biography  the  romancer  often  gets 
the  better  of  the  historian.  Even  in  his  third 
and  revised  edition  the  author  (or  perhaps  his 
publisher)  could  not  find  it  in  his  heart  to 
suppress  some  of  the  good  stories  that  had  been 
proved  to  be  untrue;  they  were  too  character- 
istic to  be  spared.  Mr.  Byles  says  of  this  work, 
'As  a  character-sketch  and  a  jest-book,  it  is 
clever  and  amusing,  but  as  a  biography  it  is 
not  altogether  satisfactory.'  Dr.  F.  G.  Lee's 
life  of  Hawker,  which  appeared  simultaneously 
with  Mr.  Baring-Gould's,  has  never  been  popu- 
lar, as  it  confines  itself  almost  wholly  to  mat- 
ters of  religious  controversy,  being  partly  a 
defense  of  Hawker's  position  and  partly  an 
attack  on  liberalism  in  the  Church  of  England. 
Hence  the  need  of  a  new,  full,  and  authorita- 
tive account  of  this  singular  and  interesting 
man. 

Of  great  events,  as  commonly  understood, 
our  vicar's  life  has  none  to  show.  He  was  bom 
at  Plymouth  in  1803,  being  the  eldest  son  of  a 
physician,  who  afterward  entered  the  church, 
and  grandson  of  a  well-known  Calvinist 
preacher.  The  youthful  pranks  of  Robert 
Hawker,  his  fertility  in  harmless  practical 
jokes,  and  the  various  forms  in  which  his 
excess  of  animal  spirits  found  vent,  would  fill 
a  book — if  it  were  not  too  large.  But  not  to  let 
the  rollicking  lad's  love  of  fun  scandalize  these 
decorous  pages,  we  hasten  on  to  his  amazing 
marriage,  in  1823,  when  he  was  not  yet  twenty, 
to  Charlotte  Elizabeth  I'ans,  a  well-to-do  spin- 
ster of  more  than  twice  his  age.  Hawker  was 
at  that  time  an  Oxford  student,  and  we  have 
been  told,  wrongly  it  now  appears,  that  his  mar- 
riage was  precipitated  by  his  father's  announce- 
ment that  the  family  exchequer  could  no  longer 
meet  the  expense  of  the  young  man's  education. 
However  that  may  be,  the  strangely  assorted 
pair  enjoyed  many  years  of  wedded  happiness, 
until  in  the  order  of  nature  the  senior  partner's 
place  was  left  vacant,  whereupon  (but  with  no 
indecorous  haste)  the  sexagenarian  survivor 
sought  consolation  in  the  arms  of  a  second 
wife,  this  time  young  enough  to  be  his  grand- 
daughter,  with  whom  the  last  eleven  years  of 

•  The  Life  and  Letters  of  R.  S.  Hawker,  sometime 
Vicar  of  Morwenstow.  By  his  Son-in-Law,  C.  E.  Byles. 
Illustrated.     New  York:     John  Lane. 


his  life  appear  to  have  passed  no  less  pleasantly 
than  the  preceding  forty.  He  died  in  1875, 
having  held  the  living  of  Morwenstow  a  little 
over  forty  years.  His  first  charge,  the  curacy 
of  North  Tamerton,  covered  only  four  years, 
and  need  not  claim  our  notice  further  than  to 
introduce  an  incident  illustrating  his  unfailing 
readiness  of  resource  from  his  very  youth,  and 
also  his  delightful  unconventionality  even  in 
the  pulpit. 

'One  day  a  labourer  at  Tamerton  came  to  Hawker 
in  great  trouble,  saying  that  a  sack  of  potatoes 
had  been  stolen  from  his  garden,  and  would  his 
Reverence  kindly  help  him  to  discover  the  thief. 
It  was  Sunday,  and  they  were  on  their  way  to 
morning  service.  "Well,  well,"  said  Hawker,  "we 
will  see  about  it  after  Church."  He  was  taking 
the  sermon  that  day,  and  he  preached  on  the  eighth 
commandment.  "And  now,"  he  said,  "I  have  a 
sad  tale  to  tell.  One  of  our  neighbors  has  missed 
a  sack  of  potatoes  from  his  garden,  and  the  thief 
is  even  now  sitting  among  you.  He  has  a  feather 
on  his  head!"  A  man  in  the  congregation  was 
observed  surreptitiously  to  put  his  hand  to  his 
head,  and  so  the  guilt  was  brought  home.' 

A  word  in  passing  as  to  those  foregleams  of 
the  coming  man  that  we  discern  in  the  young 
Oxford  student.  To  '  star-eyed  science '  it  does 
not  appear  that  he  devoted  himself  with  any 
enthusiasm.  Neither  for  the  niceties  of  clas- 
sical scholarship  nor  for  the  rigors  of  higher 
mathematics  do  we  read  that  he  developed  any 
taste.  The  Newdigate  prize,  however,  was 
awarded  him  for  a  poem  entitled  '  Pompeii,' 
which  a  harsh  critic  has  declared  to  be  an  imi- 
tation of  Macaulay's  prize  poem  on  the  same 
subject  written  at  Cambridge  eight  years 
before.  But  Mr.  Byles  makes  a  good  defense 
against  this  charge.  Conviviality,  a  fondness 
for  giving  champagne  breakfasts,  and  a  readi- 
ness to  take  the  lead  in  any  daring  escapade, 
seem  to  have  been  young  Hawker's  distinguish- 
ing qualities.  The  historian  of  Pembroke  col- 
lege links  his  name  with  that  of  Thomas  Lovell 
Beddoes  under  the  heading,  '  Two  Eccentric 
Poets,'  and  mentions  that  some  of  his  '  extra- 
ordinary letters'  are  still  preserved  in  the  col- 
lege library.  With  something  of  contempt  for 
book-learning,  and  with  some  truth  too,  Hawker 
writes  in  later  life,  '  A  patient  and  persevering 
man  is  always  more  likely  to  prosper  at  the 
universities  than  one  whose  genius  would  shine 
in  ordinary  life.'  Somewhat  astonishing  (or 
perhaps  not  astonishing,  for  nothing  need  sur- 
prise us  in  Hawker)  is  his  opinion  of  Addison's 
style.  '  It  is  one  of  the  lamentable  blotches  on 
Oxford,'  he  writes  to  a  nephew  about  to  enter 
Pembroke,  'that  they  select  such  a  miserable 
composer  of  sentences  as  Addison  was  for  trans- 
lation [into  Latin].  His  parenthetic  pages, 
sometimes  never  ended  at  all,  are  about  the 
worst  elements  ever  selected  to  form  a  clear 


1905.] 


THE    DIAI. 


309 


and  simple  style.'  (Peace  to  the  shades  of  that 
earlier  and  more  famous  Pembroke  scholar 
whose  contrary  opinion  has  gained  general 
acceptance.) 

It  will  be  easily  believed  that  the  vicar  of 
Morwenstow  was  an  excellent  story-teUer. 
Humor,  imagination,  and  the  power  to  keep  his 
gravity  of  countenance  when  uttering  the  most 
astounding  assertions,  made  him  a  source  both 
of  delight  and  of  bewilderment  to  all  his 
acquaintance.  Indeed,  as  the  author  tells  us, 
*  this  habit  of  hoaxing  became  so  ingrained  in 
his  nature  that  perhaps,  as  he  grew  older,  he 
was  hardly  able  himself  to  distinguish  between 
jest  and  earnest,  fact  and  fancy,  belief  and 
simulated  belief.'  But  this  inability  to  draw  a 
sharp  boundary  line  between  the  real  and  the 
imaginary  made  him  no  whit  less  acceptable  to 
children,  who  quickly  recognized  in  him  a 
delightful  pla^Tnate,  one  who  never  failed  to 
respond  to  that  magical  watehword  of  the  nur- 
sery, *  let's  pretend.'  ^  One  pervading  princi- 
ple of  Holy  Writ,'  he  notes  in  his  thought-diary, 
'  is  fondness  for  little  children's  weal.'  That 
such  a  man,  living  in  a  remote  maritime  dis- 
trict famous  for  its  superstitions,  should  have 
himself  fallen  a  victim  to  superstition,  espe- 
cially religious  superstition,  is  not  surprising. 
In  a  letter  to  his  brother  Claud  he  gravely 
describes  a  storm  that  had  threatened  to  destroy 
his  wheat,  until  he  stilled  the  tempest  by  erect- 
ing two  wooden  crosses,  one  of  them  inscribed, 
Imperat  ventis,  and  the  other.  Dixit  mari,  Tace. 
'  They  were  fixed  and  consecrated,'  he  says,  '  by 
six  o'clock  in  the  evening,  amidst  so  fierce  a 
gale  that  the  carpenter  could  hardly  hear  the 
service  on  the  cliff.  But  the  Prince  of  the  Air 
heard  it  and  obeyed.'  (In  this  and  subsequent 
quotations  the  good  vicars  prodigal  use  of  cap- 
itals is  left  to  be  imagined.)  His  diary  con- 
tains the  following,  under  the  heading 
'  Ghosts' : 

'We  know  that  demons  are  loose.  "We  are  told 
that  the  messengers  of  Satan  are  volatile,  and  fiU 
the  air.  We  read  that  angels  glide  to  and  fro.  Why 
may  not  the  souls  of  our  beloved  traverse  the  air 
on  the  errands  of  their  lovef 

StiU  another  passage,  whether  from  diary  or 
letter  is  not  made  clear,  describes  the  hair-rais- 
ing experience  the  vicar  had  with  a  ghost  in 
the  course  of  a  drive  one  bright  summer  day. 
Pale  with  fright,  the  holy  man  luckily  be- 
thought him  to  make  the  sign  of  the  cross,  at 
which  the  spectre  fled.  '  It  was,'  he  concludes, 
*a  kind  of  nameless  and  indefinable  sensation, 
rather  than  the  sight,  that  assured  me  it  was 
preternatural :  at  least,  so  I  thought  and  think.' 
One  little  circumstance  may  serve  to  explain 
this  pronounced  propensity  for  horrors  and 
marvels.  Hawker  was  an  opium-eater.  He 
took  the  drug  first  as  a  medicine — thev  all  do — 


and  afterward  from  habit.  His  biographer 
inclines  to  think  that  much  of  his  beet  poetry 
was  written  under  the  influence  of  opium.  But 
the  inevitable  reaction  followed  in  moods  of 
irritability  and  deep  depression.  like  De 
Quincey,  he  broke  himself  of  the  habit  in  later 
life,  but  resumed  it  some  years  before  his  death. 
Among  the  more  admirable  qualities  of  this 
richly  endowed  nature  was  a  warm  love  for  ani- 
mals. Over  them  he  exerted  something  of 
Thoreau's  influence.  To  the  birds  especially 
he  was  a  friend  and  benefactor.  A  paragraph 
from  his  diary  illustrates  this  in  a  way  that  is 
both  touching  and  amusing.  '  Beans  and  peas/ 
he  writes,  *are  interdicted  by  the  jackdaws. 
We  have  sown  twice,  and  twice  they  have 
devoured  them  all.  And  a  scarecrow,  put  up 
by  my  old  man,  was  so  made  up  in  my  hat  and 
broken  cassock  that  they  took  it  for  me,  and 
came  around  it  looking  up  to  be  fed.'  Cats  and 
dogs  abounded  in  his  house,  and  even  followed 
him  to  church,  where  they  behaved  with  great 
propriety.  His  horses  obeyed  his  voice  without 
help  of  whip  or  rein.  All  animals  he  believed 
to  be  immortal. 

Dwelling  on  the  coast  and  seeing  much  of 
shipwreck,  both  accidental  and  *  assisted,' 
Hawker  naturally  reverts  to  the  theme  in  many 
of  his  letters.  A  characteristic  passage  may  be 
quoted.    The  date  is  December,  1859. 

'Since  1843  I  have  taken  up  from  the  rocks  and 
buried  27.  But  to  me  the  great  comfort  is  that 
the  souls  of  all  these  men  are  grateful  to  me  for 
the  respectful  interment  of  their  bodies,  and  that 
all  they  are  permitted  to  do  for  me  they  fulfil. 
That  they  have  brought  me  tokens  of  good  will 
I  am  persuaded.  Do  you  know,  I  was  surprised  to 
hear  you  doubt  that  the  dead  know  what  we  do. 
I  thought  the  Scripture  clear  about  this.  Besides, 
how  otherwise  can  we  account  for  the  appearance 
of  spirits  for  especial  purposes  to  the  living!  And 
that  they  do  so  appear  everybody  in  every  nation 
under  heaven  believes.' 

Let  us  not  begrudge  our  poet-parson  whatever 
happiness  he  found  in  his  primitive  beliefs. 

The  best  thing  in  Mr.  Byles's  book  is  Hawk- 
ers account  of  a  visit  he  received  from  Tenny- 
son. The  poet  came  unannounced  and  unrec- 
ognized in  the  month  of  June,  1848,  roaming 
over  Cornwall  in  quest  of  material  for  his 
'  Idylls  of  the  King.'  It  was  a  lucky  chance, 
or  a  wise  design,  that  brought  him  to  the  vicar's 
door;  for  no  one  was  more  in  love  with  or  bet- 
ter versed  in  the  Arthurian  legends  than 
Hawker.  The  meeting  of  the  two  poets  has 
been  already  very  briefly  told  by  one  of  them; 
the  subjoined  is  a  part  of  the  other's  fuller 
account : 

*I  found  my  guest  at  his  entrance  a  tall,  swarthy 
Spanish-looking  man,  with  an  eye  like  a  sword. 
He  sate  down  and  we  conversed.  I  at  once  found 
myself  with  no  common  mind.  All  poetry  in  par- 
ticular he  seemed  to  use  like  household  words,  and 


m 


THE    DIAL, 


[May  1, 


as  chance  led  to  the  mention  of  Homer's  picture  of 
night  [Iliad,  viii.,  557-559]  he  gave  at  once  a  ren- 
det-ing  simple  and  fine:  "When  the  sky  is  broken 
u|>  and  the  myriad  stars  roll  down,  and  the  shep- 
herd's heart  is  glad."  It  struck  me  that  the  trite 
translation  was  about  the  reverse  motion  of  this. 
"We  talked  then  about  Cornwall  and  King  Arthur, 
ii^y  themes,  and  I  quoted  Tennyson's  fine  account 
of  the  restoration  of  Excalibur  to  the  lake.  Just 
then  he  said,  "How  can  you  live  here  thus  alone? 
You  don't  seem  to  have  any  fit  companions  around 
you."  My  answer  was  another  verse,  from 
^^JjQcksley  Hall"— 

■  "'I  to  herd    with   narrow  foreheads   vacant  ot  our 
'•'!!,      glorious  gains, 

f.l   1  Like   a  beast  vrith  lower  pleasures,   like  a  beast 
with  lower  pains !  " 

''Why,  that  man,"  said  he,  "seems  to  be  your 
favourite  author."  "Not  mine  only,  but  Eng- 
land's," answered  I.  .  .  .  I  proposed  to  show 
my  unknown  friend  the  shore.  But  before  we  left 
the  room  he  said,  "Do  you  know  my  name?"  I 
said,  "No,  I  have  not  even  a  guess."  "Do  you 
^sh  to  know  it  ? "  "I  don 't  much  care — *  that 
Which  we  call  a  rose,'  "  etc.  "Well,  then,"  said 
he,  "my  name  is  Tennysonl!  "  .  .  .  So  we  grasped 
hands,  and  "the  shepherd's  heart  was  glad."  We 
went  on  our  way  to  the  rocks,  and  if  the  converse 
could  all  be  written  down  it  would  make,  I  think, 
as  nice  a  little  book  as  Charlotte  Elizabeth  [Mrs. 
Hawker]  could  herself  have  composed.  All  verses- — 
all  lands — the  secret  history  of  many  of  his  poems, 
which  I  may  not  reveal — ^but  that  which  I  can 
lawfully  relate  I  will.'  .    '        T' 

And  with  this  fillip  to  his  appetite  the  reader 
of  this  review  is  referred  to  the  book  itself  for 
the  remainder  of  a  memorable  interview. 

From  Hawker's  own  pen  much  might 
be  quoted  to  complete  this  brief  sketch  of  the 
man.  Among .  minor  peculiaritiess  was  his 
abhorrence  of  a  bearded  clergy.  '  Nothing/  he 
maintains,  *  can  mar  a  man's  character  like  that 
one  thing,  a  beard.  By  one  of  the  councils 
which  are  named  in  our  Articles,  and  which 
all  the  clergy  at  least  have  vowed  to  obey, 
beards  are  forbidden  to  be  worn  by  the  clergy 
at  all.  So  that  every  clergyman  who  wears  one 
is  a  rebel  against  the  authorities  of  the  church 
— lowers  himself  to  the  level  of  a  lay-person  and 
degrades  his  sacred  office.'  Thus  even  Hawker's 
freedom  from  most  forms  and  conventions  was 
balanced  by  an  almost  superstitious  observance 
of  others.  It  can  be  truly  said  of  him  that  he 
never  took  the  impress  of  what  he  himself 
called  'the  smoothing-iron  of  the  nineteelith 
century/  but,  again  to  use  his  own  words  as 
applied  to  the  Cornish  clergy  of  an  earlier  gen- 
eration, '  became  developed  about  middle  life 
into  an  original  mind  and  man,  sole  and  abso- 
lute within  his  parish  boundaries,  eccentric 
when  compared  with  his  brethren  in  civilized 
regions,  and  yet,  in  German  phrase,  "a  whole 
and  seldom  man "  in  his  dominion  of  souls.' 

Hawker  the  poet,  the  ballad-writer,  is  far 
less  familiar'  to  the  world  than  Hawker  the  vicar 
of  MotwenstdW.    Longfellow  held  his  verses  in 


high  esteem  and  included  i  a  number  of  his  bal- 
lads in  his  '  Poems  of  Places.'  His  biographer 
might  well  have  reprinted  the  famous  but  now 
obsolescent  Trelawny  ballad,  which  can  soon 
boast  an  antiquity  of  fourscore  years,  having 
first  appeared,  anonymously,  in  'The  Royal 
Davenport  Telegraph  and  Plymouth  Chronicle ' 
of  Sept.  2,  1826.  Among  those  who  took  the 
piece  for  a  genuine  antique  were  Sir  Walter 
Scott  and  Lord  Macaulay,  and  Hawker  seems 
to  have  had  some  difficulty  afterward  in  con- 
vincing the  public  that  the  refrain  and  only 
the  refrain  was  ancient,  and  that  he  was  respon- 
sible for  the  rest. 

And  so,  with  the  author,  we  take  leave  of  a 
'  unique  and  winning  personality,  strong 
enough  to  disregard  convention,  and  free  to 
develop  in  solitude  a  peculiar  charm.  In  the 
retrospect  of  those  long  years  of  Morwenstow, 
we  remember  chiefly  his  charity  to  the  poor, 
his  care  for  the  shipwrecked,  his  hospitality  to 
friend  and  stranger,  his  tenderness  to  all  living 
creatures,  his  whole-hearted  devotion  to  wife 
and  child  and  home.  Such  is  the  abiding  mem- 
ory of  Eobert  Stephen  Hawker.' 

Percy  F.  Bioknell. 


A  Musical,  Encyclopedia.* 


!N'one  of  the  arts  has  been  more  copiously 
and,  it  may  be  added,  detrimentally  endowed 
with  reference  helps  than  music.  Detri- 
mentally, because  its  dictionaries  and  lexicons, 
as  well  as  its  biographies,  in  many  instances, 
abound  in  errors,  and  the  despair  of  the  situa- 
tion is  that  once  these  errors  appear  in  a  given 
lexicon  nearly  every  subsequent  lexicographer 
incorporates  errors  and  all  into  his  own  work, 
without  once  stopping  to  investigate  or  verify. 
There  has  been  little  original  source-work  done 
in  musical  dictionaries  for  fifty  years  past, 
except  by  Fetis,  Mendel,  and  Riemann.  Nearly 
everything  has  been  second  hand,  and  plagiar- 
isms have  been  particularly  audacious.  The 
musical  student,  unless  he  is  an  expert,  has  been 
misled  by  inaccuracies  and  exasperated  by  omis- 
sions in  his  reference  books. 

When  Sir  George  Grove's  '  Dictionary  of 
Music  and  Musiciaiis '  appeared  in  1878  it  met 
a  hearty  Welcome  everywhere.  Its  need  was 
recognized,  for  the  dictionaries  above  mentioned 
were  growing  antiquated,  and,  besides  this,  it 
was  the  first  dictionary  in  the  English  language 
that  made  any  pretensions  to  breadth  of  scope, 
comprehensiveness  of  treatment,  or  accuracy  of 

•  Grove's  Dictionaet  of  Music  and  Musicians.  Edited 
by  J.  A.  Fuller  Maltland,  M.  A.  (To  be  completed  in 
five  volumes.)  Volume  I.  Illustrated.  New  York:  The 
Macmillan  Co. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL, 


311 


statement.  Nearly  all  the  other  works  of  the 
kind  were  either  imperfect  or  in  some  manner 
untrustworthy.  Sir  George  Grove  himself  had 
accomplished  so  much  in  the  way  of  original 
research,  had  made  so  many  important  musical 
discoveries,  and  was  such  a  well-trained  and 
thoroughly  equipped  musical  scholar  that  it 
was  hoped  a  dictionary  had  at  last  appeared 
which  would  answer  the  needs  of  those  not 
ters6d  in  foreign  languages.  As  far  as  the 
work  went,  this  expectation  was  gratified. 
Some  of  its  biographies,  especially  those  of 
Beethoven,  Mendelssohn,  and  Schubert,  are 
masterpieces.  Its  technical  contributions  are 
searching  and  quite  exhaustive,  and  its  histori- 
cal matter  as  a  rule  accurate  and  reliable.  But 
although  the  two  volumes  originally  announced 
grew  into  four,  numerous  omissions  were  dis- 
covered when  consultation  began.  An  appendix 
was  added  to  supply  these  omissions,  but  even 
then  they  were  numerous  and  (as  a  further 
illustration  of  the  doctrine  of  the  total  deprav- 
ity of  inanimate  things)  of  course  it  was  just 
the  particular  thing  that  was  particularly 
wanted  which  was  not  in  its  pages.  The 
American  student  was  also  greatly  disappoint- 
ed, because  scarcely  an  allusion  was  made  to 
any  American  topic.  These  defects,  however, 
were  compensated  for  by  the  excellence  of  the 
dietionarj-^s  general  content,  and  for  many 
years  it  has  proved  of  such  value  that  it  has 
come  to  take  the  place  of  the  German  works. 
N"or  have  the  recent  reference  works  of  Elson, 
Champlin,  and  Baker  (the  latter  a  very  import- 
ant and  handy  guide  in  all  matters  Ainerican) 
affected  its  popularity  in  this  country,  notwith- 
standing its  failure  to  recognize  American  sub- 
jects, which  have  been  growing  steadily  in  dig- 
nity and  importance. 

It  is  now  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century 
since  the  first  instalment  of  Sir  Greorge 
Grove's  work  appeared.  The  time  has  come, 
therefore,  for  a  new  edition,  for  large  numbers 
of  new  lights  have  appeared  in  the  musical 
world,  many  subjects  in  the  old  dictionary 
require  amplification,  and  science  has  pushed 
its  researches  so  far  that  much  new  matter  has 
been  brought  to  the  surface,  requiring  state- 
ment. Mr.  Grove  was  engaged  upon  tiie  pre- 
liminaries of  such  an  edition  when  death  over- 
took him  in  his  labors  and  the  work  had  to  be 
entrusted  to  another  hand. 

The  publishers  made  no  mistake  when  they 
selected  Mr.  J.  A.  Fuller  Maitland  for  the 
editorial  task.  He  has  been  musical  critic  for 
'  The  Thunderer,'  assisted  Sir  George  Grove  in 
the  original  preparation  of  the  Dictionary,  has 
written  some  important  works  in  musical  biog- 
raphy, edited  several,  and  translated  that  mon- 
umental work,  Spitta's  '  Life  of  Bach.'    He  has 


brought  to  his  task  musical  scholarship,  attain- 
ments in  languages,  journalistic  experience,  and 
love  of  research.  The  first  instalment  of  his 
painstaking  and  scholarly  labor  has  now 
appeared,  and  it  deserves  to  be  called  not  mere- 
ly a  revision  of  the  Grove  Dictionary  but  the 
beginning  of  a  new  dictionary ;  for  while  it  fol- 
lows the  general  plan  of  the  old  one,  and  con- 
tains much  of  the  old  matter,  yet  even  the  old 
matter  has  been  most  carefully  edited  and 
arranged  mOre  systematically.  Unimportant 
items  have  been  omitted,  and  some  errors  cor- 
rected. The  longer  biographies,  especially 
those  of  Bach  and  Beethoven,  have  been 
enriched  and  their  compositions  have  been  tab- 
ulated with  all  the  care  which  Kochel  or  Notte- 
bohm  display  in  their  theme  catalogues.  The 
general  change  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact 
that  the  first  volume  of  the  old  edition  contains 
768  pages,  closing  at  the  middle  of  the  letter 
*  I,'  while  the  first  volume  of  the  new  edition 
has  800  pages  and  only  reaches  the  close  of 
'  E.'  The  cause  of  this  difference  is  sufficiently 
apparent.  Intending  to  have  but  two  volumes, 
half  of  the  alphabet  was  put  in  the  first,  and 
this  explains  its  scantiness  of  material  and  the 
disproportion  between  the  first  and  the  remain- 
ing three  volumes.  It  was  a  serious  error,  but 
it  has  been  rectified  and  the  proper  balance 
effected  by  the  inclusion  of  417  new  topics, 
besides  brief  mention  of  authorship  and  first 
performances  of  all  important  operas,  which 
Mr.  Grove  almost  entirely  overlooked,  although 
they  are  of  great  value  as  references. 

The  new  articles  of  leading  importance  are 
on  '  Acoustics,'  with  many  diagrams,  *  Auto- 
matic Appliances,'  *  Baireuth,'  '  Chester  Music 
Festivals,'  '  Coronach,'  *  Conducting,'  profusely 
illustrated,  '  Concert  Institutions  in  Paris,' 
'  Concert  Stiick,'  *  Dance  Music,'  '  Dodeka- 
hedron,'  and  '  Degrees  in  Music'  The  new 
biographies  are  those  of  Albani,  Audran,  Briill, 
Bruckner,  the  Breuning  family  (Beethoven's 
earliest  friends),  Marianne  Brandt,  Bruneau, 
Bottesini,  Borodin,  Busoni,  Bononcini,  Boito, 
Ole  Bull,  Beriot,  Balakirev,  Burmester,  Cur- 
wen,  Cui,  Calve,  Campanini,  Capoul,  Carreno, 
Carvalho,  CeUier,  Chabrier,  Charpentier,  Co 
lonne,  Duparc,  Ben  Davies,  Ffranggon  Davies, 
Debussy,  Dedekind,  Delibes,  Dolmanyi,  Dvordk, 
and  Elgar.  Of  these  thirty-six  names,  fully 
one-half  should  have  been  in  the  first  edition, 
which  of  itself  shows  its  serious  omissions. 
Besides  this,  the  inadequateness  of  treatment 
displayed  in  such  biographical  sketches  as  those 
of  Bach,  Berlioz,  Brahms,  Chopin,  and  a  few 
others  has  been  remedied  by  fuller  historical 
detail  and  critical  analysis,  which  gives  the 
reader  a  clearer  idea  of  the  style  and  character- 
istics of  the  composer.     It  is  surprising,  how- 


312 


THE    DIAL 


[May  1, 


ever,  that  the  editor  should  have  retained  the 
error  in  the  life  of  Sebastian  Bach  that  attrib- 
utes the  '  Lucas  Passion '  to  that  composer.  It 
should  be  within  the  recollection  of  all  Euro- 
pean music  scholars  that  when  the  Spitta  '  Life 
of  Bach'  appeared,  our  own  Bernhard  Ziehn, 
whose  musical  scholarship  and  critical  faculty 
are  even  better  known  in  Germany  than  here, 
proved  beyond  dispute  that  the  '  Lucas  Pas- 
sion '  was  not  written  by  Sebastian  Bach  and 
thus  prevented  the  inclusion  of  a  spurious  com- 
position in  the  Bach  G^sellschaft's  famous  edi- 
tion—  a  feat  in  critical  analysis  that  was  per- 
sonally acknowledged  by  Robert  Franz,  one  of 
the  most  learned  of  the  Bach  students.  It  is  to 
be  hoped  before  the  editor  gets  to  the  letter  *  Z ' 
he  will  have  heard  of  this  profound  musical 
theorist,  and  in  connection  with  his  biography 
correct  the  error. 

It  will  be  a  grateful  announcement  that  the 
new  edition  contains  many  and  valuable  refer- 
ences to  American  musicians, — and  this  for  the 
first  time  in  any  European  musical  dictionary. 
The  list  includes  adequate  biographical  sketches 
of  Mme.  Albani,  Frederick  Archer  (who  may 
be  classed  as  American,  for  his  best  work  as 
organist  and  conductor  was  done  in  this  coun- 
try), Mrs.-H.  H.  A.  Beach,  Arthur  Bird  the 
composer  (who  has  spent  most  of  his  time  in 
Berlin),  David  S.  Bispham,  Lilian  Blauvelt, 
Fannie  Bloomfield-Zeisler,  Dudley  Buck,  Carl 
Bergmann,  Annie  Louise  Gary-Raymond, 
George  W.  Chadwick,  Dr.  Leopold  Damrosch 
and  his  sons,  Walter  and  Frank,  John  S. 
Dwight  (who  did  such  a  great  work  for  higher 
music  in  this  country  half  a  century  ago),  the 
music  house  of  Ditson  &  Co.,  Emma  Eames, 
Clarence  Eddy,  and  Julius  Eichberg.  Topics 
of  a  general  nature  treated  are  the  American 
Guild  of  Organists,  Boston  Musical  Societies 
(with  a  picture  of  Symphony  Hall  in  that 
city),  and  the  Cincinnati  Musical  Festivals. 

All  of  these  American  topics  are  treated  in 
the  main  with  the  comprehensiveness  and  accu- 
racy due  to  the  subjects.  It  is  to  be  regretted 
that  the  name  of  Billings,  the  father  of  Amer- 
ican psalmody  and  the  first  in  the  line  of 
American  composers,  should  have  been  over- 
looked. The  history  of  this  sturdy  American, 
whose  anthems  were  as  inspiring  to  the  revolu- 
tionary camps  as  were  the  Bach  Chorales  at 
Rossbach  and  Torgau  in  the  Seven  Years'  War, 
and  whose  somewhat  crude  but  sonorous  hymns 
marked  the  complete  liberation  of  the  New 
England  churches  from  that  English  compen- 
dium, the  Bay  State  Psalm  Book,  and  other 
works  sent  over  from  England  for  the  spiritual 
edification  of  the  colonists,  deserved  a  place  in 
sucli  a  dictionary  as  this. 

As;  a  rule  these  topics  are  characterized  by 


praiseworthy  accuracy,  but  we  must  disagree 
utterly  with  the  writer  of  the  brief  sketch  of 
Carl  Bergmann  in  his  statement  that '  Theodore 
Thomas's  tastes  and  talents  were  largely  devel- 
oped under  Bergmann's  influence.'  This  is 
grossly  incorrect,  as  shown  in  the  memorials  of 
Mr.  Thomas  just  published.  Mr.  Thomas  was 
first  closely  associated  with  Mr.  Bergmann  as 
first  violinist  in  the  Mason-Bergmann  cham- 
ber concerts,  inaugurated  in  New  York  City  in 
1855, — an  event  by  the  way  which  the  writer  of 
the  sketch  entirely  ignores.  From  the  very 
beginning,  Mr.  Thomas,  as  Mr.  Mason,  Mr. 
Mosenthal,  and  Mr.  Matzka,  the  other  mem- 
bers, acknowledge,  was  the  master  spirit  of  that 
organization.  He  dictated  its  general  policy, 
its  programmes,  its  interpretation,  and  its  man- 
ner of  performance.  Out  of  personal  regard 
for  Bergmann,  Mr.  Thomas  is  very  careful  in 
his  statements,  but  those  on  the  inside  know 
that  Bergmann  was  jealous  of  him  and  had  lit- 
tle sympathy  with  his  musical  radicalism,  and 
that  the  friction  at  last  was  so  strong  he  with- 
drew in  a  short  time  and  the  organization  be- 
came the  Mason-Thomas  instead  of  the  Mason- 
Bergmann,  but  not  until  Mr.  Bergmann  once 
confessed  to  him,  '  you  have  lifted  the  veil  from 
our  eyes.'  Neither  Mr.  Thomas's  tastes  nor  his 
talents  were  developed  under  Bergmann's  in- 
fluence. Both  were  manifest  before  the  men 
came  together.  Mr.  Thomas  announced  his 
tastes  publicly  when  he  formed  his  first  orches- 
tra in  1862, — '  the  highest  music,  perfectly 
played.'  In  his  autobiography  he  mentions  the 
only  man  who  had  any  influence  upon  his  tal- 
ents,!—  Carl  Eckert. 

The  Cincinnati  Musical  Festival  history  is 
told  succinctly,  and  the  principal  choral  works 
performed  in  the  first  fifteen  festivals  are 
appended.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  first 
volume  had  to  go  to  press  too  early  to  include 
the  colossal  programme  of  the  Sixteenth  Festi- 
val (1904)  which  were  the  crowning  works  in 
Mr.  Thomas's  Cincinnati  career,  and  which  will 
always  remain  as  a  monument  to  his  genius  in 
programme-making  and  programme-perform- 
ance. They  would  have  been  an  object  lesson  to 
the  Old  World,  illustrating  the  musical 
advancement  of  the  New,  for  in  none  of  the 
European  festivals,  the  Three  Choirs,  Birming- 
ham, Leeds,  Norwich,  Sacred  Harmonic  (Lon- 
don), Vienna,  or  the  Lower  Rhenish,  has  such 
a  colossal  series  of  programmes  been  presented 
as  at  Cincinnati  in  1904, — the  last  great  work 
of  the  great  conductor. 

The  Boston  Musical  Societies  are  treated  in 
the  order  of  their  age,  and  the  careful  and 
ample  detail  of  their  description  is  an  indica- 
tion that  all  the  musical  institutions  of  this 
country  will  be  adequately  represented  in  the, 


1905.J 


m 


THE    DIAL, 


313 


succeeding  volumes.  The  societies  described 
are  the  Handel  and  Haydn,  Harvard  Musical 
Association,  Apollo  Club,  the  Cecilia,  the  Knei- 
sel  Quartette,  Choral  Art  Society,  and  Boston 
Singing  Club.  A  cross  reference  promises  a 
history  of  the  Boston  Symphony  Orchestra 
under  *  S}Tnphony  Concerts,'  and  it  will  be  a 
matter  of  local  interest  in  this  connection  that 
there  is  a  similar  cross  reference  for  the  Chicago 
Orchestra;  all  of  which  shows  the  painstaking 
labor  that  has  been  expended  upon  this  new 
edition  and  the  great  advancement  in  method 
and  research  as  compared  with  the  work  of  its 
original  compiling. 

The  salient  features  of  the  first  volume  of  the 
new  dictionary  have  now  been  sufficiently  set 
forth,  and  assuming  that  the  remaining  foui 
volumes  will  represent  the  same  standard  of 
musical  scholarship  and  will  contain  similar 
results  of  careful  and  accurate  labor,  it  will  not 
be  premature  to  announce — and  this,  too,  with- 
out any  disrespect  to  the  memory  of  Sir 
George  Grove  as  a  scholar — that  at  last  we  have 
an  English  musical  dictionary  not  only  worthy 
to  be  compared  with  the  French  and  German 
dictionaries  but  surpassing  them  all  in  the 
lateness  of  its  information  and  in  its  compre- 
hensive scope.  To  all  intents  and  purposes,  Mr. 
Fuller  Maitland  and  his  associates  have  given 
us  a  new  '  Dictionary  of  Music  and  Musicians.' 
Its  scope  has  been  greatly  enlarged,  as  will  be 
seen  by  the  following  statement  in  the  preface : 
*TJpon  the  first  edition  a  limit  of  time  was 
imposed,  the  date  1450  being  fixed  as  the  begin- 
ning of  the  music  that  could  be  expected  to 
interest  modem  readers.  The  study  of  ancient 
music,  and  in  particular  of  that  which  belongs 
to  ecclesiastical  plainsong,  has  been  so  widely 
spread  (partly  as  a  result  of  the  scientific  arti- 
cles written  by  the  late  W.  S.  Rockstro  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  Dictionary)  that  no  book  on 
music  could  now  be  considered  complete  which 
made  its  starting-point  as  late  as  the  middle 
of  the  loth  century.'  It  is  not  alone  in  the 
enlargement  of  its  scope  that  this  Dictionary 
has  been  improved.  By  amplification  and  more 
adequate  treatment  of  leading  topics,  exact 
statement,  supplying  of  omissions,  critical 
analyses,  correct  arrangement  of  compositions 
under  opus  numbers,  absolutely  new  articles 
which  should  have  been  included  in  the  old  edi- 
tion, and  the  recognition  of  the  new  material 
that  has  been  supplied  during  the  last  twenty- 
five  years,  the  editor  has  given  the  world  for  the 
first  time  a  reliable  and  comprehensive  Diction- 
ary of  Music  in  English,  and  has  constructed 
an  enduring  monument  to  his  musical  scholar- 
ship. 

In  its  typography  and  general  arrangement 
the  book  is  entirelv  satisfactorv.  but  some  of 


the  portraits  are  unworthy  of  the  general  high 

standard.    They  look  like  half-tones  reproduced 

from  half-tones,  which  are  never  satisfactory. 

The  frontispiece,  a  portrait  of  Beethoven,  is 

open  to  this  criticism,  and  besides  is  not  as 

characteristic  or  as  faithful  a  likeness  as  might 

have  been  selected.    The  chalk  drawing  by  von 

Kioeber,  or  the  pen  sketch  by  Lyser,  would 

have  been  more  desirable  than  the  meaningless 

and  spiritless  one  that  has  been  used.      Few 

great  men  have  suffered  more  at  the  hands  of 

artists  than  Beethoven.   ^^^^ t»    t-,.,^^.. 

George  r.   Lptox. 


The  Story  of  a  Great  Monopoly.* 


The  importance  of  the  Standard  Oil  Com- 
pany is  due  not  so  much  to  its  own  history  as 
to  the  fact  that  the  profits  made  through  it, 
the  methods  created  by  it,  and  the  men  elevated 
on  account  of  it  have  found  their  way  into 
other  industries  in  which  the  experience  of  the 
older  organization  has  been  used  to  create  new 
concerns.  Thus  there  has  come  into  existence 
what  might  be  called  a  net-work  of  Standard 
Oil  influences  which  touch  many  industries, 
many  interests,  and  many  communities.  The 
numerous  statements  and  facts  concerning  this 
remarkable  company,  together  with  the  exist- 
ence of  documents  illustrating  its  entire  his- 
tory, have  led  Miss  Tarbell,  under  the  stimulus 
of  magazine  direction,  to  undertake  the  present 
*  History  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company.^ 

In  the  prospectus  to  the  work  issued  by  the 
publishers  the  public  is  informed  that  this  his- 
tory is  not  controversial  and  therefore  inspir- 
ing; it  is  not  written  to  prove  a  preconceived 
theorj-;  it  is  a  legitimate  study  of  a  thirty 
years'  industrial  warfare  based  on  documents; 
and  the  interpretations  of  the  documents  are  in 
the  light  of  an  intimate  knowledge  of  the  oil 
industry  and  of  the  men  engaged  in  it.  As 
though  to  impress  the  reader  still  further  with 
the  scientific  value  of  the  book,  another  sentence 
is  added  to  the  effect  that  'every  statement, 
ever}-  interpretation  of  fact,  every  important 
step,  is  backed  by  documentary  evidence,'  This 
sets  a  high  standard,  which  if  attained  would 
place  the  book  in  the  position  of  an  authority 
for  all  time  upon  its  subject. 

In  the  gathering  of  material  for  a  work  of 
this  kind  four  courses  may  be  followed:  (1) 
the  interviewing  of  persons  contemporaneous 
with  the  times;  (2)  the  study  of  public  opinion 
as  voiced  in  public  prints,  such  as  newspapers 
and  pamphlets;   (3)  the  perusal  of  contracts, 

•  The  History  of  thb  Stajtoabd  Oil  Company.  By 
Ida  M.  TarbeU.  In  two  volumes.  New  York :  McCIure, 
PhiUlps  &  Co. 


314 


THE    DIAE 


[May  1, 


price-lists^  legal  cases,  and  printed  documents; 
(4)  the  study  of  reports  of  legislative  bodies, 
testimony  and  exhibits  of  witnesses  before 
investigating  commissions.  Miss  TarbelFs  book 
gives  evidence  of  an  examination  of  the  mate- 
rial that  would  be  brought  to  light  by  following 
these  methods,  although  her  failure  to  cite 
authorities  in  foot-note  references  makes  it 
almost  impossible  at  points  to  verify  some  of 
the  most  important  statements  made  in  the 
book.  In  the  interpretation  of  this  material  the 
author  has  undoubtedly  been  influenced  by  her 
long  association  with  the  people  of  the  *  Oil 
Eegions'  and  the  sharing  of  the  feeling  there 
prevailing  against  the  common  enemy,  the 
*  Standard.'  Despite  the  statement  of  the  pub- 
lishers to  the  contrary,  a  thesis  is  to  be  found 
running  through  the  book;  this,  however,  does 
not  in  the  least  vitiate  its  value.  This  thesis 
may  be  stated  in  the  following  way:  The  oil 
industry  in  its  early  stages  *  had  workers  in 
great  numbers  with  plenty  of  capital,  who  were 
pieeting  every  difficulty  and  overcoming  them,' 
which  promised  'the  normal  unfolding  of  a 
new  and  wonderful  opportunity  for  individual 
endeavor.'  This  natural  development  was  pre- 
vented by  the  Standard  Oil  Company,  which 
was  able  by  its  methods  to  secure  a  monopoly 
and  take  away  this  grand  opportunity  from 
individual  enterprise.  In  the  chapter  on  '  The 
Birth  of  an  Industry '  the  thesis  is  almost 
unconsciously  continued  in  these  words :  '  But 
what  had  been  done  was,  in  their  judgment  only 
the  beginning.  .  .  They  would  meet  their 
own  needs.  They  would  bring  the  oil  refining 
to  the  region  where  it  belonged.  They  would 
make  their  towns  the  most  beautiful  in  the 
world.  There  was  nothing  too  good  for  them, 
nothing  they  did  not  hope  and  dare.  But  sud- 
denly, at  the  very  hey  day  of  this  confidence,  a 
big  hand  reached  out  to  trottle  their  future.' 
The  rise  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company  took 
place  simultaneously  with  the  competition  of 
three'  railroads  for  the  oil  traflBc  and  three  cit- 
ies for  the  business  of  refining.  In  this  com- 
petition, rebates  and  discriminations  were  the 
outcome,  as  they  were  bound  to  be  in  unre- 
stricted industrial  conflict.  It  was  what  each 
railroad  expected  of  the  others,  and  what  each 
city  expected  to  fight.  We  are  told  that  by  1871 
every  refiner  suspected  that  his  neighbor  was 
getting  better  rates  than  he;  moreover,  the 
refiniij^  business  seemed  to  be  overdone.  Out 
of  sucn  chaotic  conditions  the  South  Improve- 
jnent  Company  was  bom,  and  though  the  strug- 
gle, against  it  was  successful  nevertheless  an 
unseen  hand  drew  the  bonds  tighter  about  the 
oil  business  by  shutting  off  oil,  cutting  down 
the  supply  of  cars,  and  taking  over  customers. 
The  plan  proposed  by  the  South  Improvement 


Company  was  in  effect  what  has  been  done  a 
hundred  times  in  other  ways  since  that  day. 
No  more  recent  example  need  be  cited  than  the 
cattle  trust.  Secretly  the  promoters  of  the 
South  Improvement  Company  made  contracts 
with  the  railroads;  by  a  mistake  the  plot  was 
discovered,  and  thereupon  began  what  Miss 
Tarbell  calls  '  the  Oil  War  of  1872.'  The  alarm 
and  indignation  of  the  oil  producers  can  only 
be  imagined;  through  this  feeling  an  organiza- 
tion was  created  that  fought  successfully  the 
South  Improvement  Company.  The  result  was 
the  abandonment  of  the  frames,  but  not  the 
annihilation  of  the  framers,  of  this  remarkable 
movement.  The  rebate  system,  however,  had 
been  tested;  it  could  be  used  at  another  time. 

The  fight  against  the  Standard  Oil  Company, 
thus  begun  in  its  effort  to  control  transporta- 
tion, has  continued  at  different  intervals  for 
the  same  reason.  So  far  as  economic  grounds 
are  concerned  the  contention  as  to  whether  the 
shipper  of  large  tonnage  shall  be  granted  a 
lower  rate  than  the  prevailing  one  for  concen- 
trated traffic  remains  unsettled.  It  took  no 
great  argument  to  persuade  the  railroads  of  the 
soundness  of  this  position,  and  even  to  go  fur- 
ther in  the  payment  of  rebates  on  shipments 
made  by  other  concerns.  Although  the  oil  pro- 
ducers and  independent  refiners  were  able  to 
break  up  the  South  Improvement  Company, 
nevertheless  its  successor,  the  Standard  Oil 
Company,  controlled  the  business  of  refining 
oil  by  1875. 

Even  after  the  result  just  referred  to,  the 
Standard  Oil  Company  had  three  great  prob- 
lems to  solve:  (1)  the  regulation  of  crude 
production;  (2)  the  control  of  pipe  lines  and 
transportation  facilities;  and  (3)  a  final  form 
of  organization  that  would  escape  the  criticism 
of  the  law. 

The  machinery  of  the  company's  organiza- 
tion was  thoroughly  tested  by  the  efforts  of  the 
producers  to  raise  the  low  prices  of  crude  oil  a* 
compared  with  refined.  To  do  this  the  pro- 
ducers looked  to  the  creation  of  a  pipe  line 
to  the  sea-board  and  sale  of  export  oil,  and  the 
regulation  of  interstate  commerce  by  Congress. 
Both  of  these  projects  were  for  the  time  defeat- 
ed, and  the  discovery  of  new  oil  fields  made  the 
task  of  keeping  the  price  of  crude  oil  at  a  low 
point  an  easy  matter.  There  was,  however,  an 
appeal  to  the  law  still  open  to  the  producers. 
In  1879  a  suit  was  brought  against  the  officers 
of  the  Standard.  Though  vigorously  prose- 
cuted for  a  time,  delay  of  the  proceedings  in 
1880  brought  out  strongly  the  power  of  the 
Standard  to  manage  recalcitrant  officers  and 
bitter  opponents,  and  to  win  a  result  known  a^ 
the  '  Compromise  of  1880.'  This  may  be 
regarded  as  a  victory  for  the  company  for  the 


1905.] 


THU  DIAI. 


315 


reason  that  the  great  hopes  of  the  oil  producers 
were  in  no  respect  realized. 

One  opening  still  remained  to  the  producers. 
To  take  advantage  of  it  they  must  build  a  pipe 
line  to  the  seaboard.  Under  the  able  manage- 
ment of  Messrs.  Benson,  McKelvey,  and  Hop- 
kins, a  pipe  line  was  completed  in  1881.  Thus 
the  Standard  was  brought  face  to  face  with  its 
second  great  problem.  After  a  period  of  two 
years  the  Standard,  by  successful  maneuvering, 
secured  an  agreement  with  the  Tidewater  Pipe 
Line,  and  was  able  to  control  the  transportation 
of  oil  by  this  means  as  well  as  by  rail.  By  1887 
the  Standard  had  reached  tihe  highest  efficiency, 
and  wished  to  be  let  alone;  but  a  rapid  series 
of  events  brought  greater  attention  to  its  meth- 
ods than  ever  before.  The  Buffalo  case,  the 
Rice  contest  and  the  Pa}Tie  imbroglio,  together 
with  the  defeat  of  the  oil  men's  bill  in  the 
Pennsylvania  legislature,  stirred  the  country 
tremendously.  Demands  for  investigation  and 
requests  for  knowledge  about  the  mysterious 
power  came  thick  and  fast  from  all  parts  of  the 
land.  As  a  result  there  followed  the  New  York 
and  Congressional  investigations,  the  suit  of 
the  State  of  Ohio  against  the  Standard  Oil 
Company  and  its  dissolution  on  paper. 
Through  the  leniency  of  the  courts  the  situation 
did  not  differ  materially  from  what  it  was 
before  the  dissolving  order  of  the  courts.  It 
remained  for  another  Attorney  General  of  the 
State  of  Ohio,  Hon.  Frank  S.  Mannett,  to  com- 
plete the  dissolution,  forcing  the  company  to 
meet  its  third  problem,  that  of  law-proof  organ- 
ization, and  to  create  a  great  holding  company, 
the  Standard  Oil  Company  of  Xew  Jersey. 

During  this  legal  contest  the  producers  made 
another  attempt  to  secure  their  freedom,  but 
the  Standard  now  entered  the  oil  fields  as  an  oil 
producer,  carrying  consternation  into  the  ranks 
of  the  producers.  The  one  escape  open  to  the 
independents,  as  before,  was  an  outlet  to  the 
sea.  After  many  difficulties  and  great  vicissi- 
tudes the  United  States  Pipe  Line  was  built; 
and  in  time  an  organization  of  independent  oil 
refiners,  despite  the  most  hostile  opposition,  was 
created  in  what  was  called  the  Pure  Oil  Com- 
pany. It  is  through  the  organization  of  these 
companies  that  competition  exists  in  the  field 
of  oil  production.  It  was,  however,  a  result 
profoundly  different  from  that  hoped  for  by 
the  pioneers  in  the  oil  business. 

In  looking  back  over  the  history  of  the  Stand- 
ard Oil  Company  one  is  impressed  with  the 
shrewdness  of  the  men  behind  it,  the  real  great- 
ness of  the  company,  its  economies  and  admir- 
able methods  of  handling  business.  But  against 
this  are  to  be  contrasted  the  espionage  of  the 
business  of  competitors,  the  manipulation  of 
Ifigiglatures,   the    determination   of   rates,   the 


securing  of  rebates,  and  the  harassing  of  com- 
petitors. The  Standard  Oil  Company  would 
have  been  in  any  event  a  great  company,  but 
the  methods  used  in  forestalling  competitioii 
have  made  it  a  monopoly.  "' 

It  is  of  relatively  little  importance  whethef 
every  statement  made  in  Miss  TarbelFs  book 
is  absolutely  true.  The  real  question  is  as  to 
whether  or  not  she  has  pictured  the  history  of 
the  Standard  Oil  Company  in  its  true  light,  and 
has  presented  correctly  the  methods  practiced 
by  this  organization  and  its  agents.  In  tiie 
judgment  of  the  reviewer,  the  author  has 
accomplished  both  of  these  tasks  in  so  just, 
clear,  and  attracti/e  a  manner  as  to  entitle  her 
to  the  thanks  of  every  American  citizen.  Tlie 
book  is  a  genuine  contribution  to  that  knowl- 
edge of  the  real  inwardness  of  things  industrial 
which  Americans  as  a  people  so  lack. 

Frank  L.  McVey. 


The  Sotjtherxeb's  Problem.* 

Mr.  Thomas  Nelson  Page  has  collected,  in  a 
book  of  some  three  hundred  pages,  certain 
articles  recently  contributed  by  him  to 
'  McClure's  Magazine,'  in  answer  to  the  uumi- 
swerable  argument  of  Carl  Schurz,  together 
with  several  earlier  essays  of  his  on  the  race 
problem.  The  result  is  a  book  the  central 
interest  of  which  is  psychological  rather  than 
scientific, —  that  is,  it  presents  the  brief  for 
the  South,  of  a  Southerner  of  distinction,  who 
while  not  a  friend  of  the  Negro  race  is  certainly 
not  to  be  counted  an  enemy. 

A  careful  dissection  of  the  book  reveals  some 
interesting  evidences  of  growth  and  feeling. 
The  first  essay  chronologically  is  Chapter  VII., 
written  some  fifteen  years  ago  and  published 
first  in  another  volume.  This  essay  is  brought 
down  to  date  by  Chapter  II.,  with  some  repeti- 
tion. Similarly  Chapters  VI.  and  I.  elaborate 
Mr.  Page's  only  real  contribution  to  the  race 
problem  in  the  years  of  his  writing  and  observa- 
tion,—  viz.,  his  account  of  the  training  and  con- 
dition of  the  house  servant  on  the  best  Virginia 
plantations.  Two  chapters  are  given  to  special 
pleas  on  the  subjects  of  lynching  and  disfran- 
chisement, and  a  hastily  constructed  and  inac- 
curate chapter  deals  with  the  present  condition 
of  the  Negro.  The  book  ends  with  a  suggested 
solution  of  the  Negro  problem  notable  for  its 
breadth  and  good  temper  on  the  one  hand  and 

•  The  Negbo  :  The  Southerneb's  Problem.  By  Tbomas 
Nelson  Page.     New  York :     Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

The  Color  Line.  By  William  Benjamin  Smith.  New 
York:     McClure,  Phillips  &  Co. 

Light  Ahead  fob  the  Negbo.  By  E.  A.  Johnson. 
New  York  :     The  Grafton  Press. 


316 


THE   DIAL 


[May  1, 


on  the  other  for  its  singular  agreement  with  all 
that  the  Negroes  themselves  and  their  friends 
have  ever  demanded. 

Mr.  Page  begins  by  asserting  that  *no  man 
can  entirely  dissociate  himself  from  the  condi- 
tions amid  which  he  grew  up,  or  free  himself 
from  the  influences  which  surrounded  him  in 
his  youth.  The  most  he  can  do  is  to  strive 
earnestly  for  an  open  and  enlarged  mind  and 
try  to  look  at  everything  from  the  highest  and 
soundest  standpoint  he  can  reach.'  Throughout 
most  of  the  book  there  is  evidently  a  sincere 
effort  to  keep  this  judicial  attitude,  but  this  is 
seriously  marred  by  careless  statements  of  fact 
and  particularly  by  Mr.  Page's  large  reliance 
on  the  authority  of  William  Hannibal  Thomas, 
and  his  approval  of  the  monstrous  assertions 
of  Thomas's  book.  For  instance,  to  assert  that 
'murder  might  easily  have  been  done'  in  the 
Boston  '  riot '  of  some  years  since  is  an  unfor- 
tunate exaggeration;  the  story  of  Sam  Hose 
is  not  at  all  in  accordance  with  the  published 
facts,  since  many  honest  men  do  not  believe 
he  was  guilty  of  any  crime  but  that  of  murder. 
Then,  too,  the  character  of  Thomas  and  the 
unreliability  of  his  book  have  been  too  often 
exposed  to  permit  of  this  being  made  the  basis 
of  reiterated  slander  upon  the  American  Negro. 

The  brief  for  the  South  as  held  by  Mr.  Page 
is  made  up  of  the  following  points:  1,  That 
Slavery  gave  the  Negro  excellent  training;  2, 
That  the  mistakes  of  Reconstruction  alienated 
master  and  freedman;  3,  That  the  freedmen's 
sons  and  the  sons  of  the  masters  are  growing 
further  and  further  apart;  4,  That  the  Negrc 
is  capable  of  some  but  limited  improvement;  5, 
That  by  education  he  should  be  given  a  chance 
to  improve. 

To  one  like  Mr.  Page,  whose  youthful  dreams 
centered  on  a  Virginia  plantation  of  the  better 
sort,  amid  trained  family  servants  and  the  old 
lazy  prosperity  of  the  Southern  gentleman  of 
the  kindlier  regime,  it  seems  a  monstrous  thing 
to  condemn  slavery  as  an  inhuman  and  cruel 
system.  It  was  not  this,  Mr.  Page  again  and 
again  declares;  rather  it  was  'a.  relation  of 
warm  friendship  and  tender  sympathy'  (p. 
166),  'the  "driver"  of  slave-horror  novels  was 
as  purely  the  creature  of  the  imagination  as 
Cerberus,  or  the  Chimera'  (p.  167),  often  'the 
affection  of  the  slaves  was  stronger  toward  the 
whites  than  toward  their  own  off-spring'  (p. 
174),  and  the  slaves  had  in  many  instances  '  the 
education  which  comes  from  daily  association 
with  people  of  culture.'  Mr.  Page  was  only 
eight  years  old  when  the  war  broke  out,  and  so 
he  knows  slavery  largely  by  tradition.  Never- 
theless, believing  the  tradition  true,  Mr.  Page 
resents  slurs  on  slavery,  and  he  has  in  his 
contention  just  enough  of  right  to  make  it  next 


to  impossible  for  him  to  realize  his  error.  It 
is  as  inaccurate  to  call  Southern  slavery  bar- 
barous as  it  is  to  call  the  modem  wage  system 
ideal;  but  it  is  not  inaccurate  to  say  that 
Southern  slavery  fostered  barbarism,  was  itself 
barbaric  in  thousands  of  instances,  and  was  on 
the  whole  a  system  of  labor  so  blighting  tc 
white  and  black  that  probably  the  only  thing 
that  saved  Mr.  Page's  genius  to  the  world  was 
the  Emancipation  Proclamation, — the  very  deed 
that  allows  the  present  reviewer  the  pleasure 
of  criticising  Mr.  Page's  book  instead  of  hoeing 
his  cotton.  Mr.  Page  is  dean  of  that  school 
of  Southern  writers  which  has  in  recent  years 
pictured  the  Southern  planter  as  a  sort  of 
demigod.  The  world  has  accepted  this  por- 
traiture in  good-humored  silence,  recognizing 
it  as  a  generous  tribute  of  the  New  to  the  Old 
South;  nevertheless,  it  is  perfectly  clear  that 
the  Southern  gentleman  of  yesterday  was  an 
ordinary  human  being,  kindly,  indolent,  chol- 
eric, and  self-indulgent,  neither  better  nor 
worse  than  the  ordinary  run  of  men.  It  is 
inconceivable  that  a  laboring  class  placed  under 
the  complete  dominion  of  such  a  man  should 
prosper;  and  with  all  the  instances  of  kindness 
and  affection  (and  there  were  hundreds  of  such 
instances)  the  net  result  of  any  such  system 
was,  and  was  bound  to  be,  oppression,  cruelty, 
concubinage,  and  moral  retrogression.  That 
this  was  the  result  in  the  South,  one  can  read 
even  in  the  dry  reports  of  the  United  States 
Census. 

How  far  it  was  possible  in  the  days  of  recon- 
struction to  have  acted  more  wisely  than  the 
nation  did  will  always  be  a  mooted  question. 
Men  like  Mr.  Page,  however,  forget  that  in  1864 
practically  every  Southerner  was  convinced  that 
free  Negro  labor  was  impossible,  and  was 
determined  to  keep  the  substance  of  slavery 
even  if  he  had  to  surrender  the  name.  Under 
such  circumstances  there  were  but  two  ways 
open :  either  to  establish  government  guardian- 
ship over  the  Negroes ;  or,  by  making  them  full 
citizens  at  once,  to  let  them  guard  their  own 
rights.  The  first  would  have  been  the  wiser 
course,  but  the  South  frustrated  it.  The  South 
attacked  not  simply  the  working  of  the  Freed- 
men's Bureau  but  its  basic  principle.  When 
that  Bureau  fell,  what  was  left  but  enfran- 
chisement? Only  slavery,  and  war  had  just 
made  slavery  impossible. 

That  estrangement  should  follow  between  ex- 
master  and  freedman  was  inevitable.  Who 
should  be  blamed  for  it, —  the  intelligent  mas- 
ter or  the  ignorant  man?  Surely  to  base  the 
Ku  Klux  Klan  on  the  Union  League  of 
Negroes,  as  Mr.  Page  virtually  does,  is  as 
ungenerous  as  it  is  unhistorical.  It  was  inevi- 
table that  for  one  or  two  generations    after 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL. 


317 


emancipation  the  parties  whose  relations  were 
disturbed  should  regard  each  other  with  dis- 
like, suspicion,  and  distrust.  And  the  fault 
of  the  Southern  whites  has  been  that  they  have 
sought  to  increase  this  feeling  by  exploiting 
it  in  political  and  social  life,  placing  personal 
and  public  humiliations  on  black  people,  em- 
phasizing, publishing,  and  gloating  over  every 
mistake  and  foible  of  a  struggling  people,  and 
hindering  their  progress  in  many  directions  by 
law  and  custom. 

It  is,  however,  in  Chapter  III.  (and  partially 
in  Chapter  VII.)  that  the  crucial  points  of  ^Mr. 
Page's  attitude  are  evident.  This  chapter  seeks 
to  prove  that  no  great  amount  of  development 
can  be  expected  of  black  people.  The  sincere 
belief  in  this  has  quite  evidently  preceded  the 
massing  of  the  facts,  so  that  any  fair  student 
would  simply  say  that  the  case  was  '  not  proven.' 
The  negative  testimony  of  Africa  and  Hayti, 
with  all  its  weight,  is  inconclusive.  His  earlier 
argument  that  no  Negroes  of  ability  had  ap- 
peared in  America,  Mr.  Page  has  had  to 
modify  even  in  the  short  space  of  fifteen  years' 
experience,  and  the  present  argument  that 
'  exceptional  N'egroes  but  prove  the  rule  of  infe- 
riority '  sounds  like  a  retiring  to  inner  lines  of 
fortification.  Then,  too,  there  may  well  be 
considerable  difference  of  opinion  as  to  whether 
or  not  the  accumulation  of  two  hundred  and 
thirty  millions  of  dollars  in  farms  in  one  gen- 
eration is  a  sign  of  Negro  thrift;  Mr.  Page 
thinks  it  is  not,  and  hastens  to  the  more  con- 
genial subject  of  crime,  where  the  testimony  is 
more  vague  and  mystifying. 

Tlie  trouble  with  this  whole  argument  is  that 
an  assumption  of  the  unchangeable  inferiority 
of  a  race  of  men  inevitably  leads  to  actions 
that  hinder  their  development.  If  these  Negroes 
cannot  become  ordinary  civilized  human  beings, 
why  waste  time  offering  them  opportunities? 
This  is  the  inevitable  conclusion  of  such  phi- 
losophy, and  although  Mr.  Page  stops  half  way 
and  insists  on  education  and  opportunity  for 
blacks,  makes  the  excellent  suggestion  of  black 
police,  and  defends  an  intelligent  black  vote, 
yet  the  mass  of  his  compatriots  in  the  South 
sweep  on  far  beyond  him  and  act  on  the  phi- 
losophy that  Professor  William  Benjamin  Smith 
has  recentlv  published  in  his  volume  entitled 
'The  Color  Line.' 

^Mr.  Smith's  book  is  a  naked,  unashamed 
shriek  for  the  survival  of  the  white  race  by 
means  of  the  annihilation  of  all  other  races. 
He  says  bluntly : 

'Compared  with  the  vital  matter  of  pure  Blood, 
all  other  matters,  as  of  tariff,  of  currency,  of  sub- 
sidies, of  civil  service,  of  labour  and  capital,  of 
education,  of  forestry,  of  science  and  art,  and  even 
of  religion,  sink  into  insignificance.  For,  to  judge 
by  the  past,  there  is  scarcely  any  conceivable  edu- 


cational or  scientific  or  governmental  or  social  or 
religious  polity  under  which  the  pure  strain  of  Cau- 
casian blood  might  not  live  and  thrive  and  achieve 
great  things  for  History  and  Humanity;  on  the 
other  hand  there  is  no  reason  to  believe  that  any 
kind  or  degree  of  institutional  excellence  could  per- 
manently stay  the  race  decadence  that  would  follow 
surely  in  the  wake  of  any  considerable  contamina- 
tion of  that  blood  by  the  blood  of  Africa'     (p.  IX.). 

Moreover,  the  author  does  not  stop  there.  If 
'contamination'  is  to  be  avoided,  whites  and 
Negroes  must  not  live  in  the  same  land,  nor 
eventually  upon  the  same  earth.  Not  even  indi- 
vidual exceptions  can  save  the  lower  race  from 
this  judgment. 

'Does  some  one  reply  that  some  Negroes  are  bet- 
ter than  some  Whites,  physically,  mentally,  mor- 
ally! We  do  not  deny  it;  but  this  fact,  again,  is 
without  pertinence.  It  may  very  well  be  that  some 
dogs  are  superior  to  some  men'     (p.  15). 

Nor  is  the  Negro  race  alone  condemned;  the 
Chinese  must  go,  the  Japanese  are  questionable, 
and  of  course  the  Malays,  East  Indians,  Turks, 
and  such  people  are  inadmissible.  In  fact, 
the  majority  of  humanity  is  doomed  by  reason 
of  '  disease,  vice,  and  discouragement,'  and  the 
prophecy  of  this  consummation  so  devoutly  to 
be  wished  ought,  in  Mr.  Smith's  opinion,  'to 
be  stamped  in  letters  of  gold  on  the  walls  of 
the  Public  Library  in  Boston  and  over  the  pul- 
pit of  Plymouth  Church  in  BrookljTi,  on  the  lin- 
tels of  the  White  House,  and  on  the  title-page 
of  all  future  editions  of  "The  Independent" 
and  "  The  Nation  " '  (p.  185) . 

Such  a  book  could  easily  be  passed  over  in 
silence,  did  it  not  state  flatly  and  with  unneces- 
sary barbarism  a  thesis  that  is  the  active  belief 
of  millions  of  our  fellow  countrymen.  In  vain 
may  we  smile  at  the  author's  hysterics,  and 
criticise  his  slovenly  composition;  in  vain  may 
we  remind  ourselves  that  this  arrogant  mani- 
festo of  the  Princes  of  the  Blood  is  an  out- 
break of  world-old  pharisaism  and  brute  self- 
assertion;  in  vain  may  we  remind  Mr.  Smith 
that  nations  live  for  Mercy,  Justice,  and  Truth, 
and  not  simply  for  breeding;  and  that  since 
some  do^  kill  their  enemies  quickly  instead 
of  tantalizing  them  to  death  by  '  disease,  vice, 
and  discouragement,'  this  may  prove  more  dogs 
superior  to  men  than  he  admits.  All  this  argu- 
ing is  beside  the  point ;  some  men  think  in  this 
wise,  and  this  is  the  heart  and  kernel  of  the 
Negro  problem.  This  is  the  new  barbarism  of 
the  twentieth  centurj-,  against  which  all  the 
forces  of  civilization  must  contend.  Can  the 
world  conquer  it  as  it  has  already  partially  con- 
quered caste  and  religious  persecution  and 
feuds  ?  Mr.  E.  A.  Johnson,  author  of  the  vol- 
ume entitled  'Light  Ahead  for  the  Negro,' 
recently  published,  believes  that  we  can.  His 
little  book,  written  by  a  man  of  Negro  blood, 
is    curiously    yet    not    unattractively    pieced 


318 


THE    DIAIi 


[May  r, 


together  in  the  form  of  semi-fiction,  and  con- 
tains the  prophecy  of  a  century  hence.  His 
hero  has  asked,  in  this  millenium,  of  the  fate 
of  such  books  as  Mr.  Dixon's  and  (may  we 
add?)    Professor  Smith's: 

'She  also  had  heard  of  those  false  prophets  whom 
history  had  not  forgotten,  but  who  lived  only  in 
ridicule  and  as  examples  of  error.  She  seemed  to 
be  ashamed  of  the  ideas  once  advocated  by  these 
men,  and  charitably  dismissed  them  with  the  remark 
that,  "It  would  have  been  better  for  the  cause  of 
true  Christianity  had  they  never  been  listened  to 
by  so  large  a  number  of  our  people,  as  they  repre- 
sented brute  force  rather  than  the  Golden  Eule."  ' 

'I  heard  with  rapt  attention.  Although  I  had 
already  seen  much  to  convince  me  of  .the  evolution 
of  sentiment  in  the  South,  these  words  sank  deeper 
than  all  else.  Here  was  a  woman  of  aristocyatie 
Southern  blood,  cradled  under  the  hills  of  secession 
and  yet  vehement  in  denunciation  of  those  whom  I 
had  learned  to  recognize  as  the  beacon  lights  of 
Southern  thought  and  purpose!  And  when  I  re- 
flected that  her  views  were  then  the  views  of  the 
whole  South,  I  indeed  began  to  realize  the  wonder- 
ful transformation  I  was  being  permitted  to  see.' 

W.    E.    BUBGHAEDT   Du   BoiS. 


The  Father  of  American  Caricature.* 

It  has  been  pointed  out  that  the  Civil  War 
made  American  caricature  what  it  is  at  the 
present  day  —  one  of  the  most  dominating  fac- 
tors utilized  in  formulating  public  opinion.  It 
required  very  little  imagination  on  the  part  of 
the  artist  to  make  the  tall  figure  of  President 
Lincoln  appear  grotesque,  and  his  many 
strongly  marked  peculiarities  supplied  both 
friends  and  enemies  with  subjects  for  ridicule. 
The  stirring  times  from  1861  to  1866  brought 
to  view  the  greatest  caricaturist  this  country 
has  ever  J^nown — Thomas  Nast.  In  his  new 
biography  of  Nast,  Mr.  Albert  Bigelow  Paine 
says  that  one  of  the  trophies  most  highly  prized 
by  the  artist  was  a  vase,  in  the  shape  of  an 
army  canteen,  representing  America  decorating 
the  cartoonist  in  the  presence  of  the  army,  and 
bearing  on  the  reverse  side  the  inscription: 
'Presented  to  Thomas  Nast  by  his  friends  in 
the  Army  and  Navy  of  the  United  States,  in 
recognition  of  the  patriotic  use  he  has  made  of 
his  rare  abilities  as  the  artist  of  the  people; 
the  gift  of  three  thousand  five  hundred  officer? 
and  enlisted  men  in  the  Army  and  Navy  of 
the  United  States.' 

Nast  was  born  at  Landau,  Bavaria,  Septem- 
ber 27,  1840,  but  left  Germany  for  this  coun- 
try before  the  breaking  out  of  the  revolution 
that  culminated  in  1848.  At  twenty  years  of 
age,  having  shown  great  skill  with  his  pencil, 

•  Thomas  Nast.  His  Period  and  His  Pictures.  By 
Albert  Bigelow  Paine.  Illustrated.  New.  York :  The 
Macmillan  Co. 


he  was  sent  to  England  to  make  illustrations^ 
for  the  '  New  York  Illustrated  News,'  of  the 
international  prize-fight  between  Heenan  ajid 
Sayers,  at  that  time  an  unparalleled  proof  of 
newspaper  enterprise.  So  unusually  successful 
was  he  in  this  venture  that  he  was  ordered  to 
Italy  to  join  General  Medici  in  the  famous 
campaign  in  which  Garibaldi  freed  Sicily  and 
Naples  and  created  the  Kingdom  of  Italy. 

In  February,  1861,  just  before  the  breaking 
out  of  the  Civil  War,  he  returned  to  America. 
His  campaign  in  Italy  had  given  him  a  war 
experience  such  as  no  other  artist  possessed. 
The  strong  patriotic  interest  which  he  took  in 
the  Rebellion  raised  his  work  to  the  level  of  the 
heroic.  Lincoln  acknowledged  that  his  power-* 
ful  emblematic  picbures  were  the  best  recruit- 
ing sergeants  for  the  North.  Nast  worked  in 
a  field  peculiarly  his  own.  His  designs  at  this 
time  were  of  a  serious  character,  setting  forth 
as  they  did— sometimes  emblematically  in  pic- 
torial allegory,  sometimes  in  direct  and  strik- 
ing presentment — the  many  and  mutable  phases 
of  the  great  war.  Pictorial  humor  and  satire 
were  his  weapons  of  might,  and  beneath  their 
allegorical  exterior  were  concealed  the  most 
profound  convictions,  the  most  direct!  insistence 
on  reforms,  the  most  pointed  exposure  of 
shams.  Always  earnest  and  never  cynical,  he 
had  but  one  view  and  end  ever  in  mind  —  the 
moral  and  political  advancement  of  the  people 
and  the  nation.  '  The  cartoonist  who  accom- 
plishes anything  worth  while,'  said  N  ast,  short- 
ly before  his  death,  '  must  have  his  own  deep 
convictions  that  the  target  at  wldch  he  is  aim- 
ing is  the  right  one  to  attack.  Looking  over 
my  experiences  as  a  cartoonist  I  deem  it  one 
of  my  most  satisfying  reflections  that  I  never 
allowed  myself  to  attack  anything  I  did  not 
believe  in  my  soul  was  wrong  and  deserving  of 
the  worst  fate  that  could  befall  it.' 

Nast  assisted  in  electing  Lincoln  the  second 
time;  and  after  the  Ctmfederate  Army  had 
laid  down  its  arms  at  Appomattox  Court 
House,  he  became  an  ardent  advocate  of  tem- 
perance reform.  In  this  noble  cause  he  won  a 
noble  battle,  putting  a  stop  to  one  of  the  most 
intemperate  social  customs  of  the  day.  His  art 
had  become  a  '  mighty  engine  of  warfare.'  It 
was  during  the  period  of  reconstruction  and 
corruption  which  invariably  follows  the 
upheaval  of  a  great  country  that  his  work 
achieved  the  highest  point  that  satiric  art  has 
ever  reached  in  America.  Nast's  work  at  that 
time  betokened  at  once  the  power  of  the  artist 
and  political  satirist  combined, — a  talent  that 
but  few  in  the  history  of  art  possessed.  Kaul- 
bach  in  Germany  had  it,  as  is  splendidly  shown 
in  his  'Reynard  the  Fox';  Hogarth,  Gilroy, 
Cruikshank,  and  Tenniel  had  it  in  English  art. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL. 


319 


But  none  of  these  ever  dictated  a  policy  or 
caused  a  national  refonn.  To  municipa] 
reform  Xasf  s  pen  became  a  battery  of  artallery,. 
shooting  shrapnel  at  the  common  enemies  of 
freedom  and  the  purity  of  the  ballot-box.  The 
exposure  of  the  Tammany  Ring  and  the  flighi 
of  Tweed's  confreres  are  matters  of  world-wide 
knowledge.  Tweed  admitted  that  Nast  cari- 
catured him  so  often  and  so  sharply  that  he 
began  to  look  like  his  counterfeit  presentment 
— ^hat  coarse,  obese  figure,  those  insolent  deep- 
set  eyes,  those  thousand  and  one  little  char- 
acteristics that  are  still  identified  in  the  public 
mind  with  fraud  incarnate.  Nasfs  cartoons  in 
those  days  were  not  the  paid  work  of  a  mere 
artist  hired  to  carry  out  the  directions  of 
another,  but  the  crystallization  of  his  own 
personal  antagonism  to  what  he  knew  was  one 
of  the  most  brazen  attempts  to  rob  by  whole- 
sale in  the  history  of  any  municipality. 

Comparing  the  cartoons  in  the  Tweed  days 
with  those  of  the  present  time,  Mr.  Paine  says : 

'Today  the  merit  of  our  cartoons  lies  mainly  in 
their  technique  and  the  clever  statement  of  an 
existing  condition.  They  are  likely  to  be  the  echo 
of  a  policy,  a  reflection  of  public  sentiment,  or  the 
record  of  daily  events.  The  cartoons  of  Thomas 
Nast  were  for  the  most  part  a  manifest,  a  protest 
or  a  prophecy.  They  did  not  follow  public  events, 
but  preceded  them.  They  did  not  echo  public  senti- 
ment, but  led  it.  They  were  not  inspired  by  a  mere 
appreciation  of  conditions,  but  by  a  powerful  con- 
viction of  right  and  principle  whch  would  not  be 
gainsaid.  The  altered  attitude  of  our  pictures  to- 
day is  not  due  to  the  individuals  but  to  the  condi- 
tions. Nast  began  when  the  nation  was  in  a  flame 
of  conflict.  When  the  fierce  heat  of  the  battle  had 
subsided,  it  left  the  public  in  the  ebullient  forma- 
tive state  where  human  passions  run  high  and 
human  morals  and  judgment  are  disturbed.  At 
such  times  strong  human  personalities  leap  forth  to 
seize  the  molten  elements  and  shape  the  fabric  of 
futurity.  Such  men  have  little  place  today.  The 
New  York  Herald  said  not  long  ago,  editorially: 
"The  press  of  America  merely  mirrors  public  opin- 
ion instead  of  commanding  it."  And  it  is  this 
that  the  cartoonist  of  the  present  day  must  be  con- 
tent to  do.  He  can  but  mirror  the  procession  of 
events — not  direct  them.' 

It  was  Xast  who  gave  dignity  to  the  '  anthro- 
pomorphic symbol  of  American  ideas  and  opin- 
ions ' — UncLe  Sam ;  depicting  him  no  longer  as 
the  lean  buffoon  of  former  years.  He  also  pos- 
sessed in  a  remarkable  degree  the  faculty  of 
throwing  individuality  into  articles  of  apparel 
and  personal  belongings;  in  fact,  in  many  of 
his  pictures  he  merely  indicated  the  personality 
of  his  subjects  in  this  way — such  as  Oakey 
Hall's  eyeglasses,  Horace  Greeley's  hat,  the 
dollar-mark  and  money-bag  for  Tweed's  face. 
The  first  of  animals  to  take  its  definite  place  in 
the  history  of  American  caricature  was  the 
donkey.  Xast's  first  application  of  the  donkey 
to  Democracy  was  on  January  15,  1870,  when 


he  represented  it  as  the  '  Copperhead  (demo- 
cratic) Press'  kicking  the  dead  lion,  E.  M. 
Stanton.  Shortly  afterwards  the  Eepublican 
elephant  and  Democratic  donkey  took  definite 
shape  in  'Harpers  Weekly.'  Speaking  of 
Xasf  s  enduring  influence  on  the  art  of  cari- 
cature, the  present  biographer  says: 

'  Being  the  first,  it  was  necessary  for  him  to  estab- 
lish fundamentals,  to  construct  the  alphabet  of  an 
art.  The  work  was  not  arbitrarily  done,  nor  were 
the  results  due  to  accident.  The  symbols  which  to- 
day confront  us  on  every  hand  were  each  the  inevit- 
able expression  ot  some  existing  condition  Which 
by  strong,  sure  mental  evolution  found  absolute 
embodiment  and  became  a  pictured  fact.  We  can 
no  more  efface  them  than  -ve  can  erase  the  char- 
acters  of    our   spelling-book.' 

It  was  but  a  question  of  time  when  iiie  jwib- 
lic  would  no  longer  demand  pictorial  crusades; 
Nasf  3  business  relations  with  '  Harper's 
Weekly '  became  strained,  and  he  finally  found 
himself  practically  robbed  of  a  means  of  liveli- 
hood. For  a  while  he  met  with  success  on 
the  lecture  platform,  but  at  last  this  also  failed. 
'  Somehow  the  gentle  and  pathetic  figure  of 
Don  Quixote  cannot  fail  to  present  itself  to 
those  who  in  his  final  days  were  familiar  with 
the  dreams  and  struggles  and  disappointments 
and  with  the  lovable  personality  of  Thomas 
Xast.'  It  was  in  March,  1902,  after  Mr.  Eoose- 
velt  had  become  President,  that  Xast  received  a 
letter  from  his  old  friend,  Hon.  John  Hay, 
Secretary  of  State,  offering  him  the  consular 
post  at '  Guayaquil,  Ecuador.  Though  Xast 
feared  the  climate,  he  needed  the  position,  and 
accepted  it.  On  Sunday,  December  7,  1902^ 
he  succumbed  to  yeUow  fever  far  away  on  the 
Pacific  coast. 

Xast's  art  was  remarkable  for  its  fertility  of 
invention  and  that  clear  graphic  style  which 
insured  it  the  popularity  that  waits  on  sim- 
plicity. In  defining  his  position  in  the  world 
of  art,  Mr.  Paine  says : 

'There  is  a  divine  heritage  which  rises  above 
class  drill  and  curriculum — a  God-given  impulse 
which  will  seek  instinctively  and  find  surely  the 
means  to  enter  and  the  way  to  conquer  and  possess 
the  foreordinated  kingdom.  Such  a  genius  was  that 
of  Thomas  Nast.  Lacking  a  perfect  mastery  of 
line,  he  yet  possessed  a  simplicity  of  treatment, 
an  understanding  of  black  and  white  color  values, 
with  a  clearness  of  vision,  a  fertility  of  idea,  and, 
above  and  beyond  all,  a  supreme  and  unwavering 
purpose  which  made  him  a  pictorial  power  such  as 
this  generation  is  not  likely  to  know  again.  Per- 
haps aU  this  is  not  art.  Perhaps  art  may  not  be 
admitted  without  the  grace  of  careful  training — 
the  touch  that  soothes  and  fills  the  critic's  eye. 
But  if  it  is  not  art,  then,  at  least,  it  is  a  genius  of 
no  lesser  sort.  There  are  men  who  will  tell  you 
that  Grant  was  not  a  general.  There  are  other* 
who  will  hold,  that  Nast  was  not  an  artist.  Yet 
these  two  were  mighty  warriors — each  in  his  own 
way — and  the  world  will  honor  their  triumphs  when 


320 


THE    DIAl. 


[May  1, 


the  deeds  of  their  critics  have  vanished  from  the 
page  of  memory,  and  their  bodies  have  become  but 
nameless   dust.' 

Mr.  Paine's  work  was  prepared  with  the  per- 
sonal assistance  of  Nast.  It  covers  the  artist's 
life  in  a  thorough  and  interesting  way,  and  is 
adequately  illustrated.        Ingram  A.  Pyle. 


Masters  of  the  Early  and  Late 
Rexaissance.* 


It  is  too  much  to  expect  anything  but  very 
unequal  merit  in  the  different  volumes  of 
series  of  monographs  on  artistic  subjects.  An 
editor  must  choose  his  writers  as  he  may,  with 
the  inevitable  result  that  certain  books  will 
fall  below  the  standard  set  by  the  best  of  the 
series.  The  excellent  beginning  made  by  the 
'  Library  of  Art '  in  its  two  early  volumes  on 
Bonatello  and  Michael  Angelo  led  the  reader 
to  hope  for  a  set  of  monographs  of  almost  uni- 
form excellence.  But  the  inevitable  inequality 
of  such  a  series  is  illustrated  by  the  mediocre 
character  of  the  first  of  the  three  books 
forming  the  latest  additions  to  the  series, — 
'  Mediaeval  Art '  by  Mr.  W.  R  Lethaby.  The 
volume  is  devoted  chiefly  to  the  history  of 
architecture  from  the  year  300  a.  d.  to  1300 
A.  D.  It  opens  with  chapters  on  Byzantine 
art  in  the  East  and  in  Italy;  then  follow 
passages  on  Eomanesque  art  in  various  coun- 
tries; finally  there  are  chapters  on  Gothic  art 
in  different  European  states.  The  treatment 
is  so  cursory  that  the  reader  often  finds  little 
more  than  a  list  of  monuments. 

The  chapter  on  '  Gothic  Characteristics ' 
might  be  expected  to  offer  a  definite  field  for 
criticism,  but  it  proves  to  be  only  a  compila- 
tion from  other  writers;  moreover,  it  does  not 
marshal  its  facts  in  systematic  order.  There  is 
the  bias  usual  with  British  writers  when  deal- 
ing with  this  subject.  Anyone  who  knows  the 
work  of  Viollet-le-Duc,  Louis  Gonse,  and  C. 
H.  Moore  is  not  inclined  to  accept  the  more 
superficial  view  of  English  writers,  and  our 
author  does  not  even  come  up  to  the  very  mod- 
erate standard  of  the  best  British  criticism. 
•His  exposition,  so  far  as  it  goes,  is  not  clear, 
and  it  is  evident  that  he  has  no  proper  grasp 
of  the  fundamental  principles  of  his  subject. 
After  a  rapid  review  of  Gothic  art  in  France, 
England,  Switzerland,  Spain,  Belgium,  and 
Germany  the  volume  ends  with  a  still  slighter 
and  less  satisfactory  discussion  of  Gothic  archi- 
tecture in  Italy. 

•  Library  of  Art.  New  volumes :  Mediaeval  Art,  by  W. 
R.  Ijethaby ;  Verrocchlo,  by  Maud  Cruttwell ;  Titian,  by 
George  Gronau.  Each  illustrated.  New  York:  Imported 
by   Charles  Scrlbner's  Sons. 


Mr,  Lethaby's  book  as  a  whole  shows  no  new 
grasp  of  the  subject,  no  general  principle  or 
underlying  philosophy  whereby  to  coordinate 
many  artistic  movements.  It  is  profusely  illus- 
trated, as  are  all  the  numbers  of  the  series,  and 
is  provided  with  a  good  index. 

Miss  Maud  Cruttwell's  volume  on  Verrocchio 
is  a  scholarly  and  appreciative  monograph  of 
great  importance.  Until  the  appearance  of 
this  book,  the  only  serious  work  devoted  to 
this  fifteenth  century  master  was  that  by 
Mackowsky  in  the  *Kiinstler  Monographien.' 
But  this  is  published  only  in  German,  and  is 
neither  as  accurate  nor  as  stimulating  as  the 
present  volume.  A  battle  of  criticism  has  been 
waged  about  the  work  of  this  master  ever  since 
Bode's  and  Morelli's  vituperations  and  diatribes 
of  nearly  thirty  years  ago.  "Verrocchio  has 
indeed  presented  many  difficult  problems,  one 
of  the  most  interesting  of  which  relates  to  the 
early  works  of  his  great  pupil,  Leonardo  da 
Vinci.  Miss  Cruttwell  brings  to  her  task  a 
long  residence  in  Italy,  years  of  training  in 
the  writing  of  three  earlier  volumes  of  impor- 
tance, especially  the  monograph  on  the  della 
Robbia,  and  she  applies  the  methods  of  modem 
connoisseurship  to  the  various  mooted  questions. 
In  her  introduction  she  says: 

*  Verrocchio  is  perhaps  the  least  known  and  appre- 
ciated of  the  great  masters  of  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury. The  supreme  excellence  of  those  works  which 
are  proved  by  documentary  evidence  to  be  authentic 
is  disregarded  as  the  standard  of  judgment  as  to 
quality  and  style,  and  a  quantity  of  inferior  sculp- 
ture and  painting  is  attributed  to  him  for  which  his 
feeble  imitators  are  responsible.' 

Not  only  has  this  been  true,  but  critics  have 
judged  our  master  by  his  earlier,  more  angular, 
and  less  beautiful  paintings.  He  was  pre- 
eminently a  sculptor,  and  his  mature  works, 
such  as  the  '  David '  and  the  '  Boy  with  the  Dol- 
phin '  in  Florence  and  the  '  Bartolommeo  Col- 
leoni '  in  Venice,  prove  that  in  his  acquaintance 
with  anatomy  and  the  laws  of  movement,  in 
his  draughtsmanship  and  technical  skill,  he  was 
inferior  to  none  of  his  contemporaries,  and  that 
in  breadth  of  vision  and  imaginative  power  he 
was  excelled  only  by  Donatello  and  Leonardo. 
Moreover,  ^with  an  impeccable  accuracy  in 
representation  and  a  vigoroi^  and  facile  exe- 
cution, he  combined  the  poetry,  the  depth  of 
feeling,  and  the  wide  sympathies  of  the  idealist.' 
How  different,  and  how  much  truer,  is  this  con- 
clusion from  M.  Muntz's  dictum  that  Ver- 
rocchio is  '  narrow  and  bourgeois  '  and  his  work 
''commonplace,  angular,  and  dry.' 

There  is  a  popular  interest  in  Vasari's  tale 
that  Verrocchio  left  his  painting  of  '  The  Bap- 
tism' unfinished,  and  that  Leonardo  da  Vinci 
added  one  of  the  angels  in  the  foreground; 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


321 


whereupon,  the  story  goes,  the  older  master 
was  so  discouraged  that  he  never  touched 
brush  again.  On  the  contrary,  our  author 
proves  by  detailed  analysis  that  this  angel  shows 
the  same  hand  as  that  which  executed  the  rest 
of  the  picture,  and  she  cites  documentary  evi- 
dence to  the  effect  that  Verrocchio  continued 
to  work  for  many  years  afterwards.  The  dis- 
cussion of  this  picture  in  connection  with  '  The 
Annunciation'  by  Verrocchio  in  the  Uffizi  and 
the  smaller  painting  of  the  same  subject  by 
Leonardo  da  Vinci  in  the  Louvre  is  the  occasion 
of  some  excellent  critical  writing  in  regard  to 
the  latter.  Take  as  an  example  the  following 
passage  in  regard  to  Leonardo's  style: 

'The  most  remarkable  quality  of  Leonardo's 
work  is  its  vivacity,  a  vivacity  noticeable  in  the 
slightest  of  his  engineering  sketches  and  even  in 
his  handwriting.  The  least  touch  of  his  pen,  pencil 
or  brush  is  rapid  and  vividly  alive.  It  is  sensitive, 
yet  decisive.  It  darts  and  scintillates  like  flame, 
giving  to  the  painting  or  drawing,  even  when  the 
subject  represented  is  tranquil  in  sentiment,  an  ex- 
cess of  life  almost  fantastic.  In  his  earliest  work 
known  to  us,  the  predella  panel  of  the  "Annuncia- 
tion ' '  in  the  Louvre,  this  vivacity  is  present  to  so 
great  a  degree  that  the  solemnity  of  the  theme  is 
almost  marred  by  the  alertness  and  briskness  of  the 
figures.  Each  touch  of  the  brush  in  hair  and  wings 
and  grasses  sparkles  with  life.' 

Another  passage  that  deserves  notice  is  the 
discriminating  comparison  of  the  artistic  styles 
of  Pollaiuolo  and  A'^errocchio.  Scientists  and 
draughtsmen  par  excellence  in  a  school  of  nat- 
uralists and  linealists,  these  two  masters  are 
the  very  bone  and  marrow  of  quattrocento  art; 
and  their  relative  characteristics  have  rarely 
been  so  well  defined  as  in  Miss  Cruttwell's 
words. 

Some  profile  portraits  of  women,  notably 
that  in  the  Poldi  Pezzoli  Museum  in  Milan  and 
another  in  Berlin,  which  are  ascribed  to  Piero 
della  Francesca,  are  attributed  by  Berenson  to 
Verrocchio.  It  seems  to  us  that  they  are  cer- 
tainly works  of  the  Florentine  rather  than  of 
the  Umbrian  school,  which  would  exclude  Fran- 
cesca's  authorship.  Miss  Cruttwell,  however, 
does  not  accept  these  beautiful  likenesses  of 
women  as  works  of  Verrocchio,  and  indeed 
attributes  to  our  master  none  of  the  ]\Iadonna 
pictures  bearing  his  name.  In  this  we  follow 
her  with  approval,  for  these  Madonnas  in  Lon- 
don. Berlin,  and  elsewhere  certainly  show  the 
work  of  several  hands.  It  is  by  such  conclu- 
sions that  the  authentic  works  of  the  master 
are  to  be  distinguished  from  mediocre  school 
pieces.  In  the  list  of  his  genuine  works  she 
gives  him  only  three  paintings :  '  The  Baptism  ' 
in  the  Florentine  Academy,  'The  Annuncia- 
tion '"  in  the  Uffizi,  and  the  portrait  of  a  woman 
usually  ascribed  to  Leonardo  in  Prince  Lichten- 
st^in's  collection  at  Vienna. 


Miss  Cruttwell  gives  in  an  appendix  the  text 
of  documents,  some  of  them  discovered  by  her- 
self, which  bear  on  various  questions,  and  thus 
enables  the  reader  to  verify  her  conclusions. 
In  her  account  of  the  painter's  life  she  is 
judicial  and  cautious,  while  she  adds  ma- 
terially to  our  information  on  the  subject. 
Although  the  present  monograph  has  not 
decided  all  the  difficult  problems  presented 
by  this  sphinx  of  fifteenth  century  art,  it  is  a 
step  towards  that  result,  and  is  an  important 
and  stimulating  c-ontribution  to  the  history  of 
art,  a  masterly  exposition  of  Verrocchio's  com- 
manding position  as  painter  and  sculptor. 

The  volume  on  Titian  by  Dr.  George  Gronau 
is  a  translation  of  a  work  published  in  Germany 
four  years  ago.  New  material  has,  however, 
been  added,  and  the  whole  brought  up  to  date. 
The  work  is  avowedly  based  on  Crowe  and 
Cavalcaselle's  'Life  and  Times  of  Titian,'  in 
two  volumes;  but  since  this  was  published 
research  has  added  much  to  our  knowledge  of 
the  great  Venetian  master.  Dr.  Gronau  has 
himself  been  a  diligent  investigator  of  docu- 
ments and  interpreter  of  paintings;  he  is 
both  historian  and  connoisseur,  and  it  is 
partly  due  to  this  twofold  equipment  that  we 
now  have  a  volume  of  such  unusual  value.  The 
book  is  popular  in  that  it  is  avowedly  written 
for  the  general  reader,  but  the  writers  judicial 
insight  and  scholarly  equipment  have  enabled 
him  to  pack  an  incredible  number  of  details 
into  small  compass,  to  give  us  a  masterpiece 
of  condensation  which  possesses  at  the  same  time 
breadth  of  view.  He  deals  with  the  different 
groups  of  paintings, —  as  the  early  portraits, 
the  Giorgionesque  Madonnas,  the  great  altar- 
pieces, —  in  separate  chapters  without  following 
a  strictly  chronological  order.  It  might  be  an 
open  question  if  this  is  the  best  method,  but 
in  case  the  deficiencies  of  such  procedure  are 
not  thought  to  be  more  than  made  up  for  by 
its  advantages  (and  we  think  they  are),  Herr 
Gronau  gives  at  the  end  of  the  book  a  descrip- 
tive list  of  the  paintings  of  the  master,  with 
comments  on  the  date  or  probable  period  of  exe- 
cution. This  forms  an  admirable  key  for  the 
study  of  Titan's  artistic  development  in  detail, 
and  is  of  unique  value,  constituting  the  most 
important  feature  of  the  book  alike  to  the  ama- 
teur and  the  critic. 

Our  author  makes  two  additions  to  the  mass 
of  Titian's  known  paintings :  he  has  discovered 
in  the  apartments  of  the  Pitti  Palace  a  portrait 
that  he  believes  may  be  that  of  Giulia,  Duchess 
of  TJrbino,  and  he  moreover  attributes  to  Titian 
the  remarkable  portrait  of  a  lady  in  the  Crespi 
collection  at  Milan,  which  Berenson  believes  to 
be  a  copy  of  a  lost  Giorgione  but  which  Cook 


B2^ 


THE   DIAL 


[May  1, 


liolds  to  be  an  original  Giorgione  and  the  por- 
trait of  Catherine  Comaro. 
•  Much  new  information  is  given  in  regard 
to  many  of  the  painter's  princely  patrons  and 
his  relations  to  the  courts  of  Mantua  and 
Urbino,  while  the  important  facts  about  the 
painter's  life  and  ch^tracter  are  summed  up  in 
d  masterly  manner.  One  of  the  best  chapters 
is  that  on  ^Titian's  Private  Life, —  Family, 
Home,  Friends/  Additional  points  of  interest 
are  Dr.  Gronau's  belief  that  the  so-called  '  Dnke 
of  Norfolk'  in  the  Pitti  is  really  a  portrait 
of  the  Duke  of  Urbino,  his  discussion  of 
Titian's  Giorgionesque  period,  the  emphasis  he 
places  on  Palma  Vecchio's  influence  on  our 
master,  and  his  chapter  on  Titian's  technique. 
Although  he  writes  on  the  latter  subject  with 
the  modesty  of  a  layman,  and  gives  his  opinions 
with  reservations,  we  are  bound  to  say  tiiat  his 
discussion  of  the  great  master's  methods  is  the 
best  contribution  yet  made  to  the  subject.  Of 
especial  value  also  are  his  remarks  on  the  art  of 
portraiture  on  p.  131,  his  discussion  of  land- 
scape in  Titian's  work  (pp.  166  et  seq.),  and 
the  passage  in  regard  to  the  painter's  later  style, 
the  monochromatic  effect  of  his  most  mature 
work  (pp.  160,  161,  and  162).  This  effect  is 
seen  in  such  of  Titian's  later  pictures  as  his 
'  Portrait  of  Himself '  in  Madrid,  painted  at 
about  the  age  of  ninety,  and  his  '  Christ 
Crowned  with  Thorns'  in  Munich.  In  dra- 
matic insight  and  power  of  interpretation 
wedded  to  the  highest  technical  skill,  certain  of 
these  late  works  are  unexcelled,  and  are  not 
generally  appreciated  as  they  deserve. 

One  of  the  refreshing  features  of  the  book  is 
the  reproduction,  among  its  abundant  illustra- 
tions, of  some  of  Titian's  less  known  yet  impor- 
tant pictures.  A  few  of  these  unfamiliar  sub- 
jects are :  '  Jacopo  Pesaro  Doing  Homage  to  St. 
Peter'  (Antwerp),  'The  Ariosto'  (Cobham 
Hall),  'Venus'  (Bridgewater  House),  *Doge 
Gritti '  (Vienna),  '  Giulia,  Duchess  of  TJrbino' 
(Pitti  Palace),  the  'Rape  of  Europa'  (Gard- 
ner Collection,  Boston),  and  the  'Nymph  and 
Shepherd'  (Vienna). 

Those  who  recall  Dr.  Gronau's  sympathetic 
monograph  on  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  published 
some  two  years  ago,  may  at  first  feel  disap- 
pointment at  the  comparatively  oold  treat- 
ment of  Titian.  It  may  seem  that  he  is  too 
tolerant  of  the  great  Venetian's  poorer  pictures, 
and  not  sufficiently  appreciative  of  his  master- 
pieces. But  this  scholarly  restraint  is  in  fact 
one  of  the  great  merits  of  the  book.  On  this 
account  it  is  much  to  be  preferred  to  the  more 
enthusiastic  treatment  of  the  well-known  mono- 
graph by  Mr.  Claude  Phillips;  the  German's 
critical  balance  and  scholarly  reserve  are  in 
striking  contrast  to  the  Englishman's  bombast  | 


and  prose  poetry.  Indeed,  Dr.  Gronau's  volume, 
marked  by  cautious  accuracy  and  disinterested 
love  of  truth,  is  a  model  for  works  of  its  class. 
It  is  a  thing  of  high  art  in  itself,  and  is  cer- 
tainly the  best  life  of  Titian  that  has  appeared. 

George  Breed  Zug. 


Briefs  ox  New  Books. 

America's  With  the  publication   of   Volumes 

historic  XI.   to   XVI.,   Mr.    Archer   Butler 

highways.  Hulbert's  series  of  'Historic  High- 

ways of  America'  (Arthur  H.  Clark  Co.)  has 
been  completed.  Volumes  XI.  and  XII.,  treating 
of  'Pioneer  Roads,'  begin  with  an  account  of 
the  evolution  of  roads  from  the  trail  to  the  first 
American  turnpike,  built  from  Philadelphia  to 
Lancaster  in  1794.  Much  of  this  discussion 
repeats  the  matter  of  earlier  volumes,  though 
more  attention  is  given  to  the  means  of  trans- 
portation, beginning  with  the  pack  horse  and 
developing,  as  the  trail  becomes  a  road,  into  the 
freighter  and  stagecoach.  Four  highways  are 
described:  first,  the  road  beginning  with  Zane's 
trace  from  Wheeling  to  Zanesville,  which  was 
continued  to  the  Ohio  river  at  Mayesville  and 
thence  to  Lexington,  Ky.;  second,  the  road  built 
in  1832  by  Virginia  between  Winchester  and 
Parkersburg,  which  Mr.  Butler  calls  the  'old 
Northwestern  turnpike';  third,  the  Genesee  road, 
built  between  1794  and  1800  from  Utica  to  the 
Genesee  river  and  thence  to  Lake  Erie;  and, 
fourth,  the  Catskill  turnpike,  built  in  1802  from 
the  Hudson  to  the  Susquehanna.  The  first  three 
roads  were  selected  for  treatment  by  Mr.  Hulbert 
because  they  were  in  the  line  of  the  early  west- 
ward movement,  and  the  last  one,  apparently, 
because  an  account  of  it  existed  ready-made  in  Mr. 
Halsey's  'Old  New  York  Frontier,'  which  the 
author  was  permitted  to  borrow.  The  separate 
treatment  of  the  Braddock,  Forbes,  and  Boone 
roads  in  earlier  volumes  of  the  series  prevents 
a  logical  development  of  the  material,  so  that 
the  relation  of  the  various  roads  to  each  other 
is  lost  sight  of.  The  greater  part  of  the  two 
volumes  consists  of  accounts,  drawn  from  various 
sources,  of  travel  upon  early  roads.  The  narra^ 
tive,  taken  from  Baily's  'Tour,'  of  a  ride  over  the 
Pennsylvania  road  in  1796  is  both  interesting  and 
instructive,  and  an  heretofore  unpublished  let- 
ter describing  a  trip  over  Braddock 's  road  in  the 
same  year  gives  a  faithful  and  pathetic  picture 
of  emigrant  life.  The  remaining  accounts  are 
of  slight  value;  the  chapter  from  Hall's  'Legends 
of  the  West'  is  wholly  imaginative,  and  the 
extracts  from  Dickens's  'American  Notes'  are  too 
easily  accessible  to  warrant  reproduction.  Vol- 
umes XIII.  and  XIV.  are  entitled  'Great  Ameri- 
can Canals.'  They  furnish  accounts  of  three 
canals:  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  and  the  Penn- 
sylvania canals,  in  Volume  XIIL,  and  the  Erie 
canal  in  Volmne  XIV.  The  former  volume  brings 
out  in  an  interesting  way  the  rivalry  between 
the  canal  and  the  railway,  which  ended  in  the 


X905.1 


THE    DIAL 


S23 


easy  triumph  of  the  railway.  The  latter  volume 
gives  a  convenient  outline  of  the  history  of  the 
Erie  canal,  which  is  particularly  timely  by  reason 
of  the  great  improvements  that  have  recently 
been  entered  upon  for  the  purpose  of  maintain- 
ing the  commercial  prestige  of  New  York.  Log- 
ically the  order  of  the  two  volumes  should  have 
been  reversed,  since  it  was  the  success  of  the 
Erie  canal  that  inspired  the  construction  of  the 
other  canals.  It  goes  without  saying  that  the 
account  of  these  three  canals  is  very  far  from 
giving  that  comprehensive  view  of  the  era  of 
canal  building  in  the  United  States  which  it  is 
very  desirable  to  have,  and  which  we  naturally 
expected  from  the  title  of  the  series.  Particularly 
surprising  is  the  omission  of  the  Ohio  canals, 
which  form  a  part  of  the  history  of  the  author's 
own  state  and  which  for  so  long  a  time  performed 
a  useful  service  in  connecting  the  Great  Lakes 
with  the  Mississippi  system.  Volume  XV., 
entitled^  The  Future  of  Koad-Making,' is  a  popu- 
lar treatise  on  good  roads  and  the  way  to  make 
them.  It  consists  of  five  chapters  by  different 
hands.  The  first  is  an  introductory  discussion  of 
the  sociological  importance  of  good  roads  by  Mr. 
Butler  himself.  The  second  is  an  account  of  the 
OflSce  of  Public  Road  Inquiry  of  the  Department 
of  Agriculture,  by  the  Hon.  Martin  Dodge,  Direct- 
or of  the  Office.  The  third  chapter  is  a  reprint 
of  a  bulletin  entitled  'Good  Roads  for  Farmers,' 
written  by  Mr.  M.  0.  Eldredge,  Assistant  Director 
of  the  Office  of  Public  Road  Inquiry,  and  issued 
by  the  Department  of  Agriculture  in  1899.  This 
chapter,  filling  nearly  half  the  volume,  is  devoted 
to  practical  directions  for  road  making.  Follow- 
ing it  are  two  short  chapters,  one  on  'Materials 
for  Macadam  Roads'  by  Mr.  L.  W.  Page  of  the 
Road  Material  Laboratory  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture,  and  the  other  on  'Stone  Roads  in 
New  Jersey'  by  Mr.  E.  G.  Harrison,  Secretary 
of  the  New  Jersey  Road  Improvement  Associa- 
tion. Such  a  volume  as  this  seems  out  of  place 
in  an  historical  series.  It  may,  however,  bring 
the  work  now  being  done  by  the  Unit-ed  States 
government  in  encouragement  of  the  good  roads 
movement  to  the  attention  of  some  who  might 
not  otherwise  know  of  it.  Volume  XVI.  is 
devoted  to  an  index  to  the  entire  series.  The  later 
volumes  of  the  series  present  both  the  merits  and 
defects  of  the  earlier  ones.  They  are  entertain- 
ing and  often  suggestive,  but  always  incomplete. 
The  material  is  ill  arranged,  and  a  surprising 
amount  of  it  is  reprinted  from  other  books. 
Taken  as  a  whole  the  work  is  more  like  a  'report 
of  progress'  than  a  finished  product. 

A  Ihttch  'Charge   it    to    Huidekoper'    was, 

philanthropist  fifty  years  ago,  a  familiar  phrase 
and  pioneer.  ^  western  Pennsylvania,  so  numer- 
ous were  Harm  Jan  Huidekoper 's  beneficiaries, 
deserving  poor  bidden  to  draw  on  him  to  the 
extent  of  their  needs.  An  excellent  biography  of 
this  good  man  and  hardy  pioneer  has  been  pre- 
pared by  Mrs.  Nina  Moore  Tiffany  and  Mr. 
Francis  Tiffany,  and  is  published  by  the  W.  B. 
Clarke  Co.  of  Boston.  Huidekoper 's  early  life 
in  HoUand,  his  coming  to  America  in  1796  at 


the  age  of  twenty,  his  long  and  profitable  con- 
nection with  the  Holland  Land  Company,  chiefly 
as  their  agent  at  Meadville,  Pa.,  his  promoting 
of  that  town's  interests,  his  exertions  in  behalf 
of  religious  «ilight«nnient  and  liberality,  his 
founding  of  the  first  Unitarian  .church  in  his 
part  of  the  country,  and  later  his  and  his  son 
Frederic's  snceessful  endeavors  (o  start  a  theo- 
logical school  at  MeadviUe,  and  finally  his 
lamented  death  in  1854,—  all  these  and  many 
other  matters  are  set  forth  in  due  order  and 
with  abundant  pictorial  accompaniment.  Extracts 
from  Huidekoper 's  correspondence  are  given,  and 
especially  interesting  are  his  letters  to  James 
Freeman  Clarke,  who  married  one  of  his  daugh- 
ters. Selections  from  his  published  writings  prove 
him  to  have  been  a  man  of  intellectual  independ- 
ence and  great  moral  force.  Copious  extracts 
from  his  manuscript  autobiography  also  add  to 
the  value  of  the  book.  Modestly  but  unmistak- 
ably he  shows  himself  to  have  been  one  of  the 
makers  of  Pennsylvania.  At  once  self-reliant, 
energetic,  and  earnestly  thoughtful,  he  says,  'I 
have  become  thoroughly  convinced  that  the  most 
valuable  part  of  a  man's  education  is  that  which 
he  gives  to  himself.'  In  that  utterance  lies  much 
of  the  secret  of  his  success  in  a  pioneer  life 
that  presented  problems  for  whose  solution  he 
had  no  one  to  whom  he  could  turn.  Another 
familiar  saying,  which  is  probably  still  current 
at  Meadville,  commemorates  his  breaking  loose 
from  the  fetters  of  old-fashioned  orthodoxy. 
'^  What  is  Unitarianism  f  Nobody  knows  but 
Huidekoper,  and  he  won't  tell.'  Herein  is  sug- 
gested more  truth  than  at  first  appears.  To 
understand  the  aims  and  ideals  of  this  creed- 
less  sect,  one  must  be  of  it ;  and,  more  than  that, 
no  one  member  can  speak  for  another. 

Of  the  men  dealt  with  in  Mr. 
oU^^tTrs.  Charles  Whibley's  '  Literary  Por- 
traits' (Dutton),  Montaigne  and 
Jacques  Casanova  have  made  full  confession  of 
themselves;  Rabelais  and  Burton  reveal  them- 
selves more  or  less  unconsciously  in  their  works; 
Philippe  de  Comines  hides  himself  completely 
behind  his  hero,  Louis  XI.;  Drummond  of  Haw- 
thomden  is  known  by  the  books  he  keep)S  and  by 
Jonson's  lucky  visit;  and  Holland  by  the  confi- 
dences of  a  gossiping  godson  to  Anthony  a  Wood, 
who  transmitted  gossip  into  biography.  There  is 
considerable  difference,  therefore,  in  the  fulness 
of  the  portraits;  some  are  not  much  more  than 
sketches,  others  are  full  lengths.  Rabelais  and 
Montaigne  are  not  only  the  best  done  but  the 
best  worth  doing.  Rabelais,  whom  we  so  identify 
with  his  work  that  we  hardly  think  of  the  latter  as 
possessing  a  name  distinct  from  its  author's,  Mr. 
Whibley  pictures  as  a  learned  and  genial  doctor, 
whose  experience  in  the  church  made  him  satirize 
the  monks  with  Aristophanic  humor  and  the 
strong  flavor  of  the  esprit  gatilois.  He  is  more 
than  the  author  of  'Gargantua' and'Pantagruel.' 
His  work,  too,  is  no  mere  ribaldry,  though  it  is 
hardly  so  guileless  as  Mr.  Whibley  would  repre- 
sent it.  It  does  stand  for  freedom  and  beauty, 
and  its  tone  is  virile.    It  is  in  the  vanguard  of 


824 


THE    DIAX. 


[May  1, 


the  intellectual  Renaissance,  and  its  author  dared 
much  to  be  an  apostle  of  human  progress.  Mon- 
taigne, on  the  other  hand,  is  not  distinct  from 
his  work.  His  Essays  give  us  almost  as  complete 
an  idea  of  him  as  the  'Diary'  does  of  Pepys, 
though,  as  Mr.  Whibley  remarks,  in  an  entirely 
different  way.  Pepys  records  his  daily  doings 
with  microscopic  minuteness,  and  we  draw  the 
conclusion.  Montaigne  treats  every  experience  as 
a  means  of  testing  his  soul,  of  knowing  himself, 
and  he  records  his  results.  'I  have  no  business 
save  with  myself,'  he  says.  *1  consider  myself 
unceasingly;  I  control  and  taste  myself.'  Pepys 
never  made  such  a  confession,  but  he  lived  up 
to  it  just  as  completely.  From  his  abundant 
material  Mr.  Whibley  has  only  to  select  to  make 
his  portrait.  The  details  chosen  range  from  Mon- 
taigne's  eating  so  greedily  that  he  often  bit  his 
tongue  to  his  views  on  nature,  life,  and  death. 
He  appears  so  many  sided,  so  divers  et  ondoyant, 
as  he  says  himself,  that  every  man  feels  kinship 
with  him.  But  to  say,  as  Mr.  Whibley  does,  that 
'there  is  no  circumstance  of  life,  whose  tangle 
these  Essays  may  not  unravel'  is  to  mark  just 
that  extravagant  enthusiasm  which  appears  in 
nearly  all  these  portraits.  Rabelais  was  translated 
by  Urquhart  and  Motteux,  Philippe  de  Comines 
by  Danett,  and  Montaigne  by  Florio,  admirable 
translators  all  in  the  noblest  period  of  English 
translation.  They  are  the  minor  figures  in  Mr. 
Whibley 's  interesting  gallery. 


The  first 
Christian 
emperor. 


In  the  '  Heroes  of  the  Nations  ' 
series  (Putnam)  the  good  work 
goes  on  apace;  and  the  enterprise 
may  now  fairly  regard  its  conclusion  as  approxi- 
mate,—unless,  indeed,  history  shall  continue  to 
be  made  so  rapidly  as  to  necessitate  several  addi- 
tions to  the  niches  in  this  Hall  of  Fame  by  such 
great  captains  as  Nogi  and  Oyama,  and  even  for 
some  yet  undiscovered  latter-day  Russian.  How- 
ever that  may  be,  thirty-nine  biographies  have 
been  published,  and  the  number  announced  as 
still  in  preparation  is  eleven;  which  makes  a  sus- 
piciously precise  total  of  fifty.  The  round  num- 
ber, however,  may  be  the  result  of  history's 
*  evening  up  '  in  the  long  run,  rather  than  of 
any  arbitrary  predetermination  of  the  editors' 
minds.  The  volume  on  Constantine  the  Great, 
the  latest  addition  to  the  series,  is  the  work  of 
Mr.  John  B.  Firth,  an  Oxford  scholar  already 
known  to  readers  by  his  study  of  Augustus 
Caesar  and  his  translation  of  Pliny's  letters.  The 
fii-st  Christian  emperor  is  an  historic  figure  whose 
claim  to  the  somewhat  fortuitous  title  of  *  great  ' 
was  derived  rather  from  his  grasping  the  skirts 
of  happy  chance  than  from  breasting  the  billows 
of  circumstance.  Mr.  Firth  recognizes  this;  and 
only  insists  that  '  under  his  [ Constantine 's]  aus- 
pices one  of  the  most  momentous  changes  in  the 
history  of  the  world  was  accomplished.'  Of 
this  period  and  of  its  central  figure  the  author 
has  written  sensibly  and  satisfyingly.  He  has 
made  the  best  possible  use  of  his  original  author- 
ities, who,  as  he  says,  were  practically  without 
exception  bitter  and  malevolent  partisans,  by  a 
masterly  divination  of  the  truth,  or  the  probable 


truth,  in  such  polemics  as  Lactantius,  Eusebius, 
and  other  Christian  or  pagan  writers.  His  treat- 
ment of  the  legends  surrounding  Constantine 's 
conversion  is  rational  without  being  unsympa- 
thetic; and  in  his  deeply  interesting  account  of 
the  Arian  controversy  and  the  Council  of  Nice 
he  has  recorded  the  facts  as  he  sees  them,  and  is 
content  to  be  a  guide  instead  of  a  judge.  He 
regards  Constantine  as  a  sincere  and  convinced 
Christian;  although  '  the  Chrisbianity  of  the 
Emperor  was  grossly  material,  and  worldly  suc- 
cess remained  in  his  eyes  the  crowning  proof  of 
the  Christian  verities.'  The  concluding  chapter, 
'  The  Empire  and  Christianity,'  is  a  scholarly 
survey  of  the  real  subject— epochal  rather  than 
individual— of  the  book.  Constantine 's  greatest 
political  achievement  was  the  founding  of  the 
splendid  capital  to  which  he  gave  his  name;  and 
in  the  long  and  fascinating  chapter  devoted  to 
this  subject,  Mr.  Firth  malies  free  and  grateful 
use  of  the  sumptuous  and  standard  work  on  Con- 
stantinople by  an  American  scholar.  Professor 
E.  A.  Grosvenor  of  Amherst  College. 

The  Napoleonic  The  history  of  the  Bonaparte 
empire  in  I'egime  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples 

southern  Italy,  jg  described  by  Mr.  R.  M.  John- 
ston in  his  two  volumes  entitled  '  The  Napoleonic 
Empire  in  Southern  Italy'  (Macmillan).  It 
was  a  novel  proceeding,  to  say  the  least,  when 
Napoleon,  by  a  simple  proclamation  addressed 
to  his  army,  deposed  Ferdinand  and  Caroline 
after  the  battle  of  Austerlitz.  Although  he 
did  not  take  this  step  in  the  interest  of  the 
Neapolitans,  but  rather  to  establish  French 
supremacy  in  that  portion  of  the  Mediterranean, 
his  brother  Joseph,  and  afterwards  his  brother- 
in-law  Murat,  employed  enlightened  Neapolitans 
and  competent  Frenchmen  in  sweeping  away  the 
vestiges  of  feudalism  and  in  reorganizing  soci- 
ety on  the  basis  of  the  French  system.  So  suc- 
cessful was  this  work  that  at  the  Restoration  in 
1815  even  the  French  code,  with  slight  modifica- 
tions, was  retained  and  was  extended  to  Sicily. 
The  present  volumes  do  not  treat  social  changes 
in  much  detail,  merely  describing  the  condition 
of  the  kingdom  in  1805  and  indicating  how  the 
work  of  reform  was  inaugurated.  The  principal 
emphasis  is  placed  upon  political  and  military 
incidents.  The  author  is  not  inclined  to  think 
that  England's  control  in  the  Mediterranean  was 
as  undisputed  after  Trafalgar  as  commonly  sup- 
posed. One  of  the  most  interesting  chapters  of 
the  first  volume  describes  the  Maida  campaign 
,and  the  insurrection  in  Calabria  during  which 
such  diverting  cut-throats  as  Fra  Diavolo  played 
the  leading  roles.  The  principal  figure  of  the 
volume  is  Joachim  Murat,  a  spectacular  if  not 
an  attractive  pyersonality.  Murat 's  situation 
after  the  disastrous  Russian  campaign  was  too 
complex  to  be  simplified  by  a  hero  of  his  cali- 
ber. The  story  of  his  fall  and  fate  is  told  with 
vigor  and  judgment,  and  is  the  best  part  of  the 
whole  work.  The  second  volume  covers  the 
period  from  1815  to  the  end  of  the  insurrection 
of  1820.  Its  theme  is  the  influence  of  the  secret 
societies,  chiefly  the  Carbonari,  upon  the  liberal 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


325 


partj'.  Mr.  Johnston  has  drawn  his  materials 
largely  from  the  Neajx)litan  archives  and  from 
British  records.  Aside  from  printed  documents 
and  letters  he  has  made  no  apparent  use  of  the 
French  sources,  although  the  French  archives 
should  be  rich  in  material  upon  such  a  subject. 
There  is  a  full  bibliography  containing  466  titles. 


A.  icieider  of  Where  Major  Arthur  Griffiths  finds 
sword,  pen,  the  material  for  his  numerous 
and  hrvsh.  novels  and  detective  stories  is  made 

apparent  in  his  'Fifty  Years  of  Public  Service' 
(Cassell),  a  stout  volume  filled  with  all  sorts 
of  entertaining  reminiscences  of  army  life,  civil- 
service  work  as  prison  governor  and  prison  in- 
spector, and,  betwixt  and  between,  intermittent 
emplojTnent  as  journalist,  editor,  novelist,  play- 
wright, and  artist,—  truly  an  active  and  mauj-- 
sided  life.  But  he  began  early,  at  barely  sixteen, 
when  he  obtained  a  commission  and  went  out  to 
the  Crimea.  Scarcely  anything  of  the  grimness 
of  warfare  appears  in  his  rapid  and  readable 
narrative:  the  light-hearted  lad  almost  seems  to 
have  been  playing  at  war.  Of  the  terrible  suffer- 
ings of  the  arm}'  before  Sebastopol  he  says 
barely  a  word.  That  he  was  plucky,  popular 
with  his  fellows,  and  somewhat  of  a  favorite  with 
his  superiors,  may  be  read  between  the  lines. 
Lack  of  funds  to  purchase  a  desired  promotion 
led  him  to  leave  the  military  for  the  civil  serrice 
after  attaining  the  rank  of  major.  More  than 
once  he  hints  at  a  leanness  of  purse  that  may  well 
have  familiarized  him  with  the  traditional  sub- 
altern's repast,  'a  glass  of  water  and  a  pull  at 
the  waistbelt.'  His  pages  perhaps  now  and  then 
owe  some  of  their  attractiveness  to  a  pardonable 
unwillingness  to  spoil  a  good  story  in  the  telling, 
as  when  he  describes  the  skatmg  at  Halifax  as 
extending  'over  longer  stretches  of  ice  than  are 
to  be  found  anywhere  else  in  the  world.'  The 
histor>-  of  his  services  as  prison  official  contains, 
beside  weightier  penological  matters,  accounts  of 
noted  criminals,  remarkable  escapes,  and  other 
interesting  incidents.  The  author's  style  has  the 
unstudied  fluency  of  one  who  is  used  to  writing 
with  the  din  of  the  printing-press  in  his  ears 
and  the  boy  at  his  side  waiting  for  copy.  The 
book  is  a  worthy  addition  to  the  Major's  long 
list  of  works,  grave  and  gay. 


Primitive  The  virgin  soU  of  Africa  is  rich 

customs  in  with  the  fruitage  of  centuries  of 
West  Afrtca.  native-gTown  superstitions  and 
customs.  Dr.  Robert  Hamill  Nassau  spent  forty 
years  in  this  land  as  a  missionary.  The  service 
that  he  was  required  to  render  gave  him  excep- 
tional opportunities  to  study  the  thoughts, 
beliefs,  and  influential  customs  that  form  so 
large  a  part  of  the  life  of  those  ungrown  races. 
Throughout  the  entire  period  of  his  service  he 
carefully  gathered  facts  on  every  phase  of  the 
native's  life.  These  first-hand  facts  he  has  clas- 
sified and  embodied  in  a  volume  entitled  *  Fetich- 
ism  in  West  Africa  '  (Scribner),  a  work  of  first- 
class  importance  to  students  of  ethnology,  sociol- 
ogy,  and  primitive  religion.     The  author  devotes 


most  of  his  ^aee  to  the  discussion  of  the  fetich, 
as  occupying  chief  place  in  the  life  of  the  native 
races  of  West  Africa.  Travellers  who  have  made 
a  hasty  trip  through  that  country  and  have  ques^ 
tioned  the  natives  as  to  their  beliefs,  have  often 
reported  that  they  had  found  a  race  so  low  in 
the  scale  of  being  as  to  have  no  idea  of  Grod  or 
of  a  superior  being.  Dr.  Nassau  completely 
refutes  every  such  statement,  by  citing  cases 
where  the  native  said  what  was  understood  as  a 
denial  of  belief  in  a  higher  Being,  simply  to 
acknowledge  his  ignorance  and  inferiority  in  the 
presence  of  such  learned  and  mysterious  white 
men.  Years  of  close  study  of  many  of  the  most 
degraded  tribes  have  convinced  Dr.  Nassau  that 
there  is  no  race  so  benighted  as  not  to  have  the 
knowledge  of  at  least  the  name  of  God.  He  has 
carefully  gleaned  among  several  of  these  primi- 
tive peoples,  and  has  become  convinced  that, 
with  all  their  superstiti(m  and  mysterious  white 
and  black  arts,  they  are  jwssessed  of  a  distinct 
and  definite  religious  nature  that  can  be  reached 
and  educated.       

Closely  following  Mr,  William  M. 
of  *»Ento'iif         Meigs's  biography  of  Thomas  Hart 

Benton  appears  one  by  Mr.  Joseph 
M.  Rogers.  For  this  later  book  there  seems  to 
be  slight  excuse,  except  that  it  was  called  for 
in  the  'American  Crisis  Series'  (Jacobs),  to 
which  it  belongs.  The  work  is  careless  and  super- 
ficial. The  author  gives  us  too  few  facts  about 
Benton,  too  much  apology  for  Benton,  and  too 
much  of  his  own  unauthenticated  opinion.  Mr, 
Rogers  thinks  that  Benton  was  an  important 
national  statesman  who  was  responsible  for  much 
sound  legislation  and  many  sound  pKjlicies.  But 
instead  of  exhibiting  Benton's  greatness,  he  pre- 
fers to  belittle  the  contemporaries  and  opponents 
of  Benton— Webster.  Calhoun,  Clay,  and  Doug- 
las—as men  of  selfish  ambition,  timeservers, 
trimmers,  and  intriguers.  Evidently  the  author 
holds  to  the  'great  man'  theory  of  history,  for 
he  shows  no  appreciation  of  the  influence  of 
strong  natural  forces  in  American  history.  Of 
the  social,  pK)litical,  and  economic  conditions. 
North  and  South,  restdting  in  the  long  contro- 
versy over  slavery,  he  displays  a  profound  ignor- 
ance. The  non-slaveholders  in  the  South  really 
possessed  and  very  actively  exercised  political 
rights,  though  Mr,  Rogers  says  the  contrary.  It 
is  not  correct  to  say  that  Benton  lost  his  seat 
in  the  Senate  because  he  opposed  nullification, 
and  that  he  was  the  'first  martyr  to  the  slavery 
cause  .  .  struck  down  by  the  slave  power.' 
He  failed  of  reelection  because  he  was  old,  arro- 
gant, untactful,  and  out  of  touch  with  his  con- 
stituents. He  was  not  killed  by  defeat,  but  by 
an  incurable  disease  of  long  standing,  up>on  which 
politics  had  no  influence.  It  was  not  the  memory 
of  Benton  that  preserved  Missouri  to  the  Union, 
but  natural  forces  aided  by  the  Germans  and  the 
United  States  army.  The  book  does  not  make 
one  understand  Benton  the  man,  as  does  Mr. 
Roosevelt's,  nor  appreciate  the  value  of  the  work 
of  Benton  the  statesman,  as  does  that  of  Mr. 
Meigs. 


326 


THE    DIAL 


[May  1 


„    .  Though  hardly  to  be  classed  among 

Music  study  •  -i       ^  •  ■»«-• 

in  Munich.  senous  books  on  music,  Miss 
W  i  I  -  ►  ;  ' L  ■'  Mabel  W.  Daniels 's  account  of 
'An  American  Girl  in  Munich'  (Little,  Brown  & 
Co.)  is  pleasantly  written  and  full  of  delightful 
humor.  In  'twelve  long  letters,  written  to  an 
intimate  friend,  the  author  tells  with  charm- 
ing frankness  her  trials  and  pleasures  during  a 
year  of  musical  study.  She  airs  her  German 
phrases  with  childish  na'ivetS,  translates  them  all 
carefully,  and  sometimes  indulges  in  a  bit  of 
fine  writing;  but  for  these  faults  she  atones  by 
her  clever  characterization  of  people,  vivid 
descriptions  of  street  scenes  and  foreign  cus- 
toms, as  well  as  by  clear  and  apt  comment  on 
musical  matters.  She  succeeds  remarkably  in 
putting  into  words  the  impressions  made  by  vari- 
ous symphonies  and  operas,  and  gives  many 
delightful  and  not  too  familiar  glimpses  of  her 
masters,  Stavenhagen  and  Thuille,  and  of  Ysaye 
and  Carl  Zerrahn.  Stavenhagen 's  remark,  when 
Miss  Daniels  asked  to  join  his  class  in  composi- 
tion, is  too  good  to  be  ignored.  No  woman  had 
ever  entered  this  class,  but  after  solemn  con- 
sultation with  his  secretary,  the  master  said : 
'Because  a  Fraiilein  never  has  joined  the  class 
is  no  reason  why  a  Fraiilein  never  can,'—  a 
point  of  view  so  un-German  as  to  be  truly 
refreshing.  The  pension,  with  its  familiar  fig- 
ures, is  well  drawn,  while  the  interwoven  love 
story  turns  out  in  a  way  almost  too  good  to  be 
true.  

A  German  The   translation  and  republication 

advocate  of  at  this  time  of  Friedrich  List's 
protectionism.  ,  National  System  of  Political  Econ- 
omy' (Longmans)  comes  as  a  result  of  the  recent 
protectionist  movement  in  England.  The  work 
first  appeared  in  Germany  in  1844,  and  was 
intended  as  an  offset  to  the  extreme  free  trade 
views  of  some  of  the  Adam  Smith  school  of 
economists.  It  is  a  fairly  able  presentation  of 
the  protectionist  argument.  Having  never  been 
revised,  however,  it  of  course  fails  to  deal  with 
some  of  the  more  recent  phases  of  that  subject. 
The  author  was  a  moderate  protectionist,  believ- 
ing neither  in  prohibitive  duties  nor  protection 
to  raw  materials.  According  to  his  theory  there 
are  two  stages  through  which  every  country 
should  ultimately  pass;  the  third  stage,  that  of 
free  trade,  supposedly  being  the  final  one  in  which 
it  should  remain.  In  1844,  according  to  this 
theory,  England  was  the  only  country  in  Europe 
that  was  actually  ready  for  this  third  stage.  If 
England  was  ready  for  it  sixty  years  ago,  in 
the  estimation  of  the  author,  it  may  be  a  ques- 
tion how  much  this  book  will  aid  the  protectionist 
cause  in  that  country  after  all. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


Several  recent  additions  to  the  charming  'Oaxton 
Thin  Paper  Classics,'  imported  by  the  Messrs. 
Scribner,  comprise  the  following:  Homer's  Iliad 
and  Odyssey,  each  in  Chapman's  translation;  The 
Plays  and  Poems  of  Ben  Jonson;  Tke  Autobiog- 
raphy of  Benvenuto  Cellini,  in  Thomas  Boscoe's 


translation;  and  Coleridge's  Poems,  edited  by  Pro- 
fessor Knight.  In  similar  form,  and  issued  by  the 
same  publishers,  is  a  volume  containing  the  poems 
of  Michael  Drayton.  All  of  these  books  are  of 
pocket  size,  carefully  printed,  provided  with  photo- 
gravure frontispieces,  and  daintily  bound  in  limp 
leather  of  various  colors. 

Part  IV.  of  Professor  Charles  Sprague  Sargent's 
'Trees  and  Shrubs,'  illustrating  'new  or  little 
known  ligneous  plants,'  has  just  been  published  by 
Messrs.  Houghton,  Miflin  &  Co.  This  section  com- 
pletes a  volume  of  the  work,  and  is  provided  with 
index  and  title-page.  The  plates  illustrate  thirteen 
species  of  Acer,  and  from  one  to  three  species  each 
of  seven  other  genera. 

Miss  Esther  Singleton's  'Venice,  as  Seen  and 
Described  by  Famous  Writers,'  is  the  latest  in  the 
series  of  skilful  compilations  that  we  owe  to  its 
editor.  It  offers  good  reading,  for  the  authors 
are  such  men  as  Ruskin,  Symonds,  Taine,  Gautier, 
and  H.  F.  Brown,  while  the  two  score  of  illustra- 
tions are  intelligently  chosen.  Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead 
&  Co.  are  the  publishers. 

'Social  Progress'  for  1905,  edited  by  Mr.  Josiah 
Strong,  is  published  by  the  Baker  &  Taylor  Co. 
This  year-book  of  economic,  industrial,  social,  and 
religious  statistics  is  a  highly  valuable  work  of 
reference,  and  the  second  issue  of  the  work  shows 
a  material  advance  over  the  first  in  usefulness. 
The  amount  of  matter  included  is  very  large,  and 
it  is  strictly  up-to-date. 

The  historical  series  of  'Publications  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  '  has  received  an  impor- 
tant accession  in  Mr.  Albert  Edward  McKinley's 
exhaustive  study  of  'The  Suffrage  Franchise  in  the 
Thirteen  English  Colonies  in  America,'  a  volume  of 
over  five  hundred  pages.  An  addition  to  the  eco- 
nomic series  of  the  same  institution  is  Dr.  J.  Russell 
Smith's  monograph  on  'The  Organization  of  Ocean 
Commerce.'  Messrs.  Ginn  &  Co.  are  the  agents  for 
these  publications. 

A  new  series  of  'French  Classics  for  English 
Readers,'  edited  by  Professors  Adolphe  Cohn  and 
Curtis  Hidden  Page,  has  been  inaugurated  by 
Messrs.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  These  volumes  are 
to  be  translations,  rather  than  critical  biographies, 
and  the  text's  the  thing,  after  a  few  preliminary 
pages  of  preface  and  book-lists.  The  subject  of 
the  volume  which  opens  the  series  is  Rabelais,  and 
the  text  of  the  translation  used  is  that  of  Urquhart 
and  Motteux,  purged  of  Ozell's  'improvements.' 
There  are  expurgations,  of  course,  and  the  volume 
is  one  of  selections  only;  nevertheless,  the  continu- 
ity of  the  story  has  been  preserved,  and  the  volume 
is  big  enough  to  reproduce  the  greater  part  of  the 
five  books.  Professor  Page  is  the  editor  of  this 
volume. 

The  Macmillan  Co.  publish,  for  the  London  Socio- 
logical Society,  a  volume  of  'Sociological  Papers' 
by  Messrs.  Francis  Galton,  E.  Westermarck,  P. 
Geddes,  E.  Durkheim,  H.  H.  Mann,  and  V.  V.  Bran- 
ford,  with  an  introductory  address  by  Professor 
James  Bryce,  the  President  of  the  Society.  Perhaps 
the  most  important  of  these  papers  are  those  by 
Messrs.  Galton  and  Geddes,  having  for  their  respect- 
ive subjects  '  Eugenics '  and  '  Civics. '  The  volume  con- 
tains not  only  the  addresses  proper,  but  also  the  dis- 
cussions of  this  subject-matter  when  they  were  read 
before  the  Society,  besides  other  miscellaneous  mat- 
ter. They  exhibit  the  Society  as  engaged  in  a 
very  active  sort  of  sociology,  investigating  real 
problems,  and  discussing  the  mo6t  practical  of 
issues,  while  by  no  means  neglecting  the  theoretical 
aspect  of  their  subject, 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


327 


Notes. 


A  second  series  of  Mr.  Paul  Elmer  More's  '  Shel- 
bume  Essays'  will  be  published  this  month  by 
Messrs.  Putnam's  Sons. 

A  new  novel  by  Mr.  William  Dean  Howells  is  in 
preparation,  and  will  be  published  by  the  Messrs. 
Harper  during  the  early  summer. 

The  works  of  George  Borrow  wiU  be  issued  shortly 
by  the  Messrs.  Putnam  in  a  new  edition  comprising 
five  small,  leather-bound,  thin-paper  volumes. 

About  the  middle  of  this  month  Messrs.  Little, 
Brown  &  Co.  will  publish  'The  Breath  of  the 
Gods,'  a  new  romance  by  Mr.  Sidney  McCall, 
author  of  'Truth  Dexter.' 

Aristotle 's  *  Politics, '  in  Jowett  's  translation,  with 
an  introduction  and  other  editorial  matter  by  Mr. 
H.  W.  C.  Davis,  is  a  recent  publication  of  Mr. 
Henry  Frowde  at  the  Oxford  Clarendon  Press. 

'A  Short  History  of  England's  Ldterature, '  by 
Miss  Eva  March  Tappan,  is  an  elementary  text- 
book, illustrated,  and  provided  with  chapter-sum- 
maries and  reference  lists.  It  is  published  by  Messrs. 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 

Merimee's  '  Colomba,  '  edited  by  M.  Augustin 
Filon,  and  Saint -Pierre 's  'Paul  et  Virginie,'  edited 
by  M.  Melchior  de  Vogiie,  are  recent  additions  to 
the  '  Classiques  Fran^ais  '  published  in  this  country 
by  Messrs.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

'The  Useful  Life,'  further  described  as  'a  crown 
to  the  simple  life,'  is  a  small  book  published  by 
Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  It  is  a  compilation 
of  extracts  from  the  writings  of  Swedenborg,  and 
has  an  introduction  by  Mr.  John  Bigelow. 

Messrs.  Henry  Holt  &  Co.  publish  'A  College 
Text  Book  of  Botany,'  by  Professor  George  Francis 
Atkinson.  This  work  is  an  enlargement  of  the 
author's  'Elementary  Botany,'  and  is  a  richly-illus- 
trated treatise  of  more  than  seven  hundred  pages. 

Mr.  Edward  Dowden's  volume  on  Montaigne  will 
be  published  immediately  in  the  'French  Men  of 
Letters'  series,  issued  by  the  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co. 
Further  volumes  dealing  with  the  foremost  French 
writers  have  been  planned,  and  will  appear  at  inter- 
vals. 

A  fourth  edition  of  Mr.  George  Gary  Eggleston's 
'A  ICebel's  Recollections,'  published  by  the  Messrs. 
Putnam,  includes  an  added  chapter  on  'The  Old 
Regime  in  the  Old  Dominion.'  Otherwise,  the  work 
is  substantially  what  it  was  when  first  published 
over  thirty  years  ago. 

'Constitutional  Law  in  the  United  States,'  by 
Dr.  Emlin  McClain,  is  published  by  Messrs.  Long- 
mans, Green,  &  Co.,  in  their  'American  Citizen 
Series. '  It  is  the  work  of  a  trained  jurist,  and  cites 
leading  cases  for  all  the  important  subjects  that 
come  up  for  discussion. 

Dr.  Elmer  Edgar  Stoll's  monograph  on  John 
"Webster  is  a  doctoral  thesis  enlarged,  and  is 
devoted  to  a  study  of  the  periods  of  Webster's 
work  as  determined  by  his  relations  to  his  contem- 
porary dramatists.  It  is  published  by  Messrs. 
Alfred  Mudge   &  Son,  Boston. 

Baedeker's  'London  and  Its  Environs,'  in  its 
fourteenth  revised  edition,  is  imported  by  the 
Messrs.  Scribner  for  the  American  market.  London 
has  changed  so  greatly  during  the  past  few  years, 
that  this  revision  of  a  standard  guide-book  is  more 
acceptable,  or  rather  necessary,  than  most  of  its 
fellow-volumes  in  the  Baedeker  series. 


'Whistler's  Art  Dicta  and  Other  Essays,'  by 
A.  E.  G.,  is  a  small  volume  published  by  Mr.  Charlec 
E.  Goodapeed.  The  five  papers  which  it  comprises 
are  reprinted  from  various  periodicals,  and  are 
illustrated  by  numerous  facsimiles.  Whistler  is  the 
subject  of  three  of  them,  and  Aubrey  Beardsley  of 
the   remaining  two. 

Two  important  volumes  soon  to  be  published  by 
Messrs.  Henry  Holt  &  Co.,  which  have  not  pre- 
viously been  announced,  are  an  authoritative  study 
of  'Our  Philippine  Problem'  by  Professor  H.  Par- 
ker Willis,  and  a  collection  of  'Lectures  on  Shakes- 
peare' by  Dr.  Stopford  Brooke.  The  same  firm  will 
also  issue  shortly  a  new  edition,  thoroughly  revised 
and  much  enlarged,  of  Sir  Donald  Mackenzie  Wal- 
lace's  book  on  Russia. 

'The  Higher  Life  of  Chicago,'  by  Dr.  Thomas 
James  Riley,  is  a  recent  publication  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Chicago  Press.  It  is  a  study  of  such  matters 
as  educational  systems  and  institutions,  libraries 
and  newspapers,  civic  associations,  social  settle- 
ments, trade  unions,  charitable  agencies,  religious 
organizations,  and  women's  clubs.  As  a  compen- 
dium of  the  facts  relating  to  these  varied  activities, 
it  is  a  book  of  much  value,  both  for  reference  and 
for  the  further  stimulation  of  cultural  and  altruistic 
endeavor, 

THE   SCHILLZK   CELEBRATION. 

The  one  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  death  of 
Schiller  will  occur  on  the  ninth  of  the  present 
month,  and  the  occasion  will  be  widely  celebrated, 
not  only  in  the  land  of  the  poet's  birth,  but  also 
in  many  others,  our  own  included.  Among  the  ob- 
servances planned  for  America  those  to  be  held  in 
Chicago  bid  fair  to  be  the  most  noteworthy.  Dur- 
ing nearly  a  year  past,  preparations  have  been 
making  for  a  Schiller  Festival  in  this  city,  the 
enterprise  being  under  the  joint  direction  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Germanics  and  the  Schwaben- 
verein  of  Chicago.  Numerous  special  committees 
have  for  some  time  been  at  work  upon  the  several 
features  of  the  celebration,  and  the  result  gives 
promise  of  being  a  noteworthy  demonstration  of 
loyalty  to  both  the  personal  memory  and  the  objec- 
tive achievements  of  the  noble  poet  who  inspired 
the  idealism  of  Young  Germany  a  hundred  years 
ago,  and  whose  example  still  offers  inspiration  to 
all  generous  spirits  everywhere  who  have  the  cause 
of  humanity  at  heart.  One  part  of  this  centennial 
celebration  occurred  about  two  weeks  ago,  taking 
the  form  of  an  elaborate  stage  performance  of 
'Wilhehn  Tell'  in  the  Auditorium  at  Chicago. 
The  remaining  events  are  to  occupy  a  term  of  four 
days,  beginning  May  6,  and  ending  with  the  anni- 
versary of  the  poet's  death.  On  Saturday,  May  6, 
there  will  be  a  concert  by  the  Theodore  Thomas 
Orchestra  and  the  Apollo  Club,  having  for  its  prin- 
cipal feature  the  Ninth  Symphony,  with  the  choral 
setting  of  Schiller's  'An  die  Freude.'  On  Sunday, 
there  will  be  a  religious  service,  with  choral  feat- 
ures, in  the  morning,  and  in  the  afternoon  an 
address  by  Professor  Calvin  Thomas,  also  accom- 
panied by  the  united  Mannerchore.  Monday  will 
be  given  over  to  an  Academic  Conference  in  the 
Chicago  building  of  the  Northwestern  University, 
with  addresses  by  the  representatives  of  varions 
universities.  The  last  day  of  the  festival  will  witness 
appropriate  ceremonies  at  the  Schiller  monument  in 
Lincoln  Park,  and  an  evening  celebration  devoted 
to  a  picturesque  presentation  of  'Das  Lied  von  der 
Glocke.'  Prize  prologues,  in  both  German  and 
English,  written  for  the  occasion,  will  be  read  at 
the  public  exercises,  and  a  permanent  memorial  of 


328 


THE    DIAL 


[May  1, 


the  afifair  will  be  provided  by  the  publication  of  a 
book,  reproducing  in  autograph  facsimile  the  spe- 
cial 'sentiments'  or  'appreciations'  of  something 
like  a  hundred  eminent  persons  who  have  re- 
sponded to  a  request  for  such  contributions.  Taken 
altogether,  the  festival  will  be  a  memorable  one, 
and  the  immense  German  population  of  Chicago, 
together  with  the  great  numbers  of  those  others 
who  feel  themselves  under  a  deep  debt  to  German 
culture,  assures  the  popular  success  of  the  under- 
taking. 


Topics  in  Leaiung  Periodicals. 

May,  1905. 

America's  Economic  Future  in  East.    Baron  Kaneko.   Forum. 
Architecture,   English   Gothic.      G.    B.   Brown.      No.   Amer. 
Arc-Light,   The.      Charles   F.   Brush.     Century. 
Art  Appreciation,  Money  Test  of.  C.  H.Caffln.   World's  Wfc. 
Austria  and   Hungary,   Relation   between.     No.   American. 
Battlefield  Losses.     Louis  Elkind.     North  American. 
Bear,  A  New.     W.  J.  Holland.     Century. 
Canada,  A  Winter  Trip  in.     F.  E.   Schoonover.     Scribner. 
Chateaux  of  Loches  and  Langeais.     R.  Whiteing.    Century. 
China's  Progress.     J.  W.  Jenks.     Rev.  of  Reviews. 
City,   Great,   Government  of  the.     W.  R.   Peabody.  Forum. 
Cleveland,  Grouping  of  Public  Buildings  in.  Rev.  of  Revs. 
College  Professors, — What  Should  They  Be  Paid?  Atlantic. 
Davidson,    Thomas,    The   Late.      William   Jani-es.   McClure. 
Derelicts  of  the  Sea.     P.  T.  McGrath.     McClure. 
Diplomatic  Representation,   Grades  of.     No.  American. 
"Don  Quixote"  Tercentenary.     Havelock  Ellis.     No.  Amer. 
Drama,  English,  of  Today.     H.  A.   Beers.     No.  American. 
Eleanor,   Queen,   Funeral  of.     T.  A.   Janvier.     Harper. 
Electricity  and  Traffic.     B.  Meiklejohn.      World's  Work. 
Ethnological   Paradox,  An.     Charles  J.   Post.     Harper. 
Farming  Vacant  City  Lots.     Rev.  of  Reviews. 
Fiction,   Current  Tendencies   in.     Mary  Moss.     Atlantic. 
Finger  Prints,  An  Ancient  Reading  of.     No.  American. 
Flowers,  Wild,  as  Decoration.    Candace  Wheeler.    Atlantic, 
Grand  Canyon,  A  Glimpse  of  the.  Benj.   Brooks.  Scribner. 
Harrisburg    (Pa.),  Three  Years  in.     Rev.   of  Reviews. 
Horse,  A  Wonderful.     Edward  C.  Heyn.    McClure. 
Hyde,  James  Hazen.     Lindsay  Denison.      World's  Work. 
Insurance  Finance,  Masters  of.     I.  S.  Grim.  World's  Work. 
Italy  and  Her  Emigrants.     G.  Tosti.     No.  American. 
Japan's  American   Loan.     Baron   Kaneko.     World's  Work. 
Japan's  Peace  Negotiators.     J.  Hashiguchi.    World's  Work. 
Japan's  Probable  Peace  Terms.     A.  Kinnosukg.    No.  Amer. 
Japanese  Hospital  Methods.     Anita  McGee.     Century. 
Kansas   Oil   Fight.     I.   F.    Marcosson.      World's   Work. 
Labor  Question's  New  Aspects.    V.  S.  Yarros.    Rev.  of  Revs. 
Life,  What  Is?     Sir  Oliver  Lodge.     No.  American. 
Local  Color,  A  Question  of.     B.  H.  Ridgely.     Atlantic. 
Magnetic  Storms  and  the  Sun.    E.  W.   Maunder.    Harper. 
Marble  Quarries  of  Vermont.     E.   B.   Child.     Scribner. 
Marriage  Impediments  in  Catholic  Church.     No.  American. 
Newman  and  Carlyle.     Jefferson  B.  Fletcher.     Atlantic. 
Panama  Canal  Executive.    Walter  Wellman.    Rev.  of  Revs. 
Reagan,  The  Late  Judge.     W.  F.  McCaleb.     Rev.  of  Revs. 
Religion  of  the   Spirit.     George  Hodges.     Atlantic. 
Rogers,  Henry  H.     J.   S.   Gregory.      World's   Work. 
Rome,  The  Prize  of.     Arthur  Hoeber.     Century. 
Sainte-Beuve,   Centenary  of.     Paul  E.  More.     Atlantic. 
Schiller's  Ideal  of  Liberty.     William  R.  Thayer.     Atlantic. 
Schiller's  Message  to  Modern  Life.     Kuno  Francke.  Allan. 
Sin,  New  Varieties  of.     Edward  A.  Ross.     Atlantic. 
Spain  and  Portugal,  What  People  Read  in.     Rev.  of  Revs. 
Spiritual   Awakening,   The  New.     H.   R.    Elliot.     Century. 
Summer  Camps  for  Boys.     W.  T.  Talbot.     World's  Work. 
Strike  Breaking.     Leroy  Scott.      World's  Work. 
Subiaco.     W.  L.  Alden.     Harper. 
Susinak,  Ten."ple  of.     Jacques  de  Morgan.     Harper. 
'tta.de  Schools,  Fight  for.     F.   W.  Noxon.      World's  Work. 
"Trees,  Awakening  of  the.     Frank  French.     Scribner. 
"Tuscan  Farm,  Life  on  a.     T.  R.  Sullivan.     Scribner. 
United  States,  Tenth  Decade  of.     W.  G.  Brown.     Atlantic. 
United  States  Territorial  Expansion.     J.  B.  Moore.  Harper. 
Visayan  Islands,  Economic  Questions  affecting.  No.  Amer. 
Vision.     Hildegarde  Hawthorne.     Atlantic. 
Wasps,  "The  Huntress.     Henry   C.  McCook.     Harper. 
Webster  and  Calhoun  in  1850.     G.  P.  Fisher.     Scribner. 


A  DIRECTORY  OF  THE  AMERICAN 
PUBLISHING  TRADE. 


In  the  issue  of  The  Dial  for  May  1,  1900,  which 
marked  the  journal's  twentieth  anniversary,  there  ap- 
peared a  Directory  of  the  American  Publishing  Trade, 
carefully  compiled  from  information  secured  especially 
for  the  purpose  from  the  publishers  themselves.  This 
Directory  proved  so  useful  to  our  readers  and  others,  that 
it  has  been  thought  desirable  to  reprint  it  at  this  time, 
with  such  revision  as  the  numerous  changes  in  the  trade 
during  the  past  five  years  make  necessary.  The  descriptive 
data  here  given  regarding  the  leading  houses  is  neces- 
sarily limited  and  condensed,  but  aims  to  cover  the  follow- 
ing points :  Name  in  full,  date  of  organization,  successive 
changes  in  name  with  dates  of  such  changes,  names  of 
present  officers  or  members  of  company  or  firm,  special 
class  of  publications,  titles  of  any  periodical  publications, 
address  in  full.  It  is  believed  that  no  name  of  any  signifi- 
cance in  the  legitimate  publishing  trade  of  the  country  has 
been  omitted. 

Allsm  &  Bacon.     172  Tremont  St.,  Boston, 

Altemus  Company,  Henry,  507-513  Cherry  St., 
Philadelphia. 

American  Baptist  Publication  Society.  1420  Chest- 
nut St.,  Philadelphia. 

American  Book  Company.  Corporation.  Founded 
1890.  Officers:  H.  T.  Ambrose,  Henry  H.  Vaii, 
Charles  P.  Batt,  Oilman  H.  Tncker.  Educational 
text-books.     Washington  Square,  New  York. 

American  Unitarian  Association.  25  Beacon  St., 
Boston. 

Appleton  &  Company,  D.  Corporation.  Founded 
1825  by  Daniel  Appleton;  1838,  Daniel  Appleton 
&  Company;  incorporated  1897.  Officers:  J.  H. 
Sears,  Geo.  S.  Emory,  Forrest  Eaynor,  Daniel 
Appleton,  L.  W.  Sanders,  Chas.  A.  Appleton. 
Fiction,  scientific  and  educational  works,  and 
miscellaneous.    436  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York. 

Armstrong  &  Son,  A.  C.    3-5  W.  18th  St.,  New  York. 

Badger,  Kichard  G.     194  Boylston  St.,  Boston. 

Baker  &  Taylor  Co.,  The.  Corporation.  Founded 
1830;  incorporated  1886.  Officers:  Herbert  S. 
Baker,  Nelson  Taylor.  Miscellaneous  publica- 
tions.   33-37  E.  17th  St.,  New  York. 

Barnes  &  Co.,  A.  S.  Founded  1838,  in  Hartford, 
Conn.;  moved  to  Philadelphia,  1840,  A.  S.  Barnes  & 
Co.;  moved  to  New  York,  1844;  1850,  Barnes  & 
Burr;  1865,  A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.;  reorganized,  1896. 
Present  members:  Henry  Barr  Barnes,  Courtlandt 
Dixon  Barnes.  Miscellaneous  publications.  156 
Fifth  Ave.,  New  York. 

Barrie  &  Son,  George.  1313  Walnut  St.,  Philadel- 
phia. 

Bartlett,  Alfred,     Cornhill,  Boston. 

BeU,  Howard  Wilford.     3  W.  34th  St.,  New  York. 

Blakiston's  Son  &  Co.,  P.  1012  Walnut  St.,  Phila- 
delphia. 

Bobbs-Merrill  Co.,  The.  Corporation.  Founded 
1838,  Merrill  &  Co.;  by  consolidation  with  Bowen, 
Stewart  &  Co.,  The  Bowen-Merrill  Co.;  1903,  The 
Bobbs-Merrill  Co.  Officers:  William  C.  Bobbs, 
Charles  W.  Merrill,  John  J.  Curtis.  Fiction,  law 
books,  and  miscellaneous.  Publishers  of  The 
Eeader  Magazine.  9-11  W.  Washington  St., 
Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Brandt,  Albert.  Publisher  of  The  Arena.  Trenton, 
N.  J. 

Brentano's.  Corporation.  Founded  1852,  August 
Brentano;  1877,  Brentano's;  incorporated  1899. 
Miscellaneous  publications.  5-9  Union  Square, 
New  York. 

Buckles  &  Co.,  F.  M.     11  E.  16th  St.,  New  York. 


1905.] 


THE   DIAL 


d^d 


Burrows  Brothers  Company,  The.  133-137  Euclid 
Ave.,   Cleveland,   O. 

Caldwell  Company,  H.  M.     208  Summer  St.,  Boston. 

Callaghan  &  Company.    114  Monroe  St.,  Chicago. 

Cassell  &  Company,  Ltd.  43-45  E.  19th  St.,  New 
York. 

Century  Co.,  The.  Founded  1870,  Scribner  &  Co.; 
1881,  The  Centurv  Co.  Officers:  Frank  H.  Scott, 
Chas.  F.  Chichester,  William  W.  Ellsworth.  Sub- 
scription books  and  miscellaneous.  Publishers 
of  The  Century  Magazine  and  St.  Nicholas.  33 
E.  17th  St.,  New  York. 

Clark  Company,  The  Arthur  H.  Corporation. 
Organized  1902.  Officers:  Arthur  H.  Clark,  Willis 
Vickerv,  M.  O.  Senseny,  Arthur  C.  Rogers.  His- 
torical' publications.  '  1023-1025  Garfield  Bldg., 
Cleveland,   Ohio. 

Clark  Publishing  Co.,  C.  M.  211  Tremont  St.,  Bos- 
ton. 

Clarke  Company,  The  Bobert.  Corporation.  Founded 
1858.  Robert  Clarke  &  Co.,  succeeding  by  pur- 
chase H.  W.  Derby  &  Co.  (founded  1845  as 
Derby,  Bradley  &  Co.);  incorporated  1894,  The 
Robert  Clarke  Company.  Officers:  Roderick  D. 
Barney,  Howard  Barney,  Alexander  Hill.  Law 
books  and  miscellaneous.  14-16  E.  4th  St.,  Cin- 
cinnati, O. 

Clode,  E.  J.     156  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York. 

Collier  &  Son,  P.  F.  416-424  W,  13th  St.,  New 
York. 

Cooke,  Bobert  Grier.  Miscellaneous  pubUeations. 
American  publisher  of  The  Burlington  Magazine. 
307  Fifth  Ave.,  New  Y'ork. 

Crowell  &  Co.,  Thomas  Y.  Founded  1870;  1900, 
removed  from  Boston  to  New  Y'ork.  Present 
members:  Thomas  Y.  Crowell,  E.  Osborne  Crowell, 
T.  Irving  Crowell,  J.  Osborne  Crowell.  Standard 
and  miscellaneous  publications.  426-428  W.  Broad- 
way, New  Y'ork. 

Cupples  &  Leon.     156  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York. 

Dillingham  Co.,  G.  W.     119  W.  23d  St.,  N.  Y. 

Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  Founded  1839  by  Moses  W. 
Dodd;  1870,  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.,  composed  of  Frank 
H.  Dodd  and  Edward  S.  Mead,  Moses  W.  Dodd 
retiring.  Present  members:  Frank  H.  Dodd, 
Bleecker  Van  Wagenen,  Robert  H.  Dodd,  Edward 
H.  Dodd,  Frederick  W.  Tufts.  Miscellaneous  pub- 
lications. Publishers  of  The  Bookman.  372  Mfth 
Ave.,  New  York. 

Dodge  Publishing  Company.  23  W.  20th  St.,  New 
York. 

Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.  Founded  1900.  Present 
members:  F.  N.  Doubleday,  W.  H.  Page,  H,  S. 
Houston,  S.  A.  Everitt,  H.  W.  Lanier.  Miscel- 
laneous publications.  Publishers  of  The  World's 
Work,  Countrv  Life  in  America,  and  The  Garden 
Magazine.     133-137  E.  16th  St.,  New  York. 

Button  &  Co.,  E.  P.  Corporation,  Founded  1852, 
Ide  &  Dutton;  1858,  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.;  incor- 
porated 1901.  Officers:  E.  P.  Dutton,  John 
Macrae,  Joseph  A.  Smith,  George  D.  Dutton, 
Charles  A.  Burkhardt.  Religious  and  miscellane- 
ous publications.     31  W.  23d  St.,  New  York. 

Eaton  &  Mains.     150  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York. 

Elder  &  Co.,  Paul.     238  Post  St.,  San  Francisco. 

Estes  &  Company,  Dana.  Successors  to  Estes  & 
Lauriat  (founded  1872).  Present  members:  Dana 
Estes,  Frederick  R.  Estes,  Eugene  C.  Belcher, 
Fred  D.  Irish.  Subscription  and  library  editions 
of  standard  authors,  juveniles,  and  miscellaneous. 
212  Summer  St.,  Boston. 

Federal  Book  Co.    52-58  Duane  St.,  New  York. 


Ferris  &  Leach.    29  N.  7th  St.,  Philadelphia. 

Fox,  Duffield  &  Company.  Corporation.  Founded 
1903.  Officers:  Rector  K.  Fox,  Pitts  Duffield. 
Miscellaneous  publications.  Publishers  of  The 
International  Quarterlv.  38  E.  21st  St.,  New 
Y'ork. 

Funk  &  Wagnalls  Company.  44-60  E.  23d  St.,  New 
Y'ork. 

Ginn  &  Company.  Founded  1867,  Edwin  Ginn; 
1872,  Ginn  Brothers;  1876,  Ginn  &  Heath;  1881, 
Ginn,  Heath  &  Co.;  1885,  Ginn  &  Co.  Educa- 
tional text-books.    29  Beacon  St.,  Boston. 

Goodspeed,  Charles  E.    5a  Park  St.,  Boston. 

Gorham,  Edward  S.     285  Fourth  Ave.,  New  York. 

Grafton  Press,  The.     70  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York. 

Hammersmark  Publishing  Co.  151-153  Wabash  Ave., 
Chicago. 

Harper  &  Brothers.  Corporation.  Founded  1817, 
J.  &  J.  Harper;  1833,  Harper  &  Brothers; 
incorporated  1896.  Officers:  G.  B.  M.  Harvey, 
J.  Henry  Harper,  C.  W.  Mcllvaine,  F.  A.  Duneka, 
F.  T.  Leigh.  Miscellaneous  publications.  Pub- 
lishers of  Harper's  Magazine,  Harper's  Weekly, 
Harper's  Bazaar,  and  The  North  American 
Review.     Franklin  Square,  New  York. 

Harper,  Francis  P.    14  W.  22d  St.,  New  York. 

Hazen  Co.,  M.  W.     27  Thames  St.,  New  York. 

Heath  &  Co.,  D.  C.  Corporation.  Founded  1886; 
incorporated  1895.  Officers:  D.  C.  Heath,  C.  H. 
Ames,  W.  E.  Pulsifer,  W.  S.  Smyth.  Educational 
text-books.     120  Boylston  St.,  Boston. 

Hinds,  Noble  &  Eldredge.  31-35  W.  15th  St., 
New  Y'^ork. 

Hobart  Co.,  The.     114  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York. 

Holman  &  Co.,  A.  J.     1222  Arch  St.,  Philadelphia. 

Holt  &  Company,  Henry.  Corporation.  Founded 
1S66,  Levpoldt  &  Holt;  1871,  Leypoldt,  Holt 
&  Williams;  1872,  Holt  &  Williams,  1873, 
Henrv  Holt  &  Co.;  incorporated  1903.  Officers: 
Henry  Holt,  Roland  Holt,  Edward  N.  Bristol, 
Joseph  F.  Vogelius.  General  literature  and  edu- 
cational text-books.    29  W.  23d  St.,  New  York. 

Home  Publishing  Company,  The.  3  E.  14th  St., 
New  Y''ork. 

Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  Founded  1828,  Car- 
ter &  Hendee;  1832,  Allen  &  Ticknor;  1833, 
W.  D.  Ticknor;  1851,  Ticknor,  Reed  &  Fields; 
1854,  Ticknor  &  Fields;  1868,  Fields,  Osgood  & 
Co.;  1871,  James  R.  Osgood  &  Co.;  1878,  by  con- 
solidation with  Hurd  &  Houghton  (successors  m 
1864  to  firm  of  Bolles  &  Houghton,  founded  1849), 
Houghton,  Osgood  &  Co.;  1880,  Houghton,  Mifflin 
&  Co.  Present  members:  George  H.  Mifflin,  James 
Murray  Kay,  L.  H.  Valentine,  Henry  O.  Hough- 
ton, Albert  F.  Houghton.  Standard  works  in  gen- 
eral literature,  especially  of  American  authors, 
and  educational  text-books.  Publishers  of  The 
Atlantic  Monthly.    4  Park  St.,  Boston. 

Huebsch,  B.  W.     150  Nassau  St.,  New  York. 

Jacobs  &  Co.,  George  W.  Founded  1893.  Juveniles 
and  miscellaneous.    1216  Walnut  St.,  Philadelphia. 

Jenkins,  William  B.  851-853  Sixth  Ave.,  New 
York. 

Jennings  &  Graham.  (See  Western  Methodist 
Book  Concern.) 

Jewish  Publication  Society  of  America^  The.  608 
Chestnut  St.,  Philadelphia. 

Johns  Hopkins  Press,   The.     Baltimore,  Md. 

Kerr  &  Co.,  Charles  H.     56  Fifth  Ave.,  Chicago. 

Laird  &  Lee.  Founded  1887,  by  Fred  C.  Lair  I 
and  William  H.  Lee;  1894,  Mr.  Lee  became  sole 
proprietor.      Mechanical    and     reference    works, 


sad 


THE   DIAL 


[May  1 


Juveniles,  and  miscellaneous.  263-265  Wabash 
Ave.,  Chicago. 

Lane,  John.  Established  1896,  as  American 
branch  of  John  Lane,  London.  Resident  manager, 
K.  Harold  Paget.  Belles  lettres,  poetry,  fiction, 
essays,  and  fine  art  books.  Publisher  of  The 
International  Studio.     67  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York. 

Lea  Brothers  &  Co.     708  Sansom  St.,  Philadelphia. 

Lemcke  &  Buechner.    11  E.  17th  St.,  New  York. 

Lippincott  Company,  J.  B.  Corporation.  Founded 
1794,  Benjamin  Johnson;  1819,  Benjamin 
Warner  J  1821,  Warner  &  Grigg;  1823,  Grigg  & 
Elliott;  1847,  Grigg,  Elliott  &  Co.;  1850,  Lippin- 
cott, Grambo  &  Co.;  1855,  J.  B.  Lippincott  &  Co.; 
incorporated  1885,  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company. 
Officers:  Craige  Lippincott,  J.  Bertram  Lippin- 
cott, Eobert  P.  Morton.  Medical,  scientific,  and 
educational  publications,  and  works  of  fiction  and 
reference.  Publishers  of  Lippincott 's  Magazine. 
Washington  Square,  Philadelphia. 

Little,  Brown,  &  Company.  Founded  1784,  E. 
Battelle;  1787,  The  Boston  Book  Store;  1792, 
Samuel  Cabot;  1797,  William  T.  and  Samuel 
Blake;  1806,  William  Andrews;  1813,  Cummings 
&  Billiard;  1821,  Carter,  Billiard,  &  Co.;  1827, 
Hilliard,  Gray,  &  Co.,  the  Co.  being  Charles  C. 
Little;  later,  Hilliard,  Gray,  Little,  &  Wilkins; 
1837,  Charles  C.  Little  &  James  Brown;  1847, 
Little,  Brown  &  Company.  Present  members: 
John  M.  Brown,  Charles  W.  Allen,  Hulings  C. 
Brown,  James  W.  Mclntyre.  General  literature 
and  law  books.     254  Washington  St.,  Boston. 

Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  Established  1887,  as 
American  branch  of  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.,  Lon- 
don (founded  1724).  Present  members  (of  Ameri- 
can firm) :  W.  E.  Green,  T.  N.  Longman,  C.  J. 
Longman,  H.  H.  Longman,  G.  H.  Longman,  C.  J. 
Mills.  Miscellaneous  publications.  91-93  Fifth 
Ave.,  New  York. 

Lothrop,  Lee  &  Shepard  Company.  Corporation. 
Organized  1904  by  consolidation  of  Lee  & 
Shepard  (founded  1861)  and  Lothrop  Pub- 
lishing Co.  (founded  1850).  (Imprints  of  both 
Lee  &  Shepard  and  Lothrop  Publishing  Co.  con- 
tinue to  be  used  by  new  corporation.)  W.  F. 
Gregory,  Treasurer  and  Manager.  Fiction,  juve- 
niles, and  miscellaneous.     93  Federal  St.,  Boston. 

Luce  &  Co.,  John  W.     209  Washington  St.,  Boston. 

McClure,  Phillips  &  Co.  Corporation.  Founded 
1900.  Officers:  S.  S.  McClure,  J.  S.  Phillips. 
Miscellaneous  publications.  Publishers  of  Mc- 
Clure's  Magazine.    44-60  E.  23d  St.,  New  York. 

McClurg  &  Co.,  A.  O.  Corporation.  Founded 
1848,  S.  C.  Griggs  &  Co.;  1881,  Jansen,  McClurg 
&  Co.;  1886,  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.;  incorporated 
1899.  Officers:  W.  F.  Zimmerman,  J.  B,  Fay, 
F.  B.  Smith,  O.  T.  McClurg,  R.  Fairclough.  Mis- 
cellaneous publications.  215-221  Wabash  Ave., 
Chicago. 

Macmillan  Company,  The.  Corporation.  Estab- 
lished 1869  by  George  E.  Brett,  as  American 
branch  of  Macmillan  &  Co.,  Limited,  London; 
incorporated  1896,  The  Macmillan  Company. 
Officers:  George  P.  Brett,  Lyman  B.  Sturgis, 
H.  A.  R.  Schumacher,  Lawton  L.  Walton.  Mis- 
cellaneous publications.  Publishers  of  Science 
and  The  American  Historical  Review.  64-66  Fifth 
Ave.,  New  York. 

Mofifat,  Yard  &  Company.  Corporation.  Founded 
1905.  Officers:  W.  D.  Moffat,  Robert  S.  Yard. 
Miscellaneous  publications.  289  Fourth  Ave., 
New  York. 

Morris  &  Co.,  John  D.  1201  Chestnut  St.,  Phila- 
delphia. 


Mosher,  Thomas  B.  Founded  1891.  Reprints, 
mostly  from  English  sources,  of  belles  lettres. 
45  Exchange  St.,  Portland,  Maine. 

Nelson  &  Sons,  Thomas.  Corporation.  Estab- 
lished 1854,  as  American  branch  of  Thomas  Nel- 
son &  Sons,  Edinburgh  and  London  (founded 
1810).  Consolidated  with  E.  &  J.  B.  Young  &  Co. 
(founded  1848)  and  incorporated,  1903.  Present 
members:  Wm.  Thomson,  Wm.  Goodson.  India 
paper  bibles,  etc.,  juveniles,  and  miscellaneous. 
37  E.  18th  St.,  New  York. 

Newson  &  Co.     28  E.  17th  St.,  New  York. 

Ogilvie  &  Co.,  George  W.     181  Monroe  St.,  Chicago. 

Ogilvie  Pubg.  Co.,  J.  S.     57  Rose  St.,  New  York. 

Old  South  Work,  Directors  of.  Old  South  Meeting 
House,  Boston. 

Open  Court  Publishing  Co.,  The.  1328  Wabash 
Ave.,  Chicago. 

Oxford  University  Press,  American  Branch.  Cor- 
poration. Established  1897.  Officers:  Henry 
Frowde,  John  Armstrong,  William  F.  Olver. 
Oxford  bibles,  etc.,  and  Clarendon  Press  publica- 
tions.    91-93  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York. 

Page  &  Company,  L.  C.     212  Summer  St.,  Boston. 

Penn  Publishing  Co.,  The.  923  Arch  St.,  Phila- 
delphia. 

Pilgrim  Press,  The.     14  Beacon  St.,  Boston. 

Pott  &  Co.,  James.    119-121  W.  23d  St.,  New  York. 

Presbyterian  Board  of  Publication.  1319  Walnut 
St.,  Philadelphia. 

Putnam's  Sons,  G.  P.  Corporation.  Founded 
1836,  Wilev,  Long  &  Putnam;  1837,  Wiley  &  Put- 
nam; 1848,  G.  P.  Putnam;  1851,  G.  P.  Putnam  & 
Co.;  1866,  G.  P.  Putnam  &  Son;  1873,  G.  P.  Put- 
nam's Sons;  incorporated  1892.  Officers:  George 
Haven  Putnam,  John  Bishop  Putnam,  Irving  Put- 
nam. Miscellaneous  publications.  Publishers  of 
The  Critic,  Annals  of  Ophthalmology,  and  Annals 
of  Otology.     27-29  W.  23d  St.,  New  York. 

Rand,  McNally  &  Co.     166-168  Adams  St.,  Chicago. 

Eeilly  &  Britton.     84  Adams  St.,  Chicago. 

Revell  Company,  The  Fleming  H.  82  Wabash  Ave., 
Chicago. 

Robertson,  A.  M.     126  Post  St.,  San  Francisco. 

Saalfield  Publishing  Co.    Akron,  O. 

Sanborn  &  Co.,  Benj.  H.  110-120  Boylston  St., 
Boston. 

Scott,  Foresman  &  Company.  378-388  Wabash  Ave., 
Chicago. 

Scott-Thaw  Co.     542  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York, 

Scribner's  Sons,  Charles.  Corporation.  Publica- 
tion department  founded  1846,  Baker  &  Scrib- 
ner;  1851,  Charles  Scribner;  1864,  Charles 
Scribner  &  Co.;  1872,  Scribner,  Armstrong  &  Co.; 
1878,  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  Importation 
department  founded  1859,  Scribner  &  Welford; 
1867,  Scribner,  Welford  &  Co.;  1872,  Scribner, 
Welford  &  Armstrong;  1878,  Scribner  &  Welford. 
Magazine  department  founded  1866,  Charles 
Scribner  &  Co.;  1870,  Scribner  &  Co.;  1886,  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons.  In  1891  name  of  Charles  Scrib 
ner's  Sons  was  adopted  for  all  branches  of  the 
business.  Incorporated  1904.  Officers:  Charles 
Scribner,  Arthur  H.  Scribner,  Edwin  W.  Morse. 
Miscellaneous  publications.  Publishers  of  Scrib- 
ner's Magazine  and  The  Book  Buyer.  153-157 
Fifth  Ave.,  New  York. 

Sergei  Company,  Charles  H.  358  Dearborn  St.,  Chi- 
cago. 

Silver,  Burdett  &  Co.    85  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York. 

Small,  Maynard  &  Co.  10  Arrow  St.,  Cambridge, 
Mass. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


331 


Smart  Set  Publishing  Co.  452  Fifth  Ave.,  New 
York. 

Spon  &  Chamberlain.     123  Liberty  St.,  New  York. 

Stokes  Company,  Frederick  A.  Corporation. 
Founded  1881,  White  &  Stokes;  1883,  White, 
Stokes  &  Allen;  1887,  Frederick  A.  Stokes;  1888, 
Frederick  A.  Stokes  &  Brother;  incorporated  1890, 
Frederick  A.  Stokes  Company.  Officers:  Frederick 
A.  Stokes,  Maynard  A.  Dominick.  Fiction,  juve- 
niles, and  miscellaneous.  5  &  7  E.  16th  St.,  New 
York. 

Stone  &  Co.,  Herbert  S.  11-13  Eldridge  Court, 
Chicago. 

Taylor  &  Co.,  J.  F.     5-7  E,  16th  St.,  New  York. 

Tennant  &  Ward.  Photographic  publications.  Pub- 
lishers of  The  Photo-Miniature.  287  Fourth  Ave., 
New  York. 

Turner  &  Co.,  Herbert  B.     170  Summer  St.,  Boston. 

University  of  Chicago  Press,  The.  Organized 
1892.  Present  director:  Newman  Miller.  Scien- 
tific, theological,  and  miscellaneous  publica- 
tions. Publishers  of  The  Biblical  World,  The 
School  Eeview,  The  Elementary  School  Teacher, 
The  Botanical  Gazette,  The  Astrophysic'al  Jour- 
nal, The  Journal  of  Geology,  The  American  Jour- 
nal of  Sociology',  The  Journal  of  Political  Econ- 
omy, The  American  Journal  of  Theology,  The 
American  Journal  of  Semitic  Language  and  Lit- 
erature, Modem  Philology,  The  "University  Kec- 
ord.     Chicago. 

Van  Nostrand  Co.,  D.    23  Murray  St.,  New  York. 

Wame  &  Co.,  Frederick.  Founded  1882,  as 
American  branch  of  English  firm  of  same  name. 
Resident  manager,  P.  C.  Leadbeater.  Belles  let- 
tres  and  children's  books.  36  E.  22d  St.,  New 
York. 

Wessels  Company,  A.  Corporation.  Founded 
1898,  M.  F.  Mansfield  &  A.  Wessels;  1899,  A. 
Wessels  Company;  incorporated  1902.  Officers: 
A.  Wessels,  D.  B.  Conklin.  Belles  lettres,  and 
miscellaneous.     43-45  E.  19th  St.,  New  York. 

West  Co.,  James  H.     220  Devonshire  St.,  Boston. 

Western  Methodist  Book  Concern,  The.  Cor- 
poration. Founded  1820.  Managed  by  two 
agents  elected  quadrennially  by  the  General 
Methodist  Conference.  Present  agents,  Jennings 
&  Graham.  Religious  and  miscellaneous.  220 
W.  4th  St.,  Cincinnati,  O. 

Whittaker,  Thomas.     2  &  3  Bible  House,  New  York. 

Wilde  Company,  W.  A.     120  Boylston  St.,  Boston. 

Wiley  &  Sons,  John.     41-45  E.  19th  St.,  New  York. 

Wilson  Co.,  H.  W.     315  14th  Ave.,  Minneapolis. 

Winston  Co.,  The  John  C.  (Successors  to  Henry  T. 
Coates  &  Co.)    1006  Arch  St.,  Philadelphia. 


List  of  Xew  Books. 

[The  following  list,  containing  28  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  The  Diai<  since  its  last  issue.^ 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  REMINISCENCES. 

Theodore  Thomas  :  A  Musical  Autobiography.  Edited 
by  George  P.  Upton.  In  2  vols.,  lllus.  in  photo- 
gravure, etc.,  large  8vo,  gilt  tops,  uncut.  A.  C. 
McClurg  &  Co.     $6.  net. 

Champlain.  By  N.  E.  Dionne.  With  photogravure  por- 
trait, large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  299.  "Makers 
of  Canada."      Toronto :      Morang  &  Co.,   Ltd. 

General  Brock.  By  Lady  Edgar.  With  photogravure 
portrait,  large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  322.  "Makers 
of  Canada."     Toronto:     Morang  &  Co.,   Ltd. 

John  of  Gaunt  :  King  of  Castile  and  Leon.  Duke  of  Aquit- 
airre  and  Lancaster,  Earl  of  Derby,  Lincoln  and  Lan- 
caster, Seneschal  of  England.  By  Sydney  Armitage- 
Smith.  lllus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  large  8vo,  gilt 
top,   pp.   490.     Charles   Scribner's  Sons.     |4.50  net. 


Notes  from  a  Diary,  1896  to  January  23,  1901.  By  the 
Right  Hon.  Sir  Moxmtstuart  E.  Grant  Duff,  F.R.S. 
In  2  vols.,  12mo,  uncut.     E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.     $4.  net. 

A  Dictionary  of  Saintly  Women.  By  Agnes  B.  C.  Dun- 
bar. Vol.  I.,  large  8vo,  gilt  top,  pp.  480.  Macmillan 
Co.     $3.50  net 

The  Life  of  Cervantes.  By  Albert  F.  Calvert.  lllus.  in 
photogravure,  etc.,  12ino,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  139. 
John  Lane.     $1.25  net. 

Robert  Browning.  By  C.  H.  Herford.  12mo,  pp.  309. 
"Modern  English  Writers."  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $1. 
net. 

William  Cullen  Bryant.  By  William  Aspenwall  Brad- 
ley. 12ino,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  229.  "English  Men 
of  Letters."     Macmillan  Co.     75  cts. 

Biographical  Essays.  By  the  late  Marquess  of  Salis- 
bury, K.  G.  With  photogravure  portrait,  12mo,  gilt 
top.  pp.  212.     E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.     $2.  net. 

A  Rebel's  Recollections.  By  George  Cary  Eggleston. 
Fourth  edition,  with  an  additional  chapter  on  the  Old 
Regime  in  the  Old  Dominion.  12mt),  pp.  260.  G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons. 

HISTORY. 

Select  Documents  iLLusTRATn'K  of  the  History  of  the 
French  Revolution  :  The  Constituent  Assembly. 
Edited  by  L.  G.  Wickham-Legg,  M.A.  In  2  vols.,  12mo. 
uncut.     Oxford  University  Press.     $4.  net. 

A  History  of  All  Nations.  Vol.  VI.,  The  Great  Migra- 
tions; VoL  VII..  The  Early  Middle  Ages.  Each  by 
Julius  von  Pflugk-Harttung,  Ph.D. ;  trans,  under  the 
supervision  of  John  Henry  Wright,  LL.D.  lllus.,  4to. 
Lea  Brothers  &  Co. 

A  History  of  Rome  during  the  Later  Republic  and  Early 
Principate.  By  A.  H.  J.  Greenidge,  M.A.  Vol.  I., 
B.  C.  133-104.  With  maps,  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp. 
508.     E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.     $3.50  net. 

Early  Western  Travels,  1748-1846.  Edited  by  Reuben 
Gold  Thwaites,  LL.D.  Vol.  XIV.,  Part  I.  of  James's 
Account  of  S.  H.  Long's  Expedition,  1819-1820.  lllus., 
large  8vo,  gilt  top,  imcut,  pp.  321.  Arthur  H.  Clark  Co. 
$4.    net 

GENERAL   LITERATURE. 

Adventures  among  Books.  By  Andrew  Lang.  With 
photogravure  portrait,  12mo,  pp.  312.  Longmans, 
Green  &  Co.     $1.60  net 

Dramatists  of  Today  :  Rostand  Hauptmann,  Suder- 
mann.  Pinero.  Shaw.  Phillips,  Maeterlinck.  By  Edward 
Everett  Hale.  Jr.  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  236. 
Henry  Holt  &  Co.     $1.50  net 

The  Romance  of  Victor  Hugo  and  Jra^ETTS  Drouet.  By 
Henry  Wellington  Wack ;  with  introduction  by  Francois 
Copp6e.  lllus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  12mo,  gilt  top, 
uncut  pp.  152.    G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    $1.50  net. 

Songs  of  the  Valiant  Voivode,  and  Other  Strange  Folk- 
Lore  for  the  First  Time  Collected  from  Roumanian 
Peasants  and  Set  Forth  in  English  by  H616ne  Vacaresco. 
8vo,  gilt  top,  imcut  PP.  238.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 
$2.50  net 

Casual  Essays  of  the  Sxjn  :  Editorial  Articles  on  Many 
Subjects,  Clothed  with  the  Philosophy  of  the  Bright 
Side  of  Things.  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  422.  New  York : 
Robert  Grier  Cooke.     $1.50. 

Translations  of  German  Poetry  in  America*  Magazines. 
1741-1810.  Together  with  translations  of  other  Teu- 
tonic poetry  and  original  poems  referring  to  the  Ger- 
man covmtrles.  By  Edward  Ziegler  Davis,  Ph.D.  Large 
8vo,  pp.  229.  Philadelphia:  Americana  Germtinlca 
Press.     $1.65  net. 

John  Webster  :  The  Periods  of  his  Work  as  Deter- 
mined by  his  Relations  to  the  Drama  of  his  Day.  By 
Elmer  Edgar  Stoll.  A.M.  Large  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  216. 
Cambridge :     Harvard  Cooperative  Society.     Paper. 

The  Outlook  Beautiful.  By  Lilian  Whiting.  16mo, 
gilt  top,  xmcut  pp.  182.  Little,  Brown  &  Co.  $1. 
net. 

A  Publisher's  Confession.  12mo,  gilt  top.  uncut,  pp. 
176.     Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.     60  cts.  net. 

The  Iberian:  An  Anglo-Greek  Play.  By  Osbom  R. 
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Contexts. 

PAfil 

THE     ENDOWMENT     OF    LEAKNTNG.      Jo$eph 

Jastrow 343 

THE  BASIS  OF  LITERATURE.    T.  D.  A.  CockereU  346 

SOUTHERN    LIFE    IN   WAR   TIMK     Walter  L. 

Fleming 347 

REASON  IN  HL^AN  CONT)UCT.     A.  K.  Sogers  349 

ITALIAN  BY-WAYS.     Anna  Benneson  Mcifahan    ,  351 

PION'EERS    OF    WESTERN    EXPLORATION. 

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The  'White  Peril'  in  the  Orient.  —  Glimpses  of 
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dramatists.  —  The  story  of  a  famous  love  affair.  — 
Another  book  about '  R.  L.  S.' — The  life  and  work 
of  Albert  Diirer.  —  Oscar  Wilde's  last  volume.  — 
Daring  deeds  in  the  early  days  of  our  navy. — A 
Frenchman's  impressions  of  Greater  Britain. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 360 

NOTES 361 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS 362 


THE  ENDOWMENT  OF  LEARNING. 

The  educational  world  was  agreeably  sur- 
prised by  the  recent  announcement  that  Mr. 
Carnegie  had  found  yet  a  further  distinctive 
purpose  for  his  versatile  philanthropy,  and  pos- 
sibly the  most  urgent  and  pertinent  of  all.  In 
establishing  the  Carnegie  Institute,  the  founder 
had  set  forth  the  wholesome  doctrine  that  the 
endowment  of  men  was  to  be  considered  as  of 
greater  intrinsic  worth  than  the  furtherance  of 
projects  or  the  building  of  institutions.  The 
two  latter  forms  of  the  endowment  of  learning 
may  be  said  to  be  firmly  sanctioned  by  our 
philanthropic  traditions;  they  seem  to  demand 


no  defense  as  to  principle,  however  obviously 
capable  of  expansion  as  to  practice.  There  is, 
on  the  other  hand,  a  curious  wariness  in  regard 
to  the  spefcific  endowment  of  individuals,  a  sort 
of  suspicion  in  some  quarters  that  it  does  not 
quite  harmonize  with  democratic  ideals,  a  still 
less  pertinent  misgiving  in  others  that  it  bears 
a  flavor  of  charity.  With  a  growing  apprecia- 
tion of  the  complexity  of  the  conditions  requi- 
site for  our  maintenance  of  a  dignified,  not  to 
say  a  commanding,  position  in  the  intellectual 
rivalry  of  nations,  such  doubts  wiU  find  their 
own  solution.  The  hopeful  message  of  the 
Carnegie  Institute  was  the  more  distinct  recog- 
nition that  the  most  profitable  form  of 
endeavor  was  to  find  the  deserving  and  origi- 
nal type  of  investigator,  and  then  to^  secure  for 
him  the  conditions  most  likely  to  mature  for 
the  public  benefit  the  issues  of  his  labors.  A 
monotonously  constant  obstacle  that  stood  in 
the  way  of  even  a  reasonably  favorable  environ- 
ment was  the  awkward  necessity  in  which  the 
possessor  of  the  favored  gifts  found  himself, 
of  earning  his  living,  to  say  but  little  of  the 
provision  with  fair  prudence  against  the  rainy 
days  of  incapacity  or  the  gloomy  outlook  of  an 
incomelees  old  age.  To  afford  some  relief  to  this 
unfortunate  condition  is  the  worthy  purpose  of 
the  recent  bequest.  It  is  again  to  endow  men 
rather  than  institutions,  to  aid  *the  cause  of 
higher  education  and  to  remove  a  source  of 
deep  and  constant  anxiety  to  the  poorest-paid 
and  yet  one  of  the  highest  of  all  professions.' 
The  fund  will,  so  far  as  the  institutions  that 
share  in  its  benefits  are  concerned,  make  pro- 
vision for  a  pension  system  for  *the  least 
rewarded  of  all  professions,'  thus  enabling  those 
who  have  reached  the  years  when  the  harness  ia 
growing  a  bit  irksome  and  the  pace  a  little 
tardy  to  enjoy  days'  of  merited  tranquility,  and 
— what  is  equally  important — to  permit  men 
during  their  prime  to  devote  themselves  with 
greater  singleness  of  purpose  to  the  work  in 
hand,  with  less  uneasiness  as  to  what  the  future 
may  bring. 

It  is  rather  remarkable  that  so  small  a  share 
of  the  great  gifts  in  behalf  of  education  should 
have  recognized  this  central  need.  The  piti- 
ful inadequacy  of  the  professor's  salary  seems 
to  demand  as  its  indispensable  compensation 
the  provision  for  a  comfortable  retirement  after 
long-time  service.  Having  abandoned  hope  of 
even  the  most  modest  of  competences,  the  pro- 
fessor should  not  be  required  to  face  senescent 
penury.     The  need  has  not  been  wholly  over- 


344 


THE    DIAIi 


[May  16, 


looked;  dt  would  be  possible  to  enumerate  a 
small  group  of  institutions  that  have  adopted 
a  pension  system,  while  others  have  it  under 
earnest  consideration.  In  the  brief  experience 
of  the  effects  of  the  provision,  ceri^in  immedi- 
ate benefits  are  worthy  of  record:  it  has 
strengthened  the  feeling  among  the  members  of 
the  faculty  that  they  belong  for  life  to  the 
university  with  whose  lot  they  have  cast  their 
own.  This  feeling  of  permanency  of  adjust- 
ment exercises  a  wholesome  influence  upon  the 
attitude  of  the  scholar  to  his  work,  a  content- 
ment of  spirit  that  finds  not  the  least  of  its 
benefits  in  the  ability  to  consider  with  greater 
composure  than  is  now  usual,  the  overtures  of 
other  institutions.  It  is  because  the  extent  of 
Mr.  Carnegie's  foundation  Avill  draw  wide 
attention  to  this  greatest  defect  in  our  educa- 
tional provisions — a  defect  that  our  foreign 
critics  have  repeatedly  pointed  out — that  it  is 
likely  to  exercise  a  permanent  influence  upon 
the  administrative  measures  of  all  the  higher 
institutions  of  learning.  It  thus  assumes  the 
importance  of  a  national  contribution  to  edu- 
cational policy,  of  a  distinctive  and  comprehen- 
sive recognition  of  the  most  persistently  over- 
looked' desideratum  in  the  educational  situa- 
tion. As  such  it  merits,  as  it  will  doubtless 
receive,  the  enthusiastic  endorsement  of  those 
by  whom  the  welfare  of  our  intellectual  con- 
cerns is  properly  cherished. 

The  day  has  wholly  gone  by  when  it  was  really 
an  impropriety  to  look  a  gift  horse  inl  the  face. 
Indeed  the  points  of  favor  and  defect  of  the 
offering  are  as  likely  to  be  as  carefully  consid- 
ered by  the  donor  as  by  the  recipient.  At  the 
moment,  a  rather  vigorous  discussion  is  going 
on  anent  a  wholly  different  contribution,  argu- 
ing how  far  it  is  incumbent  upon  the  benefi- 
ciary to  pronounce  upon,  the  methods  by  which 
the  proffered  animal  was  originally  acquired. 
The  more  usual  inquiry  relates  to  the  special 
fitness  of  the  benefaction  to  meet  the  actual 
needs,  and  without  interference  with  other 
desirable  ends.  Mr.  Carnegie  has  passed 
through  the  experience  of  having  a  most  gen- 
erous offer  to  a  most  worthy  cause  most  consid- 
erately declined  because  of  the  mature  judg- 
ment of  those  who  were  to  administer  the  ten- 
dered foundation,  that  the  complications  of  the 
measure  were  likely  to  entail  difficulties  which 
they  were  not  prepared  to  face.  The  wisdom 
of  the  details  of  the  provisions,  as  well  as  the 
possible  dangers'  which  the  bequest  brings  with 
it,  are  as  legitimate  points  of  discussion  as  were 
these  same  considerations  in  the  planning  of 
the  foundation. 

Whenever  a  very  large  sum  of  money  is 
given  to  a  cause  of  this  kind,  there  is  the  ready 
criticism  that  it  will  diminish  the  natural 
incentive  for  others  to  supply  similar  needs,  and 


thus  relieve  rather  than  expand  the  sense  of 
civid  and  philanthropic  responsibility.  Against 
Mr.  Came^e's  libraries  it  is  urged  that  it 
would  have  been  better  to  have  had  them  locally 
endowed  or  wljolly  provided  by  the  communi- 
ties; in  regard  to  the  Carnegie  Institute,  that  it 
would  lead  universities  to  shift  the  burden  of 
research  to  the  fund  thus  provided  and  with- 
draw funds  that  might  have  been  available  for 
such  purpose;  and  in  regard  to  the  present 
grant,  that  it  will  postpone  the  day  when  uni- 
versities would  have  of  their  own  accord  estab- 
lished pensions  for  their  s«lf-sacrificing  profes- 
sors'. This  is  a  complicated  issue,  for  which 
any  formula  is  an  impertinence.  It  is,  how- 
ever, interesting  to  observe  that  the  environ- 
ment of  modem  civilization  is  so  baffiingly 
complex,  and  the  many-sidedness  of  human 
concerns  so  unexpectedly  surprising,  that  there 
is  quite  as  much  room  for  the  very  opposite 
influence  as  for  the  one  that  at  first  sight  seems 
imminent.  One  may  at  all  events  express  the 
hope  that  Mr.  Carnegie's  endowment  will  sup- 
plement existing  provisions  rather  than  exon- 
erate universities  from  the  duty  of  supplying 
pensdons,  andj  will  lead  to  similar  provisions  in 
such  institutions  as  do  not  benefit  by  the  Car- 
negie foundation.  The  latter  consideration  will 
presently  be  shown  to  have  special  pertinence. 
And  after  all,  each  generation  has  a  nearer 
concern  and  a  profounder  insight  for  the  needs 
of  the  forseeable  future  than  for  the  more  dis- 
tant and  dubious  perils  of  a  remote  posterity. 
In  this  aspect  of  things,  there  are  many  who 
look  forward  to  a  larger  amelioration  of  the 
conditions  of  learning  in  America  as  a  conse- 
quence, direct  and  indirect,  of  this  timely 
bequest,  than  from  any  other  application  of 
beneficent  millions. 

The  detail  likely  to  arouse  strenuous  discus- 
sion is  easily  selected.  It  is  that  relating  to  the 
exclusion  of  state  universities  from  the  benefits 
of  the  bequest.  ,Mr.  Carnegie  explains  that 
inasmuch  as  such  universities  '  may  prefer  that 
their  relations  shall  remain  exclusively  with  the 
state,'  he  cannot  presume  to  include  them.  The 
construction  of  this  position  is  not  easy.  If  it 
is  to  be  taken  at  its  face  value,  then  it  may  be 
said  without  hesitation  that  the  conception  of 
the  function  of  the  state  university  which  it 
seemingly  entertains  belongs  to  a  bygone  and 
not  to  the  present  regime.  Doubtless  there  are 
expressions  and  actions  in  the  past  of  almost 
all  of  the  state  universities  that  would  lend 
color  to  such  an  interpretation  of  their  policy; 
but  the  modem  state  university  is  pre-eminent- 
ly a  contribution  by  a  given  state  to  the  cause 
of  higher  education  in  the  land ;  and  state  uni- 
versities have  been  successful  in  proportion  as 
they  have  acted  upon  this  liberal  interpretation 
of  their  scope  and  function.  '  How  much  of  the 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL. 


345 


older  sentiment  is  still  current,  it  would  take  a 
special  inquiry  to  determine;  but  it  would  be  a 
distinct  surprise  to  leani  that  state  universities 
do  prefer  that  their  relations  shall  remain 
exclusively  with  the  state.  Indeed  what  is  most 
striking  in  regard  to  the  activities  of  the  lead- 
ing state  universities  is  the  completeness  of 
their  parallelism  to  the  purposes,  methods,  and 
policy  of  comparable  institutions  supported  by 
private  endowment.  The  rapprochement  of 
the  two  is  a  notable  feature  of  educational  ten- 
dencies. It  appears  in  the  confederation  of 
American  universities  bound  by  the  common 
support  of  graduate  work;  it  appears  in  every 
movement  of  a  national  character  in  higher  edu- 
cational thought.  The  particular  conditions  that 
Mr.  Carnegie's  bequest  were  especially  to  relieve, 
obtain  in  most  typical  measure  in  the  state  uni- 
versities; the  under-pa}-ment,  the  sacrifice  of 
personal  comfort,  the  uneasiness,  the  deep 
interest  in  the  advancement  of  learning,  the 
service  often  in  an  uncongenial  and  unsym- 
pathetic milieu,  are  on  the  whole  nowhere  to 
be  found  in  more  typical  combination  than  in 
the  service  of  state  institutions.  If  it  be  argued 
that  the  fund  set  aside  would  not  have  been 
adequate  for  all  American  universities,  and 
that  accordingly  the  principle  of  selection  was 
that  of  excluding  those  upon  which  a  duty 
could  be  rather  forcibly  urged  of  providing 
their  own  pension  system,  the  matter  becomes 
more  intelligible  though  less  consistent  with 
the  published  statement.  Undoubtedly  the 
sentiment  of  responsibility  should  be  rather 
more  readily  aroused  in  regard  to  oflScial  than 
in  regard  to  private  service.  But  the  present 
temper  of  legislatures  does  not  seem  favorable 
to  this  type  of  measure;  so  that  no  practical 
relief  seems  in  sight.  It  will  at  all  events  be 
interesting  to  see  what  attitude  state  universi- 
ties will  take)  towards  their  exclusion  from  this 
bequest.  The  attitude  is  certain  to  be  a  friendly 
one,  because  of  the  well  proved  fact  that  move- 
ments of  this  kind,  once  inaugurated,  grow; 
and  that  the  provisions  in  one  group  of  insti- 
tutions must  in  the  end  be  met  by  equal  pro- 
visions in  others  of  the  same  class.  It  is  more 
to  the  point  at  present  to  antagonize  the  con- 
ception that  state  universities  have  any  inten- 
tion to  be  exclusive,  or  desire  to  remain  in  a 
separate  class.  Many  of  them  have  accepted 
extensive  or  modest  private  benefactions,  and 
some  are  urging  that  such  benefactions  are  in- 
deed necessary,-  to  the  extension  of  interest  in 
their  mission,  upon  which  the  tmiversity  spirit 
feeds  and  grows. 

Mr.  Carnegie's  gift  once  more  calls  deliberate 
attention  to  the  perils  of  the  academic  life  in 
America.  The  attractions  of  the  highways  to 
other  careers  advertise  themselves,  and  leave 
the  path  that  leads  to  the  university  chair  rather 


bare  and  uninviting.  It  requires  decided  de- 
termination, devotion  to  purpose,  and  belief  in 
ideals  to  follow  it;  and  defections  and  unrest 
are  becoming'  increaaingly  common.  Still  more 
generally  is  it  observed  that  the  class  of  young 
men  who  are  willing  in  spite  of  conspicuous 
discouragement  to  enter  the  ranks,  does  not 
maintain  its  quality.  Mr.  Carnegie  adds  his 
testimony  to  the  fact  that  '  able  men  hesitate 
to  adopt  teaching  as  a  career.'  The  only 
source  of  hesitation  relevant  to  the  present  dis- 
cussion, not  by  any  means  the  only  one  worth 
discussing,  is  that  of  inadequacy  of  income.  A 
most  timely  contribution  to  the  matter  appears 
in  a  pleasantiy  intimate  article  in  the  May  is- 
sue of  '  The  Atlantic  Monthly,'  setting  forth  un- 
der the  caption  *  What  Should  College  Profes- 
sors Be  Paid?'  an  itemized  account  of  actual 
expenses  for  nine  years  of  a  teacher  in  one  of 
the  larger  American  universities.  The  result  is 
that  this  self-sacrificing  individual  has  actually 
been  required  to  spend  nearly  double  his  aver- 
age income  from  the  university  for  living  ex- 
penses, and  so  has  paid  some  $1400.00  annually 
for  the  privilege  of  teaching.  What  this  means, 
when  interpreted  for  the  institutions  as  a  whole, 
and!  for  the  universities  throughout  the  land,  is 
nothing  less  than  the  recognition  of  the  fact 
that  the  actual  supporters  of  our  institutions  of 
higher  education  hiave  not  been  either  the  mil- 
lionaires or  the  legislatures  but  the  professors 
themselves.  The  writer  in  the  '  Atlantic ' 
concludes  that  an  advance  of  about  sixty  per 
cent  would  be  needed  to  supply  the  basis  for 
the  necessities  of  life  to  a  man  with  an  eco- 
nomic temperament,  in  the  social  status  of  the 
professor;  which  fact,  if  accepted,  may  quite 
well  be  stated  by  saying  that  for  many  years 
professors  have  been  contributing  the  missing 
sixty  per  cent  of  their  salaries  to  the  support  of 
the  institutions  for  whose  benefit  their  services 
were  rendered.  And  in  the  aggregate  this 
would  constitute  a  sum  fairly  comparable  in 
some  cases,  if  not  in  most,  with  the  income  from 
other  sources. 

In  this  aspect  of  things  the  Carnegie  founda- 
tion appears  as  a  single  but  important  step  in 
the  encouragement  of  the  academic  life  through 
the  removal  of  its  present  disadvantages.  The 
question  thus  comes  to  the  front  whether  a  still 
more  pointed  remedy  would  not  have  been 
equally  or  even  more  effective,  in  other  words 
some  direct  incentive  for  the  provision  of  ade- 
quate incomes.  The  conditional  gift  is  one  that 
present-day  philanthropists  find  convenient  to 
their  purposes  of  inspiring  rather  than  of  dead- 
ening endeavor.  If  the  income  from  such  a 
magnificent  sum  as  Mr.  Carnegie  has  devoted 
to  the  endowment  of  learning  were  offered  to 
deserving  universities  upon  condition  that  the 
authorities  provide  a  certain  minimum  but  ade- 


346 


THE    DIAL. 


[May  16, 


quate  income  for  their  professors,  it  is  not 
whollyi  idle  to  hope  that  the  higher  education 
would  be  as  decidedly  benefited  as  by  the  pro- 
vision of  pensions;  and  the  effect  of  the  infusion 
of  new  life  would  have  been  more  immediately 
and  outwardly  visible.  Perhaps  both  plans  are 
worth  a  trial ;  and  the  untried  method  of  stim- 
idation  may  serve  as  the  suggestion  for  further 
experimentation.  Important  as  are  ways  and 
means  of  alleviating  distress,  the  relief  of  the 
unfortunate  condition  is  far  more  important 
than  the  manner  thereof.  To  Mr.  Carnegie  be- 
longs the  honor  of  the  first  adequate  recognition 
of  the  importance  of  the  evil  which  he  has  at- 
tempted to  relieve  by  a  contribution  that  indi- 
cates that  such  a  step  is  coordinate  in  value 
with  the  endowment  of  research  or  the  equip- 
ment of  instruction.  Joseph  Jastrow. 


THE  BASIS   OF  LITERATURE. 


When  an  entomologist  finds  a  new  species  of 
insect,  he  writes  a  description  of  it,  which  is 
iorthwith  published  in  a  technical  journal. 
People  do  not  read  such  descriptions,  unless 
they  themselves  have  an  insect  which  they  think 
may  be  the  same.  After  a  careful  comparison 
between  the  printed  words  and  the  specimen 
in  hand,  it  may  appear  that  one  has  the  species 
described,  and  immediately  the  words  live 
again  as  they  did  in  the  mind  of  the  original 
describer.  More  than  this,  however,  the  pub- 
lished account,  viewed  in  the  light  of  its  mani- 
fest meaning,  almost  always  contributes  some- 
thing new  to  the  stock  of  ideas  of  the  person 
using  it. 

With  all  literature,  apparently,  the  same 
thing  happens.  There  has  to  be  a  common 
factor,  X,  in  the  minds  of  writer  and  reader, 
which  is  the  carrier  of  an  uncommon  factor, 
y.  Let  it  be  the  test  of  literature  that  it  con- 
tains both  X  and  y. 

Some  very  successful  writings,  in  a  commer- 
cial sense,  owe  their  vogue  to  the  fact  that  they 
reflect  the  minds  of  the  readers.  They  gratify 
the  common  taste  for  regarding  one's  own 
image.  Such,  evidently,  are  not  literature  in 
our  sense;  the  reaction,  x  +  x,  is  a  perfectly 
sterile  one. 

Other  writings,  rich  in  y,  carry  no  x  for  most 
readers.  It  is  notorious  that  the  first  readers 
of  several  notable  works  found  no  x  therein  at 
all,  and  were  ready  to  reject  them  altogether. 
They  were  like  descriptions  of  an  insect  no 
specimen  of  which  was  known  to  later  students. 
It  is  possible  that  there  now  exist  works  of 
this  character,  useless  to  us,  but  veritable  mines 
of  wealth  to  those  who  have  the  key  —  the 
common  character  which  we  call  x.    In  science 


an  interesting  and  suggestive  case  has  lately 
come  to  light.  One  Gregor  Mendel,  an  Aus- 
trian priest,  published  in  1865  a  paper  on 
heredity,  as  illustrated  by  experiments  in  breed- 
ing plants.  This  paper  was  ignored  until  1900, 
but  to-day  it  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  most 
important  of  all  scientific  writings.  A  better- 
known  and  equally  illustrative  case  is  that  of 
Sprengel  and  his  writings  on  insects  and  flow- 
ers,—  laughed  at  in  his  day,  but  regarded  as 
the  work  of  a  genius  since  Darwin  showed  us 
where  to  find  the  x. 

Could  there  be  a  perfectly  sterile  y,  carrying 
no  x  for  any  one  ?  It  is  thinkable,  but  scarcely 
believable.  Picture  the  man  condemned  as  a 
lunatic  or  crank,  carrying  nevertheless  the 
greatest  message  to  manlcind,  which  no  man, 
now  or  hereafter,  could  ever  understand.  For- 
tunate it  is,  that  it  is  possible  to  address  pos- 
terity, so  that  a  voice  falling  to-day  on  deaf 
ears  may  echo  hereafter  with  pregnant  mean- 
ing. 

Although  it  is  hard  to  believe  that  any 
y-bearing  literature,  if  duly  preserved,  will 
always  remain  sterile,  there  is  the  question  of 
its  preservation.  Before  the  days  of  printed 
books  many  a  good  idea  must  have  gone  down 
the  wind  unheeded.  In  these  days  of  over 
many  books,  it  is  as  likely  to  be  lost  in  the  very 
chaos  of  writing,  voiceless  like  the  man  who 
cries  against  the  crowd.  And  the  worst  of  it 
is,  we  are  by  the  nature  of  the  case  unable  to 
prevent  it. 

Can  fruitful  literature  ever  cease  to  be  so? 
As  it  is  assimilated,  the  y  is  gradually  converted 
into  X,  and  in  the  simpler  cases  no  residue  at 
length  remains.  Whatever  was  there  is  now 
fully  possessed  by  the  reader,  and  he  may  not 
obtain  fresh  inspiration  from  that  source.  Thus 
some  scientific  papers,  y-ivl\  in  their  day,  have 
now  no  more  than  historic  interest.  It  is  the 
distinction-  of  really  great  literature  that  it 
never  loses  its  ^/-quality;  the  more  it  is  used 
up,  the  more  seems  to  flow  from  it,  as  from  a 
perennial  spring. 

If  the  superiority  of  the  ancient  Greeks  was 
as  great  as  Galton  has  maintained,  it  is  think- 
able that  their  like  may  never  again  arise;  and 
thus  there  might  be  a  belated  literature,  which 
would  appeal  only  to  those  whom  it  could  never 
reach.  Its  cr-ness  would  be  extinct  before  it 
was  born.  One  could,  I  think,  select  instances 
of  writers  who  seemed  to  themselves  to  write 
for  the  past  rather  than  for  the  present  or 
future. 

The  best  literature,  evidently,  is  that  which 
carries  a  maximum  of  y,  with  enough  x  to  make 
the  former  fruitful.  Style  is  clearly  an  x 
character  simply,  hence  it  cannot  be  the  end 
of  literature.    Nevertheless,  it  is  of  the  utmost 


1905.J 


THE    DIAL, 


347 


value,  being  the  means  whereby  x-ness  is  given 
to  the  most  y-some  thoughts,  as  is  very  well 
seen  in  the  ease  of  William  James,  who  can 
make  even  psychology  fascinating  to  ordinary 
readers.  On  the  other  hand,  y-less  style  is  bar- 
ren, at  best  tickling  the  intellectual  palate. 

It  is  useless  to  expect  real  literature  to  grow 
out  of  anything  but  mental  travail.  All  litera- 
ture is  propaganda;  it  carries  its  message  as 
from  teacher  to  student,  the  teacher  himself 
being  also  a  student.  It  cannot  be  impartial, 
whether  it  relates  to  a  woman's  face  or  the 
theory  of  evolution.  It  must  not  be  afraid  of 
giving  offense;  indeed,  it  is  the  knight-errantry 
of  the  mind.  What  literature  may  this  coun- 
try and  day  produce?  Ask,  rather,  what 
advance  is  it  making  in  thought  or  deed,  what 
are  its  aims,  what  tomorrow  would  it  have? 
For  literature  is  prophecy;  the  first  fruit  of 
the  coming  change,  the  very  birth  of  the 
y-child  for  whom  the  inheritance  is  waiting. 
Will  you  say,  against  this,  that  the  highest 
literature  has  often  dealt  with  the  oldest 
themes,  and  with  matters  of  small  import? 
What  is  it  to  the  world  that  Romeo  loved 
Juliet?  Truly,  nothing  at  all,  baldly  postu- 
lated; but  it  is  the  privilege  of  the  highest 
genius,  and  that  only,  to  really  illuminate, 
y-wise,  the  events  of  every  human  life.  One 
does  not  need  to  possess  much  talent  to  add 
something  to  the  subject  of  beetles,  but  to 
enrich  the  thought  of  mankind  on  a  subject  of 
universal  consideration,  —  that  is  as  difficult 
as  it  is  admirable. 

Perhaps  I  am  partial  to  science;  but  I  ven- 
ture to  claim  that  most  scientific  writings,  dry- 
as-dust  if  you  please,  are  more  genuinely  liter- 
ature than  much  of  what  is  ordinarily  put  out 
as  such.  They  contain  y-elements;  not,  per- 
haps, of  a  very  distinguished  kind,  but  real  in 
their  way.  There  is  no  reason  why  science 
should  not  aspire  to  be  the  basis  of  a  very  high 
type  of  literature,  but  this  must  be  the  product 
of  genius,  here  as  elsewhere.  History  is  as 
scientific  as  natural-history,  or  should  be,  and 
it  has  long  been  recognized  as  a  field  for  liter- 
ary effort.  Euskin  did  not  lose  his  eloquence 
when  he  took  to  sociology,  and  it  would  be  diffi- 
cult to  find  any  modem  American  writings 
worthier  to  be  called  literature  than  those  of 
William  James.  In  the  belief  that  science  has 
a  strong  and  special  message  for  this  and  com- 
ing generations,  I  would  urge  that  new  attempts 
shoidd  be  made  to  give  it  the  ^-quality  which 
may  make  it  available  literature  to  the  people, 
without  reducing  it  to  the  meaningless  level  of 
ordinary  popular  scientific  writings.  To  this 
task,  the  best  abilities  may  fittingly  be  dedi- 
cated; but  courage  and  perseverance  are  as 
necessary  as  literary  skill. 

T.    D.    A.    COCKEEELL. 


t  ^tfa)  gooks. 


Southern  Jutfe  ts  "Wak  Time.* 


Mary  BoyMn  Chesnut  was  the  wife  of  one 
of  the  most  prominent  of  the  ante-bellum  south- 
em  leaders.  Her  relatives  were  all  of  the 
wealthy  slaveholding  class  —  the  class  that, 
according  to  the  popular  histories,  precipitated 
the  southern  people  into  secession  and  war  for 
the  sake  of  slavery.  The  published  extracts  from 
Mrs.  Chesnut's  diary  ought  to  do  much  to  cor- 
rect some  false  impressions  that  most  people, 
southern  as  well  as  northern,  now  have  of  the 
old  southern  regime.  The  entries  in  the  journal 
cover  a  period  of  four  years,  from  1861  to  1865. 
In  its  entirety  the  diary  filled  forty-eight  small 
manuscript  volumes;  but  for  the  present  pur- 
pose the  editors  have  condensed  it  by  omitting 
matter  of  purely  local  interest,  and  they  have 
added  a  sketch  of  the  author  and  some  explan- 
atory notes  in  the  text. 

Written  from  day  to  day,  these  pages  reflect 
the  spirit  of  the  times  better,  perhaps,  than 
any  other  account  that  we  have.  AU  was  grist 
that  came  to  this  mill.  There  are  jokes,  war 
anecdotes,  stories  of  love  and  death,  notes  of 
conversations  heard  on  the  cars,  in  the  streets, 
in  ballroom,  hospital,  and  dressing  room,  from 
women,  soldiers,  statesmen,  spies,  and  negroes, 
descriptions  of  economic,  social,  and  military 
conditions^  and  of  Confederate  politics.  Nearly 
every  noted  man  or  woman  of  the  Confederacy 
contributes  a  conversation  or  an  opinion,  which 
Mrs.  Chesnut  records  and  comments  upon.  It 
was  not  a  private  journal,  but  lay  open  upon  the 
parlor  table  and  was  read  by  any  friend  who 
cared  to  see  what  had  been  written.  The  style 
is  crisp  and  bright,  and  the  tone  frank  and 
good  tempered.  *I  praise  whom  I  love  and 
abuse  whom  I  hate,'  says  Mrs.  Chesnut,  but 
there  is  little  abuse  in  her  pages.  It  is  inter- 
esting to  note  the  difference  between  South 
Carolina  and  Virginia  in  regard  to  social  posi- 
tion. *  Until  we  came  here  [Richmond]  we  had 
never  heard  of  our  social  position,'  Mrs.  Ches- 
nut wrote ;  '  we  do  not  know  how  to  be  rude  ta 
people  who  call.  To  talk  of  social  position 
seems  vulgar.  Down  our  way  that  sort  of  thing 
was  settled  one  way  or  another  beyond  a  per- 
adventure,  like  the  earth  and  sky.  We  never 
gave  it  a  thought.  We  talked  to  whom  we 
pleased,  and  if  they  were  not  comme  il  faut, 
we  were  ever  so  much  more  polite  to  the  poor 
things.' 

*  A  DiABT  FBOM  Dixie.  As  written  by  Mary  Boykln 
Chesnut,  wife  of  James  Chesnut,  Jr.,  United  States  Senator 
from  South  Carolina,  1859-1861,  and  afterward  an  Aide 
to  Jefferson  Davis  and  a  Brigadier  General  in  the  Confed- 
erate Army.  Edited  by  Isabella  D.  Martin  and  Myrta 
Lockett  Avary.    Illustrated.    New  York :  D.  Appleton  A  Co. 


348 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


As  the  conunents  of  one  in  closest  touch 
with  political  affairs  and  possessing  the  confi- 
dence of  the  leading  Confederates,  Mrs.  Ches- 
nut's  remarks  upon  secession  are  most  inter- 
esting. Certainly  nearly  all  of  the  people  whom 
she  knew  were  loath  to  secede,  —  the  men  to 
leave  high  positions,  the  women  to  give  up 
social  prestige.  If  we  may  trust  her  judgment, 
the  southern  leaders  were  slow  to  secede  and 
somewhat  despondent  as  to  the  future.  The 
people,  however,  were  enthusiastic,  though 
^complaining  bitterly  of  slow  and  lukewarm 
public  leaders.^  President  Davis  was  denounced 
in  1861  as  '  no  seceder,'^  and  in  1863  some  one 
accused  him  of  'not  being  out  of  the  Union 
yet.'  '  Lord !  how  he  must  have  hated  to  do 
it,'  is  the  comment  of  the  diarist  when  Judge 
Campbell  resigned  and  came  south.  After  the 
Confederacy  was  formed  the  general  desire  was 
for  peace,  and  many  hoped  for  re-union.  When 
Mrs.  Chesnut  heard  the  cannonade  at  Sumter, 
she  says,  '  I  prayed  as  I  never  prayed  before.' 
The  future  seemed  gloomy.  Davis  told  her  to 
be  ready  for  a  long  war;  Trescott  and  Stephens 
had  little  hope  of  success;  the  army  officers 
dbclared  that  the  North  was  overwhelmingly 
superior  in  resources;  and,  in  1862,  Yancey 
came  home  from  England  and  reported  '  not 
one  jot  of  hope.'  Decidedly  the  chieftains 
dampened  enthusiasm,  but  the  average  people 
were  sanguine. 

There  was  complaint  that  half-hearted  men 
had  secured  the  high  places,  and  intrigue  and 
jealousy  were  rife  in  Montgomery  and  Eich- 
mond  as  in  Washington.  Mason  and  Yancey 
were  criticised  as  not  being  the  proper  persons 
to  send  abroad.  The  enemies  of  Davis  seemed 
willing  to  ruin  the  cause  in  order  to  injure  him. 
Spies  were  allowed  to  come  and  go  almost  with- 
out check,  and  Congress  and  the  newspapers 
could  keep  no  secrets.  So  run  the  comments. 
Mrs.  Chesnut  has  small  respect  for  the  enemies 
of  Davis  and  their  'virulent  nonsense,'  and 
when  the  end  draws  near  she  declares  that  '  the 
soldiers  have  done  their  duty'  but  'the  Con- 
federacy has  been  done  to  death  by  the  politi- 
cians.' The  stubbornness  of  Davis  and  John- 
eon,  the  slowness  of  Longstreet,  the  rashness  of 
Hood,  —  all  come  in  for  keen  criticism.  But 
for  the  Lees,  father  and  sons,  there  is  nothing 
but  admiration.  General  Lee  is  to  her  '  the 
very  first  man  in  all  the  world,'  '  so  cold,  quiet, 
and  grand,'  and  she  notes  that  at  the  height  of 
his  fame  he  wished  only  for  a  Virginia  farm 
with  fresh  cream  and  '  unlimited  fried  chicken.' 
Of  his  son,  when  he  spoke  well  of  General  But- 
ler, she  remarks  'the  Lees  are  men  enough  to 
speak  the  truth  of  friend  or  enemy,  fearing  not 
the  consequences.'  An  observation  worth  men- 
tioning was  that  the  political  and  military  lead- 


ers of  the  Confederacy  were  Scotch  and  Scotch- 
Irish,  and  not  of  the  planting  class,  —  'our 
planters  are  nice  fellows,  but  slow  to  move.' 
This  daughter  of  South  Carolina  thinks  that 
the  southerners  of  the  East  bore  privation  and 
discipline  better  than  those  of  the  West. 

The  negroes  knew  very  well  what  the  war 
was  about,  and  some  of  the  southern  people 
were  in  fear  of  slave  uprisings.  All  during  the 
war  Mrs.  Chesnut  watched  the  blacks  closely. 
She  states  that  while  some  of  them  were  '  furi- 
ously patriotic '  and  wanted  to  enlist  and  fight 
for  their  masters,  the  great  majority  were  pro- 
foundly indifferent,  'utterly  apathetic'  as  late 
as  1865,  showing  the  influence  of  the  war  spirit, 
only  in  '  increased  diligence  and  absolute 
silence.'  The  only  sign  of  feeling  was  dis- 
played by  the  better  class  of  house  servants, 
some  of  whom  assumed  stately  airs,  and  '  con- 
trived to  keep  from  speaking  to  us,'  though 
attentive  to  duties.  The  planters  found  great 
difficulty  in  supporting  their  negroes  while  no 
cotton  was  being  sold  and  prices  of  supplies 
were  high.  Some  planters  were  ruined  by  this 
expense.  When  the  end  came  there  was  joy  at 
freedom  among  the  negroes,  yet  most  of  them 
went  on  plowing  and  hoeing  as  usual.  The 
disorder  came  later. 

Slavery,  it  has  been  said,  was  the  corner- 
stone of  the  Confederacy.  So  it  was,  as  the  non- 
slaveholders  and  the  lesser  slaveholders  and  the 
poorer  classes  saw  it.  But  Mirs.  Chesnut's  diarj' 
bears  repeated  evidence  that  to  the  hereditary 
slaveholders  the  institution  had  become  an 
intolerable  burden  and  responsibility,  and  to 
these  emancipation  came  as  a  relief. 

It  is  on  the  subject  of  negroes  and  slavery 
that  Mrs.  Chesnut's  diary  will  prove  most  valu- 
able to  historians,  but  the  general  reader  will 
be  chiefly  interested  in  the  accounts  of  the 
home  life  of  the  beleaguered  people.  There 
was  feasting  and  dancing  in  the  early 
days  of  the  war,  '  starvation  parties '  and 
dancing  during  the  latter  part,  and  love- 
making  and  marriages  all  the  time.  There 
were  brides  dressed  in  coarse  Confederate 
gray,  bridesmaids  in  black,  and  guests  in  '  four 
year  old  finery.'  A  new  book  was  '  a  pleasing 
incident  in  this  life  of  monotonous  misery.' 
The  home  people  were  seeking  distraction  from 
sorrow.  '  Hope  and  f eai:  are  both  gone  and  it 
is  distraction  or  death.  .  .  If  it  would  do 
any  good  we  would  be  sad  enough.'  '  An  open 
grave  with  piles  of  red  earth  thrown  on  one 
side;  that  is  the  only  future  I  see.'  As  the 
years  wore  on,  and  the  death  roll  of  fathers, 
sons,  husbands,  and  sweethearts  grew  longer, 
women  died  silently  of  grief.  '  Our  best  and 
bravest  are  under  the  sod,'  writes  Mrs.  Chesnut, 
'  we  are  hard  as  stones ;  we  sit  unmoved  and 


1905.] 


THE   DIAL 


349 


hear  any  bad  news/  '  Can't  say  why  —  may  be 
I  am  benumbed  —  but  I  do  not  feel  so  intensely 
miserable/    And  so  the  end  came. 

Walteb  L.  Fleming. 


Reason  ix  Humax  Conduct.* 

Professor  Santayana  of  Harvard  University 
has  the  unusual  gift  of  being  able  to  make  lit- 
erature out  of  philosophy,  without  apparently 
finding  it  necessary  to  dilute  the  latter  in  the 
process.  He  has  already  deserved  well  of  both 
the  philosophical  and  the  general  public,  but 
his  projected  work  on  '  The  Life  of  Eeason '  is 
by  far  the  most  elaborate  and  important  enter- 
prise that  he  has  yet  attempted.  Indeed  it 
promises  to  constitute  in  some  ways  one  of  the 
distinctive  contributions  to  philosophy  of  the 
last  few  decades.  It  is,  to  begin  with,  more 
encyclopaedic  in  its  scope  than  anything  of  the 
kind  recently  issued.  The  five  volumes  that 
are  proposed  will  deal  respectively  with  Reason 
in  Common  Sense,  Reason  in  Society,  Reason 
in  Religion,  Reason  in  Art,  and  Reason  in 
Science;  of  these  the  first  two  have  already 
appeared.  Furthermore,  the  work  may  be 
regarded  as  the  first  attempt  to  give  any  sys- 
tematic expression  to  that  new  group  of  ten- 
dencies which,  under  the  name  of  Pragmatism, 
or  Humanism,  is  causing  a  ferment  in  the 
philosophical  world  at  the  present  time.  The 
movement  has  been  so  confused  and  groping 
hitherto,  that  any  effort  to  give  greater  pre- 
cision to  its  outlines  is  to  be  welcomed.  But  to 
Professor  Santayana's  work  is  due  not  merely 
the  commendation  that  belongs  to  a  pioneer 
attempt ;  its  own  positive  quality  is  so  good  that 
it  can  afford  to  stand  on  its  inherent  merits. 
And  while  it  is  too  early  to  predict  whether  or 
not  it  will  be  accepted  generally  by  the  Prag- 
matists  as  a  satisfactory  presentation  of  their 
apparently  somewhat  divergent  views,  it  can- 
not fail  to  influence  in  a  marked  way  the  future 
course  of  discussion. 

It  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  the  fuU  burden 
of  Professor  Santayana's  thought  wiU  yield 
itself  easily  to  the  casual  reader.  It  is  in  parts, 
especially  in  the  first  volume,  hard  reading,  as 
any  fundamental  inquiry  must  be ;  and  the  difl&- 
culty  is  not  greatly  lessened  (one  suspects  that 
it  may  perhaps  even  be  increased  a  little  in 
places)  by  the  literary  charm  and  poetic  sug- 
gestion of  the  style.  Nevertheless  the  qualities 
that  lie  on  the  surface  will  make  these  volumes 
attractive  to  almost  any  one  who  cares  for  vital 
and  penetrating  criticism  applied  to  human  life. 

•  The  Ltfe  of  Reason*.  Or,  The  Phases  of  Human 
Progress.  By  George  Santayana.  Volume  I.,  Introduction 
and  Reason  in  Common  Sense.  Volume  II.,  Reason  in  So- 
ciety.    New  York:  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 


The  statement  that  the  work  is  encyclopaedic  in 
the  nature  of  its  treatment  should  not  suggest 
anything  of  the  ponderousness  that  usually  goes 
along  with  a  philosophical  survey  of  human 
reason.  These  attractive  little  volumes  suggest 
the  literary  essayist  rather  than  the  systematic 
philosopher.  And  indeed  they  may  be  looked 
at  as  a  series  of  connected  essays,  in  which  the 
salient  aspects  of  experience  stsuid  out  in  relief, 
treated  in  a  suggestive  rather  than  an  exhaust- 
ive way,  and  made  the  centre  of  a  play  of 
illujninating  and  sometimes  brilliant  comment, 
from  a  mind  keen,  original,  and  in  possession 
of  a  single  clearly-defined  and  fruitful  point  of 
view.  Therefore  whether  one  accepts,  or  even 
wholly  understands,  the  large  doctrine  of  the 
work,  he  will  be  likely  to  enjoy  the  many  rela- 
tively independent  discussions  of  detail  scat- 
tered through  its  pages.  The  sustained  fresh- 
ness of  the  treatment  is  rather  remarkable.  Of 
course  there  is  much  that  is  not  new ;  but  almost 
invariably  the  treatment  escapes  any  suspicion 
of  the  stale  and  commonplace.  This  is  due  in 
part  to  the  closeness  of  the  touch  that  is  kept 
with  concrete  and  first  hand  experience,  and  in 
part  it  is  to  be  put  to  the  credit  of  the  writer's 
literary  gift,  —  if  indeed  the  two  are  not  in  a 
measure  one.  Even  in  the  more  abstruse  dis- 
cussions, we  are  made  constantly  aware  that  we 
have  to  do  with  the  interpretation  of  actual 
conscious  experiences,  and  furthermore  that 
these  are  not  intellectual  contents  simply,  but 
are  also  in  every  case  the  expression  of  subtle 
emotional  reactions  toward  life.  And  Professor 
Santayana  is  notably  successful  in  the  very 
diflScult  task  of  making  language  suggest  these 
most  elusive  and  baffling  implications  of  experi- 
ence. 

For  one,  therefore,  who  is  willing  also  to 
think,  the  work  is  essentially  readable  through- 
out. It  is  full  of  keen  insight  wedded  to  apt 
expression.  Take  these  sentences  for  example : 
'  Fanaticism  coi^ists  in  redoubling  your  effort 
when  you  have  forgotten  your  aim.'  '  There  is 
nothing  sweeter  than  to  be  s}Tnpathized  with, 
while  nothing  requires  a  rarer  intellectual  hero- 
ism than  the  willingness  to  see  one's  equation 
written  out.'  '  Those  who  cannot  remember  the 
past  are  condemned  to  repeat  it.'  '  Activity  does 
not  consist  in  velocity  of  change,  but  in  con- 
stancy of  purpose.'  *  There  is  nothing  cheaper 
than  idealism.  It  can  be  had  by  merely  not 
observing  the  ineptitude  of  our  chance  preju- 
dices, and  by  declaring  that  the  first  rhymes 
that  have  struck  our  ear  are  the  eternal  and 
necessar\'  harmonies  of  the  world.'  And  the 
description  of  metaph3'sics  as  the  '  love  affairs 
of  the  understanding.'  Most  of  the  especially 
felicitous  passages,  however,  are  too  long  to 
quote  here. 


350 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


Any  brief  summary  of  Professor  Santayana's 
philosophical  doctrine  must  needs  be  bald  and 
inadequate,  giving  but  a  slight  idea  of  its  sug- 
gestiven^s  or  of  the  importance  of  the  ques- 
tions that  it  raises.  Eeason  is  described 
as  vital  impulse  modified  by  reflection  and  veer- 
ing in  sympathy  with  judgments  pronounced  on 
the  past.  It  involves  two  sides,  therefore, 
either  of  which  may  exist  in  relative  indepen- 
dence of  the  other.  Underlying  it  as  its  ulti- 
mate presupposition  are  the  dark,  irrational 
depths  of  blind  feeling  and  impulse.  But  to 
bring  out  of  this  anything  that  we  can  call 
experience  or  progress,  anything  whatever  that 
has  consicious  meaning  or  value,  it  is  necessary 
that  brute  sense  existence  should  get  an  ideal 
dimension.  Feelings  must  be  attached  to  ideas ; 
instincts  must  become  in  some  degree  conscious 
of  their  ends.  So,  again,  the  life  of  ideas,  of 
imagination,  may  exist  parasitically  in  a  man, 
hardly  touching  his  action  or  environment.  A 
dream  is  always  simmering  below  the  conven- 
tional surface  of  speech  and  reflection,  and 
there  may  well  be  intense  consciousness  in  the 
total  absence  of  rationality.  Such  consciousness 
is  suggested  in  dreams  and  in  madness,  and 
for  all  we  know  it  may  be  found  in  tlie  depths 
of  universal  nature.  Eeason  and  humanity 
begin  with  the  union  of  instinct  and  ideation, 
when  instinct  becomes  enlightened,  establishes 
values  in  its  objects,  and  is  turned  from  a  pro- 
cess into  an  art,  while  at  the  same  time  con- 
sciousness becomes  practical  and  cognitive, 
beginning  to  contain  some  symbol  or  record  of 
the  coordinate  realities  among  which  it  arises. 
The  Life  of  Eeason  is  the  happy  marriage  of 
two  elements,  impulse  and  ideation,  which  if 
wholly  divorced  would  reduce  man  to  a  brute 
or  to  a  maniac.  The  rational  animal  is  gener- 
ated by  the  union  of  these  two  monsters.  He  is 
constituted  by  ideas  that  have  ceased  to  be 
visionary  and  actions  that  have  ceased  to  be 
vain. 

Ideals  are  thus  the  very  stuff  of  rational  life. 
The  physical  world  itself  is  nothing  but  an 
instrument  to  explain  sensations  and  their  order, 
an  ideal  term  used  to  mark,  and  as  it  were  to 
justify,  the  adhesion  in  space  and  recurrence 
in  time  of  recognizable  groups  of  sensations. 
No  doubt  there  is  some  ambiguity  in  calling  this 
ideal,  since  we  ordinarily  set  it  off  from  ideals 
in  the  narrower  sense  as  constituting  the  natural 
conditions  from  which  ideals  spring  and  on 
which  they  depend;  still  the  origin  of  both  is 
the  same  in  principle.  Such  conditions  have 
already  been  formulated  in  the  constructions  of 
a  mechanical  science.  These  are  therefore  to  be 
accepted  by  philosophy  franldy,  as  the  neces- 
sary presuppositions  to  be  recognized  in  the 
effort  to  satisfy  our  preferences  in  that  world 
of  values  which  is  the  dwelling  place  of  relig- 


ion and  art  and  the  other  spiritual  interests  of 
man. 

While  truth  certainly  exists,  then,  if  existence 
be  not  too  mean  an  attribute  for  that  eternal 
realm  that  is  tenanted  by  ideals,  it  is  repugnant 
to  physical  or  psychical  bfcing.  Truth  means 
not  sensible  fact,  but  valid  ideation,  verified 
hypothesis,  and  inevitable  and  stable  inference. 
Eeason  is  no  active  force,  but  merely  a  method 
by  which  objects  of  desire  are  compared  in 
reflection.  For  the  impelling  and  directive 
force  we  must  needs  fall  back  upon  the  magical 
involuntary  nature  of  life;  it  is  subterranean, 
deep  beneath  the  realm  of  ideas  and  conscious 
intent.  Attention  simply  registers,  and  watches 
the  images  bubbling  up  in  tihie  living  mind  and 
the  processes  evolving  there.  Consciousness  is 
a  sort  of  ritual  solemnizing,  by  prayer,  jubila- 
tion, or  mourning,  the  chief  episodes  in  the 
body's  fortunes.  Spirit  is  thus  useless,  being  the 
end  of  things;  but  it  is  not  vain,  since  it  alone 
rescues  all  else  from  vanity,  by  giving  to  it 
whatever  of  value  it  possesses. 

The  aim  of  philosophy  is  of  course  not  to 
manufacture  ideals,  but  to  interpret  them.  The 
problem  is  to  imite  a  trustworthy  conception  of 
the  conditions  under  which  man  lives  with  an 
adequate  conception  of  his  ideal  interests.  There 
are  two  kinds  of  mistakes  that  we  may  make,  as 
has  been  implied  already.  The  scientific  radical 
is  BO  proud  of  having  got  rid  of  the  obsolete 
machinery  of  past  ideals  that  he  remains 
entangled  in  the  colossal  error  that  the  ideal 
itself  is  something  adventitious  and  unmeaning, 
not  having  a  soil  in  mortal  life  or  a  possible 
fulfillment  there.  The  mistakes  to  which  the 
idealist  is  inclined  are  of  an  opposite  sort.  He 
may  forget  that  he  is  dealing  with  the  product 
of  the  poetic  imagination,  and  may  try  to 
materialize  it,  to  turn  it,  as  popular  religion 
does,  into  a  statement  of  existence,  which  he 
substitutes  for  the  natural  world  out  of  which 
it  springs.  Or  he  may  in  another  way  lose 
sight  of  the  connection  between  the  ideal  and 
the  real,  and  deny  or  frown  upon  the  natural 
conditions  with  reference  to  which  alone  the 
ideal  has  meaning.  For  what  are  ideals  about, 
what  do  they  idealize,  except  natural  existence 
and  natural  passions  ?  The  soul  is  but  the  voice 
of  the  body's  interests.  Every  phase  of  the 
ideal  world  emanates  from  the  natural  and 
loudly  proclaims  its  origin  by  the  interest  it 
takes  in  natural  existence,  of  which  it  gives  a 
rational  interpretation.  To  adjust  all  demands 
to  one  ideal  and  adjust  that  ideal  to  its  natural 
conditions,  —  this  is  the  *  steadfast  art  of  liv- 
ing,' the  Life  of  Eeason. 

With  such  a  conception  as  this  for  his  start- 
ing point.  Professor  Santayana  has  of  nece^ity 
the  task  set  for  him  to  render  his  general  prin- 
ciples in  terms  of  the  concrete  facts  of  human 


1905.] 


THE    DTAT. 


351 


life ;  and  to  this  the  remaining  four  volumes  — 
of  which  '  Eeason  in  Society  "  is  the  first  —  are 
to  be  devoted.  While  *  E^son  in  Society '  is 
much  more  easily  digested  by  the  reader  without 
a  technical  philosophical  training  than  the 
introductory  volume,  it  is  a  question  whether  it 
quite  fulfils  the  promise  of  its  predecessor.  Sev- 
eral of  the  chapters  in  the  first  book  are  really 
notable  contributions  to  speculative  thought. 
'  Eeason  in  Society '  somehow  strikes  one  as  less 
forcible  and  well-rounded,  less  adequate  to  the 
theme.  Nevertheless,  it  is  a  thoroughly  inter- 
esting book.  The  first  chapter  —  on  Love  — 
is  possibly  the  most  characteristic,  and  lends 
itself  more  readily  to  the  author's  peculiar  gifts. 
Then  follow  chapters  on  The  Family,  on  Indus- 
try, Government  and  War,  The  Aristocratic 
Ideal,  Democracy,  Free  Society,  Patriotism,  and 
Ideal  Society.  On  all  these  subjects  something 
clear-cut  and  interesting  is  said;  and  though 
the  treatment  is  perhaps  marked  by  a  certain 
not  wholly  pleasant  character  of  aloofness  and 
a  failure  in  full-blooded  himian  sympathy,  its 
keen  analysis  and  criticism  of  social  ideals  is 
bracing  and  salutary,  in  view  of  the  dangerous 
power  that  a  sentimental  conventionalism  has 
to  obscure  our  recc^ition  of  social  facts  as 
they  really  are. 

Nevertheless  one  may  read  and  admire,  and 
still  not  be  convinced  that  such  a  Positivism 
as  these  volumes  represent  is  a  final  philo- 
sophical creed.  It  is  acutely  reasoned,  with 
clear  consciousness  of  the  issues  involved;  and 
if  true  it  would  vastly  simplify  the  problems  of 
philosophy.  But  will  these  admit  of  such  a 
simplification?  There  may  be  more  to  be  said 
than  the  author  will  allow  against  reducing  the 
objects  of  our  spiritual  experience  without 
remainder  to  the  ideal,  as  opposed  to  so-called 
real,  existence.  The  question  turns  partly  upon 
the  conclusiveness  of  certain  philosophical  rea- 
sonings, partiy  on  our  estimates  of  values;  and 
this  is  not  the  place  to  consider  either.  But 
one  may  be  permitted  to  doubt  whether  the 
embodiment  in  terms  of  a  real  existence  which 
(somewhat  inconsequentially,  it  might  appear) 
is  allowed  its  right  when  the  conception  of 
otiier  human  selves  is  concerned,  is  after  all  to 
be  ruled  out  so  sharply  in  the  case  of  God  and 
Nature.  And  once  admitted  into  the  scheme 
of  things  at  all,  one  may  still  more  seriously 
question  whether  a  right  human  attitude  wiU 
allow  the  thoroughgoing  subordination  of  per- 
sons to  ideals  which  Professor  Santayana's 
*  Eeason  in  Society'  throughout  involves.  At 
least  this  will  seem  to  some  readers  a  funda- 
mental weakness  of  the  book,  however  difficult 
it  might  be  found  to  establish  a  contrary  creed. 

A.    K.    EOGEBS. 


iTAT.iAx  By- Ways.* 


Of  the  many  Americans  who  flock  to  Italy 
each  year,  the  very  large  majority  stick  to  what 
has  been  called  the  American  trail  of  travel, 
visiting  Naples,  Eome,  Florence,  Siena,  Venice, 
Milan,  with  perhaps  a  glimpse  of  the  Umbrian 
towns  of  Assisi  and  Perugia,  or  Orvieto  by  the 
way.  Comparatively  few  leave  the  beaten  paths  to 
explore  the  fascinating  country  villages,  to  fol- 
low up  the  course  of  some  of  the  small  streams, 
or  to  climb  on  foot  or  on  donkey-back  the  steep 
hills  to  some  little  settlement  perched  forever 
beyond  the  approach  of  any  wagon  track,  and 
there  to  stop  long  enough  to  see  something  of 
the  life  lived  by  its  quaint  people.  Yet  he 
who  does  not  do  this,  who  does  not  penetrate 
into  the  heaths  and  make  the  acquaintance 
of  the  Italians  on  their  native  heath,  never 
really  knows  Italy.  The  two-months  tourist  on 
his  return  discourses  eloquently  indeed  on  Ital- 
ian life  and  character,  based  upon  an  acquaint- 
ance with  shop-keepers,  hotel-clerks,  cabmen, 
and  beggars.  His  generalizations  are  about  as 
valuable  as  one  that  should  be  made  in  America 
from  an  exclusive  acquaintance  with  our  cor- 
responding classes,  by  some  one  who  had  never 
met  an  educated  American,  who  had  never 
been  inside  an  American  home,  and  who  under- 
stood only  enough  of  our  language  to  count 
our  money  and  discuss  the  weather. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  Italy  does  not  wear  her 
heart  on  her  sleeve,  even  for  those  who  are 
most  alive  to  her  charms.  To  enter  into  a  real 
comprehension  of  her  life  requires  a  very  long 
residence.  The  customs,  the  occupations,  and 
the  social  conditions  that  lie  at  the  base  of 
Italian  civilization  are  so  different  from  our 
own  as  to  be  often  really  puzzUng.  Mrs,  Janet 
Eoss,  an  Englishwoman  living  for  thirty-five 
years  in  Florence  or  its  neighborhood,  has  writ- 
ten many  charming  books  helpful  to  an  under- 
standing of  Italy  and  now  offers  us  a  collection 
of  short  articles  under  the  general  title  *  Old 
Florence  and  Modem  Tuscany.'  There  are 
fifteen  papers  in  aU,  and  most  of  them  have 
had  previous  publication  in  the  English  maga- 
zines. They  deal  with  such  fascinating  sub- 
jects as  Popular  Songs  in  Tuscany,  Vintaging 
in  Tuscany,  Oil-Making,  Virgil  and  Agricul- 
ture, Land  Tenure,  etc.  The  general  impres- 
sion one  gets  from  the  book  is  the  same  that 
one  gets  from  travel  in  the  country  itself,  — 
the  happiness  of  the  contadino  class,  amid  con- 

•  Old  Florence  axd  Modeex  Tcscaxy.  By  Janet  Ross. 
Illustrated.     New  York :  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 

The  Medici  Balls.  Seven  Little  Journeys  In  Tuscany. 
By  Anna  R.  Sheldon  and  M.  Moyca  Newell.  Illustrated. 
New  York :  The  Charterhouse  Press. 

ITALIAX  Backgrounds.  By  Edith  Wharton.  Illus- 
trated.     New   York :     Charles   Scribner's   Sons. 


852 


THE    DIAL, 


[May  16, 


ditions  that  to  us  seem  full  of  hardship.  The 
paternal  system  known  as  mezzeria  or  half- 
and-half  land-tenure,  prevails,  based  on  an 
equal  division  between  landowner  and  peasant 
of  everything  the  soil  produces.  Dating  back 
tQ  the  palmy  days  of  the  Roman  Eepublic  and 
having  undergone  many  vicissitudes,  it  still 
exists  in  spite  of  occasional  efforts  to  abolish 
it.  That  Italy  has  no  wish  to  copy  our  own 
conditions  is  shown  by  the  argument  of  Signor 
Lambruschini,  quoted  by  Mrs.  Eoss. 

'If  you  abolish  mezzeria,  all  those  families  who, 
though  poor,  have  a  roof  they  can  call  their  own,  a 
field  they  can  call  theirs,  and  a  master  they  love 
and  bless;  who,  toiling  and  watching  under  rain  and 
sun,  hope  and  pray  to  God  for  abundant  crops  for 
themselves  and  for  their  master,  will  for  the  first 
time  feel  the  pangs  of  envy  and  hatred,  the  shame 
and  despair  of  being  forced  to  beg,  an^  to  wait  for 
work.  At  the  same  time  we  shall  learn  to  dread 
meetings  and  strikes  such  as  occur  in  France  and 
England,  the  destruction  of  agricultural  machinery, 
the  burning  of  ricks,  barefaced  robbery  and  —  as 
the  last  and  miserable  remedy  —  the  poor-tax.' 

Like  all  human  institutions,  however,  mezzeria 
has  two  sides.  Over  against  the  community  of 
interest  it  establishes  between  proprietor  and 
peasant,  may  be  set  the  fact  that  it  is  a  bar 
to  agricultural  progress,  but  the  old-established 
custom  of  helping  the  workers  to  tide  over  a 
bad  year  bears  its  fruits,  and  socialism  has  no 
followers  among  the  contadini. 

Less  practical,  but  more  picturesque  and 
poetic,  than  Mrs.  Boss's  book  is  the  work 
entitled  'The  Medici  Balls,'  written  by  two 
American  women  who  also  have  known 
Italy  as  residents,  and  not  as  mere  tour- 
ists. The  title  is  a  bit  far-fetched;  hav- 
ing made  seven  little  journeys  in  Tuscany  and 
'  in  all  their  travels,  even  in  lanes  and  modest 
farm  houses,  having  found  themselves  under 
the  aegis  of  the  powerful  banker-princes  of 
Florence,'  they  call  their  account  of  these  seven 
journeys  '  The  Medici  Balls,'  from  the  seven 
balls  on  the  shield  as  worn  by  Piero  de'  Medici 
when  the  Medicean  supremacy  was  at  its  height. 
The  places  visited  are  The  Mugello,  Prato, 
Ohianti  and  the  Impruneta,  Lucca,  Pistoja,  the 
Hills  of  Brancoli,  and  Barga.  It  is  the  illus- 
trations quite  as  much  as  the  text  that  make 
the  charm  of  this  book.  Nearly  all  of  these 
pictures,  numbering  more  than  one  hundred, 
are  quite  new,  being  taken  by  the  travellers' 
own  kodak.  Olive  orchards  and  vineyards  and 
trellised  vines,  the  large,  white,  violet-eyed  Tiis- 
can  oxen  driven  by  kindly-faced  peasants; 
walled  towns,  towers,  and  fortresses ;  peasants 
and  priests  faring  along  winding  lanes;  straw- 
plaiters,  with  busy  fingers  weaving  in  front 
of  cottage  doors,  —  all  those  scenes  that  one 
sees  continually  in  Italy  and  nowhere  else  in 


the  world, — ^making  a  charming  portfolio  of 
studies  to  be  enjoyed  by  all,  but  most  by  those 
Avho  can  fill  in  the  pictures  by  memory  of  the 
golden  touch  of  sun  and  color  and  fragrance 
with  which  the  real  Italy  caresses  all. 

Like  the  two  pleasant  volumes  just  noticed, 
Mrs.  Edith  Wharton's  '  Italian  Backgrounds ' 
is  a  collection  of  impressions  and  essays  about 
Italy.  But  while  the  others  are  books  merely, 
this  is  literature.  Through  this  travellei^s 
story  runs  a  fine  thread  of  scholarship,  of 
savoir  fairs,  of  cosmopolitanism,  not  easily  to 
be  matched  in  travel-literature.  The  reader's 
pulse  quickens  with  an  artistic  pleasure  such  as 
might  be  aroused  by  a  novel  by  Thackeray  or 
George  Eliot,  or  an  essay  by  Matthew  Arnold 
or  Lowell.  The  book  has  what  we  call  distinc- 
tion of  style,  as  impossible  to  resist  as  to  define. 

Whither  Mrs.  Wharton  goes,  and  what  are  the 
subjects  of  her  chapters,  it  is  not  important  to 
mention.  Any  particular  geography  is  not  the 
point  in  question  when  the  guide  is  one  so 
steeped  in  the  spirit  of  the  'land  in  which  any- 
thing may  happen  save  the  dull,  the  obvious,  and 
the  expected.'  If  in  Mrs.  ^^^larton's  pages  we  do 
not  see  Italy  steadily  and  see  it  whole,  we  do 
a  better  thing, — we  trust  ourselves  to  a  stream 
of  impressions  and  memories  that  is  much  more 
inspiring  than  any  mere  observation.  Indeed, 
had  Mrs.  Wharton  been  practical  and  well- 
advised,  some  of  her  most  delightful  experi- 
ences would  have  been  lacking.  For  example, 
everyone  would  recommend  for  August  an 
Alpine  village  rather  than  an  Italian  journey; 
at  Spliigen  is  not  the  air  pure  and  fresh  and 
cool?  But  Spliigen  was  guilty  of  the  unforgiv- 
able offence  of\  being  too  near  Italy. 
'One  can  forgive  a  place  three  thousand  miles  from 
Italy  for  not  being  Italian;  but  that  a  village  on 
the  very  border  should  remain  stolidly,  immovably 
Swiss  was  a  constant  source  of  exasperation.  Even 
the  landscape  had  neglected  its  opportunities.  . 
Was  it  better  to  be  cool  and  look  at  a  waterfall, 
or  be  hot  and  look  at  St.  Mark's?  Was  it  better  to 
walk  on  gentians  or  on  mosaic,  to  smell  fir-needles 
or  incense?  Was  it,  in  short,  ever  well  to  be  else- 
where when  one  might  be  in  Italy?' 

Everyone  who  has  invented  excuses  for  going  to 
Italy,  or  for  postponing  departure  from  it,  will 
foresee  what  happened. 

'We  tried  to  quell  the  rising  madness  by  interro- 
gating the  travellers.  Was  it  very  hot  on  the  lakes 
and  in  Milan?  "Terribly,"  they  answered,  and 
mopped  their  brows.  "Unimaginative  idiots!"  we 
grumbled,  and  forebore  to  question  the  next  batch. 
Of  course  it  was  hot  there — but  what  of  that! 
Gradually  we  began  to  picture  our  sensa- 
tions should  we  take  seats  in  the  diligence  on  its 
return  journey.  From  that  moment  we  were  lost 
.  The  two  diligences  have  the  silent  square 
to  themselves.  There  they  stand,  side  by  side  in 
dusty  slumber,  till  the  morning  cow-bells  wake  them 
to    departure.      One   goes   back   to   Thusis;    to   the 


1905.] 


THE    DIAX. 


353 


region  of  good  hotels,  pure  air  and  scenic  platitudes. 
It  may  go  empty  for  all  we  care.  But  the  other 
.  the  other  wakes  from  its  Alpine  sleep  to 
climb  the  cold  pass  at  sunrise  and  descend  by  hot 
windings  into  the  land  where  the  church  steeples 
turn  into  campaniU,  where  the  vine,  breaking  from 
perpendicular  bondage,  flings  a  liberated  embrace 
about  the  mulberries,  and  far  off,  beyond  the  plain, 
the  mirage  of  domes  and  spires,  of  painted  walls 
and  sculptured  altars,  beckons  across  the  dustiest 
tracts  of  memory.  In  that  diligence  our  seats  are 
taken. ' 

To  make  any  new  artistic  discovery  in 
Italy  at  this  late  day,  would  seem  hardly 
likely.  But  such  was  Mrs.  Wharton's  joyful 
experience.  At  San  Yivaldo,  a  secluded  mon- 
astery somewhat  difficult  of  access,  she  found  a 
series  of  pictures  representing  the  Via  Crucis, 
having  only  a  local  fame  but  usually  ascribed 
to  Gk)nnelli  of  the  seventeenth  century.  This 
late  origin,  Mrs.  Wharton's  keen  sense  for  the 
characteristics  of  the  different  periods  of  Ital- 
ian art  rejected  at  once.  The  treatment  was 
seen  to  be  that  of  an  artist  trained  in  an  earlier 
tradition.  The  careful  modelling  of  the  hands, 
the  quiet  grouping,  free  from  effort  and  agita- 
tion, the  simple  draperies,  the  devotional 
expression  of  the  faces,  all  pointed  to  the  latter 
p^  of  the  fifteenth  century.  Expert  testi- 
mony has  since  confirmed  the  author's  opinion 
at  every  point,  and  a  beautiful  photogravure  of 
a  group  from  *The  Crucifixion,'  placed  as  a 
frontispiece  to  this  volume,  enables  the  reader 
to  judge  for  himself.  How  many  such  '  finds ' 
may  yet  await  in  Italian  by-ways,  who  shall 
say?  Certain  it  is  that  our  new  faculty  for 
the  differentiation  of  styles  in  painting  is  rapidly 
doing  away  with  our  unquestioned  allegiance  to 
authority  and  pushing  many  of  the  old  attribu- 
tions to  the  wall. 

The  temptation  to  quote  from  a  book  of  such 
fine  flavor  as  this  of  Mrs.  Wharton's  is  great 
but  must  be  resisted.  The  delicate  and  sym- 
pathetic drawings  made  by  Mr.  E.  C.  Peixotto 
are  worthy  illustrations  of  the  text.  Although 
it  is  true,  as  Mrs.  Wharton  says,  that  *  there 
is  no  short  cut  to  an  intimacy  with  Italy,'  still  a 
book  like  her  own  is  something  for  which  to  be 
grateful  as  an  alluring,  though  roundabout, 
^ay-  Anxa  Bexxesox  Mc^Iahax. 


PlOXEERS  OF  WESTEKX   EXPLORATIOX.* 

In  her  volume  entitled  *  Pathfinders  of  the 
West*  Miss  Agnes  Laut,  one  of  that  brilliant 
little  group  of  Canadians  who  are  so  creditably 
upholding  the  intellectual  reputation  of  their 
country  in  Xew  York,  adds  another  and  a  very 
delightful  volume  to  the  growing  literature  of 
early  western  exploration.     This  is  the  story 

•  Pathtindebs  of  the  West.  By  A.  C.  Laut,  Illus- 
trated.   New  York  :  The  Macmillan  Co. 


of  the  romantic  and  adventurous  lives  of  Radis- 
son,  LaVerendrye,  Heame,  Mackenzie,  and 
Lewis  and  Clark.  Above  all  it  is  the  story  of 
Radisson,  in  whose  behalf  Miss  Laut  unhesi- 
tatingly challenges  the  giant  form  of  estab- 
lished opinion.  In  her  *  Foreword '  she  says : 
'The  question  will  at  once  occur  why  no  mention 
is  made  of  Marquette  and  Jolliet  and  La  Salle  in 
a  work  on  the  pathfinders  of  the  West.  The  simple 
answer  is  —  they  were  not  pathfinders.  Contrary  to 
the  notions  imbibed  at  school,  and  repeated  in  all 
histories  of  the  "West,  Marquette,  Jolliet,  and  La 
Salle  did  not  discover  the  vast  region  beyond  the 
Great  Lakes.  Twelve  years  before  these  explorers 
had  thought  of  visiting  the  land  which  the  French 
hunter  designated  as  the  Pays  d'en  Haut,  the  West 
had  already  been  discovered  by  the  most  intrepid 
voyageurs  that  France  produced,  —  men  whose  wide- 
ranging  explorations  exceeded  the  achievements  of 
Gartier  and  Champlain  and  La  Salle  put  together.' 

Thus  Miss  Laut  throws  down  the  gauntlet  to 
the  historians,  and  we  learn  from  the  '  Adden- 
dum "  to  her  *  Foreword '  that  her  statements 
have  already  been  challenged,  and  sharply  chal- 
lenged, from  all  parts  of  the  country. 

Tlie  author's  explanation  of  the  long  oblivion 
obscuring  the  names  of  Sieur  Pierre  Esprit 
Badisson  and  his  fellow-explorer  Menard  Chou- 
art  Groseillers,  is  this: 

'  Badisson  and  GroseiUers  defied,  first  New  France, 
then  Old  France,  and  lastly  England.  While  on 
friendly  terms  with  the  church,  they  did  not  make 
their  explorations  subservient  to  the  propagation  of^ 
the  faith.  In  consequence,  they  were  ignored  by 
both  Church  and  State.' 

After  citing  the  original  sources  from  which 
she  has  drawn  the  material  for  her  narrative. 
Miss  Laut  proceeds: 

'The  historians  of  France  and  England,  animated 
by  the  hostility  of  their  respective  governments, 
either  slurred  over  the  discoveries  of  Badisson  and 
GroseiUers  entirely,  or  blackened  their  memories 
without  the  slightest  regard  to  truth.  It  would,  in 
fact,  take  a  large  volume  to  contradict  and  disprove 
half  the  lies  written  of  these  two  men.  Instead  of 
consulting  contemporaneous  documents,  —  which 
would  have  entailed  both  cost  and  labor,  —  modem 
writers  have,  unfortunately,  been  satisfied  to  serve 
up  a  rehash  of  the  detractions  written  by  the  old 
historians.  In  1885  came  a  discovery  that  punished 
such  slovenly  methods  by  practically  wiping  out 
the  work  of  the  pseudo-historians.  There  was  found 
in  the  British  Museum,  the  Bodleian  Library,  and 
Hudson's  Bay  House,  London,  an  unmistakably 
authentic  record  of  Badisson 's  voyages,  written  by 
himself. ' 

Having  thus  dug  down  to  the  solid  rock  of 
contemporaneous  documents.  Miss  Laut  pro- 
ceeds to  build  up  her  story  with  consummate 
skill.  One  can  conceive  that  even  the  romantic 
story  of  Pierre  Esprit  Eadisson  might,  in  some 
hands,  have  been  made  dry  and  uninteresting. 
As  here  told  it  is  fascinating  to  the  last  degree. 
Miss  Laut  brings  to  her  work  not  only  the 
historian's  tireless  search  for  truth,  but  as  weU 
the  fire  and  imagination  and  creative  power  of 


354 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


a  novelist  and  poet.  Her  work  is  not  merely 
authentic,  and  founded,  as  history  must  always 
be  founded,  on  the  original  documents,  but  it 
is  vivified  by  the  touch  of  an  artist.  The  dry 
bones  of  fragmentary  narratives  have  been 
breathed  upon,  and  the  man  Radisson,  with  all 
his  faults  and  all  his  virtues,  stands  before  us. 

Dr.  Dionne  of  Quebec,  Dr.  Bryce  of  Winni- 
peg, and  above  all  the  veteran  historian  of 
French  Canada,  Benjamin  Suite,  whose 
'destructive  criticism  of  inaccuracies  in  old 
and  modem  records  has  done  so  much  to  stop 
people  writing  history  out  of  their  heads  and 
to  put  research  on  an  honest  basis,'  have  from 
time  to  time  combated  the  long-established 
prejudice  against  Radisson  and  the  authenticity 
of  his  western  and  northern  explorations,  but 
it  remained  for  Miss  Laut  to  present  his  case 
80  vividly  and  attractively  that  it  becomes  a 
positive  pleasure  to  be  convinced. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  assume  that  every  one, 
whether  competent  to  form  an  authoritative 
opinion  or  otherwise,  must  accept  unreservedly 
all  Miss  Laut's  conclusions.  There  will  doubt- 
less still  remain  in  many  minds  moot  points 
in  connection  with  Radisson's  third  and  fourth 
voyages.  Nevertheless,  it  may  be  said  without 
fear  of  serious  contradiction  that  Miss  Laut 
has  established  her  main  contentions  —  that 
Radisson  discovered  the  North- West,  as  well  as 
the  overland  route  to  Hudson's  Bay,  —  and  that 
she  has  done  more  than  any  other  writer  to 
rehabilitate  the  memory  of  the  explorer  in  the 
minds  of  all  unprejudiced  people. 

'There  is  no  need  to  point  out  Radisson's  faults. 
They  are  written  on  his  life  without  extenuation  or 
excuse,  so  that  all  may  read.  There  is  less  need  to 
6ulogize  his  virtues.  They  declare  themselves  in 
every  act  of  his  life.  This,  only,  should  be  remem- 
bered. Like  all  enthusiasts,  Radisson  could  not 
have  been  a  hero,  if  he  had  not  been  a  bit  of  a  fool. 
If  he  had  not  had  his  faults,  if  he  had  not  been  as 
impulsive,  as  daring,  as  reckless,  as  inconstant,  as 
improvident  of  the  morrow,  as  a  savage  or  a  child, 
he  would  not  have  accomplished  the  exploration  of 
half  a  continent.  Men  who  weigh  consequences  are 
not  of  the  stuff  to  win  empires.  Had  Radisson  hag- 
gled as  to  the  means,  he  would  have  missed  or  mud- 
dled the  end.  He  went  ahead;  and  when  the  way 
did  not  open,  he  went  round,  or  crawled  over,  or 
carved  his  way  through.' 

Only  those  who  have  groped  their  way  slowly 
and  painfully  through  the  extraordinary  mazes 
of  Radisson's  English,  in  the  original  narra- 
tives*, can  properly  appreciate  the  charm  of 
Miss  Laut's  version.  While  maintaining  in 
every  particular  the  spirit  of  the  original,  and 
even  some  of  its  quaint  phraseology,  she  has 

*  Here  is  a  sample,  taken  from  the  narrative  of  the 
fourth  voyage  :  "  They  [the  Octanacks]  are  the  coursedest 
unablest,  the  unfamous  and  cowardiest  people  that  I  have 
seene  amongst  fower  score  nations  that  I  have  frequented." 
One  gathers,  at  any  rate,  that  Radisson  did  not  think  much 
of -the  Octanacks. 


condensed  here,  expanded  there,  interpreted 
elsewhere,  and  thrown  over  the  whole  the  glamor 
of  romance,  until  the  narrative  stands  out  as  a 
clear,  compact,  and  most  graphic  story. 

Of  the  remainder  of  Miss  Laut's  book  limita- 
tions of  space  forbid  more  than  the  briefest 
mention.  While  by  no  means  so  important  as 
contributions  to  history,  her  accounts  of 
LaVerendrye's  quest  of  the  far-famed  Western 
Sea,  of  Samuel  Hearne's  search  for  the  North- 
west Passage,  of  Mackenzie's  splendid  exploits 
in  pushing  his  way  north  to  the  Arctic,  and 
then  crossing  the  Rockies  (the  first  White  Man) 
to  the  Pacific,  and  of  the  notable  expedition  of 
Lewis  and  Clark,  are  marked  by  the  same  clear- 
ness of  statement  and  charm  of  style  that  we 
have  already  noted  in  the  Radisson  story. 

It  only  remains  to  note  the  number  and  qual- 
ity of  the  illustrations  with  which  the  narra- 
tives are  so  plentifully  supplied.  They  number 
some  sixty  in  all,  and  many  of  them  are  from 
old  and  rare  prints,  hitherto  inaccessible. 

Lawrence  J.  Burpee. 


The  PHiLosoT»Hy  of  Good  Fortttne.* 


There  is  something  essentially  modern  in  a 
moral  philosophy  that  preaches  salvation 
through  good  fortune.  For  centuries  the  Stoic 
has  had  an  acknowledgment  of  merit  entirely 
denied  to  the  Epicurean.  The  Church  teaches 
the  blessedness  of  renunciation,  penance,  and 
asceticism;  Kant,  apart  from  the  Church, 
builds  his  philosophy  on  the  doctrine  of  original 
sin,  and  finds  redemption  only  in  a  conscious 
intellectual  struggle  against  inherent  human 
weakness  and  imperfection.  Even  Tolstoy  and 
Maeterlinck  advocate  the  return  to  Nature  that 
implies  the  inferiority  of  all  man-made  devices 
for  enriching  life.  It  remains  for  the  twentieth 
century  moralists  to  develop  a  system  that  advo- 
cates nothing  unpleasant,  that  takes  for  granted 
no  innate  and  unconquerable  sinfulness  in  man, 
and  that  offers  a  scheme  of  life  based  upon  a 
secure  belief  in  the  ultimate  perfection  of  the 
race  through  its  own  effort. 

The  growth  of  this  idea  has  been  synchronous 
with  the  supplementing  of  the  economic  doe- 
trine  of  individual  rights  by  the  broader  one 
of  social  rights,  and  the  development  from  in- 
voluntary social  cooperation  to  voluntary  and 
conscious  cooperation.  The  new  moral  code  is, 
in  fact,  an;  outgrowth  of  the  new  code  of  social 
economics.  The  same  methods  of  reasoning 
that  justified  the  conclusion  that  child-labor 
was  economic  waste  prove  that  child-labor  is 

•  The  Children  of  Good  Fortune.  An  Essay  In 
Morals.  By  C.  Hanford  Henderson.  Boston :  Houghton, 
Mifflin  &  Co. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


355 


equally  moral  waste;  the  same  theory  that  de- 
nies to  a  nation  a  strength  greater  than  the 
strength  of  its  component  parts  denies  to  a  com- 
munity a  social  welfare  exceeding  the  good  for- 
tune of  the  individual  members  of  the  com- 
munity. 

One  of  the  leading  American  advocates  of  the 
new  philcKophy  is  Mr.  C.  Hanford  Henderson, 
whose  '  Education  and  the  Larger  Life '  marked 
an  epoch  in  literature  of  its  class.  In  that  book, 
published  almost  three  years  ago,  Mr.  Hender- 
son developed  the  educational  side  of  the  ques- 
tion, using  the  term  education  not  in  its  narrow 
technical  sense  but  to  signify  the  entire  process 
of  human  development  from  the  cradle  to  the 
grave.  He  advxx?ated  such  a  training  of  the 
senses  as  woidd  lead  to  the  highest  and  most 
complete  expression.  His  ideal  of  education 
was  that  which  resulted  in  the  greatest  bodily 
strength,  intellectual  receptivity,  and  spiritual 
insight.  To  this  he  added  the  idea  of  efficiency, 
— ^the  power  to  put  into  successful  practice  the 
newly  acquired  knowledge  of  what  was  worth 
while. 

This  unity  of  worth  and  efficiency  as  a  defi- 
nite moral  standard  is  the  theme  of  Mr.  Hen- 
derson's latest  book,  *The  Children  of  Good 
Fortune.'    The  author  states  his  case  thus : 

'To  apply  morality  in  the  concerns  of  the  indi- 
vidual life  is  to  adopt  religion.  It  is  to  become  the 
highest  type  of  man,  the  philosopher  artist,  for  the 
philosopher  is  the  man  of  clear  vision,  the  believer 
in  cause  and  effect,  the  one  who  sees  in  what  happi- 
ness essentially  consists;  and  the  artist  is  the  doer, 
the  man  who  carries  cause  and  effect  into  beneficent 
action,  and  practically  reaKzes  happiness.  The 
philosopher  represents  worth  of  ends  and  the  artist 
efficiency  of  means.  The  moral  person  must  be  a 
combination  of  the  two,  the  man  who  knows  and 
the  man  who  does.  He  must  be  competent  and  he 
must  be  wise.  If  he  be  neither  of  these,  or  only 
one  of  them,  he  is  not  moral,  no  matter  what  his 
calling  or  pretensions,  no  matter  what  he  thinks  of 
himself  or  others  think  of  him,  no  matter  what  his 
family  or  possessions.  The  man  who  demands  suc- 
cess of  himself  demands  a  great  deal,  but  if  he  ask 
less  he  is  not  in  earnest  in  his  search  for  the  moral 
life.' 

Even  Browning  never  preached  so  rigid  a  doc- 
trine as  that. 

Mr.  Henderson  has  little  sympathy  with  fruit- 
less good  intentions.  Frankly  and  uncompro- 
misingly he  blames  desert  for  unsuccess.  Worth 
of  ends  without  efficiency  of  means  he  condemns 
as  *the  immorality  of  the  second-best,'  just  as 
completely  as  he  condemns  the  converse.  With 
characteristic  humor  he  writes :  '  One  would 
prefer  to  strike  for  heaven  and  make  only  a 
few  steps  on  the  journey,  rather  than  to  set  out 
for  Hoboken  and  get  there.  But  the  fact  re- 
mains that  it  would  have  been  still  better  to 
have  made  Heaven.' 


Xor  is  Mr.  Henderson  content  with  static 
goodness  as  a  worthy  end.  To  him  the  good 
life,  that  which  represents  good  fortune,  must 
be  palpitating,  vital,  experimental.  There  is 
no  virtue  in  inexperience. 

*It  is  a  curiously  inverted  view  of  morals,  the 
view  which  regards  as  praiseworthy  those  narrow, 
inexperienced,  poverty-stricken  souls  whose  slender 
virtue  consists  in  the  evil  they  have  omitted  to  do. 
To  renounce  the  world,  to  renounce  Uf  e,  to  renounce 
the  self, — this  is  not  the  path  of  the  moral  life.  The 
timid  little  souls  who  live  in  a  corner  and  keep  out 
of  harm's  way  by  keeping  out  of  the  way  of  good, 
are  not  moral  persons.  They  are  not  even  harmless, 
for  by  their  cowardice  they  inspire  others  with  a 
similar  lack  of  courage.  Resignation,  renunciation, 
self-sacrifice,  asceticism,  monasticism,  all  the  cheap 
devices  by  which  men  and  women  abdicate  life,  are 
as  unsound  morally  as  the  more  amusing  devices  by 
which  men  and  women  abuse  life.' 

This  radical  denunciation  of  the  doctrine  of 
self-sacrifice,  which  we  have  been  accustomed 
to  regard  as  the  basis  of  morality,  seemed  rev- 
olutionary when  it  was  first  met  in  '  Education 
and  the  Larger  Life.'  It  was  a  part  of  the 
conventional  creed  that  had  been  taught  for 
generations,  and  that  received  respect  for  its 
age  if  for  nothing  else.  The  only  way  for  Mr. 
Henderson  to  redeem  his  fault  was  for  him  to 
offer,  in  place  of  the  doctrine  he  so  boldly  dis- 
carded, some  new  code  of  deeper  worth  and 
greater  efficiency  in  creating  happy  human  be- 
ings and  a  better  state.  This  he  has  done  in 
his  '  Children  of  Good  Fortune.' 

For  self-sacrifice,  Mr.  Henderson  substitutes 
self-realization;  for  renunciation,  that  eager 
seeking  after  good  fortune  which  promotes  both 
individual  happiness  and  social  welfare.  To 
him  good  fortune  is  not  *  a  tangible  possession, 
to  be  mentioned  in  one's  last  will  and  testa- 
ment, and  subject  to  the  inheritance  tax.'  It 
is  an  individual  ideal,  varying  according  to 
a  man's  possession  of  the  human  wealth  of 
strength,  beauty,  accomplishment,  and  goodness. 
To  one  it  is  health,  to  another  fame,  wealth  to 
a  third,  and  knowledge  to  a  fourth.  It  is  that 
which  the  individual  man  most  wants. 

'Good  fortune  is  a  personal  possession,  an  affair 
of  consciousness.  However  a  man  comes  by  it,  it 
must  be  his  own  ideal  of  good  fortune.  For  no  man 
can  follow  a  light  which  he  does  not  see.  The 
tragedy  of  Ufe  comes  in  large  part  from  the  per- 
sistent' attempt  to  force  our  own  ideas  down  our 
neighbor 's  throat.  The  pathos  of  life  comes  in  large 
part  from  his  too  amiable  compliance,  his  vain 
attempt  to  follow  a  light  he  does  not  see.  If  we 
ourselves  have  found  the  light,  or  believe  that  we 
have,  let  us  by  all  means  try  to  reveal  it  to  our 
brother.  If  he  share  our  confidence  in  believing 
that  we  have  a  light  not  yet  perceived  by  him,  let 
him  by  all  means  try  to  catch  sight  of  the  beatific 
vision!  But.  meanwhile,  let  us  be  ourselves,  both 
me  and  my  brother,  the  sincere  followers  of  such 
light  as  we  genuinely  have.' 


356 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


The  chief  necessity  for  the  achievement  of 
this  good  fortune,  next  to  the  ambition  to 
achieve  it,  is  freedom.  We  are  all  bound  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent  by  the  tyranny  of  circum- 
stance, hampered  by  bodily  weakness,  mental 
or  manual  incapacity,  the  accident  of  birth. 
There  seems,  in  the  nature  of  things,  no  way  to 
escape  from  these  marks  of  our  humanity,  al- 
though determined  effort  may  lessen  the  evils 
entailed.  But  there  is  a  freedom  that  any  state 
may  well  attain  when  there  are  within  it  enough 
individuals  who  desire  this  as  a  part  of  their 
good  fortune.  That  is  the  mingKng  of  the 
anarchist  ideal  of  non-interference  and  the  so- 
cialist ideal  of  opportunity,  which  shall  still 
leave  to  the  individual  his  initiative  while  se- 
curing to  him  the  nearest  possible  release  from 
the  tyranny  of  things.  This  is  only  another  in- 
stance of  the  unity  of  social  welfare  and  indi- 
vidual good  fortune.  Every  man  who  desires 
such  freedom  in  his  own  life  and  works  to  se- 
cure it  for  himself  helps  to  give  it  to  those  more 
helplessly  bound,  to  raise  the  standard  of  gen- 
eral good  fortune.  Summing  up  his  arguments 
in  favor  of  the  new  philosophy,  Mr.  Henderson 
writes : 

'  To  save  myself, — and  therefore  to  save  that  part 
of  society  for  which  I  am  directly  responsible, — 1 
must  do  three  things.  I  must  blot  out  all  impulses 
and  desires  that  are  evil.  It  is  negative  work, 
rather  a  dull  sort  of  weeding  in  the  garden  of  the 
heart,  and  not  calculated  to  arouse  any  great  enthu- 
siasm, but  it  is  very  necessary.  Then  I  must  culti- 
vate the  impulses  and  desires  that  are  good,  make 
habits  of  them,  for  the  garden  devoid  of  wheat  is 
hardly  better  than  a  garden  full  of  tares.  Finally 
I  must  work,  not  merely  for  good  fortune,  for  happi- 
ness, but  for  high  good  fortune,  for  great  happiness. 
I  want  not  only  to  be  saved  from  evil  and  to  attain 
good,  but  I  want  the  largest  good,  the  most  wel- 
fare. ' 

It  is  this  insatiable  greed  for  happiness,  this 
longing  for  more  and  ever  more  good  fortune, 
which  all  of  Mr.  Henderson's  work  breathes, 
that  makes  it  inspiring  and  effective.  It  satis- 
fies a  natural  human  instinct, — the  desire  to  be- 
lieve that  happiness  is  righteousness  and  that 
every  man  possesses  within  himself  that  power 
of  pereonal  salvation  that  shall  be  also  the  sal- 
vation of  the  race.  Mr.  Henderson's  books, 
moreover,  are  not  written  from  strange  heights 
which  none  but  the  moral  philosopher  can  scale. 
They  are  clear  and  simple,  showing  a  rare  first- 
hand knowledge  of  the  larger  life.  They  com- 
bine to  an  unusual  extent  the  attitudes  of  the 
observer  and  the  experimentalist;  they  are  at 
once  dispassionate  and  enthusiastic.  It  is  easy 
to  predict  for  '  The  Children!  of  Good  Fortune  ' 
a  welcome  equal  to  that  accorded  to  '  Education 
and  the  Larger  Life,'  and  one  equally  deserved. 

Edith  J.  R.  Isaacs. 


Brieps  ox  Xe^v  Books. 


The  '  'White  Since  the  Boxer  uprising  of  five 
Peril'  in  years    ago    much    has    been    made 

the  Orient.  of  the  so-called  'yellow  peril'  and 

of  the  alleged  necessity  that  rests  upon  west- 
ern peoples  to  exercise  eternal  vigilance  to 
protect  themselves  against  a  threatened  gigantic 
outburst  of  Oriental  savagery  and  lust  of  con- 
quest. It  has  remained  for  Dr.  Sidney  L.  Gulick, 
in  his  recent  book  on  '  The  White  Peril  in  the  Far 
East'  (Bevell),  to  turn  matters  around  and  con- 
sider the  relations  of  Orient  and  Occident  exclu- 
sively from  the  standpoint  of  the  traditions  and 
interests  of  the  former.  That  Dr.  Gulick  is 
entirely  competent  to  speak  upon  the  subject  no 
one  can  doubt  who  has  read  his  deservedly  popu- 
lar volume  on  'The  Evolution  of  the  Japanese.' 
After  seventeen  years  of  constant  intercourse 
with  men  in  all  stations  in  Japan  he  is  able  to 
give  us,  not  only  a  highly  interesting  interpreta- 
tion of  the  fundamental  character  of  Japanese 
civilization  and  life,  but  also  a  thoroughly  con- 
vincing statement  of  the  attitude  of  the  Japanese 
toward  the  outside  world  to-day,  especially  as 
revealed  in  the  conduct  of  the  war  with  Russia. 
This,  indeed,  is  the  main  purport  of  the  book, — 
to  show  how  Japan  attained  the  power, 
material  and  temperamental,  to  face  and  conquer 
the  Muscovite,  and  to  explain  the  significance 
of  the  war  as  'an  act  in  the  tragedy  of  the  white 
peril.'  By  the  white  peril  Dr.  Gulick  means  at 
bottom  the  proneness  of  western  nations  to  force 
the  peoples  of  the  Orient  out  of  their  natural 
channels  of  development,  through  efforts  to 
exploit  their  economic  resources  and  donainate 
their  affairs  for  political,  commercial,  or  financial 
ends.  For  Japan  the  danger  has  in  times  past 
been  very  real;  to-day  it  scarcely  exists,  except 
from  Russia,  and  the  prospective  outcome  of  the 
present  war  promises  at  least  temporary  relief 
from  that  quarter.  If  upon  its  first  intimate  con- 
tact with  western  races  an  Oriental  people  has 
backbone  enough  to  adopt  ideas  and  institutions 
that  are  beneficent  without  falling  into  mere  ser- 
vility, the  white  peril  becomes  for  it  the  white 
blessing;  and  this,  on  the  whole,  is  what  Japan 
has  done.  'The  white  peril,'  says  Dr.  Gulick, 
'so  long  feared,  has  proved  for  Japan  to  be  the 
very  tonic  and  stimulus  required  to  place  her  in 
the  advance  guard  of  progressive  nations.'  The 
field  where  the  white  peril  is  most  seriously  to  be 
reckoned  with  is  China,  for  there  seems  small 
ground  for  hope  that  China  will  succeed  as 
Japan  has  done  in  thwarting  the  designs  of 
greedy  nations  upon  her  integrity.  Dr.  Gulick 
expects  Japanese  victory  in  the  present  war  to 
have  some  weight  in  inducing  the  white  man  to 
treat  the  yellow  man  with  justice  and  civility, 
but  in  his  judgment  the  problem  of  the  white 
peril  can  be  solved  ultimately  only  through  belief 
on  part  of  the  white  race  in  the  essential  equality 
in  worth  and  rights  of  all  men.  To  any  one  inter- 
ested in  the  larger  aspects  of  contemporary 
world-politics,  as  well  as  in  the  ethics  of  inter- 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


357 


national  and  interracial  relations,  Dr.  Guliek's 
little  book  must  commend  itself  as  a  valuable 
piece  of  work.  While  in  no  way  profound,  it  is 
rich  in  novel  and  suggestive  points  of  view.  It 
contains  one  of  the  best  statements  of  the  real 
causes  of  the  war  with  Russia  j'et  published,  and 
gives  an  interpretation  of  the  Japanese  attitude 
toward  the  conflict  that  is  agreeably  clear,  con- 
cise, and  illuminating. 

Glimpses  of  Of  society's  polished  horde,  but 
high  life  not  in  this  instance  the  bores  and 

in  Rome.  the   bored,    Madame    Mary    King 

Waddington's  second  instalment  of  letters, 
'Italian  Letters  of  a  Diplomat's  Wife'  (Scrib- 
ner),  gives  many  a  pleasing  glimpse.  As  seen 
through  her  eyes  the  men  and  women  she  meets 
are  all  interesting  and  interested.  Three  months 
—February,  March,  April,  1880— were  spent  by 
her  and  her  husband  in  Italy,  chiefly  in  Rome. 
M.  Waddington  had  just  resigned  the  French  pre- 
miership, and  the  two  were  off  on  a  vacation. 
Eugene  Schuyler,  who  had  manied  a  sister  of 
Mme.  Waddington,  was  then  consul-general  at 
Rome,  and  of  the  Schuylers  and  numerous  other 
King  and  Waddington  friends  and  connections 
we  hear  much  in  the  course  of  the  book.  The 
high  oflicial  and  social  station  of  our  tourists 
secured  them  the  most  cordial  reception  in  the 
highest  quarters.  At  an  audience  with  the  Pope, 
his  Holiness  advanced  to  meet  them  so  hospitably 
that  the  regulation  curtseys  were  impossible ;  and 
he  even  made  them  sit  down,  one  on  each  side  of 
him,  and  they  had  a  really  interesting  three- 
quarters-of-an-hour  talk.  As  Mme.  Waddington 
speaks  of  having  some  years  before  'approached' 
Pope  Pius  IX.,  and  as  she  afterward  describes 
an  audience  with  the  present  pontiff,  the  reader 
incidentally  acquires  some  little  familiarity  with 
papal  receptions.  Audiences  with  King*  Hum- 
bert, with  Queen  Margherita,  a  dinner  at  the  Ger- 
man Embassy  with  Crown  Princess  Frederick, 
balls  and  other  functions  at  the  different  embas- 
sies, and  a  succession  of  less  important  society 
events,  furnish  ample  matter  for  the  letters  Mme. 
Waddington  so  dutifully  and  so  frequently 
despatched  to  her  mother  in  America  and  to  other 
members  of  the  family.  Twenty-four  years  later, 
in  the  same  three  months  of  February,  March, 
and  April,  she  revisited  Italy,  this  time  a  widow, 
and  took  up  the  old  round  of  sight-seeing  and 
social  functions.  The  book  as  a  whole,  though 
entertaining,  hardly  equals  its  predecessor  in 
interest.  It  has  no  comation  of  a  Czar,  for  one 
thing;  and  perhaps  the  scenes  described  are  too 
familiar  to  arouse  and  sustain  the  keenest  curi- 
osity. One  queries,  too,  whether  here  and  there 
a  letter  has  not  been  'doctored'  for  the  press,  as 
for  example  the  one  containing  a  long  reminis- 
cent passage  (more  than  twenty  pages)  describ- 
ing an  ascent  of  Vesuvius  and  other  events  that 
occurred  in  1867.  A  delightfully  human  touch  is 
Queen  Elena's  chat  about  her  children  and  how 
they  prized  above  their  other  playthings  a  rag 
doll  given  them  by  the  wife  of  the  American 
Ambassador.  Numerous  illustrations  accompany 
the  text,  but  most  of  the  portraits  are  disappoint- 
ing. 


Chapters  on        That  the  drama  does  not  occupy 
contemporary      anything  like  its  rightful  position 
dramatists.         in  modem  English  literature,  that 
it  is  not  in  England  or  America  a  vital  intellect- 
ual force  as  it  is  in  France,  and  Germany,  and 
even  in  the  lesser  European  countries,  is  a  fact 
so   obvious   that  it  hardly  calls  for   statement. 
The  remedy  for  an  evil  is  apt  to  follow  a  close 
realization  of  its  existence,  and  the  wider  our 
acquaintance  with  what  the  Continental  stage  is 
doing  for  literature,  the  nearer  we  shall  come  to 
the  rehabilitation  of  a  branch  of  letters  in  which 
England  once  set  a  shining  example  for  the  rest 
of  the  world.     For  this  reason,  if  for  no  other, 
we   should  welcome   such   books   as   Mr.   James 
Huneker's  'Iconoclasts'  (Scribner)  and  Professor 
Edward  Everett  Hale's  'Dramatists  of  To-day' 
(Holt) .  But  both  books  deserve  a  welcome  on  their 
own  account,  for  they  are  noteworthy  examples 
of  literary  criticism  in  one  of  the  most  interesting 
of  literary  fields.    Mr.  Huneker's  book  discusses 
no   less    than    twelve    contemporary   dramatists, 
while  Mr.  Hale's  book  considers  four  of  the  same 
list,  and  adds  three  others.    The  writers  discussed 
in  both  books  are  Herr  Hauptmann,  Herr  Suder- 
mann,  M.  Maeterlinck,  and  Mr.  Shaw;  Mr.  Hale's 
list  is  completed  by  M.  Rostand,  Mr.  Pinero,  and 
Mr.  Phillips,  and  Mr.  Huneker's  by  Dr.  Ibsen, 
Herr    Strindberg,    Mil.    Becque    and    Hervieu, 
Yilliers  de  I'Isle  Adam,  Princess  Mathilde,  Sig. 
d'Annunzio,    and    Mr.  Gorky.     The    two   books 
together  are  thus  seen  to  provide  a  varied  menu 
of  the   most  interesting  character,  although  its 
thorough    digestion    by    English    stomachs    (not 
wholly  used  to  such  strong  meat)  may  be  a  matter 
of  some   diflSculty.     Mr.   Huneker's  manner  of 
writing  is  pointed  and  almost  brilliant,  but  the 
joumadistic  origin  of  his  essays  is  too  apparent. 
He  is   sometimes  violent  in  his  way  of  saying 
things,  as  if  he  were  determined,  writing  about 
'iconoclasts,'  to  show  that  he  could,  an  he  would, 
do  a  pretty  'stunt'  at  image-breaking  himself. 
He    gives    us  many    epigrams,    some    his    own, 
others  felicitously  borrowed  for  the  occasion.   His 
longest  paper  is  upon  Dr.  Ibsen,  and  is  useful  for 
its  summaries  of  plots,  besides  being  stimulating 
in  its  suggestiveness.    Professor  Hale's  book  has 
a  na'ivetS  of  style  that  is  engaging,  and  he  estab- 
lishes confidential  relations  with  the  reader  from 
the  start.     But  his  impressionistic  method   and 
conversational  maimer  do  not  preclude  the  exhibi- 
tion of  verj'  definite  opinions,  clearly  reasoned 
and   amply   fortified   by   example.     Besides   the 
discussions  of  his   seven   chosen  dramatists,  he 
gives  us  a  'Note  on  Standards  of  Criticism',  and 
an  essay  on  '  Our  Idea  of  Tragedy '.    An  appendix 
presents  a  useful  table  of  plays,  with  the  dates 
and  places  of  their  first  productions.    A  certain 
portion  of  the  contents  of  this  book  will  be  recog- 
nized by  our  readers  as  having  been  reprinted 
from  The  Dial,  but  they  will  find  it  well  worth 
reading  a  second  time. 

TJie  story  Recently,  on  a  ramble  through  the 

of  a  famous        island    of    Guernsey,    Mr.    Henry 
love  affair.  Wellington   Wack    came   across   a 

bundle  of  papers  that  had  been  thrown  out  as 
valueless  by  the  occupants  of  Hauteville  House 


368 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


after  Victor  Hugo's  death.  An  examination 
showed  them  to  comprise  a  fragment  of  a  journal 
and  some  letters  addressed  to  the  poet.  The 
journal  seems  to  be  a  small  part  of  the  journal 
of  Frangois  Hugo  described  by  M.  Octave  Uzanne 
in  'Scribner's  Magazine'  in  1892.  It  contains 
nothing  of  importance.  Of  the  letters,  two  are 
from  a  young  woman  who  writes  in  an  ecstacy  of 
admiration  and  devotion  to  arrange  further 
secret  interviews  with  her  *  sublime  poet';  they 
were  written  during  the  fall  of  1851.  The  others, 
about  forty  in  number,  are  from  'Juliette,'  the 
beautiful  Princess  Negroni  of  the  first  represen- 
tations of  'Lucrece  Borgia,'  who,  as  everybody 
knows,  was  destined  to  play  in  the  drama  of  Vic- 
tor Hugo's  life,  as  Madame  Drouet,  a  part  infi- 
nitely more  important  than  any  that  her  meagre 
histrionic  talents  permitted  her  to  aspire  to  in 
the  mimic  actions  of  the  stage.  These  letters, 
with  one  exception,  are  also  from  1851.  The 
other,  from  1836,  is  the  only  one  of  real  interest 
in  connection  with  the  history  of  the  poet.  These 
letters  exhibit  the  attitude  of  Madame  Drouet 
towards  Hugo,  but  not  for  the  first  time.  They 
but  repeat  the  expressions  of  letters  that  had 
already  been  published.  And  though  this  repe- 
tition was  doubtless  sweet  to  the  object  of 
Madame  Drouet 's  devotion,  and  perhaps  did  not 
cease  to  be  so  through  all  the  thousands  of  mis- 
sives (six  thousand  are  still  preserved)  of  that 
long  correspondence,  it  is  not  particularly  illu- 
mining to  the  student  of  Victor  Hugo's  life  or 
interesting  to  the  general  reader.  These  letters 
are,  however,  now  made  the  occasion  for  the  pub- 
lication of  a  book  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  pages 
of  wide-spaced  lines  and  open  print,  of  which  the 
letters  fill  about  fifty  pages.  Twenty  pages  are 
given  to  an  introductory  notice  by  M.  Francois 
Coppee,  in  which  personal  reminiscences  and  anec- 
dotes of  Hugo,  not  always  new,  are  told  with  a 
charm  that  suffers  sometimes  at  the  hands  of  the 
translator,  and  not  without  a  sly  thrust  at 
Hugo's  republicanism  in  a  reference  to  the  pres- 
ent republic's  use  of  exile  as  a  mode  of  dealing 
with  political  opponents.  The  rest  of  the  book  is 
mainly  taken  up  with  a  rather  scrappy  account  of 
Hugo's  life  and  home  surroundings  at  Haute- 
ville  House,  in  the  course  of  which  Mr.  Wack 
betrays  the  fact  that  he  is  no  authority  on  mat- 
ters of  Hugo  biography.  Less  than  twenty  pages 
are  devoted  to  the  story  of  the  'Romance  of  Vic- 
tor Hugo  and  Juliette  Drouet'  that  the  title 
promises ;  and  these  pages  are  but  a  rather  unsat- 
isfactory summary  of  an  article  by  M.  Leon 
Seche  in  the  'Revue  de  Paris'  for  February  15, 
1903.  There  was  in  Mr.  Wack's  treasure-trove 
hardly  the  excuse  for  a  short  magazine  article. 
His  book  is  quite  without  adequate  raison  d'  etre. 
(Putnam.)  

Dr.  Alexander  H.  Japp,  who  found 
about  'R.l'.s.'    ^  publisher  for  'Treasure  Island' 

and  a  public  for  its  author,  has  a 
better  warrant  than  most  to  write  about  Steven- 
son. Of  this,  he  has  taken  advantage  in  his 
recently-published  volume  entitled  'Robert  Louis 
Stevenson:  A  Record,  an  Estimate,  and  a  Mem- 
orial' (Scribner),  in  which  some  personal  remi- 


niscence is  supplemented  by  much  criticism, 
original  and  quoted,  and  by  a  little  controversy. 
The  chapters  supplying  the  latter  element  deal 
with  Lord  Rosebery  as  an  amateur  critic,  and 
with  Mr.  Gosse  as  an  authority  on  the  subject  of 
the  history  of  the  'Treasure  Island'  manu- 
script. The  criticism  is  largely  of  the  familiar 
appreciative  order;  and  since  so  few  dissentient 
voices  are  admitted  to  the  chorus  of  praise,  it 
seems  a  pity  to  give  so  much  prominence  to  Mr. 
Henley's  unfortunate  utterance.  There  can  be 
little  need  to-day  of  lengthy  quotation  from  this 
article,  even  for  the  sake  of  refutation.  Dr. 
Japp  gives  Stevenson's  dramatic  attempts  a 
decidedly  fuller  share  of  consideration  than  they 
have  hitherto  received  from  most  critics.  Accord- 
ing to  him,  the  chief  flaw  of  these  compositions 
is  lack  of  ethical  purpose,— a  failure  to  believe 
that  'goodness  and  self-sacrifice  and  surrender 
are  the  only  strength  in  the  universe.'  The 
admission  might  seem  to  render  untenable  the 
position  in  the  ranks  of  the  optimists  that,  curi- 
ously enough,  seems  to  have  been  awarded  Stev- 
enson to-day  by  almost  universal  consent.  But 
Dr.  Japp  qualifies  his  criticism  by  ascribing  Stev- 
enson's immoral  and  consequently  undramatic 
belief  that  ' badheartedness  was  strength'  to 
the  influence  of  Mr.  Henley.  It  seems  as  though 
a  phrase  in  a  passage  quoted  from  M.  Marcel 
Schwob  might  go  further  towards  explaining 
Stevenson's  weakness  as  a  dramatist,  as  well  as 
his  failure  in  other  respects,  with  all  his  mar- 
vellous attainments,  to  reach  the  highest  level. 
In  speaking  of  Stevenson's  characters,  M. 
Schwob  says:  'Ce  sont  des  fantomes  de  la  v^rite; 
hallueinants  comme  de  vrais  fantomes.'  And  to 
those  readers  who,  loving  Stevenson  the  man  no 
less  than  the  writer,  are  yet  able  to  see  him  with- 
out the  glamor  through  which  some  of  his  wor- 
shippers delight  to  gaze  at  their  idol,  the  criti- 
cism may  seem  to  have  application  to  the  life  of 
its  subject  as  well  as  to  his  work.  In  the  dedi- 
cation of  'David  Balfour,'  written  shortly  before 
his  death,  Stevenson  said  that  'he  bowed  his  head 
before  the  romance  of  destiny.'  Destiny  had  in 
truth  given  him  a  life  full  of  the  romance  that 
he  loved,  but  in  so  doing  set  him  something 
apart  from  the  rest  of  us,  to  whom  losses  and 
gains  come  more  dully.  And  if  the  life  he  gave 
his  characters  seems  more  unreal  than  that  which 
belongs  to  the  work  of  less  skilful  artists,  what 
wonder?  

The  life  and  '^^^  notion  that  artists  are  the  fit- 
work  of  test  persons  to  write  understand- 

Aliert  Durer.  ingly  about  art  and  artists  would 
be  truer  were  discernment  always  matched  by 
power  of  verbal  expression.  Mr.  T.  Sturge 
Moore's  volume  on  Albert  Diirer,  Avhich  is  the 
latest  addition  to  the  'Library  of  Art'  (Scrib- 
ner), is  an  instance  of  an  excellent  book  marred 
by  an  involved  and  slipshod  style.  This,  together 
with  the  rambling  treatment  and  frequent  use  of 
metaphor,  makes  it  somewhat  difficult  to  read. 
Three  sentences  from  the  first  of  the  biographi- 
cal chapters  may  be  cited  as  characteristic. 

'  It  is  perhaps  Impossible  to  place  oneself  in  the  centre 
of  that  horizon  which  was  of  necessity  his  and  belonged 
to  his  day,   a  vast  circle  from  which  men  could  no  more 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


359 


escape  than  we  from  ours ;  this  cage  of  iron  ignorance 
[sici  in  which  every  human  soul  is  trapped,  and  to  widen 
and  enlarge  which  every  heroic  soul  lives  and  dies.  This 
cage  appeared  to  his  eyes  very  different  from  what  It  does 
to  ours ;  yet  it  has  always  been  a  cage,  and  is  only  lost 
sight  of  at  times  when  the  light  from  within  seems  to  flow 
forth,  and  with  its  radiant  sapphire  heaven  of  buoyancy 
and  desire  to  veil  the  eternal  bars.  It  is  well  to  remind 
ourselves  that  ignorance  was  the  most  momentous,  the 
most  cruel  condition  of  his  life,  as  of  our  own ;  and  that 
the  effort  to  relieve  himself  of  Its  pressure,  either  by  the 
pursuit  of  knowledge,  or  by  giving  spur  and  bridle  to  the 
imagination  that  it  might  course  round  him  dragging  the 
great  woof  of  illusion  and  tent  him  in  the  ethereal  dream 
of  the  soul's  desire,  was  the  constant  effort  and  resource 
of  his  days.' 

Comment  is  supplied  by  the  author  himself  when 
he  says,  though  in  another  connection,  that  'it  is 
easier  to  bob  to  such  phrases  than  to  understand 
them.'  The  book  does  not  claim  to  embody  any 
new  research.  In  form  it  is  an  elaborate  essay, 
or  sequence  of  essays,  on  Diirer's  life  and  work, 
considered  in  relation  to  certain  general  ideas 
which  are  rather  vaguely  set  forth  in  the  first 
section.  In  deference,  no  doubt,  to  Diirer's 
search  for  a  canon  of  proportion  for  the  human 
figure,  the  opening  chapter  deals  with  various 
truisms  under  the  caption  of  'The  Idea  of  Pro- 
pK>rtion,'  as  the  author  calls  it,  though  'composi- 
tion' is  the  usual  term  for  what  he  has  in  mind. 
This  is  followed  by  a  chapter  on  the  influence  of 
religion  on  the  creative  impulse,  which  Mr.  Moore 
holds  to  be  the  vital  force  that  prevents  its  per- 
vei'sion  or  exhaustion.  The  really  valuable  parts 
of  the  book  are  those  that  deal  with  Diirer's  life 
in  relation  to  his  times,  and  with  his  work  as  a 
creator.  The  chapters  on  the  former  subject 
have  been  drawn  chiefly  from  Sir  Martin  Con- 
way's 'Literary  Remains  of  Albrecht  Diirer'  and 
Professor  Thausing's  Life  of  Diirer.  So  far  as 
possible  the  story  is  told  in  the  artist's  own  words, 
through  extracts  from  his  letters  and  diary,  and 
is  of  great  interest.  In  his  estimate  of  Diirer  as 
an  artist  Mr.  Moore  is  eminently  sound  and  dis- 
criminating. Here  he  is  on  sure  ground,  and  his 
words  may  be  taken  without  the  grain  of  salt 
that  is  needed  in  reading  other  parts  of  his  work. 
He  sees  clearly  in  what  the  greatness  of  Diirer 
consists,— that  he  was  a  marvellous  draughts- 
man, an  engraver  of  unsurpassed  skill,  a  designer 
of  the  very  first  rank,  but  not  a  painter  born,  in 
the  sense  that  Titian  and  Correggio  and  Rem- 
brandt were,  or  the  equal  of  these  masters  as  a 
colourist.  The  author's  aesthetic  judgments  are 
made  more  intelligible  by  the  abundant  illustra- 
tions, many  of  them  from  drawings  and  the  less 
well-known  works  of  the  artist.  These  are  ac- 
ceptably reproduced;  and  through  the  courtesy 
of  the  Diirer  Society  four  of  their  photogravures 
of  copperplate  engravings  are  included. 

Mr.  Robert  Ross,  to  whose  care  the 
fasTvoYuLT      inanuscript      was      confided,      has 

edited  Oscar  "Wilde's  posthumous 
work  'De  Profundis'  (Putnam),  written  during 
the  unhappy  man's  imprisonment  and  preceding 
in  point  of  time  the  composition  of  'The  Ballad 
of  Reading  Gaol.'  The  essay  has,  as  might  be 
expected,  great  literary  charm,  and  possesses  im- 
questioned  authenticity  as  a  contribution  toward 


the  comprehension  of  the  abnormal  and  in  many 
ways  inexplicable  psychology  of  its  author. 
WiJde  confesses  to  nothing  more  than  a  sense  of 
outrage  upon  finding  himself  reduced  to  the  sorry 
lot  of  a  common  felon,  confirming  the  impression 
that  he  was  quite  without  sense  of  guilt.  It  can- 
not be  said  that  at  any  point  in  his  narrative 
does  remorse  for  his  crime  manifest  itself;  he  is 
content  with  reprobation  of  the  general  hedonism 
by  which  he  governed  his  destiny;  contrition  and 
repentance  in  the  theological  sense  are  unknown 
to  him.  Nor  is  it  clear  that  a  more  refined  sort 
of  hedonism  does  not  p>ersist.  Most  interesting 
of  all  the  questions  raised  by  a  reading  of  the 
narrative  is  the  writer's  attitude  toward  Christ, 
whose  character  Wilde  believes  himself  to  com- 
prehend better  than  others.  But  he  nevertheless 
regards  the  gospel  account  as  chiefly  wonderful 
for  its  complete  and  rounded  literary  charm,— 
the  sesthetic  aspect  is  still  all-important.  The 
end  arrived  at  by  Wilde  appears  to  be  a  species 
of  Nature  worship.  'I  am  conscious  now,'  he 
writes  in  conclusion,  'that  behind  all  this  beauty, 
satisfying  though  it  may  be,  there  is  some  spirit 
hidden  of  which  the  painted  forms  and  shapes 
are  but  modes  of  manifestation,  and  it  is  with 
this  spirit  that  I  desire  to  become  in  harmony. 
I  have  grown  tired  of  the  articulate  utterances 
of  men  and  things.  .  .  .  Society,  as  we  have 
constituted  it,  will  have  no  place  for  me,  has  none 
to  offer,  but  Nature,  whose  sweet  rains  fall  on 
unjust  and  just  alike,  will  have  clefts  in  the  rocks 
where  I  may  hide,  and  secret  valleys  in  whose 
.  silence  I  may  weep  undisturbed. ' 

Daring  deeds  in  ^^f-  Gardner  W.  Allen  has  dealt 
the  early  days  with  a  brilliant  and  hitherto  neg- 
0/  our  navy.  lected  chapter  in  the  naval  annals 
of  the  United  States  in  his  volume  on  '  Our  Navy 
and  the  Barbary  Corsairs'  (Houghton,  Mifflin  & 
Co.).  The  book  covers  the  entire  ground  of  our 
official  dealings  with  Algeria,  Tripoli,  Morocco, 
and  Tunis  from  the  recognition  of  our  nationality 
by  Great  Britain  down  to  the  extirpation  of 
piracy  by  the  treaty  with  Algiers  in  December, 
1816.  Several  naval  expeditions  reflecting  the 
highest  credit  upon  the  service,  the  nation,  and 
the  best  interests  of  the  world  at  large,  were  un- 
dertaken during  this  period,  and  aside  from  the 
direct  results  accomplished  were  of  great  im- 
portance as  affording  a  training  school  for  that 
gallant  race  of  captains  who  so  effectually  dis- 
appointed the  British  on  the  sea  in  the  War  of 
1812.  The  operations  included  two  deeds  of  the 
finest  courage— the  cutting  out  of  the  'Phila- 
delphia,' which  the  incomparable  Nelson  himself 
called  'the  most  daring  act  of  the  age,'  and  the 
entry  into  the  port  of  Tripoli  of  Richard  Somers, 
Henry  Wadsworth  (the  maternal  uncle  of  Long- 
fellow, from  whom  the  poet  was  named),  and 
Joseph  Israel.  Besides  the  op>erations  at  sea, 
there  was  a  land  expedition  almost  unrecorded  in 
our  annals,  since  it  does  not  come  within  the 
scope  of  our  naval  history  and  was  not  officered 
by  any  member  of  the  regular  army.  Dr.  Allen 
has  made  his  work  thorough  and  authoritative, 
but  betravs  a  needless  distrust  of  his  own  de- 


360 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16 


scriptive  powers,  leaving  the  more  dramatic 
events  to  be  described  almost  entirely  in  the 
words  of  eye-witnesses.  The  book  is  supplied 
with  portraits  and  maps  of  value  and  interest. 

A  Frenchman's  The  present  is  a  time  for  interna- 
impressions  of  tional  interpretations,  and  Vicomte 
Greater  Britain.  Robert  d'Humieres  shows  gi-eat 
good  nature,  much  wit,  and  the  point  of  view  we 
characterize  as  French  in  his  book  entitled 
'Through  Isle  and  Empire'  (Doubleday,  Page  & 
Co.),  which  Mr.  Alexander  Teixera  de  Mattos  has 
admirably  translated  into  English.  The  author 
often  reverts  in  his  writings  to  Mr.  Rudyard 
Kipling  as  the  typical  Englishman,  and  Mr.  Kip- 
ling returns  the  compliment  in  a  prefatory  letter, 
polite  enough,  but  differing  from  the  author  in 
several  respects.  The  Vicomte  seems  to  have  had 
a  pleasant  time  in  his  sojourn  under  the  British 
flag,  beginning  with  London  during  the  corona- 
tion and  passing  through  England  and  thence  to 
India,  and  he  writes  of  it  all  with  ease  and 
vivacity.  He  exhibits  the  usual  failure  to  under- 
stand any  aspect  of  English  puritanism,  and  that 
inexplicable  attitude  of  the  Frenchman  toward 
the  Frenchwoman  which  is  not  the  least  of  the 
reasons  for  the  world's  misunderstanding  her. 
As  a  ride  (though  this  is  denied  in  the  introduc- 
tion) nothing  but  good  is  said  of  the  English, 
their  goings  out  and  comings  in,  their  sports  and 
pastimes,  and  their  normal  attitude  toward  life. 
It  is  in  India  that  the  Vicomte  shines  chiefly; 
there  of  all  places  is  the  opportunity  given  for  a 
man  of  southern  race  to  tell  the  story  of  a  race 
more  southern,  more  religious,  more  ancient,  and 
more  subtle.  Especially  to  be  commended  are 
the  discourses  upon  Indian  and  Moslem  art. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


Messrs.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  are  the  publishers  of 
a  third  edition  (not  apparently  differing  from  the 
second)  of  Amelia  B.  Edwards's  '  "Untrodden  Peaks 
and  Unfrequented  Valleys.'  This  description  of  the 
Dolomite  country  has  kept  its  interest  remarkably 
well  for  the  past  thirty  years  and  more,  and  we  are 
glad  to  welcome  it  in  its  most  recent  garb. 

Copyright  Office  Bulletin  No.  8  of  the  Library  of 
Congress  is  a  very  valuable  work  indeed.  It  is  a 
volume  of  more  than  four  hundred  pages,  bearing 
the  title  'Copyright  in  Congress,  1789-1904,'  and 
gives  us  '  a  bibliography  and  chronological  record 
of  all  proceedings  in  Congress  in  relation  to  copy- 
right,' during  the  entire  period  of  our  national  his- 
tory. Mr.  Thorvald  Solberg  is  the  compiler  of  the 
work. 

Mr.  Charles  Sprague  Sargent's  'Manual  of  the 
Trees  of  North  America  '  (exclusive  of  Mexico) 
presents  in  compact  form  for  the  use  of  students  the 
immense  mass  of  information  upon  its  subject  gath- 
ered by  the  author  during  thirty  years  of  investiga- 
tion, and  already  presented  in  his  'Silva  of  North 
America  '  in  monumental  form.  The  volume  is  one 
of  about  eight  hundred  pages,  describing  over  six 
hundred  species,  the  descriptions  being  accompanied 
by  about  the  same  number  of  illustrations,  Messrs. 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co,  are  the  publishers  of  this 
invaluable  work. 


A  'History  of  the  United  States  from  986  to  1905' 
(Harper),  by  Messrs.  Thomas  Wentworth  Higginson 
and  William  Macdonald,  turns  out  to  be  Colonel 
Higginson 's  '  History  of  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica,'  with  some  revisions  of  the  original  text,  and 
continued  from  Jackson's  administration  down  to 
the  present  date.  It  has  a  new  set  of  illustrations 
and  maps,  and  is  one  of  the  most  readable  histories 
of  this  country  ever  written. 

The  fifth  edition  of  'A  Dictionary  of  American 
Authors,'  by  Mr.  Oscar  Fay  Adams,  is  published  by 
Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  The  text  of  the 
preceding  edition  is  reproduced  with  comparatively 
few  alterations,  the  new  matter  being  relegated  to 
a  supplement,  which  contains  1325  new  names.  The 
work  is  thus  made  much  more  useful  than  before, 
although  the  inconvenience  of  searching  through  two 
alphabets  must  be  regarded  as  an  unfortunate 
feature. 

'Ethical  Addresses'  (1305  Arch  St.,  Philadelphia) 
has  been  published  in  enlarged  form  since  last  Sep- 
tember, and  each  of  the  monthly  issues  is  now  an 
attractively  printed  pamphlet  of  about  forty  pages, 
containing  two  or  three  papers  or  lectures.  Among 
the  papers  recently  printed  are  'Is  Life  Worth 
Living?'  by  Professor  William  James;  'Ethics  in 
the  Schools,'  by  Mr.  W.  M.  Salter;  'What  It  Means 
to  Work  for  a  Cause,'  by  Mr.  Walter  L.  Sheldon; 
and  'Shall  Ostracism  Be  Used  by  Religious  Socie- 
ties in  the  Struggle  against  Public  Iniquity?  '  by 
Professor  Felix  Adler.  We  wish  that  this  admirable 
publication  might  have  (to  put  it  moderately)  one- 
tenth  the  circulation  that  it  deserves.  The  combina- 
tion of  earnestness  with  high  intellectual  quality 
possessed  by  most  of  the  papers  included  should  com- 
mend them  to  all  thoughtful  readers. 

Two  volumes  of  Letters  complete  the  handsome 
library  edition  of  'The  Works  of  Charles  and  Mary 
Lamb,'  as  edited  by  Mr.  E.  V.  Lucas,  which  the 
Messrs.  Putnam  have  for  some  time  been  engaged  in 
publishing.  The  letters  of  Mary  Lamb  are  now  for 
the  first  time  included  in  such  an  edition,  while 
about  seventy  of  Charles's  letters  are  now  printed 
for  the  first  time.  L^^nfortunately,  the  present  col- 
lection is  not  complete,  because  many  other  letters 
are  still  under  copyright,  and  will  remain  so  for 
some  two  score  years  to  come.  To  obtain  a  complete 
set  of  the  letters  now  in  print  means  the  purchase 
of  nine  works  (in  many  more  volumes),  while  new 
letters  are  all  the  time  coming  to  light.  American 
autograph  collectors,  Mr.  Lucas  notes,  have  been 
particularly  disobliging  in  their  unwillingness  to 
permit  their  treasures  to  be  drawn  upon  for  the 
present  publication. 

'Translations  of  German  Poetry  in  American 
Magazines,  1741-1810,'  by  Dr.  Edward  Ziegler  Davis, 
is  an  interesting  volume  published  at  Philadelphia 
by  the  Americana  Germanica  Press.  The  author 
has  ransacked  very  thoroughly  the  magazines  of 
the  seventy  years  covered  by  his  investigation,  and 
has  listed  all  the  articles  giving  information  about 
Germany  and  other  Teutonic  countries.  The  poems 
are  in  most  cases  reprinted  in  full,  the  names 
occurring  most  frequently  being  those  of  Gellert, 
Gessner,  Burger,  and  Goethe.  Biirger's  'Lenore' 
inspired  many  American  versifiers  to  translation  or 
imitation,  and  the  number  of  compositions  inspired 
by  'Werther'  is  really  remarkable.  Most  of  this 
matter  is  poor  enough  stuff  as  literature,  but  some 
of  the  parodies  are  noteworthy,  showing  the  Amer- 
ican humorist  to  have  been  very  much  alive  in  the 
later  eighteenth  century.  One  burlesque  (p.  143) 
of  the  German  ballad  may  be  commended  to  the 
attention  of  anthologists  as  well  worth  preserving. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL. 


361 


Notes. 


It  has  been  found  necessary  to  postpone  until  next 
autumn  the  publication  of  the  collection  of-  Ibsen 
Letters  previously  announced  by  Messrs.  Fox,  Duf- 
field  &  Co. 

The  next  novel  by  Mr.  Eider  Haggard  will  be  pub- 
lished in  this  country  by  Messrs.  Doubleday,  Page 
&  Co.  'Ayesha, '  as  the  new  book  is  called,  forms  a 
sequel  to  Mr.  Haggard's  most  famous  story,  'She.' 

A  new  novel  by  Mrs,  Hugh  Fraser,  entitled  '  A 
Maid  of  Japan,'  will  be  published  this  month  by 
Messrs.  Henry  Holt  &  Co.  The  same  firm  has  also 
in  press  a  storv  of  Kentucky  life  called  *  The  Venus 
of  Cadiz.' 

An  excellent  blank  verse  translation  of  Oehlen- 
schlager's  '  Hakon  Jarl,  '  the  work  of  Mr.  James 
Christian  Lindberg,  is  to  be  found  in  the  January 
number  of  the  'University  Studies'  published  by 
the  University  of  Nebraska. 

The  famous  'Eowfant'  library  of  the  late  Fred- 
erick Locker-Lampson,  one  of  the  richest  private 
collections  ever  brought  together,  has  recently  been 
acquired  by  Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.,  who  will 
offer  it  for  sale  to  American  collectors. 

Baedeker's  *  Northern  France,  '  including  the 
country  from  the  Channel  to  the  Loire,  is  published 
in  its  fourth  English  edition,  and  imported  for  the 
American  market  by  Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons.     There  are  thirteen  maps  and  forty  plans. 

'The  Sonnets  of  Michael  Angelo  Buonarroti,'  in 
the  rhymed  translation  of  John  Addington  Symonds, 
has  reached  a  second  edition,  which  is  imported  by 
the  Messrs.  Scribner.  It  will  be  remembered  that 
this  book  gives  us  the  Italian  text,  each  sonnet  fac- 
ing its  translation. 

A  revised  edition  of  the  'Mediaeval  and  Modem 
History'  of  Professor  Philip  Yan  Ness  Myers  is 
published  by  Messrs.  Ginn  &  Co.  It  is  a  work  of 
over  seven  hundred  pages,  with  rich  illustrative 
equipment,  and  exemplifies  to  a  notable  degree  the 
modem  art  of  text-book-niaking. 

'The  van  Dyke  Book,'  edited  by  Dr.  Edward 
Mims,  and  published  by  the  Messrs.  Scribner,  is  a 
volume  of  selections  from  the  writings  of  the  Eev. 
Henry  van  Dyke,  prepared  for  child  readers  both  in 
and  out  of  school.  Miss  Brooke  van  Dyke  supplies 
a  biographical  sketch  of  her  father. 

A  volume  of  'Reminiscences  of  G.  F.  Watts,  E.A.,' 
will  be  published  in  about  a  month  by  the  Maemil- 
lan  Co.  Mrs.  Eussell  Barrington,  the  author  of  the 
book,  was  a  most  intimate  friend  of  "Watts  during 
the  last  forty-five  years  of  his  life.  The  volume 
will  be  illustrated  with  reproductions  of  Watts 's 
paintings. 

The  latest  of  the  special  Riverside  Press  Editions 
is  a  reprint  of  'A  Consolatorie  Letter'  written  by 
Plutarch  'unto  his  owne  wife  as  touching  the  death 
of  her  and  his  daughter.'  This  letter  forms  one  of 
the  less-known  chapters  in  the  '  Morals, '  and  is  here 
given  in  Philemon  Holland's  translation.  Judging 
from  the  specimen  that  we  have  seen,  the  typog- 
raphy is  distinctive  and  appropriate.  The  book 
is  presented  almost  entirely  without  ornament. 

Messrs.  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.  will  publish  this 
month  Mr.  Russell  Sturgis's  'The  Interdependence 
of  the  Arts  of  Design,'  a  series  of  lectures  delivered 
at  The  Art  Institute  of  Chicago;  another  of  Mr. 
Sherwin  Cody's  useful  compilations,  'A  Selection 
from  the  Great  English  Poets';  and  'Iowa:  The 
First  Free  State  in  the  Louisiana  Purchase,'  from 
its  earliest  discovery  to  the  admission  of  the  state 
into  the  Union,  by  Dr.  William  Salter. 


The  Summer  School  of  Library  Economy  con- 
ducted at  Amhurst  College  for  many  years  past  by 
Mr.  William  I,  Fletcher,  will  hold  its  fifteenth  ses- 
sion this  summer  from  July  3  to  August  11,  a  term 
of  six  weeks.  There  are  no  special  requirements 
(beyond  an  ordinary  high-school  education)  for  ad- 
mission to  this  course. 

Mr.  William  Alexander 's  volume  on  '  The  Life  In- 
surance Company,'  to  be  published  this  month  in 
Messrs.  Appletons'  '  Business  Series,'  will  have  an 
especial  timeliness  just  now.  The  book  is  a  general 
treatise  on  the  history,  aims,  and  accomplishment  of 
life  insurance,  written  from  thorough  practical 
knowledge  and  experience. 

A  uniform  edition  of  the  dramatic  works  of  Hen- 
rik  Ibsen,  to  be  sold  singly  or  in  sets  at  a  reasonable 
price,  is  announced  for  early  publication  by  Messrs. 
Charles  Scribner 's  Sons.  The  edition  will  consist  of 
seven  or  eight  volumes,  and  will  be  made  up  in  the 
main  of  the  authorized  Archer  translations.  The 
biographical,  bibliographical,  and  critical  apparatus, 
including  introductions  to  the  plays,  notes,  etc.,  will 
be  unusually  full  and  should  prove  of  much  service 
to  the  student  of  the  Norwegian  dramatist. 

The  extended  list  of  books  relating  to  the  Philip- 
pine Islands  will  receive  an  important  and  authori- 
tative addition  in  the  volume  on  'Our  Philippine 
Problem,'  by  Professor  H.  Parker  Willis  of  Wash- 
ington and  Lee  University,  which  Messrs.  Henry 
Holt  &  Co.  expect  to  issue  before  the  end  of  the 
month.  The  writer  is  well  qualified  for  the  task  of 
preparing  this  work  by  personal  investigation,  both 
in  the  Philippines  and  in  official  circles  in  Washing- 
ton, and  by  his  journalistic  experience  as  editorial 
writer  for  several  of  the  best  American  newspapers. 

Not  long  ago  the  Harvard  CoUege  Library  came 
into  possession  of  an  edition,  dated  1617,  of  an  hith- 
erto unknown  poem  by  Samuel  Rowlands  entitled 
'The  Bride.'  From  this  copy,  which  is  believed  to 
be  unique,  a  facsimile  reprint  has  been  made  by  the 
Merrymount  Press,  and  is  published  in  a  limited 
edition  by  Mr.  Charles  E.  Goodspeed.  The  poem 
itself  is  of  little  account,  being  hardly  up  to  the 
mediocre  level  of  its  author's  best  work;  but  owners 
of  the  Hunterian  Club  edition  of  Rowlands  will 
want  it  to  complete  that  work,  and  book-lovers  gen- 
erally will  be  glad  to  have  the  volume  for  the  sake 
of  the  very  unique  and  interesting  setting  that 
Mr.  Updike  has  given  it. 

The  series  of  twelve  photogravure  facsimiles  of 
rare  fifteenth  century  books  printed  in  England 
and  now  in  the  University  Library,  Cambridge, 
which  the  Cambridge  University  Press  has  in  prepa- 
ration, wiU  be  issued  in  this  country  by  the  Mae- 
miUan  Co.  The  first  four  books  are:  Chaucer's 
'Anelida  and  Arcite,'  from  the  unique  copy  of  the 
Westminster  edition  of  William  Caxton  (1477-8); 
'Augustini  Dacti  Scribe  sup  Tullianis  elogancijs  & 
verbis  exoticis  in  sua  facundissima  Rethorica  in- 
cipit  pornate  libellus, '  from  the  unique  copy  printed 
at  St.  Albans  (about  1479-80)  by  'The  Schoolmaster 
Printer';  'The  Temple  of  glas'  by  John  Lydgate, 
from  the  unique  copy  of  the  Westminster  edition  of 
William  Caxton  (1477-8);  and  'Thomas  Betson's 
Ryght  profytable  treatyse'  (from  St.  Jerome,  St. 
Bernard,  Gerson,  etc.)  (1500),  from  the  copy  printed 
by  Wynkyn  de  Worde  in  Caxton 's  house.  Only  two 
hundred  copies  of  each  will  be  for  sale. 

Under  the  title  of  'Types  of  American  Litera- 
ture,' Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  announce  an 
interesting  series  of  literary  studies  which  ought  to 
prove  valuable  to  the  critical  reader  of  books  as 
well  as  to  students  and  scholars.  The  series  is  to 
consist   of  a  number  of  monographs,  each  volume 


362 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


dealing  with  the  origin  and  development  of  a  single 
literary  genre,  instead  of  a  period  or  an  author. 
The  following  volumes  have  already  been  arranged 
for:  The  Ballad,  by  Professor  F.  B.  Gummere  of 
Haverford;  The  Novel,  by  Dr.  Bliss  Perry,  editor  of 
'The  Atlantic  Monthly';  The  Lyric,  by  Professor 
F.  E.  Schelling  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania; 
Tragedy,  by  Professor  A.  H.  Thorndike  of  North- 
western University;  The  Pastoral,  by  Professor  J. 
B.  Fletcher  of  Columbia  University;  The  Essay,  by 
Dr.  Ferris  Greenslet  of  'The  Atlantic  Monthly'; 
Character  Writing,  by  Mr.  C.  N.  Greenough  of  Har- 
vard; Saints'  Legends,  by  Dr.  G.  H.  Gerould  of  Bryn 
Mawr;  Literary  Criticism,  by  Professor  Irving  Bab- 
bitt of  Harvard;  The  Short  Story,  by  Professor  W. 
M.  Hart  of  the  University  of  California;  Allegory, 
by  the  general  editor  of  the  series.  Professor  W.  A. 
Neilson  of  Columbia  University.  Each  volume  will 
contain  a  complete  bibliography. 


List  of  New  Books. 

[The  fallovoing  list,  containing  75  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  The  DiaIi  since  its  last  issue.^ 

BIOGRAPHY  AND   MEMOIRS. 

Eenest  Renan.  By  William  Barry,  D.D.  Illus.,  12mo, 
uncut,  pp.  240.  '  Literary  Lives.'  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons.     $1.  net. 

My  Memoky  of  Gladstone.  By  Goldwin  Smith.  With 
portrait,   12mo,   pp.    88.     A.   Wessels  Co.     75  cts.   net. 

HISTORY. 

Magna  Carta  :  A  Commentary  on  the  Great  Charter  of 
King  John.  With  an  Historical  Introduction.  By 
William  Sharp  McKechnie,  M.A.  Large  8vo,  uncut,  pp. 
607.     Macmillan  Co.     $4.50  net. 

A  History  op  Modern  England.  By  Herbert  Paul. 
Vol.  III.,  large  8vo,  gilt  top,  pp.  454.  Macmillan 
Co.      $2.50   net. 

A  History  of  the  United  States.  By  Edward  Chan- 
ning.  Vol.  I.,  The  Planting  of  a  Nation  in  the  New 
World,  1000-1660.  8vo,  gilt  top,  pp.  550.  Macmillan 
Co.      $2.50    net. 

Journals  of  the  Continental  Congress,  1774-1789. 
Edited  from  the  original  records  in  the  Library  of 
Congress  by  Worthington  Chauncey  Ford.  Vols.  II. 
and  III.,  1775.  Large  8vo,  uncut.  Government  Print- 
ing Office. 

A  Short  History  of  Russia.  By  Mary  Pratt  Parmele. 
New  edition ;  12mo,  pp.  286.  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons.     $1. 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 

RUSSLA.N  Literature.     By  P.  Kropotkin.     8vo,  uncut,  pp. 

341.     McClure,   Phillips  &   Co.      $2.   net. 
The  Enchanted  Woods,  and  Other  Essays  on  the  Genius 

of  Places.     By  Vernon  Lee.     12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp. 

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1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


368 


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THE    DIAL 


[May  16. 


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1905.]  THE     DIAIi  365 


Lewis  and  Clark  Exposition 

The  first  great  exposition  of  the  resources  and 
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reached  via  the 

Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul 

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366 


THE    DIAI. 


[May  16,  1905. 


Some  Press  Comments  on  The  Dial's  Twenty=fifth  Anniversary 


The  Dial,  that  excellent  literary  periodical  which  is 
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pendent critical  journal  among  many  "literary  organs" 
whose  tune  has  almost  always  been  in  harmony  with  the 
literature  published  by  the  house  which  simultaneously 
owned  both  books  and  periodicals.  It  is  refreshing  to 
know  that  this,  the  only  journal  in  America  given  up 
exclusively  to  the  criticism  of  current  literature,  and  the 
only  literary  periodical  not  owned  or  controlled  by  a 
book  publishing  house  or  a  newspaper,  has  its  home  in 
Chicago.  That  a  paper  like  The  Dial  should  be  printed 
for  a  quarter  of  a  century,  continually  sending  forth  its 
clean  pages  of  well  balanced  criticism,  is  surely  cause  for 
felicitation.  Its  existence  must  prove  stimulating  to  good 
taste  and  a  love  of  good  literature,  May  it  live  long  to 
record  the  sunny  hours  of  prosperity  and  progress. 

The  Standard  (Chicago). 

With  its  issue  dated  April  i6.  The  Dial  completes  a 
quarter  of  a  century  of  such  service  to  American  literature 
as  has  been  rendered  by  no  other  periodical.  This  does 
not  mean  that  there  has  been  no  other  competent  literary 
criticism  in  the  United  States — ^  though  the  sum  total  of 
that  worth  any  consideration  has  been  slight  indeed  by 
comparison.  But  The  Dial  has  been  the  only  journal  to 
set  for  itself  as  an  exclusive  task  to  weigh,  to  measure, 
in  some  degree  to  interpret,  and  to  pronounce  judgment 
upon  the  current  literary  output.  This  was  the  purpose 
with  which  it  was  founded  twenty-five  years  ago,  and  to 
this  ideal  it  has  held  unswervingly,  making  no  attempt  to 
be  "popular,".but  maintaining  always  the  serene  dignity, 
somewhat  austere,  yet  kindly,  befitting  a  Court  of  Last 
Resort.  Wherever  it  is  known,  its  utterances  carry  with 
them  the  weight  that  always  attaches  to  the  deliberate  voice 
of  the  scholar  speaking  upon  the  subjects  in  which  he  is 

^''P*'^-  Out  West  (Los  Angeles). 


With  its  current  issue  The  Dial  enters  its  second 
quarter  century.  Outside  of  bookish  circles  this  fact  will 
not  seem  as  worthy  of  note  as  it  will  within.  But  where- 
ever  in  America  there  is  any  care  for  the  maintenance  or 
development  of  sound  and  disinterested  literary  criticism 
there  will  be  gratification  that  The  Dial  has  not  only 
survived  so  long  "the  tumult  and  the  shouting,"  but 
enters  auspiciously  upon  a  fresh  stage  of  its  career  of 
usefulness.  .  .  .  It  is  pleasant  to  consider  that  the  only 
magazine  wholly  given  to  literary  criticism  and  quite 
independent  of  any  publishing  concern  was  founded  in 
Chicago,  and  has  been  maintained  here  for  twenty-five 
years.  During  that  period  it  has  made  its  way  wherever 
competent  and  disinterested  criticism  is  sought. 

(From  a  column  article  in  Chicago  Evening  Post.) 

Twenty-five  years  ago,  on  the  first  day  of  May,  The 
Dial  was  founded  in  Chicago,  and  now  it  is  celebrating 
its  Quarter  Century.  The  editorial  on  the  occasion  speaks 
with  becoming  pride  of  the  career  of  the  paper.  Indeed, 
that  a  purely  literary  magazine  should  remain  for  so  long 
a  time  under  the  management  of  the  man  who  created  it, 
that  it  should  always  stand  for  the  better  things  in  litera- 
ture, and  that  it  should  now  be  prosperous,  is  a  record  as 
honorable  as  it  is  rare.       New  York  Evening  Post. 

All  friends  of  whatsoever  things  are  best  in  the  litera- 
ture of  this  generation  will  note  with  interest  that  The 
Dial  celebrates  its  twenty-fifth  anniversary  with  the  issue 
of  May  I.  Throughout  the  last  quarter  of  a  century  this 
purely  critical  literary  magazine,  published  in  the  intensely 
commercial  city  of  Chicago,  has  steadfastly  held  to  the 
high  aim  with  which  it  was  founded,  gaining  for  itself  an 
undisputed  place  among  the  best  critical  journals  in  the 
world.  Chicago  Record-Herald. 

Of  more  than  passing  note  among  newspaper  jubilees 
is  the  quarter  century  attained  on  May  Day  by  The  Dial, 
the  journal  of  literary  criticism  whose  place  of  publication 
is  Chicago,  but  whose  reading  public  is  scattered  over  the 
length  and  breadth  of  the  land,  and  also  across  the  seas 
in  other  lands  than  our  own.  .  .  .  Curiously  enough,  to 
this  day  The  Dial  is  the  only  paper  in  the  United  States 
devoted  exclusively  to  literary  criticism.  Furthermore, 
it  is  the  only  literary  periodical  in  the  country  which  is 
not  owned  or  controlled  by  a  book  publishing  house. 
Therefore  it  stands  on  an  eminence  of  dignified  solitude 
that  has  always  helped  to  give  to  its  judgments  the  excep- 
tional value  that  is  recognized  as  belonging  to  them  by 
all  in  touch  with  American  literature.  .  .  .  We  extend 
cordial  congratulations  to  our  contemporary  on  the  com- 
pletion of  a  full  quarter  century  of  honorable  service. 
May  the  hands  of  The  Dial  always  keep  steadily  moving, 
may  it  continue  to  ring  out  the  hours  of  literary  achieve- 
ment with  resonant  chime,  and  may  the  wheels  behind 
the  clock  face  be  always  well  oiled,  as  heretofore,  with 
the  unguents  of  sound  wisdom,  clear  discernment,  and 
sober  judgment.  Los  Angeles  Times. 

The  Dial  of  Chicago  has  just  celebrated  its  twenty- 
fifth  anniversary.  It  is  an  unusual  record  of  which  the 
editor,  Mr.  Francis  F.  Browne,  writes  modestly  in  the 
anniversary  number,  recalling  his  own  unbroken  editor- 
ship from  the  first  number.  The  service  which  a  literary 
paper  of  such  high  ideals  and  persistent  courage  In  main- 
taining them  has  been  able  to  render  in  the  formative 
period  of  the  Interior  deserves  wide  recognition. 

The  Congregationalist  (Boston). 


TBV  PIAI.  PBKSS,  riNK  ABTS  BOILDINO,  CBIOAOO 


Summer  reading  number 


c/f  SEMI-  MONTHL  Y  JOURNAL  OF 

JTxterarn  Criiitism,  Biscnssion,  anb  Information. 


xDiTSD  BT        \  Vtium* xxxvjii.       nvxtn  kH^Ci    tttvi?  1    1  on/;         jo «<*.  a eopy.  j  Fn«  Abts  Bmuwiro, 

FRANCIS  F.  BROWNE.  I  So.  455.  V^IllV^AVxU,  J  U^  li.   1,   i»UO.  S2.ay«ar.     (        203  Michi«B  Bird. 


(Ready  in  June)  The  Latest  Addition  to 

POOLE'S  INDEX 

to  Periodical   Literature 

FIVE   YEAR   SUPPLEMENT  TO   THE 
ABRIDGED    EDITION 

(January,  1900 — January,  1905)         Edited  by 
WILLIAM    I.    FLETCHER    and    MARY    POOLE 

JVith  the  cooperation  of  the  American  Library  Association 

This  Supplement  indexes,  after  the  approved  method  of  the  Poole 
series,  thirty-seven  leading  periodicals  for  the  five  years  1900 — 1904. 
The  list  of  periodicals  covered  is  the  same  as  in  the  original  abridged 
edition,  except  that  Everybody's  Magazine  and  The  World's  Work 
are  substituted  for  two  older  magazines  no  longer  published. 

The  periodicals  included  constitute  the  very  best  of  periodical  lit- 
erature, both  American  and  English,  and  this  index  for  the  past  five 
years  unlocks  a  great  storehouse  of  otherwise  inaccessible  material  for 
readers  and  students,  and  must  be  employed  in  every  library  where 
there  is  any  research  and  study. 
Royal  8vo,  ^5.00  net.     Postage  extra.      Half  morocco,  gilt  top,  ;J8.00  net.     Postage  extra. 


MARY     AUSTIN'S     Stirrins    Romance     ISIDRO 

i      "Mrs.  Austin  has  evidently  been  a  close  student  of  the  early  Mission  days 

j      of  Lower  California,  '  Isidro '  being  an  historically  correct  and  fair  picture 

PRINTING         of  the  times.     The  characters  are  well  drawn,  the  descriptions  vivid,  and 

the  charms  of  the  California  peninsula  well  set  forth.     The  plot  is  clever 

and  well  developed,  and  Isidro  and  Jacinta  a  charming  pair  of  lovers." — N.  Y.  Evening  Post. 

Illustrated  in  colors  by  Eric  Pape.       i2mo,  ^1.50. 


HOUGHTON,  MIFFLIN  &  COMPANY,  BOSTON  AND  NEW  YORK 


:368 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


Popular  Fiction  for  Summer  Reading 


THE  MARRrAQE  OF  WILLIAM  ASHE 

By  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward 

"This  is  the  best  of  Mrs.  Ward's  stories — the  most  per- 
;  sistently  and  pervasively  interesting.     In  recent  fiction  we 

have  found  nothing  by  which  we  have  been  more  impressed 
.  and  entertained." — New  York  Sun.  Cloth,  'fl.oU. 

THE  VICISSITUDES  OF  EVANGELINE 

By  Elinor  Glyn 

■•' A i lively,  sparkling  twin-sister  volume  to  "The  Visits  of 

"Elizabeth."      Evangeline    is    an    irresistible    creature    with 

wonderful  red  hair  and  amazing  eyes,  full  of  guileful  inno- 

.cence  and  innocent  guile.  Cloth,  $1.50. 

THE  BELL  IN  THE  FOG 

By  Gertrude  Atherton 

.tA  new  volume  of  short  stories,  by  the  author  of  "The 
Conqueror."  The  tales  are  all  little  masterpieces,  as  exquisite 
in  workmanship  as  those  of  Maupassant  —  to  which  they 
bear  a  decided  resemblance.  Cloth,  $1.25. 

THE  SLANDERERS 

By  Warwick  Deeping 

"'  It  shows  the  author  as  much  at  home  in  his  portrayal  of 
'  modern  life  as  he  was  in  the  region  of  Arthurian  romance  in 
I  his  '  Uther  and  Igraine.' "— TAc  Beacon.       Post  Svo,  $1.50. 

THE  WORSTED  MAN 

By  John  Kendrick  Bangs 

.  A  bright  aqd  amusing  comedietta,  exceedingly  funny  to  read 

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MR.  PENNVCOOK'S  BOY 

By  J.  J.  Bell 

'  The  author  of  "  Wee  Macgreegor "  is  here  in  his  element 

writing  short  stories  about  boyish  pranks  that  various  little 

.  Scotch  lads  of  Glasgow  are  up  to.     "  Wee  Macgreegor  "  is 

.among  them.  Cloth,  $1.25. 

THE  CLUB  OF  QUEER  TRADES 

By  Q.  K.  Chesterton 

A  group  of  fantastic  and  brilliantly  written  short  stories. 

•Only  those  are  eligible  to  the  Club  of  Queer  Trades  who  have 
devised  some  novel  means  of  making  a  livelihood.  These 
extraordinary  adventures  will  be  relished  by  all  lovers  of 

.  mystery  tales.  Cloth,  $1.25. 

THE  COURTSHIP  OF  A  CAREFUL  MAN 

By  E.  S.  Martin 

A  bright  volume  of  love  stories  from  Mr.  E,  S.  Martin's 
-clever  pen.  With  deft  touch  and  delightful  humor  Mr. 
.Martin  beguiles  the  reader  with  entertaining  revelations  of 
Cupid's  present-day  methods.         Illustrated.     Cloth,  $1.25. 


FOND  ADVENTURES 

By  Maurice  Hewlett 

Four  glowing  love-tales  out  of  the  heart  of  the  Middle  Ages. 
Since  the  publication  of  "  The  Forest  Lovers,"  Mr.  Hewlett 
has  written  nothing  so  palpitating  with  the  full  and  splendid 
life  of  that  virile  day.  Cloth,  $1.50. 

THE  TYRANNY  OF  THE  DARK 

By  Hamlin  Garland 

Hamlin  Garland  has  pictured  another  delightful  Western 
girl  in  his  latest  novel.  The  romance  of  her  life  while  in 
New  York  is  a  moving  story  in  a  strange  and  wonderful  set- 
ting.    The  book  is  a  striking  departure  from  current  fiction. 

Illustrated.     Cloth,  $1.50. 

THE  ACCOMPLICE 

By  Frederick  Trevor  Hill 

The  story  of  a  hotly  contested  murder-trial  as  told  by  the 
foreman  of  the  jury.  The  story  is  a  maze  of  mystery  to  the 
very  end,  worked  out  along  lines  entirely  new  in  fiction. 

Cloth,  $1.50. 

MISS  BELLARD'S  INSPIRATION 

By  W.  D.  Howells 

A  delightful  story  of  a  summer  episode  in  New  Hampshire, 
in  which  the  "  course  of  true  love  "  takes  a  novel  turn.  A 
delicate  veiled  satire  on  certain  modern  ways  of  doing  and 
thinking.  Cloth,  $1.50. 

THE  ULTIMATE  PASSION 

By  Philip  Verrill  Mighels 

A  strong  political  story  dealing  with  the  corrupt  influences 
of  a  political  ring.  It  is  a  powerful  and  unusual  novel,  with 
startling  political  situations  and  a  charming  love  story. 

Cloth,  $1.50. 

THE  SECOND  WOOING  OF  SALINA  SUE 

By  Ruth  McEnery  Stuart 

A  delightful  succession  o(  comedies  and  tragedies  of  quaint 
corners  of  the  Southland.  Mrs.  Stuart  holds  a  foremost 
place  as  a  writer  of  successful  short  stories.     Cloth,  $1.25. 

THE  DRYAD 

By  Justin  Huntly  McCarthy 

The  author  has  boldly  woven  a  strain  of  Greek  mythology 
into  a  mediaeval  romantic  story  aglow  with  color  and  action. 
The  result  is  surprisingly  charming  —  a  "Midsummer- 
Night's  Dream  "  effect  in  a  story  that  carries  one  completely 
away.  Cloth,  $1.50. 

SANNA 

By  M.  E.  Waller 

"  The  author  of  'The  Wood-carver  of  'Lympus'  has  clustered 
around  her  theme  in  this  new  volume  scenes  of  pathos  and 
humor  with  the  most  captivating  human  interest.  Sanna  is 
bewitching  in  her  girlish  coquetry  and  charm."  —  Pittsburg 
Press.  Cloth,  $1.50. 


HARPER  &   BROTHERS        PUBLISHERS       NEW  YORK 


1905.]  THE    DIAL  3«9 


Hittle,  ilroton,  61  Co/s  itatest  JFiction 

THE  BREATH  OF  THE  GODS.     By  Sidney  McCall,  author  of  "Truth  Dexter." 

"  A  greater  achievement  than  '  Truth  Dexter,' "  says  the  Boston  Advertiser  of  this  new  romance,  which  has  a 
subtle  Japanese  atmosphere.     12mo.     431  pages.     $1.50. 

THE  MASTER  MUMMER.     By  E.  Phillips  Oppenheim,  author  of  "Mysterious  Mr.  Sabin." 

The  strange  adventures  that  befell  a  young  princess  in  London  form  the  plot  of  Mr.  Oppenheim's  most 
romantic  novel.     Illustrated  by  F.  H.  Townsend.     12mo.     309  pages.     $1.50. 

CURLY  —  A  Tale  of  the  Arizona  Desert.  By  Roger  Pocock,  author  of  "Following  the 
Frontier." 

"  A  wonderfully  stirring  story,"  says  the  Birmingham  Post  of  this  remarkable  cowboy  tale.     With  eight 
striking  illustrations  by  Stanley  L.  Wood.     12nio.     330  pages.     $1.50. 

THE  WEIRD  PICTURE.     By  John  R.  Carting,  author  of  "The  Shadow  of  the  Czar,"  etc. 

Another  ingenious  and  interest-compelling  romance,  in  which  the  love  affairs  of  the  principals  are  centred 
around  the  realistic  work  of  a  frenzied  artist.     Illustrated  by  Cyms  Cuneo.     12mo.     283  pages.     $1.50. 

JUSTIN  WINGATE,  RANCHMAN.  By  John  H.  Whitson,  author  of  "The  Rainbow 
Chasers,"  etc. 

"An  accurate  and  adequate  picture  of  Western  life  of  the  day,"  says  the  New   York  Sun  of  this  virile 
romance  of  a  Colorado  ranchman.     Illustrated  by  Arthur  E.  Becher.     12mo.     312  pages.     $1..50. 

ON  THE  FIRING  LINE.     By  Anna  Chapin  Ray  and  Hamilton  Brock  Fuller. 

"  Setting  aside  Mr.  Kipling's  few  stories,  no  fiction  of  the  Boer  War  places  a  more  vivid  South  Africa  before 
the  eyea'^  {New  York  Times).     With  frontispiece  by  Alice  Barber  Stephens.     12mo.     289  pages.     $1.50. 

AS  THE  WORLD  GOES  BY.     By  Elisabeth  W.  Brooks. 

A  powerful    emotional  novel,  with  differentiated  characters  and  a  strong  mosical  and  dramatic  interest. 
12ino.  .  375  pages.     $1.50. 

A  PRINCE  OF  LOVERS.     By  Sir  William  Magnay,  author  of  "The  Red  Chancellor,"  etc. 

"  At  once  thrilling  and  absorbing.     Must  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  romances  of  the  day, — vigorous,  skilful  in 
plot  and  delightfiSly  entertaining  "(Boston  TroTMcript).   Illustrated  by  Cjrms  Cuneo.  12mo.  326  pages.  $1.50. 

A  KNOT  OF  BLUE.     By  Willam  R.  A.  Wilson,  author  of  "A  Rose  of  Normandy." 

"  There  is  a  wealth  of  romantic  tenderness  in  the  story,  combined  with  plenty  of  adventure  and  intrigue." 
{St.  Louis  Star).     Illustrated  by  Ch.  Grunwald.     12mo.     355  pages.     $1.50.  • 

MY  LADY  CLANCARTY.     By  Mary  Imlay  Taylor,  author  of  "On  the  Red  Staircase,"  etc. 

"  As  fetching  a  romance  as  modem  fancy  has  woven  about  old  threads  of  fact,"  says  the  New  York  World. 
Illustrated  in  tint  by  Alice  Barber  Stephens.     12mo.     298  pages.     $1.50. 

THE  VISION  OF  ELIJAH   BERL.     By  Frank  Lewis  Nason,  author  "of  To  the  End  of 

the  TraU." 

"  An  absorbingly  interesting  book,"  says  the  Boston  Transcript  of  this  original  American  novel  with  its  scenes 

lidd  in  California.     12mo.     290  pages.     $1.50. 

THE  COMING  OF  THE  KING.  By  Joseph  Hocking,  author  of  "All  Men  are  Liars,"  etc 
A  powerful  romance  of  the  time  of  the  restoration  of  Charles  II.  of  England.  Illustrated  by  Grenville 
Manton.     12mo.     316  pages.     $1.50. 

AN  AMERICAN  GIRL  IN  MUNICH.  Impressions  of  a  Music  Student.  By  Mabel  W. 
Daniels. 

"  We  have  a  lifelike  picture  of  the  town  and  its  people,  the  routine  of  a  music  pupil's  ejdstence,  and  much 
good-natured  side-light  on  musical  education  in  Grermany  "  {Chicago  Tribune).     12mo.     $1.25. 

AT  ALL  BOOKSELLERS 

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370  THE     DIAX.  [Junel, 

A   POWERFUL  STORY  OF  MODERN  LIFE 

JORN    UHL 

By  GUSTAV  FRENSSEN 

Authorized  version.      Translated  for  the  first  time  into  English  by  F.  S.  Delmer. 

*'  Striking  from  any  standpoint." —  Boston  'Advertiser. 

*'A  remarkable  novel,  judged  by  whatever  standard.  ...  A  really  great  novel."  —  A^.  T.  Globe, 
Over  200,000  copies  of  this  book  were  sold  in  Germany  within  eighteen  months  after  publication. 
The  peasant  hero,  whose  name  gives  the  title  to  the  romance,  is  one  of  the  most  powerful  creations 

in  modern  fiction. 
Many  social  and  ethical  problems  of  the  day  are  touched  upon  in  the  book,  and  the  plot  is  of 

great  interest. 

All  Booksellers t  $1.50 

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THE  CLARENDON   PRESS 

JUST  PUBLISHED 

THE   ELEMENTS  OF  RAILWAY   ECONOMICS 

By  W.  M.  AcKWORTH,  author  of  "The  Railways  of  England,"  "The  Railways  and  the  Traders,"  etc.     8vo, 

cloth,  70  cents. 

"  An  intelligent  man,  if  he  will  apply  his  mind  for  a  few  houri  to  the  study  of  this  little  book,  may  have  a  clearer  understanding 
of  the  problem  of  railway  rates  than  is  now  manifested  by  most  of  our  public  speakers  and  newspaper  editors.  Mr.  Ackwortb  has 
explained  a  difficult  problem  with  such  admirable  lucidity  as  to  bring  it  within  the  popular  comprehension,  and  he  would  hare  been 
censurable  had  be  hid  his  light  under  a  bushel.  While  his  book  may  have  been  intended  for  his  students  at  the  London  School  of 
Economics,  and  while  his  illustrations  and  applications  are  primarily  English,  the  American  people  stand  in  especial  need  of  its  lessons, 
and  their  need  has  never  been  so  great  as  it  will  be  during  the  coming  years.  "—7Ae  Evening  Post,  May  8, 1905. 

ARISTOTLE'S   POLITICS 

Translated  by  Benjamin  Jowett.     With  Introduction,  Analysis,  and  Index  by  H.  W.  C.  Davis,  M.A.     Extra 
fcap.,  8vo,  cloth,  $1.00. 

DANTE'S   DIVINA  COMMEDIA 

Translated  into  English  Prose  by  the  Rev.  H.  F.  Tozek,  M.A, 
Uniform  with  Dean  Wickham's  translation  of  Horace. 

Jowett's  translation  of  the  four  Socratic  Dialogues  of  Plato. 
Jowett's  translation  of  Aristotle's  Politics,  edited  by  H.  W.  C.  Davis. 

Extra  fcap.,  8to,  cloth,  $1.00. 
ALSO  PUBLISHED  BY  HENRY  FROWDE 

AUTHOR  AND   PRINTER 

A  Guide  for  Authors,  Editors,  Printers,  Correctors  of  the  Press,  Compositors,  and  Typists.     With  full  list  of 
abbreviations.      By  F.  Howard  Coixins.     Crown  8vo,  cloth,  $2.26. 

FOR  SALE  BY  ALL  BOOKSELLERS 

THE  OXFORD  UNIVERSITY  PRESS,  American  Branch,  91-93  5th  Ave.,  New  York 


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FAfiB 

A  PUBLISHER'S  CONFESSIONS 375 

THE    DECAY    OF   THE    GHOST   IN    FICTION. 

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Miall's  House.  Garden,  and  Field.  —  Smith's  Bird 
Life  and  Bird  Lore. — Thompson-Seton's  Woodmyth 
and  Fable. — Mr.  and  Mrs.  Peckham's  Wasps,  Social 
and  Solitary. — Job's  Wild  Wings. 

RECENT  FICTION.  WiUiam  Morton  Payne  ...  388 
Hiehens's  The  Garden  of  Allah. — Watson's  Hurri- 
cane Island.  —  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Castle's  Rose  of  the 
World.  —  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Williamson's  The  Princess 
Passes.  —  Mrs.  Ward's  The  Marriage  of  William 
Ashe. — Miss  Glyn's  The  Vicissitudes  of  Evangeline. 
—  Phillpotts's  The  Secret  Woman.  —  Locke's  The 
Morals  of  Marcus  Ordeyne.  —  Rennet's  For  the 
White  Christ.  —  Brady's  The  Two  Captains.  — 
Gardenhire's  The  Silence  of  Mrs.  Harrold.  — 
Altsheler's  The  Candidate. 

NOTES  ON  NEW  NOVELS 39o 

A  HL^NDRED  BOOKS  FOR  SUMMER  READING  .394 
(A.  select  list  of  some  recent  publications.) 

JfOTES 396 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS  .397 

LIST  OF  NT;W  BOOKS 397 


A  PUBLISHER'S  CONFESSIONS. 


Confession  is  good  for  the  sonl,  as  the  old 
•saying  has  it,  and  whoever  first  formulated  that 
familiar  dictum  doubtless  meant  that  the  soul 
of  the  confessor  was  the  one  to  get  the  benefit. 
But  the  writer  of  'A  Publisher's  Confession/ 
an  entertaining  little  book  recently  published, 
knows  a  trick  worth  two  of  that,  and  his  con- 
fessions turn  out  to  be  counsels  for  the  admo- 
nition of  others  rather  than  the  humble  setting 
forth  of  his  own  shortcomings.  To  chasten 
man}-  souls  with  the  same  rod  is  obviously  a 
worthier  object  of  endeavor  than  selfishly  to  con- 
fine the  discipline  to  the  simple  case  of  the 
writer  himself. 

The  first  concern  of  the  book  is  with  the 
greedy  souls  of  those  authors  who  undermine  the 
financial  foundations  of  the  publishing  business 
by  their  unscrupulous  demands  for  large  royal- 
ties. The  number  of  these  inconsiderate  scrib- 
blers who  refuse  to  accept  with  due  gratitude 
the  traditional  ten  per  cent  is  yearly  increasing, 
and  there  is  a  progressive  augmentation  in  the 
audacity  of  their  stipulations.  The  average 
author  has  always  found  it  diflficult  to  under- 
stand the  equity  of  leaving  the  other  ninety  per 
cent  in  the  hands  of  his  publisher.  This  ninety 
per  cent  is,  of  course,  a  purely  imaginary  quan- 
tity (since  nearly  half  of  it  disappears  in  the  cus- 
tomary discount  exacted  from  the  publisher  by 
the  bookseller).  There  remains  then,  on  the 
basis  of  the  ten  per  cent  royalty,  rather  less  than 
fifty  per  cent  for  all  the  preliminary  expenses  of 
type-setting,  stereotj'ping,  and  advertising,  and 
for  all  the  continuous  expenses  of  manufacture 
and  marketing.  It  is  obvious  enough  that  a 
book  must  sell  to  the  extent  of  something  like 
two  thousand  copies  to  pay  expenses  alone,  and 
that  if  the  publisher  is  to  get  any  profit  at  all, 
it  must  come  from  the  sale  of  a  large  edition. 
The  writer  of  the  present  '  confession '  presents 
these  elementary  facts  in  a  convincing  manner, 
and  his  argument  needs  no  strengthening. 

There  are,  however,  a  few  points  to  be  made 
on  the  authors  behalf,  which  this  argument 
ignores.  For  the  book  of  moderate  sale,  respect- 
ably manufactured  and  properly  advertised,  the 
ten  per  cent  royalty  is  undoubtedly  a  fair  bar- 
gain for  the  author.  But  for  the  book  of  very 
large  sale,  a  twenty  per  cent  royalty  would  not 
be  unfair  to  the  publisher  and  not  unduly  gen- 
erous to  the  author.    The  problem  is,  of  course. 


876 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


to  form  some  idea  before  a  book  is  published 
of  the  sale  that  may  reasonaibly  be  expected  for 
it.  In  our  opinion,  the  sliding  scale  of  royalties 
offers  the  most  practically  equitable  way  of  deal- 
ing with  this  uncertain  element  in  a  publishing 
venture.  The  speculative  element  in  most  such 
ventures  cannot  be  eliminated,  and  it  is  only 
fitting  that  the  benefits  of  an  unexpected  suc- 
cess should  inure  to  both  parties.  The 
fact  that  the  publisher  finds  it  unwise, 
and  even  ruinous,  to  contract  for  large  royalty 
payments  before  the  salability  of  a  book  has  been 
tested  does  not  conflict  with  the  other  fact  that 
it  is  unjust  to  an  author  to  limit  his  rewards  by 
a  forecast  that  the  event  may  show  to  have  been 
unnecessarily  conservative. 

A  matter  of  minor  importance,  but  not  one 
to  be  neglected  altogether,  is  found  in  the  sales, 
not  inconsiderable  in  amount,  which  every  pub- 
lisher makes  direct  to  the  individual  book-buyer. 
The  profit  resulting  from  these  sales  must 
widen  materially  the  narrow  margin  upon  which 
his  business  with  the  trade  is  admittedly  done. 
One  other  point  we  have  emphasized  upon  sev- 
eral former  occasions.  It  is  that  books  published 
under  the  '  net '  system  call  for  a  special  rule 
on  the  subject  of  royalty.  To  give  the  author  of 
a  'net'  book  the  traditional  ten  per  cent  is 
equivalent  to  depriving  him  of  one-fifth  of  his 
legitimate  reward.  But  we  have  seen  no  evi- 
dence since  the  inauguration  of  '  net '  prices  for 
books  that  authors'  royalties  upon  these  publi- 
cations have  been  advanced  as  they  should  have 
been.  Not  to  make  this  advance  spontaneously 
and  as  a  matter  of  the  barest  justice  is  to  take 
an  underhanded  advantage  of  a  class  of  persons 
not  as  a  rule  well  equipped  for  business  dealings. 

One  of  the  most  salient  features  of  our  little 
book  of  confessions  is  the  emphasis  which  it 
places  upon  professional,  as  distinguished  from 
commercial,  publication.  The  root  of  this  impor- 
tant matter  is  found  in  the  following  passage: 

'It  was  once  a  matter  of  honor  that  one  pub- 
lisher should  respect  the  relation  established  be- 
tween another  publisher  and  a  writer,  as  a  physician 
respects  the  relation  established  between  another 
physician  and  a  patient.  Three  or  four  of  the  best 
publishing  houses  still  live  and  work  by  this  code. 
And  they  have  the  respect  of  all  the  book  world. 
Authors  and  readers,  who  do  not  know  definitely 
why  they  hold  them  in  esteem,  discern  a  high 
sense  of  honor  and  conduct  in  them.  Character 
makes  its  way  from  any  man  who  has  it  down  a 
long  line  —  everybody  who  touches  a  sterling  char- 
acter comes  at  last  to  feel  it  both  in  conduct  and 
in  product.  The  very  best  traditions  of  publishing 
are  yet  a  part  of  the  practice  of  the  best  American 
publishing  houses,  which  are  conducted  by  men  of 
real  character.  But  there  are  others  —  others  who 
keep  "literary  drummers,"  men  who  go  to  see 
popular  writers  and  solicit  books.  The  authors  of 
very  popular  books  themselves  also  —  some  of  them 
at  least  —  put  themselves  up  at  auction,  going  from 
publisher  to  publisher  or  threatening  to  go.     This 


is  demoralization  and  commercialization  with  a 
vengeance.     But  it  is  the  sin  of  the  authors.' 

Here  is  an  issue  squarely  presented,  and  it 
is  one  of  the  greatest  importance.  Shall  pub- 
lishers underbid  each  other  in  the  effort  to  add 
popular  names  to  their  lists?  Shall  authors 
hawk  their  wares  from  house  to  house  for  the 
purpose  of  getting  a  number  of  offers  and 
accepting  the  highest  of  them  ?  If  we  change  the 
terms  of  these  questions,  substituting  '  physi- 
cian '*  or  '  lawyer '  in  the  one  case,  and  '  patient ' 
or  '  client '  in  the  other,  they  will  be  very 
promptly  answered  in  the  negative.  It 
seems  to  us  that  insistence  upon  a  profes- 
sional relation  between  publisher  and  author  is 
absolutely  necessary  if  the  complex  process  of 
writing  and  uttering  books  is  to  be  kept  upon  a 
dignified  plane,  and  the  best  intellectual  inter- 
ests of  the  country  are  to  be  served. 
Commercial  methods  may  do  well  enough  for 
the  publication  of  the  cheap  rubbish  that  still, 
as  in  all  past  time,  is  produced  for  the  infection 
of  the  public  taste  —  just  as  the  department 
store  is  a  fitting  place  for  its  sale  —  but  books 
that  have  anything  to  do  with  literature  or  with 
the  advancement  of  knowledge  should  not  be 
subjected  to  such  degrading  conditions  of  pro- 
duction. 

The  plea  of  our  anonymous  author  for  the 
ethics  of  professionalism  in  the  publishing  busi- 
ness is  so  reasonable  and  so  convincingly  urged 
that  little  ground  is  left  for  any  opposing  argu- 
ment. And  yet  there  runs  through  this  little 
book  a  line  of  thought,  perhaps  rather  a  line  of 
suggestion,  that  is  strikingly  at  variance  with 
the  main  tenor  of  the  discourse.  We  refer  to  the 
slighting  and  even  contemptuous  language  with 
which  the  writer  speaks  of  those  who  apply 
critical  standards  to  literature.  A  few  quota- 
tions will  illustrate  this  curious  bias,  the  ex- 
pression of  which  is  almost  tantamount  to  the 
rejection  of  the  fine  ideals  for  which  the  writer 
elsewhere  seems  to  stand.  At  an  early  oppor- 
tunity, he  takes  occasion  to  make  the  reckless 
pronouncement :  '  I,  for  one,  and  I  know  no 
publisher  who  holds  a  different  opinion,  care 
nothing  for  the  judgment  of  the  professional 
literary  class. '  Later  on,  we  find  such  sayings 
as  these :  '  The  one  thing  that  is  certain  is  that 
the  critical  crew  and  the  academic  faculty  are 
sure  not  to  recognize  literature  at  first  sight.  ^ 
'  Most  publishers'  readers  are  literarv'  folk,  pure 
and  simple. '  If  you  have  a  book  to  publish, 
first  find  out  who  conducts  the  business  of  the 
publisher  you  have  in  mind.  '  If  it  is  conducted 
by  a  lot  of  hired  literar}-  men,  avoid  it.  They 
are,  most  of  them,  men  who  have  failed  at 
authorship;  they  read  and  advise  for  salaries; 
and  most  of  them  know  nothing  about  the 
houses  that  thev  serve. ' 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


377 


Expressions  like  these  betray  a  curious  lack 
of  balance ;  they  suggest  the  man  -vrith  a  griev- 
ance, who  lets  his  temper  get  the  better  of  his 
judgment.  And  the  animus  becomes  still  more 
marked  when  any  reference  is  made  to  the  *  liter- 
ary' journals.'  We  are  told  that  when  some 
worthless  novel  is  made  ephemeraUy  popular  by 
the  *  brass  band  method '  of  the  sensational  pub- 
lisher, these  journals  '  forthwith  fall  to  gossip- 
ing, and  keep  up  a  chatter  about  great  sellers, 
and  bewail  commercialization  in  literature.'  Fur- 
thermore, we  read  of  '  nonsense  such  as  review- 
ers write  in  the  literary  magazines,'  and  of  *  oui 
shallow  gabble  called  reviews.'  We  are  also 
gravely  assured  that  publishers  rarely  waste  their 
time  in  reading  the  reviews  of  their  own  pub- 
lications, and  that  periodicals  which  '  go  only  to 
the  literary  class  are  to  a  degree  superfluous' 
for  advertising  purposes.  There  is  no  mistaking 
the  spirit  of  such  words  as  these ;  it  is  the  spirit 
of  the  very  commercialism  which  the  writer  else- 
where deprecates,  and  it  serves  to  weaken  his 
main  plea  immeasurably.  If  all '  literary '  opin- 
ion is  to  be  held  thus  in  contempt,  what  sort  of 
opinion,  we  ask  in  our  bewilderment,  does  out 
confessing  publisher  consider  deserving  of 
respect  ?  If  the  judgment  of  expert  criticism  is 
to  go  unheeded,  what  judgment  is  there  left  for 
his  guidance,  save  that  of  the  philistine  with 
his  commercial  aims  and  his  worship  of  mere 
success?  The  dilemma  is  thus  squarely  pre- 
sented, but  our  writer  seems  to  seize  first  one 
horn  and  then  the  other,  instead  of  boldly  mak- 
ing his  choice  once  for  all. 

For  our  own  part,  there  is  no  difficulty  at  all 
in  making  the  choice.  The  publisher  who  does 
not  rest  his  ventures  upon  a  sound  basis  of 
literary  judgment,  and  with  whom  the  approval 
of  expert  opinion  does  not  count  for  more  than 
the  gains  resulting  from  a  meretricious  popu- 
larity, is  not  a  publisher  at  all  in  the  higher 
sense  of  the  term.  He  is  at  the  best  a  trades- 
man, at  the  worst  a  '  quack '  or  a  *  shyster.'  He 
can  probably  make  more  money  by  catering  to 
vulgarized  tastes  than  by  appealing  to  refined 
intelligences,  but  in  adopting  this  course,  he  sac- 
rifices every  claim  to  the  respect  of  those  whose 
respect  is  worth  having.  That  the  writer  of  the 
little  book  now  under  our  consideration  is  to 
be  reckoned  among  those  who  would  justify  this 
sordid  type  of  publishing  by  the  magnitude  of 
its  unholy  rewards  we  do  not  for  a  moment  sup- 
pose. But  we  cannot  help  feeling  that  he  has 
allowed  himself  to  indulge  in  certain  vagaries 
of  expression  that,  logically  developed,  would 
lead  to  so  unfortunate  a  conclusion.  His  real 
ideal,  however,  we  believe  to  be  contained  in  the 
following  passage : 

'As   nearly   as   I    can   make    out   the   publishing 
houses  in  the  Tnited  States  that  are  conducted  as 


dignified  institutions  are  conducted  with  as  little 
degrading  commercialism  as  the  old  houses  whose 
history  has  become  a  part  of  English  literature, 
and  I  believe  that  they  are  conducted  with  more 
ability.  Centainly  not  one  of  them  has  made  a 
colossal  fortune.  Certainly  not  one  of  them  ever 
failed  to  recognize  or  to  encourage  a  high  literary 
purpose  if  it  were  sanely  directed.  Every  one  of 
them  every  year  invests  in  books  and  authors  that 
they  know  cannot  yield  a  direct  or  immediate  profit, 
and  they  make  these  investments  because  they  feel 
consoled  by  trying  to  do  a  service  to  literature.' 

We  have  little  doubt  that  an  investigation  into 
the  motives  and  guiding  principles  of  the  houses 
thus  held  up  to  honor  would  disclose  the  fact 
that  their  very  genuine  success  has  resulted  from 
a  constant  deference  to  those  very  literary  stand- 
ards that  are  made  the  object  of  our  writer's 
ill-advised  and  immerited  scorn. 


TEE  DECAY  OF  THE  GHOST  IN 
FICTION. 


'  For  one,  I  cannot  purge  my  raind  of  tbat  forlorn 
faith.' — Andrew  Lakg. 

For  approximately  a  generation,  the  ghost 
has  been  missing  from  fiction ;  after  a  disappear- 
ance so  sudden  and  of  such  far-reaching  implica- 
tions that  it  is  a  matter  of  some  amazement  that 
those  who  profess  to  concern  themselves  with 
the  phenomena  of  imaginative  literature  should 
have  paid  so  little  attention  to  it.  It  is  a  com- 
monplace that  ever  since  literature  began,  as  well 
as  considerably  before  that  interesting  period, 
what  we  call  Hhe  supernatural'  has  been  a 
staple  material  of  the  tellers  of  tales.  As  there 
has  always  been  a  literature  of  love,  so  there  ha^ 
always  been  a  literature  of  fear;  and  until  the 
development  of  the  present  narrow  and  timorous 
popular  taste,  one  had  perhaps  as  strong  an 
appeal  as  the  other.  Ghosts  in  their  most  literal 
acceptation  —  not  as  the  more  or  less  imper- 
sonal shades  we  have  sometimes  indifferently 
pictured  them  —  have  always  been  held  an  essen- 
tial complement  of  tangible  everyday  life,  inex- 
tricably bound  up  with  religion,  with  love  for 
the  dead,  with  hunger  for  the  unknown,  with 
many  of  the  most  intimate  and  profound  emo- 
tions :  and  their  literary  use  has  seemed,  to  the 
greater  public,  not  only  no  less,  but  even  more 
*  realistic,'  than  the  modem  exploitation  of  the 
commonplace. 

Twenty-five  years  ago,  even,  the  reader  of 
ma^zine  fiction  was  still  able  to  shudder  to  his 
heart's  content.  Spectres  glided  with  the  pre- 
cision of  long-established  custom  through  the 
pages  of  the  more  conventional  compendiums  of 
light  literature.  The  familiar  paraphernalia  of 
supernatural  incident, —  draughty  chambers, 
tempestuous  nights,  blood-staans,  wan-faced 
women, —  were  still  in  constant  and  elaborate 


378 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


requisition.  And  while  there  was  a  discreet  drib- 
bling of  phantoms  from  week  to  week  or  from 
month  to  month,  a  magnificent  convocation  of 
the  spectral  tribe  occurred  annually.  That  is 
to  say,  a  curious  association  of  ideas  connected 
the  maximum  of  ghostly  prevalence  with  Christ- 
mas, the  season  of  popular  rejoicing;  and  by 
way  of  making  sure  of  these  dismal  but  doubt- 
less salutary  companions,  it  was  customary,  as 
Mir.  Anstey  once  remarked,  ^  to  commission  a 
band  of  ingenious  litterateurs  to  turn  out 
batches  of  ready-made  spectres  for  the  Christ- 
mas annuals.'  The  business  of  chilling  the 
popular  spine  was  taken  with  due  seriousness 
and  was  all  the  more  effectually  brought  about 
in  that  the  '  magazine  ghost,'  as  this  source  of 
popular  refreshment  was  termed,  was  as  stereo- 
typed and  conventional  as  the  old-fashioned 
novel-heroine.  Its  looks,  manner,  haunts,  com- 
panions, and  alleged  errands  were  those  long 
since  laid  down  by  tradition ;  it  evinced  no  sen- 
sational modern  unexpectedness. 

But  suddenly,  and  it  must  surely  have  seemed 
mysteriously,  the  magazine  ghost  vanished;  nor 
were  its  eerie  footprints  traced.  Whether  by  a 
concerted  action  of  magazine  editors,  or  by  a 
swift  and  complete  paralysis  of  the  contributor^' 
imaginations,  or  by  a  profound  alteration  of 
popular  sentiment,  or  by  the  operation  of  a  prin- 
ciple presently  to  be  suggested,  the  literature  of 
the  supernatural  ceased  to  be  produced.  Can 
this  have  happened  without  protest,  without 
comment,  even?  The  subject  is  rich  in  its  pos- 
sibilities of  speculation.  For  if  the  acceptance 
and  enjoyment  of  ghost-lore  imDly  a  childish 
quality  of  mind,  as  one  sometimes  hears  supe- 
rior persons  assert,  then  our  rejection  of  them 
would  argue  that  we  are  the  wisest  generation 
that  ever  lived.  If,  again,  the  reading  or  writ- 
ing of  such  tales  demand  a  freshness  of  imagina- 
tion that  in  our  little  day  has  become  desiccated, 
then  our  plight  is  pitiable  indeed. 

There  is  at  hand,  of  course,  an  easy  but  super- 
ficial explanation  to  the  effect  that  a  prevalence 
of  ghost-stories  must  depend  upon  a  stout  popu- 
lar belief  in  ghosts;  and  that  having  lost  the  one, 
we  must  forego  the  other.  The  slightest  reflec- 
tion shows  that  this  position  is  untenable.  Not 
believe  in  ghosts  ?  We  believe  in  them  with  all 
our  hearts.  Never  before,  since  spectral  feet 
first  crossed  a  man-made  threshold,  have  ghosts 
been  so  squarely,  openly,  and  enthusiastically 
believed  in,  so  assiduously  cultivated,  as  now. 
We  have  raised  ghost-lore  to  the  dusty  dignity  of 
a  science.  The  invocation  of  the  spirits  of  the 
dead,  far  from  having  its  former  suggestion  of 
vulgar  myster}^,  is  one  of  the  most  reputable  of 
practices,  which  men  of  learning  carry  on  pub- 
licly, with  stenograpliers  conveniently  at  hand. 
There  even  flourishes  a  '  Haunted  House  Com- 


mittee,' appointed  and  maintained  by  the  fore- 
most society  for  the  promotion  of  ghosts,  and 
this  for  the  express  purpose  of  encouraging  the 
presence  of  the  shyer  and  less  aggressive  spectres 
in  what  seem  their  appropriate  habitations, — 
of  making  them,  as  it  were,  feel  at  home.  We 
believe  in  ghosts  as  sincerely  as  we  believe  in 
the  very  poor;  and  in  similar  fashion  we  en- 
deavor to  live  among  them,  establish  a  cordial 
understanding,  and  write  about  them  in 
our  notebooks.  Nor  do  we  believe  in  them 
the  less  because,  when  on  our  learned 
behavior,  we  may  refer  to  them  as  '  phan- 
tasmogenetic  agencies.'  Not  believe  in  ghosts? 
They  are  our  fetish.  Let  it  never  be  imagined 
that  ghost-stories  have  suffered  decline  because 
of  our  indifference  to  their  subject-matter, 
'  material '  though  our  age  is  commonly  held  to 
be.  By  our  very  zest  in  their  pursuit,  we  have 
possibly  proved  the  reverse  of  Scott's  mistaken 
theory  that  to  see  ghosts  it  is  only  necessary  to 
believe  in  them, —  to  wish  to  see.  Much  truer  is 
the  proposition  that  the  seer  of  ghosts  commonly 
does  not  premeditate  his  vision;  that  spectres 
manifest  themselves  by  preference  to  '  unimag- 
inative people  in  perfect  health.' 

No  small  share  of  the  fascination  exerted  by 
the  ancient  and  outgrown  ghost  of  fiction  was 
due  to  its  invariable  and  satisfactory  conformity 
to  type.  However  frequent  its  intrusion,  or  how- 
ever familiar,  it  was  never  suffered  to  deviate 
from  its  character,  so  deeply  rooted  in  human 
consciousness,  as  a  source  of  dread.  It  was  the 
function  of  the  ghost  to  be  consistently  unpleas- 
ant, and  that  function  was  relentlessly  fulfilled. 
No  one  personal  characteristic  of  the  ghost  as 
we  Icnow  it  in  song  or  story  or  as  we  learn  from 
the  unimpeachable  testimony  of  our  friends' 
friends,  can  explain  its  unequalled  power  to 
arouse  the  emotion  of  fear.  Distasteful  as  is  the 
ghostly  habit  of  reducing  its  unfleshly  essence 
to  a  threadlike,  infinitely  ductile  filament  —  like 
a  bit  of  transsubstantial  chewing-gum  —  in 
order  sneakily  to  penetrate  keyholes ;  disturbing 
as  is  its  fashion  of  upsetting  our  gravely  accepted 
laws  of  nature' ;  intolerable  as  is  its  lack  of  vocal 
organs  (for  phantoms, with  few  exceptions,  can- 
not or  will  not  speak) ; — neither  one  nor  all  of 
these  undesirable  characteristics  can  completely 
solve  the  interesting  riddle  of  its  fear-compelling 
power.  And  it  is  undoubtedly  almost  as  remark- 
able that  having  for  centuries,  in  and  out  of 
fiction,  maintained  this  consistent  and  extreme- 
ly prevalent  personality,  the  ghost  should  have 
dropped  out  of  literature  altogether.  Now,  how 
can  this  have  been? 

To  go  as  far  back  as  the  early  English  folk- 
tales and  ballads,  when  the  wherefore  of  phan- 
toms was  even  better  understood  than  now,  and 
when  fiction  more  essentially  took    its    origin 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


379 


from  life,  ghost-tales  gained  their  grim  effective- 
ness from  the  accuracy  with  \rhich  they  reflected 
popular  belief.  The  audiences  of  that  simple 
day  had  not  attained  a  sufficient  refinement  of 
imagination  to  delight  in  vague,  casual,  inco- 
herent spectres;  every  ghost  had  a  name  and 
date.  What  is  more  important  is  that  there  was 
no  ghost  that  had  not  a  reason  for  being.  The 
ingenious  notion  that  the  spirits  of  the  dead  re- 
turn from  an  allegedly  peaceful  Elysium  simply 
to  make  themselves  disagreeable,  by  way  of  eat- 
ing their  minds,  had  not  yet  suggested  itself. 
On  the  contrary,  the  animistic  trend  of  popular 
thought,  which  of  course  greatly  favored  the. ap- 
pearance of  ghosts  in  general,  assigned  them 
likewise  adequate  and  intelligible  motives, 
among  the  chief  of  which  were :  to  reveal  treas- 
ure, to  reunite  happy  lovers,  to  avenge  a  crime, 
and  to  serve  as  *  a  primitive  telegraphic  service 
for  the  conveyance  of  bad  news.'  Ghosts  were 
therefore  not  only  the  recognizable  shades  of 
the  familiarly  known  dead;  they  were  sinister 
symbols  of  crime,  remorse,  vengeance.  If  you 
shuddered  at  sight  of  them,  it  was  for  a  better 
reason  than  weak  nerves.  Horror  was  not  piled 
on  horror,  in  early  ghost-tales,  merely  to  satisfy 
the  artist's  own  sense  of  cumulative  effect.  Each 
detail  had  a  powerful  conventional  significance, 
and  the  consequent  power  to  arouse  a  strong 
primitive  emotion.  This  system  not  only  lent 
an  artistic  strength  and  symmetry  to  the  early 
literature;  it  was  intensely  satisfactory  to  the 
Anglo-Saxon  mind. 

But .  inevitably,  when  the  motives  and  the 
language  of  literature  became  more  complex,  the 
rationale  of  ghost-lore  became  affected.  Phan- 
toms began  to  lose  their  original  force,  fell  into 
the  habit  of  haunting  from  motives  relatively 
unworthy.  Evidences  multiplied  of  their  degen- 
eration into  a  morbid  and  meddlesome  tribe, 
with  a  sadly  diminished  sense  of  the  fitting  and 
the  picturesque.  Their  visits  were  even  con- 
cerned with  the  payment  of  debts,  of  strictly 
mortal  contraction;  and  thev  lamentably  lost 
caste  by  exhibiting  themselves  as  the  victims, 
rather  than  as  the  scourge,  of  conscience.  A 
ghost  has  been  known  to  go  to  the  trouble  of 
haunting  a  house  for  the  mere  purpose  of  ensur- 
ing the  payment  of  a  shilling, — an  episode  that 
might  well  permanently  compromise  the  dig- 
nity of  the  entire  spectral  tribe.  Likewise  when 
they  acquired  the  intrusive  habit  of  giving  evi- 
dence in  trials,  the  original  and  forceful  idea  that 
ghosts  were  agents  of  retribution  became  se- 
riously coarsened.  Legally,  the  fact  that  the 
issue  of  many  an  actual  trial  has  hinged  on 
ghostly  testimony  is  of  extraordinary  interest. 
So  far  as  imaginative  terror-literature  is  con- 
cerned, however,  the  introduction  of  this  matter 
serves  as  a  mixed  and  weakened  motive,  only. 


During  the  later  years  of  the  ghosf  s  popu- 
larity in  literature,  it  will  readily  be  seen  that 
the  greater  number  of  the  earliest  ghost-motives 
were  outgrown.  It  is  some  time,  for  instance, 
since  the  motive  of  recovering  buried  treasure 
through  supernatural  aid  has  been  able  to 
'  csxry,'  the  custom  of  burying  treasure  having 
itself  somewhat  tamely  died  out.  Far  more  in- 
congruous, even,  came  to  seem  the  supernatural 
reunion  of  lovers,  as  in  the  familiar  case  where 
the  posthumous  suitor  reappears  to  bear  his  still 
living  sweetheart  back  to  the  grave  with  him- 
Ghosts  that  are  to  be  imderstood  as  the  projec- 
tions of  the  spirit  at  the  moment  of  deatii  hsLve 
always  been  popular,  it  is  true,  but  this  motive 
is  not  in  itself  strong  or  picturesque  enough  to 
serve  as  the  backbone  of  a  corporate  section  of 
imaginative  literature. 

In  short,  the  only  ghost-motive  that  retained 
its  strength,  plausibility,  and  appeal  to  the 
Anglo-Saxon  mind  was  the  retribution-motive, 
—  the  idea  that  the  ghosf  s  function  was  to  re- 
call, expiate,  or  avenge  a  crime.  This  was  im- 
pressive; it  was  terrifying;  it  had  moral  and 
religious  significance ;  it  was  not  subtle ;  it  was 
susceptible  of  indefinitely  repeated  adjustment  to 
time  and  place.  It  was  the  perfect,  periiaps  the 
only  perfect,  ghost-motive  for  English  literature. 
So  valorous  is  the  Anglo-Saxon  temper  that  it 
Booms  or  is  ashamed  to  tremble  at  mere  empty 
shadow-tales.  It  demands  not  only  to  be  im- 
pressed ;  there  must  be  an  adequate  basis  for  the 
impression.  The  clue  to  the  whole  matter  is 
that  the  ghost  must  not  be  a  wanton  and  irre- 
sponsible power.    It  must  be  a  moral  agent. 

Unfortunately,  the  realization  of  tiiis  simple 
truth  has  never  been  complete.  Only  subcon- 
sciously has  the  public  known  what  it  wanted. 
As  for  the  tellers  of  tales,  they  seem,  in  those 
latter  days  of  the  ghost's  Hterary  existence,  to 
have  remained  in  criminal  ignorance  of  the  vital 
principle  of  their  business.  The  decay  of  the 
ghost  in  fiction  occurred,  not  through  any  loss 
of  human  interest  in  the  spectral  world,  but 
through  an  indolent  misapprehension,  on  the 
port  of  the  story-tellers,  of  the  real  character  of 
the  ghost  as  we  Anglo-Saxons  have  conceived  it. 
Thus  it  came  about  that  the  ghost,  previous  to 
its  subsidence,  was,  as  Mr.  Lang  truly  observed, 
'a  purposeless  creature.  He  appears,  nobody 
knows  why;  he  has  no  message  to  deliver,  no 
secret  crime  to  conceal,  no  appointment  to  keep, 
no  treasure  to  disclose,  no  commissions  to  be 
executed,  and,  as  an  almost  invariable  rule,  he 
does  not  speak,  even  if  you  speak  to  him.'  And 
he  adds  that  inquirers  have  therefore  concluded 
that  the  ghost,  generically,  is  '  not  all  there,'  — 
a  dreary  result  of  scepticism,  indeed !  At  the 
same  time,  what  direct  and  utilitarian  folk  could 
put  up  with  a  confirmedly  inconsequent  ghost. 


380 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


even  for  the  creepy  fascination  of  shuddering  at 
his  phantom  footfall  ?  And  could  there  be,  on 
the  whole,  a  more  perfect  example  of  the  opera- 
tion of  natural  selection  in  art  than  that,  the 
ghost  of  fiction  becoming  unmoral,  superficial, 
and  flabby,  it  was  its  pitilessly  appropriate 
penalty  to  be  dropped  and  apparently  forgotten  ? 
A  small  group  of  kindred  volumes,  which 
have  appeared  during  the  past  year  or  so,  now 
for  the  first  time  indicate  that  a  perception  of 
the  true  nature  of  the  literary  ghost  is  returning 
to  the  absent-minded  craft.  Stevenson  ha'd,  it 
is  true,  an  admirable  perception  of  the  terror- 
inspiring,  and  he  did  not  make  the  mistake  of 
being  vague;  but  his  was  not  the  temperament 
that  produces  the  perfect  ghost-story.  Mr. 
Henry  James,  in  that  masterpiece,  *  The  Turn 
of  the  Screw,'  has  shown  that  he  can  convey  a 
sense  of  mystery  and  terror  more  skilfully  than 
any  of  his  contemporaries ;  but  his  work  is  prob- 
ably too  esoteric  to  stand  as  typical,  and  it  re- 
mains true  that  the  pattern  ghost-tale  must  be 
writ  large  and  obvious.  If,  as  now  appears,  a  half- 
dozen  of  the  ablest  writers  of  the  day  are  realiz- 
ing this,  there  is  hope  for  the  renaissance  of  the 
literary  ghost.  It  has  already  been  proved  that 
the  problem  of  its  readjustment  to  our  literature 
is  not  insuperable, —  that  the  chambers  of  our 
untenanted  imaginations  stand  ready  and  wait- 
ing to  be  haunted  by  wraiths  that  our  logic  can 
approve.  There  may  indeed  develop  with  time 
a  regenerated  ghost-literature  well  worth  ac- 
quaintance ;  for,  as  an  essayist  of  other  times  has 
somewhat  grandiloquently  observed,  '  Our  in- 
born proneness  to  a  love  of  the  marvellous  and 
unimaginable,  which  has  originated  in  our  im- 
perfect acquaintance  with  the  laws  of  nature  and 
our  own  being,  does  not  appear  to  suffer  diminu- 
tion las  education  and  culture  advance;  for  it  is 
found  to  coexist  with  the  highest  intellectual 
development  and  the  most  refined  critical  ioia- 
P^r.'  Olivia  Howard  Dunibae. 


Nehemiah  How,  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  was 
captured  by  the  Indians  in  1745,  near  the  site  of 
Putney,  Vermont,  and  was  carried  to  Quebec,  where 
he  was  imprisoned  with  many  other  British  colon- 
ists captured  during  the  course  of  King  George's 
War.  After  an  imprisonment  of  eight  months,  he 
died  of  a  contagious  fever,  which  also  carried  off 
many  of  his  fellow-prisoners.  The  diary  which 
How  kept  while  a  prisoner  of  war  was  printed  ii 
1748,  but  has  long  since  disappeared  from  circula- 
tion. It  is  now  reproduced  by  the  Burrows  Brothers 
Co.  of  Cleveland  as  one  of  a  commendable  list  of 
American  reprints,  with  an  introduction  and  notes 
by  Mr.  Victor  Hugo  Paltsits.  It  throws  light  on 
the  alliance  between  French  and  Indians  during  the 
American  colonial  wars  and  on  the  official  life  of 
the  French  at  Quebec,  the  capital  of  New  France. 
The  setting  given  the  narrative  in  its  new  appear- 
ance is  of  the  same  excellence  as  the  other  volumes 
in  this  series  of  reprints. 


t  ^tto  §00Ks. 


In  Garden  and  Orchard.* 


More  and  more  do  our  amateur  gardeners 
commit  to  paper  what  they  have  learned  by 
experience,  observation,  and  reading,  and  what 
they  have  dreamed  as  they  worked.  They  are 
moved  possibly  by  the  joy  and  help  they  have 
themselves  found  in  similar  works  of  other  writ- 
ers, or  perhaps  they  are  stirred  by  that  renais- 
sance of  garden  literature  in  recent  years  which 
has  been  accompanied  by  a  truer  knowledge  of 
gardening  as  a  science  and  a  keener  insight  into 
its  possibilities  as  an  art.  The  earlier  books 
were  nearly  all  English,  although  scattered  pub- 
lications like  Celia  Thaxter's  charming  little 
volume,  'An  Island  Garden,'  go  to  show  that 
not  all  the  gardening  done  on  this  side  was  of  the 
'  bedding  plants '  variety  that  has  lately  received 
so  many  hard  words,  and  that  not  all  the 
owners  of  garden  plots  turned  them  over  to  the 
'hired  man'  for  cultivation  and  decoration. 
Now,  indeed,  the  books  on  this  justly  popular 
subject  come  so  thick  and  fast  that  beginners 
hardly  know  where  to  turn,  and  even  the  experi- 
enced are  embarrassed  by  the  riches  for  their 
choosing, —  whether  they  are  looking  for  practi- 
cal advice  or  for  the  sympathetic  ramblings  of 
other  garden  lovers  like  themselves.  But  the 
true  gardener  is  not  to  be  deterred  by  quantity, 
or  even  by  quality ;  for  it  is  a  fact  that  no  mat- 
ter how  simple  or  commonplace  or  amateurish 
a  garden  book  may  be,  there  is  rarely  one  that 
does  not  contain  some  interesting  facts  or  com- 
ments before  unthought-of  by  the  reader.  More- 
over, the  true  gardener  is  just  as  eager  to  read 
and  criticise  the  latest  advice  and  comments 
about  the  plants  he  knows  by  heart  as  he  is  to 
study  the  annual  seed-catalogues  when  they  first 
appear  —  and  the  latter  state  of  mind  is  pro- 
verbial. 

Most  imposing  of  the  garden  books  that  have 
lately  appeared  is  an  English  collaborated  pro- 
duction entitled  '  Garden  Colour.'  This  is  one 
of  the  large  octavo  volumes,  with  colored  repro- 
ductions from  paintings,  that  have  been 
imported  from  England  to  so  considerable  an 
extent  during  the  past  year  or  two.    Its  thick 

•  Garden  Colour.  By  Mrs.  C.  W.  Earle,  '  E.  V.  B.,' 
Rose  Kingsley,  the  Hon.  Vicary  Gibbs,  and  others.  With 
notes  and  water  color  sketches  by  Margaret  Waterfleld. 
New  York :  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 

Another  Hardy  Garden  Book.  By  Helena  Rutherfurd 
Ely.      Illustrated.      New   York :   The   Macmillan   Co. 

The  Orchard  and  Fruit  Garden.  By  E.  P.  Powell. 
Illustrated.      New  York:   McClure,    Phillips  &  Co. 

How  to  Make  a  Vegetable  Garden.  By  EMith  Lorlng 
Fullerton.    Illustrated.    New  York :    Doubleday,  Page  &  Co. 

A  Garden  with  House  Attached.  By  Sarah  Warner 
Brooks.      Illustrated.      Boston:    Richard   G.    Badger. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAI. 


381 


paper,  broad  margins,  and  fifty-one  colored 
plates  seem  to  mark  it  as  a  book  for  ornament 
only;  but  the  contents  are  extremely  practical, 
and  nearly  every  picture  illustrates  some  point 
in  the  text.  These  pictures,  which  are  from 
water-colors  by  Miss  Margaret  Waterfield  (who 
also  supplies  the  greater  part  of  the  text), 
require  a  few  words  of  caution.  To  one  seeking 
for  the  beauties  of  individual  flowers  they  wiU 
prove  only  disappointing,  for  that  it  is  neither 
their  purpose  nor  their  effect  to  depict.  They 
were  painted  to  show  what  combinations  of 
color  will  make  the  garden  itself  a  series  of 
pictures,  and  as  such  they  are  a  success.  They 
should  not  be  viewed  at  too  close  a  range,  or  by 
an  artificial  light.  But  one  who  has  considered 
the  subject  only  casually  will  certainly  get  some 
inspiring  suggestions  from  both  pictures  and 
text.  A  few  of  the  most  attractive  of  the  plates 
are  the  frontispiece,  showing  purple  Clematis 
climbing  over  an  open  iron  gate,  with  Tritoma 
and  Michaelmas  Daisies  in  the  foreground ;  those 
of  Anemone  Blanda  and  Daffodil  Cemuus,  of 
Oriental  Poppy  and  Lupin,  of  Delphiniums, 
Lilies,  and  Poppies,  of  Cluster  Rose,  of  Fox- 
gloves and  Rose  Euphrosyne,  of  a  border  of 
annuals,  of  Tropaeollum  Speciosum,  and  of  Mi- 
chaelmas Daisies  alone.  Many  of  these  were 
painted  from  the  artist's  own  garden  at  Xack- 
ington,  Canterbury.  Miss  Waterfield  herself 
writes  the  garden  notes  for  the  various  months, 
giving  advice  in  regard  to  cultivation  only  inci- 
dentgiUy,  but  chiefly  in  regard  to  artistic 
arrangement, —  those  methods  of  planting 
whereby  each  plant  or  shrub  shows  its  own  beau- 
ties to  best  advantage,  while  at  the  same  time 
enhancing  those  of  its  neighbors.  It  is  true  that 
most  English  books  are  of  little  practical  use  to 
American  gardeners,  but  the  very  lack  of  cul- 
tural directions  makes  this  volume  an  exception 
to  the  rule.  For  it  is  the  principles  rather  than 
the  actual  facts  that  the  various  writers  wish 
in  this  case  to  enforce.  Miss  TTaterfield's  col- 
laborators include  Mrs.  C.  W.  Earle,  Miss  Rose 
Kingsley,  and  other  well-known  English  garden 
lovers  and  writers. 

Mrs.  Helena  Rutherfurd  Ely  won  so  many 
friends  two  years  ago  by  her  volume  entitled 
*A  Woman's  Hardy  Garden,'  which  united  in 
a  most  delightful  manner  the  serious  and  the 
pleasant  sides  of  garden  work  and  lore,  that  it 
is  no  surprise  to  find  she  has  been  encouraged 
to  prepare  a  sequel,  which  we  now  have  in  *  An- 
other Hardy  Garden  Book.'  In  the  later  book, 
however,  Mrs.  Ely  has  not  confined  herself  to 
the  flower  garden,  but  has  rather  laid  emphasis 
upon  the  material  side  of  the  subject, — perhaps 
with  a  view  to  reaching  masculine  readers,  for 
she  says :  *  I  do  not  remember  a  single  instance 
of  showing  the  flowers  to  a  man  who  failed  to 


inquire  with  a  strong  note  of  interest  about  the 
vegetable  garden,'  She  remarks,  besides,  that 
on  the  woman's  part  'the  raising  of  vegetables 
is  often  a  propitiatory  offering  to  the  other  mem- 
bers of  the  family.'  However,  after  the  prac- 
tical-minded man  has  read  the  chapters  on  vege- 
tables, fruits,  and  trees,  there  still  remains  for 
the  woman  who  gardens  only  for  beauty  about 
half  the  book,  giving  additional  suggestions  in 
regard  to  perennials  and  other  flowers,  *  A  Gar- 
den of  Lilies  and  Iris,'  and  special  spring  and 
autumn  work  in  the  flower  garden.  Mrs.  Ely 
is  always  interesting  because  of  the  close  per- 
sonal note  in  what  she  writes.  Yet  she  does  not 
overdo  this  note:  her  books  are  far  from  being 
sentimental,  but  are  infused  with  a  very  vigor- 
ous personality,  and  with  occasional  touches  of 
humor  that  prove  she  is  not  taking  herself  too 
seriously.  She  seldom  pauses  to  rhapsodize, 
being  more  concerned  with  the  possibility  of 
helping  others  to  get  as  much  joy  from  a  life 
out-of-doors  as  she  does  herself.  Nor  does  she 
forget  that  the  greater  number  of  home  gardens 
are  on  a  much  smaller  scale  than  hers,  and  so 
gives  her  advice  in  such  a  way  that  it  is  easily 
adaptable  to  other  places  and  circumstances. 

Still  more  utilitarian  than  Mrs.  Ely's  book  is 
Mr.  E.  P.  Powell's  *  Orchard  and  Fruit  Garden,' 
which  appears  in  the  new  '  Coimtry  Home 
Library.'  Mr.  Powell's  purpose  is  to  instruct, 
not  to  amuse ;  he  is  deeply  in  earnest,  and  seeks 
to  make  possible  delicious  food  and  financial 
success  for  the  men  and  women  whom  he  has 
in  a  previous  volume  so  ardently  urged  to  make 
a  home,  however  small,  in  the  country.  The 
greater  part  of  the  book  is  taken  up  by  advice 
as  to  the  best  varieties  of  fruit  to  plant,  ranging 
from  apples  to  small  fruits  and  including  some 
Uttle-grown  fruits  and  some  nut-trees.  The 
usual  order  is  reversed  here,  for  after  this  long 
dissertation  on  kinds  of  fruit,  there  follow  a 
few  chapters  on  culture,  training,  packing,  and 
marketing.  Our  chief  criticism  on  Mr.  Powell's 
book  would  be  that  in  these  last  sections  he  gives 
ear  to  too  many  other  advisers.  For  beginners, 
as  so  many  of  his  readers  will  be,  this  is  sure  to 
prove  confusing.  One  method,  forcibly  put,  is 
worth  a  half-dozen  from  which  to  choose,  even 
though  they  all  have  their  value.  In  the  main, 
however,  it  is  evident  that  Mr.  Powell  knows  his 
subject,  as  indeed  we  might  expect,  since  it  is 
imderstood  that  he  is  a  prize  fruit-grower  of 
New  York  state,  and  has  had  orchard  experience 
in  Michigan  and  Missouri  as  well.  This  latter 
fact  insures  the  reader  against  that  onesided- 
ness  which  is  so  exasperating  in  many  of  those 
writers  who  deal  only  with  *  the  northeastern 
United  States.'  The  chief  charm  of  Mr.  Powell's 
book,  soberly  written  as  it  is,  is  the  author's 
manifest  enthusiasm,  his  deep  absorption  in  his 


882 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


subject.  He  is  at  once  conservative  and  pro- 
gressive, and  has  given  us  a  book  valuable  to 
have  at  hand.  A  serious  defect,  however,  is  the 
lack  of  an  index ;  few  indeed  are  the  books  that 
can  keep  rank  nowadays  without  a  good  index. 

Altogether  bright  and  clever  is  Mrs.  Edith 
Loring  Fullerton's  '  How  to  Make  a  Vegetable 
Garden.^  The  writer  has  managed  to  avoid 
everything  dull  and  prosy,  without  omitting 
anything  essential,  and  so  readable  is  the  book 
that  the  veriest  ignoramus  cannot  fail  to  under- 
stand and  the  most  hardened  opposer  of  garden 
labor  must  be  tempted  to  'have  a  try.'  And 
the  illustrations  !  —  truly,  they  illustrate, — 
everything  from  seedlings  and  tools  to  the  aspect 
of  the  garden  in  winter.  Mrs.  Fullerton  does 
not  relegate  the  vegetable  garden  to  the  tender 
mercies  of  men, —  at  least  not  all  parts  of  it. 
She  is  as  much  at  home  there  as  in  the  flower 
garden,  and  as  fully  determined  to  make  it  beau- 
tiful. Indeed,  she  constantly  recurs  to  the  idea 
of  the  'vegetable  flower  garden,'  and  describes 
particularly  a  Japanese  radial  vegetable  garden, 
which  combines  use  and  beauty.  She  is  fertile 
in  helpful  devices  for  all  purposes,  and  her  book 
ig  likely  therefore  to  be  a  boon  to  the  amateur. 
After  several  chapters  of  general  advice,  she 
devotes  herself  to  special  vegetables,  telling  not 
only  how  to  grow  and  keep  them,  but  how  to 
serve  them  as  well,  thereby  earning  the  special 
gratitude  of  the  housewife.  She  has  included 
the  small  fruits  generally  raised  in  a  home  gar- 
den, and  has  capped  her  beneficences  by  a  com- 
plete and  very  helpful  planting-table.  Those 
who  are  readers  of  '  Country  Life  in  America ' 
and  '  The  Garden  Magazine '  will  recognize 
some  portions  of  this  book;  but  its  value  is  by 
no  means  decreased  thereby,  and  at  any  rate 
the  most  entertaining  parts  are  new. 

The  last  book  on  our  list,  Mrs.  Sarah  "Warner 
Brooks's  'A  Garden  with  House  Attached,'  is  a 
rather  thin  volume  of  reminiscence,  meditations, 
and  garnered  scraps  of  information  about 
flowers,  mingled  with  garden  lore  gained  by 
personal  experience.  The  writer  is  not  alto- 
gether modem  in  her  tastes,  and  the  chapters 
have  an  old-time  flavor  in  spite  of  their  evident 
current  knowledge.  The  style  is  somewhat  dif- 
fuse and  parenthetical,  except  where  direct  ad- 
vice is  given,  in  which  case  it  is  clear  enough. 
The  practical  portion  includes  a  chapter  on  house 
plants  (a  paper  delivered  before  the  '  Cambridge 
Plant  Club'  and  published  in  'The  American 
Garden'),  chapters  on  perennials,  roses,  bulbs, 
annuals,  climbers,  and  herbs.  An  interesting 
chapter  consists  of  gathered  items  on  the  cere- 
bral processes  of  plants  as  shown  in  their  move- 
ments toward  light,  food,  and  support, —  a  sub- 
ject of  charm  and  mystery  concerning  which  we 
yet  have  much  to  learn.    It  was  an  old  garden 


in  Massachusetts  that  furnished  the  founda- 
tion for  Mrs.  Brooks's  experiments  and  improve- 
ments, mingling  the  old  with  the  new,  destroy- 
ing or  adding,  as  the  spirit  moved  her.  It  was  a 
gracious  task,  and  one  from  which  she  evidently 
reaped  much  joy.  So  there  we  will  leave  her, 
with  the  feeling  we  all  should  have  in  a  garden 
of  beauty,  'attuned  to  the  blessed  influences  of 
the  hour,  at  peace  with  all  mankind.' 

Edith   Granger. 


Wanderers  ts  Many  Laxds.* 


'  The  Other  Side  of  the  Lantern,'  by  Sir  Fred- 
erick Treves,  Sergeant- Surgeon  to  H.  B.  M. 
Edward  VII.,  more  than  justifies  its  sub-title 
as  being  'an  account  of  a  commonplace  tour 
round  the  world.'  The  route  was  usual  enough 
—  the  Mediterranean,  the  Suez  Canal,  the  Bed 
Sea,  and  India,  British  China,  and  Japan.  The 
return  was  across  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  the 
American  continent,  but  Sir  Frederick  found 
Hawaii  —  he  calls  it  the  Sandwich  Islands,  with 
fine  British  conservatism  —  and  the  Yosemite 
Valley  and  the  Grand  Canon  of  the  Colorado  the 
only  scenes  under  the  American  flag  worthy  of 
his  pen.  But  the  point  of  view  is  that  of  a  cul- 
tivated man  of  the  world  who  is  able  to  set  his 
impressions  down  in  excellent  English,  and  the 
result  is  thoroughly  reada;ble.  India  was  gor- 
geously resplendent  to  the  eye  of  this  traveller, 
but  it  is  Japan  that  holds  his  attention  longest. 
The  following  story  relates  to  a  scene  at  the 
shrine  of  Bunzuru,  the  Japanese  god  of  healing : 

'A  wizened   peasant  from   the   country 
seemed  to  have  travelled  far,  for  there  was  a  dazed 
look  in  his  face.    He  led  by  the  hand  a  boy,  whom 
I  supposed  to  be  his  grandson,  and  who  was  suffer- 
ing from  wide-spread  ringworm  of  the  scalp.    It  is 

*  The  Other  Side  of  the  Lantern.  An  Account  of  a 
Commonplace  Tour  round  the  World.  By  Sir  Frederick 
Treves,  Bart.  Illustrated  from  photographs  by  the  author. 
New  York :   Cassell  &  Co.,   Limited. 

Through  Town  and  Jungle.  Fourteen  Thousand 
Miles  A-Wheel  among  the  Temples  and  People  of  the 
Indian  Plain.  By  William  Hunter  Workman,  M.A.,  and 
Fanny  Bullock  Workman.  Illustrated  from  photographs 
by  the  authors.  New  York:  Imported  by  Charles  Scrib- 
ner's   Sons. 

With  the  Pilgrims  to  Mecca.  The  Great  Pilgrimage 
of  A.  H.  1319,  A.  D.  1902.  By  Hadji  Khan,  M.R.A.S., 
and  Wilfrid  Sparroy.  With  an  introduction  by  Professor 
A.  Vambfiry.     Illustrated.     New  York :   John  Lane. 

The  Burden  of  the  Balkans.  By  M.  Edith  Durham. 
With  illustrations  by  the  author.  New  York :  Imported 
by  Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 

The  Unveiling  of  Lhasa.  By  Edmund  Candler.  Illus- 
trated.    New  York :  Longmans,   Green   &   Co. 

By  the  Ionian  Sea.  Notes  of  a  Ramble  in  Southern 
Italy.  By  George  Gissing.  Illustrated.  New  York: 
Imported   by   Charles   Scribner's   Sons. 

Alaska  and  the  Klondike.  By  John  Scudder  McLain. 
Illustrated.     New  York :  McClure,  Phillips  &  Co. 

A  Year's  Wanderings  in  Bible  Lands.  By  George 
Aaron  Barton,  Ph.D.  Illustrated  from  photographs  by 
the   author.     Philadelphia :   Ferris  &   Leach. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


888 


probable  that  the  learned  in  the  village  had 
wrought  their  best  upon  the  lad's  head,  but  with- 
out effect,  for  the  malady  is  obstinate.  The  old 
man  had  evidently  journeyed  to  Kyoto  to  seek  the 
aid  of  the  famous  healer  of  Kiyomizu.  He  rubbed 
the  bare  wood  on  Binzuru's  head  vigorously,  and 
then  he  rubbed  the  boy's  head  until  he  giggled. 
He  repeated  this  ritual  many  times,  and  then  left 
with  great  faith  in  his  heart. 

'The  next  applicant  was  a  worried  woman  bring- 
ing with  her  a  bald-headed  boy  who  was  evidently 
mentally  deficient.  I  think  she  hoped  to  convey 
to  her  son's  brain  some  of  that  bright  sense  and 
that  power  of  learning  which  dwelt  beneath  the 
brow  of  the  patient  divinity.  She  rubbed  the  two 
heads,  one  after  the  other — with  even  more  ardor 
than  the  peasant  had  displayed.  The  boy  laughed 
uproariously,  but  the  mother  was  very  grave. 
Whether  in  the  course  of  days  a  brighter  intelli- 
gence dawned  in  the  lad's  dull  eyes  I  know  not; 
but  I  have  little  doubt  that  in  its  appointed  time 
ringworm  appeared  upon  his  scalp.  Women  are 
patient;  still  there  is  trouble  in  the  learning  that 
the  growth  of  a  parasite  outside  the  skull  is  no 
cure  for  a  lack  of  activity  within.' 

Sir  Frederick  was  privileged  to  meet  two 
rulers  on  his  journey,  the  Mikado  of  Japan  and 
the  President  of  the  United  States.  Though  far 
too  long  to  be  reproduced  here,  his  contrasted 
impressions  of  these  two  men  are  assuredly 
worth  careful  reading.  Especially  valuable  at 
this  moment  is  the  following  statement  regard- 
ing one  of  the  vital  questions  of  the  day : 

'The  visitor  to  China  is  likely  to  make  early 
enquiry  from  prominent  European  residents  in  the 
matter  of  the  "Yellow  Peril".  It  will  be  with 
some  disappointment  that  he  learns  that  the 
"Yellow  Peril"  does  not  exist.  The  Chinese  have 
no  desire  to  spread  themselves  over  foreign  lands 
in  devastating  hordes  like  the  Goths  and  the  Huns. 
They  are  fired  by  no  desire  for  conquest,  nor  for 
new  territory.  The  wish  dearest  to  their  hearts 
is  to  be  let  alone.  The  cry  of  the  people  is  "China 
for  the  Chinese",  and  the  extreme  bitterness  of 
this  cry  has  led  from  time  to  time  to  trouble,  in  the 
form  of  risings,  riots,  and  indiscriminate  murder. 
On  each  of  these  occasions  the  Chinese  worm  has 
turned,  and  turned  unpleasantly.  .  .  .  The 
prayer  of  the  Chinaman  is  for  peace,  not  for  power 
to  run  riot  over  the  earth;  for  remunerative  work, 
and  not  for  the  privilege  of  filling  the  dramatic 
part  of  a  Peril,  yellow  or  otherwise.' 

The  author's  photographs  taken  on  the  journey 
have  been  reproduced  by  his  publishers  with  un- 
usual delicacy. 

It  is  difficult  to  do  justice  to  such  a  book  as 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  William  Hunter  Workman's 
'  Through  Town  and  Jungle.'  At  the  cost  of 
great  self-sacrifice  the  writers  forsook  their  fav- 
orite pastime  of  mountain  climbing  amidst 
eternal  snows  and  descended  to  the  Indian  plain, 
probably  the  hottest  portion  of  the  thickly  popu- 
lated earth.  On  heavily  laden  bicycles,  which 
occasionally  had  to  oe  pushed  by  hand  over  long 
stretches  of  sand,  they  visited  not  only  all  the 
ordinary  show  places  of  the  peninsula  but  num- 
erous out-of-the-way  spots  heretofore  unknown 
to  readers  of  travel  books,  their  quest  being  gen- 


erally for  specimens  of  Indian  architecture, 
Buddhist,  Brahman,  Jain,  and  Moslem.  After 
accumulating  several  hundred  photographs  of 
temple  and  village  scenes,  a  flood  left  them  as 
poor  as  before,  and  most  of  the  journey  was 
made  over  again  in  order  to  replace,  at  least  in 
part,  their  lost  negatives.  Java  and  Ceylon, 
though  not  portrayed  in  this  large  volume,  the 
authors  had  explored  thoroughly  in  the  architec- 
tural sense  some  time  before,  and  the  learning 
thus  acquired  is  c-onstantly  placed  at  the  read- 
er's disposal.  Yet,  in  spite  of  all  the  descrip- 
tions and  discussions  of  the  text  and  the  hun- 
dreds of  reproduced  photographs,  the  reader's 
resulting  impression  regarding  the  Indian  art  of 
building  is  confusion  itself,  the  value  of  the  vast 
mass  of  unrelated  facts  being  lost  through  lack 
of  s^-stematic  setting  forth.  The  series  of  tours 
are  put  down  in  chronological  and  geographical 
order,  quite  regardless  of  the  particular  class  of 
architecture,  and  it  is  made  evident  that  there 
is  vastly  more  remaining  than  has  been  seen. 
Xor  can  it  be  said  that  the  recital  of  experiences 
among  the  natives  adds  to  our  knowledge  of  that 
vast  congeries  of  human  souls,  exceeding  the 
population  of  the  United  States  fivefold.  The 
inhabitants  of  higher  caste  of  course  declined  all 
intercourse  with  the  waj^f  arers,  and  the  rest  were 
too  oppressed  by  the  weight  of  taxation  and  over- 
population to  be  of  service  in  most  cases.  Such 
religious  observances  as  were  seen  have  been 
fully  described  by  others.  There  were  no  adven- 
tures except  the  most  prosaic.  European  con- 
vention excludes  reproduction  of  many  of  the 
most  interesting  photographs.  In  fine,  the  book 
is  quite  the  dullest  that  has  come  from  Dr.  and 
Mrs.  Workman's  hands.  On  the  other  hand,  it 
would  be  most  unfair  to  deny  the  value  of  the 
material,  both  textual  and  pictorial,  here  gath- 
ered together,  however  unsystematized,  or  the 
fact  that  no  other  recent  work  on  India  gives 
any  such  general  impression  of  the  Indian  peo- 
ples and  architectures.  And  certainly  the  list 
of  minor  difficulties  surmounted  is  sufficiently 
appalling,  taken  in  the  mass,  to  make  it  unlikely 
that  any  one  less  devoted  than  this  congenial 
couple  will  feel  inclined  to  emulate  their  tour. 
Nor  should  the  suggestions  to  Western  architects 
regarding  the  almost  virgin  field  of  the  Indian 
art  be  dismissed  lightly  by  those  to  whom  it  is 
chiefly  addressed. 

^Mecca  and  the  details  of  the  orthodox  pil- 
grimage enjoined  upon  devout  Mohammedans 
have  been  made  known  to  the  Kaffir  world 
through  the  courage  and  self-devotion  of  many 
Europeans,  notably  Englishmen;  but  never  be- 
fore has  there  been  an  account  written  from  the 
point  of  view  of  a  follower  of  the  Prophet,  how- 
ever sceptical  the  Persian  author  of  ^ith  the 
Pilgrims  to  Mecca '  may  be.    The  interest  of  his 


884 


THE    DIAli 


[June  ly 


account  is  further  heightened  by  the  magnitude 
of  the  pilgrimage  three  years  ago,  when  a  quar- 
ter of  a  million  souls  from  all  quarters  of  the 
Eastern  world  visited  the  holy  city  in  one  vast 
mass.  The  author,  whose  name  is  composed 
entirely  of  terms  of  dignity,  is  a  putative  devotee 
in  a  sect  unbeloved  of  the  orthodox,  and  has 
been  brought  by  an  English  education  to 
thoughts  still  further  remote  from  orthodoxy; 
but  he  did  not  fail  to  renew  the  devotional  feel- 
ings of  his  youth  when  brought  into  contact  with 
such  myriads  of  his  co-religionaries,  and  his 
state  of  mind  when  passing  through  the  intricate 
and  prolonged  ritual  was  as  fervent  and  unques- 
tioning as  could  be  desired.  He  describes  the 
most  sacred  object  in  Mecca  thus : 

'At  first  the  Stone  was  whiter  than  milk,  but  it 
grew  to  be  black,  either  by  the  touch  of  a  certain 
class  of  woman,  by  the  sins  of  mankind,  or  by  the 
kisses  of  the  pilgrims.  All  believers,  whatever  may 
be  the  cause  to  which  they  attribute  the  change 
of  color,  agree  that  the  defilement  is  purely  super- 
ficial, the  inside  of  the  Stone  being  still  as  white 
as  the  driven  snow.  Let  us  hope  that  the  same 
thing  can  be  said  of  the  hearts  of  the  Faithful, 
whose  lips  are  supposed  to  have  wrought  on  this 
lodestone  of  theirs  a  transformation  so  miraculous. 
The  silver  box  wherein  it  lies  is  about  twenty  inches 
square,  and  is  raised  a  little  more  than  five 
feet  from  the  ground.  A  round  window  having 
a  diameter  of  some  nine  inches  is  kept  open  on 
purpose  to  enable  the  pilgrims  to  kiss  or  to  touch 
the  treasure  within,  which  is  known  as  ' '  the  right 
hand  of  God  on  earth".  This  year  the  act  of  oscu- 
lation was  not  performed  by  more  than  ten  pilgrims 
out  of  every  hundred  that  attempted  it,  the  crowd 
being  utterly  undisciplined  in  its  zeal.  It  must  be 
confessed  that  I  owed  my  good  fortune  to  main 
strength,  for  I  shoved  my  way  through  the  excited 
mob  and  examined  the  Stone  curiously  while  kiss- 
ing it.  In  color  it  is  a  shining  black;  in  shape, 
hollow  like  a  saucer,  presumably  the  result  of  the 
pressure  of  devoted  lips.  A  pilgrim,  if  he  fail  in 
touching  the  Stone,  must  make  a  reverential  salam 
before  it,  and  then  pass  on.  Certain  prayers  are 
also  said.' 

The  entire  ceremonial  is  exceedingly  impressive, 
and  to  many  who  look  upon  Islam  in  the  conven- 
tional Western  manner  the  elevation  of  its 
thought  and  ethics  will  come  as  a  surprise.  It 
is  the  ability  to  sympathize  with  these  religious 
essentials  that  gives  the  book  its  chief  value, 
since  it  is  a  real  interpretation  of  perhaps  the 
greatest  of  all  the  world's  existing  rituals  in  the 
number  of  its  devotees  and  in  the  effect  it  has 
upon  them  and  their  fellows.  No  portion  of  the 
book  lacks  interest  for  the  curiously  inclined, 
and  it  is  admirably  and  graphically  written. 

Miss  Edith  Durham's  book,  '  The  Burden  of 
the  Balkans,'  would,  single-handed,  redeem  her 
sex  from  the  accusation  of  a  lacking  sense  of 
humor.  The  author's  wanderings  took  her 
through  Montenegro  and  the  Albanian  provinces 
of  Turkey  in  Europe,  part  of  the  time  in  fur- 
thering the  relief  work  the  British  had  set  on 
foot,  the  remainder  in  a  veritable  dash  through 


the  realms  of  the  Sultan.  She  was  brought  into 
intimate  contact  with  the  little  known  races  that 
inhabit  (and  infest)  those  regions,  and  she  views 
them  here,  not  merely  with  sympathy,  but  with 
an  ability  to  laugh  at  every  annoyance  they 
caused  her.  Tlie  earlier  chapters  are  given  up 
to  a  consideration  of  racial  problems,  in  which 
a  fine  contempt  is  shown  for  the  artificialities  of 
those  European  statesmen  who  seek  to  partition 
the  land  with  little  or  no  relation  to  the  Slavs, 
Bulgars,  Serbs,  Greeks,  Vlahs  (Wallachians), 
Albanians,  and  others,  who  constitute  essentially 
different  peoples,  with  varying  traditions,  his- 
tories, tongues,  beliefs,  and  political  aspirations 
and  ideals. 

'At  present  we  have  a  free  Servia,  a  free  Bul- 
garia, a  free  Greece,  a  but  half  ruled  and  wholly 
disaffected  Albania  with  no  Eastern  frontier,  and 
a  no  man's  land  of  mixed  population,  which  each 
race  hopes  ultimately  to  possess,  and  over  which  the 
Porte  has  yearly  less  and  less  control.  The  Turk's 
death  is  now  considered  so  imminent  that  the  chief 
concern  of  each  race  is  how  to  keep  him  alive  until 
each  has  made  its  own  claim  clear  to  Europe.' 

The  conditions  are  mediaeval  throughout  these 
lands,  but  Miss  Durham  takes  pains  to  remind 
those  who  complain  of  the  lack  of  twentieth  cen- 
tury refinement  in  the  Balkans  that  '  "  Human- 
ity" was  not  invented  even  in  England  till  the 
beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century,'  following 
this  with  another  pregnant  statement  of  fact : 

'When  a  Moslem  kills  a  Moslem  it  does  not  count; 
when  a  Christian  kills  a  Moslem  it  is  a  righteous 
act;  when  a  Christian  kills  a  Christian  it  is  an 
error  of  judgment  better  not  talked  about;  it  is 
only  when  a  Moslem  kills  a  Christian  that  we  arrive 
at  a  full  blown  "atrocity"  '. 

While  working  in  the  Ochrida  hospital  Miss 
Durham  became  thoroughly  familiar  with 
human  nature  as  it  exists  in  those  parts,  and  she 
leaves  this  amusing  record  of  her  native  assist- 
ants: 

'If  I  dropped  in  at  an  unexpected  hour,  I  almost 
always  had  to  "tell  them  that  they  must  not". 
Then  they  said,  first,  that  they  had  not  been  doing 
it;  secondly,  that  it  was  what  they  always  did; 
thirdly,  that  the  doctor  had  told  them  to;  fourthly, 
that  they  did  not  do  what  had  been  ordered;  and, 
lastly,  that  they  had  been  just  about  to  carry  out 
the  orders  when  I  had  arrived.  Then  we  all 
laughed,  for  they  did  not  in  the  least  mind  being 
found  out,  and  the  original  order  was  fulfilled  in 
the  end.' 

It  would  be  pleasant  to  quote  further  incidents 
of  similar  vein  from  this  most  instructive  and 
amusing  book,  did  space  avail.  At  least  a  part- 
ing tribute  must  be  paid  to  Miss  Durham's  nerv- 
ous and  idiomatic  English,  characteristically 
that  of  an  educated  and  refined  woman,  un- 
spoiled by  grammars. 

As  correspondent  for  the  London  '  Daily 
Mail,'  Mr.  Edmund  Candler  was  attached  to 
Colonel  Younghusband's  column  in  its  invasion 
of  Tibet,  and  he  has  preserved  an  account  of  the 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


385 


journey  in  Ms  volume  called  *  The  Unveiling  of 
Lhasa/  Xo  small  part  of  the  book  deals  with 
politics,  the  events  leading  up  to  the  expedition 
and  the  events  likely  to  follow  it,  and  here  Mr, 
Candler  seems  to  be  flatly  apologetic  and  not 
always  consistent.  He  characterizes  Great 
Britain's  attitude  previous  to  this  expedition  as 
*  weak  and  abortive,'  meaning  thereby  that  Tibet 
was  allowed  to  mind  its  own  business  and  com- 
pelled the  British  to  mind  theirs.  All  the  dis- 
putes arose  through  Tibetan  unwillingness  to 
establish  commercial  relations,  and  it  once  more 
appears  that  the  rights  of  a  race  in  regard  to 
dealing  with  foreigners  are  based  upon  no  prin- 
ciple of  justice  that  a  stronger  nation  is  obliged 
to  respect.  Something  is  said  of  Eussian  in- 
fluence, but  the  book  fails  to  reveal  anything  of 
the  sort, —  though  why  the  Tibetans  should  not 
have  the  same  right  to  deal  voluntarily  with 
Russia  as  with  Great  Britain  under  compulsion 
is  not  apparent  to  the  non-British  mind.  For 
the  rest,  the  story  is  surprisingly  tame.  Mr. 
Candler  bears  forced  tribute  to  the  bravery  of 
the  natives  with  whom  the  superior  arms  of  the 
British  engaged ;  but  he  nowhere  succeeds  in  in- 
vesting his  accounts  of  the  fighting  with  any 
vividness  or  sense  of  reality.  Lhasa  itself  was 
profoundly  uninteresting  in  the  main,  though 
the  religious  rites  were  not  without  elements  of 
awe,  as  is  made  evident  in  the  following  extract 
from  an  account  of  the  services  in  the  great  Jok- 
hang,  or  cathedral : 

'Service  is  being  held  before  the  great  Buddhas 
as  we  enter,  and  a  thunderous  harmony  like  an 
organ  peal  breaks  the  interval  for  meditation.  The 
Abbot,  ■who  is  in  the  center,  leans  forward  from  his 
chair  and  takes  a  bundle  of  peacock-feathers  from 
a  vase  by  his  side.  As  he  points  it  to  the  earth 
there  is  a  clashing  of  cymbals,  a  beating  of  drums, 
and  a  blowing  of  trumpets  and  conch  shells.  Then 
the  music  dies  away  like  the  reverberation  of 
cannon  in  the  hills.  The  Abbot  begins  the  chant, 
and  the  monks,  facing  each  other  like  singing-men 
in  a  choir,  repeat  the  litany.  They  have  extraor- 
dinary deep,  devotional  voices,  at  once  unnatural 
and  impressive.  The  deepest  bass  of  the  West  does 
not  approach  it,  and  their  sense  of  time  is  perfect.' 

One  does  not  gather  from  Mr.  Candler's  pages 
that  the  Tibetans  are  in  any  sense  barbarians, 
and  their  religion  has  certainly  preserved  them 
from  development  of  the  warlike  spirit  and  con- 
sequent acts  of  foreign  aggression. 

So  charming  are  the  late  George  Gissing's 
anecdotes  and  reminiscences  of  travel  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  southern  Italy,  collected  under 
the  alluring  title  of  '  By  the  Ionian  Sea,'  that  if 
is  respectfully  suggested  that  more  novelists  be 
persuaded  to  travel  in  little  known  comers  of 
Europe  and  bring  back  a  sheaf  of  realities.  ^Ir. 
Gissing  is  in  love  with  antiquity,  and  Latin  and 
Greek  are  still  real  to  him.  It  is  in  the  full 
classical  and  historical  spirit  that  he  wanders 
from  the  beaten  path  of  modem  davs  and  takes 


up  the  tale  where  it  was  interrupted  by  the  bar- 
barian centuries  ago.  He  did  not  always  find 
local  appreciation, —  as  when  he  sought  the  an- 
cient home  of  Cassiodorius  at  Coscia  di  Stalletti. 
'I  had  just  begun  to  explain  my  interest  in  the 
locality,  and  I  mentioned  the  name  of  Cassiodorius. 
As  it  passed  my  lips  the  jovial  fellow  [a  local 
guide]  burst  into  a  roar  of  laughter.  "Cassiodorio! 
Ha,  ha!  Cassiodorio!  Ha,  ha,  ha!  "  I  asked  him  what 
he  meant,  and  found  that  he  was  merely  delighted 
to  hear  a  stranger  utter  a  name  in  familiar  local 
use.  He  ran  out  from  the  cave,  and  pointed  up  the 
valley;  yonder  was  a  fountain  which  bore  the  name, 
"Fontana  di  Cassiodorio".  Thereupon,  I  tried  to 
discover  whether  any  traditions  cUng  to  the  name, 
but  these  informants  had  only  a  vague  idea  that 
Cassiodorius  was  a  man  of  times  long  gone  by.' 

Illness,  bad  food,  occasional  extori:ion,  and  vast 
ignorance  were  not  permitted  to  outweigh  the 
delight  Mr.  Gissing  found  in  localities  conse- 
crated by  age  and  association  with  happier  times, 
and  he  has  conveyed  his  enjo}Tnent  to  his  readers 
with  undiminished  force.  The  volume  contains 
some  wood  engravings  by  way  of  pictures, —  a 
welcome  departure  from  the  almost  universal 
half-tone. 

Many  books  have  been  written  of  our  far 
northern  possessions,  and  from  them  it  might  be 
possible  to  obtain  most  of  the  information 
brought  together  by  Mr.  J.  S.  McLain  in  his 
volume  entitled  'Alaska  and  the  Klondike.'  But 
Mr.  McLain  resorted  to  no  such  device  of  com- 
pilation, obtaining  his  knowledge  at  first  hand 
in  company  with  a  sub-committee  of  United 
States  Senators,  who  searched  the  country  to 
learn  its  needs  and  report  thereon  to  their  col- 
leagues. Every  advantage  was  offered,  there- 
fore, to  see  both  the  dark  and  bright  side  of  life 
on  the  edge  of  and  within  the  arctic  zone,  and 
the  result  is  a  most  informing  volume.  Some 
novel  impressions  will  be  gained  by  tiie  reader, 
as  when  the  author  says : 

'I  do  not  care  to  be  regarded  as  a  believer  in 
large  agricultural  possibilities  fer  Alaska,  but  I 
am  impressed  with  the  probability  that  in  the 
interior  of  that  remote  country,  where  food  supplies 
from  the  States  must  always  be  expensive,  it  will 
be  practicable  and  profitable  to  produce  meat  and 
dairy  and  poultry  and  garden  products  in  such 
quantity  and  at  such  prices  as  to  solve  the  problem 
of  development  of  large  areas  of  gold-bearing 
gravel. ' 

Nearly  every  part  of  Alaska  was  visited,  and  the 
book  should  serve  for  a  long  time  — ■  as  books  go 
in  these  rapid  days  —  in  the  capacity  of  an 
authoritative  reference  work. 

Dr.  George  Aaron  Barton's  *A  Years  Wander- 
ing in  Bible  Lands '  is  an  unpretentious  work 
made  up  of  letters  written  home  during  the 
author's  journey  through  England,  Germany, 
Austria,  Turkey,  Palestine,  and  Egypt.  What 
with  picking  blackberries  on  the  site  of  the  great 
temple  of  Diana  at  Ephesus  and  eating  ice- 
cream frozen  with  the  snows  of  Lebanon,  the 


386 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


sojourner  in  distant  lands  seems  to  have  enjoyed 
himself.  After  seeing  the  dancing  dervishes  in 
Constantinople,  this  member  of  the  Society  of 
Friends  writes,  '  One  comes  away  with  a  new 
sense  of  the  kinship  of  humanity,  and,  if  he  has 
any  sympathy  with  mysticism,  he  departs  with 
the  feeling  that,  strange  as  are  the  practices  of 
these  people,  it  is  possible  to  understand  the  root 
from  which  they  spring/  There  is  a  charm  in 
such  self-revelations  as  these  that  redeem  the 
book  from  commonness. 

Wallace  Rice. 


Birds  ani>  Other  Folk.* 


It  is  interesting  to  notice  that  there  is  little 
blurring  of  the  line  between  the  bird  books  and 
the  other  nature  books  of  this  season.  The  all- 
round  nature-lover  who  writes  of  the  general 
fascination  of  out-of-doors,  and  embroiders  his 
theme  with  a  little  bird-lore,  has  for  the  time 
betaken  himself  to  silence.  So  far  as  this  fact 
proves  the  absence  of  new  volumes  from  Mr. 
John  Bun-oughs  and  Mr.  Bradford  Torrey  and 
others  of  their  class  —  if  there  are  others  of  the 
same  class  —  it  is  wholly  lamentable.  So  far 
as  it  proves  a  growing  modesty  on  the  part  of 
amateurs  it  may  not  be  very  deplorable.  Per- 
haps the  time  is  already  at  hand  when  a  mere 
love  of  the  wild  and  the  things  of  the  wild  does 
not  so  greatly  distinguish  the  lover  from  his 
fellows  as  to  justify  him  in  publishing  his 
thoughts.  It  may  be  that  like  the  famous  White 
Company,  we  have  all  stepped  forward.  Or  it 
may  be  that  instead  of  becoming  more  universal, 
the  love  of  nature  is  taking  deeper  hold  of  those 
who  profess  it,  and  inspiring  in  them  thoughts 
that  do  lie  too  deep  for  books.  In  either  event 
we  are  not  the  losers  by  the  fact  that  the  new 
writings  come  to  us  from  specialists,  and  are 
either  bird-books  or  not  hird-books,  with  no 
'  mixed  up '  class  between. 

Of  the  two  characteristically  English  books  on 
our  present  list,  one  is  distinctly  devoted  to 
birds,  the  other  as  distinctly  to  the  general  study 
of  nature.  Mr.  Miall's  '  House,  Garden,  and 
Field '  is  not  a  book  one  would  take  on  a  sum- 
mer vacation  for  entertainment  —  it  is  both  too 
good  and  too  dull  for  that.  For  its  purpose, 
which  is  to  teach  teachers  to  observe  nature  and 

*  House,  Garden,  and  Field.  By  L.  C.  Miall.  Illus- 
trated.    New  York :   Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 

Bird  Life  and  Bird  Lore.  By  R.  Bosworth  Smith. 
Illustrated.     New  York :   E.   P.  Button  &  Co. 

WooDMYTH  and  Fable.  By  Ernest  Thompson-Seton. 
Illustrated.      New   York :    The    Century   Co. 

Wasps,  Social  and  Solitary.  By  George  W.  and  Eliza- 
beth G.  Peekham.  Illustrated.  Boston  :  Houghton,  MiflSin 
&  Co. 

Wild  Wings.  By  Herbert  K.  Job.  Illustrated. 
Boston  :   Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 


to  teach  their  pupils  to  observe  nature,  it  is 
admirably  fitted.  It  is  packed  with  scientific 
facts,  with  clear  and  practical  suggestions  for 
class  room  and  study  club,  and  with  eye-opening 
and  thought-stimulating  questions.  The  draw- 
ings are  accurate  and  easily  comprehensible. 
There  is  no  avoiding  the  query  whether  the  cause 
of  science  is  advanced  by  an  arrangement  which 
places  in  succession  chapters  on  the  rock-barn- 
acle, rats  and  mice,  natural  history  clubs,  the 
purple  saxifrage,  water  lilies,  and  house  flies. 
But  no  arrangement  or  lack  of  arrangement  can 
destroy  the  value  of  the  good  sense  and  clarity 
with  which  these  and  all  the  other  subjects  are 
treated.  The  chapters  on  grasses,  wood  sorrel, 
and  the  house  cricket  are  especially  interesting. 

Another  English  book,  '  Bird  Life  and  Bird 
Lore,'  by  the  scholarly  historian  Mr.  R.  Bos- 
worth Smith,  is  full  of  delight  for  all  bird-lov- 
ers, Mr.  Smith  loves  the  lore  almost  as  well  as 
he  loves  the  birds  themselves,  and  it  is  scarcely 
too  much  to  say  that  he  knows  everything  that 
has  been  said  in  literature  about  his  favorites, 
since  the  creation.  However,  he  does  not  thrust 
the  greatness  of  his  knowledge  upon  j^ou,  but 
uses  it  only  to  enforce  his  opinions  of  his  winged 
friends.  It  seems  curious  at  first  that  his  favor- 
ites should  be  the  owl  and  the  raven;  but  his 
preferences  are  justified  by  his  experience.  For 
the  owl  he  pleads  that  it  is  not  destructive, 
except  of  pests,  and  that  other  birds  mob  it 
because  as  a  bird  of  night,  quite  unlike  them- 
selves, it  is  a  stranger  to  them.  The  owl's  dig- 
nity he  holds  in  great  admiration,  saying  of  his 
visit  to  the  eagle  owls  in  the  keep  of  Arundel 
Castle  that  '  as  you  entered  you  felt  somewhat 
as  the  rude  Gaul  or  as  the  envoy  of  Pyrrhus  felt, 
when  he  entered  the  Roman  Senate,  that  it  was 
an  assemblage,  if  not  of  gods,  at  least  of  kings,' 
The  raven,  his  next  best  friend,  he  insists  was 
belied  by  the  representative  Noah  sent  forth 
from  the  ark,  for  he  is  faithful,  intelligent,  and 
companionable,  although  mischievous  and 
greedy.  The  author  celebrates  many  other  Eng- 
lish birds  with  almost  equal  affection.  The  book 
is  one  to  be  on  permanently  good  terms  with, 
for  its  genuine  love  of  all  feathered  folk,  its 
hatred  of  cruelty  —  and  Mr.  Smith's  influence 
has  been  potent  in  abolishing  the  pole-trap  and 
other  villainies, — its  delicate  humor,  and  its 
poetical  perspective. 

Mr,  Thompson- Seton's  little  volume,  '  Wood- 
myth  and  Fable,'  was  not  intended  very  seri- 
ously, and  is  all  the  more  delicious  in  conse- 
quence. It  is  a  series  of  chips  from  the  work- 
shop of  a  man  who  does  larger  things, —  the 
brilliant  joking  of  a  thinker  off  duty.  Yet  not 
wholly  off  duty  either,  for  the  jokes  are  too 
keenly  pointed  —  appreciably  the  picture  of  the 
father  porcupine  spanking  his  baby  and  remark- 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL. 


387 


ing  ^t  hurts  me  far  more  than  it  does  you.' 
The  land-crab  who  died  climbing  telegraph 
poles  because  he  would  not  move  an  inch  out  of 
his  accustomed  path,  the  little  antelope  who  for 
his  discontent  was  transformed  into  a  giraffe, 
the  grasshopper  that  made  a  river  valley, —  all 
these  have  things  to  say  not  unbecoming  a  wise 
man  to  hear.  And  while  the  wise  man  listens 
he  will  be  delighted  in  eye  and  refreshed  in  soul 
by  the  illustrations,  which  are  the  very  bub- 
bling-over  of  the  author's  genius. 

Admirable  fooling  as  this  book  of  Mr.  Thomp- 
son-Seton's  is,  it  whets  rather  than  blunts  the 
reader's  appetite  for  two  books  of  very  different 
type,  which  will  for  time  to  come  mark  the 
present  season  as  one  of  notable  accomplishment. 
The  first  of  tliese  is  the  work  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
George  W.  Peckham  on  'Wasps,  Social  and  Soli- 
tar}'.'  Mr.  John  Burroughs  in  his  introduction 
to  the  volume  calls  this  Hhe  most  charming 
monograph  in  any  department  of  our  natural 
history  that  I  have  read  in  many  a  year,'  and 
adds: 

'It  is  a  wonderful  record  of  patient,  exact,  and 
loving  observation,  which  has  all  the  interest  of  a 
romance.  It  opens  up  a  world  of  Lilliput  right  at 
our  feet,  wherein  the  little  people  amuse  and  delight 
us  with  their  curious  human  foibles  and  whimsi- 
calities, and  surprise  us  with  their  intelligence 
and  individuality.  Here  I  had  been  saying  in  print 
that  I  looked  upon  insects  as  perfect  automata, 
and  all  of  the  same  class  as  nearly  alike  as  the 
leaves  of  the  trees  or  the  sands  upon  the  beach. 
I  had  not  reckoned  with  the  Peckhams  and  their 
Solitary  wasps.  The  solitary  ways  of  these  in- 
sects seem  to  bring  out  their  individual  traits,  and 
they  differ  one  from  another,  more  than  any  other 
wild  creatures  known  to  me.' 

The  book  is  written  so  untechnically  that  a 
reader  who  does  not  know  a  wasp  from  a  bee 
can  understand  and  enjoy  it.  The  first  chapter 
records  a  series  of  experiments  which  prove  that 
wasps  detect  differences  in  color,  and  are 
affected  by  smells  more  than  sounds;  the  last, 
which  is  devoted  to  the  difference  between 
instinct  and  intelligence,  shows  that  the  wasp's 
sense  of  direction  is  due  to  a  careful  study  of  the 
geography  of  her  nest,  and  not  to  a  mysterious 
sense  of  location.  The  intervening  pages  describe 
some  score  of  wasps, —  their  nest-building  and 
house-keeping,  their  killing  and  conveying  of 
their  prey,  their  care  of  their  eggs.  The  authors 
are  so  careful  and  minute  in  their  observation 
that  they  can  sometimes  correct  ahd  amend  the 
great  authority  Fabre  himself.  They  say,  for 
instance,  of  Philanthus  punctatus: 

'This  is  a  pretty  Little  yellow-banded  species  much 
resembling  Cerceris  in  appearance.  The  nest  con- 
sists of  a  main  gallery  with  pockets  leading  from  it, 
each  pocket  being  stored  with  one  egg  and  enough 
bees  to  nourish  a  singlet  larva.  When  the  wasps 
emerge  from  the  cocoon  they  find  themselves  in 
the  company  of  their  nearest  relatives  and  in  pos- 


session of  a  dwelling  place,  and  they  all  live  to- 
gether for  a  time  before  starting  out  independently 
to  seek  their  fortunes.  On  the  fifth  of  August  we 
discovered  on  the  island  a  happy  family  of  this 
kind,  consisting  of  three  brothers  and  four  sisters, 
the  females,  with  their  bright  yellow  faces  and 
mandibles,  being  handsomer  than  the  males.  They 
seemed  to  be  on  the  most  amicable  terms  with  each 
other,  their  only  trouble  being  that  while  they 
were  all  fond  of  looking  out,  the  doorway  was  too 
small  to  hold  more  than  one  at  a  time.  The  nest 
was  opened  in  the  morning  at  about  nine  o'clock, 
and  during  the  next  thirty  or  forty  minutes  their 
comical  little  faces  would  appear,  one  after  another, 
each  wasp  enjoying  the  view  for  a  few  minutes  with 
many  twitchings  of  the  head,  and  then  retreating 
to  make  way  for  another,  perhaps  in  response  to 
some  hint  from  behind.' 

Ko  less  care  and  devotion,  and  much  more 
travel,  has  gone  to  the  making  of  Mr.  Job's 
'  Wild  Wings,'  a  bird  book  that  will  be  a  lasting 
joy  to  everyone  who  has  a  heart  for  life  in  the 
open.  From  the  Magdalen  Islands  to  the  Flor- 
ida Keys,  Mr.  Job  has  hunted  -svith  his  camera 
'  the  wild,  hardy  birds  of  the  sea,  whose  strong 
wings  make  them  masters  of  the  elements.'  He 
has  had  the  grace,  moreover,  to  tell  the  story  of 
his  conflicts  and  victories  in  a  simple,  straight- 
forward way.  However  firm  the  ordinary  bird 
seeker  may  be  in  his  affection  for  thrush,  bobo- 
link, and  other  land  birds,  he  cannot  but  own  the 
greater  daring  and  romance  of  Mr.  Job's  quest 
for  pelican  and  ibis,  spoonbill  and  kittiwake,  or 
withhold  his  admiration  for  the  wild  and  often 
grotesque  beauty  of  the  pictures  Mr.  Job  brings 
home.  For  the  securing  of  these  pictures  the 
ardent  'hunter'  is  impervious  to  all  creature 
discomforts,  standing  regardless  for  hours  in 
swamp  water,  or  lying  prone  on  a  sand  beach  in 
the  broiling  sun,  or  cramping  himself  into  a 
basket  which  his  friends  let  down  over  a  rock. 
Often  he  fastens  his  camera  in  a  tree  above 
a  nest,  and  shutter-string  in  hand,  hides  in  a 
thicket  beneath  until  the  wary  bird  comes  home. 
He  has  work  for  his  wits  also,  as  in  this  con- 
quest of  a  small  oyster  catcher : 

'The  young  rascal  never  moved  a  feather  while 
it  was  being  photographed.  But  when  I  thought 
to  take  it  standing,  we  had  a  long,  hard  tussle. 
Finally  I  conquered  by  sheer  persistence,  putting 
my  cap  over  it  and  removing  it  suddenly,  to  snap. 
When  I  let  it  go,  it  was  comical  to  see  those  long 
stout  legs  measure  off  the  rods  over  that  sand  to- 
ward its  fond  parents,  apparently  shouting, — in 
gesture  if  not  in  voice, —  "Mamma,  Mamma,  here's 
your  little  oyster  catcher  coming  like  a  good  one."  * 

Mr.  Job's  grammar  is  not  always  as  shaky  as 
in  this  case,  but  his  struggles  are  always  equally 
successful.  Xo  such  collection  of  'portraits'  can 
be  found  anywhere  else,  of  kittiwakes  and  gan- 
nets  wheeling  and  tumbling,  of  unfledged  peli- 
cans and  herons  gawking  in  their  nests,  of 
jaegers  and  petrels  skimming  the  waves,  of  a 
laughing  gull  really  laughing,  of  plovers  and 


388 


THE    DIAL. 


[June  1, 


noddies  brooding  their  young,  and  (most  won- 
derful of  all)  of  a  great  homed  owl  caressing 
her  owlet.  It  is  a  collection  that  would  put  any 
exhibit  of  the  portraits  of  mere  people  to  hope- 
less shame.  jyj^Y  Estelle  Cook. 


Recent  Fictiox.* 


ITie  merits  of  *The  Garden  of  Allah'  are 
such  as  to  place  it  distinctly  at  the  head  of  its 
author's  works.  Mr.  Hichens  has  hitherto  been 
rather  unfortunate  both  in  his  themes  and  in 
their  treatment,  showing  a  tendency  to  portray 
morbid  types  of  character  and  to  indulge  in 
much  unpleasant  detail  in  the  working-out  of 
his  situations.  This  tendency  he  has  nearly  over- 
come in  the  present  instance,  and  he  has,  also, 
found  a  theme  that  permits  of  poetic  treatment, 
besides  lending  itself  to  a  strikingly  dramatic 
purpose.  A  man  and  a  woman  are  thrown 
together  in  an  oasis  on  the  edge  of  the  Sahara, 
and  the  imagined  peace  which  both  have  sought 
in  repairing  to  this  outpost  of  civilization 
becomes  real  in  the  joy  of  their  mutual  love.  The 
joy  is  not  lasting  however,  for  when  the  man's 
secret  is  revealed,  it  appears  that  he  is  a  Trappist 
monk,  who  has  broken  his  vows,  and  escaped  into 
the  world  in  quest  of  that  knowledge  of  life 
which  the  monastery  walls  had  hidden  from  him 
for  a  score  of  years.  But  the  consciousness  of 
sin  still  gnaws  at  liis  soul,  and  finally  forces 
him  to  the  agony  of  confession.  In  this  spiritual 
crisis,  the  wife  proves  herself  the  stronger  of  the 
two,  for  it  is  she  who  shows  to  him  the  path  of 
duty  —  which  is  the  patii  of  renunciation  and 
expiation  —  leading  him  back,  at  first  reluc- 
tantly, then  willingly,  and  in  the  end  almost 
gladly,  to  his  living  tomb.    And  by  virtue  of  this 

•  The  Gakden  of  Allah.  By  Robert  Hichens.  New 
York :  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co. 

HuBRicANE  Island.  By  H.  B.  Marriott  Watson.  New 
York :  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co. 

Rose  of  the  World.  By  Agnes  and  Egerton  Castle. 
New  York :  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co. 

The  Princess  Passes.  A  Romance  of  a  Motor-Car. 
By  C.  N.  and  A.  M.  Williamson.  New  York:  Henry 
Holt  &  Co. 

The  Marriage  of  William  Ashe.  By  Mrs.  Humphry 
Ward.     New  York :    Harper  &  Brothers. 

The  Vicissitudes  of  Evangeline.  By  Elinor  Glyn. 
New   York :   Harper  &   Brothers. 

The  Secret  Woman.  By  Eden  Phillpotts.  New  York: 
The  Macmillan   Co. 

The  Morals  of  Marcus  Ordeyne.  By  William  J. 
Locke.     New  York :  John  Lane. 

For  the  White  Christ.  A  Story  of  the  Days  of 
Charlemagne.  By  Robert  Ames  Bennet.  Chicago :  A.  C. 
McClurg  &  Co. 

The  Two  Captains.  A  Romance  of  Bonaparte  and 
Nelson.  By  Cyrus  Townsend  Brady.  New  York :  The 
Macmillan  Co. 

The  Silence  of  Mrs.  Harrold.  By  Samuel  M.  Gar- 
denhire.     New  York :   Harper  &  Brothers. 

The  Candidate.  By  Joseph  A.  Altsheler.  New  York : 
Harper   &   Brothers, 


supreme  self-sacrifice,  both  man  and  woman 
achieve  a  serener  peace  than  that  which  they 
had  before  vainly  sought  in  the  desert.  The 
story  is  one  of  poignant  appeal  to  the  spiritual 
sense,  and  the  grave  heauty  of  the  tragedy  finds 
fitting  language  for  its  expression.  There  is  a 
far  greater  variety  of  interest  than  would  be 
imagined  from  the  foregoing  outline,  and  the 
author  has  achieved  a  brilliant  success  in  his 
picturesque  effects.  Neither  the  desert  nor  its 
denizens  seem  to  have  any  secrets  from  him, 
and  he  records  for  us  the  soul  of  both  with  pen- 
etrating observation  and  subtle  phrase.  In  all 
the  three  essentials  of  invention,  style,  and 
thought,  this  performance  is  highly  commend- 
able, and  entitles  Mr.  Hichens  to  more  serious 
consideration  than  ever  before. 

'  Hurricane  Island '  is  a  romance  of  adventure 
of  the  good  old-fashioned  sort,  dear  to  the  hearts 
of  boys  of  all  ages,  and  written,  withal,  in  a 
style  that  commends  it  to  the  judicious  reader. 
There  is  a  notable  villain,  a  charming  heroine, 
and  an  acceptable  hero,  all  thrown  together  upon 
shipboard  for  a  while,  and  then  cast  upon  a 
desert  island.  The  villain  leads  a  mutiny  to 
gain  possession  of  the  treasure  on  board,  and 
there  follows  a  desperate  and  protracted  con- 
flict. Meanwhile,  the  ship,  having  touched  at 
Eio  and  Buenos  Ayres,  proceeds  through  the 
Straits  of  Magellan  into  the  Pacific,  and  runs 
into  Hurricane  Island  (invented  for  this  pur- 
pose) .  There  the  chief  villain  dies,  riddled  with 
bullets,  and  those  of  the  lesser  villains  who  do 
not  share  his  fate  are  marooned  upon  the  island, 
while  the  ship  sails  off  with  triumphant  virtue 
at  the  helm.  By  this  time  the  heroine,  a  princess 
by  birth,  is  sufficiently  subdued,  and  the  hero 
(the  ship's  doctor)  has  won  the  ship,  the  treas- 
ure, and  the  maiden  all  at  once.  This  is  a  very 
stirring  stor}%  and  is  almost  as  good  as  Robert 
Louis  Stevenson  could  have  made  it. 

The  novels  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Castle  have  a 
charm  that  almost  puts  them  in  a  class  by  them- 
selves, a  charm  which  is  as  manifest  as  ever  in 
their  latest  joint  production,  '  Rose  of  the 
World.'  The  charm  is  essentially  one  of  style, 
for  the  plot  is  not  remarkable,  and  the  situations 
verge  upon  the  melodramatic.  But  the  style 
invests  the  whole  affair  with  a  sort  of  magical 
glow,  and  the  romantic  sentiment  of  the  story 
is  admirably  sustained.  Beginning  in  India, 
it  ends  in  England,  after  a  series  of  successful 
assaults  upon  our  emotions,  and  one  situation  so 
startling  as  to  be  difficult  for  even  romance  to 
justify.  That  the  first  husband  of  the  heroine, 
mourned  for  dead,  should  have  been  able  to 
become  a  member  of  her  household  in  the  dis- 
guise of  an  Afghan,  and  remain  unsuspected 
until  he  declared  himself,  involves  a  severe  strain 
upon  the  credulities.  But  such  things  do  happen 


1905.] 


THE    DIAX 


389 


(in  romance),  and  when  they  happen  to  such 
striking  dramatic  purpose  as  in  the  present 
instance,  we  should  not  grumble  very  fiercely 
over  their  improbability.  There  is  humor  in  the 
book,  too,  and  of  a  subtle  kind,  supplied  chiefly 
bv  the  travelling  Frenchman  who  psychologizes 
about  the  people  he  meets,  and  frames  the  most 
charmingly  plausible  theories  to  account  for 
their  actions.  He  is  nearly,  if  not  quite,  the 
most  delightful  figure  in  the  story. 

We  can  find  no  fault  with  the  fashion  of 
collaboration  as  long  as  it  continues  to  give  us 
such  charming  work  as  *  Kose  of  the  World,'  or 
the  motor-car  novels  of  C.  ?^.  and  A.  M.  Wil- 
liamson. '  The  Lightning  Conductor '  of  these 
vivacious  writers  proved  so  entertaining  that  all 
who  read  it  will  be  eager  to  get  possession  of 
'  The  Princess  Passes,'  its  worthy  successor. 
Here  are  picturesque  travel,  humorous  incident, 
and  tender  passion  all  in  one,  skilfully  com- 
mingled in  just  the  right  proportions.  It  is 
not  altogether  a  tale  of  motoring,  for  mechanical 
means  of  locomotion  give  place  in  the  Alps,  and 
at  a  certain  exciting  juncture,  to  the  primitive 
and  picturesque  donkey.  This  story  is  so  delight- 
ful that  we  are  not  disposed  to  carp  overmuch 
at  the  impossibility  of  its  central  situation  — 
that  of  a  man  travelling  for  some  weeks  with  a 
girl  in  boy's  disguise,  and  not  discovering  the 
imposition. 

Mrs.  Humphry  Ward's  new  novel,  *  The  Mar- 
riage of  William  Ashe,'  is  having  its  full  share 
of  critical  attention,  as  was  made  inevitable  by 
the  great  and  solid  reputation  of  its  accomp- 
lished author.  Mrs.  Ward  is  one  of  the  few 
novelists  who  take  their  art  with  entire  serious- 
ness, and  is  hence  deserving  of  the  most  respect- 
ful attention.  There  is  nothing  particularly 
striking  about  the  new  book.  It  moves  in  the 
circles  of  English  society  with  which  the  author 
has  already  made  us  acquainted  by  many  other 
novels ;  it  has  an  Italian  setting  for  some  of  the 
most  striking  chapters;  it  again  borrows  some 
of  its  material  from  the  lives  of  actual  historical 
persons  as  recorded  in  the  memoirs  of  a  past 
age;  and  it  presents  an  intricate  problem  of 
conduct  for  our  investigation.  All  these  things 
it  does  admirably,  with  the  fimmess  of  handling 
which  Mrs.  Ward  has  taught  us  to  expect  from 
her,  and  its  ethical  plane  is  high  throughout. 
The  author  dearly  loves  a  lord,  and  her  hero  in 
this  instance  is  a  very  paragon  of  his  class. 
Infatuated  by  a  young  woman  of  doubtful  ante- 
cedents, a  young  woman  who  may  fairly  be 
described  as  a  minx,  he  makes  her  his  wife,  and 
accepts  all  the  consequences  of  the  act.  The^e 
turn  out  to  be  rather  serious,  for  her  escapades 
involve  both  his  political  career  and  his  per- 
sonal honor ;  but  he  bravely  meets  them  all,  and 
is  so  preposterously  magnanimous  about  it  that 


he  seems  far  too  good  for  this  wicked  world. 
The  interest  of  the  work  is  sustained,  rising  to 
an  effective  dramatic  climax,  and  subsiding  into 
the  pathos  of  a  closing  scene  of  deathbed  repent- 
ance and  forgiveness. 

'The  Vicissitudes  of  Evangeline,'  by  Mrs. 
Elinor  Glyn,  is  the  sprightly  story,  told  in  the 
first  person,  of  a  young  woman  with  red  hair 
and  green  eyes,  who  lives  and  moves  and  has  her 
being  in  the  smart  set  of  English  society.  She 
is  an  irresponsible  little  creature,  not  to  be  com- 
mended for  either  grammar  or  behavior,  and  her 
subsequent  career,  were  it  unfolded  to  us,  would 
probably  not  be  unlike  that  of  Mrs.  Ward's 
heroine.  Mrs.  Glyn  gives  us  a  minx  in  the  mak- 
ing, while  Mrs.  Ward  describes  the  finished 
product.  This  is  the  author's  third  book  in 
similar  vein,  and  it  has  the  whipped-cream  con- 
sistency of  its  predecessors.  It  is  mildly 
amusing. 

Dartmoor,  for  many  years  the  undisputed 
literary  province  of  the  late  Mr.  Blackmore,  has 
now  fallen  under  the  rule  of  Mr.  Eden  Phill- 
potts,  who  holds  sway  therein  by  the  same  divine 
right  of  genius.  To  his  lengthening  list  of 
novels  with  a  Dartmoor  setting  Mr.  Phillpotts 
has  recently  added  'The  Secret  Woman,'  the 
strongest  and  the  most  sombre  of  all  these  fic- 
tions. The  gloom  of  impending  tragedy  shad- 
ows the  book  from  the  very  outset,  and  the 
breaking  of  the  storm  is  direful  in  its  fury.  At 
the  very  close  there  comes  a  gleam  of  light  to 
soften  the  tragic  effect  of  what  has  gone  before, 
but  the  impression  ha&  been  too  deep  to  be  thus 
effaced,  and  the  memory  long  lingers  of  the  sin 
which  has  wrought  all  this  ruin,  and  of  its 
dreadful  consequences.  We  are  tempted  to  find 
for  this  book  a  motto  in  Mr.  Meredith's  familiar 
lines: 

'  In  tragic  Ufe,  God  wot. 
No  Yillain  need  be !    Passions  spin  the  plot : 
We  are  betrayed  by  what   is   false  within.* 

So  in  '  The  Secret  Woman '  there  is  no  cheap 
effect  of  downright  viUainy,  but  there  is  instead 
a  subtle  study  of  impulsive  sin  and  its  corroding 
effects  —  a  study  that  rivals  *  The  Scarlet  Let- 
ter' in  earnestness  and  psychological  pene- 
tration. What  relief  the  story  offers  may  be 
found  in  the  sayings  and  doings  of  the  rustic 
types  which  fill  the  canvas,  grouped  around  the 
central  figures.  In  the  delineation  of  these 
types  the  author  fairly  rivals  Mr.  Hardy,  making 
the  indigenous  population  of  Dartmoor  as  real 
to  us  as  that  of  Wessex. 

'  The  Morals  of  Marcus  Ordeyne,'  as  por- 
trayed by  Mr.  William  J.  Locke  in  the  novel 
which  he  has  thus  named,  constitute  a  curious 
departure  from  what  is  conventionally  approved, 
yet,  considered  essentially,  they  may  fairly 
escape  censure.  He  is  a  scholar,  almost  a 
recluse,  by  habit,  yet  he  maintains  sentimental 


390 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


relations  with  two  women  which  so  flout  the 
accepted  observances  of  society  that  his  conduct 
is  under  grave  and  not  unnatural  suspicion. 
Eeally,  these  relations  are  strictly  decorous,  but 
they  illustrate  almost  tragically  the  danger  of 
playing  with  fire.  One  of  the  women  he  has 
befriended  after  her  desertion  by  a  blackguard 
husband,  and  has  been  held  to  her  through  many 
years  by  a  strong  bond  of  intellectual  sympathy. 
Thinking  himself  passionless,  he  does  not  realize 
that  she  has  loved  him  passionately  all  the  time. 
This  particular  entanglement  is  broken  by  the 
appearance  of  the  errant  husband,  in  the  guise 
of  the  repentant  sinner  —  the  unctuous  guise  of 
Dr.  Ibsen's  Einar, — and  the  wife  renounces  love 
for  duty,  devoting  the  remainder  of  her  life  to 
the  ordering  of  his  irresponsible  footsteps. 
Meanwhile,  the  other  woman  has  appeared  upon 
the  scene.  She  is  a  fascinating  creature  —  a 
child  in  disposition  and  hardly  more  than  a 
child  in  years, — half  Oriental  in  her  parentage, 
escaped  from  a  Syrian  harem  where  she  was 
reserved  for  marriage  with  an  objectionable  old 
person  named  Mustapha,  and  found  homeless 
and  disconsolate  by  Marcus  Ordeyne  in  a  Lon- 
don park.  He  takes  her  to  his  home,  treats  her 
like  the  untutored  child  that  she  is,  and  seeks 
to  fashion  her  into  some  sort  of  conformity  with 
the  ways  of  the  Western  world.  Gradually  he 
finds  himself  taking  more  interest  in  his 
strangely-acquired  ward  than  in  his  studies,  and 
the  projected  '  History  of  Eenaissance  Morals ' 
gets  less  and  less  of  his  attention  as  the  weeks 
pass.  Just  as  he  discovers  that  he  loves  the  girl, 
and  is  about  to  make  her  his  wife,  she  elopes 
with  a  dare-devil  fellow  who  has  been  impru- 
dently admitted  to  the  intimacy  of  his  house- 
hold, and  Marcus  finds  himself  the  prey  of 
emotions  which  he  had  never  dreamed  would 
touch  his  equable  life.  After  the  misery  has 
become  a  little  less  poignant,  he  sums  up  his 
experiences  in  a  passage  which  we  may  quote. 

'In  the  days  gone  by  I  was  the  victim  of  a 
singular  hallucination.  I  flattered  myself  on  being 
the  one  individual  in  the  world  not  summoned  to 
play  his  part  in  the  comedy  of  Life.  I  sat  alone 
in  the  great  auditorium  like  the  mad  king  of 
Bavaria,  watching  with  little  zest  what  seemed 
but  a  sorry  spectacle.  I  thought  myself  secure  in 
my  solitary  stall.  But  I  had  not  counted  on  the 
high  gods  who  crowd  shadowy  into  the  silent  seats 
and  are  jealous  of  a  mortal  in  their  midst.  With- 
out warning  was  I  wrested  from  my  place,  hurled 
onto  the  stage,  and  before  my  dazzled  eyes  could 
accustom  themselves  to  the  footlights,  I  found  my- 
self enmeshed  in  intolerable  drama.  I  was  un- 
prepared. I  knew  my  part  imperfectly.  I  missed 
my  cues.  I  had  the  blighting  self-consciousness  of 
the  amateur.  And  yet  the  idiot  mummery  was 
intensely  real.  Amid  the  laughter  of  the  silent 
shadowy  gods  I  sought  to  flee  from  the  stage. 
I  came  to  Verona  and  find  I  am  still  acting  my 
part.  I  have  always  been  acting.  I  have  been 
acting  since  I  was  born.     The  reason  of  our  being 


is  to  amuse  the  high  gods  with  our  histrionics. 
The  earth  itself  is  the  stage,  and  the  starry  ether 
the  infinite  auditorium.' 

From  this  despair,  none  the  l^s  deep  because  it 
has  reached  the  philosophical  stage,  our  unpre- 
pared actor  slowly  worli  his  way  out.  Finally, 
the  child  whose  departure  had  so  torn  his  heart- 
strings comes  back  to  him,  •  abandoned  by  her 
lover,  and  developed  into  womanhood  by  the 
bitterness  of  her  experience.  The  broken 
threads  of  life  are  picked  up  one  by  one,  and  the 
end  is  a  real  though  chastened  happiness  for 
both  man  and  woman.  We  have  outlined  this 
plot  at  some  length,  because  a  briefer  abstract 
would  have  been  worse  than  useless.  It  remains 
to  say  that  the  story  is  intensely  interesting  from 
first  to  last,  besides  being  rich  in  the  sort  of  liter- 
ary and  scholarly  allusiveness  that  appeals  most 
strongly  to  the  cultivated  mind.  Mr.  Locke  has 
given  us  excellent  work  before,  but  this  is  by  far 
the  best  thing  he  has  done,  and  we  give  it  an 
ungrudging  welcome. 

In  the  matters  of  typography,  illustration, 
and  decorative  detail,  Mr.  Eobert  Ames  Bennet's 
'  For  the  White  Christ '  is  a  companion  volume 
to  Miss  Liljencrantz's  two  tales  of  Viking  days 
and  deeds.  In  theme,  also,  the  work  is  similar, 
for  it  is  a  romance  of  the  days  when  Karl  the 
Great  was  engaged  in  the  most  difficult  part  of 
his  task  of  empire-building,  and  its  hero  is  a 
Norseman  who  becomes  pledged  to  the  great 
ruler  and  who  eventually  marries  his  daughter. 
The  canvas  of  the  work  is  very  large  indeed, 
and  includes  battle-fields  all  the  way  from  the 
Pyrenees  to  the  Baltic,  and  the  hosts  of  the 
Dane,  the  Frank,  the  Saxon,  and  the  Moor.  All 
this  portentous  historical  material,  blended  with 
much  intrigue  and  passion,  together  with  some 
of  the  gentler  elements  of  romance,  is  skilfully 
brought  into  a  tale  of  much  action  and  dramatic 
vigor,  couched  in  language  that  makes  a  fair 
pretence  of  archaism  (of  the  conventional  type, 
naturally),  and  brought  to  a  satisfactory  issue. 
The  story  of  Roland  at  Roncesval  is  but  one  of 
the  many  episodes  which  ornament  this  ambi- 
tious historical  portrayal.  Various  verse-frag- 
ments from  mediaeval  saga  and  epic  serve  as 
chapter-headings,  and  add  not  a  little  to  the 
poetical  effectiveness  of  the  book.  But  we  know 
not  '  Gummerle,'  who  is  cited  as  one  of  the 
author's  authorities. 

Mr.  Cyrus  Townsend  Brady's  latest  romantic 
production  is  called  'The  Two  Captains,'  and 
consists  of  two  parts  — i  a  preface  and  a  histor- 
ical tale.  The  latter  is  a  narrative  of  the  duel 
between  Kapoleon  and  Nelson,  ending  with  the 
Battle  of  the  Nile,  and  introducing  many  pic- 
turesque incidents  and  figures.  The  love-inter- 
est is  provided  by  an  Irish  Captain  imder 
Nelson's    command    and    the     fair    daughter 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


391 


of  a  royalist  emigre  and  ci-dsvant  admiral  in  the 
royal  navy  of  France.  The  figure  of  this  gentle- 
man is  drawn  with  fine  sympathy,  and  makes 
those  of  the  two  great  historical  protagonists 
seem  like  lay  figures  in  comparison.  Mr.  Brady 
gets  up  his  historv-  very  carefully,  and  is  almost 
over-technical  in  his  description  of  sea-fighting. 
His  pref ac-e,  although  brief,  is  quite  as  interest- 
ing as  his  romance,  being  aimed  at  the  critic  for 
the  purpose  of  guiding  aright  the  footsteps  of 
that  miserable  person.  He  is  enjoined  to  discuss 
the  book  itself,  and  to  refrain  from  discussing 
the  personality  of  the  author,  or  his  literary 
fecundity, — in  short,  to  refrain  from  minding 
the  author  at  all.  We  have  sought,  with  diffi- 
culty, to  follow  this  admirable  counsel,  but  feel 
bound  to  observe  that  the  pages  which  contain  it 
have  a  pxmgency  which  make  them  no  less  in- 
teresting (as  well  as  instructive)  than  any  of 
those  that  follow. 

Mr.  Samuel  M.  Gardenhire  has  written,  in 
*  The  Silence  of  Mrs.  Harrold,'  a  novel  of  strong" 
and  complex  interest.  It  is  one  of  those  novels 
that  begin  in  half  a  dozen  places,  and  keep  the 
reader  puzzling  over  the  possible  relations  of 
the  persons  and  incidents  introduced,  until 
gradually  order  is  evolved  out  of  the  seeming 
chaos,  and  all  these  disjecta  membra  are  per- 
ceived to  be  parts  of  a  single  organic  whole.  It 
is  a  dangerous  method  to  employ,  and  is  more 
likely  than  not  to  lack  adequate  justification 
when  the  complete  pattern  of  the  plot  is  dis- 
closed, but  in  the  present  case  we  are  bound  to 
admit  that  the  writer  has  done  his  work  skil- 
fully enough  to  escape  serious  censure.  The 
weakness  of  the  book  is  in  the  fact  that  the 
reasons  for  Mrs.  Harrold's  silence  (and  the 
agony  following  thereupon)  prove  to  have  been 
less  cogent  than  we  had  a  right  to  expect,  and 
regarded  in  this  light,  the  book  is  rather  disap- 
pointiag.  But  there  is  no  denying  its  power  to 
hold  the  attention.  The  story  is  essentially  one 
of  modem  life  (mainly  in  Xew  York),  and  it 
makes  a  special  feature  of  exploiting  the  ways 
of  the  unscrupulous  syndicate  that  has  of  late 
years  fastened  itself  upon  our  dramatic  activity. 
Thus,  various  types  of  actors  and  managers 
divide  our  interest  with  the  other  characters, 
millionaires,  lawyers,  and  inventors — ^to  say 
nothing  of  the  women  —  who  people  these  pages. 
It  is  certainly  a  novel  of  the  better  sort,  and 
deserves  respectful  consideration. 

The  dramatic  incidents  and  the  humors  of  a 
presidential  campaign  provide  a  theme  for  '  The 
Candidate,'  Mr.  Altsheler's  new  novel.  The 
campaign  described  is  an  eclectic  affair,  not  to 
be  identified  with  any  particular  campaign  in 
our  recent  histor}'.  but  borrowing  features  from 
more  than  one,  while  in  the  personality  of  the 
candidate  there  are  certain  suggestions,  at  least. 


that  make  us  think  of  Mr.  Bryan  rather  than  of 
any  other  recent  leader.  But  the  author  has 
skilfully  avoided  anything  like  precision  of 
characterization,  seeking  to  project  into  the 
future  the  imagination  of  his  reaxiers,  although 
necessarily  dravring  his  essential  material  from 
experience  of  the  past.  In  the  ordinary  mean- 
ing of  construction,  there  is  very  little  to  be 
found  in  this  story.  It  is  a  chronicle  of  the 
doings,  the  haps  and  mishaps,  of  a  presidential 
candidate  from  the  time  of  his  nomination  to  the 
night  of  his  triumph.  He  seems  to  be  the  nomi- 
nee of  the  Democratic  party,  although  even  that 
point  is  left  in  uncertainty,  for  all  that 
may  be  positively  averred  is  that  he  is  a  West- 
erner, filled  with  a  righteous  hatred  of  Wall 
Street,  and  for  that  reason  opposed  by  the  influ- 
ential Eastern  minority  of  his  party.  When  he 
takes  a  decided  stand  against  the  iniquities  of 
the  tariff,  that  opposition  becomes  virulent,  but 
the  very  boldness  of  the  step  brings  him  enough 
new  support  from  unexpected  quarters  to  bear 
him  on  to  victory.  It  is  not  exactly  easy  to 
reconcile  one's  imagination  to  an  election  in 
which  tariff  reform  carries  the  State  of  Penn- 
sylvania; but  that  is  the  situation  which  meets 
us  in  the  closing  chapter.  The  interest  of  the 
gtory  is  largely  provided  by  certain  episodes 
dragged  into  the  narrative  by  force,  as  it  were, 
in  which  the  candidate  acts  as  a.  deus  ex  machina 
in  straightening  out  private  difficulties.  Some- 
thing of  this  sort  was  necessary  for  the  sake  of 
variety,  but  the  book  is  made  thereby  a  very 
disjointed  affair.  The  newspaper  reporter  who 
has  already  figured  in  one  of  Mr.  Altsheler's 
earlier  stories  is  the  secondary  hero  of  the  pres- 
ent work.  He  is  the  close  friend  of  the  candi- 
date, and  accompanies  him  throughout  the  cam- 
paign. He  also  falls  in  love  with  the  candidate's 
niece,  which  provides  a  pretty  element  of 
romance.  The  author  often  descends  to  carica- 
ture of  a  kind  too  broad  to  be  really  effective, 
particularly  in  the  case  of  one  correspondent  of 
a  l^ew  York  newspaper.  There  can  be  little 
doubt  as  to  what  particular  journal  is  meant, 
and  none  whatever  of  the  malicious  animus  with 
which  it  is  assailed.  Mr.  Altsheler  has  given  us 
a  thoroughly  readable  story,  written  in  the 
breezy  journalistic  manner  for  which  his  expe- 
rience has  fitted  him;  it  is  a  story,  moreover, 
which  reveals  an  intimate  acquaintance  with 
our  political  life,  and  a  well-developed  moral 
sense  of  its  underlying  issues. 

WiLLiAir  Morton  Payne. 


'Jews  in  Many  Lands,'  br  Mr.  Elkan  Nathan 
Adler,  is  a  recent  issue  of  the  Jewish  Publication 
Society  of  America.  It  is  an  illustrated  series  of 
pictures  of  travel,  mainly  in  the  Far  East,  the 
work  of  a  trained  observer,  and  rich  in  curious  inter- 
est for  both  Jews  and  Gentiles. 


392 


THE    DIAX, 


[June  1, 


Notes  on  New  Novels. 


It  is  a  curious  coincidence  that  in  Mr.  Frank 
Lewis  Nason's  'The  Vision  of  Elijah  BerF  and  Mr. 
John  H.  Whitson's  'Justin  Wingate,  Ranchman,' 
both  published  by  Messrs.  Little,  Brown  &  Co.,  the 
theme  should  be  taken  from  the  visions  of  two 
religionaries,  the  former  book  bearing  out  the  proph- 
ecy of  a  Californian  valley  made  softly  green  and 
luxuriant  with  orange  trees  grown  by  irrigation,  the 
latter  doing  the  same  thing  with  a  valley  in  Colo- 
rado brought  into  fruitfulness  through  the  small 
farms  that  supplant  the  older  cattle  ranches  when 
irrigation  is  introduced.  Here,  however,  resem- 
blances cease.  Mr.  Nason,  himself  an  engineer, 
accords  the  place  of  hero  to  the  man  who  dams  the 
rivers,  tunnels  the  mountains,  and  brings  into  being 
the  dream  of  the  visionary  Berl;  while  Mr.  Whitson, 
experienced  in  newspaper  work  and  life  in  the  West, 
shows  how  a  little  foundling  lad  grows  up  into  whole- 
someness  in  spite  of  sordid  surroundings,  owing  to 
the  teachings  of  a  good  man  and  the  love  of  a  bright 
and  worthy  girl.  Mr.  Nason  introduces  a  theme  of 
practical  honesty  and  commercial  integrity,  showing 
how  the  almost  fanatic  Calvinist,  sure  of  his  own 
election,  is  too  easily  persuaded  into  rank  betrayal 
of  trust  and  actual  felony,  his  moral  delinquency 
being  accentuated  by  his  discarding  the  love  of 
his  adoring  and  colorless  wife  for  the  unretumed 
love  of  a  thoroughly  capable  Californian  woman 
of  business.  Justin  Wingate 's  temptations  come 
to  him  while  he  is  a  member  of  the  Colorado  legis- 
lature, but  he  keeps  his  soul  and  body  clean  even 
while  those  most  closely  connected  with  him  suc- 
ceed in  turning  the  monopoly  of  the  cattlemen  into 
the  monopoly  of  water  following  the  introduction 
of  irrigation. 

An  episode  in  Boston  society  is  portrayed  by  an 
anonymous  hand  in  'The  Opal'  (Houghton,  Mifflin 
&  Co.),  the  book  taking  its  title  from  the  soubriquet 
of  the  girl  whoi  plays  the  leading  part.  She  has 
been  so  reared  that  she  takes  on  the  color  of  the 
company  she  chances  to  be  with,  and  is  married  to 
a  man  whose  nature^  requires  constant  bolstering. 
The  result  is  not  fortunate,  each  intensifying  the 
lack  of  the  other.  Another  girl  confesses  her  love 
for  the  husband  when  she  is  on  the  point  of  sub- 
mitting to  an  operation  which  promises  to  be  fatal. 
She  survives,  the  wife  eventually  dies,  and  after 
a  considerable  time  needed  to  convince  the  girl 
that  she  is  not  being  proposed  to  merely  because 
she  had  been  too  confiding,  there  is  a  second  mar- 
riage and  the  curtain  falls.  It  will  be  seen  that 
the  argument  is  unusual,  and  it  is  strikingly  pre- 
sented. It  seems,  however,  to  be  a  theme  too  ex- 
tensive for  treatment  so  brief,  and  there  are  other 
evidences,  slight  but  convincing,  of  lack  of  crafts- 
manship. There  can  be  little  doubt,  for  all  that, 
of  the  accuracy  of  the  picture  it  presents  of  a 
certain  phase  of  Boston  social  life,  and  its  interest 
is  unfailing. 

Mr.  Alfred  Henry  Lewis,  as  the  interpreter  of  life 
in  a  cattle  town  of  the  Southwest,  is  able  to  com- 
bine fact  and  fancy  into  a  convincing  whole,  and 
'The  Sunset  Trail'  (Barnes)  follows  the  'Wolfville' 
stories  in  logical  succession.  Just  as  an  earlier  vol- 
ume related  the  more  or  less  apocryphal  deeds  and 
sayings  of  Colonel  William  Greene  Sterett,  so  this 
is  written  around  Mr.  William  Barclay  ('Bat')  Mas- 
terson,  informing  the  world  of  that  worthy's  cool- 
headed  and  unquestioning  courage  and  sureness  of 
aim  while  sheriff  of  a  Texas  county.  The  quaint 
and  expressive  vocabulary  of  those  parts  dominates 


all  the  conversations,  and  Mr.  Lewis's  keen  wit  and 
almost  hypertrophied  sense  of  the  ridiculous  makes 
the  volume  intensely  interesting  to  those  who  have 
any  well  developed  humor  of  their  own  —  enough, 
say,  to  keep  them  from  being  shocked  at  a  code  of 
morals  sufficiently  practical  for  the  time  and  place 
but  coinciding  at  few  points  with  that  of  our  more 
usual  civilization.  Dodge  City,  the  very  crown  of 
the  cattle  region,  is  the  scene  of  this  tale  of  the 
simple  life  as  lived  in  Texas  a  generation  ago. 

The  difficulties  that  lie  between  the  idealism  of 
a  woman's  college  and  the  finding  of  one's  self  iu 
the  greater  practical  world,  when  that  self  has  a 
Latin  temperament  and  is  forced  to  dwell  in 
America,  are  set  forth  by  Miss  Anna  Robeson 
Brown  in  'The  Wine  Press'  (Appleton),  a  study  of 
character  of  much  worth.  The  heroine  is  the 
daughter  of  a  New  England  mother  and  an  Italian 
poet  who  has  abandoned  his  family  for  the  love  of 
a  great  actress.  To  the  college  where  Giovanna  is 
struggling  with  a  conventional  education  comes  the 
actress  and  her  daughter.  Giovanna  takes  charge 
of  the  irresponsible  little  girl,  her  half  sister,  fol- 
lows her  to  New  York,  and  is  with  her  when  she 
comes  to  an  end  that  Gipvanna  thinks  morally 
culpable.  Thence  Giovanna  goes  as  governess  to 
the  daughter  of  a  distinguished  painter,  a  man 
quite  devoid  of  morals,  fleeing  thence  to  the  house 
in  northern  New  England  in  which  her  mother  was 
born.  A  physician  is  the  hero  of  the  tale,  a  fine 
fellow  who  holds  the  reader's  sympathies.  The 
book  is  unconventional  in  its  interest,  and  above 
the  average  of  contemporary  fiction. 

Notwithstanding  the  flood  of  Revolutionary 
romances  during  the  past  few  years,  there  is  still 
room  for  so  true  a  tale  of  love  and  adventure  as 
Miss  Theodora  Peck  recounts  in  'Hester  of  the 
Grants:  A  Romance  of  Old  Bennington'  (Fox,  Duf- 
field  &  Co.).  The  reference  in  the  main  title  is  to 
the  New  Hampshire  Grants  out  of  which  the  state  of 
Vermont  came  into  independent  being.  The  border 
warfare  of  the  period,  culminating  in  the  vividly 
and  convincingly  described  battle  of  Bennington, 
the  part  played  by  the  scouts  and  spies  of  the  oppos- 
ing armies,  the  varying  fortunes  of  war  by  which 
the  captor  of  to-day  becomes  the  prisoner  of  to- 
morrow, the  strife  of  three  or  four  men  of  different 
aspirations  and  widely  variant  character  for  the 
love  of  the  beautiful  and  patriotic  Hester,  the  intro- 
duction of  Ethan  Allen,  Colonel  Stark,  Ira  Allen, 
and  other  historic  characters, —  all  these  elements 
combine  to  form  a  panorama  of  the  times  which 
deserves  careful  reading  and  much  commendation. 

In  'Psyche:  A  Romance  of  the  Reign  of  Tibe- 
rius' (Little,  Brown  &  Co.),  Mr.  Walter  S.  Cramp 
has  done  an  ambitious  and  gratifying  bit  of  inter- 
pretation, portraying  on  one  side  the  simple  and 
satisfying  family  life  of  humbly  situated  Greeks  in 
exile  at  Rome  and  on  the  other  the  inconceivably 
corrupt  practices  of  the  imperial  Roman  court.  It 
is  Psyche,  the  dancing  girl,  and  Gyges,  the  chariot- 
eer, who  are  heroine  and  hero  of  the  little  romance 
that  runs  through  the  story,  but  the  writer's  chief 
concern  is  with  Tiberius  himself  and  with  the  infa- 
mous ^lius  Sejanus,  whose  rise  from  prefect  of  the 
Praetorian  Guard  to  the  consulship  by  the  most 
infamous  means  and  whose  sudden  downfall  just  as 
he  expected  to  grasp  the  reins  of  power  are  vividly 
set  forth, —  in  spite  of  the  literary  conventions 
which  stand  between  the  modern  reader  and  a  com- 
plete account  of  heathendom  at  its  worst.  The  lead- 
ing figures  of  Roman  palace  life  appear,  Agrippina, 
widow  of  Germanicus,  chief  among  them,  to  show 
what  Rome  had  been  in  better  davs. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


393 


Mr.  William  Dana  Orcutt's  'The  Flower  of  Des- 
tiny' (McClurg)  contains  the  full  story  of  the  love 
between  Mademoiselle  de  Montijo  and  Prince  Louis 
Napoleon,  from  the  moment  of  their  meeting  at 
Lady  Blessington's  in  London  to  the  striking  scene 
at  Compiegne  when  the  newly  crowned  emperor  of 
the  French  introduces  the  beautiful  girl  to  his 
brilliant  court  as  the  future  Empress  Eugenie.  The 
book  opens  with  the  coming  of  Louis  to  the  British 
capital  just  ofter  his  escape  from  the  fortress  of 
Ham,  and  he  is  permitted  to  tell  in  his  own  words 
the.  well-planned  release  from  imprisonment.  The 
sincerity  of  the  affection  which  rises  in  the  princely 
adventurer's  heart  at  his  first  introduction  to  the 
lovely  Spaniard,  the  hold  it  takes  and  keeps  upon 
him,  Eugenie 's  disinterested  willingness  to  with- 
draw that  her  lover  may  wed  according  to  his 
station,  and  the  manner  in  which  her  last  objection 
is  removed  form  a  romance  that  was  well  worth  the 
interesting  treatment  Mr.  Orcutt  has  given  it.  A 
word  should  be  said  for  the  physical  beauty  of  the 
book,  its  inset  illustrations  and  violet  decorations 
for  every  page  being  as  appropriate  as  they  are 
artistic. 

At  last  the  American  fireman  has  had  something 
like  justice  done  him  in  our  literature,  Mr.  Harvey 
J.  O'Higgins's  'The  Smoke-Eaters'  (Century  Co.) 
being  an  interrelated  series  of  tales  of  the  New  York 
fire  department, —  more  particularly  of  one  of  the 
companies  in  it,  its  captain  and  its  members.  Mr. 
O'Higgins,  in  fine  contrast  to  many  of  his  fellow- 
writers,  has  paid  his  readers  the  compliment  of 
carefully  revising  his  work  so  that  it  presents  itself 
as  a  homogeneous  whole  without  repetitions;  he 
has  also  confined  himself  to  the  heroic  deeds  and 
curious  idiosyncrasies  of  his  characters  without  at- 
tempting to  thrust  any  love  of  woman  into  the 
narrative.  With  one  exception  all  the  characters  are 
Irishmen,  who  seem  to  have  a  general  qualifica- 
tion for  the  cool-headed  courage  which  makes  mod- 
em successful  fire-fighting  possible.  When  these 
heroes  of  peace  are  not  actually  engaged  in  saving 
lives  and  extinguishing  flames,  they  are  rather  more 
human  than  lovable,  as  Mr.  O  'Higgins  depicts  them, 
though  the  writer  never  lets  any  sympathy  for  his 
characters  be  lost. 

Miss  F.  F.  Montresor  borrows  the  title  for  her 
latest  novel,  'The  Celestial  Sxirgeon'  (Longmans, 
Green  &  Co.),  directly  from  Stevenson's  poem,  but 
she  fails  rather  palpably  to  convince  her  readers 
that  the  title  is  fully  applicable.  A  baby  girl, 
the  unblest  offspring  of  an  Englishman  of  family 
and  a  Frenchwoman  of  education,  is  taken  for 
adoption  by  an  English  spinster  whose  estates  adjoin 
those  of  her  father's  people,  the  latter  property 
being  now  in  possession  of  a  retired  tradesman  who 
is  writing  the  family  history.  The  spinster  marries 
a  discredited  physician,  and  the  girl  goes  to  the 
kindly  natured  neighbor  in  consequence.  The  end 
does  not  come  with  her  eventual  marriage  to  him, 
but  is  delayed  until  after  his  death,  the  birth  of  a 
posthumous  child,  and  the  reconciliation  not  only 
of  the  girl  and  her  mother,  but  of  the  mother's 
husband.  This  sounds  somewhat  confused,  but  the 
book  itself  has  a  diversity  of  interests  which  do 
not  admit  of  succinct  statement.  The  theme,  as 
suggested  in  the  title,  lies  in  the  gradual  awaken- 
ing to  charitable  thought  of  the  heroine,  keeping 
pace  with  her  increased  knowledge  of  life. 

Nothing  previously  written  by  Mr.  Charles  Heber 
Clark — 'Max  Adeler' — has  given  promise  of  a  storj- 
80  creditable  as  that  of  'The  Quakeress'  (John  C 
Winston  Co.),  the  charming  and  ill-fated  heroine  of 
•which  stands  out  clearly  among  the  multitudinous 


heroines  of  contemporary  fiction.  The  scene  is 
laid  in  Pennsylvania  just  before  and  during  the 
Civil  War.  The  girl  is  beloved  by  a  fine  young 
man  of  her  own  creed,  but  a  worldly  brother  and 
sister  from  the  South  come  into  the;  lives  of  the 
almost  betrothed  pair  with  serious  results.  An  ele- 
ment of  humor  is  supplied  by  the  wife  of  an  Epis- 
copalian rector,  a  character  almost  worthy  of  being 
mentioned  with  Anthony  TroUope's  famous  Mrs. 
Pronty.  Some  admirable  descriptions  add  to  the 
interest  of  the  book,  and  there  is  a  chapter  con- 
cerned with  the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  as  it  was  seen 
by  the  inhabitants  of  the  region,  which  gives  a 
vivid  conception  of  the  horrors  of  war. 

The  transition  stage  between  the  Quaker  civiliza- 
tion and  that  of  the  world's  people  in  Pennsylvania 
before  the  Civil  War.  more  especially  as  illustrated 
in  the  single  career  of  the  firmly  drawn  character 
whose  name  is  that  of  the  book,  is  the  central 
theme  of  Mr.  Edward  Uffington  Valentine's  new 
novel,  'Hecla  Sandwith'  (Bobbs-Merrill).  The 
story  is  a  long  one,  and  not  firmly  knit  together, 
but  it  has  much  to  do  with  the  development  of  the 
spiritual  side  of  a  girl  whose  education  has  taken 
her  far  from  the  simplicity  of  the  Friends.  An  Eng- 
lish mining  engineer  prevails  upon  Hecla  to  marry 
him  while  her  heart  is  still  in  the  keeping  of  her 
cousin,  the  latter  being  effectually  barred  from 
her  by  the  prejudice  of  the  Quaker  against  the  mar- 
riage of  cousins.  The  conclusion,  wherein  the  hus- 
band wins  at  last  the  real  affection  and  respect  of 
his  recalcitrant  wife,  is  the  best  written  portion  .-if 
a  book  that  preserves  with  almost  photographic 
fidelity  the  manners  and  customs  of  a  time  fully 
departed. 

The  four  stories  of  varying  length  that  Mr. 
Maurice  Hewlett  brings  together  under  the  title  of 
'Fond  Adventures'  (Harper)  will  be  something  of 
a  disappointment  to  nearly  all  of  the  large  circle 
of  admirers  who  have  followed  this  writer's  work 
from  the  beginning.  The  brief  tale  of  love,  min- 
strelsy, and  rapine  that  opens  the  volume  leaves 
anything  but  an  impress  of  artistic  sincerity,  while 
its  successor,  a  revival  of  the  'Captain  Brazenhead' 
of  a  former  volume,  is  spun  out  until  it  is  nothing 
less  than  dull.  The  third  story,  setting  forth  the 
ruthlessness  with  which  a  lover  is  murdered  by  his 
opponents  in  the  Florence  of  renaissance  days,  has 
a  climax  striking  for  its  exhibition  of  this  quality 
of  ruthlessness.  and  in  that  is  fully  up  to  the  stan- 
dard Mr.  Hewlett  has  set  for  himself  in  work  pre- 
viously published.  The  last  of  the  four  stories, 
'The  Love  Chase,'  is  the  longest,  but  is  more  con- 
spicuous for  manner  than  for  matter.  Taken  as  a 
whole,  the  impression  remains  that  the  book  is  made 
up  of  work  done  early  in  Mr.  Hewlett's  literary 
career,  and  denied  publication  until  now. 

Romance  of  the  fourteenth  century  fills  the  pages 
of  Mr.  C.  E.  D.  Phelps's  'The  Accolade'  (Lippin- 
cott).  The  hero,  son  of  a  worthy  Englishman,  being 
kidnapped  into  France  by  a  ship's  captain,  betakes 
himself  to  Italy,  wins  a  knighthood  through  gallant- 
ry, and  returns  to  his  native  England  with  wealth 
and  honor  just  in  time  to  prevent  his  sweetheart 
from  entering  a  convent  for  lack  of  him.  The  poets 
are  reverenced  in  the  persons  of  Chaucer  and  Pe- 
trarch, and  it  is  from  a  careful  study  of  the  writ- 
ings of  the  former  that  the  rather  difl&cult  and  mul- 
tifarious dialects  of  Mr.  Phelps's  book  are  con- 
structed, even  the  ordinary  narrative  being  loaded 
with  archaisms.  The  book  shows  the  most  careful 
study  and  great  painstaking,  and  abounds  in  varied 
adventure.  The  rudeness  of  the  England  of  the 
period  and  the  refinement  of  Italy  serve  as  foils. 


394 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


each  for  the  other,  and  the  whole  tale  is-  in  the 
nature  of  a  treasure  house  for  the  student  of 
customs. 

Cape  Cod  is  in  a  sense  the  heart  of  that  New 
England  which  remains  untouched  and  unassimil- 
ated  by  modernity.  There  Mr,  Joseph  C,  Lincoln 
places  all  the  action  of  his  latest  story,  'Partners 
of  the  Tide'  (Barnes),  and  to  the  book  many  an 
exiled  man  and  woman  of  our  northeastern  states 
can  turn  for  joyful  recollection  of  earlier  days.  A 
small  boy  is  adopted  on  the  death  of  his  parents 
by  two  maiden  kinswomen,  goes  to  school,  and  falls 
under  the  influence  of  the  captain  of  a  vessel  in 
the  coasting  trade.  After  some  years  on  board  his 
ship,  the  dishonesty  of  their  employers  forces  them 
back  upon  their  own  resources  and  they  become  the 
joint  owners  of  a  wrecking  schooner.  The  interest 
of  the  story  is  pretty  well  divided  between  the 
young  fellow's  love  for  a  neighbor  and  schoolmate 
and  his  business  success,  but  it  is  in  the  sketches 
of  New  England  character  threaded  upon  the  nar- 
rative that  its  chief  attractiveness  lies.  Dry  Yan- 
kee wit,  shrewdness,  and  common  sense  are  scat- 
tered through  the  pages  in  a  way  to  delight  lovers 
of  the  sea  and  of  New  England. 

'The  Belted  Seas'  (Holt),  by  Mr.  Arthur  Colton, 
is  both  picaresque  and  nautical,  being  made  up  of 
the  varied  adventures  on  sea  and  shore  —  with  a  sin- 
gle excursion  inland,  due  to  a  tidal  wave  —  of  one 
Captain  Thomas  Buckingham,  a  New  Jerseyman,  in 
company  with  a  select  assortment  of  'down-east' 
Yankees,  South  Americans,  savages  from  the  Pacific 
Islands,  Central  Americans,  Chinese,  Burmese,  an.l 
others,  the  whole  culminating  in  an  elopement  after 
the  doughty  captain  had  abandoned  the  sea  for 
the  comparatively  prosaic  occupation  of  hotel-keep- 
ing along  Long  Island  Sound.  The  captain  himself 
tells  the  story  of  his  thirty  years'  wanderings  with 
a  humor  characteristically  American,  interspersing 
his  narrative  with  reflections  upon  the  conduct  of 
life  in  general  which  sum  up  no.  small  part  of  tho 
wisdom  of  the  ages.  Some  of  his  turns  of  thought 
are  provocative  of  the  heartiest  laughter,  and  he 
never  permits  his  auditors  an  instant  of  boredom. 

The  charming  art  shown  by  Mrs,  Sara  Andrew 
Shafer  in  her  second  book,  'Beyond  Chance  ot 
Change'  (Macmillan),  has  a  certain  resemblance 
to  that  of  the  actor.  The  life  of  children  not  yet 
in  their  'teens,  inhabitants  of  a  little  city  of  the 
middle  West  at  a  time  soon  after  the  Civil  War, 
is  set  forth  in  a  manner  that  will  recall  his  own 
childhood  to  every  grown  person  into  whose  hands 
the  book  may  fall.  It  is  a  little  girl  who  holds 
the  center  of  the  stage,  and  girls  and  women  are 
accorded  practically  all  the  realism  of  the  tales, 
the  men  and  boys  being — from  a  masculine  point 
of  view,  at  least — considerably  idealized.  No  smnll 
part  of  the  charm  of  the  narrative  lies  in  its  re- 
moval from  the  strentiosities  of  modern  city  life, 
while  for  the  little  people  there  is  the  most  careful 
inculcation  of  a  pure  morality  which  never  degen- 
erates into  cant. 

Mr.  Harold  MacGrath  contributes  two  volumes  to 
'The  Pocket  Books'  (Bobbs-Merrill).  'The  Prin- 
cess Elopes'  is  a  brief  tale  of  that  eastern  Europe 
which  lies  near  the  Bohemian  coasts,  wherein  a 
young  American  college  man  of  great  wealth  and 
attractiveness'  succeeds  in  winning  the  heiress  to 
a  little  throne,  it  being  discovered  in  the  process 
of  this  adventure  that  he  is  the  long  lost  heir  to 
a  throne  adjoining.  The  story  would  be  much 
more  interesting  if  its  outcome  were  less  clearly 
foreshadowed,  though  it  is  difficult  to  see  how  this 
could   be   avoided  in   the    space   accorded   the   nar- 


rative. The  other  volume,  'Enchantment,'  con- 
tains five  tales,  most  of  them  having  to  do  with 
some  little  turn  of  destiny  rather  remote  from  the 
ordinary  course  of  human  existence.  The  scenes  of 
four  are  in  the  United  States,  and  deal  severally 
with  politics,  polite  adventure,  and  love;  the  other 
takes  place  at  Monte  Carlo.  Without  being  in  any 
way  remarkable,  both  books  will  provide  amuse- 
ment and  entertainment,  and  were  not  written  with 
any  other  end  in  view. 

It  is  the  glamour  of  the  artistic  temperament 
that  leads  Mrs.  Willa  Sibert  Cather  to  name  her 
collection  of  short  stories  'The  Troll  Garden'  (Mc- 
Clure,  Phillips  &  Co.).  Seven  truly  entertaining 
studies  of  somewhat  abnormal  human  nature  fill 
the  little  book,  and  leave  abundant  food  for  re- 
flection. The  first  possesses  subtlety,  being  an 
account  of  a  woman  who  runs  after  celebrities  of 
various  sorts,  is  grossly  insulted  by  one  of  them, 
and  yet  persists  in  blundering  on,  a  subject  for  mirth 
to  her  enemies  and  of  pity  to  her  friends,  'The 
Sculptor's  Funeral,'  which  follows,  is  quite  as 
vivid  in  its  abruptness  of  contrast,  the  bringing 
home  to  a  sordid  little  western  village  of  the  body 
of  a  distinguished  artist  affording  the  opportunity 
for  contrasting  noble  artistic  ideals  and  the  crass- 
est commercialism.  Taken  as  a  whole,  the  book 
indicates  more  than  usual  talent  for  close  delinea- 
tion. 


OxE  Hundred  Books  for  Summer 
Reading. 

A    SELECT   LIST   OF   SOME   RECENT   PUBLICATIONS. 


[Fuller  descriptions  of  all  of  these  books  may  be  found  in 
the  advertising  pages  of  this  number  or  of  recent  numbers 
of  The  Dial.]  

FICTION. 

Adams,    Andy.      '  The    Outlet.'      Houghton,    Mifflin    &    Co. 
$1.50. 

Austin,  Mary.      '  Isidro.'     Houghton,  Mifflin   &  Co.     $1.50. 

Bennet.    Robert    Ames.      '  For    the    White    Christ."      A     C. 
McClurg   &    Co.         $1.50. 

Benson,  E.   F.     '  An  Act  in  a  Backwater.'     D.  Appleton  & 
Co.      $1.50. 

Bonner,  Geraldine.    '  The  Pioneer.'    Bobbs-Merrill  Co.    $1.50. 

Boyle,  Virginia  Frazer.     '  Serena."     A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co. 
$1.50. 

Brooks,    Elizabeth   M.      '  As   the   World    Goes   By."     Little, 
Brown   &  Co.     $1.50. 

Carey,    Charles.       '  The    Van    Suyden    Sapphires."      Dodd, 
Mead   &   Co.      $1.50. 

Carling,    John    R.      '  The    Weird    Picture.'      Little,    Brown 
&  Co.     $1.50. 

Castle,  Agnes  and  Egerton.     '  Rose  of  the  World.'     Fred- 
erick   A.    Stokes    Co.      $1.50. 

Colton,    Arthur.      '  The    Belted    Seas."      Henry   Holt   &   Co. 
$1.50. 

Connolly,   James   B.     '  On   Tybee  Knoll."     A.    S.   Barnes  & 
Co.      $1.50. 

'  Craddock,    Charles   Egbert."     '  The  Storm   Centre."     Mac- 
millan  Co.      $1.50. 

Davis,   Foxcroft.      '  Mrs.    Darrell."     Macmillan   Co.      $1.50. 

Dickson,   Harris.      '  The   Ravanels."     J.   B.    Lippincott   Co. 
$1.50. 

Forman,    Justus    Miles.      '  Tommy    Carteret.'      Doubleday, 
Page   &  Co.     $1.50. 

Frenssen,  Gustav.     '  Jorn  Uhl.'     Dana  Estes  &  Co.     $1.50. 

Garland,   Hamlin.     '  The   Tyranny   of  the   Dark.'     Harper 
&   Brothers.     $1.50. 

Glyn,   Elinor.      '  The   Vicissitudes  of   Evangeline.'     Harper 
&    Brothers.      $1.50. 

Goodloe,   Carter.      '  At  the  Foot  of  the  Rockies."     Charles 
Scribner's  Sons.     $1.50. 

Grant,    Robert.      '  The    Orchid.'      Charles    Scribner's    Sons. 
$1.25. 

Green,  Anna  Katharine.     '  The  Millionaire  Baby."     Bobbs- 
Merrill   Co.     $1.50. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAX. 


395 


Henry,    Arthur       '  The    Unwritten    Law.'      A.    S.    Barnes 

&  Ca     $1.50. 
Hewlett,   Maurice.     '  Fond  Adventures.'     Harper  &  Broth- 
ers.     $1.50. 
Hichens,   Robert.      '  The   Garden  of  Allah.'      Frederick  A. 

Stokes  Co.      $1.50. 
Homung,    E.    W.      '  Stingaree."      Charles    Scribner's    Sons. 

$1.50. 
Horton,    George.      '  The   Monks'   Treasure.'      Bobbs-Merril! 

Co.     $1.50. 
Howells,   W.   D.      '  Miss   Bellard's  Inspiration.'     Harper   & 

Brothers.     $1.50. 
Kennedy,    Sidney    R.       '  The    Lodestar.'      Macmillan    Co. 

$1.50. 
Kiser,     S.    E.       '  Charles    the    Chauffeur.'      Frederick    A. 

Stokes  Co.     $1. 
Lewis,  Alfred  Henry.      '  The  Sunset  Trail."     A.  S.  Barnes 

&    Co.      $1.50. 
Lincoln,  Joseph  C.     '  Partners  of  the  Tide.'     A.  S.  Barnes 

ft   Co.     $1.50. 
Locke,    William     T.      '  The    Morals    of    Marcus    Ordeyne.' 

John  Lane.      S1.50. 
London,  Jack.     '  The  Game.'     Macmillan  Co.     $1.50. 
McCall,  Sidney.     '  The  Breath  of  the  Gods.'     Little,  Brown 

ft   Co.      $1.50. 
McCutcheon,   George  Barr.     '  The  Purple  Parasol.'      Dodd, 

Mead  ft  Co.     $1.25. 
Marchmont,    Arthur  W.     '  A   Courier  of   Fortune."      Fred- 
erick  A.   Stokes   Co.      $1.50. 
Martin.  E.  S.     '  The  Courtship  of  a  Careful  Man."    Harper 

ft    Brothers.      $1.50. 
Mathews,   Frances  A.     '  Billy  Duane.'     Dodd,  Mead   ft  Co. 

$1.50. 
Mitchell.    S.    Weir.       '  Constance    Trescot."      Century    Co. 

$1.50. 
Montresor,    P.    F.      '  The    Celestial    Surgeon."      Longmans. 

Green,  A  Co.     $1.50. 
Nicholl,    Edith    M.      '  The    Human   Touch."      Lothrop,    Lee 

ft  Shepard  Co.     $1.50. 
Xorris.   W.   E.      '  Barham  of  Beltana."     Longmans,   Green, 

ft  Co.      $1.50. 
'  Opal,  The."     Anonymous.     Houghton,  Mifflin  ft  Co.    $1.25. 
Oppenheim.   E.   Phillips.     '  The   Master   Mummer.'     Little, 

Brown  ft  Co.     $1.50. 
Orcutt,   William   Dana.      '  The  Flower  of  Destiny."     A.  C. 

McClurg   ft    Co.      $1.25. 
Pattec,    Fred.    Lewis.      '  The    House    of    the    Black   Ring." 

Henry  Holt  ft  Co.     $1.50. 
Peck,   Theodora.      '  Hester   of  the    Grants.'      Fox,   Duffield 

ft  Co.      $1.50. 
Phelps,    C.   B.    D.      '  The  Accolade."     J.    B.   Lippincott  Co. 

$1.50. 
Phillips,   David   Graham.     '  The   Plum  Tree.'     Bobbs-Mer- 

rill   Co.     $1.50. 
Pocock,  Roger.     '  Curly.*     Little,  Brown  ft  Co.     $1.50. 
Pimshon.  E.  R.     '  Constance  West."     John  Lane.     $1.50. 
Quiller-Couch,  A.  T.     *  Shining  Ferry.'     Charles  Scribner's 

Sons.      $1.50. 
Rice,  Alice  Hegan.     '  Sandy.'     Century  Co.     $1. 
Richmond.  Grace  S.     '  The  Indifference  of  Juliet.'     Double- 
day.    Page   &   Co.      $1.50. 
Rowland.    Henry  C.     '  The  Wanderers.'      A.    S.    Barnes   ft 

Co.      $1.50. 
Robins.    Elizabeth.      '  A    Dark    Lantern.'      Macmillan    Co. 

$1.50. 
Scott,    Leroy    3.      '  The    Walking    Delegate."       Doubleday, 

Page  ft  Co.     $1.50. 
Sinclair,    May.      '  The   Divine   Fire."      Henry    Holt    ft    Co. 

$1.50. 
Smith,  F.  Hopkinson.     '  At  Close  Range.'     Charles  Scrib- 
ner's Sons.      $1.50. 
Stewart,    Charl^    D.      '  The    Fugitive    Blacksmith."      Cen- 
tury   Co.      $1.50. 
Stokely.    Edith    K..    and    Hurd,    Marion    K.      '  Miss   Billy.' 

Lothrop,  Lee  ft  Shepard  Co.     $1.50. 
'Sturmsee.'      By  the   author  of  'Calmire.'      Macmillan  Co. 

$1.50. 
Taylor,     Mary     Imlay.       •  My    Lady     Clancarty.'       Little, 

Brown  ft  Co.     $1.50. 
Thurston,  E.  Temple.     '  The  Apple  of  Eden."     Dodd,  Mead 

ft    Co.      $1.50. 
Tynan.  Katharine.     '  Julia.'     A.  C.  McClurg  ft  Co.     $1.50. 
Valentine,    Edward  U.     *  Hecla    Sandwith.'      Bobbs-Merrill 

Co.      $1.50. 
Van   Vorst,    Marie.      '  Amanda  of   the   Mill.'      Dodd,    Mead 

ft   Co.      $1.50. 
Von  Hutten,  Bettina.     '  Pam.'     Dodd,   Mead  ft  Co.     $1.50. 
Waller,   M.   E.      'Sanna.'      Harper   ft   Brothers.     $1.50. 
Ward,   Mrs.   Humphry.      '  The  Marriage  of  William   Ashe.' 

Harper   &   Brothers.      $1.50. 
Wayne,    Charles    Stokes.       '  A    Prince    to    Order.'       John 

Lane.     $1.50. 


Watson,  H.  B.  Marriott.  '  Hurricane  Island.'  Double- 
day,  Page  ft  Co.     $1.50. 

Wells,  Carolyn,  and  Taber,  Harry  P.  '  The  Matrimonial 
Bureau.'      Houghton,   Mifflin   ft   Co.      $1.50. 

Whistler.  Charles  W.  '  A  Prince  of  Cornwall."  Fred- 
erick Wame  ft  Co.     $1.50. 

WhitBon,  John  S.  '  Justin  Wingate,  Ranchman.'  Little, 
Brown  ft   Co.     $1.50. 

Willocks,  M.  P.     '  Widdicombe."     John  Lane.     $1.50. 

Williamson,  C.  N.  and  A.  M.  '  The  Princess  Passes.* 
Henry  Holt  ft   Co.      $1.50. 

Wilson.  Theodore  W.  '  Langbarrow  Hall.'  D.  Appleton 
ft  Co.     $1.50. 

Winter,  Alice.  '  The  Prize  to  the  Hardy.'  Bobba- Merrill 
Co.      $1.50. 

Wise.  John  S.  '  The  Lion's  Skin."  Doubleday,  Page  ft 
Co.      $1.50. 

NATURE  AND  OUT-OF-DOOR  BOOKS. 

Baird,  S.  F.,  Brewer.  T.  M.,  and  Ridgway.  R.  '  Xorth 
American  Land  Birds.'  New  popular  edition.  Little, 
Brown  ft  Co.     $10. 

Boraston,  J.  Maclalr.  '  Birds  by  Land  and  Sea."  John 
Lane.     $2.   net. 

Comstock,  Anna  B.  '  How  to  Kee>  Bees."  Doubleday, 
Page  ft  Co.     $1.   net. 

Earle,  Mrs.  C.  W.,  and  others.  '  Garden  Colour."  E.  P. 
Dutton  ft  Co.     $6.  net. 

Ely,  Mrs.  Alfred.  '  Another  Hardy  Garden  Book.'  Mac- 
millan  Co.      $1.75    net. 

Fullerton.  Edith  L.  '  How  to  Make  a  Vegetable  Garden.* 
Doubleday,   Page  ft   Co.      $2.  net. 

Henshall,  James  A.  '  Book  of  the  Black  Bass."  Revised 
edition.     Robert  Clarke   Co.      $3. 

Job.  Herbert  K.  '  Wild  Wings.'  Houghton,  Mifflin  ft  Co. 
$3.  net. 

Jordan,  David  Starr.  '  Guide  to  the  Study  of  Fishes.' 
Henry  Holt  ft  Co. 

Kellogg.  Vernon  L.  '  American  Insects."  Henry  Holt  ft 
Co.      $5.   net. 

Peckham.  George  W.  and  Elizabeth  G.  '  Wasps,  Social 
and   Solitary.'     Houghton.    Mifflin  ft  Co.      $1.50  net. 

Peterson,  Maude  Gridley.  '  How  to  Know  Wild  Fruits.' 
Macmillan   Co.      $1.50   net. 

Powell,  E.  P.  '  The  Country  Home.'  McClure,  Phillips  ft 
Co.      $1.50   net. 

Powell.  E.  P.  '  The  Orchard  and  Fruit  Garden."  McClure, 
Phillips  ft  Co.     $1.50  net. 

Sargent,  Charles  Spragne.  '  Manual  of  Trees  of  North 
America.'     Houghton.  Mifflin  ft  Co.     $6.  net. 

Smith.  R.  Bosworth.  '  Bird  Life  and  Bird  Lore.'  E.  P. 
Dutton   ft   Co.     $3.  net. 

Step.  Edward.  '  Wayside  and  Woodland  Trees.'  Fred- 
erick Wame   ft  Co.     $1.75  net. 

•  Super  Flumina :  Angling  Observations  of  a  Coarse 
Fisherman.'     John  Lane.     $1.25  net. 

Thompson-Seton.  Ernest.  '  Woodmyth  and  Fable."  Cen- 
tury Co.      $1.25  net. 


JfOTES. 


A  tramslation  of  Bielschowsky '3  well-known  life 
of  Goethe  is  being  made  by  Professor  W.  A.  Cooper 
of  Leland  Stanford  Univereity,  and  will  be  published 
later  in  the  year  by  the  Messrs.  Potnam. 

An  important  forthcoming  art  book  is  'The  Pre- 
Baphaelite  Brotherhood'  by  W.  Holman-Hunt.  It 
will  contain  numerous  illustrations  in  photogravure, 
and  will  be  published  by  the  Macmillan  Co. 

*A  Short  History  of  Russia,'  by  Miss  Mary  Piatt 
Parmele,  is  published  by  Messrs,  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons.  It  is  the  seventh  volume  in  the  series  of 
brief  historical  sketches  to  which  it  belongs. 

In  the  early  autumn  Mr.  Henry  James  will  pub- 
lish through  Messrs.  Houghton.  Mifflin  &  Co.  a 
book  of  travel  sketches  entitled  '  English  Hours, ' 
with  numerous  illustrations  by  Mr.  Joseph  PenneU- 

*The  Young  Folks'  Cyclopaedia  of  Natural  His- 
tory, '  by  Mr.  John  Denison  Champlin  and  Mr.  Fred- 
eric A.  Lucas,  published  by  Messrs.  Henry  Holt  & 
Co.,  is  a  new  volume  (the  fifth)  in  Mr.  Champlin 's 
popular  series  of  reference  books  for  boys  and  girls. 


396 


THE    DIAL 


[Jane  1, 


The  material  for  this  work,  with  its  eight  hundred 
illustrations,  is  drawn  from  the  best  recent  author- 
ities and  is  presented  in  untechnical  language. 

A  timely  book  for  the  wide  circle  of  workers  in 
the  delightful  field  of  nature-photography  will  be 
published  at  once  by  the  A.  Wessels  Co.  in  Mr. 
P.  C.  Snell's  'The  Camera  in  the  Field.' 

A  new  volume  of  essays  by  Dr.  William  Osier, 
who  recently  sailed  for  England  to  take  up  the 
duties  of  Regius  Profes«or  of  Medicine  at  Oxford, 
will  be  published  early  next  fall  by  Messrs.  Hough- 
ton, Mifflin  &  Co. 

Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  publish  a  new  edition, 
in  a  single  volume,  of  *  A  History  of  Ancient  Sculp- 
ture' by  IMiss  Lucy  M.  Mitchell.  "We  see  no  evi- 
dence of  changes  in  the  text,  although  the  work  is 
now  over  twenty  years  old. 

The  annual  Summer  Classes  for  the  Study  of  Eng- 
lish conducted  by  Mrs.  H.  A.  Davidson  will  be  held 
this  year  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  from  July  11  to  Aug- 
ust 17.  The  classes  are  designed  to  afford  personal 
guidance  and  instruction  in  the  study  of  literature, 
literary  art,  the  English  language,  and  composition. 

A  new  novel  by  Mr.  S.  E.  Crockett,  entitled 
'May  Mjargaxet,'  will  be  published  at  once  by 
Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  This  firm  has  also 
in  preparation  an  elaborate  volume  on  'The  Cathe- 
drals of  England,'  the  special  feature  of  which 
will  be  a  series  of  sixty  illustrations  in  full  color. 

Volumes  II.  and  III.  of  the  'Journals  of  the  Conti- 
mental  Congress,'  edited  by  Mr.  Worthington  C. 
Pord,  have  appeared  from  the  Government  Printing 
Office.  The  year  1775  is  the  period  covered  by  this 
instalment  of  what  is  perhaps  the  most  important 
work  thus  far  undertaken  by  the  Library  of  Con- 
gress. 

'Trusts,  Pools,  and  Corporations,'  edited  by  Dr. 
William  Z.  Eipley,  and  published  by  Messrs.  Ginn 
&  Co.,  is  a  volume  of  discussions  of  typical  cases. 
The  eighteen  chapters  are  the  work  of  many  hands, 
and  in  each  chapter  some  combination  of  recent 
years  is  analyzed,  explained,  and  commented  upon 
at  length. 

Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons  publish  a  new  and 
enlarged  edition  of  Mr.  AV.  C.  Brownell's  subtle  and 
discriminating  essays  on  'French  Art:  Classic  and 
Contemporary,  Painting  and  Sculpture.'  The  new 
matter  is  a  chapter  on  'Rodin  and  the  Institute,' 
aside  from  which  the  text  is  identical  with  that  of 
the  illustrated  edition  of  1901. 

'Tides  of  the  Spirit,'  published  by  the  American 
Unitarian  Association,  is  a  volume  of  selections 
from  the  writings  of  James  Martineau.  The  book  is 
edited  by  the  Rev.  Alfred  Lazenby,  who  contributes 
a  sympathetic  introduction  —  an  essay  on  '  the  mas- 
ter who  first  opened  mine  eyes  to  the  spiritual  re- 
alities of  life  and  taught  me  to  see  the  divine 
.within  the  human.' 

The  American  branch  of  Mr.  John  Lane's  publish- 
ing business  has  lately  been  incorporated  as  The 
John  Lane  Company,  with  Mr.  Lane  as  president 
and  Mr.  Rutger  B.  Jewett  as  vice-president  and 
business  manager.  It  is  the  purpose  of  the  corpo- 
ration to  occupy  more  fully  the  American  field,  and 
to  develop  the  American  section  of  Mr.  Lane's 
magazine,  'The  International  Studio.' 

Two  interesting  biographies  soon  to  be  issued 
by  Messrs.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  are  'A  Pietist  of 
the  Napoleonic  Wars,'  an  account  of  the  eventful 
life  of  the  Countess  Reden,  and  Mrs.  Colquhoun 
Grant's  'A  Mother  of  Czars,'  a  sketch  of  the  life 
of  Marie  Feodorowna,  wife  of  Paul  I.  and  mother 


of  Alexander  I.  and  Nicholas  I.  The  same  firm  has 
also  in  preparation  a  volume  of  letters  by  Count 
Paul  Hatyfeldt,  late  German  Ambassador  to  Eng- 
land, written  during  the  period  of  the  Franco- 
German  War  from  the  headquarters  of  the  King  of 
Prussia. 

A  book  called  'The  Confessions  of  Lord  Byron,* 
in  the  form  of  a  collection  of  the  chief  personal 
and  literary  discussions  in  the  poet's  Letters  and 
Journals,  will  be  published  shortly  by  the  Messrs. 
Scribner.  The'  material  has  been  so  selected  and 
arranged  by  Mr.  W.  A.  Lewis  Bettany  that  the 
reader  can  trace  from  month  to  month  and  from 
year  to  year  the  development  of  BjTon's  most  inti- 
mate opinions. 

Mr.  J.  Fitzmaiirice-Kelly  in  his  paper  on  'Cer- 
vantes in  England '  points  out  that '  England  was  the 
firstl  foreign  country  to  mention  "Don  Quixote," 
the  first  to  translate  the  book,  the  first  country  in 
Europe  to  present  it  decently  garbed  in  its  native 
tongue,  the  first  to  indicate  the  birthplace  of  the 
author,  the  first  to  provide  a  biography  of  him,  the 
first  to  publish  a  commentary  on  "Don  Quixote," 
and  the  first  to  issue  a  critical  edition  of  the  text. ' 

The  Messrs.  Harpers  announce  that  the  second 
set  of  five  volumes  in  the  important  series  of  'The 
American  Nation'  will  not  be  published  all  at  one 
time,  as  were  the  first  five.  Instead,  the  volumes 
will  appear  at  the  rate  of  one  a  month  during  the 
coming  summer.  The  next  in  the  series,  Vol.  VI.,. 
will  probably  be  issued  in  June.  It  is  written  by 
Professor  Evarts  B.  Greene,  of  the  Illinois  State 
University,  and  bears  the  title  of  'Provincial 
America. ' 

In  his  introduction  to  the  recent  facsimile  repro- 
duction of  the  First  Folio  of  Chaucer  (1532)  the 
Rev.  Professor  Skeat  points  out  that  copies  of  this- 
famous  book  are  even  rarer  than  the  First  Folio  of 
Shakespeare  and  that  in  the  case  of  both  Chaucer 
and  Shakespeare  there  are  four  Folio  editions. 
Thynne's  edition  of  Chaucer,  the  only  one  of 
value,  has  been  reproduced  by  collotype  at  the 
Oxford  University  Press,  the  British  Museum  copy 
having  been  used  for  the  purpose. 

Mr.  Francis  Hobart  Herrick's  interesting  book 
on  bird  study  and  photography  entitled  'The  Home 
Life  of  Wild  Birds,'  first  published  in  1901,  is 
now  issued  in  a  revised  edition  by  the  Messrs. 
Putnam.  "  The  text  has  been  largely  rewritten^ 
there  are  several  new  chapters,  and  forty-eight  new 
illustrations  have  been  added  in  place  of  a  smaller 
number  omitted.  The  author  has  made  long  and 
intimate  study  of  a  fascinating  subject,  and  his 
book  will  prove  a  delight  to  everj-  nature-lover. 

A  supplement  to  the  abridged  edition  of  'Poole's 
Index  to  Periodical  Literature,'  edited  as  usual  by 
Mr.  William  I.  Fletcher  and  Miss  Mary  Poole, 
with  the  cooperation  of  the  American  Library  As- 
sociation, will  be  published  next  month  by  Messrs. 
Houghton,  ;Mifflin  &  Co.  This  supplement  indexes, 
after  the  approved  method  of  the  Poole  series, 
thirty-seven  leading  periodicals  for  the  five  years 
1900-1904.  The  list  of  periodicals  covered  is  the 
same  as  in  the  original  abridged  edition,  except 
that  'Everybody's  Magazine'  and  'The  World's 
Work'  are  substituted  for  two  older  magazines  no 
longer  published. 

A  new  edition  of  Swan  Sonnensehein's  well- 
known  work,  'The  Best  Books,'  with  its  supple- 
ment, 'The  Reader's  Guide  to  Contemporary  Lit- 
erature,' is  definitely  announced  for  early  publica- 
tion. The  first  book,  which  classified  and  described 
the  'best  50,000'  books  current  at  that  date,  was 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


39T 


published  in  1887,  and  reprinted  in  an  enlarged  and 
improved  form;  and  'The  Reader's  Guide,'  issued 
in  1895,  brought  the  literature  down  to  the  end  of 
1894.  The  new  vrork  will  contain  in  a  single  vol- 
ume all  that  is  worth  preserving  of  the  two  previ- 
ous books,  with  additional  bibliographies,  refer- 
ences, notes  and  characterizations  up  to  the  middle 
of  the  year  1905. 


Topics  ix  Leading  Periodicals. 

June,  1905. 

Arthur,  Guinevere,  Lancelot.     Juliet  Robb.     A'c.  American. 
Atlantic   Fisheries   Question.     Rev.   of  Reviews. 
Baler  Church,  Defense  of.     Horace  M.  Reeve.     Century. 
Chateaux   of  Touraine.     Richard  Whiteing.     Century. 
Chicago's  Street  Railway  'War.     Vt'orld's  Worfc. 
Church-Union  Movement  in  Canada.     Rev.  of  Reviews. 
Civil  War,  What  a  Boy  Saw  of  the.     Century. 
Closed  Shop  vs.  Open.     John  Bascom.     A'c.  American. 
College,  Apology  for  Going  to.     Helen  Keller.     McClure. 
College  Athlete,  The.     Henry  B.  Needham.    McClure. 
Consciousness,  Problem  of.     C.  W.  Saleeby.     Harper. 
Convent  Stage,   The.     Agnes  Repplier.     Atlantic. 
Crete,    Island    of.      Blanche    E.    Wheeler.      Scrihner. 
Diplomatic  Representation.     Julien  Gordon.     So.  American. 
Dogs  in  War,  Use  of.     Charles  N.  Barney.     Scrihner. 
Early,  Jubal,  Recollections  of.     Century. 
Elizabethan  Flower-Gardens.     Edmund  Gosse.     Harper. 
Emigration  in  Europe.     J.  D.  Whelpley.    Ko.  American. 
Everetts  in  England,  The.     Scribner. 
Federal  Rate  Regulation.     Ray   Morris.     Atlantic. 
France,   The  Year  in.     Alvan  F.  Sanborn.     Atlantic. 
Gay  Plumes  and  Dull.     John  Burroughs.    Atlantic. 
Generosity  and  Corruption.     G.  W.  Alger.     Atlantic. 
Insurance,  Cost  of  Our.     S.  S.  Pratt.     M'orld's  Work. 
Inventing.     The  Modern   Profession  of.     ^yorld's   Worh. 
Jackson,  '  Stonewall,'  A  Pupil's  Recollections  of.  Century. 
Japan's  Closing  of  the  Open  Door.     World's  Work. 
Japan's  Success,  Menace  of.  J.H.  Hammond.    World's  Work. 
Japanese  Painting,  Aspects   of.  W.   M.   Cabot.     Atlantic. 
Jefferson,   Joseph.     James  Huneker.      World's  Work. 
Jefferson,  Joseph.     Joseph  B.  Gilder.     Rev.  of  Reviews. 
London  in  Summer.     W.  D.  Howells.     Harper. 
Marquette,  Pere,  Pleasant  Life  of.     H.  L.  Nelson.     Harper, 
Mental  Types  in  Our  Schools.    Arthur  T.  Hadley.    Harper. 
Mexico,  What  People  Read  in.     Rev.  of  Reviews. 
Morocco  and  the  French  Intervention.    Rev.  of  Reviews. 
Municipal  Ownership  in  Chicago.  E.F.Dunne.  World's  Work. 
Mural  Decorations,  Miss  Oakleys.     H.  S.  Morris.    Century, 
Nations,  Purses  of.     Arthur  Harris.     World's  Work. 
New  England  Small  Town,  A.     R.  L.  Hartt.  World's  Work. 
New  Outlook  for  the  U.  S.    W.  G.  Brown.  Atlantic. 
News-gathering  as  a  Business.     M.  E.  Stone.     Century. 
Oxford,  American  '  Rhodes  Scholars  '  at.  Rev.  of  Reviews. 
'  Philadelphia,'  Finding  the.     Charles  W.  Furlong.  Harper. 
Philadelphia's  Civic  Outlook.    J.  M.  Rogers.    Rev.  of  Revs. 
Pictures,  Spurious,  Traffic  in.     A'o.  American. 
Prairies,  Foresting  the.     Charles  M.  Harger.  World's  Work. 
Quantock  Hills,  Among  the.     Henry  van  Dyke.     Scribner. 
Railroad  Power,  The  Newest.     C.  M.  Keys.  World's  Work. 
Rome,  American  Academy  in.     F.  D.  Millet.     Rev.  of  Revs. 
Russia,  Church  Blight  on.    Perceval  Gibbon.    World's    Work. 
Russian  Court,  The.     Herbert  J.  Hagerman.     Century. 
San   Domingo  Question.     F.  G.  Newlands.     No.  American. 
Science  and  Immortality.     J.  S.  Christison.    No.  American. 
Scott.     George  Edward  Woodbury.     McClure. 
Simplon   Tunnel,    Piercing  the.      Deshler  Welch.    Century. 
South  Africa,  A  White.     F.  G.  Stone.     No.  American. 
South  America,  Adventures  In.     Charles  J.  Post.    Harper. 
So.   American  Revolutions.      G.   A.   Chamberlain.    Atlantic. 
Stendhal.     Count  Liitzow.     No.  American. 
Storm  and  Flood,  Heralds  of.     G.  H.  Grosvenor.     Century. 
Suez  and   Panama.     Frederic  C.   Penfield.     No.  American, 
Technic,  Apology  for.     Brander  Matthews.     No.  American. 
Togo's  Larger  Problem.    Adachi  KinnosukS.     Rev.  of  Revs. 
Typhoid  :       An  Unnecessary  Evil.       S.  H.  Adams.      McClure. 
Union  Army,  Boys  in  the.     G.  L.  Kilmer.     Century. 
Usage,    Standard    of.     Thomas   R.    Lounsbury.      Harper. 
Victoria  Falls.     Theodore  F.  Van  Wagenen.     Century. 
Village  Improvement.     Frederick  Law  Olmsted.  Atlantic. 
Washington  on  the  Eve  of  War.     G.  P.  Fisher.     Scribner. 


liisT  OF  New  Books. 

[  The  following  list,  containing  100  titles,  includes  book*- 
received  by  Tee  Dial  since  its  last  issue.'} 

BIOGRAPHY  A2^D   MEMOIRS. 

The  King  in  Exile  ;  The  Wanderings  of  Charles  II.  from. 
June  1646  to  July  1654.  By  Eva  Scott.  lUus.  in 
photogravure,  etc.,  large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  524. 
E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.     $3.50  net. 

Edwin  McMastees  Stanton  :  The  Autocrat  of  Rebellion^ 
Emancipation,  and  Reconstruction.  By  Frank  Ablal 
Flower.  Illus.,  large  8vo,  pp.  450.  Saalfleld  Publish- 
ing Co.     $3. 

Cathekixe  de  Medici  and  the  French  Reformation.  By 
Edith  Sichel.  Illus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  large  8vo, 
gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  320.     E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.     $3.  net. 

The  CouBTSHiPS  of  Catherine  the  Great.  By  Philip  W. 
Sergeant,  B.A.  Illus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  large  8vo, 
gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  337.    J.  B.  Lippincott    Co.    $2.50    net. 

Mirabeau  and  the  French  Revolution.  By  Charles  F. 
Warwick.  Illus.,  8vo,  gilt  top,  pp.  483.  J.  B.  Lippin- 
cott Co.     $2.50  net. 

REMiNascENCES  OF  A  RADICAL  Paeson.  By  RcT.  W.  Tuck- 
well,  M.A.  With  photogravure  portrait,  8vo,  gilt  top, 
pp.  268.     Cassell  &  Co.,  Ltd.     $2. 

William  Hickling  Prescott.  By  Harry  Thurston  Peck. 
12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  186.  "English  Men  of  Letters." 
Macmillan  Co.      75  cts.  net. 

My  Own  Story.  By  Caleb  Powers.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  490. 
Bobbs-Merrill  Co.     $1.50. 

Prince  or  Creole  :  The  Mystery  of  Louis  XVII.  By  Pub- 
lius  V.  Lawson.  IlUus.,  12mo,  pp.  310.  Menasha^ 
Wis. :     Geo.  Banta  Publishing  Co.     $1.50. 

HISTORY, 

Shakespeare's  London.  By  Henry  Thew  Stephenson. 
Illus.,  8vo.  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  357.  Henry  Holt  A  Co. 
$2.  net. 

Eli^RLY  Western  Travels,  1748-1846.  Edited  by  Reuben 
Gold  Thwaites,  LL.D.  Vol.  XV.,  containing  Part  II. 
of  James's  Accoimt  of  S.  H.  Long's  Expedition,  1819- 
20.  Large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  356.  Arthur  H. 
Clark  Co.     $4.  net. 

DisvNioN  Sentiment  in  Congress  in  1794  :  A  Confiden- 
tial Memorandum,  hitherto  Unpublished,  Written  by 
John  Taylor  of  Caroline  for  James  Madison.  Edited 
by  Gaillard  Hunt.  4to,  pp.  25.  Washington:  W.  H. 
Lowdermilk  &   Co.     Paper. 

The  Historic  Role  of  France  among  the  Nations:  An 
Address.  By  Charles  Victor  Langlois.  16mo,  pp.  45. 
University  of  Chicago  Press.     Paper. 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 

Shelburne  Essays.  By  Paul  Elmer  More.  ScK;ond  series  ; 
12mo,  pp.  253.     G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.     $1.25  net. 

Rede  auf  Schiller.  Von  Jakob  Grimm.  Mit  dem  Blld- 
niss  Schillers  von  Gerhard  von  Kiigelgen.  With  por- 
trait, 8vo,  pp.  30.  Hamburg:  Gutenberg- Verlag  Dr. 
Ernst  Schultze. 

Talks  in  a  Library  with  Laurence  Hutton.  Recorded 
by  Isabel  Moore.  Illus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  8vo, 
gilt  top,  uncut,   pp.  458.   G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $2.50  net. 

The  Dream  of  the  Rood  :  An  Old  English  Poem  attrib- 
uted to  Cynewulf.  Edited  by  Albert  S.  Cook.  16mo» 
pp.   125.     Oxford  University  Press.     90  cts.  net. 

The  Herbert  Spencer  Lecture.  Delivered  at  Oxford, 
March  9,  1905,  by  Frederic  Harrison,  M.A.  Large  8vo, 
uncut,  pp.  30.     Oxford  University  Press.     Paper. 

Shakespeare,  the  Man  and  his  Works  :  Being  All  the 
Subject  Matter  about  Shakespeare  contained  in  Moul- 
ton's  '  Library  of  Literary  Criticism.'  With  portrait. 
16mo,  pp.  366.     Sibley  &  Co. 

Deutsche  Dichter-Abende.  Eine  Sammlung  von  Vor- 
tragen  iiber  neuerer  deutsche  Literatur.  Von  Dr.  J. 
Loewenberg.  With  portrait,  8vo,  pp.  198.  Hamburg: 
Gutenberg-Verlag  Dr.  Ernst  Schultze. 

Told  in  the  Gardens  of  Araby.  By  Izora  Chandler  and 
Mary  W.  Montgomery.  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  230.  Eaton 
&  Mains.     75   cts.  net. 

KEW  EDITIONS  OF  STANDARD  LITERATURE. 

Works  of  Robert  Louis  Stevenson,  '  Biographical '  edi- 
tion. With  introductions  by  Mrs.  Stevenson.  First 
vols. :  Kidnapped,  David  Balfour,  and  The  New  Ara- 
bian Nights.  16mo,  gilt  tops.  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons.     Per  vol.,  $1. 

Specimens  of  the  Eliz.i^bethan  Drama,  from  Lyly  to 
Shirley,  1580-1642.  Edited  by  W.  H.  Williams,  M.A. 
12mo,  uncut,  pp.  576.  Oxford  University  Press.  $1.90 
net. 


398 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


AUTOBIOGRAPHY  OF  BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN.  Edited  by  Wil- 
liam Macdonald.  lUus.  In  photogravure,  etc.,  12ino, 
gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  314.  '  Temple  Autobiographies.' 
E.  P.  Button  &  Co.     $1.25  net. 

AUSWAHL.  AUS  DEN  KLKINEN  SCHRIFTEN  VON  JAKOB  GRIMM. 

Mlt  elnem  Bildniss  Jakob  Grimm.     With  portrait,  8vo, 

pp.     286.       Hamburg:       Gutenberg- Verlag     Dr.     Ernst 

Schultze. 
Walthabi-Lied,    Der    arme    Heinrich,    Lieder    der    alten 

Kdda.     Uebersetz  von  den  Briidern  Grimm ;  mlt  Buch- 

schmuck  von  Ernst  Liebermann.     Large  8vo,  pp.   ISO. 

Hamburg:     Gutenberg- Verlag  Dr.  Ernst  Schultze. 
Das  Maifest  der  Benediktiner,  und  andere  Erzahlungen. 

Von  Karl  Rick.     12mo,  gilt  edges,  pp.  329,     Hamburg  : 

Gutenberg-Verlag  Dr.   Ernst  Schultze. 

BOOKS  OF  TERSE. 

The  Fleeing  Nymph,  and  Other  Verse.  By  Lloyd  Mif- 
flin. 12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  91.  Small,  Mayuard 
&  Co.     $1.  net. 

Songs  and  Poems.  By  Lizzie  Twigg;  with  introduction 
by  Very  Rev.  Canon  Sheehan,  D.D.  16mo,  pp.  74. 
Longmans,  Green,   &  Co.     60  cts. 

The  Charm  of  Youth.  By  Alexander  Jessup.  12mo,  gilt 
top,  uncut,  pp.  95.     Herbert  B.  Turner  &  Co.     $1.  net. 

The  Norsk  Nightingale  :  Being  the  Lyrics  of  a  '  Lum- 
beryack.'  By  William  F.  Kirk.  Illus.,  16mo,  pp.  66. 
Small,   Maynard   &   Co.     75   cts.    net. 

FICTION. 

The  Sunset  Trail.    By  Alfred  Henry  Lewis.     Illus.,  12mo, 

pp.  393.     A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.     $1.50. 
Sturmsee  :     Man  and  Man.     Bv  the  author  of  '  Calmire." 

12mo,  pp.   682.     Macmillan  Co.     $1.50. 
The  Breath  of  the  Gods.     By  Sidney  McCall.     12mo,  pp. 

431.     Little,   Brown  &  Co.     $1.50. 
The  Tyranny  of  the  Dark.     By  Hamlin  Garland.     Illus., 

12mo,  pp.  439.     Harper  &  Brothers.     $1.50. 
Serena.     By  Virginia  Frazer  Boyle.     With  frontispiece  in 

color,  12mo,  pp.  378.     A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.     $1.50. 
The   Wine-Press.     By  Anna  Robeson  Brown.     12mo,  pp. 

390.     D.  Appleton  &  Co.     $1.50. 
On   the  Firing  Line  :     A  Romance  of  South  Africa.     By 

Anna  Chapin  Ray  and  Hamilton  Brock  Fuller.     12mo, 

pp.   289.     Little,  Brown  &  Co.     $1.50. 
A  Courier  of  Fortune.     By  Arthur  W.  Marchmont.  Illus., 

12mo,  pp.  360.     Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co.     $1.50. 
The  Weird  Picture.     By  John  R.  Carling.     Illus.,  12mo, 

pp.  283.     Little,  Brown  &  Co.     $1.50. 
The   Accomplice.      By   Frederick  Trevor   Hill.    12mo,   pp. 

326.     Harper  &  Brothers.     $1.50. 
The  Walking  Delegate.     By  Leroy  Scott.     With  frontis- 
piece, 12mo,  pp.  372.     Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.     $1.50. 
A  Knot  of  Blue.     By  William  R.  A.  Wilson.     Illus.,  12mo, 

pp.  355.     Little,  Brown  &  Co.     $1.50. 
Hester  of  the  Grants  :    A  Romance  of  Old  Bennington. 

By  Theodora  Peck.     With  frontispiece.     12mo,  pp.  419. 

Fox,  Duffleld  &  Co.     $1.50. 
Partners   of   the   Tide.     By   Joseph    C.    Lincoln.      Illus., 

12mo,  pp.  400.     A.   S.  Barnes  &  Co.     $1.50. 
As  the  World  Goes  By.  By  Elisabeth  W.  Brooks.    12mo, 

pp.  375.     Little,  Brown  &  Co.     $1.50. 
At  the  Foot  of  the  Rockies.     By  Carter  Goodloe.  Illus., 

12mo,  pp.  290.     Charles  Scribner's  Sons.     $1.50. 
Curly  :     A  Tale  of  the   Arizona   Desert.     By   Roger   Po- 

cock.      Illus.,    12mo,    pp.    320.      Little,    Brown    &    Co. 

$1.50. 
On    Tybee    Knoll  :    A    Story   of    the    Georgia    Coast.      By 

James    B.    Connolly.      Illus.,    12mo,    pp.    285.      A.    S. 

Barnes  &  Co.     $1.25. 
The  Bishop's  Niece.    By  George  B.  Picard.    With  frontis- 
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Serena 

Partners  of  the  Tide                        ^ 

The  Sunset  Trail 

The  Wanderers                   ^^ 

Cap^n  Eri                              O  U  I 

To  Windward 

An  Island  Cabin                        T3  r 

four 

nmer's 

wading 

The  House                                   m\X 
in  the  Woods 

Serena  —  a  belie  of  the  old  Southland.    A  story 
of  love  and  romance  by  Virginia  Fra-zer  Boyle. 

Partners  ot  the  Tide  and  Cap'n  Eri 

— Two  strong  humorous    novels   of  the    New 
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The    Sunset    Trail— War,   Romance,    and 
Humor  of  the  old  cattle  days  by  Alfred  Henry 
Lewis^  author  of  "The  Boss." 

The  Wanderers  and  To  Windward 

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No.  456. 


JUNE  16,  1905.     Vol.  XXXVIU. 


Contexts. 

PAOK 

THE  MAZZINI  CEXTENAEY 407 

MR.  LANG'S  LITERARY  LOITERINGS.    Percy  F. 

Bicknell 409 

THE  TROUBLED  TALE  OF  ERIN.     Laurence  M. 

Larson 411 

BALZACS  LATEST  BIOGRAPHER.    Annie  Russell 

Marble 413 

SCIENCE  AND  PERSONALITY.    T.  D.A.  Cockerell  415 

ECHOES    FROM    THE    EASTERN    STRUGGLE. 

Wallace  Bice 416 

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The  story  of  American  nationality. — Last  of  the 
'  Notes  from  a  Diary.' — A  plea  for  the  appreciation 
of  music. — Bright  essays  by  a  Westerner. — Sydney 
Smith,  reformer  and  wit.  —  Dr.  Mahaffy's  lectures 
on  Hellenism. — An  album  of  Schiller  tributes. — 
A  group  of  recent  German  publications.  —  Short 
cuts  to  health  and  strength. — A  painter's  essays 
on  art. — Chapters  for  the  meditative  fisherman. — 
New  volumes  in  the  '  Musician's  Library.' 

BRIEFER  MENTION 423 

NOTES 423 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS 424 


THE  MAZZINI  CENTENARY. 


"Worsliippers  of  the  ideal  who  found  last 
month  chiefly  noteworthy  because  it  rounded 
the  first  hundred  years  since  the  death  of  Schil- 
ler may  find  the  present  month  mainly  memor- 
able as  marking  the  first  centennial  of  Mazzini's 
birth.  A  believer  in  the  doctrine  of  metempsy- 
chosis might  well  be  impressed  with  the  fact 
that  some  six  weeks  after  the  German  poet 
yielded  up  his  breath  the  apostle  of  Italian 
unity  became  a  living  soul,  and  entered  upon  a 


life  which  was  destined  to  be  consecrated  to  the 
same  lofty  aims,  and  to  be  crowned  with  a  fairer 
vision  ere  its  close.  And  those  to  whom  the 
transmigration  of  souls  is  but  a  baseless  imagin- 
ing may  find  in  the  coincidence  an  apt  illustra- 
tion of  the  old  figure  of  the  torch-bearers,  each 
handing  to  his  successor  the  sacred  light  of  the 
truth  that  in  the  end  must  surely  make  man 
free. 

Different  as  were  the  circumstances  environ- 
ing the  lives  of  Schiller  and  Mazzini,  different 
not  only  in  their  personal  bearings,  but  also  in 
all  those  broader  aspects  whereby  the  eighteenth 
centur}'  was  separated  from  the  nineteenth,  we 
must  recognize  nevertheless  that  the  two  men 
were  inspired  by  one  and  the  same  patriotic 
impulse,  one  and  the  same  gospel  of  human 
brotherhood,  one  and  the  same  austere  ethics  of 
devotion  and  self-sacrifice.  Each  in  his  own 
way  all  his  life  long  fought  the  good  fight; 
each  was  a  true  knight  of  the  spirit  in  thought 
and  deed;  and  the  memory  of  each  remains  to 
us  as  a  shining  example  of  fortitude  in  adver- 
sity, of  hopefidness  in  discoura^ment,  and  of 
faith  in  an  ideal  whose  light  was  dimmed  for 
duller  visions  by  the  sullen  mists  of  c}"nicism, 
and  indifferentism,  and  selfishness.  All  honor 
to  these  souls,  and  to  all  kindred  souls  whose 
keen  sight,  purged  as  with  euphrasy  and  rue, 
is  fixed  steadfastly  upon  goals  too  far-set  to 
be  discerned  by  the  commonalt}',  yet  surely  es- 
tablished as  the  ultimate  aims  of  human  aspira- 
tion. 

Mazzini  was  not  without  his  meed  of  sympa- 
thy and  fitting  appreciation  during  his  lifetime, 
and  to  few  men  have  such  tributes  been  paid  as 
were  bestowed  upon  him  in  his  later  years,  and 
have  continued  to  be  bestowed,  by  the  noblest 
spirits  of  the  age,  since  his  death.  'All  honor 
to  thee,  thou  noble  Mazzini,'  said  Clough,  writ- 
ing from  Eome  in  the  last  days  of  the  Trium- 
virate, '  when  from  Janiculan  heights  thundered 
the  cannon  of  France.'  Carlyle,  usually  grudg- 
ing of  praise,  called  him  '  a  man  of  genius  and 
virtue,  a  man  of  sterling  veracity,  humanity, 
and  nobleness  of  mind.'  The  Master  of  Balliol 
said  of  him  that  'he  had  a  genius  beyond  that 
of  most  ordinary  statesmen,'  and  Mr.  John 
Morley  pronounced  him  'probably  the  highest 
moral  genius  of  the  century.'  Imagiaative 
writers,  too,  have  glorified  him  in  verse  and 
prose:  he  is  exalted  in  Mr.  Meredith's  'Vit- 
toria,'  and  Mr.  Swinburne  has  constituted 
himself  paneg}Tist-in-chief  of  him  whose  ad- 


408 


THE    DIAL 


[June  16, 


vent  is  thus  prophesied  in  '  Marino  Faliero' : 

*  Men  that  hear 
His  name  far  off  shall  yearn  at  heart,  and  thank 
God  that  they  hear,  and  live:   but  they  that  see, 
They  that  touch  hands  with  heaven  and  him,  that 

feed 
With  light  from  his  their  eyes,  and  fill  their  ears 
"With    godlike    speech    of    lips    whereon    the    smile 
Is   promise   of   more   perfect   manhood,   born 
Of  happier  days  than  his  that  knew  not  him, 
And  equal-hearted  with  the  sun  in  heaven 
From  rising  even  to  setting,  they  shall  know 
By  type  and  present  likeness  of  a  man 
What,    if    truth    be,    truth    is,    and    what,    if    God, 
God.' 

These  are  English  tributes  only,  but  they  are 
the  most  effective  for  our  purpose  because  of 
the  witness  they  tear  to  the  fact  that  Mazzini's 
teaching  and  example  far  transcend  the  limits 
of  his  own  country  and  the  hearing  of  his  own 
compatriots. 

In  spite,  however,  of  the  praise  thus  accorded 
Mazzini  by  '  those  who  know,'  we  may  still  find 
here  and  there  traces  of  the  undercurrent  of 
unsympathetic  or  antagonistic  sentiment  which 
during  his  lifetime  sought  to  asperse  his  mo- 
tives and  belittle  his  achievements.  Those  who 
sat  in  the  seats  of  the  mighty  found  his  ardent 
propaganda  of  republicanism  —  with  its  direct 
and  vital  appeal  to  the  spiritual  aspect  of  hu- 
man nature  —  a  force  far  more  difficult  to 
combat  than  the  efforts  of  ordinary  revolution- 
ists, and  they  did  their  best  to  create  the  legend 
which  pictured  him  as  a  criminal  conspirator 
against  the  established  order.  Other  critics  were 
found  in  those  who  sought  by  more  direct 
means  and  practical  methods  to  restore  Italy 
to  its  proper  place  among  the  nations,  and  who, 
with  their  partisans,  endeavored  to  exalt  those 
means  and  methods  as  the  only  ones  really 
worth  considering,  oblivious  of  the  truth  tliat 
the  moral  regeneration  which  was  the  object  of 
Mazzini's  apostol'ate  was  the  underlying  cause  of 
all  that  the  Risorgimento  accomplished  —  that 
without  this  renewal  of  the  spirit  neither  arms 
nor  diplomacy  would  have  been  of  serious  avail 
for  so  great  a  task.  Such  critics,  in  their  zeal 
for  the  glory  of  Cavour  and  Victor  Emmanuel 
and  Garibaldi,  have  particularly  sought  to  min- 
imize the  influence  of  the  man  whose  silent 
labors  prepared  the  soil  for  their  harvest,  and 
alone  made  possible  the  success  which  crowned 
their  efforts.  But  all  this  '  cloud  of  detrractions 
Tude'  has  wellnigh  spent  its  obscuring  effect, 
and  as  the  years  that  knew  Mazzini  recede  from 
our  immediate  gaze,  we  may  with  more  and 
more  confidence  echo  the  words  of  his  poet : 

'Life  and  the  clouds  have  vanished;  hate  and  fear 

Have   had   their   span 
Of  time  to  hurt,  and  are  not:   he  is  here, 

The  sunlike  man.' 


The  message  of  Mazzini,  like  the  message  of 
Scihiller,  is  one  of  which  our  own  age  ia 
peculiarly  in  need.  Divested  of  its  temporal 
accidents,  it  stands  revealed  as  the  quintes- 
sence of  Christian  ethics,  restated  in  the  terms 
of  modem  social  conditions.  It  is  summed  up 
in  one  pregnant  phrase,  the  duties  of  man,  not 
'Conflicting  with,  but  merely  complementing, 
that  other  phrase,  the  rights  of  man,  to  which 
the  French  Ee volution  gave  such  ringing  utter- 
ance. Here  is  the  doctrine,  embodied  in  a 
definition  of  the  religious  idea: 

'That  idea  elevates  and  purifies  the  individual; 
dries  up  the  springs  of  egotism,  by  changing, 
and  removing  outside  himself  the  centre  of  activ- 
ity. It  creates  for  man  that  theory  of  duty  which 
is  the  mother  of  self-sacrifice,  which  ever  was, 
and  ever  will  be,  the  inspirer  of  great  and  noble 
things;  a  sublime  theory,  that  draws  man  near 
to  God,  borrows  from  the  divine  nature  a  spark 
of  omnipotence,  crosses  at  one  leap  all  obstacles, 
makes  the  martyr's  scaffold  a  ladder  to  victory, 
and  is  as  superior  to  the  narrow,  imperfect  theory 
(rf  rights  as  the  law  is  superior  to  one  of  its 
corollaries. ' 

What  a  clearing  of  the  moral  atmosphere  would 
result  from  an  infusion  of  this  spirit  into 
the  social  conflicts  of  to-day,  with  their  sordid 
selfishness  of  motive,  their  petty  and  ignoble 
aims.  To  the  belief  thus  formulated  at  the  age 
of  thirty,  Mazzini  adhered  throughout  his  long 
life,  never  perturbed  by  passion,  but  calm  in 
the  faith  that  the  fundamental  rule  of  himian 
conduct  was  to  be  found  in  this  acceptance  of 
the  claims  of  duty  as  paramount. 

'  Mine  is  not  the  work  of  a  writer,'  he  said 
in  '  Faith  and  the  Future,'  '  it  is  the  stem  and 
fearless  mission  of  an  apostle.'  But  if  it  were 
not  for  Mazzini's  writings  we  should  find  it 
difficult  to  understand  his  immense  influence, 
and  wellnigh  impossible  to  realize  the  loftiness 
of  his  character.  These  writings  are,  indeed, 
a  precious  legacy  from  the  age  of  political  tur- 
moil that  gave  them  shape,  and  their  value  has 
by  no  means  lapsed  with  the  historical  occasion 
of  their  production.  More  enduring  than  the 
monument  at  Genoa  those  fervent  appeals  to 
the  highest  instincts  of  our  nature  are  likely 
to  prove,  and  the  Italian  government  has  done 
itself  honor  in  planning  a  national  edition  of 
his  complete  works.  If  any  further  excuse  than 
this  were  needed  for  speaking  of  him  in  the 
pages  of  a  literary  journal,  it  might  easily  be 
found  in  those  of  his  writings  which  belong  to 
literature  pure  and  simple,  in  the  keen  and 
graceful  essays  which  he  devotes  to  Byron  and 
Goethe,  to  Hugo  and  Lamennais,  to  Carlyle  and 
Benan,  and  to  the  great  poet  of  his  own  race 
whose  genius  overtops  all  but  the  half  dozen 
greatest  in  the  history  of  all  literature. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAl, 


409 


^^t  gtfa)  goohs. 


Mr.   IiANG*S   XiITERARY   liOITERINGS.* 


*  Young  men,  especially  in  America/  saye 
Mr.  Lang,  *  write  to  me  and  ask  me  to  recom- 
mend "  a  course  of  reading.^'  Distrust  a  course 
of  reiading!  People  who  really  care  for  books 
read  ail  of  them.  There  is  no  other  course. 
Let  this  be  a  reply.  No  other  answer  shall 
they  get  from  me,  the  inquiring  young  men.^ 
If  the  writer  of  these  words  does  not  convey  the 
impression  of  having  himself  read  quite  all  lit- 
erature, he  at  least  has  a  way  of  giving  one  a 
sense  of  the  splendid  vastness  and  infinite  vari- 
ety of  the  literary  realm.  Contrast  with  his 
tone  the  somewhat  peevish  note  in  an  utterance 
of  his  fellow-countryman.  Hume.  Writing  to 
Gilbert  Elliot  in  1757,  Hume  saj-s,  referring  to 
his  '  History,' — '  I  undertook  this  work  because 
I  was  tired  of  idleness  and  foimd  reading  alone, 
after  I  had  perused  all  good  books  (which  I 
think  is  soon  done),  a  somewhat  languid  occu- 
pation.' But  poor  Hume  was  writing  a  hun- 
dred years  before  the  public-library  movement 
had  well  started,  and  a  century  and  a  half  be- 
fore Mr.  Carnegie's  generosity  had  endeared  him 
to  the  Anglo-Saxon  world  of  readers.  Instead 
of  lamenting  now  that  all  good  books  can  be 
so  soon  read,  one  becomes  increasingly  and  de- 
spairingly conscious  how  many  books  in  how 
many  languages  are  always  waiting,  indeed 
clamoring,  to  be  read.  Reading  is  likened  by 
Mr.  Lang  to  opium-eating:  it  unlocks  to  us 
artificial  paradises.  The  comparison  might 
have  been  carried  further,  in  that  the  daily  dose 
has  to  be  steadily  increased  to  satisfy  the  crav- 
ing of  the  true  lover  of  reading,  who  is  a  very 
different  creature  from  the  mere  book-lover,  or 
book-collector,  with  whom  reading  is  often  the 
last  use  to  which  books  are  to  be  put.  A  pas- 
sage depicting  some  of  the  charms  of  reading 
may  be  quoted  from  the  opening  chapter  of  our 
author's  'Adventures  among  Books.'  He  _  is 
speaking  of  the  ancient  classics. 

'  There  is  a  eh.ann  in  finding  ourselves  —  our 
common  humanity,  our  puzzles,  our  cares,  our  joys, 
in  the  writings  of  men  severed  from  us  by  race, 
religion,  speech,  and  half  the  gulf  of  historical 
time  —  which  no  other  literary  pleasure  can  equal. 
Then  there  is  to  be  added,  as  the  university 
preacher  observed,  "the  pleasure  of  despising  our 
fellow  creatures  who  do  not  know  Greek."  Doubt- 
less in  that  there  is  great  consolation.' 

The  regret  is  often  expressed  that  the  Bible 
has  been  from  our  earliest  years  so  often  read 
to  us  and  by  us,  so  regularly  dinned  into  our 
ears  from  the  pulpit,  and  so  quoted  and  para- 

•  Adventubes  Among  Books.  By  Andrew  Lang.  With 
portrait.     New  York :     Longmans,  Green,   &  Co. 


phrased  at  every  turn,  that  we  are  incapable,  at 
maturity,  of  appreciating  its  worth,  spiritual 
and  literary.  Sir.  Lang  thinks  it  is  much  the 
same  with  Tennyson's  poems:  use  has  made 
them  too  familiar.  To  the  boy  Andrew,  turning 
in  weariness  from  Tupper's  '  Proverbial  Phil- 
osophy,' the  poet  of  the  Table  Round  dawned  as 
a  new  light ;  '  a  new  music  was  audibile,  a  new 
god  came  into  my  medley  of  a  Pantheon,  a  god 
never  to  be  dethroned.'  Concerning  our  first 
loves  in  books,  the  writer  says  some  irue  things. 
'People  talk,  in  novels,  about  the  delights  of  a 
first  love.  One  may  venture  to  doubt  whether 
everybody  exactly  knows  which  was  his,  or  her, 
first  love,  of  men  or  women,  but  about  our  first 
loves  in  books  there  can  be  no  mistake.  They 
were,  and  remain,  the  dearest  of  all;  after  boy- 
hood the  bloom  is  off  the  literary  rye.  .  .  As 
long  as  we  live  we  hope  to  read,  but  we  "never  can 
recapture  the  first  fine,  careless  rapture."  Besides, 
one  begins  to  write,  and  that  is  fatal.  My  own 
first  essays  were  composed  at  school  —  for  other 
boys.  Not  long  ago  the  gentleman  who  was  then 
our  English  master  wrote  to  me,  informing  me  he 
was  my  earliest  public,  and  that  he  had  never 
credited  my  younger  brother  with  the  essays  which 
that  unscrupulous  lad  ("I  speak  of  him  but 
brotherly")  was  accustomed  to  present  for  his  con- 
sideration. ' 

Mr,  Lang's  recollections  of  Stevenson  are 
among  the  best  things  in  his  book.  Although 
not  of  Stevenson's  closest  friends,  he  was  inti- 
mate enough  to  feel  the  full  charm  of  his  bril- 
liant junior.  Here  is  his  impression  of  the 
young  man  as  he  first  saw  him  in  1873 : 

'He  looked  as,  in  my  eyes,  he  always  did  look, 
more  like  a  lass  than  a  lad,  with  a  rather  long, 
smooth  oval  face,  brown  hair  worn  at  greater 
length  than  is  common,  large,  lucid  eyes,  but 
whether  blue  or  brown  I  cannot  remember,  if  brown, 
certainly  light  brown.  On  appealing  to  the  author- 
ity of  a  lady,  I  learn  that  brown  was  the  hue.  His 
colour  was  a  trifle  hectic,  as  is  not  unusual  at 
Mentone,  but  he  seemed,  under  his  big  blue  cloak, 
to  be  of  slender,  yet  agile  frame.  He  was  like 
nobody  else  whom  I  ever  met.  There  was  a  sort 
of  uncommon  celerity  in  changing  expression,  in 
thoug'ht  and  speech.' 

And  yet  this  smooth-faced,  girlish-looking 
youngster  was  brimful  of  pluck.  '  In  Paris  at 
a  cafe,'  narrates  Mr.  Lang,  '  I  remember  that 
Mr.  Stevenson  heard  a  Frenchman  say  the  Eng- 
lish were  cowards.  He  got  up  and  slapped  the 
man's  face.  "  Monsieur,  vous  m'avez  f rappe," 
said  the  Gaul.  "A  ce  qu'il  parait,"  said  the 
Scot,  and  there  it  ended.'  To  Stevenson  life 
was  a  drama,  '  and  he  delighted,  like  his  own 
British  admirals,  to  do  things  with  a  certain 
air.'  He  was  possessed  with  the  inextinguish- 
able childish  passion  for  making  believe,  and 
it  remained  with  him  to  the  end.  '  I  have  a 
theory,'  says  Mr.  Lang,  '  that  all  children  pos- 
sess genius,  and  that  it  dies  out  in  the  general- 
ity of  mortals,  abiding  only  with  people  whose 
genius  the  world  is  forced  to  recognize.     Mr. 


410 


THE    DIAL 


[June  16, 


Stevenson  illustrates,  and  perhaps  partly  sug- 
gested, this  private  philosophy  of  mine.'  But 
the  theory  is  by  no  means  so  private  a  posses- 
sion as  the  author  seems  to  think. 

Of  American  writers,  Hohnes  and  Hawthorne 
are  deemed  worthy  of  a  Chapter  apiece.  With 
somewhat  superfluous  particularity  Mr.  Lang 
explains  why  he  cannot  reckon  Dr.  Holmes 
among  the  very  great  authors.  No  one  pr&- 
eumes  so  to  estimate  him,  and  the  Scotch  critic 
does  him  ample  honor  in  classing  him  with  Dr. 
Thomas  Browne,  Dr.  John  Brown,  and  Dr.  S. 
Weir  Mitchell,  as  representing  'the  physician 
in  humane  letters.'  In  this  essay  the  writer  in- 
cidentally refers  to  '  the  witch-burning,  periwig- 
hating,  doctrinal  Judge  Sewall.'  The  epithet 
*  witch-burning '  might  be  suffered  to  pass  as  a 
conventional  and  convenient  fashion  of  speak- 
ing ;  but  in  the  later  chapter  on  Hawthorne  Mr. 
Lang's  evil  genius  has  made  him  write  '  of  those 
judges  who  burned  witches  and  persecuted 
Quakers.'  It  must  be  that  our  learned  author, 
on  mature  reflection,  will  remember  that  witch- 
burning  was  never  a  New  England  pastime,  or 
crime.  The  utmost  limit  to  which  the  Salem 
frenzy  went  was  the  hanging  of  certain  persons 
for  alleged  undue  familiarity  with  the  powers 
of  darkness.  Nineteen  unfortunates  thus  met 
their  fate  on  Gallows  Hill,  and  a  twentieth,  old 
Giles  Corey,  was  pressed  to  death  for  refusing  to 
plead.  Toward  the  end  of  this  interesting  paper 
on  Holmes,  the  author  appears  to  be  guilty  of 
something  akin  to  the  putting  on  of  erudite 
airs  with  no  sufiicient  cause.  He  says  of  the 
Doctor,  'How  far  he  maintained  his  scholar- 
ship, I  am  not  certain;  but  it  is  odd  that,  in 
his  preface  to  "  The  Guardian  Angel,"  he 
should  quote  from  "Jonathan  Edwards  the 
younger  "  a  story  for  which  he  might  have  cited 
Aristotle.'  Has  not  that  a  very  impressive  ap- 
pearance of  superior  learning,  of  an  enviable 
familiarity  with  the  writings  of  the  Stagirite? 
But  turn  to  the  preface  in  question,  and  there 
you  will  find  a  footnote  duly  explaining  that 
'the  original  version  of  this  often-repeated 
story  [which  the  author  has  just  told]  may  be 
found  in  Aristotle's  Ethics,  Book  7th,  Chapter 
7th,'  However,  it  is  not  beyond  the  limits  of 
possibility  that  this  note  was  lacking  in  the  copy 
of  the  book  read  by  Mr.  Lang,  or  that  it  was 
overlooked  by  him,  or  that  he  recorded  its  sub- 
stance and  afterward,  in  a  moment  of  forgetful- 
ness,  credited  the  item  to  his  own  critical  acu- 
men, or  finally  that  he  read  and  remembered 
the  note  and  yet  wrote  with  no  intention  to 
deceive.  He  is  at  liberty  to  retort,  if  he  wishes, 
with  an  '  honi  soit  qui  mal  y  pense.* 

Mr.  Lang's  relish  for  Hawthorne  is  notewor- 
thy and  commendable ;  but  he  perhaps  does  him 
a  little  injustice  in  the  following  passage: 


'It  is  curious  to  mark  Hawthorne's  attempts  to 
break  away  from  himself  —  from  the  man  that 
heredity,  and  circumstance,  and  the  divine  gift  of 
genius  had  made  him.  He  naturally  "haunts  the 
mouldering  lodges  of  the  past";  but  when  he 
came  to  England  (where  such  lodges  are  abundant), 
he  was  ill-pleased  and  cross-grained.  He  knew  that 
a  long  past,  with  mysteries,  dark  places,  malisons, 
curses,  historic  wrongs,  was  the  proper  atmosphere 
of  his  art.  But  a  kind  of  conscientious  desire  to 
be  something  other  than  himself  —  something  more 
ordinary  and  popular  —  made  him  thank  Heaven 
that  his  chosen  atmosphere  was  rare  in  his  native 
land.  He  grumbled  at  it,  when  he  was  in  the 
midst  of  it;  he  grumbled  in  England;  and  how  he 
grumbled  in  Rome!  He  permitted  the  American 
Eagle  to  make  her  nest  in  his  bosom,  "with  the 
customary  infirmity  of  temper  that  characterises 
this  unhappy  fowl,"  as  he  says  in  his  essay,  "The 
Custom  House."  ' 

A  trenchant  criticism  on  'The  Scarlet  Letter' 
is  worth  quoting. 

'The  persons  in  an  allegory  may  be  real  enooigh, 
as  Bunyan  has  proved  by  examples.  But  that  cul- 
pable clergyman,  Mr.  Arthur  Dimmesdale,  with  his 
large,  white  brow,  his  melancholy  eyes,  his  hand 
on  his  heart,  and  his  general  resemblance  to  the 
High  Church  Curate  in  Thackeray's  "Our  Street," 
is  he  real?  To  me  he  seems  very  unworthy  to  be 
Hester's  lover,  for  she  is  a  beautiful  woman  of 
flesh  and  blood.  Mr.  Dimmesdale  was  not  only 
immoral;  he  was  unsportsmanlike.  He  had  no  more 
pluck  than  a  church-mouse.  His  miserable  passion 
was  degraded  by  its  brevity;  how  could  he  see  this 
woman's  disgrace  for  seven  long  years,  and  never 
pluck  up  heart  either  to  share  her  shame  or  pec- 
care  fortiterf  He  is  a  lay  figure,  very  cleverly  but 
somewhat  conventionally  made  and  painted.  The 
vengeful  husband  of  Hester,  Roger  Chillingworth, 
is  a  Mr.  Casaubon  stung  into  jealous  anger.  .  .  . 
The  person  of  Roger  ChilUngworth  and  his  conduct 
are  a  little  too  melodramatic  for  Hawthorne's 
genius. ' 

A  considerable  number  of  excellent  plots  for 
novels  and  tales  are  unthriftily  given  to  the 
public  in  tliis  book — because  of  the  plot-maker's 
constitutional  inability  (so  he  thinks)  to  write 
fiction.  'Unluckily,'  he  sadly  confesses,  'my 
brain  is  not  capable  of  this  aesthetic  malady,  and 
to  slave  my  life,  or  to  "milk  a  fine  warm  cow 
rain,"  as  the  Zulus  say,  I  could  not  write  a 
novel,  or  even  a  short  story.'  And  again,  'As 
Mr.  Stevenson  says,  a  man  must  view  "  his  very 
trifling  enterprise  with  a  gravity  that  would  be- 
fit the  cares  of  empire,  and  think  the  smallest 
improvement  worth  accomplishing  at  any  ex- 
pense of  time  and  industry.  The  book,  the 
statue,  the  sonata,  must  be  gone  upon  with 
the  unreasoning  good  faith  and  the  unflagging 
spirit  of  children  at  their  play."  This  is  true; 
that  is  the  worst  of  it.  The  man,  the  writer, 
over  whom  the  irresistible  desire  to  mock  at 
himself,  his  work,  his  puppets  and  their  for- 
tune, has  power,  will  never  be  a  novelist.  The 
novelist  must  "  make  believe  very  much  " ;  he 
must  be  in  earnest  ^^dth  his  characters.  But  how 
to  be  in  earnest,  how  to  keep  the  note  of  dis- 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL, 


411 


belief  and  derision  "  out  of  the  memorial "  ? 
Ah,  there  is  the  difficult)',  but  it  is  a  difficulty 
of  which  many  authors  appear  to  be  insensible. 
Perhaps  they  suffer  from  no  such  temptations.' 
One  author,  however,  who  could  mock  at  his 
puppets  and  yet  write  successful  novels,  will 
pr^^ly  occur  to  the  reader.  The  very  charm 
of  '  Vanity  Fair '  is  partly  due  to  Thackeray's 
refusal  to  take  himself  too  seriously. 

Last  and  among  the  best  of  Mr.  Lang's  essays 
is  one  on  *The  Boy.^  For  awful  examples  of 
priggish  precocity  we  are  referred  to  the  boy- 
hood of  John  Stuart  Mill,  and  to  that  of  Bishop 
Thirlwall,  who  *at  four  read  Greek  with  an 
ease  and  fluency  which  astonished  all  who  heard 
him,'  at  seven  wrote  an  essay  '  On  the  Uncer- 
tainty of  Human  Life,'  and  at  eleven  published 
a  volume  of  *  Primitiae '  which  went  through 
three  editions  in  two  years.  His  infant  ser- 
mons, thirty-nine  in  number — ^the  same  as  the 
Articles  —  occupy  most  of  this  small  volume. 
Listen  to  the  little  preacher  of  ten  as  he  piously 
deplores  the  latter-day  desecration  of  the  Sab- 
bath. '  I  confess,'  Ee  sdghs,  '  when  I  look  upon 
the  present  and  past  state  of  our  public  morals, 
and  when  I  contrast  our  present  luxury,  dissi- 
pation, and  depravity,  with  past  frugality  and 
virtue,  I  feel  not  merely  a  sensation  of  regret, 
but  also  of  terror  for  the  result  of  the  change.' 
One  marvels  that  such  a  child  survived  his  in- 
fancy. Other  chapters  of  *  Adventures,'  which 
can  here  be  little  more  than  named,  have  to  do 
with  *  Bab's  Friends,'  *Mr.  Morris's  Poems' — 
especially  the  earlier  ones,  which  Mr.  Lang 
thinks  the  best,—'  Mrs.  Eadcliffe's  Novels,'  *  A 
Scottish  Romanticist  of  1830 ' — ^to  wit,  Thomas 
T.  Stoddart,  angler  and  poet, — 'The  Confes- 
sions of  Saint  Augustine' — wherein  a  curious 
parallel  is  drawn  between  Augustine  and  Catul* 
lus,—' Smollett,'  'The  Paradise  of  Poets,' 
'Paris  and  Helen,'  'Enchanted  Cigarettes' — 
literar}'  projects  that  one  dreams  over  but  never 
executes, — 'The  Supernatural  in  Fiction,'  and 
'An  Old  Scottish  Psychical  Researcher,'  discov- 
ered in  the  person  of  Greorge  Sinclair,  profes- 
sor of  philosophy  at  Glasgow  in  the  latter  half 
of  the  seventeenth  century. 

Those  who  have  a  taste  for  books  about  books 
will  hunt  long  before  they  will  find  one  more 
tickling  to  the  palate  than  Mr.  Lang's  '  Adven- 
tures among  Books.'  These  chapters,  it  is  true, 
are  reprints  of  magazine  articles,  but  mostly  of 
a  date  sufficiently  remote  to  make  their  reap- 
pearance practically  equivalent  to  a  fresh  ap- 
pearance. The  fine  frontispiece  portrait  in  pho- 
togravure is  after  a  painting  by  Sir  William 
Richmond,  R.A.,  which,  we  are  told,  '  was  done 
about  the  time  when  most  of  the  Essays  were 
written — and  that  was  not  yesterday.' 

Percy  F.  Bicknell. 


The  Troubled  Tax-e  of  Erin.* 


The  persistence  of  Irish  nationality  is  one  of 
tiie  marvels  of  history.  Wave  after  wave  of 
invasion  has  roUed  over  the  island  from  legend- 
ary times  to  recent  centuries,  yet  after  each  in- 
vasion the  country  and  people  were  still  pre- 
dominantly Irish.  Internal  warfare  decimated 
its  population  in  the  middle  ages;  thousands 
perished  later  in  the  vain  effort  to  dislodge  the 
English  conqueror;  half  a  million  Irish  exiles 
fell  on  Continental  battle-fields  in  the  eight- 
eenth century;  hundreds  of  thousands  died 
yearly  in  the  terrible  period  of  famine  in  the 
early  part  of  Queen  Victoria's  reign;  several 
millions  found  homes  in  our  own  country;  and 
yet,  after  all  these  ages  of  national  discourage- 
ment, Ireland  is  still  Irish  and  the  Celtic  spirit 
seems  as  vigorous  and  defiant  as  ever. 

It  is  only  natural  that  in  a  country  like  ours, 
where  the  Hibernian  element  is  so  numerous, 
there  should  be  a  demand  for  some  reliable 
popular  account  of  the  Irish  past.  Two  new 
histories  have  recently  been  offered  to  the  pub- 
lic, both  of  which  aim  to  supply  such  a  narra- 
tive. Mr.  Charles  Johnston  and  Miss  Carita 
Spencer  have  written  'Ireland's  Story'  in  a 
volume  of  four  hundred  pages.  Mr.  John  F. 
Finerty  has  given  us  a  '  People's  History  of 
Ireland,'  in  two  volumes  of  nearly  five  hun- 
dred pages  each.  Both  histories  are  properly 
bound  in  green. 

At  first  sight  the  volume  entitled  '  Ireland's 
Story'  gives  the  impression  of  having  been 
written  for  text-book  purposes;  and  no  doubt 
it  win  be  extensively  used  in  schools  having  an 
Irish  Catholic  patronage.  It  is  well  provided 
with  portraits  and  illustrations,  nearly  all  of 
which  have  historic  value;  it  has  maps,  mar- 
ginal notes,  summaries,  and  an  excellent  index, 
—  in  fact,  practically  all  the  pedagogical  helps 
that  one  expects  to  find  in  the  more  recent  text- 
books. But  the  book  will  also  interest  the  gen- 
eral reader.  Written  in  a  quiet,  almost  gentle 
style,  the  narrative  moves  calmly  forward  and 
is  easily  followed.  The  authors  make  no  effort 
to  conceal  the  fact  that  they  have  looked  at 
events  from  a  Catholic  view-point;  still,  the 
treatment  is  sufficiently  fair  and  charitable  to 
satisfy  any  reader  in  whom  the  virtue  of  tol- 
erance is  properly  developed.  It  seems,  how- 
ever, that  in  thtir  selection  of  facts  to  be  pre- 
sented they  have  studiously  avoided  almost 
ever}'thing  that  would  tend  to  discredit  the 
Church.  Xo  reference  whatever  is  made  to  the  • 
papal  bull  that  authorized  Henry  11.  to  seize 
Ireland.     Certain  writers  have,  it  is  true,  ar- 

•  iBEUUfD's  Stoet.  By  Charles  Johnston  and  Carita 
Spencer.      Illustrated.      Boston :      Houghton,    Mifflin   ft   Co. 

The  People's  Histobt  of  Irei-an-d.  By  John  P.  Fin- 
erty.    In  two  volumes.     New  York :     Dodd,  Head  ft  Co. 


412 


THE    DIAL 


[June  16, 


goied  that  this  is  a  matter  of  slight  importance, 
as  the  pope  had  no  authority  to  transfer  the 
Green  Isle  to  Henry  or  to  any  other  king.  It 
is  well  known,  however,  that  the  current  doc- 
trine in  the  twelfth  century  as  regards  papal 
supremacy  was  totally  different. 

No  one  can  make  the  history  of  Ireland  a 
joyous  tale.  With  so  much  of  treachery,  mis- 
ery, and  injustice  that  must  be  related,  the  nar- 
rative is  likely  to  be  a  gloomy  one.  Yet  our 
authors  have  succeeded  in  telling  a  fairly  cheer- 
ful story  after  all.  Their  purpose  is  not  to 
dwell  on  what  Ireland  has  endured,  but  on  what 
she  has  accomplished.  The  legendary  age  and 
the  early  mediaeval  period  —  the  period  of  saints 
and  scholars  and  missionaries,  of  Patrick  and 
Bridget  and  warlike  Columba — are  treated 
with  a  fulness  that  is  almost  disproportionate. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  eighteenth  century,  a 
time  when  the  Irish  Catholic  was  deprived  of 
almost  every  opportunity  and  right  but  the  bare 
permission  to  exist,  is  treated  with  all  possible 
brevity.  The  book  closes  with  four  interesting 
chapters  in  which  are  reviewed  the  achieve- 
ments of  the  Irish  race  in  America,  in  England, 
and  on  the  Continent,  and  also  what  has  been 
accomplished  in  the  Irish  home  land  in  the 
literary  field. 

When  the  reader  turns  from  this  finished 
product  of  the  Riverside  Press  to  the  more  ex- 
tensive *  People's  History  of  Ireland,'  the  im- 
pression received  is  not  the  most  favorable.  The 
print  and  the  paper  are  not  of  the  best;  the 
time-honored  preface  and  the  index  are  want- 
ing; aside  from  frontispiece  portraits  of  O'Con- 
nell  and  Parnell,  there  are  no  illustrations;  a 
solitary  map  of  modem  Ireland  is  all  that  is 
offered  on  the  geographical  side,  the  map  being 
good  but  inadequate. 

But  after  reading  a  few  pages  one  discovers 
that  this  is  not  the  dry  book  it  seems  to  be. 
The  author  has  had  a  varied  literary  experi- 
ence as  editor,  lecturer,  author,  and  spell- 
binder, and  when  writing  on  the  subject  of  his 
native  country  Mr.  Finerty  is  utterly  incapable 
of  being  dull.  It  will  not  do  to  say  that  his 
style  is  everywhere  excellent;  in  places  the  lan- 
guage gives  evidence  of  loose  and  hasty  writ- 
ing; some  of  the  expressions  used  are  sadly 
worn,  while  others  lack  in  point  of  delicacy; 
but  the  sentences  have  fire  and  vigor,  and  the 
author  employs  a  great  variety  of  expedients 
to  rouse  and  impress  his  readers.  Melodious 
lines  from  Thomas  Moore,  tender  stanzas  from 
Thomas  Davis,  frequent  anecdotes  illustrative 
of  Irish  humor  and  genial  wit,  occasional  cita- 
tions from  what  is  best  in  Irislh  oratory,  —  all 
these  and  other  forms  of  embellishment  are 
freely  used  and  give  a  distinctly  Celtic  coloring 
to  the  pages. 


The  narrative  is  punctuated  at  regular  inter- 
vals with  sharp  explosions  of  the  author's  anger 
and  indignation.  In  speaking  of  the  corrupt 
methods  used  by  the  English  in  dealing  with 
the  Anglo-Irish  toward  the  close  of  Elizabeth's 
reign,  he  says : 

'The  bait  took  as  might  have  been  expected  — 
for  every  good  cause  has  its  Iseariots  —  and  we 
soon  hear  of  jealous  kinsmen  of  the  patriot  chiefs 
"coming  over  to"  the  queen's  interest  and  doing 
their  uttermost  —  the  heartless  scoundrels  —  to 
divide  and  distract  the  strength  of  their  country, 
engaged  in  a  deadly  struggle  for  her  rights  and 
liberty.  These  despicable  wretches  are  foul  blotches 
on  the  pages  of  Ireland's  history.' 

In  the  same  fashion  he  characterizes  Queen 
Anne,  '  the  unnatural  creature  she  was,'  and 
tells  of  George  I.  whose  'black  career  termi- 
nated in  1742,'  and  how  '  a  weight  of  horror 
was  lifted  from  Ireland's  heart  when  the  wel- 
come news  of  his  death  spread  rapidly,  far  and 
wide,  over  the  persecuted  country.'  In  sim- 
ilar language  he  expresses  his  admiration  for 
George  III.,  Lord  Castlereagh,  the  Duke  of 
Wellington,  and  many  others.  In  fact,  if  an 
artist  were  to  draw  imaginary  portraits  of  Eng- 
land's public  men  from  Henry  II.  to  Edward 
VII.,  using  Mr.  Finerty's  descriptions  and 
characterizations  as  his  only  guides,  we  should 
have  a  gallery  of  monstrous  caricatures  the 
sight  of  which  would  strike  John  Bull  speech- 
less. 

But  when  our  author  introduces  the  great 
worthies  of  Irish  history,  the  O'Feills,  the 
O'Connells,  and  the  O'Briens,  with  Grattan, 
Emmet,  Moore,  and  the  rest,  he  uses  a  wholly 
different  vocabulary.  But  here,  too,  we  must 
be  cautious  in  accepting  his  estimates,  as  en- 
thusiastic praise  is  not  always  evidence  of  calm 
judgment.  He  quotes  the  orator  Walter  Burgh 
as  declaring  that  '  England  has  sown  her  laws 
as  dragons'  teeth  and  they  have  sprung  up 
armed  men.'  Of  this  tattered  metaphor  our 
author  says :  *  This  magnificent  allusion  to  the 
rise  and  progress  of  the  Irish  volunteer  move- 
ment is  one  of  the  finest  passages  in  the  oratory 
of  ancient  and  modern  times.'  It  is  state- 
ments such  as  this  that  make  the  reader  sus- 
picious. 

It  is  generally  believed  that  a  writer  of  his- 
tory should  approach  his  subject  with  an  open 
and  unprejudiced  mind;  that  he  should  take 
the  position  of  a  judge  whose  duty  and  desire 
are  to  ascertain  the  truth  in  the  given  case. 
Such  a  historian  Mr.  Finerty  is  never  likely  to 
become.  He,  the  Irish  radical  who  has  urged 
Irish  independence  in  season  and  out  of  sea- 
son, whose  published  utterances  of  thirty  years 
bear  the  stamp  of  an  uu  weakening  radicalism, 
who  heads  a  great  organization  of  Irishmen  the 
spirit  of  which  is  anything  but  conciliatory, — 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


41S 


he  of  all  men  would  seem  by  nature  unfitted  to 
write  a  trustworthy  history  of  his  native  land. 
He  is  not  a  judge,  he  is  an  advocate,  a  bril- 
liant, forceful,  relentless  advocate;  but  what 
the  world  wants  is  not  a  plea  but  a  calm  judicial 
statement  of  a  complicated  case. 

In  the  preparation  of  his  history  Mr.  Fin- 
erty  seems  to  have  used  secondary  accounts  verj* 
largely;  in  the  first  volume  there  is,  indeed, 
little  evidence  that  the  sources  have  been  used. 
The  author  does  not,  however,  show  an  absorb- 
ing interest  in  the  earlier  period;  he  is  at- 
tracted by  the  great  political  and  parliamentary 
struggle  with  England  that  began  in  the  eight- 
eenth century  and  continued  down  to  the  close 
of  Pamell's  career.  Of  this  struggle  he  gives 
an  extended  and  readable  account,  the  entire 
second  volume  being  devoted  to  the  century  fol- 
lowing the  commercial  emancipation  of  Ireland 
in  1780.  Of  the  two  volumes  this  is  the  more 
valuable.  It  tells  what  Ireland  suffered 
throughout  the  nineteenth  century,  what  her 
people  strove  for,  and  what  they  accomplished; 
and  as  Mr.  Finerty  has  for  years  been  in  close 
touch  with  all  the  various  movements  in  Ire- 
land, a  measure  of  authority  is  added  to  his 
statements  which  the  *reader  is  compelled  to 
respect.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  this  thor- 
ough presentation  has  not  been  continued 
down  to  date.  The  last  thirty-five  years  of 
Irish  history — the  period  of  the  Land  League 
and  the  Home  Rule  movement — are  summed  up 
in  a  single  chapter  of  seventeen  pages. 

Bound  up  closely  with  the  history  of  Ire- 
land is  that  of  England;  and  on  the  English 
side  of  his  work  Mr.  Finerty  has  failed  to  be 
accurate  and  just.  We  are  told,  for  instance, 
that  Thomas  Cromwell  was  a  churchman,  and 
that  Praise-God  Barebone  presided  over  the 
parliament  that  bears  his  name.  Trifling 
though  such  errors  are,  they  show  that  the  au- 
thor has  not  read  his  English  history  so  care- 
fully as  he  should  have  done.  Attention  has 
already  been  called  to  his  estimates  of  Eng- 
land's great  statesmen;  in  much  the  same  way 
does  he  treat  the  nation  at  large.  It  must  be 
conceded  that  England's  record  in  Ireland  is 
not  altogether  lovely,  and  it  is  not  surprising 
that  strong  terms  are  used  in  discussing  it. 
And  yet  England  is  not  wholly  to  blame  for 
what  Ireland  has  suffered.  If  there  had  been 
any  national  spirit,  any  broad  patriotism,  in  the 
Celtic  people  in  the  middle  ages,  the  Conqueror 
might  have  been  repulsed.  If  the  Irishman  of 
modem  times  had  not  listened  too  eagerly  to 
every  disturl>er  of  Vae  world's  peace,  his  lot 
would  have  been  more  endurable.  It  is  true 
that  Mr.  Finerty  does  find  an  occasional  oppor- 
tunity to  say  a  good  word  for  some  English- 
men, but  it  is  too  frequently  done  in  a  per- 


functory and  spiritless  manner.  It  seems  pos- 
sible that  justice  could  be  accorded  England 
without  in  any  way  diminishing  the  glory  of 
Ireland.  If  Mr.  Finerty  had  studied  the  his- 
tory of  his  native  land  in  the  light  of  European 
events,  the  policies  of  England  would  have  be- 
come intelligible  to  him,  and  the  '  People's  His- 
tory of  Ireland'  would  have  been  a  far  more 
trustworthy  work.      Laubence  M.  Labson. 


Balzac's  IiAtest  Biographeb.* 


If  a  reader  were  to  make  a  mental  catalogue 
of  the  most  romantic  and  startling  fiction  that 
has  been  written  in  modem  times,  it  is  doubtful 
if  he  oould  name  a  single  tale  more  dramatic, 
more  improbable  if  judged  by  severe  standards, 
than  the  actual  career  of  Honore  de  Balzac. 
The  life  of  this  man  was  a  summary  of  the 
many  strange  personalities  and  inddents  that 
are  found  in  Ms  partially  recorded  '  Comedie 
Humaine.'  He  seemed  to  justify  his  own  state- 
ment that  genius  is  never  quite  sane,  for  few 
would  question  either  Balzac's  possession  of 
genius  or  his  lack  of  poise.  With  an  exaggera- 
tion that  has  much  of  truth  at  its  root,  he 
analyzed  his  own  character  for  the  Duchesse 
d'Abrantes. 

*I  possess,  shut  up  in  my  five  foot  eight  inches, 
all  the  incoherences,  all  the  contrasts  possible;  ana 
those  who  think  me  vain,  extravagant,  obstinate, 
high-minded,  without  connection  in  my  ideas,  —  a 
fop,  negligent,  idle,  without  application,  without 
reflection,  without  any  constancy;  a  chatterbox, 
without  tact,  badly  brought  up,  impolite,  whimsical, 
unequal  in  temper,  —  are  quite  as  right  as  those 
who  perhaps  say  that  I  am  economical,  modest, 
courageous,  stingy,  energetic,  a  worker,  constant, 
silent,  full  of  delicacy,  polite,  always  gay.  —  Does 
this  kaleidoscope  exist,  because  in  the  soul  of 
those  who  claim  to  paint  all  the  affections  of  the 
human  heart,  chance  throws  all  these  affections 
themselves,  so  that  they  may  be  able,  by  the  force- 
of  their  imagination,  to  feel  what  they  paint?" 

In  Miss  Mary  F.  Sandare's  newly-published 
life  of  the  prince  of  realists  are  recorded  many 
phases,  intimate  and  varied,  of  this  complex 
character.  Though  the  author  has  had  access  to 
some  unpublished  bits  of  personalia,  especially 
such  as  have  come  into  the  possession  of  M.  de 
Spoelbereh  de  Lovenjoul,  and  though  she  has 
used  freely  and  with  good  taste  the  later  letters 
to  Mme.  Hanska,  the  volume  fails  in  many  re- 
spects to  equal  the  excellent  Memoir  by  Miss^ 
Wormele}'.  The  reader,  challenged  by  the 
words  in  Miss  Sandars's  preface  that  Mis^ 
Wormele}''s  book  '  was  written  at  a  time  when 
little  was  known  about  the  great  novelist,'  and 

*  HoxoRE  DE  Balzac  :  His  Life  and  "Whitixgs.  By 
Mary  F.  Sandars.  Illustrated.  New  York :  Dodd,  Mead 
&  Co. 


414 


THE    DIAL 


[June  16, 


reviewing  this  exhaustive  Memoir  which  intro- 
duced many  of  us  to  the  true  Balzac,  finds  much 
to  admire  anew  in  the  earlier  biographer's  wise 
and  scholarly  treatment,  her  careful  quotations 
from  many  original  sources,  and  her  skilfully 
condensed  sentences  of  analysis.  At  the  same 
time,  this  new  contribution  to  Balzac  study  is 
interesting  and  valuable.  Its  form  is  attractive, 
its  illustrations  are  good,  and  its  sympathetic 
tone  is  alluring  and  generally  well-balanced. 
There  are  exliaustive  details  of  the  novelist's  un- 
successful monetary  ventures.  The  last  portion 
of  the  work  is  excellent  in  its  interest  and  se- 
quence. The  acknowledged  gaps  and  mysterious 
lapses  in  the  narrative,  impossible  for  any  biog- 
rapher to  fill  during  the  periods  of  Balzac's 
obscure  retirements,  show  how  much  he  needed 
£i  Boswell  to  record  his  vagaries. 

To  the  sister  of  Balzac,  Laure  Surville,  who 
deserves  a  high  place  in  that  list  of  sisters 
whose  influences  have  been  vital  on  so  many 
authors,  we  are  deeply  indebted  for  reminis- 
cences and  anecdotes  of  family  traits,  and  for 
many  a  secret  episode  in  the  boyhood  and  ma- 
turity of  the  novelist.  Miss  Sandars  has  well 
emphasized  the  sane  affection  and  guidance  of 
this  sister.  Throughout  the  brother's  life  her 
devotion  was  often  his  salvation  from  financial 
and  mental  disaster.  His  nervous  mother  found 
this  son,  so  truly  inheritor  of  many  of  her  own 
faults  of  temper,  a  constant  source  of  irritation. 
With  new  realization  of  their  importance,  we 
read  here  of  the  influences  exerted  on  Balzac's 
life  and  writings  by  many  women-friends  of 
varying  types.  At  the  homes  of  Mme.  de  Bemy, 
Mme,  Carraud,  and  the  famous  Delpihine  Girar- 
din,  he  gained  not  alone  social  pleasure  but  also 
literary  stimulus  and  material,  especially  for 
his  settings  of  higher  social  life.  His  flirtation 
with  the  coy  Mme.  de  Castries  developed  his 
emotional  faculty  into  unwonted  vigor,  and  gave 
theme  for  fictional  plot  and  character-drawing 
in  '  La  Duchesse  de  Langeais,'  '  Le  Medecin  de 
Campagne,'  and  other  novels.  The  woman, 
Mme.  Hanska,  who  was  to  beiar  his  name  after 
years  of  courtship  and  passionate  longing  on  his 
part,  by  her  cold  heart  in  her  later  relations  with 
her  lover  arouses  our  indignation;  but  she  was 
his  good  angel  when  in  1832  she  wrote  him 
urging  with  feeling  that  he  should  recall  him- 
self from  the  pruriency  and  extravagance  of  his 
latest  work  and  keep  steadily  in  mind  the  pur- 
ity as  well  as  the  strength  of  his  best  writings. 
The  years  immediately  following  this  new  in- 
fluence are  associated  in  memory  with  two  of 
Balzac's  most  perfect  and  popular  novels,  '  Eu- 
genie Grandet '  and  '  Le  Pere  Goriot.'  At  first 
he  doubted  the  truth  of  the  tribute  called  forth 


by  these  two  novels,  but  later  accepted  the  de- 
cree of  his  critical  friends,  — ■  an  estimate  which 
the  later  decades  have  verified. 

Just  as  Balzac  had  gained  this  lofty  rank  as 
author,  just  as  he  seemed  about  to  free  himself 
from  the  hounds  of  poverty  and  debt  which  had 
haunted  his  life  thus  far,  he  committed  two 
errors  of  judgment  wMch  proved  disastrous 
both  to  fame  and  fortune.  We  are  reminded 
of  Fenimore  Cooper  and  his  quarrels  with  the 
press,  as  the  biographer  cites  Balzac's  contro- 
versies with  both  printers  and  editors.  The 
second  folly  was  the  visionary  extravagance  of 
'Les  Jardies,'  the  residence  erected  with  lofty 
ideas  and  unsupported  walls.  At  this  crisis  he 
turned  yet  again  to  the  plan  cherished  for  many 
years, — to  write  a  great  drama  which  shoidd 
retrieve  his  fortunes  and  establish  his  fame. 
Of  late,  critics  have  found  no  little  merit  in 
some  of  Balzac's  dramas,  especially  'Vautrin' 
and  '  Pamela  Giraud.'  The  amusing  tale  of  his 
efforts  to  waken  the  unfit  collaborator,  Lassailly, 
out  of  a  sound  sleep  to  give  him  tragic  situa- 
tions, uatil  the  youth  was  almost  driven  mad, 
justifies  Miss  Sandars's  comment  on  'the  wide 
gulf  which  separates  l^alzac  the  writer,  with 
psychological  powers  which  almost  amounted  to 
second  sight,  and  Balzac  in  ordinary  life,  many 
of  whose  misfortunes  had  their  origin  in  an 
apparent  want  of  knowledge  of  human  nature, 
which  caused  him  to  make  deplorable  mistakes 
in  choosing  his  associates.' 

Much  space  is  given  to  the  lesser-known  years 
of  Balzac's  life,  the  pathetic  ending  when  he 
waited  patiently  but  desperately  for  Mme. 
Hanska's  consent  to  marriage,  his  health  fast 
failing  and  his  will  concentrated  on  the  later 
worlvs  of  marvellous  power,  '  Les  Paysans/  '  La 
Cousine  Bette,'  and  '  Le  Cousin  Pons.'  It  was 
the  natural  revenge  of  abused  nature  that  ended 
this  turbulent  life  at  its  prime.  The  records  of 
those  thirty  years  of  industry,  productive  of 
more  than  four-score  novels  with  numberless 
other  writings,  furnish  their  own  comment. 
Though  Miss  Sandars's  book  is  confessedly  a 
study  of  personality,  with  meagre  attempt  at 
literary  or  critical  estimate,  in  the  final  pages 
she  considers,  with  discrimination,  Balzac's  rank 
as  realist,  compared  especially  with  Flaubert  and 
Zola.  There  is  resemblance  to  Shakespeare  in 
his  recognized  power  to  create  strong  types  that 
are  also  individuals.  He  had  'the  gift  of  see- 
ing vividly — as  under  a  dazzling  light — ^to  the 
very  kernel  of  the  object  stripped  of  supernu- 
merary circumstance,'  yet  he  was  kin  of  the 
Eomantieists  'in  his  feeling  for  the  beauty  of 
atmospheric  effects.' 

Annie  Eus&ell  Marble. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


415 


SciEXCE  AXD  Personality.* 


Bath  by  resemblance  and  by  contrast,  Profes- 
sor Miinsterberg's  essay  reminds  us  of  the  dia- 
logue in  the  church  in  Morris's  '  Dream  of 
John  Ball/  It  is  the  record  of  a  supposed  con- 
versation between  two  friends,  who  have  just 
returned  from  burjing  the  body  of  a  third.  A 
conversation,  I  call  it,  but  one  of  them  does  all 
the  talking,  while  the  other  offers  silent  but 
clearly  expressed  comment.  It  is  written  in  a 
charming  manner,  and  is  really  a  description  of 
the  author's  philosophy. 

The  argument  is  this:  Science  is  a  method 
of  interpreting  experiences  so  that  they  stand 
in  a  definite  relation  toward  one  another,  the 
conceptions  of  time  and  space,  cause  and  effect, 
being  necessary  to  bring  order  out  of  what  would 
otherwise  be  chaos,  '  The  scientist  connects  the 
things  of  this  chaotic  world  in  an  orderly  sys- 
tem of  causes  and  effects  which  follow  one  an- 
other; and,  as  he  can  do  his  work  only  if  he 
i&kes  for  granted  that  the  end  can  be  reached, 
he  considers  the  world  of  objects  as  a  system 
in  which  ever3-thing  must  be  understood  as  the 
effect  of  causes.'  In  reality,  science  can  say 
nothing  about  ourselves,  who  make  the  sciences ; 
but  it  is  possible,  and  for  some  purposes  neces- 
sary, to  regard  ourselves  in  a  purely  objective 
manner,  and  then,  '  all  the  ideas  and  imagina- 
tions, feelings  and  emotions,  go  on  in  the  brain 
just  as  it  rains  and  snows  in  the  outer  world, 
and  our  own  will  is  a  necessary  product  of  its 
forgoing  causes.  Such  consistency  is  admirable 
in  its  realm,  but  it  must  not  make  us  forget  that 
its  realm  is  determined  by  our  own  decision, 
yes,  that  it  is  our  own  free  will  which  decides 
for  a  certain  purpose  to  conceive  ourselves  as 
bound,  our  will  as  a  causal  process.'  Time  and 
space  relate  not  to  personality,  but  merely  ex- 
press attitudes  of  personality  towards  its  objects. 
The  real  personality  no  more  occupies  time  than 
space ;  *  my  real  life  as  a  system  of  interrelated 
will-attitudes  has  nothing  before  or  after,  be- 
cause it  is  beyond  time.'  Eegarding  existence  as 
a  mere  series  of  phenomena  in  time,  it  could  not 
have  any  value  for  anyone.  Time  is  a  system 
in  wliich  the  reality  of  one  moment  excludes 
the  reality  of  all  others ;  only  the  present  exists, 
the  past  is  irrevocably  gone,  the  future  is  not 
yet.  Personality  is  not  thus  self-devouring,  and 
extension  in  time  would  have  no  more  value 
than  extension  in  space:  'a  mere  expansion, 
a  more  and  more  of  phenomena  in  space  and 
time,  is  a  valueless  amassing  of  indifferent  and 
purposeless  material.'  History  may  be  con- 
ceived as  the  description  of  a  great  causal 
mechanism,   in  which    everything    follows    of 

•  The  Eternal  Life.  By  Hugo  Mflnsterberg.  Bos- 
ton :     Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 


necessity;  but  this  is  merely  science,  and  the 
true  historian  sees  rather  the  play  of  will  upon 
will,  each  compelling  acknowledgment,  demand- 
ing agreement  or  disagreement,  obedience  or 
combat.  The  resulting  phenomena  are  arranged 
by  science  in  a  time-series,  but  the  wills  them- 
selves are  the  expression  of  judgments  which 
are  independent  of  time.  '  If  you  insist  on 
metaphors,  I  should  liken  our  will  to  a  circle; 
a  circle  has  no  beginning  and  it  has  no  end;  it 
is  endless,  infinite.'  What,  then,  is  the  value  of 
such  a  will-life?  Its  value  consists  in  itself  and 
the  ends  it  recognizes,  which  are  absolute,  not 
relative.  Thus, '  truth  .  .  does  not  allow  any 
further  question  as  to  whether  or  not  it  is 
useful  for  s(wnething  else,  but  it  is  itself  the 
end  of  all  questioning.  Only  that  which  is  such 
an  ultimate  end  for  us  is  really  a  value.'  Onr 
goal  is  not  endless  duration,  but  'complete  re- 
pose in  the  perfect  satisfaction  which  the  will 
finds  when  it  has  reached  the  significance,  the  in- 
fluence, and  the  value  at  which  it  is  aiming.'" 
However,  each  one  of  ns  is  more  than  merely  an 
individual,  and  the  ultimate  realization  of  our 
aims  can  be  found  only  in  the  totalitj-  of  wills, 
or  '  the  over-individual  consciousness,  the  over- 
soul.'  '  If  we  were  to  substitute  for  that  empty 
thought  of  a  continuation  of  time  the  deeper 
thought  of  an  endless  personal  influence  of  vrill, 
endless  not  in  time  but  endless  in  personal  rela- 
tions, it  would  seem  as  if  we  had  really  ex- 
pressed an  ultimate  goal.'  Yet  to  realize  the 
totality  of  this  proce^  would  be  to  destroy  the 
very  thing  which  makes  our  individual  person- 
alihr,  and  the  impossibility  of  complete  achieve- 
ment gives  meaning  to  our  striving.  '  This  con- 
trast between  what  is  aimed  at  in  our  attitude 
and  what  is  reached  in  our  influence  is  indeed 
full  of  pathos,  yet  inexhaustible  in  its  eternal 
value.' 

So  much  by  way  of  description.  For  myself, 
the  Miinsterbergian  philosophy  seems  to  con- 
tain much  that  is  of  value,  and  yet  in  its  totality 
to  be  strangely  meaningless.  It  is  quite  possible 
to  regard  time  and  space  as  merely  modes  of 
extension,  independent  of  duration.  At  any 
moment  of  time,  things  are  varied  only  in 
space ;  at  any  point  in  space,  things  are  varied 
only  in  time.  Thus  the  universe  may  be  per- 
manent in  all  its  features,  and  our  personalities 
the  only  things  capable  of  change,  and  that  by 
the  succession  of  experiences  due  to  motion 
through  phenomena.  If  this  motion  were  on  a 
certain  plane  always  in  one  direction,  or  along 
the  arc  of  a  circle,  the  effect  would  be  that  of 
time,  with  its  succession  of  events  said  to  be 
related  as  cause  to  effect.  Are  not  things  in 
space  always  similarly  related?  The  physicist 
recognizes  that  every  atom  is  influenced  by  every 
other,  and  is  in  fact  held  in  its  place  by  the 


416 


THE   DIAL 


£j4»el6. 


totality  of  forces  in  the  universe;  a  relation 
exactly  as  binding  as  between  successive  events. 
At  each  moment,  things  ha\"e  to  be  what  they 
are;  and  in  ultimate  analysis  we  find  ourselves 
simply  saying,  '  What  is,  is/ 

According  to  such  a  view,  our  personality 
might  be  thought  of  as  independent  of  time  and 
space  in  the  sense  that  it  moved  irrespective  of 
them;  and  yet  finding  its  being  in  the  reality 
of  experiences  understandable  only  as  based  on 
projected  phenomena.  One  could  postulate  a 
latent  personality,  like  latent  energy,  losing  all 
power  of  motion  througih  phenomena,  and  con- 
sequently of  receiving  successive  experiences; 
but  such  latency  would  be  pure  dormancy,  and 
if  perm'anent  extinction.  The  complete  attain- 
ment of  the  desired  experiences  would  naturally 
result  in  such  a  cessation  of  motion,  were  it  per- 
manent, since  any  departure  from  the  point 
gained  would  be  detrimental.  Thus  the  Bud- 
dhist idea  of  Nirvana  would  be  the  logical  out- 
come of  such  a  theory,  as  also  the  idea  of  the 
necessity  for  continued  search  while  attainment 
remiained  incomplete.  The  very  conception  of 
God^s  life  in  Christ  depends  upon  the  thought 
that  experience  is  only  purchased  at  the  expense 
of  imperfection  of  attainment,  though  not  neces- 
sarily imperfection  of  aim.  Here  is  the  neces- 
sary pathos  which  Professor  Miinsterberg  de- 
scribes in  his  closing  words. 

The  fault  I  find  with  Professor  Miinsterberg's 
philosophy  is  really  this :  that  it  pretends  to  get 
rid  of  time  and  space  in  considering  personal- 
ity, and  yet  does  not  do  so,  and  cannot,  in  the 
nature  of  things.  Our  mental  make-up  is  a 
totality  which  cannot  be  divided  in  the  way 
proposed,  and  while  we  must  necessarily  recog- 
nize the  truth  of  much  that  he  urges,  we  seem, 
in  the  attempt  to  grasp  his  complete  meaning, 
to  be  lost  in  a  mere  maze  of  words.  Who  can 
speak  of  'the  eternal  life,'  and  get  away  from 
the  thought  of  time?  Who  can  think  of  'an 
endless  personal  influence  of  will,'  and  get  away 
from  time  and  space?  There  may  be  truths 
which  we  cannot  grasp,  but  the  psychologist 
should  be  the  last  to  suggest  the  practicability 
of  building  a  philosophy  independent  of  the  one 
element  which  gives  phenomena  their  reality 
for  us.  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell. 


Echoes  from  the  Eastern  Struggle.* 


The  Libraiy  of  Congress  has  published,  in 
a  sumptuous  form  altogether  unlike  the  generality 
of  the  productions  of  that  institution,  a  'Catalog 
of  the  Gardiner  Greene  Hubbard  Collection  of 
Engravings'  compiled  by  Mr.  Arthur  Jeffrey  Par- 
sons. This  collection,  which  was  presented  to  the 
Library  of  Congress  by  Mrs.  Hubbard,  contains 
2,707  prints,  representing  many  schools,  the  French, 
German,  English,  Dutch,  and  Italian  examples  mak- 
ing up  about  nine-tenths  of  the  whole.  Besides  the 
catalogue  proper,  the  volume  contains  a  sketch  of 
the  donor,  a  series  of  ten  plates,  and  elaborate 
indexes. 


Two  grievances  gleam  wearily  through  the 
pages  of  the  volume  entitled  '  Following  the 
Sun-Flag,'  by  Mr.  John  Fox,  Jr.  These  are 
that  the  author  was  not  permitted  to  see  any- 
thing of  the  actual  fighting  in  the  earlier  land 
battles  of  the  Russo-Japanese  war,  leaving  Liao- 
Yang  just  as  the  heavy  fighting  was  beginning; 
and  that  the  Mikado's  officers  did  not  tell  him 
the  truth,  according  to  any  occidental  notions  of 
wihat  it  is  that  constitute  verity.  Deprived  of 
opportunity  for  accomplishing  the  purposes 
which  took  him  to  the  Bast,  denied  all  chance  of 
informing  the  world  of  the  actual  struggle  which 
he  went  to  see,  he  has  been  compelled  to  con- 
tent himself  with  describing,  in  his  own  vivid 
and  picturesque  manner,  the  details  of  his  five 
months'  tedious  waiting  in  Tokio  and  as  many 
weeks  with  his  fellow-correspondents  from 
America,  England,  France,  and  Italy,  on  the 
trail  of  the  Japanese  armies  in  Manchuria.  He 
has  made  the  work  interesting  by  the  sketchy, 
breezy  manner  in  which  it  is  written,  although 
it  is  imbued  with  that  fine  race  prejudice  against 
men  of  darker  skin  which  is  the  heritage  of  the 
Anglo-Saxon  in  general  and  of  the  Southern- 
born  American  in  particular.  Of  the  spirit  of 
the  Japanese  people  in  their  heroic  struggle, 
Mr.  Fox  has  much  to  say. 

'The  women  let  their  hair  go  undressed  once  a 
month,  that  they  may  contribute  the  price  of  the 
dressing  —  five  sen.  A  gentleman  discovered  that 
every  servant  in  his  household,  from  butler  down, 
was  contributing  a  certain  amount  of  his  wages 
each  month,  and  in  consequence  offered  to  raise 
wages  just  the  amount  each  servant  was  giving 
awaj*.  The  answer  was,  "Sir,  we  cannot  allow  that; 
it  is  an  honor  for  us  to  give,  and  it  would  be  you 
who  would  be  doing  our  duty  for  us  to  Japan." 

'A  Japanese  lady  apologized  profusely  for  being 
late  to  dinner.  She  had  been  to  the  station  to  see 
her  son  off  for  the  front,  where  there  were  already 
three  of  her  sons.  Said  another  straightway,  ' '  How 
fortunate  to  be  able  to  give  four  sons  to  Japan!" 

'Hundreds  and  thousands  of  families  are  deny- 
ing themselves  one  meal  a  day  that  they  may  give 
more  to  their  country.  And  one  rich  merchant, 
who  has  already  given  100,000  yen,  has  himself  cut 
off  one  meal,  and  declares  that  he  will  if  necessary 
live  on  one  the  rest  of  his  life  for  the  sake  of 
Japan. ' 

Describing  a  pretty  little  girl  in  one  of  the 
houses  where  he  lodged,  Mr.  Fox  says : 

'Among  the  thousands  of  applications,  many  of 
them  written  in  blood,  which  the  war  office  has 
received  from  men  who  are  anxious  to  go  to  the 
front,  is  one  from  just  such  a  girl.  In  her  letter 
she  said  that  she  was  the  last  of  an  old  Samurai 

*  Following  the  Sun-Flag  .  A  Vain  Pursuit  through 
Manctiuria.  By  John  Fox,  Jr.  New  York :  Charles  Scrlb- 
ner's  Sons. 

Port  Arthur  .  A  Monster  Heroism.  By  Richard 
Barry.      Illustrated.      New  York :  Moffat,    Yard   &   Co. 

The  Yellow  War.  By  '  O.'  Illustrated.  New  York: 
McClure,    Phillips    &   Co.  : 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


41T 


family.  Her  father  was  killed  in  the  war  with 
China;  her  only  brother  died  during  the  Boxer 
troubles.  She  begged  to  be  allowed  to  take  her 
place  in  the  ranks  which  had  always  belonged  to 
hen  family.  She  could  shoot,  she  said,  and  ride; 
and  it  would  be  a  lasting  disgrace  if  her  family 
name  should  be  missing  from  the  rolls,  where  it 
has  had  an  honored  place  for  centuries,  now  that 
her  country  and  her  Emperor  are  in  such  sore  need.' 

Mr.  Eichard  Barry  was  more  fartunate  than 
Mr.  Fox.  Representing  a  number  of  periodicals 
in  England,  and  America,  from  the  pages  of 
•which  the  materials  for  his  book  on  Port 
Arthur  have  been  taken,  Mr.  Barry  saw  all  the 
later  fighting  before  Port  Arthur,  and  was  a  wit- 
ness to  its  surrender.  The  heroism  of  both  Eus- 
sians  and  Japanese  is  freely  attested,  although 
it  is  in  the  latter  that  he  finds  the  larger  share, 
since  he  was  their  guest  and  within  their  lines. 
This  book  is  that  of  an  eye-witness  profoundly 
and  sympathetically  impressed,  still  young 
enough  to  have  every  impression  deep  and  clear, 
and  old  enough  to  set  it  down  justly  and  vividly. 
He,  like  Mr.  Fox,  has  the  skill  of  seizing  upon 
illustrative  episodes,  of  which  we  take  a  few 
examples. 

'  The  Russians  made  a  sortie  into  the  plain,  parad- 
ing for  several  hundred  yards  in  front  of  the  Two 
Dragons.  That  was  before  the  lines  were  as  closely 
drawn  as  they  are  now,  and  the  Japanese  looked 
with  amusement  on  the  show-off.  At  the  head 
marched  two  bands,  brassing  a  brilliant  march. 
Then  came  the  colors  flashing  in  the  sun.  The 
officers  were  dashingly  decorated,  and  the  troops 
wore  colored  caps.  It  was  a  rare  treat  for  the 
Japanese,  for  they  had  never  seen  anything  like 
that  in  their  own  army.  Like  a  boy  bewildered  at 
the  gay  plumage  of  a  bird  he  might  not  otherwise 
catch,  the  simple  and  curious  Japanese  let  the  foe 
vaingloriously  march  back   into   the  town.' 

Of  the  commander  of  the  Mikado's  forces  dur- 
ing the  siege,  much  is  said  by  Mr.  Barry. 

'We  expected  to  meet  a  man  of  iron,  —  for  Nogi 
is  the  general  whose  eldest  son,  a  lieutenant  in  the 
Second  Army,  was  killed  at  Nanshan;  who  has 
under  his  command  a  second  son,  a  lieutenant;  and 
who  wrote  home  after  the  first  disaster,  "Hold  the 
funeral  rites  until  Hoten  and  I  return,  when  yon 
can  bury  three  at  once." 

'The  General  received  us  in  his  garden.  He  was 
at  a  small  table,  under  a  willow,  working  with  a 
magnifying  glass  over  a  map.  He  wore  an  undress 
blue  uniform  with  the  three  stars  and  three  stripes 
of  a  full  general  on  the  sleeve,  —  no  other  decora- 
tion, though  once  before  I  had  seen  him  wearing 
the  first-class  order  of  the  Eising  Sun.  His  parch- 
ment-krinkled  face,  brown  like  chocolate  with  a 
summer's  torrid  suns,  beamed  kindly  on  us.  His 
smile  and  manner  were  fatherly.  It  was  impossible 
to  think  that  any  complicated  problem  troubled  his 
mind.  A  resemblance  in  facial  contour  to  General 
Sherman  arrested  us,  .  .  .  with  beard  gray, 
shaded  back  to  brown  where  it  met  the  skin,  so 
that  he  seemed  a  monotone  in  sepia,  with  eyes 
small  and  wide  apart,  perfect  teeth,  tiny,  regular 
nose,  and  a  beautiful  dome  of  a  head  flaring  out 
from  the  temples  in  tender  and  eloquent  curves. 
He  stands  five  feet  ten,  unusually  tall  for  a  Japan- 
ese, showing  the  loose  power  of  a  master  in   his 


joints  and  in  that  mighty  jowl  shaded  by  the  gray- 
brown  beard.' 

The  following  passage  te\]s  of  a  successful 
attack  upon  one  of  tiie  forts,  and  is  a  sample 
of  pages  of  similar  writing. 

'At  half -past  four  in  the  afternoon,  Tereda  orders 
the  final  charge.  Three  cheers  go  up  —  Banzail 
Banzai!  Banzai!  With  bayonets  fixed,  the  squads 
deploying  as  before,  the  khaki-covered  spots  begin 
to  move.  In  advance  the  men  crawl  hand  over 
hand,  helped  by  blessed  waraji  (straw  sandals). 
Twenty  feet  from  the  parapet  they  pause  and  fling 
something  that  leaps  through  the  air  like  balls  from 
catcher  to  second  base.  These  hand-grenades  of  gun- 
cotton  explode  on  and  in  the  parapet.  The  brilliant 
bursts  play  off  the  fast  setting  evening,  as  the 
khaki-covered  ones  go  in,  Tereda  pausing  and  peer- 
ing with  his  glass.  The  entire  battalion  tumbles 
over  the  parapet.  Then  the  reserves  begin  climbing 
from  the  base. 

'Silence.  All  is  over.  What  has  happened? 
Five,  ten  minutes  pass,  then  the  firing  recommences, 
but  now  the  object  is  changed;  all  the  Japanese 
shrapnel  is  playing  over  the  road  leading  to  the 
Chair  fort,  and  all  the  Russian  fire  is  directed 
against  Xamicoyama.  The  Russians  are  retreating, 
throwing  away  their  rifles  as  they  run.  Over  Nami- 
coyama  floats  the  white  flag  with  the  red  son  in. 
the  centre.' 

Mr.  Barry  went  forward  to  the  limit  of  the 
trenches,  within  a  few  score  yards  of  the  enemy's 
outworks,  where  he  saw  greweome  sights.  It  is 
small  wonder,  with  the  breastworks  constructed 
in  no  small  part  of  their  own  slain,  the  interval 
between  tiironged  with  corpses,  that  Mr.  Fred- 
eric Yilliers,  present  in  seventeen  campaigns, 
should  have  expressed  himself  thus,  as  reported 
by  Mr.  Barr\-: 

'Scientific  warfare!  Let  me  tell  you  the  facts 
about  science.  Archibald  Forbes  predicted  twenty 
years  ago  that  the  time  would  come  when  armies 
would  no  longer  be  able  to  take  their  wounded  from 
the  field  of  battle.  That  day  has  come.  We  are 
living  in  it.  Wounded  have  existed  —  how,  God 
alone  knows! — on  that  field  out  there,  without 
help,  for  twelve  days,  while  shell  and  bullets  rained 
above  them,  and  if  a  comrade  had  dared  to  come 
to  their  assistance  his  would  have  been  a  useless 
suicide.  The  searchlight,  the  enginery  of  scientific 
trenches,  machine  guns,  rifles  point-blank  at  200 
yards  with  a  range  of  2,000  —  these  things  have 
helped  to  make  warfare  more  terrible  now  than  ever 
before  in  history.' 

The  book  entitled  'The  Yellow  War,'  for 
which  the  initial  '  0 '  is  responsible  as  author, 
is  of  another  sort,  though  dealing  witli  similar 
material.  It  is,  as  the  brief  '  Foreword '  avers, 
the  work  of  one  intimate  with  the  war  for  a 
year,  and  an  eye-witness  of  most  that  is 
described.  It  is  concerned  with  fighting  on  sea 
as  well  as  on  land,  and  is  more  discriminating 
in  its  choice  of  incidents  and  of  language  than 
either  of  the  foregoing  books.  There  is  much 
idealization  rather  than  a  precise  report,  and 
the  result  is  an  impression  even  more  veritable 
than  the  others  have  been  able  to  convey,  not- 
withstanding a  certain  sense  of  the  fiction  that 


418 


THE    DIAL 


[June  16, 


is  truer  thani  mere  fact.  An  example  of  the 
quality  of  this  book  may  be  found  in  the  fol- 
lowing graphic  parage,  which  purports  to  give 
the  details  of  the  fighting  on  the  Eussian  flag- 
ship of  the  Pacific  squadron  in  its  last  naval 
engagement,  but  which  can  be  held  as  equally 
descriptive  of  the  more  recent  fighting  in  the 
Corean  Straits. 

'The  great  ship  quivered  —  then  quivered  again. 
For  a  moment  the  flag-lieutenant  thought  that  a 
torpedo  had  struck  her.  His  nervous  system  remem- 
bered that  first  torpedo  under  Golden  Hill.  It  was 
only  the  twelve-inch  guns.  But  they  made  the  con- 
ning-tower  rock.  The  Japanese  had  manoeuvred, 
and  were  now  standing  in  on  the  starboard  beam. 
The  Russian  Admiral  changed  his  course.  Great 
projectiles  were  ricochetting  overhead,  and  raising 
geysers  of  salt  spray  all  round  them.  But  for  the 
present  the  flagship  could  answer  shot  for  shot,  and 
one  of  the  hostile  battleships  —  the  Shikishima  it 
looked  like  —  had  drawn  out  of  the  fighting  line. 

'The  Admiral  clenched  the  handrail.  His  face 
was  still  pale,  but  the  fighting  light  was  in  his  eyes. 
For  a  moment  his  gaze  turned  from  the  Mikasa, 
with  her  black  hull  flashing  yellow  up  and  down  its 
lean  length.  The  mist  was  up  again  in  the  south- 
west, and  the  sea  was  rapidly  getting  up. 

' ' '  Make  the  fleet  signal,  '  Close  up  —  follow  me. ' ' ' 
Then  he  turned  to  the  officer  at  the  navigating  tube : 
"For  the  promontory!" 

'At  the  same  moment  there  was  a  deafening 
report,  and  the  vessel  swung  so  that  every  one  in 
the  conning-tower  was  thrown  against  the  walls. 

'  ' '  What  was  that  —  mined  ? ' ' 

'The  dread  of  mine  and  torpedo  was  by  this  time 
firmly  ingrained  in  every  Russian  sailor,  and  as 
the  flag-lieutenant  sprang  down  the  ladder  the  hor- 
rible nightmare  of  the  Petropavlovsk  leaped  up 
before  his  mental  vision.  It  was  nothing.  A  deck 
officer,  who  seemed  as  unconcerned  as  if  he  were  at 
manoeuvres,  came  hurrying  forward.  He  reported 
that  a  large  shell  had  hit  the  after  12-inch  turret, 
glanced,  and  in  bursting  wrecked  the  top  above. 

'The  vessel  staggered  from  two  terrific  blows 
forward.  The  flag-lieutenant  stumbled  ahead,  draw- 
ing his  hands  mechanically  to  his  ears,  while  the 
torn  fragments  of  iron  and  splinter  soughed  past 
him.  Biting,  stinging  smoke  blinded  him,  while 
the  force  of  the  concussion  flattened  him  against 
a  ventilator.  The  first  sight  he  saw  was  the  man- 
gled frame  of  his  comrade.  The  top  of  the  poor 
wretch's  head  was  gone;  a  half -burned  cigarette 
was  still  between  the  clenched  teeth.  He  threw  his 
glance  upwards,  —  the  forward  smoke-stack  was 
rent  from  top  to  bottom,  and  the  flame  and  smoke 
were  licking  round  its  base.  The  12-inch  guns  in 
the  forward  battery  solemnly  fired,  and  the  ear- 
splitting  discharge  brought  the  youth  to  his  senses. 
He  made  for  the  ladder.  Great  God!  the  conning- 
tower  and  forward  bridge  were  but  torn,  smoking, 
and  twisted  wreck.  A  man  jumped  to  the  deck. 
His  face  was  as  black  as  an  Ethiopian's,  his  uni- 
form and  beard  torn  and  discolored  to  a  filthy 
yellow;  his  left  arm  severed  at  the  biceps,  was  dang- 
ling by  a  sinew. 

'  "All  are  killed,  the  Admiral,  —  all!"  the  figure 
gasped,  as  it  reeled  and  sank  fainting  to  the  deck. 

'Then  the  port  gung  fired.  The  flag-lieutenant 
realized  that  the  ship  was  not  steering  —  she  was 
veering  round.  He  dashed  to  the  after-bridge,  past 
the  quick-firer  crews  lying  prostrate,  amid  the 
wreckage  and  the  corpses.    He  found  the  commander 


superintending  the  shipping  of  the  after  steering- 
gear,  and  reported  the  paralyzing  intelligence.  For 
a  moment  the  commander  looked  at  him  blankly. 
He  was  bleeding  from  a  skin  wound  in  the  neck, 
and  such  of  his  uniform  not  stained  yellow  was 
scarlet  with  blood. 

'  "Good!"  he  ejaculated;  "she  is  steering  again. 
Full  steam  ahead!  Make  a  fleet  signal.  Make  the 
signal,  'The  Admiral  transfers  the  command."  ' 

The  sympathies  of  the  writers  of  these  three 
books,  setting  forth  the  rigors  of  war  with  a 
Verestchagin-like  fidelity,  adequately  represent 
the  feelings  of  the  English-speaking  world, 
English  and  Americans  being  quoted  with, 
impartiality.  All  rejoice  at  Russia's  downfall, 
as  a  menace  to  the  more  peaceful  nations  of  the 
earth  well  removed.  But  what  of  the  religions 
of  Christ  and  Buddiha,  apostles  both  of  peace 
and  life  ?  Little  of  their  spirit  and  influence  is 
to  be  found  in  the  hideous  scenes  and  incidents 
set  forth  in  works  like  these. 

Wallace  Rice. 


Briefs  on  New  Books. 

The  story  Professor  Edwin  E.  Sparks 's  latest 

of  American  work,  'The  United  States  of  Amer- 
nationaiity.  jgj^^>  constitutes  a  valuable  addition 
to  the  'Story  of  the  Nations'  series  (Putnam). 
It  is  a  pleasant  variation  from  our  usual  expe- 
rience to  find  a  work  which  out  of  some  eight 
hundred  pages  devotes  but  twenty-two  pages  to 
the  events  of  the  years  1861-1865,  and  in  these 
refers  to  but  one  battle.  The  space  thus  gained 
by  eliminating  'drum  and  trumpet  history,'  Pro- 
fessor Sparks  employs  to  good  advantage  in 
explaining  the  political  and  social  growth  of  the 
United  States,  and  the  economic  changes  and 
currents  of  public  opinion  which  characterized 
the  first  century  of  our  national  existence.  The 
tone  of  the  work  is  fair,  and  the  author  avoids 
unkind  epithets  and  biassed  partisan  feeling. 
Yet  one  can  hardly  call  the  work  a  history  in 
the  truest  sense;  it  is  rather  a  prose  epic  of 
American  nationality.  It  is  frankly  centralistic 
and  expansionist.  'To  apply  to  America,'  says 
the  author  in  conclusion,  'the  term  "the  States," 
as  in  the  custom  in  foreign  lands,  is  to  ignore 
both  past  history  and  present  tendency.  It  is  to 
think  of  units  instead  of  a  whole.  Historically 
and  prophetically,  the  United  States  as  a  fed- 
eration of  States  have  ceased  to  exist  and  the 
United  States  as  a  centralized  Republic  has 
taken  the  place.'  To  this  thesis  the  whole  work 
leads  up.  A  spade  is  called  a  spade,  and  _  no 
vain  idealism  is  permitted  to  distort  our  vision. 
Thus,  speaking  of  American  ideals,  Professor 
Sparks  gives  us  neither  the  old-fashioned  eagle 
screaming  nor  the  modem  cry  of  helpless 
negation  and  obstruction.  Instead,  his  comment 
is  this: 

'  America  Is  not  what  many  hoped  it  would  be.  What- 
ever social  equality  was  construed  Into  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  by  enthusiasts  and  reformers  has  been 
abandoned.  It  Is  now  applied  to  equality  of  political 
rights,    the    only    kind    which    self-government    is    author- 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


419 


Ized  to  promise.  Freedom  of  speech  has  been  curtailed  to 
freedom  of  sensible  and  unobjectionable  speech.  A  dis- 
interested patriotism  as  an  impulse  has  lost  much  of  the 
confidence  formerly  placed  in  it.  That  men  naturally 
place  country  above  their  own  Interests  is  a  maxim 
of  former  days,  which  is  still  proclaimed,  but  few 
believe  or  demonstrate  by  their  actions.  The  individual 
was  once  considered  apart  from  the  mass.  That  is  no 
longer  possible.  Government  was  once  said  to  proceed 
from  the  consent  of  all  the  governed.  Now  we  are  satis- 
fied to  say  that  it  proceeds  from  a  majority  of  the  gov- 
erned, and  are  even  willing  to  coerce  the  minority  into 
submission.  America  was  once  said  to  be  a  refuge  for 
the  poor  of  all  nations ;  but  self  protection  has  placed 
many  barriers  before  the  doors.  American  simplicity  both 
at  home  and  abroad  was  once  thought  to  be  a  special 
virtue.  At  present  the  ambition  is  to  make  as  good  a 
showing  as  your  neighbor  in  order  not  to  be  conspic- 
uous or  an  object  of  ridicule.  Large  wealth  was  once 
considered  as  Indicative  of  an  aristocracy  and  prophetic 
of  nobility.  Now  it  is  acknowledged  to  be  a  most  desir- 
able adjunct  to  a  useful  and  happy  life.  Government  was 
formerly  declared  to  be  instituted  in  America  for  the 
direct  benefit  of  the  individual.  It  now  seeks  this  ben- 
efit indirectly  through  fostering  the  interests  which  fur- 
nish him  with  a  livelihood.  In  other  words,  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  create  a  new  order  of  mankind  even  by  placing 
man  in  a  new  environment  unless  the  old  inheritance  is 
sorted  out'    (vol.  II.,  pp.   373,  374). 

Of  really  unique  worth  are  the  illustrations,  of 
which  there  is  barely  one  without  historic  value. 
Many  are  reproductions  of  early  political  car- 
toons, which  the  general  reader  would  rarely 
come  across.  Excellent  press  work  and  careful 
revision  make  the  text  pleasant  reading,  and  the 
rarity  of  such  obvious  slips  as  'Macon  of  Geor- 
gia' (vol.  II.,  p.  74),  only  shows  the  general 
accuracy  of  the  work. 

Last  of  the  'Books   of  jokes   are   proverbially 

'Notes  from  dull,'  says  Sir  Mountstuart  E. 
a  Diary.'  Grant  Duff  in  his  'Notes  from  a 

Diary,  1896-1901'  (Dutton).  These  volumes,  the 
thirteenth  and  fourteenth  of  a  series  reaching 
back,  in  date  of  items  selected,  to  1851,  are 
largely  devoted  to  pleasantries,  heard  or  read  or 
uttered  by  the  writer,  and  though  by  no  means 
dull  reading  are  a  little  cloj'ing  if  taken  in 
course  and  at  a  sitting.  They  form,  we  are  told 
in  a  prefatory  note,  the  final  instalment  of  the 
series;  but  is  it  not  just  possible,  and  indeed 
rather  to  be  hoped,  that  the  diarist,  like  many 
another  celebrity  before  him,  will  change  his 
mind  and  make  one  or  more  further  farewell 
appearances?  The  English  'Who's  Who'  records 
as  our  author's  recreations,  fencing,  botanizing, 
travelling,  and  conversation;  and  one  who  con- 
verses so  well  and  has  a  knack  of  hearing  so 
many  good  things  said,  ought  to  let  his  light 
shine.  His  manner,  it  is  to  be  inferred,  is  not 
exactly  that  of  a  Johnson,  who  delights  to  lay 
mind  to  mind  in  an  Atellectual  wrestling  match, 
or  still  better  to  fold  his  legs  and  have  his  talk 
out  in  monologue;  it  is  rather  the  light  fencing 
and  graceful  repartee  of  a  Chesterfield.  He 
refers  with  evident  satisfaction  to  'a  perfect 
debauch  of  interesting  talk'  in  which  he  took 
part  on  one  occasion.  It  is  curious  to  note  his 
repeated  references  to  Mrs.  Craven  and  her 
'Recit  d'uneSoeur.'  Here,  as  in  former  volumes, 
she  is  evidently  on  his  mind.  A  good  story  about 
Samuel  Warren  is  short  enough  to  quote.  War- 
ren published  his  'Ten  Thousand  a  Year'  anony- 


mously, but  was  none  the  less  desirous  to  have 
its  authorship  known,  introducing  the  subject 
in  season  and  out  of  season.  Waiting  for  a 
train  with  Sergeant  Ballantine,  he  asked  him  if 
he  had  any  idea  who  wrote  the  book.  'Well, 
Warren,'  was  the  reply,  'there  are  not  many 
to  whom  I  would  entrust  the  secret;  but  it  is 
safe  to  do  so  to  you.  The  truth  is,  I  wrote  it 
myself!'  Another  story,  less  credible,  is  also 
good  and  short.  Horace  Smith,  at  the  christen- 
ing of  a  daughter,  was  asked  by  the  clergyman 
for  the  name  to  be  given  to  the  child.  'Rosa- 
lind,' answered  Smith.  'Rosalind,  Rosalind,' 
repeated  the  clergjTnan  in  perplexity,  'I  never 
heard  such  a  name.  How  do  you  spell  it?'  'Oh, 
as  you  like  it,'  was  the  ready  rejoinder.  For 
some  occult  reason,  or  for  no  reason,  the  author 
gives  the  name  of  Fanny  Kemble's  husband  as 
Piers  Butler;  othenvise  his  pages  seem  to  be 
admirably  free  from  noticeable  errors. 

A  plea  for  the  Dr.  Henry  G.  Hanehett's  book  on 
appreciation  'The  Art  of  the  Musician'  (Mac- 
0/  music.  millan)  is  addressed  to  all  students 

of  music,  whether  performers  or  not,  and  is 
'designed  to  emphasize  the  distinction  between 
the  real  study  of  music  and  the  study  of  the 
arts  of  playing  and  singing  which  has  so  long 
been  mistaken  for  it.'  The  author's  chief  plea 
is  for  the  understanding  of  music  as  an  art — 
the  understanding  of  the  rhythms,  harmonies, 
melodies,  and  motives  which  composers  have 
used,  and  their  aims,  purposes,  and  methods  in 
using  them.  With  this  object  in  view.  Dr.  Han- 
chett  has  made  a  unique  and  useful  book,  and 
one  which  goes  far  to  demonstrate  his  theory 
that  music  can  be  thoroughly  and  usefully 
taught  without  teaching  the  art  of  performance. 
He  insists  that  'the  true  assthetic  delight  to  be 
derived  from  the  art  of  the  musician  is  some- 
thing widely  different  from  and  far  above  the 
mere  sensuous  charms  of  musical  sounds,  how- 
ever luscious,'  and  agrees  with  St.  Paul  that  he 
'would  rather  speak  five  words  with  his  under- 
standing than  ten  thousand  words  in  an  unknown 
tongue.'  Thorough  and  scholarly  understanding 
he  himself  has,  combined  with  a  rare  clearness 
of  statement  and  keenness  of  analysis.  He  calls 
rhythm  the  life  of  music,  harmony  its  soul, 
melody  and  phrasing  its  beauty,  and  motives  its 
germ.  Not  everyone  may  incline  to  the  changes 
he  suggests  in  musical  phraseology— 'meter'  for 
'time,'  'clause'  for  'phrase'  (except  when  all 
the  notes  under  one  slur  are  meant),  'mozarta* 
for  'sonata-form.'  But  everyone  can  learn  much 
from  the  examples  of  music  he  gives  with  mark- 
ings which  point  unmistakably  to  the  art  used 
in  their  composition,— studies  of  rhythm  from 
Bach,  Chopin,  and  Schumann,  of  melodies  from 
Rheinberger  and  Schubert,  of  theme-develop- 
ment from  Beethoven,  and  so  on  through  a  wide- 
ly varied  list.  Technically,  this  latter  is  the 
most  valuable  part  of  the  volume.  In  the  clos- 
ing chapters  on  Interpretation  and  Musical 
Education  Dr.  Hanchett  maintains,  with  pointed 
good  sense,  his  thesis  that  'What  we  need  is 
education   in   music;    not   more   professors,   but 


420 


THE    DIAL 


[JuDe  16, 


more  amateurs;  not  more  concerts,  but  more 
intelligent  interest  in  those  we  have;  not  more 
compositions,  but  more  comprehension;  not  more 
vocal  culture,  but  more  and  larger  choral 
societies;  not  more  technic,  but  more  interpreta- 
tion.' In  spite  of  his  faith  that  one  may  be  a 
cultivated  musician  without  being  a  performer, 
Dr.  Hanchett  gives  the  final  praise  to  the  inter- 
preter—the artist  who  absorbs  the  composer's 
thought,  and  gives  to  compositions  their  crowning 
touch  by  interpreting  their  beauties  to  the 
world.  

Brisk  and  breezy,  we  will  not  say 

b'^a^welter^r  ^^®^^  ^^^  frisky,  but  certainly 
instinct  with  the  indescribable  and 
unmistakable  buoyancy  and  vitality  of  the  great 
West,  combined  with  something  of  the  rich 
scholarship  more  often  associated  with  the  older 
East,  Miss  Kate  Stephens's  'American  Thumb- 
Prints'  (Lippincott)  deserves  more  than  cursory 
notice  at  the  reviewer's  hands.  The  first  chapter, 
'Puritans  of  the  West,'  presents  some  striking 
peculiarities  of  the  writer's  fellow-Kansans.  The 
matter  with  Kansas  appears  to  be  too  many 
'isms.  Chapter  two,  'The  University  of  Hes- 
perus '—  which  is,  being  interpreted,  the  Univer- 
sity of  Kansas  —  discusses  with  the  wisdom  of 
bitter  experience  some  of  the  evils  afflicting  a 
state  university.  The  woman  professor  dismissed 
from  the  Greek  chair  much  on  the  rotation-in- 
oflfice  principle,  one  surmises  to  have  been  Miss 
Stephens  herself.  At  any  rate,  her  abundant 
allusions  to  and  quotations  from  Hellenic  litera- 
ture go  to  show  her  ability  to  fill  such  a  chair. 
The  St.  Louis  and  the  New  England  types  of 
men  and  women  are  treated  at  some  length. 
The  parting  hit  at  'the  distorted  morality  and 
debilitating  religion'  to  which  the  writer  says 
Yankee  women  (and  men,  too,  we  infer)  have 
been  subjected,  is,  to  say  the  least,  a  rather 
harsh  way  of  expressing  oneself.  Like  Mr.  Paul 
Elmer  More,  Miss  Stephens  makes  Christian 
Science  a  direct  descendant  of  New  England 
transcendentalism.  'The  idealism  of  Emerson 
foreran  the  dollar-gathering  idealism  of  Mrs. 
Mary  Baker  Eddy  as  the  lark  of  spring  foreruns 
the  maple  worm.'  Lack  of  space  forbids  argu- 
ment or  protest  here.  A  retrospective  and  pros- 
pective treatise  on  cookery,  displaying  scholarly 
research,  forms  the  seventh  essay;  and  a  decid- 
edly informing  and  original  presentation  of 
Franklin  as  a  plagiarist  closes  the  book.  A  word 
in  conclusion  on  Miss  Stephens's  style.  Pos- 
sessing as  she  does  a  command  of  excellent  Eng- 
lish, she  does  not  need  to  write  in  polyglot.  A 
lavish  sprinkling  of  foreign  words  and  phrases, 
undistinguished  by  italics  or  quotation  marks, 
may  delight  the  philologist,  but  it  annoys  the 
unlearned  reader.  The  translation,  too,  is  often 
quite  as  effective,  even  to  a  scholar,  as  the  orig- 
inal. 'Unextinguishable  laughter'  will  be  rec- 
ognized by  the  Homeric  student  as  readily  as  its 
Greek  equivalent,  and  will  bewilder  no  one.  Too 
frequent  quotation,  in  any  language,  is  the  trick 
of  one  whose  learning  sits  not  quite  easily  on  the 
shoulders.     A  few  unnecessary  departures  from 


common  usage  arrest  the  eye  in  Miss  Stephens's 
pages,  as  fool  for  foolish,  pertain  for  obtain  or 
prevail,  and  longanimity  for  the  shorter  and 
equally  expressive  patience.  Her  'summa  sum- 
marium'  it  is  safe  to  take  for  a  mere  misprint. 


Sydney  Smith,  Mr.  G.  W.  E.  Russell  contributes 
reformer  to    the    'English    Men    of    Letters' 

and  wit.  series   (Macmillan)    a  biography  of 

Sydney  Smith,  which  will  be  opened  with  much 
eagerness,  and  laid  aside  with  some  disappoint- 
ment, by  the  admirers— still  sufficiently  numer- 
ous —  of  the  robust,  manly,  witty  parson  who 
brightened  the  literature  of  the  early  nineteenth 
century.  It  is  not  that  the  book  is  ill  done— 
quite  the  contrary;  but  that  Mr.  Russell,  who 
is  an  expert  maker  of  biographies,  has  been 
working,  as  he  says,  'in  a  harvest  field  where 
a  succession  of  diligent  gleaners  had  preceded' 
him;  and  has  not  added  very  much  to  what  was 
previously  known.  It  is  just  fifty  years  since 
Sydney  Smith's  daughter  Saba,  Lady  Holland, 
issued  a  volume  of  her  father's  memoirs,  on 
which  she  had  been  engaged  for  ten  years  suc- 
ceeding his  death  in  1845;  and  to  this  was  soon 
added  a  volume  of  extracts  from  his  letters,  com- 
piled by  Mrs.  Austin.  In  1856,  Mr.  Evert  A. 
Duyckinck  published  (through  the  forgotten 
house  of  J.  S.  Redfield,  New  York),  a  work  enti- 
tled 'Sydney  Smith's  Wit  and  Wisdom,'  quar- 
ried largely  from  the  collected  'Works,'  the 
Lady  Holland  'Memoirs,'  and  the  Austin  'Let- 
ters.' Mr.  Duyckinck 's  book  remains  the  best 
compilation  extant  on  Sydney  Smith;  and  Mr. 
Russell's  smaller  work,  good  though  it  is,  has 
only  sent  us  back  (on  the  Emersonian  principle) 
with  renewed  zest  to  the  larger  collection.  Mr. 
Russell's  chief  merit,  then,  consists,  not  in  new 
material  discovered,  or  in  any  specially  clever 
exploitation  of  the  existing  material,  but  in  the 
shrewd  and  kindly  criticism  which  he  bestows 
upon  Sydney  Smith's  energy,  goodness,  wit,  and 
occasional  foibles.  His  battles  for  Catholic  eman- 
cipation, his  keen  satires  on  the  weaknesses  of 
Anglicanism,  his  complete  failure  to  do  justice 
to  Dissent,  his  imperfect  sympathies  (as  Lamb 
would  have  called  them)  with  art  and  music; 
and  over,  in,  and  through  all,  the  bubbling 
perennial  fountain  of  a  wit  that  was  as  sponta- 
neous as  Schubert's  music— all  these  are 'tasted' 
for  us  by  Mr.  Russell  with  much  intelligent 
relish.  His  book  will  properly  hold  its  place 
in  the  series,  and  serve  as  an  adequate  intro- 
duction to  the  study  of  Sydney  Smith. 


Dr.  Mahaffy's  Students  of  Classical  history  and 
lectures  on  civilization  will  be  interested  in  a 

Hellenism.  i^^^^^  volume  on  'The  Progi-ess  of 

Hellenism'  (University  of  Chicago  Press)  by 
Professor  J.  P.  Mahaffy  of  Dublin.  The  learned 
author  has  written  much  on  Greek  subjects,  and 
in  this  book  he  sums  up  the  conclusions  that  he 
has  reached  after  years  of  study  of  Greek  civi- 
lization as  developed  at  Athens  and  Antioch  and 
Alexandria.  Six  lectures  delivered  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago  in  the  summer  of  1904  make 
up  the  work.     In  the  opening  lecture  Professor 


1905.] 


THE   DIAL 


431 


Mahaffy  discusses  'Xenophon  the  Precursor  of 
Hellenism,'  whom  he  views  as  a  somewhat  cos- 
mopolitan Greek,  one  of  larger  tastes  and 
broader  views  than  those  possessed  by  the  aver- 
age cultured  Athenian.  Through  his  extensive 
travels  he  had  come  in  contact  with  Oriental  civ- 
ilization, of  which  he  had  absorbed  a  great  deal, 
at  the  same  time  losing  certain  characteristics 
and  surrendering  certain  opinions  that  would  be 
classed  as  distinctly  Greek  or  Athenian.  The 
development  of  Athenian  culture  after  it  had 
been  transplanted  to  Macedon,  Syria,  and  Egypt 
is  the  subject  of  the  following  three  lectures. 
The  author  does  not  find  that  Hellenism  was  the 
formal  and  sterile  thing  that  it  is  reputed  to 
be:  it  produced  a  literature  that  inspired  Tirgil 
and  ser\-ed  as  a  model  for  the  writers  of  the 
Christian  gospels;  it  gave  us  the  Victory  of 
Samothrace  and  the  Venus  of  Melos;  it  left  us 
the  Corinthian  style  of  architecture.  Of  par- 
ticular interest  is  the  closing  lecture  in.  which 
the  author  discusses  Hellenic  influences  on 
Christianity.  A  deeper  meaning  is  given  to  the 
trite  statement  that  Greek  was  the  language  of 
the  apostolic  missionaries.  The  author  holds 
'that  the  peculiar  modemness,  the  high  intellec- 
tual standard  of  Christianity,  as  we  find  it  in 
the  New  Testament,  is  caused  by  its  contact 
with  Greek  culture,'  Tbe  doctrine  of  the  logos 
as  presented  in  the  gosp>el  of  St.  John  is,  he 
believes,  *a  purely  Hellenistic  conception  derived 
ultimately  from  Plato.'  In  St.  Paul's  epistles 
F^rofessor  Mahaffy  finds  much  of  the  phrase- 
ology of  Stoicism,  and  also  some  peculiarly 
Stoic  doctrines,  notably  the  doctrines  of  the 
unity  of  the  human  race,  the  value  of  the  human 
soul,  the  active  nature  of  human  virtue,  and  the 
necessity  of  complete  reform  of  each  individual 
life,  or  what  may  be  called  conversion.  In  a 
lecture  the  author  cannot,  of  course,  present 
much  evidence;  but  the  subject  is  of  too  great 
interest  to  be  disi>osed  of  in  a  few  pages,  and 
we  trust  Professor  Mahaffy  will  discuss  it  more 
fully  in  his  promised  work  on  'Greek  Life  from 
Polvbius  to  Plutarch.' 


An  album  A  pleasant  souvenir  of  the  remark- 

of  Schiller  ablv  successful  Schiller  celebration 
tributes.  i^^i^   £jj   Chicago   last   month   takes 

the  shape  of  a  quarto  volume,  'Zur  Wiirdigung 
Schiller's  in  Amerika,'  published  by  Messrs. 
Koelling  &  Klappenbach,  Chicago.  The  princi- 
pal contents  of  this  volume  consist  of  about 
eighty  tributes  and  appreciations,  contributed 
by  both  Germans  and  Americans,  and  here 
reproduced  in  autograph  facsimile.  The  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  and  the  King  of 
TTiirtemberg  lead  off  in  this  symposium,  and  are 
followed  by  such  notabilities  as  Presidents  Gil- 
man,  Hadley,  and  Wheeler,  Professors  Carruth, 
Cutting,  Goebel,  Hatfield,  von  Klenze,  Learned, 
Matthews,  Miinsterberg,  and  Thomas,  and  Messrs. 
Paul  Carus,  Heinrich  Conried,  W.  T.  Harris. 
T.  W.  Higginson,  Henrj-  Holt,  TV.  S.  Schley,  and 
Carl  Schurz.  The  contributions  of  these  gentle- 
men and  others  are  varied,  including  pKjems,  per- 


sonal tributes,  critical  appreciations,  and  trans- 
lations. The  fine  sonnet  of  Professor  Calvin 
Thomas  may  be  given  by  way  of  illustration. 

'  He   kept   the   faith.      The   ardent   poet- soul. 

Once  thrilled  to  madness  by  the  fiery  gleam 
Of  Freedom  glimpsed  afar  in  youthful  dream. 

Henceforth   was  true    as   needle  to   the    pole. 

The    vision    he   had    caught    remained   the   goal 
Of   manhood's   aspiration   and  the  theme 
Of  those  high  luminous  musings  that  redeem 

Our  souls  from  bondage  to  the  general  dole 

Of   trivial   existence.      Calm   and   free. 

He  faced  the  Sphinx,  nor  ever  knew  dismay. 
Nor  bowed  he  to  extremities  the  knee 

Nor  took  a  guerdon  from  the  fleeting  day. 

But  dwelt   on   earth  in   that  eternity 

Where   Truth   and  Beauty  shine  with   blended  ray.' 

The  publication  contains,  besides  this  interest- 
ing autograph  material,  complete  programmes  of 
the  Chicago  exercises,  the  prize  poems  (in  Eng- 
lish and  German)  written  for  the  occasion,  and 
a  series  of  illustrations— portraits,  pictorial 
scenes,  and  reproduced  title-pages.  Taken  alto- 
gether, it  is  a  creditable  production. 

A  group  of  We  have  received  from  the  Gut«n- 

recent  German  berg-Verlag  of  Dr.  Emst  Schultze, 
publications.  ^f  Hamburg,  a  group  of  interest- 
ing publications,  of  which  a  few  notes  may  be 
made.  'Das  Maifest  der  Benediktiner  und  An- 
dere  Erzahlungen, '  by  the  late  Karl  Rick,  is  the 
third  edition  of  the  three  stories  comprised  with- 
in the  volume.  The  stories  are  pictures  from  the 
life  of  the  Catholic  clergy,  and  are  remarkable 
for  their  psychological  insight  as  well  as  for 
their  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  themes  pre- 
sented. Rick  (1815-1881)  was  an  Austrian  poet 
and  novelis£  of  distinction,  and  the  present 
volume  has  an  introduction  by  his  son,  Herr 
Wofgang  Rick.  'Wunder  und  Wissenschaf t, '  by 
Dr.  Richard  Hennig,  is  a  book  of  popular  science, 
dealing  with  the  'occult  phenomena'  of  hypnotic 
suggestion,  the  sub-liminal  consciousness,  and 
telepathy.  The  treatment  is  not  imscientifie, 
although  it  seems  to  us  to  go  too  far  in  the 
direction  of  credulity,  or  of  willingness  to  accept 
as  thinkable  certain  alleged  happenings  which  to 
most  well-balanced  minds  are  flatly  impossible. 
It  must  be  admitted  that  Dr.  Hennig  is  not  with- 
out good  company  in  his  conclusions.  Dr.  J. 
Loewenberg's  'Deutsche  Dichterabende'  is  a 
volume  of  studies  in  modem  German  literature. 
Among  the  subjects  of  the  essays  are  Lenau, 
Frau  von  Ebner-Eschenbach,  Herr  Detlev  von 
Liliencron,  Herr  Gustav  Frenssen,  and  Herr 
Hauptmaim.  A  thin  volume  reprints  the  'Rede 
auf  Schiller'  of  Jakob  Grimm,  an  address  given 
in  Berlin  in  1859,  and  very  timely  in  this  year  of 
Schiller  celebrations.  An  'Auswahl  aus  den 
Kleinen  Schriften  von  Jakob  Grimm,*  with  an 
introduction  by  Dr.  Schultze,  gives  us  Grimm's 
'  Selbstbiographie, '  his  Schiller  address,  his 
address  upon  the  death  of  his  brother,  and  his 
paper  upon  his  dismissal  from  Gottingen  in  1837. 
This  latter  is  a  document  of  great  importa.nce  in 
the  history  of  the  German  stnigele  for  intellec- 
tual freedom.  Several  brief  philological  papers 
are  also  included.  Finally,  this  group  of  publi- 
cations reprints  in  a  handsome  volimie  the  trans- 


422 


THE    DIAL 


[June  16j 


lations  made  by  the  Grimm  brothers  of  Ekke- 
hard's  'Walthari-lied,'  of  'Der  Arme  Heinrieh,' 
and  of  the  songs  from  the  Elder  Edda. 

Shortcuts  From  ancestors  whose  work  in  the 

to  health  field   and   shop   would   have  made 

and  strength.  anything  in  the  nature  of  addi- 
tional 'exercise'  appear  preposterous,  the  mod- 
ern American  has  come  to  be  a  person  who  sits 
at  a  desk  throughout  the  hours  of  sun  and  seeks 
to  make  up  the  resulting  inevitable  physical 
deficiencies  by  spasmodic  movements  of  one  sort 
and  another  in  the  privacy  of  his  apartment.  As 
a  result  he  is  accumulating  at  a  rapid  rate  a 
library  on  the  art  of  keeping  well  by  devoting  a 
few  minutes  to  real  muscular  labor  while  spend- 
ing many  hours  in  doing  his  best  to  fall  ill. 
Two  contributions  of  this  sort  appear  nearly 
simultaneously:  Mr.  George  Elliot  Flint's  'Power 
and  Health  through  Progressive  Exercise'  (Ba- 
ker &  Taylor  Co.),  and  Mr.  H.  Irving  Hancock's 
'The  Physical  Culture  Life:  A  Guide  for  All 
Who  Seek  the  Simple  Laws  of  Abounding 
Health'  (Putnam).  Mr.  Flint's  book  is  devoted 
to  proof  that  the  way  to  get  strong  is  to  take 
those  exercises,  chiefly  by  the  use  of  parallel 
bars  and  heavy  weights,  that  make  the  utmost 
demand  upon  the  muscles,—  a  proposition  that 
would  be  self-evident  to  the  least  intelligent  if 
there  had  not  arisen  a  curious  school  which  caters 
to  the  physically  slothful  by  making  them  believe 
that  great  strength  can  be  produced  through 
trifling  exertion.  It  is  pleasant  to  find  Mr.  Flint 
not  so  wholly  committed  to  his  ideas  that  he  is 
unwilling  to  concede  to  swimming  the  palm  for 
being  the  best  and  most  wholesome  of  all  forms 
of  physical  effort.  Mr.  Hancock  is  in  sub- 
stantial agreement  with  Mr.  Flint  on  the  main 
question  raised,  and  takes  it  rather  for  granted. 
He  improves,  we  believe,  on  Mr.  Flint's  pre- 
scriptions by  introducing  a  number  of  exercises 
in  which  the  element  of  play  and  of  rivalry 
enters,  passe-tem/ps  h  deux  so  to  speak.  A  brief 
introduction  to  Mr.  Flint's  book,  written  by  his 
father.  Dr.  Austin  Flint,  confirms  the  son's 
opinions,  and  the  work  is  illustrated  by  photo- 
graphs of  the  author  in  action.  Mr.  Hancock 
uses  pictures  of  others,  and  he  has  much  to  say 
about  hygiene  in  all  its  aspects.  Both  books 
shoTild  act  as  stimulants  to  the  slothful  and 
those  whose  waist  line  is  growing  unduly. 


.  With  keen  insight  and  a  peculiar 

essays*^ art.  warmth  of  description,  Mr.  Ken- 
yon  Cox  has  given  us,  in  'Old 
Masters  and  New'  (Fox,  Duffield  &  Co.),  a 
series  of  appreciations  of  individual  masters  of 
art— a  sort  of  vade  mecum  presenting,  in  a  gen- 
eral way,  the  course  of  painting  since  the  six- 
teenth century.  The  author  states  that  his  book 
has  the  unity  of  a  point  of  view  —  that  of  a 
painter,  seeing  with  his  own  eyes  and  not 
bound  by  authority;  it  expresses  the  feeling  and 
the  judgments  of  one  who  practices,  with  credit, 
one  of  the  arts  of  which  he  writes.  Much  of  the 
material  used  has  appeared  at  different  times 
during  the  past   twenty  years  in  various   peri- 


odicals, but  it  has  been  subjected  to  thorough 
revision,  so  that  the  more  youthful  essays  con- 
tain no  expressions  which  the  author  does  not 
still  hold.  He  points  out  that  art  in  the  past 
has  been  traditional,  national,  and  homogeneous; 
art  in  our  day  has  been  individual,  international, 
and  chaotic.  Modern  means  of  commimieation 
and  modem  methods  of  reproduction  have 
brought  the  ends  of  the  earth  together,  and 
placed  the  art  of  all  times  and  countries  at  the 
disposal  of  every  artist.  While  in  no  sense  a 
systematic  history  of  art,  Mr.  Cox  has  so  har- 
monized his  colors,  and  weaved  them  into  a  s3tii- 
metrical  whole,  that  his  work  will  appeal  not 
only  to  the  artist  and  scholar,  but  to  the  ordi- 
nary lay  reader  of  intelligence. 


Chapters  for  Polite  learning  of  a  delightful  sort 
the  meditative  pervades  the  pages  of  the  anony- 
fisherman.  j^^^^g      volume      entitled      'Super 

Flumina:  Angling  Observations  of  a  Coarse 
Fisherman'  (John  Lane)— the  word  'coarse'  m 
the  sub-title  referring  to  the  quality  of  the  fish 
caught  and  not  at  all  to  the  angler  himself.  The 
book  might  be  summarized  briefly  as  a  modem 
and  more  erudite  revival  of  Izaak  Walton,  so 
gentle  and  humane  is  its  attitude  towards  the 
finny  tribe,  so  liberal  and  comprehensive  its 
learning.  In  this  latter  respect,  and  in  its 
knowledge  of  human  nature,  ancient  and  modem, 
it  is  reminiscent  also  of  Montaigne.  These  things 
must  indicate  that  it  is  a  very  good  book  indeed. 
There  is  a  chapter  of  more  than  ordinary  humor 
'In  Dispraise  of  the  Latins,'  inspired  by  the  dis- 
respectful attitude  of  the  Romans  toward  fish 
iu  any  other  aspect  than  as  a  means  of  humaa 
sustenance.  The  Greeks  gain  the  author's  appro- 
bation, because  they  were  so  much  more  of 
the  gentleman  and  so  much  less  of  the  pot 
fisherman.  Several  chapters  are  devoted  to 
specific  'coarse'  fish,  such  as  the  pike,  dace, 
perch,  and  chub,  and  these  are  shown  to  have 
virtues  and  characteristics  quite  at  odds  with 
the  adjective  used  to  describe  the  quality  of 
their  flesh.  But  there  is  a  deal  of  practical 
learning  also,  and  a  plea  for  rational  economy 
in  the  use  of  rods,  reels,  and  flies.  No  better 
gift  for  an  ingrained  fisherman  who  preserves 
the  meditative  tradition  could  be  found  in  re- 
cent literature. 

New  volumes  in  -^  volume  of  '  Selections  from  the 
the  'Musician's  Music  Dramas  of  Richard  Wagner,' 
Library.'  arranged  for  the  piano  by  Mr.  Otto 

Singer,  is  a  recent  addition  to  the  'Musician's 
Library'  of  Messrs.  Oliver  Ditson  &  Co.  The 
transcriptions  are  not  too  difiicult  for  the  ordi- 
nary amateur,  and  illustrate  the  eleven  dramas 
from  'Rienzi'  to  'Parsifal.'  There  are  twenty- 
four  numbers  in  all.  A  portrait  of  Wagner,  a 
facsimile  of  '  Tristan '  manuscript,  a  bibliography, 
and  an  introductory  essay  by  Mr.  Richard  Aldrich, 
are  the  accessory  features  of  this  singularly  wel- 
come volume.  Another  addition  to  this  series 
is  a  book  of  'Twenty-four  Negro  Melodies',  tran- 
scribed for  the  piano  by  Mr.  S.  Coleridge-Taylor. 
This  is  an  extremely  interesting  work.    The  com- 


1905.J 


THE    DIAL. 


42S 


poser  has  sought  to  do  for  the  melodies  of  his 
race  what  has  been  done  for  Hungarian  and 
Bohemian  and  Norwegian  melodies  by  Brahms, 
Dvorak,  and  Grieg.  Each  number  is  prefaced 
by  the  original  melody  in  motto  form,  and  con- 
sists of  a  series  of  variations  upon  the  theme  thus 
presented.  The  special  interest  of  this  work  is 
that  it  gives  us  ^not  only  American  plantation 
songs  (which  are  to  some  degree  sophisticated) 
but  also  primitive  examples  from  several  regions 
in  Africa.  Mr.  Booker  T.  Washington  provides 
the  volume  with  an  introduction. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


*  The  Athlete's  Garland  '  (McClurg),  compiled  by 
Mr.  Wallace  Eiee,  is  'the  first  attempt  in  any 
language  to  gather  together  verses  relating  exclu- 
sively to  athletic  sports.'  The  volume  is  happily 
prefaced  by  a  couplet  from  William  Morris: 
'For  no  fame  may  a  man  win  better  the  while  he  hath  his 

life 
Than  from  what  his  feet  have  accomplished,  or  his  hands 

amid  the   strife.' 

The  selections  are  from  a  wide  range  of  authors, 
English  and  American,  and  number  about  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty.  Something  like  thirty  sports  and 
games  are  celebrated,  the  favorites  being  boating, 
cricket,  football,  and  golf.  Each  of  these  subjects 
has  a  score  or  so  of  poems.  Strange  to  say,  an 
exhaustive  search  through  Canadian  literature 
yielded  no  pieces  in  celebration  of  la  crosse  and 
tobogganing,  although  the  Canadian  poets  are  other- 
wise well  represented.  Good  taste  and  judgment 
characterize  this  selection  throughout,  and  it  is  sure 
of  a  welcome  from  all  lovers  of  sport. 

The  new  'Biographical'  edition  of  Eobert  Louis 
Stevenson,  now  in  course  of  publication  by  the 
Messrs.  Scribner,  finds  its  chief  excuse  for  being 
in  the  series  of  introductions  written  by  Mrs.  Stev- 
enson, on  much  the  same  plan  as  in  Mrs.  Eichmond 
Eitchie's  edition  of  Thackeray.  These  prefaces, 
though  brief,  are  of  much  interest,  and  the  edition 
is  in  all  other  ways  an  attractive  one.  The  volumes 
are  convenient  in  size,  clearly  and  openly  printed 
on  thin  paper,  and  bound  in  prettily-stamped  maroon 
cloth.  For  the  many  who  cannot  hope  to  possess  the 
expensive  '  Edinburgh '  or  '  Thistle '  sets,  this  edition 
will  prove  a  decided  boon,  and  we  fancy  that  even 
the  owners  of  those  works  will  be  glad  to  have  this 
also.     Six  volumes  have  so  far  appeared. 

'Shakespeare:  The  Man  and  his  Works'  is  a 
little  book  published  by  Messrs.  Sibley  &  Co.  It  has 
for  its  contents  a  reprint  of  all  the  matter  about 
Shakespeare  contained  in  'Moulton's  Library  of 
Literary  Criticism,'  and  thus  serves  the  double  pur- 
pose of  calling  attention  to  the  merits  of  that 
admirable  work  and  of  providing  students  of  Shakes- 
peare with  a  compendium  of  the  opinion  of  critics 
new  and  old  concerning  the  greatest  of  poets  and 
his  separate  plays. 

'The  Student's  American  History,'  by  Mr.  D.  H. 
Montgomery,  is  a  text-book  upon  Lines  similar 
to  those  followed  in  the  author's  'Leading  Facts,' 
but  is  much  fuller  than  that  elementary  work  in 
its  treatment  of  political  and  constitutional  topics. 
It  has  all  the  teaching  apparatus  of  the  best  type 
of  modern  high-school  book,  and  may  be  cordially 
recommended.  Messrs.  Ginn  &  Co.  are  the  publish- 
ers. 


Notes. 


'The  Corrected  English  New  Testament,'  edited 
by  Mr.  Samuel  Lloyd,  and  given  ecclesiastical  ap- 
proval in  a  preface  contributed  by  the  Bishop  of 
Durham,  is  published  by  Messrs.  G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons. 

Professor  Albert  S.  Cook  has  edited  for  the  Oxford 
Clarendon  Press  the  Old  EngUsh  poem  'The  Dream 
of  the  Rood,'  attributed  to  Cynewulf.  Ten  pages 
of  text  to  one  hundred  of  apparatus  is  a  statement 
of  the  proportions  of  this  little  volume. 

'The  Historic  Role  of  France  among  the  Nations' 
is  a  pamphlet  publication  of  the  University  of 
Chicago.  It  gives  us  a  translation,  by  Professor  T. 
A.  Jenkins,  of  the  address  given  before  the  Uni- 
versity last  October  by  Professor  Charles-Victor 
Langlois. 

Messrs.  John  W.  Luce  &  Co.,  Boston,  publish  a 
volume  of  'Epigrams  and  Aphorisms,'  selected  from 
the  writings  of  Oscar  Wilde,  and  prefaced  by  Mr. 
George  Henry  Sargent,  whose  brief  but  sympathetic 
introduction  predisposes  the  reader  to  appreciate 
what  follows. 

'Who  Said  That?'  by  Mr.  Edward  Latham,  and 
'Who  Wrote  That?'  by  Mr.  W.  S.  W.  Anson,  are 
two  reference  books,  of  vest-pocket  dimensions,  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  B.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  The  nature 
of  their  contents  is  sufficiently  indicated  by  their 
respective  titles. 

M.  Georges  Pellissier  is  the  author  of  a  volume 
of  'Etudes  de  Litterature  et  de  Morale  Contempo- 
raines'  (Paris:  Comely),  which  discourse  mainly  of 
modern  French  literature.  Among  the  more  recent 
authors  considered  in  this  score  of  brief  essays  are 
MM.  Marcel  Barriere,  de  Vogiie,  Barres,  Prevost, 
and  de  Regnier. 

An  anthology,  for  college  use,  of  *  The  Chief  Poets 
of  America'  has  been  made  by  Mr.  Curtis  Hidden 
Page,  and  will  be  published  later  in  the  year  by 
Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  The  selections 
from  each  author  will  be  prefaced  by  a  brief  bio- 
graphical and  critical  introduction,  and  a  full  list 
of  references. 

'Briefs  on  Public  Questions,'  by  Mr.  Ralph  Curtis 
Ringwalt,  is  a  companion  volume  to  that  author's 
'Briefs  for  Debate,'  and  is  published  by  Messrs. 
Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  There  are  twenty-five 
subjects,  each  with  a  selected  list  of  references. 
High-school  and  college  students  will  give  this  book 
a  warm  welcome. 

To  the  'Temple  Autobiographies,'  published  by 
Messrs.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.,  there  has  been  added 
'The  Autobiography  of  Benjamin  Franklin,'  edited 
by  Mr.  William  Macdonald.  This  is  one  of  the 
charming  Dent  reprints,  and  is  noteworthy  as  being 
the  first  edition  of  the  fuU  and  authentic  text  to  be 
printed  in  England. 

An  English  nature  calendar  entitled  'The  Country 
Day  by  Day, '  by  Mr.  E.  Kay  Robinson,  will  be  pub- 
lished this  month  by  Messrs.  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 
The  author  has  aimed  to  fit  each  day  with  its  proper 
seasonal  accompaniment  in  the  form  of  a  note  about 
the  life  of  birds,  animals,  insects,  or  some  distinct- 
ive aspect  of  nature. 

A  volume  of  'Specimen  Letters,'  selected  and 
edited  by  Professor  Albert  S.  Cook  and  Mr.  Allen 
R.  Benham,  is  a  recent  publication  of  Messrs.  Ginn 
&  Co.  The  collection  is  an  admirable  one,  repre- 
sentative of  every  form  of  the  epistolary  art,  and 
made  particularly  attractive  to  the  general  reader 
bv  its  freedom  from  editorial  encumbrances. 


iH 


THE    DIAL. 


[June  16, 


Among  the  books  of  the  now  half -forgotten  seven- 
teenth century  lawyer,  courtier,  and  author,  Francis 
Quarles,  perhaps  the  most  interesting  for  the  pres- 
ent-day reader  is  his  'Sions  Sonets,'  a  poetical  par- 
aphrase of  the  Song  of  Songs.  In  this  work 
Quarles  succeeded  in  retaining  no  little  of  the  im- 
passioned beauty  of  the  Hebrew  book,  and 
achieved  besides  a  few  flashes  of  original  poetic  fire. 
As  was  common  in  his  day,  Quarles  regarded  the 
Song  as  a  religious  allegory,  representing  the  union 
of  Christ  and  the  Church;  but  beyond  a  few  the- 
ological references  in  the  form  of  footnotes,  this 
interpretation  is  not  forced  upon  the  reader.  In 
reprinting  'Sions  Sonets'  as  one  of  their  Eiverside 
Press  Editions,  Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 
have  performed  a  grateful  task.  The  little  book  is 
a  charming  one  in  every  detail  of  make-up.  It  is 
printed  on  handmade  paper  of  antique  tone,  from 
a  large  size  of  old-style  type  set  within  rules,  the 
whole  effect  being  a  most  successful  imitation  of 
seventeenth-century  typography.  The  binding  is  of 
boards,  appropriately  crimson  in  hue.  Four  hun- 
dred and  thirty  copies  only  have  been   printed. 


IjIst  of  New  Books. 

[TAe  following   list,  containing  80  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  The  Dial  since  its  last  issue.] 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  REMINISCENCES. 

Pygones  Worth  Remembering.  By  George  Jacob  Holy- 
cake.  In  2  vols.,  illus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  large 
8vo.  gilt  top,  uncut.     B.  P.  Button  &  Co.     $5  net. 

John  Knox  and  the  Reformation.  By  Andrew  Lang. 
Illus.,  large  8vo,  pp.  281.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 
$3.50   net. 

John  Knox  :  The  Hero  of  the  Scotch  Reformation.  By 
Henry  Cowan,  D.D.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  404.  "Heroes 
of  the  Reformation,"  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.     $1.35  net. 

King  Leopold  II. :  His  Rule  in  Belgium  and  the  Congo. 
By  John  de  Courcy  MacDonnell.  Illus.,  large  8vo, 
gilt  top,  pp.   391.     Cassell   &  Co.,   Ltd. 

A  Mother  of  Czars.  By  Mrs.  Colquhoun  Grant.  Large 
8vo,  gilt  top,  pp.  292.     E.  P.  Button  &  Co.      $3.50  net. 

HISTORY. 

The  First  Romanovs  (1613-1725).  A  History  of  Mus- 
covite Civilization  and  the  Rise  of  Modern  Russia 
under  Peter  the  Great  and  his  Forerunners.  By  R. 
Nisbet  Bain.  Illus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  large  8vo, 
uncut,  pp.  413.     E.  P.  Button  &  Co.      $3.50  net. 

The  Personal  Story  of  the  Upper  House.  By  Kosmo 
Wilkinson.  With  photogravure  frontispiece,  8vo,  gilt 
top,  uncut,  pp.  352.      E.   P.  Button  &  Co.      $3.  net. 

Young  Japan  :  The  Story  of  the  Japanese  People,  and 
Especially  of  their  Educational  Bevelopment.  By 
James  A.  B.  Scherer,  Ph.B.  Illus.,  8vo,  gilt  top,  pp. 
328.     J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.     $1.50  net. 

Our  First  Century.  By  George  Gary  Eggleston.  Illus., 
12mo,  pp.  268.  "A  Little  History  of  American  Life." 
A.   S.   Barnes  &  Co.      $1.20  net. 

Iowa  :  The  First  Free  State  in  the  Louisiana  Purchase. 
From  its  Biscovery  to  the  Admission  of  the  State 
into  the  Union,  1673-1846.  By  William  Salter.  Illus., 
12mo,  pp.  289.     A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.     $1.20  net. 

GCBBio,  Past  and  Present.  By  Laura  McCracken  ;  illus. 
by  Katharine  McCracken.  16mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp. 
308.      London  :  Bavid   Nutt. 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 

Main    Currents    in    Nineteenth    Century    Literature. 

By   George  Brandes.     Vol.   IV.,   Naturalism  in  England 

(1875).     Large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  366.     Macmil- 

lan    Co.      $3.    net. 
Epigrams    and    Aphorisms.     By    Oscar    Wilde.    8vo,    gilt 

top,    uncut,    pp.    126.      Boston :  John    W.    Luce    &    Co. 

$1.50. 
The  Grey  Brethren,  and  Other  Fragments  in  Prose  and 

Verse.     By  Michael  Fairless.      16mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  147. 

E.   P.  Button  &  Co.      $1.25. 
The  Development  of  the  English  Novel.     By  Wilbur 

L.  Cross.     New  edition  ;  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  329.     Mac- 

miUan  Co.     $1.50  net. 


NEW  EDITIONS  OF  STANDARD 
LITERATURE. 

Poems  of  Robert  Herrick.  With  photogravure  portrait, 
18mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  472.  "Caxton  Thin  Paper  Clas- 
sics."     Charles  Scribner's  Sons.     $1.25  net. 

Bevis  :  The  Story  of  a  Boy.  By  Richard  Jefleries ;  with 
introduction  by  E.  V.  Lucas.  12mo,  pp.  464.  E.  P. 
Button    &    Co.      $1.50. 

Shakespeare's  Hamlet,  "  First  Folio "  edition.  Edited 
by  Charlotte  Porter  and  Helen  \  Clarke.  With  pho- 
togravure frontispiece,  18mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  339. 
T.  Y.   Crowell  &  Co.     75  cts. 

BOOKS   OF   VERSE. 

The  Voyageub,  and  Other  Poems.  By  William  Henry 
Brummond,  M.B.  Illus.  in  color,  etc.,  12mo,  pp. 
142.      G.   P.   Putnam's  Sous.     $1.25  net. 

Friendship's  Fragrant  Fancies.  By  Catherine  Mori- 
arty.  Illus..  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  167.  Dodge 
Publishing   Co.     $1.25. 

The  Voice  of  Equality.  By  Edwin  Arnold  Brenholtz. 
12mo,   gilt  top,   pp.   107.     Richard  G.   Badger.     $1.25. 

FICTION. 

A  Bark  Lantern  :  A  Story  with  a  Prologue.  By  Eliza- 
beth Robins  (C.  E.  Raimond).  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp. 
400.     Macmillan   Co.      $1.50. 

The  Coming  of  the  King.  By  Joseph  Hocking.  Illus., 
12mo,   pp.   316.      Little,  Brown  &  Co.     $1.50. 

Mrs.  Darrell.  By  Foxcroft  Davis.  Illus.,  12mo,  gilt 
top,   pp.   391.     Macmillan  Co.     $1.50. 

The  House  of  Cards  :  A  Record.  By  John  Heigh. 
12mo,   gilt  top,   pp.  370.     Macmillan  Co.      $1.50. 

The  Master  Mummer.  By  E.  Phillips  Oppenheim. 
Illus.,    12mo,   pp.    309.      Little,   Brown  &  Co.      $1.50. 

Mrs.  Essington  :  The  Romance  of  a  House-Party.  By 
Esther  and  Lucia  Chamberlain.  Illus.  in  color,  12mo, 
pp.  248.     Century  Co.      $1.50. 

The  Millbank  Case  :  A  Maine  Mystery  of  Today.  By 
George  Dyre  Eldridge.  With  frontispiece,  12mo,  pp. 
297.     Henry  Holt  &  Co.     $1.50. 

The  Ultimate  Passion.  By  Philip  Verrill  Mighels. 
12mo,  pp.  366.     Harper  &  Brothers.     $1.50. 

The  Beautiful  Lady.  By  Booth  Tarkington.  Illus., 
12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  144.  McClure,  Phillips  & 
Co.      $1.25. 

loLE.  By  Robert  W.  Chambers.  Illus.  in  color,  12mo, 
pp.   142.      D.  Appleton  &  Co.      $1.25. 

The  Hundredth  Acre.  By  John  Camden.  With  frontis- 
piece, 12mo,  pp.  321.     Herbert  B.  Turner  &  Co.     $1.50. 

Dorset  Dear  :  Idylls  of  Country  Life.  By  M.  E.  Fran- 
cis (Mrs.  Francis  Blundell).  12mo,  pp.  332.  Long- 
mans,  Green   &  Co.      $1.50. 

David  Ransom's  Watch.  By  Pansy  (Mrs.  G.  R.  Alden). 
Illus.,   12mo,  pp.   354.      Lothrop  Publishing  Co.     $1.50. 

Sawdust  :  A  Romance  of  the  Timberlands.  By  Dorothea 
Gerard  (Mme.  Longard  de  Longarde).  With  frontis- 
piece,   12mo,   pp.    361.      John   C.   Winston   Co.      $1. 

On  the  We-a  Trail  :  A  Story  of  the  Great  Wilderness. 
By  Caroline  Brown.  New  edition ;  12mo,  pp.  351. 
Macmillan  Co.     Paper,   25  cts. 

THEOLOGY  AND  RELIGION. 

The  Freedom  of  Authority  :  Essays  in  Apologetics.  By 
J  Macbride  Sterrett,  D.D.  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp. 
319.      Macmillan   Co.      $2.  net. 

Only  a  Profession,  and  Other  Sermons.  With  portrait, 
12mo,  pp.   149.       Jennings  &  Graham.     50  cts.  net. 

POLITICS  AND  SOCIOLOGY. 

Briefs  on  Public  Questions.  With  selected  lists  of 
references.  By  Ralph  Curtis  Ringwalt,  A.B.  12mo, 
pp.    229.      Longmans,    Green   &   Co.     $1.20   net. 

The  Ethics  of  Imperialism  :  An  Enquiry  whether  Chris- 
tian Ethics  and  Imperialism  are  Antagonistic.  By 
Albert  R.  Carman.  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  177.  Herbert 
B.  Turner  &  Co.     $1.  net. 

The  Labor  -Movement  in  America.  By  Richard  T.  Ely, 
Ph.D.  New  edition,  revised  and  enlarged ;  12mo,  pp. 
399.     Macmillan  Co.     $1.25  net. 

Ireland  in  the  New  Century.  By  the  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Horace  Plunkett,  K.C.V.O.  Popular  edition,  with  an 
epilogue  in  answer  to  some  critics.  8vo,  uncut,  pp. 
340.     E.  P.   Button  &  Co.     60  cts.  net. 

SCIENCE   AND   NATURE. 

A  Guide  to  the  Study  of  Fishes.  By  Bavid  Starr 
Jordan.  In  2  vols.,  illus.  in  color,  etc.,  4to,  gilt  tops, 
uncut.     Henry  Holt  &  Co.     $12.  net. 


1905.] 


THE    DIAL 


425 


The  Home  Life  of  Wild  Birds  :  A  New  Method  of  the 
Study  and  Photography  of  Birds.  By  Francis  Robert 
Herrick.  Revised  edition  ;  illus.,  8vo,  pp.  255.  G.  P. 
Putnam's   Sons.     $2.   net. 

ART. 

Impressions  of  Ukiyo-ye  :  The  School  of  Japanese  Col- 
our-Print Artists.  By  Dora  Amsden.  Illus.,  12mo, 
pp.  75.     Paul  Elder  &  Co.     $1.50^  net. 

Velazquez.  By  Auguste  Breal.  Illus.,  24ino,  gilt  top. 
pp.  236.  "Popular  Library  of  Art."  E.  P.  Dutton  & 
Co.      75   cts.   net. 

REFERENCE. 

Dictionary  of  Battles,  from  the  Elarliest  Date  to  the 
Present  Time.  By  Thomas  Benfield  Harbottle.  8vo, 
gilt  top,  pp.  298.     E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.      $2.  net. 

Rodtledge's  Miniature  Dictionary  of  the  French  and 
English  Languages.  By  Brown  and  Martin ;  with 
additions  by  J.  Duhamel.  In  2  vols.,  32mo.  E.  P. 
Dutton  &  Co.     Per  vol.,  leather,  50  cts. 

Perpetual  Date  Book.  With  Calendar  for  Daily. 
Monthly  and  Yearly  Events.  24mo,  gilt  top.  Laird 
&  Lee.     Leather,   75  cts. 

Who  Said  That?  A  Dictionary  of  Famous  Sayings,  with 
their  sources.  By  Edward  Latham.  32mo,  pp.  160. 
E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.     Leather,  50  cts. 

Who  Wrote  That?  A  Dictionary  of  Quotations  of  Lit- 
erary Origin  in  Common  Use.  By  W.  S.  W.  Anson. 
32mo,   pp.   208.     E.   P.  Dutton   &  Co.      Leather,  50  cts. 

BOOKS  FOR   THE  YOUNG. 

Fairy    Tales    Every    Child    Should    Know.     Edited    by 

Hamilton  Wright  Mabie.     With  frontispiece,  12mo,  pp. 

370.      Doubleday,   Page  &  Co.      90  cts.   net. 
Tucker  Dan.     By  Charles  Ross  Jackson.     Illus.,  12mo,  pp. 

199.      G.   W.   Dillingham   Co.     $1.25. 
Tor,   a    Street    Boy   of   Jerusalem.     By   Florence  Morse 

Kingsley.      Illus.,    16mo,    pp.    199.      Henry    Altemus    ft 

Co.     $1. 
A    Little    Garden    Calendar    for    Boys    and    Girls.      By 

Albert   Bigelow  Paine.      Illus.   in  color,  etc.,   12mo,   pp. 

329.     Henry  Altemus  Co.     $1. 
Half   Hours   vnTH   the    Lower   Animals.     By    Charles 

Frederick   Holder.      Illus.,    12mo,    pp.    236.      American 

Book  Co.     60   cts. 
The  Child's  David  Copperfield  and  Oltvek  Twist.     Re- 
told by  Annie  Douglas  Severance.     Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  160. 

American  Book  Co.     40  cts. 

EDUCATION. 

Report  of  the   Commission  of  Education  for  the  Year 

1903.      Vol.    II.,    large    8vo,    pp.    1300.      Government 

Printing    Office. 
Old   Tales   and   Modern   Ideals  :      A   Series   of   Talks  to 

High    School     Students.      By    John    Herbert     Phillips. 

12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  233.     Silver,  Burdett  &  Co. 
The    Place    of    Industries    in    Elementary    Education. 

By    Katherine   Elizabeth    Dopp.      Third    edition ;    illus., 

12mo,  pp.  270.     University  of  Chicago  Press.     $1.  net. 
A    Middle    English   Reader.      Edited,    with    grammatical 

introduction,    notes,    and    glossary,    by    Oliver    Farrar 

Emerson,  A.M.     12mo,  pp.  475.     Macmlllan  Co.     $1.90 

net. 
Simple    Grammaire    Francaise.       Par     Paul     Bercy     et 

Georges     Castegnier.       12mo,     pp.     225.       William     R. 

Jenkins.      $1. 
Selections    from    Emile    Zola.       Edited    by    A.    Guyot 

Cameron,     M.A.       Authorized     edition ;     with     portrait, 

16mo,   pp.   288.      Henry  Holt  &  Co. 
Karl  Heinrich.     Erzahlung  von  Wilhelm  Meyer-Forster ; 

edited  by  Herbert  Charles  Sanborn,  A.M.     Illus..  16mo, 

pp.  391.     Newson  &  Co.     80  cts. 
Nature    Study    Lessons    for    Primary    Grades.      By    Mrs. 

Lida    B.    McMurry ;    with    introduction    by    Charles    A. 

McMurry.      12mo,    pp.    191.      Macmlllan   Co.      60    cents 

net. 
Taine's     Voyage    aux     Pyrenees.       EMited    by     William 

Robertson,    M.A.      12mo,    pp.    211.      Oxford    University 

Press.     60  cents. 
Practical     New     Standard     Speller.       By     Alfred     B. 

Chambers,    Ph.D.  :    edited   by   E.   T.  Roe,   LL.B.      Illus., 

12mo,  pp.  240.     Laird  &  Lee. 
ASENSi's    Victoria    y    Otros    Cueutos.      Edited    by    Edgar 

S.   Ingraham,   Ph.D.      16mo,   pp.    166.      D.    C.    Heath   & 

Co.     50   cents. 
Gerstacker's     Irrfahren.       Edited     by     F.     B.     Sturm. 

Illus.,   16mo,   pp.   203.      D.   C.   Heath   &   Co.      45   cents. 
Le   Voyage   de    Monsieur    Perrichon.      Par    Eugene   La- 

biche  et  Edouard   Martin  ;   edited  by  John  R.   Efflnger. 

18mo,   pp.    128.     Henry   Holt  &   Co.      35  cts. 
Ch.a^teau'briand's  Atala.      Edited  by  Oscar  Kuhns.     With 

portrait,  18mo,  pp.   120.     D.  C.  Heath  &  Co. 


MISCELLANEO  U8. 

Science  and  a  Future  Life.     By  James  H.  Hyslop,  Ph.D. 

12mo,   gilt  top,   uncut,  pp.  372.      Herbert   B.   Turner  & 

Co.     $1.50  net. 
The    Religion    of    Duty.      By    Felix    Adler.      12mo.    gilt 

top,    uncut,   pp.   201.      McClure,    Phillips  &   Co.     $1.20 

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