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THE    DIAL 


(y?  Semi-Montbly  Journal  of 


Literary  Criticism,  Discussion,  and  Information 


"  ••'•c' i..*i^- 


VOLUME  XL. 
January  1  to  June  16,  1906 


CHICAGO 

THE  DIAL  COMPANY,  PUBLISHERS 

1906 


v>^5  3  3  ^ 

Tfef. 


INDEX  TO  VOLUME  XL. 

PAGB 

Academic  Welfare 31 

Actor's  Memories  of  a  Fellow  Actor Percy  F.  Bicknell 316 

Alabama  ix  War-Time  asd  After      . James  Wilford  Gamer  ....  150 

Americax  Diplomacy,  Meaning  and  Influence  of     .     .     Frederic  Austin  Ogg      ....  190 

American  Men  of  Letters,  Two W.  E.  Simonds 119 

American  University,  Three  Decades  of  the     .               F.  B.  B.  HeUems 289 

Apostle  of  Clear  Thinking,  An Percy  F.  Bicknell 285 

Carlyle's  Biographer,  A  Biography  of Percy  F.  Bicknell 80 

Celtic  Literatltre Charles  Leonard  Moore      .     .     .  185 

Christianity,  The  Basis  of T.  D.  A.  CockereU 323 

Churchill,  Lord  Randolph E.  D.  Adams 385 

City,  The.  as  Democracy's  Hope Charles  Ziieblin 230 

Commercial  Traveller  in  the  Land  of  Pizabbo     .          Thomas  H.  Macbride     ....  322 

Continental  Literature,  A  Year  of 34 

Earth's  History,  New  Theories  of  the H.  Foster  Bain 384 

Education,  A  New  History  of Edward  0.  Sisson 116 

England,  An  Oxford  History  of St.  George  L.  Sioussai   ....  122 

English  King,  Two  Views  of  a  Great Laurence  M.  Larson 291 

English  Naturalists,  The  Doyen  of T.  D.  A.  CockereU 11 

European  Diplo^iacy  in  its  Beginnings David  Y.  Thomas 9 

Fiction,  Recent William  Morton  Payne  15,158,262,364: 

Fiction,  The  Cardinal  Virtues  of 221 

Field  Libraries Melvil  Dewey 75 

France,  Monarchy  or  Republic  in Henry  E.  Bourne 295 

French  Dramatists,  The  Greatest  of H.  C  Chatfield- Taylor  .     .     .     .  192 

French  Literatltie,  Studies  in Arthur  G.  Canjield 13 

Garden  Blooms  and  Ways Sara  Andrew  Shafer     ....  359 

Gardeners,  The  Greatest  of  Modern Thomas  H.  Macbride      ....  47 

Goethe  Biography,  A  Definitive Lewis  A.  Rhoades 85 

Government  Docltients 283 

Greek  Tragic  Stage,  A  Philosophical  Radical  on  the     F.  B.  R.  Hellems 389 

Ibsen,  Henrik 351 

Ibsen  Intime 379 

Immigration  Problem,  Studies  of  the Frederic  Austin  Ogg       ....  257 

Immortality,  What  Is  ? T.  D.  A.  CockereU 228 

Irish  Patriot,  Autobiography  of  an Percy  F.  Bicknell 37 

Irish  Story-Teller,  A  Rollicking Percy  F.  BickneU 382 

Jackson,  Andrew,  to  Andrew  Johnson Edwin  E.  Sparks 229 

Japan's  Ancient  Religion William  Elliot  Griffis    ....  255 

Japanese  Architecture  and  Allied  Arts Frederick  W.  Gookin      ....  192 

Lamb's  Latest  Biographer Percy  F.  Bicknell 6 

Lastdscape  Art,  Modern,  The  Founder  of     ...     .     Walter  Cranston  Lamed     .     .     .  256 

Life-Saving  as  a  Military  Science WiUiam  Elliott  Griffis  ....  388 

Mastery,  The  Masterliness  of Charles  H.  Cooper 254 

Military  Criticism  of  the  Late  W.ut William  Elliot  Griffis    ....  194 

Novel  at  the  Bar,  The 141 

Novels,  Notes  on  New 18 

Orient,  Re-shaping  of  the Frederic  Austin  Ogg      ....  317 

Pagan  World,  The  Old  Untroubled F  B.  R.  Hellems 196 

Poet  for  Poets,  A 3 

Poetry,  Contemporary,  Notes  on Martha  Hale  Shackford      .     .     .  249 

Poetry,  Recent  American WiUiam  Morton  Payne  ....  125 

Poetry,  Recent  English WiUiam  Morton  Payne  ....  325 

Point  of  Departure,  A 109 

Precepts  for  the  Young,  and  Reflections  for  the  Old     T  D.  A.  CockereU 151 

Pre-Raphaelitism  from  a  New  Angle Edith  Kellogg  Dunton   ....  113 

Provence:  Its  History,  Art,  ant>  Literature     .     .     .     Josiah  Renick  Smith      ....  39 

Railway-Rate  Discussion,  Some  Cltirent H.  Parker  WiUis 82 


IV. 


INDEX 


Reading,  Indiscriminate,  The  Delights  of     ...     .  Percy  F.  Bicknell Ill 

Reason  in  Religion  and  in  Art A.  K.  Rogers 87 

Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua,  and  his  Work Charles  Henry  Hart       ....  225 

St.  Lawrence,  Discoverer  of  the Lawrence  J.  Burpee 260 

Sandwich  Island  Souvenirs Percy  F.  Bicknell 223 

Schiller,  A  Re-valuation  of .  Starr  Willard  Cutting  ....  41 

School,  The  Library  in  the 73 

Sea  Power  and  the  War  of  1812 Anna  Heloise  Abel 45 

Shakespeare,  Two  Recent  Books  on Charles  H.  A.  Wager     ....  89 

Shakespearean  Table-Talk Edward  E.  Hale,  Jr 148 

Slavery  and  Its  Aftermath W.  E.  Burghardt  Du  Bois  .     .     .  294 

Social  Science,  Partisans  and  Historians  in     .     .     .  Charles  Richmond  Henderson      .  296 

Sociological  Theory,  Main  Currents  in Frank  W.  Blackmar       ....  146 

Sportsman-Naturalist,  Tales  of  a Charles  Atwood  Kofoid       .     .     .  356 

Teaching  Profession,  The 313 

Thoreau  and  his  Critics Gilbert  P.  Coleman 352 

Travels  by  Sea  and  Land H.  E.  Coblentz 360 

Travellers  in  Many  Lands H.  E.  Coblentz 232 

Tree  Book,  The  American Bohnmil  Shimek 358 

Victorian  Celebrities,  A  Girl's  Impressions  of     .     .  Percy  F.  Bicknell 188 

Walpole  Letters,  Old  and  New H.W.  Boynton 320 

Whitman,  The  Real  and  the  Ideal Percy  F.  Bicknell 144 

Announcements  of  Spring  Books,  1906 204 

One  Hundred  Novels  for  Summer  Reading,  A  Descriptive  List  of 368 

Briefs  on  New  Books 20,  48,  92,  128,  156,  197,  236,  264,  298,  330,  391 

Briefer  Mention 24,  52,  96,  160,  202,  239,  333 

Notes 24,  52,  97,  132,  161,  203,  239,  268,  302,  334,  367,  395 

Topics  in  Leading  Periodicals 25,  98,  161,  240,  303 

Lists  of  New  Books 25,  53,  99,  133,  162,  211,  241,  269,  304,  335,  371,  396 


AUTHORS  AND  TITLES 

PAGE 

Abbott,  G.F.    Through  India  with  the  Prince 362 

Adams,  George  Burton.   Political  History  of  England,  1066- 

1216 122 

Ady,  Julia  Cartwright.    Raphael 160 

Aldis,  Janet.    Madame  Geoffrin  and  her  Salon 236 

Aldrich,  Richard.    Guide  to  the  Ring  of  the  Nibelung 97 

Aldrich,  Thomas  Bailey.    Songs  and  Sonnets,  Riverside 

Press  edition 394 

Alexander,  Mrs.  Francis.    II  Libro  D'Oro 132 

American  Catalog,  The,  1900-4 96 

Andrews,  Arthur  Lynn.    Specimens  of  Discourse 98 

Arms,  M.  W.    Carducci's  "  Poems  of  Italy  " 359 

Armstrong,  Walter.  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  popular  edition  225 
Armstrong,  Walter.    The  Peel  Collection  and  the  Dutch 

School  of  Painting 128 

Arthur,  Richard.    Ten  Thousand  Miles  in  a  Yacht 361 

Ashley,  W.  J.    Progress  of  the  German  Working  Classes...  297 

Aston,  W.G.    Shinto,  the  Way  of  the  Gods 255 

Atkinson,  F.  W.    The  Philippine  Islands 48 

Avery,  Elroy  M.    History  of  the  United  States,  Vol  II 331 

Bagot,  Richard.    The  Passport 19 

Baker,  Franklin  T.,  and  Carpenter,  G«orge  R.    Language 

Readers 303 

Barine,  ArvMe.    Louis  XIV.  and  La  Grande  Mademoiselle  96 

Bastian,  H.  Charlton.  Nature  and  Origin  of  Living  Matter  392 
Batchelor,    John.      Ainu -English -Japanese    Dictionary, 

second  edition 303 

Bayne,  Charles  J.    Perdita 127 

Baxter,  James  Phinney.    Memoir  of  Jacques  Cartier 260 

Beach,  Rex  E.    The  Spoilers 364 

Beach,  Seth  Curtis.    Daughters  of  the  Puritans 160 

Beavan,  Arthur  H.   Pishes  I  Have  Known 302 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward.    Sermon  Briefs 161 


OF  BOOKS  REVIEWED 

FAOB 

Benson,  E.F.    The  Angel  of  Pain 264 

Benton,  Joel.    Persons  and  Places 50 

Bemheimer,  Charles  S.    The  Russian  Jew  in  the  United 

States 259 

Bernstein,  Herman.    Contrite  Hearts 20 

Bielschowsky,  Albert.    Life  of  Goethe,  trans,  by  William  A. 

Cooper.  Vol.  1 85 

Bigelow,  Melville.    Centralization  and  the  Law 333 

Bindloss,  Harold.    Alton  of  Somasco 364 

Binns,  Henry  B.     Life  of  Walt  Whitman 144 

Birrell,  Augustine.   Andrew  Marvell 51 

Birrell,  Augustine.    In  the  Name  of  the  Bodleian 159 

Blackmar,  Frank  W.    Elements  of  Sociology 202 

Boas,  Mrs.  F.  S.    With  Milton  and  the  Cavaliers 94 

Borrow,  George.    Romano  Lavo-Lil,  new  edition 23 

Boulton,  William  B.    Sir  Joshua  Reynolds 225 

Bourne,  Henry  E.    A  History  of  Mediaeval  and  Modem 

Europe 24 

Bradley,  A.  G.    In  the  March  and  Borderland  of  Wales. .  237 

Brady,  Cyrus  Townsend.    The  Patriots 263 

Brandes,  Georg.     Main  Currents  in  Nineteenth  Century 

Literature.  Vol.  VI 157 

Braun,  WilhelmA.  Types  of  Wei tschmerz  in  German  Poetry  24 

Brooke,  Stopford.    On  Ten  Plays  of  Shakespeare 148 

Brown,  Horatio  F.   In  and  around  Venice 268 

Brown,  WUliam  Horace.    The  Glory  Seekers 393 

Buley,  E.  C.    Australian  Life  in  Town  and  Country 197 

CampbeU,  Wilfred.    Poems,  collected  edition 128 

"  Carbery,  Ethna."    The  Four  Winds  of  Eirinn 329 

Carpenter,  George  R.    Model  English  Prose 161 

Carpenter,  J.  Estlin.   James  Martineau 22 

Cams,  Paul.    Friedrich  Schiller 24 

Castle,  Agnes  and  Egerton.    If  Youth  But  Knew ! 364 


INDEX 


PAOK 

Cawein.  Madiaon  J.   The  Vale  of  Tempe 126 

"Caxton  Thin  Paper  Classics  " 97.  239,  367 

Chamberlin,  Thomas  C  and  Salisbuir.  Rollin  D.  Qeology, 

Vols.  II.  and  HI 384 

Chambers.  Alfred  B.   Standard  Webster  Pocket  Dictionary  239 

Chamblin,  Jean.    Lady  Bobs,  her  Brother,  and  1 20 

Charlton.  John.   Speeches  and  Addresses 53 

Cheney.  John  Vance.     Inancroral  Addresses,  Johnson  to 

Roosevelt 133 

Churchill.  Winston  S.    Life  of  Lord  Randolph  Churchill. . .  385 
Clement,  Ernest  W.    Handbook  of  Modem  Japan,  revised 

edition 24 

Coit,  Stanton.    Mill's  "  The  Subjection  of  Women  " 239 

Coleridge.  Ernest  H.    Byron's  Poems,  one-volume  edition  240 

Collins,  J.  Churton.    Matthew  Arnold's  "  Merope  " 203 

Collins,  Vamum  L.    Ravagres  of  the  British  and  Hessians 

in  1776-7 396 

Cook,  Theodore  Andrea.    Old  Provence 39 

Coudert,  Frederic  R.   Addresses 51 

Cox.  Isaac  J.    Journeys  of  La  Salle 203 

Cram,  Ralph  Adams.  Impressions  of  Japanese  Architecture  192 

Crockett,  S.  R.   Fishers  of  Men 264 

Crockett.  S.  R.    The  Cherry  Ribband 153 

Crosby.  Ernest.    Garrison,  the  Non-Resistant 95 

Crosby,  Oscar  Terry.   Tibet  and  Turkestan 234 

Crothers,  Samuel  M .    The  Pardoner's  Wallet 22 

Davies,  David  Ffran^rcon.   Sin^ring  of  the  Future 131 

Davis,  Norah.    The  Northerner 16 

Dawson,  W.  J.    Makers  of  English  Fiction 51 

Decharme,  Paul.    Euripides  and  the  Spirit  of  his  Dramas. .  389 

De  Guerville.  A.  B.    New  Egrypt 235 

Devine.  Edward  T.    Efficiency  and  Relief 298 

Dickinson,  Edward.    Study  of  the  History  of  Music 23 

Dickinson,  G.  Lowes.    The  Greek  View  of  Life 196 

Dickson.  Richard  Watson.    Last  Poems 328 

Dix,  Beulah  Marie.    The  Fair  Maid  of  Graystones 155 

Dix,  Morgan.    History  of  Trinity  Parish,  Vol.  Ill 198 

Downey.  Edmund.    Charles  Lever 382 

Egan.  Maurice  F.    The  Ghost  Ln  Hamlet 296 

Elliot.  Daniel  Giraud.    Check  List  of  Manmials 133 

Ellis,  Elizabeth.    Barbara  Winslow,  Rebel 155 

Elson.  Henry  William.  School  History  of  the  United  States  203 

Elson.  Louis  C.    Music  Dictionary 333 

Eltzbacher.  O.    Modem  Germany 333 

Elzas.  Bamett  A.    Jews  of  South  Carolina 392 

"  English  Catalogue  of  Books  for  1905  " 302 

Eytinge.  Rose,  Memories  of 96 

Farmer,  James  E.    Versailles  and  the  Court  under  Loois 

XIV 50 

Fitch.  Clyde.    The  Girl  with  the  Green  Eyes 98 

Flammarion.  Camille.    Thunder  and  Lightning 331 

Fleming.  Walter  L.     Civil  War   and  Reconstruction   in 

Alabama 150 

Ford.  Worthington  C.     Journals  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress  202.  334.  396 

Foster.  George  Burman.  Finality  of  the  Christian  Religion  324 

Fowles,  George  M.    Down  in  Porto  Rico 363 

Friswell.  Laura  Hain.    In  the  Sixties  and  Seventies 188 

Fry.  Roger.    Sir  Joshua  Reynolds's  Discourses 225 

Gapon.  Father.    Story  of  My  Life 395 

Gasiorowski.  Waclaw.    Napoleon's  Love  Story 153 

Geil.  William  Edgar.    A  Yankee  in  Pigmy  Land 233 

George.  Henry.  Jr.    The  Menace  of  Privil^e 297 

GifFord.  Augusta  H.    Italy,  her  People  and  their  Story 156 

Gilder.  Richard  Watson.    In  the  Heights 125 

Oilman.  Daniel  C.    The  Launching  of  a  University 289 

Givler.  Robert  Chenault.    Poems 127 

Gladden.  Washington.    Christianity  and  Socialism 238 

Gladden.  Washington.    The  New  Idolatry 131 

Glasgow.  EUen.    The  Wheel  of  Life 156 

Gore-Booth.  Eva.     The  Three  Resurrections  and  the  Tri- 
umph of  Maeve 329 

Gosse,  Edmund.    French  Profiles 13 

Grosse.  Edmund.    Sir  Thomas  Browne 237 

"  Gray.  Maxwell."    The  Great  Refusal 155 

Greenslet.  Ferris.    James  Russell  Lowell 119 


PAOB 

Greensheilds,  E.  B.  Landscape  Painting  and  Modem  Dutch 

Artists 300 

Grinnell.  William  M.    Social  Theories  and  Social  Facts. . .  297 

Guerber.  H.  A.    How  to  Prepare  for  Europe 394 

Haggard.  Rider.    Ayesha 20 

Haile,  Martin.    Queen  Mary  of  Modena 332 

Haines,  Henry  S.    Restrictive  Railway  Legislation 82 

Hale,  Louis  Closser.    A  Motor  Car  Divorce 386 

Hall,  Prescott  F.    Immigration  and  its  Effects  upon  the 

United  Stotea 257 

Halsey,  Francis  W.    Mrs.  Rowson's  "  Charlotte  Temple  " . .  52 

Hanotaux.  Gabriel.    Contemporary  France.  Vol.  U 295 

Harding.  Samuel  B.    Essentials  in  Medieval  and  Modem 

History 24 

Hardy.  Thomas.    The  Dynasts,  part  second 325 

Harper.  Samuel.    Russian  Reader 334 

Hart,  Jerome.    A  Levantine  Log  Book 234 

Harvie-Brown,  J.  A.     Travels  of  a  Naturalist  in  Northern 

Europe 363 

Harwood,  W.  S.    New  Creations  in  Plant  Life 47 

Hasluck,  Paul  N.    Book  of  Photography 98 

Havell,  E.  B.    Benares,  the  Holy  City 361 

Heilprin,  Angelo  and  Louis.  Lippincott's  Gazetteer,  revised 

edition 97 

Helen,  W.  H.    Aspects  of  Balzac 52 

Heller,  Otto.    Studies  in  Modem  German  Literature 367 

Henderson.  T.  Sturge.   Constable. 256 

Henry,  Arthur.    Lodgings  in  Town 19 

Herbert,  Charles  W.    Poems  of  the  Seen  and  the  Unseen . . .  328 

Herrick.  Christine  T.    Lewis  Carroll  Birthday  Book 98 

Hill,  David  J.    History  of  European  Diplomacy,  Vol.  1 9 

HiU,  George  Birkbeck.    Johnson's  "  Lives  of  the  Poets  ".. .  203 

"  Hobbes.  John  Oliver."    The  Flute  of  Pan 18 

Hoffding.  Harald.    Problems  of  Philosophy 160 

Holder.  Charles  Frederick.    Life  in  the  Open 356 

Holder.  Charles  Frederick.    Log  of  a  Sea  Angler 356 

Holland.  Robert  Afton.    The  Commonwealth  of  Man 297 

Holman-Hunt,  William.     Pre-Raphaelitism  and  the  Pre- 
Raphaelite  Brotherhood 113 

Holt,  Henry.    "  Calmire  "  and  "  Sturmsee,"  new  editions. .  289 

Hooper.  Charles  E.    The  Country  House 200 

Hopkins.  Herbert  M.    The  Mayor  of  Warwick 365 

Hough.  Emerson.    Heart's  Desire 155 

Howe.  Frederic  C.    The  City,  the  Hoi)e  of  Democracy 230 

Hudson,  W.  H.   The  Purple  Land,  new  edition 24 

Hughes.  Rupert.    Zal 20 

Hulbert.  Archer  B.   Washington  and  the  West 93 

Hume.  John  F.    The  Abolitionists 333 

Hume.  Martin.    The  Wives  of  Henry  the  Eighth 293 

Humphrey.  Seth  K.    The  Indian  Dispossessed 21 

Hunt.  Bampton.    Green  Room  Book 396 

Hunt.  William.   Political  History  of  England.  1760-1801 122 

Hunt.  William,  and  Poole,  R.  L.      Political  History  of 

England 122 

Hutton.  Edward.    Cities  of  Umbria 199 

Hutton.  Richard  Holt.    Brief  Literary  Criticisms 302 

Jackson.  Charles  T.    Loser's  Luck 17 

Jacobs.W.W.     Captains  AU 19 

Jefferies.  Richard.    "Amaryllis  at  the  Fair"  and  "After 

London."  Dutton's  reprints 302 

Jenks.  Tudor.    In  the  Days  of  Scott 334 

Jones,  Samuel  L.    Letters  of  Labor  and  Love 129 

Kelley.  Florence.    Ethical  Gains  through  Legislation 23 

Kenyon.  Frederic  G.    Robert  Browning  and  Alfred  Domett  395 

King,  Henry  Churchill.    Rational  Living 151 

King.  W.  L.  Mackenzie.    The  Secret  of  Heroism 301 

Konkle.  Burton  A.    Life  and  Speeches  of  Thomas  Williams  229 

Krausz.  Sigmund.    Practical  AutomobUe  Dictionary 303 

Kuhnemann.  Eugen.    Schiller 41 

Lane.  Martha  A.  L.,  and  Hill,  Mabel.    American  History 

in  Literature 239 

Lane,  Mrs.  John.    The  Champagne  Standard 200 

Lang.  Andrew.    New  Collected  Rhymes 327 

Lang.  Andrew.    Oxford,  illustrated  edition 24 

Lang.  Andrew.    Sir  Walter  Scott 394 

Lang.  Andrew.    The  Secret  of  the  Totem 265 


VI. 


INDEX 


PAGE 

Lankester,  E.  Eay.    Extinct  Animals 238 

Le  Roy,  James  A.    Philippine  Life  in  Town  and  Country. .  198 

Legge,  Arthur  E.  J.    The  Ford 154 

Leonard,  John  W.    Who's  Who  in  America,  1906 159 

Liljencrantz,  Ottilie  A.    Randvar  the  Songsmith 366 

Lincoln,  Jeanie  Gould.    The  Javelin  of  Fate 18 

"  Liquor  Problem,  The:  A  Summary  of  Investigations  con- 
ducted by  the  Committee  of  Fifty,  1893-1903  " 203 

Lodge,  George  Cabot.    The  Great  Adventure 126 

London,  Jack.    War  of  the  Classes 297 

Long,  Augustus  W.    American  Poems,  1776-1900 396 

Lottridge,  Silas  A.    Animal  Snapshots  and  How  Made 94 

Lounsbery,  G.  Constant.    Love's  Testament 329 

Lucas,  E.  V.    Life  of  Charles  Lamb 6 

Ludlow,  James  M.    Sir  Raoul 16 

Lyman,  Henry  M.    Hawaiian  Yesterdays 223 

Lynde,  Francis.    The  Quickening 262 

' '  Maartens,  Maarten."    The  Healers 264 

McDermid,  William  A.    Songs  of  the  University  of  Chicago  303 

Macdonald,  Ronald.    The  Sea  Maid 263 

Mahan,  A.  T.   Sea  Power  and  its  Relations  to  the  War  of  1812  45 
Maitland,  J.  A.  Fuller.     Grove's  "  Dictionary  of  Music  and 

Musicians,"  Vol.  II 267 

Major,  Charles.    Yolanda 19 

Margoliouth,  D.  S.    Works  of  Flavius  Josephus 396 

"  Mark  Twain's  Library  of  Humor  " 98,  268,  334,  396 

Marks,  Mary  A.  M.    The  Tree  of  Knowledge 329 

Marston,  Edward.    Fishing  for  Pleasure  and  Catching  It. .  396 

Marvin,  Frederic  Rowland.    The  Companionship  of  Books  95 

Masterman,  C.  F.  G.    In  Peril  of  Change 391 

Mathews,  Robert  V.    Child  of  the  Stars 20 

Maxwell,  W.  B.    Vivien 154 

Mayer,  Alfred  G.    Sea-shore  Life 238 

Mead,  Edwin  D.     Dodge's  "War  Inconsistent  with  the 

Religion  of  Christ " 269 

Mead,  Lucia  A.    Patriotism  and  the  New  Internationalism  367 

Meakin,  Budgett.    Model  Factories  and  Villages 159 

Medlicott,  Mary.    Abbreviations  Used  in  Book  Catalogues  97 

Meredith,  George,  Works  of,  "  Pocket  edition  " 367 

Merejkowski,  Dmitri.    Peter  and  Alexis 153 

Merriam,  George  S.    The  Negro  and  the  Nation 294 

Michelson,  Miriam.    A  Yellow  Journalist 20 

Mifflin,  Lloyd.    Sonnets,  collected  edition 125 

Milford,  H.  S.    Cowper's  Poems,  Oxford  edition 96 

Mill,  Hugh  R.    The  Siege  of  the  South  Pole 360 

Millar,  A.  H.    Mary  Queen  of  Scots 266 

Miller,  Joaquin.    The  Building  of  the  City  Beautiful 300 

Mims,  Edwin.    Sidney  Lanier 119 

Minchin,  Harry  C.     Simples  from  Sir  Thomas  Browne's 

Garden 34 

Mitchell,  S.  Weir.    Pearl 239 

Mitton,  G.  E.    Jane  Austen  and  her  Times 158 

Monroe,  Paul.    Text-Book  in  the  History  of  Education 116 

Moore,  George.    The  Lake 263 

Moore,  John  Bassett.    American  Diplomacy 190 

Morris,  Sir  Lewis.    The  New  Rambler 92 

Muller,  P.  Max.    Life  and  Religion 152 

Murray,  A.  H.  Hallam.     The  High-Road  of  Empire 235 

"  Musician's  Library  " 133 

''National  Educational  Association  Proceedings,"  Meeting 

of  1905 97 

Naylor,  James  Ball.    The  Kentuckian 365 

Nevin,  Blanche.    Great-Grandma's  Looking-Glass 203 

Newcomb,  Simon.    Compendiimi  of  Spherical  Astronomy. .  396 

Newman,  Ernest.    Musical  Studies 160 

"  Newnes'  Art  Library  " 160 

Nicholson,  Meredith.    The  House  of  a  Thousand  Candles. .  155 

Noyes,  Ella.    The  Casentino  and  its  Story 131 

Noyes,  Walter  Chadwick.    American  Railroad  Rates 82 

Nugent,  Meredith.    New  Games  and  Amusements 52 

O'Brien,  William.    Recollections 37 

Ochlenschlager's  "Axel  and  Valberg,"  trans,  by  Frederick 

S.  Kolbe 367 

"  Old  South  Leaflets  " 97 

Oppenheim,  E.  Phillips.    A  Maker  of  History 154 

Osier,  William.    Counsels  and  Ideals 93 


PAGE 

Ostwald,  Wilhelm.    Individuality  and  Immortality 228 

"  Oxford  Poets  " 96 

Page,  Curtis  H.    Chief  American  Poets 96 

Page,  N.  Clifford.    Twenty  Songs  by  Stephen  C.  Foster. ...  334 

Painter,  F.  V.  N.    Great  Pedagogical  Essays 203 

Pais,  Ettore.    Ancient  Legends  of  Roman  History 201 

Palmer,  Frederick.    Lucy  of  the  Stars 366 

Palmer,  George  H.    Works  of  George  Herbert 129 

Parker,  William  B.,  and  Viles,  Jonas.    Letters  and  Ad- 
dresses of  Thomas  Jefferson 97 

Parrish,  Randall.    A  Sword  of  the  Old  Frontier 16 

Parrish,  Randall.    Historic  Illinois 94 

Passmore,  T.  H.    In  Further  Ardenne 234 

Paul,  Herbert.    History  of  Modem  England,  Vol.  IV 95 

Paul,  Herbert.    Life  of  Froude 80 

Pepper,  Charles  M .    Panama  to  Patagonia 322 

Peters,  Madison  C.    The  Jews  in  America 260 

Pfleiderer,  Otto.    Christian  Origins 323 

Phelps,  Albert.    Louisiana 157 

Phillips,  L.  March.    In  the  Desert 233 

Phillips,  Stephen.    Nero 326 

Phillpotts,  Eden.    The  Portreeve 364 

"  Photograms  of  the  Year,  1905  " 97 

Piatt,  Isaac  H.    Bacon  Cryptograms  in  Shakespeare 90 

Pollard,  A.  F.    Henry  VIII 291 

Potter,  Margaret.    The  Genius 366 

Prince,  Morton.    The  Dissociation  of  a  Personality 266 

"  Princess  Priscilla's  Fortnight " 18 

Prothero,  Rowland  E.    Letters  of  Richard  Ford 266 

Prout,  Ebenezer.    Songs  and  Airs  by  Handel 133 

Putnam,  James  J.    Memoir  of  Dr.  James  Jackson 130 

Quayle,  William  A.    The  Prairie  and  the  Sea 238 

Quick,  Herbert.    Double  Trouble 263 

Ranck,  George  W.   The  Bivouac  of  the  Dead  and  its  Author  98 

Rawling,  C.G.    The  Great  Plateau 235 

Reed,  John  C.    The  Brothers' War 92 

Reid,  Forrest.    The  Garden  God 267 

Repplier,  Agnes.    In  our  Convent  Days 51 

Rhys,  Ernest.    Everyman's  Library 393 

Richman,  Irving  E.    Rhode  Island 132 

Rickett,  Leonard  A.    Poems  of  Love  and  Nature 328 

Robertson,  Morgan.    Land  Ho 19 

Robins,  Edward.    William  T.  Sherman 239 

Robinson,  James  H.   Readings  in  European  History 333 

Robinson,  Tracy  and  Lucy.    Selections  from  the  Poetry  of 

John  Payne 326 

Rogers,  Julia  E.    The  Tree  Book 358 

Roosevelt,  Theodore.    Outdoor  Pastimes  of  an  American 

Hunter  49 

Ross,  Janet.   Florentine  Palaces  and  their  Stories 160 

Rothschild,  Alonzo.    Lincoln,  Master  of  Men 254 

"  Royal  Academy  Pictures,  1905  " 202 

Runkle,  Bertha.     The  Truth  about  Tolna 367 

St.  Maur,  Kate  V.    A  Self-Supporting  Home 130 

St.  Pierre's  "  Paul  et  Virginie,"  Riverside  Press  edition 394 

Sainte-Beuve's   "  Portraits   of   the  Eighteenth  Century," 

trans,  by  Katharine  Wormeley  and  George  B.  Ives 130 

Salter,  Emma  G.    Franciscan  Legends  in  Italian  Art 199 

Sampson,  John.    Poetical  Works  of  Blake 160 

Sanborn,  Mary  F.    Lynette  and  the  Congressman 16 

Sands,  H.  Hayden.   The  Valley  of  Dreams 126 

Santayana,  George.    The  Life  of  Reason 87,  300 

Scarritt,  Winthrop  E.    Three  Men  in  a  Motor  Car 363 

Schillings,  C.  G.    Flashlights  in  the  Jungle,  trans,  by  Fred- 
erick Whyte 232 

Schouler,  James.    Americans  of  1776 299 

Schuyler,  Montgomery,  Jr.    Bibliography  of  the  Sanskrit 

Drama 396 

Scott,  Duncan  C.    New  World  Lyrics  and  Ballads 127 

Seaman,  Louis  L.    The  Real  Triumph  of  Japan 388 

Sedgwick,  Henry  Dwight.    Short  History  of  Italy 156 

Selincourt,  Basil  de.    Giotto 158 

Selous,  Edmund.    The  Bird  Watcher  in  the  Shetlands 198 

Sewell,  Cornelius  V.  V.    Common-Sense  Gardens 360 

Shaler,  Nathaniel.   Man  and  the  Earth 132 

Shand,  Alexander  I.    Days  of  the  Past 237 


INDEX 


Vll. 


PAOX 

Sharpley,  Hugo.    A  Realist  of  the  ..Egean 367 

Shelton.  Louise.    The  Seasons  in  a  Flower-Garden 360 

Sherman,  Frank  D.,  and  Scollard.  Clinton.    A  Southern 

Flight    127 

Sherwood,  Margaret.    The  Coming  of  the  Tide 19 

Shuckburgh,  E.  S.   iJreece,  from  the  Coming  of  the  Hellenes 

to  A.  D.  U 332 

Sidgwick,  Mrs.  Alfred.  The  Professor's  Legacy 18 

Sienkiewicz.  Henryk.   On  the  Field  of  Glory 153 

Sieper,  Ernst.    Longfellow's  "Evangeline" 132 

Sinclair,  Upton.    The  Jungle 262 

Sinclair,  William  A.    The  Aftermath  of  Slavery 294 

Singer,  H.  W.    Drawings  of  Von  Menzel 202 

Singleton.  Esther.    Holland 302 

Skae.  Hilda  T.    Mary  Queen  of  Scots 266 

Slater,  Joseph.    Book-Prices  Current,  1905 97 

Slater,  J.  Herbert.    How  to  Collect  Books 24 

Small,  Albion  W.    General  Sociology 146 

Smiley,  James  B.    Manual  of  American  Literature 303 

Smith,  Gold  win.   Irish  History  and  the  Irish  Question 330 

SoUas,  W.  J.    The  Age  of  the  Earth 300 

Spargo.  John.   The  Bitter  Cry  of  the  Children 298 

Sparks.  Edwin  £.    Incidents  Attending  Johnston's  Cap- 
tivity     24 

Spears,  John  R.    Admiral  Farragnt 51 

"  Spirit  of  the  Age  Series  " 303 

Stanwood,  Edward.   James  G.  Blaine 49 

Stephen,  Sir  Leslie.    Thomas  Hobbes 157 

Stephenson,  Henry  T.    Shakespeare's  London 89 

Stickney,  Trumbull.    Poems 125 

Stokes,  Hugh.    Etchings  of  Charles  Meryon 202 

Street,  George  E.    Mount  Desert 268 

Strong,  Josiah,  Tolman,  W.  H.,  and  Bliss,  W.  D.  P.    Social 

Progress.  1906 396 

"  Supplementary  Papers  of  the  American  School  of  Classical 

Studies  in  Rome,"  Vol.  1 239 

Suttner,  Baroness  von.    Ground  Arms,  new  edition 53.  161 

Swiggett,  Glen    L.      MUton's  "Ode  on   the   Morning  of 

Christ's  Nativity  " 133 

Swinburne,  A.  C.    Tragedies,  new  library  edition 330 

Symons,  Arthur.    Spiritual  Adventures 201 

Tarkington,  Booth.    The  Conquest  of  Canaan 155 

Taylor,  H.  C.    Agricultural  Elconomics 298 

Tennyson's  "In  Memoriam,"  "Golden  Treasury"  edition  133 

Thayer,  Harvey  W.    Laurence  Sterne  in  Germany 24 

Thomdike,  Lynn.    Place  of  Magic  in  the  Intellectual  His- 
tory of  Europe 133 

Tolstoy,  Leo.    Christianity  and  Patriotism 97 


PASS 

Tout.  T.  F.    Political  History  of  England.  1216-1377 122 

Toynbee,  Mrs.  Paget.    Letters  of  Horace  Walpole 320 

Traubel,  Horace.    With  Walt  Whitman  in  Camden 144 

Trent,  William  P.    Greatness  in  Literature 23 

Trollope,  Henry  M.    Life  of  Moliere 192 

Underhill,  Evelyn.    Miracles  of  Our  Lady  Saint  Mary 367 

Vance,  Louis  Joseph.    The  Private  War 365 

Van  Dyke.  Henry.    Essays  in  Application 20 

Van  Vorst,  Marie.    Miss  Desmond 19 

Vaughn,  John.    Wild  Flowers  of  Selbome 359 

Vedder,  Henry  C.    Balthasar  Hubmaier 267 

Wallace.  Alfred  Russel.    My  Life 11 

"War  in  the  Far  East,  The" 194 

"Ward,  A.  B."    The  Sage  Brush  Parson 282 

Ward.  H.  Snowden.    The  Canterbury  Pilgrimages 268 

Wardman,  Ervin.    The  Princess  Olga 366 

Warner,  Beverly.    Famous  Introductions  to  Shakespeare's 

Plays 332 

Watson,  Edward  W.    Old  Lamps  and  New 127 

Watson.  H.  B.  Marriott.    Twisted  Eglantine 17 

Watson,  William.    Poems,  collected  edition 24 

Wauchope,  George  A.     Lamb's  "  Essays  of  Elia  " 334 

Weale,  B.  L.  Putnam.    The  Re-Shaping  of  the  Far  East 317 

Wells,  H.G.    A  Modem  Utopia 296 

WeUs.  H.  G.    Kipps 17 

Wertheimer,  Edward  de.    The  Duke  of  Reichstadt 21 

Weyman,  Stanley  J.    Starvecrow  Farm 17 

Wharton,  Edith.    The  House  of  Mirth 15 

Whelpley,  James  D.    Problem  of  the  Immigrant 259 

"  Who's  ^^'ho"  (English)  1906 161 

Wilkins.  W.  H.    Mrs.  Fitzherbert  and  George  IV 202 

Williams.  C.  F.  Abdy.    Story  of  Organ  Music 395 

Williamson,  C.  N.  and  A.  M.    My  Friend  the  Chauffeur 154 

Wilson,  Francis.    Joseph  Jefferson 316 

Winship.  George  P.    SaUors'  Narratives  of  Voyages  along 

the  New  England  Coast 301 

Wister,  Owen.    Lady  Baltimore 365 

Wolff,   Julius.       The  Wild   Huntsman,  trans,  by  Ralph 

Davidson 98 

Wood,  W.  Birbeck.  and  Edmonds.  J.  E.    History  of  the 

Civil  War 264 

Woodberry,  George  E.     Swinburne 3 

Woodberry,  George  E.    The  Torch 236 

Woods,  F.  A.    Mental  and  Moral  Heredity  in  Royalty 299 

"  World's  Classics" 396 

Wright,  Joseph.    English  Dialect  Grammar 24 

Zimmem.  Alice.    Old  Tales  from  Rome 302 

Zneblin,  Charles.    A  Decade  of  Civic  Development 200 


MISCELLANEOUS 


American  Literature  in  British  Periodicals,    ^f.  B.  A 223 

Barnes  &  Co.'s  Acquisition  of  the  United  Educational  Co.'s 

Business 761 

Bibliographic  Needs  and  Possibilities.    Eugene  Fairfield 

McPike 78 

Book  Advertising,  The  Principles  of.   George  French 5 

"  Burlington  Magazine  " 239 

Editorial  Career,  A  Distinguished.    W.  H.  Johmon 380 

English  Metre,  A  New  Theory  of.    Edward  P.  Morton 381 

Fox.  Duffield  &  Co.'s  Acquisition  of  Herbert  S.  Stone  &  Co.'s 

Business 203 

Harland,  Henry,  Death  of 52 

Harper,  William  Rainey,  Death  of 53 


"Hawaiian  Yesterdays."  The  Author  of.    Sara  Andrew 

Shafer 253 

Molmenti's  Venice,  Announcement  of 6 

Naval  Warfare,  Improvised  Means  of.    F.  H.  Cottello 287 

"  Paradise  Lost,"  A  Japanese  Translation  of 324 

Smith.  Edwin  Burritt,  Death  of 335 

Swinburne  as  "  a  Love  Poet."  Franeig  Howard  Willianu  79 
Swinburne  as  "  a  Love  Poet,"  A  Final  Word  about.  Henry 

S.  Pancoast 112 

Swinburne's  Poetry.    Henry  S.  Pancoast 36 

War  of  1812,  Late  Discussions  of  the.    F.  H.  Cottello 143 

War  of  1812,  Peace  Terms  of  the.    A.T.Mahan 253 


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EUROPEAN  DIPLOilACY  IN  ITS  BEGINNINGS. 

David  Y.  Thomas 9 

THE     DOYEN     OF    ENGLISH     NATURALISTS. 

T.  D.  A.  Cockerell 11 

STUDIES     IN    FRENCH    LITERATURE.     Arthur 

G.  Canfield 13 

RECENT  FICTION.  William  Morton  Payne  ...  1.5 
Wharton's  The  House  of  Mirth.  —  Davis's  The 
Northerner.  —  Sanborn's  Lynnette  and  the  Con- 
gressman. —  Ludlow's  Sir  Raool.  —  Parrish's  A 
Sword  of  the  Old  Frontier.  —  Jackson's  Losers' 
Luck.  —  Watson's  Twisted  Eglantine.  —  WejTnan's 
Starvecrow  Farm.  —  Wells's  Kipps.  —  The  Princess 
Priscilla's  Fortnight. —  Craigie's  The  Flute  of  Pan. 

—  Sidgwick's  The  Professor's  Leg^acy. 

NOTES  ON  NEW  NOVELS 18 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 20 

A  book  of  good  sense  and  sound  ideals. —  The  blot 
on  our  national  escutcheon.  —  The  son  of  Napoleon 
and  Marie  Louise.  —  A  pardon  for  our  peccadillos. 

—  The  greatest  of  L'^nitarians.  —  A  handbook  of 
musical  history.  —  Some  ethical  gains  through 
legislation.  ^  Pleasant  papers  on  literary  themes. 

—  The  Romany  Word  -  Book. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 24 

NOTES 24 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS 25 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS 25 


A  POET  FOB  POETS. 


"  Liberty,  melody,  passion,  fate,  nature,  love, 
and  fame  are  the  seven  chords  which  the  poet's 
hand,  from  its  first  almost  boyhood  touch  upon 
the  l\Te,  has  swept  now  for  two  score  years  with 
music  that  has  been  blown  through  the  world." 
Thfese  words  strike  the  key-note  of  Professor 
Woodberry's  appreciation  of  Mr.  Swinburne's 
poetry —  a  book  in  form,  an  essay  in  dimensions, 
and  a  nugget  of  pure  gold  in  critical  quality. 
We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Woodberry  for  many 
precious  earlier  gifts  —  for  much  noble  verse  of 
his  own  and  for  much  finely-tempered  discourse 
upon  the  verse  of  other  men  —  but  to  no  piece  of 
his  writing  more  than  to  this,  in  which  the  poet 
speaks  of  the  poet  straight  to  the  heart  of  all 
who  love  poetry. 

We  started  to  read  Mr.  Woodberry's  essay 
with  some  misgivings.  He  has  been  charged  with 
defective  sympathies,  with  putting  too  much  of 
the  New  England  conscience  into  his  judgment 
of  Poe,  for  example,  and  of  other  writers  in 
whose  temperament  the  puritan  spirit  has  no 
part.  We  are  not  sure  that  this  charge  is  jus- 
tified, but  the  plaintiffs  at  least  have  a  case. 
Remembering  the  utter  failiu-e  of  LoweU  to  do 
anything  like  justice  to  the  poet  of  "  Atalanta," 
we  feared  lest  his  latest  successor  might  exhibit 
the  same  sort  of  spiritual  blindness.  On  the 
other  hand,  there  stootl  Mr.  Woodberry's  record 
as  a  lover  of  SheUey,  and  to  share  the  inspiration 
of  SheUey  is  to  have  the  franchise  of  the  poetic 
kingdom  of  heaven.  We  recalled,  moreover,  cer- 
tain of  Mr.  Woodberry's  earlier  poems  which 
distinctly  showed  the  mark  of  the  Swinbumian 
influence. 

Considered  thus  in  its  a  priori  aspect,  the 
question  of  what  the  critic  would  have  to  say 
about  the  greatest  of  living  poets  seemed  a  little 
doubtful,  but  wliatever  misgivings  we  may  have 
felt  were  soon  disjielled.  The  words  set  at  the 
head  of  this  article  were  alone  sufficient  for 
that  pm-pose,  and  they  were  foimd  to  be  supple- 
mented by  many  others  which  left  no  doubt 
concerning  the  writer's  sympathies.  Such  words, 
for  example,  are  these  :  "  Strength  is  dominant 
in  his  genius :  the  things  of  strength  are  in  his 
verse ;  it  is  English  genius  and  English  strength. 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


racial  in  lyric  power,  in  free  intellect,  in  bold 
speech, — none  more  so — and  English  also  in  its 
poetic  scholarly  tradition."  And  besides  these 
general  appraisements,  there  are  such  specific 
dicta  as  the  following  :  "  The  stream  of  his  rev- 
olutionary song  is  unmatched  in  volume,  splen- 
dour, and  force  ;  it  has  flowed  life-long,  and 
still  wells  ;  it  is  blended  of  many  loves  of  per- 
sons and  histories  and  memories,  of  time  and  of 
eternity  ;  it  is  a  great  passion,  great  in  personal 
intensity,  great  in  its  human  outreaching  and 
uplifting  aspiration,  great  in  sincerity."  "  He 
achieves  the  most  genuine  appearance  of  belief 
in  the  gods  that  has  fallen  to  the  fortune  of  any 
English  poet,  perhaps  of  any  poet  in  any  niod- 
ern  literature."  "  Such  poetry  [as  'Tristram  '] 
brings  back  that  early  world  in  which  old 
Triton  blew  his  wreathed  horn,  and  not  in  a 
vision  only,  but  as  the  everlasting  life  of  nature 
and  man." 

In  view  of  the  grotesque  misconception  of 
Mr.  Swinburne's  poetry  that  is  still  current 
with  a  large  section  of  the  public,  the  critic  who 
deals  honestly  and  intelligently  with  him  is 
under  bonds,  as  it  were,  to  cast  his  gauntlet 
boldly  in  the  face  of  ignorance  and  prejudice. 
This  Mr.  Woodberry  does  without  hesitation. 
"He  is  a  very  thoughtfid  poet"  is  his  simple 
but  adequate  correction  of  the  stupid  notion 
that  the  author  of  "  Hertha  "  and  "  The  Last 
Oracle  "  is  a  poet  of  sound  without  sense.  Those 
who  condenm  the  poet  for  exaggeration,  whether 
in  praise  of  Hugo  or  censure  of  Louis  Napoleon, 
will  do  weU  to  weigh  the  coimter-opinion  that  his 
study  of  Hugo  belongs  to  "  a  treasure  of  intui- 
tive criticism  such  as  no  other  English  poet  has 
left,"  and  the  characterization  of  the  "  Dirae  " 
as  "  curses  to  rejoice  the  heart,"  which  "  mark 
their  victims  indelibly  for  heU."  Mr.  Wood- 
berry  says  with  entire  truth  that  criticism  of 
this  poet  hitherto  "  has  never  been  adequate, 
just,  or  intelligent."  "  The  truth  about  him  is 
the  exact  opposite  of  what  has  been  widely  and 
popularly  thought ;  weakness,  affectation,  exotic 
foreignness,  the  traits  of  aestheticism  in  the 
debased  sense  of  that  word,  are  far  from  him  ; 
he  is  strong,  he  is  English,  bred  with  an  Euro- 
pean mind  it  is  true  like  SheUey,  like  Gray  and 
Milton,  but  in  his  own  genius  and  temperament 
and  the  paths  of  his  flight  charged  with  the 
strength  of  England." 

Such  statements  as  these  clear  the  air  won- 
derfidly.  They  are  mspired  criticism  ;  and  Mr. 
Swinburne  has  been  the  victim  of  so  much  crit- 
icism (if  it  deserve  the  name)  of  the  dull  and 
uninspired  sort  tliat  its  drone  still  lingers  in  our 


ears.  Sound  and  fury,  debased  sensualism, 
vacuity  of  thovight  —  these  are  honestly  sup- 
posed by  many  well-meaning  jjcople  to  be  the 
essential  attributes  of  his  work.  Soimd  and 
fury,  and  we  think  of  the  severe  and  tempered 
style  of  "  Mary  Stuart ";  debased  sensualism, 
and  we  recall  the  austere  idealism  of  "  The  Pil- 
gruns  ";  vacuity  of  thought,  and  we  wonder- 
ingly  repeat  the  deep  gnomic  utterances  of 
"  Hertha  "  and  "  The  Last  Oracle  "  !  But  of 
course  the  people  who  use  these  glib  plu-ases 
are  either  imacquainted  with  the  poet's  reaUy 
significant  work,  or  they  are  to  be  reckoned 
among  the  imf ortunates  who  are  impervious  to 
the  appeal  of  pure  poetry.  This  latter  class  is 
a  larger  one  than  is  commonly  suspected,  for 
there  are  great  numbers  of  readers  everywhere 
who  think  and  say  that  they  love  poetry,  when 
what  really  attracts  and  impresses  them  is  some 
adventitious  quality  that  has  little  to  do  with 
poetical  character.  The  comfortable  conserva- 
tism of  a  Wordsworth,  the  domestic  sentunent- 
ality  of  a  Tennyson,  the  cryptic  moralizing  of  a 
Browning,  bring  to  the  works  of  these  poets  a 
host  of  admiring  readers  who  mistake  for  aes- 
thetic satisfaction  the  delight  with  which  they 
greet  the  echo  of  their  own  sentiments  or  prej- 
udices. 

We  are  not  saying  that  these  three  are  not 
gi'eat  poets,  for  that  they  unquestionably  are ; 
but  we  are  asserting  with  much  confidence  that 
they  woidd  be  no  less  great  as  poets  were  their 
writings  divested  of  nearly  everything  that 
makes  an  appeal  to  nine-tenths  of  their  atbnir- 
ers.  They  would  lose  their  popidarity,  no  doubt, 
and  become  merely  poets  for  poets,  and  for  the 
small  minority  of  those  others  who,  without  pos- 
sessing for  themselves  the  creative  facidty,  are 
still  of  the  elect  whose  spirits  are  finely  touched 
to  fine  issues,  and  whose  ciunulative  verdict 
determines  the  final  rank  of  every  poet  in  the 
hierarchy.  Landor  is  one  of  the  greatest  En- 
glish poets  despite  his  failure  to  win  popular 
applause  ;  Mr.  Swinburne  is  one  of  the  great 
English  poets  despite  all  the  efforts  of  the 
"  homy-eyed  "  to  prove  that  he  is  not  by  their 
damnable  iteration  of  catchpenny  phrases.  Mr. 
Woodberry,  himself  a  poet  of  distinction,  sees 
this  fact  cleai'ly  enough,  and  gives  abundant 
reasons  for  the  faith  that  is  in  him.  It  is  a  fact, 
moreover,  that  has  already  been  seen  by  nearly 
all  the  competent  critics  of  the  present  genera- 
tion, which  is  equivalent  to  saying  that  the  only 
contemporary  judgment  which  will  count  in  the 
\dtimate  reckoning  has  already  ranged  itseK 
upon  the  side  of  those  who  have,  through  good 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


and  ill  report,  acclaimed  Mr.  Swdnbume's 
genius,  and  found  his  work  to  exhibit,  in  very 
high  degree,  the  qualities  of  artistic  expression, 
of  intellectual  stimulus,  and  of  ethical  inspira- 
tion. To  quote  Mr.  Woodberry's  simple  clos- 
ing words,  "  there  are,  in  the  wide  world,  here 
and  there  a  few  —  a  nmnber  that  will  increase 
ever  with  passing  generations,  and  is  even  now 
perhaps  manyf old  greater  than  the  poet  knows 
—  in  whose  hearts  his  poetry  is  lodged  with 
power." 


COMMUNICA  TION. 


THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  BOOK  ADVERTISING. 
(To  the  Editor  of  The  Dial.) 

The  questiou  of  the  advertising  of  books  has  recently 
become  one  of  interest,  through  discussion  in  the  liter- 
ary journals,  and  the  opinions  and  experiences  made 
public  have  been  of  considerable  value.  The  Dlax  has 
expressed  itself  soimdly  on  the  subject,  especially  in 
the  issue  of  December  1. 

It  occurs  to  me  that  the  consideration  of  the  general 
question  of  the  proper  methods  to  be  followed  in  the 
advertising  of  books  has  not  been  placed  upon  a  foun- 
dation as  broad  as  it  may  profitably  be  placed.  The 
Dial  asks  this  question:  "  Do  the  principles  that  apply 
to  the  advertising  of  shoes  apply  also  to  the  advertising 
of  books?  "  If  the  question  had  been,  Are  the  methods 
that  are  foimd  effective  in  the  advertising  of  shoes 
adequate  for  the  advertising  of  books?  there  would  be 
no  groimd  for  an  argument  dissenting  from  the  proposi- 
tions laid  down  in  The  Dial  article;  or,  at  least,  the 
intelligent  reader  would  have  recognized  the  logical 
force  of  the  concliLsions  drawn  from  such  a  premise. 
But  the  principles  that  xmderlie  advertising  apply  with 
equal  force  to  all  advertising,  whether  of  shoes  or  of 
books.  It  is  because  the  discussion  of  advertising  does 
not,  in  this  case  and  usiuilly,  consider  principles  that 
confusion  often  residts.  The  student  of  advertising 
recognizes  the  fact  that  it  is  the  confusion  of  principles 
with  methods  that  leads  to  nearly  all  the  differences  of 
opinion  existing  with  respect  to  advertising,  is  at  the 
bottom  of  mixch  of  the  futile  discussion,  and  is  respon- 
sible for  the  differing  views  expressed  by  those  who 
have  recently  written  upon  the  subject.  The  failure  to 
discriminate  between  principles  and  methods  accounts 
also  for  a  majority  of  the  failures  in  advertising,  and 
for  a  large  proportion  of  the  improfitable  margins 
recognized  as  the  residt  of  even  what  are  known  to  be 
on  the  whole  successfiU  campaigns. 

While  it  is  an  old  shibboleth  of  advertisers  that  there 
are  no  well-defined  principles  underlying  advertising, 
considered  scientifically,  it  is  beginning  to  be  recognized 
that  that  shibboleth  is  merely  an  expression  of  ignor- 
ance rather  than  a  demonstrable  proposition.  It  is 
quite  true  that  as  yet  there  has  been  no  definitive  and 
authoritative  formulation  of  the  principles  that  tmder- 
lie  advertising,  but  there  is  steadily  accumidating  a 
mass  of  material  which  will  soon  make  such  formula- 
tion possible.  To  those  students  of  the  question  who 
have  carefully  followed  the  work  of  the  psychologists 
in   several   of  the    American,    English,    German,    and 


French  imiversities,  it  is  already  evident  that  enough 
has  been  uncovered  relative  to  the  workings  of  the 
human  mind  to  form  a  basis  for  at  least  an  intelligent 
discussion  of  what  those  principles  are,  and  to  indicate 
with  some  degree  of  certainty  the  chief  lines  upon 
which  a  fundamental  credo  of  advertising  must  be  con- 
structed. 

It  is  in  the  nature  of  a  fascinating  recreation  to  ex- 
amine the  work  of  the  professors  of  psychology,  for  the 
purpose  of  discovering  therein  those  habits  and  tenden- 
cies of  the  mind  that  may  be  appealed  to  by  adver- 
tising, and  which  may  be  relied  upon  to  come  into  some 
degree  of  activity  when  the  sympathetic  suggestion 
arouses  them.  As  it  would  be  too  long  a  process  care- 
fully to  indicate  what  has  been  established  bearing  upon 
this  advertising  problem,  in  this  brief  note,  may  I  be 
allowed  to  affirm  that  the  work  of  the  psychologists,  as 
revealed  in  the  printed  reports  of  several  vmiversities 
and  in  their  writings,  suggests  to  me  that  all  advertising 
depends  for  its  power  upon  three  broad  qualities,  which 
may  be  defined  as  attraction,  suggestion,  and  assertion. 
The  quality  of  attraction  must  arrest  the  eye  of  a  reader 
who  may  not  be  conscious  of  any  desire  to  read  the 
advertisement;  the  quality  of  suggestion  must  come 
into  play  the  instant  the  eye  is  arrested,  and  carry  the 
reader's  attention  along  the  line  of  sequence  to  the 
assertion,  which  is  the  final  vital  element  of  the  adver- 
tisement —  the  argument  and  appeal  which  furnishes  to 
the  reader  the  purchasing  motive.  The  effective  adver- 
tisement must  attract  the  eye,  suggest  something  by  its 
most  obvious  printed  expression,  and  assert  the  full  force 
of  its  argimient  by  that  to  which  its  attractive  and  sug- 
gestive elements  induce  attention. 

This  progressive  influence  of  the  advertisement  has 
been  pretty  well  established  by  the  experiments  and  in- 
vestigations of  the  psychologists.  It  is  easy  to  conceive 
that  there  are  many  members  going  to  the  composition 
of  each  of  these  elements.  That  of  attraction,  for  ex- 
ample, involves  some  most  interesting  new  facts  that 
have  been  recently  discovered  in  optics;  or,  more  ex- 
actly, in  relation  to  the  action  and  capacity  of  the  eye 
in  the  act  of  reading.  Certain  forms  of  type  are  more 
willingly  noted  by  the  eye  than  other  forms.  A  cer- 
tain nimiber  of  printed  letters  is  taken  cognizance  of  at 
one  "  fixation  "  of  the  eye  —  one  glance,  or  without  a 
movement  to  bring  other  groups  into  focus.  Lines 
within  certain  definite  limits  of  length  are  easily  read, 
while  those  that  are  longer  subject  the  eye  to  a  strain 
that  it  resents.  The  form  of  the  advertisement,  con- 
sidered as  an  object  intended  to  please  and  attract, 
must  be  in  accord  with  the  artistic  principles  of  compo- 
sition —  balance,  proportion,  harmony,  color,  etc.  The 
psychological  elements  of  the  two  remaining  qualities 
of  the  advertisement  —  suggestion  and  assertion  —  are 
more  complex  and  varied,  and  would  require  much  space 
to  state  them.  They  are  of  more  final  importance  than 
those  psychological  elements  I  have  named  as  being 
inherent  in  the  advertising  quality  of  attraction,  and 
therefore  may  make  a  more  emphatic  appeal  for  the 
attention  of  the  student. 

I  think  it  will  appear  evident  to  any  one  who  gives 
the  matter  thought  that  the  principles  affecting  adver- 
tising are  universal  in  their  application,  equally  oper- 
ative in  shoe  advertising  and  book  advertising.  The 
methods  of  applying  these  principles  differ.  It  is  too 
often  the  fact  that  no  attention  is  given  to  the  prin- 
ciples, and  none  too  much  to  the  methods.  The  trouble 
with  much  current  book  advertising  is  that  it  seeks  to 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


appeal  to  people  who  are  not  interested  in  books.  The 
merchandising  of  books  is  a  problem  by  itself.  Once  a 
year  —  at  the  holiday  season  - —  books  are  sold  as  mer- 
chandise. The  stress  of  the  requirements  of  the  season 
drives  many  people  to  the  book-counter,  where  they 
buy  books  for  presents,  with  little  thought  or  concern 
for  the  literary  contents.  At  other  times  books  are  sold 
as  literature,  and  there  is  nothing  to  justify  advertising- 
attempts  to  sell  them  on  other  gromids.  How  to  reach 
the  small  proportion  of  book-buyers  existing  in  the 
mass  of  the  people,  is  the  problem  the  publisher  has  to 
consider.     It  is  a  question  of  method,  not  of  principle. 

I  think  that  it  must  be  admitted  that  the  relative 
proportion  of  book-buyers  has  steadily  increased  since 
progressive  publishers  began  the  policy  of  advertising 
in  mediiuns  having  general  circulations,  such  as  the 
better  class  of  newspapers.  It  is  certam  that  there  are 
potential  book-buyers,  many  of  them,  among  newspaper 
readers.  It  is  not  my  belief  that  the  publishers  who 
have  done  good  general  advertising  have  suffered  there- 
for. In  looking  the  field  over,  without  special  prepara- 
tion, it  seems  apparent  that  nearly  all  of  the  large 
publishing  houses  —  those  supposed  to  be  financially 
strong,  and  successful  with  their  books  —  are  liberal 
users  of  advertising  space  in  the  better  newspapers. 

The  reason  for  the  inefficiency  of  book  advertising, 
if  it  is  more  inefficient  than  other  advertising,  does  not 
seem  to  me  to  lie  in  the  choice  of  mediums  so  much  as 
in  the  methods  employed  ui  preparing  the  advertising. 
The  great  bvdk  of  book  advertising  appeals  only  to 
such  resolute  buyers  as  are  determined  to  seek  out 
books  to  minister  to  their  developed  and  acknowledged 
literary  appetites.  It  is  not  calculated  either  to  create 
a  literary  taste  or  to  arouse  a  dormant  literary  appetite. 
And,  after  all,  the  object  of  book  advertising  is  to  pro- 
mote the  sale  of  books,  not  merely  to  notify  book  lovers 
where  they  can  obtain  satisfaction.     Gforgj.  French. 

Boston,  Mass.,  December  20,  1905. 


Messrs.  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.  announce  that  they 
have  just  completed  arrangements  with  The  University 
Press  of  Cambridge,  Mass.,  for  the  publication,  in  con- 
jmietion  with  Mr.  John  Murray  of  London,  of  a  work 
of  more  than  ordinary  interest.  This  is  Molmenti's 
"Venice:  Its  Individual  Growth  from  the  Earliest 
Beginnings  to  the  Fall  of  the  Republic,"  now  appear- 
ing in  Italy  under  the  imprint  of  the  Instituto  Italian© 
d'Arti  Graflchi.  The  author,  Signor  Pompeo  Molmen- 
ti,  a  senator  at  Rome,  is  a  gentlemen  of  high  social 
standing,  and  the  leadmg  historical  writer  in  Italy  at 
the  present  time.  The  translator  is  to  be  Mr.  Horatio 
F.  Brown,  liimself  an  authority  on  Venice,  whose  books 
on  that  city,  and  the  distinguished  position  he  has  held 
there  for  nearly  twenty  years  as  "  British  Archivist," 
have  won  for  him  the  reputation  of  knowing  more 
about  Venice  than  any  other  living  Englishman.  The 
work  will  be  issued  in  three  sections  of  two  volumes 
each,  the  first  entitled  "  Venice  in  the  Middle  Ages," 
the  second  "Venice  in  the  Golden  Age,"  and  the 
tliird  "The  Decadence  of  Venice."  Each  volimie 
will  contain  forty  full-page  plates  and  a  frontispiece 
in  full  color  printed  in  Italy.  The  volumes  will  be 
distinguished  typographically  by  being  printed  in  the 
beautiful  Italian  type  cut  by  Bodoni,  which  the  Uni- 
versity Press  has  just  revived.  Besides  the  library  edi- 
tion, there  will  be  an  edition  on  Italian  handmade  paper, 
with  the  illustrations  printed  on  Japanese  vellum. 


^t  ieto  io0ks. 


CHARL.es    liAMB'S    IjATEST    BIOGRAPHER.* 

To  have  at  last  a  fiill  portrayal  by  a  loving 
liand  of  "  the  most  lovable  figure  in  English 
literature  "  is  cause  for  no  small  congratulation. 
Mr.  Edward  V.  Lucas's  eleven  hundred  octavo 
pages,  with  their  many  portraits  and  other  illus- 
trations, give  not  only  an  elaborate  life  of  Lamb, 
but  an  almost  equally  detailed  account  of  his 
alter  ego,  Mary  Lamb,  and  very  full  sketches 
of  the  friends  with  whom  he  talked  and  walked, 
drank  a  convivial  glass,  and  cracked  a  harmless 
joke. 

That  the  biography  is  constructed  after  the 
most  modern  methods,  as  compared  with  Tal- 
fourd's,  Barry  Cornwall's,  and  aU  previous 
lives  of  Lamb,  its  very  length  and  general 
appearance  sufficiently  indicate.  The  care  and 
skill  with  which  references  to  persons  and  places 
have  been  hunted  down,  and  all  available  sources 
of  information  explored,  become  increasingly 
manifest  as  one  turns  the  pages  and  notes  the 
frequency  and  fidness  of  quoted  matter.  In  a 
final  and  authoritative  life,  to  accompany  the 
same  author's  scholarly  edition  of  Lamb's  works, 
this  is  as  it  shovdd  be,  although  the  man  of  little 
leisure  might  prefer  a  shorter,  more  fluently 
narrative  treatment  of  the  theme,  with  fewer 
insertions  of  autobiogTaphic  matter  from  the 
easily  accessible  Letters  and  Essays.  In  other 
words,  as  Mr.  Lucas  lias  shown  himself  to  be 
the  ideal  editor  and  annotator  in  his  recently- 
published  seven- volume  edition  of  Lamb's  works^ 
so  here  he  demonstrates  his  unequalled  qualifica- 
tions as  a  compiler  of  all  discoverable  material 
bearing  on  the  life-history  of  his  chosen  author. 
The  method  adopted  was  the  best  for  the  pur- 
pose in  view;  and  as  the  chief  charm  of  aU 
previous  accounts  of  the  inimitable  Elia  has 
been  due  to  the  more  or  less  of  seK-portrayal 
introduced  into  their  pages,  so  here  again  the 
chapters  that  most  delight  are  those  wherein 
Lamb  himself  lias  been  allowed,  with  least  of 
editorial  assistance,  to  tell  his  own  story.  To 
Mary  Lamb  also,  to  Crabb  Kobinson,  Leigh 
Hunt,  the  Cowden  Clarkes,  Hazlitt,  Coleridge, 
De  Quincey,  N.  P.  WiUis,  John  WUson,  and 
countless  other  contemporaries  of  Lamb,  we  ai-e 
made  debtors  for  a  touch  here  and  a  stroke 
there  toward  the  completion  of  the  fidl-length 
portrait.  Letters  hitherto  imavailable  for  such 
uses  have   been  drawn  upon   for  still  further 

*  The  Life  op  Charles    Lamb.    By  E.  V.  Lucas.    In  two 
volumes.    Illustrated.    New  York:  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


finLshing  touches  to  this  careful  likeness,  and 
the  final  uupi*ession  is  one  of  unsurpassable  com- 
pleteness. Not  that  other  and  shorter  studies, 
like  those  of  Canon  Ainger  and  Mr.  Percy  Fitz- 
gerald. vnH  henceforth  be  superfluous ;  but  the 
prosecution  of  research  can  hardly  be  carried 
beyond  the  point  now  reached,  nor  is  it  likely 
to  be  attempted. 

Without  too  much  poking  about  in  the  gene- 
alogical dustbins,  the  biographer  introduces  us 
briefly  and  plea-santlj-  to  honest  John  Lamb 
and  his  little  fanuly  at  No.  2  Cro\s-n  Office  Row, 
and  to  the  excellent  Samuel  Salt.  Bencher  of 
the  Inner  Temple,  to  whom  the  elder  Lamb 
acted  as  assistant  and  servant.  All  that  relates 
to  Charles  Lamb's  education  at  Christ's  Hos- 
pital is  of  course  faithfully  reproduced  from  the 
Letters  and  the  Essays,  with  additional  inform- 
ation from  various  sources.  To  show  with  what 
painstaking  devotion  to  detad  the  biographer 
has  executed  his  task,  let  us  call  attention  to  the 
table  (an  en\'iably  long  one)  of  holidays  which 
the  blue-coat  boys  enjoyed  a  century  and  a 
quarter  ago,  and  which  ]VIr.  Lucas  sets  down  in 
chronological  order  to  give  the  reader  a  realiz- 
ing sense  of  the  frequency  with  which  our  little 
pupd  from  the  Temple  must  have  trotted  back 
and  forth  'tvs-ixt  parent  and  pedagogue.  Sun- 
dry bits  of  information,  even  as  to  the  hebdom- 
adal bill  of  fare  and  the  hours  of  bedgoing  and 
uprising,  ai-e  gleaned  from  Coleridge  and  Leigh 
Hunt,  themselves  likewise  wearers  of  the  blue 
coat.  Another  noteworthy  Christ's-Hospitaller 
was  Charles  Valentine  Le  Grice,  a  vnt  and 
punster  dear  to  Lamb's  heart,  who  at  Tal- 
fourd's  request  wrote  out  some  reminiscences  of 
his  famous  schooKeUow.  A  passage  from  his 
pen  is  worth  requoting  here  as  recalling  some 
of  the  jjecvdiar  circmnstances  that  helped  to  de- 
termine Charles  Lamb's  character. 

"  Lamb  was  an  amiable,  gentle  boy,  very  sensible 
and  keenly  observing,  indulged  by  his  schoolfellows  and 
by  his  master  on  account  of  his  infirmity  of  speech.  His 
countenance  was  mild ;  his  complexion  clear  brown,  with 
an  expression  which  might  lead  you  to  think  that  he 
was  of  Jewish  descent.  His  eyes  were  not  each  of  the 
same  colour,  one  was  hazel,  the  other  had  specks  of 
grey  in  the  iris,  mingled  as  we  see  red  spots  in  the 
blood-stone.  His  step  was  plantigrade,  which  made  his 
walk  slow  and  peculiar,  adding  to  the  staid  appearance 
of  his  figure.  I  never  heard  his  name  mentioned  with- 
out the  addition  of  Charles,  although,  as  there  was  no 
other  boy  of  the  name  of  Lamb,  the  addition  was  un- 
necessary; but  there  was  an  implied  kindness  in  it,  and 
it  was  a  proof  that  his  gentle  maimers  excited  that 
kindness.  His  delicate  frame  and  his  difficulty-  of  ut- 
terance, which  was  increased  by  agitation,  unfitted  him 
for  joining  in  any  boisterous  sport.  The  description  which 
he  gives,  in  his  '  Recollections  of  Christ's  Hospital,'  of 


the  habits  and  feelings  of  the  schoolboy,  is  a  true  one 
in  general,  but  is  more  particularly  a  delineation  of  him- 
self —  the  feelings  were  all  in  his  own  heart  —  the  por- 
trait was  his  own:  '  While  others  were  all  fire  and  play, 
he  stole  along  with  all  the  self -concentration  of  a  young 
monk.'  These  habits  and  feelings  were  awakened  and 
cherished  in  him  by  peculiar  circumstances:  he  had 
been  bom  and  bred  in  the  Inner  Temple;  and  his  pa- 
rents continued  to  reside  there  while  he  was  at  school, 
so  that  he  passed  from  cloister  to  cloister,  and  this  was 
all  the  change  his  young  mind  ever  knew." 

On  the  subject  of  Lamb's  romantic  passion 

for  "  Alice  W "  Mr.  Luca.s  offers  the  fol- 

lo^^ing: 

"  To  come  back  to  Lamb,  whom  we  left  on  February 
8,  1792,  laying  down  his  pen  in  the  Examiner's  office 
at  the  South-Sea  House  for  the  last  time  and  returning 
home  with  his  earnings.  Whether  or  not  he  had  heard 
of  the  opening  for  him  at  the  East  India  House,  I  can- 
not say;  but  he  did  not  enter  that  company's  employ 
until  April  oth,  two  months  later.  To  this  we  come 
shortly.  At  the  present  moment  there  is  a  more  roman- 
tic topic  for  consideration,  for  my  impression  is  that  Lamb 
filled  part  at  least  of  the  interval  by  visiting  his  grand- 
mother, and  at  the  same  time  began  to  cherish  affection 
for  the  girl  whom  he  afterward  called  Alice  W — ,  but 
who  is  thought  to  have  been  Ann  Simmons  of  Blenheims, 
near  Blakesware.  My  reasons  for  believing  this  to  be 
the  case  are,  (1)  that  on  April  5,  1792,  he  passed  into 
harness  from  which  he  never  escaped,  except  for  annual 
holidays  —  at  first,  probably,  very  brief  ones  —  or  single 
days  when  he  could  not  have  reached  Widford;  and  (2) 
that  Mrs.  Field  died  in  August,  1792,  thus  closing 
Blakesware  to  her  grandchildren.  We  have  no  knowl- 
edge of  any  other  friends  with  whom  Lamb  could  have 
stayed  after  her  death,  while  it  is  hardly  likely  that  so 
yoimg  a  clerk  could  have  afforded  to  stay  at  Mr.  Clem- 
itson's  inn  at  Widford,  except  very  occasionally." 

A  phase  of  Lamb's  inner  self  that  is  seldom 
dwelt  upon  has  to  do  with  his  religious  or  more 
properly  his  theological  beliefs,  so  far  as  he  had 
any  fixed  belief.  In  later  life,  as  his  biographer 
remarks,  his  religion  ceased  to  be  articulate  and 
became  merged  in  conduct ;  "  but  in  his  twenty- 
first  year  his  interest  in  Priestley  and  his  L^ni- 
tarian  and  fatalistic  creed  was  intense,"  writes 
Mr.  Lucas  ;  and  still  further :  "To  the  end,  I 
think,  although  this  point  is  a  little  vague.  Lamb 
remained  nominally  a  Lnitarian,  a  profession  of 
faith  to  which  probably  he  was  first  led  by  his 
Aimt  Hetty  (a  constant  attendant  at  the  Essex 
Street  chapel) ,  and  in  which  he  was  fortified  by 
Coleridge."  In  one  of  Lamb's  earlier  letters  to 
Coleridge  he  writes  :  ••  I  have  seen  Priestley.  I 
love  to  see  his  name  repeated  in  your  writings. 
I  love  and  honour  him  almost  profanely." 

The  tragical  event  of  Lamb's  young  manhood 
receives  of  course  fidl  treatment.  But  in  spite 
of  calamity  and  grief  one  must  push  on  and  fid- 
fill  one's  destiny ;  and  Lamb's  destiny,  as  we 
are  assured,  was  to  \*Tite.  In  the  November  fol- 
lowing that  awful  21st  September,  1796,  hLs 


8 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


interest  in  writing  had  revived,  and  he  sent  to 
Coleridge  the  fragments  of  verse  that  he  wished 
to  have  printed  with  his  friend's  poems  and  dedi- 
cated to  his  sister.  Thenceforward  he  turned 
more  and  more  to  authorship  for  solace.  As  to 
the  adoption  of  the  famous  and  often  mispro- 
notmced  pseudonym,  a  letter  from  Lamb  to  John 
Taylor  the  publisher,  written  in  July,  1821,  con- 
tains the  following  pertinent  passage  : 

"  Having  a  brother  now  there  [at  the  South-Sea 
House] ,  and  doubtuig  how  he  might  relish  certain  de- 
scriptions in  it  [the  essay  on  the  South-Sea  House] ,  I 
clapt  down  the  name  of  Elia  to  it,  which  passed  ofP 
pretty  well,  for  Elia  himself  added  the  function  of  an 
author  to  that  of  a  scrivener,  like  myself.  ...  I  went 
the  other  day  (not  having  seen  him  for  a  year)  to  laugh 
over  with  him  at  my  usurpation  of  his  name,  and  fomid 
him,  alas!  no  more  than  a  name,  for  he  died  of  con- 
sumption eleven  months  ago,  and  I  knew  not  of  it.  So 
the  name  has  fairly  devolved  to  me,  I  think;  and  'tis 
all  he  has  left  me." 

In  the  adoption  of  a  pseudonym  Mr.  Lucas 
finds  a  possible  explanation  of  "  the  difference 
between  the  comparative  thinness  of  Lamb's 
pre-Elian  writings  and  the  Elian  richness  and 
colour."  For,  he  adds,  "  there  are  some  writers 
(paradoxical  though  it  seems)  who  can  never 
express  themselves  so  freely  as  when,  adopting 
a  dramatic  standpoint,  they  affect  to  be  some 
one  else."  And  a  similarity  in  this  respect  is 
traced  between  Goldsmith  and  Lamb.  In  both 
writers  the  innocent  imposture  served  to  fortify 
a  feeble  courage  and  overcome  a  natural  diffi- 
dence. Before  dropping  this  subject,  it  is  inter- 
esting to  note  a  remark  once  made  by  Lamb 
himself,  that  "Elia"  forms  an  anagram  of  "a  lie." 

Among  matters  of  not  the  first  importance, 
the  whole  story  of  Coleridge's  quarrel  with 
Lloyd,  in  which  Lamb  was  somewhat  involved, 
and  which  has  already  been  related  in  Mr. 
Lucas's  "Charles  Lamb  and  the  Lloyds,"  is 
rather  tiresomely  repeated  here.  Yet  it  need 
not  be  regarded  as  a  total  waste  of  printer's  ink, 
so  sweetly  unquarrelsome  by  natural  tempera- 
ment does  Lamb  appear  through  it  all.  Even 
Scotchmen,  with  whom  he  professes  to  entertain 
"  imperfect  sympathies,"  he  cannot  roundly  vitu- 
perate when  he  tries.  Contrast  Carlyle's  \m- 
fortunate  characterization  of  Lamb,  harshly 
abusive  and  opulent  in  epithet,  with  these  gentle 
strictures  from  Elia's  pen  on  Carlyle's  country- 
men: 

"  I  have  been  trying  all  my  life  to  like  Scotchmen, 
and  am  obliged  to  desist  from  the  experiment  in  despair. 
They  cannot  like  me  —  and,  in  truth,  I  never  knew  one 
of  that  nation  who  attempted  to  do  it.  .  .  .  The  bram 
of  a  true  Caledonian  (if  I  am  not  mistaken)  is  consti- 
tuted upon  quite  a  different  plan.  His  Minerva  is  born 
in  panoply.     You  are  never  admitted  to  see  his  ideas  in 


their  growth  —  if,  indeed,  they  do  grow,  and  are  not 
rather  put  together  upon  pruiciples  of  clockwork.  You 
never  catch  his  mmd  in  an  imdress.  He  never  hints  or 
suggests  anything,  but  imlades  his  stock  of  ideas  in  per- 
fect order  and  completeness.  .  .  .  His  imderstanding  is 
always  at  its  meridian  —  you  never  see  the  first  dawn, 
the  early  streaks.  —  He  has  no  faltermgs  of  self- 
suspicion." 

From  some  recollections  of  Lamb  by  Mr. 
J.  Fuller-Robinson,  published  forty  years  ago 
in  "The  Guardian,"  we  quote  the  following  as 
given  in  Mr.  Lucas's  pages  : 

"  I  was  admitted  into  a  small  and  pleasantly  shaded 
parlour.  The  modest  room  was  himg  romid  with  fine 
engravings  by  Hogarth,  in  dark  frames.  Books  and 
magazines  were  scattered  on  the  table,  and  on  the  old- 
fashioned  window-seat.  I  chatted  awhile  with  Miss 
Lamb  —  a  meek,  intelligent,  very  pleasant,  and  rather 
deaf,  elderly  lady.  .  .  .  '  Elia  '  came  in  soon  after  —  a 
short,  thin  man.  His  dress  was  black  —  a  capacious 
coat,  knee-breeches,  and  gaiters,  and  he  wore  a  white 
neck-handkerchief.  His  head  was  remarkably  fine,  and 
his  dark  and  shaggy  hair  and  eyebrows,  heated  face,  and 
very  piercing  jet-black  eyes  gave  to  liis  appearance  a 
singularly  wild  and  striking  expression.  The  sketch  of 
him  in  Eraser's  Magazine  gives  a  true  idea  of  his  figure, 
but  no  portrait,  I  am  sure,  coidd  do  justice  to  his 
splendid  coimtenance.  He  grasped  me  cordially  by  the 
hand,  sat  down,  and  taking  a  bottle  from  a  cupboard 
behind  him,  mixed  some  rum-and-water.  On  another 
occasion,  his  sister  objected  to  this  operation,  and  he 
refrained.  Presently  after,  he  said, '  May  I  have  a  little 
drop  now,  only  a  leetle  drop  ?  '  '  No,  be  a  good  boy.' 
At  last  he  prevailed,  and  took  his  draught." 

And  so  on,  with  much  more  that  is  well  worth 
picturing  out  before  one's  mind's  eye. 

Like  so  many  of  liis  comitrymen.  Lamb  won 
popularity  in  America  before  he  had  become 
popidar  in  England.  His  "  Essays  of  Elia  "  had 
little  vogue  among  English  readers  until  long 
after  the  writer's  death,  whereas  in  America,  as 
Mr.  Lucas  says,  they  so  pleased  the  public  on 
their  first  appearance  here  in  1828  that  the  pub- 
lishers, Carey,  Lea  and  Carey,  of  Philadelphia, 
hastened  to  issue  a  second  series  of  their  own 
compiling,  wherein  they  generously  included, 
along  with  selections  from  Lamb,  three  essays 
from  the  pens  of  Allan  Cunningham  and  Barry 
Cornwall.  N.  P.  Willis,  in  talking  with  Lamb 
in  1834,  found  that  this  American  success  had 
gratified  the  English  essayist  not  a  little,  and 
that  he  was  well  pleased  with  the  Second  Series, 
despite  the  error  in  its  compilation. 

The  modest  and  judicious  suppression  of  self 
which  Mr.  Lucas  has  exercised  in  the  accom- 
plishment of  his  task  is  deserving  of  praise. 
The  fitting  word  is  supplied  at  need,  but  he 
has  wisely  refrained  from  emulatmg  those  long- 
winded  orators  who  make  their  introduction  of 
a  \asiting  celebrity  the  occasion  for  seK-display. 
The    four    "Appendices,"    on    the    "Portraits 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


of  Lamb,"  ''Lamb's  Commonplace  Books," 
"  Lamb's  Books."  and  ••  John  Lamb's  '  Poet- 
ical Pieces,'  "  are  full  of  interest ;  but  of  equal 
value  viith  anv  of  these,  and  more  valuable  than 
the  last,  woidd  have  been  a  Lamb  bibliography, 
especially  since  neither  the  preface  nor  the  body 
of  the  book  makes  perfectly  clear  exactly  what 
and  how  much  new  material  has  been  dra\*Ti 
upon  in  the  present  work. 

A  few  slight  eiTors  of  execution,  amid  so  much 
excellence  of  design,  may  be  noted  for  correc- 
tion in  a  second  edition.  "The  late  Mrs.  Coe, 
bom  Elizaljeth  Himt  of  Widford."  and  '•  Mrs. 
Augustus  DeMorgan,  bom  Sophia  Frend," 
atti-act  attention  as  examples  of  extraordinary 
parental  pre\'ision.  Uncertainty  as  to  sex.  if  no 
other  reason,  commonly  acts  as  a  hindrance  to 
the  pre-natal  christening  of  offspring.  "  Few 
journalists  but  he  "  grates  on  the  grammatical 
ear.  The  first  page  of  Appendix  II.  tells  us 
that  "  the  best  of  all  Lamb's  commonplace  books 
has  been  printed  —  the  Specimens  of  English 
Dramatic  Poets '  ;  but  the  very  next  page  de- 
clares on  the  other  hand  that "  the  best  of  Lamb's 
commonplace  books  Ls  the  large-paper  copy  of 
Holcrofts  Travels."  A  curious  instance  of  mis- 
eopjTng  or  misprinting,  whereby  the  exact  oppo- 
site of  the  intended  sense  is  conveyed,  occurs 
in  a  passage  from  a  letter  to  Wordsworth  de- 
scriptive of  the  guileless  and  lovable  George 
Dyer.  "  But  with  envy,  they  [the  gods]  excited 
curiosity  also.  "  is  what  we  read.  The  original 
letter,  as  edited  by  W.  Carew  Hazlitt,  has 
*'  excided  "  instead  of  "  excited."  Other  slips 
are  met  \^'ith,  probably  mere  typographical 
errors  for  the  most  part.  The  index  to  this 
work  is  unusually  exhaustive,  filling  fifty-eight 
closely-printed  double-column  pages,  and  the 
illustrations  are  of  more  than  passing  interest. 
Percy  F.  Bicknell. 


EuROPEAX  Diplomacy  ix  its 
BEGrvxryGS.* 


The  raison  d'etre  of  Dr.  Hill's  "History 
of  Diplomacy,*'  as  given  by  the  author  in  his 
preface,  is  that,  although  special  questions  and 
particular  periods  of  diplomatic  history  have 
been  ably  presentetl,  no  general  history  of  Eu- 
ropean diplomacy  exists  in  any  language.  At 
the  outset  the  author  was  confronted  with  two 
practical  problems  of  no  small  moment.     The 

•a  History  of  Diplomacy  ix  the  iNTEBXATioNAr  Dbvbl- 
OPMBNT  OF  EuKOPE.  By  David  Jayne  Hill,  LL.D.  Volnine  I., 
The  Struggle  for  Universal  Empire.  Xew  York  :  Longmana, 
Green,  &  Co. 


first  arose  out  of  the  vast  field  of  research  pre- 
sented by  the  archives  now  at  the  command  of 
the  investigator.  The  second  was  to  determine 
the  proper  point  of  departure.  Dr.  Hill  cannot 
accept  the  Peace  of  AVestphalia  as  the  starting 
point  of  diplomacy,  but  rather  it  must  be  re- 
garded as  the  result  of  long  preparation. 

Accepting  this  view.  Dr.  Hill  begins  his  story 
with  a  description  of  the  organization  of  Europe 
under  the  old  Roman  Empire.  The  system  of 
government  is  described  at  some  length  because 
it  furnished  the  model  for  the  organization  of 
the  church,  which  was  the  next  power  to  aim  at 
universality.  Even  amid  all  the  confusion  of 
the  Barbarian  invasions  this  idea  of  universal 
empire  never  lost  its  hold  upon  the  imagination 
of  thinking  men.  The  significance  of  the  so- 
caUed  fall  of  the  empire  (476  A.  D.)  lies  in  this, 
"  that  it  serves  to  fix  in  the  mind  the  substitution 
of  local  and  racial  authority  in  western  Europe 
in  place  of  the  waning  influence  of  universal 
imperial  rule."  It  separates  the  period  of  the 
old  Empire  from  that  long  period  of  change  and 
effort  to  secure  order  through  the  organization 
of  the  Barbarian  kingdoms,  the  revived  Empire, 
feudalism,  the  influence  of  the  church,  which 
finally  resulted  in  the  great  national  states  of 
modem  times. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  studies  in  Euro- 
pean history  is  the  birth  of  the  modem  states 
and  their  realization  of  nationality  through  a 
slow  and  painful  process.  The  idea  of  universal 
empire  had  so  dominated  the  world  that  the  new 
idea  had  a  desperate  fight  for  existence.  The 
old  idea  did  not  perish  in  a  day,  with  the  fall 
of  Rome ;  for  some  time  longer  the  West  felt 
itscK  a  part  of  the  Empire  which  centered  about 
Byzantium.  To  be  outside  the  Empire  was  to 
be  outside  the  pale  of  civilization.  With  such 
unity  there  could  be  no  real  field  for  diplomacy. 
But  gradually  the  feeling  of  real  unit}*  became 
less  strong.  The  East  looked  down  upon  the 
West  as  barbarian,  and  religious  differences  be- 
came more  and  more  accentuated.  The  head- 
ship of  Rome  in  religion  was  now  asserted,  and 
the  Pope  claimed  the  supremacy  for  himseK 
over  all  the  orthodox  West,  and  at  times  even 
asserted  it  over  the  Arian  heretics  of  the  East. 

But  even  this  claim  was  not  put  forth  in  its 
entirety  all  at  once.  It  arose  somewhat  gradu- 
ally from  the  actual  condition  of  things.  For  a 
time  the  Pope  remained  at  least  the  nominal 
subject  of  the  eastern  Empire,  but  soon  became 
the  only  effective  authority  in  Italy.  Finally, 
when  Leo  III.  put  his  ban  upon  image  worship 
in  Rome,  opposition  broke  out  into  open  rebel- 


10 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


lion.  Papal  diplomacy  now  had  its  birth  in  the 
policy  of  Gregory  II.,  who  wished  neither  to 
destroy  the  Lombard  power,  when  Liutprand 
was  seeking  to  unite  Italy  in  one  kingdom,  nor 
to  annihilate  the  influence  of  the  Emperor,  but 
rather  to  increase  his  own  prestige  by  playing 
off  the  one  against  the  other.  As  the  interest 
and  power  of  the  eastern  Emperor  decreased  in 
the  west  a  substitute  had  to  be  provided  to  check 
the  Lombards,  and  this  Gregory  III.  found  in 
Pepin,  King  of  the  Franks.  This  marks  the 
first  instance  of  interference  in  Italian  affairs  by 
a  northern  j^rince,  —  a  practice  followed  there- 
after for  centuries,  to  the  detriment  of  both 
nations.  The  Pope  was  seeking  to  establish  his 
own  temporal  rule  in  Italy,  and  in  so  doing  in- 
augurated a  policy  wliich  was  a  strong  barrier  to 
national  growth.  It  was  not  until  more  than 
half  a  century  after  the  last  of  the  phantom 
emperors  that  Germany  and  Italy  realized  na- 
tional unity. 

The  usurpation  of  the  imperial  chair  by  a 
woman,  Irene,  gave  a  fitting  opportunity  to 
revive  the  empire  in  the  west.  Disorder  had 
become  chronic  in  Italy.  In  the  hope  of  secur- 
ing a  power  capable  of  curing  this,  the  Pope 
crowned  Charlemagne  on  Christmas  day,  800, 
and  invested  him  with  the  diadem  of  the  Caesars, 
only  it  was  now  the  "  Holy  Roman  Empire." 
But  herein  were  sown  the  seeds  of  a  long  and 
bitter  contest,  —  the  struggle  for  supremacy  be- 
tween the  Empire  and  the  Papacy.  Should  the 
Popes  be  allowed  to  make  and  unmake  tem- 
poral riders,  or  shoidd  they  be  subject  to  the  civil 
power  ?  Along  with  this  went  the  great  ques- 
tion as  to  whether  the  world  empire  should  live 
again,  or  whether  great  states  shoidd  develop 
along  national  lines. 

One  thing  which  boded  weU  for  the  growth 
of  nationalities  was  the  custom  of  dividing  king- 
doms by  inheritance,  like  so  much  real  estate. 
After  the  death  of  Charlemagne  his  great  em- 
pire was  divided  up.  After  a  contest  among 
his  heirs,  diplomacy  was  called  into  play,  and 
an  arrangement  effected  at  Verdim  which  Dr. 
Hill  thinks  "  the  most  important  international 
document  ever  written  "  in  its  influence  upon 
European  history.  On  the  west  was  a  territory 
of  tolerable  geographic  and  ethnic  imity  which 
was  soon  to  develop  into  the  powerful  state  of 
France ;  on  the  east  the  territory  of  the  later 
Germany.  In  between,  the  kingdom  of  the 
Emperor  Lothaire  stretched  from  HoUand  to 
Rome,  possessing  neither  ethnic  nor  geographic 
unity.  Upon  the  death  of  Lothaire  his  imcles 
of  the  east  and  west  di\'ided  up  his  inheritance 


and  began  to  court  the  favor  of  the  Pope  for 
the  imperial  dignity. 

It  is  not  to  be  presumed  that  Rome  was  an 
indifferent  spectator  to  these  struggles.  Even 
her  own  citizens  were  divided,  some  contending 
for  the  civic  freedom  of  the  city,  others  for  the 
supremacy  of  the  Pope,  and  still  others  for  the 
supremacy  of  the  Emperor.  As  a  result,  Italy 
was  the  scene  of  disorder  after  the  coronation  of 
Charles  the  Bold.  There  the  conflict  of  author- 
ity was  sharpest.  The  whole  story  of  Italian 
politics  was  smnmed  up  in  an  epigTam  by  the 
Bishop  of  Cremona,  —  "  The  Italians  always 
wish  to  have  two  masters,  in  order  to  hold  each 
of  them  in  check  by  the  other."  In  attempting 
to  follow  this  principle  for  the  conservation  of 
its  o^vn  power,  the  papacy  sometimes  gained,  but 
often  fell  a  victim  to  the  general  anarchy. 

Passing  over  the  greater  part  of  this  struggle, 
it  is  interesting  to  come  to  the  appearance  of 
Venice  on  the  scene  as  practically  marking  the 
birth  of  modem  diplomacy.  There,  in  May, 
11 7 7,  met  "  the  first  European  congress  in  which 
independent  civic  conunimities  had  ever  freely 
represented  their  own  rights  in  the  presence  of 
princes  —  the  prototype  of  the  great  interna- 
tional congresses  of  a  later  time."  Venice  was 
careful  to  select  men  of  eminent  qualification  to 
represent  her  interests,  to  instruct  them  in  the 
arts  of  diplomacy,  and  consequently  soon  be- 
came "  the  school  and  touchstone  of  ambassa- 
dors." Secrecy  and  urbanity  were  the  cardinal 
principles  of  Venetian  diplomacy,  and  this  sys- 
tem was  soon  to  be  put  in  practice  by  all  the 
Italian  states,  the  numerous  city-states  so  het- 
erogeneous in  character  and  inspired  by  motives 
so  diverse.  Each  city  within  itself  was  the  seat 
of  intrigue,  owing  to  the  mutually  hostile  ele- 
ments of  tradesmen,  artisans,  the  official  aris- 
tocracy, and  the  feudal  nobles  whose  swords 
threatened  the  population  in  the  streets.  The 
espionage  and  intrigue  of  partisans  within  the 
city  were  extended  to  the  relations  with  neigh- 
boring cities.  "  To  know  the  intentions  of  one's 
neighbor,  to  defeat  his  hostile  designs,  to  form 
alliances  with  his  enemies,  to  steal  away  his 
friends,  and  to  prevent  his  union  with  others, 
became  matters  of  the  highest  public  interest. 
Less  costly  than  war,  diplomacy  now,  in  large 
measure,  superseded  it  with  plot  and  counter- 
plot." And  when  these  failed,  the  foreigner  was 
called  in  to  increase  the  general  complication. 

Out  of  this  system  was  born  the  conception 
of  "  equilibrium  "  as  a  necessity  of  defense.  The 
transitory  alliances  and  counter-alliances  of  the 
Italian  princes  and  republics  give  us  the  real 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


11 


"  prototype  and  epitome  of  what  all  Europe  was 
soon  to  become  upon  a  g^rander  scale."  The 
natural  correlate  of  all  this  would  have  been  a 
code  of  public  law  to  reg^ulate  the  intercourse  of 
these  states  with  each  other,  but  such  a  thing 
was  not  vet  possible.  The  moral  sense  did  not 
demand  it.  but  its  birth  was  witnessed  on  the 
sea,  where  the  demands  of  commerce  made  it 
imperative.  The  customs  of  the  sea  were  re- 
duced to  ^vriting  in  the  "  Tables  of  Amalfi," 
which  later  gave  place  to  the  "  Consolato  de 
]Mare*' — the  "first  example  of  law  international 
among  the  nations  of  Europe." 

Such  in  its  larger  outlines  is  the  story  Dr. 
Hill  has  told  in  his  first  voltune.  In  reality  it 
contains  a  great  deal  of  matter  which  has  only 
a  very  remote  connection  with  diplomacy.  If 
it  were  really  new,  it  might  be  justified  as  neces- 
sary to  a  proper  understanding  of  the  main 
theme,  but  a  great  deal  of  it  is  not  new.  and 
indee<l  may  be  found  in  the  ordinary  text-books 
on  European  history.  Despite  the  formidable 
array  of  sources  and  authorities  cited  at  the  end 
of  each  chapter,  the  work  does  not  impress  one 
as  making  any  really  noteworthy  contribution  to 
historical  knowledge.  It  is  valuable,  however, 
for  bringing  into  one  view  the  larger  facts  of 
the  period  treated,  and  emphasizing  their  influ- 
ence upon  the  gro^^-th  of  national  states.  Much 
may  be  expected  of  the  succeeding  volvmies, 
which  will  deal  with  a  period  when  diplomacy 
was  coming  into  its  own. 

David  Y.  Thomas. 


The  Dotex  of  Exglish  Xaturax-ists.  * 


The  Victorian  age,  whatever  its  shortcomings, 
will  always  be  remembered  for  the  brilliancy  of 
its  scientific  achievements.  ^NTiat  the  twentieth 
centiuy*  may  have  in  store  for  us.  it  is  too  early 
to  predict ;  but  it  is  difficult  to  believe  that  any- 
thing \^-ill  be  accomplished  more  important  for 
intellectual  progi-ess  than  the  establishment  of 
the  doctrine  of  evolution  on  a  scientific  basis. 
This  great  work  is  justly  credited  to  Darwin, 
but  with  his  name  must  always  be  linked  that 
of  Wallace,  who  independently  thought  out  the 
theory  on  which  Dar\s-in's  work  is  based. 

Dr.  Wallace  occupies  a  unique  position  among 
scientific  men.  Bom  in  1823,  he  has  not  only 
\N-itnessed  great  changes  in  scientific  opinion, 
but  has  had  a  large  share  in  bringing  them 
alx)ut.     Living  most  of  his  life  in  comparative 

•My  Life.  A  Record  of  Events  and  Opinions.  By  Alfred 
Rossel  Wallace.  In  two  TOlames.  Dlostrated.  New  York: 
Dodd.  Mead  &.  Co. 


isolation,  and  never  being  tied  down  as  many 
men  are  by  professional  or  official  custom  and 
etiquette,  he  has  always  been  recognized  as  an 
independent.  Orthodoxy  is  not  peculiar  to  the 
church  ;  it  is  a  tendency  common  to  all  organi- 
zations, and  in  a  large  measure  necessary  for 
their  continuance.  At  the  same  time,  it  is  a 
perpetual  obstacle  to  progress,  and  the  hetero- 
dox are  the  true  prophets  of  the  dawn.  Dr. 
Wallace  has  lived  to  see  part  of  his  once  hetero- 
dox opinions  become  orthodox,  while  others  are 
still  rejected  by  the  majority  as  unworthy  of 
consideration.  Consequently,  to  the  ordinary 
"  well-behaved  "  scientist,  he  seems  to  be  a  sort 
of  double  personality,  a  mixture  of  genius  and 
absurdity. 

In  the  case  of  any  man  of  great  intellectual 
power,  it  is  not  to  be  expected  that  all  his  opin- 
ions will  be  justified  by  subsequent  knowledge. 
Darwin  was  undoubtedly  in  error  in  respect  to 
certain  matters  ;  and  presumably  the  same  will 
have  to  be  said  of  Wallace.  But  this  should 
not  blind  us  for  a  moment  to  the  immense 
service  performed,  or  should  we  hastily  assume 
that  the  opinion  of  the  day  is  correct.  I  recall 
a  little  matter  which  well  illustrates  Dr.  Wal- 
lace's power  of  reasoning,  and  at  the  same  time 
the  shortsightedness  of  naturalists.  Some  fif- 
teen years  ago  there  was  in  preparation  a  new 
edition  of  "  Island  Life,"  in  which  Dr.  Wallace 
discussed  the  animals  of  the  British  Islands, 
and  argued  that  there  ought  to  be  some  species 
and  varieties  peculiar  to  Britain.  Lists  of  sup- 
posed peculiar  forms  were  prepared,  but  zoolo- 
gists and  botanists  were  alike  skeptical.  Some 
were  "  probably  not  distinct,"  others  "  would 
certainly  be  found  on  the  continent."  The 
general  attitude  was  one  of  incredulity  or  even 
contempt.  Since  that  time,  however,  particular 
groups  have  been  studied  much  more  carefully 
than  ever  before  (follo\*'ing  the  methods  intro- 
duced by  certain  American  naturalists),  and 
although  it  is  true  that  some  of  the  kinds  for- 
merly listed  must  be  stricken  out,  a  whole  series 
of  insular  forms  has  been  detected  among  the 
mammals,  which  were  supposed  to  be  *•  perfectiy 
known  "  !  Only  last  year,  even,  a  very  distinct 
new  species  of  mouse  was  recorded.  Dr.  Wal- 
lace has  thus  been  justified  beyond  his  expecta- 
tions, and  when  the  same  careful  methods  are 
applied  to  the  whole  of  the  British  fauna  and 
flora,  the  results  \*'ill  no  doubt  be  such  as  would 
make  the  orthodox  nineteenth-century  natural- 
ist stare. 

I  refer  to  this  matter,  because  I  have  some 
personal  knowledge  of  it,  and  because  it  shows 


12 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


how  facts  which  are  perfectly  evident  when 
brought  to  light,  may  remain  undiscovered  be- 
neath our  very  noses. 

Probably  the  most  objectionable  of  Dr.  Wal- 
lace's opinions,  in  the  eyes  of  orthodox  science, 
are  those  relative  to  spirtualism.  Without 
knowing  anything  particular  about  the  matter, 
most  people  will  exhaust  their  language  of  abuse 
upon  this  subject.  Those  scientific  men  who 
reject  the  whole  body  of  evidence  are  proclaimed 
as  sound  of  mind,  though  their  methods  of  re- 
search may  have  been  such  as  woidd  be  called 
ridicidous  if  applied  to  any  other  subject.  Those 
who  become  convinced  that  there  is  something 
not  explained  by  known  "  laws  of  nature  "  are 
held  to  have  "  a  screw  loose  somewhere,"  though 
they  may  be  known  masters  in  research,  such  as 
Crookes,  Oliver  Lodge,  William  James,  and 
Wallace.  It  is  perfectly  evident,  and  thor- 
oughly recognized  by  all  those  who  have  given 
much  attention  to  the  matter,  that  the  laws  gov- 
erning spiritual  existence  cannot  at  present  be 
defined.  It  is  held  that  the  "  supernatural  "  is 
as  "  natural "  as  anything  else,  but  it  is  con- 
fessedly difficidt  to  comprehend.  Some  day, 
perhaps,  there  wiU  arise  a  Darwin  of  spiritual- 
ism, who  wiU  put  the  whole  subject  on  an  intel- 
ligible basis ;  and  then  it  will  be  seen  that  we 
were  groping  in  the  dark  before  like  the  pre- 
Darwinian  evolutionists. 

It  will  be  clear  to  the  reader  that  the  life  of 
such  a  man  as  Wallace  cannot  fail  to  be  of  sur- 
passing interest.  Like  Herbert  Spencer,  he  has 
chosen  to  present  it  to  us  in  considerable  detail, 
and  with  absolute  frankness.  In  it,  we  trace  the 
development  of  generalizations  from  apparently 
trivial  beginnings,  and  are  presented  with  a  pic- 
ture of  past  times,  which  seem  now  so  remote  as 
to  be  almost  prehistoric.  There  is  a  good  deal 
of  matter  in  the  book  which  does  not  strike  one 
as  being  particularly  valuable  or  important ; 
but  on  the  other  hand,  the  variety  of  subjects 
discussed,  and  the  wide  human  interests  of  the 
author,  cause  it  to  appeal  to  a  far  larger  circle 
than  the  usual  biography  of  a  man  engaged  in 
the  investigation  of  technical  matters.  The 
splendid  courage  and  honesty  exhibited  cannot 
fail  to  be  inspiring,  even  to  those  who  do  not 
agree  with  the  views  advocated.  They  teach  a 
lesson  which  is  sorely  needed  by  the  present 
generation,  with  its  altogether  too  slavish  sub- 
servience to  the  powers  that  be.  It  is  interest- 
ing to  find  that  with  aU  this,  there  went  a  shy- 
ness and  timidity  in  the  presence  of  others, 
which  was  never  quite  overcome.  In  discuss- 
ing certain  humiliating  and  Ul-suited  pvmish- 


ments  of  childhood,  attention  is  called  to  the 
right  of  each  individual  to  have  his  personality 
respected,  even  in  blame.  It  is  remarked  that 
this  is  far  better  recognized  in  China  and  Japan 
than  with  us. 

"  With  them  this  principle  is  taught  from  childhood, 
and  pervades  every  class  of  society,  while  with  us  it 
was  oidy  recognized  by  the  higher  classes,  and  by  them 
rarely  extended  to  uiferiors  or  to  children.  The  feeling 
that  demands  this  recognition  is  certainly  strong  in 
many  children,  and  those  who  have  suffered  imder  the 
failure  of  their  elders  to  respect  it,  can  well  appreciate 
the  agony  of  shame  endured  by  the  more  civilized 
Eastern  peoples,  whose  feelings  are  so  often  outraged 
by  the  total  absence  of  all  respect  shown  them  by  their 
European  masters  or  conquerors.  In  thus  recognizing 
the  sanctity  of  this  deepest  of  human  feelmgs  these  peo- 
ple manifest  a  truer  phase  of  civilization  than  we  have 
attained  to.  Even  savages  often  surpass  us  in  this 
respect."    (Vol.  1,  p.  62.) 

The  author's  travels  in  South  America  and  the 
Malay  Archipelago  are  not  described  at  great 
length,  because  he  long  ago  published  books 
about  them.  The  best  part  of  his  South  Ameri- 
can collection  was  lost  through  the  burning  of 
the  ship  on  the  homeward  voyage,  of  which  a 
graphic  account  is  given.  Only  some  drawings 
of  palms  and  fishes  were  saved ;  the  latter  have 
recently  been  examined  by  a  specialist,  and  it 
turns  out  that  many  of  the  species  have  never 
been  obtained  again  to  this  day.  A  short  chap- 
ter is  devoted  to  the  memory  of  H.  E.  Wallace, 
a  brother  of  Dr.  Wallace,  who  went  out  to  Brazil 
to  assist  him  in  his  work,  and  died  of  yellow 
fever  at  Para.  Herbert  Wallace  was  not  a  nat- 
uralist, but  was  very  fond  of  writing  verse,  and 
several  of  his  productions  are  printed.  In  one 
of  them  we  fuid  the  lines : 

"  For  here  upon  the  Amazon 
The  dread  mosquito  bites  — 
Inflames  the  blood  with  fever,"  etc. 

At  that  time,  of  course,  it  was  wholly  unknown 
that  the  mosquito  carried  the  germ  of  yellow 
fever ;  but  these  lines  seem  curiously  prophetic. 

The  journey  to  the  Malay  region  was  more 
successftd  from  every  point  of  view.  The  mate- 
rials obtained  were  enormous,  including  almost 
inmunerable  new  species.  Some  of  the  insects 
have  not  been  described  yet,  from  the  lack  of 
specialists  to  study  them. 

Although  Darwin  and  Wallace  might  have 
been  considered  rivals,  the  fact  that  they  had 
independently  worked  out  the  same  theory  never 
led  to  anything  but  warm  friendship  between 
them.  Each  always  tried  to  give  the  f idlest 
credit  to  the  other,  and  Wallace  called  his  book 
on  the  theory  of  evolution  "  Darwinism."  Stress 
has  sometimes  been  laid  on  the  fact  that  Wallace 
disagreed  with  Darwin  about  several  matters; 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


13 


these  are  discussed  fully  in  the  Life,  but  it  is 
shown  that  they  were  insignificant  in  compari- 
son with  the  great  and  fundamental  agreement. 
Darwin's  last  letter  to  Dr.  Wallace  is  given, 
and  the  latter  adds  this  interesting  comment : 

"  This  letter  is  to  me,  perhaps,  the  most  interesting 
I  eyer  received  from  Darwin,  since  it  shows  that  it  was 
only  the  engrossing  interests  of  his  scientific  and  liter- 
ary work,  performed  under  the  drawback  of  almost 
constant  ill-health,  that  prevented  him  from  taking  a 
more  active  part  in  the  discussion  of  those  social  and 
political  questions  that  so  deeply  affect  the  lives  and 
happiness  of  the  great  bulk  of  the  people.  It  is  a  great 
satisfaction  that  his  last  letter  to  me,  written  within 
nine  months  of  his  death,  and  terminating  a  correspond- 
ence which  had  extended  over  a  quarter  of  a  century, 
should  be  so  cordial,  so  sympathetic,  and  broad-minded." 
(Vol.  2,  p.  15.) 

In  1886-7  Dr.  Wallace  ^^sited  America, 
travelling  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific.  He 
gives  a  fiUl  accovmt  of  his  experiences,  with  many 
observations  on  matters  biological  and  sociologi- 
cal. I  should  like  to  quote  his  conclusions  at 
some  length,  but  it  is  impossible  in  a  short  no- 
tice. While  enthusiastically  admiring  the  gran- 
deur and  beauty  of  the  Kocky  Movmtains,  the 
Calif omian  Sierras,  and  other  regions,  and  fully 
appreciating  the  good  qualities  of  America  and 
Americans,  he  deplores  the  spread  of  sordid  com- 
mercialism, and  the  way  in  which  man  has  in  so 
many  places  destroyed  the  beauty  of  nature. 
The  same  is  true  in  England,  he  says :  "  Both 
countries  are  creating  ugliness,  both  are  de- 
stroying beauty ;  but  in  America  it  is  done  on  a 
larger  scale  and  with  a  more  hideous  monotony  " 
(p.  193.) 

The  book  is  well  illustrated ;  but  one  cannot 
help  wishing  that  instead  of  some  of  the  plates 
which  have  little  to  do  with  the  narrative,  or 
little  intrinsic  value,  we  could  have  been  favoretl 
with  portraits  of  some  of  the  great  naturalists 
with  whom  the  author  was  associated.  —  such, 
for  instance,  as  Bates  and  Spruce. 

T.   D.  A.  COCKERELL. 


STrrWES  IX  Frexc  H  Literatltue.* 

The  agreeable  and  informing  essays  that 
make  up  Mr.  Gosse's  recent  volume  of  ••  French 
Profiles ""  are  not  new.  Most  of  them  have 
appeared  in  print  before,  and  some  of  them  date 
back  nearly  twenty  years.  But  readers  of  Mr. 
Gosse's  other  books  and  those  who  had  the 
pleasure  of  reading  these  essays  on  their  first  ap- 
pearance will  not  be  disposed  to  complain  that 

•Fbench  Profiles.  By  Edmund  Gosse.  New  York :  Dodd, 
Mead  &  Co. 


they  are  now  rescued  from  their  hiding  places  in 
magazines  and  reviews  and  given  a  more  access- 
ible abiding  place  in  a  book,  as  befits  their  em- 
inently companionable  nature.  In  subject  they 
range  aU  the  way  from  the  "•  Portuguese  Let- 
ters,"— those  passionate  outpourings  of  devotion 
and  indignant  reproach  vnth  which,  from  her 
convent  at  Beja,  the  abandoned  "  Mariana  in  the 
South  "  pursued  the  receding  footsteps  of  the 
conquering  and  inconstant  Marquis  de  Chamilly, 
and  which  came  from  the  press  almast  at  the  same 
moment  with  the  Tartttffe  of  Moliere.  —  to  the 
poetic  novelties  of  the  year  1904  :  and  in  scope 
from  the  fvdl  length  silhouette,  like  the  studies  of 
Alfred  de  Vigny,  Mademoiselle  Aisse,  Alphonse 
Daudet,  Barbey  d'Atirevilly,  and  Ferdinand 
Fabre,  to  the  few  swift  strokes  with  which  a 
feature  or  an  expression  is  caught  and  fixed,  as  in 
the  pages  devoted  to  Mallarme,  Albert  Samain, 
M.  Emile  Verhaeren.  and  M.  Paul  Fort,  or  to 
recent  books  of  M.  Paid  Bourget,  M.  Pierre 
Loti,  M.  Henri  de  Regnier,  and  M.  Anatole 
France.  Not  the  least  welcome  is  the  sketch  that 
informs  us  about  the  modest  (in  every  sense) 
beginnings  of  one  of  the  newest  immortals,  M. 
Rene  Bazin  ;  and  not  the  least  interesting  is  the 
study  of  the  short  stories  of  Zola,  in  which  Mr. 
Gosse  discovers  that  deep  spring  of  idealism 
that  put  on  strange  disguises  in  the  novels  of  the 
Rougon-Macquart  series,  but  asserted  itself  so 
clearly  in  his  last  works. 

In  spite  of  this  wide  variety  of  theme  and  com- 
plete lack  of  sequence  and  connection  bet^^een 
the  papers,  the  residting  book  does  not  lack  a 
certain  kind  of  unity.  This  results  partly  from 
the  imfailing  qualities  of  Mr.  Gosse's  style  :  and 
partly  from  the  point  of  riew  from  which  the  sub- 
ject is  uniformly  regarded,  which  is  the  "  incom- 
plete and  indirect  "  point  of  view  of  "  one  who 
paints  a  face  in  profile."  If  the  task  essayed  is 
thus  a  modest  and  restricted  one,  it  is  not  on  that 
accoimt  easy.  The  two  blocks  of  stumbling  are 
clearly  indicated  in  the  preface  when  Mr.  Gosse 
thus  defines  his  purpose  : 

«♦  I  have  tried  to  preserve  that  attitude  of  sympathy, 
of  general  comprehension,  for  the  lack  of  which  some 
English  criticism  of  foreign  authors  has  been  valueless, 
because  proceeding  from  a  point  of  view  so  far  out  of 
focus  as  to  make  its  whole  presentation  false;  and  yet 
I  have  remembered  that  it  is  a  foreigner  that  takes  the 
portrait,  and  that  it  is  for  a  foreign  audience,  not  for  a 
native  one. 

"  What  I  have  sought  in  every  case  to  do  is  to  give 
an  impression  of  the  figure  before  me  which  shall  be  in 
general  harmony  with  the  tradition  of  French  criticism, 
but  at  the  same  time  to  preserve  that  independence 
which  is  the  right  of  a  foreign  observer,  and  to  illus- 
trate the  peculiarities  of  my  subject  by  references  to 
English  poetry  and  prose.  " 


14 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


It  goes  without  saying  that  the  programme 
thus  traced  is  admirably  realized.  Few  men  of 
English  speech  could  bring  to  its  accomplish- 
ment so  happy  a  gift  of  characterization,  so 
engaging  a  style,  so  much  intelligence  and 
sympathy,  so  large  a  stock  of  precise  informal 
tion,  so  extended  an  outlook  over  the  long  and 
wide  expanse  of  modem  literature.  To  what 
other,  indeed,  coidd  a  committee  of  discrimina- 
ting French  critics  have  turned  so  confidently 
with  the  invitation  to  address  the  Societe  des 
Conferences  of  Paris  on  "  The  Influence  of 
France  upon  English  Poetry"?  We  shoidd  be 
very  ungracious  indeed  were  we  to  lament  that 
the  profiles  are  not  something  different,  and  that 
if  we  have  made  already  a  first-hand  acquaint- 
ance with  the  subjects  whom  he  introduces  he 
does  not  lead  us  much  further  into  their  intimacy, 
or  thi'ow  upon  the  intricacies  and  obscurities  of 
their  message,  if  such  there  be,  a  more  searching 
illumination.  We  are  glad  to  take  them  grate- 
fidly  as  they  are,  and  to  feel  that  in  their  kind 
they  could  hardly  be  better.  Never  have  the  fea- 
tures and  expressions  of  the  familiar  faces  that 
pass  in  procession  before  us  been  caught  more 
nicely  or  fixed  on  canvas  more  dexterously.  And 
even  when  those  of  whom  Mr.  Gosse  discourses 
are  old  axjquaintances,  we  shall  get  something 
more  than  an  aesthetic  pleasure  from  his  compan- 
ionship. We  can  hardly  listen  half  an  hour  to  his 
well-informed  talk  without  receiving  manifold  in- 
struction. There  are  even  two  or  three  positive 
additions  to  the  sum  of  knowledge.  Thus,  in 
the  study  of  de  Vigny,  our  knowledge  of  the 
extent  and  promptitude  of  his  response  to  En- 
glish influences  is  enlarged  at  several  points  ; 
and  in  the  paper  on  the  "  Portuguese  Letters  " 
much  exact  information,  drawn  from  conceal- 
ment in  the  papers  of  a  provincial  society,  is 
turned  to  account  for  establishing  the  source  and 
original  sequence  of  these  letters. 

In  view  of  all  this  it  wiU  not  detract  appre- 
ciably from  the  interest  of  the  general  reader 
who  is  likely  to  take  up  such  a  volume  at  all 
that  almost  every  page  betrays  the  professional 
bias  of  the  man  of  letters  and  of  the  historian 
of  literature.  The  men  and  works  observed  are 
viewed  in  their  historical  connections,  as  mo- 
ments in  a  changing  and  developing  theory  and 
praxjtice  of  poetic  art.  That  is  inevitable,  of 
course,  when  Mr.  Gosse  is  dealing  with  poets 
like  M.  Henri  de  Regnier,  Stephane  Mallarme, 
or  M.  Paid  Fort,  who  have  been  much  pre- 
occupied with  the  teclmique  of  their  art.  But 
when  speaking  of  de  Vigny  also  he  is  much  in- 
terested in  the  question  of  his  artistic  originality 


and  his  relations  to  the  main  literary  influences 
of  the  time.  It  is  as  a  historian  of  literature  that 
he  insists,  with  rather  too  much  emphasis,  we 
suspect,  on  the  immediate  and  great  influence  of 
the  "•  Portuguese  Letters  "  on  prose  style,  both 
in  England  and  in  France.  It  is  as  a  historian 
again  that,  by  way  of  preface  to  his  sympathetic 
sketch  of  M.  Rene  Bazin,  he  comments  with 
much  shrewdness  on  the  "  curious  condition  of 
the  French  novel "  at  the  particidar  moment  in 
question.  It  is  preeminently  as  the  historian  of 
English  literature  that  he  appears  in  the  address 
on  "  The  Influence  of  France  ujx)n  English 
Poetry  "  which  here  sees  the  light  for  the  first 
time  in  its  original  English  form.  Within  the 
brief  limits  of  such  an  address  no  attempt  is 
made,  of  course,  to  enimierate  all  the  debts  that 
English  poetry  owes  to  France.  Mr.  Gosse 
rather  tries  to  distinguish  broadly  between  two 
different  ways  in  which  English  literature  has 
borrowed  from  its  neighbor,  and  the  more  con- 
spicuous residts  in  each  kind. 

These  two  kinds  of  borrowing  are,  the  one 
superficial,  the  other  material  ;  the  one  of 
"  color,"  the  other  of  "  substance."  The  sub- 
stantial borrowing  is  that  exemplified  by  the 
drama  of  the  Restoration  ;  imitation  is  gross  and 
slavish,  and  individuality  has  been  resigned.  This 
is  the  sign  of  an  unliealthy  condition.  "  These 
are  cases  where  an  exliausted  literature,  in  ex- 
treme decay,  is  kept  alive  by  borrowing  its  very 
body  and  essence  from  a  foreign  source."  On 
the  other  hand  the  times  when  a  literature  takes 
on  a  color  from  a  foreign  source  are  likely  to  be 
moments  of  health  and  vigor.  This  second  man- 
ner of  influence  Mr.  Gosse  illustrates  by  the  ex- 
ample of  the  Roman  de  la  Rose  and  the  part 
of  the  French  poets  in  forming  the  talent  of 
Chaucer,  and  again  by  Pope.  The  address  is 
suggestive,  especially  of  questions.  We  find  our- 
selves wondering  if  literature  is  really  conceived 
of  as  a  living  organism,  imposing  itself  upon 
the  series  of  individuals  that  seem  to  produce  it, 
which  would  be  to  out-Brimetiere  M.  Brune- 
tiere's  evolving  literary  species.  Or  is  this 
impression  but  one  of  those  illusions  that  the 
insufficiency  of  hmnan  speech  is  constantly 
creating  for  us?  Does  Mr.  Gosse  mean  any- 
thing more,  after  all,  than  that  your  small 
talent  imitates  crudely  and  slavishly,  and  your 
great  talent  originally  and  creatively,  whether 
the  models  be  imported  or  domestic  ? 

Suggestive  as  the  address  is,  it  is  not  the  part 
of  the  book  that  will  be  most  enjoyed,  even  by 
those  who  may  have  a  kind  of  professional  in- 
terest in  literary  history.     It  is  perhaps  when 


X 


1906.] 


TELE    DIAL 


15 


Mr.  Gosse  is  least  erudite  and  draws  upon  his 
store  of  personal  reminiscences  of  men  he  has 
known  in  the  body  that  he  is  most  charming. 
The  brief,  fugitive  glimpse  of  Verlaine  is  deli- 
cious, and  from  this  a  quotation  must  be  taken. 

"  It  was  all  excessively  amusing  [he  has  been  dining 
with  a  mixed  company  of  lyrical  sjTnbolists  at  a  res- 
tatirant  of  the  Latin  Quarter],  but  deep  down  in  my 
consciousness,  tolling  like  a  little  bell,  there  continued 
to  sound  the  words,  '  We  have  not  seen  Verlaine.'  I 
was  losing  all  hope,  and  we  were  descending  the  Boide- 
vard,  our  faces  set  for  home,  when  two  more  poets,  a 
male  and  a  female,  most  amiably  hurried  to  meet  as 
with  the  intoxicating  news  that  Verlaine  had  been  seen 
to  dart  into  a  little  place  called  the  Caf^  SoleU  d'Or. 
Thither  we  accordingly  hied,  buoyed  up  by  hope,  tuod 
our  party,  now  containing  a  dozen  persons  (all  poets), 
rushed  into  an  almost  empty  drinking-shop.  But  no 
Verlaine  was  to  be  seen.  M.  Mor^as  then  collected  ns 
round  a  table,  and  fresh  grenadines  were  ordered. 

"  Where  I  sat,  by  the  elbow  of  M.  Mor&«,  I  was  op- 
posite an  open  door,  absolutely  dark,  leading  down,  by 
oblique  stairs,  to  a  cellar.  As  I  idly  watched  this  square 
of  blackness  I  suddenly  saw  some  ghostly  shape  flutter- 
ing at  the  bottom  of  it.  It  took  the  form  of  a  strange 
bald  head,  bobbing  close  to  the  ground.  Although  it 
was  BO  dim  and  vague,  an  idea  crossed  my  mind.  Not 
daring  to  speak,  I  touched  M.  Mor^as,  and  so  drew  his 
attention  to  it.  '  Pas  un  mot,  pas  un  geste.  Monsieur! ' 
he  whispered,  and  then,  instructed  in  the  guile  of  his 
race,  insidious  Danaum,  the  eminent  author  of  Let  Can- 
tUmes.  rose,  making  a  vague  detour  towards  the  street, 
and  then  plunged  at  the  cellar  door.  There  was  a  pro- 
longed scuffle  and  a  rolling  down  stairs;  then  M.  Mo- 
r&s  reapjKjared,  triumphant;  behind  him  something 
flopped  up  out  of  the  darkness  like  an  owl,  —  a  timid 
shambling  figure  m  a  soft  black  hat,  with  jerking  hands, 
and  it  peeped  with  intention  to  disappear  again.  But 
there  were  cries  of  '  Venez  done,  Maitre,'  and  by-and- 
by  Verlaine  was  persuaded  to  emerge  definitely  and  to 
git  by  me." 

All  in  all.  Mr.  Gosse's  "  French  Profiles " 
is  a  volume  to  strengthen  the  present  entente 
cordiale  l>etween  English  and  French  by  con- 
tributing towards  mutual  understanding  and 
appreciation.  One  or  two  e\adences  that  oxir 
historian's  memorj^  is  not  infallible  (as  the 
apparent  oversight  of  Otway's  "  Titus  and 
Berenice,"  p.  353).  or  that,  felicitous  as  his 
phrase  is,  he  can  absent  him  from  felicity  on 
occasion  (e,  g.  "  a  surprising  narrative  is  welL, 
though  extremely  leisurely,  told."  p.  105),  do 
not  matter.  Akthte  G.  Caxfield. 


Becext  Fiction.* 


Two  important  educational  books  now  in  preparation 
by  Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  are  a  volume  of 
"  Selections  from  Newman,"  edited  by  Dr.  Maurice 
Egan,  of  the  Catholic  University  of  Washington;  and 
an  edition  of  Bacon's  Essays,  with  introduction  and 
notes  by  Ikliss  Mary  Augusta  Seott,  Professor  of  En- 
glish Language  and  Lit.erature,  Smith  College.  Dr. 
Egan  has  recently  been  decorated  by  King  Leopold  of 
Belgium  "  for  distinguished  literary  merit." 


*'The  House  of  Mirth  "  appears  to  be  the  novel  of 
the  season  in  the  sense  that  it  is  the  novel  that  has 
occasioned  the  most  discussion  of  a  serious  sort.  It 
is  a  work  which  has  enlisted  the  matured  powers  of 
a  writer  whose  performance  is  always  distinguished, 
and  whose  coupling  of  psychological  insight  with  the 
gift  of  expression  is  probably  not  surpassed  by  any 
other  woman  novelist  of  our  time.  It  is  a  story 
elaborated  in  every  detail  to  a  high  degree  of  refine- 
ment, and  evidently  a  product  of  the  artistic  eon- 
science.  Having  paid  this  deserved  tribute  to  tte 
finer  characteristics,  we  are  bound  to  add  that  it  is 
deficient  in  interest.  The  reason  is  not  far  to  se^ 
There  is  no  section  of  American  society — or  of  society 
anywhere,  for  that  matter  —  so  absolutely  devoid  of 
appeal  to  the  sympathies  of  normally-constituted 
intelligences  as  the  vain  and  vulgar  element  that 
disports  itself  in  our  larger  citi€«5  as  the  only  society 
worth  considering,  this  pretension  being  based  upon 
wealth  alone,  with  its  natural  accompaniment  of  self- 
seeking  display  and  frivolity.  A  novelist  of  areb> 
angehcal  powers  could  not  make  interesting  M 
sorr>'  a  phase  of  hiunanity  as  this,  and  because  Mrs. 
Wharton  has  described  for  us  this  tj-pe  and  this 
alone,  we  turn  her  pages  impatiently,  and  look  in 
vain  for  relief  from  their  emptiness.  What  she  can 
do  with  real  material  she  has  evidenced  in  "The 
Valley  of  Decision,"  a  book  that  we  admire  heartily 
enough  to  permit  ns  the  severity  with  which  we  are 
appraising  the  content,  as  distinguished  from  the 
form,  of  the  faeesent  work.  What  justification  may 
be  offered  for  the  book  as  a  portrayal  of  any  sort  of 
human  life  is  found  in  the  plt^  of  ite  satiric  intent 
—  of  its  character  as  an  American  "  Vanity  Fair," — 
but  this  will  not  take  us  verj'  far.  The  pungent 
wickedness  of  Becky  Sharp  gives  her  a  reasonable 
excuse  for  being,  but  we  cannot  find  in  Lily  Bart 
the  positive  qualities  for  either  good  or  evil  that 
make  it  worth  while  to  follow  her  fortunes  through 
five  hundred  and  more  pages  of  print-     When  she 

*Thb  House  of  Mibth.  By  Editli  Wtaartcm.  New  Tock: 
Ch&rles  Scribner'B  So>ns. 

The  Nobthebjter.  By  Norah  Davis.  'Sew  York :  The  Oes- 
taiT  Co. 

Ltnktte  akd  the  GoNGKimBiCAsr.  By  Mary  Farley  Bao- 
bom.    Boston :  Little,  Brown.  &  Oo. 

Bib  EAorx.  A  Tale  of  the  Theft  of  an  Empire.  By  James  M. 
Lodlow.    New  York :  The  Fleming  H.  B^vell  Co. 

A  SwoKD  OF  THE  Ou>  PsoisTiKR.  A  Tale  of  Fort  CSurtoes 
and  Detroit.   By  BAndaU  Parrish.  Chicago:  A.  C.MoClnrg&Oo. 

Losers"  LrcK.  By  Charles  Tenney  Jackson.  New  York: 
Henry  Holt  &  Co. 

Twisted  EcLAjmirE.  By  H.  B.  Marriott  Watson.  New 
York :  D.  Appleton  &  Oo. 

Stakvbcbow  Fakm.  By  Stanley  J.  Weyman.  New  York: 
Longmans,  Green,  &  Oo. 

Kipps.  The  Story  of  a  Simple  Soul.  By  H.  G.  WeUs.  New 
York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

The  Princess  Pbjscilla'b  Fobtkight.  By  the  author  at 
"Elizabeth  and  her  German  Garden."  New  Toxk:  Cbaites 
Scribner's  Sons. 

The  Flfte  of  Pan.  By  John  Oliver  Hobbee.  New  York: 
D.  Appleton  &  Co. 

The  Pbofesbob's  Lbgact.  By  Mrs.  Alfred  Bidfwick.  New 
York :  Henry  Holt  A  Oo. 


16 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


has  come  to  the  end  of  her  tether,  the  moral  of  her 
story  is  embodied  in  an  impressive  paragi'aph. 

"  It  was  no  longer,  however,  from  the  vision  of  material 
poverty  that  she  turned  with  the  greatest  shrinking.  She 
had  a  sense  of  deeper  impoverishment  —  of  an  inner  desti- 
tution compared  to  which  outer  conditions  dwindled  into 
insignificance.  It  was  indeed  miserable  to  be  poor  —  to  look 
forward  to  a  shabby,  anxious  middle-age,  leading  by  dreary 
degrees  of  economy  and  self-denial  to  gradual  absorption  in 
the  dingy  communal  existence  of  the  boarding-house.  But 
there  was  something  more  miserable  still  —  it  was  the  clutch 
of  solitude  at  her  heart,  the  sense  of  being  swept  like  a  stray 
uprooted  growth  down  the  heedless  current  of  the  years. 
That  was  the  feeling  which  possessed  her  now  —  the  feeling 
of  being  something  rootless  and  ephemeral,  mere  spin-drift  of 
the  whirling  surface  of  existence,  without  anything  to  which 
the  poor  little  tentacles  of  self  could  cling  before  the  awful 
flood  submei^ed  them.  And  as  she  looked  back  she  saw 
that  there  had  never  been  a  time  when  she  had  had  any  real 
relation  to  life.  Her  parents  too  had  been  rootless,  blown 
hither  and  thither  on  every  wind  of  fashion,  without  any 
personal  existence  to  shelter  them  from  its  shifting  gusts. 
She  herself  had  g^wn  up  without  any  one  spot  of  earth 
being  dearer  to  her  than  another :  there  was  no  centre  of 
early  pieties,  of  grave  endearing  traditions,  to  which  her 
heart  could  revert  and  from  which  it  could  draw  strength 
for  itself  and  tenderness  for  others." 

This  is  SO  fine  and  true  that  it  reconciles  us  in  part 
to  the  complex  of  empty  talk  and  petty  intrigue  and 
ignoble  aim  through  which,  as  through  a  desert 
waste,  we  have  toiled  to  reach  it.  But  the  question 
remains  persistent  whether  it  was  worth  while  to 
describe  at  such  length  and  with  such  infinite  pains 
the  career  of  any  woman  of  whom  it  must  be  said 
in  the  end  that  she  had  never  had  any  real  relation 
to  life.  We  are  much  inclined  to  doubt  that  it  was 
worth  while  —  for  a  writer  of  Mrs.  Wharton's  ex- 
ceptional gifts. 

"The  Northerner,"  by  Miss  Norah  Davis,  is  a 
novel  of  the  new  South  struggling  with  the  old,  of 
the  modern  infusion  of  enterprise  into  the  shiftless- 
ness  of  the  past,  of  the  conflict  between  rational  ideas 
and  crusted  prejudice.  The  protagonist  of  this  con- 
flict is  a  northern  capitalist  settled  in  Alabama  as  the 
owner  and  manager  of  the  street  railway  and  light- 
ing plant  of  a  small  town.  His  ways  are  not  the 
ways  of  the  natives,  and  he  incurs  their  hatred.  This 
leads  to  such  unpleasant  consequences  as  social  os- 
tracism, underhanded  conspiracy  to  ruin  his  business, 
and  the  actual  wrecking  of  his  establishment.  The 
situation  becomes  so  strained  that  only  the  precau- 
tions of  his  two  or  three  friends  save  him  from  a 
summary  disposal  at  the  hands  of  the  mob.  The 
negro  problem,  and  the  iri-ational  temper  of  the  pop- 
ulace in  any  question  that  concerns  a  negro,  figure 
largely  in  the  story,  and  prepare  the  way  for  a  lynch- 
ing scene  that  is  described  with  ghastly  picturesque- 
ness.  The  author  seems  to  have  gained  a  singularly 
subtle  insight  into  the  southern  way  of  regarding  the 
color  question,  but  leaves  it  hardly  less  a  mystery 
than  before  to  the  analytic  intelligence.  The  book 
has  a  softer  side,  also,  and  embodies  a  charming  love- 
story,  in  which  the  hero  comes  out  as  successfully  as 
his  failiu-e  is  complete  in  other  respects.  It  is  an  un- 
usually strong  book,  with  an  unusually  strong  man 
for  its  central  character. 


Just  a  love  story  —  and  a  particularly  nice  one  — 
is  what  we  have  in  "  Lynette  and  the  Congressman," 
by  Miss  Mary  Farley  Sanborn.  Lynette  is  a  young 
woman  who  lives  with  her  mother  in  a  Washington 
boarding-house,  and  is  employed  in  one  of  the  gov- 
ernment departments.  She  is  a  Virginian,  and  not 
the  least  of  her  cliarms  is  her  soft  and  appealing 
southern  speech,  which  is  so  reproduced  in  the  text 
as  to  make  its  delicious  accent  sound  in  ovu'  ears. 
The  congi'essman  is  from  Michigan,  and  is  a  wid- 
ower with  two  half-grown  boys.  He  is  besieged  in 
the  citadel  of  his  affections  by  a  pettish  and  opulent 
beauty  who  has  distinctly  vixenish  characteristics, 
and  his  acts  sometimes  verge  upon  indiscretion.  But 
his  love  for  Lynette  is  the  real  thing,  and  saves  him 
from  the  assaults  of  her  designing  rival.  We  do  not 
quite  like  Lynette's  daring  experiment,  which  leads 
her,  under  an  assumed  name,  to  enter  her  rival's 
service  as  a  maid,  in  order  that  she  may  find  out 
whether  the  former  is  really  deserving  of  the  con- 
gressman's regard.  The  situation  is,  however,  deftly 
managed,  and  not  as  unpleasant  as  it  would  seem  from 
this  description. 

The  Rev.  James  M.  Ludlow, who  achieved  a  brilliant 
success  with  "  The  Captain  of  the  Janizaries  "  about 
twenty  years  ago,  and  who  has  since  been  moderately 
successfvd  with  certain  historical  romances  upon  bib- 
lical themes,  is  to  be  congratulated  upon  his  return 
to  a  subject  similar  in  type  to  that  of  his  first  and  best 
book.  His  new  romance,  "  Sir  Raoul,"  is  a  story  of 
the  Fom-th  Crusade,  and  of  its  diversion,  through 
Venetian  intrigue,  from  its  primary  object  to  the  raid 
upon  Constantinople,  which  resulted  in  the  brief  res- 
toration of  the  Emperor  Alexius,  the  temporary  union 
of  the  Greek  and  Roman  churches,  and  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Latin  Empire  of  the  East  under 
Baldwin.  Here  is  material  enough  and  to  spare ; 
the  richness  of  the  material,  in  fact,  is  responsible  for 
the  chief  fault  of  the  book,  which  huddles  one  event 
upon  another  to  confusing  effect.  Mr.  Ludlow's  hero 
is  a  youthful  knight  of  the  Black  Forest,  who  suffers 
disgrace  early  in  his  career,  and  is  given  out  for  dead, 
but  who  in  reality  remains  very  much  alive,  and  par- 
ticipates, under  an  assmned  name,  in  the  exciting 
happenings  with  which  the  romance  is  concerned. 
The  interest  is  sustained  at  a  high  pitch  throughout, 
and  the  author's  knowledge  of  his  subject  seems  to 
embrace  both  the  broad  historical  issues  of  the  period 
and  a  diversity  of  cm*ious  matters  of  detail  respect- 
ing such  things  as  chivalry,  topography,  and  the 
secret  ways  of  Venice  and  Constantinople.  A  neat 
and  pointed  style  provides  the  story  with  an  added 
element  of  attractiveness. 

Mr.  Randall  Parrish  has  given  us  a  spirited  ro- 
mance of  Fort  Chartres  and  Detroit  in  the  days  of 
the  conspiracy  of  Pontiac,  when  Frenchmen  were 
stiU  clinging  to  a  forlorn  hope  in  their  Mississippi 
valley  outposts,  and  dreaming  that  a  change  in  the 
political  kaleidoscope  might  yet  restore  to  them  the 
dominion  that  had  been  lost  forever  when  Wolfe  had 
scaled  the  rock  of  Quebec  four  years  earlier.     "A 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


17 


Sword  of  the  Old  Frontier  "  is  the  title  of  this  work, 
which  describes  a  perilous  journey  from  the  Ohio 
River  through  the  wilderness  to  Detroit,  the  hero 
being  entrusted  with  the  care  of  a  young  woman, 
who  spurns  hini  at  first,  as  all  haughty  and  well- 
conducted  heroines  are  expected  to  do,  and  graciously 
yields  in  the  end.  which  we  are  all  the  time  comfort- 
ably assured  is  inevitable.  The  story  is  strictiy  con- 
ventional in  t^'pe,  but  the  type  is  one  that  has  justi- 
fied its  right  to  exist,  which  is  the  chief  matter. 

"  Losers'  Luck,"  by  ISIr.  Charles  Tenney  Jackson? 
is  a  storj'  of  "  the  questionable  enterprises  of  a  yachts 
man,  a  princess,  and  certain  filibusters  in  Central 
America."  The  yachtsman,  a  reckless  American 
millionaire,  with  a  trio  of  his  friends,  is  kidnapped  in 
the  harbor  of  San  Francisco  by  the  princess  and  the 
filibusters.  The  yacht  and  its  legitimate  proprietors 
are  hurried  to  the  coast  of  Central  America,  the  un- 
willing captives  warming  up  to  the  enterprise  as  their 
indignation  cools.  This  fact  is  to  be  accounted  for 
by  the  winsome  charm  of  the  princess  and  the  dare- 
devil characteristics  of  the  yachtsman.  They  are 
soon  plunged  into  the  thick  of  a  revolutionary  upris- 
ing, and  some  very  prett)-  scrimmages  ensue.  The 
revolution  is  a  failure,  and  the  heroine  for  whose 
beaux  t/eitx  the  yachtsman  has  committed  himself  to 
the  dangerous  enterprise,  has  the  bad  taste  to  prefer 
a  Spanish  to  an  American  lover,  which  leaves  the 
yachtsman  disconsolate.  Nevertheless,  his  last  re- 
mark is  to  the  effect  that  he  would  like  to  do  it  all 
over  again.  This  lively  book  may  be  described  as 
a  blend  of  Bret  Harte  and  Mr.  Richard  Harding 
Davis,  and  the  mixture  is  commendable. 

"Twisted  Eglantine."  by  ^Ir.  H.  B.  Marriott 
Watson,  is  an  English  novel  of  the  days  of  the 
Regency.  A  rustic  beautj',  who  has  character  as 
well  as  charm,  is  the  heroine,  and  her  favor  is 
assiduously  sought  by  two  persons  —  one  an  impet- 
uous young  soldier,  her  associate  from  childhood, 
the  other  an  accomplished  rake  and  dandy  of  the 
court.  For  a  time  the  latter  seems  to  prevail  and 
when  he  succeeds  in  enticing  the  girl  to  London, 
and  dazzling  her  with  the  spectacle  of  fashionable 
society,  the  hopes  of  her  soldier  lover  are  at  low 
ebb.  But  when  the  ■villainous  intentions  of  Sir  Piers 
are  disclosed,  and  when  at  the  call  of  the  harassed 
damseL  Faversham  deserts  from  the  army  in  Flan- 
ders and  hastens  to  her  rescue,  the  situation  is 
changed,  and  the  conventional  romantic  ending  is 
assured.  Despite  his  selfishness  and  his  cjTiicism, 
Sir  Piers  is  presented  to  us  as  so  attractive  a  figure 
that  we  are  almost  sorry  for  his  discomfiture.  He 
puts  his  rival  so  neatiy  in  the  wrong  whenever  the 
two  men  come  into  conflict,  that  we  cannot  blame 
Barbara  from  being  tempted  by  his  blandishments. 
Whatever  the  author  may  think  of  him  in  the  char- 
acter of  the  moralist,  there  is  no  doubt  that  he  fav- 
ors him  in  the  character  of  the  artist.  And  we  are 
not  abusing  the  word  artist  in  this  connection,  for 
Mr.  Marriott  Watson  has  never  given  us  a  fiiier 
character-study  than  this  of  Sir  Piers.     It  is  hardly 


necessarj'  to  say  also,  for  those  who  are  to  any 
degree  acquainted  with  his  work,  that  the  book  has 
a  distinction  of  style  which  sets  it  far  above  the 
level  of  most  books  of  its  class. 

Another  novel  of  about  the  same  period  is  ]Mr. 
WejTuan's  "  Starvecrow  Farm,"  which  stands  in 
sharp  contrast  to  the  sort  of  historical  romance 
which  we  associate  with  his  name.  Here  the  her- 
oine elopes  with  the  villain  in  the  first  chapter,  but 
the  villain  is  a  very  low  scoundrel  indeed,  and  his 
victim  is  soon  undeceived.  Soon  abandoned  by  him, 
she  has  a  variety  of  distressing  experiences,  which 
include  a  sojourn  in  jail,  and  a  hairbreadth  escape 
from  a  gang  of  cutthroats.  Captain  Clyne,  who  loves 
her  after  a  fashion,  and  who  saves  her  from  the 
consequences  of  her  imprudence,  is  by  no  means  a 
hero  of  the  romantic  type,  but  is  so  vast  an  improve- 
ment upon  the  fellow  who  had  so  nearly  been  the 
cause  of  her  undoing,  that  she  accepts  him  grate- 
fully in  the  end,  after  the  usual  measure  of  misun- 
derstanding. This  is  by  no  means  the  best  of  Mr. 
Weyman's  novels,  but  it  has  a  considerable  interest 
nevertheless. 

The  appalling  vulgarity  of  English  lower-class 
society,  its  absolute  aloofness  from  everything  that 
gives  a  spiritual  meaning  to  life,  its  utter  imper- 
viousness  to  ideas  of  any  kind,  are  the  impressions 
that  chiefly  remain  after  reading  "  Kipps."  Mr. 
Wells  describes  the  hero  of  this  realistic  narrative 
as  "  a  simple  soul,"  but  the  description  is  inadequate, 
for  he  is  represented  as  an  esprit  bomS  beyond  our 
powers  of  credulity,  if  we  are  to  regard  him  as 
being  in  any  way  of  a  normal  type.  For  experi 
ence  will  knock  even  the  meanest  of  normal  natures 
into  some  sort  of  conformity  with  a  new  environ- 
ment, but  Kipps,  born  in  povert}%  and  unexpectedly 
raised  to  affluence,  shows  no  adaptability'  whatever, 
and  proves  incapable  of  sloughing  off  even  the 
externals  of  the  habit  that  has  been  fashioned  for 
him  by  his  instincts  and  his  surroundings.  Per- 
sistence of  essential  character  under  changed  con- 
ditions is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  deepest  lessons  of 
psychology-,  but  average  human  nature  is  capable 
of  a  good  deal  of  transformation  to  superficial  seem- 
ing. Kipps,  the  draper's  assistant,  however,  when 
he  becomes  Kipps  the  opulent,  courted  by  society, 
remains  a  shop-boy  no  less  in  manner  than  in  soul, 
and  this  despite  his  most  resolute  determination  to 
acquire  the  ways  of  the  class  into  which  he  has  been 
suddenly  elevated.  This  serves  the  author's  pur- 
pose of  humorous  exaggeration,  but  it  is  not  good 
science,  and  science  is  supposed  to  be  Mr.  Wells's 
trump  suit.  Nevertheless,  the  story  of  Kipps  and 
his  social  mishaps  is  fascinating  because  of  its  merci- 
less analysis  of  the  irredeemably  vulgar  type  of 
mind,  because  of  its  truthfulness  of  sordid  detail, 
and  because  of  its  satirical  side-lights  upon  the  fads 
and  follies  of  the  age.  We  cannot  easily  forget,  for 
example,  such  a  characterization  as  that  of  one  of 
the  minor  figures,  the  young  man  "who  had  been 
reading  Nietzsche,  and  thought  that  in  all  proba- 


18 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


bility  he  was  the  Non-Moral  Overman  referred  to 
by  that  writer."  We  are  quite  prepared,  after  this, 
to  expect  the  eventual  crash  in  the  finances  of 
Kipps,  who  has  rashly  placed  his  property  under  the 
management  of  the  young  man  thus  neatly  described. 
The  book  offers  many  such  bits  of  entertainment  as 
this,  besides  displajang  an  almost  Dickens-like  gift 
for  the  portrayal  of  eccentric  traits  and  types  of 
character. 

The  author  of  "  Elizabeth  and  her  German  Gar- 
den "  has  given  us,  in  "'  The  Princess  Priscilla's 
Fortnight,"  the  most  charming  extravaganza  imag- 
inable. The  Princess  Priscilla,  it  seems,  is  a  demure 
young  thing  who  conforms  outwardly  to  the  life  of 
the  Grand  Ducal  court  of  Lothen-Kunitz,  to  the 
manner  whereof  she  is  born,  but  privately  enter- 
tains her  own  views  of  things.  Under  the  insidious 
influences  of  her  tutor,  the  Hofbibliothekar,  an 
impossible  idealist  of  grandfatherly  age,  she  has 
learned  to  despise  the  worldly  advantages  of  her 
lot,  and  to  yearn  for  the  simple  life.  The  crisis  is 
reached  when  a  marriage  is  planned  for  her  with  a 
prince  whom  she  does  not  know.  She  informs  her 
astonished  tutor  that  in  flight  must  be  her  salvation, 
and  that  he  is  to  be  her  accomplice  and  companion. 
This  innocent  soul,  ti"ansformed  perforce  into  a  con- 
spirator, plans  their  secret  departure,  and,  good  luck 
aiding  them,  the  strangely-assorted  pair  of  adven- 
turers make  their  way  to  England,  and  bury  them- 
selves in  a  country  village,  where  they  obtain  a 
rose-embowered  cottage.  They  take  with  them 
Annalise,  reckless  of  the  possible  consequences. 
This  menial  seems  a  properly  subdued  and  inoffen- 
sive person,  but  she  has  capabilities,  and  their  devel- 
opment leads  to  the  undoing  of  her  mistress.  But 
this  is  to  anticipate.  Settled  in  the  village,  Pris- 
cDla  proceeds  to  demoralize  its  inhabitants  by  means 
of  what  the  scientific  philanthropists  call  indiscrim- 
inate charity.  She  invites  the  neighborhood  chil- 
dren to  Sunday  parties,  feeding  their  sinful  bodies 
and  imperilling  their  immortal  souls.  She  employs 
help  at  unheard-of  wages.  She  ruins  the  character 
of  the  model  pauper  of  the  village  —  a  bedridden 
old  woman  —  by  gifts  of  five-pound  notes  and  bot- 
tles of  rum.  She  causes  both  the  son  of  the  vicar 
and  the  son  of  the  great  lady  of  the  parish  to  fall 
wildly  in  love  with  her  (she  can't  help  that,  poor 
thing  I )  and  thereby  stormUy  agitates  the  breasts  of 
their  respective  mothers.  It  is  all  one  bright  dream 
of  realized  ideals  until  the  money  gives  out,  when 
clouds  encompass  the  scene.  Then  Annalise  be- 
comes obstreperous,  reveals  the  whereabouts  of  the 
truants,  and  the  prince  appears  to  bear  away  his 
betrothed.  It  is  a  lovely  story,  and  the  fortnight 
which  it  describes  is  all  too  brief  for  om*  enjoyment, 
although  it  proves  quite  sufficient  to  cure  the  prin- 
cess of  her  vagrant  fancies,  and  to  reconcile  her  to 
the  existence  upon  which  she  had  impulsively  turned 
her  back. 

"The  Flute  of  Pan,"  which  is  the  latest  of  the 
inventions  of  that  accomplished  woman  of  letters, 


"John  Oliver  Hobbes,"  is  also  about  a  piincess,  and  is 
quite  as  fantastic  a  tale,  in  its  way,  as  the  one  pre- 
viously under  discussion.  This  princess,  however, 
does  not  desert  her  principality",  but,  finding  it  threat- 
ened by  armed  invasion,  imports  a  husband  to  com- 
mand her  forces,  and  share  with  her  the  cares  of  state. 
He  is  an  eccenti'ic  Englishman  of  title  and  wealth, 
who  has  renounced  the  world  of  vanity,  and  is  engaged 
in  the  pursuit  of  art.  She  finds  him  in  his  lodgings 
at  Venice,  and  bends  him,  not  altogether  unwillingly, 
to  her  pm-pose,  he,  however,  making  the  condition 
that  when  order  shall  be  restored  to  the  agitated  realm, 
she  shall  abdicate,  and  retui-n  to  share  his  humble 
life  as  an  artist  in  Venice.  The  subsequent  narrar 
tive  is  occupied,  not  so  much  with  warlike  adventure 
as  with  the  private  misunderstandings  which  keep 
the  two  at  cross-purposes  for  a  long  time.  Briefly 
stated,  each  suspects  the  other  of  an  illicit  entangle- 
ment. When  these  dark  suspicions  are  cleared  away, 
and  when  the  enemy  is  defeated,  the  princess  car- 
ries out  her  part  of  the  bargain  in  good  faith,  but  in 
the  end  new  difficidties  arise  which  compel  her  and 
her  consort  to  take  up  once  more  the  burden  of  rule. 
The  whole  story  is  told  in  the  vein  of  comedy,  and 
is  but  a  trifling  performance.  For  the  explanation 
of  the  symbolical  title,  we  must  refer  readers  to  the 
book  itself. 

A  pleasing  story  of  love,  misunderstanding,  and 
reconciliation  is  told  by  Mrs.  Alfred  Sidgwick  in 
"The  Professor's  Legacy."  The  professor  is  an 
eminent  German  authority  on  corals,  and  the  legacy 
is  his  daughter,  whom  he  leaves  to  the  care  of  an 
Englishman  of  mature  years,  who  has  collaborated 
with  him  in  the  work  which  he  does  not  live  to  com- 
plete. The  Englishman  offers  marriage  to  the  girl, 
as  the  simplest  means  of  taking  care  of  her,  and  she 
accepts,  despite  a  girlish  infatuation  for  a  German 
musician.  The  scene  then  changes  from  Fichten- 
stadt  to  a  country  estate  in  England,  but  relations 
between  husband  and  wife  remain  strained,  he  not 
seeing  that  she  has  really  come  to  care  for  him,  and 
she  not  discovering  the  genuine  love  concealed  be- 
neath his  cold  exterior.  This  device  keeps  the  story 
going  until  it  has  attained  the  requisite  length,  when 
the  mutual  misunderstandings  are  cleared  away. 
The  story  is,  as  we  said  at  the  beginning,  a  pleas- 
ant one,  embodying  no  very  deep  passion  or  subtle 
analysis  of  character,  but  nevertheless  an  agreeable 
composition  of  nicely-adjusted  parts. 

William  Morton  Payxe. 


Notes  ox  Xeav  Novels. 


"  The  Javelin  of  Fate,"  by  Miss  Jeanie  Gould  Lin- 
coln, is  distinguished  from  the  mass  of  current  fiction 
by  the  technical  skill  with  which  it  presents  a  plot  that 
has  in  itself  real  movement  and  vitality.  It  is  a  Civil 
War  story,  its  action  centering  in  that  hot-bed  of  rebel- 
lion, Baltimore.  But  it  begins  twenty  years  before  the 
war,  in  a  little  moimtain  cabin  in  Virginia,  where  a  dis- 
tracted yoiuig  mother  deserts  her  cliild  amid  the  pro- 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


19 


phetic  imprecations  of  the  old  niainmy  in  whose  care  she 
leaves  it.  For  years  she  escapes  the  nemesis  of  fate, 
but  throughout  her  brilliant  career  there  is  one  motive 
behind  her  social  activities  and  political  intrigues  —  the 
wish  to  punish  the  man  who  spoUed  her  youth  and 
robbed  her  of  the  capacity  for  happiness.  At  last  her 
opportunity  arrives,  but  old  instincts  and  old  affections 
assert  themselves.  She  forgives  the  man  and  goes  to 
find  her  child.  Then  the  javelin  strikes  her.  This  is 
the  main  thread  of  the  narrative,  which  is  skilfully  inter- 
woven with  others  less  sombre.  (Houghton,  MifBin  & 
Co.) 

In  "  Miss  Desmond  "  (Macmillan)  ^larie  Van  Vorst 
has  made  a  long  stride  toward  the  writing  of  significant 
fiction.  She  has  evolved  a  situation  that  Mr.  Henry 
James  would  revel  in;  and  without  resorting  to  Mr. 
James's  familiar  method,  she  has  brilliantly  suggested, 
if  she  has  not  always  developed,  its  subtleties.  Her 
heroine,  Miss  Desmond,  is  a  middle-aged  recluse,  a 
Bostonian  Puritan,  who  has  sacrificed  her  youth  to  an 
exacting  old  mother  and  has  just  awakened  to  the  con- 
viction that  she  has  never  really  lived.  In  this  mood 
of  tentative,  half-frightened  dissatisfaction  and  longing 
she  is  suddenly  sumnaoned  to  chaperon  a  niece, — ^the 
sophisticated  but  unspoiled  daughter  of  a  thoroughly 
disreputable  sister, —  on  a  Swiss  tour.  A  week  later 
the  object  of  the  sister's  latest  love-affair  comes  by 
chance  to  their  hotel.  He  finds  in  Miss  Desmond  the 
bodily  appearance  of  the  woman  he  had  left  in  disgust, 
united  to  a  spiritual  beauty  that  he  is  in  a  mood  to 
appreciate  by  contrast.  The  development  of  the  theme 
is  dramatic,  though  at  times  a  little  unsure;  and  the 
characterization  is  uncommonly  delicate  and  significant. 

"  The  Passport  "  (Harper),  by  Mr.  Richard  Bagot,  is 
a  rather  slow-moving  story  of  love  and  intrigue,  in  an 
Italian  setting.  A  parish  priest  with  a  mysterious  past 
is  the  ruling  character.  He  has  an  interest,  dating  back 
to  the  time  when  he  was  a  canon  at  Rome,  in  the  young 
hero  and  heroine;  and  he  finally  manages  to  convince 
the  girl's  step-mother  that  young  Rossano  and  not  the 
gambling  Belgian  baron,  d'Antin,  is  the  more  suitable 
husband  for  her  charge.  The  baron  has  a  coadjutor  in 
the  person  of  the  Abbd  Roux,  as  great  a  scoundrel  as 
himself,  but  not  so  clever.  Peasant  revolts  add  an  ele- 
ment of  variety  to  the  plots  and  counter-plots  of  the 
villains.  Mr.  Bagot's  style  is  clever  and  finished,  and 
one  wonders  a  little  why  his  book  does  not  make  more 
of  an  impression.  It  may  be  safely  recommended  as  a 
good  story,  likely  to  carry  the  reader  pleasantly  to  the 
end  of  its  four  hundred  closely-printed  pages;  but  it 
lacks  a  definite,  clear-cut  motive  that  should  give  it 
force  and  value. 

Mr.  W.  W.  Jacobs's  latest  book,  "Captains  All" 
(Scribner),  is  named  after  the  first  story  in  a  collection 
of  tales,  only  three  of  which  are  really  nautical.  But 
any  disappointment  that  the  reader  may  experience  on 
this  score  is  soon  forgotten  in  his  enjoyment  of  the  au- 
thor's humor.  Mr.  Jacobs  makes  the  doings  and  say- 
ings of  a  certain  type  of  English  low-life  irresistibly 
funny  in  the  telling.  His  sailors  ashore,  his  constables, 
night-watchmen,  small  shop-keepers,  pigeon-shooters, 
and  their  wives  and  friends,  are  delightful  studies,  de- 
picted vrith  the  same  penetration  and  the  same  joyous 
appreciation  of  the  comedy  of  life  that  distinguish  all 
Mr.  Jacobs's  work.  It  is  hard  to  pick  out  any  stories 
deserving  of  special  mention,  for  the  workmanship  is 
very  even ;  but  certainly  none  are  better  than  "  The 
Constable's  Move,"  which  teUs  how  Policeman  Evans's 


worst  enemy  unwittingly  got  him  made  a  sergeant;  and 
"  The  White  Cat,"  the  story  of  a  strange  legacy  that 
brought  as  much  trouble  on  its  various  owners  as  the 
proverbial  white  elephant. 

"  Land  Ho  "  (Haiper)  is  the  title  chosen  for  a  collee- 
tion  of  Mr.  Morgan  Robertson's  sea  stories.  In  several  of 
these  are  told  the  adventures  of  Scotty,  an  original  old 
fellow  forced  by  circumstances  to  be  deck-hand  on  a 
freight  barge  in  New  York  harbor,  but  leading  a  life 
full  of  interest  and  excitement  none  the  less.  The  sea, 
8S  Scotty  and  the  rest  of  Mr.  Robertson's  heroes  know 
it,  is  a  hard  mistress,  exacting  a  heavy  toll  of  labor  and 
sorrow  and  making  little  return;  and  as  a  whole  Mr. 
Robertson's  book  does  not  make  cheerful  reading.  A 
strange  case  of  souonambulism  is  the  theme  of  "  The 
Cook  and  the  Captain  ";  "  The  Lobster  "  and  his  friends 
are  only  amateur  sailors,  and  a  few  stories  at  the  end 
of  the  book  have  no  connection  with  the  sea  or  its  folk. 
It  is  a  pity  that  Mr.  Robertson  does  not  occasionally 
choose  to  exploit  a  thoroughly  pleasant  theme.  His 
style  is  powerful,  but  his  insight  is  always  exercised  on 
gruesome  situations. 

Mr.  Charles  Major's  new  romance  "  Yoluida  "  (Mae- 
millan)  resembles  "  When  Knighthood  Was  in  Flower  " 
more  than  it  does  any  of  this  author's  other  books. 
There  is  a  piquant  and  spirited  heroine  who  braves 
everything  for  the  man  she  loves,  and  the  hero  is  satis- 
factory enough,  though  distinctly  subordinate  in  the 
reader's  interest,  as  was  Brandon.  The  love  affair  leads 
the  pair  through  many  extraordinary  perils  and  dilem- 
mas, but  in  the  end  the  prince  marries  the  princess  ex- 
actly as  their  parents  had  planned,  though  the  step  is 
by  no  means  taken  out  of  deference  to  parental  wishes. 
For  some  imexplainable  reason  Mr.  Major  has  chosen 
to  have  the  story  related  by  Count  Maximilian's  tutor  — 
a  method  which  has  its  disadvantages  when  a  passion- 
ate, and  let  us  hope  a  private,  love-scene  is  to  be  con- 
fided to  the  reader.  In  spite  of  this  mistake,  however, 
Mr.  Major  has  written  another  good  story,  which  his 
public  will  be  glad  to  welcome. 

Miss  Margaret  Sherwood's  new  novel, "  The  Coming 
of  the  Tide  "  (Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.),  has  much  of 
the  choice  pastoral  quality  of  her  earlier  book, "  Daphne." 
This  latter  tale  was  so  charming  that  it  helped  to  set  a 
fashion  in  fiction-writing;  and  perhaps  it  is  only  the 
host  of  perfunctory  imitations  that  have  come  between 
to  dull  our  appetites  that  makes  "  The  Coming  of  the 
Tide  "  seem  a  little  commonplace  by  comparison.  It 
tells  the  story  of  a  summer  on  the  Maine  coast,  whither 
the  heroine,  a  Southern  girl,  goes  to  forget  a  great  sor- 
row. The  plot,  which  is  very  simple,  involves  a  study 
in  heredity.  The  hero,  a  dreamy  philosopher,  is  mor- 
bidly conscious  of  his  inheritance  of  ancestral  traits  and 
ancestral  quarrels.  But  the  girl  from  Virginia  makes 
him  feel  the  joy  of  living,  and  understand  the  song  of  the 
tides.  The  charm  of  the  book  lies  largely  in  Miss  Sher- 
wood's delicate  humor,  delightful  fancy,  and  carefully 
finished,  but  never  coldly  classic,  style. 

Like  all  of  Mr.  Arthur  Henry's  stories,  "  Lodgings  in 
Town  "  (A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.)  is  more  fact  than  fiction. 
It  tells  how  the  author  came  to  New  York  with  a  clean 
collar,  eight  dollars,  and  a  poem,  what  he  found  in  the 
city  to  hold  his  interest,  and  how  he  finally  chose  the 
obscurity  of  a  mountain  farm,  in  preference  to  material 
advancement  in  town.  Much  of  the  interest  of  the  story 
springs  from  the  keen  analysis  of  New  York's  peculiari- 
ties, as  Mr.  Henry,  fresh  from  a  strenuous  career  in  the 
Middle  West,  interpreted  them.     But  the  core  of  the 


20 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


book  is  its  philosophy.  If  a  man  works  not  for  money 
or  for  himself,  but,  "  searching  events  for  the  soul  of 
them,"  takes  imaffected  pleasure  in  what  he  can  do  for 
other  men,  he  can  be  happy  anywhere  —  and  most  easily 
perhaps  in  a  Baxter  Street  tenement.  The  intimate, 
straightforward,  and  lively  style  in  which  Mr.  Henry 
writes,  and  his  large  and  convincing  optimism,  make  a 
strong  appeal  to  the  reader's  sympathy. 

The  success  scored  by  "  In  the  Bishop's  Carriage  " 
lends  special  interest  to  Miss  Miriam  Michelson's  new 
novel,  "A  Yellow  Journalist"  (Appleton).  Like  its 
predecessor  this  is  a  novel  with  a  heroine ;  and  the  new 
heroine,  Rhoda  Massey,  has  a  strong  individuality  — 
a  pluck,  perseverance,  and  a  certain  feminine  charm  be- 
neath her  masculine  energy  —  that  suggests  Nancy, 
minus  the  curious  moral  .attitude  that  made  Nancy  so 
unique.  Rhoda  finds  newspaper  work  as  intoxicating  as 
most  girls  do  cotillons,  and  thinks  of  nothing  but  pleas- 
ing her  chief  and  "scooping"  her  rivals.  Reporting 
in  San  Francisco  seems  to  furnish  an  abimdance  of  sen- 
sations, but  the  reader  is  not  surprised  when  Rhoda 
gives  it  all  up  to  marry  the  reporter  that  she  had  always 
secretly  admired,  though  professionally  they  were  at 
swords'  points. 

After  these  many  years  Mr.  Rider  Haggard  has  writ- 
ten a  sequel,  or  rather  a  continuation,  of  "  She."  It  is 
called  "  Ayesha  "  (Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.),  and  is  the 
story  of  the  further  adventures  of  Mr.  Holly,  tlie  real 
author  of  "  She,"  and  Leo  Vincey  in  the  momitains  of 
Tibet,  whither  they  went  to  seek  the  wonderful  Spirit  of 
the  Mountain.  This  time  the  token  of  verity  which 
Mr.  Holly  sends  with  his  manuscript  is  the  sceptre  with 
which  Ayesha  was  wont  to  rule  the  shadows  in  her 
moimtain  temple.  The  story  opens  with  an  account  of 
a  vision  in  which  the  lovely  Ayesha  tells  her  mortal 
lover  how  to  return  to  her.  The  adventures  of  the  trav- 
ellers are  of  no  ordinary  kind.  Seven  years  of  awful 
hardship  are  dismissed  in  a  brief  paragraph,  and  only 
the  last  crucial  moments  of  the  search  are  detailed.  It 
will  be  interesting  to  see  how  the  new  "  She  "  strikes 
twentieth  century  tastes. 

Mr.  Rupert  Hughes,  the  author  of  "  American  Com- 
posers "  and  "  The  Love- Affairs  of  Great  Musicians," 
has  turned  his  insight  into  the  emotional  make-up  of  the 
musician  to  account  by  writing  a  novel.  He  calls  it 
"  Zal,"  which  is  a  Polish  word  signifying  the  hopeless 
homesickness  of  the  exile.  The  hero  is  a  Polish  musi- 
cian, named  Ladislav,  who  wins  a  slow  recognition  and 
then  an  overwhelming  success  in  America.  But  it  is 
his  love  affair  with  a  rich  American  girl,  rather  than  his 
concert  career,  that  engrosses  the  reader's  attention. 
As  a  study  of  the  artistic  temperament  "  Zal "  is  very 
interesting,  but  Mr.  Hughes  makes  a  mistake  in  forcing 
his  hero  to  choose  between  saving  his  mother  or  his 
sweetheart  from  drowning.  Such  an  episode  cannot  be 
satisfactorily  handled  in  fiction.  Otherwise,  particularly 
for  a  first  novel,  "  Zal  "  shows  very  good  workmanship. 
(Century  Co.) 

"  Lady  Bobs,  her  Brother,  and  I  "  (Putnam)  is  already 
familiar  to  readers  of  "  The  Critic,"  where  it  appeared 
serially.  Miss  Jean  Chamblin  has  followed  a  passing 
fashion  in  using  the  letter  form  for  her  story,  and  in 
supplementing  plot  interest  with  animated  accounts  of 
life  and  scenery  m  the  Azores.  Her  protagonist  is  a 
yovmg  actress,  who,  being  tired  and  so  impressed  with 
the  futility  of  her  dramatic  efforts,  goes  off  to  rest  in  a 
far  corner  of  the  earth  and  finds  there  most  of  the  people 
she  has  particularly  wished  to  get  away  from  —  includ- 


ing the  inevitable  lover.  It  is  a  pity  that  Miss  Chamblin 
has  felt  it  necessary  to  resort  to  meaningless  slang  and 
cheap  humor  in  order  to  enliven  her  heroine's  letters. 
In  these  days  there  is  surely  no  good  reason  why  an 
actress  should  not  be  represented  as  a  cultured  woman, 
exercising  good  taste  in  the  choice  of  a  vocabulary  as 
in  other  matters. 

"  Child  of  the  Stars  "  is  the  mystical  title  of  a  some- 
what mystical  tale  by  Mr.  Robert  Valentine  Mathews. 
The  narrative  altogether  lacks  miity,  but  at  certain 
points  it  has  decided  charm  in  spite  of  its  annoying  in- 
consecutiveness.  At  first  it  purports  to  be  the  avitobi- 
ography  of  a  man  who  began  his  life  as  a  foundling  in 
a  Jesuit  orphanage.  Riimiing  away  one  day,  not  because 
of  unhappiness  but  merely  to  explore  the  neighborhood, 
he  foimd  a  little  girl  playing  by  the  river.  After  this 
the  story  is  more  hers  than  his,  and  the  title  is  the  name 
of  a  famous  pictm-e  which  her  faithless  husband  painted. 
The  picture,  again,  is  in  no  sense  the  pivotal  point  of 
the  story.  Mr.  Mathews  has  some  mteresting  material 
at  his  command,  but  he  must  either  learn  plot  construc- 
tion or  else  avoid  altogether  the  novel  form.  His 
"  ChUd  of  the  Stars  "  is  a  confusing  hybrid, —  neither 
novel  nor  simple  narration.     (Edwin  C.  Hill  Co.) 

Mr.  Herman  Bernstein,  already  known  as  the  author 
of  several  novels  of  Jewish  life,  in  "  Contrite  Hearts  " 
(A.  Wessels  Co.)  presents  still  another  picture  of  the 
simple  yet  picturesque  manners  of  his  people  in  Russia 
and  New  York.  Mr.  Bernstein's  tale  is  sincere  and 
quite  devoid  of  artifice.  It  tells  the  story  of  two  Jewish 
girls,  the  apostate  daughters  of  Israel  Lampert,  cantor 
and  reader  of  the  law  in  his  village.  Both  gii-ls  love 
Gentiles  and  are  cast  out  from  their  father's  house. 
They  go  singly  to  New  York,  meet  there  by  chance,  and 
in  the  end  renounce  the  new  thought  that  is  distiirbing 
their  people's  ancient  beliefs,  and  become  reconciled  to 
their  old  father.  The  story  has  a  curious  mterest,  as  an 
interpretation,  from  the  inside,  of  a  theory  of  life  utterly 
foreign  to  the  average  reader's  ideas. 


Briefs  ox  Kew  Books. 


A  book  of  aood  Holding  that  life  is  the  test  of  thought, 
sense  and  not  thought  the  test  of  life,  Dr.  Henry 

sound  ideals.  yg^j^  Dykg  puts  forth  a  volume  of 
"Essays  in  Application"  (Scribner),  being  ideas 
and  ideals  tested  by  experience  and  removed  from 
the  domain  of  theory  to  that  of  fact.  On  an  early 
page  he  refers  feelingly  to  "  those  hours  of  despond- 
ency and  disappointment  when  the  grasshopper  and 
the  critic  become  a  burden."  Nothing  that  is  to  be 
said  of  his  book  by  the  present  critic  will  in  the  least 
intensify  the  gloom  of  those  despondent  hours  ;  for 
the  essays  are  all  excellent,  both  in  substance  and  in 
form.  The  writer  stands  with  both  feet  planted  on 
the  solid  earth,  while  his  "  dome  of  thought "  reaches, 
not  into  the  clouds,  but  beyond  them.  In  other  words, 
practical  good  sense  and  lofty  idealism  are  happily 
married  in  his  pages.  Wise  counsel  is  offered  on 
education,  religion,  literature,  —  its  production  and 
its  consumption, —  the  simple  life,  and  many  other 
matters  of  universal  interest.  In  his  general  reflec- 
tions on  the  progress  of  the  world,  he  is  optimistic, 
or,  rather,  melioristic  and    hopeful.     "Pessimism 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


21 


never  gets  anywhere,"  he  declares.  ••  It  is  a  poor 
wagon  that  sets  out  with  creaking  and  groaning." 
His  definition  of  literature  recalls  Matthew  Arnold's. 
"  Lit€ratm-e,"  writes  the  later  essayist,  "  is  made  up 
of  those  writings  which  translate  the  inner  mean- 
ings of  nature  and  life,  in  language  of  distinction 
and  charm,  touched  with  the  personality  of  the  au- 
thor, into  artistic  forms  of  permanent  interest." 
Three  e^-U  tendencies  he  finds  in  our  modern  world 
against  which  the  spirit  of  Christianity  embodied  in 
a  worthy  literature  can  do  much  to  guard  us.  These 
are  the  growing  idolatry  of  military  glory,  the  grow- 
ing idolatry  of  wealth,  and  the  growing  spirit  of 
frivolity.  The  last-named  tendency  gives  occasion 
for  mildly  rebuking  a  brilliant  contemporary  British 
essayist,  much  given  to  paradox,  who  will  need  no 
more  particular  designation.  Touching  on  educar 
tion.  Dr.  van  Ih^ke  deprecates  the  term  '*  finished 
scholar,"  which  to  him  has  a  mortuary  soxmd,  like 
an  epitaph.  The  right  education  teaches  to  see 
clearly,  to  imagine  vividly,  to  think  independently, 
and  to  win  nobly.  Terse  and  striking  phraseology 
is  not  wanting  in  these  suggestive  chapters.  The 
whirl  of  fashion  shows  us  the  '*  busy  emptiness  of 
life  at  top  speed."  Would-be  art  connoisseurs  "go 
into  raptures  over  a  crooked-necked  Madonna  after 
they  have  looked  into  their  catalogues  and  discovered 
that  it  was  painted  by  Botticelli."  This,  in  Car- 
lylesque  language,  is  "  the  veriest  simian  mimicry 
of  artistic  enthusiasm,  a  thing  laughable  to  gods 
and  men."  A  book  so  admirably  combining  enter- 
tainment and  edification  is  not  published  every  day, 
or  every  month.    

The  blot  on  ^^  ''The  Indian  Dispossessed"  (Little, 
our  national  Brown  &.  Co.).  Mr.  Seth  K.  Humphrey 
etcutcheon.  describes  the  treatment  by  the  United 
States  government  during  the  last  three  decades  of 
the  Reservation,  or  peaceful,  Indian.  The  book  con- 
sists principally  of  extracts  from  the  reports  of  Indian 
agents  and  the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs,  con- 
nected by  a  thread  of  narrative.  It  is  the  old  and  famil- 
iar story  of  the  ruthless  occupation  of  Indian  country 
by  white  men  who  recognize  no  right  as  belonging  to 
the  original  owner.  The  Introduction  briefly  traces 
the  steps  by  which  the  Indian  was  pushed  back 
from  the  frontier,  until  finally  there  was  no  longer  a 
frontier  and  he  was  then  placed  on  the  Reservation. 
The  account  of  the  treatment  of  the  Reservation 
Indians  is  from  the  Indian  point  of  view,  and  gives 
only  one  side  of  the  question  at  issue ;  but  there  is  no 
doubt  that,  according  to  the  reports  of  its  own  officials, 
the  government  has  been  guilty  of  criminal  negligence 
and  gross  injustice  in  its  ti-eatment  of  the  peaceful 
red  man.  The  author  selects  for  discussion  the  cases 
of  the  Umadillas,  Flat  Heads,  Nez  Perces,  Poncas, 
and  the  Mission  Indians  of  California.  The  history 
of  the  four  first-named  is  the  same :  a  treaty-  is  made 
with  the  United  States  securing  to  the  Indians  good 
reservations ;  then  come  the  white  settlers  who  want 
the  Indian  lands:  next  the  government,  influenced 
by  the  politicians,  forces  the  Indians  to  less  desirable 


land,  or  to  the  Indian  Territory  —  **  the  grave  of  the 
Northern  Indian";  and  then  follows  the  gradual 
extinction  of  the  tribe.  The  treatment  of  the  civ- 
ilized Mission  Indians  seems  to  have  been  the  worst 
of  all.  They  had  good  homes,  were  peaceful  and 
good  citizens,  yet  the  government  would  admit  to 
them  no  rights  at  aU.  —  or,  in  the  language  of  the 
Senate  Committee,  "  the  Indian  had  no  usufructuary 
or  other  rights  therein  which  were  in  any  manner  to 
be  respected";  and  .the  whites  took  their  lands  and 
homes.  One  of  the  final  chapters  describes  the  late 
method  of  dividing  the  spoils  taken  from  the  Indian. 
As  long  as  there  was  a  frontier  the  rule  was,  '*  first 
come,  first  served."  Next,  when  reservations  sur- 
rounded by  settled  territory  are  thrown  open,  the 
government  fixes  the  day  and  hour,  and  thousands 
of  home-seekers  line  up  to  race  for  homes,  —  as  was 
done  at  the  opening  of  the  Cherokee  Strip.  Finally, 
the  government  makes  use  of  the  lottery,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  Rosebud  Reservation,  to  divide  out  the 
prizes,  —  a  method  condemned  as  Ulegal  by  the 
national  postal  laws.  The  author  disavows  any  in- 
tention of  claiming  that  all  men  are  equal  or  should 
be  given  equal  pri\Tleges ;  but  he  maintains,  how- 
ever, that  '•  no  man  has  a  place  or  fair  chance  to 
exist  under  the  government  of  the  United  States 
who  has  not  a  part  in  it."  From  the  government, 
influenced  by  politicians,  the  author  expects  little 
consideration  for  the  woes  of  the  Indian.  The 
proper  way  to  secure  relief  is,  he  says,  to  "  instill  in 
the  public  mind  a  deep  persistent  distrust  of  the 
National  Congress." 

The  ton  of  "^^^  personality'  and  career  of  the  son 

Napoleon  and  of  Napoleon  and  Marie  Louise  have 
Afarie  LouUe.  always  attracted  interest  both  histor- 
ically and  as  a  matter  of  curiosity.  A  new  study  of 
his  position  and  importance  is  now  offered  in  a  vol- 
ume by  Eklward  de  Wertheimer,  entitled  "  The  Duke 
of  Reichstadt"  (John  Lane  Co.),  presented  in  a 
pretty  binding  decorated  with  the  Napoleonic  bee, 
and  containing  a  nxmiber  of  excellent  portraits.  The 
volume  is  essentially  an  historical  study,  not  a  mere 
collection  of  gossip  and  rumor :  for  the  author  has 
made  a  careful  search  of  many  archives,  understands 
thoroughly  the  historical  setting,  and  is  more  con- 
cerned to  give  an  account  of  the  diplomatic  intrigues 
centering  about  the  Duke  and  his  mother  than  to  pre- 
sent a  striking  personal  characterization.  One  learns, 
indeed,  very  little  about  the  qualities  and  ideas  of 
Reichstadt  himself,  for  necessarily  his  ideas  were  of 
much  less  contemporaneous  importance  than  were 
the  ideas  of  such  men  as  Metternich  and  TaUej-rand 
as  to  what  should  be  done  with  him.  It  is  difficult 
to  realize  to-day  that  he  really  had  so  much  impor- 
tance, and  that  courts  and  cabinets  were  agitated  for 
fear  of  movements  and  conspiracies  to  place  him 
upon  the  throne  of  France.  The  plans  solemnly 
proposed  (when  he  was  but  seven  years  old)  that  he 
should  be  forced  into  monastic  life,  or  precluded 
from  ever  marrying,  in  order  forever  to  cut  off  the 
Napoleonic  heritage,  seem  absurd  to-day ;  yet  to  the 


22 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


statesmen  of  that  time  his  existence,  even  in  the 
secluded  circle  in  which  he  moved  at  Vienna,  was 
a  matter  for  constant  surveillance.  *  Mr.  de  Wert- 
heimer  traces  the  principal  events,  and  narrates  these 
diplomatic  manceuvrings,  from  the  time  of  his  hero's 
hirth  in  1811  through  the  twenty-one  years  of  his 
life.  Naturally,  the  central  figure  of  the  story  is 
Metternich, — the  man  whose  patriotic  statecraft  is 
responsible  for  whatever  seems  heartless  in  the  treat- 
ment of  Reichstadt  and  of  Marie  Louise.  The  lat- 
ter is  in  no  sense  excused  by  the  author  for  her 
conduct  toward  Napoleon,  or  in  her  later  relations 
with  Neipperg, — unless  to  portray  her  as  a  woman 
without  imagination,  or  any  perception  of  great  prin- 
ciples, is  an  excuse.  But  personalities  have  little 
place  in  the  author's  method.  His  work  is  not  in- 
tended for  the  merely  curious,  but  it  is  of  real  his- 
torical value.  

Our  hearts  do  not  leap  up  when  we 
i^v^£:ios.    behold  a  halo  on  the  title-page.     So 

says  the  entertaining  author  of  "  The 
Pardoner's  "Wallet "  (Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.),  and 
therefore  he  will  perhaps  not  thank  a  reviewer  for 
designating  him  as  the  Rev.  Dr.  Crothers,  especially 
as  he  has  studiously  shorn  his  name  bare  of  all  titles, 
sacred  or  profane,  on  his  own  title-page.  But  when 
the  book-appraiser  proceeds  to  balance  this  possible 
disservice  by  reminding  the  pm'chasing  public,  should 
it  need  any  such  reminder,  that  the  author  of  the 
book  in  question  is  also  the  author  of  "  The  Gentle 
Reader," — a  fact  also  excluded  from  the  title-page, — 
possibly  the  Pardoner  will  grant  the  offender  an  in- 
dulgence from  his  well-filled  wallet.  Of  these  eleven 
essays,  three,  if  we  mistake  not,  have  already  ap- 
peared in  "The  Atlantic";  the  rest  appear  to  be 
new.  We  find  here,  as  in  the  author's  earlier  vol- 
ume, a  succession  of  pleasing  fancies  and  humorous 
conceits,  steadied  with  a  due  ballast  of  sober  thought 
and  moral  purpose.  Common  sense,  alert  observa- 
tion, a  varied  experience  of  life  in  divers  longitudes 
of  our  broad  land,  gentle  satire,  delicate  humor,  all 
tastefully  adorned  with  a  sufficient  garnish  of  liter- 
ary allusion,  quotation,  and  anecdote, —  combine  to 
produce  a  book  that  stimulates  while  it  amuses,  and 
promotes  thought  at  the  same  time  that  it  drives  away 
dull  care.  The  title  finds  its  appropriateness  in  the 
fact  that  most  of  the  chapters  deal  with  faults  and 
foibles  that  are  not  inexcusable,  although  open  to 
friendly  criticism.  The  essay  that  affords  the  purest 
intellectual  delight  is  the  jeu  d'esprit  entitled  "  How 
to  Know  the  Fallacies,"  wherein  "  Scholasticus  "  is 
represented  as  yielding  so  far  to  modern  educational 
methods  as  to  throw  his  treatise  on  logical  fallacies 
into  the  form  of  a  series  of  lessons  in  botany.  "  Let 
MS  go  out  in  the  sunshine  into  the  pleasant  field  of 
thought,"  says  the  botanist-logician.  "  There  we  see 
the  arguments  —  valid  and  otherwise  —  as  they  are 
growing.  You  will  notice  that  every  argument  has 
three  essential  parts.  First  is  the  root,  called  by  the 
old  logicians  in  their  crabbed  language  the  Major 
Premise.     Growing  quite  naturally  out  of  this  is  the 


stem,  called  the  Minor  Premise ;  and  crowning  that 
is  the  flower,  with  its  seed-vessels  which  contain  the 
jjotentialities  of  future  arguments, — this  is  called  the 
Conclusion."  A  genial  first-personalism  (unkind  the 
critic  who  should  call  it  egoism)  pervades  the  book 
and  admits  one  quite  intimately  into  the  writer's 
confidence  —  or  at  least  seems  to  do  so.  Finally, 
Dr.  Crothers,  to  use  the  language  of  a  brother  divine, 
belongs  to  that  best  class  of  essayists  who  "  clarify 
life  by  gentle  illumination  and  lambent  humor." 


Among  the  greatest  of  the  leaders  of 
ofij^uari^s.      English  thought   in   the  nineteenth 

century,  and  the  greatest  of  all  in 
the  Unitarian  denomination,  was  James  Martineau. 
It  is  fitting,  therefore,  that  the  centennial  of  his  birth 
should  be  marked  by  the  publication  of  an  elaborate 
study  of  his  life  and  work,  prepared  by  Mr.  J,  Estlin 
Carpenter,  an  old  pupil  of  Martineau  and  for  many 
years  his  co-worker  in  Manchester  College,  and  pub- 
lished by  the  American  Unitarian  Association.  The 
book  is  really  a  model  of  what  a  work  of  this  kind 
should  be.  Fully  to  understand  the  achievements 
of  a  thinker  we  must  know  the  conditions  of  thought 
which  surround  him  and  his  effect  upon  those  condi- 
tions. Martineau's  life  covered  nearly  the  entire 
century  (1805-1900),  and  his  biographer  furnishes 
from  time  to  time  graphic  and  illuminating  sum- 
maries of  the  intellectual  movements  of  those  years. 
One  of  the  best  of  these  is  the  fourth  chapter, 
devoted  to  "  Religion  and  Philosophy  in  England, 
1805-1832."  In  this,  the  poets  are  shown  to  have 
played  a  prominent  part, —  Wordsworth,  who  "led 
the  way  in  the  revolt  against  the  mechanical  inter- 
pretation of  the  world";  Shelley,  who  "prophesied  the 
regeneration  to  be  wrought  out  only  by  faithfulness 
and  love";  Byron,  in  "  Cain,"  "with  sterner  defiance 
hm'ling  his  protest  against  the  prevailing  theology." 
With  the  year  1832,  another  new  era  was  at  hand, 
with  Carlyle,  Tennyson,  Browning,  and  John  Henry 
Newman  as  its  prophets.  "  Through  the  medley  of 
conflicting  cries  in  science,  philosophy,  and  Biblical 
criticism,  James  Martineau  slowly  realized  the  task 
to  which  he  was  called :  —  to  vindicate  the  great 
conception  which  he  defined  as  '  the  perennial  In- 
dwelling of  God  in  Man  in  the  Universe.' "  How 
he  wrought  on  this  great  life-work ;  how,  gradually 
abandoning  the  language  of  the  older  generation,  he 
denounced  the  method  of  interpretation  in  which 
he  had  been  brought  up ;  how  he  was  rebuked  for 
destroying  all  external  authority,  and  how  he  replied 
by  pointing  to  an  authority  from  within,  resting  on 
the  nature,  scope,  powers,  and  source  of  reason, — 
tjiese  are  the  great  events  in  the  life-history  of  this 
great  and  original  thinker.  Closing  the  volume,  we 
agree  with  the  biographer,  that  "among  the  English 
theologians  of  the  nineteenth  century  none  had  cov- 
ered so  wide  a  range ;  none  possessed  so  varied  a 
knowledge  ;  none  had  more  completely  blended  the 
highest  efforts  of  speculation  with  graces  of  char- 
acter and  the  trusts  of  a  lowly  heart." 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


23 


Professor  Edward  Dickinson,  of 
ti^atlSt^iu.   OberlinCoUege  has  written  a  work 

called  "The  Study  of  the  History  of 
Music"  (Scribner)  which  we  take  pleasure  in  com- 
mending. It  offers  a  straightforward  and  scholarly 
treatment  of  the  subject,  and  is  based  upon  the 
author's  practice  as  a  lecturer  in  the  institution  with 
which  he  is  connected.  There  are  fortj'-three  chap- 
ters and  a  bibliography  of  works  accessible  in  En- 
glish. Besides  this  general  list  of  authorities,  each 
chapter  has  valuable  bibliographical  notes  upon  its 
special  subject-matter.  "We  quote  the  following  pas- 
sage from  the  introduction  : 

"  The  basis  of  the  true  study  of  the  history  and  meanii^ 
of  any  art  is  not  the  reading  of  books  abont  -works  of  art,  but 
the  direct  first-hand  examination  of  the  works  themsel'ves. 
This  dogma  needs  to  be  incessantly  hammered  into  the  heads 
of  amateur  students  of  music.  If  this  book  encourag«d  any- 
one to  substitute  critics  and  historians  for  the  actual  compo- 
sitions of  the  masters,  then  the  author's  intention  would  be 
grossly  perverted  and  his  hopes  disappointed.  The  first  aim 
of  the  music  lover  should  be  to  make  himself  acquainted  with 
the  largest  |)ossible  number  of  the  best  musical  compositions."' 

Concerning  this  saying  we  would  say  that  it  is  true, 
every  word  of  it,  but  that  such  a  warning  is  perhaps 
less  needed  in  the  case  of  music  than  in  the  case  of 
any  other  art.  Our  observation  has  been  that  most 
young  students  of  music  neglect  the  history  of  the 
art  altogether,  and  merely  learn  to  "  play  pieces." 
Of  the  place  of  those  compositions  in  the  history  of 
music,  of  their  aesthetic  and  ethical  content,  and  of 
the  significance  of  their  composers,  few  amateur 
musicians  have  any  notion  whatever.  A  book  that 
aims  to  remedy  this  defect  deserves  a  warm  wel- 
come, and  need  hardly  fear  that  it  will  incline  the 
balance  of  the  student's  attention  in  the  wrong  di- 
rection. "We  have  often  urged  that  music  should  be 
studied  in  the  way  in  which  poetry  is  studied,  which 
of  course  does  not  mean  that  poetry  should  be  neg- 
lected for  the  sake  of  books  about  poetry,  but  that 
acquaintance  with  no  poem  is  adequate  that  does  not 
include  acquaintance  with  its  place  and  function  in 
literary  history.     

Some  ethical  -^  those  who  know  the  active  part 
gain*  through  taken  by  Mrs.  Florence  Kelley  in 
legitiation.  ^jj^  crusa'de  against  child  labor,  ovei^ 

work,  and  unsanitary  conditions,  will  appreciate  the 
value  of  a  book  from  her  pen  which  attempts  to 
estimate  the  present  value  of  "Ethical  Grains  through 
Legislation"  (MacmUlan),  and  which  endeavors 
to  suggest  some  of  the  many  ways  in  which  these 
already  acquired  gains  may  be  increased  many  fold. 
The  chief  feature  in  the  desired  increase  is  the  edu- 
cation of  the  employing,  employed,  and  purchasing 
public  in  the  rules  which  govern  wholesome  and_ 
honest  labor,  which  tend  to  increase  the  public 
wealth,  to  strengthen  the  public  health,  and  to 
strengthen  the  weaker  members  of  the  body  politic. 
A  discussion  of  these  rules  is  the  chief  feature  of 
Mrs.  Kelley 's  book,  which  is  divided  into  seven  sig- 
nificant parts:  "The  Right  to  Childhood."  "The 
ChUd,  the  State,  and  the  Nation,"  "The  Right  to 
Leisure,"  "Judicial  Interpretations  of  the  Right  to 


Leisure,"  "The  Right  of  Women  to  the  Ballot,*' 
"The  Rights  of  Purchasers,"  "The  Rights  of  Pur- 
chasers and  the  Courts."  To  these  the  author  has 
added  five  appendices,  containing  decisions  of  various 
courts  in  eases  having  an  important  bearing  on  the 
subject,  or  some  part  of  it.  Most  of  the  material  in 
the  book,  on  the  subjects  of  child-labor,  compulsory 
education,  and  the  dangerous  trades,  has  been  pub- 
lished before  in  one  form  or  another,  and  is  known 
in  detail,  or  at  least  in  part,  to  all  who  are  interested 
in  social  reform.  It  is  well,  however,  to  have  the 
matter  formulated  and  united  into  one  common  prob- 
lem of  the  right  to  labor  and  to  leisure,  as  it  is  in 
nature.  Mrs.  Kelley's  book  is,  by  the  conditions  of 
its  subject,  tentative.  Its  chief  value  lies  in  its  sug- 
gestions for  future  improvement. 

_,         ^  A  volume  styled  "  Greatness  in  Litr 

Pleasant  paper*  ,  A  i        -r»  <-l 

on  lUerarv  eratuTC  and  Other  Papers    (  Crowell) 

theme*.  consists   of  eight  literary  addresses 

prepared  for  various  academic  occasions  by  Professor 
"William  P.  Trent,  and  now  collected  for  permanent 
preservation.  The  writer  tells  us  that  he  does  not 
call  these  papers  "  essays,"  because  that  term  "  con- 
notes to  my  mind  a  discursive  charm  which,  per- 
haps, I  could  not  impart  to  any  composition."  This 
statement  is  too  modest  by  exactiy  half,  for,  although 
the  papers  are  discursive,  they  are  undeniably 
charming,  and  none  the  less  so  because  each  one  of 
them  pursues  a  definite  line  of  thought.  Some  of 
the  subjects  with  which  they  deal  are  the  question 
of  literary  greatness,  the  teaching  and  study  of  liter- 
ture,  the  relation  of  criticism  to  faith  and  of  literature 
to  science,  and  the  love  of  poetry.  Upon  all  these 
subjects  the  author  has  excellent  things  to  say,  and 
the  manner  of  his  discourse  is  both  persuasive  and 
engaging.  His  remarks  upon  the  study  of  literature, 
in  particular,  should  be  taken  to  heart  by  the  too 
large  class  of  our  teachers  who  still  make  literature 
a  thing  of  terror  to  their  students ;  or,  if  not  of 
terror,  of  desiccated  substance  and  unattractive  ex- 
position. "We  hope  that  his  example  will  induce 
others  "  to  doubt  the  value  of  strenuous  examinations 
and  to  appreciate  more  and  more  the  necessity  of 
trying  to  inculcate  in  students  some  of  the  high 
moral  and  spiritual  truths  taught  by  great  writers, 
and  to  impart  to  them  a  taste  for  reading,  a  love  of 
the  best  literature." 


The  Romany 
Word-Book. 


We  do  not  know  how  many  of  the 
readers  of  "  Lavengro  "  at  the  present 
day  have  an  interest  in  the  gjl)sy 
cult  in  which  George  Borrow  was  an  adept.  For 
ourselves,  the  verj-  sound  of  Romany  has  a  sort  of 
fascination  which  we  readily  pronounce  in  normal 
moments  to  be  without  much  ground.  There  will 
probably  be  others  who  will  be  glad  to  see  this  re- 
print of  the  "Romano  Lavo-LiL,  or  Word-Book  of 
the  English  Gypsy's  Language"  (Putnam).  The 
original,  although  not  a  raritj%  is  not  easily  found ; 
and  the  present  issue  is  an  excellent  substitute. 
When  we  consider  the  testimony  of  Borrow   and 


24 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


Leland  to  the  appreciation  on  the  part  of  the  gypsy 
of  a  knowledge  of  the  Romany  tongue,  we  can 
easily  see  the  value  of  such  an  introduction  as  this 
hook  affords  to  the  gypsy  world.  It  is  not,  however, 
merely  or  chiefly  a  word-hook.  It  contains  songs 
and  stories  in  Romany  and  English,  an  account  of 
various  gypsy  places  of  resort,  and  much  other  such 
material.  Altogether  it  is  an  entertaining  book,  full 
of  the  spirit  that  makes  "  Lavengro  "  so  attractive, 
and  with  a  hit  more  of  a  serious  definite  character. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


The  John  Lane  Co.  publish  a  two-volume  edition  of 
"  The  Poems  of  William  Watson,"  with  an  introduc- 
tion by  Mr.  J.  A.  Spender.  The  collection  omits  some 
of  the  poems  mcluded  in  previous  volumes,  makes  fre- 
quent alterations  in  the  others,  and  includes  a  consider- 
able number  of  new  pieces.  It  constitutes,  for  the 
present  at  least,  a  definitive  edition  of  Mr.  Watson's 
work. 

A  new  edition  of  Mr.  Andrew  Lang's  impressions  of 
Oxford,  with  fifty  illustrations  by  various  hands,  is  im- 
ported by  the  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company.  Mr.  Lang 
is  such  a  loving  interpreter  of  Oxford,  knows  the  city 
so  well  in  all  its  moods,  and  invests  his  studies  with  so 
much  color  and  so  much  human  interest  as  well,  that 
his  papers  are  no  doubt  extremely  difficult  to  illustrate 
suitably.  The  sketches  in  the  present  edition  are  repro- 
duced from  the  etchings  and  drawings  of  nearly  a  dozen 
diiferent  artists.  Some  are  delightfid  interpretations 
of  Oxford  life  and  scenery;  others  hardly  deserve  a 
place  beside  Mr.  Lang's  text.  On  the  whole  they  add 
something,  though  not  so  much  as  they  easily  might, 
to  the  reader's  enjoyment. 

Possibly  book  collectors,  like  poets,  are  bom  rather 
than  made,  yet  the  innate  love  of  books  may  be  culti- 
tivated,  or  at  least  stimulated,  by  a  knowledge  of 
the  technique  of  book-making.  There  is  ample  justi- 
fication, therefore,  for  Mr.  J.  Herbert  Slater's  "  How 
to  Collect  Books "  (Maemillan),  which  contains  most 
informing  chapters  on  manuscripts,  paper,  printing  and 
printers,  title-pages  and  colophons,  book-binding  and 
the  famous  binders,  collectors  and  their  famous  collec- 
tions, book  auctions,  sales,  and  catalogues ;  with  admir- 
able illustrations,  and  a  cover  design  copied  from  the 
bindings  in  the  famous  Demetrio  Canevari  library  of 
Genoa.  This  volume  will  be  foimd  to  contain  a  feast 
of  good  things  for  every  book  collector. 

With  the  publication  of  Dr.  Samuel  Bannister 
Harding's  "  Essentials  in  Mediaeval  and  Modern  His- 
tory," the  American  Book  Co.  complete  their  series  of 
"  Essentials  in  History,"  the  four  volumes  providing 
the  full  course  of  four  years'  work  now  given  in  all  high 
schools  of  the  better  sort.  The  entire  series  is  admir- 
ably plaimed  and  executed,  and  may  be  adopted  in  full 
confidence  that  no  better  set  of  books  for  the  piurpose  is 
now  available.  We  note  also  in  this  connection  the 
publication,  by  Messrs.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.,  of 
"  A  History  of  Mediaeval  and  Modern  Europe,"  by  Pro- 
fessor Henry  E.  Bourne,  which  is  also  a  work  em- 
bodying the  best  scholarship  and  the  most  progressive 
pedagogical  ideals.  Between  the  two  books  here  men- 
tioned there  is  little  to  choose,  and  either  is  an  immense 
improvement  over  anything  to  be  had  ten  years  ago. 


IN'OTES. 


Mr.  Winston  Spencer  Churchill's  biography  of  his 
father,  the  late  Lord  Randolph  Churchill,  will  be  pub- 
lished by  the  Maemillan  Co.  early  in  the  present  mouth. 

A  new  book  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Henry  Wallace 
Phillips,  author  of  "  Red  Saimders,"  will  be  published 
this  month  by  the  Grafton  Press.  The  new  story  is 
entitled  "Mr.  Scraggs,"  and  is  the  personal  account  of 
incidents  in  the  strenuous  life  of  one  of  Red  Saunders's 
friends. 

"Incidents  Attending  the  Capture,  Detention,  and 
Ransom  of  Charles  Johnston  of  Virginia,"  reprinted 
from  the  original  edition  of  1827,  with  editorial  matter 
by  Professor  Edwin  Erie  Sparks,  is  published  by  the 
Burrows  Brothers  Co.  in  their  series  of  "  Narratives 
of  Indian  Captivities." 

Messrs.  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.  publish  a  revised  edi- 
tion of  "  A  Handbook  of  Modern  Japan,"  by  Mr.  Ernest 
W.  Clement.  In  its  present  form,  this  valuable  work  is 
brought  thoroughly  down  to  date  by  the  addition  of  a 
chapter  on  the  recently-ended  war  with  Russia.  There 
are  two  maps  and  many  pictures. 

Messrs.'  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  publish  a  new  edition 
of  "  The  Purple  Land,"  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Hudson.  This 
charming  narrative  of  life  in  South  America  is  now 
twenty  years  old,  but  it  has  never  had  one-tenth  of  the 
readers  it  deserves,  a  defect  which  the  present  edition 
may  help  to  remedy. 

"The  English  Dialect  Grammar,"  by  Dr.  Joseph 
Wright,  is  published  by  Mr.  Henry  Frowde  at  the 
Oxford  University  Press.  The  work  is  half  Phonology 
and  Accidence,  and  half  Index.  It  includes  all  the 
dialects  of  England,  Scotland,  Ireland,  Wales,  the 
Shetlands,  and  the  Orkneys. 

The  recent  death  of  John  Bartlett,  the  former  Bos- 
ton publisher,  but  better  known  as  the  compiler  of 
Bartlett's  "  Familiar  Quotations,"  has  brought  out  the 
statement  from  his  publishers  that  nearly  a  quarter  of 
a  million  copies  of  tliis  work  have  been  sold  since  the 
first  edition  was  published  in  1855. 

Two  interesting  numbers  of  the  "  Cohunbia  Univer- 
sity Germanic  Studies  "  now  at  hand  give  us  "  Laurence 
Sterne  in  Germany,"  by  Dr.  Harvey  Waterman  Thayer, 
and  "  Types  of  Weltschmerz  in  German  Poetry,"  by  Dr. 
Wilhelm  Alfred  Braun.  Holderlin,  Lenau,  and  Heine 
are  the  poets  selected  for  treatment  in  the  last-named 
monograph. 

"Friedrich  Schiller:  A  Sketch  of  his  Life  and  an 
Appreciation  of  his  Poetry,"  by  Dr.  Paid  Cams,  is  an 
illustrated  volume  partly  reprinted  from  "  The  Open 
Court,"  and  now  published  from  the  office  of  that 
periodical.  It  is  a  book  of  popidar  character,  and  very 
interesting  in  its  presentation  of  the  subject,  to  say 
nothing  of  the  many  illustrations. 

Mr.  Ernest  W.  Clement,  well  known  for  his  books 
on  Japan,  and  especially  his  "  Handbook  of  Modern 
Japan,"  has  been  appointed  Acting  Interpreter  of  the 
United  States  Legation  at  Toyko.  Mr.  Clement  has 
the  confidence  of  the  Japanese  government  as  few 
Americans  have,  chiefly  the  result  of  a  long  residence 
in  Japan,  and  an  exceptional  understanding  of  the 
Japanese  mind  and  habit  of  thought.  Messrs.  A.  C. 
McChirg  &  Co.  amioimce  that  they  will  issue  next  year 
a  new  edition  of  HUdreth's  "  Japan,  Old  and  New," 
revised  to  date  by  Mr.  Clement,  with  an  interesting 
introduction  by  Dr.  William  Elliot  Griffis. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


25 


Topics  in  Leadixg  Periodicax.s. 

January.  1906. 

American  Diplomacy.    Francis  C.  Lowell.    AtlaiUie. 

Balkans.  Turkey  vs.  Europe  in  the.    Reviexc  of  Review*. 

Caddis- Worm,  The  Xet-Making.    H.  C.  McCook.    Harper. 

Canadian  Progress,  Year  of.    J.  P.  Gerrie.    Review  of  Reviews 

Carnegie  International  Art  Exhibition.  The.     World  Today. 

Catalytic  Chemical  Processes.    R.  K.  Duncan.    Harper. 

Chicago  Faces,  Impressions  from.    L.  H.  B.  Knox.    AUantie. 

China,  Awakening  of.    W.  A.  P.  Martin.     World'*  Work. 

China.  The  Xew.    Adachi  Kinnosuke.    Forum. 

Chinese  Boycott.  The.    John  W.  Foster.    Atlantic. 

Chinese  Press  of  Today.    A.  R.  Colquhonn.    North  Ameriean. 

Colombia,  Remaking  of.    E.  H.  Mason.     World  Today. 

Cotton  Growers,  The.    Arthur  W.  Page.    World'*  Work. 

Engineer  Corps  in  the  Navy,  Plea  for  an.    North  A  merican. 

England's  Unemployed.    Agnes  C.  Lant.    Review  of  Review*. 

Esperanto :  the  Universal  Language.    A.  Schinz.    Atlantic. 

Europe,  Premiers  of.    O.  D.  Skelton.     World  Today. 

Far  East,  Am.  Democracy  in.    John  Foreman.   No.  Ameriean. 

Farming  as  a  Business  Enterprise.    Review  of  Review*. 

Football,— Shall  It  Be  Ended  or  Mended  »    Review  of  Review*. 

Football.  Taming.    Shailer  Mathews.     World  Today. 

Franklin  in  France.    John  Hay.    Century. 

Franklin's  Trials  as  a  Benrfactor.  Emma  Repplier.  Lippineott. 

Ghost  in  Fiction,  The.    T.  R.  Sullivan.    Atlantic. 

Hungarian  Emigration  Law.  Louis  de  L§vay.  North  Ameriean. 

Indian  Music  of  South  America.    C.  J.  Post.    Harper. 

Indian's  Yoke.  The.    Frances  C.  Sparhawk.    North  Ameriean. 

Insurance  Millions.  Irresponsible.     World's  Work. 

Insurance,  State,  New  Zealand.    W.  P.  Reeves.    No.  Ameriean. 

Irving,  Henry.  An  Impression  of.    E.  S.  Xadal.     Scribner. 

Japan.  Financial,  after  the  War.   Baron  Shibusawa.  JForutn. 

Japan,  Leaders  of.    Mary  C.  Fraser.     World'*  Work. 

Labor  Union.  Reforming  a.    V.  E.  Soares.     World  Today. 

Legislation.  Special.    Samuel  P.  Orth.    Atlantic. 

Liberals.  Victory  of  the.    W.  T.  Stead.    Review  of  Review*. 

Lucin  Cut-Off.  The.    Oscar  K.  Davis.     Century. 

Mexico.  City  of.  Legends  of  the.    T.  A.  Janvier. •^arp«-. 

Mexico's  Great  Finance  Minister.    Rafael  Reyes.    No.  Amer. 

Morality.  Our  Anxious.    Maurice  Maeterlinck.    Atlantic. 

Northwest.  The  Great.    Cyrus  Northrop.     World  Today. 

Paris.  Americanization  of.    A.  H.  Ford.     World  Today. 

Politics.  Honest,  Great  Victory  for.   W.  MacVeagh.  No.  Amer. 

Porto  Rico  Industrial  Progress.  Beekman  Winthi  op.  JVb.^m«r. 

Porto  Rico,  Our  Experience  in.     World's  Work. 

Powers,  The,  and  the  Settlement.    T.  F.  MiUard.    Scribner. 

Preface.  The.    Edward  K.  Broadus.    Atlantic. 

Quay,  Fall  of.    I.  M.  Marcosson.     WorlcVs  Work. 

Railway  Rates  and  Industrial  Progress.    S.  Spencer.   Century. 

Rate-Making  by  Congressional  Committee.    North  American. 

Russia's  Economic  Future.    Wolf  von  Schierbrand.    JTorum. 

Scientific  Research  Organization.  Simon  Newcomb.  No.  Amer. 

Sea  Voyagers  of  the  North.    A.  C.  Laut.    Harper. 

Senate.  The— of  Special  Interests.     World's  Work. 

South  America,  What  People  Read  in.    Review  of  Review*. 

Southwestward  March.  The.   French  Strother.    World's  Work. 

State,  Redeveloping  an  Old.    Review  of  Review*. 

Strikes  and  Lockouts  of  1905.  V.S.  Yarros.  Review  of  Review*. 

Surplus,  a— Is  it  a  Menace  or  Security  ?    Lippineott. 

Taft  Commission,  Outcome  of  the.  J.A.  LeRoy.  World  Today. 

Telephone,  The  Far-Flung.   Ralph  Bergengren.    World  Today. 

Territories,  Last  of  the.    M.  G.  Cunniff.     World'*  Work. 

Trusts.  Plan  for  Regulating.    J.  F.  Cronan.    North  Ameriean. 

Tsar.  The  Real.    W.  T.  Stead.     World  Today. 

University  Presidency,  The.    Andrew  S.  Draper.    Atlantic. 

Wapita.  The,  and  his  Antlers.    E.  Thompson  Seton.    Scribner. 

Winter  Bouquet,  A.    Frank  French.    Century. 


I.IST  OF  Xeav  Books. 

[The  foUotcing   list,   containing    67  tides,  includes  books 
received  by  The  Dial  since  its  last  issm*.] 

BIOGRAPHY  AKD  REMINISCENCES. 

RecoUections.  By  William  O'Brien,  M.P.  With  photo- 
gravure portraits,  large  8vo.  gilt  top,  pp.  518.  MacmiUan 
Co.    $3.50  net. 

Portraits  of  the  Eighteenth  Century,  Historic  and  Lit- 
erary. By  C.  A.  Sainte-Beuve :  trans,  by  Katharine  P. 
Wormeley ;  with  critical  introduction  by  Edmond  Scherer. 
In  2  vols..  Ulus..  large  Svo,  gilt  tops,  uncut.  G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons.    Per  vol..  $2.50  net. 


Julian  the  Apostate.    By  Gaetano  Negri;  trans,  from  the 

second  Italian  edition  by  the  Duchess  Litta-Visconti-Arese ; 

with  introduction  by  Professor  Pasquale  VUlarL    In  2  vols., 

illus.  in   photogravure,    etc,  large  Svo,  gilt  tops,  uncut. 

Charles  Scribner's  Sons,    $5.  net. 
The  L>ife  of  Sir  Henry  Vane,  the  Yoimger;  with  a  History 

of  the  Events  of  his  Time.    By  WUliam  W.  Ireland.    Illus.. 

Svo,  uncut,  pp.  513.    Edinburgh :  Oliver  &  Boyd. 
'Vikings  of  the  Pacific:   The  Adventures  of  the  Explorers 

Who  Came  from  the  West,  Eastward.  By  A.  C.  Lant.  Illus.. 

12mo.  gUt  top.  pp.  349.    MacmiUan  Co.    $2.  net. 
John  Fletcher  Hurst.    By  Albert  Osbom.    nius..  Svo,  gilt 

top.  uncut,  pp.  509.    Eaton  &  Mains.    $2.  net. 
Augustas:  The  Life  and  Times  of  the  Foimder  of  the  Roman 

Empire  (B.C.  63  — A.D.  14).    By  E.  S.  Shuckburgh,  Litt.  D. 

nius.,  12mo,  pp.  318.    A.  Wessels  Co.    $1.50  net. 
The  Memories  of  Rose  Eytinge:  Being  Recollections  and 

Observations  of  Men,  Women,  and  Events  during  Half  a 

Century.    Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  311.    Frederick   A.  Stokes  Co. 

$1.20  net. 
Rossell  H.  Conwell,  Founder  of  the  Institutional  Church  in 

America:  The  Work  and  the  Man.    By  Agnes  Rush  Burr; 

with  introduction  by  Floyd  W.  Tomkins,  D.D.   nius.,  12iiio. 

pp.  363.    John  C.  Winston  Co.    $1. 

HISTORY. 
Salve  VenetJa:  Gleanings  from  Venetian  History.  By  Francis 

Marion  Crawford ;  Ulus.  by  Joseph  Pennell.    In  2  vols.,  Svo, 

gUt  tops.    MacmiUan  Co.    to.  net. 
Sailors'  Narratives  of  Voyages  along  the  New  England  Coast, 

1524-1624.    With  notes  by  Goorge  Parker  Winship.    Large 

Svo,  uncut,  pp.  292.    Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.    $8.  net. 
A  History  of  Modem  England.    By  Herbert  Paul.   Vol.  IV., 

large  Svo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  409.    MacmiUan  Co.    $2.50  net. 
The  Abolitionists.    Together  with  Personal  Memories  of  the 

Struggle  for  Human  Rights,  1830-64.    By  John  F.  Hume. 

12mo.  pp.  224.    G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    $1.25  net. 

GENERAL  LITERATTJRE. 
On  Ten  Plays  of  Shakespeare.  By  Stopford  A.  Brooke.  Svo, 

gUt  top,  imcut.  pp.  311.    Henry  Holt  &  Co.    $2.25  net. 
Counsels  and  Ideals  from  the  Writings  of  William  Osier. 

12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  277.    Houghton.  Mifflin  &  Co. 

$1.25  net. 
The  Greek  View  of  Ufe.    By  G.  Lowes  Dickinson,  M.A. 

12mo.  pp.  236.    McClure.  Phillips  &,  Co.    $1.  net. 
Oeorge  Bernard  Shaw:  His  Plays.    By  Henry  L.  Mencken. 

12mo.  pp.  107.    John  W.  Luce  &  Co.    $1. 
The  Author's  Apologr  from  "  airs.  Warren's  Profession." 

By  G.  Bernard  Shaw;  with  introduction  by  John  Corbin. 

16mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  66.    Brentano's.    60  cts.  net. 
The  Girl  with  the  Green  Eyes:  A  Play  in  Four  Acts.    By 

Clyde  Fitch.  16mo.gilt  top.  pp.200.  MacmiUanCo.75cts.net. 

NEW  EDITIONS   OF   STANDARD    lilTERATTJRE. 

The  lietters'of  Horace  "Walpole,  Fourth  Earl  of  Orford. 
Chronologically  arranged  and  edited  by  Mrs.  Paget  Toyn- 
bee.  Vols,  xm.,  XIV.,  and  XVI.  With  photogravure  por- 
traits, 12mo,  gUt  tops,  uncut.    Oxford  University  Press. 

The  Plays  and  Poems  of  Christopher  Marlowe.  With 
photogravure  frontispiece.  18mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  510.  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons.    Leather.  $1.25  net. 

BOOKS  OF  VERSE. 
New  World  Lyrics  and  Btdlads.     By  Duncan  CampbeU 

Scott-    12mo,  gUt  top,  uncut,  pp.  66.     Toronto:  Morang  & 

Co.    60  cts. 
The  Dream  Child,  and  Other  Verses.    By  Norma  K.  Bright. 

12mo,  gUt  top,  uncut,  pp.  80.    Grafton  Press.    $1.  net. 
The  "WUd  Huntsman :   A  Legend  of  the  Hartz.     By  JuUus 

Wolff;  trans  from  the  German  by  Ralph  Davidson,    nius. 

in  photogravure,  etc.,  Svo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  224.    G.  P. 

Putnam's  Son's.    $1.50  net. 
A  Ballad  of  the  "White  Ship,  and  Other  Poems.    By  William 

Noble  Roundy.    12mo,  pp.  104.   Chicago :  Thomas  P.  Halpin. 
Musings   and   Memories.     By  Timothy  Edward  Howard. 

12mo,  pp.  65.    Chicago :  Lakeside  Press. 

FICTION. 
Minna,  Wife  of  the  Young  Rabbi.     By  Wilhelmina  Wittig- 
schlager.    nius.,  12mo,  pp.  345.    ConsoUdated  RetaU  Book- 
seUers.    $1.50. 


26 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


A  Reneg-ade,  and  Other  Tales.  By  Martha  Wolfenstein.  12mo, 

pp.  322.    Jewish  Publication  Society.    $1.25. 
Frozen  Dog-  Tales,  and  Other  Things.  By  Col.  Wm.  C.  Hunter. 

Illus.,  16mo,pp.  188.    Boston :  Everett  Press  Co.    $1. 

TRAVEL  AND  DESCRIPTION. 

Canada  as  It  Is.   By  John  Foster  Fraser.    Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  303. 

Cassell  &  Co.    $2. 
Ethiopia  in  Exile :  Jamaica  Revisited.    By  B.  Pullen-Burry. 

12mo,  pp.  288.    A.  Wessels  Co.    $1.50. 

RELIGION. 

The  Philosophy  of  Religion :  A  Critical  and  Speculative 
Treatise  of  Man's  Religious  Experience  and  Development  in 
the  Light  of  Modern  Science  and  Reflective  Thinking.  By 
George  Trumbull  Ladd,  LL.D.  In  2  vols. ,  large  8vo.  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons.    $7.  net. 

The  Work  of  Preaching :  A  Book  for  the  Class-Room  and 
Study.  By  Arthur  S.  Hoyt,  D.D.  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  355. 
Macmillan  Co.    $1.50  net. 

Egoism  :  A  Study  in  the  Social  Premises  of  Religion.  By  Louis 
Wallis.    16mo,  pp.  121.  University  of  Chicago  Press.  $1.  net. 

The  Illustrative  Lesson  Notes  for  1906.  By  John  T.  Mc- 
Farland  and  Robert  Remington  Doherty.  Illus.,  8vo,  pp.  382. 
Eaton  &  Mains.    $1.25. 

POLITICS.  —  ECONOMICS.  -  SOCIOLOGY. 

The  Re-shaping  of  the  Far  East.    By  B.  L.  Putnam  Weale. 

In  2  vols.,  Ulus.,  large  8vo,  gilt  tops.    Macmillan  Co.  $6.  net_ 
Irish  History  and  the  Irish  Question.    By  Goldwin  Smith. 

8vo,  pp.  270.    McClure,  Phillips  &  Co.    $1.50  net. 
Frenzied   Finance.    By  Thomas  W.  Lawson.    Vol.  I.,  The 

Crime  of  Amalgamated.    With  photogravure  portrait,  8vo, 

pp.  559.    New  York :  Ridgway- Thayer  Co.    $1.50. 
The  New  Idolatry,  and  Other  Discussions.    By  Washington 

Gladden.    16mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  263.    McClure,  Phillips  &  Co. 

$1.20  net. 
Ilodel  Factories  and  Villages:  Ideal  Conditions  of  Labour 

and    Housing.     By    Budgett   Meakin.    Illus.,   8vo,    uncut, 

pp.  480.    A.  Wessels  Co.    $1.90  net. 
Social  Theories   and   Social   Facts.    By  William  Morton 

Qrinnell.    12mo,  pp.  146.    "Questions  of  the  Day."    Q.  P. 

Putnam's  Sons.    $1.  net. 

ART  AND  MUSIC. 

The  History  of  American  Painting.  By  Samuel  Isham. 
Illus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  large  8vo,  gilt  top,  pp.  573. 
"  History  of  American  Art."    Macmillan  Co.    $5.  net. 

Eng^lish  Furniture.  By  Frederick  S.  Robinson.  Illus.  in 
photogravure,  large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  348.  "Con- 
noisseur's Library."    G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    $6.75  net. 

Royal  Academy  Pictures,  1905.  Illus.  in  photogravure,  etc., 
large  4to,  gilt  edges,  pp.  175.    Cassell  &  Co.    $3.  net. 

Drawings  of  A.  von  Menzel.  Text  by  Prof.  H.  W.  Singer. 
4to.  "  Modern  Master  Draughtsmen."  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons.    $2.50  net. 

The  Book  of  Photography:  Practical,  Theoretic,  and  Ap- 
plied. Edited  by  Paul  N.  Hasluck.  Illus.,  large  8vo,  pp.  775. 
Cassell  &  Co.    ^. 

Photogrrams  of  the  Year  1905:  Typical  Photographic  Pic- 
tures of  the  Year  Reproduced  and  Criticised.  Compiled  by 
the  editors  and  staff  of  "  The  Photographic  Monthly," 
assisted  by  A.  C.  R.  Carter.  Illus.,  large  8vo,  pp.  160.  New 
York :  Tennant  &  Ward.    Paper. 

The  Story  of  Organ  Music.  By  C.  F.  Abdy  Williams,  M.A. 
Illus,  in  photogravure,  etc.,  12mo,  gilt  top.  uncut,  pp.  300. 
"  Music  Story  Series."    Charles  Scribner's  Sons.    $1.25  net. 

NATURE  AND  SCIENCE. 

The  Tree  Book:  A  Popular  Guide  to  a  Knowledge  of  the  Trees 
of  North  America  and  to  their  Uses  and  Cultivation.  By 
Julia  Ellen  Rogers.  Illus.  in  color,  etc.,  4to,  uncut,  pp.  588. 
Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.    $4.  net. 

Life  and  Matter :  A  Criticism  of  Professor  Haeckel's  "  Riddle 
of  the  Universe."  By  Sir  Oliver  Lodge.  12mo,  pp.  175. 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    $1.  net. 

Fishes  I  Have  Known.  By  Arthur  H.  Beavan.  Illus.,  12mo, 
gilt  top,  pp.  279.    A.  Wessels  Co.    $1.25. 

Twenty-Third  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ameri- 
can Ethnology,  1901-2.  By  J.  W.  Powell,  Director.  Illus. 
in  color,  etc.,  4to,  pp.  634.    Government  Printing  Office. 


BOOKS  OF  REFERENCE. 

Lippincott's  New  Gazetteer.  Edited  by  Angelo  and  Louis 
Heilprin.   Large  8vo,  pp.  2053.  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.  $10.  net. 

The  American  Catalog,  1900-4.  Large  8vo,  pp.  1500.  New 
York :    Office  of  The  Publishers'  Weekly. 

A  Check  List  of  Mammals  of  the  North  American  Continent, 
the  West  Indies,  and  the  Neighboring  Seas.  By  Daniel 
Giraud  Elliot,  F.R.S.E.  Illus.,  large  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  761. 
Chicago:  Field  Columbian  Museum.    Paper. 

List  of  the  Benjamin  Franklin  Papers  in  the  Library  of 
Congress.  Compiled  under  the  direction  of  Worthington 
Chauncey  Ford.  4to,  uncut,  pp.  322.  Government  Printing 
Office. 

BOOKS  FOR  THE  YOUNG. 

New  Games  and  Amusements.    By  Meredith  Nugent  and 

Victor  J.  Smedley.    Illus.,  8vo,  pp.  266.    Doubleday,  Page 

&  Co.    $1.50  net. 
The  Wonderful  Wishes  of  Jacky  and  Jean.    By  Mary  A. 

Dickerson.    Illus.,  4to,  pp.  146.    A.  Wessels  Co.    $1. 
Once  upon  a  Time:    Fairy  Tales.    Trans,  from  the  Italian 

of  Luigi  Capuana.    Illus.,  18mo,  pp.  218.    "  The  Children's 

Library."    A.  Wessels  Co.    40  cts. 

EDUCATION. 

Model  English  Prose.  Compiled  and  edited  by  George  R. 
Carpenter.    12mo,  pp.  382.    Macmillan  Co.    90  cts. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Cassell's  Physical  Educator.  By  Eustace  Miles,  M.A.  Illus., 
large  8vo,  pp.  756.    Cassell  &  Co.    $2.50. 

Haida  Texts  and  Mjrths,  Skidegate  Dialect.  Recorded  by 
John  R.  Swanton.  Large  8vo,  pp.  448.  Government  Print- 
ing Office. 

Right  Thinking  and  Wrong  Thinking,  and  their  Results. 
By  Aaron  Martin  Crane.  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  361.  Lothrop, 
Lee  &  Shepard  Co.    $1.40  net. 

Heredity  and  Early  Environment  of  John  Williams, 
■"The  Redeemed  Captive."  By  George  Sheldon.  12mo 
pp.  160.    Boston :  W.  B.  Clarke  Co.    $1.25  net. 

Report  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress  for  the  Fiscal  Year 
Ending  June  30,  1905.  Illus.,  large  8vo,  i)p.  318.  Govern- 
ment Printing  Office. 

What  of  It."  By  Nettie  Seeley  Murphy.  Illus.,  12mo,  gilt  top, 
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No.  470. 


JANUARY  16,  1906. 


Vol.  XL. 


Contexts. 

FA6« 

ACADEMIC  WELFARE 31 

A  YEAR  OF  CONTDfENTAL  LITERATURE  — I.    34 

co^D^I^^CATION 36 

ilr.  Swinburne's  Poetry.     Henry  S.  Pancoast. 

AUTOBIOGRAPHY    OF    AN    IRISH    PATRIOT. 

Percy  F.  BickneU 37 

PROVENCE:  ITS  HISTORY.  ART.  AND  LTTER- 

ATURK     Josiah  Renidc  Smith 30 

A  RE-VALUATION  OF  SCHILLER.   Starr  WiUard 

Cutting 41 

SEA   POWER   AND  THE  WAR   OF  1812.    Anna 

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THE  GREATEST  OF  MODERN  GARDENERS. 

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BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 48 

Still  another  volnme  abont  the  Philippines.  —  A 
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velt as  a  hunter.  —  Pictures  of  court  life  under 
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BRIEFER  MENTION 52 

NOTES 52 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS 53 


ACADEMIC   WELFARE. 


It  is  hardly  in  accord  \nth  the  national  tem- 
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the  cultural  atmosphere.  Few  are  weatherwise 
in  such  matters ;  and  the  influences  that  are 
precipitated  upon  the  street  from  these  tenuous 
realms  make  little  impression  in  contrast  with 
the  more  practical  predictions  of  the  local 
weather  bureau.  K  the  nation's  nutrition  is 
endangered,  and  it  is  given  out  that  the  wheat 
crop  is  under  the  weather,  the  news  is  learnedly 
disciLSsed  from  Cabinet  to  comer-grocery  ;  and 
if  the  national  circidation  is  feverish,  physicians 
are  simimoned  to  take  the  patients  temperature 
with  a  Wall  Street  thermometer,  and  crowds 
gather  alx)ut  the  hourly  bulletins.  But  the 
most  jaimdiced  of  yellow  sheets  would  not  add 
two  points  to  the  cubits  of  its  headlines  to  report 
symtoms  suggestive  of  academic  disquietude. 
One  must  not  intrude  topics  of  the  soul  during 
business  hours ;  and  corporations  proverbially 
dispense  \s-ith  the  presence  of  that  vmcongenial 
monitor.  Even  those  for  whom  the  things  of  the 
spirit  have  a  meaning  —  and  our  ILst  of  educa- 
tional benefactions  is  creditable,  —  as  well  as 
those  who  are  more  directively  entrusted  with 
their  management,  reflect  the  national  optimism 
that  does  not  deal  kindly  with  Cassandras  of 
either  sex.  If  things  have  come  to  such  a  pass 
that  the  trimnphant  screech  of  the  eagle  must  be 
momentarily  hushed,  our  choice  goes  out  to  the 
presumably  cheerful  if  deluded  ostrich  rather 
than  to  the  croaking  raven  ;  and  if  dangers 
grow  so  inconsiderately  obviovLS  that  we  are  con- 
stantly stumbling  against  them,  we  have  only 
to  remember  that  "Christian  Science"  is  an 
American  discovery. 

One  need  not  incur  the  odium  of  suggesting 
that  the  brains  of  the  nation  are  segregated  in 
the  institutions  of  learning  by  recognizing  that 
our  Colleges  and  Universities  represent  the  best 
organized  provisions  for  keeping  aglow  the  torch 
of  cidture  and  handing  it  on  with  undiminished 
brilliance  to  those  that  come  after.  In  the 
aggregate,  the  efifect  produced  upon  the  intel- 
lectual ideals  and  activities  of  the  race  by  the 
influences  that  find  origin  and  support  in  Uni- 
versity centres  is  sufficient  to  impart  a  national 


32 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


significance  to  any  conditions  that  seriously 
affect  the  acaxleniic  welfare.  The  gathering- 
clouds  betoken  tliat  the  storm  is  likely  to  break 
most  centrally  over  the  discussion  of  the  rela- 
tions of  furtherance  or  hindrance  that  have  come 
to  exist  between  the  administrative  provisions 
for  maintaining  the  life  of  Universities  and  the 
miderlying  purposes  for  which  Universities  ex- 
ist. On  so  broad  a  question  it  doubtless  behooves 
one  to  be  content  with  moderate  sympathy  of 
aim  and  to  be  reconciled  to  some  differences  in 
measures.  The  response  of  mingled  approval 
and  dissent  that  woidd  go  out  to  any  worthy 
pronoimcement  anent  this  issue,  woidd  probably 
not  have  been  sufficiently  disturbing  to  ex- 
change silence  for  speech ;  but  when  a  singvdarly 
specious  and  unwholesome  utterance  upon  the 
subject  of  the  University  Presidency  finds  place 
in  a  company  where  all  places  are  honorable, 
we  confess  to  a  reaction  of  protest  that  will  out. 
The  catchword  under  which  "The  Atlantic 
Monthly  " —  usually  a  reliable  fount  of  good 
sense,  graceful  statement,  and  eidightening 
ideals — heralds  this  untimely  message,  is  itself 
irritating.  "  Why  professors  shoidd  teach  and 
not  acbninistrate  "  has  a  suspicious  sound  ;  and 
it  is  not  unexpected  to  find  that  the  real  issue 
thus  evasively  presented  is  whether  the  Uni- 
versity Professor  is  to  be  a  helpless  hireling 
who  cannot  call  his  soid  his  own,  or  whether  he 
is  to  be  an  independent  scholar  whose  needs  are 
properly  met  and  whose  services  are  fitly 
esteemed  ;  whether  he  is  to  find  at  hand,  or 
himself  aid  to  develop,  an  environment  in  which 
the  acatlemic  spirit  can  live  and  have  a  being, 
or  whether  he  must  be  sadly  content  to  expend 
his  life-efforts  under  conditions  needlessly  un- 
favorable to  the  fruitage  of  what  it  lies  in  him 
to  bear.  It  is  the  ever-vital  question  of  what 
shall  be  first  and  what  last,  or  even  second. 
Compromise  cannot  always  be  in  one  direction 
without  the  complete  surrender  of  one  interest ; 
and  fairy  godmothers  cannot  be  counted  upon  to 
intervene  to  restore  CindereUas  to  their  proper 
station.  The  practical  man  of  affairs  has  a 
pecidiar  prejudice  in  favor  of  holding  a  con- 
trolling interest ;  and  the  real  question  at  issue 
is  how  far  those  who  best  appreciate  the  needs 
of  academic  welfare  shall  be  entrusted  with  the 
means  of  converting  their  knowledge  into  power. 
The  view  set  forth  with  Philistine  imconcern 
for  its  justice  or  its  significance  is  that  profes- 
sors are  rather  an  imruly  lot,  troubled  with  ill- 
assorted  notions  of  their  own,  that  make  them 
perversely  insensitive  to  the  categorical  impera- 
tive of  inspired  legislation,  or  the  divine  vica- 


rage of  favored  millionaires.  In  some  cases  they 
have  been  known  to  refuse  pottage  even  when 
offered  upon  a  silver  platter.  Such  blindness 
to  the  real  interests  of  the  University  argues 
congenital  defect  in  the  clan  as  a  whole.  And 
when  it  comes  to  such  a  pass  that  Facidties 
protest  against  what  they  choose  to  call  the  de- 
moralizing influences  of  gate-receipts  and  gTand- 
stands,  wiKidly  negligent  of  the  fact  that  this 
is  the  readiest  way  in  which  the  University  can 
get  its  name  in  the  papers,  it  is  certainly  high 
time  that  the  professor  shall  be  kept  busy  teach- 
ing, while  some  wiser  man,  who  can  properly 
understand  what  the  people  want,  shall  direct 
the  affairs  of  state. 

The  academic  "  boss  "  is  frankly  advocated 
as  the  proper  head  for  a  University  in  a  demo- 
cratic land.  Foreign  exemplars  in  which  Facul- 
ties so  largely  control  their  own  affairs,  are  all 
misleading,  because  in  the  first  place  in  their 
ignorance  these  benighted  institutions  have  not 
discovered  the  simple  efficacy  of  the  "  win-at-any- 
cost"  one-man  power,  and  because  in  this  country 
the  man  who  buys  a  ticket  has  the  right  to  dictate 
how  his  Shakespeare  shall  be  performed.  Might 
is  not  only  right ;  but  the  highest  truth  lies  in 
the  recognition  of  the  special  providence  that 
reigns  over  our  brave  and  free  domain  by  which 
the  mere  gift  of  power  always  brings  with  it 
the  highest  measure  of  wisdom.  If  a  Univer- 
sity cannot  be  conducted  upon  business  prin- 
ciples by  business  men,  it  defies  the  national 
gods  and  must  await  its  doom.  Yet  it  seems  at 
least  a  plausible  position  that  the  concerns  of  a 
University  are  as  individual  as  any  other  enter- 
prise, and  that  some  sympathetic  insight  into 
the  purposes  and  amis  of  such  an  institution  is 
a  prerequisite  for  participating  in  its  atlminis- 
tration.  This  central  moment  of  the  situation, 
this  supreme  directive  principle,  the  autocratic 
policy  does  not  wholly  ignore ;  but  it  regards  it  as 
a  secondary  requirement,  an  easily-gained  accom- 
plishment, that  may  be  learned  when  occasion 
offers,  or  better,  may  be  determined  by  a  popular 
referendum.  The  annual  Freshman  crop  will 
tell  you  whether  the  University  is  filling  its 
mission.  AU  that  is  needed  to  send  the  busy 
hum  of  cidture  abroad  in  the  land  is  the  "  push  " 
of  some  clever  manager  of  the  University  de- 
partment store,  sharp  enough  to  observe  which 
counters  are  crowded,  and  where  the  popidar 
salesmen  are  to  be  found,  and  to  seciire  their 
services  for  the  least  pay  and  the  maximum  sub- 
servience. Great  is  the  reward  of  residts  !  and 
to  him  to  whom  students  are  not  given,  let  his 
professorship  be  taken  away !    Let  us  raise  the 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


33 


salary  of  the  professor  of  scientific  horseshoeing, 
and  take  away  fi'om  the  professor  of  Greek  what 
little  he  hath ! 

But  in  all  seriousness,  there  is  reallj'  sonie- 
thing  to  be  said  for  the  autocratic  President ; 
but  it  can  be  acceptably  said  only  by  one  who 
has  an  underlying  sympathetic  insight  into  the 
real  needs  of  the  academic  life  and  who  is  pro- 
foundly regretfid.  if  he  chance  to  be  a  Univer- 
sity President,  that  he  cannot  more  abundantly 
supply  the  conditions  that  he  knows  shoidd  ex- 
ist, and  to  the  realization  of  which  his  efforts  are 
consistently  directed.  So  long  as  he  advocates 
the  gagging  of  the  profeasor  and  then  jeers  at 
him  for  his  helplessness,  the  insxdt  that  he  adds  to 
injujy  but  emphasizes  his  imfitness  for  academic 
administration.  The  ti-aits  of  the  individual 
that  in  this  ^^ew  ai*e  set  forth  as  desirable  for 
academic  leadership  are  radically  incompatible 
with  the  kinds  of  residts  that  are  held  out  as  the 
desirable  ends  of  his  afbninLstration.  W  ith  these 
ideals  we  have  but  modest  disagreement.  They 
are  worthy  ideals  in  part,  but  are  expressetl  wath 
that  v^agueness  of  form  and  fervor  of  utterance 
that  is  deemed  the  projjer  tone  to  assume  when 
the  gallery  is  in  attendance.  It  is  that  per- 
fectly conventional  and  custom-sanctioned  lofti- 
ness of  sentiment  that  the  man  of  the  street  in 
the  language  of  the  sti*eet  describes  as  finding 
expression  through  the  uniLSual  channel  of  his 
headgear.  The  effect  of  the  whole  is  at  once 
nidlified  when  the  insensibility  to  the  real  con- 
cerns of  academic  life  appears  so  conspicuously 
between  the  lines. 

Like^vise  is  there  much  to  be  said  in  defense 
of  the  present  caste  of  the  University'  Presi- 
dency. The  powers  which  that  official  has  come 
to  exercise  are  in  part  the  issue  of  circumstances 
that  are  regrettable  but  ine\'itable  in  so  new  a 
cidture  as  ours.  There  is  much  to  conunend, 
and  moi-e  freely .  to  excuse  in  the  manner  in 
which  the  office  has  been  filled,  and  in  the  dic- 
tatorial aspect  that  it  has  assumed  in  our 
educational  development.  But  to  glorifj^  these 
shortcomings  of  our  immatiuity.  and  to  derive 
a  model  for  the  future  from  the  misfortunes  of 
the  past,  is  whoUy  to  misread  the  evolutionary 
lesson.  Those  who  have  both  an  interest  in  and 
a  knowledge  of  academic  concerns  will  be  the 
fii-st  to  acknowletlge  the  honor  that  is  due  to 
the  President  and  to  exjjress  appreciation  of  his 
actual  services.  But  this  tribute  is  brought  to 
the  man  who  makes  the  best  of  his  opportun- 
ities, who  does  not  confuse  might  with  right,  or 
the  feasible  with  the  desirable.  Worthy  and 
practical  compromise  soils  no  man's  hands  :  but 


when  the  birthright  is  bartered  for  servility, 
and  the  sacrifice  of  ideals  is  the  price  of  material 
advance,  the  spirit  of  corruption  is  astir  and  is 
none  the  less  vicious  for  being  cleverly  or  loftily 
disguised.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  it  is  simply  im- 
possible that  the  interests  of  the  cultural  life 
should  be  safeguarded  by  any  others  than  those 
whose  lives  are  devoted  to  such  pursuit.  ThLs 
does  not  mean  that  leadership  and  organization 
and  practical  measures  shall  not  find  due  place; 
but  it  does  mean  that  Boai-ds  of  Trustees  can- 
not decide  what  ends  Universities  are  to  accom- 
plish, and  then  engage  expert  agents  to  carry 
out  their  decisions. 

The  proper  relation  of  Trustees,  Faculty, 
and  President  is  too  large  and  too  technical  a 
question  to  be  here  tliscussed.  Our  concern  Ls 
with  the  dignity  of  the  academic  life  and  the 
furtherance  of  academic  welfare.  Administra- 
tive measures  can  do  much  to  make  or  mar  the 
conditions  under  which  the  academic  life  is  to 
be  livetl.  At  present  there  is  grave  danger  that 
what  little  honor  and  reward  is  left  to  this 
career  will  be  lost  to  the  next  generation  through 
the  s})ec-tacle  of  the  harsh  adversities  that  beset 
the  undaunted  or  misguided  enthusiasts  that 
still  gather  in  the  quadrangle.  The  most  seri- 
ous menace  lies  in  that  spirit  of  dependent  ac- 
countability that  dominates  the  professorial 
career  in  an  American  institution,  and  to  which 
Mr.  Pritchett  has  calle<l  timely  attention.  The 
academic  peace  came  as  a  heritage  to  the  pa.st 
but  not  to  the  present  generation  ;  the  academic 
freedom,  not  mainly  of  professional  speech,  but 
the  pursuit  of  life  with  reasonable  freedom  from 
hari-assing  restraint,  is  rapidly  declining.  No 
single  influence  is  more  intimately  responsible 
for  the  decline  than  the  unsuitable  natiire  of 
University  administration,  that  appears  con- 
spicuously in  the  inconsiderate  autocracy  in 
which  the  President  may  legally  indulge.  The 
benevolent  despot  may  justify  means  by  ends  ; 
but  the  more  likely  issue  that  has  actually  oc- 
curi-etl  is  the  sacrifice  of  the  professor  to  the 
demands  for  material  advance  imder  presidential 
ambition  for  results  that  shall  dazzle  the  crowd. 
It  must  likewise  be  admitted  that  the  entire 
range  of  influences  that  shape  etlucational  opin- 
ion has  cobpei-ated  to  bring  to  the  Presidency 
the  ti>-pe  of  individual  that  mildly  or  aggressively 
assumes  the  role  that  it  is  his  due  and  duty  to 
assume,  if  the  text  of  the  '•  Atlantic  '*  article  is 
to  prevail.  In  this  very  circmiistance  lies  the 
weakness  and  misfortime  of  the  iLSual  pi*ovisions 
for  academic  administration.  That  these  issues 
have  natiirallv  resulted  from  the  hurrietl  deve  1- 


34 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


opment  of  our  cultural  progress,  we  entirely 
agree.  But  the  further  conclusion  that  the 
wi'iter  draws,  that  these  things  are  right  because 
they  are  so,  is  an  open  bid  for  a  fooFs  paradise. 
The  equipment  of  knowledge,  sensibilities,  and 
interest  that  makes  a  man  an  educator  is  not 
that  displayed  in  a  business  meeting  of  the 
Trustees,  or  in  the  pompous  appearance  before 
intimidated  teachers  ;  it  is  so  imrelated  to  these 
that  it  must  be  the  rarest  chance  to  find  a  man 
of  ripe  educational  endowment  both  able  and 
willing  to  give  so  much  of  his  energies  to  matters 
only  incidentally  belonging  to  his  true  metier. 
And  the  hopeful  solution  for  present  difficulties 
lies  in  the  very  spirit  in  which  the  really  worthy 
University  President  takes  up  his  work,  and  as 
well  in  the  further  fact  that  more  and  more 
generally  is  fitness  for  such  high  office  appraised 
with  reference  to  such  intrinsically  academic 
qualities.  Just  how  significant  this  brighter 
light  along  the  horizon  may  be,  and  how  cer- 
tainly it  heralds  the  dispersal  of  the  clouds, 
those  given  to  meteorological  prophecy  may 
decide. 

Doubtless  all  this  seems  a  needlessly  severe 
arraignment  of  what  is  obviously  a  well-inten- 
tioned effort.  As  a  sporadic  indication  of  one 
man's  view  of  which  way  the  wind  is  blowing 
and  of  how  we  should  trim  our  sails  to  take 
advantage  thereof,  it  deserves  no  more  consid- 
eration than  attaches  to  the  opinion  thus  ex- 
pressed. But  reputations  are  not  such  simple 
affairs  ;  and  the  sponsorship  of  the  "  Atlantic" 
places  these  pages  in  the  public  eye  with  the 
jwestige  of  representing  a  conmiendable  aspect 
of  intellectual  ideals.  It  is  this  phase  of  the 
situation  that  has  dispelled  a  very  natural  im- 
pulse to  hold  our  peace,  and  without  seizmg 
the  controversial  pen  to  await  a  fitting  oppor- 
tunity to  replace  what  is  regarded  as  a  false 
ideal  by  a  worthier  one.  If  this  seems  unfair 
to  the  editorial  liability  of  the  "  Atlantic,"  let 
it  be  recalled  tliat  it  has  ever  been  the  lot  of 
Atlas  to  bear  the  burden  of  the  world  upon  his 
shoulders,  and  that  the  editorial,  like  the  pro- 
fessorial, responsibility  is  great. 


A  BUNDLE  of  "  Simples  from  Sir  Thomas  Browne's 
Garden,"  gathered  by  Mr.  Harry  Christopher  Minchin, 
is  an  appropriate  publication  of  the  tercentenary  year 
of  Browne's  birth.  All  of  the  anthor's  books  are  rep- 
resented in  the  selections,  and  the  volume  can  hardly 
fail  to  accomplish  its  compiler's  purpose  of  suggesting 
"  to  even  a  few  readers  some  conception  of  the  spiritual 
depth,  mental  hmiinosity,  and  moral  sweetness  which 
were  united  in  the  personality  of  Sir  Thomas  Browne." 
Mr.  B.  II.  Blackwell,  of  Oxford,  publishes  the  book. 


YEAR  OF  CONTINENTAL 
LITERATURE.  —  I. 


The  annual  reports  upon  Continental  literature, 
hitherto  collected  in  a  single  issue  of  "The  Athe- 
naeum," are  now  presented  upon  a  new  plan,  being 
published  one  at  a  time  in  separate  numbers  of  that 
periodical.  Reports  from  Germany,  Russia,  and 
Spain  have  thus  far  appeared  in  the  current  series, 
and  these  we  now  summarize  for  the  benefit  of 
American  readers. 

Dr.  Ernst  Heilborn,  who  writes  of  German  liter- 
atiu'e,  confines  his  attention  to  criticism,  poetry,  the 
drama,  and  the  novel.  He  puts  criticism  first  be- 
cause he  thinks  that  it  "  stands  at  the  present  mo- 
ment on  a  higher  level  than  purely  creative  work. 
Its  authors  display  a  more  vigorous  and  pronounced 
personality,  it  is  more  individual  in  expression,  and 
its  style  has  more  colour."  The  works  of  three 
Berlin  critics  are  chosen  for  discussion,  Herr  Paid 
Goldmann's  "Aus  dem  Dramatischen  Irrgarten," 
Herr  Alfred  Kerr's  "  Das  Neue  Drama,"  and  Herr 
Felix  Poppenberg's  "  Bibelots."  "  From  the  obscure 
and  eddying  dance  of  shadows  these  three  literary 
personalities  step  forth  and  stand  before  us  clear 
and  firm  in  outline."  Herr  Goldmann  stands  for 
specifically  French  ideals,  and  urges  "  the  necessity 
of  returning  to  a  definite  and  apjiroved  stage- 
technique."  He  is  also  "  the  sworn  foe  of  naturalism 
in  its  German  development,  and  is  possessed  by  an 
ardent  desire  for  gi>andeur,  passionate  action,  colour, 
and  form."  Herr  Kerr  is  also  "  rooted  in  roman- 
ticism," and  his  influence  has  been  "largely  instru- 
mental in  dethroning  naturalism."  Herr  Poppen- 
berg  also  "consciously  set  his  affections  on  roman- 
ticism from  the  very  first,  and  has  always  been  the 
opponent  of  realism  with  its  lack  of  colour."  This 
similarity  of  attitude  on  the  part  of  all  three  toward 
the  chief  literary  controversy  of  the  day  is  certainly 
remarkable,  and  shows  us  that  the  romantic  cause  is 
by  no  means  in  so  desperate  a  case  as  some  of  its 
foes  would  have  us  believe.  In  verse,  nothing  very 
important  is  chronicled.  There  are  the  collected 
poems  of  Otto  Erich  Hartleben,  who  has  just  died, 
the  "  Reigen  Schoner  Frauen  "  of  Herr  Otto  Hauser, 
"  Die  Vier  Jahreszeiten  "  of  Herr  Frank  Wedekind, 
and  the  "  Galgenlieder  "  of  Herr  Chi'istian  Morgen- 
stern.  The  two  books  last  named  belong  to  the 
category  of  fantastic  or  gi-otesque  art.  The  litera- 
ture of  the  drama  is  notable  for  its  reshaping  of 
borrowed  material.  Herr  Beer-Hofmann's  tragedy, 
"  Der  Graf  von  Charolais,"  is  a  free  adaptation  of 
Massinger's  "  The  Fatal  Dowry  ";  Herr  von  Hof- 
mannsthal's  "Das  Gerettete  Venedig"  is  likewise 
founded  on  Otway's  "  Venice  Preserved,"  while 
even  Herr  Hauptmann's  new  dream-play,  "Elga," 
takes  its  subject  from  one  of  Grillparzer's  tales. 

"This  is  the  story  of  a  Polish  countess  who  plays  her 
husband  false  with  the  comrade  of  her  youth.  We  see  the 
count  tormented  by  doubts  and  fears ;  his  suspicion  becomes 
a  certainty,  and  he  confronts  his  wife  with  her  paramour  in 
the  very  spot  where  they  have  sinned.  The  latter  confesses 
their  guilt,  while  she  denies  it.    There  is  but  one  way,  declares 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


35 


her  husband  peremptorily,  by  which  she  can  save  her  life : 
she  must  kill  with  her  own  hand  the  child  that  has  been  be- 
gotten in  adultery.  At  the  moment,  however,  when  she  is 
actoallv  preparing  for  this  inbnman  deed,  her  husband  strikes 
her  down.  For  this  subject,  full  of  horrors  as  it  is,  Haupt- 
mann  has  chosen  the  form  of  a  "  dream-play  ";  it  is  presented 
in  a  series  of  visions  seen  by  a  Glerman  knight  who  has  taken 
refuge  in  the  Polish  cloister." 

Other  plays  are  •*  Die  Bauerin,"  by  Frau  Clara 
Viebig;  "Die  MorgenrSte"  (the  story  of  Lola 
Montez  in  Munich),  by  Herr  Josef  Ruederer; 
"Biederleute,"  by  Herr  Robert  Misch;  ''Die  Sieb- 
zehnjahrigen,"  by  Herr  Max  Dreyer;  "  Xebenein- 
ander."  by  Herr  Georg  Hirschfeld;  "Maskerade," 
by  Herr  Ludwig  Fulda";  and  "'Im  Grilnen  Baum 
ztir  NachtigaU,"  the  last  work  of  Hartleben.  A 
curious  trick  of  this  writer  and  some  others,  show- 
ing to  what  straits  a  straining  for  novelty  may  cany 
writers,  is  thus  described : 

"  Their  method  is  to  employ  a  strictly  realistic  treatment 
in  the  earlier  acts  of  a  drama,  and  so  obtain  a  comic  effect  in 
the  portrayal  of  laughable  characters  and  surroundings,  and 
then,  when  the  original  comedy  begins  to  drag,  to  transform 
it  on  a  sudden  into  tragedy.  Anything  more  inartistic  than 
this  it  would  be  hard  to  conceive,  for  every  tragic  effect 
should  be  led  up  to  by  causes  inherent  in  the  theme  proposed." 

Turning  to  fiction,  we  find  interesting  notes  upon  a 
number  of  books,  but  no  description  of  anj-thing 
highly  important,  Herr  Hans  Miiller's  "  Buch  der 
Abenteuer"  "•makes  an  attempt  to  revive  the  old 
Italian  tale  in  the  manner  of  Boccaecio."  Frau 
Riccarda  Huch's  '•  Seif enblasen "  again  shows  that 
talented  writer  to  be  "a  genuine  and  original  roman- 
ticist." Herr  Otto  Hauser's  "  Lucidor  der  Ungliick- 
liche"  embodies  Goethe's  ideal  that  "we  should 
fashion  life  itself  into  a  work  of  art."  Herr  Lud- 
wig  Thoma's  "  Andrea.s  Yost  "  describes  a  little  Ba- 
varian community  with  notable  vigor  and  descrip- 
tive talent.  Herr  Jakob  Wassermann's  "Alexander 
in  Babylon  "  is  a  brUliant  piece  of  historical  romance 
which  does  not,  however,  realize  the  full  significance 
of  its  theme.  Dr.  HeUborn's  general  comment  on 
the  year's  output  is  put  in  a  sentence  of  admirable 
truth  that  might,  indeed,  be  applied  to  many  other 
coimtries  besides  Germany. 

"  If  I  had  to  characterize  the  literature  of  the  past  year  in 
s  few  words.  I  should  say  that  far  too  many  literary  fashions, 
which  lead  only  to  confusion,  are  followed,  and  there  is  a 
consequent  lack  of  that  naiveti  which  by  the  simplest  means 
can  shape  an  inner,  personal  experience  into  a  work  of  art." 

Mr.  Valerii  Briusov,  who  writes  from  Russia, 
begins  his  report  as  follows : 

"  It  is  impossible  to  say  that  literary  life  in  Russia  has 
been  develoj»ed  in  orthodox  fashion  during  the  last  twelve 
months.  The  attention  of  all  society  has  been  so  much 
occupied  by  the  war  with  Japan  and  the  revolutionary  move- 
ment in  the  country,  that  readers  were  not  likely  to  be  in- 
fluenced by  purely  literary  developments.  On  the  other 
hand,  current  events  have  had  their  influence  on  literature, 
if  we  take  that  expression  in  its  widest  sense." 

Among  the  effects  of  this  influence  may  be  noted 
many  translations  of  works  upon  political  subjects, 
and  the  greater  freedom  of  discussion  resulting  from 
a  relaxed  censorship  of  the  press.  Russian  publicists 
call  this  new  breath  of  freedom  the  "  Spring,"  and 
it  has  brought  into  free  circulation  such  formerly 


contraband  books  as  the  works  of  Herzen,  Tseher- 
nishevski,  and  the  poet  Og^riev.  The  most  impor- 
tant event  in  contemporary  literature  has  been  the 
completion  of  Itlr.  Merezhkovski's  "  Peter  and 
Alexis,"  the  concluding  section  of  the  great  "  Christ 
and  Antichrist "  trilogj'. 

"  In  the  whole  work  the  author  exhibits  a  vast  labour, 
which  shows  his  great  erudition.  In  his  talent  he  is  rather 
an  essayist  than  a  poet.  The  chapters  devoted  to  the  char- 
acterization of  the  great  Russian  emperor  are  magnificent  — 
a  wonderful,  and  at  the  same  time  portentous,  portraiture  of 
the  giant  Tsar.  The  remaining  chapters  furnish  living  pic- 
tures of  various  sides  of  Russian  life  at  the  beginning  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  The  language  of  the  novel  is  condensed, 
carefully  elaborated,  and  shows  a  good  style.  But  Merezh- 
kovski  has  not  produced  an  artistic  whole.  He  has  not 
brought  into  complete  form  the  material  which  he  has  col- 
lected ;  he  has  been  prevented  by  his  desire  to  show  that 
Peter  destroyed  the  Russian  Church.  The  novel  is  not  a 
shapely,  well-proportioned  statue,  conceived  by  one  artistic 
survey,  but  a  museum  of  curiosities  and  mosaics." 

Mr.  Andrev's  ''  The  Red  Laughter  "  is  a  tale  deal- 
ing with  "the  terrors  of  war  and  the  madness  of 
the  masses."  It  is  a  psychological  study  rather  than 
an  epic  picture.  Mr.  Sologub  has  surpassed  him- 
self in  a  book  of  "  daintj*  little  parables,  recalling  the 
fables  of  the  East  or  the  tales  of  Andersen."  In 
"  The  Return,"  by  Mr.  A.  Bieli, 

"  The  strict  continuity  of  our  life  is  mingled  with  the  illogi- 
cality of  dreams,  and  is  turned  into  a  disconnected  and  mon- 
strous chaos ;  the  conditions  of  time  and  space  are,  as  it  were, 
obliterated,  and  dizziness  seizes  the  reader,  as  at  the  beg^inning 
of  an  earthquake." 

"The  Duel,"  a  novel  by  Mr.  I.  Kuprin,  is  "a  tale  of 
military  life,  representing  the  emptiness  and  petti- 
ness of  the  lives  of  Russian  officers."  A  few  short 
stories  and  a  play  by  "  Maxim  Gorky "  have  not 
been  particularly  successful,  and  the  influence  of  this 
writer  seems  to  be  declining.  An  extraordinary 
example  of  the  closet  drama  is  "  Tantalus,"  by  Mr. 
Ivanov.  which,  in  the  opinion  of  our  critic,  the  an- 
cients would  certainly  have  crowned.  Lyrical  verse 
is  exemplified  by  the  new  volumes  of  Mr.  Balmont, 
Mr.  Block,  and  Mr.  Dobruliobov. 

Don  Rafael  Altamira,  writing  of  Spanish  lit- 
erature, gives  a  lengthy  list,  as  usual,  of  works  in 
the  fields  of  serious  scholarship.  Among  these  we 
note  the  varied  literature  of  the  Don  Quixote  ter- 
centenary, including  an  important  address  by  Senor 
Menendez  y  Pelayo,  and  a  posthumous  essay  by 
Juan  Valera.  and  many  other  books  of  Cervantes 
criticism,  biography,  philology,  and  bibliography. 
So  much  space  is  taken  up  by  this  enumeration  that 
little  is  left  for  the  miscellaneous  output  of  the  year. 
In  fiction,  there  is  "  La  Quimera,"  by  Sefiora  Baz^n ; 
"  La  Bodega,"  by  SeiSor  Ib^fiez  ;  "  Aurora  Roja,"  by 
Senor  Baroja  ;  and  three  new  volimies  of  "Episodios 
Nacionales."  by  Sefior  Grald<5s.  In  the  drama,  there 
are  new  plays  by  Senor  Echegaray  and  Sefior 
Graldds,  but  "  the  leading  names  among  the  drama- 
tists are  those  of  the  brothers  Quintero  and  of  the 
Catalan  Iglesias."  Castilian  poetry  has  recently  un- 
dergone a  grave  loss  in  the  death  of  Gabriel  y  Gakin, 
a  '•  young  poet  whose  verses  express  the  very  essence 
of  the  Castilian  country-side." 


36 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


COMMUNICA  TION. 


MR.  SWINBURNE'S  POETRY. 
(To  the  Editor  of  Thk  Dial.) 

The  editorial  article  in  yoiir  last  number,  entitled 
"A  Poet  for  Poets,"  suggests  several  interesting 
questions.  As  I  have  no  especial  knowledge  of  Mr. 
Swinburne's  work,  I  shall  not  attempt  to  answer  these 
questions,  but  I  should  be  glad  of  an  opportunity  to 
submit  some  of  them  to  you  and  to  your  readers. 

You  assert  in  effect  that  Mr.  Swinburne's  poetry  is 
still  grotesquely  misvmderstood  by  a  "  large  section  of 
the  public,"  and  yoii  imply  that  this  misunderstanding 
is  due  "to  ignorance  and  prejudice."  You  complain 
that  he  is  misjudged  because  "  sound  and  fury,  debased 
sensualism,  and  vacuity  of  thought  are  honestly  sup- 
posed by  many  well-meaning  people  to  be  essential 
attributes  of  his  work."  You  seek  to  refute  such  a  view 
by  referring  these  "  well-meaning  people  "  to  certain 
poems,  which  in  your  opinion  show  severity  of  style,  or 
idealism,  or  depth  of  thought;  and  you  conclude  that 
those  who  disagree  with  you  have  either  never  read 
Swinburne's  significant  work,  or  that,  having  read  it, 
they  are  impervious  to  the  appeal  of  pure  poetry. 

Now  I  may  not  entirely  agree  with  these  "  well- 
meaning  people,"  but  I  confess  that  my  sympathies  go 
out  towards  them.  Let  us  state  their  case  a  little  more 
moderately,  and  I  believe  a  little  more  correctly,  and 
then  ask  ourselves  if  it  has  not  at  least  an  element  of 
truth. 

Take  their  contention  that  Mr.  Swinburne's  poetry 
as  a  whole  is  lacking  in  depth,  power,  and  originality  of 
thought.  It  is  not  a  convincing  answer  to  this  charge 
to  be  referred  to  two  poems,  which  occupy  possibly 
eighteen  pages  out  of  the  eighteen  hundred  or  two 
thousand  printed  pages  of  the  complete  edition  of  Mr. 
Swinburne's  poems.  Whether  these  particular  poems 
exhibit  depth  of  thought  or  not,  is  beside  the  mark.  In 
actual  fact  it  happens  that  one  of  the  two  examples  is 
a  poor  one, — for  there  is  nothing  either  new  or  profoimd 
in  the  chief  thought  of  "Hertha."  The  leading  idea 
in  this  poem  had  been  already  used  by  Emerson  in  his 
"  Brahma,"  and  m  places  Swinburne  follows  Emerson 
with  surprising  closeness.  If  you  contend  that  "  Her- 
tha" is  a  fine  poem,  we  agree  with  you  most  fully;  but 
if  you  point  to  it  as  a  contribution  to  thought,  we  reply 
that  it  is  no  more  a  contribution  to  thought  than  Her- 
rick's  injunction  "  Gather  ye  rosebuds  while  ye  may  " 
is  an  original  contribution  to  philosophy.  Agam,  if 
"  well-meaning  people  "  complain  of  an  unwholesome, 
feverish,  and  morbid  atmosphere  in  Mr.  Swinburne's 
so-called  love  poems,  it  does  not  satisfy  them  to  be  told 
tliat  in  one  short  poem  of  a  different  class,  "  The  Pil- 
grims," there  is  "  austere  idealism."  The  opposition 
may,  I  think,  properly  ask,  in  what  poem  or  poems  has 
Mr.  Swinburne  written  of  love  not  as  a  delirious  pagan 
but  as  a  high-minded  gentleman,  as  Dante  Avrote  of  it 
in  the  "Vita  Nuova,"  or  Shakespeare  in  Sonnet  CXVI., 
as  Wordsworth  wrote  of  it  at. rare  moments,  or  Brown- 
ing, or  Tennyson,  or  Burns  ? 

Permit  me  to  make  one  suggestion  in  conclusion. 
There  is  a  very  simple  way  of  meeting  the  charge  that 
Mr.  Swinburne's  poetry  is  greater  in  mamier  than  in 
matter,  in  melody  and  in  verbal  cumiing  than  in  any 
solid  substratum  of  thought.  I  have  seen  in  more  than 
one  recent  criticism  the  unsupported  assertion  that  Mr. 


Swinburne  was  a  profoimd  thuiker;  what  I  should  like 
to  see  would  be  some  specific  statement  of  the  exact  na^ 
ture  of  his  contribution  to  thought.  What  answer  does  he 
give  to  the  eternal  riddles  of  the  World-Sphinx  ?  Is  it 
a  thoughtful,  a  cheering,  or  a  wholesome  answer  ?  What 
is  the  natui-e  of  the  "  etliical  inspiration  "  we  are  said  to 
receive  from  his  poetry  ?  He  is  known  as  the  poet  of 
Liberty, — what  has  he  contributed  to  the  world's  thought 
on  the  complex  question  of  human  freedom  ?  Has  he 
added  one  jot  of  sober  thought  to  the  lyric  rhapsodies  of 
Shelley,  or  to  the  blind  revolt  of  Byron  ?  Has  he  ever 
approached  the  wisdom  of  Coleridge's  treatment  of  this 
subject  in  the  latter's  ode  on  "France  "?  Has  he,  in 
brief,  shown  himself  prof ounder  than  the  lightest-brained 
enthusiast  or  the  traditional  Irishman  who  is  always 
"  agin  the  government  "  ? 

I  believe  that  an  answer  to  these  questions  would  be 
a  real  help  to  many.  It  would  help  them  to  judge  of 
the  justice  of  Mr.  Coventry  Patmore's  declaration  that 
in  reading  Mr.  S%vinburne's  poetry  it  is  "  impossible  not 
to  feel  that  there  has  been  some  disproportion  between 
his  power  of  saying  things  and  the  things  he  has  to  say." 
I  should  like  to  see  these  and  kindred  questions  dis- 
cussed temperately  and  without  recrimination;  and  I 
should  like  the  discussion  to  be  based  on  the  quality 
and  character  of  Mr.  Swinbm-ne's  poetry  us  a  whole; 
remembering,  on  the  one  hand,  that  it  is  easy  to  imder- 
value  his  great  gifts,  and  that,  on  the  other,  it  is  easy, 
—  as  Mr.  Saintsbury  warns  us, —  to  be  betrayed  into  an 
"  micritical  admiration  "  of  his  work. 

Henry  S.  Pancoast. 

Hartford,  Conn.,  Jan.  11,  1906, 

[We  print  this  communication,  although  it  seems 
to  do  no  more  than  repeat  the  shallow  objections 
that  have  been  voiced  ad  nauseam  by  many  other 
unsympathetic  critics.  The  points  it  makes  are  so 
worn  that  they  have  become  blunt.  To  say  with 
Professor  Woodberry  that  Mr.  Swinburne  is  "a 
very  thoughtful  poet "  is  the  exact  truth,  but  it  does 
not  mean  that  he  is  a  poet  who  has  made  serious 
original  contributions  to  thought.  What  poet  may 
be  named  who  has  done  such  a  thing  ?  It  is  not  the 
poet's  business  to  frame  formal,  philosophies.  But 
we  believe  that  Mr.  SAvinburne's  work  as  a  whole  is 
as  weighty,  from  the  intellectual  point  of  view,  as 
that  of  any  of  his  contemporaries.  That  is,  it  shows 
him  to  have  thought  clearly  and  steadily  upon  quite 
as  many  subjects,  and  to  have  as  definite  a  body  of 
opinions,  as  the  best  of  them.  Whether  his  answer 
to  the  "eternal  riddles"  is  a  "cheering"  one  or  not 
is  beside  the  mark.  It  is  also  beside  the  mark  to 
censure  him  for  not  having  aj^proached  a  given  sub- 
ject in  exactly  the  temper  of  some  other  poet  with 
whom  the  critic  is  more  in  sympathy.  It  would  be 
easy  enough  to  give  the  lists  of  poems  and  passages 
which  our  correspondent  calls  for,  if  oiu-  present 
space  permitted.  In  naming  one  or  two  poems  as 
typical,  we  by  no  means  implied  that  there  were  not 
others  of  equal  significance.  And  we  regi'et  to  notice 
the  evidences  of  unconscious  prejudice  ("delirious 
pagan,"  "  lightest-brained  enthusiast,"  "  traditional 
Irishman " )  that  bear  out  the  writer's  admission 
that  he  has  "  no  especial  knowledge  of  Mr.  Swin- 
burne's work." — Edr.] 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


37 


^t  gtfo  gooks. 


Autobiography  of  ax  Irish  Patriot.* 

Quickness  of  wit,  readiness  of  resource, 
buoyancy  of  disposition,  love  of  fun,  warmth 
of  heart,  courage  in  the  face  of  really  appalling 
danger,  fortitude  in  the  most  trying  adversity, 
loyalty  to  friends,  generosity  to  enemies,  and 
above  all  an  ardent  love  of  coimtry,  —  these 
and  other  qualities  more  or  less  characteristic 
of  the  impulsive,  indomitable  Iiishman  are  re- 
vealed in  the  seK-portraiture, or  "Recollections," 
of  Mr.  WiUiam  O'Brien,  M.P.  With  a  Celtic 
unwillingness  to  take  over-much  thought  for  the 
morrow,  he  spends  his  money  as  fast  as  he  earns 
it,  as  he  frankly  teUs  us,  but  scrupidously  avoids 
debt,  and  keeps  no  bank  account  because  there 
is  nothing  to  account  for.  In  the  words  of 
Horace,  A^dth  whose  verses  he  shows  himself 
not  unfamiliar,  he  would  doubtless  say: 

"  Prudens  f  utori  temporis  exitum 
Caliginosa  nocte  prerait  deus, 
Ridetque  si  mortalis  ultra 
Fas  trepidat." 

And,  in  agi'eement  with  the  same  poet,  he  woidd 
consistently  add  the  wholesome  caution,  "  Quod 
adest  memento  componere  aequus." 

Although  these  interesting  memoirs  were 
completed  but  six  months  ago,  they  bring  the 
writer's  record  down  only  to  1883,  thus  leav- 
ing for  future  publication  —  or  at  least  such 
a  consimmiation  is  to  be  hoped  for  —  all  the 
stirring  events  of  a  fierce  political  and  parlia- 
mentary struggle  since  that  date,  including  the 
imprisonment  of  1890,  during  which  was  writ- 
ten the  popvdar  story  "  When  We  were  Boys." 
Leaving  out  of  account  the  vexed  question  of 
Home  Ride  for  Ireland,  the  rights  or  wrongs 
of  Irish  tenants  and  landlords,  and  all  such 
matters  of  politics  as  are  likely  to  excite  in  the 
reader  more  or  less  warmth  of  opposition  or 
agreement,  one  cannot  but  pronoimce  the  book 
a  hmiian  document  of  imusual  interest.  Many 
of  its  details,  to  be  sure,  are  such  as  a  reader  of 
no  deep  sjTupathies  on  either  side  of  the  great 
Irish  question  will  omit ;  and  many  others  are 
of  a  nature  that  makes  a  personal  acquaintance 
with  the  Emerald  Isle  necessaiy  to  their  \a^nd 
realization  and  keen  enjopuent.  But  enough 
remains  of  lively  adventure,  of  hardship  bravely 
borne,  and  of  danger  cheei-fidly  faced,  to  make 
the  record  stimulating  and  thoroughly  entertain- 
ing.    Perhaps  a  brief  outline  of  Mr.  O'Brien's 

•Recollections.  By  William  O'Brien,  M.P.  Illustrated. 
New  York:   The  Macmillan  Co. 


eventfid  life  will  help  to  the  better  appreciation 
of  his  book. 

He  is  stUl  what  many,  in  defiance  of  Dr. 
Osier,  will  call  comparatively  yoimg,  having 
been  bom  in  1852.  MaUow,  Cork  County,  is 
his  birthplace ;  there  and  in  its  vicinity  his 
youth  was  passed ;  and  it  was  this  town  that 
first  sent  him  to  Parliament,  in  1883.  Both 
father  and  mother,  as  well  as  two  brothers  and 
a  sister,  died  in  his  early  manhood,  and  the 
young  man  was  left  dependent  on  such  mental 
equipment  as  a  rather  brief  attendance  at 
Cloyne  Diocesan  CoUege  and  Queen's  College, 
Cork,  together  with  much  miscellaneous  read- 
ing, hatl  enabled  him  to  secure.  The  account 
he  gives  of  his  earliest  schoolmaster,  whom  he 
calls  "  Attda,"  and  of  this  tyrant's  "•  heavy  box 
bludgeon  delicately  called  'the  slapper,'"  re- 
minds one  of  George  MacDonald's  vivid  picture 
of  Murdoch  Malison,  known  to  his  trembling 
subjects  as  "  Murder  "  Malison,  and  his  dreaded 
taws.  The  literary  impulse  had  early  asserted 
itself  in  our  author,  and  he  took  to  journalism 
as  a  duck  to  water.  Reporter  on  the  "  Cork 
Daily  Herald,"  contributor  to  the  "  Freeman's 
Journal,"  editor  of  "  United  Ireland  "  and  of 
"  The  Irish  People,"  he  brought  an  imtiring 
pen  to  the  service  of  his  country,  and  paid 
for  his  patriotism  by  more  than  two  years  of 
imprisonment,  first  and  la.st.  Indeed,  he  was 
prosecuted  no  fewer  than  nine  times  for  politi- 
cal offenses.  In  1898  he  started  a  new  agra^ 
rian  movement  and  foimded  the  "  United  Irish 
League."  Of  his  books,  besides  the  one  already 
named,  the  best-known  are  "  Irish  Ideas  "  and 
"  A  Queen  of  Men."  He  has  been  in  Parlia^ 
ment  intermittently  since  1883,  being  now,  if  we 
are  not  mistaken.  Nationalist  member  for  Cork. 

To  gain  an  idea  of  the  stem  training  to 
which  the  yoimg  patriot-author  was  subjected, 
take  the  following  picture  of  faimly  disaster. 
The  \\Titer  was  twenty-six  at  the  time  to  which 
these  records  of  sickness  and  death  and  poverty 
refer : 

"  I  stretched  myself  on  the  sofa  in  the  sitting-room, 
the  only  room  in  the  house  where  there  was  not  some- 
.  body  dpng  or  dead,  and  tried  to  sleep.  One  familiar 
cough  was  now  missing  from  the  chorus.  The  others 
still  from  time  to  time  broke  through  the  sUence  of  the 
house  of  death,  but  not  in  any  especially  alarming  way, 
and  my  mother  had  mercifully  fallen  into  a  deep  sleep 
after  her  long  watchings.  About  two  hours  afterwards  I 
was  awakened  from  a  half-sleep  by  a  particidariy  violent 
explosion  of  coughing  from  the  room  where  my  younger 
brother  was  Ipng.  The  coughing  cidminated  in  au  awfid 
hollow  sigh,  which  sounds  as  distinctly  in  my  memory 
now,  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  centurj-  after,  as  it  did  on 
that  dreadfiU  night.  Then  there  came  a  silence,  more 
terrifying  a  thousand  times  than  the  coughing.    I  would 


38 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


have  given  anything  to  hear  the  well-known  cough  again. 
...  It  was  too  late  to  give  my  mother  any  consolation 
by  awakening  her,  and  there  was  always  the  fear  of  the 
effect  on  my  poor  sister,  whose  cough  alone  now  broke 
the  stillness,  save  for  an  occasional  attack  of  my  own.  I 
sat  on  the  bed  in  the  dark,  with  the  dead,  until  the  day- 
light, which  it  seemed  never  would  come,  and  then,  as 
I  heard  my  mother  move,  went  in  to  warn  her  not  to 
frighten  my  sister.  From  that  hour  the  overwhelming 
sadness  of  human  life  has  never  quitted  me.  If  my  hair 
had  not  grown  white,  when  I  looked  in  the  glass,  it  was 
certainly  another  man,  and  a  sad  one,  I  saw  there." 

As  was  to  be  expected,  frequent  glimpses  of 
Parnell  are  given  in  Mr.  O'Brien's  pages,  in 
addition  to  the  frontispiece  portrait  of  the  man 
with  which  the  book  is  provided.  A  bon  mot  of 
Pamell's  is  quoted  as  characteristic  of  his  hmnor. 
*'  Ireland,"  he  declared,  "  is  too  small  a  country 
for  a  rebellion.  There  is  not  enough  room  to 
run  away."  He  added  that  "  Wasliington  saved 
America  by  running  away.  If  he  had  been 
fighting  in  Ireland,  he  woidd  have  been  brought 
to  surrender  in  six  weeks.  Nowadays,  with  the 
railways,  England  could  sweep  the  country  from 
Cork  to  Donegal  in  six  days."  Here  are  a  few 
passages  from  Mr.  O'Brien's  note-book  : 

"Nov.  l^th  [1878].  Routed  out  at  seven  this  morn- 
ing to  go  to  Tralee  with  Parnell  and  his  fiery  cross. 
Joined  him  in  the  same  carriage  from  Mallow,  and  had 
three  hours'  astonishingly  confidential  chat.  Coldish 
reception  in  Tralee,  but  no  colder  than  public  feeling 
everywhere  about  everything  just  now.  .  .  . 

"  Nov.  IQth.  Parnell  addressed  a  rough-and-tumble 
meeting,  half  farmers,  half  Fenians,  with  several  tipsy 
interrupters  and  a  preliminary  alarm  that  the  floor  was 
giving  way.  He  spoke  imder  cruel  difficulties,  but  fired 
them  all  before  he  sat  down.  .  .  . 

"Nov.  nth.  Returned  by  night-mail,  and  had  end- 
less delightful  glimpses  of  P.  and  of  the  real  man.  .  .  . 
He  has  captured  me,  heart  and  soul,  and  is  bound  to  go 
on  capturing.  A  sweet  seriousness  au  fond,  any  amount 
of  nervous  courage,  a  delicate  reserve,  without  the 
smallest  suspicion  of  hauteur;  strangest  of  all,  humoiir; 
above  everything  else,  simplicity;  as  quietly  at  home 
with  the  girls  in  Mallow  as  with  his  turbulent  audience 
in  Tralee.  We  exchanged  no  end  of  confidences.  As 
romantic  as  Lord  Edward,  but  not  to  be  shaken  from 
prosier  methods.  In  any  case  a  man  one  coidd  suffer 
with  proudly." 

Mr.  O'Brien's  early  investigation  of  the  Irish 
landlord  system  made  him  painfully  familiar 
with  the  sufferings  of  the  peasantry. 

"What,  perhaps,  was  the  most  hatefid  discovery  of 
all  was  that  the  poorer  the  land  and  the  meeker  the 
tenant,  the  more  merciless  was  his  rent,  and  the  more 
diabolical  the  oppression  practised  upon  him.  In  the 
richer  parts  of  the  country,  the  system  bred  special 
evils  of  its  own;  but  the  Tipperary  peasant  living  on  a 
generous  soil  often  paid  little  more  than  half  the  sum 
per  acre  that  was  extorted  from  the  small  holder  of 
Mayo  for  the  acre  or  two  of  similar  quality  which  might 
be  found,  like  an  oasis,  amidst  the  rocks  and  swamps 
which  made  up  the  rest  of  his  holding.  ...  A  more 
cruel  circumstance  still,  the  poor  western,  evicted  from 


the  fertile  lands  which  abound  in  Connaught,  was  more 
heavily  rented  per  acre  for  the  miserable  motmtain 
patch  to  which  he  was  banished  than  the  big  grazier  or 
gombeen-man,  in  whose  interest  he  was  driven  from 
his  own  fields,  was  asked  to  pay  for  tliem.  The  poorer 
landlords  held  the  poorest  parts  of  the  country,  and  the 
rents  were  fixed  not  according  to  the  poverty  of  the 
land  or  of  the  tenants  who  reclaimed  it,  but  according 
to  the  necessities  of  the  landlord,  who  did  nothmg  for 
the  land  except  to  rack-rent  and  mortage  it." 

Amid  such  descriptions  of  hardship,  in  which 
the  book  almost  of  necessity  abounds,  it  is  a 
welcome  relief  to  meet  with  the  following  refer- 
ence to  present  better  conditions,  even  though 
the  paragraph  is  relegated  to  the  subordinate 
position  of  a  footnote  : 

"  Life  has  given  me  few  happier  reflections  than  that 
Clare  Island,  which  I  thus  saw  for  the  first  time  under 
all  the  terrors  of  hunger  and  squalid  landlord  oppres- 
sion, is  now,  owing  to  a  train  of  circumstances  of  pecu- 
liar satisfaction  to  the  writer,  a  happy  commxmity  of 
peasant  proprietors,  free  forever  from  the  shadow  of 
famine,  landlordism,  gmiboat,  or  sheriff.  I  had  the 
happiness  of  seeing  the  steamer,  in  which  the  agent  and 
sheriff  used  to  invade  the  island  for  rent,  rotting  to 
pieces  on  the  beach  near  Mallow  Cottage  [the  author's 
home] ,  its  occupation  and  that  of  the  sheriff-agent  be- 
ing gone." 

In  a  chapter  entitled  "  A  Newspaper's  Fight 
for  Life,"  the  author  tells  of  his  editing  "  United 
Ireland  "  from  his  cell  in  Kilmainham  Jail.  An 
extract  will  give  a  hint  of  the  pecvdiar  situation. 

"  It  seems  never  once  to  have  occurred  to  the  Chief 
Secretary  that  the  enemy  against  whom  he  was  wildly 
flinging  about  his  warrants  was  all  the  time  doing  his 
work  from  his  own  jail.  My  brother-prisoners  included 
representatives  from  every  county  in  the  soutli,  east, 
and  west  of  Ireland.  They  were  all  allowed  to  receive 
their  local  newspapers.  .  .  .  My  plan  was  to  collect 
from  each  of  the  suspects  his  own  local  paper,  together 
with  their  private  letters,  received  by  subterranean 
agencies,  giving  particulars  not  otherwise  attainable. 
In  this  way  my  cell  was  converted  into  an  information 
bureau,  from  which  I  was  able  weekly  to  dispatch  many 
columns  of  exciting  details,  and  many  columns  more  of 
pungent  comments,  so  that  the  paper,  amidst  all  the 
crash  and  chaos  m  its  editorial  rooms,  its  printing  staff, 
and  its  machinery  room,  became  a  more  formidable  foe, 
and  the  object  of  a  stronger  public  interest  than  ever. 
.  .  .  The  Ladies'  Land  League  gave  Forster  an  addi- 
tional grudge  against  their  body,  by  drafting  a  body  of 
sweet  girl  graduates  into  United  Ireland  office  to  take 
the  place  of  the  outlawed  men;  and  most  unselfishly 
and  valiantly,  for  several  months,  they  kept  its  accounts, 
and  supplied  some  of  its  most  piquant  writings,  and 
foUed  the  police  raiders  by  a  thousand  mgenioiis  fem- 
inine devices  for  circulating  the  paper." 

Then  follows  the  story  of  the  newspaper's  wan- 
dering existence,  under  government  interdict, 
appearing  now  from  a  London  press,  a  little 
later  from  one  in  Liverpool,  then  emerging 
serenely  in  Glasgow,  next  in  Manchester,  and 
even  for  a  while  being  printed  in  Paris  —  all 
much  to  the  bewilderment  of  the  British  police. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


39 


The  closing  chapter  brings  Mr.  O'Brien's  his- 
tory do^Ti  to  his  election  as  member  for  Mallow. 
"  The  figures,"  he  writes,  "  were  :  O'Brien  161, 
Naish  89  ;  which  was  for  Mallow  a  majority 
more  stupefying  than  one  of  thousands  would  be 
in  a  modem  London  constituency,"  Of  course 
the  scene  in  Mallow,  on  the  announcement  of 
this  glorious  issue,  was  pandemonium  let  loose ; 
and  it  wa.s  late  at  night  before  the  "■  chairing  " 
of  the  successfid  candidate  through  the  town 
was  over. 

Mr.  O'Brien's  book  takes  rank  with  IVIr. 
Justin  McCarthy's  politico-autobiographic  re- 
miniscences. While  its  scope  is  narrower,  its 
viridness  is  more  intense.  The  author  at  times 
writes,  as  it  were,  with  his  very  heart "s  blood ; 
and  thus  writing  he  cannot  fail  to  command  a 
rea^^-  Percy  F.  Bicknell. 


Proven  CE:  Its  Histort,  Art,  axd 

lilTERATURE.* 


The  unfailing  charm  which  exhales  from  the 
]VIidi  of  France  has  never  appealetl  in  vain  to  sen- 
sitive imaginations.  The  Province  of  Rome  is  but 
dimly  ajjprehended  of  the  schoolboy  mind,  reluc- 
tantly f oUo\\'ing  the  campaigns  of  Caesar  ;  to  it, 
jIVIassilia  is  little  more  than  a  feminine  noun,  and 
Rhodanus  a  rapid  river  that  had  to  be  crossed 
by  boat  or  bridge.  But  shoidd  the  boy.  in 
maturer  years,  be  so  fortunate  as  to  visit  Pro- 
vence, he  sees  it  steeped  in  the  light  of  history 
which  is  half  romance,  of  metliaeval  song  which 
has  found  its  re-incamation  in  the  nineteenth 
century,  of  arcliitectural  monmnents  conser\Tng 
the  best  traditions  of  Greece  and  Rome,  and  of 
a  popular  pride  and  hospitality  which  makes  the 
traveller  welcome  and  leaves  him  well-informed. 

Aside  from  the  guide-books  and  other  specific 
works  of  reference,  the  accounts  in  English  of 
Provencal  history,  literature,  and  art  have  been 
neither  very  numerous  nor  comprehensive.  Pro- 
fessor Justin  H.  Smith's  "  The  Troubadours  at 
Home,"  a  scholai'ly  work,  was  more  nearly  con- 
cerned \^'ith  the  literary  annals  of  Provence  than 
with  its  architecture  or  its  political  history ;  and 
Mr.  Thomas  A.  Janvier's  delightful  papers 
struck  too  personal  and  intimate  a  note  to  be 
wide-rancTngf.  These  two  volumes  of  ^Ir.  Cook's 
"  Old  Provence,"  however,  attempt  to  acquaint 
us  with  the  main  events  of  about  fifteen  hun- 
dred years  of  history  in  a  territory  stretching 

*  Old  Provesce.  By  Theodore  Andrea  Cook.  M.A..  F.S.  A. 
In  two  volomes.  Ulustrated.  New  York:  Charles  Sciibner's 
Sons. 


from  Carcassonne  to  the  Riviera.  The  author's 
admirable  handling  of  the  life  and  history  of  the 
chateaux  of  the  Loire  in  his  former  book  "  Old 
Touraine  "  was  a  sufficient  guaranty  that  Pro- 
vencal themes  would  be  treated  with  scholarship 
and  sympathy.  As  he  reminds  us  in  the  pref- 
ace, the  history  of  Old  Provence  has  necessitated 
a  somewhat  different  treatment, — 
"  Only  because  I  hare  had  towns  to  deal  with  instead  of 
castles,  and  because  I  have  had  far  more  space  to  cover, 
both  in  territory  and  in  time,  than  was  involved  in 
describing  the  chateaux  in  the  districts  of  Tours  and  of 
Blois.  The  Seine  seems  full  of  commerce  and  of  gov- 
ernment ;  the  Loire  still  mirrors  the  pleasure-palaces  of 
the  Valois  court  upon  its  golden  stream ;  but  the  valley 
of  the  Rhone  has  been  the  highway  of  the  nations,  the 
path  of  conquerors,  the  battle-field  of  the  invader,  and 
its  boatmen  still  call  one  bank  '  Empire '  and  the  other 
♦  Kingdom  ' ;  though  the  names  have  long  ago  lost  all 
sigfnificance  in  relation  either  to  the  east  or  to  the  west- 
em  shore." 

The  whole  of  the  first  volume  is  devoted  to 
the  period  covering  the  ancient  history  of 
Provence,  and  including  the  occupancy  of  the 
Phoenicians,  Greeks,  and  Romans,  who  have 
left  traces  on  the  soil  of  Southeastern  France 
that  are  as  remarkable,  if  not  so  numerous,  as 
those  to  Ix-  found  in  Southern  Italy.  Readers 
who  oj)en  the  book  unprepared  by  special  study 
will  be  surprised,  as  they  turn  the  pages  and 
look  at  the  many  illustrations,  by  the  abundant 
proofs  of  the  consideration  which  this  fair  prov- 
ince enjoyed  in  the' days  of  imperial  Rome.  We 
follow  Mr.  Cook  with  deepening  interest  from 
town  to  town,  studving  the  stately  monuments 
which  mark  the  victories  of  Marius  and  Caesar 
and  the  more  peaceful  glories  of  Augustus  and 
his  successors.  Among  these,  especial  attention 
is  given  to  the  beautifid  "  pyramidal "  memorial 
and  arch  at  St.  Remy,  and  the  more  imposing 
but  less  pleasing  arch  at  Orange,  The  theatres 
of  Orange  and  Aries,  built  by  Greek  architects 
or  under  Greek  influence,  are  finely  contrasted 
with  the  great  amphitheatres  at  Nimes  and 
Aries,  which,  only  less  capacious  than  the  Colos- 
seum at  Rome,  were  devoted  to  the  same  bloody 
purposes.  Of  the  few  remains  of  Greek  sculp- 
ture in  Provence,  !Mr,  Cook  discusses  with  most 
detail  the  two  statues  of  Aphrodite  known  as 
the  Venus  of  Aries  and  the  Venus  of  Nimes. 
To  the  former  he  gives  ardent  adhesion,  and 
even  makes  her  the  subject  of  a  poem  in  the 
Sapphic  manner,  prefixed  to  his  first  chapter. 

The  last  material  trace  of  Greek  life  in  Pro- 
vence is  the  beautifid  temple  at  Nimes,  absurdly 
called  the  "  ]VIaison  Carree."  As  an  architect 
(Mr.  Cook  is  an  F.S.A.),  the  author  dwells  with 
loving  minuteness  on  the  chaste  proportions  of 


40 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


this  little  structure,  "the  greatest  treasure  of 
classic  architecture  north  of  the  Alps  ";  and 
carefully  explains  for  lay  readers  those  various 
refinements  and  subtle  irregtdarities  which  gave 
vitality  to  the  best  Greek  architecture,  and  the 
absence  of  which  leaves  its  modem  imitations 
dead.  He  is  probably  right,  therefore,  in  his  con- 
clusion that  "  this  temple  at  Nimes  was  ordered 
by  Romans  who  had  definite  ideas  about  the 
plan  they  considered  appropriate,  but  it  was  set 
up  by  an  architect  of  the  Augustan  age  who 
knew  how  to  give  the  best  effect  to  his  work." 
Of  strictly  Roman  works,  we  are  called  upon 
to  admire,  above  arches  and  amphitheatres,  the 
superb  aqueduct  near  Nimes  known  as  the  Pont 
du  Gard,  which  Mr.  Cook  calls  the  finest  Roman 
aqueduct,  not  only  of  Provence,  but  of  the 
world.     He  adds : 

"  The  three  tiers  of  arches,  as  Fergiisson  points  out, 
produce  the  same  effect  as  an  entablature  and  cornice 
upon  a  long  range  of  columns,  with  the  additional  and 
stupendous  feature  that  the  whole  structure  spreads  out 
wider  and  wider  as  it  rises  in  height  from  its  founda- 
tion. The  full  beauty  of  the  work  is  therefore  only 
appreciable  from  a  little  distance  down  the  valley, 
where  the  slopmg  hills  above  the  stream  add  their  sup- 
porting Imes  to  a  picture  which  combines  the  majesty 
of  nature  with  the  daring  skill  of  man.  From  here  you 
realize  how  the  Romans  converted  a  merely  utilitarian 
structure  into  an  architectural  screen  of  unrivalled 
beauty  without  the  introduction  of  a  single  ornament 
or  a  single  useless  feature.  .  .  .  By  such  buildings  as 
this  did  the  Romans  acqiure  the  constructive  skill  and 
magnificence  of  proportion  which  enabled  them  fear- 
lessly to  plan  buildings  so  vast  in  size,  and  to  vaxdt 
spaces  so  huge,  that  the  impress  of  their  maker's  power 
has  lasted  while  the  rock  on  which  they  built  them  has 
endured." 

If  we  have  lingered  on  the  architectural  por- 
tions of  the  first  volume,  it  is  because  they  are 
distinctly  the  most  attractive.  Mr.  Cook  has 
felt  it  his  duty  to  give  much  historical  matter, 
from  Hannibal  to  Augustus,  that  can  be  found 
in  the  books,  and  might  have  been  condensed 
with  no  loss  of  interest  and  some  gain  in  clear- 
ness. Taken  as  a  whole,  however,  the  volmne  is 
a  valuable  contribution  to  the  literature  of  the 
subject;  and  being  separately  indexed,  it  may 
profitably  be  used  by  itseM,  without  reference 
to  the  second  volmne ;  to  which  we  must  now 
devote  a  few  words. 

It  treats  of  medisBval  Provence  down  to  its 
absorption  into  France  in  the  year  1481 ;  and 
contains  an  interesting  chapter  on  the  three 
great  fortresses  of  the  South, — Les  Baux,  Car- 
cassonne, and  Aigues  Mortes.  The  reason  for 
including  Carcassonne,  which  is  not  strictly 
within  the  geographical  limits  of  Provence,  is 
that  "its   most   heroic  history  is   inextricably 


associated  with  the  horrors  of  the  Albigensian 
crusade  "  (of  which  Mr.  Cook  proceeds  to  give 
us  a  lengthy  account)  ;  and  also,  that  "  no  ex- 
cuse is  needed  for  reminding  the  traveller  in 
Provence  that  he  is  within  reach  of  the  most 
magnificent  fortress  in  Europe,  which  has  been 
held  in  turn  by  Visigoth,  Frank,  and  French- 
man, and  is  now  restored,  by  a  very  miracle  of 
tasteful  knowledge,  to  all  the  primitive  splendor 
of  its  rugged  beauty,  its  isolated  strength,  its 
marvellously  complex  architecture." 

Avignon  and  its  Popes,  who  divided  with 
Rome  the  homage  of  Christendom  during  the 
fourteenth  century,  are  given  a  fvdl  and  com- 
prehensive chapter  ;  and  it  is  only  a  pity  that 
Mr.  Cook  found  himseK  compelled,  for  lack  of 
space  as  he  says,  to  cut  short  his  description  of 
beautiful  VUleneuve.  We  could  have  better 
spared  a  Pope  or  two  in  order  to  have  justice 
done  to  this  fascinating  old  town,  separated 
from  Avignon  only  by  "  the  blue  rushing  of  the 
arrowy  Rhone." 

Mr.  Cook  does  fidl  justice  to  Provencal  lit- 
erature and  to  its  modern  revival  in  the  Feli- 
bres ;  and  quotes  plentifully  from  Mistral, 
Aubanel,  Roiunanille,  and  the  rest,  generally 
with  subjoined  translations.  From  the  "  gay 
science  "  he  selects  and  tells  the  stories  of  Clem- 
ence  and  of  Aucassin  and  NicoUete.  Good  King 
Rene  and  his  court  close  the  picture ;  "  as  an 
honest  politician,  his  material  successes  were 
not  so  great  as  those  obtained  by  more  unscru- 
pulous players  in  the  game  of  kings.  His  claim 
upon  posterity  lies  rather  upon  artistic  and  intel- 
lectual gromids ;  upon  the  serenity  he  showed 
in  evil  fortune ;  the  dignity  with  which  he  faced 
defeat ;  the  constancy  with  which  he  died,  at 
Aix,  July  10,  1480,  still  in  possession  of  his 
titles  of  inheritance  and  knowing  that  he  pos- 
sessed them  for  the  good  of  France." 

We  gladly  go  with  Mr.  Cook  on  a  little  jour- 
ney to  the  beautiful  valley  of  Vaucluse,  inunor- 
talized  by  its  memories  of 

"  Lovely  Laura  in  her  light  green  dress, 
And  faithful  Petrarch  gloriously  crowned." 

He  contends,  against  received  accounts,  that 
Laura  did  not  meet  Petrarch  first  in  a  church 
at  Avignon,  that  she  never  married,  and  that 
she  died  of  a  chill  instead  of  the  plague. 

The  book  is  weU  printed ;  though  an  obvious 
slip  on  page  17  of  volume  II,  makes  "  favoured" 
out  of  "  fevered."  More  than  a  guide-book,  and 
less,  it  is  one  of  those  aids  to  travel  which,  like 
Mr.  Crawford's  "  Rulers  of  the  South,"  should 
lie  by  the  side  of  Baedeker  in  even  the  smallest 
steamer  trunk.  Josiah  Renick  Smith. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


41 


A    RE-VALrATIOX    OF    SCHLLLER.* 


During  the  year  just  closed,  the  hundi-edth 
anniversary  of  the  death  of  Friedrich  Schiller 
brought  an  almost  embarrassing  wealth  of 
portraits,  biographies,  estimates,  and  apprecia- 
tions of  the  great  German  dramatist,  forming 
an  eloquent  international  expression  of  his  far- 
reaching  influence  as  man  and  poet.  While 
the  majority  of  these  publications  are  mainly 
re-statements,  in  var^-ing  form,  of  a  sort  of 
standard  judgment  as  to  the  poet's  position  in 
literature.  Professor  Kiihnemann's  book  merits 
attention  as  a  genuine  attempt  to  contribute  to 
a  re-valuation  of  Schiller  for  our  own  time.  He 
sets  himself  a  definite  task  of  interpretation, 
unmixed  with  attempts  to  solve  any  questions 
of  chronological  detail,  derivation,  or  literary 
relationship.  Xot  that  he  ignores  such  matters, 
as  unworthy  of  consideration ;  but  he  assumes 
that  all  such  questions.  haATng  any  vital  signifi- 
cance for  his  work,  have  alreacly  been  satis- 
factorily answered.  This  elimination  of  much 
i^rele^'ant  discussion  greatly  simplifies  and  in- 
tensifies the  total  impression  of  the  book. 

The  central  feature  that  unifies  the  author's 
discussion  is  the  prevailing  attention  focused 
from  first  to  last  upon  Schiller  the  dramatist. 
Professor  Kiihneman  recognizes,  more  clearly 
than  do  most  critics,  the  essential  peculiarity'  of 
the  poet's  genius.  Even  in  the  lyrics  of  the 
Anthology  of  1782,  the  occasional  use  of  dia- 
logue, as  in  Hektors  Abschied^  reveals  the 
antithetical  and  dramatic  trend  of  SchiUer's 
mind.  The  same  capacity  for  perceiving  ideas 
and  relations  spatially,  and  in  conflict  with 
each  other,  made  for  Schiller  the  ballad-year, 
1798,  so  signally  successfid.  For  the  ballad  is 
at  its  best  when  saturated  with  the  spirit  of  the 
drama.  SchUler's  studies  ia  the  fields  of  history 
and  philosophy  were  consciously  undertaken  as 
a  means  to  supply  the  dramatist  with  a  solid 
substratrmi  of  definite  knowledge.  He  saw  in 
his  own  ignorance  of  life,  present  and  past,  the 
cause  of  a  ratlical  weakness  of  all  his  early 
dramas.  These  were  almost  exclusively  the 
product  of  an  exceptionally  ^-i^^d  imagination 
nourished  by  its  own  fancies.  Instead  of  taking: 
his  cue  longer  from  the  spider,  which  spins  her 
web  out  of  her  own  body,  Schiller  began  to 
imitate  the  bee,  which  makes  honey  out  of  the 
raw  material  furnished  by  the  most  widely 
divergent  flowers  imaginable.  The  History 
of  the  Thirty  Years"  War,  the  History  of  the 

•ScHiLLEB.  Von  Engen  Kuhnemann.  Munchen:  C.  H. 
Becksche  Verlags-Buchhandlang. 


Revolt  of  the  Netherlands,  and  other  minor 
historical  works,  were  merely  the  by-products 
of  a  mind  that  recognized  in  the  drama  its  task 
of  prime  importance.  The  remarkable  fascina- 
tion exerted  upon  the  reader  by  these  secondary 
works  of  Schiller's  pen  is  due  to  his  wonderful 
power  of  distinct  visualization  and  to  the  imagi- 
nation of  the  bom  dramatist,  that  transforms 
the  epic  past  into  the  dramatic  present. 

Professor  Kiihnemann's  clear  perception  of 
these  facts  leads  him  to  a  method  of  presentation 
that  is  equally  just  to  the  poet  and  attractive  to 
the  reader.  The  salient  features  of  Schiller's 
outer  life-experience  are  given  simply  and  ade- 
quately in  a  sequence  dictated  by  the  course  of 
the  poet's  dramatic  career.  The  central  sub- 
ject of  the  first  hvmdred  pages  of  the  book  is 
Schiller's  earliest  drama,  Z)^ie  R'duher.  All 
the  suggestive  discussion  devoted  to  the  poet's 
family,  childhood,  and  school  and  academy  ex- 
perience, is  so  shaped  and  timed  as  to  stand  in 
vital  relation  to  the  later  consideration  of  the 
play.  In  the  school  compositions,  philosophical 
and  scientific,  as  also  in  the  letters  of  the  young 
poet,  our  author  finds  proof  of  an  innate  mental 
tendency  to  proceed  from  large  generalizations 
to  their  concrete  application.  This  was  doubt- 
less strengthened  by  the  whole  trend  of  the 
Karlsschule  toward  philosophical  speculation 
and  didacticism,  in  place  of  scientific  experimen- 
tation and  the  development  of  individuality  in 
the  learner.  It  accepts  as  final  truth  a  tradi- 
tional system  of  ethics,  and  behind  this  an 
equally  traditional  philosophy  of  the  world.  As 
a  kind  of  reaction  against  the  prevailing  doc- 
trine of  his  teachers,  we  may  regard  Schiller's 
over-emphasis  on  the  material  and  the  sensual, 
as  the  impelling  force  in  human  life,  shown  in 
his  medical  dissertations.  In  this  he  anticipates 
the  cynicism  of  Franz  Moor  in  the  R'duher. 

The  Hduber  is  the  most  striking  illustration 
conceivable  of  the  tendency  of  the  poet  to  proceed 
mentally  from  the  abstract  to  the  concrete.  All 
efforts  to  portray  human  society  and  to  reflect 
the  world  of  reality  are  strictly  subordinated  to 
the  tragic  conflict  between  human  will  and  the 
moral  law  of  the  universe.  SchiUer  saw  this 
conflict  in  large  outline,  without  confusion  of 
detail ;  and  he  succeeded,  in  spite  of  his  igno- 
rance of  dramatic  technique  and  of  real  life,  in 
giving  us  an  impressive  picture  of  his  vision. 
Franz  Moor,  the  blasphemous  scoffer  and  de- 
nier, and  Karl,  the  incensed  and  presumptuous 
reformer,  who  arrogates  to  himself  the  office 
of  Providence,  each  meet  characteristic  defeat 
at    the    hands    of    the    moral    constitution    of 


42 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


things.  God  is  thus  vindicated,  and  is,  as  Pro- 
fessor Kiihnemann  says,  the  real  hero  of  the 
play.  The  Titanic  revolt  and  its  dreadful 
consequences  are  conceived  by  Schiller  with 
such  vividness  and  intensity  as  to  render  the 
R'duher,  in  spite  of  a  plot  of  inconsistencies, 
contradictions,  and  absurdities,  the  most  re- 
markable first  attempt  of  any  dramatist  in  the 
world's  history.  The  sins  of  the  time,  the  va- 
garies in  its  philosophy  of  life,  its  social  and 
political  crimes,  are,  as  our  author  points  out, 
the  objects  upon  which  Scluller  turns  the 
searchlight  of  his  various  characters.  Unlike 
Shakespeare  and  Hebbel,  who  portray  the  psy- 
chological steps  by  which  an  individual  deviates 
from  the  narrow  course  that  alone  insures  hap- 
piness and  continued  existence,  Schiller  sees 
men  in  masses  and  imiversalizes  their  relation  to 
the  fixed  laws  of  the  universe  as  he  conceives  it. 

Professor  Kiihnemann  presents  a  close  and 
suggestive  analysis  of  the  play,  and  continues 
with  adequate  attention  to  its  inner  and  outer 
history  and  to  its  literary  congeners  among  the 
poet's  predecessors  and  contemporaries.  In 
approximately  two  hundred  pages,  he  then  fol- 
lows the  development  of  Schiller's  art,  from 
his  flight  from  the  Karlsschule  to  his  first 
residence  in  Weimar.  Three  dramas  are  the 
central  subject  of  this  part  of  the  work.  The 
author's  sketch  of  the  distressing  and  cheering 
elements  of  the  poet's  life  in  Stuttgart,  Oggers- 
heim,  Bauerbach,  Mannheim,  Leipzig,  and 
Dresden,  prefaces  his  consideration  of  Fiesko, 
Kabale  und  Liehe^  and  Don  Carlos.  Due 
weight  is  given  to  the  mfluence  of  persecution, 
disappointment,  ill-health,  friendship,  love,  and 
popidar  success,  upon  shaping  the  mind  and 
work  of  the  dramatist. 

Fiesko  was  conceived  almost  simultaneously 
with  Die  R'duber^  and  hence  is  the  fruit  of  a 
similar  psychological  process.  Yet  our  critic 
calls  attention  to  several  striking  differences 
between  these  works.  Die  Rduher  deals  with 
contemporary  life,  and  is  nevertheless,  in  point 
of  landscape,  society,  and  individual  portraits, 
almost  wholly  a  work  of  the  free  imagination. 
Fiesko  is  based  upon  the  life  of  the  past ;  and 
yet  in  it  the  poet  has  taken  conscious  pains  to 
present  a  convincing  picture  of  reality.  The 
spirit  of  protest,  so  potent  a  factor  in  the  texture 
of  the  li'duher,  yields  here  to  an  elaborate  por- 
trayal of  society  and  the  world.  To  match  the 
gigantic  protest  embodied  m  the  fantastic  rob- 
bers and  their  symbolic  day  of  judgment,  Fiesko 
presents  the  idea  of  republican  freedom.  A 
coup  d'etat  takes  the  place  of  the  day  of  judg- 


ment, mth  a  corresponding  drop  in  pitch  and 
intensity. 

While  Karl  Moor's  outraged  sense  of  right 
and  justice  is  the  mainspring  of  his  action, 
Fiesko'' s  love  of  freedom  is  so  largely  mingled 
with  mere  passion  for  glory  and  worldly  ambi- 
tion as  to  render  him  almost  unworthy  of  tragic 
pity.  The  action  of  the  Rduher  is  pushed  to 
a  point  where  the  moral  order  of  the  universe 
stands  revealed  triumphant  in  the  opposite  poles 
of  humanity,  represented  by  the  brothers  Moor. 
Thus  the  disturbed  equilibrium  is  restored. 
The  fall  of  Fiesko,  and  the  continuance  of  the 
old  regime  iinder  Andreas  Doria,  offer  by  com- 
parison but  a  feeble  solution  of  the  problem.  A 
reason  for  this  deterioration.  Professor  Kiihne- 
mann finds  in  Schiller's  fatuous  belief  that  a 
realistic  picture  of  a  conspirac;/,  prompted  by 
love  of  republican  freedom,  must  necessarily  be 
quite  as  significant  as  the  imaginative  picture  of 
the  Rduher. 

Professor  Kiilmemann  emphasizes  the  success 
of  the  poet  in  giving  to  the  motley  forms  and 
tendencies  of  his  picture  of  social  life  imity  and 
the  semblance  of  reality.  But  he  also  shows  the 
vmnaturally  political  bias  of  all  these  representa- 
tives of  republican  freedom.  "  They  feel  and 
act  not  as  natural  but  as  political  human  be- 
ings." They  are  too  often  but  incarnations  of 
an  abstract  idea.  Schiller  does  not  yet  succeed 
in  creating  convincing  characters,  capable  of 
acting  like  real  men  and  women  of  flesh  and 
blood,  and  also  of  embodying  his  poetic  inten- 
tion. He  too  frequently  permits  them  to  sub- 
stitute for  the  views  and  expressions  natural  to 
them  either  their  author's  conunent  upon  them 
or  high-keyed  declamation  of  the  abstract  ideas 
of  their  creator. 

Schiller's  next  drama,  Kahale  und  Liehe, 
illustrates  his  power  of  discerning  the  sources 
of  his  previous  success  and  failure,  and  of  apply- 
ing this  knowledge  to  a  new  problem.  After  his 
doubtfid  experiment  with  Genoese  history,  he 
returned,  in  his  third  venture,  to  his  own  con- 
temporaneous country.  German  society  as  then 
constituted,  with  its  class  distinctions  and  class 
prejudices,  and  with  its  clash  of  class  with  class, 
is  the  source  of  the  tragedy  in  this  work.  The 
conflict  between  the  natural  right  of  a  man  to 
love  according  to  the  promptings  of  his  own 
heart,  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  world  of  social 
convention  and  prescription  on  the  other,  is  the 
occasion  of  the  action.  So  we  have  here,  as  in 
the  Rduher,  a  mighty  spirit  of  protest,  justified 
by  notorioiis  social  abuses.  As  our  critic  says,  if 
the  poet's  premise  of  the  natural  right  to  follow 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


43 


the  lead  of  the  heart  in  love  is  admitted,  then 
the  society  he  depicts  stands  convicted  of  crime. 
Professor  Kuhnemann  praises  the  choice  of  sub- 
ject, the  effective  introduction,  with  its  realistic 
picture  of  the  Miller  family,  the  compact  and 
well-balanced  structure  of  the  drama,  and  the 
full-rounded  and  dignified  characters  of  Luise 
and  Ferdinand  in  the  second  half  of  the  action. 
But  he  clearly  sees  the  weaknesses  of  the  play. 
Preponderance  of  theatrical  instinct  over  clear 
poetic  vision  occasionally  produces  exigencies  of 
the  intrigue  quite  incompatible  with  the  character 
of  the  men  and  women  involved.  The  intrigue, 
by  remaining  in  the  foregroimd,  deploying  its 
ugliness,  and  precipitating  the  conflict  during 
the  first  half  of  the  action,  condemns  Luise  and 
Ferdinand  to  passive  roles,  in  which  they  fail  to 
show  any  personality  whatever.  Moreover  the 
persons  of  the  inti-igue  are  a  pliant  coxcomb  and 
two  munitigated  scoimdrels.  The  running  satire 
of  the  poet  through  their  words  makes  clear  that 
they  are  deliberately  Avithout  conscience,  ruth- 
less, and  wicked.  They  might  be  otherwise,  if 
they  would.  Hence  they  do  not  belong  to  the 
world  of  real  men,  whose  virtues  and  vices  are 
the  necessary  product  of  the  natural  law  of  their 
being.  We  miss,  therefore,  in  their  conflict  with 
the  children  of  light,  that  element  of  the  inev- 
itable inseparable  from  the  highest  form  of  trag- 
edy. The  whole  remains  rather  a  lyric  cry  of 
intense  indignation  against  wanton  oppression. 

In  his  interesting  sketch  of  the  position  of 
Schiller's  Kahale  und  Liehe  in  the  history  of 
occidental  middle-class  drama,  from  Richardson 
through  Rousseau,  Lessing,  etc.,  to  Hebbel, 
Ibsen,  and  Gerliard  Hauptmann,  our  author 
emphasizes  the  unique  relation  of  Hebbel  to 
Schiller.  The  tragic  element  of  middle-class 
life,  as  conceived  by  Schiller,  is  not  inherent  in 
the  life  of  the  class  as  such,  but  hinges  rather 
upon  the  accidental  and  temjjoral  relation  of 
class  to  class  in  the  society  and  state  of  his  own 
day ;  whereas  Hebbel  shows,  in  his  Maria  Mag- 
dalena  (1844),  that  the  narrow  relations  of 
middle-class  life  produce  ine\'itably  a  narrow- 
horizoned  and  strait-laced  ethical  consciousness 
and  sense  of  honor,  which  is  at  once  the  highest 
spiritual  manifestation  of  this  range  of  hmnan 
life,  and,  by  its  stem  severity  of  judgment,  the 
source  of  intense  tragic  conflicts. 

What  Professor  Kiihnemann  says  of  Don 
Carlos  —  of  its  genesis,  its  original  conception 
and  the  completed  work,  the  three  dramas 
within  the  cU-ama,  the  Eboli  scenes,  and  the 
catastrophe  —  is  all  well  worth  while.  We  can 
mention  here  but  two  points  of  his  discussion. 


In  Don  Carlos^  Schiller  succeeds  for  the  first 
time  in  dramatizing  history.  He  sees  the  con- 
fiict  between  the  cause  of  hmnanity  and  the 
Spanish  Inquisition  in  the  serene  confidence  of 
his  new  belief  in  the  invincible  power  of  good 
over  evil.  He  no  longer  protests  as  a  social 
pessiniLst.  He  acknowledges  the  necess^uy  of 
reckoning  with  historical  conditions  and  their 
upholders,  as  inevitable  facts  of  life.  They 
may  be  bad;  in  that  case  they  can  and  must 
eventually  be  changed.  They  may  not  yield 
without  many  a  tragic  sacrifice  of  the  hopes, 
aspu-ations,  and  lives  of  good  men.  And  this 
fills  the  beholder  not  with  the  spirit  of  revolt, 
but  with  compassion  and  tragic  pity.  Save  for 
a  few  lapses  into  his  old  manner,  Schiller  draws 
the  representatives  of  the  Inquisition  with  as- 
impartial  a  distribution  of  light  and  shadow  as 
he  does  the  Prince  and  Posa.  They  are  all  live 
men  —  some  of  them  even  great  men.  This  is 
striking  proof  of  the  increasing  ripeness  of  the 
poet's  views  of  life  and  art. 

Our  author  takes  exception  to  a  widespread 
current  view  that  does  Schiller  a  double  injus- 
tice. This  is  the  identification  of  Don  Carlos 
with  the  liigh-water  mark  of  the  poet's  dramatic 
art,  and  a  misconception  of  that  humanity  which 
is  here  the  object  of  his  enthusiasm  and  his 
pathos.  For,  great  as  is  the  superiority  of  this 
drama  over  the  earlier  group  of  his  tragedies, 
the  gidf  that  separates  Don  Carlos  from  the 
creations  of  his  fidl  maturity  is  still  greater. 
And  the  humanity  which  is  the  especial  care 
and  inspii-ation  of  the  Prince  and  his  friend  is 
no  mere  abstraction,  as  is  commonly  supposed. 
It  means  the  power  and  originality  of  the  per- 
sonal life,  that  maintains  itself  and  is  operative 
against  all  beniunbing  and  deadening  forms  and 
traditions.  It  means  the  right  to  one's  self,  the 
freedom  of  the  children  of  God  in  their  creative 
enjoyment  of  the  fulness  of  existence. 

Professor  Kiihnemann  devotes  about  two 
hundi-ed  pages  to  the  period  between  Schiller's 
first  residence  in  Weimar  and  the  completion 
of  Wallenstein,  and  the  remainder  of  the  book 
(something  over  a  hundred  pages)  to  the  closing 
years  of  the  poet's  life.  The  well-known  outer 
facts  of  his  experience  in  Weimar  and  Jena,  his 
love,  friendships,  and  domestic  life,  his  studies  in 
history,  philosophy,  and  the  Greek  drama,  his 
professorship,  his  journalistic  activity,  his  his- 
torical essays  and  philosophical  poems,  and  his 
ballads,  receive  adequate  attention  in  a  natural 
sequence  that  is  chiefly  chronological.  In  an 
important  sense,  all  these  elements  stand  in  a 
causal  relation  with  that  degree   of  maturity 


44 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


reflected  in  his  later  dramas.  Through  the 
study  of  history,  philosophy,  and  the  Greek 
stage,  he  came  into  touch  with  the  master-mind 
of  Goethe  and  made  possible  that  give-and-take 
friendship  which  proved  so  stimidating  and  help- 
fid  to  both  men.  The  earnest  effort  of  SchiUer 
to  define  to  himself  the  difference  between  the 
natural  working  of  his  own  mind  and  that  of 
Goethe  proved  the  occasion  not  only  of  the  fh'st 
real  introduction  of  the  friends  to  each  other, 
but  also  of  suggestive  critical  studies,  em- 
bodied in  the  essay  of  1795,  upon  Naive  und 
/Sentimentalische  Dichtung.  Schiller's  obli- 
gation to  Goethe  is  generally  emphasized  by  the 
critics  ;  they  sometimes  overlook,  or  at  any  rate 
fail  to  mention,  the  great  obligation  of  Goethe 
to  Schiller  during  the  eleven  years  of  their  joint 
activity.  Professor  Kiihnemann  is  explicit  upon 
both  points.  He  says  that  Schiller  was  brought 
by  Goethe  into  a  new  relation  to  things,  —  a 
new  relation  to  reality,  —  and  that  Goethe  was 
enlightened  by  Schiller  as  to  the  wealth  of  his 
own  ideas.  Goethe's  service  consisted  simply 
in  meeting  Schiller  familiarly  and  giving  him  a 
chance  to  comprehend  and  appropriate  his  habit 
of  looking  at  things  objectively  and  securing 
concrete  mental  pictures  of  the  world  and  of 
human  life.  Schiller  stimulated  Goethe  to  re- 
newed poetic  activity,  called  his  attention  to 
omissions  of  argument  or  to  theses  that  needed 
more  carefid  elucidation,  and  made  him  aware 
of  the  unnoticed  bearing  of  some  earlier  thought. 
And  to  the  spur  of  Schiller's  encouragement  and 
constructive  criticism  we  owe  the  completion  of 
the  First  Part  of  Faust. 

Wallenstein  marks  the  beginning  of  a  new 
period  of  dramatic  activity  in  Schiller.  It  is 
essentially  different  from  all  of  the  poet's  earlier 
tragedies  and  from  all  previous  productions 
of  German  literature.  Professor  Kiihnemann 
speaks  at  length  of  the  wealth  of  intellectual  and 
emotional  experience  that  immediately  preceded 
and  accompanied  the  genesis  of  this  work.  He 
mentions  the  various  interruptions  and  changes 
of  plan,  many  of  which  are  reflected  in  the 
drama  itself,  and  in  Schiller's  correspondence 
from  January  12,  1791,  to  March  17,  1799. 
He  emphasizes  the  fundamental  difficulties  in- 
herent in  the  material — the  embarrassing  wealth 
of  facts  to  be  communicated  ;  the  various  inde- 
pendent political  plans  of  Illo,  Questenberg, 
Oktavio,  Buttler,  and  many  others,  to  be  coordi- 
nated ;  a  morally  reprehensible  undertaking  of 
political  ambition  to  be  rendered  imposing  and 
attractive,  in  spite  of  its  physical  fadure  through 
WaUenstein's  own  clumsiness.     And,  most  for- 


midable of  all,  perhaps,  for  Schiller's  art  was 
the  cold  intellectuality,  the  hard-lined  calcula- 
ting nature,  of  Wallenstein  himself.  All  the 
heroes  of  Schiller's  previous  dramas  are  idealists 
of  one  sort  and  another.  In  Wallenstein  he 
recognizes  the  realist,  a  representative  of  a  class 
to  which  the  world  belongs.  This  man  must 
never  appear  really  noble,  and  in  no  act  of  the 
play  really  great  or  full  of  dignity.  Under  the 
stress  of  necessity,  he  must  try  with  shrewdness 
to  hold  his  ground,  but  always  without  sacri- 
ficing himseK  for  the  sake  of  lofty  ideas.  To 
effect  the  tragic  shock,  and  awaken  tragic  pity 
through  such  a  character,  was  the  new  task  for 
Schiller's  art.  His  complaint  to  Goethe,  in  the 
letter  of  November  28,  1796,  that  destiny,  in 
the  proper  sense  of  the  word,  still  had  too  little, 
and  WaUenstein's  own  error  too  much,  to  do 
with  his  misfortune,  has  often  been  misunder- 
stood. Critics  have  quoted  it  to  supjwrt  weird 
theories  as  to  Schiller's  idea  of  destiny.  What 
he  evidently  meant,  as  Professor  Kiihnemann 
shows,  was  the  need  of  substituting  for  the 
accidental  clumsiness  of  the  individual  man 
the  lofty,  inner,  unavoidable  necessity  of  a  life 
governed  by  fixed  laws.  Schdler's  aim  in  this 
drama  is  to  present,  in  place  of  the  splendor  of 
eloquent  details,  a  convincing  picture  of  human 
life  ;  and  in  place  of  self -intoxication  in  soaring 
rhetoric,  the  tonic  of  simple  concrete  truth.  His 
method  is  based  consciously  upon  observation  of 
Sophocles's  King  (Edipus.  He  himseK  calls  it 
the  method  of  tragic  analysis.  It  consists  in 
confining  the  visible  action  of  the  tragedy  to  an 
unfolding  of  the  consequences  of  previous  acts 
and  occurrences. 

In  Wallenstein  s  Lager  we  have  sharply 
individualized  groups  of  characteristic  soldiery, 
suggesting,  in  aU  its  fulness  of  life,  color,  and 
movement,  the  army.  These  jolly  or  quarrel- 
some, gambling,  dancing,  flirting,  and  carousing 
soldiers  and  hangers-on  all  appear  in  the  per- 
spective of  the  mass  to  which  they  belong. 
The  order  of  their  appearance  is  chosen  with 
consmnmate  skiU,  so  as  to  give  the  semblance 
of  reality.  For  the  whole  motley  army  of  poly- 
glot troops,  the  as  yet  invisible  commander-in- 
chief  is  the  vicegerent  of  God  on  earth.  Against 
their  enthusiasm  for  him  not  even  the  fanatical 
preaching  of  the  dull  servants  of  the  church  is 
of  any  avail.  It  is  a  vivid  genre  picture,  rival- 
ing the  best  work  of  the  old  Dutch  masters, 
and  furnisliing  striking  proof  of  the  poet's  new 
skiU  in  objective  delineation  and  in  the  dramatic 
use  of  masses  of  men.  His  success  in  this  latter 
point  is  the  fruit  of  an  inborn  tendency,  shown 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


46 


in  all  his  earlier  plays,  under  the  discipline  of  in- 
tensive study  of  the  Greeks  and  of  Shakespeare. 
Schiller  lays  especial  stress,  in  his  study  of 
Wallenstein,  upon  the  elements  of  history  that 
mouldetl  the  man.  In  this,  as  Professor  Kiihne- 
mann  urges,  he  differs  radically  from  Shake- 
speare. The  British  poet  would  have  focused 
attention  throughout  upon  the  demoniac  nature 
of  Wallenstein's  mind,  —  upon  the  tragedy  of 
unbridled,  self-<lestructive  ambition  to  rule.  The 
surroundings  of  the  man  would  have  remained 
the  xmaccented  syllable.  Schiller  presents  sym- 
bolically, through  the  general's  associates,  that 
historical  en^4ronment  under  the  influence  of 
which  Wallenstein's  temperament,  self-confi- 
dence, ambition,  and  superstition  succumb  to 
temptation.  Illo,  Isolani,  Buttler,  and  Oktavio 
Piccolomini.  each  sharply  individualized  and 
pro^^ded  \^'ith  his  o\^ti  philosophy  of  life,  are 
chief  among  these  associates.  Each  of  them  is 
in  a  sense  a  creature  of  the  commander,  em- 
bodying in  characteristic  fashion  the  demoniac 
principle  of  WaUenstein's  mind.  Hence  the  hero 
of  the  tragedy  is  a  sort  of  composite  total  of  all 
these  indi\'iduals.  He  is  an  organic  part  of  that 
body  of  relations  and  influences,  dominated  by 
inmiutable  laws,  that  is  the  destiny  of  man. 
His  belief  in  astrology  is  the  S}Tnbol  of  his  o\*ti 
implicit  confidence  in  the  absolute  necessity  of 
things.  But  it  is  also  a  defect  in  his  own  nature, 
blinding  him  to  the  approach  of  his  impending 
doom,  that  is  plainly  visible  to  everyone  else. 
In  this  he  resembles  King  (Edipus  ;  but  while 
the  Greeks  conceivetl  Destiny  as  a  wholly  super- 
human, inscrutable  necessity,  before  which  gods 
and  men  must  bow,  Schiller  regards  it  as  the 
unchanging  regularity  of  the  laws  of  life  ^sithout 
and  within  the  uidi\'idual.  Max  and  Thekla 
are  the  only  idealists  in  the  drama.  They  are 
bound  to  WaUenstein  by  ties  of  blood  and 
affection.  They  reflect  his  emotional  life,  as  the 
others  reflect  his  iateUect  and  his  ambition.  In 
their  uinocence  and  disinterestedness,  they  sym- 
bolize the  Beautiful  in  human  life.  Schiller's 
view  as  to  the  rightful  place  of  the  Beautiful 
and  of  Art  in  life,  already  expressetl  in  his  phil- 
osophical \NTitings,  is  hei-e  dramatized.  They 
are  also  a  mirror  in  which  the  repulsive  selfish- 
ness and  faithlessness  of  the  others,  and  the 
shadow  of  the  approaching  Nemesis,  are  seen. 
The  transformation  of  their  idyU  into  an  elegy 
is  part  of  the  tragic  catastrophe  that  over- 
whelms Wallenstein.  But  Schiller  remained  an 
idealist  to  the  end  of  his  life,  and  does  not  here 
imply,  as  Professor  Kiihnemann  seems  to  think, 
that   Max  and  Thekla  have   no  place   in  the 


world.  What  he  does  seem  to  imply  is  that  a 
world  of  hard-lined  realism  and  selfish  stri^-ing, 
like  that  of  Wallenstein  and  his  circle,  whose 
one-sidedness  excludes  and  crushes  the  idealists 
and  the  beautiful  in  life,  is  eo  ipso  a  world  of 
tragic  catastrophes. 

We  must  pass  over  a  wealth  of  suggestive 
and  helpful  discussion  offered  by  our  author 
in  connection  with  this  tragedy,  and  with  the 
dramas  of  Maria  Stuart,  Die  Jungfrau  von 
Orleans,  Die  Braxit  von  Messina^  Wilhelm 
Tell,  and  with  the  important  Demetrius  frag- 
ment. The  main  feature  of  it  all  consists  in 
tracing  through  these  diverse  materials  and 
forms  the  substance  of  Schiller's  later  concep- 
tion of  human  life,  destiny,  and  dramatic  style. 
From  cover  to  cover,  the  book  is  fascinatingly 
\^'ritten.  The  author's  style  is  simple,  flexible, 
and  strong,  but  slightly  marred  by  a  few  unne- 
cessary repetitions  and  infelicities  of  expression, 
that  can  easily  be  removed  in  a  second  edition. 
Its  warm  appreciation  of  the  peculiarity  of 
Schiller's  genius  and  intelligent  insight  into  the 
essentials  of  good  literature,  ancient  and  mod- 
em, render  it  a  worthy  companion-piece  to  the 
same  author's  Herder,  and  one  of  the  most  illu- 
minating and  suggestive  books  yet  written  upon 
the  greatest  German  dramatist. 

Stake  Willard  Cutting. 


Sea  Power  ajtd  thge  "Wak  of  1812. 


Captain  Mahan's  notable  series  of  naval  his- 
tories is  now  complete;  and  if  anything  were 
needed  to  establish  his  position  in  the  foremost 
rank  of  historical  writers,  his  latest  contribution 
to  that  series  —  "  Sea  Power  in  its  Relations  to 
the  War  of  1812*' — would  fully  supply  the 
demand.  Like  the  companion  volxmies  of  "  The 
Influence  of  Sea  Power  upon  History "  and 
"  The  Influence  of  Sea  Power  upon  the  French 
Revolution  and  Empire,"  this  cro\^Tiing  labor  is 
characterized  by  great  philosophic  insight  and 
masterly  arrangement  of  details,  but  it  far  sur- 
passes its  predecessors  in  its  abundant  evidences 
of  independent  and  painstaking  investigation. 
Access  has  been  had,  as  the  preface  intimates 
and  the  footnotes  show,  to  the  public  records  of 
Great  Britain,  Canada,  and  the  United  States,  to 
the  published  correspondence  of  various  promi- 
nent men  of  the  period,  and  to  the  unpublished 
private  papers  of  Lord  Castlereagh.     Such  a 

*Ska  Powek  is  its  Relations  to  the  Wak  of  1812.  By 
Captain  A.  T.  Mahan.  In  two  volames.  Illustrated.  Boston: 
Little.  Brown,  &,  Co. 


46 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


mustering  of  original  and  contemporary  sources 
is  a  sufficient  guarantee  of  inestimable  worth, 
especially  when  an  historian  of  our  author's 
tyjpe  —  judicious,  conscientious,  and  withal  ac- 
curate—  has  had  the  handling  of  them. 

The  second  war  with  Great  Britain  occupied 
less  than  three  years;  yet  Captain  Mahan,  pos- 
sibly because  he  is  dealing  with  the  history  of 
his  own  country  or  because  he  is  treading  upon 
very  familiar  ground,  has  given  it  a  propor- 
tionately larger  amount  of  space  than  he  gave 
his  earlier  themes.  Precisely  two-thirds  of  the 
first  volume,  or  fourteen  chapters  of  the  entire 
work,  are  devoted  to  a  discussion  of  the  com- 
mercial complications  that  underlay  the  strug- 
gle, one  chapter  to  a  description  of  the  theatre 
of  operations  and  to  a  general  criticism  of  the 
insufficiency  of  American  resources,  twelve 
chapters  to  the  war  itself,  and  a  single  chapter 
to  a  much  abbreviated  and  rather  superficial 
account  of  the  peace  negotiations.  The  material, 
except  in  the  case  of  minor  though  contributory 
details,  is  not  new,  indeed  much  of  it  was  sum- 
marized by  Captain  Mahan  himself  in  a  series  of 
articles  —  advance  sheets,  so  to  speak  —  that 
appeared  two  years  ago  in  "  Scribner's  Maga- 
zine ";  but  the  presentation  of  it  is  so  logical,  so 
fascinatingly  clear  and  unprejudiced,  that  the  mi- 
pression  conveyed  is  one  of  striking  originality. 

The  opening  pages  of  the  book  have,  in  gxeat 
degree,  the  nature  and  scope  of  an  introduction. 
They  point  out  pre-revolutionary  experiences 
and  conditions  as  determining  causes  of  later 
events,  and  in  this  they  are  extremely  interest- 
ing. British  thought  with  respect  to  maritime 
development  presented,  from  Cromwell's  time 
down,  a  continuity  that  greatly  impressed  public 
opinion.  A  course  of  action  long  and  successfully 
persisted  in  must  perforce  be  right  and  just. 
Consequently  the  national  consciousness  never 
once  swerved  from  the  idea  that  the  navy  was  the 
bxdwark  of  imperial  power,  and  that,  as  it  was 
recruited  from  the  mercantile  marine,  the  growth 
of  the  carrying  trade  must  be  a  first  considera- 
tion. The  thirteen  colonies  had  already  shown 
commercial  aptitude ;  in  the  northeast  they  had 
developed  shipping  industries  ;  and  now  having 
obtained  political  independence,  they  were  likely 
to  prove  formidable  competitors  in  the  naviga- 
tion of  the  world.  It  was  necessary  to  curtail 
their  opportunities.  It  was  also  necessary  to 
fill  in  the  gap  that  their  revolution  had  made  in 
the  empire  by  developing  the  resources  of  other 
transatlantic  dominions,  particularly  of  Canada 
and  the  West  Indies,  whither  the  Tories  whom 
loyalty  had  made  exiles  and  to  whom  the  home 


government  felt  somewhat  indebted  had  found  a 
refuge.  Naturally  enough,  all  measures  having 
these  things  for  their  object  were  regarded  with 
suspicion  by  the  new  republic.  The  provincial- 
ism that  had  formed  a  misconception  of  the  pur- 
pose of  the  navigation  laws  was  predisposed  to 
designate  the  taking  away  of  privileges  enjoyed 
as  colonists  as  a  gross  subversion  of  justice. 

Especial  praise  is  due  the  author  for  that 
part  of  his  book  which  deals  with  the  more 
inunediate  causes  of  the  War  of  1812  ;  for  there 
he  has  with  his  accustomed  impartiality  placed 
the  policy  and  conduct  of  Great  Britain  in 
proper  perspective.  This  is  a  really  strong  point, 
a  feature  most  distinctive.  Other  ^vriters  have 
usually  regarded  the  irritating  events  of  the 
period  as  instances  of  a  lingering  tyranny  on 
the  part  of  the  mother  country;  but  Captain 
Mahan  has  viewed  them  in  their  larger  aspect, 
—  namely,  in  their  relation  to  the  Napoleonic 
wars.  His  treatment  of  the  subject  of  Impress- 
ment is  liighly  conmiendable,  due  weight  being 
given  to  the  many  extenuating  circumstances. 
Great  Britain,  the  constant  force  of  the  succes- 
sive coalitions,  was  engaged  in  a  life  and  death 
struggle  with  despotism.  Her  navy  was  her 
great,  and  alm6st  her  only,  resource ;  but  the 
service  in  it  was  necessarily  long  and  arduous 
and  the  pay  was  small.  Desertions  were  ruin- 
ously frequent ;  for  across  the  Atlantic  was  a 
new  country  with  all  the  economic  advantages 
of  a  new  country.  British  sailors,  even  before 
the  Revolution,  had  manned  its  ships  and  knew 
of  its  facilities.  Furthermore,  there  an  easy 
naturalization  system  prevailed  which  was  con- 
trary to  all  recognized  principles  of  national 
allegiance.  Nowhere,  except  in  that  infant  com- 
mmiity,  eager  for  settlers,  had  it  yet  been 
acknowledged  that  the  power  of  expatriation 
resides  in  the  individual.  Great  Britain  claimed 
the  right  to  apprehend  her  own  deserters  ;  but 
she  never  did  claim  the  right  to  impress  Ameri- 
can seamen.  Cases  of  mistaken  identity  were, 
however,  very  nvmierous,  owing  to  the  fact  that 
the  people  of  the  two  countries,  one  in  origin, 
were  not  yet  distinguishable  from  each  other  by 
peculiarities  of  dress,  speech,  or  mamiers.  Brit- 
ish officers,  moreover,  greatly  annoyed  by  a  dis- 
graceful traffic  in  fraudident  certificates  of 
citizenship,  were  not  inclined  to  take  any  great 
precautions  against  errors. 

In  his  strictures  upon  Jefferson's  policy  of 
economy,  seeming  partiality  for  the  French,  and 
impotent  measures  of  retaliation  for  national  in- 
sidts,  Captain  Mahan  has  been  justly  severe. 
Realizing  that  the  United  States  was  too  much 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


47 


engrossed  in  money-making,  too  much  divided 
by  conflicting  sectional  interests,  and  too  much 
conti-olled  by  a  peace-lo^nng  president  to  take 
any  chances  in  war.  Great  Britain  adopted  with 
impimity  such  measures  as  woidd  counteract 
the  e^-il  effects  of  the  Continental  System,  even 
though  well  aware  that  they  woidd  react  dis- 
astrously upon  neutrals.  The  only  neutral  of 
any  consequence  was  the  United  States,  and  she 
was  scarcely  worth  considering  ;  for  Jefferson's 
gunboat  system  had  effectually  prevented  the 
growth  of  a  regular  na\y.  She  might  protest, 
but  her  protests  were  bound  to  be  mere  bluster. 
The  wonder  to  us  now  is,  that  she  could  have 
so  steadily  drifted  towards  war  and  have  made 
absolutely  no  preparation  for  it.  Her  embargo 
and  non-intercourse  laws  failed  of  their  object 
and  operated  against  herself.  Nothing  could 
have  been  more  to  the  purpose  of  Napoleon 
than  the  American  declaration  of  war  in  1812. 
Craft  and  subtlety  had  done  their  work.  The 
pity  of  it  aU  was  that  the  United  States,  griev- 
ously injured  by  both  France  and  Great  Britain, 
went  to  war  with  the  wrong  party.  She,  the 
exponent  of  liberty,  had  —  let  us  hope  uninten- 
tionally—  played  completely  into  the  hands  of 
the  arch-<lespot.  Napoleon,  whose  pretended 
revocation  of  the  obnoxious  decrees  and  con- 
temptible ante-dating  to  avoid  a  too  glaring  ex- 
posure of  fraud  and  duplicity  are  all  graphically 
narratetl  by  Captain  Mahan. 

It  has  been  traditional  in  American  history 
to  consider  the  War  of  1812  as  a  signal  success 
for  the  aggrieved  party.  Opinions  to  the  con- 
trary, although  held  by  all  first-class  historians 
and  supported  by  the  best  of  evidence,  have 
never  reached  the  masses.  There  was  no  organ- 
ized warfare  on  the  ocean,  but  the  brilliancy  of 
that  on  the  Great  Lakes  and  of  single  ship 
actions  at  sea  has  almost  obscvired  the  real  dis- 
asters on  land.  Upon  the  history-  of  hostilities 
proper.  Captain  Mahan  has  probably  said  the 
last  word.  No  one  but  a  man  rich  in  profes- 
sional experience  could  so  ably  deal  with  naval 
exploits.  His  criticisms  of  the  army  equipment 
are  all  well-substantiated,  and  his  narrative 
bears  close  comparison  with  Napier's  "  Peninsu- 
lar War."  The  sustained  effort  is,  perhaps,  not 
so  great,  but  there  is  the  same  skill  in  dealing 
with  technicalities,  the  same  dramatic  power  in 
description.     The  whole  is  excellent  reading. 

It  is  unfortunate  that  the  final  chapter  of  this 
really  scholarly  work  is  not  in  itself  an  impor- 
tant contribution  to  historical  knowledge.  We 
had  every  reason  to  expect  considerable  new 
light  upon  the  negotiations  at  Ghent,  and  are 


disappointed  that  neither  here  nor  in  the  October 
number  of  the  "American  Historical  Review" 
has  Captain  Mahan  told  us  much  more  than  we 
already  knew  about  the  influence  upon  them 
of  European  conditions.  That  it  was  great,  we, 
although  destitute  of  documentary  evidence,  feel 
pretty  well  assured.  In  no  other  way  can  we 
adequately  explain  Great  Britain's  change  of 
front.  The  United  States  had  practically  ac- 
complished little  by  the  war.  The  one  thing 
she  had  set  out  to  do  she  had  failed  in ;  and 
Great  Britain,  relieved  from  embarrassment  by 
the  downfall  of  Napoleon,  was  at  first  inclined 
to  exact  a  humiliating  peace.  To  what  extent 
the  attitude  of  the  other  Allied  Powers  or  the 
transactions  of  the  Congress  of  Vienna  com- 
pelled concessions  is  matter  for  conjecture. 

In  point  of  literary  merit,  Captain  Mahan's 
latest  extended  production  needs  little  comment. 
An  occasional  awkward  or  incomplete  sentence 
occurs,  but  we  notice  this  fact  only  because  we 
dislike  to  see  even  so  slight  a  blemish  upon  a 
style  so  nearly  perfect.  The  index  to  the  two 
volumes  is  not  so  good  as  it  might  be,  but  the 
table  of  contents  is  remarkably  full.  The  dia- 
grams and  maps  are  very  instructive;  the  illus- 
trations, lx)th  half-tones  and  gravures,  though 
few  in  nimiber,  are  in  keeping  with  the  general 
high  character  of  the  work;  and  the  half-tone 
portraits  are  all  copies  of  authentic  likenesses, 
some  of  them  from  paintings  by  Gilbert  Stuart. 
AxNA  Heloise  Abel. 


The  Greatest  of  Moderx  Gardexeks.* 

In  "  New  Creations  in  Plant  Life  "  Mr.  W.  S. 
Harwood  gives  us  a  very  complete  account  of  the 
life  and  work  of  Mr.  Luther  Burbank,  the  famous 
gardener  and  experimenter  of  Santa  Rosa.  Mr. 
Buibank,  like  many  other  things  in  California, 
has  siiffered  from  excess  of  newspaper  publicity 
— suffered  in  all  ways,  in  person,  reputation,  and 
estate.  The  volume  before  us  should  in  this 
respect  bring  relief  :  it  is  sufficiently  fvdl,  toler- 
ably well  written,  authentic,  and  prepared  under 
the  direction  of  the  gardener  himseK. 

For  Mr.  Burbank  the  claim  has  been  often 
made  that  he  is  the  most  remarkable  gardener 
that  has  ever  lived.  A  simple  statement  of  his 
accomplishments  would  seem  fairly  to  justify  the 
claim.  He  has  given  to  the  orchards  of  Cali- 
fornia some  twenty  different  varieties  of  plums 
alone,    several   apples,   improved   blackberries. 


*Nbw  Cbeations  in  Plant  Life.    By  W.  S.  Harwood. 
trated.    New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 


nius- 


48 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


raspberries,  etc.,  besides  several  fruits  which 
are  to  be  reckoned  wholly  new,  as  the  priinus- 
berry,  formed  by  uniting  the  raspberry  and 
the  blackberry;  the  pltuncot,  a  combination  of 
apricot  and  plum ;  and  the  pomato,  resultant 
from  the  union  of  the  potato  and  tomato  plants. 
Mr.  Harwood's  praise  of  these  things,  and  his 
eulogy  of  their  creator,  will  strike  some  readers 
as  excessive,  and  raise  the  suspicion  that  he  also 
is  a  Calif ornian.  It  should  be  remembered, 
also,  that  Mr.  Burbank's  triumphs  are  in  kind 
hardly  to  be  reckoned  as  new ;  they  are  exactly 
in  line  with  the  work  of  all  gardeners  in  all  the 
centuries.     Shakespeare  teaches  Perdita  to 

"marry 
A  gentler  scion  to  the  wildest  stock, 
And  make  conceive  a  bark  of  baser  kind 
By  bud  of  nobler  race." 

And  Pliny  tells  us  how,  two  thousand  years 
ago,  men  "  in  Grenada  began  to  graft  plvuns  on 
apples,  and  these  brought  forth  plxmis  called 
apple-plums  ;  also  others  called  almond-plums." 
Peach  trees  have  been  known  on  occasion  to  bear 
apricots,  and  apricot  trees  to  bear  peaches  ;  and 
this  without  anybody's  suggestion.  In  fact, 
whence  come  all  our  cultivated  grains  and 
fruits  ?  Do  these  not  represent  the  wise  selec- 
tion and  careful  culture  of  scores  of  unknown 
gardeners  all  down  along  our  ancestral  way? 
Mr.  Burbank's  methods  are  not  new,  and  to 
all  the  gardeners  of  the  past  is  he  indebted 
for  the  materials  on  which  he  has  wrought  his 
shining  work.  The  diiference  lies  chiefly  in  the 
fact  that  our  latest  artist  has  carried  his  work  so 
much  further,  and  into  imexpected  fields ;  that  he 
experiments  so  much  more  widely,  and  on  such 
a  tremendous  scale.  Darwin  called  all  this  sort 
of  work  artificial,  as  opposed  to  natural,  selec- 
tion ;  Mr.  Burbank  simply  applies  artificial  selec- 
tion to  hundreds  of  thousands  of  plants  at  one 
time,  and  then,  by  grafting,  goes  on  to  attain 
results  much  more  speedily  than  has  hitherto 
been  done. 

Mr.  Burbank's  work  has  been  of  the  highest 
economic  importance  ;  he  has  contributed  largely 
to  the  wealth  of  his  adopted  State.  But  a  great 
deal  of  his  experimentation  has  had  no  com- 
mercial end  in  view ;  he  has  been,  in  so  far,  a 
true  investigator,  seeking  a  better  knowledge  of 
the  wondrous  processes  of  the  natural  world. 
Much  of  his  work,  accordmgly,  has  scientific 
value.  His  successes  and  failures  alike  confirm 
or  confute  our  accepted  biologic  theories.  Does 
DeVries  argue  that  species  take  origin  in  muta- 
tions, sudden  departures  from  some  supposed 
established  type? — Mr.  Burbank  will  show  him  a 
thousand  strange  variations,  nnitations,  effected 


by  cross-breeding  ;  do  the  supporters  of  Mendel 
affirm  the  law  of  probabilities  in  the  outcome  of 
a  cross? — the  Santa  Rosa  gardens  seem  to  show 
an  indiscriminate  breaking  up  of  all  established 
characteristics  of  either  species,  as  if  in  reversion 
to  all  the  indefinite  variations  of  the  long  history 
of  the  past. 

In  the  conduct  of  his  experiments  during 
these  later  years,  Mr.  Burbank  has  largely 
consumed  his  own  resources  accumulated  during 
long  service  as  a  professional  nurseryman.  For- 
tunately, however,  for  both  science  and  hor- 
ticulture, the  Carnegie  Foundation  for  the 
promotion  of  research  has  lately  come  to  his 
assistance,  and  experimentation  may  now  go 
forward  unhindered  by  embarrassment  of  any 
financial  sort. 

Mr.  Harwood  is  evidently  not  a  man  of  sci- 
ence, but  his  book,  filled  with  apt  and  beautiful 
illustrations,  will  present  to  the  general  reader 
a  reasonably  clear  conception  of  Mr.  Burbank's 
title  to  fame.  Here  one  may  read  of  spmeless 
cacti  and  pitless  prunes,  of  never-fading  flowers, 
and  trees  that  rise  in  stature  like  those  that 
grow  in  dreams.  The  volume  is  handsomely 
printed,  and  typographical  and  other  errata  are 
unusuaUy  few.  Thomas  H.  Macbride. 


Briefs  on  New  Books. 


„,.,,       ,,  Readers  of  Philippine  literatiu'e  have 

still  another  ,      ,    ,  .   .^      , 

volume  about  doubtless  anticipated  a  piece  oi  au- 
tfie  Phiiippiiies.  thoritative  work  in  Professor  F.  W. 
Atkinson's  book  "The  Philippine  Islands"  (Ginn 
&  Co.).  Mr.  Atkinson  has  had  the  best  of  oppor- 
tunities for  observation.  He  was  the  fii'st  General 
Superintendent  of  Education  in  the  Phllij)pines; 
and  in  the  performance  of  his  duties  he  was  called 
upon  to  travel  in  almost  every  part  of  the  Ai'chipel- 
ago.  In  this  way  he  was  enabled  to  observe  actual 
conditions  at  first-hand,  while  through  his  official 
position  he  was  brought  into  direct  contact  with 
many  Anerican  officers  and  native  leaders  who 
knew  of  what  they  spoke.  Mr.  Atkinson's  book, 
however,  covers  ground  already  made  familiar  by 
the  reports  of  the  Philippine  Commission,  whUe  it 
fails  to  touch  upon  those  problems  which  are  to-day 
central  in  the  islands.  Of  a  total  of  412  pages,  the 
author  devotes  about  100  to  ancient  Philippine  his- 
tory and  geography.  Some  22  pages  are  then  given 
to  the  history  of  the  period  1896-1905,  but  of  these 
only  about  four  pages  (eliminating  illustrations,  and 
counting  only  actual  type )  describe  matters  relating 
to  the  American  occupation.  About  200  pages  are 
occupied  with  climate,  questions  of  public  health, 
racial  peculiarities,  religion,  etc.,  after  which  there 
are  35  pages  of  routine  description  of  our  govern- 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


49 


ment.  The  remainder  of  the  book  —  about  40  pages 
—  deals  with  Education.  This  latter  section  is  by 
far  the  most  valuable  portion  of  the  work,  for  here 
the  writer  has  apparently  felt  at  libertj'  to  speak 
with  somewhat  less  restraint  than  elsewhere,  and  to 
give  expression  to  his  own  views.  It  is  not  an  en- 
tirely hopeful  outlook  that  he  presents.  He  admits 
the  lack  of  efficient  native  teachers,  practically 
concetles  that  the  American  teachers  who  were 
first  engaged  were  selected  under  conditions  which 
made  it  hard  to  get  the  best  results,  and  grants  that 
industrial  education  has  not  been  advanced  to  the 
point  that  insular  interests  require.  However,  he 
defends  the  policy  of  introducing  English  as  a  lan- 
g^nage  of  instruction-  and  maintains  that  the  natives 
are  anxious  to  learn  it  although  the  reasons  assigned 
are  chiefly  the  desire  to  hold  office  and  to  acquire 
the  social  position  resulting  from  its  use.  In  addi- 
tion, he  favors  the  introduction  of  the  language  as 
a  means  of  terminating  the  intellectual  isolation  of 
the  Philippines.  The  book  as  a  whole,  especially 
in  its  earlier  portions,  gives  the  impression  of  having 
often  been  read  before,  and  follows  with  minute 
care  the  official  view  at  almost  every  point  Even 
the  illustrations  are  the  stock  photographs  which 
appear  in  all  Philippine  reports.  IVIr.  Atkinson,  how- 
ever, is  not  whoUy  able  to  maintain  the  optimistic 
attitude.  In  his  conclusion,  he  points  out  that  the 
civil  government  is  still  retarded  by  ladronism, 
while  economic  conditions  have  been  greatly  im- 
paired and  ''  unexpected  weakness  of  character " 
among  some  of  the  administrative  officers  has  been 
a  drawback  to  political  confidence  and  advance- 
ment. In  spite  of  all  this.  Mr.  Atkinson  maintains 
in  his  closing  paragraph  that  *'  the  outlook  is  bright 
for  the  Filipinos."  though  on  what  the  observation 
is  based  does  not  fully  appear  from  the  book  itself. 

There  are  few  men  whose  life-story 
presents  more  of  striking  contraste 
and  of  the  elements  that  lend  interest 
to  the  telling  than  does  that  of  James  G.  Blaine ;  and 
it  very  appropriately  opens  the  new  series  of  "Ameri- 
can Statesmen"  (Houghton.  Miffin  &  Co.).  The  au- 
thor, Mr.  Edward  Stanwood.  who  had  already  won 
recognition  for  his  editorial  and  historical  work,  does 
not  approach  his  work  as  an  academic  task :  he 
frankly  states  that  he  was  an  intimat*  personal  friend 
of  ^Ir.  Blaine,  and  that  he  writes  as  one  who  believed 
in  him  and  followed  him.  But  he  has  shown  so 
evident  a  desire  to  be  fair  in  his  discussion  of  the 
various  bitter  controversies  that  were  waged  around 
his  chief,  that  we  foUow  him  with  interest  and  in 
the  main  with  acceptance  of  his  positions.  It  may 
not  be  out  of  place  to  say  that  the  writer  of  this 
notice  was  one  of  those  who  left  his  party  rather 
than  vote  for  Mr.  Blaine,  believing  him  to  be  an 
unfit  man  for  the  presidency  ;  but  that  he  is  now  con- 
vinced that  !Mr.  Blaine  was  charged  with  far  more 
than  he  should  have  been  charged  with,  and  that 
the  worst  that  can  fairly  be  said  of  him  is  that  his 
conduct  in  the  financial  transactions  laid  to  him  was 


A  famotu 

Sepublican 

ttatetman. 


indelicate  rather  than  dishonorable,  while  his  life  as 
a  whole  was  actuated  by  real  public  spirit.  The 
author  takes  up  Mr.  Blaine's  public  life  from  his 
assimiption  of  the  editorship  of  the  "  Kennebec 
Journal "  in  1854,  at  the  age  of  twenty-four,  and 
follows  it  through  its  various  phases,  local  and 
national.  But  two  other  Americans  have  won  such 
hearty  personal  allegiance  to  themselves  and  their 
fortimes  as  did  Mr.  Blaine,  and  been  the  objects  of 
such  personal  devotion.  The  "  Plumed  Knight,"  as 
he  was  called  by  his  enthusiastic  followers,  was  for 
some  fifteen  years  perhaps  the  foremost  leader  of  the 
Republican  party.  He  was  a  political  leader  of  un- 
rivalled skill  in  attack  and  defense,  a  real  statesman 
in  some  of  his  conceptions,  a  forcible  speaker  and  a 
remarkable  debater.  He  has  in  addition  left  behind 
him  one  historical  work  of  great  value.  With  all  his 
successes,  there  were  failures  as  great ;  with  his  re- 
markable popularity,  he  encountered  opposition  such 
as  almost  no  other  public  man  has  met.  His  career 
is  well  termed  dramatic  in  its  nature  and  develop- 
ment, and  the  present  biographer  has  brought  out 
skilfully  its  dramatic  elements.  Perhaps  Mr.  Blaine's 
largest  title  to  lasting  fame  lies  in  his  work  as  Secre- 
tarj'  of  State.  He  led  the  way  from  the  tradition^ 
policy  of  isolation  toward  a  new  position  of  the 
United  States  in  the  affairs  of  the  world, —  an  im- 
perialist before  the  imperialism  of  these  later  days 
was  even  thought  of.  At  that  time  his  policy  was 
criticised  by  the  average  conservative  citizen  as 
dangerous,  though  we  have  now  actually  gone  much 
further  in  the  direction  that  Mr.  Blaine  merely 
dreamed  of ;  but  he  was  the  pioneer  in  the  change, 
and  in  this  and  other  ways  he  influenced  the  general 
tendency  of  the  political  thought  of  his  countrymen. 

"When  a  President  of  the  United 
States  presents  for  public  inspection 
a  book  written  by  himself,  the  read- 
ing world  may  be  expected  to  open  it  with  keen 
curiosity,  whatever  the  subject  which  it  treats. 
President  Roosevelt's  latest  work,  "Outdoor  Pas- 
times of  an  American  Hunter  "  (  Scribner  )  is  mainly 
a  compilation  of  magazine  articles  and  monographs 
which  have  appeared  from  time  to  time  upon  one 
of  his  favorite  topics,  American  wild  game  and  the 
pursuit  and  study  thereof.  Of  the  eleven  chapters 
that  make  up  the  book,  two  —  "A  Colorado  Bear- 
Hunt  "  and  "  Wolf-Coursing  "  —  relate  his  experi- 
ences upon  his  outing  last  Sprihg ;  the  one  entitled 
"With  the  Cougar  Hoimds  "  details  his  adventures 
during  his  previous  Colorado  hunting-trip,  in  1901 ; 
"  Wilderness  Reserves  "  is  devoted  largely  to  the 
Yellowstone  outing.  These  four  chapters  are  com- 
paratively new :  the  concluding  chapter,  "  At  Home," 
is  quite  so.  The  other  chapters,  aside  from  the  one 
entitled  '*  Books  on  Big  Game,"  have  been  in  circu- 
lation some  time  as  monographs  upon  the  deer  fam- 
ily, but  have  been  considerably  revised  for  the 
purposes  of  the  present  volume.  Mr.  Roosevelt's 
style  is,  as  usual,  practical  and  prosaic,  almost  un- 
imaginative.    But   the  volume  is  well-nigh  cyclo- 


Pretident 
Rootevelt 
at  a  hunter. 


50 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


psedic  upon  the  ground  it  covers.  The  author 
gathers  large  stores  of  information,  and  does  not 
jump  at  conclusions.  He  is  scrupulous  as  to  the 
accuracy  of  the  smallest  details,  paying  as  much  at- 
tention to  ascertaining  the  correct  name  of  the  tiniest 
bird  that  flits  before  him  as  to  following  the  trail  of 
the  bear  or  cougar.  In  giving  details  of  the  actual 
chase  and  killing  of  the  mountain  lion,  he  includes 
much  interesting  matter  regarding  the  habits  of  this 
animal  and  of  the  bob-cat,  the  character  of  the 
country  hunted  over,  and  the  animal  and  plant  life 
found  there.  Frequently  throughout  the  book,  and 
especially  in  his  chapter  upon  the  Yellowstone  Park, 
Mr.  Roosevelt  emphasizes  the  need  for  more  national 
reserves,  wherein  nature  shall  be  protected  and  the 
extermination  of  animal  life  prevented ;  he  urges 
forcefully  that  the  Grand  Canyon  of  the  Colorado 
be  made  a  national  park.  The  chapter  upon  '"'Books 
on  Big  Game  "  wUl  be  foimd  valuable  to  both  the 
sportsman  and  the  bibliophile.  In  the  final  chapter, 
"At  Home,"  the  President  gives  a  genial  account 
of  the  out-door  life  of  himself  and  family  at  Saga- 
more Hill,  their  excursions  and  their  pets,  and  the 
wild  creatures  of  Long  Island.  The  volume  is  pro- 
fusely illustrated  from  photographs,  and  is  dedicated 
to  the  veteran  naturalist,  John  Burroughs. 

Pictures  of  There  are  few  places  of  historic  in- 

eourt  life  under  terest  which  demand  so  much  of  the 
Louts  XIV.  visitor  as  Versailles.     Many  travel- 

lers are  disappointed  at  seeing  there  nothing  but  an 
endless  succession  of  rooms  and  miles  of  historical 
paintings.  They  are  unable  to  look  at  the  chateau 
and  the  park  as  the  magnificent  if  somewhat  tar- 
nished frame  of  a  vanished  picture,  the  court  and 
government  of  the  old  Bourbon  monarchy.  Bae- 
deker, in  a  few  paragraphs,  cannot  set  them  right. 
To  such  persons,  Mr.  James  Eugene  Farmer's 
"Versailles  and  the  Court  under  Louis  XIV." 
(The  Century  Co.)  offers  an  opportunity  of  really 
understanding  the  place.  The  book  wiU  be  of  even 
greater  interest  to  many  who  already  know  Ver- 
sailles, but  wish  to  recall  in  detail  the  figures  that 
once  peopled  these  empty  rooms  and  corridors.  The 
book  is  arranged  conveniently.  The  first  two  parts 
describe  the  chateau  and  the  park,  giving  the  his- 
tory and  the  use  of  the  principal  apartments  and 
promenades.  The  description  is  enlivened  by  anec- 
dotes of  the  incidents  which  rendered  each  spot 
famous.  The  mixture  of  information  and  of  enter- 
taining gossip  is  uniformly  judicious,  and  as  one 
passes  from  room  to  room,  instead  of  feeling  an  in- 
creasing sense  of  weariness,  one's  cm-iosity  is  piqued, 
and  one  wanders  on  further  and  further.  In  the 
third  and  fourth  parts  are  described  the  king  and 
the  principal  personages  of  his  court.  "Here,  as  in 
the  earlier  portions  of  the  volume,  Mr.  Farmer  has 
enriched  his  descriptions  with  long  passages  from 
Saint  Simon  or  from  other  writers  of  memoirs. 
The  translations  of  Saint  Simon  are  so  well  chosen 
that  for  the  ordinary  reader  they  will  serve  the 
double  purpose  of  informing  him  about  Louis  XIV, 


and  of  showing  this  incomparable  writer  to  the  best 
advantage,  —  that  is  to  say,  at  Versailles,  among 
the  persons  he  commented  upon  with  such  delight- 
ful though  occasionally  damaging  frankness.  Prob- 
ably the  most  striking  part  of  the  whole  picture  is 
the  mechanism  of  court  life  and  the  wonderful  eti- 
quette which  made  it  run  smoothly.  Altogether, 
this  is  an  entertaining  and  instructive  book,  although 
devoid  of  pretension  to  profound  interpretations  of 
the  Age  of  Louis  XIV. 

Ripe  and  mellow  are  the  chapters 
AZZiZtT   «f  M^-  J««l  S^^^ton's  "Persons  and 

Places,"  issued  in  a  small  illustrated 
volume  by  the  Broadway  Publishing  Co.  His 
reminiscences  are  chiefly  of  the  Augustan  age  of 
American  literature.  Concord  and  a  few  of  the 
Concord  writers  receive  most  prominent  mention, 
and  it  is  plain  that  the  hermit  of  Walden  is  a  prime 
favorite  of  his.  One  is  much  surprised  to  learn  that, 
with  all  his  admiration  for  Emerson,  whom  he  early 
met  in  person,  and  for  other  New  England  celebrities, 
Mr.  Benton  had  never  until  two  years  ago  set  foot 
in  eastern  Massachusetts.  Besides  memories  of  a 
talk  with  Emerson,  whom  the  author  as  a  youth 
drove  thirty  miles  to  hear  lecture,  the  book  gives 
recollections  of  Horace  Greeley,  Matthew  Arnold, 
C.  N.  Bovee,  and  P.  T.  Barnum,  and  also  chapters 
on  Thoreau,  Bryant,  and  "  Some  American  Hu- 
morists "  of  half  a  century  ago.  Bostonians  will  be 
pleased  with  the  compliment  paid  to  Boston  man- 
ners, on  the  street  and  in  the  street  cars.  The 
critical  essay  on  Bryant's  poetry  animadverts  gently 
on  the  predominant  "  sepulchral  "  element  therein  ; 
but  in  calling  Bryant's  style  "ponderous  "  the  author 
has  perhaps  not  chosen  the  best  word.  Serious, 
often  solemn,  and  even  mortuary,  it  certainly  is,  but 
too  exquisitely  finished  and  musical  -to  be  exactly 
ponderous.  A  couplet  from  Tennyson's  "  Vision  of 
Sin  "  is  given  as  "  Every  minute  dies  a  man,  every 
minute  one  is  born,"  which  the  essayist  incidentally 
calls  "an  extreme  understatement  of  the  actual  fact." 
The  true  reading,  with  "  moment "  for  "  minute,"  is 
not  open  to  this  criticism.  Writing  largely  of  things 
a  part  of  which  he  was  and  nearly  all  of  which  he 
saw,  Mr.  Benton  can  by  no  means  be  accused  of 
producing  merely  the  echo  of  an  echo. 

.,,  .  Amonjj   the    eminent   lawyers    who 

Addresses  from  .      °     ,  ^     ^p 

a  lawyer's  during    the    past   half-century   have 

busy  life.  honored  the  bar  of  New  York  City 

by  their  sterling  character  and  public  spirit,  few 
have  deserved  greater  respect  than  the  late  Frederic 
Ren^  Coudert,  a  volume  of  whose  addresses  have  just 
been  offered  to  the  public  by  the  Messrs.  Putnam's 
Sons.  Mr.  Coudert's  way  was  to  do  the  duty  before 
him,  and  this  did  not  bring  it  in  his  scope  to  lay  the 
foundations  for  a  place  in  literature  that  would  last 
after  his  work  in  the  flesh  was  done.  His  addresses 
were  only  occasional  incidents  in  a  very  busy  and 
very  useful  life,  —  twenty-one  in  number  dm'ing  a 
period  of  over  a  quarter  of  a  century  ;  and  five  of 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


51 


these  were  delivered  in  a  single  year,  1873,  in  a 
course  before  the  Catholic  Union.  We  could  wisli, 
then,  that  the  introductory  note,  signed  P.  F.  ( Paul 
Fuller,  we  presume)  had  been  expanded  into  some- 
thing like  an  adequate  biography.  Mr.  Coudert 
was  a  man  of  broad  and  deep  ciUture,  thoroughly 
acquainted  with  the  literatm'e  of  France,  Spain,  and 
Germany,  and  possessing  a  lucid,  graceful,  and  effec- 
tive English  style.  It  will  be  remembered  that  he 
was  employed  as  counsel  for  the  United  States  in  the 
Belu'ing  Sea  Arbitration,  and  also  in  the  Venezuela 
Boundary  controversy.  He  was  honored,  too,  with 
the  offer  of  a  position  on  the  bench  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  but  declined  the  honor.  One  finds  in  his 
addresses  constant  evidence  of  his  charming  per- 
sonality, of  which  we  are  told  in  the  introductory 
note,  ''  His  was  indeed  a  blithesome  spii'it,  ever 
hovering  a  little  above  the  dulness  of  our  common 
traffic ;  a  kindly  heart,  ever  a  little  aloof  from  the 
bitterness  of  daily  strife,  \newing  the  failings  of  his 
fellows  through  the  softening  haze  of  an  enduring 
sympathy."  

A  ivrist  of  ^^  ^  Marvell,  the  conscientious  and 

the  Enaiish  assiduous  member  for  Hull,  rather 

Commonwealth.    ^^^^  ^\^^  p^gt  of  the  Commonwealth, 

of  whom  we  think  after  reading  Mr.  Birrell's 
life  of  that  woi-thy  in  the  '"English  Men  of  Let- 
ters" series  (Macmillan).  Letters  are  quoted  at 
length,  written  by  this  faithful  representative  to 
his  constituents,  and  very  little  is  said  of  the  poetry 
upon  which  his  reputation  rests.  It  is  not  as  if  his 
literary  work  were  the  du-ect  outcome  of  his  politi- 
cal, for  his  lyrics,  his  best  work,  were  written  before 
he  entered  the  Commons.  It  is  only  with  reference 
to  his  satires  that  his  political  work  is  important ; 
but  in  this  book  Marvell's  politics  are  treated  as  of 
gi'eater  import  than  his  poetry.  Some  rather  gen- 
eral criticism  is  given  in  the  opening  and  closing 
chapters,  and  the  reader  is  then  referred  to  the  ex- 
cellent and  cheap  edition  in  '"The  Muses'  Library" 
for  the  poems  themselves ;  but  no  serious  apprecia- 
tion is  attempted,  either  in  relation  to  Marvell's  work 
considered  absolutely  or  with  reference  to  his  con- 
temporaries. It  woiUd  have  been  worth  while  to 
treat  MarveU  with  one  eye  upon  the  fantastic  fol- 
lowers of  Donne  and  the  other  upon  the  pure  lyr- 
ists of  the  period.  In  other  words,  we  should  have 
been  very  glad  to  have  Mr.  Birrell's  views  on  the 
poetry  of  MarveU,  even  if  they  were  merely  jier- 
sonal.  The  series  to  which  the  volume  belongs  is  as 
much  critical  as  biographical,  and  Marvell  is  known 
to  us  to-dav  more  as  a  lyrist  than  as  the  Member 

for  Hull.    "  

Miss  Agnes  Repplier  has  departed 
in  a  convent  from  her  accustomed  field  of  essay- 
writing  long  enough  to  produce  a 
book  of  charming  autobiographical  tales,  called  "  In 
our  Convent  Days"  (Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.).  It 
is  needless  to  say  that  these  tales,  slight  as  they  are 
in  form  and  matter,  woiUd  hardly  have  succeeded 
in  making  Miss  Repplier 's  name  mean  what  it  does 


in  American  literatm-e  if  they  had  come  earlier  in 
her  career.  But,  Miss  Repplier  being  known  as  she 
is,  and  for  what  she  is,  the  stories  of  "  Marriage 
Vows,"  "The  Game  of  Love,"  "In  Reti-eat,"  and 
"  Reverend  Mother's  Feast,"  suggesting  some  of  the 
early  influences  which  have  led  to  the  creation  of 
some  of  our  best  essays,  are  of  a  peculiar  and  per- 
sonal interest.  From  their  subject,  they  invite  com- 
parison with  Miss  Elizabeth  Jordan's  "Tales  of  a 
Convent";  but  MLss  Jordan's  stories  are  more  gen- 
erally himian,  and  better  stories,  ^er  se, —  although 
there  is  no  one  of  them  superior  in  poetic  charm  to 
the  accoimt  of  the  Archbishop's  visit  as  described  in 
"Un  Congfe  sans  Cloche."  '*  In  Our  Convent  Days  " 
gains  in  interest  from  the  fact  that  besides  the  real 
Agnes  the  book  contains  the  experiences  of  a  real 
Elizabeth,  now  well  known  as  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Robins 

Pennell.  

A„  A^^i^^^       Among  the  early  volumes  of  a  new 

An  American  •  •  i     i     -i  »  •  r^  •  • 

admiral  of  series  entitled  the  "American  Crisis 

the  Civil  War.  Biographies  "  (  Philadelphia :  Jacobs 
&  Co.),  we  find  a  life  of  Admiral  Farragut,  writ- 
ten by  Mr.  John  R.  Spears.  This  series  of  war- 
hero  biographies  is  announced  as  impartial  because 
Southern  subjects  have  been  assigned  to  Southern 
writers  and  Northern  subjects  to  Northern  writers. 
A  life  of  Farragut  is  scarcely  a  fair  test  of  this  sup- 
*  posed  preventive  against  sectional  bias ;  but  it  gives 
the  author  opportunity  to  describe  the  services  of  the 
distinguished  American  admiral  in  a  fair  and  ra- 
tional manner.  Facts,  well  authenticated,  occupy  the 
space  that  is  usually  given  to  mere  eulogy  in  small 
biographies.  Equally  praiseworthy  is  the  avoidance 
of  discussion  of  naval  controversies.  Farragut's  ac- 
tion in  taking  possession  of  New  Orleans  by  force, 
his  futile  expedition  up  the  Mississippi,  and  the 
dramatic  passing  of  the  forts  on  Mobile  Bay,  are 
described  without  attempts  at  criticism  or  justifica- 
tion. Numerous  maps  and  plans  of  battles  illustrate 
the  text.  The  author  contributes,  as  he  says,  one 
unknown  chapter  to  history,  in  that  upon  the  war 
upon  the  West  India  pirates  between  1819  and  1823. 
He  finds  that  these  pirate  ships,  which  have  been 
supposed  to  be  French,  were  in  reality  predatory 
vessels  fitted  out  in  the  United  States  and  England 
to  prey  upon  Spanish  commerce  under  the  flags  of 
Spanish-American  insurgents.  In  its  entirety,  this 
biogi-aphy  of  four  hundred  pages  may  be  classed 
among  the  best  books  of  its  kind. 

Entertaining  ^^®  ^^^-  ^'  J*  Dawson  is  the  author 
chapters  on  of  a  remarkably  readable  and  intel- 

yreatnoveiitts.  ligg^t  account  of  "The  Makers  of 
English  Fiction,"  published  by  the  Fleming  H. 
ReveU  Co.  In  a  series  of  twenty  chapters  he  dis- 
cusses the  chief  English  novelists,  from  Defoe  to 
Stevenson,  adding  a  few  remarks  upon  American 
novelists,  a  brief  essay  on  *'  Religion  in  Fiction," 
and  a  concluding  survey  of  the  whole  subject. 
The  discussion  is  trenchant,  the  style  pithy,  and 
the  judgment  pronounced  is  usually  temperate  and 
sound.     An  occasional  statement  may  strike  us  as 


52 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


a  rhetorical  exaggeration,  but  in  the  main  the  criti- 
cism is  intelligent  and  compact.  The  book  is  quite 
as  much  a  history  of  English  fiction  (with  certain 
lacunae  )  as  it  is  a  series  of  studies  of  individual  writers, 
for  the  author  is  careful  to  indicate  connecting  links, 
and  to  follow  the  development  of  tendencies.  The 
discussion  does  substantial  justice  to  such  authors 
as  George  Eliot  and  Mr.  Thomas  Hardy,  which  is  a 
pretty  fair  test  of  the  balance  of  a  critic  of  Mr. 
Dawson's  profession.  We  like  particularly  well  the 
chapters  on  Kingsley,  Reade,  and  Mr.  Meredith, 
and  wish  that  we  might  also  have  had  a  chapter  on 
Bulwer,  who  is  certainly  deserving  of  one. 

Illustrations  ^^^^ers  of  the  ComMie  humaine  wiU 
of  the  methods  find  in  Mr.  Helm's  ''  Aspects  of  Bal- 
0/  Balzac.  ^ac  "  (James  Pott  &  Co.)  the  occasion 

for  recalling  pleasantly  many  of  the  figures  that  ani- 
mate its  pages.  The  grouping  of  the  familiar  per- 
sons and  events  in  new  combinations  cannot  fail  to 
suggest  some  interesting  reflections.  Mr.  Helm  has 
evidently  had  long  and  intimate  acquaintance  with 
Balzac's  people,  and  when  general  questions  touch- 
ing the  great  novelist's  work  and  art  present  them- 
selves to  him,  his  memory  provides  him  at  once 
with  a  series  of  pertinent  illustrations.  Mr.  Helm's 
method  furnishes  us  with  a  number  of  unpretentious 
chats,  that  commend  themselves  by  intelligence  and* 
discrimination,  and  move  in  the  middle  region  of 
appreciation  between  fanatical  zeal  and  grudging 
recognition. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


Wouderfid  doings  with  soap-bubbles,  tops,  and  kites 
are  described  by  Mr.  Meredith  Nugent  in  his  "  New 
Games  and  Amusements,"  published  by  Messrs.  Double- 
day,  Page  &  Co.  If  a  boy  could  really  do  all  these 
things  by  following  the  directions  given,  he  might  pose 
as  a  veritable  wizard  among  his  fellows.  But  our  own 
boyish  recollections  prompt  us  to  anticipate  for  him  a 
fair  proportion  of  failures.  However,  the  book  is  dis- 
tinctly novel  in  the  suggestions  offered,  and  is  thus  a 
pleasuig  departure  from  its  type,  for  most  books  of  this 
sort  are  a  rehash  of  their  predecessors,  and  are  filled 
with  the  time-worn  tricks  that  a  modern  boy  would 
scorn  to  occupy  his  time  with. 

Mr.  Francis  W.  Halsey  has  done  a  real  service  to  lit- 
erature in  reprinting  the  first  American  edition  (1794) 
of  "Charlotte  Temple:  A  Tale  of  Truth,"  by  Mrs. 
Susanna  Haswell  Rowson.  This  moving  tale  of  senti- 
ment has  probably  had  more  readers  than  any  other 
work  of  fiction  ever  printed  in  this  comitry ;  it  is  still 
reprinted  in  cheap  form,  and  the  editor  has  collected 
over  a  hundred  editions.  This  constant  reprinting  has 
resulted  in  a  corruption  of  the  text  so  great  that  Mr. 
Halsey  has  found,  by  actual  count,  1265  errors  in  the 
best  current  edition.  The  work  belongs  to  American 
literature,  both  because  its  scene  is  laid  in  this  country, 
and  because  the  author  lived  in  Massachusetts  for  eight 
years  of  her  early  life,  and  then,  retiu-ning  later,  was 
an  actress  and  a  teacher  for  her  last  thirty  years  or 
more.  Mr.  Halsey  has  given  liis  edition  a  very  thorougli 
equipment  of  historical  aud  bibliographical  matter. 


Notes. 

A  new  biography  of  Walt  Wliitman,  written  by  an 
Englishman,  Mr.  Henry  Bryan  Binns,  will  be  published 
shortly  by  Messrs.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 

Mr.  J.  Churton  CoUins's  » Studies  m  Poetry  and 
Criticism,"  one  of  the  most  important  critical  works  of 
the  season,  will  be  published  at  an  early  date  by  the 
Macmillan  Co. 

In  a  recent  number  of  "  Tlie  Sphere,"  Mr.  Richard 
Whiteing  has  an  interesting  personal  account  of  the 
late  William  Sharp,  in  which  he  sets  at  rest  all  doubts 
concerning  Sharp's  identity  with  the  much-discussed 
"  Fiona  Macleod." 

Three  notable  books  of  biography  to  be  published  by 
Messrs.  Harper  &  Brothers  during  the  present  year  are 
the  Memoirs  of  Sir  Henry  Irving,  the  Autobiography 
of  General  Lew  Wallace,  and  a  volume  of  Recollections 
of  George  du  Maimer. 

Henry  Harland,  the  autlior  of  a  mnnber  of  popidar 
novels,  died  last  month  in  Italy,  at  the  age  of  forty- 
four.  He  was  born  in  St.  Petersburg,  educated  in 
America  and  Italy,  and  domiciled  for  the  most  part  in 
England.  Several  of  his  earlier  stories  appeared  under 
the  pseudonym  of  "  Sidney  Luska." 

It  is  proposed  to  publish  a  volume  containing  a  selec- 
tion from  the  letters  of  Jolm  Brown,  author  of  "  Rab 
and  his  Friends."  The  editor  will  be  obliged  if  friends 
who  have  letters  from  Dr.  Brown  will  give  him  an 
opportvmity  of  reading  them  in  order  to  judge  of  their 
siutability  for  inclusion  in  the  proposed  volume.  All 
communications  should  be  addressed  to  the  writer's 
son,  Mr.  John  Brown,  7  Greenhill  Place,  Eduiburgh. 

A  new  novel  by  Henryk  Sienkiewicz,  his  first  book  of 
consequence  since  the  year  1900,  will  be  published  this 
month  by  Messrs.  Little,  Brown,  &  Co.  "  On  the  Field 
of  Glory  "  is  its  title,  and  the  scenes  are  laid  in  Poland 
just  before  the  Turkish  invasion  of  1682-3.  As  usual, 
Mr.  Jeremiah  Curtin  is  the  translator.  Two  other  nov- 
els to  be  issued  during  the  month  by  the  same  firm  are 
Mr.  E.  Phillips  Oppenheim's  "  A  Maker  of  History  " 
and  A.  B.  Ward's  »  The  Sage  Brush  Parson." 

"  Hawaiian  Yesterdays  "  is  the  title  of  an  illustrated 
volume  amioimced  for  Spring  publication  by  Messrs. 
A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.  The  author  is  Dr.  Henry  M. 
Lyman,  a  distmguished  surgeon  of  Chicago,  whose 
father,  David  B.  Lyman,  was  a  well-known  missionary 
in  the  Hawaiian  Islands  in  the  early  half  of  the  past 
centiu-y.  Tlie  book  is  a  straightforward  account  of 
what  a  boy  saw  of  life  there  in  those  early  days,  and 
prominent  personages  he  came  in  contact  with. 

The  following  are  the  latest  French  and  German  texts 
for  school  use:  Messrs.  Henry  Holt  &  Co.  publish 
Goethe's  "  Iphigenie  auf  Tauris,"  edited  by  Dr.  Max 
Winkler;  Hebbel's  "  Herodes  und  Mariamne,"  edited  by 
Dr.  Edward  Stockton  Meyer  ;  Herr  Sudermami's 
"Teja,"  edited  by  Mr.  Herbert  C.  Sanborn;  aud  Herr 
Heyse's  "  Die  Blinden,"  edited  by  Professors  W.  H. 
Carruth  and  E.  F.  Engel.  Messrs.  D.  C.  Heath  &  Co. 
publish  a  volume  of  "  Deutsclie  Reden,"  mostly  political 
in  theme,  edited  by  Dr.  Rudolf  Tombo  and  his  son. 
From  the  Messrs.  Holt  we  have  also  "  A  French  Read- 
er," edited  by  Dr.  A.  Rambeau;  and  "  Les  Oberle," 
by  M.  Rend  Bazin,  edited  by  Mr.  Charles  W.  Cabeen. 
Mr.  William  R.  Jenkins  publishes  "  Choses  de  France," 
a  book  for  reading  and  conversation,  by  M.  C.  Fontaine; 
and  "  Historiettes  et  Poesies  Choisies  pour  les  Eufants," 
by  Mile.  Marie  M.  Robique. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


53 


The  recent  award  of  the  Nobel  prize  of  840,000  to 
the  Baroness  Bertha  von  Suttner  for  her  famous  peace 
novel,  "  Die  WafFen  Nieder,"  has  so  renewed  popidar 
interest  in  the  book  that  Messrs.  McClurg  &  Co.  will 
publish  at  once  a  new  edition  of  their  English  transla- 
tion, bearing  the  title  "Ground  Arms!"  The  great 
lesson  taught  by  this  impressive  argument  against  war 
was  never  more  pertinent  than  now,  and  it  is  to  be 
hoped  that  in  its  new  form  the  book  will  find  the  widest 
American  audience. 

Messrs.  Morang  &  Co.,  of  Toronto,  send  us  the 
"  Speeches  and  Addresses,  Political,  Literary,  and  Re- 
ligious," of  the  Hon.  John  Charlton,  for  thirty-two 
years  a  member  of  the  Canadian  Parliament.  They 
represent  the  public  utterances  of  a  man  whose  life  has 
been  a  part  of  the  history  of  Canada,  and,  in  a  lesser 
degree,  of  the  history  of  the  United  States.  Bom  an 
American,  Mr.  Charlton  crossed  the  boundary  many 
years  ago,  and  has  ever  since  been  an  element  for  good 
in  the  political  life  of  his  adopted  country.  In  Parlia- 
ment, his  influence  has  been  chiefly  felt  in  two  direc- 
tions,— the  promotion  of  better  trade  relations  with  the 
United  States,  and  the  preservation  of  the  sanctity  of 
the  Sabbath.  The  speeches  he  has  preserved  here  suf- 
ficiently show  the  breadth  of  his  interests,  as  well  as  of 
his  point  of  view.  His  literary  addresses  are  mainly 
American  in  theme:  Abraham  Lincoln,  George  Wash- 
ington, David  Livingstone,  American  Humor,  and  Con- 
ditions of  Success  in  Life. 


WILLIAM   BAIN'ET  HAKPEB. 

The  death  of  President  Harper,  of  the  University  of 
Chicago,  on  the  tenth  of  this  month,  came  too  late  to 
permit  of  our  giving  it  the  attention  which  would  natur- 
ally be  called  for  by  the  scholarly  accomplishments  and 
the  public  services  of  the  g^reat  educator.  Under  the 
circumstances,  a  few  brief  remarks  must  take  the  place 
of  the  more  extensive  treatment  that  we  would  gladly 
have  accorded  to  his  distinguished  career. 

The  work  of  organization  done  by  President  Harper 
during  the  comparatively  brief  period  of  his  official  life 
is  too  patent  to  need  any  comment.  He  created  a  great 
imiversity  system,  in  some  respects  the  most  compre- 
hensive in  the  entire  country,  kept  it  in  working  order, 
provided  for  its  progressive  development  as  the  means 
became  available,  and  left  it  as  the  lasting  monument 
of  his  tireless  energy  and  his  arduous  devotion  to  its 
cause.  His  personality  inspired  the  confidence  which 
placed  large  sums  of  money  at  his  command,  sums 
which  were  not  solicited  by  him,  as  he  frequently  took 
pains  to  declare,  but  which  were  offered  freely  by 
friends  of  the  institution.  The  principal,  although  by 
no  means  the  only,  source  of  this  support  was  of  such  a 
nature  as  to  expose  both  the  institution  and  its  executive 
head  to  a  great  deal  of  Ul-mannered  criticism  from  the 
public  press,  and  the  burden  thus  unjustly  laid  upon 
President  Harper's  shoulders  was  heavier  than  most 
people  realized.  That  he  bore  it  patiently  and  uncom- 
plainingly, even  when  it  far  exceeded  the  bounds  per- 
missible in  legitimate  discussion,  offers  one  of  the  finest 
illustrations  of  his  eharacter. 

Another  illustration  is  offered  by  the  cordial  relations 
which  he  maintained  with  his  colleagues.  Given  a 
giant's  power  by  the  confidence  of  his  board  of  trustees, 
he  knew  how  tyrannous  it  woidd  be  to  use  that  power 
like  a  giant,  and  thus  saved  a  situation  which,  as  may  be 
seen  in  the  example  of  certain  other  institutions  and 
executives,  might    easily  have    become    critical.     The 


conditions  of  his  office  made  him  the  embodiment  of  that 
one-man  power  which  is  to-day  the  chief  menace  of  our 
university  life,  but  pride  and  arrogant  self-seeking  were 
so  alien  to  his  nature  that  he  did  not  exercise  the  power 
in  an  offensive  way.  He  never  took  the  attitude  of  a 
superior  being,  but  deferred  readily  to  the  opinions  of 
his  colleagues,  and  did  not  think  of  embarking  upon  any 
important  new  policy  without  first  gaining  the  support 
of  the  faculty.  His  example  in  this  respect  might  pro- 
fitably be  imitated  in  other  quarters. 

Besides  the  adverse  criticisms  already  alluded  to, 
attacks  of  another  kind  were  constantly  made  upon  him, 
and  were  met  with  the  same  admirable  equanimity.  The 
dreadful  mistake  of  gi^-ing  to  the  University,  by  means 
of  its  charter,  a  sectarian  label,  was  so  minimized  in  its 
consequences  by  the  President's  broadness  of  view  as  to 
bring  no  practical  impairment  to  the  efficiency  of  the 
institution.  Yet  for  this  he  suffered  a  persistent  on- 
slaught from  the  sectarian  bigotry  which  thought  it 
intolerable  that  freedom  of  opinion  should  characterize 
the  life  of  a  school  thus  designated  by  a"  theological 
trade-mark.  But  no  fact  is  more  evident  to  those  who 
have  known  the  University  intimately  than  that  it  has 
always  stood  unswervingly  in  letter  and  in  spirit  for  the 
highest  ideal  of  academic  freedom.  No  theological  test 
was  ever  applied  to  teacher  or  student ;  no  disability  was 
ever  laid  upon  either  by  reason  of  private  opinion  or 
public  utterance. 

It  would  not  be  proper  to  close  even  so  brief  a  char- 
acterization as  the  present  without  saying  a  word  about 
President  Harper's  last  year.  During  that  year  he  was 
under  sentence  of  death,  and  almost  constantly  the 
victim  of  severe  physical  suffering.  Yet  this  condition, 
which  would  have  disheartened  most  men,  and  weak- 
ened the  spirit  of  their  labors,  served  only  to  arouse 
him  to  a  renewed  determination  to  accomplish  all  that 
might  humanly  be  accomplished  before  the  light  failed. 
He  continued  tranquilly  at  his  appointed  tasks,  and 
illustrated  throughout  his  remaining  days  the  truth  of 
Spinoza's  noble  saying:  "  Homo  liber  de  nulla  re  minus 
quam  de  morte  cogitat."  He  thus  vindicated  the  free- 
dom of  his  own  spirit  as  he  had  before  championed  the 
spirit  of  academic  freedom.  Few  men  have  been  so 
tried,  and  far  fewer  have  so  well  borne  the  test.  It  is 
safe  to  say  that  whoever  watched  his  brave  struggle 
with  the  ancient  enemy  of  mankind  came  to  feel,  what- 
ever had  been  felt  before,  a  redoubled  admiration  for 
the  qualities  of  essential  manhood  that  were  then  for 
the  first  time  fullv  revealed. 


L.IST  OF  Xeav  Books. 


[The  following   list,   containing    50  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  Tee  Dial  since  its  last  issue.] 

BIOGBAPHT  AKD  ICEICOIBS. 
The  Life  of  Froude.    By  Herbert  Paxil.    With  photorravure 

portrait.  8vo,  gilt  top.  pp.  454.     Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

$*■  net. 
Lioois  XTV.  and  La  Grande  Mademoiselle.  1^2-1693.    By 

Arvede  Barine.     Authorized  English  version.     Illns..  8vo, 

gilt  top,  pp.  3&1.    G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    $3.  net. 

William  T.  Sherman.  By  Edward  Robins.  With  portrait. 
12mo,  gilt  top.  pp.  352.  "American  Crisis  Biographies." 
George  W.  Jacobs  &  Co.    $1.25  net. 

HISTORY. 
The  Journeys  of  LaSalle  and  his  Companions,  1668-1687. 
As  related  by  himself  and  his  followers.     Edited  by  Isaac 
Joslin  Cox.  Ph.D.     In  2  vols.,  illus..  16mo.    "The  Trail- 
Makers."    A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.    12.  net. 


54 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


Nation  Builders.  By  Edfrar  Mayhew  Bacon  and  Andrew 
Carpenter  Wheeler.    12mo,  pp.  196.    Eaton  &  Mains.    $1. 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 
7oungr  Germany.    By  George  Brandes.    Large  8vo,  gilt  top, 

uncut,  pp.  411.      "Main  Currents   in  Nineteenth  Century 

Literature."    Macmillan  Co. 
Wordsworth's  Idterary  Criticism.     Edited  by  Nowell  C. 

Smith.    16mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  260.    Oxford  University  Press. 

90  eta.  net. 
Poems  and  Extracts  chosen  by  William  Wordsworth  for  an 

Album  Presented  to  Lady  Mary  Lowther,  Christmas,  1819. 

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The  Book  that  Won  the  Nobel  Peace  Prize 

"GROUND    ARMS! 

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A    ROMANCE    OF  EUROPEAN    WAR 
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OLD  JAPAN 

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**  Have  We  a  Huxley  Among  Us?" 

"  The  call  goes  up  for  a  new  Moses  in  the  wilderness,  a  new  Huxley  who  shall 
lead  us  out  of  darkness  into  light.  But  whither  shall  we  turn?"  says  The 
New  York  Herald,  August  6th,  1905,  in  a  full-page  review  of 

The  New  Knowledge 

By  ROBERT  KENNEDY  DUNCAN 

Sir  William  Ramsay  and  M.  Becquerel  pronounce  it  one  of  the  great  books  of 
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1.  Our  First  Century 

2.  Life  in  the  18th  Century 

"  Social  features  of  Colonial  life,  its  religion, 
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its  play,  its  work,  its  commercial  and  agricul- 
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Each  volume  12mo,  $1.20  net. 


Lives  of  Great 
Writers 

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In  the  Days  of  Chaucer 
In  the  Days  of  Shakespeare 
In  the  Days  of  Milton 
In  the  Days  of  Scott 

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•'The   history   of  the  world   is   the 
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THE  TRAIL  MAKERS 

A  Library  of  History  and  Exploration.    Professor  JOHN  BACH  McMASTER,  Consulting  Editor. 

History  told  by  the  Makers  of  History 

"The  appearance  of  '  The  Trail-Makers '  in  convenient  form  and  at  a  moderate  price  seems  to  indi- 
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To  find  them  in  compact  form,  priced  at  a  low  figure  and  containing  the  full  text  of  the  originals 
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THE  TRAIL-MAKERS 

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(Special  circulars  on  application. ) 

JUST    PUBLISHED 

The  Explorer  of  the  Mississippi. 
The  Journeys  of  La  Salle  and  his  Companions,  1678-1687.    As  related  by  himself  and  his 
followers.     Edited,  with  an  Introduction,  by  Professor  I.  J.  Cox,  of  the  University  of  Cincinnati. 
In  two  volumes. 


First  Across  the  Continent. 
The  Journey  of  Alvar  Nunez  Cabeza  de 
Vaca,  and  liis  companions  from  Florida  to 
the  Pacific,  1528-1536. 
Translated  by  Fanny  Bandelier.     Edited, 
with  an  Introduction,  by  Ad.  F.  Bandelier. 

The  First  Explorer  of  the  South. 
Narratives  of  the  Career  of  Hernando 
de  Soto  in  the  Conquest  of  Florida,  1539- 
1542,  as  told  by  a  gentleman  of  Elvas,  by 
Luys  Hernandez  De  Biedma,  and  by  Rod- 
rigo  Ran j  el. 

Edited,  with  an  Introduction,  by  Professor 
Edward  Gaylord  Bourne,  of  Yale  Univer- 
sity.     In  two  volumes. 

The  First  Explorer  of  the  West. 
The  Journey  of  Coronado,  1540-42.    From 
the  City  of  Mexico  to  the  Buffalo  Plains  of 
Kansas  and  Nebraska. 
Translated  and  Edited,  with  an  Introduc- 
tion, by  George  Pai-ker  Winship. 

A  Founder  of  New  France. 
Voyages  and  Explorations  of  Samuel  de 
Champlain,  narrated  by  himself. 
Translated  by  Annie  Nettleton  Bom-ne. 
Edited,  with  an  Introduction,  by  Edward 
Graylord  Bomuie,  Professor  of  History  in  Yale 
University.     In  three  volimies.     ( In  press. ) 


First  Across  British  America. 
Voyages  from  Montreal  through  the  Con- 
tinent of  North  America  to  the  Frozen 
and  Pacific  Oceans  in  1789  and  1793. 

By  Alexander  Mackenzie.    In  two  volumes. 

Th^  Greatest  American  Exploration. 
History  of  the    Expedition   Under    the 
Command  of  Capts.  Lewis  and  Clark. 

With  an  Account  of  the  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase, by  Professor  John  Bach  McMaster, 
and  an  Introduction  Identifying  the  Route. 
In  three  volumes. 

A  Contemporary  Life  of  the  Iroqiwis. 
History  of  Five  Indian  Nations  of  Can-^ 
ada  which  are  Dependent  upon  the 
Province  of  New  York. 

By  Cadwallader  Golden,  Siirveyor-General 
of  the  Colony  of  New  York.    In  two  volumes. 

An  Early  Fur  Trader's  Life. 
A  Journal  of  Voyage  and  Travels  in  the 
Interior  of  North  America. 

By  Daniel  Williams  Harmon,  a  partner  in 
the  Northwest  Company  (beginning  in 
1800). 

Across  Suh-Arctic  America. 
The  Wild  Northland. 

By  Gen.  Sir  William  Francis  Butler,  K.C.B. 


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Five  American  Politicians:    Burr- 
Douglas-Clay-Clinton-Van  Buren 

Size,  7'  2  X  5*4  inches ;  447  pages,  photog^vure  portraits, 
cloth  $2.00.     (Poetage,  12  cents). 

Hie  machinery  of  modem  polities  had  its  ineeptioa  fai  the  derire 
of  certain  men  to  carry  oat  issues  and  fulfil  ambitions  highly  wwresssty 
to  their  own  advanoement  sod  soooess.  There  have  been  many  dis- 
tinct successes  in  this  pecniiar  field,  bat  it  hss  been  Dr.  Oith'a  ooject 
to  show  the  beginnii^  of  this  essentially  American  phasn  ot  politieal 
life.    Each  of  Uie  five  great  names  contributed  soma  apaeial  fsatora. 

To  Aaron  Burr  may  be  given  the  credit  of  the  first  AMeriean  politi- 
cal machine.     It  has  survived  the  century  as  ''^'-— "j  HaO. 

Da  Witt  Clinton  was  the  founder  of  the  Bpotla  System,  the  earlieat 
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series  of  paradoxes ;  the  strong  and  weak  points  constantly  in  contrast 
one  with  the  other. 

The  system  originated  by  Clinton  was  deftly  carried  by  another  to 
Washington.  The  story  of  Xartin  Van  Buren  is  one  of  careful  plotting 
aad  clever  manipulation. 

A  Master  and  Victim  of  Compromise  aad  Coalition,  Henry  Clay 
Stands  preeminent.  Five  times  be  stood  for  the  presidency, 'either 
bofbra  the  convention  or  the  people,  only  to  be  defeated.  For  half  a 
century  he  was  a  leading  actor  on  oar  poUtical  stage ;  the  organiser  of 
a  powerful  party ;  the  originator  of  great  issues. 

One  other  name  —  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  Defender  of  fttata  Bi^ta, 
mnst  be  iaelnded.  His  life  was  given  to  that  period  which  dateragined 
for  na  whether  we  were  to  be  a  nation  or  a  confederation. 

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Aiaf  object  being  to  bring  oat  the  foremost  political  episodes  in  ^e 
Urea  of  the  five  men  under  coniidatatiaak 

Ue  growth  of  the  System  aad  party  atacbinery ;  the  origin  of  the 
caacws  aad  its  decline;  the  rise  and  development  of  the  convention 
^aa,  and  other  details  of  modem  politics  are  treated  exhaustively 
from  aa  historical  standpoint. 


Narrative    of    the    Adventures    of 

ZenaS  Leonard,  a  Native  of  Clearfield 
County,  Pa.,  who  spent  five  years  in  Trap- 
ping for  Furs,  Trading  with  the  Indians,  1839. 

Kdited  by  Dr.  W.  F.  Wagkss.  An  accurate  reprint  of  one  of  the 
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year  for  extra  postage  miut  he  added.  BEMrrrAifCES  *7iould 
be  by  check,  or  by  expret*  or  po*tal  order,  payable  to  THE 
DIAL  COyfPAy^T.  Unle**  otherwi*e  ordered, *ub*cription* 
will  begin  with  the  current  number.  When  no  direct  reque*t 
to  di*continue  at  expiration  of  tub*cription  i*  received,  it  i* 
assumed  that  a  continuance  of  the  *ub*eription  i*  de*ired. 
ADVEBTisrs-Q  "RATBa  furnished  on  aj>plicaiion.  All  communi- 
catiotis  should  be  addressed  to 

THE  DIAL,  Fine  Arts  Building,  Chicago. 

BNTEBEO  AT  THE  CHICAGO  POSTOFFICB  AS  SEOOSI>-CLASS  MATTES 
BY  THE  DIAL  COMPANY,  PUBUSHEBS. 

No.  471.  FEBRUARY  1,  1906.  Vol.  XL. 


COXTEXTS. 

PAOS 

THE  LIBRARY  IN  THE  SCHOOL 73 

FIELD  LIBRARIES.     Melvil  Dewey 75 

COMMOnCATIONS 78 

Some    Bibliographic    Xeeds    and    Possibilities. 

Eugene  Fairfield  McPike. 
Mr.   Swinburne    as   "a   Love    Poet."     Francis 

Howard  Williams. 

A  BIOGRAPHY  OF  CARLYLE"S  BIOGRAPHER. 

Percy  F.  Bicknell 80 

SOME  CLTRRENT  RAILWAY-RATE  DISCUSSION. 

H.  Parker  Willis 82 

A  DEFINTrrST:  GOETHE  BIOGRAPHY.    Lewis  A. 

Bhoades 85 

REASON  IN  RELIGION  AND  m  ART.     A.  K. 

Rogers 87 

TWO    RECENT     BOOKS     ON    SHAKESPEARE. 

Charles  H.  A.  Wager 89 

BRIEFS  ON  N'EW  BOOKS 92 

The  negro  influence  in  our  history.  —  A  poet's 
first  book  of  prose. — Washington  as  explorer  and 
expansionist,  - —  Dr.  Osier  in  pithy  paragraphs.  — 
Romantic  episodes  in  the  history  of  Illinois. — 
Milton  and  his  contemporaries.  —  Records  of  a 
photographer-naturalist.  —  English  men  and  meas- 
ures from  1876  to  1885. ^A  contribution  to  the  Gar- 
rison anniversary. — Comments  on  things  and  places, 
books  and  men.  —  A  lively  study  of  "  La  Grande 
Mademoiselle." 

BRIEFER  MENTION 96 

NOTES 97 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS      ....  98 

LIST  OF  NT:W  BOOKS 99 


THE  LIBRARY  IN  THE  SCHOOL. 


The  effort  to  bring  public  libraries  into  coop- 
erative relations  with  public  schools,  which  had 
its  tentative  beginnings  about  a  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury ago,  has  since  that  time  steadily  progressed 
until  the  work  of  the  teacher  has  gained  numer- 
ous points  of  contact  with  the  work  of  the  libra- 
rian, and  both  schools  and  libraries  have  been 
benefited  by  the  work.  In  many  places,  teachers 
are  given  special  facilities  for  obtaining  the  books 
they  need  in  their  classrooms,  and  pupils  are  en- 
couraged to  become  card-holders  at  the  libraries. 
Sometimes  delivery  stations  are  established  in 
the  schools  themselves ;  while  in  the  libraries, 
special  rooms  are  invitingly  fitted  up  for  the  use 
of  children,  and  special  attendants  provided  to 
meet  their  peculiar  needs. 

This  is  the  briefest  kind  of  summary  of  an 
extension  of  library  activity  that  has  accom- 
plished many  good  results,  and  may  be  expected 
to  accomplish  many  more.  But  no  amount  of 
effort  of  this  description  can  absolve  the  school 
from  the  duty  of  having  a  library  of  its  own, 
and  of  enlisting  library  intelligence  to  put  the 
books  to  their  proper  use.  Now  schools  do  not. 
»as  a  rule,  perform  their  duty  in  this  respect,  and 
their  failure  to  perform  it  constitutes  one  of  the 
most  obvious  present  defects  in  their  manage- 
ment. It  is  the  purpose  of  the  present  article 
to  indicate  in  rotigh  outline  what  the  schools 
ought  to  do,  and  what  the  friends  of  public 
education  ought  to  insist  upon  until  the  needed 
reforms  are  secured.  What  we  shall  say  will 
apply  mainly  to  schools  of  higher  grade,  because 
elementary  schools  cannot  do  very  much  in  this 
direction.  They  can  encourage  a  taste  for  read- 
ing good  books  of  the  juvenile  class,  and  can  see 
that  such  are  made  obtainable  :  they  can  also 
give  children  some  elementary  instruction  in  the 
use  of  books  for  study.  For  these  purposes  a 
few  works  of  reference  and  a  carefully-chosen 
circulating  library  shovdd  suffice.  But  when 
the  high-school  years  are  reached,  a  far  more 
thorough-going  plan  should  be  adopted.  A 
general  idea  of  what  that  plan  should  be,  and 
some  notion  of  its  points  of  application  to  the 
ordinary  high-school  course  of  study,  will  be 
given  in  the  present  discussion. 


74 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


A  concrete  example  will  serve  to  indicate  our 
point  of  view.  We  have  just  now  in  mind  one 
of  the  largest  and  newest  high  schools  in  one  of 
our  largest  cities.  It  is  a  school  occupying  half 
of  a  city  block,  and  costing  upwards  of  a  quar- 
ter of  a  million  dollars.  It  is  a  school  providing 
an  extensive  variety  of  courses  in  mathematics, 
natural  science,  ancient  and  modern  languages, 
history  and  literature,  besides  the  courses  in  those 
so-called  "  commercial  "  subjects  with  which  so 
many  of  our  schools  have  been  equipped  of  late 
years  by  way  of  a  concession  to  the  demand  for 
what  is  hastily  assumed  to  be  a  "  practical " 
form  of  education.  Now  a  full  third  of  the 
space  of  the  school  —  practically  one  whole  floor 
out  of  the  three  —  is  set  apart  for  the  labora- 
tories in  which  are  taught  the  courses  in  physi- 
ography, biology,  physics,  and  chemistry.  One 
small  room  constitutes  the  library,  a  room  that 
will  accommodate  about  thirty  students  at  a 
time,  and  will  hold  barely  twenty-five  himdred 
volumes  !  Nor  does  this  school  offer  a  very  ex- 
ceptional case.  Many  other  high  schools  of  its 
kind  are  in  existence,  or  are  now  being  built 
upon  the  same  lopsided  plan,  and  it  is  time  to 
make  an  energetic  protest  in  behaK  of  the 
cultural  subjects  and  the  proper  provision  for 
their  pursuit. 

School  authorities  have  become  so  used  to  this 
state  of  thmgs  that  they  do  not  stop  to  think  how 
absurd  it  is.  Roughly  speaking,  we  may  say 
that  the  work  of  a  typical  high  school  falls  into 
five  classes,  approximately  equal  in  the  amount 
of  attention  they  receive.  One  of  these  five 
classes  is  the  natural  science  group,  another  is 
the  foreign  language  group,  another  is  the  his- 
tory group,  and  another  is  the  English  language 
and  literature  group.  The  fifth  group  is  a  mis- 
cellaneous assemblage  to  which  everything  else 
may  be  relegated.  Now  the  all-important  thing 
to  be  noted  is  that  the  library  must  be  the  labora- 
tory of  two  entire  groups  besides  parts  of  others, 
or  of  fully  one-half  of  the  entire  work  done  by 
students  of  the  school.  Yet  in  the  tyjDical  case 
we  have  outlined,  the  natural  science  group  alone 
has  something  like  twenty  times  the  laboratory 
space  assigned  (in  the  library  room)  to  the  far 
larger  group  of  the  studies  wliich  are  best  called 
humanities.  The  disproportion  between  bread 
and  sack  in  Falstaff's  tavern  score  is  the  only 
parallel  worthy  of  the  occasion. 

We  woidd  not  be  taken  as  grudging  in  any 
way  the  most  liberal  provision  of  appliances  for 
the  teaching  of  science.  In  the  endeavor  to 
rescue  education  from  the  grasp  of  text-book  rou- 
tine, scientific  studies  presented  the  first  phase 


of  the  difficulty  to  be  attacked,  because  their 
need  of  such  rescue  was  the  most  urgent.  To 
teach  physics  and  chemistry  from  books  alone, 
or  with  the  aid  of  a  few  demonstrations  by  the 
mstructor,  was  a  farcical  proceeding,  and  it  is  an 
undoubted  gain  to  have  substituted  therefor  a 
more  rational  method.  But  that  difficidty  has 
been  coped  with,  and  now  hardly  exists.  The 
urgent  problem  of  the  present  is  to  provide  the 
means  for  teaching  history  and  literature  by  the 
direct  use  of  their  materials  ;  that  is,  to  substi- 
tute the  easy  use  of  many  books  for  the  hard 
memorizing  of  one.  Our  schools  are  only  just 
beginning  to  grapple  with  this  problem,  and  its 
solution  will  not  be  reached  untd  the  same  meas- 
ure of  facilities  is  afforded  in  this  group  of 
studies  as  it  has  long  been  taken  for  granted  must 
be  afforded  in  the  scientific  gi-oups.  In  other 
words,  the  teaching  of  history  and  literatirre 
must  be  carried  on  in  a  weU-equipped  library, 
with  constant  use  of  the  authorities,  with  the 
setting  of  tasks  that  cannot  be  performed  with- 
out the  student's  own  correlation  of  many  printed 
sources  of  information,  and  with  the  kind  of  in- 
telligent guidance  that  can  alone  be  given  by 
the  instructor  who  is  himseK  familiar  with  the 
methods  and  materials  of  historical  and  literary 
investigations. 

To  bring  about  this  desired  result  a  school 
must  have  a  library  in  which  at  least  one-half 
of  the  class-work  in  history  and  literature  may 
be  done.  The  library  must  be  large  enough  to 
acconunodate  aU  the  classes  that  need  to  use  it, 
which  means  that  the  space  it  occupies  should 
be  approximately  equal  to  the  space  now  occu- 
pied by  the  combined  laboratories.  It  must  be 
provided  with  many  books,  and  often  with  many 
copies  of  the  same  book,  wliich  is  quite  as  neces- 
sary a  tiling  to  do  as  to  provide  many  microscopes 
for  students  of  biology  and  many  balances  for 
students  of  chemistry.  And  it  must  have  a  gen- 
erous appropriation  for  its  maintamance,  which 
means  that  the  total  sum  annually  available  for 
school  supplies  ought  to  be  apportioned  about 
equally  between  library  and  laboratories.  It  is 
a  matter  of  the  barest  justice  that  as  much 
money  should  be  spent  upon  books  as  upon 
biological  supplies  and  chemical  glassware  and 
reagents.  We  believe  that  the  most  important 
thing  now  to  be  done  for  the  improvement  of  our 
secondary  education  is  to  develop  the  human- 
istic studies  upon  the  lines  here  suggested,  and 
to  make  of  the  library  the  chief  centre  of  the 
school's  activity. 

A  school  can  do  nothing  more  valuable  than 
thus  to  accustom  its  students  to  the  intelligent' 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


75 


handling  of  books.  The  watchword  of  the  last 
generation  was  an  appeal  to  get  away  from 
hooks  and  into  direct  contact  with  things.  This 
was  justifiable  in  so  far  as  it  meant  the  getting 
away  from  text-books,  and  into  contact  with 
the  real  materials  of  knowledge,  and  the  ap- 
peal has  been  fully  vindicated  in  the  case  of 
the  scientific  subjects.  Now  in  the  case  of 
history  and  literature,  it  must  be  remembered, 
the  books  themselves  are  the  things  —  not  the 
student's  own  text-book,  which  may  here  be 
as  much  of  an  obstacle  or  a  nvdsance  as  it  was  in 
the  other  case,  but  the  books  that  are  used  for 
investigation,  for  comparison,  for  criticism,  and 
for  the  training  of  judgment  and  logical  facidty. 
There  is  no  respect  in  which  work  done  with 
books  in  this  sense  may  not  prove  as  effective 
for  the  ultimate  purposes  of  education  as  work 
done  ^ith  the  microscope  and  the  balance.  We 
regard  this  as  an  imderstatement  of  the  truth, 
and  would  not  hesitate  to  make  a  much  larger 
claim. 

Furthermore,  when  we  consider  how  much  the 
education  that  is  continued  after  schooltime  is 
over  depends  upon  the  right  use  of  books,  we 
can  hardly  be  too  emphatic  in  asserting  that 
something  of  that  use  should  be  learned  in  the 
school.  Yet  almost  nothing  of  the  sort  really  is 
learned.  The  average  student  in  a  high  school 
does  not  know  the  difference  between  a  table  of 
contents  and  an  index,  does  not  know  what  a  con- 
cordance is,  does  not  know  how  to  find  what  he 
wants  in  an  encyclopaedia,  does  not  even  know 
that  a  dictionary  has  many  other  uses  besides  that 
of  supplying  definitions.  Still  more  pitiful  is 
his  naive  assumption  that  a  book  is  a  book,  and 
that  what  book  it  is  does  not  paiiicularly  mat- 
ter. It  is  the  commonest  of  all  experiences  to 
hear  a  student  say  that  he  has  got  a  given  state- 
ment from  a  book,  and  to  find  him  quite  inca- 
pable of  naming  the  book.  That  the  source 
of  his  information,  as  long  as  that  information 
is  printed  somewhere,  should  be  of  any  conse- 
quence, is  quite  surprising  to  him,  and  still  more 
the  suggestion  that  it  is  also  his  duty  to  have 
some  sort  of  an  opinion  concerning  the  value 
and  credibility  of  the  authority  he  thus  blindly 
quotes.  If  the  school  library .  and  the  instruction 
given  in  connection  with  it,  shovdd  do  no  more 
than  impress  these  two  elementary  principles 
upon  the  minds  of  the  whole  student  body,  it 
woiJd  go  far  towards  accovmting  for  itself  as  an 
educational  means.  That  it  may,  and  shoidd,  do 
much  more  than  this  is  the  proposition  that  we 
have  sought  to  maintain,  and  we  do  not  see  how 
its  essential  reasonableness  may  be  gainsaid. 


FIELD  LIBRARIES. 

Every  civilized  nation  has  learned  that  education 
pays  on  the  material  side  as  well  as  on  the  higher 
plane.  No  wise  statesman  dares  neglect  it.  Our  free 
schools  reach  the  remotest  hamlet.  Indeed,  distri- 
bution of  schools  has  been  overdone,  and  like  other 
states  New  York  finds  that  many  of  its  11,000 
school  districts  could  wisely  be  consolidated ;  for  it 
would  often  be  cheaper  to  transport  the  children 
from  two  or  more  of  the  weakest  districts  to  a  better 
school,  than  to  attempt  to  support  so  many  different 
buildings  and  teachers.  Whatever  the  method,  no 
intelligent  man  denies  that  every  home  must  be 
reached  with  educational  facifities. 

This  education  is  for  the  young,  in  school,  and 
for  a  limited  course.  It  is  of  priceless  importance, 
and  well  worth  the  many  mUlions  paid  for  it  yearly. 
But  there  is  another  means  of  education  quite  as 
important,  not  for  the  young  alone  but  for  all,  to  be 
had  at  home  instead  of  in  school,  and  lasting  not 
for  a  short  course  but  through  life.  For  this  the 
term  ••  home  education  "  has  wisely  been  chosen  to 
differentiate  it  from  school  education,  which  is 
obtained  not  at  home  but  in  regular  teaching  insti- 
tutions. The  problems  of  home  education  are  com- 
paratively new.  There  is  great  lack  both  of  men 
and  money  for  its  work.  We  must  choose  from  many 
possible  plans  those  that  will  give  the  best  practical 
results  from  limited  resources.  In  a  comprehensive 
view  of  home  education  we  find  five  distinct  factors : 
libraries,  museums,  clubs,  extension  teaching,  and 
tests  and  credentials.  Of  these  any  competent  stu- 
dent is  sure  to  find  fibraries  easily  the  most  important, 
efl&cient,  and  economical,  and  the  natiuul  centre  for 
the  other  four  agencies.  The  growing  recognition 
of  this  fact  is  shown  by  more  than  a  hundred  new 
laws  concerning  fibraries  passed  in  America,  and 
402  gifts,  made  from  private  resources,  aggregating 
816,000.000,  in  a  single  recent  year.  There  has 
been  nothing  in  educational  history  equal  to  this 
modern  bbrarj'  movement.  It  has  the  most  support 
and  the  least  opposition,  the  most  Uberal  grants  by 
taxpayers,  the  most  generous  gifts  from  philanthro- 
pists. We  are  astounded  to  find  how  much  has  been 
done  for  this  side  of  education,  but  more  astounded 
when  we  study  deeper  to  see  how  fittle  of  what  is 
needed  has  as  yet  been  accomplished.  We  spend 
fabulous  sums  each  year  and  are  proud  of  oiu-  sta- 
tistics, but  we  reach  only  a  small  proportion  of  those 
who  most  need  help.  Any  observer  who  looks  below 
the  surface  finds  many  houses  in  both  city  and  coun- 
try where  no  good  books  are  bought  or  read.  Some 
people  read  nothing ;  some  only  newspapers,  and 
these  often  the  poorest  rather  than  the  best ;  some 
read  magazines,  good,  poor,  or  indifferent ;  but  the 
number  of  book  readers  is  pathetically  small.  There 
are  some  whole  villages  where  not  half  a  dozen  of 
the  best  books  find  their  way.  There  are  coUegjes 
where  the  amount  of  the  best  reading  outside  the 
prescribed  text-books  is  startfingly  restricted.  Stu- 
dents are  too  busy  with  required  studies  and  other 


76 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


duties,  and  as  a  result  are  graduated  and  sent  out 
to  swell  the  army  of  non-readers,  though  the  reading 
habit  would  have  been  worth  to  them  more  than  all 
the  learning  of  their  college  text-books. 

We  have  learned  that  in  education  as  in  farming 
new  soil  gives  the  largest  crops.  A  given  amount 
of  effort  does  double  good  when  spent  on  the  young 
rather  than  on  adults.  Profiting  by  this  knowledge, 
we  give  more  attention  than  ever  before  to  the 
needs  of  children.  Special  rooms,  and  librarians 
naturally  fitted  and  trained  for  assisting  children, 
are  being  added  to  the  best  libraries.  Home  libra- 
ries reaching  little  groups  "with  books  and  a  friend  " 
are  sowing  good  seed,  but  there  is  not  more  than  one 
where  a  thousand  are  needed.  The  wise  farmer  who 
has  more  land  than  he  can  work  properly  looks 
over  his  territory  and  selects  for  first  attention  that 
which  promises  best  returns.  As  we  look  over  the 
library  field  ripe  for  the  harvest  on  every  side,  we 
find  the  greatest  need  at  present  in  the  rural  sec- 
tions. A  little  over  haK  of  our  people  live  in  the 
country.  They  have  a  larger  margin  of  leisure, 
fewer  distractions,  and  fewer  opportunities  to  get 
the  best  reading.  They  read  more  slowly  and  care- 
fully, and  get  more  good  from  books  tha^i  their  high- 
pressure  city  cousins,  whose  crowded  lives  leave  little 
time  for  intellectual  digestion.  These  facts  are  un- 
questioned, and  one  would  think  that  philanthropists 
wishing  to  do  the  greatest  good  with  a  given  sum  of 
money  would  look  to  the  country,  rather  than  to  the 
town  where  large  numbers  in  a  small  territory  make 
it  easy  to  support  public  libraries.  One  might  fairly 
expect  that  more  than  half  the  gifts  for  books  and 
libraries  would  go  to  that  half  of  the  people  who  by 
common  consent  have  most  leism'e  for  reading  and 
fewest  opportunities  to  get  books ;  but  instead  of  hav- 
ing their  pro  rata  share,  which  woidd  have  been 
about  52  per  cent.,  an  analysis  of  the  402  gifts  of  a 
recent  year  aggregating  $16,000,000  shows  less 
than  one  per  cent,  devoted  to  this  rural  reading. 
The  explanation  is  doubtless  that  attention  has  never 
been  properly  called  to  the  facts,  and  that  the  solu- 
tion is  not  obvious.  A  rich  man  who  wishes  to  im- 
prove the  reading  of  his  fellows  can  build  a  library 
or  stock  it  with  books  in  a  city,  but  he  hardly  knows 
how  to  reach  rural  homes  even  if  he  understands 
their  pressing  needs. 

As  a  partial  solution  of  the  problem,  we  started 
our  New  York  State  system  of  travelling  books, 
pictures,  and  collections,  in  1892.  Remarkable  re- 
sults have  been  secured,  and  the  system,  still  growing 
rapidly,  has  been  gradually  but  generally  accepted 
as  a  permanent  factor  in  education.  A  community 
which  is  too  small,  or  which  thinks  itself  too  smaU, 
to  own  and  support  a  public  library  may  thus  feel 
free  to  accept,  for  a  small  fee  for  transportation, 
a  hundred  of  the  choicest  books  for  six  months. 
Novelty  has  then  worn  off.  A  library,  like  a  res- 
ervoir, becomes  stagnant,  and  the  interest  of  readers 
can  be  maintained  only  by  adding  new  books  at 
frequent  intervals,  or  by  changing  the  entire  libra- 
ries in  the  travelling  system.     Thus  the  same  books 


move  on  from  point  to  point  till  they  are  actually 
worn  out  in  service,  giving  larger  returns  for  each 
doUar  invested  than  has  ever  been  found  possible 
in  any  other  field.  This  method,  one  of  the  most 
valuable  in  modern  librarianship,  does  the  greatest 
good  at  moderate  cost. 

It  is  easy  to  devise  ways  of  doing  good,  but  most 
of  them  cost  too  much  to  be  practicable.  It  is  easy 
to  devise  inexpensive  plans,  but  most  of  them  are 
not  effective.  To  secure  efficiency  at  low  cost  is 
the  great  problem  in  all  educational,  religious,  or 
philanthropic  work.  You  may  compel  your  horse 
to  go  to  the  water,  but  he  will  drink  only  if  he 
wishes  it.  The  best  library,  either  jjermanent  or 
travelling,  is  of  little  use  to  the  man  who  will  not 
read.  It  is  well  worth  all  it  costs  to  supply  books 
to  those  who  are  hungry  for  them,  but  we  must  not 
neglect  the  underlying  problem  of  creating  the  appe- 
tite. Our  system  is  not  a  complete  success  until  it 
reaches  most  of  the  people  for  whom  it  was  planned. 
The  inexorable  law  of  circulation,  which  applies  to 
a  community  as  much  as  to  the  blood,  has  taught  us 
that  we  cannot  safely  ignore  the  submerged  tenth. 
Five  Points  filth  may  beget  Fifth  Avenue  fever. 
Their  folly  may  cause  our  funeral.  If  there  is  a 
cancer  in  the  foot  the  poison  will  circulate  to  the 
heart  and  brain.  A  town  is  not  safe  because  it  has 
sewer  mains  through  every  street  if  the  residents 
fail  to  connect  their  houses  with  them.  Schoolhouses 
and  teachers  do  not  educate  if  the  children  stay 
away.  Boards  of  health  may  compel  reckless  citi- 
zens to  connect  their  houses  with  the  sewer  system, 
truant  officers  may  enforce  compulsory  education 
laws,  but  statutes  cannot  help  us  in  our  equally  press- 
ing need  of  inducing  people  to  read  the  best  books. 

As  in  war  and  manufacturing,  it  is  the  man  behind 
the  machine  or  method  that  determines  its  efficiency. 
Much  good  is  done  by  making  books  readily  avail- 
able. The  taste  of  readers  improves  by  reading 
even  without  guidance,  but  the  best  results  demand 
that  behind  the  library's  books  there  shall  be  an 
earnest  human  soul,  whose  chief  concern  is  to  make 
other  lives  better  and  more  useful,  tlirough  the  influ- 
ence best  exerted  by  good  reading.  The  visitor  in 
our  little  home  libraries  who  meets  once  a  week  with 
the  children,  to  give  needed  help  ;  the  reference  libra- 
rian, now  so  prominent  a  factor  in  the  best  libraries ; 
and  the  children's  librarian,  one  of  the  best  of  the 
new  special  workers,  —  these  are  all  practical  recog- 
nitions of  the  fact  that  no  magnificence  of  buildings, 
wealth  of  resourses  and  endowments,  excellence  of 
catalogues  and  indexes,  or  liberality  of  hours  and 
rules,  can  ever  take  the  place  of  the  trained  expert 
who  is  at  heart  the  reader's  sympathetic  friend. 
Such  a  helper  may  change  the  whole  course  of  a  life 
by  giving  the  experimental  reader  confidence  and 
stimulating  interest  at  the  first  short  interview.  The 
man  or  boy  who  has  been  spending  his  evenings 
lounging  about  the  country  store  or  saloon  and 
doubtfully  tries  the  experiment  of  going  to  the 
library  instead,  should  be  handled  with  as  much 
skill  as  the  trout  that  approaches  the  bait,  for  he  is 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


77 


as  easily  frightened  away.  He  needs  a  sympathetic 
helping  hand  across  the  stepping-stones  of  an  un- 
tried stream.  The  range  of  books  is  vast.  The  new 
reader  needs  not  only  books,  but  a  friend.  A  coun- 
try boy,  who  has  never  seen  the  city,  dropped  at 
night  in  the  Grand  Central  station  of  New  York  may 
have  skill  and  self-reliance  enough  to  find  his  way 
safely,  but  he  is  infinitely  better  off  if  a  friend  meets 
him.  In  our  best  large  libraries  the  reference  and 
children's  librarians  perform  these  functions,  for  the 
constituency  is  large  enough  to  justify  the  expense. 
How  are  we  to  give  at  practical  cost  similar  help  to 
these  scattered  readers  in  rural  homes  who  need  it 
even  more?  Obviously  no  one  small  community 
can  afford  to  pay  for  the  whole  time  of  a  competent 
guide  to  books  and  reading. 

The  itinerant  principle  offers  a  solution.  The 
travelling  book  must  be  supplemented  by  the  trav- 
elling librarian,  who  can  give  a  day  or  two  each 
week  or  month  to  the  locality  too  small  to  afford  his 
entire  time.  The  economic  principle  is  sound.  Hun- 
dreds of  thousands  of  commercial  travellers  prove 
that  business  men  find  the  itinerant  principle  the 
cheapest  and  best  way  to  get  their  wares  into  com- 
munities too  small  to  support  a  permanent  store  or 
agent.  The  missionary  who  has  seven  stations  to 
each  of  which  he  gives  one  day  a  week,  the  judge 
who  moves  from  point  to  point  to  hold  his  court,  the 
orchestra  or  company  who  give  only  one  or  more 
entei-tainments  in  places  too  small  to  support  a  per- 
manent organization,  illustrate  the  universal  appli- 
cation of  the  principle  which  we  must  adopt  in  order 
to  get  best  results  at  least  cost. 

The  commercial  traveller  does  his  best  work  only 
when  he  can  carry  Ms  samples  with  him.  People 
need  object  lessons.  The  travelling  librarian  must 
have  with  him  a  considerable  collection  of  books 
for  his  house-to-house  and  individual  work.  He  can 
do  much  good  by  gathering  those  interested  in 
schoolhouses  or  churches  for  an  evening  talk,  stimu- 
lating interest  and  good  resolutions  and  giving  help- 
ful suggestions ;  but  when  he  sits  down  with  the 
family  or  an  individual  to  talk  about  personal  read- 
ing he  must  have  open  before  him  some  of  the  books 
for  which  he  is  trying  to  create  an  appetite.  As 
these  are  too  heavy  to  carry  about  by  hand,  we  must 
have  a  book  wagon  with  horses  or  motor,  holding 
perhaps  a  thousand  volumes  carefully  selected  for 
this  peculiar  work.  With  this  equipment  the  man 
or  woman  with  a  genius  for  the  work  has  a  rare 
opportunity  for  usefidness.  If  it  suggests  the  re- 
ligious colporteur  distributing  books  and  tracts,  we 
must  remember  that  only  religious  and  educational 
work  has  ever  moved  deeply  the  human  heart  to 
missionary  effort,  and  the  work  of  which  we  are 
talking  belongs  clearly  to  this  class.  The  book 
wagon  would  have  its  regular  route,  repeating  its 
visit  at  intervals  of  perhaps  two  or  more  weeks. 
This  book  missionary  would  come  to  know  his 
constituency  as  a  pastor  knows  his  people.  He 
would  learn  natural  abilities  and  tastes,  and  would 
become  skilful  in  developing  latent  interests  and 


leading  promising  readers  steadily  on  to  higher  and 
better  things.  K  on  any  trip  he  did  not  have  in 
his  wagon  just  the  book  wanted,  he  could  record  the 
need  and  bring  the  book  next  time  from  the  central 
library  from  which  his  routes  would  radiate.  He 
would  invite  his  readers  to  visit  the  central  library 
whenever  they  went  to  town  and  to  feel  free  to  ask 
for  help  in  person  or  by  letter. 

All  would  know  that  there  was  no  commercial 
interest  behind  the  work,  and  would  feel  confidence 
in  asking  gxiidance  when  they  wished  to  buy  books 
of  their  own.  A  book  owned  is  much  better  than  a 
book  loaned.  If  the  travelling  librarian  can  in- 
duce his  readers  to  apply  their  money  to  buying 
good  books  he  will  have  done  an  educational  work 
of  incalculable  value.  To  assist  in  this,  endowments 
or  gifts  should  pay  necessary  expenses  of  adminis- 
tration, so  that  any  reader  may  have  brought  to  him 
at  wholesale  cost  any  book  among  those  it  is  espe- 
cially desirable  to  distribute.  It  is  pathetic  to  see 
how  books  manufactured  simply  to  sell  are  scattered 
through  rural  homes.  People  impressed  with  the 
value  of  good  reading  give  their  hard-earned  money 
to  clever  agents  who  charge  them  high  prices  for 
books  which  ought  to  go  to  the  paper-mill  and  not 
on  the  book  shelf.  The  best  way  to  cure  this  evil 
is  not  by  declaiming  against  it,  but  by  giving  people 
the  best  books  at  cost  instead  of  these  poor  books  at 
high  prices.  The  distribution  of  trash  will  stop  as 
soon  as  it  is  unprofitable,  for  it  is  done  only  from 
pecuniary  motives. 

No  one  who  fully  appreciates  the  great  influence 
of  books  and  reading  can  doubt  that  the  money 
required  to  equip  such  a  book  wagon  and  to  pay 
the  salary  of  such  a  travelling  librarian  would 
yield  very  large  educational  dividends.  The  wagon, 
horses,  and  harness  would  cost  about  SIOOO,  and 
the  thousand  suitable  volumes  would  cost  as  much 
more.  If  as  many  books  were  in  the  hands  of  readers 
as  in  the  wagon,  so  that  while  changing  the  books 
from  house  to  house  the  wagon  continued  substan- 
tially full,  the  stock  would  be  perhaps  two  thousand 
volumes.  This  investment  would  mean  about  $3000, 
besides  the  salary  and  travelling  expenses.  This 
latter  item  would  be  small,  for  farmhouses  would 
compete  with  each  other  for  the  privilege  of  keep- 
ing the  wagon  over  night  and  having  extra  op- 
portunity to  examine  its  resources.  A  man  worth 
S3000  a  year  could  use  his  time  to  good  advantage 
in  this  way.  There  are  men  of  real  ability  so  deeply 
interested  in  the  work  that  they  would  do  it  for  much 
less  if  necessary.  Age,  experience,  and  other  elements 
would  determine  the  necessary  salary,  but  it  would  be 
perhaps  a  moderate  estimate  to  allow  S3000  for  the 
equipment  of  the  wagon  and  S2000  a  year  for  salary 
and  expenses.  When  I  first  proposed  this  new  work 
some  five  years  ago  the  term  "  field  libraries " 
seemed  well  suited  to  desig^te  the  idea.  Admirable 
opportunities,  with  cooperation  and  needed  super- 
vision, await  the  first  gifts  for  launching  this  very 
practical  enlargement  of  the  itinerant  principle. 

Melvil  Dewey. 


78 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


COMMUNICA  TIONS. 


SOME  BIBLIOGRAPHIC  NEEDS  AND 

POSSIBILITIES. 

(To  the  Editor  of  The  Dial.) 

When  Lawyer  Pleydell  compared  Dominie  Samp- 
son's mind  to  a  pawnbroker's  shop  stowed  with  all 
kinds  of  goods,  which,  however,  were  piled  in  utter 
confusion,  he  supplied  a  simile  that  is  not  altogether 
inapplicable  to  the  world's  store  of  knowledge  at  the 
present  day.  There  is  this  distinction,  however,  that 
the  latter  case  is  not  hopeless,  for  an  effective  remedy 
lies  close  at  hand.  During  past  centuries,  various  at- 
tempts have  been  made,  more  or  less  successfully,  to 
classify  all  literature  imder  specific  as  well  as  general 
heads.  It  may  well  be  asked  if  the  science  of  bibli- 
ography did  not  exist,  at  least  in  crude  form,  long  be- 
fore the  invention  of  the  printing  press,  for  we  are  told 
that  the  clay  tablets  recently  discovered  in  the  library 
of  the  palace  of  Assur-bani-pal,  at  Nineveh,  were  duly 
arranged  in  accordance  with  the  subjects  to  which  they 
related. 

Bibliographers  of  the  past,  like  pioneers,  have  assisted 
in  the  advance  of  civilization,  but  of  the  modern  bibli- 
ographer and  skilful  prospector  increased  demands  are 
made,  for  it  suffices  not  that  they  should  submit  merely 
a  skeleton  outline  of  things  examined.  Many  pertinent 
notes  must  accompany  their  respective  reports,  because 
upon  their  accuracy  and  comprehensiveness  rests  the 
subsequent  investment  of  valuable  time  and  precious 
energies.  Even  Prescott's  "  Conquest  of  Mexico,"  not- 
withstanding the  original  researches  made  by  its  accom- 
plished aiithor,  would  possess  much  less  charm  except 
for  the  labors  of  his  predecessors  in  the  same  field. 

The  bibliographer,  however,  is  likely  also  to  be  a 
bibliophile,  and  the  loves  of  the  latter  may  sometimes 
conflict  with  the  most  useful  work  of  the  former.  The 
American  point  of  view,  being  essentially  practical,  in- 
sists that  he  was  right  who  said:  "The  only  useful 
knowledge  is  the  knowledge  that  is  of  use."  Logically, 
therefore,  the  most  useful  knowledge  is  the  knowledge 
that  is  of  most  tise.  The  Library  of  Congress,  in  its 
bibliographic  and  other  departments,  obviously  takes 
this  view  of  the  matter,  and  endeavors  to  supply  the 
people's  wants  and  to  anticipate  their  needs.  Consider, 
for  example,  the  timeliness  of  one  of  its  recent  issues, 
a  "  List  of  References  on  Primary  Elections."  Here  is 
a  good  illustration  of  what  can  be  accomplished,  bibli- 
ographically,  by  a  watchful  observation  of  the  trend  of 
public  affairs. 

The  State  Library  School  at  Albany,  and  some  other 
similar  institutions,  make  the  presentation  of  an  original 
bibliography  compulsory  as  a  condition  of  graduation. 
Some  of  these  compilations  find  their  way  into  print,  and 
others  are  preserved  in  manuscript  form.  The  com- 
pilation of  special  bibliographies  of  subjects  of  vital  and 
current  interest  or  permanent  usefulness,  seems  really 
to  constitute  one  of  the  most  important  phases  of  the 
work  yet  to  be  performed.  There  is  now  an  imcomited 
number  of  such  monographs  in  print,  and  the  list  is  being 
augmented  daily.  To  centralize  this  work,  to  establish 
a  kind  of  bibliographic  clearing-house,  in  America,  is 
the  step,  a  very  essential  one,  that  is  most  naturally 
next  in  order.  How  soon  this  step  can  be  taken  depends 
wholly  upon  the  generosity  of  intelligent,  representative 
citizens  having  the  requisite  means. 

It  is  problematical  how  much  longer  the  Smithsonian 


Institution  can  consent  to  act  as  a  regional  bureau,  in  the 
collection  and  preparation  of  material  for  the  "  Inter- 
national Catalogue  of  Scientific  Literature  "  published 
by  the  Royal  Society  of  London,  for  the  International 
Council.  The  time  will  come,  and  that,  perhaps,  quickly, 
when  it  will  be  absolutely  necessary  to  establish  an 
American  bureau  of  bibliography  upon  which  will  at 
once  devolve  many  important  tasks.  Among  needed 
imdertakings  that  have  been  suggested  are  an  interna^ 
tional  catalogue  of  technological  literature,  which  would 
prove  of  great  interest  and  use  in  the  United  States, 
and  a  new  bibliography  of  bibliographies.  The  latter, 
one  of  the  projects  informally  considered  by  the  Bibli- 
ographical Society  of  America  as  stated  in  a  very 
interesting  note  by  President  Lane,  should  prove  to  be 
the  crowning  work  of  bibliography,  a  veritable  index  to 
indexes,  a  kind  of  starting  point  for  all  serious  investi- 
gations thenceforth.  The  general  summing  up  of 
knowledge  and  the  saving  of  time  that  such  an  index 
woidd  insure,  are  elements  too  important  to  escape  the 
attention  of  thinking  people. 

In  1904,  there  appeared  from  the  George  Washington 
University  of  Washington,  D.  C,  an  announcement  by 
President  Needham  of  the  proposed  establishment  of  a 
department  of  bibliography  and  library  science,  as  soon 
as  negotiations  could  be  completed  having  in  view  an 
endowment  of  two  hmidred  thousand  dollars,  with 
which  to  start  the  work.  This  evident  appreciation  of 
the  value  of  bibliographic  research  in  the  United  States 
wUl  not  pass  unheeded.  The  large  libraries  of  many 
American  cities  offer  a  wonderful  field  for  study,  but 
what  can  compete  with  the  facilities  that  are  so  accessi- 
ble at  our  national  capital?  Students  residing  in  the 
city  of  Washington  would  have  advantages  not  else- 
where obtainable.  The  George  Washington  University 
has  by  its  proposition  given  a  typical  example  of  the 
spirit  of  modern  American  imiversity  management. 
Conformable  to  that  spirit,  one  may  safely  expect  pro- 
ductive work,  consisting  of  many  invaluable  contribu- 
tions to  bibliography,  to  issue  from  the  collective  labors 
of  the  department  when  inaugurated.  There  is  no 
question  about  the  potential  energy  of  a  great  body  of 
enthusiastic  students,  and  of  their  positive  power  under 
guidance.  They  will  quickly  seize  the  opportunity  thus 
afforded  for  the  performance  of  useful  work,  in  the 
natural  course  of  study,  and  the  ultimate  results  will 
imdoubtedly  be  far  beyond  present  estimation.  Whether 
or  not  other  educational  institutions  will  add  biblio- 
graphic research  to  their  curriculum  remains  to  be  seen. 
The  field,  which  is  extremely  comprehensive,  might 
very  wisely  be  approached  inter-collegiately.  It  cannot 
be  thus  approached  too  soon.  The  existence  of  a  cen- 
tral bureau  of  bibliography  woidd  facilitate  inter- 
commmiication  between  investigators  and  the  exchange 
of  data  relating  to  monographs  wanted  or  in  prepara- 
tion; all  which  would  redound  to  the  advancement  of 
knowledge  and  good  citizenship. 

The  subject  of  cooperative  cataloguing  has  proved  to 
be  of  widespread  interest,  in  evidence  of  which  fact 
one  needs  only  considt  the  pamphlet,  issued  by  the 
Library  of  Congress,  entitled  "  Bibliography  of  Co- 
operative Cataloguing,"  by  Messrs.  Torstein  Jahi"  and 
Adam  Julius  Strohm.  An  examination  of  this  valuable 
collection,  comprising  366  titles,  is  a  necessary  prelude 
to  any  serious  study  of  the  problem,  which,  as  intimated 
above,  is  not  without  a  solution.  The  difficidty  is  not  so 
much  to  find  a  solution  that  will  answer  requirements 
fairly  well,  as  to  extract  the  best  from  all  the  plans 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


79 


severally  suggested,  and  finally  to  put  the  whole  scheme 
into  operation.  Unrestricted  cooperative  cataloguing 
and  universal  or  international  bibliography  are  subjects 
that  must  necessarily  be  very  closely  related.  It  ap- 
pears to  the  writer  that  among  the  chief  works,  perhaps 
the  chief  work,  to  be  undertaken  by  a  central  bureau  of 
bibliography,  woxdd  be  the  compilation  of  a  new  bibli- 
ography of  bibliographies,  as  mentioned  above.  To 
avoid  frequent  revision,  it  should  be  supplemented 
periodically  by  notices  of  additional  bibliographies  pub- 
lished subsequently  or  which  may  have  been  overiooked 
in  previous  collections.  This  problem,  from  an  English 
standpoint,  seems  very  nearly  to  have  been  solved  by 
Courtney's  "  Register  of  National  Bibliography,"  re- 
cently published. 

Bibliographies  need  not  be,  and  ought  not  to  be,  con- 
fined to  works  in  the  compiler's  mother-tongue.  At 
least  a  fair  working  knowledge  of  other  modem  lan- 
guages is  possessed  by  many  who  consult  such  works, 
and  it  may  be  observed  in  passing  that  the  acquisition 
of  an  ability  to  comprehend  printed  German,  French, 
Latin,  Spanish,  or  Italian,  offers  no  insurmountable 
obstacles  to  the  American  student,  if  he  is  blessed  with 
any  leisure  moments  to  devote  to  such  fascinating 
study. 

Pure  science  is  naturally  one  of  the  most  attractive 
fields  of  bibliographic  research;  while  science,  in  its 
broadest  meaning,  well-nigh  covers  the  entire  realm  of 
knowledge,  including  history.  There  is  much  that  can 
be  done  in  the  collection  of  authorities  on  the  local  his- 
tory of  American  states,  territories,  counties,  cities,  and 
towns.  These  subjects  of  growing  importance  and 
interest  merit  the  close  attention  of  individual  inves- 
tigators, of  whose  monographs,  deposited  in  local 
libraries,  facsimiles  should  be  transmitted  to  the  Library 
of  Cong^ss  for  the  benefit  of  a  wider  circle  of  students. 
These  facsimiles  might  consist  of  ordinary  (typewritten) 
carbon  copies,  though  the  "  black  print,"  or  "  vandyke," 
process  furnishes  a  means  of  duplicating  original  manu- 
scripts very  cheaply  and  acceptably.  The  publication 
of  a  bulletin  by  the  Library  of  Congress  (proposed  in 
the  "Library  Journal,"  30:  858)  to  report  special  bib- 
liographies needed  or  in  preparation,  woidd  bring  inves- 
tigators in  touch  with  each  other.  It  would  do  more, 
for  such  a  bulletin  would  form  a  practical  basis  for 
cooperation.  Eugexe  Fairfield  McPike. 

Chicago,  January  20,  1906. 


MR.  SWIXBLTiNE  AS   "A  LO^T:  POET." 
(To  the  Editor  of  The  Dlvl.  i 

The  communication  of  Professor  Pancoast,  published 
in  The  Dial  of  January  16,  commands  the  respect  of 
all  who  know  how  eminently  he  is  qualified  to  discuss 
a  question  of  comparative  poetics,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped 
that  the  points  which  he  raises  against  Air.  Swinburne's 
matter,  as  opposed  to  his  manner,  may  be  met  temper- 
ately and  without  recrimination,  as  he  suggests. 

Meanwhile,  it  seems  to  me  that  Professor  Pancoast's 
argument  is  weakened  by  reference  to  Emerson,  Words- 
worth, and  Browning.  Mr.  Swinburne  is  essentially  and 
avowedly  "  a  love  poet,"  and  it  is  because  of  his  supreme 
mastery  of  verbal  melody  that  he  excels  all  others  in  the 
virid  and  compact  expression  of  erotic  emotion.  Now, 
while  I  have  profound  reverence  for  the  names  of  both 
Emerson  and  Wordsworth,  I  should  like  to  remark  that 
if  there  could  be  anything  funnier  than  Emerson's  essay 
on  love  it  would  be  an  erotic  poem  by  Wordsworth.    But 


when  did  Wordsworth  ever  write  a  love  poem  ?  Pro- 
fessor Pancoast  speaks  of  his  doing  so  "at  rare  mo- 
ments."   Will  he  not  tell  us  when  these  moments  were  ? 

The  reference  to  Browning  strikes  me  as  imfortunate 
becaiLse  Professor  Pancoast  cites  him  as  one  who  writes 
of  love  as  a  "  high-minded  gentleman,"  and  not  (like 
]^Ir.  Swinburne)  as  "  a  delirious  pagan."  Surely  if  a 
breaking  down  of  conventions  is  to  be  taken  into  the 
count.  Browning  can  give  Mr.  Swinburne  aces  and 
spades,  for  he  not  only  makes  love  the  supreme  law  of 
life,  but  brands  as  sin  the  usually  accepted  ethical  rules 
established  for  its  control  {vide  "The  Statue  and  the 
Bust"). 

It  is  hardly  fair  to  confuse  the  sex  motive,  avowedly 
at  the  basis  of  the  work  of  both  Browning  and  Mr. 
Swinburne,  with  that  lofty  intellectual  passion  which 
characterizes  the  poetry  of  some  of  the  other  writers 
whom  Professor  Pancoast  names.  Neither  does  it  seem 
quite  fair  to  refer  to  some  of  the  most  exquisite  pieces 
of  metrical  idealism  in  the  language  as  "  so-called  love 
P***™^-  Francis  Howard  Whxiams. 

Philadelphia^  January  IS,  1906. 


Is  the  February  number  of  "  The  Printing  Art  "  Mr. 
Lindsay  Swift  has  some  well-considered  remarks  on  the 
"Atrocities  of  Color  Supplements  "  (as  issued  by  our  Sim- 
day  newspapers)  which  deserve  a  much  wider  and  more 
general  audience  than  the  constituency  of  the  excellent 
periodical  in  which  they  appear.  Mr.  Swift's  arraign- 
ment of  this  distinctively  American  nuisance  is  based  on 
both  ethical  and  artistic  grounds.  We  should  like  to 
quote  the  entire  article,  but  can  find  room  only  for  a 
small  portion.  "  It  is  impossible  to  describe  the  vul- 
garity and  insanity  of  their  drawing  and  coloring;  and  it 
cannot  be  that  the  editors,  who  must  be  men  of  some 
ability,  however  devoid  of  scruples,  approve  of  their 
own  mischievous  work.  Even  the  newest  of  the  rich  dis- 
play some  personal  taste  in  their  belongings  and  adorn- 
ments, and  even  editors  may  have  artistic  consciences. 
Their  answer  to  criticism  against  their  methods  inva- 
riably is:  The  public  will  and  therefore  must  have  what 
it  wants.  I  am  not  so  sure  about  that.  The  public 
visits  beautiful  museums  and  libraries  and  seems  to  enjoy 
them;  it  goes  to  churches  where  good  music  may  be 
heard;  it  will  support  a  decent  play  and  condemn  a 
nasty  one.  But  it  can  be  debauched  and  can  have  its 
dawning  sensibilities  for  art  or  anything  else  that  is 
worth  while  blighted;  and  there  is  no  debauchery  or 
blight,  outside  the  domain  of  obvious  immorality,  more 
deadening  to  the  public  than  this  continually  thrusting 
everything  that  is  sordid,  vulgar,  and  belittling  before 
its  uncultured  but  curious  eyes.  ...  It  would  not  be 
so  bad  if  these  wretched  perversions  of  so  innocent  and 
helpful  a  relish  to  life  as  the  comic  reached  only  persons 
of  mature  life.  Even  readers  whose  time  is  so  valueless 
that  they  can  afford  to  waste  more  than  a  glance  at  a 
Sunday  paper  must  realize  how  worthless  pictures  of 
this  sort  really  are.  It  is  the  children  who  suffer,  for 
they  absorb  unconsciously  the  unsavory  quality  of  such 
efforts  to  amuse,  and  are  thus  the  involuntary  victims 
of  voluntary  and  responsible  corruptionists.  At  a  time 
when  this  country  is  seriously  trying  to  implant  a  knowl- 
edge of  and  stimulate  a  taste  for  better  tlungs,  artistic 
and  aesthetic,  through  exhibitions  in  museums,  libraries, 
and  even  in  Sunday  schools,  it  is  not  a  little  disheart- 
ening to  realize  that  every  step  in  this  direction  gets  a 
weekly  setback  through  these  colored  atrocities." 


80 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


C^^  ittto  g00Ks. 


A  Biography  of  Carl,yl,e's 
Biographer.* 


"  II  n'y  a  rien  qui  s'arrange  aussi  facilement 
que  les  faits,"  says  Talleyrand,  and,  curiously 
enough,  the  remark  is  quoted  with  approval  by 
Froude.  Whether  it  is  also  a  favorite  quota- 
tion of  his  biographer,  Mr.  Herbert  Paul,  is  a 
matter  of  conjecture.  Without  asserting  that 
his  Life  of  Froude  exemplifies  the  facility  of 
arranging  facts  to  the  best  advantage,  it  is  cer- 
tainly true  that  the  book  is  highly  eulogistic ; 
but  what  good  biography  is  not  ?  If  the  biogra- 
pher is  not  in  hearty  sympathy  with  his  subject, 
what  zest  can  the  reader  bring  to  the  perusal  of 
his  book?  And  surely  Froude  has  been  bit- 
terly enough  and  often  enough  assailed  as  a 
wilful  perverter  of  facts  to  deserve  a  handsome 
presentation  of  the  case  by  counsel  for  the  de- 
fence. As  a  Lincoln's  Inn  barrister  and  a  lit- 
terateur of  proved  ability,  Mr.  Paul  appears  to 
be  exactly  the  man  for  the  task  to  which  he  has 
put  his  hand.  It  is  true,  he  claims  to  have  had 
no  personal  acquaintance  with  the  historian; 
near  the  end  of  his  book  he  describes  his  "  one 
and  only  experience  of  Froude  and  his  ways," 
which  was  confined  to  the  overhearing  of  an 
after-dinner  talk ;  but  he  may  be  all  the  more 
trustworthy  in  his  account  of  the  man  for  not 
having  experienced  more  intimately  the  charm 
that  so  many  of  Froude's  friends  found  in  the 
historian's  personality. 

Three  of  the  eleven  chapters  into  which  the 
author  divides  his  book  are  especially  note- 
worthy. In  his  first  he  presents  a  picture  of  the 
motherless  boy's  harsh  upbringing  that  will  be 
new  to  most  readers.  In  his  fifth  he  gives  a  de- 
tailed and  amusing  account  of  Freeman's  fren- 
zied assaults  on  his  commendably  unretaliatory 
brother  historian,  which  it  is  hard  to  read  with- 
out taking  sides  against  the  aggressor  and  his 
"  ferocious  pedantry,"  as  Matthew  Arnold  hap- 
pily styled  it.  His  eighth  chapter  deals  with 
the  relations  between  Froude  and  Carlyle,  and 
reviews  briefly,  and  without  violating  good  taste, 
the  alleged  indiscretions  of  Carlyle's  biographer. 
Of  course  Froude  is  vigorously  defended,  and 
even  the  most  hostile  reader  cannot  but  be  im- 
pressed with  the  difficulties  and  embarrassments 
that  beset  the  unfortimate  literary  executor. 
Other  chapters,  perhaps  equally  interesting, 
describe   Froude's  student  life  at  Oxford,  his 

*  The  Life  of  Froude.    By  Herbert  Paul.    With  portraits. 
New  York  :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 


twenty  years  of  labor  on  his  History,  his  visit 
to  this  country  and  his  lectures  here  on  Ireland, 
his  South  African  experiences,  and  his  Oxford 
professorship,  to  which  he  was  appointed  as 
Freeman's  successor. 

Turning  back  now  to  the  first  chapter,  we 
find  the  author  acknowledging  himself,  both  as 
writer  and  as  reader,  no  friend  to  genealogical 
details.  So  far  so  good  ;  but  his  contention  that 
"  few  indeed  are  the  families  which  contain  more 
than  one  remarkable  figure  "  might  easily  be 
met  by  a  very  respectable  array  of  refutatory 
instances.  Blood  will  tell,  to  some  extent.  How- 
ever, Froude's  ancestry  needs  no  apologies, 
although  one  may  gladly  enough  begin  with  the 
subject  proper  of  the  book.  Besides  losing  his 
mother  (Margaret  Spedding)  in  early  childhood, 
and  having  an  unsympathetic  father  in  the  Arch- 
deacon of  Totnes,  little  Anthony  was  subjected 
to  a  peculiar  discipline  at  the  hands  of  his  older 
brother  Hurrell,  whom  nevertheless  he  wor- 
shipped as  "  a  born  leader  of  men."  The  fol- 
lowing passage  has  a  certain  significance  : 

"  Conceiving  that  the  chiM  wanted  spirit,  Hurrell  once 
took  him  up  by  the  heels,  and  stirred  with  his  head  the 
mud  at  the  bottom  of  a  stream.  Another  time  he  threw 
him  into  deep  water  out  of  a  boat  to  make  him  manly. 
But  he  was  not  stitisfied  by  inspiring  physical  terror. 
Invoking  the  aid  of  the  praeternatural,  he  taught  his 
brother  that  the  hollow  behmd  the  house  was  haunted 
by  a  monstrous  and  malevolent  phantom,  to  which,  in  the 
plentitude  of  his  imagination,  he  gave  the  name  of  Pen- 
ingre.  Gradually  the  child  discovered  that  Peningre 
was  an  illusion,  and  began  to  suspect  that  other  ideas  of 
Hurrell's  might  be  illusions  too.  Superstition  is  the 
parent  of  scepticism  from  the  cradle  to  the  grave.  At 
the  same  time  his  own  facvdty  of  invention  was  rather 
stimulated  than  repressed.  He  was  encouraged  in  tell- 
ing, as  children  will,  imaginative  stories  of  things  which 
never  occurred." 

The  ill  usage  and  want  of  sympathy  experi- 
enced by  the  boy  as  pupU  at  Westminster,  and 
also  in  the  succeeding  three  years  of  home  life, 
until  his  entrance  at  Oxford,  might  well  have 
had  a  permanent  and  blighting  influence  on 
his  character. 

"Unhappily,  in  spite  of  the  head  master's  remon- 
strances, Froude's  father,  who  had  spent  a  great  deal 
of  money  on  his  other  sons'  education,  insisted  on  placing 
him  in  college,  which  was  then  far  too  rough  for  a 
boy  of  his  age  and  strength.  On  account  of  what  he 
had  read,  rather  than  what  he  liad  learnt,  at  Buckfast- 
leigh,  he  took  a  very  high  place,  and  was  put  with  boys 
far  older  than  himself.  The  fagging  was  excessively 
severe.  The  bullying  was  gross  and  unchecked.  The 
sanitary  accommodation  was  abominable.  The  language 
of  the  dormitory  was  indecent  and  profane.  Froude, 
whose  health  prevented  him  from  the  effective  use  of 
nature's  weapons,  was  woke  by  the  hot  points  of  cigars 
burning  holes  in  his  face,  made  drimk  by  being  forced 
to  swallow  brandy  pimch,  and  repeatedly  thrashed.    He 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


81 


was  also  more  than  half  starved,  because  the  big  fellows 
had  the  pick  of  the  joints  at  dinner,  and  left  the  small 
fellows  little  besides  the  bone.  .  .  .  Public  schools  had 
not  yet  felt  the  influence  of  Arnold  and  of  the  reform- 
ing spirit.  Head  masters  considered  domestic  details 
beneath  them,  and  parents,  if  they  felt  any  responsibility 
at  ail,  persuaded  themselves  that  boys  were  all  the  bet- 
ter for  roughing  it  as  a  preparation  for  the  discipline  of 
the  world-  The  case  of  Fronde,  however,  was  a  pecu- 
liarly bad  one.  He  was  suffering  from  hernia,  and  the 
treatment  might  well  have  killed  him." 

Mr.  Paul's  admiration  of  Froude  as  historian 
is  enthusiastic.  "  He  was  not  a  chronicler,"  he 
admits,  "  but  an  artist,  a  moralist,  and  a  man  of 
genius."  And  further,  ''A  paste-pot,  a  pair  of 
scissors,  the  mechanical  precision  of  a  copying 
clerk,  are  all  usefid  in  their  way ;  hut  they  no 
more  make  an  historian  than  a  cowl  makes  a 
monk."  With  a  relish  that  it  is  difficult  for  the 
reader  not  to  share,  the  biographer  points  out 
some  rather  surprising  errors  in  Freeman's  ac- 
rimonious criticism  of  the  man  whom  he  chose 
so  bitterly  to  revile  under  the  shelter  of  anon- 
ymity. The  style  of  his  criticism  Ls  familiar 
to  readers  of  the  Review  in  which  it  appeared 
as  the  successive  volumes  of  Froude's  History 
were  published.  Freeman's  professing  of  no  ill- 
will,  "only  a  strong  sense  of  amusement  in 
bowling  down  one  thing  after  another,"  re- 
ceives a  curious  comment  in  the  marginal  notes 
to  his  copy  of  the  work  criticised.  It  may 
furnish  amusement  to  quote  a  few  of  these  from 
Mr.  Paul's  pages.  "  Beast  I  "  is  one  entry, 
"  Bah  !  "  another.  "  May  I  live  to  embowel 
James  Anthony  Froude !  "  is  a  third  fervent 
interjection.  "  Froude  is  certainly  the  molest 
brute  that  ever  wrote  a  book,"  is  still  another 
mode  of  expressing'  this  "  strong  sense  of  amuse- 
ment. "  Such  revelations  of  temjjer  hardly 
betoken  the  dispassionate  calm  of  authoritative 
criticism.  The  whole  story  of  this  paper  warfare 
—  a  warfare  in  which,  except  for  Froude's  late- 
appearing  and  admirably  temperate  rejoinder 
entitled  "  A  few  words  on  Mr.  Freeman,"  the 
hostilities  were  almost  all  on  one  side  —  serves 
to  illustrate  anew  how  weak  is  the  cause  that 
consents  to  employ  the  aid  of  sarcasm,  innuendo, 
superciliousness,  or  even  the  milder  forms  of 
imperfect  courtesy  and  half-candor  that  lie  so 
perilously  ready  to  the  hand  of  critic  or  editor. 
The  disingenuousness  that  may  lurk  even  in  the 
apparently  innocent  "  we  fear,"  or  "  we  hope,"  or 
"  we  trust,"  of  one  who  argues  for  victory  more 
than  for  truth,  is  a  matter  of  daily  illustration. 

It  has  long  been  charged  against  Froude  that 
in  writing  his  History  he  made  but  the  most 
cursory  examination  of  valuable  papers  placed 
at  his  disposal  at  Hatfield.    Perhaps  the  follow- 


ing letter  to  Lady  Salisbury  will  be  illuminating : 

"  If  Lord  Salisbury  has  not  repented  of  his  kind 
promise  to  me,  I  shall  in  a  few  weeks  be  in  a  condition 
to  avail  myself  of  it,  and  I  write  to  ask  you  whether 
about  the  beginning  of  next  month  I  may  be  permitted 
to  examine  the  papers  at  Hatfield.  I  am  unwilling  to 
trouble  Lord  Salisbury  more  than  necessary.  I  have 
therefore  examined  every  other  collection  within  my 
reach  first,  that  I  might  know  clearly  what  I  wanted. 
Obliged  as  I  am  to  confine  myself  for  the  present  to 
the  first  ten  years  of  Elizabeth's  reign,  there  will  not  be 
much  which  I  shall  have  to  examine  there,  the  great 
bidk  of  Lord  Burleigh's  papers  for  that  time  being  in 
the  Record  Office  — but  if  I  can  be  allowed  a  few  days* 
work,  I  believe  I  can  turn  them  to  good  account." 

Furthermore,  to  those  who  allege  that  Froude 
wrote  without  sufficient  preliminary  reading  of 
authorities,  Mr.  Paid  declares  that  he  "  neg- 
lected no  source  of  information,  and  spared 
himself  no  pains  in  pursuit  of  it.  At  the 
Record  Office,  in  the  British  Museum,  at  Hat- 
field, among  the  priceless  archives  preserved  in 
the  Spanish  village  of  Simancas,  he  toiled  with 
unquenchable  ardour  and  unrelenting  assiduity. 
Nine-tenths  of  his  authorities  were  in  manu- 
script. They  were  in  five  languages.  They 
filled  nine  hundred  volumes."  The  hand- 
writing, too,  was  often  well-nigh  illegible.  All 
of  Froude's  voluminous  transcripts  from  the 
Simancas  papers  he  is  said  to  have  deposited  in 
the  British  Museum,  as  a  sort  of  public  check 
on  his  own  fidelity  in  dealing  with  the  sources 
of  his  narrative. 

The  chapter  entitied  ••  Froude  and  Carlyle  " 
reveals  a  decidedly  tangled  state  of  affairs  as 
existing  after  Carlyle's  death,  in  the  matter  of 
his  piles  of  papers  and  his  probable  desire  as 
to  their  ultimate  disposition.  Pathetic  is  poor 
Froude's  plaint  in  a  letter  to  ]Max  MiiUer,  in  the 
midst  of  all  his  troubles  as  literary  executor. 
"  What  have  I  done,"  he  asks,  "  that  I  should 
be  in  such  a  strait  ?  But  I  am  sixty-four  years 
old,  and  I  shall  soon  be  beyond  it  ^."  Unless 
we  hold  the  stem  doctrine  of  James  Mill,  that 
only  acts  and  not  motives  are  proper  subjects 
for  judgment,  it  is  impossible  to  refuse  some 
measure  of  condonation  to  a  well-intentioned 
offender.  To  know  all  is  to  pardon  all,  and 
when  we  once  recognize  in  Froude  the  streak  of 
literary  freakishness  that  was  peculiar  to  his 
genius,  it  is  scarcely  in  human  nature  to  be 
severe  with  him  —  except  that  one  must  always 
censure  anything  that  looks  like  wilful  perver- 
sion of  truth,  or  weak  surrender  to  prejudice. 
The  romancer  gets  the  better  of  the  historian 
in  his  case ;  he  has,  in  short,  the  defects  of  his 
qualities,  and  without  those  defects  he  would  not 
have  charmed  precisely  as  he  did  his  thousands 


82 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


of  readers,  or  produced  a  biography  that,  with 
all  its  favdts,  has  a  fascination  approaching  even 
that  of  Boswell's  masterpiece.  Yet  this  mnst 
not  be  taken  as  a  whitewashing  of  Froude,  or  as 
excusing  lenity  on  a  biogi'apher's  part  toward 
notorious  swervings  from  the  straight  line  of 
truth. 

Attempting  to  refute  a  familiar  charge  against 
Carlyle,  Mr.  Paul  writes  :  "  Nothing  annoyed 
Carlyle  more  than  to  be  told  that  he  confounded 
might  with  right.  He  declared  that,  on  the 
contrary,  he  had  never  said,  and  would  never 
say,  a  word  for  power  which  was  not  founded 
on  justice."  This  is  rather  amusing.  Of  course 
Carlyle  was  annoyed.  What  man  of  sense  and 
humanity  would  consciously  uphold  the  mon- 
strous doctrine  that  might  makes  right  ?  Nev- 
ertheless a  predisposition  to  discover  right 
pretty  uniformly  on  the  side  of  might  may  be 
so  ingrained  in  a  man's  nature  that  he  cannot 
suspect  its  presence  any  more  than  he  can  look 
into  his  own  eyes.  As  Martineau  long  ago  well 
expressed  it,  for  Carlyle,  "  as  for  so  many  gifted 
and  ungifted  men,  the  force  which  will  not  be 
stopped  by  any  restraint  on  its  way  to  great 
achievement,  —  the  genius  which  claims  to  be 
its  own  law,  and  will  confess  nothing  diviner 
than  itseK,  —  have  an  irresistible  fascination. 
His  eye,  overlooking  the  landscape  of  humanity, 
always  runs  up  to  the  brilliant  peaks  of  power : 
not,  indeed,  without  a  glance  of  love  and  pity 
into  many  a  retreat  of  quiet  goodness  that  lies 
safe  beneath  their  shelter ;  but  shoidd  the  sud- 
den lightning,  or  the  seasonal  melting  of  the 
world's  ice-barriers,  bring  down  a  ruin  on  that 
green  and  feeble  life,  his  voice,  after  one  faint 
cry  of  pathos,  joins  in  with  the  thimder  and 
shouts  with  the  triumph  of  the  avalanche.  Ever 
watching  the  strife  of  the  great  forces  of  the 
universe,  he,  no  doubt,  sides  on  the  whole 
against  the  Titans  with  the  gods :  but  if  the 
Titans  make  a  happy  fling,  and  send  home  a 
mountain  or  two  to  the  very  beard  of  Zeus,  he 
gets  delighted  with  the  game  on  any  terms  and 
cries,  '  Bravo  ! '  " 

If  lives  of  men  of  letters  are,  to  many  read- 
ers, too  often  but  dreary  reading,  it  is  a  com- 
plaint that  cannot  be  brought  against  Mr.  Paul's 
life  of  Froude.  Whether  it  be  that  his  sym- 
pathy with  his  subject  has  imparted  to  him 
something  of  Froude's  own  consummate  art  as 
a  literary  craftsman,  certain  it  is  that  he  has 
produced  a  very  readable  account  of  one  whom 
Sir  John  Skelton  enthusiastically  described  as 
"  the  most  interesting  man  I  have  ever  known." 

Percy  F.  Bicknell. 


Some  Current  Railway-Rate 

DlSCTTSSIOX.* 

The  railroad-rate  question  is  apparently  faring 
distinctly  better  than  did  the  monetary  problem 
in  one  respect  at  least.  This  is  that  the  atten- 
tion of  careful  investigators  as  well  as  of  the 
general  public  was  attracted  to  the  subject  prior 
to  the  time  when  it  became  an  acute  public 
issue.  Enough  had  already  been  written,  before 
the  problem  of  government  control  of  railway- 
rates  became  prominent  in  the  public  mind,  to 
provide  a  body  of  material  upon  which  investi- 
gators could  fall  back,  and  to  furnish,  what  was 
even  more  important,  a  fund  of  experience  in 
the  inquiry  indicating  the  points  at  which  fm*- 
ther  study  and  analysis  was  desirable.  It  has 
thus  been  possible,  when  the  necessity  came,  for 
trained  investigators  to  continue  the  preparation 
of  information  as  to  railway  rates  for  use  by 
legislators  and  by  the  public.  On  the  other 
hand,  it  remains  true  that  much  of  the  study 
that  has  been  devoted  to  the  railroad  problem, 
during  the  past  few  years,  lias  either  rim  along 
special  lines  or  has  been  hidden  in  public  docu- 
ments and  court  decisions.  A  real  service  both 
to  the  semi-technical  world  and  to  the  general 
public,  therefore,  is  performed  by  those  who  are 
prepared  to  gather  up  the  results  thus  made 
ready  for  assunilation. 

Since  President  Hadley's  book  on  American 
raih'oad  transportation,  fragmentary  and  incom- 
plete as  it  was,  which  attracted  so  much  atten- 
tion some  years  ago,  there  has  been  relatively 
little  in  the  way  of  comprehensive  study  of  this 
question.  The  appearance  of  a  group  of  studies, 
chief  among  which  may  be  mentioned  Professor 
Johnson's  valuable  book  of  a  year  or  two  ago, 
was  the  beginning  of  a  series  of  volumes  which 
have  now  provided  a  body  of  literature  for  the 
enlightenment  of  that  part  of  the  reading  public 
which  wishes  to  inform  itself  upon  serious  ques- 
tions of  current  import.  Merely  to  give  a  list 
of  the  titles  of  the  books  that  shoidd  be  included 
in  the  group  here  described  would  be  a  consid- 
erable task  ;  but  the  publication  within  a  few 
weeks  of  one  another  of  books  as  usefid  as 
Professor  Meyers's  "  Government  Regtdation  of 
Railway  Rates,"  Judge  Noyes's  "  American 
Railroad  Rates  "  and  Mr.  Haines's  "  Restric- 
tive Railway  Legislation "  is  itself  notable. 
Here  we  liave  three  voliunes,  one  by  an 
academic  student  of  the  question,  one  by  a 
jurist  and  railway  president,  and  one  by  a  civil 

♦American  Railroad  Rates.  By  Walter  Chad  wick  Noyes. 
Boston:  Little,  Brown,  &  Co. 

Restrictive  Railway  Legislation.  By  Henry  S.  Haines. 
New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


83 


engineer  and  practical  railroad  manager.  It  is 
interesting  to  note  that  in  certain  respects  these 
volumes,  while  they  do  not  cover  the  same 
ground,  come  to  similar  conclusions.  Professor 
Meyers's  book,  already  very  fully  discussed  else- 
where, need  not  be  further  considered  here.  It 
stands  in  a  somewhat  different  class  from  the 
two  companion  volumes,  both  because  of  its 
broader  scope,  the  smaller  practical  experience 
of  its  author,  and  his  greater  dogmatism.  The 
work  of  Judge  Xoyes  and  ^Ir.  Haines  represents 
the  ideas  of  the  sane  and  conservative  railway 
men  of  the  eoimtry.  As  such,  these  two  vol- 
umes are  entitled  to  exceptionally  close  study 
not  only  because  they  embody  the  residt  of  actual 
experience,  but  because  they  evidently  voice  the 
ideas  of  those  who  know  how  legislation  woidd 
affect  a  great  industry. 

Of  the  two  books,  the  broader,  as  the  title 
denotes,  is  that  of  Air.  Haines,  the  more  inten- 
sive and  special  is  that  of  Judge  Noyes.  Both, 
however,  have  their  main  centre  of  interest,  at 
least  at  the  present  time,  in  the  question  of  how 
far  government  control  of  railroad-rates  can  be 
reaUy  successfid. 

Judge  Noyes  gives  a  lengthy  and  most  care- 
ful study  of  the  way  in  which  rates  grow  up,  of 
their  limitations,  and  of  the  questions  relating  to 
classification  and  changes  in  rates.  He  points 
out  clearly  what  conditions  give  rise  to  discrimi- 
nation, and  analyzes  the  effect  of  the  so-called 
'•basing  point "'  system  and  similar  plans.  Just 
here,  it  is  interesting  to  note  Judge  Noyes's 
general  conclusion,  vs-ith  regard  to  discrimina- 
tion, that  the  state  of  affairs  existing  in  1898, 
when  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  re- 
ported that  a  large  part  of  the  railroad  business 
was  done  upon  illegal  rates,  has  now  come  to 
an  end.  Personal  discrimination,  thinks  Judge 
Xoyes,  is  now  practically  over.  He  admits  the 
continued  existence  of  discrimination  between 
localities,  but  believes  that  it  is  inevitable  that 
some  such  differential  rates  shall  exist.  They 
restdt  from  the  application  of  the  "principle  of 
value"  in  rate-making.  The  same  ser^-ice  may 
have  a  different  value  when  rendered  to  different 
localities.  When  competition  makes  local  dis- 
criminations necessary,  they  are  justified  by  the 
value  principle.  As  for  discriminations  between 
commodities,  this  is  a  problem  of  classification, 
and  involves  no  hardship  if  what  the  author  con- 
siders proper  principles  in  rate-making  are  care- 
fully applied.  The  conditions  that  have  brought 
about  the  present  more  satisfactory  state  of 
affairs  as  to  personal  discriminations,  which, 
says  the  author,  "are  opposed  to  aU  good  busi- 


ness principles  and  are  whoUy  indefensible  and 
vicious"  are,  according  to  Judge  Noyes,  four 
in  number :  (1)  prosperity,  (2)  the  Elkins  law, 
(3)  railroad  consolidation,  and  (4)  a  belated 
realization  of  the  injurious  effect  of  discrimina- 
tions. Evidently  the  author  did  not  have  in 
mind  the  existence  of  the  pass  system,  when 
these  words  were  written,  but  referred  only  to 
freights.  It  may  be  observed  that  his  opinions,^ 
as  thus  stated,  are  in  substantial  accord  with 
those  of  the  public  officials  in  Washington  who 
are  charged  with  the  duty  of  enforcing  the  rail- 
way legislation  of  the  country.  Continuing,  he 
traces  the  effect  of  competition  and  combination, 
and  shows  how  far  rates  vary  and  how  far  they 
are  influenced  by  changes  in  equipment. 

3ilr.  Haines  naturally  looks  at  the  railroad 
question  from  the  standpoint  of  an  engineer 
and  business  man  rather  than  from  that  of  a 
lawyer  or  student.  His  chapters  on  railroad 
finance  and  railroad  construction  are  enlighten- 
ing. He  traces  with  some  care  the  nature  of 
the  railroad  charters  that  have  been  granted 
and  the  character  of  the  restrictions  by  which  it 
has  been  sought  to  regulate  and  control  the 
growth  of  the  great  raUroad  net  of  the  United 
States.  In  this  connection,  it  may  be  observed 
that  two  of  the  most  important  things  connected 
with  the  growth  of  the  railroad  system  have  not 
been  the  subjects  of  much  if  any  restrictive  regu- 
lation or  legislation.  One  of  these  two  points  is 
the  gauge  of  the  roads,  which,  says  Mr.  Haines, 
was  made  uniform  by  the  railways,  at  their  own 
instance,  and  at  very  substantial  cost,  while  the 
other  is  the  matter  of  route.  The  author's 
chapters  on  railroad  operation  and  on  railroad 
traffic  are  less  satisfactory  than  those  already 
referred  to,  yet  they  furnish  a  good  and  clear 
review  of  these  topics.  In  revie\*Tng  the  growth 
of  a  system  of  rate-making,  Mr.  Haines  adopts 
a  historical  method  in  part.  In  part,  his  treat- 
ment is  analytical ;  but,  like  Judge  Noyes,  he 
r^fards  rates  as  the  result  of  practical  competi- 
tion. The  rate-maker,  he  says,  "  does  not  origi- 
nate or  create  rates."  In  practice  his  rates  are 
determined,  as  to  reasonableness,  by  what  the 
traffic  will  bear,  and,  where  competition  exists, 
by  rival  bidding  for  the  busiaess.  Discrimina- 
tion between  places  is  regarded  by  Mr.  Haines, 
and  also  by  Judge  Noyes,  as  to  some  extent  a 
necessary  incident.  At  times,  it  may  become 
unjust  or  unreasonable, —  primarily  when  more 
is  chargetl  for  the  short  haul  than  for  the  long  one 
in  the  same  direction.  Regulation  of  rates  is 
first  considered  from  a  historical  standpoint  by 
Mr.  Haines.     He  has  a  general  chapter  on  the 


84 


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[Feb.  1, 


regulation  of  rates  through  pooling  associations  ; 
then  one  on  the  work  of  State  railroad  commis- 
sions, and  then  a  chapter  on  pending  legislation 
affecting  interstate  commerce.  In  Chapter  XI. 
is  given  a  theoretical  discussion  of  "  State  con- 
trol of  corporations  engaged  in  a  public  service," 
and  lastly  a  final  treatment  embodying  some 
"  Conclusions."  The  chapter  in  which  Mr. 
Haines  parallels  Judge  Noyes's  discussion  to 
some  extent  is  that  which  deals  with  pending 
legislation. 

As  already  noted,  the  main  present  interest 
in  both  Mr.  Haines's  and  Judge  Noyes's  work 
is  in  what  they  have  to  say  of  the  present  efforts 
at  State  control  of  rates  and  their  theoretical 
bearing.  In  a  careful  constitutional  discussion, 
Judge  Noyes,  as  it  seems  to  us,  demonstrates 
the  following  ideas  :  The  power  of  Congress  and 
of  the  State  legislatures  is  limited  by  the  com- 
merce clause  of  the  federal  constitution  and  by 
the  fourteenth  amendment.  The  making  of 
rates  by  law  is  purely  a  legislative  function. 
The  legislature  may  act  either  directly  or  through 
a  commission  or  other  administrative  body. 
Three  limitations,  however,  of  special  character 
apply  in  the  case  of  Congress  :  (1)  the  division 
of  the  function  of  government  into  three  depart- 
ments, (2)  the  fifth  amendment,  and  (3)  the 
provision  against  port  preferences.  The  division 
of  functions  indicates  that  there  must  be  no 
confusion  of  legislative,  executive,  and  judicial 
functions,  resulting  from  any  act  that  Congress 
may  pass.  The  fifth  amendment  provides  that 
no  private  property  shall  be  taken,  without  due 
process  of  law  or  without  just  compensation. 
The  provision  against  port  preferences  makes  it 
plain  that  no  preference  to  the  ports  of  any  one 
State,  resulting  from  the  acts  of  Congress,  will 
be  held  constitutional.  The  ultimate  real  test 
of  the  constitutionality  of  a  law-made  rate  is, 
however,  whether  such  rates  are  confiscatory. 
As  a  result  of  his  reasoning  along  these  lines, 
and  of  his  application  of  them  to  existing  legis- 
lation. Judge  Noyes  reaches  the  conclusion  that 
existing  remedies  for  unreasonable  charges  are 
ineffectual  as  far  as  they  go,  and  do  not  go  far 
enough ;  while  because  of  his  view  that  the 
adjudication  of  the  reasonableness  of  a  rate  is 
a  judicial  fimction,  of  the  further  opinion  that 
judicial  and  legislative  functions  cannot  be  com- 
bined, and  of  the  view  that  judicial  functions 
can  be  exercised  only  by  judges  holding  their 
offices  during  good  behavior,  he  is  led  to  think 
that  most  of  our  pending  legislation,  including 
the  recent  Esch-Townsend  bUl,  is  impossible. 
The  greater  number  of  the  measures  now  pro- 


posed require  the  exercise  of  judicial  functions 
by  the  Interstate  Conunerce  Commission  and  the 
exercise  of  non-judicial  functions  by  the  courts. 
Judge  Noyes's  suggestion  for  legislation  is  the 
establishment  of  a  special  interstate  commerce 
court  which  should  ascertain  whether  or  not  a 
given  rate  is  or  is  not  unreasonable.  In  case  a 
given  rate  were  found  unreasonable,  this  fact 
should  be  certified  to  the  Interstate  Commerce 
Commission,  which  shoidd  then,  on  the  basis  of 
the  papers  in  the  case  and  without  further 
hearing,  make  a  maximum  rate  to  take  the 
place  of  the  unreasonable  rate.  This  new  rate 
should  remain  in  force  for  a  specified  time. 

While  Mr.  Haines  does  not  go  into  any  such 
complete  analysis,  or  recommend  any  such  de- 
tailed plan  as  does  Judge  Noyes,  there  is  noth- 
ing in  his  treatment  that  is  not  in  accordance 
with  the  latter's  views.  He  does  not  believe  in 
any  quasi-judicial  commission,  nor  does  he  seem- 
ingly believe  that  any  general  power  for  rate-mak- 
ing should  be  granted  the  Interstate  Commerce 
Commission  mider  existing  conditions.  Should 
a  rate-making  power  be  accorded  to  it,  however, 
"  it  shoidd  be  in  fact  a  court  of  first  instance," 
says  Mr.  Haines.  It  should  act  solely  on  com- 
plaints. It  should  never  prosecute  of  its  own 
motion.  It  should  be  strictly  impartial.  In  this 
view  of  the  case.  Mr.  Haines  has  evidently  in 
mind  somewhat  the  same  thought  as  has  Judge 
Noyes, —  the  creation  of  a  real  railroad  court. 
He  does  not  carry  the  idea  further,  and  suggest 
the  delegation  of  the  rate-making  function  to 
some  conunission  as  a  separate  and  independent 
administrative  body  charged  with  the  revision 
of  given  rates.  But  it  is  evident  that  this  is  an 
idea  which  —  granting  the  interference  of  gov- 
ernment in  rate-making  as  unavoidable  —  would 
be  in  harmony  with  the  general  tenor  of  his 
thought.  These  ideas  as  to  railroad  rate  con- 
trol, therefore,  with  the  reasoning  which  leads 
thereto,  and  with  the  abundant  supply  of  in- 
formation upon  allied  topics  which  is  provided 
in  both  books,  are  the  chief  contributions  made 
to  the  pending  discussion  by  two  of  the  most 
careful  of  recent  thinkers  on  railroad  questions. 
H.  Parker  Willis. 


Of  special  interest  in  connection  with  the  Franklin 
bicentennial  anniversary  this  year  is  the  annomicement 
from  Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  that  they  have 
in  preparation  a  notable  limited  edition  of  Franklin's 
Autobiography,  to  be  printed  under  the  direction  of  Mr. 
Bruce  Rogers,  and  illustrated  with  famous  portraits  in 
photogravure.  In  style  and  excellence  of  typography 
and  manufacture,  the  volume  will  resemble  the  edition 
of  Cavendish's  Life  of  Cardinal  Wolsey  recently  issued 
by  this  house. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


85 


I 


A  Defen^itive  Goethe  Biography.* 

Ten  years  ago  German  scholars  published  sev- 
eral notable  biographies  of  Goethe,  and  others 
have  since  appeared.  The  single  volume  by 
Eichard  M.  Meyer,  for  example,  is  a  preisge- 
Jcronte  Arbeit,  brief  and  at  times  trenchant  in 
its  critical  estimates,  a  book  for  the  student 
rather  than  the  general  reader.  The  needs  of 
the  latter  were  especially  met  in  the  two  vol- 
umes by  Heinemann,  a  readable  and  attractive 
account  of  the  ix>et's  life,  environment,  and 
works,  and  particularly  valuable  for  the  numer- 
ous pictures  of  places  and  people.  Both  these 
biographies  appeared  in  the  same  year  with  the 
first  volmne,  and  with  the  other  works  alluded 
to  preceded  the  second  volmne  of  Bielschow- 
sky's  Goethe  sein  Leben  und  seine  Werke. 
Each  of  these  various  works  has  merits  of  its 
own,  but  none  has  taken  the  place  that  Biel- 
schowsky's  may  fairly  claim.  Its  importance, 
as  the  best  biography  of  the  poet  that  has 
appeared,  is  so  generally  acknowledged  that  a 
translation  has  been  called  for,  and  this  is  now 
supplied  by  Professor  William  A.  Cooper  of 
Stanford  University.  The  English-reading  pub- 
lic is  thus  papng  to  the  lamented  German 
scholar  the  compliment  that  the  Germans  paid 
many  years  ago  to  Mr.  Lewes's  "  Life  and 
Times  of  Goethe,"  and  as  their  translation  of 
that  book  was  long  their  most  popular  a<?count 
of  the  poet's  life,  so  Bielschowsky's  book,  by 
reason  of  its  fuller  and  more  accurate  informa- 
tion, will  now  take  the  place  in  our  libraries  that 
Mr.  Lewes's  held  so  long. 

Bielschowsky  based  his  work  upon  the  rich 
material  made  accessible  by  the  opening  of  the 
Goethe  archives  and  b}-  recent  philological  in- 
vestigation ;  but  as  he  designed  it  for  the  use 
of  the  \Nddest  circles,  he  felt  that  the  choice  and 
selection  of  material  was  imperative.  As  he 
remarks  in  the  preface  to  the  first  volmne, 
only  details  disclose  the  man  and  the  poet,  and 
the  surest  safeguard  against  error  in  the  proper 
understanding  of  his  works  is  afforded  by  ap- 
proaching them  in  relation  to  his  life.  This  idea 
was  further  confirmed  by  his  \aew  of  Goethe's 
character  as  t}"pically  presenting  an  intensified 
picture  of  humanity.  He  therefore  entered  into 
a  detailed  study  of  the  circumstances  and  influ- 
ences that  formed  the  poet's  character  and  con- 
trolled his  career.  He  studied  carefully  all 
sources  and  exploited  all  new  material ;  but  he 

•The  Life  of  Goethe.  By  Albert  Bielschowsky,  Ph.D. 
Authorized  translation  from  the  German  by  WUliam  A.  Cooper, 
A.M.  Volume  I.,  1749-1788.,  From  Birth  to  the  Return  from 
Italy.    Illustrated.    New  York:  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 


wisely  excluded  from  his  text,  and  relegated  to 
notes,  all  critical  discussion  of  the  statements 
made.  His  original  intention  was  to  make  of 
these  notes  a  continuous  scientific  discussion  of 
the  facts  upon  which  his  narrative  is  based,  but 
considerations  of  space  prevented  this  ;  and,  as 
they  stand,  the  notes  sometimes  amplify,  and 
sometimes  merely  state  authorities,  regarding 
mooted  points. 

It  must  be  evident,  even  to  the  casual  reader, 
that  Bielschowsky  possessed  unusual  penetration 
and  acumen  in  psychological  analysis.  He  de- 
velops his  story  much  as  a  good  novelist  might, 
and  so  reveals  the  growth  of  the  poet's  character 
in  its  various  phases.  In  his  critical  estimates 
he  uniformly  leads  up  to  the  circumstances  un- 
der which  the  work  in  question  was  produced ; 
and,  in  the  case  of  the  more  important,  he  fol- 
lows this  with  a  lucid  and  extremely  sympathetic 
outline  of  its  content.  This  is  done  in  a  way 
to  hold  the  interest  of  the  reader  and  to  empha- 
size the  central  thought,  and  is  followed  by 
judicious  criticism,  either  favorable  or  unfavor- 
able as  the  case  may  be.  The  treatment  of 
Werther  affords  an  admirable  illustration. 
Goethe's  experiences  at  Wetzlar,  related  in  a 
previous  chapter,  prepare  the  way  for  an  ac- 
count of  his  Lotte  cult,  of  which  the  story  is  a 
poetic  reflection.  After  outlining  the  plot,  em- 
phasis is  placed  upon  the  point,  so  often  unap- 
preciated, that  everything  in  the  story  flows 
naturally  from  the  character  of  the  hero.  The 
author  further  remarks  the  wealth  of  life  de- 
picted, the  firm  though  brief  delineation  of  the 
various  subordinate  characters,  and  the  wonder- 
ful naturalness  and  warmth  that  characterizes 
it,  and  concludes  with  an  account  of  the  effect 
of  the  story  upon  Goethe's  contemporaries. 
Especially  noteworthy  in  this  whole  treatment 
is  the  fact  that  the  biographer  makes  his  reader 
not  simply  comprehend  but  feel,  as  perfectly 
natural,  the  effect  that  Goethe's  book  produced  ; 
he  does  not  simply  understand  the  situation, — 
he  sympathizes  with  it. 

Bielschowsky's  treatment  of  Goethe's  atti- 
tude toward  the  War  of  Liberation  is  charac- 
teristic of  the  sympathetic  and  yet  judicial  way 
in  which  he  deals  with  the  poet's  career.  He 
makes  clear  the  reasons  why  Goethe  failed  to 
respond  to  the  enthusiasm  against  Napoleon  by 
indicating  his  just  appreciation  of  the  political 
reforms  brought  about  under  French  domina- 
tion, and  the  slight  danger  that  he  felt  of  any 
real  loss  of  the  essentially  German  spirit  in 
education  and  literature.  He  also  points  out 
Goethe's  idea  of  the  effect  of  the  Prussian  or 


86 


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[Feb.  1, 


Austrian  supremacy  that  would  result  from  the 
overthrow  of  the  French, — "an  emancipation 
not  from  the  yoke  of  the  foreigners  but  from 
one  foreign  yoke,"  as  he  expressed  it.  "  And 
yet,"  so  the  author  concludes,  "the  experienced 
Goethe  was  wrong."  He  imderestimated  the 
power  of  national  feeling,  and  did  not  appreciate 
that  the  German  spirit  must  always  be  alien  to 
the  French,  and  hence  under  their  tutelage 
could  not  but  faiL  in  the  full  development  of  its 
inner  individuality.  Political  reasons  based 
upon  the  position  of  the  Duchy  of  Weimar  also 
had  weight  in  determining  Goethe's  conduct 
and,  to  some  extent,  his  sympathies,  so  that  his 
contemporaries  were  neither  surprised,  nor  did 
they  expect  him  to  act  differently.  They  also 
realized  the  permanent  value  of  his  work  and 
its  power  as  a  national  force  ;  there  is,  further, 
no  lack  of  evidence  that  Goethe's  attitude  was 
not  the  result  of  indifference.  Thus  Biel- 
schowsky  presents  the  poet's  position  and  the 
influences  that  determined  it,  neither  entirely 
commending  nor  wholly  censuring,  but  stating 
it  in  the  light  of  contemporary  conditions, 
rather  than  from  the  standpoint  of  the  special 
pleader  holding  a  brief  for  or  against  the  poet. 
The  chapter  on  Goethe's  Lyrics  is  one  of  the 
most  valuable  and  suggestive  in  the  work.  The 
poet  attributed  much  of  his  power  to  the  influ- 
ence of  Spinoza,  whose  conception  of  God,  in- 
carnate in  the  world,  involved  the  idea  of  the 
divine  in  all  objects  as  necessary  parts  of  the 
whole,  but  as  more  or  less  fidly  manifested,  in 
proportion  as  the  object  is  moi'e  or  less  com- 
pletely essential  and  enduring.  But  the  essen- 
tial and  permanent  in  Goethe  was,  Bielschowslcy 
argues,  his  nature  as  a  poet,  while  that  which 
was  accidental  and  temporary  found  expression 
in  the  man  of  the  world  and  of  affairs.  The 
poet  saw  as  with  "annointed  eye"  the  ultimate 
truth  in  the  contradictions  and  confusions  of 
human  life,  while  the  man  was  often  distracted 
and  went  astray.  But  it  was  in  this  very  con- 
fusion and  error  that  the  poet  often  found  the 
material  that  he  treated  as  typical  and  symbolic, 
and  thereby,  as  he  said,  corrected  his  conception 
of  things.  A  long  chapter  on  the  various 
groups  of  lyrics  foUows,  tracing  each  poem,  as 
far  as  possible,  to  the  incident  or  experience 
that  called  it  forth.  Space  forbids  any  detailed 
analysis ;  rather  the  question  suggests  itseK 
whether  the  briUiant  rhetorical  discussion  just 
outlined  applies  only  to  the  poet's  method. 
May  it  not  suggest  an  explanation  of  the  strange 
contradictions  that  the  story  of  his  life  affords, — 
his    calm    serenity    and  generous  nobility,  his 


fickle  passion  and  intense  personal  selfishness. 
Bielschowsky  certainly  does  not  think  of  it  in 
this  relation.  He  neither  glosses  faults  nor  faUs 
to  teU  the  pain  they  caused.  His  attitude  is  in 
general  one  of  cordial  affection,  that  may  dis- 
approve but  is  ready  to  forgive,  but  he  offers 
no  explanation  of  that  subtle  dual  personality 
that  any  student  of  the  poet  must  feel. 

The  chapter  on  Faust  also  deserves  special 
mention,  but  this  is  only  partially  the  work  of 
Bielschowsky.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  had 
completed  the  account  of  the  genesis  of  the 
poem ;  the  balance  of  the  chapter  was  written 
by  his  friend,  Professor  Ziegler  of  Strassburg. 
In  this  portion  the  pages  dealing  with  the  clas- 
sical Walpurgisnacht  and  with  Homunculus 
are  especially  to  be  commended.  In  their  brief 
outline  and  frank  censure  of  those  elements  in 
these  scenes  that  are  wholly  without  any  real  or 
fancied  connection  with  Faust,  far  better  ser- 
vice is  rendered  toward  the  proper  miderstand- 
ing  of  the  poem  than  in  any  attempt  to  justify 
or  explain  them.  Common  sense  and  poetic 
insight  are  happily  blended,  and  without  any 
attempt  to  make  out  a  symbolism  that  it  is  more 
than  doubtful  the  poet  ever  imagined. 

Professor  Cooper's  translation  is,  in  general, 
a  very  satisfactory  piece  of  work.  He  renders 
paragraph  by  paragraph,  indeed  sentence  by  sen- 
tence, excepting  in  one  or  two  instances  men- 
tioned in  his  preface.  The  language  is  usually 
well-chosen,  and  renders  the  thought,  and  in 
some  degree  the  style,  of  the  original.  Occa- 
sionally a  phrase  or  sentence  smacks  somewhat 
of  the  class-room,  and  a  less  literal  rendering 
would  have  made  the  meaning  clearer.  For  ex- 
ample, the  phrase  "  becomes  absorbed  with  her 
[Frau  von  Stein]  in  the  bony  structure  of  man," 
is  an  awkward  way  of  saying  "  studied  care- 
fidly  the  structure  of  the  human  skeleton." 
So  "  the  irridescence  of  Merk's  nature  "  (^Das 
Schillernde)  hardly  conveys  to  the  English 
reader  the  idea  of  versatility  which  the  context 
shows  to  be  the  author's  thought.  "  The  cor- 
roded [durchgeheizf]  sons  of  the  twentieth  cen- 
tury" is  literal  and  meaningless  ;  so  also  "  the 
lapidary  personality  of  Orange  "  is  hardly  clear. 
Other  instances,  especially  in  the  literal  render- 
ing of  figurative  language,  might  be  cited.  It  is 
also  to  be  regretted  that  the  page  headings  of 
the  original  have  not  been  preserved  ;  they  cer- 
tainly facilitate  the  use  of  the  book  as  a  work 
of  reference.  On  the  whole,  however,  the  few 
trifling  faults,  imnoticed  except  by  the  critic  in 
quest  of  such  material,  are  so  far  outweighed  by 
the  conspicuous  merit  of  the  work  that  it  is 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


87 


hardly  fair  to  mention  them.     It  is  sincerely 
to  be  hoped  that  the  concluding  volumes  —  the 
translation  is  to  be  in  three  rather  than  the  two 
of  the  original  —  may  not  be  long  delayed. 
Lewis  A.  JRhoades. 


Keasox  ry  Religiox  a>d  ix  Art.* 

Professor  Santayana's  two  notable  books  on 
"  The  Life  of  Reason,"  which  recently  appeared, 
have  been  followed  up  promptly  by  two  addi- 
tional volimies  in  the  same  series,  which  deal 
respectively  vv-ith  "•  Reason  in  Religion "  and 
'■'■  Reason  in  Ai't."  This  leaves  impublished  only 
the  final  volume,  on  "  Reason  in  Science."  Of 
the  two  latest  volxmies,  the  one  on  "  Reason  in 
Religion  "  has  the  greater  speculative  interest, 
since  it  is  in  the  problems  of  religion  that  the 
opposition  cidminates  between  the  general  philo- 
sophical conception  which  Professor  Santayana 
represents,  and  that  which  more  commonly 
passes  current.  As  readers  of  the  earlier  books 
will  recall,  "  The  Life  of  Reason  "  is  constituted 
by  that  realm  of  ideal  values  in  experience 
which,  springing  from  the  soil  of  the  natural  im- 
pulses and  passions,  has  for  its  task  the  bringing 
of  these  to  a  seK-conscious  and  harmonious  ex- 
pression. It  is  no  part  of  its  business  to  leave  us 
with  an  accovmt  of  what  reality  is  beyond  our 
experience  ;  rather,  its  sole  function  is  the  praxj- 
tical  one  of  miderstanding  and  accepting  and 
using  the  situation  in  which  a  moi-tal  may  find 
himself.  This,  of  couree,  is  valid  equally  of  the 
religious  exjjerience.  For  the  author,  therefore, 
religion  is  frankly  conceived  as  poetry.  It  is  a 
symbolic  rendering  of  the  moral  experience, 
which  has  its  value  by  reason  of  its  power  to 
vitalize  the  mind  and  transmit  by  way  of  par- 
ables the  lessons  of  life.  Accordingly^,  as  be- 
tween religions  there  is  a  difference  only  of  better 
and  worse,  never  of  true  and  false.  It  is  the 
root  defect  in  religion  —  the  tendency  to  forget 
that  it  is  poetry,  to  arrogate  to  itself  literal 
truth,  and  lay  claim  to  be  an  objective  state- 
ment of  fact.  In  this  way  the  myth,  which  was 
but  a  symbol  substituted  for  empirical  descrip- 
tions, becomes  an  idol  substituted  for  ideal  val- 
ues ;  instead  of  a  representation  of  experience 
as  it  shoidd  be,  it  becomes  a  pretended  infor- 
mation about  experience  or  reality  elsewhere. 
This  always  tends  to  confuse  intelligence  and 
dislocate  sentiment.  The  essential  harm  of  it  is 
that  by  persuading  man  that  the  world  really 

•  The  Life  of  Reason.  By  (Jeorge  Santayana.  New  vol- 
umes: Reason  in  Religion,  and  Reason  in  Art.  New  York: 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 


is  such  as  his  rather  arbitrary  idealization  has 
painted  it,  the  true  value  of  the  ideal  is  lost. 
Moral  harmonies  are  not  given,  they  have  to  be 
made ;  and  the  curse  of  superstition  is  that  it 
justifies  and  protracts  their  absence  by  pro- 
claiming their  invisible  presence.  Thus  God, 
for  practical  religion,  stands  only  for  that  which 
makes  for  the  Good.  A  theodicy  which  attempts 
to  extend  the  divine  to  the  entire  world,  and  to 
prove  that  whatever  is  is  good,  breaks  down  the 
very  distinction  which  gives  goodness  and  the 
divine  their  hvmMn  meaning,  and  reduces  every- 
thing to  the  dead  level  of  an  unmoral  naturalism 
or  pantheism.  The  whole  difficulty  again  lies 
in  the  supposed  need  of  turning  a  practical 
moral  ideal  into  an  accovmt  of  the  objective 
constitution  of  the  universe.  It  is  chimerical 
to  expect  the  rest  of  the  world  to  be  determined 
by  that  moral  significance  which  by  its  very 
nature  is  in  terms  of  particular  himian  interests. 
"  The  attempt  to  subserve  the  natural  order 
xmder  the  moral  is  like  attempts  to  establish  a 
government  of  the  parent  by  the  child  —  some- 
thing: children  are  not  averse  to."  So  that 
religion  ought  to  be  for  each  man,  not  a  literal 
accoimt  of  what  is  or  has  happened,  but  the 
imaginative  expression  of  those  ideals  which  are 
most  vital  to  his  own  nature.  Each  man  may 
have  his  own  loves,  but  the  object  in  each  case 
is  different.  So  it  is,  or  should  be,  in  religion. 
Literal  truth  is  as  irrelevant,  as  it  is  irrelevant 
to  an  artist's  pleasure  to  be  warned  that  the 
beauty  he  expresses  has  no  objective  existence. 
There  is  little  space  to  consider  the  more  par- 
ticular treatment  from  this  general  standpoint 
of  religion  in  its  historical  expressions,  though 
this  contains  much  interesting  matter.  The 
earlier  chapters  take  up  the  more  primitive  as- 
pects of  the  religious  experience,  such  as  magic, 
sacrifice,  prayer,  and  mythology.  Interesting 
also  is  the  historical  appreciation  of  Hebraism 
and  of  Christianity.  The  author's  natural  sym- 
pathy is  ^nth  the  Greek  rather  than  the  Hebraic 
type  of  mind.  Paganism  seems  to  him  nearer 
than  Hebraism  to  the  Life  of  Reason,  from  the 
fact  that  its  myths  are  more  transparent  and  its 
temper  less  fanatical ;  and  it  is  probable  that 
there  are  elements  in  the  Hebrew  religion 
which  he  fails  in  consequence  to  give  their  just 
emphasis.  It  certainly  is  a  question  whether 
the  religious  position  of  the  historical  Jesus 
has  the  quite  derivative  and  incidental  signifi- 
cance which  his  generalizations  —  following  a 
popidar  interpretation  —  assign  to  it.  Fully 
adequate  or  not,  however,  the  analysis  is  acute 
enough  and  time  enough  to  make  very  good  read- 


88 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


ing.  The  characterization  of  the  Protestant  ele- 
ment in  Christianity  is  particularly  happy,  in  its 
opposition  to  the  Oriental  strain  of  unworldliness 
and  asceticism  with  which  it  has  entered  into  un- 
stable combination.  Professor  Santayana's  vision 
is  keen  for  the  weaknesses  of  the  Protestant  and 
Teutonic  temper,  —  its  emphasis  on  the  supreme 
importance  of  success  and  prosperity,  its  con- 
ventional conceptions  of  duty  and  earnest  ma- 
terialism, its  cheerful  optimism,  its  regard  for 
profitable  enterprise  and  practical  ambition  as  a 
sort  of  moral  vocation,  its  tendency  to  mistake 
vitality,  both  in  itself  and  in  the  luiiverse,  for 
spiritual  life.  "  The  point  is  to  accomplish 
something,  no  matter  particularly  what ;  so  that 
the  Protestant  shows  on  this  ground  some  re- 
spect even  for  an  artist  when  he  has  once 
achieved  success."  In  the  later  chapters  there 
follows  an  instructive  analysis  of  the  main  as- 
pects of  the  religious  life  —  piety  or  loyalty  to 
the  necessary  conditions  of  life,  spirituality  or 
devotion  to  ideal  ends,  and  charity  ;  and  in  con- 
clusion there  is  a  discussion  of  the  ideal  in- 
terpretation of  immortality.  The  chapter  on 
"  Spirituality  and  its  Corruptions  " — fanaticism 
and  mysticism,  namely  —  may  be  recommended 
as  a  particularly  good  expression  of  that  whole 
temperamental  attitude  toward  life  which  is 
summed  up  in  "  The  Life  of  Reason." 

"Reason  in  Art"  lends  itself  especially  to 
quotation,  and  I  can  perhaps  not  do  better  than 
to  put  together  as  nearly  as  possible  in  the 
writer's  own  words  some  of  the  points  which 
are  particidarly  characteristic.  There  are  two 
main  aspects  to  the  book.  On  the  one  hand,  it 
takes  up  the  arts  in  particular,  and,  tracing 
them  back  to  a  purely  automatic  and  spontane- 
ous expressiveness,  without  ideal  value,  it  tries  to 
show  how  they  come  to  take  on  more  and  more  an 
ideal  and  rational  significance.  The  most  no- 
table thing  about  the  treatment,  however,  is  less 
its  suggestions  in  detail  toward  an  historical 
understanding  of  the  arts  tlian  the  general  crit- 
ical attitude  which  underlies  the  volume  as  a 
whole.  It  woidd  be  hard  to  point  to  a  more 
searching  criticism  of  the  irrationalities  that 
enter  into  the  artistic  and  aesthetic  side  of  ex- 
perience, or  a  more  effective  dealing  with  the 
conmion  fallacies  by  which  these  irrationalities 
are  not  merely  overlooked  but  are  exalted  into 
essential  conditions  of  art  and  beauty.  Starting 
from  the  definition  of  art  as  that  element  in  the 
Life  of  Reason  which  consists  in  modifying  its 
environment  the  better  to  attain  its  end,  the 
book  is  a  sustained  argument  against  the  view 
which  would  loosen  the  fine  arts  from  this  fun- 


damental connection  with  rational  and  —  in  the 
end  —  social  and  moral  experience.  The  rose's 
grace  can  more  easily  be  plucked  from  its  petals 
than  the  beauty  of  art  from  its  subject,  reasons, 
and  use.  The  fine  arts  are  butter  to  man's 
daily  bread ;  there  is  no  conceiving  or  creating 
them  except  as  they  spring  out  of  social  exi- 
gencies. Irresponsibility  in  the  artist,  the  rest- 
ing content  with  the  mere  mystic  glow  of  a  per- 
sonal experience,  must  be  fatal  to  a  true  and 
adequate  art.  To  be  bewitched  is  not  to  be 
saved,  though  all  the  magicians  and  aesthetes  in 
the  world  should  pronounce  it  so.  The  sponta- 
neous is  the  worst  of  tyrants,  for  it  exercises  a 
needless  and  fruitless  tyranny  in  the  guise  of 
duty  and  inspiration.  The  earth's  bowels  are 
full  of  all  sorts  of  rumblings ;  which  of  the 
oracles  drawn  thence  is  true  can  be  judged  only 
by  the  light  of  day.  If  an  artist's  inspiration 
has  been  happy,  it  has  been  so  because  his  work 
can  sweeten  or  ennoble  the  mind,  and  because 
its  total  effect  will  be  beneficent.  Art  being  a 
part  of  life,  the  criticism  of  art  is  a  part  of 
morals.  No  personal  talent  avails  to  rescue  an 
art  from  labored  insignificance  when  it  has  no 
steadying  function  in  the  moral  world,  and  must 
waver  between  caprice  and  convention. 

In  form,  then,  art  represents  that  which 
shoiUd  be  the  goal  of  life  —  experience  harmon- 
ized, seK-justifying,  the  revelation  of  an  intrin- 
sic value.  Beauty  gives  men  the  best  hint  of 
ultimate  good  which  their  experience  as  yet  can 
offer.  Its  defect  lies  in  the  fact  that  hitherto 
it  has  been  content  with  its  minor  harmonies, 
and,  immersed  in  them,  has  failed  of  any  large 
grasp  on  reality  as  a  whole.  And  so  long  as  it 
needs  to  be  a  dream,  it  can  never  cease  to  be  a 
disappointment.  Its  facile  cruelty,  its  narcotic 
abstraction,  can  never  sweeten  the  evils  we  re- 
turn to  at  home ;  it  can  liberate  half  the  mind 
only  by  leaving  the  other  half  in  abeyance.  In 
the  mere  artist,  too,  there  is  always  something 
that  falls  short  of  the  gentleman  and  that  de- 
feats the  man.  The  poet,  at  home  in  the  me- 
divmi,  is,  in  the  world  he  tries  to  render,  apt  to 
be  a  child  and  a  stranger.  Poetic  apprehen- 
sion is  a  makeshift  in  so  far  as  its  cognitive 
worth  is  concerned  ;  it  is  exactly  in  this  respect 
what  myth  is  to  science.  The  poetic  way  of 
idealizing  reality  is  dull,  bungling,  and  impure  ; 
a  better  acquaintance  with  things  renders  such 
flatteries  ridicidous. 

A  consequence  of  this  is  that  a  large  part  of 
our  art  is  artificial  and  simply  made  to  be  ex- 
hibited ;  it  is  therefore  gratuitous  and  sophisti- 
cated, and  the  greater  part  of  men's  concern 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


89 


with  it  is  affectation.     A  living  art  does  not 
produce  curiosities  to  be  collected,  but  spiritual 
necessities  to  be  diffused.     What  we  call  mu- 
seums—  mausoleums,  rather,  in  which  a  dead 
art  heaps  up  its  remains  —  are  those  the  places 
where  the  Muses  intended  to  dwell  ?     An  artist 
may  visit  a  museimi,  but  only  a  pedant  can  live 
there.     But  there  is  possible  an  art  more  ade- 
quate to  the  Life  of  Reason.     Such  an  art  must 
be  an  achievement,  not  an  indulgence.     It  will 
rise  above  the  incidental  dreams  and  immature 
idealizations  of  poetry  as  it  now  is,  to  a  new 
and  clarified  poetry  which,  while  having  the 
power  of  prose  to  see  things  as  they  are  and  the 
courage  to  describe  them  ingenuously,  shall  also 
idealize  in  the  true  way,  by  selecting  from  this 
reality  what  is  pertinent  to  lUtimate  interests 
and  can  speak  eloquently  to  the  soul.     Art,  as 
mankind    has  hitherto  practised  it,  too  much 
resembles  an  opiate  or  a  stimulant.    It  is  a  dream 
in  which  we  lose  ourselves  by  ignoring  most  of 
our  interests,  and  from  which  we  awake  into  a 
world  in  which  that  lost  episode  plays  no  further 
part  and  leaves  no  heirs.     Life  and  history  are 
not  thereby  rendered  better  in  their  principle, 
but  a  mere  ideal  is  extracted  out  of  them  and 
presented  for   our  delectation   in   some   cheap 
material,    like    words    or    marble.      The    only 
precious  materials  are  flesh  and  blood.     The 
moments  snatched  for  art  have  been  generally 
interludes  in  life,  and  its  products  parasites  in 
nature.     To  exalt  fine  art  into  a  truly  ideal 
activity,  we  shoidd  have  to  knit  it  more  closely 
with  other  rational  functions,  so  that  to  beautify 
things  might  render  them  more  usefid,  and  to 
represent  them  most  imaginatively  might  be  to 
see  them  in  their  tinith.     To  gloat  on  rhythms 
and  declamations,  to  live  last  in  imaginary  pas- 
sions and  histrionic  woes,  is  an  unmanly  life, 
cut  off  from  practical  dominion  and  from  ra- 
tional happiness.     A  lovely  dream  is  an  excel- 
lent thing  in  itself,  but  it  leaves  the  world  no 
less  a  chaos,  and  makes  it  by  contrast  seem  even 
darker  than  it  did.     That  beauty  which  should 
have  been  an   inevitable  smile  on  the  face  of 
society,  an  overflow  of  genuine  happiness  and 
power,  has  to  be  imported,  stimidated  artificially, 
and  applied  from  without ;  so  that  art  becomes 
a  sickly  ornament  for  an  ugly  existence.     True 
art  is  simply  an  adequate   industry ;  it  arises 
when  industry  is  carried  out  to  the  satisfaction 
of  aU  hmnan  demands,  even  of  those  incidental 
sensuous  demands  which  we  call  aesthetic,  and 
which  a  brutal  industry  in  its  haste  may  despise 
or  ignore.     To  distinguish  and  create  beauty 
would  then  be  no  art  relegated  to  a  few  ab- 


stracted spirits  playing  with  casual  fancies ;  it 
would  be  a  habit  inseparable  from  practical 
efficiency.  All  operations,  all  affairs,  would 
then  be  viewed  in  the  light  of  ultimate  interests 
and  in  their  deep  relation  to  hmnan  good.  The 
arts  would  thus  recover  their  Homeric  glory ; 
touching  human  fate  as  they  clearly  woidd,  they 
would  borrow  something  of  its  grandeur  and 
pathos,  and  yet  the  interest  that  worked  in 
them  woidd  be  warm,  since  it  wovdd  remain 
unmistakably  animal  and  sincere. 

A.  K.  ROGEES. 


Two   Recext  Books  on  Shakespeare.* 

However  disastrous  the  triumph  of  Baconian- 
ism  may  prove  to  all  Shakespearian  biography 
and  to  much  Shakespeariaji  criticism,  it  will 
not  cause  such  books  as  Professor  Stephenson's 
on  "  Shakespeare's  London "  to  depreciate  in 
value.  The  London  of  "  Shake-speare,"  the 
pseudonymous  playwright,  is  also  the  London 
of  ''  Shaksper,  the  Stratford  actor-manager." 
Wherefore,  it  behooves  the  scholar  who  would 
make  a  permanent  contribution  to  the  subject 
to  be  wise  in  time,  and  if  he  cannot  yet  go  with 
the  Baconians,  at  any  rate  not  to  exclude  him- 
self from  a  share  in  their  triumph.  Professor 
Stephenson,  however,  has  not  been  as  wise  as 
this ;  while  the  substance  of  his  book  will  be 
equally  valuable,  whichever  way  the  future  may 
decide  the  question,  he  himself  gives  too  many 
indications  of  orthodoxy  not  to  be  liable  to  perse- 
cution when  the  heretics  have  their  turn.  And, 
to  say  the  truth,  the  orthodox  may  look  for 
scant  quarter  in  that  great  day,  for  they  have 
given  none. 

We  coiUd  wish  that  Professor  Stephenson's 
book  might  commend  itself  as  certainly  to  the 
lover  of  good  letters  as  to  the  lover  of  history. 
Its  style  is  hardly  worthy  of  its  theme.  While 
we  are  far  from  wishing  to  be  captious,  we  can- 
not praise  the  following  sentences  as  likely  to 
do  honor  to  American  academic  culture  :  "  The 
plan  familiar  to  us,  from  Bacon's  essay  Of 
Building,  was  followed  by  many  of  the  Eli^- 
bethan  bvulders,  though  lack  of  means  to  buUd, 
and  room  for  the  double  court,  in  the  London 
houses,  often  led  to  a  considerable  alteration" 
(p.  14)  ;  "A  pair  of  draw-strings  working  oppo- 
site the  small  of  the  back  enabled  one  to  tighten 
or  loosen  his  doublet  at  will "  (p.  37).    Such 

'Shakespbasb's  LomxiN.  By  Henry  Thew  Stephenson.  New 
York  :  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 

Bacon  Cbtptooraxs  ik  Shakespeabe.  By  Isaac  Hull  Piatt. 
Boston  :  Small.  Maynard  &  Co. 


90 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


sentences  are  by  no  means  unconunon ;  nor  is 
a  "  false  concord  "  absolutely  unknown.  The 
Shakespearian  reminiscence  in  "a  monument 
that  age  cannot  wither"  (p. 285),  hardly  pro- 
tects the  expression  from  criticism  ;  and  the  am- 
biguity of  the  sentence  quoted  below,  even  in  its 
context,  is  likely  to  give  pause  to  the  most  alert 
of  readers.  Speaking  of  the  fall  of  water  be- 
neath London  Bridge  at  certain  hours,  and  of 
its  effect  on  river  traffic,  the  author  says :  "  If, 
in  the  journey,  it  was  necessary  to  cross  the 
bridge  at  mid-tide,  the  passenger  had  to  land 
and  wait"  (p.  63).  To  such  slips,  of  course, 
any  writer  is  liable  ;  but  they  ought  not  to  occur 
in  a  work  connected  with  the  study  of  Shake- 
speare. It  is  too  often  forgotten  that  literary 
themes  involve  stylistic  obligations.  The  proof- 
reading, for  the  most  part,  is  satisfactory,  though 
the  first  comma  in  the  following  clause  conceals 
a  well-known  Elizabethan  idiom :  "whether 
wheat  be  good,  cheap,  or  dear"  (p.  132).  The 
spelling  of  Spenser  with  a  c  (p.  243)  seems 
to  have  escaped  both  proof-reader  and  author. 
The  index,  as  is  usually  the  case,  is  not  com- 
plete, and  the  usefulness  of  the  book  is  thereby 
materially  diminished. 

We  have  f oimd  no  miportant  errors  in  mat- 
ters of  fact.  "The  despicable  pedant  from 
Scotland"  (p.  178)  is  perhaps  too  severe  a 
characterization  of  James  the  First,  and  it  is 
certainly  an  exaggeration  to  say  that  Camden  "s 
Britannia  "  to  this  day  is  the  starting  point  of 
all  study  of  ancient  Britain  "  (p.  122) ;  at  least, 
John  Ricliard  Green  did  not  think  so.  The 
author,  undeterred  by  Mr.  Sidney  Lee,  asserts 
that  "  in  1598  WiUiam  Shakespeare  was  living 
in  the  parish"  of  St.  Helen's  (p.  205). 

The  work  is,  of  course,  foimded  on  Stow's 
"  Survey  of  London,"  of  which  the  first  edi- 
tion appeared  in  1598  ;  and  naturally  the  most 
interesting  parts  of  it  are  the  quotations  from 
Stow  and  other  contemporary  chroniclers.  But 
Professor  Stephenson  has  brought  together  a 
large  amount  of  material  scattered  in  modern 
works  and  reprints  (p.  v.),  and  has  illustrated  it 
by  frequent  quotation  from  Elizabethan  drama- 
tists. We  could  perhaps  have  spared  some  of 
his  facts,  many  of  which  are  neither  important 
nor  relevant,  for  the  sake  of  a  larger  number 
of  illustrative  passages  from  the  plays,  "  The 
Shoemaker's  Holiday"  and  "  The  Knight  of  the 
Burning  Pestle,"  for  example,  are  mines  of  in- 
teresting allusion  that  coidd  have  been  worked 
to  advantage.  We  must  not,  of  course,  find 
faidt  with  Professor  Stephenson  for  not  doing 
what  he  did  not  undertake  to  do,  but  we  are  per- 


suaded that  his  accounts  of  Elizabethan  places 
and  customs  wovdd  have  been  more  vivid  and 
interesting  if  confirmed  by  constant  reference 
to  dramatic  literature.  As  it  is,  his  book  will 
render  intelligible  many  an  obscure  allusion. 

It  will  not,  however,  give  its  readers  a  clear 
or  a  unified  picture  of  Elizabethan  London. 
We  can  fancy  such  a  picture,  a  composition,  not 
a  catalogue,  sufficiently  detailed  to  have  reality, 
and  so  vivified  and  harmonized  by  the  construc- 
tive imagination  as  to  leave  upon  the  reader's 
mind  much  the  same  impression  as  the  pictur- 
esque old  city  must  itself  have  left  on  all  who 
had  eyes  to  see  it.  This,  perhaps,  will  be  the 
delightfid  residt  of  such  work  as  Professor  Ste- 
phenson's. Meantime,  we  may  be  content  with 
the  glimpses  that  he  gives  us  of  rural  London, 
and  its  "  fair  hedge-rows  of  elm  trees,  with 
bridges  and  easy  stiles  to  pass  over  into  the 
pleasant  fields,  very  commodious  for  citizens 
therein  to  walk,  shoot,  and  otherwise  to  recreate 
and  refresh  their  dull  spirits  in  the  sweet  and 
wholesome  air"  (Stow);  the  cottages  in  the 
suburbs  "  for  poor  bedrid  people,"'  who  lay  "  in 
their  bed  within  their  window,  which  was  toward 
the  street,  open  so  low  that  every  man  might 
see  them,  a  clean  linen  cloth  lying  in  their  win- 
dow, and  a  pair  of  beads,  to  show  that  there  lay 
a  bedrid  body,  unable  but  to  pray  only,"  ap- 
pealing to  the  charity  of  the  devout ;  the  fires 
burning  in  the  city  streets  thrice  a  week  to 
cleanse  the  air  polluted  by  the  refuse  of  the 
"  kennels  " ;  and  the  bell  of  St.  Sepulchre's  toll- 
ing for  the  execution  of  criminals,  while  the  bell- 
man read,  as  the  malefactors  passed  the  church, 
"All  good  people  pray  heartily  imto  God  for 
these  poor  sinners  who  are  now  going  to  their 
death  for  whom  the  great  bell  doth  toll."  In 
the  chapter  on  the  theatres,  the  author  makes 
the  interesting  suggestion  that  the  hut  above 
the  stage,  which  figures  in  several  contemporary 
prints,  contained  the  machinery  that  operated 
the  traverse  (pp.  320,  323). 

The  book  is  illustrated  with  many  interesting 
and  unusual  prints,  plans,  and  maps.  Alto 
gether,  it  is  a  usefid  addition  to  the  library  of 
the  student  of  the  Elizabethan  drama. 

It  is  quite  true,  as  Mr.  Isaac  Hull  Piatt  re- 
marks in  his  "  Bacon  Cryptograms  in  Shake- 
speare," that  while  the  "  Shaksperians  "  are  in 
possession,  they  are  not  in  undisturbed  posses- 
sion. Mr.  Piatt's  little  book  is  the  latest  at- 
tempt to  create  such  a  disturbance.  And  at  the 
outset  we  feel  botmd  to  say  that  while  we  do  not 
find  Mr.  Piatt's  argimients  convincing,  we  quite 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


91 


agree  with  him  that  the  '*  Shaksperians  "  who 
have  taken  part  in  the  controversy  have  rather 
often  confounded  ridicule  and  refutation.  Im- 
plications of  asininity  and  idiocy  no  doubt  "•  im- 
part a  gusto,"  as  Charles  Lamb  woidd  say,  to 
the  pages  of  the  •'  Saturday  Review,"  but  they 
are  not  war.  We  would  not,  therefore,  lay  our- 
selves open  to  the  charge  of  failing  to  approach 
'•  Bacon  Cryptograms  *'  in  a  spirit  of  becoming 
seriousness. 

The  book  consists  of  eight  more  or  less  con- 
nected papers,  the  most  important  of  which  are 
" The  Bacon  Cryptograms  in  Love's  Labours 
Lost,"  which  deals  with  the  Latin  of  Act  V., 
Scene  I.,  "  The  Bacon  Cryptograms  in  the 
Shake-speai-e  Quartos,""  and  ••  The  Testimony 
of  the  First  Folio."  ^Ir.  Piatt's  tone  is  emi- 
nently moderate.  "  I  \*'ish  distinctly  to  deny,"  he 
says,  ''  that  what  I  am  about  to  present  proves 
Bacon's  authorship  of  the  Plays.  WTiat  I  do 
claim,  and  I  think  in  reason,  is  that  they  seem  to 
constitute  grounds  for  a  very  strong  suspicion 
that  he  was  in  some  manner  concerned  in  their 
production  or  associated  with  them  "  (p.  2). 

The  argiunents  presented  are  so  detailed 
that  it  is  impossible  to  do  them  justice  in  a 
brief  summary.  Roughly  it  may  be  said  that 
Mr.  Piatt  resolves  the  nonsense  word  "  honori- 
ficabditudinatibus "  (L.L.L.,  5.  1.  44)  into 
"^  Hi  ludL  tuiti  sibi,  Fr.  Bacono  nati,^  which 
may  be  translated,  '  These  plays,  originating 
with  FrancLs  Bacon,  are  protected  for  them- 
selves,' or  '  entrusted  to  themselves,'  "  of  which 
it  is  doubtful  whether  the  Latin  or  the  English 
is  more  cryptic  :  that  he  finds  the  name  Bacon  in 
the  headpieces  of  the  quartos  of  The  Taming  of 
a  Shrew,  The  First  Part  of  the  Contention,  and 
Richard  11. ;  and  that  Jonson's  connection  with 
the  First  Folio  and  his  relations  with  Bacon  and 
"  Shaksper,  the  actor-manager,"  "  seem  to  bring 
Bacon  pretty  close  to,  at  least,  an  editorial  asso- 
ciation with  the  Folio."  It  must  be  admitted 
that  in  dealing  with  the  last  of  these  points  he 
has  taken  a  neat  vengeance  on  Mr.  Churton 
Collins,  whose  paper  on  ••  The  Bacon-Shake- 
speare Mania  "  in  his  "  Studies  in  Shakespeare  " 
must  be  cheerless  reading  to  all  Baconians.  Mr. 
Collins  rashly  asserts  that  ••  there  is  not  a  par- 
ticle of  evidence  that  Jonson  gave  the  smallest 
assistance  to  Bacon  in  translating  any  of  his 
works  into  Latin"  (p.  352);  and  adds  in 
a  footnote,  referring  to  Archbishop  Temson's 
Baconiana,  "the  only  translator  named  is 
Herbert.*'  i^Ir.  Piatt  shows  that  a  few  pages 
further  on,  Tenison  says.  "  The  Latin  transla- 
tion of  them  was  a  work  performed  by  divers 


hands ;  by  those  of  Doctor  Hacket.  .  .  .  Mr. 
Benjamin  Johnson  (the  learned  and  judicious 
poet),  and  some  others.   .   .  ." 

We  have  already  intimated  that  we  do  not 
find  Mr.  Piatt's  reasoning  cogent  or  his  posi- 
tions tenable.  Yet  it  woidd  not  be  profitable 
to  imdertake  a  refutation  here.  As  he  truly 
says,  "  the  argument  for  the  Baconian  author- 
ship depends  upon  a  vast  mass  of  circumstantia 
evidence.  It  is  not  a  chain,  but  a  bundle  of  rods. 
Whether  Jupiter  can  break  it  or  not,  remains  to 
be  seen ;  but  to  pull  out  one  or  two  of  the  weak- 
est of  the  rods  from  the  bimdle  and  triumphantly 
proclaim  their  weakness  does  not  materially 
affect  the  strength  of  the  case  "  (p.  101).  But 
supposing  one  rod  after  another  is  withdrawn 
from  the  bimdle,  here  and  there,  by  this  student 
or  that,  and  neatly  broken  ?  In  any  given  dis- 
cussion, we  may  admit  that  the  body  of  testi- 
mony in  favor  of  the  Baconian  authorship  is  not 
invalidated ;  but  when  all  the  important  argu- 
ments have  been  severally  demolished,  as  we 
believe  they  have  been,  the  case  collapses.  This, 
of  course,  assimies  that  the  Baconians  have 
irrefragable  evidence  enough  to  put  the  Shake- 
spearians  on  the  defensive,  which  we  are  far  from 
admitting.  Let  us  take  a  rod  or  two  at  random. 
Mr.  Piatt  quotes  Davies's  sonnet  to  Bacon,  the 
last  lines  of  which  are,  — 

"  My  Muse  thus  notes  thy  worth  in  every  line ! 
With  yncke  which  thus  she  sugars ;  so.  to  shine," 

and  comments,  "  The  allusion  in  the  last  line, 
...  to  Shake-speare's  '  sugared  sonnets  among 
his  pri%'ate  friends'  seems  very  obvious  "  (p.  28). 
To  which  we  reply,  only  to  a  convinced  Baconian. 
The  name  Bacon,  that  he  discovers  in  the  head- 
pieces of  certain  quartos,  is,  we  assert,  visible 
only  to  the  eye  of  faith.  The  discovery  of  a 
Bacon  cryptogram  at  the  beginning  and  end 
of  Lucrece  is  —  we  try  to  '•  deliver  all  with 
charity '"  —  absurd.  His  interpretation  of  the 
Latin  of  "  Love's  Labour's  Lost"  is  incoherent 
and  unintelligible,  and  of  the  nonsense  word 
still  more  nonsensical.  His  notion  that  the 
Lucy  caricatures  (he  seems  to  be  unaware  that 
2  Henry  IV.  contains  one  of  the  best)  were 
suggested  to  the  playwright  by  the  Stratford 
actor-manager  from  his  own  experience,  is,  to 
put  it  mildly,  fantastic.  He  believes  the  address 
"  To  the  Great  Variety  of  Readers,"  in  the 
First  Folio,  to  be  by  Bacon,  partly  because  it  is 
"  tophea^y  with  legal  phrases  ";  but  he  forgets 
that  legal  phraseology  is  a  literary  convention 
of  the  period,  as  the  sonneteers  bear  witness. 
He  cites  the  passage,  dear  to  the  Baconian  heart, 
from  Timber,  in  which  Jonson  says  of  Bacon 


92 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


that  he  "performed  that  in  our  tongue  which 
may  be  compared  or  preferred  either  to  insolent 
Greece  or  haughty  Rome,"  and  reminds  us  that 
in  the  First  Folio  lines  Jonson  applies  almost 
the  same  words  to  the  author  of  the  plays.  But 
Jonson  in  both  passages  is  imitating  Seneca ; 
the  original  contains  the  words  insolenti  Grce- 
ciae,  and  it  is  surely  not  remarkable  that  a 
scholar  should  apply  to  different  persons  an  in- 
teresting literary  allusion,  especially  when  it  con- 
tains a  sonorous  phrase  into  the  bargain.  Mr. 
Piatt  exclaims,  we  believe  in  jest :  "  Think  of 
it — the  author  of  Hamlet  allowing  his  daugh- 
ters to  be  brought  up  without  being  taught  to 
write  !  That  fact  alone  is  sufficient  to  put  Mr. 
William  Shaksper  out  of  court."  If  inatten- 
tion to  the  education  of  one's  daughters  is  to  be 
regarded  as  a  test  of  the  authenticity  of  one's 
works,  "  Paradise  Lost "  must  no  longer  be  at- 
tributed to  that  very  neglectfvJ  parent,  John 
Milton,  but  to  the  "  syndicate  of  which  Elwood 
was  president,"  referred  to  by  Mr.  Churton  Col- 
lins ("Studies  in  Shakespeare,"  p.  333). 

Such  are  some  of  the  rods,  and  such  their 
frangibility.  The  Shakespearians  may  breathe 
a  sigh  of  relief,  and  resimie  their  immemorial 
repose.  Mr.  Piatt,  at  any  rate,  cannot  break 
their  sleep.  Charles  H.  A.  Wager. 


Bbibfs  on  New  Books. 


The  negro  ^^'  John  C.  Reed  of  Atlanta,  for- 

influencein  marly  a  Confederate  soldier  and  a 

our  history.  member  of  the  Ku  Klux  Klan,  is  the 

author  of  an  interesting  volume  called  "The  Broth- 
ers' War"  (Little,  Brown,  &  Co.).  The  book  is 
not  an  account  of  the  Civil  War,  but  a  philosophical 
explanation  of  the  differences  between  North  and 
South  during  the  nineteenth  century, —  a  treatise 
on  the  negro  influence  in  American  history.  Mr. 
Reed  writes  in  the  best  of  temper,  out  of  the  fulness 
of  personal  knowledge  on  some  subjects  and  in 
curious  ignorance  on  others.  In  his  introduction  he 
tells  the  South  that  it  must  recognize  that  slavery 
had  to  be  destroyed  because  it  stood  in  the  way  of 
national  unity,  and  that  it  must  now  allow  free  and 
calm  discussion  of  the  race  question ;  on  the  other 
hand,  the  North,  he  says,  must  acknowledge  that 
slavery  was  mainly  a  good  to  the  blacks  and  an 
evU  to  the  whites ;  that  the  negroes  of  great  ability 
are  not  fair  representatives  of  their  race  but  are 
tinctured  with  white  blood ;  that  the  Ku  Klux  Klan 
did  a  great  work  in  saving  the  South  from  Afri- 
canization ;  and,  finally,  that  the  piu-ity  and  sin- 
cerity of  the  Southern  ante-bellmn  leaders  must  be 
conceded.  Some  of  the  topics  treated  are :  Slavery 
as  a  disruptive  force,  and  as  a  social  and  economic 


institution ;  the  struggle  between  free  and  slave 
labor ;  the  nationalization  of  the  North  and  of  the 
South,  which  practically  resulted  in  two  nations  under 
one  government ;  abolitionists  and  "  fire-eaters  "  ; 
Calhoun,  Webster,  Davis,  Toombs,  and  "Uncle 
Tom's  Cabin  ";  and  the  race  question.  In  the  long 
strife  between  North  and  South  the  writer's  opinion 
is  that  both  sides  were  right,  but  he  has  small  regard 
for  the  moral  convictions  of  abolitionists  and  the 
principles  of  "  fire-eaters,"  whom  he  considers  natu- 
ral phenomena.  The  "powers  unseen" — that  is, 
natural  forces,  or  evolution, —  fought  on  the  side  of 
the  North  and  gave  to  that  section  the  victory.  Mr. 
Reed,  by  personal  observation  and  long  experience 
in  the  Black  Belt,  was  well  acquainted  with  slavery, 
and  is  an  authority  on  the  present  condition  of  the 
blacks ;  but  while  he  asserts  the  great  advantages 
of  free  over  slave  labor,  he  seems  not  to  understand 
the  real  economic  evil  at  the  basis  of  slavery ;  nor 
does  he  explain  exactly  how  slavery  injured  the 
Southern  whites,  though  he  states  that  it  was  an  evil 
to  the  whites.  In  fact,  like  some  other  Black  Belt 
writers,  he  seems  to  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that  the 
South  had  free  as  well  as  slave  labor,  that  most  of 
the  whites  were  non-slaveholders,  and  that  mainly 
upon  this  class  fell  the  evils  of  the  system.  Speak- 
ing only  of  the  mass  of  the  blacks,  he  compares 
their  condition  under  slavery  with  their  present 
situation  under  the  crop-lien,  convict-lease  system, 
and  peonage,  and  decides  that  their  later  state  is 
the  worse.  Though  weak  in  his  knowledge  of  the 
statistics  and  economics  of  slavery,  he  sees  that  it  is 
better  for  the  whites  that  the  system  was  destroyed. 
Mr.  Reed  states  that  in  Georgia  he  has  observed  that 
the  negro  is  losing  ground  in  shops  and  mines,  on 
the  farm,  and  as  a  servant,  and  he  believes  that  the 
race  cannot  stand  against  the  competition  of  the 
white.  The  small  upper  class  of  negroes  who  have 
won  their  economic  freedom  is  left  out  of  considera- 
tion. The  book  is  valuable  because  it  is  written  by 
one  who  is  familiar  with  much  that  he  writes  about ; 
but  there  are  many  who  will  hardly  agree  with  some 
of  the  conclusions  presented. 

Convenient  volumes  that  one  can  take 
to  the  fire,  and  that  are  cut  up  into 
short  chapters  that  stimulate  without 
taxing  the  brain,  are  always  attractive  to  the  book- 
lover.  Sir  Lewis  Morris,  hitherto  known  to  readers 
as  a  poet,  now  offers  a  collection  of  twenty-eight 
short  papers  and  addresses,  which  he  collectively 
entitles  "The  New  Rambler"  (Longmans).  "He 
will,"  he  says  in  his  preface,  referring  to  himself 
in  the  third  person,  "  be  well  content  should  his 
.attempts  in  prose  meet  with  a  measure  of  the  suc- 
cess awarded  to  those  which  he  has  only  heretofore 
made  in  verse."  Merely  noting  by  the  way  the  curi- 
ous misplacing  of  "  only  "  in  this  sentence,  we  pass 
on  to  the  body  of  the  book,  which  contains  some 
very  good  reading.  Especially  commendable  are  his 
remarks  on  "  The  Place  of  Poetry  in  Education." 
Talleyrand's  warning  to  the  youth  who  had  no  taste 


A  poeVs  first 
book  of  prose. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


93 


for  whist, —  "  Young  man,  you  are  preparing  for 
yourself  a  miserable  old  age," —  he  thinks  might 
also  be  addressed  to  the  young  person  insensible 
to  the  charms  of  poetry.  His  denial  that  poetry 
requires  to  be  clothed  in  metrical  form,  and  his  asser- 
tion that  "  much  of  Mr.  Ruskin's  Stones  of  Venice, 
or  Modern  Painters,  and  almost  the  whole  of  Mr. 
Carlyle's  History  of  the  French  Revolution,  is  un- 
mixed and  fine  poetry,"  will  not  pass  unchallenged  ; 
nor  will  his  opinion  that  Milton  and  Spenser  were 
unfortunate  in  the  choice  of  a  theme  for  their  great 
poems.  What  he  says,  in  his  strictures  on  current 
criticism  of  poetry,  about  a  "  conspiracy  of  silence  " 
among  critics,  is  a  familiar  cry ;  yet  who  but  a  dis- 
appointed poet  would  say  it  is  not  also  a  foolish  and 
groundless  complaint  ?  Sir  Lewis  Morris,  however, 
is  far  from  being  an  unsuccessful  poet,  for  he  tells 
VIS  on  another  page  that  his  ''  Epic  of  Hades  "  "  ran 
through  three  editions  of  1000  copies  each  in  its 
first  year,  and  thence  went  steadily  onward,  till  in 
the  present  year  it  has  reached  its  fiftieth  thousand 
or  more";  and  tliat  "great  lawyers  not  a  few,  the 
whole  world,  in  fact,  of  cultivated  people,  and  last, 
not  least,  my  friend  and  master.  Lord  Tennyson, 
hastened  to  acknowledge  the  merit  of  the  somewhat 
audacious  new  writer."  Once  upon  a  time,  as  Sir 
Lewis  will  doubtless  remember,  an  author  who  com- 
plained of  this  diabolical  "  conspiracy  of  silence " 
was  advised  to  join  the  conspiracy.  One  whose 
books  of  poetry  sell  to  the  extent  of  Sir  Lewis's 
surely  need  not  hesitate  to  follow  the  advice.  Ap- 
preciative and  somewhat  extended  mention  is  made 
of  Mr.  Charles  Leonard  Moore's  half-serioiis,  half- 
whimsical  essay  entitled  "A  Competitive  Examina- 
tion of  Poets,"  which  appeared  in  The  Dial  some 
years  ago.  Sir  Lewis,  as  some  will  recall,  has  labored 
long  in  the  cause  of  public  education  in  Wales,  be- 
sides producing  rapidly-selling  volumes  of  verse ; 
and  his  experience  of  life  and  acquaintance  with 
literature  make  his  reflections  and  reminiscences  and 
counsels  well  worth  reading. 

Washin!,ton  "  Washington  and  the  West "  (  Cen- 

as  explorer  and  tury  Co. )  is  the  title  of  a  volume 
expansionist.  embracing  Washington's  Diary  kept 
during  his  western  journey  in  September,  1784, 
together  with  an  Introduction  and  an  explanatory 
essay  by  Mr.  Archer  Butler  Hulbert,  author  of 
"Historic  Highways."  In  1783,  before  resigning 
from  the  army,  Washington  wrote  a  friend :  "  I 
shall  not  rest  contented  till  I  have  explored  the 
Western  Country  and  traversed  those  lines  . . .  which 
have  given  bounds  to  a  new  Empire."  Already, 
between  1748  and  1783,  he  had  made  five  trips  to 
various  parts  of  the  western  country.  This  last  and 
longest  journey,  through  western  Maryland,  western 
Pennsylvania,  and  northwestern  Virginia,  was  un- 
dertaken in  September,  1784,  for  two  purposes : 
Washington  wanted,  first,  to  look  after  the  extensive 
tracts  of  western  lands  belonging  to  him,  which 
squatters  were  settling  upon  and  speculators  were 
offering  for  sale  in  Europe ;  and,  second,  as  he  had 


stated,  "  to  obtain  information  of  the  nearest  and 
best  communication  between  the  Eastern  and  West- 
ern waters,  and  to  facilitate  as  much  as  lay  in  my 
power  the  island  navigation  of  the  Potomac."  The 
Diary  is  almost  entirely  a  study  of  the  western 
highway  problem.  Washington's  belief  was  that 
"  there  is  nothing  which  binds  one  country  or  one 
state  to  another  but  interest ";  and  this  "  cement  of 
interest"  was  needed  to  attach  to  the  East  the  rap- 
idly growing  West,  whose  people  "stand  as  it  were 
on  a  pivot,  and  the  touch  of  a  feather  would  almost 
incline  them  either  way."  It  was  necessary,  for 
political  as  well  as  commercial  reasons,  that  the 
West  be  opened  up  to  the  East,  and  not  be  left  to 
cast  its  lot  politically  and  commercially  with  the 
Spaniards  of  the  South  or  the  British  of  Canada. 
And  as  a  good  Virginian,  Washington  was  con- 
vinced that  the  proper  route  from  the  East  to  the 
West  lay  through  Virginia.  The  Diary  shows  that 
on  this  western  trip  he  sought  for  and  obtained 
detailed  information  about  every  river  and  creek  and 
valley  that  could  possibly  be  used  for  purposes  of  com- 
merce. After  careful  investigation,  he  concluded 
that  an  all- Virginia  route  to  the  West  was  not 
practicable ;  but  that  Maryland,  which  was  willing, 
and  Pennsylvania,  which  was  unwilling,  must  also 
assist  in  the  undertaking  and  share  the  benefits  with 
Virginia.  Mr.  Hulbert's  part  has  been  to  edit  care- 
fully the  Diary,  which  has  not  before  been  published 
as  a  whole,  and  to  add  a  careful  essay  on  the 
"  Awakening  of  the  West,"  which  is,  so  to  speak,  a 
translation  of  the  Diary  into  modern  narrative,  with 
explanations  of  the  text.  Washington's  spelling  of 
proper  names  was  phonetic  and  eccentric,  and  for 
the  general  reader  Mr.  Hulbert  has  performed 
genuine  service  in  explaining  the  crabbed  text  and 
the  picturesque  orthography.  According  to  him, 
the  great  value  of  the  Diary  is  to  throw  a  side-light 
upon  the  Washington  who  was  "First  in  Peace," — 
the  daring  explorer,  the  shrewd  clear-headed  busi- 
ness man,  the  "  first  commercial  American."  whose 
influence  upon  American  expansion  and  upon  the 
policy  of  internal  improvements  was  so  profound, — 
"the  greatest  man  in  America  had  there  been  no 
Revolutionary  War." 

_-    ^  ,  The  soldier  on  parade  should  have 

jyi:  Osier  *^ 

in  pithy  his  nerves  under  such  control  that 

paragraphs.  ^  spider  might  Spin  its  web  over  his 
face  without  causing  so  much  as  the  twitching  of  a 
muscle.  This  perfect  self-command,  in  small  wor- 
ries as  in  larger  anxieties  and  dangers,  is  repeatedly 
and  emphatically  enjoined  upon  the  physician  by 
Dr.  William  Osier  in  his  "  Aequanimitas,"  and  else- 
where. From  his  numerous  addresses  and  printed 
papers  a  handy  volume  of  "  Counsels  and  Ideals  " 
(Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.)  has  been  compiled,  with 
the  author's  consent  and  cooperation,  by  Dr.  C.  N.  B. 
Camac.  From  the  days  of  Sir  Thomas  Browne,  to 
go  no  further  back,  our  polite  literature  has  been  en- 
riched with  the  productions  of  physician-authors,  the 
humanities  and  the  beneficent  art  of  healing  having 


94 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


a  certain  natural  inter-relationship,  or  consanguinity. 
To  this  noble  line  of  wielders  of  both  pen  and  scal- 
pel, to  whom  Dr.  Osier  more  than  once  refers  with 
professional  pride,  his  own  name  has  ab-eady  been 
added  by  the  reading  public.  His  claiming  of  Keats 
as  one  of  the  physician-poets  may  at  first  produce  a 
slight  interrogative  uplift  of  eyebrows ;  but  it  ap- 
pears that  the  author  of  "  Endymion  "  was  in  fact  a 
licensed  surgeon,  however  completely  one  may  have 
forgotten  his  brief  term  of  hospital  practice.  What 
most  impresses  one  on  examining  this  selection  from 
forty-seven  of  the  author's  fugitive  pieces  is  not  only 
the  professional  and  practical  wisdom  displayed,  and 
the  breadth  of  view  revealed,  but  also  the  wide  read- 
ing in  writers  not  commonly  held  to  be  a  necessary 
part  of  a  doctor's  library.  Even  a  careless  turning 
of  the  leaves  of  "  Counsels  and  Ideals  "  brings  to 
light  many  apt  allusions  to  and  quotations  from 
Plato,  Aristotle,  St.  Paul,  Shakespeare,  Milton, 
Bunyan,  Sterne,  Oscar  Wilde,  Lowell,  George  Eliot, 
and  numerous  others.  Of  especial  interest  to  young 
physicians,  this  book  also  attracts  the  general  reader 
by  reason  of  its  fine  literary  quality,  to  say  nothing  of 
the  sound  substance  to  which  this  quality  serves  as 
a  sauce.  An  instructive  commentary  on  a  certain 
pet  theory  of  the  author's  is  furnished  by  the  dates 
at  which  the  forty-seven  cited  addresses  and  essays 
were  delivered  or  published.  Only  one  is  dated  ear- 
lier than  1890,  while  fifteen  belong  to  the  years 
1900-1905.  Take  1849  as  a  subtrahend,  and  be- 
hold the  result ! 

Romantic  When  a  successful  historical  novelist 

episodes  in  turns  historian  in  the  sober  sense,  we 

Illinois  hutory.    ^^^   ^^^^^  ^^^^  ^  readable  book. 

When  he  has  for  his  subject  so  significant  a  region 
as  the  State  of  Illinois,  we  may  count  also  upon  a 
remarkable  degree  of  interest.  This  is  the  case  of 
Mr.  Randall  Parrish,  whose  "  Historic  Illinois :  The 
Romance  of  the  Early  Days,"  has  recently  been  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.  It  remains 
to  be  added  that  the  author  has  made  use  of  a  wide 
range  of  good  authorities,  and  has  not  allowed  imag- 
ination (save  as  far  as  picturesque  effect  is  concerned) 
to  get  the  better  of  fact.  It  is  his  bold  but  not  ai> 
parently  exaggerated  contention  that  no  State  of  the 
Union  surpasses  Illinois  in  the  romantic  incidents 
of  early  days.  These  are  full  of  color,  action,  and  ad- 
venture, for  above  these  peaceful  plains  and  woods 
once  waved  the  flags  of  four  contending  nations, 
while  men  of  the  white  race  and  the  red  strove 
continually  for  mastery.  A  few  of  Mr.  Parrish's 
subjects  may  be  mentioned  to  illustrate  the  richness 
of  his  field.  There  are  the  mound-builders,  the  Fort 
Dearborn  massacre,  and  the  Black  Hawk  War.  There 
are  the  explorations  and  adventm'es  of  Marquette, 
La  Salle,  and  Tonty.  There  are  the  stories  of  the 
Spanish  invasion,  of  Clark's  expedition,  and  of  the 
Mormon  expulsion.  There  are  the  narratives  of  lead- 
mining,  border  outlawry,  and  the  struggle  against 
slavery.  And  there  are  special  chapters  upon  such 
subjects  as  the  story  of  the  capital,  notable  border 


characters,  and  old  steamboat  days.  There  are  also 
many  illustrations.  Altogether  the  book  is  highly 
attractive,  and  wUl  be  found  particularly  useful  in 
the  schools,  every  one  of  which  shoidd  be  provided 
with  a  copy.  

Mrs.  Boas's  "With  Milton  and  the 
Milton  and  his      Cavaliers  "  (James  Pott  &  Co. )  is  not 

contemporaries.  ,  .^  n        •  i       -i 

an  instructive  or  a  well-written  book. 
It  is  a  compilation  of  familiar  facts  concerning 
seventeenth  century  notables,  made  in  accordance 
with  the  theory  that  "we  must  follow  the  lives  of 
those  of  Milton's  time  who  helped  to  make  En- 
gland what  he  knew  it "  in  order  that  we  may  have 
"  some  faint  appreciation  of  the  difticulties  in  which 
his  lot  was  cast,  and  to  which  perhaps  he  owed  the 
clearest  insight  poet  has  ever  shown  into  the  won- 
derful dealings  of  the  Creator,  and  'man's  first 
disobedience.' "  The  papers,  however,  are  not  con- 
nected in  any  way,  and  therefore  fail  to  suggest 
the  unified  view  of  the  period,  at  which  Mrs.  Boas 
aims.  The  style  is  rambling  and  inconsequent,  the 
paragraphing  eccentric,  and  the  author's  critical  and 
interpretative  comments  feeble.  The  following  is 
her  remark  on  the  style  of  Sir  Thomas  Browne  :  "  He 
was  a  most  industrious  writer  throughout  his  long 
life,  and  his  works  well  repay  careful  study.  .  .  . 
His  style  has  a  charm  of  its  own,  and  one  which  left 
its  mark  upon  the  prose  of  the  time  at  which  he 
wrote."  The  author  has  not  even  the  doubtful  merit 
of  a  good  strong  prejudice  on  either  side  of  the  great 
seventeenth  century  struggle.  The  Latin  dedication 
to  the  memory  of  Professor  York  Powell,  however, 
is  charming.  We  are  grateful,  too,  for  the  follow- 
ing passage  on  the  child's  vision  of  the  world,  from 
Traherne's  "Centuries  of  Meditation": 

"The  com  was  orient  and  immortal  wheat  which  never 
should  be  reaped  nor  was  ever  sown.  I  thought  it  had  stood 
from  everlasting  to  everlasting.  The  dust  and  stones  of  the 
street  were  as  precious  as  gold :  the  gates  were  at  first  the  end 
of  the  world.  The  green  trees  when  I  saw  them  first  through 
one  of  the  gates  transported  and  ravished  me  ;  their  sweetness 
and  unusual  beauty  made  my  heart  to  leap,  and  almost  mad 
with  eestacy,  they  were  such  strange  and  wonderful  things. 
.  .  .  Boys  and  girls  tumbling  in  the  street  were  moving  jewels : 
I  knew  not  that  they  were  bom  or  should  die.  .  .  .  The 
city  seemed  to  stand  in  Eden  or  to  be  built  in  Heaven.  The 
streets  were  mine,  the  temple  was  mine,  the  people  were  mine, 
their  clothes  and  gold  and  silver  were  mine,  as  much  as  their 
sparkling  eyes,  fair  skins,  and  ruddy  faces.  The  skies  were 
mine,  and  so  were  the  sun  and  moon  and  stars,  and  all  the 
world  was  mine  ;  and  I  the  only  spectator  and  enjoyer  of  it." 


„        .     ,  No  nature  book  has  been  writtten  for 

Records  of  a  .  c         i  i     •     • 

photographer-  a  long  time  SO  comfortable  in  its  gen- 
naturaiist.  ^^^\  ^^ne  as  Mr.  Silas  A.  Lottridge's 

"Animal  Snapshots  and  How  Made"  (Holt).  It 
occasions  no  misgivings  about  the  author's  accm-acy, 
"and  causes  even  the  ordinary  reader  little  embar- 
rassment at  his  own  ignorance.  Lovers  of  nature- 
sensations  may  call  the  book  commonplace,  and  so 
in  a  sense  it  is,  for  the  animals  it  presents  in  text  and 
pictures  are  those  with  which  every  farmer's  boy  is 
familiar — woodchuck,  musk-rat,  squirrel,  fox,  and 
raccoon, —  and  the  birds   are   those  we  all  know. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


95 


There  are  no  thrilling  tales,  except  as  the  tragedies 
of  all  out-door  life  are  thrilling  to  readers  who  have 
sympathies.  The  author  does  not  even  make  as 
much  as  he  might  out  of  his  heroic  struggles  for 
photographs  of  the  shyer  creatures  ;  indeed  the  obvi- 
ous faiJt  of  the  book  is  that  it  does  not  emphasize 
the  method  of  securing  pictures  enough  to  justify 
its  title.  But  the  very  familiarity  of  the  subjects 
endears  them,  and  the  author's  modesty  is  refresh- 
ing. The  only  danger  is  that  the  reader,  taking 
comfort  in  much  that  he  already  knows,  will  miss  the 
rarer  quality  of  certain  passages.  There  is  plenty 
of  implicit  poetry  in  some  of  the  descriptions,  such 
as  that  of  a  tryst  with  the  gray  squirrels  at  dawn, 
when  "there  is  a  regular  tattoo  of  sounds  on  the 
forest  floor,  caused  by  tiny  showers  of  dew  shaken 
from  the  leaves,  as  the  squirrels  leap  from  the  end 
of  one  slender  branch  to  another."  And  as  for 
originality,  nothing  more  need  be  said  than  that  Mr. 
Lottridge  placed  a  microphone  in  the  wall  of  his 
bluebird  box,  and  attached  a  telephone  to  it,  so 
that  he  heard  all  the  family  conversations  during 
the  nesting  season.  The  photographs  are  all  enjoy- 
able, while  a  few  of  them  —  that  of  a  muskrat  swim- 
ming, of  a  woodcock  on  her  nest,  and  of  a  chicken- 
hawk  •*  at  attention  "  — are  triumphs  of  the  art. 

„    ...  The  fourth  volume  of  'Mi.  Herbert 

English  men  r     -»«^     i  t-> 

and  measures  Paul  s  ''  History  of  Modern  En- 
fromi876tois85.  gland"  (Macmillan)  covers  the  ten 
years  from  1876  to  1885.  As  in  the  preceding 
volumes  (previously  reviewed  in  The  Dial)  the 
author's  method  is  that  of  strict  chronological  nar- 
rative, basetl  on  a  study  of  Parliamentary  Papers 
and  of  the  few  biographies  and  memoirs  so  far 
available.  His  work  is  everywhere  compact,  but 
his  terse  and  vigorous  stj'le  gives  emphasis  to  what 
might  otherwise  easily  read  like  a  mere  summary 
of  political  events.  In  the  present  volume  also,  Mr. 
Paul  evidently  feels  himself  much  more  familiar 
with  the  conditions  he  is  studying  and  much  more 
free  to  give  a  personal  judgment  upon  the  policies 
adopted  or  upon  the  acts  of  parliamentary  leaders. 
He  is  himself  a  Liberal  in  politics  and  has  been  a 
Member  of  Parliament,  so  that  his  criticisms  must 
necessarily  be  read  with  allowance  for  his  point  of 
view.  Yet  he  is  free  in  his  criticisms  of  both  par- 
ties, and  his  intimate  knowledge  of  the  inner  work- 
ings of  political  life,  and  his  personal  acquaintance 

'  with  the  men  he  is  describing,  render  such  criticisms 
well  worth  while  in  themselves.  In  general  he  is 
inclined  to  attack  the  policies  of  the  Tory  partj-, 
and  to  criticise  his  own  party  simply  on  the  ground 
of  errors  in  political  manoeuvring.  As  this  history 
approaches  the  present  time  and  becomes  more  per- 

.  tinent  to  present-day  conditions,  it  assumes  a  livelier 
tone,  and  many  little-known  but  illuminative  anec- 
dotes of  men  are  introduced  that  serve  to  render  the 
history  itself  much  more  attractive.  Disraeli's 
flippant  yet  piercing  phrases,  Gladstone's  ponderous 
oratorical  effects,  or  Bright's  clear-cut  analyses  of 
conditions,  all  help  to  leave  an  impress  of  the  men 


themselves.  The  fifth  and  concluding  volume  of 
Mr.  Paul's  work,  approaching  still  nearer  to  the 
present  time,  should  be  of  yet  greater  interest  to 
those  who  wish  an  understanding  of  contemporary 

English  politics.     

A  contribution  '^^  WiUiam  Lloyd  Garrison  centen- 
to  the  Garrison  nial  anniversary  has  elicited  from  the 
anniversary.  pg^  ^f  Mr.  Ernest  Crosby  a  little  vol- 
ume entitled  "Garrison  the  Non-Resistant,"  which 
comes  from  the  Public  Publishing  Company  of  Chi- 
cago. Considering  the  history  of  the  past  few  years, 
it  is  a  fact  of  hopeful  significance  that  such  a  char- 
acter as  that  of  Garrison  has  received  so  generous 
and  widespread  recog^tion  as  the  hundredth  anni- 
versary of  his  birth  has  called  forth.  There  are 
many  who  assert,  and  who  doubtless  honestly  be- 
lieve, that  Garrison  was  a  drag  rather  than  a  help 
to  the  anti-slavery  cause,  for  the  reason  that  his 
methods  were  not  generally  adopted,  and  because 
the  actual  freeing  of  the  slaves  came  about  as  an 
incident  of  a  policy  to  which  he  was  ardently  op- 
posed. Those  who  go  below  the  surface  know  the 
shallowness  of  such  a  view.  Just  such  an  agitation 
as  Garrison  led  was  absolutely  essential  to  that  re- 
vulsion of  public  opinion  without  which  the  freedom 
of  the  slave,  by  any  method  whatever,  was  an  utter 
impossibility.  We  cannot  agree  with  Mr.  Crosby 
in  his  criticism  of  Gfarrison  for  not  throwing  las 
talents  as  a  reformer  into  the  cause  of  labor  in  its 
conflict  with  capital.  Freedom  or  slavery  was  a 
clean-cut  question  of  right  and  wrong ;  there  were 
good  and  bad  people  on  both  sides,  but  one  side  was 
essentially  right  in  what  it  asked  and  the  other 
essentially  wrong.  No  such  clearly  definable  issue 
has  as  yet  appeared  in  the  struggle  between  capi- 
talists and  laborers.  Also,  while  we  agree  with  Mr. 
Crosby  in  his  ardent  opposition  to  war,  we  can 
hardly  assent  to  his  view  that  G^arrison's  abolition- 
ism was  a  mere  incident  in  his  career  as  a  non- 
resistant.  Apart  from  these  possible  flaws,  however, 
Mr.  Crosby  has  written  a  wholesome  book  for  the 
times,  and  we  hope  that  it  will  have  a  wide  reading. 

Comments  on  -^  Volume  of  320  pages  in  which  there 
things  and  places,  axe  thirty-eight  essays  or  articles  on 
books  and  men.     ^^^^^^^  ^  ^j^iy  different  and  un- 

related  as  "The  Tannery  at  Mondoa"  and  "The 
Religious  Significance  of  Precious  Stones  "  presents 
some  difficulties  to  the  reviewer  which  are  not  re- 
concilable to  the  usual  critical  standards.  The 
final  chapter,  "  Chips  from  a  Literary  Workshop," 
adds  fifty  different  topics  commented  upon  in  short 
paragraphs ;  and  all  of  this  material  goes  to  make 
up  the  latest  published  work  of  Mr.  Frederic  Row- 
land Marvin,  "The  Companionship  of  Books,  and 
Other  Papers"  (Putnam).  The  author  has  here 
collected  articles,  essays,  notes  and  scraps,  often- 
times mere  parag^phs  or  sentences  about  various 
things, —  books,  places,  and  men.  Some  of  the  longer 
articles  have  been  published  in  magazines ;  others 
are  here  printed  for  the  first  time.  To  judge  of 
the  whole  as  literature  is  out  of  the  question.     To 


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[Feb.  1, 


read  it  as  the  note-book  of  a  man  well-read  and 
broadly  interested  in  a  vast  niunber  of  things,  lit- 
erary and  otherwise,  is  the  best  method  of  approach. 
Mr.  Marvin  has  covered  a  large  field  in  his  choice 
of  subjects,  and  they  sound  well  as  titles,  but  are 
often  disappointing  in  their  imfolding.  He  fails  to 
realize  an  ideal  in  the  chapter  on  "  The  Companion- 
ship of  Books,"  but  he  is  tender  and  sympathetic 
over  the  tomb  of  Heloise  and  Abelard  and  the  story 
of  Paolo  and  Francesca.  He  is  perhaps  at  his  best 
when  musing  over  the  qualities  of  an  old  friend  or 
some  obscure  hero.  He  becomes  lugubrious  when 
lingering  in  graveyards  or  writing  about  "The 
Modern  View  of  Death"  or  "Dust  to  Dust,"  etc., 
etc.  Mr.  Marvin  recalls  to  our  minds  a  number 
of  forgotten  themes  in  a  pleasant  way,  and  says  a 
great  many  good  and  wise  things  in  a  plain  and 
simple  manner.  There  is  in  his  writings  a  little  of 
the  preacher  and  a  little  of  the  teacher  and  a  good 
deal  of  the  philosopher,  but  less  of  the  literary  man 
than  one  might  expect  to  find  in  such  a  volume. 

A  lively  study  ^  fortunate  choice  of  subject  and  a 
of "  La  Grande  decided  skUl  in  presenting  it  places 
Mademoiselle:'  ^jae.  ArvMe  Barine's  "  Louis  XIV. 
and  La  Grande  Mademoiselle"  (Putnam)  in  quite 
a  different  class  from  the  perfunctory  and  colorless 
studies  of  the  heroines  of  the  old  French  regime 
which  are  turned  out  in  large  numbers  at  every 
publishing  season.  It  would  perhaps  be  more  diffi- 
cult to  write  a  dull  book  about  "  La  Grande  Made- 
moiselle "  than  a  brilliant  one.  But  Mme.  Barine 
has  made  her  heroine's  strange  personality  so  vivid 
and  individual,  and  has  entered  so  thoroughly  into 
the  spirit  of  her  mad  vagaries  and  misgmded  im- 
pulses, that  the  narrative  has  all  the  vivacity  of 
fiction,  though  at  the  same  time  its  historical  care 
and  accuracy  are  evident  at  every  turn.  This  vol- 
imie  takes  up  the  career  of  Mile,  de  Montpensier 
where  the  same  author's  previous  study,  "The 
Youth  of  La  Grande  Mademoiselle"  dropped  it, 
just  at  the  close  of  the  Fronde.  MUe.  de  Montpen- 
sier never  lost  the  ideals  of  her  youth  and  accepted 
the  new  regime  of  absolute  monarchy  and  abased 
nobility  only  after  a  life-time's  hopeless  struggle. 
Next  to  depicting  her  heroine,  Mme.  Barine  has 
been  interested  in  making  intelligible  the  enigmat- 
ical personality  of  the  young  king,  so  different  from 
the  old  man  of  Saint-Simon's  "M^moires,"  and  in 
showing  how  he  imposed  his  ideas  of  kingship, 
which  were  Spanish  rather  than  French,  upon  his 
generation.  Altogether,  she  has  written  a  delightful 
study  of  a  fascinating  epoch.  The  translation,  which 
is  anonymous,  is  easy  and  unaffected.  There  are 
thirty  illustrations  from  contemporaneous  sources. 

Rose  Eytinge  was  in  the  hey-day  of 
her  popularity  during  the  "palmy 
days  "  of  the  American  drama, — the 
days  of  Edwin  Booth,  Lester  Wallack,  E.  L.  Daven- 
port, and  Augustin  Daly,  of  all  of  whom  she  was  the 
associate  and  personal  friend.     She  entered  the  pro- 


An  American 
actress  of 
the  old  school. 


fession  when  a  mere  girl ;  success  followed  so  fast 
that  in  a  few  years  she  was  playing  with  Booth,  of 
whom  she  has  several  pleasant  personal  anecdotes 
to  relate  in  her  entertaining  autobiography,  "  The 
Memories  of  Rose  Eytinge"  (Stokes).  The  most 
interesting  portions  of  the  book  deal  with  the  larger 
professional  career  of  Miss  Eytinge,  when  she  be- 
came one  of  the  best  known  of  our  women  players  ; 
with  her  official  residence  in  Cairo,  as  the  wife  of 
the  American  representative,  George  H.  Butler ; 
with  her  return  to  the  stage  as  a  member  of 
the  famous  Union  Square  Company  —  her  "  Rose 
Michel  "  days  ;  with  her  triiunphs  in  London,  where 
she  became  acquainted  with  Charles  Dickens,  Wilkie 
Collins,  Edmund  Yates,  Robert  Buchanan,  Mrs. 
Gladstone,  and  others  as  well  known.  The  book 
abounds  in  interesting  bits  of  reminiscence,  anec- 
dotes, and  incidents  of  public  characters,  with  side- 
lights on  theii"  idiosyncrasies,  —  forming  the  naive 
chronicles  and  observations  of  over  half  a  century. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


Two  new  volumes  in  the  attractive  "  Oxford  Poets," 
published  by  Mr.  Henry  Frowde,  are  the  "  Complete 
Poetical  Works  of  William  Cowper,"  edited  by  Mr. 
H.  S.  Milford,  and  a  reprint  of  the  three-volume  edi- 
tion of  Browning's  poems  issued  in  1863,  with  "  Pau- 
line "  and  two  short  fugitive  pieces  added.  Especially 
welcome  is  the  Cowijer  volume,  which  includes  every 
poem  of  his  hitherto  printed  except  the  translations  of 
Homer  and  "  Adamo,"  with  full  and  careful  editorial 
apparatus.  These  well-printed  and  inexpensive  edi- 
tions of  the  poets  deserve  high  praise. 

"  The  American  Catalog  "  (sic)  now  sent  us  from  the 
office  of  "The  Publishers'  Weekly,"  covers  the  five 
years  1900-4  inclusive,  and  is  a  thick  volume  of  about 
fifteen  himdred  pages,  each  year  being  paged  sepa- 
rately. It  differs  from  the  other  volume  of  the  same 
title  in  giving  f idl  title  entries  with  annotations,  instead 
of  condensed  titles.  It  is  practically  a  reprint,  sys- 
tematized into  one  alphabet  for  each  year,  from  the 
weekly  record  of  "The  Publishers'  Weekly,"  and  is,  of 
coxu-se,  a  work  of  mdispensable  importance  to  librarians, 
editors,  and  booksellers.  The  publishers  plan  to  issue  a 
similar  volume  at  the  end  of  each  five-year  period. 

"  The  Chief  American  Poets,"  edited  by  Mr.  Curtis 
Hidden  Page,  and  published  by  Messrs.  Houghton, 
Mifflin  &  Co.,  is  a  companion  volume  to  the  same  edi- 
tor's "  British  Poets  of  the  Nineteenth  Century."  It 
aims  to  provide  not  an  anthology,  but  a  corpus  of  the 
best  work  of  the  nine  poets  included,  who  are  Bryant, 
Poe,  Emerson,  Longfellow,  Whittier,  Holmes,  Lowell, 
Whitman,  and  Lanier.  Since  the  volume  has  over  seven 
himdred  two-columned  closely-printed  pages,  it  is  not 
impossible  to  give  a  fairly  adequate  representation  of 
this  number  of  poets.  The  work  of  the  editor  includes  an 
introduction,  footnotes,  indexes,  biographical  sketches, 
and  bibliographies.  Each  bibliography  has  four  sections : 
editions,  biography  and  reminiscences,  criticism,  and 
tributes  in  verse.  The  number  of  references  here  given 
is  sufficient  for  a  fairly  complete  study  of  each  of  the 
poets  concerned,  and  it  is  particularly  for  this  feature 
of  the  volume  that  we  are  grateful. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


97 


Lippincott's  "  Complete  Pronouncing  Gazetteer,  or 
Greographical  Dictionary  of  the  World  "  has  been  for 
many  years  one  of  the  works  of  reference  absolutely 
indispensable  to  every  school,  library,  and  home,  not 
merely  because  it  has  had  no  riyal,  but  also  because  it 
has  been,  in  its  successive  editions,  a  work  of  such 
thorough  execution  ^d  admirable  plan  as  to  leave  no 
room  for  adverse  criticism.  A  work  of  this  sort,  of 
course,  must  be  revised  at  intervals,  and  the  book  in 
question  has  now  been  given  a  very  complete  revision 
at  the  hands  of  Messrs.  Angelo  and  Louis  HeUprin.  It 
is  printed  in  new  type  from  cover  to  cover  just  half  a 
century  from  the  appearance  of  its  first  edition.  There 
are  upwards  of  two  thousand  two-columned  pages. 

No  better  idea  of  the  great  advances  made  of  late 
in  the  field  of  artistic  photography  could  be  gained  than 
from  the  volume  called  "  Photograms  of  the  Year," 
published  by  Messrs.  Tennant  &  Ward,  New  York. 
This  is  a  collection  of  reproductions  and  criticisms  of 
typical  photographic  pictures  of  the  year  just  closed, 
compiled  by  the  staff  of  the  English  "  Photographic 
Monthly,"  assisted  by  A.  C.  R.  Carter.  There  are  re- 
ports from  France,  Germany,  Denmark,  Canada,  Wid 
Spain,  besides  a  general  retrospect  of  "  ITie  Work  of 
the  Year  "  and  detailed  accoimts  of  the  two  great  Eng- 
lish exhibitions  of  1905.  More  than  one  himdred  and 
fifty  representative  photographs,  finely  reproduced  and 
printed,  illiLstrate  the  pages  of  this  interesting  volume. 

The  annual  volume  of  proceedings  of  the  National 
Educational  Association,  reporting  the  Asbury  Park 
meeting  of  last  July,  has  now  been  published,  and  will 
be  foimd  to  contain  a  series  of  discussions,  quite  as  im- 
portant as  usual,  of  most  of  the  educational  topics  of 
timely  Interest.  Even  more  valuable,  in  some  respects, 
are  the  three  special  reports,  separately  printed,  that 
accompany  the  main  volume.  The  subjects  of  these 
reports  are  industrial  education  in  rural  schools,  taxa- 
tion in  its  relation  to  education,  and  the  present  condi- 
tions of  salary,  tenure,  and  pension,  under  which  the 
teachers  of  the  United  States  are  performing  their 
poorly-rewarded  labors.  These  reports  ought  to  serve 
as  the  basis  of  an  early  improvement  in  the  professional 
status  of  the  teacher,  and  of  a  widened  sense  of  respon- 
sibility in  the  matter  of  taxation. 

Particular  interest  attaches  to  the  new  volume  of 
English  "  Book-Prices  Ctirrent  "  (London:  Elliot  Stock) 
because  of  the  unusual  number  of  rare  and  valuable 
books  which  have  been  sold  at  auction  during  the  sea- 
son of  1905.  Some  sixty-nine  works,  most  of  them  in  sin- 
gle volumes,  brought  their  owners  over  £24,000.  Fust 
iind  Schaeffer's  Psalter  of  1459,  the  Countess  of  Pem- 
broke's "  Au  Tonie,"  dated  1595,  Caxton's  "  Book  called 
Caton,"  and  twenty-one  Shakespeariana  were  among 
the  great  prizes  of  the  year.  Another  item  of  unusual 
mterest  to  collectors  is  the  catalogue,  running  to  ninety 
pages,  of  the  library  of  the  late  Mr.  John  Scott,  of  Largs, 
Ayrshire,  whose  volumes  of  English  history,  because 
of  their  extreme  rarity,  have  an  interest  for  the  biblio- 
phile quite  out  of  proportion  to  their  market  value. 
This  new  volimie  of  "  Book  Prices  Current "  has,  like 
its  predecessors,  been  very  carefully  compiled  and  fully 
indexed.  The  subject  index  which  formerly  stood  at 
the  beginning  of  the  work  has  been  united  with  the 
general  index,  and  the  whole  now  appears  in  one  alpha- 
bet at  the  end.  On  the  whole,  bibliophiles  will  find  the 
new  volume  more  than  ordinarily  interesting  and  useful ; 
while  to  booksellers  and  librarians  it  is,  of  course,  an 
ndispensable  working  tool. 


XOTES. 

Dr.  C.  T.  Winchester,  Professor  of  English  Literature 
at  Wesleyan  University,  has  written  a  popular  Life  of 
John  Wesley  which  the  Macmillan  Co.  will  presently 
issue. 

"  Napoleon  and  his  Tunes  "  is  the  title  of  the  new 
volume  in  "  The  Cambridge  Modem  History."  It 
will  probably  be  completed  in  time  for  issue  during 
March. 

"  Tarry  at  Home  Travels  "  is  the  title  of  a  new  book 
by  Dr.  Edward  Everett  Hale  announced  by  the  Macmil- 
lan Co.  for  Spring  publication.  The  volume  will  be  fully 
illustrated  from  portraits,  old  prints,  and  photographs. 

"  A  Guide  to  the  Ring  of  the  Nibelung,"  by  Mr. 
Richard  Aldrich,  is  published  by  the  Oliver  Ditson  Co. 
There  are  numerous  illustrations  in  musical  notation, 
and  the  book  furnishes  a  very  helpful  aid  to  the  study 
of  Wagner's  great  tetralogy. 

"  The  Plays  and  Poems  of  Christopher  Marlowe " 
and  "  The  Miscellaneous  Works  of  Groldsmith  "  make 
up  the  contents  of  the  latest  volumes  in  the  ever- 
welcome  "  Caxton  Thin  Paper  Series,"  imported  by 
Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

Dr.  Stopford  Brooke's  new  volume  of  criticism,  which 
he  is  now  preparing,  will  probably  be  entitled  "The 
Poetic  Movement  in  Ireland."  The  book  will  contain 
appreciations  of  Matthew  Arnold,  Dante  Gabriel  Ro- 
setti,  Clough,  and  WiUiam  Morris. 

The  Open  Court  Publishing  Co.  send  us  a  pamphlet 
containing  Count  Tolstoy's  essay  on  "  Christianity  and 
Patriotism,"  accompanied  by  extracts  from  certain  others 
of  his  essays,  the  whole  translated  by  various  hands,  and 
provided  with  an  epilogue  by  Dr.  Paul  Cams. 

An  explanatory  list  of  "  Abbreviations  Used  in  Book 
Catalogues  "  has  been  compiled  by  Mary  Medlicott  of 
the  Springfield  City  Library,  and  is  published  by  the 
Boston  Book  Co.  Many  others  besides  librarians  will 
find  this  modest  pamphlet  of  much  usefulness. 

A  timely  addition  to  the  "  Old  South  Leaflets  "  is 
made  in  "  Franklin's  Boyhood  in  Boston,"  a  selection 
from  the  opening  pages  of  the  Autobiography.  At  the 
end  of  the  pamphlet  are  printed  the  provisions  relating 
to  Boston  in  Franklin's  will  and  a  few  helpful  notes. 

We  have  just  received  from  the  Government  Printing 
Office  a  "  List  of  the  Benjamin  Franklin  Papers  in  the 
Library  of  Congress,"  compiled  by  Mr.  Worthington 
C.  Ford,  also  the  annual  report  of  the  Librarian,  Mr. 
Herbert  Putnam,  for  the  year  ending  with  last  Jime. 

A  careful  examination  of  an  interesting  but  hitherto 
rather  neglected  subject  is  promised  by  the  Baker  & 
Taylor  Co.  in  a  volume  entitled  "The  Country  Town, 
a  Study  of  Rural  Evolution."  The  author  is  Mr.  Wil- 
bur L.  Anderson,  and  an  introduction  is  contributed  by 
Dr.  Josiah  Strong. 

Mr.  Frederic  Harrison  has  completed  a  drama  on 
which  he  has  been  engaged  since  the  publication  of  his 
Byzantine  romance,  "  Theophano."  It  is  not  a  dramar- 
tized  version  of  that  tale,  but  rather  a  tragedy  founded 
on  the  same  incidents.  The  play  will  not  be  published 
until  it  has  appeared  on  the  stage. 

The  "  Letters  and  Addresses  of  Thomas  Jefferson  " 
is  the  ninth  volume  in  the  series  of  reprints  issued  by 
the  Unit  Book  Publishing  Co.  It  is  edited  by  Messrs. 
William  B.  Parker  and  Jonas  Viles,  and  gives  us  nearly 
three  hundred  pages  of  carefully-selected  text,  besides 
the  notes.     Similar  volumes  of  Washington,  Adams, 


98 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


Franklin,  and  Hamilton,  are  mentioned  as  being  in  prep- 
ai-ation.  These  books  are  a  positive  boon  for  teachers 
of  history  in  our  schools. 

Herr  Julius  WolfP's  rhymed  narrative  of  "  The  Wild 
Huntsman,"  first  published  thirty  years  ago,  has  foiuid 
a  skilful  translator  in  Mr.  Ralph  Davidson,  and  a  sym- 
pathetic illustrator  in  Mr.  Woldeniar  Friedrich,  the 
combined  product  now  making  an  English  book  pub- 
lished by  the  Messrs.  Putnam. 

"  The  Book  of  Photography,  Practical,  Theoretic, 
and  Applied,"  edited  by  Mr.  Paul  N.  Hasluck,  is  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Cassell  &  Co.  It  is  a  big  book  of 
some  eight  hundred  pages,  encyclopaedic  in  scope,  and 
abimdantly  illustrated.  It  will  prove  a  veritable  boon 
to  amateur  and  professional  photographers  alike. 

A  pretty  "  Lewis  Carroll  Birthday  Book  "  has  been 
compiled  by  Mrs.  Christine  Terhune  Herrick  and  is 
published  by  the  A.  Wessels  Co.  There  are  alternate 
blank  pages  throughout  the  volume,  with  selections 
from  Dodgson's  inspired  nonsense  for  each  day  in  the 
year,  and  several  of  Teimiel's  drawings. 

"  The  Bivouac  of  the  Dead  and  Its  Author,"  by  Mr. 
George  W.  Ranck,  is  a  small  book  published  at  the 
Grafton  Press.  While  we  are  by  no  means  certam  that 
the  poem  in  question  is  "  the  greatest  martial  elegy  in 
existence,"  it  is  important  enough  to  deserve  this  treat- 
ment, and  the  accompanying  commemoration  of  Theo- 
dore O'Hara,  its  author. 

"  Specimens  of  Discourse,"  edited  by  Dr.  Arthur 
Lynn  Andrews,  is  a  new  volume  of  the  "  English 
Readings  "  published  by  Messrs.  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 
The  contents  are  of  a  nature  to  illustrate  the  four  fun- 
damental types  of  composition,  and  are  consequently  of  a 
very  miscellaneous  character.  The  book  is  intended  for 
students  in  high  schools  and  the  early  years  of  college. 

Some  time  this  month  the  Harpers  wUl  publish  the 
first  volume  of  a  series  to  be  called  "  The  Mark  Twain 
Library  of  Humor."  It  is  the  aim  of  the  editor  to  in- 
clude not  only  representative  selections  from  the  works 
of  the  recognized  f xm-makers,  but  to  give  full  and  right- 
ful place  to  those  writers  who  while  working  in  a  wider 
field,  have  yet  given  expression  to  the  purest  humor. 
The  first  volume  will  be  called  "  Men  and  Things." 

Mr.  Clyde  Fitch's  play,  "The  Girl  with  the  Green 
Eyes,"  is  published  in  book  form  by  the  Macmillan 
Co.,  with  due  reservation  of  the  rights  of  performance. 
While  far  from  being  a  distinguished  illustration  of  the 
literary  drama,  the  play  reads  very  well  —  possibly 
better  than  it  sovmds  when  acted.  And  we  always 
welcome  the  appearance  of  acting  plays  in  a  form  that 
permits  of  their  being  read  at  all. 

After  several  years'  preparation,  Messrs.  Henry  Holt 
&  Co.  will  shortly  begin  the  publication  of  an  important 
series  of  books  dealing  with  contemporary  political, 
economic,  and  social  questions,  to  be  called  "  American 
Public  Problems."  The  first  volume  is  entitled  "  Im- 
migration and  its  Effect  upon  the  United  States,"  and 
is  the  work  of  Dr.  Prescott  F.  Hall,  for  many  years 
secretary  of  the  Immigration  Restriction  League. 
Neither  this  nor  the  volumes  to  follow  are  designed  to 
preseht  any  particular  theory  or  to  uphold  any  especial 
doctrine.  Each  will  contain  a  complete  history  of  the 
question  treated,  in  its  political  and  legislative  aspects  ; 
with  all  the  available  facts  pertinent  to  it,  and  a  careful 
and  impartial  discussion  of  the  policies  advocated.  The 
series  is  under  the  general  editorial  direction  of  Mr. 
Ralph  Curtis  Ringwalt,  of  the  New  York  bar. 


Topics  in  IjEAdino  Periodicals. 

February,  1906. 

Architecture,  Domestic,  Some  Recent  Designs  in.    Studio. 
Arctic,  Two  Years  in  the.    Anthony  Fiala.    McClure. 
Army  as  a  Career.    Lloyd  Buchanan.     WorWs  Work. 
Art  Books,  Significant.    Royal  Cortissos.    Atlantic. 
Barrier,  The  Last.    Charles  G.  D.  Roberts.    Harper. 
California's  Fruit  Crops,  Saving.    W.  S.  Harwood.    Century. 
Ceramic  Work  of  Burslem  Art  School.    E.  N.  Scott.    Studio. 
China,  The  New.    Thomas  F.  Millard.    Scribner. 
Christian  Endeavor  Movement.  H.  B.  F.  Macf arland.  No .  A mer. 
Christianity  in  Japan,  Future  of.  J.  L.  Deering.  World  Today. 
City's  Fight  for  Beauty,  A.    Henry  Schott.     Woi-ld's  Work. 
Comet,  What  is  a  ?    William  H.  Pickering.    Harper. 
Constitution,  Written,  Elasticity  of.  Hannis  Taylor.  No.Amer. 
Damrosch,  Frank.    E.  N.  Vallandigham.     World's  Work. 
Electoral  Corruptjon  in  England.    Arthur  Pottow.    No.  Amer. 
Eliana:  the  Latest  Windfall,    William  C.  Hazlitt.    Atlantic. 
English  Art  Club,  The  New.  E.  Douglas  Shields.   World  Today. 
Erie  Canal  and  Freight  Rebates.    C.  H.  Quinn.     World  Today. 
"  Essex,  The  Gentleman  from."    Lincoln  Steffens.    McClure. 
Europe,  Diplomatic,  Masters  of.     World's  Work. 
Exploration.    N.  S.  Shaler.    Atlantic. 

French  Presidency  and  American.  Munroe  Smith.  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Galveston's  New  Sea-Wall.  W.  Watson  Davis.  Rev.  of  Reviews. 
Georgia,  A  Great  Citizen  of.  Albert  Shaw.  Revieiv  of  Reviews. 
Germany,  How  Science  Helps  Industry  in.  Review  of  Reviews. 
Government  as  a  Home-Maker.  Hamilton  Wright.  irorJd  Today. 
Gulf  Ports,  Development  of  our.    Review  of  Revieivs. 
Hankey,  William  Lee,  Art  of.    A.  Lys  Baldry.    Studio. 
Harper,  President.    John  H.  Finley.    Review  of  Reviews. 
Hayti,  Future  of.    Eugene  P.  Lyle,  Jr.    World's  Work. 
"  Ik  Marvel,"  Charm  of.    Annie  Russell  Marble.    Atlantic. 
Imperialist,  First  American.  W.  S.  Rossiter.  North  Americaii. 
Impressionist  Painters,  Reminiscences  of.  George  Moore.  Scrib. 
Industrial  Securities  as  Investments.    C.  A.  Conant.    Atlantic. 
Japan  since  the  War.    Mary  C.  Eraser.    World's  Work. 
Japan's  "  Elder  Statesman."  W.  Elliot  Griffiis.  North  American. 
Jefferson,  Joseph,  at  Work  and  Play.    Francis  Wilson.    Scrib. 
Kansas  Land  Fraud  Investigation.     World  Today. 
Keats,  Portraits  of.    William  Sharp.    Century. 
Lesser  Virtues,  The.    Anonymous.    Lippincott. 
Life  Insurance  Remedy,  The.     World's  Work. 
Life,  The  Riddle  of.    H.  Chariton  Bastian.     World  Today. 
Mexico,  The  Year  in.    Frederic  R.  Guernsey.    Atlantic. 
Miniatures,  Recent  Vienna  Exhibition  of.    Studio. 
Moose,  The,  and  his  Antlers.  Ernest  Thompson  Seton.  Scribner. 
National  Academy  of  Design  Exhibition.    -Studio. 
National  Portraiture  Gallery.    William  Walton.    Scribner. 
Negro,  Joys  of  Being  a.    Edward  E.  Wilson.    Atlantic. 
New  York  Revisited.    Henry  James.    Harper. 
Nola.  Feast  of  Lilies  at.    W.  G.  Fitz-Gerald.     World  Today. \ 
Opera  in  America,  Early  Days  of.  Rufus  R.  Wilson,  Lippincott. 
Parental  Schools,  Our.    Mary  R.  Gray.     World  Today. 
Photography,  Marvels  of.    H.  W.  Lanier.     World's  Work. 
Pianists  Now  and  Then.    W,  J.  Henderson.    Atlantic. 
Poetry,  English— What  it  Owes  to  Young  People.  No.  American. 
Pure  Food  BUI  and  Senate.    H.  B.  Needham.    World's  Work. 
Railroads,  President  and  the.    Charles  A.  Prouty.    Century. 
Ranch,  The  101.    M.  G.  Cunniff.     World's  Work. 
Representation,  Congress  Can  Reduce.    No.  American. 
Richardson,  Fred,  Some  Pen  Drawings  by.    Studio. 
River,  Toilers  of  the.    Thornton  Oakley.    Harper. 
Robinson,  Sir  John  Charles,  Etchings  of.    A.  M.  Hind.    Studio. 
Senate,  The  United  States.    William  Everett.    Atlantic. 
Senatorial  Courtesy,  Salvation  by.     World  Today. 
Severn,  Joseph,  A  Reminiscence  of.    R.  W.  G.    Century. 
Shakespeare's  Julius  Caesar.    Harold  Hodge.    Harper. 
Sinai,  The  Egyptians  in.    W.  M.  Flinders-Petrie.    Harper. 
Society  of  Western  Artists  Exhibition.     Studio. 
South's  Amazing  Progress,  The.  R.  H.  Edmonds.  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Speech,  Schoolmastering  the.    T.  R.  Loxmsbury.    Harper. 
State,  Building  a,  by  Organized  Effort.    Review  of  Reviews. 
Telephone  Movement,  The.    Jesse  W.  Weik.    Atlantic. 
Texas,  Southwest,  Growth  of.    Revietv  of  Revieivs. 
Theatre  Francais,  The.    H,  C.  Chatfield-Taylor.    World  Today. 
Tito,  Ettore,  Paintings  of.    Ludwig  Brosch.    Studio. 
Trolley  Car  as  a  Social  Factor.  K.  E.  Harriman.  WorldlToday. 
Trust  Company  Reserves.    George  W.  Young.    No.  American. 
Turgot,  Statesmanship  of.    Andrew  D.  White.    Atlantic. 
Umbrian  Idyl,  An.    Anne  H.  Wharton.    Lippincott. 
United  States  a  Parsimonious  Employer.    North  American. 
Villas  of  the  Venetians.    George  F.  Fernald.    Scribner. 
War,  Is  the  United  States  Prepared  for?    North  American. 
Workingmen's Insurance.    C.R.Henderson.     World  Today. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


99 


IL.IST  OF  Xeav  Books. 

[The  following  list,   containing    78  tides,  includes  books 
received  btf  The  Diai.  since  its  last  tssue.] 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  KEICINISCBNCES. 

A  Life  of  Walt  Whitman.  By  Henry  Bryan  Binns.  Hlos.  in 
photogravure,  etc..  large  8to.  grilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  369.  E.  P. 
Durton  &  Co.    $3.  net. 

Furtlier  Memoirs  of  the  Whig  Party,  1807-1821.  With 
some  miscellaneous  reminiscences.  By  Henry  Kichard  Vas- 
sall,  third  Lord  Holland ;  edited  by  Lord  Stavordale.  With 
photogravure  portraits,  large  8vo.  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  420. 
E.  P.  Button  &  Co.    to.  net. 

Edvard  Grrieg.  By  H.  T.  Finck.  Illus..  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut, 
pp.  130.   ■■  Living  Masters  of  Music."  John  Lane  Co.  $1.  net. 

John  Fiske.  By  Thomas  Sergeant  Perry.  With  photogravure 
portrait.  24mo.  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  106.  "  Beacon  Biog- 
raphies."   Small.  Maynard  &  Co.    75  cts.  net. 

Lord  George  Bentinck:  A  Political  Biography.  By  B. 
Disraeli.  New  edition ;  with  introduction  by  Charles  Whib- 
ley.   8vo,  gut  top,  uncut,  pp.  385.   E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $2.  net, 

HISTORY. 

The  Jews  of  South  Carolina,  from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the 
Present  Day.  By  Bamett  A.  Elzas.  M.D.  Large  8vo.  gilt  top, 
xmcut,  pp.  352.    Press  of  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.    |6.  net. 

The  Federalist  System,  1789-1801.  By  John  Spencer  Bassett, 
Ph.D.  With  maps.  8vo.  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  327.  "  The 
American  Xation."    Harper  &  Brothers.    $2.  net. 

Somerset  House.  Past  and  Present,  By  Raymond  Needham 
and  Alexander  Webster.  Illus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  large 
8vo,  gilt  top.  imcut.  pp.  344.    E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.    $3.50  net. 

Carthage  of  the  Phoenicians  in  the  Light  of  Modem  Exca- 
vation. By  Mabel  Moore.  Illus.  in  color,  etc.,  12mo,  tmcut, 
pp.  184.    E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.    $1.50  net. 

A  History  of  the  Friends  in  America.  By  Allen  C.  Thomas, 
.A.M..  and  Richard  Henry  Thomas,  M,D.  Fourth  edition, 
thoroughly  revised  and  enlarged.  12mo,  pp.  246.  John  C. 
Winston  Co, 

GENERAL  LITERATTJRE- 
In  Peril  of  Change:  Essays  Written  in  Time  of  Tranquillity, 

By  C.  F.  G.  Masterman.  M.A.    12mo,  pp.  331.    New  York: 

B.  W.  Huebsch.    $1.50  net. 
The  Thread  of  Gold.  By  the  author  of  "  The  Home  of  Quiet." 

8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  286,    E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.    $3.  net. 
Heroic  Romances  of  Ireland.     Trans,  into  English  prose 

and  verse,  and  edited,  by  -\.  H.  Leahy.    Vol.  11..  completing 

the  work.     Large  8vo.  uncut,  pp.  161,    London:  David Xutt. 

BOOKS  OF  VERSE. 
Selections  from  the  Poetry  of  John  Payne.     Made  by 

Tracy  and  Lucy  Robinson ;  introduction  by  Lucy  Robinson. 

With    photogravure    portrait,    large   8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut, 

pp.  224.    John  Lane  Co.    t2.50  net. 
New  Collected  Rhymes.    By  .Andrew  Lang.    12mo,  gilt  top. 

uncut,  pp.  101.    Longmans,  Green  &  Co.    $1,25  net. 
The  Collected  Poems  of  Wilfred  CampbelL   8vo,  gilt  top, 

uncut,  pp,  351.    Fleming  H.  Revell  Co,    tl.50  net. 
Poems  of  the  Seen  and  the  Unseen.    By  Charles  Witham 

Herbert,    12mo,  uncut,  pp,  109.    Oxford:  B,  H.  BlackweU. 
Words  of  the  Wood.    By  Ralcy  Husted  Bell.    12mo,  uncut. 

pp,  87.    Small.  Maynard  &  Co. 
At  the  Grates  of  the  Century.    By  Harry  Lyman  Koopman. 

16mo.  uncut,  pp.  88.    Boston:  Everett  Press. 
Poems  of  Love  and  Nature.   By  Leonard  A.  Rickett.    16mo, 

gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  108.    Longmans,  Green  &  Co.    $1.20  net. 
Dalmar,  Daughter  of  the  MUl,    By  Charles  W.  Ctmo.    Illus., 

12mo.  pp.  121.    Denver:  Reed  Publishing  Co.    $1. 
Varied  Voices  from  the  Hose  of  Beech  Bend.   By  William 

Helm  Brashear.    12mo,  pp.  255.    Bowling  Green.  Ky. :    Com- 
mercial Job  Printing  Co, 

FICTION. 
On  the  Field  of  Glory:  An  Historical  Novel  of  the  Time  of 

King  John  Sobieski.    By  Henryk  Sienkiewicz ;  trans,  from 

the  Polish  by  Jeremiah  Curtin.  12mo,  pp.  334.  Little,  Brown 

&Co.    $1.50. 
The  Wheel  of  Life.   By  Ellen  Glasgow.    12mo,  pp.  474.   Doo- 

bleday.  Page  &  Co.    $1.50. 
The  Angel  of  Pain.    By  E.  F.  Benson.    12mo,  pp.  364.    J.  B. 

Lippincott  Co.    $1.50. 


A  Kaker  of  History.    By  E.  Phillips  Oppenheim.    Illns., 

12mo,  pp.  Xo.    Little,  Brown  &  Co.    $1.50. 
Double  Trouble;  or.  Every  Hero  his  Own  Villain.  By  Herbert 

Quick.    lUus.,  12mo,  pp.  320.    Bobbs-Merrill  Co.    fc.50. 
Peter  and  Alexis :  The  Romance  of  Peter  the  Great.     By 
Dmitri  Merejkowski;  authorized  translation  from  the  Rus- 
sian.   12mo,  pp.  556.    G,  P,  Putnam's  Sons.    $1.50. 
The  Long  Arm.    By  Samuel  M,  Gardenhire.   Illus.,  12iiio.  pp. 
!  345.    Harper  &  Brothers.    $1.30. 

I    Vronw  Grobelaar  and  her  Leading  Cases.    By  Perceval  6ib- 
!  bon.    12mo,  pp.  293.    McClure,  Phillips  &  Co.    $1  JO. 

'    Barbara  Winslow.  SebeL    By  Elizabeth  Ellis.    Hlos.,  12mo, 
pp.  406.    Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.    $1.50. 
In  Old  Bellaire.    By  Mary  DUlon.   lUus..  12mo,  pp.  963.    Cen- 
tury Co.    $1.50. 
A  Lost  Cause.  By  Guy  Thome.  12mo,  pp.306.  G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons.    $1.50, 
'    The  Sage  Brush  Parson.    By  A.  B.  Ward.    12mo,  pp.  390. 
!  Little,  Brown  St,  Co.    $1.50. 

Napoleon's  Love  Story :  An  Historical  Romance.    By  Wao- 

'  law  Gasiorowski;  trans,  from  the  Polish  by  the  Count  de 

Soissons.   12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  455.   E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 

$1.50. 

No.  101.    By  Wymond  Carey.    lUus.,  12mo,  pp.  378.    G.  P. 

Putnam's  Sons.    $1.50. 
The  Weight  of  the  Crown.   By  F.  M.  White.   12mo.  pp.  319. 
R.  F,  Fenno  &  Co.    $1.50. 
'    The   Castlecourt  Diamond  Case.     By  Geraldine  Bonner. 
!  With  frontispiece,  12mo,  pp,  223.    Funk  &  Wagnalls  Co.    $1. 

j  TRAVEL  AND  DESCRIPTION. 

I  Flashlights  in  the  Jangle :  A  Record  of  Hunting  Adven- 
tures and  of  Studies  in  WUd  Life  in  Equatorial  East  Africa. 
By  C.  G.  Schillings.  Authorized  translation  by  Frederic 
Whyte :  with  introduction  by  Sir  H.  H.  Johnston,  G.  C.  M.  G. 
nius..  large  8vo,  gilt  top.  pp.  782.  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co. 
I  $3.80  net. 

The  Hiffh-Road  of  Empire :  Water-Colour  and  Pen-and-ink 
Sketches  in  India.  By  A.  H.  Hallam  Murray.  HIus.  in  color, 
etc,  8vo,  gilt  top,  pp.  453.    E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.    $5.  net. 

The  Ghreat  Plateau :  Being  an  .\ccount  of  Exploration  in 
CentralTibet,  1903,  and  of  the  Gartok  Expedition.  1904-5.  By 
Captain  C.  G.  Rawling.  Illus.,  8vo,  imcut,  pp,  319.  Long- 
mans, Green  &  Co.    $5. 

New  Egypt.  By  A.  B.  De  Guerville.  Dins,  in  photograynre. 
etc.,  large  8vo,  pp.  360.    E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.    $5.  net. 

A  Book  of  the  Riviera.  By  S.  Baring^Gould.  nius.,  12mo, 
gilt  top.  tmcut,  pp,  320.    E,  P.  Dutton  &  Co.    $1.50  net. 

Sicily.  By  the  late  Augustus  J.  C.  Hare  and  St.  Clair  Baddeley. 
nius.,  16mo,  gilt  top.  uncut,  pp.  1^  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $1.  net. 

RELIGION  AND  THEOLOGY. 
Shinto  (the  Way  of  the  Gods).    By  W.  G.  Aston,  C.M.G.    8vo, 

pp.  390.     Longmans,  Green  &  Co.    $2.  net. 
The'Bible  and  Spiritual  Criticism.    By  Arthur  T.  Piexson. 

12mo,  pp.  276,    Baker  &  Taylor  Co.    $1,  net. 
The  True  Doctrine  of  Prayer.    By  Leander  Chamberlain : 

with  foreword  by  Rev,  William  R,  Huntington,  D.D.    12mo, 

gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  179.    Baker  &  Taylor  Co.    $1.  net. 
A  Chnrch  Calendar  for  1906.    Large  4to,  pp.  61.    Thomas 

Whittaker.    50  cts. 

POLITICS  AND  ECONOMICS. 


The  Empire  and  the  Century :  A  Series  of  Essays  on  Impe- 
rial Problems  and  Possibilities.  By  various  writers;  with 
introduction  by  Charles  Sydney  Goldman,  and  a  poem  by 
Rudyard  Kiptog  entitled  "  The  Heritage."  With  maps, 
large  Svo.  gilt  top.  uncut,  pp.  900.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $6.  net 

The  Cost  of  Competition :  An  Effort  at  the  Understanding 
of  Familiar  Facts.  By  Sidney  A.  Reeve,  nius.,  12mo,  pp.617. 
McClure,  Phillips  &  Co.    $2.  net. 

Modem  Germany.  By  O,  Elubacher.  Svo,  gilt  top,  imcut, 
pp,  346.    E.  P.  I>utton  &  Co.    $2.50  net. 

Quakerism  and  Politics.  By  Isaac  Sharpless,  LL.D.  12mo, 
gilt  top,  pp,  225,    Ferris  &  Leach. 

ART  AND  MUSIC. 

Pre-Raphaelitism  and  the  Pre>Raphaelite  Brotherhood. 
By  W.  Holman  Hunt.  O.M.  In  2  vols.,  illus.  in  photogra- 
vure, etc..  Svo.  gilt  tops,    Macmillan  Co.    $10.  net. 

Ne'wnes's  Art  Library.  New  vols.:  Puvis  de  Chavannes, 
text  by  .\rsene  Alexander ;  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti.  text  by 
Ernest  Radford.  Each  illus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  large  8vo. 
Frederick  Wame  &  Co.    P»  voL,  $1.25. 


100 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


Baphael.    By  Julia  Cartwright  (Mrs,  Ady).    lUus.,  24mo,  gilt 

top,  pp.  223.    "  Popular  Library  of  Art."    E.  P.  Button  &  Co. 

75  cts.  net. 
Son?s  and  Airs  by  George  Frlderic  Handel.     Edited  by 

Ebenezer  Prout.    In  2  vols. :  Vol.  I.  for  high  voice.  Vol.  II. 

for  low  voice.     Large  4to.    "  Musician's  Library."    Oliver 

Ditson  Ck).    Per  vol.,  paper  $1.50,  cloth  $2.50. 

REFERENCE  BOOKS. 
Foster's  Complete  Bridge.  By  R.  F.  Foster.  16mo,  gilt  edges. 

pp.  324.    McClure,  Phillips  &  Co.    $1.50  net. 
A  Portrait  Catalogue  of  the  Books  Published  by  Houghton, 

Mifflin  &  Company.    Illus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  large  8vo, 

pp.  267.    The  Riverside  Press. 
The  Development  of  Printing  as  an  Art :  A  Handbook  of 

the  Exhibition  in  Honor  of  the  Bi-Centenary  of  Franklin's 

Birth,  Held  at  the  Boston  Public  Library  under  the  Auspices 

of  the  Society  of  Printers.    8vo,  pp.  94.    Published  by  the 

Society.    Paper. 
Whittaker's  Churchman's  Almanac  and  Parochial  List  for 

1906.    12mo,  pp.  450.    Thomas  Whittaker.    Paper,  25  cts. 

EDUCATION. 

Elementary  Latin  Writing.  By  Clara  B.  Jordan.  Withfront- 
tispiece,  12mo,  pp.  270.    American  Book  Co.    $1. 

Longmans'  English  Classics.  New  vols:  Franklin's  Auto- 
biography, edited  by  William  B.  Cairns,  Ph.D. ;  Mrs.  Gas- 
kell's  Cranford,  edited  by  Franklin  T.  Baker,  A.M.;  Select 
Poems  of  Browning,  edited  by  Percival  Chubb;  Irving's 
Sketch-Book,  with  introduction  by  Brander  Matthews, 
LL.D,  and  notes  by  Armour  Caldwell,  A.B.  Each  12mo. 
Longmans,  Green  &  Co.    Per  vol.,  40  cts. 

Oxford  Hodem  French  Series.  New  vols. :  Charles  Nodier's 
Jean  Sbogar,  edited  by  D.  LI.  Savory,  B.A. ;  Erckmann-Cha- 
trian's  Histoire  d'un  Homme  du  Peuple,  edited  by  R.  E.  A. 
Chessex,  B.A.    Each  12mo.    Oxford  University  Press. 

Elements  of  German  Grammar.  By  Thomas  H.  Jappe. 
12mo,  pp.  132.    American  Book  Co.    60  cts. 

In  Field  and  Pasture.  By  Maude  Barrows  Button.  Illus., 
12mo,  pp.  190.    American  Book  Co.    35  cts. 

Fishing  and  Hunting.  By  Sarah  M.  Mott  and  Maude  Bar- 
rows Button.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  127.  American  Book  Co.  30  cts. 

lIISCEIiLANEOUS. 

The  Country  House:  A  Practical  Manual  of  the  Planning 
and  Construction  of  the  American  Country  Home  and  its 
Surroundings.  By  Charles  Edward  Hooper.  Illus.,  4to,  gilt 
top,  pp.  335.    Boubleday,  Page  &  Co.    $3.  net. 

Astronomical  Series  of  the  Publications  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania.  New  titles:  Results  of  Observations  with  the 
Zenith  Telescope  of  the  Flower  Astronomical  Observatory, 
1901-3,  by  Charles  R.  Boolittle;  Measures  of  1066  Boubleand 
Multiple  Stars  Made  with  the  Eighteen-Inch  Refractor  of  the 
Flower  Astronomical  Observatory,  by  Eric  Boolittle.  Each 
large  4to,  uncut.    John  C.  Winston  Co.    Paper. 

Metamorphose.  By  Orlando  K.  Fitzsimmons.  With  portrait, 
12mo,  uncut,  pp.  254.    Progress  Publishing  Co.    $2. 

A  Mother's  Year.  Compiled  by  Helen  Rxiss  Stough.  Illus., 
12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  215.    Fleming  H.  Revell  Co.    $1.25  net. 

My  System.  By  J.  P.  Mviller ;  authorized  translation  by  G.  M. 
Fox-Bavies.  Illus.,  8vo,  pp.  90.  G.  E.  Stechert  &  Co.  Paper, 
75  cts.  net. 

The  Philosophy  of  Egoism.  By  James  L.  Walker.  With  por- 
trait, large  8vo,  pp.  76.  Benver:  Katharine  Walker,  75  cts. 


Authors' 
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Mention  The  Dial.         R 


Fifteenth  Yeab.  Candid,  suggestive 
Criticism,  literary  and  technical  Re- 
vision, Advice,  Disposal.  MSS.  of  all 
kinds.  Instruction.  References: 
Mrs.  Burton  Harrison,  W.  D.  Howells, 
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Nelson  Page.  Mrs.  Mary  E.  Wilkins 
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THE   "MAGAZINE    PROBLEM"   SOLVED 

What  's  in  the  Magazines 

A   MONTHLY    GUIDE  AND    INDEX    TO    THE 
CONTENTS  OF  THE  CURRENT  PERIODICALS 


CIt  is  the  purpose  of  this  little  publication  to  make  the  mass  of  current  magazine 
literature  accessible  to  the  every-day  reader,  —  to  show  just  what  the  leading  peri- 
odicals contain  and  to  indicate  the  general  character  and  scope  of  the  principal 
articles.  It  is  not  a  library  index,  —  there  are  no  confusing  abbreviations  or  cross- 
references.  The  arrangement  is  of  the  simplest  and  most  convenient  sort,  to  meet  the 
needs  of  the  average  busy  reader.  Each  issue  presents  a  bird's-eye  view  of  the  maga- 
zines of  the  month,  that  will  give  one  in  five  minutes  the  information  hitherto  to  be 
obtained  only  by  long  and  tedious  examination  of  contents-pages  on  the  news-stands. 


WHAT  SOME   READERS  THINK  OF  IT 

"  I  am  enthusiastic  over  your  Magazine  Guide.    It  is  "  Tour  Magazine  Index  is  a  genuine  inspiration,  and 

exactly  what  I  have  wanted  for  a  long  time  and  what  I  I  am  sure  will  be  welcomed." — Emily  Huntington 

have  tried  at  different  times  to  get.     It  will  enable  one  Milxkr,  Englewood,  N.  J. 

to  strike  a  happy  medium  between  ignoring  the  map-  ..  .^his  is  the  thing  « I  long  have  sought,  and  mourned 

zmes  alto^ther  and  spending  one  s  tune  on  them.  -  ^^^  j  ^^^^  j^  ^^^,,    y^^^^^^^  individual  nor  family 

Professor  F.  H.  Hodder,  Lmversity  of  Kansas.  ^^  ^  ^^^^  ^  ^^  ^^^^^^  j^      To  be  sure  it  is  a  guide 

"  The  announcement  of  your  new  enterprise  gave  me  to  one's  pocket-book  as  well  as  to  the  magazines,  for  we 

great  satisfaction.    I  have  for  some  time  been  wanting,  shaU  have  to  spend  twice  or  thrice  as  much  upon  them 

needing  to  search  the  magazines  for  a  special  purpose,  with  this  alluring  presentation  of  their  charms.     But 

and  the   attempt  was   simply  discouraging.      Readers  even  so  you  are  giving  us  a  treasure  and  we  congratn- 

who  wish  to  know  all  that  would  interest  them  in  the  late  ourselves  and  you."  —  Lydia  Avery  Coonley 

magazine  world  wUl  owe  you  a  debt  of  gratitude."  Wabd,  Chicago. 

-  Mary  Agnes  Tincker,  Boston.  „  j  ^^^  j^^^  ^^  ^^^^  ^^^  ^^^^  ^  ^^^  ^^^^  ^ 

"I  am  delighted  with  'What's  in  the  Magazines.'  published,   and    many   of   my  correspondents   have  — 

It  is  what  I  have  felt  the  need  of,  and  I  congratulate  especially  within  the  past  five  or  six  years  —  inquired 

you  on  its  promise.     I  do  not  subscribe  for  more  than  whether  there  was  any  publication  of  that  kind.     I  see 

one  or  two  monthly  magazines  by  the  year,  and  I  shall  no  need  of  improvement  of  the  excellent  plan  itself." — 

be  glad  to  avail  myself  of  this  new  help  in  selecting  Wilxiam  A.  Dresser,  The  Authors'  Agency,  Boston. 

particular  numbers  for   each  month." — John  A.  M.  ,,  rrn  ait         •       r'   -j       u     u   c^^       i         *  ij. 

u  T^T^iro-iAr  Hie   new  Magazme   Gmde  should  nil  a  long-felt 

ZiEGLER,  D.D.,  Kansas  Litv,  Mo.  ^      t  jvjau       vi.*vu*         * 

'  '  *  '  want.     I  wonder  nobody  thought  of  it  before,  for  we 

"  '  ^Tiat  's  in  the  Magazmes '  can  be  made  one  of  have  all  of  us  felt  the  need  year  after  year  of  just  that 

the  indispensables   for  a  very  large  class  of  editorial  thing,  which  would  show  us  at  a  glance  just  what  we 

and  professional  workers."  —  Edwin  S.  Potter,  Editor  wished  to  see  and  where  to  find  it."  —  Dr.  Garrett 

Universal  News  Analysis,  Xew  York.  Xewkirk,  Pasadena,  Cal. 


OpPQIAl         For   a    limited    period,    "WHAT'S    IN    THE    MAGAZINES"   will 
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104 


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intensely  dramatic  situations,  shows  the  influence  upon  the 
depressed  and  hopeless  of  a  successful  belief  in  the  effectual 
power  of  Christianity.    The  story  has  the  note  of  genius. 


CHARLES  SCRIBNER'S  SONS        PUBLISHERS       NEW  YORK 


106  THE     DIAL  [Feb.  16, 


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THIS  edition,  prepared  by  the  ablest  living  Shakesperian  scholar,  has  been  received  everywhere  with  the  greatest 
possible  favor,  and  has  been  considered  by  all  critics  as  the  most  exhaustive  work  on  Shakespeare's  plays.  For 
the  study  of  the  plays  Mr.  Fumess's  edition  is  invaluable.  It  is  without  question  the  most  complete  in  existence, 
the  editor  having  taken  advantage  of  the  labors  of  all  former  Shakespearian  scholars,  English,  French,  and  Gterman. 


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THE  FOURTEEN  VOLUMES  WHICH   HAVE   THUS  FAR   APPEARED   ARE 

IVIacbeth,   Revised  Edition  by  Romeo  and  Juliet  The  Winter's  Tale 

Horace  Howard  FuRNEss,  Jk.  The  Tempest  Twelfth  IMight 

King  Lear  A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream  Much  Ado  About  Nothing 

Othello  As  You   Like  it  Love's  Labour's  Lost 

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1906.]  THE    DIAL  lOT 


BOOKS   OF  PERMANENT  VALUE 


New  Edition  Now  Ready 

THE  LIFE  OF  CHARLES  LAMB 

By  E.  V.  LUCAS,  Editor  of  the  "  Works  and  Letters  of  Charles  and  Mary  Lamb." 
Tv3o  volumes.     8vo.     50  Illustrations.     Net  $6.00. 

"A  perfect  book  about  Charles  Lamb,  his  sister,  and  his  friends.  ...  A  biography  which,  for  its  comprehensiveness 
as  a  record,  its  store  of  anecdote,  its  sympathetic  tone,  and  its  winning  style,  promises  to  rank  as  a  classic." 

— yew  York  Tribune. 

'"We  finish  the  book,  not  with  a  note  of  admiration  after  a  brilliant  display  of  rhetoric,  but  with  a  quiet  sigh  of 
unfeigned  sorrow  at  a  forced  parting  from  a  very  dear  friend.  .  .  .  This  is  perhaps  the  greatest  triumph  of  the  biographer, 
who  is  a  man  after  Lamb's  own  heart  and  one  of  his  own  best  pupils.  .  .  .  The  biography  contains  a  wealth  of  entertain- 
ment which  it  would  be  difficult  to  overestimate." — London  Time*. 

THE  LIFE  OF  GOETHE 

By  ALBERT  BIELSCHOWSKY.     Authorized  translation  from  the  German  by  William  A.  Coopkb, 

Assistant  Professor  of  German  in  Leland  Stanford  Jr.  University. 

To  be  in  3  volumes.     Illustrated,  large  8vo.     Each  $S  50  net. 

Vol.  I.    From  Birth  to  the  Return  from  Italy.    Now  Ready. 

"  Bielschowsky's  life  deserves  a  place  with  Boswell's  and  Lockhart's  and  the  other  gfreat  biographies.  The  narrative 
form  is  maintained  throughout,  and  the  book  reads  like  a  story,  the  first  volume  at  least  like  a  most  romantic  one." 

—Xew  York  Globe. 

"No  biography  of  Goethe  has  taken  the  place  that  Bielschowsky's  may  fairly  <daim.  ...  A  definitive  Goethe 
biography."— TTie  Dial. 

LOUIS  XIV.  AND  LA  GRANDE  MADEMOISELLE 

By  ARVEDE  BARINE. 

Authorized  English  Version.     8vo.     Fully  illustrated.     Net  $S.OO.     {By  mail,  $3JS5.) 

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the  same  time  its  historical  care  and  accuracy  are  evident  at  every  turn.  .  .  .  Altogether,  she  has  written  a  delightful 
study  of  a  fascinating  epoch." — TTie  Dial. 

THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  EUROPEAN  NATIONS 

1870-1900 

By  J.  HOLLAND  ROSE.     Two  volumes,  large  8vo,  with  maps.     Net  $5.00. 

A  discussion  by  a  scholar  of  authority  of  those  events  which  had  a  distinct  formative  influence  upon  the  development 
of  European  States  during  the  latter  part  of  the  nineteenth  century,  a  period  remarkable  because  of  the  great  progress 
made  by  the  people  of  Europe  in  their  effort  to  secure  a  larger  measure  of  political  freedom  for  the  individual,  and  the 
Intimate  development  of  the  nation. 

THE  UPTON  LETTERS 

By  T.  B.  (Arthur  C.  Benson).     16mo.     Net  81.25. 

"  To  those  <rf  us  who.  with  Stevenson,  pray  for  the  quiet  mind,  the  Upton  Letters  should  serve  as  a  help.  .  .  .  Simple, 
natural,  sane,  and  human,  these  reflective  utterences  on  literary,  moral,  and  edncational  themes,  and  on  the  common- 
places of  daily  life,  have  the  charm  that  belongs  to  the  genuine  expression  of  a  good  man  and  a  good  heart.  .  .  .  The  little 
volume  will  create  no  sensation  (heaven  forbid!),  but  it  wiU  greatly  content  a  choice  few  among  the  readers  of  books." 

—T?ieDial. 

Ready  Shortly 

FROM  A  COLLEGE  WINDOW 

By  T.  B.  (Arthur  C.  Benson). 

This  latest  book  is  a  frank  outpouring  of  the  author's  intimate  thoughts,  a  frank  expression  of  what  he  prizes  in  life 
and  what  he  expects  from  Ufe.  Mr.  Benson's  papers  are  characterized  by  the  intimacy  of  aelf-revelation,  the  allosiveness, 
and  the  sense  of  overflow  that  belong  to  the  familiar  essay  at  its  best. 

At  all  Booksellers  G.   P.    PUTNAM'S   SONS  New  York  and  London 


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Efficiency   and    Relief      a  Programme  of  Social  Work 

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THE  DIAL 

a  Sctni^fHontfjlg  3outnaI  of  iiterarg  Criticism,  Dtsnissifln,  anlj  lEnfonnation, 


EXTEBED  AT  THE  CHICAGO  POSTOFFICE  AS  SECO>-I>-CLASS  MATTER 
BY  THE  DIAL  COMPAJTy,   PCBUSHBBS 

.Vo.  47^.         FEBRUARY  16,  1906.  Vol.  XL. 

Contexts. 

PAOB 

A  POINT  OF  DEPARTURE 109 

THE   DELIGHTJS   OF  DsDISCRDIINATE  READ- 
ING.    Percy  F.  Bicknell Ill 

COiDR'NTCATION 112 

A  Final  Word  aboat  Mr.  Swinburne  as  "a  Love 
Poet."     Henry  S.  Pancoast. 

PRE-RAPHAEUTISM    FROM    A    NTIW    ANGLK 

Edith  Kellogg  Dunton 113 

A  NEW  HISTORY  OF  EDUCATION.     Edward  O. 

Sisson 116 

TWO  AMERICAN  MEN  OF  LETTERS.      W.  E. 

Simonds 119 

AN  OXFORD  HISTORY  OF  ENGLAND.    St.  George 

L.  Sioussat 122 

RECENT  AilERICAN  POETRY.      William  Morton 

Payne 12-5 

Collected  Sonnets  of  Lloyd  Mifflin. —  The  Poems  of 
Tmmbull  Stickney. —  Gilders  In  the  Heights. — 
Cawein"s  The  Vale  of  Tempe. —  Lodge's  The  Great 
Adventure. —  Sands's  The  Valley  of  Dreams. — Wat- 
son's Old  I..amps  and  New. —  Bayne's  Perdita. — 
Givler's  Poems. —  Sherman  and  Scollard's  A  South- 
em  Flight. —  Scott's  New  World  Lyrics  and  Bal- 
lads.—  Collected  Poems  of  Wilfred  Campbell. 

BRIEFS  ON  NTIW  BOOKS 128 

A  contribution  to  the  study  of  Dutch  painting. — 
A  practical  believer  in  the  Golden  Rule. —  A  monu- 
mental edition  of  GSeorg^e  Herbert. —  Experiences 
with  a  self-supporting  country  home. —  More  of 
Sainte-Beuve's  "  Portraits  "  in  English. —  A  New- 
England  physician  of  the  old  school. —  The  idolatry 
of  wealth  in  America. —  Authoritative  chapters  on 
the  vocal  art. —  Romance  and  history  of  an  Italian 
valley. —  Shall  the  earth  be  kept  still  habitable  ?  — 
The  history  of  our  smallest  commonwealth. —  Leg- 
ends of  the  Italian  saints. 

NOTES 132 

LIST  OF  NTIW  BOOKS 133 


A  POINT  OF  DEPARTURE. 

^Ir.  Lang  once  remarked,  in  his  airy  way, 
tliat  the  man  who  really  cares  for  books  reads 
them  all.  This,  we  believe,  was  said  a  propos 
of  .some  discussion  or  other  about  the  '*  hundred 
best  books,"  or  alwut  '•  courses  of  reading,"  or 
about  •'  the  pursuit  of  literature  as  a  means  of 
cidture."  The  theme  has  many  names  and  guises, 
but  in  all  of  them  it  remains  the  same  old  theme. 
The  anxious  inquirer,  when  he  seeks  counsel  of 
the  pimdits  as  to  how  he  may  save  the  literary 


soul  within  him  (assuming  that  he  has  such  an 
organ),  is  given  lists  of  books,  that  he  by  no 
means  wants  to  read,  and  well-worn  tags,  dated 
from  Bacon  to  Ruskin,  upon  the  philosophy  of 
the  subject.  Despairing  of  these  abstract  instruc- 
tions, he  suppresses  his  budding  aspirations,  and 
falls  stolidly  back  upon  the  diet  of  hiLsks  so 
freely,  and  in  some  aspects  so  alluringly,  set 
before  him  by  the  public  prints  of  the  day. 

The  young  man  or  woman  who  has  been  the 
victim  of  systematic  literary  instruction  in  the 
schools  is  in  little  better  case.  He  has  been 
supplietl  with  critical  standards,  but  they  con- 
stitute to  him  no  more  than  a  barren  f  ormidary ; 
he  has  read  the  history  of  literature,  which  may 
have  stored  his  memory  with  names  and  titles, 
but  has  not  enriched  him  with  spiritual  gifts. 
Stretched  upon  the  Procrustean  bed  of  literary 
study,  his  members  have  lost  their  freedom  of 
action,  or  have  been  ruthlessly  lopped  off  because 
they  did  not  fit  the  structure.  The  annals  of 
dead  and  alien  periods  have  been  displayed 
before  a  mind  quivering  with  ^'ital  imprdses,  and 
his  interest  in  the  poets  has  been  suppressed  by 
the  historical  and  philological  pedantries  which 
their  proper  study  entails,  as  he  is  given  to 
understand  it.  That  literature  might  yet  become 
for  him  the  very  bread  of  life  is  the  last  thought 
with  which  he  lays  aside  the  books  which  have 
presented  it  to  him  in  so  unsympathetic  and 
repellant  a  fashion. 

What  may  be  done  to  save  the  soul  thus  so 
nearly  lost?  The  question  is  one  of  the  most 
serious  ones  possible,  and  whoever  succeeds  in 
finding  the  right  answer  to  it  is  sure  of  both 
appreciation  and  gratitude.  Probably  the  first 
delusion  to  be  dismissed  is  that  any  one  answer, 
or  even  any  hundred  answers,  will  prove  ade- 
quate. The  matter  is  one  for  individual  diag- 
nosis and  prescription,  not  for  the  application 
of  general  rides.  Or  rather,  this  delusion,  rightly 
viewed,  is  the  synthesis  of  all  the  special  delu- 
sions that  take  the  form  of  book-lists,  and  study- 
courses,  and  cidture-sy stems.  As  for  !Mr.  Lang's 
easy  dictum,  that  is  obWously  a  counsel  of  per- 
fection for  the  few,  a  petitio  principii  for  the 
many.  The  problem  is  not  how  to  deal  with 
those  who  tndy  care  for  books  —  they  may 
safely  l>e  left  to  their  own  explorations  —  but 
how  to  help  those  who  might  learn  to  care  for 
books  under  sj-mpathetic  and  intelligent  guid- 


110 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


anee.  And  it  must  frankly  be  admitted  that  a 
considerable  fraction  of  those  upon  whom  the 
experiment  may  be  made  will  be  found  finally 
incapable  of  anything  like  a  genuine  love  for 
literature,  even  when  we  frame  a  highly  catholic 
definition  of  that  expression.  This  atrophy  of 
facidty  is,  however,  in  many  cases  more  apparent 
than  real,  and  it  behooves  us  all  to  do  what  we 
can  to  promote  the  activity  of  the  function  when 
its  failure  is  the  result  of  either  early  abuse  or 
lack  of  opportunity. 

We  make  no  claim  of  profundity  for  such 
suggestions  as  we  have  to  offer  for  the  suitable 
treatment  of  these  patients,  and  shall  be  quite 
satisfied  if  our  remarks  rescue  a  few  young 
people  here  and  there  from  the  malpractice  under 
which  they  have  suffered  hitherto.  The  heart 
of  every  person  of  sensibility  goes  out  toward 
the  many  unfortimates  who,  under  the  impres- 
sion that  they  are  acquiring  cvdture,  and  that 
the  value  of  the  acquisition  must  be  proportional 
to  the  painf ulness  of  the  effort,  are  to-day  toiling 
with  artificially-planned  courses  of  reading,  or 
plodding  through  such  formidable  works  as 
Grote's  "  History  of  Greece "  and  Carlyle's 
"Frederick  the  Great"  and  Ruskin's  "Modern 
Painters  " —  to  say  nothing  of  such  works  as 
the  "  Mahabharata  "  and  the  "  Kalevala  "  and 
the  "  Niebelungenlied,"  which  choice  exotics 
invariably  blossom  in  the  "  gay  parterre  "  of 
every  conspectus  of  the  world's  best  literature 
as  recommended  for  earnest  minds.  Something- 
better  than  this,  surely,  it  is  within  the  jwwer 
of  ordinary  intelligence  to  conunend  and  urge ; 
the  case  calls  for  homely  simples  far  more  than 
it  does  for  the  ransacking  of  the  pharmacopoeia 
in  search  of  strange  remedies. 

Our  notion  is,  briefly,  that  interest  and  sym- 
pathy form  the  basis  of  all  good  advice  about 
reading.  Even  so  admirable  a  treatise  as  that 
of  Mr.  Frederic  Harrison  upon  "  The  Choice 
of  Books  "  will  not  do  much  for  the  mind  untu- 
tored and  astray.  Far  more  may  be  done  by 
some  simple  suggestion,  in  the  line  of  an  interest 
already  existing,  made  by  some  person  with  a 
sympathetic  insight  into  the  workings  of  the 
inquirer's  mind.  This  is  the  method  by  which 
library  workers  are  to-day  throughout  the  coun- 
try stimidating  young  readers,  and  unobtrusively 
leading  them  into  the  pleasant  paths  of  literature. 
This  is  the  method  which  teachers  in  the  schools 
shoidd  employ,  and  doubtless  would  employ, 
were  it  not  for  the  paralyzing  restrictions  im- 
posed upon  them  by  courses  of  study  and  lists 
of  books  for  required  reading.  The  framers  of 
these  deadly  devices  wiU  have  much  to  answer 


for  when  they  are  called  to  accoimt  for  their 
misdeeds  before  the  bar  of  judgment. 

The  pliilosophical  basis  of  this  method  is  of 
the  simplest,  and  persuasion  rather  than  force  is 
its  watchword.  It  assumes  that  everyone  who 
has  read  at  all  has  developed  some  special  inter- 
ests, and  that  these  interests  may  be  deepened 
by  judicious  counsel.  It  should  not  be  difficidt 
to  divert  by  degrees  the  mind  that  has  found 
pleasure  in  the  tinsel  and  pinchbeck  of  "  When 
Knighthood  Was  in  Flower  "  to  the  sterling  joys 
provided  by  Scott,  or  the  mind  that  has  foimd 
satisfaction  in  the  cheap  buffoonery  of  "  David 
Harum"  to  the  immortal  art  of  Dickens.  Taking 
the  existent  interest  as  the  point  of  departure,  and 
always  working  upward  upon  the  line  of  least 
resistance,  more  may  be  aceomplished  than  is 
readily  imagined,  far  more,  certainly,  than  may 
be  accomplished  by  viewing  the  subject  of  the  ex- 
periment de  haut  en  has,  and  expecting  his  tastes 
to  conform  immediately  to  standards  that  are  to 
be  achieved  only  after  extensive  reading  and  the 
exercise  of  much  discriminating  judgment. 

If  something  be  asked  for  a  little  more  com- 
prehensive than  this  process  of  replacing  a  poor 
novel  by  a  better  one,  we  offer  for  our  final  sug- 
gestion the  following  device.  Take  as  the  point 
of  departure  some  book  of  the  highest  character 
that  it  is  safe  to  choose,  and  one  selected  because 
it  has  the  twofold  merit  of  appealing  to  an 
already  established  interest  of  the  reader  and  of 
tending  to  awaken  broader  interests  of  an  allied 
nature.  Then  map  out  a  plan  of  further  read- 
ing for  the  express  purpose  of  fortifying  these 
dawning  new  interests,  until  by  insensible  de- 
gi'ees  a  new  and  widened  horizon  shall  be  found 
to  have  replaced  the  old  contracted  one.  Many 
works  of  historical  fiction,  for  example,  are  rich 
in  these  radiating  interests,  and  might  be  made 
nuclei  for  a  growth  of  culture  that  shoidd  be  at 
once  painless  and  profitable.  "  Westward  Ho  I  " 
"  The  Cloister  and  the  Hearth,"  and  "  Henry 
Esmond"  may  be  given  as  illustrations.  Or, 
if  it  be  safe  to  venture  upon  something  more 
serious  than  a  novel  as  the  point  of  departure, 
how  effective  a  use  might  be  made  of  such  a  book 
as  Trelawney's  memorials  of  Byron  and  SheUey, 
or  one  of  Mr.  Morley's  studies  of  the  French 
philosophers,  or  a  volume  of  Symonds's  history 
of  the  Italian  renaissance  !  What  vistas  each  of 
these  books  imfolds  to  an  active  mind,  and  what 
rich  pastures  does  it  open  to  cidtivation  !  And 
how  easy  it  would  be,  in  pursuit  of  this  plan, 
under  skilful  guidance,  to  acquire  almost  without 
knowing  it  a  fruitfid  acquaintance  with  one  of  the 
most  significant  periods  in  the  life  of  mankind ! 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


111 


THE  DELIGHTS  OF  INDISCRIMINATE 
READING. 


A  choice  instance  of  a  mind  edacious  of  all  human 
knowledge  is  found  in  Dr.  John  Brown's  uncle  by 
marriage.  Mi".  Robert  Johnston,  an  elder  in  the 
church  of  his  brother-in-law  and  Dr,  Brown's  father, 
the  Rev.  John  Brown,  and  a  merchant  and  "  por- 
tioner  "  in  the  little  Lanarkshii-e  village  of  Biggar 
—  as  we  learn  from  the  author  of  "  Rab  and  his 
Friends."  This  Johnston,  as  is  related  at  some 
length  in  the  first  volume  of  "  Spare  Hours."  not 
only  intermeddled  fearlessly  with  all  knowledge,  but 
made  himself  master  of  more  learning,  definite  and 
exhaustive,  in  various  departments,  than  do  many 
univei'sitj'  scholars  in  their  own  chosen  specialties. 
*•  Mathematics,  astronomy,  and  especially  what  may 
be  called  selenology  or  the  doctrine  of  the  moon,  and 
the  higher  geometr\-  and  physics  ;  Hebrew,  Sanscrit, 
Greek,  and  Latin,  to  the  veriest  rigors  of  prosody 
and  metre:  Spanish  and  Italian.  German,  French, 
and  any  odd  language  that  came  in  his  way:  all 
these  he  knew  more  or  less  thoroughly,"  writes  his 
admii-ing  nephew,  "  and  acquired  them  in  the  most 
leisurely,  easy,  cool  sort  of  way,  as  if  he  grazed  and 
browsed  perpetually  in  the  field  of  letters,  rather 
than  made  f onnal  meals,  or  gathered  for  any  ulterior 
purpose  his  fruit*,  his  roots,  and  his  nuts  —  he  espe- 
cially liketl  mental  nuts  —  much  less  bought  them 
from  anyone."'  Every  personage  in  Homer,  great  or 
small,  heroic  or  comic,  he  knew  as  well  as  he  knew 
the  \Tllage  doctor  or  shoemaker :  and  he  made  it  a 
matter  of  conscience  to  read  the  Homeric  poems 
through  once  every  foiu-  years.  Tacitus,  Suetonius. 
Plutarch,  Plautus,  Lucian,  and  nobody  knows  how 
many  other  classical  and  past-classical  authors,  he 
was  familiar  with,  together  with  such  modems  as 
Boccaccio.  Cervantes  (whose  ••  Don  "  he  knew  almost 
by  heart ).  Addison,  Swift,  Fielding.  Groldsmith, 
Walter  Scott,  down  even  to  Miss  Austen,  Miss 
Edgewoitli.  and  Miss  Ferrier. 

But  not  with  the  characters  of  history  and  fiction 
alone  was  this  >'illage  shop-keeper  on  intimate  terms. 
All  the  minutest  personal  gossip  of  the  parish,  one  is 
partly  grieved  and  pai'tly  amused  to  relate,  was  rel- 
ished and  assimilated  by  him.  Poachers  and  ne'er- 
do-wells  appealed  to  his  sympathies,  while  on  the 
other  liand  no  one  could  more  keenly  enjoy  a  learned 
doctrinal  discussion  with  the  jiarish  minister.  "  This 
singular  man,"  continues  the  chronicler,  ''came  to  the 
manse  every  Friday  evening  for  many  years,  and  he 
and  my  father  discussetl  everj-thing  and  everybody  ; 
— -  beginning  with  tough,  strong  head  work  —  a  bout 
at  wrestling,  be  it  Caesar's  Bridge,  the  Epistles  of 
Phalaris,  .  .  .  the  Catholic  question,  or  the  great 
roots  of  Chiistian  faith  ;  ending  with  the  latest  joke 
in  the  town  or  the  West  Raic,  the  last  effusion  of 
Affleck,  taUor  and  poet,  the  last  blimder  of  -£sop  the 
apothecary,  and  the  last  repartee  of  the  village  fool, 
with  the  week's  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  news  by 
their  respective  carriers ;  the  whole  little  life,  sad  and 


humorous  —  who  had  been  bom,  and  who  was  dying 
or  dead,  married  or  about  to  be,  for  the  past  eight 
days."  This  **  firm  and  close-grained  mind,"  indepen- 
dent of  all  authority  except  reason  and  truth,  quick 
to  detect  weakness,  fallacy,  or  unfairness,  and  ever 
insistent  upon  accuracy  and  clear  thinking,  served  as 
a  sort  of  whetstone  on  which  the  minister  sharpened 
his  wits  at  these  weekly  sittings.  Of  the  bodily 
aspect  of  this  interesting  man  one  is  glad  to  be  told 
something.  Short  and  round,  homely  and  florid, 
he  was  thought  by  his  nephew  to  bear  a  probable 
resemblance  to  Socrates.  Careless  in  his  dress,  he 
habitually  carried  his  hands  in  his  pockets,  was  a 
great  smoker,  and  indulged  in  much  more  than  the 
Napoleonic  allowance  of  sleep.  He  had  a  large,  full 
skull,  a  humorous  twinkle  in  his  cold  blue  eye,  a  soft 
low  voice,  great  power  of  quiet  but  effective  sarcasm, 
and  large  capacity  of  listening  to  and  enjoying  other 
men's  talk,  however  small.  It  will  readily  be  in- 
ferred that  he  was  unplagued  by  the  itch  of  author- 
ship. Like  the  cactus  in  the  desert,  always  plump, 
always  taking  in  the  dew  of  heaven,  he  cared  little 
to  give  it  out  Nevertheless,  from  first  to  last,  many 
magazine  articles  and  a  few  pamphlets,  dealing  with 
questions  of  the  day,  dropped  from  his  pen :  but  such 
a  man.  as  his  nephew  says,  is  never  best  in  a  book : 
he  Is  always  greater  than  his  work. 

There  comes  to  mind  another  and  much  earlier 
devourer  of  all  sorts  of  then-existent  book-learning, 
but  one  possessed  of  far  less  pith  and  character, 
independent  judgment  and  power  of  observation, 
than  our  canny  Scotchman.  MarsUio  Ficino,  the 
Florentine,  contemporarj'  with  Cosimo  de'  Medici, 
and  placed  by  him  over  the  Platonic  Academy 
which  the  nobleman  had  founded  not  long  before, 
distinguished  himself  by  his  ardent  pursuit  of  all 
knowledge,  but  especially  of  that  qxiintessence  of  all 
knowledge  which  we  call  philosophy.  Though  a 
Canon  of  St  Lorenzo  and  the  avowed  champion  of 
Christian  philosophy,  he  is  said  to  have  kept  a  lamp 
burning  before  Plato's  bust  and  it  is  certain  that  he 
produced  a  Latin  translation  of  Plato's  works  that 
is  still  held  in  high  esteem.  Extending  his  studies 
over  the  entire  field  of  ancient  literature,  as  Pro- 
fessor Villari  tells  us,  Ficino  eagerly  devoured  the 
works  of  every  sage  of  antiquity.  Aristotelians, 
Platonists,  Alexandrians,  all  were  read  by  him  with 
untiring  zeal.  He  sought  out  the  remains  of  Con- 
fucius and  Zoroaster  —  and  be  it  noted  that  this  was 
in  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century,  when  such  a 
search  was  something  far  different  from  what  it  is 
now  in  the  twentieth.  Leaping  from  one  age  to 
another,  from  this  philosophic  system  to  that,  he 
welcomed  all  learning  as  grist  to  his  mill.  Not  only 
did  he  become  a  living  dictionary  of  ancient  phi- 
losophy, so  that  his  works  are  practically  an  ency- 
clopaedia of  the  philosophic  doctrines  known  up  to 
his  time,  but  he  was  also  versed  in  natural  science, 
so  far  as  such  knowledge  was  then  obtainable,  and 
had  received  from  his  father  some  training  in  med- 
icine. He  is  especially  interesting,  however,  as  the 
incarnation  of  that  spirit  of   exultation  that  was 


112 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


aroused  throughout  Europe  by  the  discovery  of  the 
literary  treasures  of  antiquity.  There  is  enough 
that  is  likable  in  him,  as  portrayed  in  Professor 
VUlari's  work  on  Savonarola,  to  make  us  forgive 
the  incm-able  pedantry  of  the  man.  For  pedant 
he  certainly  was,  so  stuffed  with  ill-digested  learning 
that  he  had  lost  the  power  of  independent  thought 
and  was  never  content  until  he  coidd  make  his 
ideas,  if  he  had  any,  square  with  Plato,  or  with 
Aristotle,  or  even  with  some  ancient  skeptic  or 
materialist.  And  so  we  leave  him,  sadly  deficient  in 
native  faculty,  but  possessed  of  an  admirable  thirst 
for  knowledge. 

StiU  another  choice  spirit,  to  whom  nothing  human 
was  devoid  of  interest,  is  that  genial  hypochondriac 
who,  to  cure  himself  of  melancholy,  wrote  one  of 
the  most  fascinating,  as  it  is  one  of  the  most  fan- 
tastic, works  of  literature.  Of  the  author  of  ''The 
Anatomy  of  Melancholy"  far  too  little  is  known. 
But  there  is  in  the  '*  Athenae  Oxonienses  "  a  quaint 
characterization  of  the  man  that  is  worth  much. 
"  He  was,"  says  Wood,  as  quoted  in  the  "  Dictionary 
of  National  Biography,"  "an  exact  mathematician, 
a  curious  calculator  of  nativities,  a  general  read 
scholar,  a  thorough-paced  philologist,  and  one  that 
understood  the  surveying  of  lands  well.  As  he  was 
by  many  accounted  a  severe  student,  a  devourer  of 
authors,  a  melancholy  and  humorous  person,  so  by 
others  who  knew  him  well  a  person  of  great  hon- 
esty, plain  dealing  and  charity.  I  have  heard  some 
of  the  antients  of  Christ  Church  often  say  that  his 
company  was  very  merry,  facete  and  juvenile,  and 
no  man  of  his  time  did  surpass  him  for  his  ready 
and  dexterous  interlarding  his  common  discourse 
among  them  with  verses  from  the  poets  or  sentences 
from  classical  authors."  Bishop  Kennet,  quoted  also 
in  the  "  Dictionary,"  says  of  Burton  that  "  in  an 
interval  of  vapours"  he  was  wont  to  be  extremely 
cheerful,  after  which  he  would  fall  into  such  a  state 
of  despondency  that  he  could  only  get  relief  by  going 
to  the  bridge-foot  at  Oxford  and  hearing  the  barge- 
men swear  at  one  another,  "  at  whic^h  he  woidd  set 
his  hands  to  his  sides  and  laugh  most  profusely"; 
which  will  perhaps  recall  to  some  the  passage  in 
Burton's  preface  relating  a  similar  practice  attrib- 
uted to  Democritus.  Burton  died  at  or  very  near 
the  time  he  had  foretold  some  years  before  in  cal- 
culating his  nativity.  Wood  records  a  report,  cur- 
rent among  the  students,  that  he  had  "  sent  up  his 
soul  to  heaven  thro'  a  noose  about  his  neck,"  in  order 
not  to  falsify  his  calculation.  Beneath  his  bust  in 
Christ  Church  Cathedral,  where  he  was  buried,  is 
this  curious  epitaph,  composed  by  himself :  "  Paucis 
notus,  paucioribus  ignotus,  hie  jacet  Democritus 
Junior,  cui  vitam  dedit  et  mortem  Melancholia." 

To  the  eager  devourer  of  all  knowledge,  the  charm 
of  this  incomprehensible  universe  of  ours  is  in  one 
important  respect  much  like  the  charm  of  a  living 
person :  it  lies  largely  in  what  is  below  the  surface 
and  only  approximately  and  doubtfully  attainable 
by  shrewd  conjecture.  In  a  human  being  it  is 
found  in  those  reserves  of  personality  that  constitute 


so  large  a  fraction  of  true  manhood  and  woman- 
hood. Should  the  cosmic  scheme  ever  be  so  im- 
modest as  to  lay  bare  its  secret  to  our  gaze,  we 
should  be  literally  shocked  to  death.  Thus  the  fasci- 
nation that  lures  to  the  pursuit  of  ultimate  truth  is  the 
fascination  of  the  unattainable.  With  the  enlarge- 
ment of  one's  sphere  of  knowledge,  the  surface  pre- 
sented to  the  encompassing  Unknowable,  to  use  Hei*- 
bei-t  Spencer's  tigm'e,  is  correspondingly  increased  ; 
whereby  one's  sense  of  awe  and  mystery  and  won- 
der is  by  so  much  deepened  and  intensified.  And 
although  the  further  one  progresses  in  knowledge, 
the  more  profound  l)ecomes  one's  conviction  of 
ignorance,  nevertheless  there  is  a  wholesome  satis- 
faction in  learning  how  little  we  really  know.  To 
attain  at  last  to  something  like  a  clear  and  compre- 
hensive sm'vey  of  the  variety  and  profundity  of  our 
ignorance,  is  well  worth  the  price  of  a  lifetime  spent 
in  study.  To  master  the  domain  of  human  knowl- 
edge (to  say  nothing  now  of  ultimate  truth)  is  no 
longer  possible.  All  the  gi-eater,  therefore,  our  envy 
in  contemplating  those  bygone  dabblers  in  all  then- 
existent  branches  of  learning.  They  came  nearer 
to  the  attainment  of  universal  knowledge,  so  called, 
than  will  ever  again  be  possible.  Yet  there  is  com- 
fort in  the  thought  that  the  literatxu-e  of  power,  the 
sum  total  of  things  warmly  and  humanly  interesting 
and  significant,  does  not  gi*ow  nearly  so  rapidly  as 
the  field  of  science  and  its  unliterary  literature. 
That  the  true  hunger  for  knowledge  is  notably  in- 
satiable, is  of  course  easy  to  explain.  Pjach  added 
shred  of  information  draws  into  view  a  tangled  wel) 
of  countless  desirable  acquisitions,  so  that  the  appetite 
grows  with  feeding.  The  domain  of  possible  con- 
quest increases  to  the  learner's  vision  when  once  he 
is  seized  and  swept  away  by  the  passion  for  research, 
in  a  geometrical  progi'ession  whose  constant  factor 
is  large. 

It  may  be,  finally,  as  we  are  often  enough  assured 
by  good  men,  that  this  impossibility  of  satisfying 
the  intellectual  appetite  is  providential,  and  that  the 
chief  function  of  the  insatiate  craving  for  all  knowl- 
edge is  to  point  us  at  last  to  the  exercise  of  other 
and  higher  faculties  which  shall  in  the  end  l)ring 
the  peace  that  passeth  understanding. 

Percy  F.  Bicknell. 


COMMUNICA  TION. 


A  FINAL  WORD  ABOUT  MR.  SWINBURNE  AS 

"A  LOVE  POET." 

(To  the  Editor  of  The  Dial.) 

When  I  ventured  to  ask  some  questions  in  your  col- 
umns about  Mr.  Swinburne's  poetry,  I  had  no  intention 
of  enternig  into  any  discussion  which  they  might  possi- 
bly provoke.  But  the  very  courteous  comnuuiicatiou  of 
Mr.  Francis  Howard  Williams,  published  in  The  Dial 
of  February  1,  seems  to  demand  a  response. 

As  Mr.  Williams  himself  intimates,  his  coinmunica- 
tiou  does  not  deal  with  the  main  question,  but  with  a 
side  issue  —  or  rather  with  several  side  issues.  It  is 
chiefly  a  protest  against  my  mcidental  references  to  Mr. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


113 


Swinburne's  love-poems.  Not  only  does  Mr.  Williams 
consider  Mr.  Swinburne  "essentially  and  avowedly  a 
love-poet,"  but  he  claims  "  that  he  excels  all  others  in 
the  vi^-id  and  compact  expression  of  erotic  emotion." 
Passing  over  this  statement  without  comment,  I  will  try 
to  answer  Mr.  Williams's  questions,  and  in  so  doing  I 
trust  that  I  may  make  my  position  more  clear. 

Mr.  Williams  objects  to  my  referring  to  certain  love- 
poems  of  Mr.  Swinburne's  as  "  so-called  love-poems." 
This  raises  too  long  a  question  for  a  short  letter.  The 
word  "love"  as  we  commonly  use  it  is  xmdoubtedly 
broad  and  elastic  enough  to  include  those  poems  in  the 
first  series  of  "  Poems  and  Ballads  "  which  I  had  in 
mind.  Tliere  are  many  kinds  of  love  and  many  classes 
of  lovers.  Speaking  broadly,  these  poems  are  properly 
"  called  "  love-poems,  but  (as  I  intended  to  suggest) 
they  deal  with  love  only,  or  chiefly,  as  a  thing  of  the 
senses.  In  a  familiar  sonnet  (CX^^.),  to  which  I  have 
already  referred,  Shakespeare  speaks  of  love  as  "  the 
marriage  of  true  minds."  This  is  incomplete,  but  noble. 
In  another  sonnet  (CXXIX.)  he  lays  bare  another  and 
a  very  different  kind  of  emotion  ;  he  does  not  call  this 
love,  but  gives  it  another  and  a  baser  name.  In  one 
comprehensive  line  he  describes  this  emotion  as  "  the 
expense  of  spirit  in  a  waste  of  shame."  Poems  which 
sympathetically  portray  such  an  "  expense  of  spirit " 
are  "  called  "  love-poems,  but,  in  my  judgment,  their 
place  is  not  with  the  true  love-poems  of  the  literature, 
which  deal  with  a  gift  which  is  half  di\Tne  in  its  nobler 
and  more  truly  beautifid  aspects.  Is  there  not  a  basis 
of  truth  in  the  story  of  Tannhauser,  as  Wagner  pre- 
sents it  ?  The  poet  of  Venusberg  is  deprived  of  his 
place  among  the  Troubadours,  the  true  poets  of  love. 
The  poet  of  "  Laus  Veneris  "  shows  us  human  passion 
in  its  earthly  and  least  exalted  form,  —  passion,  with  its 
inevitable  successors,  satiety,  world-weariness,  and  de- 
spair. Whether  such  poems  are  true  love-poems,  or 
whether  they  profane  the  name  of  love,  is  a  matter  of 
opinion  and  definition. 

A  few  minor  points  remain  to  be  noticed.  I  did  not 
say  or  imply  that  Emerson  did,  or  could,  write  love- 
poetry.  To  that  charge  I  plead  not  guilty.  Mr.  Williams 
asks  :  "  ^Vhen  did  Wordsworth  ever  write  a  love- 
poem  ?  "  I  referred,  of  course,  to  the  little  group  of 
poems,  which  are  sometimes  spoken  of  as  the  "  Lucy  " 
poems  ("  She  dwelt  beside  untrodden  ways,"  "  Three 
years  she  grew,"  etc.),  and  to  the  poem  beginning  "  She 
was  a  phantom  of  delight."  These  masterpieces  need 
neither  praise  nor  justification,  but  it  may  be  interesting 
to  note  that  Professor  F.  B.  Gummere,  in  his  little  book 
on  "  Poetics  "  places  them  among  the  most  representa- 
tive love-lyrics  of  the  literature. 

I  am  sorry  to  be  obliged  to  differ  so  often  from  Mr. 
WUliams,  but  I  cannot  agree  with  him  about  Browning. 
I  feel  that  the  poet  of  that  great  apostrophe  "  O  Lyric 
Love,"  the  poet  who  wrote  "  By  the  Fireside,"  "  One 
Word  More,"  and  "  Love  among  the  Ruins  "  (to  give 
only  a  few  examples),  ranks  with  the  true  love-poets  of 
the  literature.  He  is  the  poet  of  love  in  its  noblest 
aspect  as  "  the  greatest  good  i'  the  world."  Even  if 
"  The  Statue  and  the  Bust "  were  an  exception  to  this, 
the  other  poems  woidd  remain,  but  I  do  not  regard  it 
as  an  exception.  The  poem  has  puzzled  many  readers, 
and  it  is  |)erhaps  somewhat  ambigiious,  but  I  am  con- 
strained to  say  that  in  this  instance  I  think  Mr.  Williams 
has  failed  to  understand  Browning's  meaning. 

Henry  S.  Paxcoast. 
Hartford,  Conn..  Feb.  8,  1906. 


Cb  ieto  gooks. 


Pre-Raphaelitism  from  a  Xew  Axgle.* 


It  is  impossible  to  escape  a  certain  feeling  of 
disappointment  io  connection  with  Mr.  Holman- 
Himt's  long-awaited  account  of  the  Pre-Raphael- 
ite movement.  Other  chroniclers  have  pictured 
this  as  a  dramatic,  impassioned  revolt.  They 
have  dwelt  upon  its  splendid  enthusiasms  and 
generous  hero-worship,  its  light-hearted  gaiety 
and  its  spontaneous  humor.  Their  lively  me- 
moii*s  have  been  full  of  clever  anecdotes  and 
entei-taining  personalities.  The  Pre-Raphaelite 
painters  have  been  invariably  treatetl  not  merely 
as  artists  and  poets  but  as  men,  —  eccentric  at 
times  and  irresponsible,  ^^^th  more  energy  in 
imdertaking  a  new  project  than  patience  and 
training  for  finishing  it,  but  full,  nevertheless, 
of  the  joy  of  living  and  of  working,  and  of  that 
many-sided  responsiveness  to  the  best  things  that 
is  the  characteristic  spirit  of  the  amateur,  in 
the  true  sense  of  that  misused  term.  And  so 
interest  in  the  Pre-Raphaelite  movement  has 
come  to  depend  less  upon  approval  of  its  poetic 
or  pictorial  expression  than  upon  appreciation 
of  the  remarkable  personality  of  the  artists. 
But  Mr.  Holman-Himt's  idea  is  that  we  have 
j  alreatly  had  far  more  of  this  sort  of  thing  than 
is  good  for  us  ;  that  in  the  effort  to  render  the 
movement  fascinating  and  dramatic  its  real  pur- 
pose has  l)een  lost  sight  of,  and  that  in  the 
maze  of  anecdote  and  personality  dates  have 
been  distorted,  followers  have  been  confused 
with  leaders,  and  truth  has  been  outraged.  His 
purpose,  then,  is  to  write  a  historj'  that  shall 
be  accurate,  exact,  and  uupersonal,  that  shall 
show  in  plain  prose  how  the  Pre-Raphaelite 
painters  worked  among  other  English  painters 
of  their  day,  that  shall  explain  what  was  their 
theoiy  of  art,  what  each  Brother  contributed  to 
the  movement,  and  how  the  critics  and  the  pub- 
lic received  his  work.  In  particular  the  author 
wishes  to  correct  certain  dominant  errors  in  the 
popular  view  of  the  movement.  The  book, 
therefore,  has  quite  a  different  scope  and  inter- 
est from  those  with  which  its  title  challenges 
comparison.  Both  Mr.  Holman-Hunt's  author- 
ship and  his  peculiar  imderstanding  of  Pre- 
Raphaelitism  lead  to  a  heavy  emphasis  upon  his 
own  work.  But  he  does  not  ^^ish  the  book  to 
be  considered  as  autobiography  merely.  He 
clearly  aims  at  getting  a  hearing  with  the  peo- 

•  Pke-Baphaeutism  axd  the  Prb-Raphaelitb  Bbothkk- 
HOOD.  By  William  Holman-Hunt.  In  two  volomes.  Illustrated. 
New  York:  The  Blacmillan  Co. 


114 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16,. 


pie  who  have  preferred  Rossetti's  work  to  his 
own  and  who  have  regarded  Madox  Brown  as 
the  chief  source  of  Rossetti's  initial  inspiration, 
—  who  have  accordingly  been  interested  in 
the  Pre-Raphaelite  movement,  without,  as  Mr. 
Holman-Hunt  thinks,  in  the  least  understand- 
ing it. 

Of  course  the  whole  controversy  hinges,  like 
most  controversies,  upon  the  definition  of  the 
terms.  Mr.  Holman-Hunt  means  one  thing  by 
Pre-Raphaelitism  ;  and  William  Rossetti,  Mrs. 
Bume- Jones,  and  the  general  reader  mean  quite 
another.  According  to  Mr.  Holman-Hunt,  he 
originated,  and  he  and  his  life-long  friend 
Millais  talked  over  and  agreed  to  battle  to- 
gether for,  the  Pre-Raphaelite  theory.  This 
theory  seems  to  have  been  simply  the  accurate 
and  careful  rendering  of  natural  objects.  Hol- 
man-Hunt carried  it  to  its  furthest  point  when 
he  went  to  Syria,  subjecting  himself  to  imtold 
discomfort  and  a  good  deal  of  danger  in  order 
to  paint  sacred  subjects  in  their  proper  environ- 
ment. But  he  worked  out  aU  his  backgrounds 
"  with  the  eye  on  the  object."  He  took  long 
walks  over  the  moors  with  a  lantern  to  study 
the  right  effects  for  "  The  Light  of  the  World," 
and  even  painted  a  large  part  of  the  picture  by 
lamp-light,  out-of-doors,  in  the  damp  chill  of 
autunm.  The  original,  unalloyed  Pre-Raphael- 
ite idea,  as  Mr.  Holman-Hunt  uses  the  term, 
does  not  seem  to  have  gone  deeper  than  the 
method  of  getting  one's  data.  It  left  the  imagi- 
nation untouched,  and  therefore  could  not  affect 
the  imderlying  conception  of  the  pamting. 
His  picture  of  "  The  Scape-Goat,"  with  its  ob- 
vious beauties  and  obvious  limitations,  perhaps 
embodies  the  theory  more  fully,  because  more 
baldly,  than  any  other  one  painting ;  and  an 
attempt  to  realize  how  Rossetti  might  have 
treated  the  same  theme  will  set  the  ideals  of  the 
two  painters  in  illuminating  contrast. 

But  when,  in  1847,  Rossetti  left  Madox 
Brown  in  despair  at  the  dulness  of  forever  paint- 
ing pickle-jars  and  came  to  Holman-Hvmt's  studio 
to  work  under  his  direction,  the  Pre-Raphaelite 
idea,  which  liad  not  yet  received  its  name,  was 
largely  in  the  air.  Rossetti  received  it  with  his 
accustomed  enthusiasm,  —  even  Mr.  Holman- 
Hunt  admits  that  he  had  a  genius  for  feeling 
and  propagating  enthusiasm,  —  and  threw  liim- 
self  with  eager  abandon  into  the  organization  of 
a  formal  crusade  against  the  conventional  stand- 
ards and  tyrannous  Philistinism  of  the  Royal 
Academy. 

It  seems  little  short  of  amazing,  considering 
the  temperamental  obstacles,  that  Hobnan-Himt 


and  Rossetti  should  ever  have  been  drawn  to- 
wards one  another,  or  even  imagined  that  they 
could  pull  together.  From  Holman-Hiuit's  point 
of  view  the  Brotherhood  was  a  disastrous  failure. 
Rossetti  was  from  the  first  utterly  oblivious  of 
his  obligations  to  it.  He  confused  minute  ren- 
dermg  of  nature  with  mediae valism,  which  Millais 
and  Holman-Hunt  abhorred.  As  soon  as  he  had 
raised  a  storm  of  opprobrium  with  his  first 
"  P.  R.  B."  picture,  which,  contrary  to  agi*ee- 
ment,  he  exhibited  in  advance  of  Millais's  and 
Holman-Hunt's,  he  coolly  withdrew  from  the 
fray  and  never  again  exhibited  at  the  Academy. 
But  he  did  not  stop  with  sins  of  omission.  The 
rancorous  criticisms  of  the  Academy,  put  forth 
often  anonymously  by  himself  and  his  friends,^ 
did  them  no  harm,  but  greatly  injured  Holman- 
Hunt  and  Millais,  whose  idea  had  apparently 
been  to  conduct  a  peaceful,  conciliatory  cam- 
paign. Worst  of  all,  Rossetti's  showy  painting^ 
and  great  power  of  influencing  younger  men 
misled  Ruskin  into  naming  him  the  leader  of  the 
movement,  a  designation  that  Rossetti  accepted 
complacently.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  Rossetti's 
"  Arch-Pre-Raphaelitism  "  as  his  friends  laugh- 
ingly named  it,  was  merely  arch-heresy  in  Hol- 
man-Hunt's eyes,  and  since  Millais  eventually 
abandoned  the  gospel  that  he  had  professed  sO' 
ardently,  Holman-Hunt  alone  continued  to  paint 
after  the  true  Pre-Raphaelite  manner. 

While  we  are  glad  to  do  justice  to  Mr.  Hol- 
man-Hunt, and  interested  in  comparing  his  point 
of  view  with  those  of  other  historians,  we  can- 
not willingly  consent  to  his  high-handed  substi- 
tution of  one  stage  of  the  movement  for  the 
whole  story.  A  Pre-Raphaelite  school  tliat  leaves 
out  Rossetti  and  accords  merely  a  casual  men- 
tion to  William  Morris  and  Bume-Jones  i» 
indeed  shorn  of  its  glory.  What  Mr.  Holman- 
Hunt's  history  fails  to  allow  for  is  the  personal 
equation  and  its  marvellous  power  of  developing 
a  situation.  William  Rossetti  was  one  of  the 
seven  original  Brothers.  A  comparison  of  his 
statement  of  the  aims  of  the  organization  with 
Holman-Hunt's  will  show  that  even  at  first  there 
were  different  interpretations.  It  is  impossible 
to  imagine  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti  and  Holman- 
Hxmt  understanding  the  simplest  statement  in 
precisely  the  same  way,  and  as  the  new  ideas 
were  sown  abroad  largely  through  Rossetti's 
magic  influence,  they  were  necessarily  modified 
in  the  process,  —  glorified  or  distorted  accor- 
ding to  the  point  of  view.  It  never  seems  to 
occur  to  Mr.  Holman-Hmit  that  his  conception 
of  Pre-Raphaelitism  makes  it  immeasurably  less 
significant  than   it  has  come  to  be  considered. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


115 


That  the  strongest  proof  of  the  virility  and  power 
of  the  movement  was  the  way  it  grew  to  include 
new  thoughts  and  adapted  itself  to  new  person- 
alities is  to  him  inconceivable.  He  regards  an 
idea  as  a  static  thing  ;  to  give  it  life  is  to  destroy 
its  unity,  and  you  must  accordingly  rename  it 
at  every  stage. 

Holnian-Himt's  hostility  to  fiossetti  is  inev- 
itable, but  there  seems  to  be  no  better  reason 
than  jealousy  for  the  former's  determined  belit- 
tlement  of  Ford  ^Vladox  Brown.  It  is  always 
difficidt  to  settle  claims  of  priority;  and  it  is 
of  small  consequence,  since  both  worked  inde- 
pendently, whether  Holman-Hunt  or  Brown 
first  arrived  at  Pre-Raphaelite  conclusions. 
But  Holman-Hunt  is  unwilling  to  give  Madpx 
Brown  any  credit  for  originality.  He  insists 
upon  reducing  him  to  the  himible  rank  of  fol- 
lower, declaring  that  when  the  Brotherhood  was 
organized  he  was  not  Pre-Raphaelite,  that  he 
was  never  officially  asked  to  join  the  Brother- 
hood, and  that  his  instruction  contributed  very 
little,  if  anj'thing,  towards  Rossetti's  develop- 
ment. Even  if  these  contentions  are  fully  justi- 
fied, we  shoidd  like  Holman-Himt  better  if  he 
had  shown  more  generosity  towards  a  rival. 

But  it  is  high  time  to  turn  from  the  contro- 
versial to  the  narrative  interest  of  the  book. 
Holman-Hunt  tells  his  story  well,  in  a  style 
more  earnest  than  lively,  and  with  a  memory 
for  detail  that  is  trvdy  marvellous.  The  Sj'rian 
journeys,  fidl  of  strange  adventures  and  imique 
experiences,  furnish  some  delightfid  chapters. 
One  of  the  greatest  of  the  many  difficidties 
incident  upon  the  ignorance  and  superstition 
of  the  natives  was  the  finding  of  trustworthy 
models.  He  tells  an  amusing  story  of  a  shop- 
keeper whose  promise  he  secured  to  sit  for  a 
figure  in  the  great  Temple  picture.  The  Jew 
failed  to  appear,  and  Holman-Hunt's  interpreter 
explainetl  his  scruple  thus  : 

"  Well,  YOU  know  the  merchant's  name  is  Daoud 
Levi.  On  the  Day  of  Judgment  the  Archangel  Michael 
will  be  standing  at  the  gate  of  heaven,  and  the  names 
of  all  faithful  children  of  Abraham  will  be  called  out. 
.  .  .  When  Daoud's  name  is  called,  if  there  were  a 
picture  of  him,  it  might  be  that  the  likeness  would 
arrive  first,  and  this  might  be  passed  in,  and  the  name 
struck  off  the  roll ;  and  when  he  arrived  to  demand  ad- 
mittance he  might  be  told  that  Daoud  Levi  has  already 
entered  in,  and  that  he  must  be  a  pretender." 

Holman-Himt  managed  to  keep  a  serious  face 
while  he  inquired  whether  baptizing  the  por- 
trait with  a  Christian  name  would  help  matters 
any.  The  Jew  thought  it  would  :  so,  after  the 
first  few  strokes.  Hunt  sprinkled  the  likeness 
with  water  and  declared  its  name  to  be  Jack 


Robinson.  After  some  alterations  had  been 
made  the  Jew  feared  that  the  baptized  likeness 
had  been  destroyed,  and  insisted  upon  a  re- 
christening.  Needless  to  say,  before  the  artist 
was  through  with  him  he  proved  to  be  as  great 
a  rascal  as  he  was  sophistical  a  reasoner. 

There  are  vivid  reminiscences  of  Thackeray, 
Tennyson,  the  Brownings,  and  the  Carlyles. 
Tennyson  particidarly  attracted  Holman-Himt, 
and  the  poet  seemed  to  have  treated  him  with 
unwonted  consideration.  He  gives  a  lively  ac- 
coimt  of  a  walking  trip  through  Cornwall,  on 
which  Tennyson,  Palgrave,  and  Val  Prinsep 
were  his  associates.  With  his  fixed  dread  of 
being  lionized,  the  poet  begged  his  companions, 
who  were  all  much  younger  than  he,  not  on  any 
accoimt  to  call  him  by  his  surname.  Palgrave 
paid  no  heed  to  this  injunction  diiring  the  day, 
but  as  he  followed  the  poet  about  the  cliffs  he 
was  continually  shouting  "•  Tennyson  "  at  the  top 
of  his  Ivmgs.  At  the  inn,  however,  he  ostenta- 
tiously referred  to  bim  as  "  the  old  gentleman." 
Tennyson  objected  to  this  designation,  and 
Palgrave  retorted  that  it  was  absurd  to  assume 
that  his  name  would  be  noticed.  Each  time  the 
discussion  was  renewed  Tennyson  showed  more 
temper,  imtil  finally  there  was  an  open  rupture 
and  Tennyson  retired  to  his  room  to  pack. 

"  When  the  poet  had  gone  Palgrave  said  to  us, 
« You  've  no  idea  of  the  perpetual  worry  he  causes  me.' 
Val  ejaculated,  '  Did  you  say  that  he  caused  you  ? ' 
« Yes,'  he  returned.  '  The  last  words  that  Mrs.  Tennyson 
said  to  me  on  leaving  were  that  I  must  promise  her 
faithfully  that  I  would  never  on  any  accoimt  let  Ten- 
nyson out  of  my  sight  for  a  minute,  because  with  his 
short-sight,  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  cliffs  or  on  the 
beach  of  the  sea,  he  might  be  in  the  g^atest  danger  if 
left  alone.  I  'm  ever  thinking  of  my  promise,  and  he 
continually  trying  to  elude  me;  if  I  turn  my  head  one 
minute,  on  looking  back  I  find  him  gone,  and  when  I  call 
out  for  him  he  studiously  avoids  answering.'  '  But  you 
call  him  by  his  name  ?  '  we  pleaded  for  the  poet.  '  Of 
course  I  do,  for  I  find  that  his  fear  of  being  discovered 
gives  me  the  best  chance  of  making  him  avow  himself.'" 

A  few  moments  later  Tennyson  appeared  to 
apologize  for  the  "  bickerings  "  and  to  explain 
how  Palgrave's  voice,  "  like  a  bee  in  a  bottle," 
had  interfered  with  his  opportunities  for  peace- 
ful revery.  And  next  day  he  persisted  in  start- 
ing home,  accompanied  by  the  faithful  Palgrave, 
and  arguing  violently,  as  they  drove  off,  against 
the  need  of  Mrs.  Tennyson's  caution.  All  of 
which  goes  to  show  that  Rossetti  was  not  the 
only  genius  who  tried  his  friends'  forbearance  to 
the  breaking  point. 

There  are  a  great  many  good  stories  and 
illuminating  bits  of  criticism  in  the  book  which 
woidd  well  bear  quoting,  but  these  examples 


116 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


must  suffice.  The  great  charm  of  the  narrative 
lies  in  the  connected  and  undetachable  story  of 
Hohnan-Hunt's  career,  with  its  fine  concentra- 
tion, its  brave,  conscientious  pursuit  of  an  ideal, 
and  its  gi-eat  achievement  in  spite  of  heavy  odds. 
If  we  yield  one  kind  of  admiration  to  Rossetti 
and  the  circle  of  yovmg  enthusiasts  that  he 
gathered  about  him,  we  cannot  but  grant  another 
sort  to  Mr.  Holman-Hunt.  Where  the  others 
rushed  gaily  over  obstacles,  he  labored  with 
dogged  perseverence  to  overcome  them.  Though 
his  range  of  sympathy  was  smaller,  he  was  scru- 
pidous  in  the  discharge  of  every  obligation.  If 
his  inspiration  was  less  exalted  and  less  bril- 
liant than  theirs,  he  pursued  it  with  an  industry 
that  they  could  not  achieve  and  an  indomitable 
courage  that  they  could  not  better.  Best  of  all 
he  has  kept  his  temper  in  the  face  of  much 
provocation  to  lose  it ;  his  attitude  toward  the 
Academy,  toward  the  critics,  and  toward  Rossetti 
is  admirably  dignified.  Few  men,  therefore, 
have  had  more  promising  material  for  an  auto- 
biography, and  there  are  no  dull  pages  in  the 
two  thick  volumes,  though  at  times  the  narrative 
moves  rather  slowly,  and  the  long  conversations 
of  by-gone  years  are  a  little  stilted  and  colorless 
in  repetition. 

The  illustrations  in  photogTavure  and  half- 
tone are  nmnerous  enough  to  reproduce  all 
Holman-Himt's  important  works  and  a  great 
mass  of  sketches  and  studies.  There  are  also 
several  portraits  of  the  artist,  and  a  large  num- 
ber of  pictures  by  his  contemporaries,  which 
are  referred  to  in  the  text  by  way  of  showing 
the  widespread  influence  of  the  true  Pre- 
Raphaelite  motive,  as  Holman-Hunt  interpreted 

^*-  Edith  Kellogg  Dunton. 


A  New  History  of  Educatiox.* 


It  can  hardly  be  said  that  we  have  too  many 
histories  of  education,  or  that  we  yet  have  suit- 
able text-books  on  the  subject.  The  subject 
itself  is  comparatively  new,  and  awaits  satisfac- 
tory treatment  both  for  general  reading  and  for 
the  classroom.  Professor  Monroe's  new  book 
gives  great  promise,  at  first  glance,  of  being  a 
nearer  approach  to  the  desired  text-book  than 
any  previous  one :  it  is,  as  the  author  notes  in 
the  preface,  several  times  as  large  as  most  of 
those  now  in  use,  and  all  will  agree  that  these 
latter  are  quite  too  scanty ;  it  is  published  by  a 
firm  whose  imprint  is  a  guarantee  of  at  least 


*A  Text-Book  in  the  History  of  Education. 
Monroe.    New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 


By  Paul 


some  marked  excellence  ;  and  its  external  make- 
up is  all  that  could  be  asked.  A  general  survey 
reveals  at  once  two  great  virtues :  a  broad  and 
yet  sane  and  definite  conception  of  the  subject, 
and  a  rich  body  of  material,  in  general  well 
chosen.  The  writer  has  hit  a  happy  mean 
between  the  narrow  ideal  of  a  "  history  of  peda- 
gogy "  on  the  one  hand,  and  such  a  general  and 
subjective  view  as  that  of  Thomas  Davidson  in 
his  little  "  History  of  Education  "  on  the  other. 
The  discussion  everywhere  recognizes  the  fact 
that  education  is  an  integral  part  of  the  whole 
development  of  humanity  in  history,  and  yet 
does  not  forget  that  it  is  dealing  with  education 
and  not  with  the  whole  progress  of  thought 
and  life. 

There  are,  however,  some  omissions  and  some 
faults  in  proportion.  We  are  surprised  to 
find  an  extensive  treatment  of  such  a  remote 
topic  as  Chinese  education,  and  not  a  word  upon 
the  more  relevant  subject  of  Hebrew  education  ; 
with  the  educational  theories  and  practice  of  the 
Chinese  our  history  lias  had  no  contact  or  inter- 
action, while  with  the  Hebrew  there  are  many 
points  of  relation.  Again,  it  would  seem  that 
to  give  the  Middle  Ages  126  pages  and  the 
Renaissance  and  Reformation  only  90  is  con- 
ceding too  much  to  mere  length  of  time  instead 
of  taking  into  account  real  historical  significance. 
Vittorino  da  Feltre,  John  Sturm,  and  Melanch- 
thon  are  disposed  of  in  an  average  of  two  pages 
each, —  surely  a  scant  recognition  of  their  place 
in  the  work  of  actual  education. 

The  chapter-headings  contain  some  question- 
able terms.  Oriental  education  is  set  down  as 
"  recapitidation  ";  is  it  not  rather  simply  repe- 
tition or  reproduction  of  type  ?  Indeed,  it  is 
hard  to  see  why  the  sub-title  of  primitive  edu- 
cation, "  non-progressive  adjustment,"  does  not 
fit  Oriental  education  quite  as  well.  Greek  edu- 
cation is  called  ''  education  as  progressive  adjust- 
ment ";  but  did  not  Greece  distinctly  fail  to 
adjust  her  education  to  new  conditions  and  so 
succumb  to  national  decay  ?  Plato's  pedagog- 
ical vision  had  no  realization  in  actual  Greek 
education,  and  we  can  by  no  means  assert  that 
its  realization  woidd  have  proved  to  be  a  pro- 
gressive adjustment.  Locke  serves  as  repre- 
sentative of  the  disciplinary  conception  of  edu- 
cation, but  in  the  process  seems  to  us  to  suffer 
a  certain  narrowing  and  distortion,  only  par- 
tially corrected  by  admissions  that  he  also  rep- 
resents realism  and  naturalism. 

Closer  examination  reveals  much  that  is 
excellent.  We  may  mention  particularly  the 
treatment  of  Realism,  which  is  broad  and  illu- 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


117 


minafing  in  the  highest  degree.  In  the  pages 
on  Rousseau  and  in  the  entire  treatment  of 
Herbart  the  author  succeeds  in  giving  in  con- 
densed form  and  clear  outline  the  essential  con- 
tributions made  by  the  two  men  to  educational 
doctrine.  Indeed,  the  whole  book  gives  proof 
of  the  broadest  and  richest  acquaintance  with 
the  field ;  the  great  mass  of  material  is  in  general 
handled  in  such  a  way  as  to  show  that  ample 
knowledge  of  the  subject  which  is  the  requisite 
of  the  scholar  and  the  teacher. 

Thus  the  selection  of  material  and  the  general 
treatment  deserve  high  commendation.  They 
are  such  as  go  to  the  make-up  of  the  ideal  text- 
book of  the  subject :  and  this  fact  makes  it  the 
more  to  be  regretted  that  the  book  suffers  from 
some  serious  favdts,  which  greatly  lessen  its 
value  both  for  the  general  reader  and  for  the 
student.  All  these  faidts  seem  to  be  the  result 
of  one  thing,  —  haste.  It  is  as  though  the  au- 
thor had  with  aU  due  pains  and  care  gathered 
his  material  and  framed  his  plan,  and  then, 
urged  by  some  sudden  impulse,  thrown  the 
book  together  and  rushed  it  through  the  press. 
The  power  and  equipment  which  parts  of  the 
work  show,  to  say  nothing  of  other  work  of  the 
same  author,  forbid  us  to  think  that  the  book 
might  not  have  been  of  far  higher  excellence  in 
its  final  form.  As  it  is.  there  are  flaws  and 
errors  on  almost  every  page  which  sadly  mar 
the  quality  of  the  book. 

The  least  important  of  these  defects  are  petty 
errors,  not  exactly  typographical,  for  they  covdd 
by  no  means  be  charged  to  the  printer,  but 
rather  such  points  as  might  easily  be  due  to 
incompetent  proof-reading  ;  as  for  example  mis- 
spelled words,  especially  proper  names,  —  '•  Vit- 
terino  da  Feltra "  (pp.  398,  399),  "  Scotus 
Erigina  "  (p.  278),  ••  Furstenschiden  "  (p.  389)  ; 
''ephoebi'*  for  "epheboi"'  (p.  75);  and  such 
slips  of  the  pen  as  the  statement  that  Alexander 
of  Hales  was  the  author  of  the  "  Summa 
Theologiae "  (p.  305),  while  on  a  preceding 
page  it  is  correctly  ascribed  to  Thomas  Aquinas. 
With  such  minor  errors  may  be  classed  the  fre- 
quent omission  of  important  references.  Long 
citations  on  pages  366  and  525  are  not  even  ac- 
companied by  the  name  of  the  work  from  which 
they  are  taken  ;  Aristotle's  ••  Poetics  "'  is  simply 
referred  to  as  "  another  work  "  (p.  155).  Defi- 
nite citation  of  chapter  or  page  is  the  exception. 
It  should  not  be  forgotten  that  a  text-book  of  this 
sort  shoiJd  be  framed  for  the  hand  of  the  teacher 
as  well  as  that  of  the  student,  and  the  critical 
and  literary  apparatus  pro\'ided  accordingly. 

We   are  not  a  little   surprised   to  find  the 


words  "  Ye  shall  know  the  truth,  and  the  truth 
shall  make  you  free  "  ascribed  to  an  "  Apostle  " 
(p.  140 ) ;  does  our  national  ignorance  of  the 
Bible  affect  even  university  professors  ?  On  page 
75  the  terms  "  Iren  "  and  "  MeUiren  "  are  con- 
fused, although  both  have  been  defined  on  a 
preceding  page  in  a  quotation  from  Plutarch. 

But  these  points  are  insignificant  compared 
with  other  and  more  serious  errors.  We  are 
told  that  Plato,  in  the  "  Republic,"  '•  rejects  all 
the  Homeric  poems"  (p.  136),  and  ''would 
eliminate  the  use  of  the  poets  altogether  "  (p.  95). 
The  re\'iewer  can  find  no  such  declarations 
in  the  ••  Republic,"  but  finds  on  the  contrary 
that  Plato  says  distinctly,  after  rejecting  the 
"  pantomimic  poet,"  "  we  ourselves  will  make 
use  of  the  more  severe  and  unattractive  poet " 
(Rep.  398  A.  B.).  Is  it  not  seriously  incorrect 
to  charge  the  Greeks  with  an  "  Oriental  attitude 
toward  womankind  "  (p.  95 )  ?  The  author  as- 
sumes ••  the  absence  of  all  thought  of  the  gods 
or  of  the  future  life  as  having  to  do  with  either 
motive  for  or  outcome  of  conduct  in  this  life." 
Surely  a  moment's  thought  would  have  brought 
to  mind  Minos  and  Rhadamanthus,  and  the 
tenth  lxx)k  of  the  "  Republic,"  and  numberless 
distinct  and  emphatic  expressions  in  Greek  myth 
and  epic  and  drama  and  philosophy,  which 
would  show  the  assiuuption  to  be  utterly  false ; 
indeed  it  is  hard  to  see  how  such  a  phrase  could 
have  been  coined  even  in  the  greatest  haste  and 
heedlessness.  A  similar  misconception  as  to  the 
religious  life  of  the  Greeks  is  found  on  page  750, 
where  their  education  is  said  to  have  excluded 
all  recognition  of  supernatural  or  religious  ele- 
ment. The  very  reading  books  of  the  Greek 
boy.  Homer  and  Hesoid,  were  full  of  just  those 
elements :  and  Plato's  chief  objection  to  parts 
of  these  poems  is  that  their  theology  is  untrue 
and  that  they  are  in  consequence  dangerous  in 
the  extreme.  Moreover  the  whole  life  of  the 
Greek,  boy  and  man,  was  hedged  about  by  the 
religious  and  supernatural  element ;  in  school 
and  out,  the  child  was  constantly  under  its  in- 
fluence. Was  it  not  largely  the  break-down  in 
the  religious  element  which  brought  about  the 
educational  crisis  in  the  days  of  Aristophanes 
and  Socrates,  and  the  subsequent  decay  of 
Greek  life  ? 

We  are  told  that  Francis  Bacon  "  wrote 
nothing  directly  on  education  "  (p.  468) ;  as  a 
matter  of  fact  there  are  several  considerable 
passages  upon  education  in  the  "  Advancement 
of  Learning." 

On  page  732  we  find  the  statement,  concern- 
ing France,  that "  religious  instruction  was  given 


118 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


in  all  the  schools."  The  past  tense  makes  the 
sentence  quite  indefinite,  but  it  is  nevertheless 
misleaJding,  in  view  of  the  fact  that  religious 
instruction  was  abolished  in  the  government 
schools  about  1882,  and  a  moral  and  civic  in- 
struction put  in  its  place.  The  account  of  the 
situation  in  England,  though  apparently  brought 
down  to  1903,  ignores  the  Act  of  1902,  prob- 
ably by  far  the  most  important  educational 
measure  in  the  history  of  English  schools  up  to 
the  present  time.  Since  that  Act  went  into  force 
it  is  no  longer  true  that  "  these  two  systems  of 
State  or  board  schools  and  Church  or  voluntary 
schools  remain  side  by  side  "  (p.  734). 

On  the  question  of  religious  education  the 
book  is  pecidiarly  unfortimate.  We  are  told 
on  page  59  that  "  our  schools  to-day  must  elimi- 
nate the  religious  element ";  is  this  not  simply 
repeating  a  conunon  misapprehension,  that  be- 
cause the  public  school  must  be  unsectarian  it 
must  also  be  non  religious  ?  At  least  the  state- 
ment involves  the  prejudgment  of  a  great  ques- 
tion, and  can  only  be  defended  by  an  exceed- 
ingly narrow  definition  of  the  phrase  "  religious 
element."  It  is  quite  in  accordance  with  this 
that  we  find  Rousseau's  famous  "  Confession  of 
Faith  of  a  Savoyard  Vicar  "  dismissed  with  the 
words  "  we  can  devote  no  attention  to  it  here, 
since  it  is  aside  from  our  main  interest " 
(p.  565).  Nevertheless  we  are  told  that  the 
question  of  religious  education  is  a  problem  of 
very  great  impoi-tance  (p.  750);  and  we  cannot 
but  wonder  why  it  should  be  so  completely 
excluded  from  the  book.  On  the  same  page  we 
read  that  "  Little  or  no  attempt  at  solution  is 
being  made  and  little  interest  aroused. ' '  Is  there 
then  no  Catholic  Church  in  America,  bending 
every  energy  to  this  very  task  ?  And  if  the 
Catholic  activities  are  out  of  the  range  of  the 
author's  attention,  he  might  at  least  have  men- 
tioned the  Religious  Education  Association, 
org-anized  in  1902,  and  numbering  in  1904 
about  2000  members,  very  many  of  whom  are 
educational  leaders. 

It  is  surprising  to  find  Plato's  doctrine  of 
the  education  of  women  held  up  as  the  type 
toward  which  the  twentieth  century  is  striving 
(pp.  140,  141).  "The  differences  lie  in  the 
difference  of  character,  not  in  the  difference  of 
sex  —  a  man  and  a  woman  —  hence  should  have 
the  same  education."  Is  it  not  rather  true  that 
modern  doctrine  admits  fuUy  the  differences  of 
sex,  and  the  consequent  differences  of  educa- 
tion ?  Even  co-education  is  very  far  from  mean- 
ing identical  training,  to  say  nothing  of  identical 
function  in  life,  —  a  part  of  Plato's  chimerical 


scheme  for  the  training  of  women  which  Pro- 
fessor Monroe  woidd  seem  by  implication  also 
to  approve. 

The  style  of  the  book  must  be  dealt  with 
briefly.  Evidences  that  the  author  is  no  incom- 
petent writer  are  abundant ;  many  chapters, 
especially  those  already  mentioned  with  com- 
mendation in  the  earlier  part  of  this  review,  are 
clear  and  quite  sufficiently  polished ;  but  large 
portions  of  the  work  are  marred  in  style  appar- 
ently by  the  same  haste  that  has  played  such 
havoc  with  the  accuracy.  Vagueness,  obscurity, 
and  ambiguity  are  frequent.  There  is  often 
confusion  in  the  summary  of  doctrine,  as  for 
example  the  treatment  of  Rousseau  on  pages 
553-560.  The  title  of  this  section  is  "  Three- 
fold Meaning  of  Nature  in  the  Emile";  the 
three  meanings  are  all  there,  but  in  such  form 
that  the  student  woidd  have  great  difficiilty  in 
apprehending  them  ;  in  fact  only  one  who  knew 
them  in  advance  could  well  feel  sure  that  he  had 
detected  them.  The  account  of  Comenius's 
school  system  (pp.  492  f),  which  might  be  made 
so  perfectly  clear,  is  seriously  clouded  by  lack 
of  clear  progress  and  carefid  use  of  terms. 

There  are  many  minor  defects  of  form,  of 
which  a  few  specimens  may  be  given.  "  Locke 
is  the  founder  of  the  naturalistic  movement  in 
education,  for  in  many  respects,  as  he  freely 
acknowledges,  Rousseau  is  indebted  to  him  " 
(p.  522).  Who  freely  acknowledges  ?  Gram- 
mar and  fact  seem  here  to  be  at  odds.  There 
is  a  frequent  unfortunate  use  of  the  phrase 
"  as  with," —  thus,  "  Locke,  as  with  Rousseau, 
ostensibly  supplanted  authority  by  reason " 
(p.  523).  Not  infrequently  sentences  are  found 
which  are  not  rhetorically  coherent,  as  for  exam- 
ple :  "  As  the  most  important  of  all  English 
writers  on  the  subject  of  education,  or  at  least 
as  ranking  with  Ascham  and  Spencer,  the  main 
thoughts  of  Locke's  treatise  deserve  presenta- 
tion "  (pp.  513,  514).  There  are  many  of  these 
blemishes,  some  obscure,  some  ambiguous,  some 
merely  awkward ;  their  frequency  confirms  the 
belief  that  great  haste  is  the  occasion  of  these 
faidts  also. 

It  is  cause  for  genuine  regret  that  a  piece  of 
work  so  well  begun  and  with  such  great  possi- 
bilities should  be  thus  disfigured  and  damaged 
by  a  multitude  of  errors  and  blemishes,  some 
indeed  of  importance,  but  most  of  them  petty  in 
themselves,  and  all  avoidable  by  more  care  in 
writing,  revising,  and  proof-reading.  But  with 
all  its  f  axdts  the  book  is  probably  the  best  thing 
available  for  college  classes  in  the  liistory  of  edu- 
cation.    Vigilance  on  the  part  of  the  instructor 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


119 


can  do  much  to  correct  the  errors.  We  can  only 
hope  for  an  early  second  edition,  rigorously 
^e^^sed,  and  in  parts  rewritten. 

Edward  O.  Sisson. 


Two  AMERICAX  MEX  of  liEXTERS.* 


Lowell  and  Lanier :  the  names  chime  pleas- 
antly, and  with  some  significance,  thus  linked. 
At  least  two  admirable  studies  recently  pub- 
lished —  among  the  most  notable  offerings  of  a 
year  imusually  rich  in  biographical  literature  — 
impress  the  reader  with  a  definite  feeling  that 
this  elder  bard  of  New  England,  with  his  clear 
ideality  of  vision,  and  this  later  southern  min- 
strel, with  his  fine  perception  of  the  spiritual 
sense  of  life,  are  closely  akin  in  the  lyric  brother- 
hood. We  will  not  push  the  parallel.  The 
differences  and  discrepancies  are  palpable  in  the 
achievement  of  the  younger  poet  whose  fanej' 
had  liardly  begun  its  second  flight ;  Lanier's 
singing  stopped  in  the  poet's  fortieth  year,  just 
ten  years  before  the  life  of  Lowell  cl(»ed  at  the 
full  age  of  seventy. 

Mr.  Greenslet's  study  of  Lowell  is  admirably 
matle.  The  material  at  hand,  including  the 
recently-augmented  edition  of  the  poet's  letters, 
must  have  been  almost  embarrassing  in  its  ful- 
ness to  one  whose  purpose  was  to  present  \*dthin 
the  space  of  a  single  volume  a  comprehensive 
view  of  the  life  of  Lowell  and  a  consistent  inter- 
pretation of  his  work.  However  that  may  be, 
the  result  is  a  compact  record  of  this  many- 
sided  life  and  a  really  judicial  discussion  of  the 
poet's  place  in  literatiure  —  the  first  essentially 
critical  biography  of  Lowell  yet  attempted. 

Our  gleaning  from  the  volume  must  be 
meagre.  !Mr.  Greenslet's  survey  does  not  add 
materially  to  the  vital  facts  of  Lowell's  life  as 
ah-eady  familiar.  There  was,  to  begin  with,  the 
auspicious  environment  of  Elmwootl  —  the 
stately  colonial  mansion  set  in  a  ''  bowery  lone- 
liness "  which  drew  the  bluebirds  and  the  orioles 
and  the  robins, —  where  the  love  of  outtloor  life 
was  bred  :  and  indoors  there  were  books, —  his 
clergyman-father's  well-selected  library,  \^'ithin 
and  among  which  he  browsed  knowingly :  as  a 
child  he  was  read  to  sleep  from  •'  The  Faerie 
Queene,"  and  rehearsed  its  adventurous  episodes 
to  his  playmates.  Then  came  the  four  years  of 
the  Harvai-d  student,  coloretl  by  a  few  whimsi- 
cal breaches   of  academic   decorum,  of  which 

•James  Busskix  Lowell.  His  Life  and  Work.  By  Ferris 
Greenslet.    Illustrated.    Boston :  Hoxighton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 

Sidney  Lakiek.  By  Edwin  Mims.  Illustrated.  Boston: 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 


more  is  said,  perhaps,  than  of  the  fact  that  in 
his  own  independent  v^'ay  the  youth  was  reading 
omnivorously  in  all  the  rich  pastures  (if  one  may 
in  this  connection  so  mix  the  metaphor)  of  the 
world's  literature.  For  three  years  he  nerve- 
lessly pursued  the  law.  At  last  he  began  to 
find  himself,  and,  in  1843,  elected  literature. 

Lowells  verse  received  its  first  potent  impulse 
in  his  love  for  Maria  White  ;  but  definite  inspi- 
ration came,  with  the  development  of  his  demo- 
cratic instincts  and  his  ardent  humanitarianism, 
in  the  early  forties.  Temperance  reform,  then 
woman  suffrage,  finally  the  anti-slaverj'  move- 
ment, enlisted  his  fervent  support.  In  that 
epoch  of  stormy  debate  he  did  not  withhold  his 
voice.  The  spirit  which  shaped  some  of  his  most 
characteristic  work  was  already  evoked.  His 
ringing  utterance  was  heard  in  poems  like  the 
"  Stanzas  on  Freedom,"  and  the  sonnet  to 
Wendell  Phillips,  both  of  which  belong  to  1843. 
"The  Present  Crisis,"  that  superb  climax  of 
lyric  eloquence,  came  in  1845.  The  year  1848 
is  designated  by  the  biographer  as  Lowell's 
annus  mirabilis.  It  saw  the  publication  of  the 
second  series  of  the  "  Poems  ''  and  the  comple- 
tion of  "  The  Fable  for  Critics,"  the  '•  Biglow 
Papers,''  and  the  "Vision  of  Sir  Launfal"; 
these  besides  niunerous  articles  and  poems  con- 
tributed to  the  magazines. 

For  Lowell  the  satirist,  Mr.  Grreenslet  has 
unqualified  praise. 

"  Little  as  he  liked  to  be  reminded  of  it  in  his  later 
years,  Lowell  was  the  author  of  the  ♦  Biglow  Papers,' 
and  it  is  as  the  author  of  the  '  Biglow  Papers  '  that  he 
is  likely  to  be  longest  remembered.  ...  In  variety, 
unction,  quotability,  ethical  earnestness,  humor,  wit, 
fun,  even  in  pure  poetry  and  pathos,  they  stand  quite 
by  themselves  in  American  literature.  Criticism  can- 
not touch  them." 

Oftener  than  we  are  apt  to  remember,  these 
years  of  Lowell's  early  manhood  were  in^'aded 
by  sorrow.  In  1847  the  Lowells  lost  their  little 
daughter  Blanche,  scarce  a  twelvemonth  old ; 
three  years  later.  Rose,  their  third  child,  died  in 
infancy.  The  intimate  personal  expression  of 
the  poet's  grief  is  given  in  the  affecting  lyrics : 
"  She  Came  and  Went,"  "  The  Changeling," 
and  "The  First  Snowfall."  In  1850  the 
poets  mother,  —  from  whom  he  had  inherited 
the  strong  mystical  tendency  so  clearly  felt  in 
his  serious  work  as  a  whole,  —  died ;  her  in- 
tensely imaginative  mind  had  become  disordered 
in  1842,  and  for  several  years  she  had  been  an 
inmate  of  an  asylum.  The  cloud  had  rested 
heavily  over  the  household,  but  bitterness  was 
still  in  store.  In  1852,  while  enjoying  their  first 
trip  abroad,  the  Lowells  were  again  bereaved 


120 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


in  the  death  of  Walter,  their  little  son,  as  they 
were  passing  the  winter  in  Rome.  Meanwhile 
Mrs.  Lowell's  health  had  been  declining,  and 
soon  after  the  return  home,  in  1853,  the  poet 
buried  the  wife  of  his  youth.  His  burden  of 
grief  is  felt  in  ''  Palinode,"  "  After  the  Burial," 
and  "  The  Dead  House."  "  Something  broke 
my  life  in  two,"  he  said  later,  "  and  I  cannot 
piece  it  together  again." 

Of  the  history  conveyed  in  the  later  chapters 
of  this  work  we  have  not  space  to  speak.  The 
biogi'apher  has  given  a  vivacious  record  of  the 
multiform  activity  which  so  distinguishes  this 
useful  representative  of  letters,  this  cultured 
servant  of  democracy  in  public  life. 

Mr.  Greenslet's  critical  estimate  of  Lowell's 
work  in  verse  and  prose  is  conservative  and 
altogether  judicious.  Of  the  thi'ee  himdred 
poems  included  in  the  final  edition  of  the  works, 
less  than  fifty,  he  believes,  "  possess  any  vivid 
poetical  life."  Among  the  traits  which  give 
distinction  to  Lowell's  best  poetry,  he  empha- 
sizes :  "  the  utter  and  fervent  sincerity  of  the 
moods  expressed  in  it";  "the  amount  of  mind 
that  lay  back  of  it"  —  he  finds  in  Lowell  more 
of  the  Shakespearian  mind  than  in  any  other 
American  poet ;  and  "  the  consistent  ideality 
which  was  both  root  and  branch  of  his  abound- 
ing intellectual  life."  These  qualities,  together 
with  a  keen,  sensuous  love  of  nature,  Lowell 
had ;  the  indispensable  gift  of  poetic  style  he 
had,  also,  —  "  but  intermittently  ;  it  is  shown 
multitudinously  in  lines  and  passages,  rarely 
through  entire  poems."  For  the  "  Conunemo- 
ration  Ode  "  and  the  "  Agassiz,"  the  critic  ex- 
presses natural  and  imqualified  admiration  ;  it 
is,  however,  to  the  "  Biglow  Papers,"  vitalized 
by  the  fluent  and  irrepressible  wit  of  the  satirist, 
that  he  recurs  oftenest,  and  with  a  final  word 
of  highest  praise.  In  speaking  of  Lowell's 
prose,  "  savory  "  is  the  apt  word  with  which  Mr. 
Greenslet  describes  his  style.  In  the  best  prose 
of  the  essayist,  he  finds  a  union  of  vitality  and 
antiquarianism  which  imparts  one  of  the  chief 
charms  to  his  diction.  "  Side  by  side  with  sub- 
tilely  allusive  phrases  that  tlirill  the  ripe  reader 
with  gleaming  memories  of  old  and  far-oif  au- 
thors will  be  found  some  breezy  vocable  of  the 
street  that  strikes  a  sudden  gust  of  fresh  air 
across  the  page."  It  is  as  a  critic  of  literature, 
Mr.  Greenslet  thinks,  that  Lowell's  fame  will 
probably  be  most  enduring,  at  least  that  his 
work  as  a  critic  of  literature  "  wiU  last  in  greater 
bulk  than  anything  else  of  his."  If  his  criticism 
is  not  always  temperate,  not  always  judicious,  or 
minutely  accurate  in  scholarship,  "it  is,  none 


the  less,  richer  in  humor,  metaphor,  gusto,  —  in 
short,  in  genius,  —  than  any  other  critical  writ- 
ing that  America  has  protluced  ;  and  it  is  not  far 
surpassed  in  these  qualities  by  anythmg  in  the 
language."  With  a  glowing  tribute  to  Lowell's 
potent  influence  in  the  cause  of  cidture  and  of 
conscience  while  alive,  his  biogi'apher  prophesies 
the  enduring  potency  of  this  many-sided  talent 
suffused  throughout  the  works  of  "  the  first  true 
American  man  of  Letters." 

In  the  stormy  battle  years  of  1861-5,  when 
Lowell,  already  secure  in  the  fame  of  his  early 
verse,  was  flashing  Northern  sentiment  into  the 
sharp  and  stinging  lines  of  the  second  "  Biglow 
Papers,"  Sidney  Lanier  was  fighting  as  a  pri- 
vate soldier  under  the  flag  of  the  Confederacy. 
Born  in  Macon,  Georgia,  in  1842,  he  had  just 
completed  his  college  course  in  Oglethorpe  and 
had  been  called  to  a  position  as  tutor  in  that 
institution,  when  the  war  broke.  Lanier  flung 
himself  into  the  struggle  with  the  same  ardor 
that  sent  Paul  Hamilton  Hayne,  George  W. 
Cable,  Maurice  Thompson,  and  the  poet  Timrod 
to  the  support  of  the  Southern  cause.  Sidney 
Lanier  and  his  brother,  Clifford, —  two  slender 
gray-eyed  youths,  inseparable  in  their  service  of 
danger  and  hardship  —  extracted  all  the  romance 
which  their  experience  provided.  In  1863,  they 
were  on  scout  duty  along  the  James ;  Lanier 
wrote  later  with  enthusiasm  of  his  army  life  : 

"  We  had  a  flute  and  a  guitar,  good  horses,  a  beauti- 
ful country,  splendid  residences  inhabited  by  friends 
who  loved  us,  and  plenty  of  hair-breadth  escapes  from 
the  roving  bands  of  Federals.  Clifl:'  and  I  never  cease 
to  talk  of  the  beautiful  women,  the  serenades,  the 
moonlight  dashes  on  the  beach  of  fair  Burwell's  Bay 
and  the  spirited  brushes  of  our  little  force  with  the 
enemy." 

Poor  Lanier  —  it  is  almost  all  there  —  his  whole 
brief  story  I  the  brushes  with  the  enemy,  the 
hair-breadth  escapes,  the  music  and  the  romance, 
the  boyish  enthusiasm,  the  pluck,  the  heroism  — 
and  complaint,  never  !  The  pathos,  also,  in  that 
brief  life  of  achievement,  which  began  when 
the  war  closed,  —  that  note,  too,  was  struck 
in  these  prophetic  years.  In  '64  the  brothers 
were  transferred  to  Wilmington,  and  placed  as 
signal  officers  upon  the  blockade-runners.  Here 
Sidney  Lanier  was  captured  and  for  five  months 
was  confined  in  the  Federal  prison  at  Camp 
Lookout ;  it  well-nigh  became  his  tomb.  With 
emaciated  frame  and  shattered  physique  the 
young  soldier  went  home,  like  so  many  other 
youthfrd  veterans,  south  and  north,  to  fight  for 
life  in  the  coming  years.  With  Lanier  the 
struggle  was  for  both  life  and  livelihood.     He 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


121 


was  twenty-three  years  old,  unsettled  as  to  his 
future,  and  under  the  shadow  of  those  '•  raven 
days  "  of  the  desolated  and  demoralized  South. 
"  Our  hearths  are  gone  out  and  our  hearts  are 
broken  " —  he  plaintively  sang  ;  yet  he  turned 
the  plaint  into  a  song  of  cheer ;  still  he  found 
the  romance.  In  1867  he  was  married  to  Miss 
Mary  Day,  of  Macon,  and  the  poems  of  his 
wooing-time  and  of  his  wedded  life  are  as  tender 
and  sweet  as  the  lyrics  Lowell  sang  to  Maria 
^\Tiite.  For  five  years  Lanier  tried  to  follow 
the  law,  and  then,  in  1873,  he  gave  hiuLself  to 
art.  He  went  to  Baltimore,  alone  —  except  for 
his  flute.  Lanier's  flute  is  as  famous  as  Lanier ; 
it  is  a  part  of  his  personality".  Its  mellow  notes 
had  cheered  the  soldier  and  his  comrades  by 
camp-fire  and  in  prison  :  it  had  been  softly 
played  in  many  a  surreptitious  serenade  ;  but  it 
was  more  \Nddely  known  than  this,  for  Lanier 
was  a  musician  of  remarkable  power,  and  he  was 
called  by  many  the  finest  flute-player  in  America, 
if  not  in  the  world.  Lanier's  musical  genius  is 
almost  the  chief  element  in  his  story.  So  far 
as  he  covdd  trace  his  ancestry  it  disclosed  this 
talent  in  its  possession :  in  the  Restoration  period 
thei*e  were  five  Laniei*s  in  England  who  were 
musicians  ;  in  Charles  I.'s  time  Nicholas  Lanier 
was  painted  by  Van  Dyke,  and  ^\Tote  music  for 
the  masques  of  Jonson  and  for  the  lyrics  of  Her- 
rick  ;  the  father  of  this  Nicholas  was  a  musician 
in  the  household  of  Queen  Elizabeth  :  thus  Sid- 
ney Lanier  came  natiirally  by  his  gift.  In  Balti- 
more, Lanier's  flute  secured  him  a  jx>sition  in 
the  Peabody  Orchestra,  and  furnished  the  means 
of  living  for  sevei^al  years.  Theodore  Thomas 
is  said  to  have  been  on  the  point  of  making  the 
artist  first  flute-player  in  his  orchestra,  when 
Lanier's  health  finally  failed  and  he  was  com- 
jjelled  to  give  up  the  struggle. 

But  Sidney  Lanier  foimd  also  in  Baltimore 
his  fii"st  opportunit}"  to  gratify  what  had  been 
the  ambition  of  the  years  since  his  college  course 
—  the  opportunity  to  study  literature  and  the 
scientific  principles  of  verse.  The  unfulfilled 
dream  of  his  youth  had  been  a  systematic  course 
in  the  German  universities  ;  this  was  not  to  be 
realized,  but  in  the  richly-equipped  Peabody 
Libraiy  of  Baltimoi-e  he  found  his  university. 
Never  was  there  a  more  assiduous  student. 
Especially  did  he  devote  himseK  to  the  field  of 
Old  English  i^oetiy.  Soon  there  were  uiAata- 
tions  to  lecture,  and  in  the  city  he  came  to  have 
an  established  reputation  as  a  fascinating  lec- 
turer on  English  literature.  In  1875  he  first 
won  i-ecognition  as  a  poet  by  the  publication  of 
"•  Com  "'  in  "  Lippincott's  Magazine  ";  and  four 


months  later  his  more  successful  poem  "  The 
Symphony "  appeared  in  the  same  magazine. 
His  new  friendship  with  Bayard  Taylor  pro- 
duced the  in\'itation  to  write  the  words  for  the 
Centennial  Cantata.  The  first  collection  of  his 
poems  was  published  in  1877. 

Lanier's  story  is  less  familiar  to  the  general 
reader  than  is  that  of  Lowell,  and  it  is  so  com- 
pelling that  we  have  been  betrayed  into  these 
details.  The  real  pathos  of  it  may  best  be  sug- 
gested by  two  quotations  from  his  letters  to  his 
friend  and  fellow-poet,  Hayne.  Writing  in  the 
early  seventies,  he  says  : 

"  I  have  not  put  pen  to  paper  in  a  literary  way  in  a 
long  time.  How  I  thirst  to  do  so,  —  how  I  long  to  sing 
a  thousand  various  songs  that  oppress  me  unsimg  —  is 
unexpressible.  Yet  the  mere  work  that  brings  me 
bread  gives  me  no  time." 

Again,  when  the  tale  of  his  life  was  almost  told, 
under  date  of  November  19, 1880,  he  writes  : 

"  For  six  months  past  a  ghastly  fever  has  taken  pos- 
session of  me  each  day  at  about  12  m.,  and  holding  my 
head  imder  the  siu^ace  of  indescribable  distress  for  the 
next  twentj-  hours,  subsiding  only  enough  each  morning 
to  let  me  get  on  my  working  harness,  but  never  inter- 
mitting. ...  I  have  myself  been  disposed  to  think  it 
arose  purely  from  the  bitterness  of  having  to  spend  my 
time  in  making  academic  lectures  and  boys'  books 
[the  series  of  "  The  Boy's  King  Arthiu-,"  "  The  Boy's 
Froissart,"  etc.]  —  pot-boilers  all  —  when  a  thousand 
songs  are  singing  in  my  heart  that  will  certainly  kill 
me  if  I  do  not  utter  them  soon." 

Yet  the  poet  extractetl  the  joy  of  life,  as  he 
toiled,  singing,  with  his  "Tampa  Robins"  — 

'■  If  that  I  hate  wild  winter's  spite  — 
The  gibbet  trees,  the  world  in  white, 
The  sky  but  gfray  wind  o'er  a  grave  — 
Why  should  I  ache,  the  season's  slave? 
I  'U  sing  from  the  top  of  the  orange-tree 
Gramercy,  icinter^s  tyranny." 

Thus,  too,  through  the  last  suffering  years  of 
his  illness  and  weakness  he  went  patiently, 
blithely :  singing  the  song  of  his  "  Stimip-Cup  " 
—  his  lx)ld  challenge  to  Death : 

■■  David  to  thy  distillage  went, 
Keats,  and  Gotama  excellent, 
Omar  Khayyam,  and  Chaucer  bright, 
And  Shakespeare  for  a  king-delight. 

"  Then.  Time,  let  not  a  drop  be  spilt : 
Hand  me  the  cup  whene'er  thou  wilt ; 
'Tis  thy  rich  stirmp-cup  to  me ; 
1 11  drink  it  down  right  smilingly." 

In  i-apid  succession  he  ^vrote  three  wonderful 
poems,  each  a  masterpiece :  "  The  Revenge  of 
Hamish,"'  *'  How  Love  looked  for  Hell,"  and 
"The  Marshes  of  Glynn."  In  1879  the  poet  was 
appointed  to  a  lectureship  in  the  Johns  Hopkins 
University.  The  fruit  of  this  professional  con- 
nection we   have  in   two   volumes,  neither   of 


122 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


which  is  characterized  by  scientific  precision 
or  minutely  accurate  scholarship ;  nevertheless 
"  The  Science  of  English  Verse "  and  "  The 
English  Novel  "  are  recognized  as  indispensable 
to  the  student  of  English  literature  to-day.  In 
the  winter  of  1880-1  Lanier  gave  up  the  pam- 
fid  struggle  ;  withdrawing  from  the  University, 
he  went  for  relief  to  the  pine  lands  in  the 
mountains  of  North  Carolina.  Here,  Septem- 
ber 7,  1881,  he  passed  away. 

This  is  the  mere  outline  of  the  heroic  life,  the 
story  of  which  has  now  been  told  by  Mr.  Mims. 
The  characteristics  of  this  interesting  volume 
are  its  picturesqueness,  its  simplicity,  its  fulness 
of  detail  and  its  dispassionate  discussion  of 
Lanier's  claims  to  a  permanent  place  among  our 
American  poets  of  fame.  Not  the  least  valuable 
of  its  features  is  the  intelligent  and  sympathetic 
presentation  of  the  South's  condition  at  the 
close  of  the  war.  To  the  general  student  of 
American  literature,  this  phase  of  the  work  is 
most  illuminating  in  relation  to  the  recent  lit- 
erary development  of  the  South,  as  well  as  in 
the  narrower  relation  of  its  influence  upon  the 
intellectual  growth  of  Sidney  Lanier.  Mr. 
Mims's  work  represents  the  first  complete  bio- 
graphy of  this  southern  poet.  It  is  something 
of  a  distinction  to  have  served  as  the  first  inter- 
preter of  a  character  so  fine  and  rare ;  it  is  a 
gi'eat  distinction  to  have  performed  the  honor- 
able service  so  well. 

Lowell  and  Lanier :  they  met  once,  in  1875. 
Lanier  was  in  Boston  visiting  Charlotte  Cush- 
man,  his  very  dear  friend,  then  ill  at  the  Parker 
House.  Two  delightful  afternoons  were  spent 
with  Longfellow  and  Lowell.  Of  this  visit  the 
latter  afterward  wrote : 

"  He  was  not  only  a  man  of  genius  with  a  rai-e  gift 
for  the  happy  word,  but  had  in  him  qualities  that  won 
affection  and  commanded  respect.  I  had  the  pleasiu-e 
of  seeing  him  but  once,  when  he  called  on  me  '  in  more 
gladsome  days,'  at  Elm  wood,  but  the  image  of  his  shin- 
ing presence  is  among  the  friendliest  in  my  memory." 

LoweU  and  Lanier  :  they  were  somewhat  alike 
in  their  ideality,  their  sincerity,  their  intellectu- 
ality, in  the  deep  spiritual  vision  which  has 
glimpses  of  things  beyond  the  knowledge  of  the 
world  ;  they  were  not  unlike  in  their  poetic  tone. 
Lanier  was  hardly  more  than  thirty-nine  at  his 
death;  what  might  he  not  have  done  had  he 
been  given  ten  years  longer  to  live  and  sing ! 
StiU  he  had  written  the  poems  which  we  have 
named;  he  had  written  "The  Song  of  the 
Chattahooche,"  the  "Psalm  of  the  West," 
"  Sunrise  "--and  "  The  Marshes  of  Glynn." 

W.  E.  SiMONDS. 


An  Oxford  History  or  England.* 

In  Great  Britain,  as  upon  the  continent  and 
in  our  own  coimtry,  the  cooperative  method  of 
writmg  history  is  in  favor.  The  "  Cambridge 
Modern  History  "  now  in  the  midst  of  its  course 
is,  of  English  works,  the  most  distinguished  one 
of  this  character  ;  but  several  have  already  been 
carried  through,  and  more  are  promised  shortly. 
Among  those  which  are  just  making  their  ap- 
pearance, none  will  be  regarded  by  students  with 
greater  interest  than  the  "Political  History  of 
England,"  which  is  to  be  published,  in  twelve 
volumes,  under  the  editorship  of  the  Reverend 
William  Hunt  and  Mr.  Reginald  Lane  Poole. 
These  names  assui-e  for  the  series  warm  appre- 
ciation in  the  world  of  scholarship,  for  Dr. 
Hmit,  now  President  of  the  Royal  Historical 
Society,  has  recently  been  associated  with  the 
Dean  of  Winchester  in  editing  the  best  history 
of  the  English  Church  that  has  yet  appeared  ; 
while  Mr.  Poole,  who,  since  Gardiner's  death, 
has  been  sole  editor  of  the  "  English  Historical 
Review,"  has  himself  done  much  in  other  ways 
for  the  growth  of  historical  and  cartographical 
science. 

If  the  names  of  the  editors  are  likely  to  in- 
spire confidence,  no  less  can  be  said  of  the  au- 
thors of  the  twelve  volmnes.  Had  another  title 
been  sought  for  the  work,  this  might  well  have 
been  "The  Oxford  English  History";  for  not 
only  the  editors,  but  all  except  two  of  the  thir- 
teen authors  (one  of  the  volumes  is  written  by 
two  men)  either  are  now  or  have  been  coim^ected 
with  Oxford  University.  The  two  exceptions 
are  Mr.  Thomas  Hodgkin,  who  will  write  of 
England  before  the  Norman  Conquest,  and  Mr. 
George  Burton  Adams,  Professor  of  History  in 
Yale  University,  whose  book  carries  the  narra- 
tive from  the  Conquest  to  the  end  of  the  reigii 
of  John. 

This  limitation  to  a  few  authors  gives  each  the 
opportimity  for  treatment  of  an  extended  period, 
and  residts  in  solid  volimies  of  nearly  five  hun- 
dred pages,  instead  of  many  individual  chapters, 
as  in  the  "  Cambridge  Modern  History,"  or  a 
large  number  of  small  treatises,  as  in  "  The 
American  Nation."  There  are  no  illustrations 
other  than  a  few  maps,  carefully  prepared  for 
their    historical    significance.       An    especially 

*  A  Political  History  of  England.  Edited  by  Rev.  William 
Hunt,  M.A.,  and  Reginald  L.  Poole,  M.A.  Vol.  II.,  From  the 
Norman  Conquest  to  the  Death  of  John  (1066-1216),  by  George 
Burton  Adams.  Vol.  III.,  From  the  Accession  of  Henry  III. 
to  the  Death  of  Edward  III.  (1216-1377).  by  T.  F.  Tout,  M.A. 
Vol.  X.,  From  the  Accession  of  George  III.  to  the  Close  of 
Pitt's  First  Administration  (1760-1801).  by  William  Hunt.  M.A. 
New  York :  Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


123 


praiseworthy  feature  is  the  thorough  biblio- 
graphical apparatus  appended  to  each  volume. 

The  etlitors  have  done  their  work  silently. 
Thus  far  the  volumes  appear  i^-ithout  individual 
prefaces,  and  one  finds  no  "  etlitors'  introduc- 
tions "  beyond  a  two-page  statement  of  the  pur- 
pose of  the  work  as  a  whole.  The  process  of 
*'  linking  "  is  left  to  the  reader,  who,  miassisted 
by  editorial  finger-posts,  may  find  the  good 
things  for  himself.  In  this  respect  the  three 
volumes  which  we  have  now  to  review  seem  to 
us  to  have  suffered  no  loss. 

These  volumes  are  the  second,  third,  and 
tenth  of  the  series  ;  and  together  they  amount 
to  more  than  tliirteen  himdred  pages  of  text.  It 
is  evident  that  within  the  limits  of  a  brief  review, 
criticism  of  detail  must  give  place  to  general 
suggestions.  In  Professor  Adams's  book,  we 
find  the  period  1066-1216  handled  with  the 
calm  judgment  which  the  author's  former  writ- 
ingfs  in  this  and  kindred  fields  have  led  us  to 
expect ;  and  we  comment  on  this  the  more,  by 
reason  of  the  eonti'oversial  tone  which  has  per- 
vaded much  that  others  have  written  upon  the 
same  topic.  The  reigns  of  the  Norman  and 
earlier  Plantagenet  kings  present  to  the  student 
many  problems  which  even  England's  wealth  of 
historical  sources  has  not  yet  made  perfectly 
clear.  Much  of  the  recent  work  has  been  rather 
destructively  critical,  and  the  reflection  of  this 
in  Professor  Adams's  lx)ok  leaves  the  reader 
with  a  certain  feeling  of  negation.  William, 
we  are  told,  did  not  regard  aU  the  land  of  the 
English  as  rightlv  confiscate.  That  the  manors 
of  the  feudal  barons  were  scattered  about  in 
different  parts  of  England  must  not  be  attrib- 
uted to  a  conscious  intention  thereby  to  weaken 
their  power.  The  traditional  view  of  the  mak- 
ing of  the  New  Forest  is  open  to  question.  The 
oath  at  Salisburj',  again,  was  not  a  very  novel 
performance.  These  negative  opinions  might 
leave  the  student  sorrowing  for  his  departed 
faith,  did  not  Professor  Adams  supply  occasional 
passages  upon  the  constitutional  changes  and 
social  development  of  the  period  —  such  as  the 
discussion  of  feudalism  (pp.  14-23)  or  that  of 
ecclesiastical  affairs  (pp.  38-50)  —  so  sugges- 
tive and  stiinxdating  as  to  make  one  regret  the 
great  emphasis  laid  upon  political  history  to  the 
hurt  of  other  fields.  Taken  as  a  whole,  the  work 
of  Professor  Adams  covers  a  difficult  period  of 
English  history  with  a  combination  of  unity  and 
depth  that  neither  Sir  James  Ramsay  nor  Miss 
Norgate  has  completely  attained. 

With  the  struggle  over  the  Charter  and  with 
the  death  of  John,  Professor  Adams  leaves  the 


story.  It  is  taken  up  by  Professor  Tout,  to 
whom  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries 
are  familiar  groiuid.  This  volume  carries  the 
narrative  down  to  1377,  and,  like  the  preced- 
ing one,  leaves  England  in  an  age  of  transition, 
—  the  age  of  Froissart,  of  Wyclif,  and  of 
Chaucer.  During  this  long  and  eventful  time, 
but  four  kings  ruled  in  England,  Henry  III. 
and  the  three  Edwards,  and  son  succeeded 
father.  Two  of  them  were  great,  though  in  very 
different  ways,  and  with  very  different  results 
for  their  land.  But  under  all  four  the  growth 
of  England's  sturdy  national  life  went  on.  In 
this  volimie,  as  in  that  which  preceded  it,  we 
cannot  but  regret  the  entire  subordination  of 
everything  to  politics,  which  we  do  not  believe 
to  make  all  of  history.  Here  only  a  part  of  the 
fourth  chapter  and  the  entire  last  chapter  are 
devoted  to  those  deeper  changes  in  town  and 
country,  in  Church  and  University,  in  law  and 
art,  which  after  all  is  said  are  what  to-day  inter- 
est us  in  mediaeval  life.  But  with  this  limita- 
tion —  and  such  it  seems  to  be  —  we  must  not 
quarrel,  for  it  is  an  intended  characteristic  of 
the  whole  series. 

From  the  middle  ages  to  the  reign  of  George 
HI.  constitutes  a  sudden  and  difficult  leap,  and 
perhaps  this  fact  is  sufficient  to  account  for 
the  feeling  of  relative  disappointment  that  we 
get  from  reading  the  tenth  volume,  the  work  of 
the  editor.  Dr.  Hunt,  which  extends  over  the 
years  1760-1801.  It  seems  hard  for  modem 
English  historians  who  write  of  the  eighteenth 
century  to  suppress  their  own  political  senti- 
ments. K  Mr.  Trevelyan,  for  example,  has 
given  us  a  Whiggish  history  of  England,  here  is 
a  good  Tory  antidote.  Not  that  Dr.  Hunt's  work 
is  unscientific  or  intentionally  partisan, —  on  the 
contrar}-  there  is  evidence  that  the  writer  has 
striven  to  be  just  throughout.  His  proclivities 
appear,  however,  in  the  descriptive  adjectives 
and  epithets  applied  to  men  and  measures, — 
Home  Tooke,  for  example,  is  always  labelled, — 
as  well  as  in  the  larger  discussions  and  inter- 
pellations of  events.  The  younger  Pitt  is  very 
properly  his  hero,  and  King  Greorge  himself 
appears  as  a  greater  man  than  in  most  accounts 
of  the  reign.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Whigs  in 
general,  and  Charles  James  Fox  in  particular, 
are  handled  with  an  acerbity  which  contrasts 
amusingly  with  the  over-sympathetic  estimate 
of  Mr.  Trevelyan. 

For  revolutions  Dr.  Hunt  has  no  love.  Speak- 
ing of  the  younger  Pitt  he  says  : 

"  In  later  days  [he]  altogether  abandoned  a  liberal 
policy,  for  he  was  called  on  to  give  England  that  which 


124 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


is  infinitely  more  important  than  liberal  measures,  the 
preservation  of  its  constitutional  and  social  life  from 
the  danger  of  revolution  "  (p.  283). 

This  may  be  regarded  as  typical  of  Dr.  Hunt's 
attitude.  What  he  says  of  the  French  Rev- 
olution would  indicate  that  he  took  rather  a 
narrow  view  of  the  real  meaning  of  that  mighty 
struggle.  Ireland  fares  little  better.  But,  while 
it  would  be  of  interest  to  examine  Dr.  Hunt's 
general  account  of  the  close  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  we  feel  that  it  is  more  important  to 
discuss  briefly  his  attitude  in  respect  to  our  own 
controversy  with  the  mother-country.  This 
attitude  is  strikingly  like  that  of  Chalmers,  and 
is  presented  in  a  summary  which  the  author 
gives  on  pages  141—142. 

"The  spirit  which  imderlay  it  can  be  traced  with 
growing  distinctness  since  1690  ;  it  was  a  spirit  of  inde- 
pendence, puritan  in  religion  and  republican  in  politics, 
impatient  of  control,  self-assertive,  and  disposed  to 
opposition.  It  was  irritated  by  restraints  on  industry 
and  commerce,  and  found  opportmiities  for  expression 
ill  a  system  which  gave  the  colonies  representative 
assemblies  while  it  withheld  rights  of  self-government. 
...  It  is  to  be  remembered  that  England's  colonial 
policy  was  then,  as  it  is  now,  the  most  liberal  in  the 
world.  American  discontent  existed  before  the  reign 
of  George  III.;  it  was  kept  in  check  by  the  fear  of 
French  invasion.  It  was  when  that  fear  was  removed 
that  England  began  to  enforce  the  restraints  on  com- 
merce. This  change  in  policy  fell  most  heavily  on  the 
New  England  provinces,  where  Whig  tendencies  were 
strongest,  and  specially  on  Massachusetts.  A  small  and 
violent  party  in  the  province  famied  the  flame  of  dis- 
content, and  the  attempts  at  taxation,  which  added  to 
the  grievances  of  the  colonists,  afforded  a  respectable 
cry  to  the  fomenters  of  resistance.  Their  wish  was 
aided  by  the  apprehension  aroused  in  the  minds  of  their 
fellow  countrymen,  by  the  increase  in  the  part  played 
by  the  prerogative  and  by  the  predominance  of  the 
Tories  in  England.  While  men  in  other  provinces,  as 
Patrick  Henry  in  Virginia,  worked  in  sympathy  with 
Samuel  Adams  and  his  associates,  the  revolution  was  at 
its  outset  engineered  at  Boston,  and  was  immediately 
determined  by  the  quarrel  between  Great  Britain  and 
Massachusetts.  In  the  events  which  led  to  the  Revo- 
lution the  British  government  appears  to  have  shown  a 
shortsighted  insistence  on  legal  rights  and  a  contemptu- 
ous disregard  of  the  sentiments  and  opinions  of  the 
colonists  ;  the  revolutionists  generally  a  turbulent,  inso- 
lent, and  unreasonable  temper." 

With  the  narrative  of  the  bare  events  of  the 
Revolution  we  have  little  faidt  to  find,  but  Dr. 
Hunt's  interpretation  of  these,  and  his  grasp 
of  colonial  conditions,  seem  to  us  not  entirely 
satisfying.  Let  us  take  for  example  his  descrip- 
tion of  the  colonies  found  on  page  54. 

"Though  Puritanism  as  a  religious  force  was  well  nigh 
extinct  in  the  Xew  England  provinces,  it  affected  the 
temper  of  the  people :  they  set  a  high  value  on  speech 
making  and  fine  words,  and  were  litigious  and  obsti- 
nate ;  lawyers  were  plentif  id  among  them  and  had  much 
influence." 


Dr.  Hunt  fails  to  mention  that  the  legal  pro- 
fession, in  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland, 
and  Virginia,  was  of  longer  training  and  of 
greater  reputation  :  indeed  his  references  to  the 
middle  and  southern  colonies  is  in  general  unsat- 
isfactory.    Again  the  author  goes  on  to  say : 

"  Their  [the  colonies']  constitutions  differed  in  vari- 
ous points;  in  some  the  governor  was  appointed  by  the 
crown,  in  others  by  the  proprietary.  All  alike  enjoyed 
a  large  measure  of  personal  and  political  freedom ;  the 
had  the  form  and  substance  of  the  British  Constitution : 
they  had  representative  assemblies  in  which  they  taxed 
themselves  for  their  domestic  purposes,  chose  most  of 
their  own  magistrates,  and  paid  them  all;  and  it  was 
seldom  that  their  legislation  was  interfered  with  except 
with  respect  to  commerce." 

Such  general  statements  are  hazardous.  In  the 
proprietary  provinces,  in  1760,  the  governors, 
although  nominated  indeed  by  the  proprietors, 
were  subject  to  the  approval  and  control  of  the 
crown.  In  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut,  on 
the  contrary,  the  governors  were  elected,  and 
not  appointed  at  all.  As  to  the  choosing  of  mag- 
istrates, the  statement  in  the  text  would  have, 
in  the  case  of  some  colonies,  e.  g.  Maryland,  to 
undergo  serious  limitation.  If  customs  officers 
are  to  be  included,  not  all  magistrates  were  paid 
by  the  assemblies,  and  if  the  last  clause  be 
literally  true,  surely  such  important  exceptions 
as  the  vetoes  and  prohibitory  legislation  of  En- 
gland as  to  paper  money,  land-banks,  and  tobacco 
currency  shoidd  at  least  be  mentioned. 

In  this  one  respect  like  Mr.  Lecky',  Dr.  Hunt 
emphasizes  the  conunercial  system  as  the  chief 
source  of  colonial  irritation.  His  account  of  tliat 
system,  however,  is  somewliat  loose.  There  was 
no  Navigation  Act  of  1657  (p.  55).  It  should 
be  explained  why  hefore  1733  trade  with  the 
French  West  Indies  was  "^contraband  "  (j).  56). 

We  have  ventured  thus  far  into  detail  not 
because  Dr.  Himt's  conclusions  are  necessarily 
erroneous,  but  because  it  seems  that  they  are 
rather  dogmatic.  Against  mmor  errors  of  fact 
or  of  exaggeration  we  are  glad  to  set  the  general 
accuracy  of  the  narrative,  and  the  very  fair- 
minded  judgment  of  Washington's  career,  and 
the  calm  acceptance  of  the  justice  of  Andre's 
execution.  Finally,  with  reference  to  Dr.  Hunt's 
general  estimate  of  our  rebellion,  we  feel  that 
the  chief  deficiency  again  residts  from  the 
concentration  of  attention  upon  the  legal  and 
political  sides  of  the  struggle.  Revolutionary 
politics,  in  very  truth,  were  not  always  savory  : 
it  is  only  on  the  deeper  grounds  of  social  and 
economic  development  that  the  real  imderstand- 
ing  wUl  some  day  be  reached. 

St.  George  L.  Sioussat. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


125 


Recext  American  Poetry.* 


The  poetical  work  of  Mr.  Lloyd  Mifflin  is  always 
serious  and  deserving  of  respectful  attention.  Dur- 
ing the  last  ten  or  twelve  years  it  has  been  put  forth 
in  a  series  of  small  volumes  that  students  of  Ameri- 
can literature  have  learned  to  greet  with  welcome 
and  appreciation.  By  reason  of  being  so  scattered, 
his  work  has  failed  of  its  full  effect,  and  has  made 
something  less  of  an  impression  than  it  should.  It 
is  f)articularly  in  the  sonnet  that  Mr.  Mifflin  has 
worked,  and  now  that  he  has  brought  together  no 
less  than  three  hundred  and  fifty  of  his  sonnets  into 
a  single  stately  volume,  it  is  possible  to  get  a  clearer 
and  more  comprehensive  view  of  his  total  achieve- 
ment tlian  has  hitherto  been  vouchsafed.  This  book 
of  sonnets  is  assm*edly  a  worthy  memorial  of  the 
poet's  many  yeai-s  of  endeavor.  The  sonnets  are 
highly  finished,  and  in  the  orthodox  form,  except 
for  an  intentional  departure  in  one  or  two  special 
cases,  for  which  artistic  justification  is  not  lacking. 
Their  range  is  wide,  their  diction  is  noble,  and  their 
idealism  is  of  the  finer  sort.  Their  excellence, 
moreover,  is  so  even  that  it  is  peculiarly  difficult  to 
make  a  representative  selection.  "With  much  hesita- 
tion, we  reproduce  '•  The  Victor."  which  is  at  least  as 
fine  as  any.  although  no  finer  tlian  a  score  of  others. 

"  I  am  the  Shadow.  —  I  whose  brooding  wings 

Are  gray  with  £eons.     I  depopulate 

The  world :  and  all  yon  peopled  stars  await 

My  ravenous  scythe.     Through  ehamel  dust  of  kings 
I  come,  spuming  the  scepters.     Though  the  stings 

Of  adders  still  are  mine,  I  bear  no  hate. 

But  am  beneficent.     Minion  of  Fate, 

I  am  the  mausoleum  of  all  things. 
Stem  and  implacable  sovereign  of  the  dead. 

But  friend  to  him  down-trampled  in  the  strife. 

I,  shrouded,  cryptic,  through  the  darkness  go 
Silent  for  ever :  yet  it  hath  been  said 

I  lift  the  portals  leading  unto  Life.  .  .  . 

And  thou,  at  last,  —  it  may  be  thou  shalt  know." 

It  might  be  urged  that  the  arresting  thought,  the 
memorable  phrase,  rarely  occurs  in  Mr.  Mifflin's 
work ;  it  might  also  be  urged  that  he  does  not  always 
escape  the  temptation  of  fluency,  that  his  ornament 
is  often  purely  rhetorical  and  that  he  resorts  too 

•CoixECTED  So>-KETS  OF  LtoYD  MiFFUs.  Rerlsed  bj  the 
author.    Xew  York :  Henry  Frowde. 

The  Poems  of  Tbcmbcix  Stickxby.  Boston:  Houghton, 
Mifflin  &  Co. 

Ix  THE  Heights.  By  Richard  Watson  Gilder.  New  York: 
The  Century  Co. 

The  Vale  of  Tempe.  By  Madison  J.  Cawein.  New  York: 
E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 

The  Great  AD\-Ej«TrRE.  By  George  Cabot  Lod^re.  Boston: 
Houghton.  Mifflin  &  Co. 

The  V.alley  of  Dreams.  By  H.  Hayden  Sands.  Boston: 
Alfred  Bartlett. 

Old  La30>s  and  New.  and  Other  Verse.  By  Edward  Willard 
Watson.  M.D.    Philadelphia:  H.  W.  Fisher  &  Co. 

Perdita.  and  Other  Poems.  By  Charles  J.  Bayne.  Atlanta : 
Cole  Book  Co. 

Poems.  By  Robert  Chenault  Givler.  Published  by  the  author. 

A  SorTHERN  Flight.  By  Frank  Dempster  Sherman  and  Clin- 
ton Scollard.    Clinton.  N.  Y. :  George  William  Browning. 

New  World  Lyrics  and  Ballads.  By  Duncan  Campbell 
Scott.    Toronto :  Morang  &  Co. 

The  Collected  Poems  of  Wilfred  Campbell.  New  York: 
Fleming  H.  Revell  Co. 


much  to  conventional  imagery.  We  do  not  press 
these  points,  because  taken  altogether  they  merely 
prove  that  Mr.  Mifflin  does  not  quite  do  what  only 
the  supreme  masters  of  the  sonnet  have  done.  There 
can  be  no  doubt,  in  the  presence  of  this  collection, 
that  he  has  given  proof  of  a  true  poetic  gift,  and  made 
a  considerable  contribution  to  American  literature. 

The  late  Joseph  Trumbull  Stickney  was  born  in 
1874,  was  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1895,  and 
died  in  1904.  He  won  high  universitj'  honors,  at 
Cambridge  and  afterwards  at  the  French  University, 
and  during  the  last  year  of  his  life  was  an  instructor 
at  Harvard.  Most  of  his  manhood  and  much  of 
his  childhood  was  spent  abroad.  These  facts  are 
gleaned  from  the  Biographical  Note  with  which  his 
literary  executors  have  prefaced  the  volimie  of  his 
collected  "Poems."  The  contents  of  this  volume 
include  a  reprint  of  the  "  Dramatic  Verses  "  pub- 
lished in  1902,  some  incomplete  dramatic  studies, 
a  considerable  collection  of  "  Later  Lyrics,"  besides 
sections  of  "  Juvenilia  "  and  "  Fragments."  They 
represent  practically  the  whole  poetical  achievement 
of  a  man  who  was  both  a  brilliant  scholar  and  a 
promising  poet  a  poet  whose  work  fairly  justifies 
his  being  reckoned  among  "the  inheritors  of  unful- 
filled renown."  Promise  rather  than  fulfillment  is 
the  mark  of  this  work  as  a  whole,  for  it  reveals 
Stickney  as  stUl  groping  for  a  distinctive  manner 
rather  than  as  having  reached  a  definitive  expression 
of  his  powers.  Reviewing  his  first  volume,  we  were 
compelled  to  speak  of  its  "jarring  staccato,"  its 
"  far-fetched  epithets,"  and  ••  its  endeavor  to  be  im- 
pressive at  the  cost  of  clear  thinking  and  verbal 
restraint."  The  "  Later  Ljnics  "  now  first  printed 
show  us  the  process  of  fermentation  still  at  work, 
but  serve  also  to  deepen  our  sense  of  the  poet's  pos- 
sibilities. Such  a  sonnet  as  this  on  "  Mt.  Ida  "  is  no 
mean  performance,  and  may  be  taken  as  illustrating 
the  highest  level  of  his  attainment. 

"  I  long  desired  to  see.  I  now  have  seen. 
Yonder  the  heavenly  everlasting  bride 
Draws  the  white  shadows  to  her  virgin  side, 
Ida,  whom  long  ago  God  made  his  Queen. 
The  daylight  weakens  to  a  fearful  sheen ; 
The  mountains  slumber  seaward  sanctified, 
And  cloudy  shafts  of  bluish  vapour  hide 
The  places  where  a  sky  and  world  have  been. 
O  Ida,  snowy  bride  that  God  espoused 
Unto  that  day  that  never  wholly  is. 
Whiten  thou  the  horizon  of  my  eyes. 
That  when  the  momentary  sea  aroused 
Flows  up  in  earthquake,  still  thou  mayest  rise 
Sacred  above  the  quivering  Cyclades." 

This  is  the  first  of  a  g^oup  of  three  sonnets  inscribed 
to  the  sacred  mountain,  and  the  other  two  move  upon 
the  same  serene  height  of  imag^ative  vision. 

Mr.  Gilder's  verse  exhibits  something  of  the  heroic 
optimism  of  his  own  "  Singer  of  Joy." 

"  He  sang  the  rose,  he  praised  its  fragant  breath ; 
(Alas,  he  saw  the  gnawing  worm  beneath.) 
He  sang  of  summer  and  the  flowing  grass ; 
(He  knew  that  all  the  beauty  quick  would  pass.) 
He  said  the  world  was  good  and  skies  were  fair ; 
(He  saw  far,  gathering  clouds,  and  days  of  care.) 


126 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


Immortally  he  sang  pure  friendship's  flame ; 

(Yet  had  he  seen  it  shrivel  to  a  name.) 

And,  ah,  he  praised  true  love,  with  golden  speech ; 

(What  though  it  was  a  star  he  could  not  reach.) 

His  songs  in  every  soul  the  hero  woke ; 

(He  in  the  shadows  waited  the  last  stroke.) 

He  was  the  singer  of  the  joyous  art ; 

(Down  to  the  grave  he  bore  a  broken  heart.)" 

Mr.  Gilder  draws  morals  from  nature  no  less  than 
from  human  life,  as  the  following  stanzas  attest : 

"  The  clouds  upon  the  mountains  rest ; 
A  gloom  is  on  the  autumn  day ; 
But  down  the  valley,  in  the  west, 

The  sudden  sunlight  breaks  its  way, — 
A  light  lies  on  the  farther  hills. 

"  Forget  thy  sorrow,  heart  of  mine ! 

Though  shadows  fall  and  fades  the  leaf. 
Somewhere  is  joy,  though  'tis  not  thine ; 
The  power  that  sent  can  heal  thy  griei ; 
And  light  lies  on  the  farther  hills. 

"  Thou  wouldst  not  with  the  world  be  one 

If  ne'er  thou  knewest  hurt  and  wrong ; 

Take  comfort,  though  the  darkened  sun 

Never  again  bring  gleam  or  song, — 

The  light  lies  on  the  farther  hills." 

The  majority  of  Mr.  Gilder's  new  poems  are  occa- 
sional, and  few  know  as  well  as  he  how  to  find  the 
fitting  word  or  the  felicitous  phrase  with  which  to 
celebrate  a  friend,  or  a  cause,  or  a  memory.  His 
tributes  to  Joseph  Jefferson  and  John  Wesley  are 
models  of  this  kind  of  composition. 

"  The  Vale  of  Tempe  "  is,  according  to  a  list  of 
titles  printed  at  the  back  of  the  book,  Mr.  Cawein's 
sixteenth  volume  of  verse.  If  he  should  live  long 
enough,  there  may  some  time  be  a  sixtieth.  "  All 
Art 's  over  long,"  he  remarks  in  the  motto  supplied 
for  the  present  collection,  yet  we  cannot  help  feeling 
that  literature  is  the  richer  for  these  new  poems, 
albeit  they  strike  notes  long  familiar  to  his  readers. 
Of  our  present-day  ministrants  at  nature's  shrine, 
he  is  perhaps  the  most  unceasing  and  ardent  in  his 
devotions,  and  inexhaustible  is  the  store  of  poetic 
fancy  that  he  consecrates  to  the  object  of  his  wor- 
ship.    We  quote  the  lyric  called  "  Revealment." 

"  A  sense  of  sadness  in  the  golden  air, 
A  pensiveness,  that  has  no  part  in  care, 

As  if  the  Season,  by  some  woodland  pool. 
Braiding  the  early  blossoms  in  her  hair, 
Seeing  her  loveliness  reflected  there, 

Had  sighed  to  find  herself  so  beautiful. 

"  A  breathlessness,  a  feeling  as  of  fear, 
Holy  and  dim  as  of  a  mystery  near. 

As  if  the  World  about  us  listening  went. 
With  lifted  finger,  and  hand-hollowed  ear. 
Hearkening  a  music  that  we  cannot  hear. 

Haunting  the  quickening  earth  and  firmament. 

"  A  prescience  of  the  soul  that  has  no  name, 
Expectancy  that  is  both  wild  and  tame, 

As  if  the  Earth,  from  out  its  azure  ring 

Of  heavens,  looked  to  see,  as  white  as  flame, — 
As  Perseus  once  to  chained  Andromeda  came,- — 

The  swift,  divine  revealment  of  the  Spring," 

The  volume  contains  many  other  poems  as  exquisite 
as  this  ;  indeed,  the  most  surprising  thing  about  Mr. 


Cawein's  work  is  the  even  excellence  which  charac- 
terizes so  great  a  quantity  of  matter. 

"  The  Great  Adventure  "  is  a  volume  of  sonnets 
by  Mr.  George  Cabot  Lodge.  His  themes  are  the 
major  triad  of  Life,  Love,  and  Death.  The  third 
section  is  particularly  dedicated  to  the  memory  of 
Trumbull  Stickney,  and  includes  the  following  son- 
net, which  we  quote,  not  as  one  of  the  best,  but  as 
the  one  which  explains  the  title  of  the  collection  : 

"  He  said  :  '  We  are  the  Great  Adventurers, 
This  is  the  Great  Adventure :  thus  to  be 
Alive  and,  on  the  universal  sea 
Of  being,  lone  yet  dauntless  mariners. 

In  the  rapt  outlook  of  astronomers 

To  rise  thro'  constellated  gyres  of  thought ; 
To  fall  with  shattered  pinions,  overwrought 
With  flight,  like  unrecorded  Lueif  ers :  — 

Thus  to  receive  identity,  and  thus 

Return  at  last  to  the  dark  element,  — 
This  is  the  Great  Adventure ! '     All  of  us, 

Who  saw  his  dead,  deep-visioned  eyes,  could  see, 
After  the  Great  Adventure,  inmianent, 
Splendid  and  strange,  the  Great  Discovery  I " 

We  also  quote  the  sonnet  that  comes  next,  as  illus- 
trative of  the  poet's  occasional  habit  of  experiment- 
ing in  tetrameters. 

"  Above  his  heart  the  rose  is  red. 

The  rose  above  his  head  is  white, 

The  crocus  glows  with  golden  light. 

The  Spring  returns,  and  he  is  dead ! 
We  hark  in  vain  to  hear  his  tread. 

We  reach  to  clasp  his  hand  in  vain ; 

Tho'  life  and  love  return  again 

We  can  no  more  be  comforted. 
With  tearless  eyes  we  keep  steadfast 

His  vigil  we  were  sworn  to  keep : 

But,  when  he  left  us,  and  at  last 
We  saw  him  pass  beyond  the  Door, 

And  knew  he  could  return  no  more. 

We  wept  aloud  as  children  weep." 

High  praise  must  be  given  to  the  thoughtful  and 
imaginative  qualities  of  Mr.  Lodge's  verse ;  he  is  a 
poet  who  is  visibly  gi'owing  with  each  new  volume 
he  puts  forth,  and  who  may  be  expected  to  go  far. 

"The  Valley  of  Dreams,"  by  Mr.  H.  Hayden 
Sands,  is  a  volume  of  lyrics  possessing  much  medi- 
tative charm  and  a  considerable  degi-ee  of  technical 
excellence.    A  representative  poem  is  the  following : 

"  Why  shed  the  bitter  tears  of  Death 

For  that  which  cannot  be  ; 
Why  long  to  linger  in  the  breaflh 

Of  brief  Mortality. 
A  brighter  Star  shall  light  the  Night  — 
A  gladder  ending  crowns  the  Fight. 

"  Should  we  lament  the  fading  rose  ? 

The  rose  shall  once  more  bloom. 
The  smiling  flower  that  upgrows 

Around  To-morrow's  tomb. 
Though  unperceived  unto  our  eyes 
Fairer  shall  bloom  to  other  skies. 

"  And  when  at  last  we  two  shall  pass 

Into  the  great  Unknown, 
And  coming  flowers  through  the  grass 

Their  deathless  seed  have  sown. 
We,  too,  shall  see  a  brighter  day. 
Brighter  than  all  long  passed  away." 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


127 


We  note  an  occasional  tendency  to  resort  to  eccen- 
tricities of  diction,  of  which  the  following  are  illus- 
trations : 

"  With  kisses  sweet  she  tended  it, 
And  'neath  its  fragrant  boon. 
Within  her  wild  hair  bended  it 
And  sangeth  to  the  moon." 

"  What  a  joyous  life  is  yours ! 

What  a  life  of  thoughtless  hours ! 
Winging  on  your  pleasant  tours, 

Through  Midsummer's  fragrant  bowers." 

"  From  her  tresses  all  woven  and  spangled, 

With  those  drops  the  night  mignonettes  wear, 
I  caught  from  the  odor  which  tangled, 

My  heart  as  a  rose  in  her  hair, 
The  attollent  Love  that  was  there,  — 
That  Pain  of  all  Pains  that  was  there." 

The  last  example  is  rather  cheap  Poe,  the  second 
turns  liberty  to  license  in  the  matter  of  pronunciar 
tion,  and  of  the  first  we  can  do  no  better  than  repeat 
a  memorable  dictum,  and  say :  "  This  will  never  do." 
Nevertheless,  Mr.  Sands  is  no  little  of  a  poet,  and 
we  have  read  his  verses  with  pleasure.  Their  form  of 
publication  is  of  a  nature  to  delight  the  bookish  sense. 
"  Old  Lamps  and  New  "  is  a  volume  of  lyrics  and 
sonnets  by  Dr.  Edward  WUlard  Watson.  They  are 
love  songs  for  the  most  part,  and  the  mingled  joy  and 
poignancy  of  belated  love  is  their  characteristic  theme. 

"  The  long  g^y  shadows  creep  and  closer  fall, 
The  cool  night  winds  across  the  meadows  call ; 
High  in  the  pallid  sky  the  wan,  white  moon 
Swims  slowly  in  the  silence  over  all  — 
Ah,  Love,  you  weep  that  night  must  come  so  soon. 

"  The  sweetness  of  thy  love  steals  over  me ; 
Life  never  gave  me  love  till  I  loved  thee, 
Now,  at  the  eve ;  I  missed  thee  all  the  noon ; 
So  short  they  seem,  the  hours  that  yet  may  be  — 
Ah,  Love,  you  weep  that  night  must  come  so  soon. 

''  My  arms  are  close  around  thee,  and  they  press 
Unto  my  heart  thy  perfect  loveliness ; 
Shall  I  scorn  Fortune's  dear  belated  boon  ? 
Because  the  hours  are  few  is  joy  the  less  ?  — 
Yet  still  you  weep  that  death  must  come  so  soon." 

A  pretty  fancy,  but  no  particular  depth  of  emo- 
tion, characterizes  Mr.  Bayne's  volume  of  verse. 
"Afloat"  is  a  pleasing  example. 

"  Ah  I  could  we  ever  drift  and  dream 

In  these  cool  coverts  of  repose, 
The  world,  like  yonder  restless  stream 

Which  vainly  sparkles  as  it  flows, 
Would  leave  beneath  thy  sweet  control 
The  calmed  Propontis  of  my  sonl. 


"  Still,  if  in  this  enchanted  sphere 

No  longer  we  may  drift  and  dream, 
'Tis  ours  at  least  to  wake  and  steer, 

'Tis  ours  to  leave  the  restless  stream, 
And  twine  from  roses  of  to-day 
A  garland  for  some  happier  May." 

Sometimes,  as  in  "There  are  other  eyes  in  Spain," 
we  have  society  verse  pure  and  simple. 

"  There  are  other  eyes  in  Spain, — 
Dark  and  dazzling  eyes,  Crncita, 

Rosebud  lips  which  wait  the  rain 
Like  the  harvest  for  Demeter. 

Do  not  distance  with  disdain : 

There  are  other  eyes  in  Spain." 


Mr.  Robert  Chenault  Givler  is  the  author  of  a 
volume  of  -'Poems,"  printed  upon  bufE  paper,  and 
bearing  no  evidence  of  its  place  of  origin.  The 
contents  are  given  over  to  musings  and  raptures, 
silvery  moonlight  and  gentle  melancholy,  abstract 
questionings  and  meditations  upon  nature,  life,  love, 
and  eternity.  We  quote  these  striking  lines  upon 
the  "  Violoncello  ": 

'*  What  hand  first  formed  thee,  Wind-harp  of  the  soul  ? 
Not  that  of  man ;  this  scroll,  these  curves  and  strings 
Are  faded  memories  of  immortal  things 
Our  spirits  saw  ere  Time  began  to  roll 
His  fretful  stream  'twixt  both  eternities. 

"  What  sound  is  that,  which  floats  upon  the  breeze 
Like  a  lost  star  searching  the  cave  of  night 
For  hiding  place,  to  soothe  its  virgin  light 
Li  the  soft  sobbing  of  the  forest  wind  ? 
The  tremulous  sound  grows  softer  than  the  dew 
That  slips  between  the  leaves,  and  sweeter  stall 
Than  sound  of  pebbles  toyed  by  midnight  rill." 

These  lines  are  undoubtedly  poetry,  and  they  rep- 
resent only  a  fair  average  of  the  author's  gift  of 
expression. 

"  A  Southern  Flight "  is  a  small  volume  of  ten- 
der and  gfraceful  lyrics,  the  joint  production  of  two 
singers  whose  note  is  always  clear  and  pure.  Mr. 
Frank  Dempster  Sherman  signs  "  At  Dusk." 

"  The  air  is  filled  with  scent  of  musk 

Blown  from  the  garden's  court  of  bloom, 
Where  rests  the  rose  within  her  room 
And  dreams  her  fragrance  in  the  dusk. 

''  Above,  attended  by  the  stars, 

The  full  moon  rises,  round  and  white,  — 
A  boat  in  the  blue  Nile  of  night 
Drifting  amid  the  nenuphars." 

"  And  now  the  whippoorwill  who  knows 
A  lyric  ecstasy  divine 
Begins  his  song.     Ah !  sweetheart  mine. 
What  shall  love's  answer  be,  my  Rose  ?  " 

Mr.  Clinton  Scollard  is  the  other  poet,  and  he  it  is 
who  thus  sings  "At  Twilight": 

"  A  little  shallow  silver  urn, 

High  in  the  west  the  new  moon  hnng ; 
Amid  the  palms  a  fountain  flung 
Its  snowy  floss,  and  there,  above. 
With  its  impassioned  unconcern, 

A  hidden  bird  discoursed  of  love. 

"  I  felt  your  hand  upon  my  arm 
Flutter  as  doth  a  thrush's  wing, 
Then  tighten.     Sweet,  how  small  a  thing 
Draws  kindred  spirits  heart  to  heart ! 
More  was  that  hour's  elusive  charm 
To  US  than  eloquence  or  art." 

Mr.  Duncan  Campbell  Scott's  "  New  World  Lyrics 
and  Ballads  "  includes  several  pieces  in  somewhat 
ruder  measures  than  are  acceptable  to  a  sensitive 
ear,  but  contains  also  a  few  poems  as  good  as  any 
that  the  author  has  previously  published.  We  are 
particularly  impressed  with  the  truth  and  high  spir- 
itual beauty  of  "  The  House  of  the  Broken-Hearted." 

"  It  is  dark  to  the  outwsird  seeming, 
Wherever  its  walls  may  rise, 
Where  the  meadows  are  a-dreaming, 
Under  the  open  skies. 


128 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


Where  at  ebb  the  great  world  lies, 

Dim  as  a  sea  uncharted, 
Round  the  house  of  sorrow, 

The  house  of  the  broken-hearted. 

"  It  is  dark  in  the  midst  of  the  city, 

^Vhere  the  world  flows  deep  and  strong, 
Where  the  coldest  thing  is  pity, 

Where  the  heart  wears  out  ere  long. 

Where  the  plow -share  of  wrath  and  of  wrong 

Trenches  a  ragged  fuiTow, 
Round  the  house  of  the  broken-hearted. 
The  house  of  sorrow. 

"  But  while  the  world  goes  unheeding 
The  tenant  that  holds  the  lease, 
Or  fancies  him  grieving  and  pleading 
For  the  thing  which  it  calls  peace, 
There  has  come  what  shall  never  cease 

Till  there  shall  come  no  morrow 
To  the  house  of  the  broken-hearted 
The  house  of  sorrow. 

"  There  is  peace  no  pleasure  can  jeopard, 
It  is  so  sure  and  deep. 
And  there,  in  the  guise  of  a  shepherd, 
Grod  doth  him  keep ; 
He  leads  His  beloved  sheep 

To  fold  when  the  day  is  departed. 
In  the  house  of  sorrow. 

The  house  of  the  broken-hearted." 

If  we  might  make  further  quotations,  they  should 
be  of  "  A  Nest  of  Hepaticas." 

"  O  Passion  of  the  coming  of  the  spring ! 
When  the  light  love  has  captured  everytliing. 
When  all  the  winter  of  the  year's  dry  prose 
Is  rhymed  to  rapture,  rhythmed  to  the  rose." 

Or  of  the  "  Night  Hymns  on  Lake  Nepigon  ": 

"  Sing  Ave  the  sacred  ancient  hymns  of  the  churches. 
Chanted  first  in  old-world  nooks  of  the  desert, 
While  in  the  wild,  pellucid  Nepigon  reaches 
Hunted  the  savage. 

"  Now  have  the  ages  met  in  the  Northern  midnight. 
And  on  the  lonely,  loon-haunted  Nepigon  reaches 
Rises  the  hymn  of  triumph  and  courage  and  comfort, 
Adeste  Fideles." 

The  Canadian  poets  certainly  hold  their  own  with 
our  minstrels  on  this  side  of  the  border.  As  we 
opened  the  present  review  with  the  collected  verse 
of  one  of  our  own  most  serious  singers,  so  we  will 
close  it  with  "  The  Collected  Poems  of  Wilfred 
Campbell,"  a  poet  whose  inspiration  is  both  strong 
and  sustained.  We  set  no  particular  store  by  the 
fact  that  an  American  Maecenas  has  purchased  an 
edition  of  this  volume  for  distribution  among  the 
various  libraries  of  his  foundation.  It  is  a  fact  useful 
for  advertising  purposes,  just  as  President  Roose- 
velt's recent  laudation  of  "  The  Children  of  the 
Night "  was  useful,  but  in  neither  case  does  the  dis- 
tinction have  any  critical  weight,  for  it  might  just 
as  easily  have  fallen  to  some  far  less  meritorious 
work.  But  Mr.  Campbell's  poetry,  quite  independ- 
ently of  this  sort  of  uncritical  patronage,  deserves 
serious  consideration,  and  the  volume  of  it,  now 
brought  together,  is  surprisingly  large.  It  is  classi- 
fied in  eight  divisions,  of  which  the  first,  called 
"  Elemental  and  Human  Verse,"  comes  perhaps  the 
nearest  to  exhibiting  the  predominant  notes  of  the 


whole.  In  other  words,  nature  and  the  soul  of  man 
are  the  lofty  themes  which  inspire  the  poet  through- 
out. But  the  natm'e  of  Mr.  Campbell's  interpreta- 
tion is  not  the  conventionalized  and  sophisticated 
affair  of  the  bookish  poet ;  it  is  the  universal  mother 
conceived  of  in  her  elemental  and  passionate  char- 
acters, sung  of  in  strains  of  intimate  sympathy  and 
rapturous  communion.  And  his  conception  of  the 
soul  of  man  is  that  of  "  man  the  hoper,  man  the 
dreamer,  the  eternal  child  of  delight  and  despair 
whose  ideals  are  ever  a  lifetime  ahead  of  his  greatest 
accomplishments,  who  is  the  hero  of  nature  and  the 
darling  of  the  ages.  Because  of  this,  true  poetry 
will  always  be  to  him  a  language,  speaking  to  him 
from  the  highest  levels  of  his  being,  and  a  sort  of 
translation  from  a  more  divine  tongue  emanating 
from  the  mystery  and  will  of  God."  These  words 
are  taken  from  the  dignified  confession  of  poetical 
faith  with  which  the  collection  is  prefaced.  Trans- 
lated into  verse  a  few  pages  further  on,  the  thought 
thus  takes  form  : 

"  Earth's  dream  of  poetry  will  never  die. 
It  lingers  while  we  linger,  base  or  true  — 
A  part  of  all  this  being.     Life  may  change. 
Old  customs  wither,  creeds  become  as  nought, 
Like  autumn  husks  in  rainwinds ;  men  may  kill 
All  memory  of  the  greatness  of  the  past, 
Kingdoms  may  melt,  republics  wane  and  die. 
New  dreams  arise  and  shake  this  jaded  world ; 
But  that  rare  sjjirit  of  song  will  breathe  and  live 
While  beauty,  sorrow,  greatness  hold  for  men 
A  kinship  with  the  eternal ;  until  all 
That  earth  holds  noble  wastes  and  fades  away." 

The  greater  part  of  the  work  now  collected  has 
made  a  previous  appearance  in  other  forms,  and  we 
have  more  than  once  paid  tribute  to  its  sincerity  and 
beauty.  Besides  this  lyrical  work,  Mr.  Campbell 
has  to  his  account  eight  poetical  dramas,  which  he 
promises  to  collect  for  us  into  a  companion  volume. 
William  Morton  Payne. 


Briefs  on  N^eav  Books. 


A  coruribuiion  ^he  "  Portfolio  "  monogi-aphs,  one 
to  the  study  of  of  the  most  valuable  series  on  artistic 
DutcJi  paintinu.  subjects  in  English,  has  recently, 
after  several  years'  interregnum,  given  us  matter  for 
congratulation  in  the  publication  of  Sir  Walter  Arm- 
strong's volume  on  "  The  Peel  Collection  and  the 
Dutch  School  of  Painting"  (Dutton).  The  purpose 
of  the  author,  one  of  the  most  discriminating  of  art 
critics,  is  to  refute  that  premature  judgment  of 
Ruskin  which  is  quoted  from  the  opening  pages  of 
his  "  Modern  Painters  "  to  the  effect  that  "  most 
pictures  of  the  Dutch  School,  except  always  those 
of  Rubens,  Van  Dyke,  and  Rembrandt,  are  ostenta- 
tious exhibitions  of  the  artist's  power  of  speech,  the 
clear  and  vigorous  elocution  of  useless  and  senseless 
words."  Sir  Walter  doubts  if  this  be  true,  and 
shows  convincingly  that  the  great  Dutch  painters 
speak  "  the  same  language  as  the  gi'eat  Italians  of 
the    sixteenth    century  or  the  great  Athenians   of 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


129 


.4  practical 
believer  in  the 
Golden  Rule. 


twenty  centuries  before."  Although  the  book  nomi- 
nally deals  only  with  the  pictures  in  the  Peel  Col- 
lection, it  is  reaUy  a  monograph  on  the  whole  Dutch 
School.  In  his  treatment  of  the  painters  of  still  life, 
of  landscape,  and  of  portraits,  the  author  makes 
clear  who  are  the  greatest  masters  in  each  gi'oup  and 
gives  his  reasons  for  their  rank.  Ajiiong  artists  of 
the  present  day  om*  critic  will  find  ready  sympathy 
for  all  that  he  says  in  regard  to  the  slight  impor- 
tance of  subject  as  compared  with  the  supreme 
imi)ortance  of  style,  of  artistic  worth.  The  chief 
difference  between  the  Dutch  and  Italian  artists,  so 
Sir  Walter  argues,  lies  in  their  choice  of  subject. 
The  landscapes  and  the  models  which  these  painters 
of  the  North  portray  are  inferior  in  beauty  to  those 
which  naturally  served  as  material  for  the  artists  of 
the  South.  Yet  no  ai-t  has  ever  been  condemned  j 
for  the  humbleness  of  its  subject-matter.  Among 
the  many  interesting  points  in  this  book  are  the 
author's  illustrations  of  the  famUiar  idea  that  a  work 
of  art  is  the  interpretation  of  natm'e  through  the 
tempei-ament  of  the  artist.  He  makes  another  good 
point  in  what  he  says  about  the  focus  of  a  painting, 
—  the  size  and  character  of  the  brush-strokes  in 
relation  to  the  size  of  the  painting  and  to  the  dis- 
tance proper  to  a  correct  view.  Since  this  is  not  a 
histoiy  of  j)ainting.  but  a  critical  monograph,  the 
author  is  perfectly  justified  in  omitting  discussion  of 
certain  important  painters,  as  Hals  and  Rembrandt, 
who  are  not  represented  in  the  Peel  Collection. 
The  volume  is  perhaps  the  best  contribution  to  the 
critical  study  of  Dutch  painting  since  the  publication 
of  "Les  JSIaitres  d' Autrefois"  (1875).  It  will 
enhance  the  appreciation  of  these  great  painters.  It 
is  something  new  in  the  literature  of  art.  Its  criti- 
cism is  fresh  and  stimulating.  It  is  a  book  which 
eveiy  lover  of  the  Dutch  School  should  possess,  in 
order  to  read  and  re-read. 


In  his  Introduction  to  the  "  Letters 
of  Labor  and  Love,"  by  the  late 
Mayor  Jones  of  Toledo,  Mr.  Brand 
Whitlock  has  said,  better  than  can  the  re\4ewer, 
those  things  the  reviewer  would  wish  to  say.  And 
after  a  careful  reading  of  these  letters,  written  by 
"  Golden  Rule  "  Jones  to  his  working-men,  one  feels 
that  they  must  appeal  to  every  fair-minded  reader, 
as  they  do  to  Mr.  Whitlock,  as  the  simple  and 
spontaneous  expression  of  the  beliefs  of  a  spiritxud- 
minded  yet  singularly  practical  man,  with  a  gen- 
erous and  abiding  faith  in  his  fellow-men.  The 
predominant  idea  of  the  book  is  that  of  libert}'. 
There  is  scarcely  a  letter  in  which  the  writer  does 
not  recur  to  the  thought  of  greater  liberty  and 
equality  among  men.  The  story  of  Mayor  Jones's 
life  is  well  known,  —  how  he  rose,  as  the  result  of 
an  invention  of  his  own,  from  the  position  of  a 
humble  worker  in  the  oil-fields  to  a  place  of  wealth 
and  authority  :  how  he  educated  himself  in  no  mean 
manner ;  how  he  put  in  practice  the  beliefs  that  he  j 
formulated ;  how  his  life  so  won  upon  the  people  I 
that  he  was  elected  to  office  again  and  again,  over  j 


the  heatls  of  party  candidates  ;  and  how  in  his  death 
he  was  mourned  as  many  greater  men  are  not.  It 
was  this  living  out  and  living  up  to  his  beliefs  that 
won  such  results ;  he  was  no  mere  theoidst,  and  hav- 
ing decided  for  himself  what  was  the  cause  of  much 
of  the  unhappiness  in  the  world,  he  did  his  utmost 
to  overcome  this  unhappiness  by  what  he  considered 
just  and  fair  treatment  of  the  working-man.  These 
letters  show  plainly  what  were  his  principles  of 
action  :  in  one  particularly  ( ••  Politics,"  written  the 
next  day  after  election,  in  1900),  he  states  his  jwlit- 
ical  belief  in  no  imcertain  terms. 

"  I  am  for  a  social  and  political  order  that  will  be  true  in 
every  detail  to  the  idea  of  Elquality,  that  all  men  are  created 
equal.  I  am  for  a  social  system  that  will  grant  to  every 
baby  bom  on  the  planet  equality  of  opportunity  with  every 
other  baby.  I  am  against  a  system  that  destroys  a  few  by 
making  them  inordinately  rich,  while  it  destroys  many  by 
making  them  inordinately  poor.  I  am  for  peace,  for  har- 
mony, for  heaven ;  I  am  against  war  and  hat«  and  helL  I  am 
against  government  by  force  anywhere,  and  for  government 
by  consent  everywhere.  .  .  .  My  only  hope,  and  all  of  my 
hope,  is  in  the  patriotism  of  the  people,  the  love  of  man  for 
man  ;  I  have  no  hope  in  any  kind  of  partyism." 

A  man  who  believed  these  things  so  strongly,  who 
acted  them  out  in  his  daily  life  to  the  best  of  his 
power  and  opportunity,  who  refused  a  nomination 
to  Congress  because  he  would  not  be  bound  by  any 
party  expectations  or  party  ties ;  and  who  did  his 
best  to  spread  his  ideas  because  he  was  convinced 
they  were  right,  would  always  be  sure  of  a  following. 
As  the  most  forcible  and  significant  utterances  of 
such  a  man,  these  letters  should  find  a  ready  wel- 
come not  only  among  his  admirers  but  also  among 
all  who  are  interested  in  the  deeper  problems  of 
societj-.      (Bobbs-MerrUl  Co. ) 

A  monumental  ''J^^^e  are  few  to  whom  this  book 
edition  of  will  seem  worth  while,"  writes  Pro- 

Georye  Herbert,  fgssor  George  Herbert  Palmer  in  the 
preface  to  his  three-volume  edition  of  the  English 
works  of  George  Herbert  (Houghton,  Mifflin  & 
Co. ) .  "'It  embodies  long  labor,  spent  on  a  minor 
poet,  and  will  probably  never  be  read  entire  by  any- 
one. But  that  is  a  reason  for  its  existence.  Lavish- 
ness  is  its  aim.  The  book  is  a  box  of  spikenard, 
poured  in  unappeasable  love  over  one  who  has 
attended  my  life."  The  result  of  this  great  labor  of 
love  is  probably  the  most  minute  and  exhaustive 
edition  of  an  English  minor  poet  that  has  ever  been 
published.  Nearly  one-half  of  the  first  volume  is 
filled  by  a  series  of  Introductory  Essays  dealing 
with  matters  essential  to  a  general  understanding  of 
Herbert's  poetrj- ;  such  as  the  great  events  of  his 
time,  his  life  and  character,  the  type  of  his  religious 
verse,  his  style  and  technique.  Most  important  of 
all  is  the  essay  explaining  and  justifying  the  'man- 
ner in  which  Professor  Palmer  has  arranged  and 
grouped  the  poems.  Chronology  and  subject-matter 
resolve  them  into  twelve  significant  groups,  to  each 
of  which  special  prefaces  are  furnished.  Professor 
Pabner's  essays  are  terse,  direct,  and  pithy,  felicitous 
in  their  combination  of  tii'eless  scholarly  research 
and  infectious  enthusiasm.     The  notes  to  the  poems 


130 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


are  voluminous,  but  a  simple  classification  makes 
selection  among  them  easy.  They  include  explana- 
tions of  the  text,  cross-references  to  similar  passages 
in  Herbert  or  his  contemporaries,  and  the  most  illu- 
minating comments  and  illustrations  that  have  been 
proposed  by  previous  editors.  The  illustrations 
"  attempt  to  exhibit  whatever  portions  of  Herbert's 
visible  world  have  survived  the  centm-ies."  They 
show  his  homes,  the  churches  with  which  he  was  con- 
nected, his  portraits,  —  including  what  was  probably 
the  original  of  them  all,  not  hitherto  published,  —  and 
many  interesting  facsimiles  of  his  manuscripts  and 
printed  works.  The  prose  writings  are  included  partly 
for  their  intrinsic  interest,  but  more  for  the  light  they 
throw  ujwn  the  man  and  the  poems,  upon  which  it 
is  Professor  Palmer's  great  wish  to  concentrate 
attention.  Type,  paper,  and  binding  are  of  the  finest 
quality,  so  that  no  pains  have  been  spared  to  make 
the  new  edition  as  notable  in  mechanical  features 
as  it  is  rich  in  scholarship  and  in  inspiration.  It 
will  be  long  before  the  edition  is  superseded  as  a 
final  effort  to  reconstnict  the  personality  and  inter- 
pret the  vital  message  of  George  Herbert. 

Expe^-iences  v^ith  I"  ^x-s.  Kate  V.  St.  Maur's  "A  Self- 
a  self-supporting  supporting  Home"  (Macmillan),  we 
country  home.  find,  not  a  book  for  the  mere  nature- 
lover,  and  certainly  not  one  for  or  by  the  theoretical 
farmer,  but  one  in  which  the  author  has  endeavored 
to  set  down  such  results  of  her  experiences  as  will 
help  others  who  wish  to  make  an  attempt  as  earnest 
if  not  as  extended  as  her  own.  She  was  moved  to 
try  to  make  a  dream  come  true,  and  by  means  of 
advertising  she  obtained  a  farm  of  twelve  acres,  not 
far  from  the  city,  containing  a  number  of  old  build- 
ings and  a  small  orchard.  Her  endeavor  was  to 
make  this  rented  place  support  itself ;  and  beginning 
with  six  setting  hens,  she  gradually  added  ducks, 
guinea-hens,  and  rabbits,  until  the  place  became  a 
veritable  stock-farm,  while  at  the  same  time  the  gar- 
den supplied  the  table,  and  the  family  savings  soon 
purchased  a  cow.  After  the  first  year  and  a  half 
she  found  herself  able  to  bank  the  sum  previously 
spent  in  living  expenses.  The  chief  thing  is  that, 
instead  of  experiencing  discomfort  and  privations, 
the  family  lived  in  greater  comfort  and  happiness 
than  before.  As  might  be  expected,  the  book  in 
which  such  experiences  and  triumphs  are  unfolded 
is  quite  different  from  the  ordinary  garden  books, 
although  it  contains  seasonable  advice  about  the 
vegetable  and  fruit  garden,  the  mushroom  bed,  the 
care  and  feeding  of  poultry,  ducks,  geese,  guinea- 
hens,  rabbits,  the  cow,  pigeons,  the  family  horse, 
bees,  turkeys,  pheasants,  choice  cats,  and  pigs.  The 
author's  directions  are  simple  and  untechnical,  and 
generally  clear,  for  she  has  borne  in  mind  her  own 
unfortunate  experiences  in  consulting  expert  refer- 
ence-books. There  are  also  many  suggestions  and 
time-saving  and  labor-saving  devices  that  only  a 
woman  would  think  of ;  so  that,  while  the  volume 
contains  information  useful  for  any  amateur,  it  is 
preeminently  of  value  to  the  woman  who  wishes  to 


undertake  a  small  farm  or  to  make  an  individual 
income  by  means  of  one  or  more  of  the  pursuits 
described.  Its  arrangement  is  good,  gi'ouping  under 
each  month  the  work  and  preparations  esjjecially 
suited  to  the  period,  and  summing  up  the  author's 
ten-years'  experience  in  the  way  most  likely  to  be 
helpful  to  the  reader.  She  writes  with  that  tem- 
pered enthusiasm  that  is  apt  to  be  convincing ;  and 
although  she  takes  her  subject  seriously,  she  allows 
herself  occasional  touches  of  humor.  There  are 
many  illustrations  from  photograplis,  and  a  detailed 
table  of  contents,  but  no  index. 


More  of  The    Messrs.    Putnam's    Sons,    who 

Sainte-Beuve's       11.171111  1.  ,         .  1 

"Portraits"  ^^^^  ^^"^  brought  out  a  two-volume 
in  English.  selection  from  Sainte-Beuve's  work 

entitled  "  Portraits  of  the  Seventeenth  Century," 
have  done  a  further  service  to  English  readers  by 
publishing  in  translation  two  uniform  volumes  of 
his  "Portraits  of  the  Eighteenth  Century."  Miss 
Katharine  Wormeley,  whose  supple  and  finished  ren- 
dering of  Sainte-Beuve's  delightfidly  spontaneous 
style  commended  itself  to  readers  of  the  other  series, 
has  translated  the  "  Portraits  "  contained  in  the  first 
of  the  new  volumes,  and  Mr.  George  Burnham  Ives 
has  done  very  acceptable  work  in  the  second.  As 
before,  the  studies  have  been  chosen  with  a  view  to 
representing  the  best  of  both  the  historic  and  the 
literary  criticism  of  Sainte-Beuve.  There  have 
been  slight  omissions  of  passages  lacking  in  present 
interest,  and  where  several  essays  upon  one  person 
exist  they  have  been  combined,  omitting  repeti- 
tions. The  volumes  are  illustrated  with  portraits, 
and  handsomely  bound  in  buckram.  M.  Edmond 
Scherer's  appreciation  of  Sainte-Beuve,  written  in 
October,  1869,  at  the  time  of  the  latter's  death, 
forms  an  illuminating  introduction  to  the  first  vol- 
ume. At  a  time  when  criticism  has  become  a  business 
rather  than  a  vocation,  it  is  worth  while  to  recall 
M.  Scherer's  account  of  Sainte-Beuve's  aims  and 
methods,  —  of  the  slow  but  sm-e  development  of  his 
critical  bent, — and  we  must  inevitably  wonder,  with 
him,  whether  "  the  royalty  of  letters  is  not  fated  to 
pass  away  like  the  other  royalties,"  or  whether  out  of 
the  "  general  mediocrity  "  of  English  criticism  there 
wiU  ever  arise  another  Sainte-Beuve.  Meanwhile 
for  delicacy,  good  taste,  profundity  of  research,  and 
brilliancy  of  finish,  his  work  remains  unique,  and 
well  deserves  the  tribute  of  adequate  translation  and 
sumptuous  publication  now  being  rendered  it. 

A  Netv  England  ^"^  cannot  read  such  a  book  as  Dr. 
physician  of  James  Jackson  Putnam's  Memoir 
the  old  school,  ^f  -Qv.  James  Jackson  (Houghton, 
Mifflin  «fc  Co.)  without  more  than  a  passing  regret 
for  the  days  of  the  old-fashioned  family  physician. 
How  cui'ious  now-a-days  to  read  that  Stephen  Hig- 
ginson  engaged  the  young  Dr.  Jackson  "to  make 
daily  visits  to  his  wife  and  children,  sick  or  well," — 
a  plan  which  the  present  generation  recognizes  as 
Chinese  rather  than  American.  But  Dr.  Jackson 
was  a  man  worthy  of  such  responsibility,  and  soon 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


131 


"made  himself  a  trusted  counsellor  of  the  house- 
hold in  all  matters,  a  part  which  he  was  destined 
to  play  eventually  for  many  families  of  the  town." 
No  wonder  that  the  ''town"  of  Boston  flourished, 
when  such  eminent  talent  guided  the  everyday 
affairs  of  its  citizens  I  How  gracious  a  character 
this  office  of  counseUor-at-large  developed  in  Dr. 
Jackson  himself  the  present  Memoir  most  readahly 
sets  fortli.  Dr.  Holmes  —  his  cousin  of  a  younger 
generation  —  not  only  describes  him  in  the  two 
poems  "  A  Portrait "  and  '•  The  Morning  Visit," 
but  says  of  him,  "  I  have  seen  many  noted  British 
and  French  and  American  practitioners,  but  I  never 
saw  the  man  so  altogether  admu-able  at  the  bedside 
of  the  sick  as  Dr.  James  Jackson."  As  able  in 
adminLstration  and  in  teaching  as  in  practice,  Dr. 
Jackson  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Massar 
chusetts  General  Hospital,  and  the  first  to  occupy 
the  chair  of  clinical  medicine  in  the  Harvard  Med- 
ical School.  Dr.  Putnam's  Memoir  is  in  many 
respects  an  ideal  biography,  not  oidy  because  it 
presents  a  most  attractive  character  satisfactorily, 
but  because  it  makes  the  background  of  people  and 
places,  from  which  that  character  emerged,  just 
clear  enough.  About  one  third  of  the  volimie  is  de- 
voted to  Dr.  Jackson's  ancestors  and  brothers,  a  pro- 
portion not  too  large  in  \new  of  the  important  part 
they  played  in  the  early  history  of  Massachusetts. 

The  idolatry  ^'  ^^hii^&toi  Gladdeu's  latest  book 
of  wealth  "  The  New  Idolatry"  (  McClure,  Phil- 

in  A  mertca .  jjpg  ^  Qq^  )  is  "■  a  volume  of  discussions 
in  protest  against  the  commercializing  of  government, 
of  education,  and  of  religion ;  against  the  growing 
tendency  in  Church  and  State  to  worship  power  and 
forget  the  interests  of  justice  and  freedom :  against 
the  dethronement  of  Grod  and  the  enthronement 
of  Mammon."  The  author's  ideas  are  elaborated 
tmder  such  headings  as  "Tainted  Money,"  "Shall 
Dl-gotten  Gains  be  Sought  for  Christian  Purposes  ?  " 
'•Standard  Oil  and  the  Christian  Missions,"  "The 
Ethics  of  Luxurious  Expenditure,"  etc.  Those  who 
know  Dr.  Gladdeu's  way  of  dealing  with  great  ques- 
tions of  social  morality  will  not  expect,  on  finishing 
this  book,  to  be  left  in  any  doubt  as  to  his  meaning 
or  his  position,  so  lucid  and  trenchant  is  the  style, 
so  fearless  and  uncompromising  the  spirit  of  the 
man.  His  present  message,  however  needed,  is  not 
a  new  one.  For  many  years  past,  from  his  pulpit 
and  church-tower  study  in  the  city  of  Columbus,  his 
ringing  words  have  sped  through  the  land,  and  have 
fought  a  good  fight.  The  second  paper,  "  Tainted 
Money,"  as  he  quietly  reminds  his  readers,  was  pub- 
lished' in  -:  The  Outlook  "  in  November,  1895.  The 
one  on  "  Rights  and  Duties  "  was  a  Commencement 
address  delivered  at  the  University  of  Michigan  in 
1902.  Another,  on  "The  New  Centurj'  and  the 
New  Nation,"  bears  date  of  1900.  Most  of  them 
his  parishioners  have,  sooner  or  later,  heard  as  ser- 
mons; and  they  can  testify  to  the  profound  impres- 
sion made  by  these  utterances,  when  moulded  into 
oral  form  by  a  rich,  persuasive  voice,  and  weighted 


and  driven  home  by  the  compulsion  of  thorough 
conviction.  On  February  11  Dr.  Gladden  was  sev- 
enty- years  yoimg ;  but  through  many  years  or  few  he 
will  not  cease  to  bear  spoken  and  written  witness  to 
the  truth  as  he  sees  it  and  lives  it. 


Authoroative  ^^-  ^^^<^  Ffrangcou  Davies's  trea- 
ehaptert  on  tise  ou  "  The  Singing  of  the  Future  " 

the  vocal  art.  ( j^i^  L^ue  Co.)  is  a  direct  and 
serious  appeal  to  the  English-speaking  singer.  The 
author  argues  that  voice  and  the  singing  instinct  — 
regarded  from  the  physical  point  of  view  —  are 
comparatively  scarce;  but  that  they  are  plentiful 
enough,  if  men  gave  greater  heed  to  their  psychic 
powers,  to  supply  us  with  a  larger  number  of  lasting 
and  suggestive  types  of  singers  than  we  now  possess. 
The  singing  instinct  is  more  general,  and  musical 
ability  more  latently  plentiful,  than  many  of  us 
imagine,  —  as  witness  the  behavior  of  an  audience 
under  the  influence  of  a  Reeves  or  a  Joachim.  And 
the  germ  being  there,  the  step  between  appreciation 
and  performance  is  not  insurmountable.  Given  a 
fairly  keen  sense  of  pitch  and  rhythm,  —  in  other 
words,  modest  musical  intuition  and  cap>acity  for 
work,  —  and  singing  becomes  a  mere  matter  of 
practical  development,  under  the  guidance  of  lin- 
guistic and  imaginative  thought.  The  strongest 
recommendation  which  Mr.  Davies  makes  as  the  ideal 
of  the  singer  is  to  strive  for  mastery  over  all  tj'pes  of 
human  expression,  with  verisimilitude  as  the  guiding 
principle.  This  implies  that  voice  culture  cannot  be 
regarded  as  something  apart  from  general  culture : 
and  the  singer  who  woidd  satisfy  the  highest  demands 
of  his  profession  should  not  confine  his  study  within 
the  bounds  of  the  art  to  which  he  is  primarily  devoted. 
The  artist  should  not  beguile  his  audience  with  lovely 
and  sensuous  tone  merely  because  the  power  happens 
to  be  within  his  natural  gifts,  —  he  should  not  ovei^ 
awe  with  physical  prowess  to  the  detriment  of  lin- 
guistic purity.  One  notices  the  touch  of  sincerity 
in  Mr.  Davies's  work,  and  his  chapters  on  "  Tone," 
"  Breathing,"  and  "  Style  "  may  be  profitably  read 
by  musicians  as  well  as  singers. 


Romance  and  ^he  person  of  sensibiUty  who  could 
hutorv  of  an  remain  umnoved  by  the  picturesque 
Italian  valley,  chama,  the  historic  association,  the 
artistic  treasures,  and  the  religious  history  of  the 
Casentino.  would  doubtless  be  hard  to  find.  But 
harder  still  to  discover  is  the  pen  that  could  do 
justice  to  that  poetic  valley.  Miss  EUa  Noyes,  in 
her  book  called  "The  Casentino  and  its  Story" 
(Dutton)  is  not  lacking  in  the  enthusiasm  that  all 
but  the  insensate  must  feel  —  an  enthusiasm  that 
has  letl  her  to  make  most  careful  exploration,  patient 
investigation,  and  loving  exposition  of  the  scenes  and 
memories  of  the  favored  region.  Unfortunately,  this 
enthusiasm,  and  the  luxury  of  indulging  a  very  lively 
historic  imagination,  have  betrayed  the  author  into 
generalizations  and  theories  that  a  scientific  analysis 
of  history  will  not  always  justify ;  and  her  descrip- 
tions of  scenery  have  an  exuberance  that  detracts 


132 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


somewhat  from  their  descriptive  value.  To  cover  in 
a  vohime  of  323  pages  one  of  the  most  pictm-esque 
valleys  of  Italy,  which  is  at  the  same  time  a  great 
religious  centre  both  2)ast  and  present,  the  scene  of  a 
part  of  the  exile  of  Italy's  greatest  poet  as  well  as 
the  former  home  of  some  of  the  most  important 
families  in  Tuscan  Middle  Age  history,  is  no  light 
task.  Perhaps  we  should  not  be  surprised  that  the 
charcoal-burners,  who  are  among  the  chief  charms 
of  the  modern  Casentino,  are  dismissed  with  only 
casual  mention  in  two  places  in  the  text.  In  view 
of  the  difficulty  of  portraying  the  Casentino  ade- 
quately in  words,  one  is  grateful  to  find  the  pen  so 
artistically  supplemented  by  the  brush.  Miss  Dora 
Noyes's  illustrations,  twenty-five  in  color  and  twenty- 
four  line,  really  are  illustrations,  for  they  give  an 
accurate  idea  of  the  country  ;  but  they  are  also  much 
more  than  mere  illustrations,  for  they  have  poetic 
feeling  and  imagination,  and  they  add  materially  to 
the  charm  of  the  volume. 


Shall  the  earth  ^  S^^at  deal  has  been  written  in 
be  kept  still  regard  to  man's  duty  toward  the 
habitable  f  futm'e  State  and  the  citizens  thereof. 

The  rights  of  the  child,  the  rights  of  the  commu- 
nity, the  rights  of  art,  have  all  been  discussed,  with 
reference  not  only  to  the  needs  of  the  present  gen- 
eration but  of  those  to  come.  The  factor'  that  is 
least  considered  is  the  earth  itself,  and  our  obliga- 
tions toward  a  proper  husbanding  of  its  resources. 
Nothing  in  law  or  economics  can  have  a  more  impor- 
tant bearing  on  the  welfare  of  posterity  than  mate- 
rial conditions,  the  soil,  the  sea,  the  mines,  from 
which  are  drawn  in  various  ways  most  of  the  power 
and  subsistence  necessary  to  the  life  of  man.  Yet 
the  duty  that  one  generation  owes  to  another  in  the 
matter  of  the  proper  fertilization  of  agi"icultm*al 
lands,  the  preservation  of  forests,  economical  meth- 
ods of  mining,  careful  regard  for  the  life-habits  of 
fishes  and  game,  is  seldom  urged.  This  duty  is  the 
theme  of  Professor  Nathaniel  Shaler's  latest  book, 
which  he  calls  "  Man  and  the  Earth "  ( Fox,  Duf- 
field  &  Co.).  It  is  impossible  to  support  theories  as 
to  future  conditions  of  land  and  sea  by  statistics, 
because  of  the  varying  processes  governing  these 
conditions.  But  Professor  Shaler,  with  his  wide 
knowledge  of  natural  sciences,  is  in  the  best  possible 
position  to  draw  conclusions  from  existing  states. 
As  a  result,  he  has  written  an  interesting  little  book, 
which  will  repay  reading,  and  which,  it  is  to  be 
hoped,  will  result  in  directing  attention  to  the  vital 
subject  of  which  it  treats. 


The  history  of  ^^^  history  of  our  smallest  common- 
our  smallest  wealth  has  been  a  stormy  one,  owing 
commonwealth,  largely  to  the  peculiar  ideas  of  its 
founders  and  the  circumstances  of  its  founding. 
Rhode  Island  was  the  refuge  of  those  New  England 
men  and  women  who  were  so  extreme  in  their  views 
and  positions  that  they  were  driven  out  of  the  other 
colonies.  It  was  largely  a  collection  of  idealists, 
cranks,  and  enthusiasts  ;  and  the  policy  of  the  com- 


monwealth that  grew  out  of  the  combination  was 
necessarily  individualistic.  From  the  days  of  Roger 
Williams  down  to  recent  times,  separatism  has  been 
a  marked  characteristic  of  the  little  state.  The 
result  of  this  has  been  a  history  full  of  internal  strife 
and  of  opijosition  to  national  tendencies.  There  was 
much  that  was  selfish  and  mean  in  these  struggles, 
so  that  the  state  was  a  thorn  in  the  side  of  the  states- 
men who  were  building  up  the  nation.  But  Rhode 
Island  history  has  also  its  glories,  the  gi'eatest  being 
its  consistent  policy  of  religious  toleration  when  the 
world  was  intolerant.  This  history  has  been  written 
anew  by  Mr.  Irving  E.  Richman  for  the  "American 
Commonwealths  "  series  (Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. ). 
While  the  book  is  loaded  with  names  unimportant  to 
the  general  reader,  still  the  main  points  of  the  his- 
tory are  clearly  brought  out,  and  the  volume  is  a 
compact  and  useful  summary. 

"  n  Libro  D'Oro  of  those  whose 
Legends  of  the      Names  are  Written  in  the  Lamb's 

Italian  saints.       -n      ■,       e  t  'i-    it  •       i  •  •  t        i- 

xJook  01  Liiie  IS  the  curious  title  oi 
a  curious  piece  of  translation  from  the  Italian,  done 
by  Mrs.  Francis  Alexander.  It  consists  of  a  mass 
of  miracle  stories  and  sacred  legends  written  by  the 
fathers  of  the  Church  and  published  in  Italy  in 
the  sixteenth,  seventeenth,  and  eighteenth  centuries. 
The  collection  is  made  up  from  four  som-ces  :  "  Selec- 
tions from  the  Lives  of  the  Holy  Fathers,  together 
with  the  Spiritual  Field,"  dated  Venice,  1623 ; 
"  Selections  from  the  Lives  of  the  Saints  and  Beati 
of  Tuscany,"  Florence,  1627  ;  "  Selections  from  the 
Wonders  of  God  in  His  Saints,"  Bologna,  1593 ; 
and  "  Flowers  of  Sanctity,"  Venice,  1726.  The 
extracts  generally  take  the  form  of  brief  narratives, 
each  having  a  title  of  its  own.  As  a  whole,  the 
book  will  undoubtedly  appeal  to  a  limited  and  defi- 
nite class  of  readers,  but  the  legends  are  picturesque 
enough  to  make  a  casual  dipping  into  the  treasures 
of  the  book  decidedly  pleasurable.  The  English 
rendering  of  the  text  is  simple  and  graceful.  Messrs. 
Little,  Brown,  &  Co.  publish  the  book  in  attractive 
outward  form. 


:Notes. 


"  The  Life  of  Christ,"  by  Dr.  Alexander  Stewart,  is 
a  new  vohune  in  the  "  Temple  Series  of  Bible  Hand- 
books," published  by  the  Messrs.  Lippiucott. 

A  monograph  "  On  the  Limits  of  Descriptive  Writ- 
ing apropos  of  Lessmg's  Laocoon,"  by  Professor  Frank 
Egbert  Bryant,  is  a  recent  pamphlet  publication  of  the 
Ann  Arbor  Press. 

In  the  "  Englische  Textbibliothek  (Heidelberg : 
Winter),  we  have  an  edition  of  Longfellow's  "  Evan- 
geline," edited  by  Dr.  Ernst  Sieper.  The  editorial  appa- 
ratus is  very  full,  and  includes  a  valuable  "  Geschichte 
der  Englischen  Hexameters." 

Four  new  volumes  in  the  "  English  Classics "  of 
Messrs.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  are  the  followuig  r 
Irving's  "  Sketch  Book,"  edited  by  Professor  Brauder 
Matthews  and  Mr.  Armour  Caldwell  ;  Mrs.  Gaskell's 
"  Cranford,"  edited  by  Professor  Franklin  T.  Baker  ; 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


133 


Franklin's  "  Autobiography,"  edited  by  Professor 
William  B.  Cairns  ;  and  "  Select  Poems  of  Robert 
BrowTiing,"  edited  by  Mr.  Pereival  Chubb. 

"  The  Place  of  Magic  in  the  Intellectual  History  of 
Europe,"  by  Dr.  Lynn  Thomdike,  is  an  interesting 
monograph  in  the  historical  series  of  Columbia  Uni- 
versity publications. 

"  Milton's  Ode  on  the  Morning  of  Christ's  Nativity," 
with  an  introduction  by  Dr.  Glen  Levin  Swiggett,  is  a 
very  pretty  booklet  published  in  a  limited  edition  at 
the  University  Press  of  Sewanee,  Tennessee. 

"  A  Check  List  of  Mammals  of  the  North  American 
Continent,  the  West  Indies,  and  the  Neighboring  Seas," 
prepared  by  Dr.  Daniel  Giraud  Elliot,  is  a  recent  publi- 
cation of  the  Field  Columbian  Museum.  It  is  a  work 
of  over  seven  hundred  pages,  recording  upwards  of 
thirteen  himdred  species. 

"  Studies  in  Moro  History,  Law,  and  Religion,"  by 
Mr.  Najeeb  M.  Saleeby,  is  a  pamphlet  publication  of 
the  L'nited  States  Ethnological  Survey  printed  at  Ma- 
nila. Another  number  of  this  series  contains  "The 
Naboloi  Dialect,"  by  Mr.  Otto  Scheerer,  and  "  The 
Bataks  of  Palawan,"  by  Mr.  Edward  Y.  Miller. 

"  Inaugural  Addresses  of  the  Presidents  of  the  United 
States  from  Johnson  to  Roosevelt,"  edited  by  Mr.  John 
Vance  Cheney,  is  published  by  Messrs.  R.  R.  Donnelley 
&  Sons,  Chicago,  as  the  third  volume  of  their  "  Lake- 
side Classics."  The  preceding  volume,  it  will  be  re- 
membered, reprinted  the  inaugural  addresses  from 
Washington  to  Lincoln. 

Two  new  volumes  in  the  Astronomical  Series  of 
L'niversitj-  of  Pennsylvania  publications  give  us  the 
results  of  two  years'  observation  \*'ith  the  Zenith  Tele- 
scope of  the  Flower  Observatory,  and  the  measure  of 
1066  double  and  multiple  stars.  For  the  first-named 
series  of  observations  Mr.  Charles  L.  Doolittle  is  respon- 
sible; for  the  other,  Mr.  Eric  Doolittle. 

Of  the  thi-ee  papers  included  in  the  October  "  Uni- 
^-ersity  Studies  "  of  the  University  of  Nebraska,  the  one 
that  is  of  most  interest  to  our  readers  is  that  in  which 
Professor  C.  W.  Wallace  prints  and  discusses  certain 
"  Newly-Discovered  Shakespeare  Documents."  The 
documents  are  three  in  number,  and  of  a  legal  character. 
They  were  foimd  by  Professor  Wallace  in  the  archives 
of  the  Public  Record  Office. 

Tennyson's  "  In  Memoriam,"  published  in  something 
like  "  Golden  Treasurj- "  garb  by  the  Macmillau  Co.,  is 
an  edition  "  annotated  by  the  author."  This  means,  in 
the  words  of  the  present  Lord  Tennyson,  that  the 
"  notes  were  left  by  my  father  partly  in  his  own  hand- 
Avriting,  and  partly  dictated  to  me."  Since  there  are 
some  twenty-five  pages  of  them,  they  are  a  valuable 
addition  to  our  apparatus  for  the  study  of  the  poem, 
and  will  serve  to  decide  many  a  disputed  point.  A 
lengthy  introduction  by  the  poet's  son  is  also  included, 
embodying  the  opinions  of  several  of  Tennyson's  most 
famous  contemporaries,  and  gi\-ing  a  fairly  clear  state- 
ment of  his  religious  attitude.  It  will  be  evident  from 
our  description  that  this  is  a  very  precious  little  book. 

"  The  Musician's  Library,"  published  by  the  Oliver 
Ditson  Co.,  grows  apace.  It  now  numbers  a  score  of 
volumes,  about  eqiuiUy  divided  between  compositions 
for  voice  and  for  piano.  The  latest  of  these  vohunes 
are  two  containing  "  Songs  and  Airs  by  George  Frideric 
Handel,"  edited  by  Mr.  Ebenezer  Prout.  The  first 
vohmie  contains  pieces  for  high  voice,  and  the  second 
pieces  for  low  voice.     The  introductory  matter  is  the 


same  for  both  volumes,  and  consists  of  a  carefully- 
written  critical  and  biographical  study,  besides  a  chrono- 
logical index.  There  are  eighty  selections  in  all,  forty 
for  each  volume.  Six  are  from  "  Messiah,"  and  five 
each  from  "  Samson  "  and  "  Judas  Maccabaeas."  Vocal- 
ists will  be  most  grateful  for  the  operatic  arias,  which 
are  far  less  accessible  than  the  numbers  representing 
the  oratorios. 

A  most  interesting  and  important  publishing  enter- 
prise is  announced  by  Messrs.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  in 
conjunction  with  Messrs.  Dent  of  London.  This  is  a 
series  of  reprints,  under  the  general  title  of  "  Every- 
man's Library,"  of  the  great  books  in  everj-  department 
of  literature,  carefully  edited,  handsomely  printed 
and  boimd,  and  sold  at  the  low  price  of  fifty  cents  a 
volume.  Mr.  Ernest  Rhys  is  general  editor  of  the 
series,  and  critical  introductions  to  the  various  volumes 
will  be  supplied  by  such  writers  as  Augustine  Birrell, 
Andrew  Lang,  Lord  Avebury,  A.  C.  Swinburne,  G.  K. 
Chesterton,  Herbert  Paul,  Theodore  Watts-Dunton, 
Richard  Gamett,  HUaire  Belloc,  and  George  Saints- 
bury.  That  the  mechanical  form  of  the  volumes  will 
be  the  best  that  modem  methods  of  printing,  paper- 
making,  and  binding  can  produce  is  assured  by  Mr. 
Dent's  connection  with  the  plan.  The  series  is  to  be 
published  in  quarterly  instalments  of  about  fifty  vol- 
umes each,  the  first  of  which  will  appear  next  month. 
We  trust  this  undertaking  will  meet  the  ^^■ide  popidar 
success  that  it  is  sure  to  deserve. 


List  of  Xeav  Books. 

[2^  following  list,  containing   57  tides,  includes  books 
received  by  Thb  Di.\l,  since  its  last  isstie.'\ 

BIOGKAPHY  AND  REMINISCENCES. 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots :  Her  Environment  and  Tragedy.    By 

T.  F.  Henderson.    In  2  vols.,  illus.  in  photogravure,  etc. 

large  8vo.  gilt  tops.    Charles  Scribner's  Sons.    S6.  net. 
The  Life  of  Queen  Henrietta  Maria.     By  I.  A.  Taylor. 

Second  edition;  in  2  vols..  Ulus.  in  photogravare,  etc.,  large 

8vo.  gilt  tops.    E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.    $7.50  net. 
Descartes :  His  Life  and  Times.     By  Elizabeth  S.  Haldane. 

Illos.  in  photogravure,  etc.  large  Svo,  gilt  top,  pp.  398.   £.  P. 

Dutton  &  Co.    ^.50  net. 
Days  of  the  Past:  A  Medley  of  Memories.    By  Alexander 

Innes  Shand.    Large  Svo.  gilt  top.  pp.  319.    E.  P.  Dutton  & 

Co.    $3.  net. 
Russell  Wheeler  Daveni>ort:  Father  of  Rowing  at  Yale. 

Maker   of  Guns   and  Armor   Plate.     With   photogra\-ure 

portrait,  large  Svo,  gilt  top,  pp.  79.    G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

$1.25  net. 
Chopin :  As  Revealed  by  Extracts  from  his  Diary.    By  Count 

StanUas    Tamowski;    trans,  from  the  Polish  by  Natalie 

Janotha ;  edited  by  J.  T.  Tanqueray.    Illus.,  16mo,  pp.  69. 

Charles  Scribner's  Sons.    $1.  net. 

HISTORY. 

A  History  of  the  Inquisition  of  Spain.  By  Henry  Charles 
Lea.  LL.D.  Vol.  I.,  large  Svo,  gilt  top,  pp.  620.  Macmillan 
Co.    $2.50  net. 

Ancient  Records  of  Egypt :  Historical  Documents  from  the 
Earliest  Times  to  the  Persian  Conquest.  Collected,  edited, 
and  translated,  with  commentary,  by  James  Henry  Breasted, 
Ph.D.  Vol.  I.,  The  First  to  the  Seventeenth  Dynasties.  Large 
Svo.  uncut,  pp.  344.    University  of  Chicago  Press.    $3.  net. 

The  Russian  Court  in.  the  Eighteenth  Century.  By  Fitz- 
gerald MoUoy.  In  2  vols.,  illus.  in  photogravure,  etc  large 
Svo.  gilt  tops.    Charles  Scribner's  Sons.    $6.  net. 

England  under  the  Normans  and  Angevins,  1066-1272. 
By  H.  W.  C.  Davis.  Large  Svo. gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  577.  G.  P. 
I*utnam's  Sons.    $3.  net. 

A  History  of  the  United  States.  By  Elroy  McKendree 
Avery.  Vol.  H.,  illus.  in  color,  etc,  large  Svo,  gilt  top,  uncut, 
pp.  458.    Burrows  Bros.  Co. 


134 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


American  Political  History,  1763-1876.  By  Alexander  John- 
ston ;  edited  and  supplemented  by  James  Albert  Woodburn. 
Part  II.,  1820-76.   8vo,  pp.  598.   G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.   $2.  net. 

QENEBAIi  LITEBATUBE. 
The  Development  of  the  Feelingr  for  Nature  in  the  Middle 

Ages  and  Modern  Times.    By  Alfred  Biese.    12nio,  pp.  376. 

E.  P.  Button  &  Co.    12.  net. 
The  Building-  of  the  City  Beautiful.    By  Joaquin  Miller. 

With  photogravure  frontispiece,  16mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  243. 

Trenton:  Albert  Brandt.    $1.50  net. 
The  Miracles  of  Our  Liady  Saint  Diary.    Brought  out  of 

divers  tongues  and  newly  set  forth  in  English  by  Evelyn 

Underhill.     With   photogravure   frontispiece,    8vo,  uncut, 

pp.  308.    E.  P.  Button  &  Co.    $2.  net. 
H3ann  Treasures.   By  Grace  Morrison  Everett.  12mo,  gilt  top, 

pp.  183.    Jennings  &  Graham.    $1.25. 

NEW  EDITIONS  OF  STANDABD  LITEBATUBE. 
Complete  Works  of  Abraham  Lincoln.    Edited  by  John  G. 

Nicolay  and  John  Hay.    New  and  enlarged  edition.    Vols. 

I.  and  II.,  with  photogravure  frontispieces,  8vo,  gilt  tops, 

uncut.   New  York:  Francis  D.Tandy  Co.    (Sold  only  in  sets 

of  12  vols.,  by  subscription.) 
The  Poetical  Works  of  Ijord  Byron.  Edited,  with  a  Memoir, 

by  Ernest  Hartley  Coleridge.    With  photogravure  portrait, 

12mo,  pp.  1048.    Charles  Scribner's  Sons.    $1.50  net. 
The  Paerie  Queene.    By  Edmund  Spenser.    In  2  vols.,  with 

photogravure  frontispieces,  24mo,  gilt  tops.    "Caxton  Thin 

Paper  Series."    Charles  Scribner's  Sons.    Leather,  $2.50  net. 
In  Memoriam.    By  Alfred  Lord  Tennyson.    Annotated  by  the 

author.    16mo,  uncut,  pp.  265.    Macmillan  Co.    $1.  net. 
"  Ground  Arms  1"  ("  Die  Waffen  Nieder  !  ") :  A  Romance  of 

European  War.    By  Baroness  Bertha  von  Suttner;  trans. 

from  the  German  by  Alice  Asbury  Abbott.    Sixth  edition ; 

with  portrait.    12mo,  pp.  313.    A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.    $1.25. 
Axel  and  "Valborg: :   An  Historical  Tragedy  in  Five  Acts. 

Trans,  from  the  Danish   and   German   of  Adam  Oehlen- 

schlager  by  Frederick  Strange  KoUe.    12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut, 

pp.  120.    Grafton  Press. 
Wordsworth's  Guide  to  the  Lakes.    Fifth  Edition  (1835). 

Edited  by  Ernest  de  Selincourt.  lUus.,  16mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  203. 

Oxford  University  Press.    90  cts.  net. 

FICTION. 
The    Great    Refusal.     By   Maxwell  Gray.     12mo,   pp.  438. 

D.  Appleton  &  Co.    $1.50. 
The  Eternal  Spring-.    By  Neith  Boyce.    Illus.,  12mo,  uncut, 

pp.  403.    Fox,  DufHeld  &  Co.    $1.50. 
The  duickening-.    By  Francis  Lynde.    Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  407. 

Bobbs-Merrill  Co.    $1.50. 
The  Lake.    By  George  Moore.    12mo,  pp.  309.    D.  Appleton  & 

Co.    $1.50. 
The  One  Who  Saw.    By  Headon  Hill.    Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  379. 

New  York :  B.  W.  Dodge  &  Co.    $1.50. 
Hicky.    By  Olin  L.  Lyman.   12mo,  pp.  241.   Richard  G.  Badger. 

$1.25. 

THEOLOGY  AND  BELIGION. 

The  Finality  of  the  Christian  Beligion.  By  George  Burman 

Foster.    Large  8vo,  pp.  518.    University  of  Chicago  Press. 

$4.  net. 
The  History  of  Early  Christian  Literature  :  The  Writings 

of  the  New  Testament.  By  Baron  Hermann  von  Soden,  D.D. ; 

trans,  by  Rev.  J.  R.  Wilkinson,  M.  A. ;  edited  by  Rev.  W.  D. 

Morrison,    LL.D.     12mo,    pp.   476.     "  Crown   Theological 

Library."    G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    $1.50. 
The  Beligion  of  Christ  in  the  Twentieth  Century.    12mo, 

pp.  197.    G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    $1.50. 
The  Gospel  in  the  Gospels.    By  William  Porcher  Du  Bose, 

M.A.    12mo,  pp.  289.    Longmans,  Green  &  Co.    $1.50. 
Sermon  Briefis.  By  Henry  Ward  Beecher ;  transcribed  from  the 

author's  manuscript  notes  of  unpublished  discourses,  and 

edited  by  John  R.  Howard  and  Truman  J.  EUinwood.    8vo, 

pp.  263.    Pilgrim  Press. 
The  Religion  of  Numa,  and  Other  Essays  on  the  Religion  of 

Ancient  Rome.    By  Jesse   Benedict  Carter.    12mo,  uncut, 

pp.  189.    Macmillan  Co,    $1.  net. 
The  Ecclesiastical  Edicts  of  the  Theodosian  Code.    By 

William  K.  Boyd,  Ph.D.  Large  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  122.  "  Colimi- 

bia  University  Publications."    Macmillan  Co.    Paper. 
The  Child  in  the  Church.  Edited  by  Horatio  N.  Ogden,  A.M. 

16mo,  pp.  55.    Jennings  &  Graham.    25  cts.  net. 


The  Best  Address  Ever  Hade :  An  Exposition  of  the  Fif- 
teenth Chapter  of  Luke.  By  Rev.  Rhys  R.  Lloyd,  M.A. 
24mo,  pp.  47.    Chicago :  Hays-Cushman  Co.    25  cts. 

ART  AND  MUSIC. 

Etchings  of  Charles  Meryon.  Text  by  Hugh  Stokes.  Illus., 
4to.  "  The  Master  Etchers."  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 
$2.50  net. 

Old  Pewter.  By  Malcolm  Bell.  Illus.,  8vo,  gilt  top,  pp.  186. 
"  Newnes'  Library  of  the  Applied  Arts."  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons.    $2.50  net. 

Henry  Moore,  R.A.  By  Frank  Maclean.  Illus.  in  photo- 
gravure, etc.,  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  215.  Charles  Scrib- 
ner's Sons.    $1.25  net. 

The  Pre-Raphaelite  Brotherhood.  Text  by  J.  Ernest 
Phythian.  Illus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  large  8vo,  pp.  76. 
"  Newnes'  Art  Library."    Frederick  Wame  &  Co.    $1.25. 

The  Deeper  Sources  of  the  Beauty  and  Expression  of 
Music.  By  Joseph  Goddard.  16mo,  pp.  119.  Charles  Scrib- 
ner's Sons.    $1.25  net. 

James  McNeill  Whistler.  By  H.  W.  Singer.  Illus.,  18mo, 
gilt  top,  pp.  83.  "  Langham  Monographs."  Charles  Scrib- 
ner's Sons.    Leather,  $1.  net. 

Hans  Holbein  the  Younger :  A  Critical  Monograph.  By 
Ford  Madox  Huefler.  Illus.,  24mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  178.  "  Popular 
Library  of  Art."    E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.    75  cts.  net. 

REFERENCE. 
Who's  Who  in  America,  1906-7.  Edited  by  John  W.  Leonard. 

8vo,  pp.  2080.    Chicago :  A.  N.  Marquis  &  Co.    $3.50. 
Who's    Who,    1906:     An    Annual    Biographical    Dictionary. 

16mo,  pp.  1878.    Macmillan  Co.    $2.  net. 

EDUCATION. 

First  Science  Book :  Physics  and  Chemistry.    By  Lothrop  D. 

Higgins,  Ph.B.    lUus.,  16mo,  pp.  237.    Ginn  &  Co.    65  cts. 
The  Choral  Song  Book.    Edited  and  arranged  by  William  M. 

Lawrence  and  Frederick  H.  Pease.    8vo,  pp.  225.    Rand, 

McNally  &  Co.    50  cts. 
Berry's  Writing  Books.     In  4  parts,  illus.  in  color,  etc., 

oblong  12mo.    Chicago :  B.  D.  Berry  &  Co. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
Congress  of  Arts  and  Science,  Universal  Exposition,  St. 

Louis,  1904.  Edited  by  Howard  J.  Rogers,  A.M.  Vol.  I.,  large 

8vo.  pp.  627.    Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.    $2.50  net. 
The  Central  Tian-Shan  Mountains,  1902-3.  By  Dr.  Gottfried 

Merzbacher.    Illus.,  large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  285.   E.  P. 

Dutton  &  Co.    $3.50  net. 
The  Age  of  the  Earth,  and  Other  Geological  Studies.    By 

W.  J.  Sollas.    Illus.,  large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  328.    E.  P. 

Dutton  &  Co.    $3.  net. 
Health  and  the  Inner  Life.   By  Horatio  W.  Dresser.  12mo, 

gilt  top,  pp.  255.    G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    $1.35  net. 
The  Physical  Nature  of  the  Child,  and  How  to  Study  It. 

By  Stuart  H.  Rowe,  Ph.D.    12mo,  pp.  211.    Macmillan  Co. 

90  cts.  net. 
Great-Grandma's  Looking-Glass.  By  Blanche  Nevin ;  illus. 

by  Annis  Dunbar  Jenkins.    Large  8vo.   Robert  Grier  Cooke. 

Paper. 
Hints  and  Helps  for  Young  Gardeners.    By  H.  D.  Hemen- 

way.    Illus.,  large  8vo,  pp.59.    Hartford:  Published  by  the 

author.    Paper  35  cts. 


STORY-WRITERS,  Biographers,  Historians,  Poets  — Do 

-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  you  desire  the  honest  criticism  of  your 
book,  or  its  skilled  revision  and  correction,  or  advice  as  to  publication  ? 
Such  work,  said  George  William  Curtis,  is  "  done  as  it  should  be  by  The 
Easy  Chair's  friend  and  fellow  laborer  in  letters,  Dr.  Titus  M.  Coan. " 
Terms  by  agreement.  Send  for  circular  D,  or  forward  your  book  or  MS. 
to  the  New  York  Bureau  of  Revision,  70  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York. 


Authors' 
.gency 

Mention  The  Dial,         R 


Fifteenth  Year.  Candid,  suggestive 
Criticism,  literary  and  technical  Re- 
vision, Advice,  Disposal.  MSS.  of  all 
kinds.  Instruction.  References: 
Mrs.  Burton  Harrison,  W.  D.  Howells, 
Mrs.  Julia  Ward  Howe,  Thomas 
Nelson  Page,  Mrs.  Mary  E.  Wilkins 
Freeman,  and  others.  Send  stamp 
for  Booklet  to  WM.  A.  DRESSER, 
.  7,  400  Broadway,  Cambridge,  Mass. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


135 


THREE    FAST 

California  Trains 

daily  via  the  Chicago,  Union  Pacific  & 
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track  railway  between  Chicago  and  the 
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San  Francisco  and  Portland.  Most 
luxurious  train  in  the  world.  Less  than 
three  days  en  route. 

Los  Angeles  Limited 

Electric-lighted  through  train  arriving 
at  Los  Angeles  afternoon  of  the  third 
day,  via  the  new  Salt  Lake  Route. 
Entire  new  equipment.  Drawing-Room 
and  Tourist  bleeping  cars,  Composite- 
Observation  cars.  Dining  cars. 

The  China  &  Japan  FastMall 

To  San  Francisco,  Los  Angeles  and 
Portland    without     change.  Pullman 

Drawing-Room  and  Tourist 
Sleeping  cars.    Dining  cars. 

For    booklets,     maps,    schedules' 
rates,  list  of  hotels,  aod  descrip- 
tion of  limited  trains  apply  at 

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yo  branch  ttoret 


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and  other 
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BOOKS 


READ  CUB 

ROMANS    CHOISIS    SERIES 

26  TitleB.    Paper  60c.,  cloth  85c.  vol. 

CONTES    CHOISIS    SERIES 

24  Titles.     Paper  25c. ,  cloth  40c.  toI. 
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STUDY  AND  PRACTICE  OF  FRENCH  in  4  Parts 

L.  C.  BoHAin,  Author  and  Pub.,  1930  Chestnut  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Well-graded  series  for  Preparatory  Schools  and  Colleges.  No  time 
wasted  in  superficial  or  mechanical  work.  French  Text :  Numerous 
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Mr.  Eden  Phillpotts'  new  novel  The  Portreeve 

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Mr.   James   Loeb's   translation  from  the  French  of 

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Mr.  B.  L.  Putnam-Weale's      The  Re-Shaping  of  the  Far  East 

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Mrs.  Saint  Maur's      A  Self-Supporting  Home 

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it  pay.  .  .  .  Just  how  it  was  done,  what  it  cost  and  how  well  it  paid  is  told  step  by  ttep."— Country  Life  in  America. 

Illustrated,  cloth,  81.75  net. 

Mr.  John  Spargo's      The  Bitter  Cry  of  the  Children 

With  an  Introduction  by  Robert  Hunter,  author  of  "Poverty." 
"  The  most  careful  and  searching  examination  ever  published  of  the  effects  of  poverty  upon  children,  by  a  trained  social  inves- 
tigator of  wide  experience.    Finally,  Mr.  Spargo  writes  of  remedial  measures,  and  endeavors  to  outline  a  constructive  policy." 

Cloth,  xvii. -ir  357 pages,  with  32  full-page  illustrations,  81.50  net  {postage  13  cts.) 


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BY  THE  DIAL  COSCPAXY,  Pl'BUSHEBS. 


No.  JUS. 


MARCH  1,  1906. 


Vol.  XL. 


Contests. 

PASS 

THE  NOVEL  AT  THE  BAR 141 

COMMUNICATION 143 

Late  Discnasions  of  the  War  of  1812.  ¥.B..  Costello. 

THE  REAL  AND  THE  IDEAL  WHTTMAN.     Percy 

F.  Bicknell 144 

MAIN  CLTIRENTS  IN  SOCIOLOGICAL  THEORY. 

Frank  W.  Blackmar 146 

SHAKESPEAREAN  TABLE-TALK.      Edward  E. 

Hale,  Jr 148 

ALABAMA  IN  WAR-TIME  AND  AFTER.     Janus 

Wilford  Garner 150 

PRECEPTS   FOR   THE    YOL'NG.  AND  REFLEC- 
TIONS FOR  THE  OLD.     T.  D.  A.  CockereU    151 

RECENT  FICTION.  William  Morton  Payne  .  .  .153 
Merejkowski's  Peter  and  Alexis.  —  Sienkiewicz's 
On  the  Field  of  Glory.  —  Gasiorowski's  Napoleon's 
Love  Story.  —  Crockett's  The  Scarlet  Ribband.  — 
Oppenheim's  A  Maker  of  History.  —  Legge's  The 
Ford.  —  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Williamson's  My  Friend  the 
ChaufFeor. — Maxwell's  Vivian. — "  Maxwell  Gray's  " 
The  Great  Refusal.  —  Tarkington's  The  Conquest 
of  Canaan.  —  Nicholson's  The  House  of  a  Thousand 
C>andles.  —  Hough's  Heart's  Desire.  —  Dix's  The 
Fair  Maid  of  Graystones.  —  Ellis's  Barbara  Wins- 
low,  Rebel.  —  Gla«^w's  The  Wheel  of  Life. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 156 

"  Lone  mother  of  dead  empires."  —  The  foremost 
English  thinker  from  Bacon  to  Hume.  —  Literary 
Germany  in  the  early  19th  century.  —  Louisiana  as 
an  American  commonwealth.  —  A  good  popular  in- 
troduction to  the  art  of  Giotto.  —  English  life  and 
ways  in  Jane  Austen's  time.  —  More  of  ilr.  Birrell's 
essays.  —  Improving  the  workingman's  surround- 
ings. —  A  dictionary  of  famous  Americans.  —  Some 
American  women  of  a  by-gone  day. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 160 

NOTES 161 

TOPICS  IN  UEADING  PERIODICALS       ....  161 

LEST  OF  NEW  BOOKS 162 


THE  NOVEL  AT  THE  BAR. 

Mr.  Richard  Bagot,  an  English  novelist  of 
conscientious  industry  and  creditable  perform- 
ance, has  made  the  February  "  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury '  the  vehicle  of  certain  reflections  upon  the 
present  condition  of  literary  criticism  as  it  affects 
the  \*Titer  of  fiction.  He  finds  that  condition  to 
be  extremely  unsatisfactory,  and  makes  tenta- 
tive suggestion  of  a  corrective  for  its  obvious 
shortcomings.  Since  the  conditions  he  describes 
obtain  quite  as  noticeably  on  this  side  of  the 
water  as  on  the  other,  his  article  shoidd  prove 
equally  interesting  to  both  American  and  En- 
glish readers. 

He  calls  attention,  to  b^in  with,  to  the  con- 
tradictory character  of  the  reviewing  of  current 
fiction.  It  is  quite  common  for  a  novel  to  run 
the  whole  gamut  of  criticism  from  highest  praise 
to  severest  censure,  when  in  all  probability  the 
book  is  just  an  ordinary  ephemeral  production, 
deserving  of  neither  extreme,  but  simply  calling 
for  a  few  words  of  classification  and  illustrative 
comment.  Sometimes,  as  in  a  case  cited  from 
his  own  recent  experience,  the  novelist  has  the 
malicious  satisfaction  of  finding  both  kinds  of 
estimates  in  different  issues  of  the  same  journal. 
Thus,  even  if  he  pins  his  faith  to  some  particular 
organ  of  literary  opinion,  his  confidence  is  liable 
to  be  shaken  by  the  rudest  of  shocks.  And  in 
any  case,  ''the  perplexed  novelist  is  liable  to 
read  in  one  leading  organ  that  he  has  WTitten 
a  work  which  places  him  in  the  front  rank  of 
living  wTiters  of  fiction,  and  in  another  that  he 
is  ignorant  of  the  very  rudiments  of  the  art  of 
novel-writing."  It  is  a  hard  problem.  The  nov- 
elist himself  may  lay  to  his  soul  the  flattering 
unction  of  the  laudatory  judgment,  although  he 
will  hardly  do  so  without  some  misgi\Tngs,  but 
the  reader  in  search  of  light  will  not  know  what 
to  think. 

Another  very  evident  defect  in  the  reviewing 
of  fiction  is  that  the  criticism  so  often  comes 
from  persons  having  no  familiarity  with  the 
subject-matter  of  the  work  criticised.  "  A  novel 
dealing,  we  will  say,  with  foreign  life  is  reviewed 
perhaps  by  a  critic  who  has  no  knowledge  of 
the  people  and  the  country  in  which  the  scene 


142 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


of  the  book  in  question  is  laid.  How,  it  may  be 
asked,  is  such  a  critic  to  be  a  sound  and  reliable 
guide  either  to  author  or  public  ?  "  How,  indeed ! 
And  to  what  confusion  worse  confounded  are 
we  led  when  a  novelist  describes  some  phase  of 
life  with  which  he  lias  himself  no  intimate  ac- 
quaintance, and  his  work  is  then  reviewed  by  a 
critic  whose  knowledge  of  the  subject  is  even 
more  superficial !  The  "  society  "  novel  offers  the 
most  obvious  example  of  this  condition  of  things. 
Some  portrayal  of  smart  life  is  described  by  the 
reviewers  as  a  brilliant  social  satire  or  as  a  new 
"Vanity  Fair,"  and  the  writers  of  such  books 
"  are  supposed  by  the  outside  public  to  know 
intimately  that  society  of  which  they  write  with 
such  assurance."  "  But  how  many  critics  are 
there,"  asks  Mr.  Bagot, "  who  can  boldly  tell  the 
distinguished  author  that  he,  or  she,  has  made 
well-bred  people  say,  do,  and  think  things  en- 
tirely foreign  to  their  nature  and  caste  tradi- 
tions?" 

That  such  defects  as  have  above  been  indi- 
cated, and  many  others  as  glaring,  characterize 
most  current  criticism  of  fiction,  is  a  fact  too 
apparent  to  need  demonstration.  And  the  rea- 
sons are  equally  apparent.  To  make  a  truly 
intelligent  estimate  of  even  a  novel  requires 
ability  of  a  sort  so  rare  and  valuable  as  to  be  at 
the  command  of  very  few  newspapers  or  other 
periodicals,  it  also  demands  an  amount  of  space 
that  cannot  possibly  be  devoted  to  any  single 
book  of  the  class  that  numbers  its  thousands 
yearly.  The  problem  set  the  average  reviewer 
of  the  average  novel  is  simply  this :  What  is 
the  most  profitable  employment  I  may  make  of 
the  two  hours  and  the  two  hundred  words  which 
are  all  I  can  give  to  this  book  ?  A  personal  im- 
pression, a  bit  of  description  or  classification,  an 
indication  of  some  salient  feature,  and  a  word  or 
two  about  the  workmanship  are  all  that  may  be 
attempted  imder  the  narrow  conditions  imposed. 
Reviewing  done  subject  to  those  limitations  wiU 
have  weight  in  proportion  to  the  ability  and 
knowledge  of  the  reviewer — and  the  brief  para- 
graph may  often  be  surprisingly  weighty  —  but 
of  course  it  will  be  anything  but  adequate  to  the 
claims  of  any  book  that  really  calls  for  serious 
consideration. 

Mr.  Bagot,  taking  his  cue  from  French  prac- 
tices, from  the  positive  fact  of  French  official 
criticism  and  the  negative  fact  that  the  French 
press  does  not,  as  a  rule,  attempt  to  review  the 
whole  output  of  current  fiction,  ventures  a  sug- 
gestion which,  while  it  offers  great  difficulties 
on  the  practical  side,  is  at  least  interesting  and 
worthy  of  consideration.     "  What  if  the  entire 


press,"  he  asks,  "  should  agree  to  ignore  all 
works  of  fiction  sent  in  for  review  which  did  not 
bring  with  them  to  the  editorial  offices  a  guar- 
antee that  they  liad  duly  passed  an  initial  stage 
of  examination,  and  had  been  declared  worthy  of 
the  notice  of  the  journalistic  critic  ?  And  what 
if  the  circvdating  libraries  declined  to  subscribe 
to  any  but  works  of  fiction  thus  ImUmarked? 
It  might,  I  think,  reasonably  be  supposed  that 
some  such  purifying  process  as  this  would  tend 
considerably  to  reduce  the  flood  of  undesirable 
matter  ;  that  it  woidd  diminish  the  work  of  the 
reviewer ;  and  that  the  art  of  the  novelist  and 
the  taste  and  literary  discernment  of  the  novel- 
reading  public  would  gradually  be  raised." 
Having  made  this  suggestion,  Mr.  Bagot  pro- 
ceeds to  enlarge  upon  the  benefits,  to  both 
authors  and  readers,  that  might  follow  in  the 
train  of  its  adoption.  He  develops  the  argu- 
ment with  caution,  but  with  a  very  evident 
prepossession  in  favor  of  some  such  method 
as  a  means  of  stemming  the  flood  of  worthless 
fiction  and  of  giving  the  novelist  himself  a 
kind  of  comisel  of  which  he  often  stands  in 
dire  need. 

We  can  imagine  the  outcry  of  the  amateur 
novelist,  and  of  the  professional  sensation- 
monger,  at  any  such  suggestion  of  a  "  trust  "  in 
literary  criticism.  And  the  question  of  quis 
custodiet  custodes  could  be  very  effectively 
raised  by  such  a  proposal.  Originality,  and 
even  genius,  might  possibly  for  a  time  be  sup- 
pressed by  the  operation  of  such  a  plan,  but  we 
cannot  believe  that  in  the  long  run  it  would 
not  work  more  good  than  harm.  The  difficidty, 
of  course,  would  lie  in  the  constitution  of  the 
tribunal  organized  for  this  judicial  sifting  of 
the  tares  from  the  wheat.  To  accept  the  re- 
sponsibilities of  a  lihadamanthus  in  this  matter 
wovdd  be  to  accept  a  thankless  task,  and  one 
certain  to  entail  much  discomfort  upon  the  in- 
cumbent. The  rage  of  the  rejected  woidd  be 
anything  but  celestial,  and  would  be  declared 
in  a  manner  both  personal  and  pointed.  Mr. 
Bagot  appreciates  the  difficidty  of  the  problem, 
and  it  is  with  no  little  diffidence  that  he  pro- 
poses his  press-constituted  academy.  But  the 
experiment  is  not  beyond  the  range  of  possibil- 
ity, and  the  library  profession  is  already  looking 
for  some  way  of  trying  it.  Certainly  the  long- 
suffering  public,  now  misled  by  so  many  blind 
guides,  deserves  to  have  its  interests  protected 
by  the  critical  guild  more  effectively  than  they 
are  at  present  protected,  and  no  suggestion 
aiming  at  so  praiseworthy  an  end  should  fail  of 
being  examined  with  due  deliberation. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


143 


COMMUNICA  TION. 


LATE  DISCUSSIONS  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1812. 
(To  the  Editor  of  The  Dial.) 
In  reading  the  re\'iew  of  Captain  Mahan's  "Sea 
Power  and  the  War  of  1812,"  in  a  recent  number  of 
The  Dial,  I  notice  what  seems  to  me  the  omission  of 
an  important  fact,  and  one  that  is  none  too  prominently 
brought  out  in  the  book  itself.  There  is,  however,  some 
discussion  of  it  in  the  book,  and  it  seems  to  me  that  it 
should  have  had  a  place  in  the  re\'iew.  It  is  the  fact 
of  the  chief  cause  tliat  led  Great  Britain  to  make  such 
favorable  tenus  with  us  in  ending  the  war. 

Tliat  our  land  forces,  in  spite  of  the  almost  marvellous 
incapacity  of  the  commanding  generals  and  the  blimder- 
ing  and  short-sightedness  of  the  Washington  government 
(and  of  Jefferson  previously),  finally  did  some  fairly  good 
work,  is  true ;  and  certainly  our  n&vj,  considering  how  it 
was  neglected  at  the  start,  was  splendidly  efficient.  But 
when  all  of  tliis  is  considered  there  is  still  not  enough  to 
account  for  the  residt  —  for  the  readiness  with  which 
Great  Britain  made  peace.  It  will  of  course  be  borne  in 
mind  that  her  gi-eat  defeat  at  New  Orleans  —  the  defeat 
that  riuned  her  most  promising  plan  —  was  not  known 
when  she  so  readily  entered  into  the  arrangements  for 
peace.  Then  what  was  the  cause?  It  was  not  the 
problem  of  Xapoleon, —  he  was  defeated ;  and  though 
England's  expenses  for  the  recent  wars  were  heavy,  her 
opportimity  was  good  for  getting  a  large  part  of  it  back 
from  iLS.  Russia,  our  friend,  was  certainly  not  in  shape 
to  go  to  war  with  the  first  sea  power  in  the  world  to 
help  us.  There  was  just  as  certainly  no  other  power  to 
attempt  it,  even  had  there  been  another  as  friendly. 

But  if  Great  Britain  coidd  hope  to  recoup  herself 
from  our  lands  and  goods,  was  she  in  military  shape  to 
go  on  ?  She  was  at  the  height  of  her  military  power. 
Wellington's  veterans  were  out  of  the  Peninsula,  other 
forces  had  been  organized,  and  there  was  sufficient  money 
in  the  war-chest  for  immediate  purposes.  And  on  the 
sea  Great  Britain  stood  as  she  had  never  stood  before, 
and  probably  never  will  stand  again.  She  mmibered 
her  war-ci-aft  by  the  himdreds,  and  after  the  French 
shadow  had  been  lifted  she  had  more  than  two  himdred 
vessels  to  send  to  our  coasts.  We  had  four  large 
frigates,  and  not  a  sliip  larger,  and  had  mustered  just 
seventeen  fighting  vessels  at  the  beginning  of  the  war. 
Before  the  negotiations  at  Ghent  the  larger  number  of 
our  stronger  vessels  were  taken  or  blockaded  in  port. 
Of  our  four  large  frigates,  the  "  Constitution"  alone  kept 
the  seas.  True,  as  Captain  Mahan  points  out,  and  your 
reviewer  does  not,  before  our  little  navy  was  so  nearly 
crushed  it  had  struck  heavj^  financial  blows  at  the  enemy. 
This,  indeed,  wath  the  possible  exception  of  the  \'ictorj- 
on  Lake  Champlain,  was  its  most  formidable  and  telling 
work.  It  was  the  "work  that  Great  Britain  most  seriously  ■ 
felt.  Her  \idnerable  point  was  not  her  body,  but  her 
pocket.  Porter,  in  the  little  "  Essex,"  before  he  was 
captured,  did  more  to  harm  the  enemy  and  to  help  our 
cause  than  aU  oiir  brilliant  single-ship  actions  put  to- 
gether. He  practically  destroyed  the  Biitish  whaling 
interests  in  the  Pacific. 

And  now  we  are  prepared  to  answer  the  question: — 
What  led  Great  Britain  to  consent  to  peace-terms  so 
favorable  to  us  ?  The  answer  is :  it  was  the  work  of  our 
privateers.  Even  Captain  Mahan,  who  natiirally  has 
a  relatively  high  regard  for  the  regular  ser^-ice,  and  is 
not  inclined  to  place  a  great  value  upon  an  irregular 


one,  in  part  admits  this.  He  says:  "From  September 
30,  1813,  ...  to  the  corresponding  date  in  1814,  there 
were  captured  by  American  cruisers  639  vessels,  chiefly 
merchantmen;  a  number  that  had  increased  to  over 
a  thousand  when  the  war  ended  the  following  winter." 
He  further  goes  on  to  estimate  that  fully  424  of  these 
prizes  were  taken  in  foreign  seas.  He  says,  however,  that 
we  had  lost  more  vessels  relatively  by  capture  than  the 
enemy ;  but  he  then  goes  on  to  say :  "  Her  cruisers  [i.  e., 
the  U.  S.  cruisers]  were  causing  exaggerated  anxiety 
concerning  the  intercourse  between  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  which,  though  certainly  molested,  was  not 
seriously  interrupted."  It  will  be  observed  that  he  does 
not  minimize  the  effect  that  even  an  exaggerated  fear 
might  have  in  influencing  the  course  of  the  enemy  so 
alarmed.  By  the  word  "  cruisers  "  is  of  course  to  be 
understood  chiefly  privateers.  The  small  number  of 
vessels  in  our  regular  navy  has  already  been  spoken  of. 
But  it  has  been  said  that  all  sorts  of  food-stuffs  went 
up  greatly  in  price  in  this  country  after  the  additional 
British  war-ships  came  over,  so  that  we  were  in  fully  as 
great  straits  as  English  subjects  in  this  regard,  and 
that  therefore  Great  Britain  had  still  an  advantage. 
We  only  need  to  look  at  this  statement  for  a  moment  to 
see  where  the  truth  lies.  We  had  a  great  and  prolific 
territory  from  which  to  obtain  all  necessary  foods ;  Eng- 
land had  to  import  a  great  deal  of  what  she  used,  and 
the  wages  and  other  incomes  of  those  who  must  pur- 
chase were  very  low.  At  that  time  the  whole  of  England, 
if  divided  equally  amongst  the  people,  would  have  given 
but  a  very  few  acres  to  each  person  —  probably  not  more 
than  five  or  six  ;  yet  several  great  noblemen  owned  as 
many  as  ten  to  twenty  thousand  acres  each,  and  a  con- 
siderable part  of  this  was  not  under  ciUtivation.  In  this 
comitry  we  had  hardly  settled  or  cultivated  beyond  our 
mere  borders,  and  there  was  laud  by  the  million  acres  to 
be  had  almost  for  nothing. 

But  let  us  glance  for  a  moment  at  some  actual  figures 
of  prices  in  England  about  this  time.  I  quote  from 
"  The  American  Merchant  Marine,"  though  the  figures 
have  been  published  elsewhere.  The  work  mentioned 
says :  "  In  Jime  1813  the  British  people  were  paying  the 
famine  prices  of  358  a  barrel  for  flour,  .338  for  beef, 
and  -336  for  pork,  while  lumber  cost  S72  per  thousand. 
It  was  this  economic  distress,  more  than  our  brilliant 
victories  in  a  dozen  naval  duels,  that  brought  Great 
Britain  at  last  to  terms."     Here  we  have  the  story. 

Then  shall  we  not  still  feel  pride  in  our  work  in  the 
War  of  1812  ?  W^e  fought  for  our  rights,  we  fought 
hard,  and  we  won  in  the  only  way  that  we  could  have 
won.  And  be  it  remembered  that  these  privateers 
whose  work  was  so  effective  were  not  semi-pirates,  like 
some  that  had  been  sent  to  sea  by  other  countries :  they 
sailed  imder  regiUar  letters  of  marque;  they  were  ex- 
pected to  observe  all  the  rules  of  civilized  warfare,  and 
did  observe  them ;  and,  finally,  they  often  met  and  over- 
came vessels  supposedly  larger  and  stronger  than  them- 
selves, including  some  regular  naval  vessels. 

There  is  somewhat  of  a  tendency  (perhaps  the  result 
in  part  of  reaction)  to  belittle  our  work  in  the  War  of 
1812.  It  is  aided,  doubtless,  by  some  books  now  in  use 
in  our  schools  and  colleges  that  give  wholly  the  British 
side  of  the  contest;  the  writer  is  prepared  to  quote 
chapter  and  verse  in  support  of  this  statement.  Let  us 
not  allow  the  pendiUum  to  swing  too  far  the  other  way ; 
let  us  try  to  keep  within  the  limits  of  truth. 

F.    H.    COSTELLO. 

Bangor,  Maine,  February  21,  1906. 


144 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


z  l^fo  looks. 


The  Real,  axd  the  Ideal,  Whitman.* 


It  is  fourteen  years  since  Walt  Whitman  died, 
and  no  full  and  formal  biogi-aphy  of  him  has  yet 
appeared,  unless  we  regard  as  such  Mr.  Henry 
Bryan  Binns's  recently-issued  work,  which  mod- 
estly disclaims  all  pretensions  to  being  either  a 
definitive  biogi-aphy  or  a  critical  study.  The 
author,  an  Englishman,  rightly  looks  to  America 
to  produce  the  final  and  complete  life  of  this 
eminently  American  poet.  Mr.  Horace  Traubel's 
memoirs  of  Whitman,  "  With  Walt  Whitman 
in  Camden,"  extend  over  a  period  of  less  than 
four  months,  and  obviously  make  no  claim  to 
anything  like  biographical  completeness.  They 
give  us,  in  a  good-sized  octavo  volume,  rough 
notes  of  talks  with  Whitman,  as  thrown  on  paper 
from  day  to  day,  together  with  many  letters  of 
the  period,  or  of  an  earlier  time,  addressed  to 
Whitman.  The  whole  book,  unstudied  and 
unpolished,  conveys  a  realistic  impression  of  the 
poet  and  the  man,  such  as  only  a  devoted  Bos- 
well  is  able  to  give. 

Mr.  Traubel  is  well  styled  by  Mr.  Binns 
"  the  old  poet's  spiritual  son."  Knowing  and 
loving  Whitman  longer  than  he  could  distinctly 
remember,  it  was  he  who  held  Whitman's  hand 
in  his  own  when  the  old  man  drew  his  last  breath 
in  the  little  house  in  Mickle  Street,  Camden. 
He  was  named  in  the  poet's  will  as  one  of  his 
literary  executors  ;  he  was  active  in  organizing 
the  Walt  Whitman  Fellowship,  of  which  he  is 
secretary ;  and  it  is  probably  his  pen  and  voice, 
more  than  any  other  man's,  that  have  kept 
Whitman's  memory  green  durmg  the  last  four- 
teen years.  Coming  from  such  a  source,  and 
written  almost  in  the  poet's  very  presence,  Mr. 
Traubel's  book  appeals  vividly  to  lovers  of 
Whitman,  and  even  the  indifferent  or  scornful 
will  find  matter  of  quaint  and  curious  interest 
in  its  pages. 

A  book  like  Mr.  Traubel's  is  not  of  the  kind 
that  lends  itself  readily  to  criticism.  It  is  very 
part  of  the  poet  himself,  and  to  criticise  it  would 
be  to  criticise  Whitman,  which  is  not  the 
reviewer's  purpose.  A  few  illustrative  passages 
will  be  given  in  aU  their  vmstudied  mformality, 
and  then  the  rea<ler  will  be  left  to  seek  a  more 
intimate  acquaintance  with  the  book,  or  not,  as 
he  may  feel  inclined.     Much  of  the  talk  and 

*  With  Walt  Whitman  in  Camden  ( March  28,  —  July  14, 1888). 
By  Horace  Traubel.  Illustrated.  Boston:  Small,  Maynard  &  Co. 

A  Life  of  Walt  Whitman.  By  Henry  Bryan  Binns.  Illus- 
trated.   New  York :  E.  P.  Button  &  Co. 


many  of  the  letters  revert,  almost  of  necessity, 
to  the  old  theme  of  the  Whitmanism  of  Whit- 
man, and,  in  particular,  to  the  "  priapism,"  as 
Emerson  once  rather  harshly  called  it,  of  certain 
passages  in  his  poems.  To  the  familiar  defense, 
and  the  only  defense, —  the  alleged  harmlessness 
of  all  things  to  those  who  are  themselves  inno- 
cent,—  most  of  us  must  sorrowfully  shake  our 
heads  and  acknowledge  our  inability  to  make 
adequate  reply.  In  lialting  and  contrite  accents 
we  can  only  confess  tliat  such  a  state  of  blame- 
lessness  is  more  tlian  we  can  attain  unto ;  or, 
rather,  it  is  a  paradisaic  condition  from  which 
we  have  long  ago  fallen.  Sin,  no  more  tlian 
disease,  wUl  be  vanquished  by  denjdng  its  exist- 
ence. Not  that  Whitman  makes  any  such  denial 
in  words  ;  it  is  his  whole  attitude  that  impresses 
one  as  a  sort  of  bold-faced  refusal  to  see  aught 
but  glad  sunshine  and  smiling  fields  where 
others  take  anxious  note  of  threatening  thunder- 
clouds on  the  distant  horizon  and  detect  treach- 
erous quagmires  beneath  the  fair  appearance  of 
flowery  verdure.  The  very  first  page  of  Mr.  Trau- 
bel's book  shows  us  Whitman's  determmation  to 
find  in  nature  only  what  he  sets  out  to  find. 

"W.  handed  me  a  leaf  from  The  Christian  Union 
containing  an  article  by  Hunger  on  Personal  Purity,  in 
which  this  is  said  :  '  Do  not  suffer  yourself  to  be  caught 
by  the  Walt  Whitman  fallacy  that  all  nature  and  all 
processes  of  nature  are  sacred  and  may  therefore  be 
talked  about.  Walt  Whitman  is  not  a  true  poet  in  this 
respect,  or  he  would  have  scanned  nature  more  accu- 
rately. Nature  is  silent  and  shy  where  he  is  loud  and 
bold.'  '  Now,'  W.  quietly  remarked,  '  Hunger  is  all 
right,  but  he  is  also  all  wrong.  If  Hunger  had  written 
Leaves  of  Grass  that's  what  nature  would  have  written 
through  Hunger.  But  nature  was  writing  through 
Walt  Whitman.  And  that  is  where  nature  got  herself 
into  trouble.'  And  after  a  quiet  little  laugh  he  pushed 
his  foi-efinger  among  some  papers  on  the  table  and 
pulled  oiit  a  black-ribbed  envelope  which  he  readied 
to  me.  .  .  ." 

Much  of  the  conversation  reported  is  trivial 
to  all  but  ardent  Whitmanites.  Others  are  at 
liberty  to  skip,  and  will  do  so  —  whole  pages  at 
a  time.  It  is  not  of  great  importance  to  most 
of  us  to  be  told  that  Whitman  said,  "  Repeat 
that,  Horace,"  or  "  Go  over  tliat  again,  Horace," 
or  "  I  don't  quite  catch  on,"  or  " How  's  that?  " 
Needlessly  faithful  is  the  reporter  in  reproducing 
Whitman's  little  j)rofanities  and  vidgarities ; 
after  a  few  samples  the  reader  might  well  take 
the  rest  for  granted.  Putting  aU  this  down  in 
cold  clear  type  has  the  effect  of  showing  us 
Whitman  in  a  false  perspective.  The  printed 
page  seems  in  some  way  to  emphasize  imduly 
what  in  the  rapid  give  and  take  of  informal  talk 
falls  more  or  less  involuntarily  and  parentheti- 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


145 


cally  from  the  lips.  Yet  for  those  to  whom 
"  the  real  Walt  Whitman  "  cannot  be  too  real, 
this  excess  of  unattractive  detail  may  be  no 
excess  at  all. 

A  Whitman  pronoimcement  on  Matthew 
Arnold  ought  to  be  rather  rich  reading ;  for 
two  poets  more  unlike  each  other  could  hardly 
be  imagined.  Here  is  a  part  of  a  conversation 
between  master  and  disciple  soon  after  Arnold's 
death : 

"  Whitman  adds  as  to  Arnold :  '  He  will  not  be 
missed.  There  is  no  gap,  as  with  the  going  of  men 
like  Carlyle,  Emerson,  Tennyson.  My  Arnold  piece 
did  not  appear  in  Tuesday's  Herald.  I  wonder  if  the 
editor  was  a  little  in  doubt  about  it  ?  It  appeared 
to-day,  however.  The  Herald  has  a  higher  opinion  of 
Arnold  than  I  have.  I  discussed  Arnold  in  effect  — 
throughout  in  such  words  —  as  one  of  the  dudes  of  liter- 
ature. Does  not  Leaves  of  Grass  provide  a  place  even 
for  Arnold  ?  Certainly,  certainly:  Leaves  of  Grass  has 
room  for  everybody:  if  it  did  not  make  room  for  all  it 
would  not  make  room  for  one.'  " 

Readers  wdll  note  in  the  foregoing  —  for  ex- 
ample, "  throughout "  for  "  though  not  " — Mr. 
Traubel's  self-acknowledged  carelessness  as  an 
editor ;  but  we  gladly  fall  in  with  his  himior 
and  jjass  the  matter  by  as  of  small  importance. 
A  lack  of  sympathy  equal  to  that  between 
Whitman  and  Arnold  might  have  been  looked 
for  between  Whitman  and  John  Addington  Sy- 
monds.  Yet  the  latter  was  an  early  and  ardent 
admirer  of  the  American  poet.  The  subjoined 
passages  are  from  a  letter  written  by  Symonds 
in  1872  in  reply  to  one  from  Whitman. 

"  Youi'  letter  gave  me  the  keenest  pleasure  I  have 
felt  for  a  long  time.  I  had  not  exactly  expected  to 
hear  from  you.  Yet  I  felt  that  if  you  liked  my  poem 
you  would  write.  So  I  was  beginning  to  dread  that  I 
had  struck  some  quite  wrong  chord  —  that  perhaps  I 
had  seemed  to  you  to  have  arrogantly  confoimded  your 
own  fine  thought  and  pure  feeling  with  the  baser  metal 
of  my  own  nature.  AVhat  you  say  has  reassured  me 
and  has  solaced  me  nearly  as  much  as  if  I  had  seen  the 
face  and  touched  the  hand  of  you  —  my  Master  !  .  .  . 
I  have  pored  for  continuous  hours  over  the  pages  of 
Calamus  (as  I  used  to  pore  over  the  pages  of  Plato), 
longing  to  hear  you  speak,  buruing  for  a  revelation  of 
your  more  developed  meaning,  panting  to  ask  — ■  is  this 
what  you  woxdd  indicate  ?  —  are  then  the  free  men  of 
your  land  really  so  pure  and  loving  and  noble  and  gen- 
erous and  sincere  ?  Most  of  all  did  I  desire  to  hear 
from  yoiu"  own  lips  —  or  from  your  pen  —  some  story 
of  athletic  friendship  from  which  to  learn  the  truth. 
Yet  I  dared  not  address  you  or  dreamed  that  the 
thought  of  a  student  could  abide  the  incAritable  shafts 
of  your  searching  intuition.  Shall  I  ever  be  permitted 
to  question  you  aud  learn  from  you  ?  " 

Finally,  a  few  lines  showing  the  warmth 
of  affection  existing  between  "  Walt "  and 
"  Horace  "  may  serve  to  close  this  review  of 
Mr.  Traubel's  volmne. 


"W.  was  very  affectionate  in  his  manner  to-night. 
♦  Come  here,  Horace,'  he  said.  I  went  over.  He  took 
my  hand.  '  I  feel  somehow  as  if  you  had  consecrated 
yourself  to  me.  That  entails  something  on  my  part:  I 
feel  somehow  as  if  I  was  consecrated  to  you.  Well  — 
we  will  work  out  the  rest  of  my  life-job  together:  it 
won't  be  for  long:  anyway,  we'll  work  it  out  together, 
for  short  or  long,  eh  ?  '  He  took  my  face  between  his 
hands  and  drew  me  to  him  and  kissed  me.  Nothing 
more  was  then  said.  I  went  back  to  my  chair  and  we 
sat  in  silence  for  some  time." 

Of  Mr.  Binns's  more  formal  treatment  of  the 
same  theme  much  might  be  said,  and  most  of  it 
commendatory.  A  little  too  obvious,  perhaps, 
is  the  author's  effort  to  establish  friendly  rela- 
tions with  his  American  readers  and  to  give  him- 
seK  an  air  of  familiarity  with  American  history 
and  American  ways.  The  very  dedication  of  his 
book,  "  To  my  mother,  and  to  her  mother,  the 
Republic,"  is  an  advance  bid  for  our  good- 
will. AH  the  carefully-studied  accompaniment 
of  political  and  historical  matter  that  runs 
through  the  book  is  somewhat  suggestive  of 
cram,  and  is  not  at  all  necessary  to  the  complete- 
ness of  the  biography.  It  irks  the  reader  to 
have  the  Wilmot  Proviso  thrust  on  his  notice, 
or  the  split  in  the  Democratic  party  narrated 
as  a  contributing  cause  of  Lincoln's  election. 
Whitman's  anti-slavery  attitude  and  his  warm 
patriotism  can  be  understood  without  these 
excursions  into  American  history.  The  pride 
of  recently-acquired  learning  —  or,  we  might 
say,  the  imeasiness  of  ill-digested  erudition  — 
seems  to  betray  itself  in  this  parade  of  irrelevant 
matter. 

Mr.  Binns  ascribes  much  of  Whitman's  best 
development,  and  his  attainment  to  the  "  power 
of  seK-abandonment,"  to  the  influence  of  that 
unknown  Southern  woman  with  whom  the  poet 
had  intimate  relations  for  a  few  months  in  his 
early  manhood.  The  whole  affair  is,  and  prob- 
ably always  will  be,  shrouded  in  mystery ;  but 
the  ascription  of  any  such  benign  and  fructify- 
ing influence  to  an  illicit  connection  of  this  sort 
is  what  one  might  have  expected  rather  from  a 
writer  on  the  other  side  of  the  Channel  than 
from  an  Englishman.  The  experience,  whatever 
its  exact  nature,  the  author  thinks  to  have  been 
instrxunental  in  breaking  down  some  barrier. 
"  Strong  before  in  his  seK-control,"  writes  Mr. 
Binns,  "  he  is  stronger  still  now  that  he  has  won 
the  power  of  self-abandonment.  Unconsciously 
he  had  always  been  holding  himself  back ;  at 
last  he  has  let  himself  go.  And  to  let  oneself 
go  is  to  discover  oneseK.  Some  men  can  never 
face    that    discovery ;    they  are  not  ready  for 


146 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


emancipation.  Whitman  was."  All  this  invites 
discussion,  psychological  and  ethical.  In  some 
sort  it  brings  up  once  more  the  old  conflict  be- 
tween Hellenism  and  Hebraism,  or,  as  Mr.  Hugh 
Black  styles  it,  between  culture  and  restraint. 
The  danger  seems  to  lie  in  our  failing  to  distin- 
guish between  the  masterful  facility  that  comes 
of  perfect  self-control  and  the  comiterfeit  ease 
that  is  the  cheap  and  tinsel  product  of  unre- 
straint. 

The  author  loves  Whitman  whole-heartedly, 
and  the  picture  he  presents  is  sympathetically 
drawn.  Both  in  biographical  detail  and  in  criti- 
cal comment  the  book  is  an  excellent  piece  of 
work,  perhaps  the  fullest  and  best  study  of  the 
poet's  life  and  writings  that  has  yet  appeared. 
It  is  written  in  a  pleasing  and  scholarly  style, 
and  every  page  bears  marks  of  painstaking  re- 
search. Two  passages  only  can  find  space  here 
for  quotation.  The  first  shall  be  an  amusing 
and  characteristic  anecdote,  which  is  probably 
new  to  most  readers. 

"  It  is  related  that  once  in  a  Brooklyn  church  he 
failed  to  remove  his  soft  hi'oad-brinnned  hat,  and  entered 
the  building  with  his  head  thus  covered,  looking  for  all 
the  world  like  some  Quaker  of  the  olden  time.  The 
offending  article  was  roughly  knocked  off  by  the  verger. 
Walt  picked  it  up,  twisted  it  into  a  sort  of  scourge, 
seized  the  astonished  official  by  the  collar  —  he  always 
detested  officials  —  tromiced  him  with  it,  clapped  it  on 
his  head  again,  and  so,  abruptly  and  coolly,  left  the 
church." 

This  may  recall  a  line  from  the  "  Leaves,"  —  "I 
have  hated  tyrants,  argued  not  concerning  God, 
had  patience  and  indulgence  toward  the  people, 
taken  off  my  hat  to  nothing  known  or  unknown." 
The  second  selection  is  of  a  critical,  interpreta- 
tive sort,  comparing  Whitman  as  a  j)rophet  (by 
no  means  as  a  man  of  letters)  with  Carlyle. 

"  With  Whitman,  Carlyle  recognised  the  underlying 
moral  purpose  of  the  universe,  and  the  organic  miity  or 
solidarity  of  mankind;  but  being  himself  a  Calvinistic 
Jacobin  of  irritable  nerves,  these  convictions  filled  him, 
not  with  a  joyful  wonder  and  faith,  but  with  contempt 
and  despair.  He  never  saw  humanity  as  the  body  of  a 
Divine  and  Godlike  soul;  and  though  he  was  continu- 
ally calling  men  to  duty  and  repentance,  he  did  so  from 
inward  necessity  rather  than  with  any  anticipation  of 
success.  For  he  felt  himself  to  be  a  Voice  crying  in  the 
wilderness.  Whitman  worshipped  the  hero  as  truly  as 
did  Carlyle ;  but  then  he  saw  the  heroic  in  the  heart  of 
our  common  humanity,  where  Carlyle  missed  it;  hence 
his  appeal  was  one  of  confidence,  not  despair." 

The  two  books,  the  American's  and  the  En- 
glishman's, may  well  be  read  together,  the  former 
filling  in  with  minute  and  realistic  detail  the 
more  largely-sketched  and  more  liighly-idealized 
portrait  presented  by  the  latter. 

Percy  F.  Bicknell. 


Main  Currents  in  Socioi^OGicAii 
Theory.* 


To  get  the  force  of  Professor  Small's  book 
on  "•'  General  Sociology"  it  is  necessary  to  con- 
sider that  originally  it  was  an  outline  or  syl- 
labus of  a  course  of  lectures  delivered  to  the 
graduate  students  of  the  University  of  Chicago. 
Such  a  course  of  study,  with  modem  University 
methods,  usually  leaves  a  large  room  for  sup- 
l^lementary  work.  Hence,  wliile  we  are  not 
willing  to  admit  the  frank  acknowledgment  of 
the  author  that  "  in  form  it  is  rough,  fragment- 
ary, and  unsystematic,"  the  book  is  somewhat 
unproj^ortional  from  the  standpoint  of  a  scien- 
tific treatise.  However,  as  the  author  admits, 
it  is  not  a  treatise,  but  a  critical  analysis  of  the 
development  and  present  status  of  sociology. 
It  is  a  conspectus  of  sociology  or  a  comparative 
study  of  sociological  thought.  Its  purpose  is  to 
show  what  sociology  is  and  what  it  is  not,  and 
while  it  does  not  build  a  scientific  system  of 
sociology  it  indicates  broad  lines  of  construction 
or  synthesis  of  the  same.  The  book  is  critical 
rather  than  constructive.  While  the  author 
does  not  attempt  to  construct  a  system  of  sociol- 
ogy, he  indirectly  points  out  the  way  for  others 
and  indicates  upon  what  foundation  they  must 
build.  In  reference  to  the  various  phases  of 
development  of  sociology  by  different  individ- 
uals, Professor  Small  lias  shown  that  the  dif- 
ferences of  sociologists  are  more  apparent  than 
real  on  account  of  the  various  points  of  view 
and  various  methods  of  attack,  and  that  they 
are  all  working  on  the  same  sociology  with  con- 


verging lines  of  thoiiaiit. 


Thi'ouo-h  the  great 


mass  of  contributions  to  the  science,  pseudo  and 
real,  he  finds  a  constant  line  of  development 
from  the  earliest  authors  to  the  present  time. 
With  tliis  object  in  view  he  has  brought  out 
the  knowledge  necessary  for  the  foundation  of 
sociology  in  the  various  attempts  that  have  been 
made  to  construct  a  science.  It  is  a  masterly 
array  of  material  and  forces  and,  in  most  parts, 
an  arraignment  of  these  before  the  critic's  bar 
of  justice.  "  Our  thesis,"  says  the  author,  "is 
that  the  central  line  in  the  path  of  methodo- 
logical progress,  from  Spencer  to  Ratzenhofer, 
is  marked  by  gradual  shiftings  of  effort  from 
analogical  representation  of  social  structures  to 
real  analysis  of  social  processes."  In  other 
words,  the  stress  is  now  being  laid  on  fimction 
where  formerly  it  was  laid  upon  structure. 
In  the  first  chapter,  on  "  The  Subject  Matter 

*  General  Sociology.  An  Exposition  of  the  Main  Develop- 
ment of  Sociological  Theory  from  Spencer  to  Ratzenhofer.  By 
Albion  W.  Small.    University  of  Chicago  Press. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


147 


of  Sociology,"  the  author  asserts  that  it  is  a 
process  of  human  association,  and  then  he 
proceeds  to  show  that  sociology  attempts  to 
interpret  the  whole  process  of  human  associa- 
tion. He  asserts  that  facts  of  human  associa- 
tion are  not  sufficient  data  for  a  science,  but 
that  "  the  whence,  the  how,  the  why,  and  the 
whither,  of  processes  are  essential  to  sociology." 
The  relations,  meaning,  and  valuations  of  facts 
other  than  the  facts  themselves  represent  the 
subject  matter  of  sociology  as  well  as  of  other 
sciences.  It  is  the  passing  of  knowledge  over 
into  power  that  makes  a  real  science.  It  is  the 
advancement  of  the  knowletlge  of  what  occxirred 
to  a  knowledjre  of  the  meaning  of  what  occurred. 
In  addition  to  the  establishment  of  the  science 
of  processes,  the  sociologist  shoidd  formulate  a 
programme  for  the  promotion  of  more  and  more 
rational  social  processes. 

In  the  following  chapter,  under  the  title  of 
"Definition  of  Sociology,"  Professor  Small  gives 
the  ordinary  definitions,  each  of  which  bases  the 
science  on  the  association  of  men.  He  says  that 
sociology  is  a  unified  view  of  human  life  and  a 
l)ody  of  guiding  principles  for  the  conduct  of 
life.  He  shows  through  analysis  how  this  ap- 
pears, and  adds  that  "•  sociology  is  an  attempt 
so  to  visualize  and  so  to  interpret  the  whole  of 
human  experience  that  will  reveal  the  last  dis- 
coverable grounds  ujwn  which  to  base  con- 
clusions alx)ut  the  rational  conduct  of  life," 
and  finally  closes  the  chapter  vnth  the  more  ac- 
curate and  inclusive  definition  :  "  Sociologr  is 
the  science  of  the  social  process."  Here  again 
he  emphasizes  the  study  of  the  activities  of 
sociology.  Of  all  the  phases  of  society  function 
is  the  real  essence  of  sociology. 

In  Chapter  III.  Professor  Small  presents  the 
*'  ImpiUse  of  Sociology,"  in  which  he  points  out 
briefly  its  reasons  to  be  one  of  the  sciences. 
It  is  an  attempt  to  show  that  the  driving  power 
of  society  arises  in  a  philanthropic  effort  to 
make  the  world  better,  and  that  sociology  is  the 
scientific  regulating  power.  This  is  followed 
in  subsequent  chapters  by  an  historical  survey 
of  sociology'.  This  survey,  as  the  anther  points 
out,  is  necessarily  meagre.  However,  sufficient 
is  given  for  the  support  of  his  main  thesis. 

Cher  one-half  of  the  main  body  of  the  book 
is  taken  up  with  a  remarkable  comparative 
analysis  of  Spencer.  Schaeffle,  and  Ratzenhofer. 
It  would  be  impossible  for  the  reviewer  to  foUow 
this  extende<l  and  masterh-  analysis.  The  object 
is  to  show  that  Spencer  considered  society  as 
composed  of  differently  arranged  parts  in  which 
he  emphasized  structure ;  that  Schaeffle,  while 


accepting  this,  goes  a  step  further  and  represents 
society  composed  of  parts  working  together  to 
achieve  results,  that  he  emphasized  function  or 
action  of  society ;  and  Ratzenhofer  considers 
society  as  a  process  of  adjustment  by  conflict  and 
subsequently  by  cooperation  between  associated 
individuals.  Professor  Small  is  very  keen  in 
analysis,  and  while  his  analytical  researches  in 
the  past  have  been  of  great  service  to  students 
of  the  science,  the  value  of  the  comparative  study 
of  these  three  great  founders  of  sociology  cannot 
be  overestimated  as  a  service  to  students.  It  is 
a  demonstration  of  the  main  line  of  evolution 
of  sociology. 

While  the  incompleteness  of  Spencer's  method 
is  made  apparent,  as  a  foundation  of  sociology 
his  system  is  as  essential  as  the  foundation  of  a 
building  to  its  superstructure.  Where  form  and 
structure  are  made  the  essential  framework  of 
the  system  Spencer  implies  that  they  are  brought 
about  by  social  activities.  However,  Spencer 
represents  the  first  step  in  the  analysis  of  human 
association.  Schaeffle,  by  emphasizing  function 
and  seeking  the  ultimate  causes  of  structure,  has 
taken  the  second  step.  But  Professor  Small 
points  out  the  limitations  of  each  by  saying  that 
Spencer  "  tended  to  seek  the  meaning  of  social 
structure  in  structure ;  so  Schaeffle 's  limits  are 
indicated  by  his  tendency  to  see  the  meaning  of 
social  function  in  function  rather  than  in  casual 
and  consequent  conditions  in  the  persons  func- 
tioning." That  is,  structure  and  fimction  are 
ends  in  themselves,  which  is  contrary  to  Pro- 
fessor Small's  interpretation  of  sociology.  Fol- 
lowing the  analysis  of  these  two  authors,  he  asks 
these  four  questions :  '*  First,  what  are  the 
essentials  of  human  association  ?  Second,  how 
do  these  essentials  change  their  manifestations 
from  time  to  time  ?  Third,  by  virtue  of  what 
influences  do  these  variations  occur?  Fourth, 
what  social  aims  are  reasonable  in  view  of  these 
conclusions  from  experience  ?  "  And  he  uses  the 
analysis  of  Ratzenhofer  to  show  how  these  ques- 
tions may  be  answered.  The  analysis  of  social 
processes  after  Ratzenhofer  is  the  most  exact  of 
any  system  yet  presented.  It  includes  the  es- 
sential featui-es  of  Ratzenhofers  "  Sociologische 
Erkenntnis  "  and  also  his  '•  Wesen  und  Zweck 
der  Politik."  Ratzenhofer  clearly  represents 
the  three  steps  in  the  development  of  sociology, 
and  points  out  how  structure  occurs  through 
fimction.  He  shows  the  causes  of  social  activity, 
and  in  this  demonstrates  clearly  the  needs  of 
social  analysis. 

The  remainder  of  the  work,  while  still  review- 
ing the  opinions  of  other  sociologists,  is  more  of 


148 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


a  constructive  nature  than  the  first  part.  A  dis- 
cussion of  the  psychical,  ethical,  and  technical 
makes  up  the  outline  of  the  remainder  of  the 
book.  The  most  noticeable  feature  of  this  part 
of  sociology,  which  is  more  nearly  Professor 
Small's  view  of  the  science,  represents  its  real- 
istic nature.  Society  is  a  real  thing  made  up  of 
the  elements  of  everyday  jjractice,  and  in  its 
study  we  should  follow  human  interests  and 
human  society  wherever  they  lead.  First  must 
be  considered  the  interests  of  the  individual 
and  his  relation  to  the  complete  society.  This 
should  be  followed  by  the  relations  of  groups 
to  one  another  and  general  social  structure  and 
f miction. 

As  a  book  on  general  sociology  this  is  a  valu- 
able contribution  to  the  literature  on  the  subject. 
While  the  interpretation  of  himian  experience  is 
sufficiently  emphasized,  sufficient  stress  is  not 
laid  upon  the  evolution  of  human  society  as  a 
means  of  arriving  at  a  correct  estimate  of  the 
present  structure  and  activities.  The  processes 
through  which  society  is  made  are  alternate  dif- 
ferentiation and  integration.  While  it  is  true 
that  Professor  Small  says  we  cannot  explain 
society  as  it  is  by  comparing  it  with  a  society  of 
savages,  the  course  of  evolution  through  differ- 
entiation and  integration  gives  a  basis  of  under- 
standing which  cannot  be  obtained  in  any  better 
way.  The  scientist  orients  his  subject  by  remov- 
ing complex  or  interfering  forces.  His  point  of 
departure  must  be  a  simple  element  or  condi- 
tion. Social  evolution  gives  the  student  this 
point  of  departure. 

Perhaps  some  fault  might  be  found  with  the 
book  on  account  of  the  voluminous  nature  of  the 
discussion  and  the  unevenness  of  its  make-up. 
But  the  vigor  of  the  author  and  his  familiarity 
with  the  content  and  method  of  sociological  wi-it- 
ings,  his  numerous  illustrations,  as  well  as  his 
masterly  analysis,  make  up  for  any  lack  of  con- 
densation of  material.  It  is  not  a  book  for  be- 
ginners but  for  students  of  maturity  of  mind 
and  acquired  sociological  knowledge.  To  such 
it  will  prove  of  great  value,  and  in  general  is  an 
impetus  to  the  development  of  the  science  of 
sociology.  It  helps  the  student  to  realize  the 
great  advancement  sociology  has  made  in  recent 
years,  and  what  a  stupenduous  task  is  before 
scholars  before  it  is  reduced  to  scientific  pro- 
portions. As  Professor  Small  has  pointed  out 
what  sociology  is,  and  what  it  is  not,  and  indi- 
cated what  it  should  be,  we  trust  he  will  go  on 
in  his  studies  and  write  a  treatise  on  the  subject. 

Frank  W.  Blackmar. 


Shakespearean  TabLiE-Talk.* 


Perhaps  it  is  wrong  to  call  this  ripe  conmaent 
on  Shakespeare  by  the  name  of  Table-Talk. 
There  is  certainly  nothing  desultory,  idle,  ram- 
bling about  it.  Bnt  other  names  do  not  suggest 
the  quality  of  it.  If  we  say  "  lectures  "  we  think 
of  some  celebrity  addressing  a  cultivated  audi- 
ence gathered  for  a  little  titillation  of  literary 
recollection,  or  perhaps  some  learned  professor 
giving  the  results  of  private  studies  while  stu- 
dents toiled  behind  with  note-books.  If  we  say 
"  studies  "  we  think  of  conunentaries  and  dis- 
sertations, sources  and  texts.  If  we  say  "  essays  " 
we  may  mean  anything  from  the  most  eccentric 
fancies  about  Shakespeare  to  an  exliibition  of 
universal  scholarship.  Here  is  nothing  of  all 
this.  In  this  book  we  have  a  man  who  has  read 
Shakespeare  long  and  deeply  and  who  now  talks 
to  us  of  typical  plays.  It  is  not  talk  at  the 
dinner-table,  precisely,  for  he  has  his  book  in 
hand,  and  at  times  will  read  half  a  page  or  a 
couple  of  lines.  What  name  can  we  give  it  ?  In 
its  intention  it  is  something  like  a  great  actor's 
presentation  of  his  conception  of  Shakespeare's 
creations. 

As  may  have  been  already  suggested,  this  book 
is  more  or  less  like  Hazlitt's  "  Characters  of 
Shakespere's  Plays  ";  more,  at  least,  than  most 
of  the  recent  weU-known  books  of  criticism.  Mr. 
Dowden  studied  the  gTowth  of  Shakespeare's 
conceptions  and  their  realization  in  dramatic 
form.  Mr.  Moidton  studied  the  sj^ecial  dramatic 
art  of  some  lyrical  plays.  Mr.  Barrett  Wendell 
was  taken  up  with  the  artistic  temperament  of 
Shakespeare,  and  sought  to  make  us  see  that  in 
all  his  work.  Mr.  Mabie  gave  a  general  account 
of  the  man  against  a  background  of  Elizabethan 
life.  Mr.  Brand es  gathered  together  the  scholar- 
ship of  the  time  and  formed  his  own  theories 
and  conclusions.  Mr.  Sidney  Lee  got  at  every- 
thing that  would  give  substantiation  to  any  fact 
in  Shakespeare's  life.  Mr.  Stopford  Brooke  does 
none  of  these  things,  save  here  and  there.  He 
runs  through  each  play,  giving  some  general 
comment,  interpreting  each  character,  following 
out  the  dramatic  development,  presenting  the 
prevailing  ideas.  He  gives  us  not  a  study  of 
the  plays  or  a  study  of  Shakespeare  based  upon 
the  plays,  but  a  picture  of  his  own  mind  as  he 
reviews  the  plays.  That  is  what  Hazlitt  did, 
though  in  making  the  comparison,  it  is  scant 
justice  to  Mr.  Stopford  Brooke  to  say  that  he 
seems  to  have  thought  over  his  subject  with  a 


•On   Ten    Plays  of  Shakespeake. 
New  York :  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 


By  Stopford   Brooke. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAI. 


149 


view  to  this  particular  book,  much  more  carefully 
than  Hazlitt  could  ever  have  thought  over  his 
lectures. 

The  thing  about  Hazlitt  that  most  impressed 
that  devoted  lover  of  Shakespeare.  John  Keats, 
was  his  "'  depth  of  taste.'"  Keats  probably 
meant  by  that  expression  that  exactly  the  right 
thing  impressed  Hazlitt  alx)ut  each  character  or 
play  of  Shakespeare.  That  does  not  impress  me 
so  much  in  Hazlitt's  book  as  the  fact  that  what- 
ever did  impress  him,  impressed  him  so  strongly. 
The  book  is  almost  as  interesting  in  the  view  it 
gives  of  Hazlitt  as  in  its  \'iew  of  Shakespeare. 
Read  for  instance  the  beginning  of  the  essay  on 
*'  Hamlet  ":  what  a  remarkable  production  to  be 
set  do^vn  almost  extempore.  Hazlitt's  power  of 
thought  in  his  power  of  expression  was  so  remark- 
able that  one  of  the  chief  interests  in  his  criti- 
cism is  that  it  gives  one  such  an  idea  of  what 
art  may  be  to  an  indi^-idual.  That  is,  in  fact, 
Hazlitt's  strong  point  as  a  critic :  not  his  taste,  as 
Keats  thought,  or  his  power  as  a  "  specidator  " 
as  Blackwood  said,  althoug^h  both  of  those  things 
are  apparent  in  his  book  on  Shakespeare.  He 
is  himseK  so  wonderfully  impressed  by  literature, 
in  this  case  by  Shakespeare,  that  one  gets  up 
from  a  reading  of  his  work  with  almost  a  new 
conception  of  literature  as  an  element  in  life. 

Such  is  not  ^Ir.  Stopford  Brooke's  especial 
power.  I  am  much  more  impressed  by  his ''  depth 
of  taste  "  than  by  Hazlitt's.  Like  Hazlitt  he 
commonly  speaks  of  the  events  of  the  plays,  of 
the  characters,  as  though  they  were  events  or 
characters  in  real  life.  He  analyzes  motives, 
explains  utterance,  calls  attention  to  beauties  of 
speech  or  thought.*  But  where  his  mind  leaves 
the  plays,  it  reverts  to  Shakespeare  and  his  pur- 
poses. Hazlitt's  mind  reverted  to  himself  as 
to  the  reader  in  general :  Mr.  Stopford  Brooke 
thinks  of  the  wT-iter.  I  shall  admit,  in  passing, 
a  greater  interest  in  Hazlitt's  method.  We  nat- 
urally talk  of  a  play  or  a  book  as  though  it  were 
a  piece  of  real  life ;  there  is  often  much  to 
explain  or  describe.  But  where  the  critic  goes 
beyond  that,  I  like  better  to  have  him  give  us 
an  idea  of  the  effect  of  it  all  upon  himself,  than 
to  have  him  tell  us  of  the  art  of  the  dramatist. 
Literature  is  really  of  importance  to  us  only  as 
it  affects  us  :  otherwise  it  is  history  or  science. 
These  things  are  each  excellent,  but  they  are  not 
rightly  followed  by  literary  methods.     If  a  man 

•There  is.  of  course,  a  danger  here.  Consider  the  pagres 
written  •  though  not  in  this  book  I  on  Hamlet's  madness.  There 
is  really  no  such  question:  the  only  possible  question  is.  Did 
Shakespeare  conceive  of  him  as  mad  ?  which  is  a  very  different 
thing,  and  to  be  decided  on  grounds  very  different  from  those 
often  aU^ed. 


will  show  us  what  a  vital  factor  Shakespeare  is 
or  has  been  in  his  thinking  and  being,  he  will 
be  talking  of  something  of  which  he  knows.  If 
he  tell  us  of  how  Shakespeare  created  these  plays 
and  characters  that  may  be  so  vital  a  force  to  us, 
he  may  be  talking  of  something  he  knows,  but 
it  is  more  likely  that  it  is  something  he  only 
guesses  about.  And  whether  he  know  or  guess, 
the  matter  is  of  historic  or  scientific  importance, 
not  of  poetic.  But  it  is  to  be  said  that  the 
main  point  of  Mr.  Stopford  Brooke's  book  is  not 
here.  He  is  content,  as  a  nde,  to  interpret  the 
play,  the  character,  the  passage  in  hand,  and  it 
is  only  here  and  there  that  he  goes  back  to  the 
author. 

As  to  the  kind  of  comment,  we  have  gener- 
ally to  begin  with,  a  few  words  about  the  play. 
"  ZVIidsummer  Night's  Dream  "  represents  the 
temper  of  Shakespeare's  soid  in  earlier  years ; 
"  The  Merchant  of  Venice  "  is  matle  up  out  of 
such  and  such  materials  in  earlier  literature. 
Then  generally  comes  an  interpretation  of  the 
action,  then  comment  on  the  character.  Or  some- 
times instead  of  these  last  being  carefully  taken 
up,  we  have  a  discussion  of  two  or  three  topics 
of  chief  interest,  as  with  "  Coriolanus  "  where 
the  author  deals  with  "  (1)  Shakespeare's  treat- 
ment of  the  political  question  in  Rome  ;  (2)  the 
character  and  fate  of  Coriolanus;  (3)  Corio- 
lanus and  his  mother."  WTiat  is  said  on  these 
matters  is  generally,  in  its  intention,  perfectly 
simple.     It  may  be  well  to  quote  a  passage. 

"  Opposed  to  him  in  character,  but  his  friend,  is 
Mercutio;  wit's  scintilating  star,  thrilling  with  life  to 
his  finger-tips,  not  caring  for  women  save  as  the  toys 
of  an  hour,  ready  to  tackle,  on  the  instant,  any  woman, 
young  or  old;  brave,  audacious,  going  swiftly  to  his 
point,  keepittg  no  thought  within  him  but  flinging  it  at 
once  into  his  speech ; '  he  will  speak  more  in  a  minute  than 
he  will  stand  to  in  a  month ' ;  quick  in  choler,  ready  to 
attempt  the  moon  and  puU  the  sun  down,  loose  of 
speech,  mocking  old  and  young  out  of  the  racing  of  his 
blood  —  the  gay  ruffles  of  Italy,  such  as  Shakespere 
often  met  in  London,  such  as  many  of  the  Italian  novels 
enclose  and  paint."* 

Some  impatient  scholars  may  possibly  put 
this  aside,  with  an  inquiry  for  something  new 
in  the  book,  something  beside  a  re-statement  of 
the  material  of  the  play.  A  nvunber  of  little 
matters,  more  or  less  new,  may  be  noted,  as  for 
instance :  that  Shakespeare  had  a  feeling  of  true 
sympathy  for  the  common  people  (pp.  7,  223); 
that  in  "  Romeo  and  Juliet "  he  was  thinking 
of  "■  the  long  suffering  justice  who  punishes 
quarrels  which  injure  the   state"   (p.  35,  cf. 

*  It  should  be  added  that  this  is  only  the  gist  of  aereral 
paragraphs  on  Mercutio. 


150 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


pp.  64-68);  that  Mercutio  was  not  too  brilliant 
for  Shakespeare  to  keep  alive  (p.  44)  ;  that 
Shylock  was  a  hot-blooded,  passionate,  resolute, 
dignified  man  of  sixty  (p.  152);  that  Jacques 
is  not  a  cynic,  or  even  bitter  (p.  172);  that 
Prospero  is  the  last  of  the  great  mediaeval  en- 
chanters (p.  286);  and  naturally  many  more 
such  views. 

But  it  is  not  to  be  said  that  the  value  of  the 
book  depends  upon  its  new  discoveries  or  its 
new  views,  or  on  the  new  standpoint  or  the  new 
spirit  in  which  the  critic  regards  the  plays.  In 
just  this  fact  itseK  lies  its  great  value.  Here  is 
a  critic  who  turns  on  no  new  light,  who  oifers 
no  new  theory,  who  proclaims  no  discovery, 
who  presents  no  new  conception.  What,  then, 
does  he  add  to  Shakespearean  scholarship  or 
Shakespearean  criticism.  Perhaps  Mr.  Stopford 
Brooke  woidd  be  satisfied  if  he  were  generallj^ 
esteemed  to  have  added  nothing  at  all.  For  it 
is  clear  that  what  he  wants  is  not  to  make  more 
criticism  or  more  scholarship,  but  to  make  his 
readers  see  that  there  is  more  in  Shakespeare 
than  they  supposed.  He  puts  aside  critical 
apparatus  and  scholarly  theory,  and  is  content 
simply  with  the  plays.  Perhaps  he  wrote  this 
book  not  in  a  great  library,  not  even  in  a  well- 
provided  study,  but  —  it  may  be  —  out-doors 
with  notliing  but  the  plays  and  pencil  and 
paper.     He  certainly  might  have  done  so. 

The  professional  critic  or  Shakespearean 
scholar  is  a  little  at  sea  with  such  treatment. 
He  has  not  much  to  say :  there  is  not  much 
to  discuss  or  raise  a  dust  about.  Of  course 
you  can  disagree  anywhere.  I  open  at  random 
and  pretty  soon  read  "  Orlando  and  Rosalind  ! 
could  anyone  desire  to  have  more  charming, 
more  sunshiny  companions  than  these  two  en- 
chanting persons  ?  To  live  with  them  is  to  live 
with  moral  beauty,  but  it  is  not  a  beauty  which 
the  pharisaic  moralist  will  like  at  all."  I  sup- 
pose I  may  be  something  of  a  pharisaic  moralist 
myself,  for  I  never  had  any  such  feeling  about 
Rosalind  and  Orlando  as  Mr.  Stopford  Brooke 
has ;  so  I  might  dissent  from  that  dictimi  as 
from  many  others  in  the  book. 

But  agreement  or  disagi'eement  in  particulars 
is  not  the  point.  To  make  us  see  more  in 
Shakespeare,  that  is  the  writer's  desire.  A  bold 
midertaking,  one  will  say,  after  a  century  of 
devoted  Sliakespearean  study,  scholarship,  crit- 
icism, appreciation.  But  in  all  that  century 
there  have  been  few  books  so  single-minded  as 
this. 

Edward  E.  Hale,  Jr. 


Alabama  i>  W  ar-Timk  and  After.* 


For  a  long  time  the  South  was  largely  a 
neglected  field  to  the  historical  student.  Re- 
cent years,  however,  have  seen  a  marked  devel- 
opment of  interest  in  the  study  of  the  history 
of  tliis  part  of  the  comitry,  as  is  evidenced  by 
the  increased  activity  of  historical  societies  and 
the  establislmient  of  state  departments  for  the 
preservation  and  publication  of  historical  rec- 
ords in  several  southern  states.  In  several 
northern  universities  distinct  courses  in  south- 
ern history  are  now  being  given,  and  in  other 
respects  it  is  beginning  to  receive  the  attention 
which  lias  long  been  bestowed  upon  the  history 
of  the  northern  states.  Recently  a  number  of 
excellent  monographs  on  particidar  periods  of 
southern  liistory  have  appeared  ;  and  it  is  prob- 
ably no  exaggeration  to  say  that  the  liistory  of 
no  other  state  has  been  so  well  wi-itten  up  as  has 
the  early  period  of  South  Carolina. 

In  "  Civil  War  and  Reconstruction  in  Ala- 
bama," a  volume  of  over  800  pages,  by  Pro- 
fessor Walter  L.  Fleming,  we  have  the  most 
comprehensive  and  valuable  work  of  the  kind 
that  has  yet  been  written.  It  shows  evidence 
of  intimate  knowledge  based  on  wide  research, 
is  fair  and  judicial  yet  sympathetic  in  tone,  and 
is  altogether  a  most  interesting  jjicture  of  life 
in  a  southern  state  dui'uig  and  munediately  fol- 
lowing the  Civil  War.  As  a  proper  backgToimd 
for  the  study  of  the  Ci^il  War  and  Reconstruc- 
tion period,  the  author  has  described  the  society 
and  institutions  that  were  destroyed  by  the  war. 
The  population  of  the  state,  its  industries,  the 
develojjment  of  secession  sentiment,  the  disrup- 
tion of  the  religious  denominations,  the  eman- 
cipation sentiment  in  northern  Alabama,  are 
some  of  the  topics  discussed.  Then  follows  the 
story  of  secession,  the  preparation  for  the  com- 
mg  struggle,  military  operations  on  Alabama 
soil,  the  problems  of  conscription  and  exemp- 
tion, and  the  peace  movement.  In  northern 
Alabama,  a  region  unconnected  with  the  rest  of 
the  state  by  railroads  and  geogTapliically  a  part 
of  Tennessee,  the  people  were  largely  opposed 
to  the  war ;  and  this  locality  became  a  nest  of 
"  tories,"  deserters,  and  ''  mossbacks  "  from  all 
over  the  South,  and  they  caused  the  State  and 
Confederate  authorities  no  little  trouble.  Be- 
sides their  opposition  to  the  war,  they  com- 
mitted outrages  on  both  Confederate  and  Union 
sympathizers  and  terrorized  the  coimtry  gener- 


*  Civil  War  and  Reconstruction  in  Alabama. 
L.  Fleming,  Ph.D.    New  York:  The  Macmillan  Co. 


By  Walter 


1906.] 


THE    DTATi 


151 


all}'.  For  a  time  there  was  talk  among  them 
of  sece<ling  from  Alabama,  and,  together  ydth. 
the  counties  of  East  Tennessee,  forming  a  new 
state  vdth  the  name  of  Nick-a-Jaok. 

Particularly  instructive  and  fascinating  is 
Professor  Fleming's  account  of  social  and  eco- 
nomic conditions  during  the  ^^-ar :  new  industries 
created  by  the  necessities  of  the  war,  blockade 
running  and  trading  through  the  lines,  the  con- 
duct of  the  slaves,  educational  activity,  the 
struggles  of  the  newspapers  to  keep  going,  life 
on  the  farm,  the  hardships  and  destitution  of 
the  families  left  behind,  etc.  The  condition  of 
the  state  at  the  close  of  the  war,  with  its  deserted 
and  neglected  farms,  paralysis  of  business, 
wTecked  railroads,  poverty-stricken  people,  law- 
lessness and  disorder,  with  demoralizetl  negroes 
roaming  about  the  country  testing  their  new 
freedom  and  refusing  to  work,  —  these  make  a 
pictui'e  which  no  one  can  now  study  without 
profound  sympathy.  The  reorganization  of  the 
state  in  accordance  with  the  Johnson  plan  of 
Reconstruction,  the  overthrow  of  this  plan  by 
Congress,  the  military  regime,  and  the  activity 
of  the  Freedmen's  Bureau,  are  de^*ribe<l  with 
detail.  The  author's  judgment  with  regard  to 
the  Freedmens  Bureau  is  that  it  tlid  little  good 
and  in  many  cases  did  much  harm.  The  sub- 
ordinate agents  in  Alabama,  he  says,  were  mostly 
broken-<lown  men  who  had  failed  at  other  under- 
takings, preachers  with  strong  prejudices,  and 
the  ••  dregs  of  a  musteretl-out  army."  The  insti- 
tution in  Alabama,  he  declares,  was  entirely 
unnecessary.  Cotton  was  worth  fifty  cents  a 
pound,  and  the  extraordinary  demand  for  labor 
guaranteed  good  treatment  for  the  laborers. 
A^^latever  suffering  the  blacks  endured  was 
mainly  due  to  their  congregation  in  the  tov^ns 
and  to  their  own  shiftlessness.  Through  a  gen- 
erous disti-ibution  of  government  rations  they 
soon  came  to  entertain  the  l>elief  that  it  was  the 
duty  of  "  Uncle  Sam  "  to  support  them  whether 
they  worked  or  not.  Finally,  imscrupulous  and 
designing  officials  took  advantage  of  their  posi- 
tion to  make  a  jwlitical  machine  of  the  Bureau, 
and  instances  were  not  lacking  where  they  de- 
frauded the  credidous  blacks  by  selling  them 
painted  sticks  which,  they  were  told,  entitletl  them 
to  forty  acres  of  land  of  their  o\sti  selection. 

An  interesting  feature  of  Mr.  Fleming's  work 
is  an  elaborate  account  of  the  various  orders 
and  leagues  which  played  an  important  part  in 
the  life  of  the  state  during  the  Reconstruction 
period.  The  most  notable  of  these  were  the 
Union  League,  organized  among  the  negroes  by 
northern  white  men,  and  which  became  a  potent 


political  machine,  and  the  Ku  Klux  Klan,  organ- 
ized among  the  southern  whites  for  maintaining 
order,  but  which  eventually  degenerated  into  an 
organization  of  persecution  and  murder.  Inter- 
esting and  unique  is  the  author's  description  of 
the  effects  of  the  Reconstruction  policy  upon 
the  educational  and  religious  life  of  the  people. 
The  State  University  was  "  ratlicalized "  and 
practically  broken  up,  and  in  many  cases  negro 
churches  were  disrupted  by  differences  of  politi- 
cal opinion  among  the  members. 

Alabama  was  more  fortunate  than  some  of  her 
southern  sisters, —  notably  ^lississippi,  Louisi- 
ana, and  South  Carolina, —  in  escaping  from  the 
worst  evils  of  negro  and  ••  Carpet-bag  "  nde ;  but 
even  as  it  was,  no  true  American  can  read  the 
story  \s'ithout  a  sense  of  shame  and  humiliation. 
There  was  not  an  honest  white  man  living  in 
the  state  during  Reconstruction,  saj'S  Professor 
Fleming,  nor  a  man,  woman,  or  child,  descende<l 
from  such  a  person,  who  did  not  then  suffer, 
or  does  not  still  suffer,  from  the  direct  results 
of  "  Carpet-bag  "  financiering. 

James  Wilford  Garner. 


Precepts  for  the  Yoijxg,  axd 
ref1.ectiox.s  for  the  old.* 


President  King's  new  book  could  be  described 
as  an  inspiring  guide  to  rational  living,  or  a  col- 
lection of  amiable  platitudes,  according  to  the 
point  of  view.  It  should  be  read  especially  by 
the  young,  for  even  the  moderately  old  have  not 
only  heard  the  story  before  but,  alas !  they  are 
little  able  to  profit  by  it,  if  they  have  neglected 
its  teachings  hitherto.     Listen  to  this  : 

"  Our  intellectual  as  well  as  our  moral  day  of  grace 
is  limited.  It  is  of  no  use  to  rebel  at  the  facts,  it  is 
folly  unspeakable  to  ignore  them.  We  are  becoming 
bundles  of  habits.  With  every  young  person  one  must, 
therefore,  continually  urge:  Are  you  willing  to  retain 
just  the  personal  habits  you  have  now?  You  cannot 
too  quickly  change  them  if  you  wish  to  make  thorough 
work.  From  your  early  morning  toilet,  through  the 
care  of  your  clothing  and  the  order  of  your  room,  table 
manners,  breathing,  tone  of  voice,  manner  of  talking, 
prommciation,  gesture,  motion,  address,  study,  to  your 
Ten.-  way  of  sleeping  at  night  —  all  your  habits  are 
setting  like  plaster  of  Paris.  Do  you  wish  them  to  set 
as  they  are?  "  (p.  62). 

Excellent  and  jjertinent  advice  this  —  for  the 
young :  but  what  about  the  poor  old  dogs  who 

•  Batiojtal  Living.  Some  Practical  Inferences  from  Modem 
Psychology.  By  Henry  Churchill  King.  New  York :  The  Mac- 
millan  Co. 

Life  and  Reijgiox.  An  Aftermath  from  the  Writings  of  the 
Right  Honorable  Professor  F.  Max  MuUer.  [Edited]  by  his  wife. 
New  York :  Doableday,  Page  &,  Co. 


162 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


have  learned  about  all  the  tricks  they  will  ever 
know  ?  They  know,  too  well,  their  own  frailties 
and  inabilities ;  it  is  with  them  no  longer  a 
question  of  what  they  may  become,  but  of  what 
they  can  do  with  such  wits  and  strength  as  they 
possess,  in  this  wicked  world. 

"  Clear  and  definite  thinking,  moreover,  moves  di- 
rectly and  imhesitatingly  toward  its  goal,  and  for  that 
very  i-eason  seems  to  be  a  distinct  help  to  decisive  action. 
For  all  purposeful  action  involves  the  use  of  definite 
means  to  definite  ends.  Definiteness  in  thinking,  thus, 
seems  to  be  directly  connected  with  decision  in  action, 
and  vagueness  of  thinking  with  indecision  and  weak- 
ness "  (p.  121). 

Yes,  indeed,  poor  old  brain  of  mine  !  You  and 
I  have  found  that  out  these  many  years  ago, 
but  liave  found,  also,  that  it  is  not  always  easy 
to  see  in  a  fog.  Circumstances  are  sometimes 
too  much,  do  what  we  will.  But  for  the  yoimg, 
could  there  be  more  admirable  counsel  ?  Think 
straight  and  hard,  and  rely  upon  your  own  wits ! 
Resolve  to  become,  and  you  will  become,  to  a 
considerable  extent !  The  day  is  yoimg,  and 
the  possibilities  are  great !  ( How  fortunate  it 
is,  that  a  new  generation  walks  upon  the  stage 
every  little  while  ! ) 

All  things  considered,  we  must  believe  that 
President  King's  book  will  carry  a  real  and 
valuable  message  to  those  for  whom  it  was  in- 
tended ;  and  if  it  seems  to  some  barren  of  new 
thought,  and  not  especially  distinguished  in 
style,  these  impressions  should  not  be  held  to 
condemn  it ;  for  they  represent,  as  it  were,  only 
the  back  view  of  the  edifice. 

"  Life  and  Religion  "  is  a  volume  of  extracts 
from  the  writings  of  the  late  Professor  Max 
Miiller,  selected  and  arranged  by  liis  wife.  It 
is  not  a  controversial  work,  and  slioidd  not  be 
treated  as  such ;  rather,  it  is  as  though  the 
veteran  humanist  and  philologist  invited  the 
reader  to  sit  with  him  by  the  fireside,  and  there 
confided  to  him  the  thoughts  and  aspirations 
which  had  guided  his  path  during  a  long  and 
successful  life.  Who  woidd  refuse  such  an 
invitation  ?  Who  would  listen  with  other  than 
deferential,  if  not  reverential,  attention  ?  Pos- 
sibly, on  grounds  of  philosophy  or  science,  or 
from  the  standpoint  of  our  own  religion,  some 
of  the  professor's  ideas  may  be  wrong ;  but 
what  of  that  ?  His  star  served  well  to  make  his 
wagon  go,  and  that  to  good  purpose,  and  is 
entitled  to  our  regard,  if  only  for  its  past  per- 
formance. This  very  thought,  indeed,  is  one  of 
those  most  cherished  by  Max  Muller  himself, 
in  relation  to  other  peoples.     HimseK  a  true 


Christian,  he  had  become  too  intimate  with  the 
thoughts  of  other  peoples,  past  and  present,  not 
to  regard  their  aspirations  with  sympathy  and 
appreciation.  "  True  Christianity,  I  mean  the 
religion  of  Christ,  seems  to  me  to  become  more 
and  more  exalted  the  more  we  know  and  the 
more  we  appreciate  the  treasures  of  truth  hidden 
in  the  despised  religions  of  the  world  "  (p.  24). 

The  first  impression  of  the  book  is  perhaps  a 
little  disappointing ;  because,  from  its  necessa- 
rily disjointed  nature  one  does  not  instantly 
perceive  the  uniting  thread.  If  a  man  is  heard 
making  statements  about  the  Himalaya  Moun- 
tains, or  the  Arctic  regions,  we  are  likely  to 
give  him  scant  attention,  until  some  remark  or 
expression  betrays  the  fact  that  he  has  been 
there  himself.  So  it  is  with  Max  Miiller  :  many 
of  his  paragraphs  sound  much  like  the  empty 
professions  of  those  who  have  learned  such  things 
by  rote  ;  but  one  does  not  read  far  mthout  find- 
ing that  the  author  speaks  whereof  he  knows. 

"  Everyone  carries  a  grave  of  lost  hope  in  his 
soul,  but  he  covers  it  over  with  cold  marble,  or 
with  green  boughs.  On  sad  days  one  likes 
to  go  alone  to  this  God's  acre  of  the  soul,  and 
weep  there,  but  only  in  order  to  return  full  of 
comfort  and  hope  to  those  who  are  left  to  us  " 
(p.  205).     Ah  yes  I  good  friend. 

No  doubt  the  most  significant  message  of  the 
book  is  contained  in  its  interpretation  of  Chris- 
tianity. Max  Miiller  believed  himself  to  be  a 
Christian  in  the  fullest  sense,  and  to  me  it  seems 
that  he  was  wholly  justified.  Yet  the  orthodox, 
so-called,  will  be  horrified  to  read : 

"  When  we  think  of  the  exalted  character  of  Christ's 
teaching,  may  we  not  ask  ourselves  once  more,  What 
would  He  have  said  if  He  had  seen  the  fabulous  stories 
of  His  birth  and  childhood,  or  if  He  had  thought  that 
His  Divine  character  would  ever  be  made  to  depend  on 
the  historical  truth  of  the  Evangeha  In/antice  ?  "  (p.  27). 

"  If  Jesixs  was  not  God,  was  He,  they  ask,  a  mere 
man  ?  A  mere  man  ?  Is  there  anything  among  the 
works  of  God,  anything  next  to  God,  more  wonderfid, 
more  awfid,  more  holy  than  man  ?  Much  rather  should 
we  ask,  Was  then  Jesus  a  mere  God  ?  .  .  .  A  God  is 
less  than  man.  True  Christianity  does  not  degrade  the 
Godhead,  it  exalts  manhood,  by  bringing  it  back  near 
to  God  "  (p.  34). 

"  Then  it  is  said.  Is  not  Christ  God  ?  Yes,  He  is,  but 
in  His  own  sense,  not  in  the  Jewish  nor  in  the  Greek 
sense,  nor  in  the  sense  which  so  many  Christians  attach 
to  that  article  of  their  faith.  .  Christ's  teaching  is  that 
we  are  God,  that  there  is  in  us  something  divine  —  that 
we  are  nothing  if  we  are  not  that.  .  .  .  Let  us  bestow 
all  praise  and  glory  on  Christ  as  the  best  son  of  God. 
.  .  .  Christ  never  calls  Himself  the  Father,  He  speaks 
of  His  Father  with  love,  but  always  with  humility  and 
reverence  "  (p.  21). 

T.  D.  A.  COCKERELL. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


153 


Recext  Fictiox.* 


The  grandiose  trilogy  of  '*  Christ  and  Antichrist," 
as  conceived  in  the  teeming  fancy  of  IVIr,  Dmitri 
Merejkowski,  is  now  completed  with  the  publication 
of  ''  Peter  and  Alexis."  This  work  is  possibly  richer 
in  material  than  either  of  its  predecessors,  but  its 
construction  is  so  hopelessly  chaotic  as  to  preclude 
any  serious  claim  to  consideration  as  a  work  of  art. 
What  we  have  is  a  formless  aggregation  of  curious 
facts  and  pedantries  Ulustrative  of  St.  Petersburg  in 
the  early  eighteenth  century,  of  the  barbarism  of  a 
people  reluctantly  tm-ned  toward  civilization  by  the 
masterful  Tsar,  and  of  sti-ange  mediaeval  supersti- 
tions mingled  with  wild  religious  vagaries.  The  fig^e 
of  Peter  is  dominant  throughout,  but  it  is  a  figure 
of  traits  so  contradictory  that  it  assumes  no  definite 
outline  in  our  imagination.  As  far  as  it  may  be 
exhibited  by  a  single  quotation,  it  appears  in  this 
passage  :  "  At  six  in  the  morning  he  began  to  dress. 
Pulling  on  his  stockings  he  noticed  a  hole ;  he  sat 
down,  got  a  needle  and  a  ball  of  wool,  and  began 
darning.  Ruminating  about  a  road  to  India  in  the 
footsteps  of  Alexander  of  Macedonia,  he  darned  his 
stockings."  Contrasted  with  the  fiery  and  brutal 
energy  of  Peter,  we  have  the  futility  and  degeneracy 
of  his  weakling  son,  a  maudlin  character  utterly 
unequal  to  the  responsibilities  laid  upon  him.  The 
action  culminates  with  the  terrific  scene  of  torture 
in  which  the  life  of  Alexis  is  sacrificed  to  his  father's 
insensate  rage.  We  say  action,  but  of  a  truth 
there  is  little  action  of  any  connected  sort  in  the 
work  viewed  as  a  whole ;  the  treatment  is  episodical 
and  disjointed  throughout.  The  author's  immense 
display  of  learning  and  his  untamed  vigor  of  de- 
scription are  made  devoid  of  artistic  effect  by  the 
almost  total  absence  of  restraint  and  correlation. 
The  result  is  absolutely  bewildering.  As  in  the  pre- 
ceding sections  of  this  trilogy,  the  antithesis  is  plain 

•  Peter  axd  Alexis.  The  Romance  of  Peter  the  Great.  By 
Dmitri  Merejkowski.    New  York :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

On  the  Field  of  Glory.  An  Historical  Novel  of  the  Time  of 
King  John  Sobieski.  By  Henryk  Sienkiewicz.  Translated  by 
Jeremiah  Curtin.    Boston:  Little,  Brown,  &  Co. 

Napoleon's  Love  Story.  A  Historical  Romance.  By  Waclaw 
Gasiorowski.  Translated  by  the  Count  de  Soissons.  New  York : 
E.  P.  Button  &  Co. 

The  Cherry  Ribband.  By  S.  B.  Crockett.  New  York:  A.  S. 
Barnes  &  Co. 

A  Maker  of  History.  By  E.  Phillips Oppenheim.  Boston: 
Little,  Brown,  &  Co. 

The  Ford.  By  Arthur  E.J.  Leg&e.  New  York:  John  Lane  Co. 

My  Friend  the  Chauffeur.  By  C.  N.  and  A.  M.  Williamson. 
New  York:  McClure,  Phillips  &  Co. 

Vivien.    By  W.  B.  Maxwell.    New  York:  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 

The  Great  Refusal.  By  Maxwell  Gray.  New  York:  D. 
Appleton  &  Co. 

The  Conquest  of  Canaan.  By  Booth  Tarkington.  New 
York :  Harper  &  Brothers. 

The  House  of  a  Thousand  Candles.  By  Meredith  Nichol- 
son.   Indianapolis :  The  Bobbs-Merrill  Co. 

Heart's  Desire.  By  Emerson  Hough.  New  York:  The  Mao- 
millan  Co. 

The  Fair  Maid  of  Graystones.  By  Benlah  Marie  Dix.  New 
York :  The  MacmiUan  Co. 

BARB.ARA  WiNSLow,  REBEL.  By  Elizabeth  Ellis.  New  York : 
Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. 

The  Wheel  of  Life.  By  Ellen  Glasgow.  New  York :  Dou- 
bleday.  Page  &  Co. 


enough.  Peter  is  the  embodiment  of  Antichrist  in 
the  eyes  of  the  horror-stricken  orthodoxy  which  he 
80  recklessly  defies.  So  in  "  The  Death  of  the  Gods  " 
Julian  was  Antichrist  to  the  primitive  church,  and 
in  *'  The  Forerunner  "  Leonardo  da  Vinci  was  Anti- 
christ to  the  mediseval  church.  But  is  it  the  author's 
wish  to  enlist  our  sympathies  on  Peter's  side  as  he 
enlisted  them  on  the  side  of  the  apostate  and  the 
artist  ?  If  this  be  the  case,  he  has  failed  as  signally 
as  he  succeeded  in  the  earlier  volumes.  Viewing 
the  trilogy  as  a  whole,  we  must  say  that  '•  The  Fore- 
runner "  is  immeasurably  finer  than  either  of  the 
other  parts.  Not  merely  is  it  wrought  of  metal  more 
attractive,  but  in  the  manner  of  its  workmanship  it 
also  excels. 

"On  the  Field  of  Glory,"  by  Mr.  Henryk  Sien- 
kiewicz, breaks  a  silence  of  several  years,  during 
which  the  distinguished  Polish  romancer  has  been 
resting  upon  his  well-earned  laurels.  It  is  a  book 
of  about  the  dimensions  of  "The  Knights  of  the 
Cross,"  and  deals  with  the  period  of  John  Sobieski 
and  the  anxious  years  of  the  impending  Turkish 
invasion.  We  confess  to  some  disappointment  upon 
finding  that  the  great  victory  of  Sobieski  is  only 
foreshadowed  in  this  narrative,  instead  of  being 
presentetl  to  us  with  the  magnificent  descriptive 
power  that  the  author  knows  how  to  apply  to  such 
situations ;  but  perhaps  he  is  keeping  that  theme  in 
reserve  for  a  supreme  effort.  It  is  surely  manifest 
destiny  that  he,  and  no  other,  should  deal  with  it. 
The  title  of  the  present  romance  is  thus  a  misnomer, 
for  the  book  ends  before  any  of  its  characters  have 
reached  "the  field  of  glory,"  although  they  spend 
much  of  their  time  in  talking  about  it.  In  other 
words,  although  the  story  has  this  baekground  of 
patriotic  expectancy,  it  is  in  reality  a  story  of  private 
interest,  a  love-story  of  freshness  and  charm,  a  story 
of  strange  manners  and  exciting  adventures. 

Some  of  the  younger  Polish  critics,  it  seems,  have 
been  charging  the  Sienkiewicz  school  of  fiction  with 
sterility,  whereupon  the  leader  of  that  school  has 
pointed  to  certain  of  his  colleagues  by  way  of  refu- 
tation, and  particularly  to  Mr.  Gasiorowski,  whose 
quality  we  may  now  appraise  in  '•  Napoleon's  Love 
Story,"  just  translated  into  English.  The  author 
is  a  yoimg  man,  and  this  romance  is  chiefly  remark- 
able for  its  length,  caused  by  a  remorseless  spinning 
out  of  dialogue  and  elaboration  of  descriptive  detail, 
but  it  may,  nevertheless,  be  read  (or  skimmed  over) 
with  a  fair  degree  of  satisfaction.  Its  theme  is 
the  episode  of  Napoleon's  visit  to  Warsaw  in  1807, 
and  his  resulting  romantic  attachment  to  Madame 
Walewska.  The  character  of  the  heroine  is  depicted 
for  us  with  much  subtlety,  while  her  imperial  lover  is 
the  same  familiar  figure  with  which  we  have  become 
acquainted  in  other  works  of  romantic  invention. 

Mr.  Crockett  is  a  most  indefatigable  producer  of 
novels.  His  latest,  "  The  Cherry  Ribband,"  is  of  a 
piece  with  its  predecessors  ;  at  least  with  those  of  its 
predecessors  which  find  the  author  upon  his  native 
heath  —  or  in  his  native  kail-yard  or  among  his 
native  moss-hags. — and  deals  with  the  troublous  times 


154 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


of  the  Covenant.  It  has  an  abundance  of  sturing 
adventure,  of  duelling,  fighting,  and  romance.  The 
strong  figiu-e  of  Claverhouse  appears  upon  the  scene 
from  time  to  time,  but  plays  no  very  conspicuous 
part  in  the  action.  Mr.  Crockett  is  as  good  as  ever 
in  his  characterization  of  eccentric  Scotch  types. 
The  book  deserves  well  of  the  reader,  albeit  it  is 
little  more  than  a  replica  of  earlier  ones. 

The  Dogger  Bank  incident  has  been  ingeniously 
utilized  by  Mr.  E.  Phillips  Oppenheim  for  his  latest 
Active  invention,  "A  Maker  of  History."  It  seems 
that  this  was,  after  all,  a  deliberate  attempt  to  force 
England  into  war  with  Russia.  A  secret  treaty  had 
been  concluded  between  the  Tsar  and  the  Kaiser 
whereby  the  invasion  of  England  was  imminent.  But 
it  so  happened  that  a  young  Englishman,  an  innocent 
tourist,  was  a  witness  of  the  meeting  between  the 
two  monarchs,  which  was  brought  about  by  the  con- 
junction of  two  imperial  trains,  at  a  secluded  point 
of  the  railway.  Not  only  was  the  young  English- 
man there  in  hiding,  but  he  became  jjossessed  of  a 
page  of  the  treaty  itself,  which  was  blown  out  of  the 
window  of  the  carriage  in  which  the  momentous 
agreement  was  drawn  up.  As  he  could  not  read 
German,  he  knew  nothing  of  its  significance,  but 
simply  tucked  it  into  his  pocket.  Afterwards  he  went 
to  Paris,  talked  innocently  but  indiscreetly  about  his 
adventure,  and  was  promptly  kidnapped.  His  sister 
went  in  search  of  him,  and  was  also  kidnapped.  No 
harm  was  done  them,  but  they  remained  in  the 
custody  of  the  French  Secret  Service  in  order  that 
the  German  Secret  Service  might  not  get  hold  of 
them.  Next  comes  an  English  baronet,  who  sees 
a  photograph  of  the  girl,  falls  in  love  with  it,  and 
assumes  the  role  of  amateur  detective.  AU  the  par- 
ties concerned  have  adventures  of  the  most  surpris- 
ing description,  until  the  need  for  secrecy  no  longer 
exists,  because  the  French  government  has  check- 
mated Russia  and  Germany  in  their  sinister  game. 
Those  who  know  Mr.  Oppenheim's  methods  as  a 
novelist  will  hardly  need  to  be  informed  that  this 
stirring  story  is  told  with  neatness  and  despatch. 

"The  Ford,"  by  Mr.  Arthur  E.  J.  Legge,  is  a 
quiet  story  of  English  life,  illustrating  the  relations 
between  two  families  —  one  of  aristocratic  and  an- 
cient lineage,  the  other  the  social  outcome  of  that 
well-known  product,  Harrold's  Household  Soap.  The 
parvenu  becomes  the  neighbor  of  the  lord,  and  a 
ford  across  the  stream  which  flows  by  their  estates 
provides  a  convenient  subject  of  dispute.  It  is  a 
Montague  and  Capulet  affair,  but  turns  out  happily 
in  a  way,  although  the  most  sympathetic  character 
in  the  novel  is  drowned  while  crossing  the  ford,  and 
we  shall  never  feel  quite  sure  that  the  heroine  ought 
not  to  have  married  him  instead  of  the  scion  of  the 
enemy's  stock.  The  book  is  simple  and  genuine,  and 
its  style  has  the  touch  of  poetic  distinction  to  be 
expected  of  a  writer  who  has  also  won  the  laurels  of 
a  singer  of  songs. 

The  trick  of  making  an  interesting  novel  out  of 
the  incidents  that  make  up  the  life  of  a  party  of 
tourists  is  not  as  simple  as  it  seems.    Since  the  effoi'ts 


of  William  Black  in  this  dhection,  we  can  think  of 
no  others  who  have  been  quite  as  successful  as  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Williamson.  And  the  fact  that  their  trav- 
ellers have  for  a  vehicle  the  modern  motor-car  instead 
of  the  antiquated  phaeton  gives  to  their  narratives 
the  needed  touch  of  timeliness.  "  My  Friend  the 
Chauffem" "  tells  how  an  English  baronet  and  an 
Irish  peer  (in  prospect)  personally  conduct  a  party 
of  three  female  Americans  through  northern  Italy 
and  into  Dalmatia,  harassed  all  the  time  by  the  atten- 
tions of  an  Austrian  prince,  who  is  the  villain  of  the 
piece.  (We  wonder  why  it  is  that  Austrian  princes 
make  such  satisfactory  villains.)  The  climax  is 
reached  in  Montenegro,  when  the  villain  lures  the 
heroine  into  a  deserted  house,  and  would  force  her 
consent  to  a  marriage.  The  marriage  that  really 
comes  off  is  a  diff'erent  sort  of  affair,  in  which  the 
impoverished  scion  of  the  Irish  nobility  figiu'es  as 
the  leading  man.  A  second  marriage  in  prospect  as 
the  book  closes  is  that  of  the  baronet  with  the  enfant 
terrible  of  the  tale,  who  it  seems  is  not  a  child  at 
all,  but  a  maiden  of  seventeen,  masquerading  in  short 
clothes  and  long  braids  to  oblige  her  mother,  relict 
of  Simon  P.  Kidder,  of  Denver,  U.  S.  A.  This  mother 
has  sentimental  leanings  toward  the  prince,  despite 
whose  villainy  she  turns  a  willing  ear  to  his  protes- 
tations. A  peculiar  feature  of  the  story  is  that  it  is 
told,  in  tiu'n,  by  each  of  the  five  persons  making  up 
the  party  in  the  motor-car.  The  attendant  prince 
alone  has  no  chance  to  describe  matters  from  his 
point  of  view,  which  is  rather  a  pity. 

The  name  of  "  W.  B.  Maxwell  "  is  non-committal 
as  to  sex,  but  "  Vivien  "  is  a  woman's  novel.  It  is, 
moreover,  one  of  the  best  novels  that  we  have  read 
for  a  long  time,  by  a  writer  of  either  sex.  Its  ele- 
ments are  familiar  enough  —  the  neglected  girl,  the 
dreary  years  at  a  cheap  boarding-school,  the  heart- 
breaking task  of  earning  a  living  in  a  London  shop, 
the  consequent  privation,  misery,  and  iUness,  the 
inevitable  persecution  by  the  wealthy  libertine,  and 
the  eventual  rescue  by  the  j)rince  of  her  dreams. 
But  despite  the  hackneyed  nature  of  its  plot,  as  thus 
revealed  in  skeleton,  the  work  has  both  originality 
and  distinction.  The  interest  is  so  varied,  the  nar- 
rative so  broadly  humanized,  the  delineation  of  char- 
acter so  true  and  fine,  that  oiu"  attention  is  com- 
pletely absorbed  from  first  to  last.  The  spirits  of 
tenderness  and  pity  brood  over  it,  and  the  recurrent 
note  of  forgiveness,  however  seemingly  dark  the  sin, 
adds  a  divine  touch  to  the  work.  And  a  very  serious 
work  it  is,  although  animated  in  its  movement,  a 
work  that  sounds  the  depths  of  the  human  mystery, 
and  confronts  the  reader  with  the  darkest  riddles  of 
life.  Having  these  qualities,  it  is  matter  for  satis- 
faction that  the  story  is  told  upon  a  generous  scale 
—  there  are  more  than  six  hundred  pages  —  and 
gives  us  comprehensive  studies  of  character  and  situ- 
ation rather  than  the  glimpses  afforded  by  the  im- 
pressionist. Such  a  novel  is  like  an  oasis  in  the 
desert  to  the  weary  reviewer,  and  rewai'ds  him  for 
much  toiling  through  the  arid  wastes  of  popular 
story-telling. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


155 


A  singularly  charming  and  appealing  book  is 
^'The  Great  Refusal,"  by  the  novelist  who  calls 
herself  "  Maxwell  Gray."  It  assumes,  to  be  sure, 
something  too  much  of  the  character  of  a  sociological 
tract  in  the  closing  chapters,  and  is  based  upon  over- 
wrought sentiment  rather  than  upon  any  practical 
form  of  idealism,  but  is  nevertheless  so  fine  in  motive 
and  so  graceful  ia  diction  that  criticism  is  measure- 
ably  disarmed.  The  "  great  refusal "  is  made  by  the 
hero,  who  renounces  wealth  and  position  to  become 
a  common  workingman,  and  eventually  embarks  in 
a  socialistic  venture  liaving  for  its  object  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  Utopian  commonwealth  in  Africa. 
These  are  not  his  only  sacrifices,  for  love  also  is 
cast  aside,  and  it  is  not  imtil  the  end  of  much  suf- 
fering that  his  early  passion  is  replaced  by  one  fixed 
upon  far  surer  foimdations.  The  characterization  is 
excellent,  alike  of  the  two  women,  the  devoted  hero, 
and  his  masterful  father,  whose  money  seems  to 
the  son  too  tainted  for  legitimate  enjoyment.  Nor 
is  the  hero  in  any  sense  depicted  for  us  as  a  prig 
or  a  weakling,  but  rather  as  a  genial,  athletic,  and 
altogether  wholesome  specimen  of  the  best  English 
manhood.  The  style  of  the  novel,  also,  is  natural  as 
to  dialogue,  and  charmingly  allusive  as  to  description. 

"  The  Conquest  of  Canaan  "  is  a  thoroughly  read- 
able book,  made  so  by  its  genial  description  of  vil- 
lage types  of  character,  and  enough  of  a  story  to 
make  the  chapters  hang  together.  Canaan  is  in 
Indiana,  and  it  is  conquered  by  the  town  ne'er-do- 
weU,  who  seems  to  have  in  him  aU  the  makings  of 
a  vagabond ;  but  who  instead  develops  strength  and 
determination.  This  transfoi-mation  of  an  outcast 
into  a  leading  citizen  is  sketched  with  considerable 
skill,  and  incidental  himior  is  not  lacking.  A  very 
pretty  love  story  adds  warmth  and  romantic  color- 
ing to  this  the  latest  of  Mr.  Tarkington's  pleasant 
inventions. 

"  The  House  of  a  Thousand  Candles  "  is  a  house 
of  mystery  situated  somewhere  in  the  depths  of 
Indiana.  It  has  secret  panels  and  subterranean  pas- 
sages, and  the  departed  owner  is  reputed  to  have 
concealed  vast  treasures  somewhere  within  it.  This 
makes  it  an  object  of  burglarious  enterprise  on  the 
part  of  the  surrounding  jwpidation,  and  the  coming 
of  the  new  owner,  to  whom  the  house  with  all  its 
contents  has  been  left,  is  by  no  means  a  popular 
happening.  This  owner  is  a  young  man  of  roving 
disposition,  to  whom  the  propeiiy  has  been  left 
under  singular  conditions,  one  of  which  is  that  he 
shall  make  it  his  residence,  and  not  leave  it  for  a 
full  year.  Since  his  life  is  attempted  on  the  very  first 
day  of  his  arrival,  the  prospect  is  at  least  exciting. 
But  he  proves  game,  and  sets  about  solving  the  mys- 
tery for  himself.  Presently,  an  interesting  romance 
develops,  the  other  pei*son  concerned  being  an  in- 
mate of  a  neighboring  school  for  girls.  Startling 
episodes  occiu*  in  swift  succession,  the  machinations 
of  all  the  villains  are  thwarted,  the  romance  comes 
to  a  happy  conclusion,  and  in  the  end  we  have  the 
gi'eatest  surprise  of  all,  which  it  would  be  heartless 
of  us  to  reveal. 


Mr.  Hough's  "  Heart's  Desire  "  is  a  book  some- 
thing like  Mr.  Wister's  "The  Virginian,"  and  quite 
as  much  or  as  little  of  a  story.  Heart's  Desire  is  a 
remote  mountain  settlement  of  the  southwest,  hav- 
ing for  its  population  one  doctor,  two  lawyers,  a  few 
cowboys  and  miners,  and  no  women.  Its  entire  cir- 
culating medium  amounts  to  about  three  hundred 
dollars,  which  frequently  changes  hands,  and  now 
and  then,  by  the  fortunes  of  the  game,  is  temporarily 
collected  in  the  pockets  of  some  one  citizen.  The 
story  begins  with  the  advent  of  the  first  woman,  and 
in  subsequent  chapters  are  chronicled  the  beginnings 
of  litigation,  art,  music,  and  other  accessories  of  civ- 
ilization. Presently  a  corporation  comes  with  a  rail- 
road in  its  gift,  and  what  continuity'  of  interest  the 
story  has  centres  about  the  project.  The  book  has 
both  sentiment  and  humor,  both  after  the  fashion 
long  ago  set  by  Bret  Harte,  and  makes  a  brave  pre- 
tence at  showing  that  a  free  life  under  these  primi- 
tive conditions  is  much  better  worth  having  than  the 
trammelled  existence  of  more  settled  communities. 
The  argument  is  stifficiently  pei-suasive  to  compel 
temporary  assent,  and  that  is  all  the  story  needs  for 
its  sympathetic  enjoyment.  There  can  be  no  doubt 
that  it  is  enjoyable,  and  that  Mr.  Hough  has  sur- 
passed his  best  previous  efforts  for  our  entertainment. 

Miss  Beulah  Dix  is  an  accomplished  artificer  of 
historical  romance,  and  has  worked  successfully  in 
the  material  offered  by  seventeenth-century  England 
and  America,  by  puritans  in  Massachusetts,  and  by 
the  conflict  of  roundhead  with  cavalier.  It  is  to  the 
latter  phase  of  her  acti^aty  that  "  The  Fair  Maid  of 
Graystones  "  belongs,  and  the  book  turns  out  to  be 
a  very  pretty  story  indeed.  Besieged  Colchester  has 
just  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  parliamentary  army, 
and  one  of  the  consequences  is  that  Jack  Hethering- 
ton  becomes  a  royalist  prisoner.  Then  follows  a  sur- 
prising series  of  adventures  for  this  engaging  hero, 
brought  about  by  the  fact  that  he  is  taken  for  a  cousin 
of  the  same  name,  and  thereby  becomes  responsible 
for  many  villainies  laid  to  the  charge  of  that  unwor- 
thy person.  How  he  clears  himself  from  this  tangle 
it  is  the  business  of  the  novelist  to  unfold,  and  she 
does  it  without  straining  our  sensibilities  more  than 
is  strictly  necessary  for  the  purposes  of  a  full-grown 
romance.  The  historical  substratimi  of  the  tale  is  of 
the  thinnest,  and  chiefly  takes  the  form  of  a  conven- 
tional reflection  of  the  manners  and  speech  of  the  time. 

"  Barbara  Winslow,  Rebel,"  by  Miss  Elizabeth 
Ellis,  is  another  historical  romance  with  an  English 
setting,  its  scene  being  laid  just  after  the  defeat  of 
Monmouth  at  Sedgemoor.  Here  we  have  a  fascina- 
ting heroine,  aiTested  for  harboring  rebels,  and  a 
victim  of  Jeffrey  and  the  Bloody  Circuit.  Sentenced 
to  a  brutal  punishment,  she  is  saved  by  one  of  the 
king's  officers,  who  thereby  becomes  himself  a  rebel, 
and  the  two  take  flight  together.  They  are  clearly 
in  love  with  one  another  to  any  eyes  but  their  own, 
but  the  inevitable  misundei'standing  supervenes, 
holding  them  at  arm's  length  through  the  requisite 
nmnber  of  chapters.  Barbara  is  a  young  woman  of 
the  pert  and  proud  type  so  dear  to  the  romantic 


166 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


heart,  and  her  soldier  lover  has  the  complementary 
\drtues  that  the  situation  requires.  The  story  has 
heen  told,  essentially,  a  hundred  times  before  in  as 
many  different  guises,  but  it  usually  makes  a  pretty 
one,  and  in  this  case  no  complaint  may  be  made  of 
it  for  lack  of  interest  or  excitement. 

We  are  not  altogether  satisfied  that  Miss  Glasgow 
should  again  have  deserted  her  native  heath  (if  a 
Virginia  plantation  may  be  thus  designated)  for 
the  allurements  of  the  metropolis  and  its  so-called 
"  society."  As  we  said  of  "  The  House  of  Mirth,"  it 
is  next  to  impossible  to  make  a  story  of  human  interest 
out  of  the  vapid  and  insolent  life  of  the  idle  rich,  and 
even  the  delicate  art  of  Mrs.  Wharton  was  balked  in 
the  effort.  Now  Miss  Glasgow's  art,  although  pos- 
sibly stronger,  is  less  delicate,  and  by  so  much  she 
has  been  even  less  successful  than  the  writer  with 
whose  latest  work  "The  Wheel  of  Life  "  is  brought 
into  inevitable  comparison.  We  may  say  in  behalf 
of  the  newer  novel  that  it  offers  us  at  least  one 
fine  character  in  the  person  of  its  hero,  who  is  in 
"  society  "  but  not  of  it,  and  another  of  strong  but 
elusive  charm  in  the  person  of  the  woman  poet 
whose  apparition  haxmts  many  of  the  pages.  But 
as  compared  with  "  The  Deliverance,"  for  example, 
this  work  is  an  inferior  production. 

William  Morton  Payne. 


Briefs  ois^  New  Books. 


"Lone  mother  ^he  peninsula  to  which  the  name  of 
of  dead  Italy  has  been  given  for  long  ages 

empires."  presents   some  of   the  most  compli- 

cated problems  in  historical  geography  of  all  the 
continent  of  Em-ope.  Consolidated  under  the  Roman 
rule  in  the  early  half  of  the  third  century,  B.  C.,  the 
peninsula  was  visited  and  pillaged  by  almost  all  of 
the  barbarians  in  the  early  Chi'istian  centuries.  The 
Ostrogoths  occupied  it  in  the  fifth  century,  A.  D., 
imtil  Justinian  obtained  possession  and  reestablished 
the  Roman  Empire  there.  It  became  an  exarchate 
of  the  Byzantine  Empire  about  the  middle  of  the 
sixth  century,  and  a  few  years  later  the  Lombards 
wrested  it  from  the  Empire.  By  the  Treaty  of  Verdun, 
in  843,  it  was  separated  from  the  Western  Empire, 
and  in  the  tenth  century  it  was  united  to  Germany  in 
the  empire  then  formed.  The  Papal  State  then  es- 
tablished proved  a  bar  to  complete  Italian  nationality 
until  very  recent  times,  and  from  that  time  until  the 
nineteenth  century  jwilyarchy  existed  in  Italy.  From 
the  tenth  to  the  thirteenth  century,  feudal  principal- 
ities and  republics  were  established ;  and  most  of  the 
republics  were  transformed  into  principalities  before 
the  end  of  the  Middle  Ages.  In  the  fifteenth  century, 
Milan,  Florence,  the  Papal  State,  the  oligarchic  Re- 
public of  Venice,  and  the  Kingdom  of  Naples,  formed 
a  pentarchy.  The  Normans  conquered  the  southern 
part  of  the  peninsula  and  established  the  Kingdom  of 
the  Two  Sicilies.  France  and  Spain  at  times  had 
possessions  in  Italy,  and  a  large  portion  was  once 


incorporated  into  Austria.  For  three  centuries  the 
potentates  of  Europe  were  accustomed  to  ask,  "  What 
action  shall  we  take  in  Italy  ?  "  During  the  greater 
part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  Italy  was  at  the  dis- 
posal of  Europe,  f  m-nishing  a  country  wherein  conven- 
ient principalities  were  found  for  throneless  princes. 
In  twenty-one  years,  Sicily  changed  masters  four 
times ;  Parma,  three  times  in  seventeen  years.  Napo- 
leon I.  created  a  kingdom  in  Northern  Italy.  In  1815 
the  peninsula  was  again  divided  among  pi-inces,  and 
was  dominated  over  by  Austria.  Not  until  1860 
was  the  kingdom  of  Italy  finally  established  by 
Victor  Emmanuel,  King  of  Piedmont.  Ten  years 
later,  the  State  of  the  Church  disappeared  from  the 
map  of  Italy,  and  "United  Italy"  was  perfected. 
Dxiring  the  polyarchy,  Italy  was  the  cradle  of  the 
Renaissance  in  art,  in  letters,  in  diplomatic  institu- 
tions, in  banking,  and  in  commerce.  It  would  appear 
an-  extraordinarily  ambitious  undertaking  to  write 
the  history  of  such  a  country  and  its  people  in  a  sin- 
gle volume ;  yet  Mrs.  Augusta  Hale  Gifford,  in  her 
"  Italy,  her  People  and  their  Story  "  (Lothrop  Pub- 
lishing Company),  has  not  only  furnished  a  worthy 
companion  volume  to  her  deservedly  popvUar  "Ger- 
many, her  People  and  their  Story,"  but  has  suc- 
ceeded in  giving  a  readable  account  of  the  people 
who  have  occupied  the  peninsula  from  Roman  times 
down  to  the  present  day,  thi'oughout  all  the  vicissi- 
tudes of  their  political  goverment,  —  a  peoi^le  who 
have  been  distinguished  in  the  fields  of  art,  letters, 
music,  and  government.  Very  naturally,  the  first  part 
of  the  work  (about  400  pages  )  is  largely  drawn  from 
Gibbon's  "  Decline  and  Fall,"  and  brings  the  history 
down  to  the  time  of  Theodoric.  A  single  chapter 
of  the  second  part  serves  for  the  course  of  history 
from  Theodoric  to  Charlemagne,  more  than  five  cen- 
turies. Nine  chapters  serve  for  the  interesting  but 
complicated  history  of  the  country  to  the  Napoleonic 
era.  From  1792  to  the  present  time,  the  most 
interesting  period,  diu-ing  which  time  the  "  Italian 
Question "  was  continually  before  the  world,  the 
history  is  given  with  considerable  attention  to  de- 
tails, and  altogether  the  volume  is  of  exceptional 
value  both  from  its  historical  accuracy  and  its  pop- 
ular style.  —  Mr.  Henry  Dwight  Sedgwick,  in  his 
"  Short  History  of  Italy"  (Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. ), 
has  not  undertaken  such  an  ambitious  task  as  Mrs. 
Gifford's.  He  takes  up  the  history  in  the  year  476 
and  closes  with  the  last  year  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury. He  has  a  good  sense  of  proportion,  and  good 
ideas  of  historical  perspective ;  he  writes  in  a  vivid 
style,  and  possesses  a  keen  sense  of  hmnor  which 
contributes  not  a  little  to  the  entertaining  quality  of 
his  book.  Altogether,  his  volume,  by  no  means  as 
small  as  its  name  might  indicate,  is  entitled  to  a 
place  in  the  front  rank  of  "  short  histories."  A 
chronological  table  of  the  Popes  and  Emperors,  a 
genealogical  table  of  the  Medici,  a  skeleton  table  of 
the  Kings  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  and  an  admirably 
selected  list  of  books  for  general  reading,  give  Mr. 
Sedgwick's  volume  permanent  value  as  a  book  of 
reference. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


157 


The  foremoxt  In  writing  of  a  man  whose  thorough- 
fZddcon''^''  going  egoism  was  tempered  by  none 
to  Hume.  too   benevolent  a  spirit,  and  whose 

chief  claim  to  influence  upon  contemporary  English 
thought  was  his  power  to  arouse  opposition,  it  is  per- 
haps not  unnatural  that  the  biographer's  tone  should 
contain  a  note  of  defense.  Sir  Leslie  Stephen,  who 
has  written  a  life  of  Thomas  Hobbes  for  the  '*  En- 
glish Men  of  Letters  "  series  (Macmillan),  evidently 
felt  that  his  subject  was  in  need  of  appreciation, 
and  that  the  reading  public  ought  to  become  better 
a«iuainted  with  ••the  most  conspicuous  English 
thinker  in  the  whole  period  between  Bacon  and 
Hume."  Hobbes  belonged  distinctly  to  the  period 
in  which  he  lived,  and  is  indeed  a  product  of  it.  Out 
of  its  spirit  of  scientific  investigation  grew  his  ma- 
terialism ;  out  of  the  disturbed  political  situation  in 
England  grew  his  famous  theory  of  sovereignty  as 
embodied  in  ••  The  Leviathan ";  and  out  of  these 
conditions,  added  to  the  struggle  between  Church  and 
State,  grew  his  somewhat  strange  conception  of  mo- 
rality. His  present  biographer  tells  us  that  he  had 
•'formed  and  begun  to  execute  a  remarkable  plan. 
He  intended,  like  a  sound  logician,  to  lay  down  the 
first  principles  of  scientific  inquiry,  to  apply  them  to 
what  we  should  now  call  psychology,  setting  forth 
the  laws  of  human  nature,  and  finally  to  foimd  upon 
this  basis  a  science  corresponding  to  modern  soci- 
olog}'."  His  point  of  view  is  essentially  scientific ; 
the  method  of  Euclid  impressed  and  influenced  him 
greatly,  as  did  also  the  fact  that  the  one  universal 
phenomenon  is  motion.  Since  he  developed  all  liis 
conclusions  from  '•undeniable  first  principles"  (as 
he  called  them),  we  are  tempted  to  look  forward 
and  arbitrarily  class  him  Avith  the  later  continental 
rationalists.  His  actual  physical  speculations,  admits 
his  biographer,  can  liave  no  interest  except  as  speci- 
mens of  eai'ly  guessing,  and  his  theology  is  practi- 
cally of  no  value.  But  his  political  theory  is  by  no 
means  so  easily  disposed  of,  and  stands  out,  even 
to-day,  coherent  and  logical.  Sir  Leslie  Stephen  has 
sunuuai'ized  it  with  care  and  precision,  and  has  dis- 
cussed it  with  interest. 


Literary  Ger-  With  the  publication  of  "  Young  Ger- 
^tiu^"ear?v  many"  ( Macmillan ) , the  sixth  volmue 

19th  century.  of  the  •'Main  Currents  in  Nineteenth 
Century  Literature,"  by  Dr.  Georg  Brandes,  the  task 
of  presenting  that  great  critical  work  to  English 
readers  is  completed.  The  task  has  been  long- 
delayed,  and  its  full  accomplishment  is  a  noteworthy 
event.  Although  the  average  age  of  the  six  volumes 
is  upwards  of  thirty  years,  their  vitality-  has  suffered 
little  impau-ment  with  the  lapse  of  tune,  and  we  may 
read  them  to-day  with  almost  the  zest  with  which 
we  made  their  acquaintance  in  the  seventies.  The 
period  of  this  concluding  volume  of  the  work  lies 
between  the  Congress  of  Vienna  and  the  gi'eat  rev- 
olutionary yeai"s  of  the  mid-century.  Heine  is  the 
central  figure  in  this  act  of  the  literary  di-ama, 
while  among  the  lesser  performers  are  Borne,  Hegel, 
Menzel,  Immermann,  Gutzkow,  and  Freiligrath.  "  It 


is  a  mighty  panorama,  this,  which  the  study  of  the 
feelings  and  thoughts  of  Germany,  first  oppositionist, 
then  revolutionary',  between  1815  and  1848,  unrolls 
to  our  view."     And  it  grows  ever  in  interest,  up  to 
the  culminating  scene  of  1848,  when  "  a  long  shud- 
der (of  pain  and  at  the  same  time  of  relief)  passed 
through  the  whole  of  Germany.    It  was  as  if  a  win- 
dow had  been  opened,  and  air  had  reached  the  lungs 
of  Europe."     This  year  of  •'  great  spiritual  signifi- 
cance "  is  in  literatui'e  •'  the  red  line  of  sepai-ation 
that  divides  our  century  and  marks  the  beginning 
of  a  new  era."    It  is  difficult  to  keep  within  bounds 
our  admiration  for  the  energj'.  the  insight,  and  the 
profound  philosophical  basis  of  this  master-work  of 
criticism.  A  single  preg^nt  sentence  may  be  quoted 
from  the  final  chapter :  •'  Between  the  years  1830  and 
1840  something  has  been  happening  qtdetly,  deep 
down  in  men's  minds — Goethe's  poetry  and  Goethe's 
philosophy  of  life,  at  first  championed  exclusively 
by  enthusiastic  women,  have  been  steadily  gaining 
influence  over  the  cultivated,  making  them  proof 
against  theological  impressions  but  receptive  to  all 
great  hiunan  ideas.     The  cult  of  Goethe  leads  by 
degrees,  even  in  the  case  of  women,  to  the  cult  of 
political  liberty  and   social  reform."     The  impact 
of  this  work  upon  the  alert  minds  to  which  it  came 
in  the  seventies,  both  as  an  inspiration  and  as  a 
trumpet-call  to  renewed  spiritual  endeavor,  may  best 
be  illusti*ated  by  what  Dr.  Ibsen  wrote  the  author 
just  after  the  appearance  of  the  first  volume.     "  I 
must  tm-n  to  what  has  lately  been  constantly  in  my 
thoughts,  and  has  even  disturbed  my  sleep.    I  have 
read  yoiu"  Lectures.    No  more  dangerous  book  could 
fall  into  the  hands  of  a  pregnant  poet.    It  is  one  of 
those  works  which  place  a  yawning  gulf  between 
yesterday  and  to-day.     After  I  had  been  in  Italy, 
I  could  not  understand  how  I  had  been  able  to  exist 
before  I  had  been  there.    In  twenty  years,  one  will 
not  be  able  to  comprehend  how  spiritual  existence 
at  home  was  possible  before  these  lectm-es.  .  .  .  Your 
book  is  not  a  history  of  literature  according  to  the 
old  ideas,  nor  is  it  a  history  of  civilization.     I  will 
not  trouble  to  find  a  name  for  what  it  really  is.     It 
reminds  me  of  the  gold-fields  of  California  when 
they  were  first  discovered,  which  either  made  nul- 
lionares  of  men  or  ruined  them." 

,     .  .  "  Louisiana,  a  Record  of  Expansion  " 

Louutana  at         ,  .ii-ii  ••!_ 

anAmei-ican       IS  the  title  of  the  latest  issue  in  the 

commonueaUh.  uggful  •'  American  Commonwealths  " 
series  (Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.).  The  author,  Mr. 
Albert  Phelps,  a  native  of  New  Orleans,  has  based 
his  entii-e  narrative  upon  a  close  study  of  the  origi- 
nal sources  of  Louisiana  history,  and  the  result  is  a 
very  good  aecount  of  the  position  that  Louisiana  has 
occupied  in  the  history  of  American  settlement  and 
the  expansion  of  American  institutions.  It  is  worthy 
of  note  that  throughout  the  work  two  important  points 
are  emphasized :  the  significance  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley  in  the  history  of  American  development ;  and 
the  effect  of  negro  slavery  and  its  aftermath  upon 
political  and  social  problems.    In  developing  the  im- 


158 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


portance  of  Louisiana  as  the  key  to  the  Mississippi 
basin,  Mr.  Phelps  gives  a  full  and  interesting  descrii> 
tion  of  the  French  and  the  Spanish  domination  over 
the  lower  Mississippi  Valley,  the  continual  pressure 
of  the  Anglo-Americans  against  the  southwestern 
frontier,  and  the  final  annexation  and  absorption  of 
the  territory  into  the  Union.  The  absolute  neces- 
sity, political,  commercial,  and  geographical,  of  the 
possession  of  the  Mississipj)i  valley  to  the  states  of 
the  North  is  shown  to  have  been  one  of  the  fatal 
causes  of  weakness  to  the  Confederacy.  On  slavery 
and  the  problems  growing  out  of  it,  especially  as  com- 
plicated by  Louisiana  conditions,  the  author  writes 
with  full  knowledge  and  keen  insight.  The  institu- 
tion of  negro  slavery  and  its  effects  are  traced  from 
colonial  times  to  the  jwesent  day.  Like  others 
who  have  studied  the  race-question  thoroughly,  Mr. 
Phelps  has  come  to  the  conclusion  that  there  "  never 
was  a  negro  problem,"  but  that  the  mulatto  is  the 
really  important  factor  in  the  so-called  race  problem, 
the  black  negro  seldom  or  never  being  troublesome 
unless  made  so  temporarily  by  white  or  mulatto 
leaders.  As  to  the  future  of  the  negro,  the  author 
thinks  that  it  is  by  no  means  assured ;  the  negro  finds 
it  increasingly  difficult  to  compete  with  the  better 
equipped  white  man  in  the  struggle  for  existence. 
A  fact  set  forth  in  this  account,  not  generally  known, 
is  that  the  Spanish  rule  over  Louisiana  was  much 
better  than  that  of  France,  and  better  than  the  early 
American  administration  in  the  territory.  Seldom 
remembered,  also,  is  the  fact  that  in  the  American 
Revolution  material  assistance  was  given  by  Louisi- 
ana to  the  revolting  colonies.  Other  phases  of  state 
history  to  which  some  attention  is  devoted  are  the 
gradual  fusion  of  nationalities  after  the  annexation, 
the  Burr  intrigue  and  the  War  of  1812,  the  troubles 
leading  to  secession,  the  Civil  War  period,  the  Butler 
regime  in  New  Orleans,  and  the  Reconstruction  of 
the  state  from  1862  to  1876.  The  account  of  the 
Reconstruction,  though  brief,  is  the  first  satisfactory 
treatment  of  that  tumultuous  epoch  in  Louisiana 
history.  Particularly  useful  is  the  examination  and 
evaluation  of  the  testimony  taken  by  the  various  com- 
mittees of  Congress  that  investigated  conditions  in 
that  unhapi^y  state  between  1866  and  1876,  during 
the  reign  of  the  mulatto  and  the  "  carpet-bagger." 
The  book  closes  with  a  short  sm-vey  of  present  con- 
ditions in  the  commonwealth. 


Aaoodvopuiar  ^  ^}^^  ^^  ^'''^^O'  ^J  Mr.  Basil  de 
introduction  to  Selincourt,  is  a  recent  addition  to  that 
the  art  of  Giotto,  admirable  series,  "The  Library  of 
Art"  (imported  by  Scribner  ).  Its  author,  in  follow- 
ing the  older  traditional  views,  stands  at  variance 
with  such  modern  critics  as  Perkins  and  Berenson. 
This  fact  is  evident  in  his  remarks  on  the  Roman 
school  of  painters  of  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth 
centuries  and  its  relation  to  Giotto,  as  well  as  in  his 
treatment  of  the  chronology  of  the  master's  works. 
His  arguments  are  not  always  the  soundest,  nor  is  his 
criticism  as  discriminating  as  it  might  be.  Moreover, 
his  treatment  of  the  whole  subject  lacks  thoroughness. 


The  frescoes  in  the  transept  of  the  lower  church  at 
Assisi,  which  have  been  ascribed  to  Giotto  by  some  of 
the  best  authorities,  he  puts  aside  as  not  genuine,  with- 
out adequate  discussion.  He  ignores  not  only  the 
little  panels  in  Munich,  which  have  been  seriously  as- 
cribed to  the  gi'eat  Florentine,  but  also  the  "  Presen- 
tation "  of  Mrs.  Gardner's  collection  in  Boston,  and 
the  Giotto-like  frescoes  in  San  Antonio  at  Padua. 
Added  to  this  he  casts  suspicion  upon  the  genuine- 
ness of  Giotto's  altar-piece  in  the  Louvi'e,  without 
giving  adequate  reasons  for  such  doubt.  It  would  seem 
that  the  author  lacks  the  trained  eye  and  mind  of  the 
connoisseur,  since  he  bases  his  conclusions  upon  the 
content  of  the  pictures  rather  than  upon  that  which 
forms  the  true  basis  of  discriminating  criticism  —  the 
details  of  technique  and  of  style.  Yet  after  all  has 
been  said,  this  is,  within  its  limitations,  a  good  book. 
Mr.  De  Selincourt  very  jjroperly  gives  most  space  to 
his  description  of  Giotto's  panels  in  the  sacristy  of  St. 
Peters,  and  of  his  great  frescoes  at  Assisi,  at  Flor- 
ence, and  at  Padua.  His  comments  upon  Ruskin's 
criticism  of  the  Paduan  frescoes  are  excellent.  He 
loves  his  subject,  and  his  enthusiasm,  which  is  prop- 
erly tempered,  is  just  what  is  needed  to  inspire  the 
i-eader  with  a  desire  to  know  more  of  the  great  Flor- 
entine and  his  art.  The  j)rominence  which  the  author 
gives  to  the  subject-matter  of  the  pictures,  together 
with  the  literary  flavor  of  much  of  his  writing,  makes 
his  book  an  excellent  popular  introduction  to  the  art 
of  Giotto.  So  used,  the  text,  accompanied  as  it  is 
with  many  excellent  illustrations,  should  prove  of 
much  value  to  beginners  in  the  study  of  art,  and  may 
serve  them  better  than  would  many  a  more  scientific 
but  less  enthusiastic  work. 


„     ,.,,.-        ,  Miss  G.  E.  Mitton's  volume  on  "  Jane 

Kntihsh  life  and  i    i         rn-  u    /  n 

wavK  in  Jane  Austeu  and  her  Times  ( Putnam ) 
Austen's  time.  jg  another  attempt  to  piece  out  the 
very  uneventful  story  of  INIiss  Austen's  life  with 
an  account  of  her  eighteenth-century  environment. 
The  few  facts  of  her  life  have  all  been  told  many 
times  before,  and  her  friends  and  the  places  she 
visited  have  all  been  fully  described.  So  Miss 
Mitton  goes  still  further  afield,  making  Jane  Austen 
simply  a  good  excuse  for  a  rambling,  discursive, 
but  not  uninteresting  account  of  the  manners  and 
customs  of  her  day.  This  survey,  she  argues,  will 
be  of  especial  value  inasnmch  as  Miss  Austen  her- 
self, in  her  novels  and  her  letters  alike,  makes  so 
few  references  to  the  great  events  or  the  ephemeral 
interests  that  environed  her.  So  Miss  Mitton  tells 
us  how  Jane  travelled,  and  how  she  might  have 
travelled  if  she  had  ventiu-ed  on  to  the  Continent, 
what  she  studied  at  school,  how  clergymen  like  her 
father  were  regarded,  what  people  ate  in  those  days 
and  what  they  wore,  how  they  managed  the  serv- 
ant question,  and  how  they  escaped  paying  postage. 
Her  contemporary  authors  get  a  chapter ;  so  does 
the  British  navy,  apropos  of  her  two  brothers'  con- 
nection with  it.  We  are  told  how  Jane  and  her 
heroines  liked  Bath,  what  adventures  they  had  at 
Southampton,  and  what  Jane  saw  and  might  have 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


169 


seen  in  her  visits  to  London.  "  Society  and  Love- 
making  "  is  the  title  of  a  chapter  describing  the 
balls  and  routs  of  the  time,  telling  of  the  exag- 
gerated head-dresses  of  the  ladies,  the  gloves  they 
saved  so  carefully  for  the  minuet,  and  the  money 
they  lost  at  cards.  It  ends  with  a  circumstantial 
account  of  all  Jane's  love  affairs,  viewed  in  the  light 
of  the  theories  of  love  which  her  novels  seem  to 
enunciate.  There  are  copious  extracts  from  the 
novels  and  from  Jane's  letters,  as  well  as  from  the 
standard  biographies.  But  if  the  present  work  does 
not  attain  to,  or  claim,  much  orig^inality,  it  is  a  clever 
and  readable  compilation,  with  something  about  it 
of  the  sprightly  freshness  of  Miss  Austen's  own  work. 
Twenty  illustrations  reproduce  portraits  of  the  Aus- 
ten family  and  some  of  their  friends,  and  scenes  of 
contemporary  life  as  some  of  the  eighteenth  century 
artists  have  depicted  it. 


More  of 
Mr.  BirrelVg 
ettays. 


Mr.  Augustine  Birrell's  latest  volume, 
"  In  the  Name  of  the  Bodleian " 
(Scribner),  is  characteristically  full  of 
•quaint  fancies,  brilliant  sallies  of  wit  and  hvunor, 
keenly-calculated  judgments  of  men  and  things,  and 
an  erudition  that  pointedly  avoids  beaten  highways  to 
<5ull  its  treasures  from  odd  nooks  and  dusty  corners. 
Mr.  Birrell  is  a  book-worm,  but  he  rides  his  hobby 
s<S  gaUy,  with  such  a  vivid  appreciation  of  all  the 
more  human  relations  of  life,  that  others  besides 
book-worms  find  hiin  suggestive  and  sympathetic. 
The  title-essay,  a  delightful  account  of  the  foimda- 
tion  and  history  of  the  great  Oxford  library,  has  for 
its  occasion  the  financial  straits  of  that  institution. 
The  paper  on  "  First  Editions  "  is  a  sensible  and 
amusing  comment  on  the  controversy  between  the 
collector  and  the  man  who  scoffs  at  him ;  and  "  Bos- 
well  as  Biographer "  is  an  analysis  of  Macaulay's 
and  Carlyle's  respective  estimates  of  "  Bozzy,"  unin- 
spired by  the  publication  of  any  more  modem  opin- 
ion. But  generally  the  point  of  departure  is  a  new 
book  or  a  new  edition.  In  "  Hannah  More  Once 
More  "  Mr.  BirreU  seizes  the  opportimity  afforded 
him  by  the  publication  of  Marion  Harland's  biogra- 
phy to  make  an  engaging  apology  for  that  other 
essay  in  which  he  rudely  related  how  he  buried  Miss 
More's  works,  in  nineteen  calf-bound  volumes,  in  his 
garden.  A  laudatory  life  of  Tom  Paine,  by  Mr. 
Moncure  D.  Conway,  leads  to  a  vigorous  analysis 
of  Paine's  peculiar  genius,  and  the  republication  of 
Matthew  Ai-nold's  "  Friendship's  Garland "  to  a 
trenchant  description  of  "  Our  Great  Middle  Class." 
The  subjects  are  of  a  more  special  interest,  the  treat- 
ment correspondingly  slighter  and  more  casual,  than 
in  the  "  Obiter  Dicta  " ;  but  the  new  volmne  has  its 
full  share  of  the  fine  flavor  imparted  by  Mr.  Birrell 
to  everything  he  touches. 

Improving  the  ^^-  ^udgett  Meakin  is  the  author  of 
workingman's  a  book  on  "  Model  Factories  and  Vil- 
»urroundinrjs.  j^ges  "  (  A.  Wessels  Co. ) ,  which  con- 
tains an  immense  amount  of  information,  both  inter- 
esting and  instructive,  m  regard  to  the  progress  made 


during  the  past  century  in  matters  referring  to  the 
welfare  of  the  laborer  and  artisan.  Even  to  those 
best  acquainted  with  the  efforts  that  are  being  made 
for  better  conditions  of  labor  and  of  housing,  much 
of  Mr.  Meakin's  material  will  be  entirely  new,  re- 
markable, and  encouraging.  Especially  interesting 
is  the  well-supported  statement  that  the  merchants 
and  manufacturers  who  have  led  the  movement  for 
industrial  betterment  have  done  so  as  business  men 
and  not  as  philanthropists,  and  the  corollary  that 
improved  living  and  working  opportunities  have  been 
the  cause  and  not  the  result  of  increased  business 
success.  Mr.  Meakin's  book  is  divided  into  two  parts, 
the  first  section  dealing  largely  with  the  elementary 
efforts  made  by  manufacturers  whose  buildings  were 
situated  in  the  centres  of  cities  toward  ameliorating 
the  conditions  of  light,  air,  sanitation,  dining  facili- 
ties, and  recreation ;  and  with  the  efforts,  more  inher- 
ently successful,  of  those  who  had  recognized  the 
underlying  principle  that  cheap  land,  away  from  the 
heart  of  the  city,  in  a  district  that  might  be  suitably 
surrounded  by  the  homes  of  the  workingmen,  was 
the  essential  for  real  improvement.  The  mmiber  and 
importance  of  the  factories  in  America,  England,  and 
on  the  Continent  that  have  taken  advantage  of  im- 
proved traffic  facilities  to  avail  themselves  of  country 
sites  will  be  only  less  surprising  than  the  photographs 
shown  to  illustrate  the  combined  beauty  and  economy 
which  is  the  result.  The  second  half  of  Mi'.  Meakin's 
book  deals  with  "  Industrial  Housing,"  and  is  prac- 
tically a  supplement  to  the  first  part,  since  it  illus- 
trates the  success  which  manufacturers  have  had,  in 
their  various  and  varied  schemes,  toward  surround- 
ing their  workshops  with  ideal  villages.  The  whole 
book  is  strongly  indicative  of  the  trend  toward 
cooperation  that  modern  industry  is  taking. 

A  dictionary  ^^  ^®  honest,  as  Hamlet  remarks,  is 
of  famous  to  be  one  man  out  of  ten  thousand. 

American.  ^o  be  famous  in  the  United  States 

was  of  the  same  degree  .of  rarity  a  few  years  ago, 
when  the  first  issue  of  "Who  's  Who  in  America" 
appeared.  One  out  of  five  thousand  is  the  present 
ratio,  which  should  stiU  be  reasonably  satisfactory 
to  the  one.  In  other  words,  the  eight  thousand  bi- 
ographies of  the  first  edition  have  become  sixteen 
thousand  in  the  fourth,  now  at  hand  from  the  house 
of  Messrs.  A.  N.  Marquis  &  Co.  This  volume,  like 
its  predecessors,  has  been  compiled  and  edited  by 
Mr.  John  W.  Leonard.  A  new  feature  is  provided 
by  the  inclusion  of  brief  references  to  those  men- 
tioned in  the  earlier  issues,  who  have  since  died. 
There  are  more  than  two  thousand  closely-printed 
pages  in  the  present  volume.  We  have  exhausted 
our  vocabulary  in  testifying  to  the  usefulness  of  this 
work  in  connection  with  the  earlier  editions,  and  will 
only  repeat  the  simple  statement  that  it  is  invaluable. 
We  particularly  commend  to  the  attention  of  judi- 
cious readers  the  preface,  which  is  a  highly  enter- 
taining essay.  We  may  read  therein,  for  example, 
of  the  clannish  individual  who  submitted  the  name» 
of  thirty-three  of  his  relations  as  suitable  for  inclu- 


'm 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


sion,  of  the  female  "grafter"  who  offered  (for  a 
consideration)  to  secure  recognition  for  unsuspected 
genius,  and  of  the  unpublished  poet  whose  "  blank 
(not  to  say  blank ety-blank)  verse"  about  Lincoln 
was  offered  in  evidence  that  the  writer  belonged 
among  the  immortals.  For  these,  and  other  delightful 
matters,  we  thank  Mr.  Leonard,  aside  from  his  ser- 
vices in  providing  the  harassed  editor  with  an  indis- 
pensable book  of  reference. 

o  .  .  A  collection  of  brief  biographical 
Some  American  -i-ii. 

women  of  a  sketches,  characterized  by  a  real  in- 

bv-goneday.  terest  of  subj  ect-matter  and  a  pleas- 
antly unconventional  manner  of  treatment,  is  Mr. 
Seth  Curtis  Beach's  "  Daughters  of  the  Puritans  " 
(American  Unitarian  Association  ) .  Catherine  Maria 
Sedgwick,  Mary  Lowell  Ware,  Lydia  Maria  Child, 
Dorothea  Lynde  Dix,  Margaret  Fuller,  Harriet 
Beecher  Stowe,  and  Louisa  M.  Alcott  are  the  par- 
ticular women  about  whom  Mr.  Beach  has  chosen  to 
write.  Of  nearly  every  one  of  them  an  authoritative 
biography  or  memoir  of  some  sort  has  been  written, 
and  one  purpose  of  these  essays  is  to  call  attention 
to  the  more  elaborate  studies  and  to  stimulate  interest 
in  them.  One  of  the  interesting  disclosures  of  these 
sketches,  which  are  studies  of  personality  rather  than 
more  formal  and  studied  biography,  is  the  picture 
of  the  early  nineteenth  century  which  they  inciden- 
tally convey.  Life  was  very  simple  in  those  far-off 
days,  and  literature,  too,  was  simple  and  unsophis- 
ticated ;  but  neither  life  nor  literature  ever  lacked 
serious  inspiration.  Nearly  every  author  was  also  a 
reformer,  with  a  pet  cause  to  write  for  and  to  work 
for  in  other  ways.  Probably  few  of  Mr.  Beach's 
readers  will  care  to  read  a  book  about  each  of  the 
seven  women  with  whom  he  deals ;  but  there  is  not 
one  in  the  list  about  whom  good  Americans  should 
be  willing  to  remain  in  complete  ignorance. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


Mr.  Ernest  Newman's  volume  of  "  Musical  Studies" 
(John  Lane  Co.)  is  made  up  largely  of  critical  essays 
previously  printed  in  the  leading  American  musical  and 
literary  journals.  The  six  chapters  in  the  hook  are  de- 
voted to  "  Berlioz,  Romantic  and  Classic,"  "  Faust  in 
Music,"  "  Programme  Music,"  "  Herbert  Spencer  and 
the  Origin  of  Music,"  "  Maeterlinck  and  Music,"  and 
"■  Richard  Strauss  and  the  Music  of  the  Future."  Mr. 
Newman^s  groupings  of  principles  and  motives  are  on  a 
broad  and  comprehensive  scale,  and  are  free  from  the 
ambiguity  that  mars  so  many  works  on  musical  criticism. 

Professor  Harald  Hoffding's  "  The  Problems  of  Phil- 
osophy "  (Macmillan)  is  not  an  abridgment  of  the  au- 
thor's philosophical  theories,  hut  rather  a  defence  of  the 
four  problems  that  he  holds  to  be  the  basis  of  philo- 
sophical thought,  namely :  The  problem  of  the  nature  of 
consciousness  (the  psychological  problem),  the  problem 
of  the  validity  of  knowledge  (the  logical  problem),  the 
problem  of  the  nature  of  being  (the  cosmological  prob- 
lem), and  the  problem  of  value  (the  moral  and  religious 
problem).  While  Professor  Hoffding  is  one  of  the  most 
thoughtful  and  learned  scholars  in  his  particular  branch 


of  knowledge,  he  is  not,  even  in  his  "  History  of  Modern 
Philosophy,"  distinctly  lucid  and  simple.  And  in  this 
new  volume,  an  abstract  discussion  of  abstract  princi- 
ples, his  style  carries  him  beyond  the  possibility  of  ac- 
companiment by  the  layman.  But  since  the  book  is,  in 
the  nature  of  the  case,  intended  for  philosophers  and 
teachers  of  philosophy,  its  usefulness  will  not  be  much 
impaired  by  its  abstruseness. 

A  little  manual  dealing  with  the  life  and  art  of  Ra- 
phael has  been  prepared  for  the  use  of  art  students  by 
Mrs.  Julia  Cartwright  Ady,  and  is  issued  as  the  four- 
teenth volume  of  the  "  Popular  Library  of  Art  "  (But- 
ton). Mrs.  Ady  is  accustomed  to  the  preparation  of  far 
more  elaborate  studies  than  this,  but  she  uses  the  smaller 
space  at  her  command  with  muoh  discrimination,  writ- 
ing what  is,  withm  its  limited  compass,  a  singidarly 
complete  account  of  the  character  and  development  of 
Raphael's  work.  She  is  of  course  thoroughly  familiar 
with  modern  critical  opinion,  and  as  iar  as  it  goes  her 
work  is  exact  and  scholarly.  Fifty  reproductions  of  the 
artist's  work  illustrate  the  volume. 

Mr.  John  Sampson  has  edited  for  the  Oxford  Univer- 
sity Press  (Henry  Frowde)  "The  Poetical  Works  of 
William  Blake."  This  is  "  a  new  and  verbatim  text  from 
the  manuscript,  engraved,  and  letter  press  originals," 
and  includes,  by  way  of  apparatus,  both  variorum  read- 
ings and  bibliographical  material.  The  text  of  Blake  has 
been  so  overlain  with  the  emendations  of  (not  always 
judicious)  editors  that  its  restoration  was  highly  desir- 
able, and  this  Mr.  Sampson  has  scrupulously  done  for 
us.  Pimctuatiou  is  all  that  this  editor  has  ventured  to 
add  to  Blake's  originals,  and  this  could  hardly  have  been 
omitted.  We  cannot  be  too  gratefid  for  this  beautiful 
and  scholarly  edition  of  the  great  mystic. 

Poetry,  romance,  art,  architecture,  history  of  wars^ 
between  individuals,  factions,  and  races,  —  all  these  play 
their  part  in  Mrs.  Janet  Ross's  "  Florentine  Palaces  and 
their  Stories  "  (Dutton).  Mrs.  Ross  has  every  qualifi- 
cation for  writing  a  book  of  this  kind.  Herself  a  resident 
of  Florence  for  thirty-five  years,  and  an  associate  of  its 
best  citizens,  familar  with  all  their  traditions  and  customs,, 
and  moreover  a  diligent  student  of  their  archives,  she 
has  compiled  a  book  which  takes  precedence  of  any  other 
in  the  same  field.  The  number  of  palaces  described  is 
seventy-six.  A  very  complete  index  renders  the  mass  of 
tradition  available  for  ready  reference,  and  the  illustra- 
tions from  drawings  by  Miss  Adelaide  Marchi  help  to 
make  up  an  exceedingly  attractive  volume. 

Seven  new  volumes  have  recently  been  added  to  the 
well-known  "  Newnes'  Art  Library  "  (Wame).  These 
are  boimd  uniformly  with  the  rest  of  the  series,  in  boards 
with  cloth  back,  gilt  lettered.  Each  volume  contains  a 
frontispiece  in  photogravure,  about  sixty  full-page  half- 
tone plates,  and  a  brief  textual  comment.  A  number 
of  the  half-tones  in  the  volume  on  Rossetti  are  made 
more  effective  by  being  moimted  on  rough  grey  mats. 
Mr.  Ernest  Radford  furnishes  the  text  for  this  volume, 
and  Mr.  Malcolm  Bell  writes  of  Titian,  Mr.  P.  G. 
Konody  of  Filippino  Lippi,  Mrs.  Arthur  Bell  of  Tinto- 
retto, Mr.  Ars^ne  Alexandre  of  Puvis  de  Chavannes, 
Mr.  Henry  Miles  of  "  The  Later  Work  of  Titian,"  and 
Mr.  J.  Ernest  Phythian  of  "  The  Pre-Raphaelite  Bro- 
therhood." These  introductory  sketches  are  largely  bio- 
graphical, except  the  last-named,  which  is  an  exposition 
of  the  motives  and  relative  positions  of  Madox  Brown, 
Holman-Himt,  Millais,  and  Rossetti.  Beginners  in  art 
study  will  especially  appreciate  this  very  attractive  series. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


161 


Notes. 


"  Sermon  Briefs,"  by  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  is  pub- 
lished at  the  Pilgrim  Press,  New  York.  It  consists  of 
transcriptions  from  Beecher's  manuscript  notes  made  for 
sermons  preached  during  the  years  1864-5. 

Attention  having  been  newly  recalled  to  "  Die  Waf- 
fen  Nieder,"  the  historical  romance  of  the  Baroness  von 
Suttner,  by  the  recent  award  of  the  Nobel  peace  prize, 
Messrs.  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.  now  republish  their  trans- 
lation of  the  work,  as  made  by  Mrs.  Alice  Asbury 
Abbott  many  years  ago.  This  version  is  entitled  "  Ground 
Arms,"  which  is  both  idiomatic  and  exact. 

"Model  English  Prose,"  compiled  by  Pi-ofessor 
George  R.  Carpenter,  and  published  by  the  Macmillan 
Co.,  is  a  volume  of  selections  for  the  use  of  secondai-y 
schools.  The  selections  are  not  only  representative  of 
their  authors  and  periods,  but  are  also  extremely  inter- 
esting on  their  o\^'n  accomit,  and  it  is  seldom  that  we 
are  offered  a  school-book  which  so  completely  deserves 
to  be  described  as  good  reading. 

The  EngUsh  "  Who 's  Who  "  for  1906,  published  by 
the  Macmillan  Co.,  calls  for  about  the  same  sort  of 
comment  as  previous  issues.  ITiere  are  many  new 
biographies,  and  the  selection  of  American  names  is  as 
capricious  as  ever.  Removal  of  many  tables  to  the 
companion  "  Who 's  Who  Year  Book  "  has  kept  the  work 
within  practicable  dimensions,  although  the  biographies 
now  fill  nearly  two  thousand  pages. 

Encouraged  by  the  success  which  attended  the  publi- 
cation in  the  original  of  Xavier  de  Maistre's  "Voyage 
autour  de  ma  Chambre  "  in  the  series  of  Riverside  Press 
Editions,  Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  will  shortly 
bring  out  Bemardin  de  Saint-Pierre's  "  Paul  et  Virginie  " 
in  the  French  text  of  the  original  first  edition.  The  new 
edition  will  be  set  in  type  of  the  Didot  style,  imported 
from  Paris,  and  is  to  be  embellished  with  reproductions 
of  the  engAvings  in  the  first  French  edition.  These 
illustrations  are  not  facsimiles,  but  have  been  reengraved 
on  wood  by  M.  Lamont  Brown.  The  edition  is  limited 
to  280  numbered  copies. 

An  important  publishing  transfer  recently  effected  was 
that  whereby  Messrs.  A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.  took  over  the 
periodical  and  book  business  of  the  United  Educational 
Company,  formerly  E.  L.  Kellogg  &  Co.  and  E.  O. 
Vaile.  The  periodicals  include  the  well-known  "  Teach- 
er's Magazine,"  a  practical  assistant  and  representative 
of  teachers  in  the  primarj-,  intermediate,  and  grammar 
grades  throughout  the  country,  published  monthly  with 
illustrations;  "The  School  Journal,"  a  weekly  journal 
presenting  new  movements  in  education  with  special 
reference  to  intermediate  and  secondary  schools ;  "  Our 
Times,"  a  weekly  journal  of  current  events,  for  general 
readers,  and  also  adapted  for  practical  school  use;  and 
"  Educational  Foundation,"  a  monthly  magazine  of  peda- 
gogy. These  periodicals,  it  will  be  seen,  cover  the  en- 
tire work  from  the  primary  to  the  end  of  the  secondary 
schools.  The  large  and  important  list  of  pedagogical 
books,  teachers'  helps,  supplementary  books,  and  school 
entertainments  includes  "  The  Teacher's  Library,"  a  se- 
ries of  practical  professional  books  for  teachers,  contain- 
ing over  twenty  volumes;  "The  Teacher's  Month  by 
Month  Books,"  for  primary  grades;  and  the  "Annual 
School  Directories,"  fifteen  in  number,  founded  by 
E.  O.  VaUe.  It  is  understood  that  the  plans  of  Messrs. 
Barnes  &  Co.  include  many  important  impravements 
and  developments  of  both  the  periodicals  and  the  book 
list  along  approved  edxicational  lines. 


Topics  in  IjEAding  Periodicai^s. 

March,  1906. 

Agriculture,  Scientific.    Countess  of  Warwick.    No.  American. 
Albright  Gallery  of  Buffalo.    Frank  Fowler.    Seribner. 
Antelope's  Protection  of  Its  Young.    H.  H.  Cross.    Century. 
Arab  Bandits,  A  Night's  Bide  with.    C.  W.  Furlong.    Harper. 
Art  in  the  Street.    Sylvester  Baxter.    Century. 
Artists,  Western,  Society  of.     J.  S.  Dickerson.     World  To-day. 
Athletics,  Amateur,  Commercializing  of.     World  To-day. 
Athletics,  What  England  Can  Teach  Us  in.   Rev.  of  Review*. 
Automobiles  for  Everybody.    H.  B.  Haines.     World's  Work. 
Automobilist,  Rights  of  the.    John  Farson.     World  To-day. 
Average  Man,  The,  and  his  Money.     World's  Wwk. 
Baker,  Captain,  of  Jamaica.    E.  P.  Lyle,  Jr.     World  To-day. 
Birds  that  Nest  in  Colonies.    W.  L.  Finley.     World  To-day. 
Boston.    Henry  James.    North  American. 
British  Free  Trade.    Alfred  Mosely.    Review  of  Reviews. 
British  West  Indies,  Future  of.   W.  P.  Livingstone.   No.  Amer. 
Buccaneers  I  Have  Known.    Lloyd  Buchanan.    Lippincott. 
Chain  Gang  —  Shall  it  Go  »    G.  H.  Clarke.     World  To-day. 
Children's  Court  in  American  City  Life.    Review  of  Reviews. 
China  and  the  Far  East.    H.  P.  Judson.    World  To-day. 
Chinese  Boycott,  Reason  for.    C.  Chaille-Long.    World  To-day. 
Chinese  Special  Mission,  The.    J.  W.  Jenks.    Rev.  of  Revieus. 
Colorado  Glacier,  A.    Junius  Henderson.    Harper. 
Commercial  MachiaveUianism.    Ida  M.  Tarbell.    McClure. 
Consular  Service,  Proposed  Reorganization  of  the.    No.  Amer. 
Denmark,  Late  King  of.    Edwin  Bjorkman.    Rev.  of  Reviews. 
Earth,  Measuring  the.    Edward  Marshall.     World  To-day. 
Filipino  Labor  Supply.   Greorge  H.  Guy.    Review  of  Reviews. 
Fletcherism,  Growth  of.    I.  F.  Marcosson.     M'wld's  Work. 
France,  Anatole.    Bradford  Torrey.    Atlantic. 
Geneva,  University  of.    Charles  F.  Thwing.    Harper. 
German  Army,  The.    William  G.  FitzGerald.    World's  Work. 
German  Emperor,  The.    A.  Maurice  Low.    Atlantic. 
Gtermany  and  U.  S.,  Commercial  Relations  between.  No.  Amer. 
Girl's  Industrial  School  of  Indianapolis.     World  To-day. 
Hay,  John,  .K  Friendship  with.    J.  B.  Bishop.    Century. 
Ibex-Shooting  in  Baltisan.    J.  C.  Grew.    Harper. 
Immigration,  Sane  Regulation  of.    Review  of  Reviews. 
Ingelow,  Jean,  Recollections  of.    G.  B.  Stuart.    Lippincott. 
Ireland,  Deserted.    Plmnmer  F.  Jones.     World  To-day. 
Jefferson  and  "  The  Rivals."    Francis  WUson.    Seribner. 
Kentucky  Cardinal,  Ways  of  the.    Jennie  Brooks.    Harper. 
Labor,  Some  Equivocal  Rights  of.    George  W.  Alger.    Atlantic. 
Le  Braz,  Anatole.    CarroU  Diuiham.    Review  of  Reviews. 
Liberal  Policy,  The.    H.  Campbell-Bannerman.    World  To-day. 
Life  Insurance  Corruption.    "Q.  P."     World's  Work. 
Lincoln  Farm,  The.    Review  of  Reviews. 
Lincoln,  Some  Impressions  of.    E.  S.  Nadal.    Seribner. 
Looking  Backward.    Clara  Morris.    McClure. 
Man  and  Beast.    Samuel  H.  Brory.    Atlantic. 
Mani  Bible,  The  Long-Lost.    M.  Bloomfield.    Harper. 
Money  Stringency,  Cause  of  the.  A.  B.  Hepburn.  No.  American. 
Moros,  Preparing  Our,  for  Government.  R.  L.  Bullard.  A  tlantic. 
Navy,  Oxu".    An  American  Citizen.    North  American. 
New  York  Custom-House,  The.    Charles  De  Kay.    Century. 
New  York  Revisited.    Henry  James.    Harper. 
Orange-Growing  in  California.  Bertha  M.  Smith.  World's  Work. 
Paris,  Housing  of  Large  Families  in.    Review  of  Reviews. 
Pittsburg  and  Erie  Barge  Canal.  W.F.  McClure.    World  To-day. 
Plays,  Publication  of.    Brander  Matthews.  North  American. 
Public  Schools,  A  Lesson  for  the.  Adele  M.  Shaw.  Wm-ld's  Work. 
Railroad  Freight  Rates  —  A  Sidelight.    Review  of  Reviews. 
Railroad,  The  President  and  the.    Cy  Warman.    World  To-day. 
Red  Man's  Last  Roll-Call.    C.M.Harvey.    Atlantic. 
Religion,  Significant  Books  of.    George  Hodges.    Atlantic. 
Road,  The  Flowing.    Henry  Norman.    Seribner. 
Ronmania,  The  Jews  in.    Carmen  Sylva.    Century. 
Round-up,  A  Day  with  the.    N.  C.  Wyeth.    Seribner. 
Rural  Free  Delivery,  A  Rural  View  of.    North  Amei-ican. 
Sahara,  Three  Unarmed  Men  Cross  the.   Review  of  Reviews. 
Shakespeare  and  the  Plastic  Stage.    John  Corbin.    Atlantic. 
Shipping  Legislation,  Pending.    W.E.Humphrey.    No.  Amer. 
Shop-Girl,  The.    Mary  R.  Cranston.     World  To-day. 
Sicily,  the  Garden  of  the  Sun.    William  Sharp.    Century. 
Soldiers,  Pay  of  Our.    Capt.  E.  Anderson.    Review  of  Reviews. 
Steam  Engine's  New  Rival.    F.  A.  Wilder.     World  To-day. 
Steel  Rail,  Anatomy  of  a.    H.  C.  Boynton,    Harper. 
Texas  and  the  Texans.    M.  G.  Cunniff.     World's  Work. 
Tuberculosis  among  the  Sioux  Indians.    Review  of  Reviews. 
Tm^ot,  Statesmanship  of .    Andrew  D.  White.    Atlantic. 
Walpole,  Letters  of.    Gamaliel  Bradford,  Jr.    Atlantic. 
War,  Is  the  United  States  Prepared  for  ?    North  American. 
Wealth,  Love  of,  and  Public  Service.    F.  W.  Taussig.    Atlantic. 
Western  Camps,  In.    Bishop  E.  Talbot.    Harper. 


162 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


liisT  OF  New  Books. 


[The  following  list,  containing   47  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  The  Dial  since  its  last  issue.] 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  REMINISCENCES. 
In  the  Sixties   and  Seventies :   Impressions  of  Literary 

People  and  Others.    By  Laura  Hain  FrisweU.    Large  8vo, 

gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  331.    Herbert  B.  Turner  &  Co.    $3.50  net. 
Columbus  the  Discoverer.    By  Frederick  A.  Ober.    lUus., 

12mo,  pp.  300.    "Heroes  of  American  History."    Harper  & 

Brothers.    |1.  net. 
The  Secret  of  Heroism :  A  Memoir  of  Henry  Albert  Harper. 

Dlus.,  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  161.    Fleming  H.  Revell  C!o.    $1.  net. 
Josiah  Warren,  the  First  American  Anarchist :  A  Sociological 

Study.    By  William  Bailie.    With  portraits,  16mo,  uncut, 

pp.  136.    Small,  Maynard  &  Co. 

HISTORY. 

The  Jeffersonian  System,  1801-1811.  By  Edward  Channing, 
Ph.D.  With  portrait  and  maps,  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  300. 
"  The  American  Nation."    Harper  &  Brothers.    $2.  net. 

Journals  of  the  Continental  Conerress,  1774-1789.  Edited 
from  the  original  records  in  the  Library  of  Congress  by 
Worthington  Chauncey  Ford.  Vol.  IV.,  Jan.  1-Jime  4, 1776. 
4to,  uncut,  pp.  416.    Government  Printing  Office. 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 
The  Spirit  of  Rome  :  Leaves  from  a  Diary.    By  Vernon  Lee. 

12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  205.    John  Lane  Co.    Sl.50  net. 
The  Champag-ne  Standard.     By  Mrs.  John  Lane.    12mo, 

pp.  314.    John  Lane  Co.    $1.50  net. 
Poetry  and  the  Individual :  An  Analysis  of  the  Imaginative 

Life  in  Relation  to  the  Creative  Spirit  in  Man  and  Nature. 

By  Hartley  Burr  Alexander,  Ph.D.    12mo,  uncut,  pp.  240. 

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THE  CLAMMER  By  William  J.  Hopkiss. 

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A  LITTLE  SISTER  OF  DESTINY  By  Gblett  Bubgkss. 

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THE  SPIRIT  OF  THE  PINES  By  Mabgabkt  Mobse. 

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CALM  IRE:  Man  and  Natube.  By  Henbt  Holt. 

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Hawaiian  Yesterdays 

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Future  Life 

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THE  ECONOMY  OF  HAPPINESS  By  jamis  mackaye. 

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TRTT    TIP  TO  HATF    \VATTPPCiC;  By  JANET  McKENZIE  HILL, 

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THE  BOOK  OF  DANIEL  AND  MODERN 

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CENTRALIZATION  AND  THE  LAW  By  melvh^le  m.  bigelow,  and  others. 

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FICTION 
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1906]  THE    DIAL  171 

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FICTION—  Continued 
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Author  of    Quo  Vadis,"  etc 
Aathorized  translation  from  the  Polish  by  Jeremiah  Cartin. 

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A  MAKER  OF  HISTORY  .  ^;  VT^  ^r"^^^- 

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THE  SAGE  BRUSH  PARSON  By  a,  b.  ward. 

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MATH    OP    ATHT?MQ  By  LAFAYETTE  McLAWS. 

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HEARTS    AND     CREEDS  Author  of -On'the  Firing  Line."  etc 

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THE  DISTRICT  ATTORNEY  A..,,.,of-^,^?S^l"^ 

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THE  WOLF  AT  SUSAN'S  DOOR  Authfr^of^^a^?"^' 

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TRUTH  DEXTER— Illustrated  Edition  Author  of -^c^BrJJSIf  the  Gods." 

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OLD  WASHINGTON  By  harrutt  prescott  spofford 

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NO.    254    WASHINGTON    STREET,    BOSTON,    MASS. 


172 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


Botft),  i^eati  61  Company's 

S)pnng  ^nUitatione 


JFiction 


WHAT  HAPPENED 
TO   PAM 


By  BETTINA  VON  HUTTEN,  author  of  "  Pam,"  "  Our 
Lady  of  the  Beeches,"  "  He  and  Hecuba."  Illustrations 
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COWARDICE  COURT 


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stark,"  "Beverly  of  Graustark,"  «  Nedra,"  «  The  Day  of  the 
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BARBARA  WINSLOW, 
REBEL 


By  ELIZABETH  ELLIS. 

"  A  frankly  romantic  story,  buoyant,  eventful,  and  in  matters  of 
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A  History  of  England 

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V.    England  under  the  Stuarts,  1603-17 14.  By  G.  M.  Trevelyan. 

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American  Political  History-1 763-1876 

By  ALEXANDER  JOHNSTON 
Edited  and  Supplemented  by  James  Albert  Woodburn,  Professor  of  History  and  Political  Science,  Indiana 
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The  Life  of  Charles  Lamb 

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Life  in  the  Open 


SPORT  WITH  ROD,  HORSE,  AND  HOUND  IN  SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA 
Bj  CHARLES   F.   HOLDER,  author  of  "The  Big  Game  Fishes,"  "Log  of  a  Sea  Angler,"  etc. 
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interesting  information  in  regard  to  social  life,  as  well  as  the  flora  and  fauna  of  the  country  he  loves  so  well. 


The  Connecticut  River 

And  the  Valley  of  the  Connecticut  River 
Historical  and  Descriptive 

By   EDWIN    M.   BACON,   author  of   "Historic 
Pilgrimages  in  New  England,"  etc. 
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New  England. 


In  Thamesland 

Cruises  and  Rambles  through  England  from  the 
Sources  of  the  Thames  to  the  Sea 

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Crotvn  8vo. 
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8-vo.  Illustrated. 
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From  a  College  Window 

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THE  FEDERALIST 

SYSTEM 

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Vol.  Xni.     1811-1819 

RISE  OF  AMERICAN 

NATIONALITY 

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AMERICAN  DIPLOMACY :    Its  Spirit  and  Achievement 

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EVOLUTION  THE  MASTER-KEY 

By  C.  W.  SALEEBY,  MD. 

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The  True  Andrew  Jackson 

By  CYRUS  TOWNSEND  BRADY 

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Heroes  of  Discovery  in 
America 

By  CHARLES  MORRIS 

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The  Nature  and  Origin  of 
Living  Matter 

By  H.  CHARLTON  BASTIAN,  M.A.,M.D. 
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The  Fall  of  Tsardom 


By  CARL  JOUBERT 

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A  NOTABLE  BOOK        Criminal   Responsibility 

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184 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 1906. 


READY  APRIL  4 

Mr.  Owen  Wister*s    new  novel 


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Mr.    James    Loeb's    translation  from  the  French  of  the  late   ProfCSSOr    Paul 

Decharme's  Euripides  and  the  Spirit  of  His  Dramas 

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Grove's  Dictionary  of  Music  and  Musicians        New  Edition 

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The  Life  and  Writings  of  Benjamin  Franklin        Fourth  Volume 

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The  first  volume  of  the  new  work  by  Henry  Charles  Lea,  LL.D. 

A  History  of  the  Inquisition  of  Spain        To  be  complete  in  four  volume 

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BY  THE  SAME  AUTHOR 

A  History  of  the  Inquisition  of  the  Middle  Ages 

In  three  octavo  volumes  of  about  600  pages  each.  Cloth,  gilt  tops,  87.50  for  the  set. 

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]^IARCH  16.  1906. 


Vol.  XL. 


COXTE>'TS. 

rjua 

CELTIC  LITERATURK     Charles  Leonard  Moore     .  185 

A  GIRL'S    IMPRESSIONS  OF  VICTORIAN 

CELEBRITIES.    Percy  F.  Bickndl    ....  188 

THE  MEANING  AND   INFLUENCE  OF  AMERI- 
CAN DIPLOMACY.     Frederic  Austin  Ogg  .     .  190 

JAPANESE    ARCHITECTURE    AND    ALLIED 

ARTS.     Frederick  W.  Gookin 192 

THE    GREATEST    OF    FRENCH    DRAMATISTS. 

H.  C.  Chatjield-Taylor 192 

MILITARY   CRITICISM'  OF   THE  LATE  WAR. 

William  Elliot  Griffis 194 

THE  OLD.  L^TTIOUBLED  PAGAN   WORLD. 

F.  B.  B.  Hellems 196 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 197 

Daily  life  in  Australia  and  the  Philippines.  —  Rec- 
ords of  a  naturalist  in  the  Shetlands.  — ■  A  famous 
Bishop  and  his  work.  —  L'mbria  and  its  foremost 
figure,  St.  Francis.  —  The  civic  awakening  in  Amer- 
ica. —  The  country  house  and  how  to  build  it.  — 
Observations  of  an  English  husband's  American  wife. 
—  "  Even  the  gods  must  g^."  —  A  book  of  imagi- 
nary portraits.  —  An  uncrowned  English  queen.  — 
A  text-book  on  sociology. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 202 

NOTES 208 

ANNOUNCEMENTS  OF  SPRING  BOOKS      ...  204 
A  complete  classified  list  of  books  to  be  issued  by 
American  publishers  during  the  Spring  of   1906. 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS 211 


CELTIC  LITERATURE. 

For  twenty-five  centuries  the  stage  of  our  so-called 
civilized  -world  was  occupied  by  two  great  groups  of 
actors :  Greek  and  Syrian  they  were,  protagonists 
and  antagonists,  with  chorus  and  semi-chorus  from 
surrounding  tribes.  They  grew  up  side  by  side, 
they  made  their  entrances  separately,  but  soon  they 
clashed  and  contended  and  wrought  out  the  drama 
and  spectacle  of  life.    Occasionally  they  were  swept 


aside  by  invading  hordes  —  by  Northern  barbarism 
orMoslem  culture, — but  they  soon  regained  their  place 
in  the  centre  of  the  stage,  and  to  this  day  they  are 
the  dominant  powers  in  our  thought  Meanwhile 
what  went  on  behind  the  scenes? 

It  was  not  until  toward  the  close  of  the  eighteenth 
century  that  the  existence  of  vast  poems  and  mighty 
systems  of  thought  in  India  were  revealed  to  the 
European  world.  Even  to-day  these  great  reservoirs 
of  reason  and  imagination  are  hardly  accessible  to 
the  student ;  and  they  have  not  begun  to  flow  over 
and  fertilize  the  fields  of  modem  thought-  The 
intuitive  profundity  of  many  conceptions  in  Hindoo 
philosophy  surpasses  the  reasoned  deductions  of  Greek 
or  German  metaphysic  And  the  closing  scenes 
of  the  Mahabharata,  at  least,  have  a  spiritual  and 
ethical  significance  not  equalled  by  any  European 
poem. 

About  the  same  time  the  Teutonic  race  "found 
itself"  in  the  great  myths  of  the  Niebelungenlied 
and  the  Icelandic  Sagas.  And  simultaneously  the 
Celtic  genius  rose  on  the  horizon,  and  spoke  in  a 
voice  that  thriUed  Europe.  MacPherson's  Ossian, 
vague  and  confused  as  it  is  —  full  of  interpolations 
which  show  the  influence  of  Shakespeare  and  the 
classics, —  has  yet  in  it  the  fundamental  characteris- 
tics of  primitive  and  original  literature. 

It  must  be  remembered,  however,  that  one  branch 
of  the  Celtic  myth  tree  had  blossomed  and  bour- 
geoned long  before, —  had  in  fact  become  almost  the 
main  stem  of  English  literature.  The  Arthurian 
legend  was  twice  a  changeling,  for,  born  in  compara- 
tive simplicity  or  poverty  in  Wales,  it  was  transported 
to  France  and  decked  with  borrowed  trappings  of 
chivalry  and  Christianity.  Then  it  was  brought  back 
by  Malory,  redacted  by  him,  shorn  of  something  of 
its  over-blown  glory,  and  made  into  the  typical  En- 
glish epic  story.  Milton  indulged  the  dream  of  using 
the  legend  as  the  subject  of  his  life-work,  and  it  is 
perhaps  a  pity  he  did  not  finally  choose  it  rather  than 
the  more  high  flying  and  difficult  theme  he  under- 
took. At  his  hands  we  might  have  had  something 
of  the  mystery  and  magic,  the  wild  paganism,  the 
primitive  interpretation  of  nature  and  humanity, 
that  is  in  the  original  Welsh  legends.  As  it  is  we 
had  to  wait  for  Tennyson  to  make  more  prim  and 
proper  and  conventional  the  already  prim  and  proper 
and  conventional  version  of  Malory.  For  all  the 
redactors  of  the  Arthurian  story  have  dealt  as 
hardly  with  the  Welsh  originals  as  MacPherson  did 


186 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


with  his  Irish  ones.  They  transformed  nature  myths 
into  chivahic  romances  and  religious  poems.  While 
on  one  hand  they  deepened  and  hxmianized  the 
legends,  on  another  they  wiped  out  all  that  was  most 
characteristic  of  the  Celtic  nature. 

The  originals,  however,  remained,  and  it  is  hardly 
too  much  to  say  that  their  resuscitation  and  recogni- 
tion have  been  the  great  literary  find  of  the  past  fifty 
years.  The  Welsh  cycle  of  legends  and  poetical 
relics  came  earliest  into  notice,  and  it  is  on  these  that 
the  criticism  of  Renan  and  Arnold  is  mainly  founded. 
Matthew  Arnold's  essay  on  Celtic  Literature  is  almost 
the  best  critical  treatise  in  the  language,  and  it  is 
certainly  the  most  curious  tour  de  force  of  criticism 
which  exists  anywhere.  Apparently  he  knew  only 
a  few  words  of  Welsh,  had  examined  only  a  few 
relics  of  Welsh  literature,  and  was  in  absolute  igno- 
rance of  the  great  mass  of  Irish  poetry.  Yet  by  a 
divination  of  genius  which  seems  almost  uncanny, 
he  defined  and  described  the  Celtic  genius  as  no  one 
else  has  ever  succeeded  in  doing.  Perhaps  with  the 
instinct  of  an  artist  for  effect,  he  forced  the  note  of 
difference,  of  uniqueness,  in  Celtic  literature  further 
than  there  is  warrant  for  doing.  It  is  difficult  to 
believe  that  the  main  characteristics  that  he  found 
in  this  literature  have  not  existed  in  other  litera- 
tures and  in  all  ages.  "  Melancholy,"  "  Titanism  " 
surely  there  is  something  of  these  qualities  in  the 
Bible  and  the  Greek  Tragedians,  in  Dante,  Job,  and 
Jeremiah.  Prometheus,  Orestes  and  (Edipus,  the 
people  of  the  Inferno,  —  these  figures  certainly 
express  the  emotions  of  pessimism  and  revolt  in  a 
larger  sense  than  Llywarch  Hgn  or  Taliesin.  And 
from  the  Iberian  rather  than  from  the  Celtic  race 
rose  the  arch-rebel,  Don  Juan.  In  style,  too,  it  is 
pretty  hard  to  differentiate  the  Celtic  natural  magic, 
which  Arnold  discovered,  from  the  charm  of  expres- 
sion in  Sappho  and  Catullus.  And  the  romantic  inter- 
pretation of  nature  in  the  Celtic  poetry  !  Really  there 
are  fine  things  of  this  kind  in  the  Bacchae  of  Euri- 
pides and  in  the  wilder  and  weu-der  scenes  of  Virgil. 
Human  gifts  seem  to  be  a  pretty  constant  quantity, 
and  one  hesitates  to  believe  that  an  entirely  new  set 
of  talents  came  in  with  the  Celts. 

However,  as  this  may  be,  the  qualities  which 
Arnold  found  in  the  Celtic  genius  are  qualities  of 
style  —  of  personality.  If  one  who  has  hardly  more 
claim  to  scholarship  in  these  matters  may  presume  to 
judge,  these  qualities  pertain  rather  to  Welsh  than 
to  Irish  literatm*e.  The  Irish  legends  are  the  much 
larger  body  of  important  work  ;  they  are  destined, 
I  think,  to  have  a  greater  future  than  the  Welsh, 
but  they  are  epic  and  impersonal.  They  are  in  many 
respects  badly  written.  They  have  neither  the  sense 
of  style  which  the  best  Welsh  fragments  possess, 


nor  the  form  and  proportion  which  the  best  Welsh 
stories  display. 

Very  probably  this  lack  of  fineness  of  phrase  and 
form  was  not  so  evident  in  the  original  Irish  poems. 
Dr.  Douglas  Hyde  has  told  us  of  the  poet  culture 
which  went  on  in  Ireland  during  that  country's  great 
period.  There  was  a  Druidic  and  Bardic  organiza- 
tion, which  must  have  included  a  large  percentage 
of  the  population  of  the  state,  supported  at  the  cost  of 
the  state.  There  were  colleges  where  the  bards  were 
trained  and  disciplined  in  the  conception  and  execu- 
tion of  poetry.  There  was  an  amazing  list  of  model 
compositions  which  the  students  had  to  memorize, 
and  there  was  a  marvellously  intricate  system  of 
versification  which  they  had  to  master.  If  these 
accounts  are  facts,  no  race  ever  invented  such  a  hot- 
house method  for  the  production  of  literature.  And 
from  the  hints  and  glimpses  we  have,  it  is  probable 
that  the«Irish  bards  did  develop  an  almost  unequalled 
technique  in  writing.  Only  their  technique  seems  to 
have  been  mainly  concerned  with  the  music  of  syllar 
hies,  whereas  the  Welsh  poets  cared  more  for  the 
pictures  in  words.  The  difference  obtains  yet,  if  we 
may  consider  the  English  poets  as  the  descendants 
of  the  Welsh  bards.  But  the  original  productions  of 
the  Irish  poets  are  gone.  What  we  have  is  their 
work  reduced  to  writing  by  monkish  scribes  after 
centuries  of  merely  oral  existence.  The  music  would 
be  the  first  thing  to  go  out  of  the  poems  under  these 
conditions.  Of  some  of  the  epic  legends  there  are  a 
number  of  recensions  extant.  And  these  read  as  if 
the  scribes  had  still  other  versions  to  choose  from, 
and  were  so  anxious  not  to  lose  anything  good  that 
they,  as  it  were,  superimposed  one  upon  another. 
In  the  descriptions  we  have  adjectives  seven  deep 
heralding  the  arrival  of  the  nouns,  and  the  same 
idea  is  repeated  over  and  over  again  in  slightly  dif- 
ferent form.  This  excess  of  particularity  and  vivid- 
ness has  almost  the  same  effect  as  MacPherson's 
vague  monotony,  and  leaves  the  figures  and  stories 
confused. 

If  the  Irish  legends  are  inferior  to  the  Welsh  in 
mystic  depth,  in  glimpse  and  gleam  of  revelation, 
they  are  also  inferior  to  the  Icelandic  Sagas  in  world- 
wide significance,  in  the  power  of  imagination  which 
grasps  the  beginning  and  end  of  creation  and  seeks 
to  explain  everything  between.  The  Irish  gods  and 
their  doings  are  about  what  a  child  might  imagine. 
There  was  no  theology  in  the  primitive  Irishman's 
head.  He  was  all  for  this  world,  and  if  he  thought 
of  the  hereafter  he  conceived  it  merely  as  a  place 
where  there  were  improved  opportunities  for  eating, 
drinking,  fighting,  and  the  making  of  love.  He  was 
absolutely  healthy  and  cheerful.  He  had  a  romantic 
regard  for  woman.    All  pleasurable  things  appealed 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL. 


187 


to  him  —  splendid  attire,  wine,  song.  Poetry  has 
probably  never  been  so  much  honored  as  by  him. 
"With  a  high  sense  of  personal  honor,  he  submitted  to 
one  singular  superstition  —  a  sort  of  taboo  —  called 
geasa.  He  thought  that  no  honest  man  could  object 
to  having  his  head  cut  off  in  single  combat  if  the 
play  was  fair.  TVTiat,  then,  is  the  great  value  of  the 
Irish  epics  ?  It  consists,  I  think,  in  the  clear  and 
undistorted  splendor  with  which  absolutely  natural 
humanitj'  is  bodied  forth.  Does  not  the  description 
I  have  given  recall  the  Homeric  world  and  the  Ho- 
meric view  of  life  ? 

Homer  is  indeed  the  name  that  leaps  to  our 
lips  as  we  move  about  among  the  large  humanities 
of  the  Irish  epics.  This  is  not  because  their  heroes 
are  half  gods  and  perform  deeds  which  put  even 
the  Greek  Herakles  or  Achilles  to  the  blush.  These 
wonders  detract  rather  than  add  to  the  vitality  of 
the  figures.  But  this  vitality  is  so  rich,  so  abounding, 
that  in  spite  of  extravagance  or  mediocrity  of  style, 
in  spite  of  bad  narrative  form,  a  whole  world  of 
beings,  splendid,  magnificent,  and  real,  rises  to  us 
from  in  the  Irish  legends.  Essentially,  taking  the 
whole  round  of  his  career,  Cuchulain  is  a  finer  figure 
than  Achilles.  The  whole  train  of  his  mates  and 
rivals,  Fergus,  Ferdiad,  Conor,  Meve,  are  tremendous 
triimiphs  of  projection.  The  love  stories  of  Naoise 
and  D^rrdre,  of  Diarmait  and  Grainne,  rank  with 
the  most  perfect  in  the  world.  For  if  the  men  of 
the  Irish  legends  recall  the  men  of  Homer,  the 
women  have  much  of  the  qualitj-  of  Shakespeare's 
heroines.  The  gayety,  the  charm,  the  constancy, 
the  pathos  of  Rosalind  and  Imogen  are  at  least  im- 
plicit in  them.  And  the  world  in  which  these  figures 
are  set,  a  world  of  joyous  intercourse  in  splendid 
palaces,  of  out-door  life  in  field  and  forest,  a  world 
of  banquet  and  sport  and  war,  might  be  set  against 
the  world  of  either  the  Greek  or  English  poet. 

What  are  we  to  do  with  this  treasure  trove  of 
Celtic  literature?  Shall  we  take  Walt  Whitman's 
invitation  and  "  cross  out  the  immensely  overpaid  ac- 
count of  Troy,  Ulysses  wanderings,"  and  turn  to  this 
new  material  for  themes  and  inspiration  ?  Or  must 
we  accept  the  fragmentary  and  amorphous  Welsh 
and  Irish  poems  as  final  and  sacred  works  of  art? 
Renan  said  sadly,  ''We  Celts  will  never  build  our 
Parthenon  —  marble  is  not  for  tis,"  but  he  claimed 
for  his  race  the  thrilling,  penetrating  cry  which 
shakes  and  inspires  the  world.  I  speak  under  the 
protection  of  Renan's  name  when  I  say  that  Celtic 
literature  has  produced  no  great  work.  Its  most 
powerful  and  effective  production,  the  Arthurian 
legend,  owes  only  its  germ  and  origin  to  Celtic 
genius;  it  was  biult  up  by  many  hands  in  many 
lands.     Ireland  is  the  home  of  the  Fairy  folk,  the 


Aes  Sidhe,  yet  no  Celtic  work  can  compare  with 
Shakespeare's  fairy  comedy.  Wild  Wales,  both  the 
real  land  and  its  mirrored  image  in  song,  overflows 
with  glamour,  but  what  Welsh  poem  equals  Cole- 
ridge's ''Christabel"  in  undefinable  depths  of  magic 
meaning?  Unconquered  courage,  stormy  despair 
are  in  the  Scotch  Ossian,  yet  these  qualities  are 
carried  to  far  greater  heights  in  Milton  and  Byron. 
The  Celtic  charm  of  expression  is  keen  and  vivid, 
but  Wordsworth  and  Keats  outmatch  it  beyond  com- 
pare. If  we  accept  Arnold's  view  that  many  of  the 
finest  qualities  of  English  poetry  entered  it  from 
Celtic  sources  we  must  decide  that  the  Celtic  genius 
is  a  fecundating  pollen,  powerful  when  blown  abroad 
but  almost  inert  when  it  remains  at  home. 

In  fact  the  Celtic  mind  would  seem  to  be  either 
too  fine  and  frail,  or  too  extravagant  and  florid,  to 
create  perfect  works  of  art.  It  either  has  not  the 
strength  to  build  them  at  all  or  it  overloads  them 
until  they  break  down.  The  relics  of  Celtic  poetry 
rise  before  us  somewhat  like  the  circle  at  Stone- 
henge.  This  is  not  a  qxiarry,  for  the  sign  of  a  mighty 
conception,  the  marks  of  human  labor  are  there ;  it 
is  not  a  ruin,  for  it  is  buHt  of  materials  too  indes- 
tructible for  decay.  Or  perhaps  a  better  image  of 
Celtic  antiquity  would  be  Milton's  description  of 
the  animal  creation,  when  all  the  beasts  were  strug- 
gling from  the  ground  —  "  the  lion  pawing  to  get 
free  its  hinder  parts."  Half  vital,  half  encumbered 
and  embarrassed  by  the  matter  of  which  they  are 
made,  the  Celtic  legends  start  out  into  the  world  of 
art  Neither  the  Heroic  Cycle  of  Ulster,  nor  the 
legends  of  Finn,  nor  "The  Four  Branches  of  the 
Mabinogi,"  can,  in  their  old  shape,  hope  to  become 
world  poems.  The  Celtic  gen'us  which  wrought 
them  had  nearly  all  the  poetic  gifts,  except  the  gift 
to  look  before  and  after,  to  group  each  part  in  refer- 
ence to  the  whole. 

Therefore  this  magnificent  poetic  material  lies 
open  to  the  piracy  of  the  poets  of  the  world.  It  lacks 
the  defense  which  the  greatest  poetry  possesses  of 
being  done  better  than  any  new  hand  can  possibly 
achieve.  Contemporary  critics  wiU  probably  say 
that  the  modern  poet  had  best  busy  himself  with  the 
modern  world.  Contemporary  critics  probably  told 
Homer  and  Virgjil  and  Milton  this  same  thing.  If 
contemporary  critics  had  had  their  way  the  world 
would  never  have  seen  any  noble  or  serious  poetry. 
For  in  the  main  such  poetry  requires  g^eat  themes 
and  figures,  and  dim  backgrounds  to  project  them 
against.  Such  subjects  are  difficult  to  find,  almost 
impossible  to  invent ;  but  the  Celtic  genius  has  given 
us  by  the  basketful  themes  unsurpassed  in  literature, 
as  yet  only  slightly  wrought  by  art. 

Chakles  Leonabd  Moore. 


188 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


^t  i^to  §00ks. 


A  GiRii's  Impressions  of  VicToniAisr 
Celebrities.* 


To  such  of  us  as  were  young  in  the  sixties 
and  seventies,  Miss  Laura  Haia  Friswell's  rec- 
ollections of  those  decades  will  bring  a  renewal 
of  youth.  (Be  it  here  parenthetically  observed 
that  we  use  the  author's  pen-name,  which  is  also 
her  maiden  name,  her  husband's  name — unless 
it  be  also  Friswell — being  unknown  to  us.)  The 
genial  friends,  the  wise  and  witty  sayings,  the 
rare  good  times,  the  thrilling  experiences,  of 
those  early  years  will  never  see  their  match ;  and 
j£  Si  laudatrix  temporis  acti,  her  memory  kindled 
into  a  rosy  glow  with  the  enchantment  of  those 
distant  and  fast-fading  scenes,  writes  with  some 
excess  of  fond  enthusiasm  for  their  vanished 
glories,  she  certainly  merits,  not  the  censure, 
but  rather  the  thanks  of  her  sympathizing  con- 
temporaries. The  famous  men  and  women  of 
the  past  can  never  be  made  too  real  and  living 
to  us,  and  it  is  for  the  vivid  presentation  of  their 
personalities  and  peculiarities  that  we  have  much 
reason  to  thank  Miss  Friswell,  especially  as  she 
offers,  for  the  most  part,  what  is  best  and  most 
attractive  in  their  characters.  The  bright  daugh- 
ter of  a  gifted  father,  she  enjoyed  unusual  op- 
portxmities  for  meeting  and  mingling  with  the 
illustrious  of  her  own  time  and  country,  as  well 
as  with  some  foreign  notables,  and  she  appears 
to  have  made  good  use  of  these  opportunities. 

The  writer's  name  will  recall  that  of  her  father, 
James  Hain  Friswell,  the  once  popidar  but  now 
little  read  author  of  the  very  successful  essays 
on  "  The  Gentle  Life,"  and  of  numerous  miscel- 
laneous works  besides.  Her  own  "  Gingerbread 
Maiden  and  other  Stories,"  published  in  her 
teens,  and  her  memoir  of  her  father  —  to  name 
no  other  of  her  writings  —  show  her  to  be  sealed 
of  the  tribe  of  authors.  The  references  she  has 
introduced  to  her  own  personal  appearance,  and 
to  her  extraordinary  resemblance  to  Marie  An- 
toinette, incline  one  to  surmise  that,  besides  in- 
heriting her  father's  literary  tastes,  she  was  also, 
in  her  physical  endowment,  matre  pulchrajilia 
pulchrior.  "  I  have  tried,"  she  pleads  apologet- 
ically in  her  closing  paragraph,  "  to  keep  from 
intruding  too  much  upon  my  readers,  but  I  fear 
I  have  not  altogether  succeeded ;  therefore  I 
would  remind  them,  and  my  critics,  that  aU  rem- 
iniscences are  bound  to  be  leaves  from  the  lives 

•In  the  Sixties  and  Seventies.  Impressions  of  Literary 
People  and  Others.  By  Laura  Hain  Friswell.  Boston:  Herbert 
B.  Turner  &  Co. 


of  the  writers,  and,  however  one  may  wish  to 
avoid  egotism,  it  is  not  possible  in  a  book  of  this 
kmd." 

Admirable,  though  often  amusing,  is  the  writ- 
er's championship,  early  and  late  and  at  all  times, 
of  the  cause  of  literary  folk.  Bom  and  bred  in 
a  literary  atmosphere,  that  atmosphere  was  to 
her,  even  as  a  child,  the  breath  of  life,  and  she 
could  brook  no  disparagement  of  authors.  Of 
the  poet  Gerald  Massey,  whose  two  little  girls 
were  her  schoolmates,  and  of  his  invalid  wife, 
she  writes  : 

"  Mrs.  Massey  was  very  delicate,  and  it  was  said  the 
poet  did  all  his  own  housekeeping,  and  even  bought  his 
children's  clothes.  This  seemed  to  the  schoolgirls  not 
a  man's  business,  and  the  elder  girls  did  not  scruple  to 
laugh  and  jeer,  which  hurt  his  daughters'  feelings,  mak- 
ing the  elder  indignant,  and  the  younger  cry :  and  I,  who 
hated  such  behaviour,  and  would  not  have  literary  people 
laughed  at  on  any  acconnt,  stoutly  maintained  that  to 
do  the  housekeeping  and  to  buy  clothes  was  peculiar  to 
poets,  and  therefore  quite  right.  As  I  was  looked  upon 
as  an  authority  on  literary  manners,  if  not  matters,  the 
chaff  ceased." 

Our  author's  detailed  reports  of  long  conver- 
sations equal  some  of  Madame  Adam's  amazing 
achievements  in  this  department  of  autobiog- 
raphy. After  some  pages  of  dialogue  about  an 
expected  call  from  Mr.  Swinburne,  the  narra- 
tive proceeds  as  follows : 

"A  little  man  walked  straight  into  the  room;  his  head, 
which  was  crowned  by  a  quantity  of  auburn  hair,  was 
held  high,  his  eyes  stared  straight  in  front  of  him,  and 
he  was  evidently  quite  unconscious  that  he  was  not  alone 
in  the  room.  My  mother  walked  forward  and  held  out 
her  hand.  He  started,  and  dropped  his  hat ;  my  gover- 
ness went  forward  and  picked  it  up ;  he  almost  snatched 
it  from  her.  .  .  .  Mr.  Swinburne  sat  down  on  the  edge 
of  a  chair.  He  bent  slightly  forward,  his  arms  resting 
on  his  knees,  his  hat  balanced  between  his  fingers,  and 
he  kept  swinging  it  backwards  and  forwards,  just  as  I 
had  seen  Mr.  Toole  do  in  a  farce;  he  dropped  it  and 
picked  it  up  several  times.  I  think  he  was  about  twenty- 
nine  or  thirty  years  old  at  this  time  —  not  more  than 
five  feet  six  in  height,  and  he  had  that  peculiar  pallor 
which  goes  with  auburn  hair;  and  this  paleness  was 
heightened  by  study,  enthusiasm,  and  the  fierce,  rebel- 
lious spirit  which  seemed  to  animate  that  fragile  body, 
and  which  glows  and  burns  in  his  writings.     My  mother 

and  Miss  W did  all  they  could  to  put  him  at  ease, 

and  I  sat  and  repented  that  I  had  ever  wished  to  see 
him,  for  I  pitied  him  intensely,  he  seemed  so  very  ner- 
vous. .  •  .  My  father  now  appeared,  and  by  his  conver- 
sational powers  and  tact  soon  set  Mr.  Swinburne  quite 
at  his  ease.  He  ceased  to  fidget,  and  talked  of  Coleridge 
and  other  poets  in  a  most  interesting  manner  —  to  hear 
him  and  my  father  was  an  intellectual  treat." 

Interesting  memories  are  given  of  Toole  and 
Irving  and  other  actors.  The  author  has  much 
of  Charles  Lamb's  fondness  for  the  old  plays  and 
the  old  heroes  of  the  footlights.  With  Irving 
the  Friswells  were  on  terms  of  intimacy,  even  to 


1906.] 


THE    jyiAJL 


189 


the  point  of  maJdng  criticisms  and  advising 
changes  in  some  of  his  plays.  Two  passages 
relating  to  this  lamented  genius  may  well  find 
space  for  insertion  here. 

"  My  mother,  and  indeed  all  of  us,  often  used  to  point 
out  little  details  that  had  been  overlooked.  I  remember 
one  in  The  Bells,  which  my  mother  told  Mr.  Irving  on 
the  first  night,  when  he  returned  to  our  house  to  supper. 
People  who  have  seen  the  play  may  remember  that  the 
first  scene  is  a  small  iim,  in  the  depths  of  the  country, 
and  that  there  is  supposed  to  have  been  a  deep  fall  of 
snow  —  in  fact,  it  is  still  snowing.  'ITie  innkeeper, '  Mat- 
thias '  (Irving),  walked  in,  on  that  first  night,  in  ordinary 
black  boots,  with  no  snow  upon  them.  My  mother  spoke 
of  it,  and  afterwards  '  Matthias '  wore  high  black  boots, 
and  stood  on  the  mat  while  the  snow  was  brushed  off 
them.  Remarks  were  made  in  the  papers  as  to  Mr. 
Irving's  attention  to  the  minutest  details,  and  this  was 
cited  as  an  instance." 

"We  had  been  waiting  for  « Bob  Gasset,'  and  now  he 
came,  but  looked  so  different  I  could  scarcely  believe  he 
was  the  same  man.  Mr.  Irving  was  then  under  thirty, 
had  a  pale,  serious,  intellectual  face,  and  long,  rather 
wavy,  black  hair,  and  was  as  different  from  his  make- 
up as  Bob  Gasset  as  can  well  be  imagined.  We  all  got 
into  a  cab  and  drove  home,  Irving  coming  in  to  supper. 
My  father  talked  about  the  play,  and  said  how  much  he 
liked  it;  but  the  actor  talked  very  little;  he  gave  me 
the  idea  of  being  melancholy,  I  thought  he  was  tired. 
I  did  not  know  then  that  sUence  and  seeming  lassitude 
were  habitual  to  him ;  but  so  it  was,  for,  though  I  saw 
him  often  for  four  or  five  years,  I  do  not  think  I  ever 
saw  him  cheerful,  let  alone  hilarious.  His  face,  voice, 
figure,  proclaimed  the  tragedian  —  and  yet  how  well  he 
can  play  comedy  every  one  knows  who  has  seen  him  as 
'  Jingle.'  That  night  he  quite  annoyed  me,  for  when 
we  came  into  the  dining-room  he  suddenly  put  up  his 
eye-glasses,  and,  after  a  caref xd  scrutiny  of  my  face,  said, 
more  to  himself  than  to  my  father  and  mother:  'Very 
pretty  —  extraordinary  likeness  to  Marie  Antoinette.' 
I  became  crimson ;  but  Irving  was  not  in  the  least  per- 
turbed. I  might  have  been  a  picture,  from  the  cool  way 
in  which  he  looked  at  me,  and  I  have  never  been  able  to 
determine  whether  he  knew  he  spoke  aloud." 

A  rather  melancholy  picture  of  Du  Maurier, 
sitting  sadly  in  the  twilight  of  increasing  blind- 
ness, is  presented  in  the  following,  which  evi- 
dently refers  to  a  period  later  than  the  seventies. 

"  I  went  and  found  the  artist  sitting  alone  and  seem- 
ingly rather  dull.  He  told  me  he  was  almost  blind ;  and 
he  spoke  of  my  father's  early  death,  of  his  hard  work, 
his  philanthropy  and  his  Christianity.  He  talked  of  his 
own  work,  and  seemed  afraid  he  should  not  be  able  to 
keep  on  drawing  much  longer  for  Punch.  '  You  think 
I  can  see  you,'  he  said;  'but  though  I  know  you  are 
quite  near  me,  you  are  in  a  grey  mist,  and  I  cannot  dis- 
tinguish your  features.'  .  .  .  He  talked  of  the  old  days 
in  Great  Russell  Street,  and  said  '  that  then  was  his  hap- 
piest time,  and  those  were  the  palmy  days  of  Punch'.  .  .  . 
He  had  not  at  this  time  written  Trilby.  I  never  saw 
him  after  that  book  came  out." 

A  glimpse  of  Dickens,  whose  "  Old  Curiosity 
Shop  '  the  author  says  she  almost  knew  by  heart, 
will  here  be  welcome. 

«  My  father  was  very  fond  of  taking  me  out  and  about 


with  him,  so  that  at  a  very  early  age  I  became  acquainted 
with  authors,  publishers,  and  printers.  On  one  occasion 
we  were  walking  down  Welling^n  Street,  Strand,  and 
just  passing  the  office  of  Household  Words,  when  a  han- 
som cab  stopped,  and  out  stepped  a  gaily  dressed  gen- 
tleman ;  his  bright  green  waistcoat,  vivid  scarlet  tie, 
and  pale  lavender  trousers  would  have  been  noticed  by 
any  one,  but  the  size  of  the  nosegay  in  his  buttonhole 
riveted  my  attention,  for  it  was  a  regular  flower  garden. 
My  father  stopped  and  introduced  me,  and  I,  who  had 
only  seen  engravings  of  the  Maclise  portrait,  and  a  very 
handsome  head  in  my  mother's  photograph  album,  wa& 
astonished  to  find  myself  shaking  hands  with  the  great 
novelist,  Charles  Dickens.  His  manner  was  so  exceed- 
^S^y  pleasant  and  kind  to  a  young  nobody  like  me  that 
I  was  very  much  taken  with  him;  and  I  was  moreover 
very  anxious  to  like  the  man  who  had  created  Dick 
Swiveller  and  the  Marchioness,  and  Little  Nell  and  her 
grandfather." 

No  preface  is  required  to  the  following  real- 
istic description  of  Tennyson.  The  scene  is  laid 
in  the  Charing  Cross  Station. 

"  A  train  drew  up,  and  out  of  it  stepped  a  gentleman. 
My  father  said  something  which  I  did  not  catch,  and 
going  up  to  him  stopped  and  shook  hands.  The  gentle- 
man would  have  been  tall,  but  his  shoulders  seemed 
somewhat  bent;  his  hair  was  long,  so  was  his  beard;  he 
wore  an  ugly  Inverness  cape  and  a  large  slouch  hat ;  he 
looked  like  a  bandit  in  a  melodrama,  and  I  thought  him 
some  poor  actor  who  had  come  out  in  some  of  the  stage 
properties.  As  he  talked  to  my  father  I  was  conscious 
of  his  looking  very  often  at  me;  at  last  he  said:  '  So  this 
is  yotir  daughter  —  you  must  be  proud  of  such  a  daugh- 
ter.' My  father  smiled,  and  replied:  'I  could  wish  her 
to  be  stronger.'  '  Is  she  delicate  ?  '  exclaimed  Tennyson. 
•  Why,  when  I  saw  you  coming  she  reminded  me  of  the 
Goddess  of  the  Mom  —  she  quite  brightens  up  this  dull 
and  dreary  place,'  and  he  looked  with  disgust  round  the 
station,  which  I  had  always  liked.  '  She  looks  the  incar- 
nation of  youth  and  health,'  he  added." 

The  writer  indulges  in  a  curious  lamentation 
over  what  would  seem  to  be  the  exceptionally 
fortunate  circumstances  of  her  upbringing.  She 
says,  "  I  think  now  it  was  rather  hard  on  us 
youngsters  to  always  have  so  many  clever  and 
brilliant  people  roimd  us  ;  we  always  seemed  to 
be  kept  at  attention."  Readers  of  her  book  will 
not  echo  her  regret.  As  a  record  of  "  Impres- 
sions of  Literary  People  and  Others,"  it  is 
vivid,  rapid,  thoroughly  entertaining  and  seldom, 
frivolous,  and,  despite  occasional  carelessness  — 
such  carelessness  as  one  expects  in  a  lady  who 
is  dashing  off  her  reminiscences  about  as  they 
occur  to  her,  —  generally  well  written.  But  as 
the  writer  takes  occasion  to  regret  the  modem 
decline  in  literary  style  and  grammatical  correct- 
ness among  our  host  of  "  amateur  "  authors,  she 
may  pardon  a  reviewer  for  calling  attention  to  a 
few  slips  in  her  own  pages.  The  split  infinitive 
in  the  last  quotation  we  pass  over  as  likely  to 
offend  none  but  that  terror  of  us  all,  the  purist. 
But  "  I  put  up  with  it  like  a  good  sister  should 


190 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


contains  a  vulgarism  truly  surprising  in  this  par- 
ticular sister.  Of  Disraeli  and  his  wife  we  read 
that  "  they  mutually  loved  each  other";  and  in 
another  place,  "  Then  we  settled  down  to  talk 
of  the  people  we  had  mutually  known."  On 
another  page  the  writer  speaks  of  playing  "  a 
Lieder  of  Mendelssohn's."  The  London  Plague 
she  makes  break  out  in  1664,  a  year  too  soon. 
Last,  and  least,  "  yodle  "  she  spells  "  joddle," 
and  for  "  waltz  "  she  writes  "  valse."  All  these 
are  small  matters,  introduced  here  largely  in 
the  hope  of  pleasing  the  author  by  proving  to 
her  how  thoroughly  her  excellent  chapters  have 
been  conned  even  by  the  reviewer,  who,  as  we 
all  know,  is  perfectly  qualified  to  judge  of  any 
book  by  its  weight,  odor,  and  superficial  aspect. 
Percy  F.  Bicknell. 


The  Meaxing  and  Influence  of 
American  Diplomacy.* 


Many  readers  of  "  Harper's  Magazine " 
during  the  past  year  or  two  have  followed  with 
rather  unusual  interest  a  series  of  articles  con- 
tributed by  Professor  John  Bassett  Moore,  of 
Columbia  University,  on  the  significant  aspects 
of  American  diplomatic  history  and  practice. 
They,  in  common  with  a  larger  public,  will  be 
glad  to  know  that  these  studies,  after  the  ap- 
proved fashion  in  such  cases,  have  been  brought 
together  in  book  form,  and  that  by  a  consider- 
able amount  of  revision  and  amplification  they 
have  been  made  even  more  suggestive  and  illum- 
inating than  as  first  published.  The  primary 
object  of  the  work,  in  the  words  of  the  author, 
is  "  to  give,  not  a  chronological  narrative  of 
international  transactions,  but  rather  an  ex- 
position of  the  principles  by  which  they  were 
guided,  in  order  that  the  distinctive  purposes  of 
American  diplomacy  may  be  understood  and 
its  meaning  and  influence  appreciated."  A 
thoroughgoing  and  comprehensive  history  of 
American  diplomacy  would  be  a  most  welcome 
acquisition,  especially  if  it  came  from  the  hand 
of  such  a  master  in  the  field  as  is  Professor 
Moore  ;  but  apparently  for  such  a  piece  of  work 
we  have  yet  a  good  while  to  wait.  In  lieu  of  it 
the  next  best  thing,  and  perhaps  for  the  reading 
public  a  really  more  useful  thing,  is  such  a  vol- 
ume as  that  now  under  review.  Li  this  we  have 
at  least  a  very  readable  presentation  of  the  prin- 
ciples and  spirit  underlying  the  dealings  with 

*  American  Diplomacy,  its  Spirit  and  Achievements.  By 
John  Bassett  Moore,  LL.D.  Illustrated.  New  York :  Harper  & 
Brothers. 


foreign  powers,  even  though  with  only  enough 
historical  detail  to  afford  a  fair  background  for 
interpretation. 

The  point  of  view  from  which  Professor 
Moore  has  approached  his  subject  is  set  forth 
explicitly  in  his  prefatory  note  when  he  affirms 
that  "  nothing  could  be  more  erroneous  than  the 
supposition  that  the  United  States  has,  as  the 
result  of  certain  changes  in  its  habits,  suddenly 
become,  within  the  past  few  years,  a  '  world- 
power.'  "  The  United  States  is  declared  to  have 
been  "  always  in  the  fullest  and  highest  sense 
a  world-power."  There  is  nothing  essentially 
novel,  of  course,  in  the  assertion,  and  yet  in 
these  times  it  calls  for  all  the  emphasis  that 
Professor  Moore  has  placed  upon  it.  Six  or 
seven  years  ago,  amidst  the  excitement  incident 
to  war,  conquest,  and  expansion,  it  became  the 
custom  to  picture  the  United  States  as  breaking 
forth  with  startling  suddenness  from  her  tradi- 
tional isolation  and  making  a  highly  dramatic, 
not  to  say  sensational,  debut  as  a  world  power. 
Afterwards,  however,  when  we  became  able  once 
more  to  reflect  sanely  upon  our  international 
position,  we  discovered  that  never  since  we  have 
constituted  an  independent  nation  have  we  been 
anything  else  than  a  world-power,  and  that  our 
present  status  (whether  for  better  or  for  worse) 
differs  from  that  of  ten  or  of  fifty  years  ago 
merely  in  degree  rather  than  in  kind.  In  an 
essay  published  as  long  ago  as  1899  Professor 
Albert  Bushnell  Hart  drove  home  the  fact  that 
historically  the  United  States  has  never  been  an 
isolated  power,  and  now  Professor  Moore  builds 
his  whole  argument  on  the  thesis  ;  in  truth  if  one 
cares  to  trace  the  earlier  development  of  the  idea 
he  will  fuid  it  stated  perfectly  by  Trescot  in  his 
treatise  on  the  diplomacy  of  the  American  Rev- 
olution, written  more  than  half  a  century  ago. 

In  his  opening  chapter  Professor  Moore  gives 
us  a  succinct  account  of  the  beginnings  of  our 
diplomatic  history.  After  laying  down  the  prop- 
osition that  the  advent  of  the  United  States  into 
the  family  of  nations  was  the  most  important 
event  of  the  past  two  hundred  years,  he  describes 
graphically  the  difficulties  and  embarrassments 
which  the  young  power  was  called  upon  to  face 
before  it  had  won  its  way  to  an  honorable  inter- 
national standing.  The  sketch  contains  nothing 
that  is  new,  but  as  a  convenient  summary  it  is 
distinctly  worth  while.  The  method  of  the  suc- 
ceeding nine  chapters  is  topical  rather  than  chro- 
nological. The  first  subject  taken  up  is  "  The 
System  of  Neutrality."  The  years  of  the  Con- 
federation have  been  designated  as  the  critical 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


191 


period  of  our  early  national  history,  but  the  ex- 
pression might  be  applied  with  almost  equal 
propriety  to  the  years  between  1791  and  1796 
during  which  American  independence  was  totter- 
ing vmder  the  impact  of  European  turmoil.  As 
Professor  Moore  points  out,  the  perils  which  the 
nation  encountered  at  this  time  were  greater  than 
the  old  Confederation  could  have  withstood,  and 
were  a  very  severe  test  of  the  efficacy  of  the  new 
Constitution.  The  temptations  to  wander  from 
the  straight  and  narrow  path  of  neutrality  were 
all  but  overpowering.  Almost  alone  among  the 
statesmen  of  the  time  Washington  kept  a  level 
head,  and  it  was  his  decisive  action  more  than 
anything  else  that  warded  off  the  danger.  Pro- 
fessor Moore's  accoimt  of  the  Genet  mission, 
while  very  brief,  is  illuminating.  Of  Genet  him- 
self it  is  remarked  that  he  "  has  been  the  subject 
of  much  unmerited  obloquy ;  in  circumstances 
exceptionally  trying  his  conduct  was  ill-advised, 
but  not  malevolent." 

After  an  interesting  chapter  on  the  contribu- 
tions of  the  United  States  toward  establishing  the 
freedom  of  the  seas,  —  especially  with  respect 
to  the  Mediterranean  pirates,  the  impressment 
of  seamen,  the  right  of  search,  the  African  slave- 
trade,  and  the  free  navigation  of  sounds,  straits, 
and  other  water  channels,  —  we  find  a  useful 
sketch  of  the  fisheries  questions  which  represents 
a  chapter  added  since  the  serial  publication  of 
the  studies.  And  of  course  there  is  a  chapter 
on  the  much-discussed,  if  not  over- worked,  Mon- 
roe Doctrine.  For  the  most  part  this  chapter 
is  of  necessity  a  rehearsal  of  facts  already  well 
known,  but  it  contains  also  some  general  obser- 
vations and  conclusions  which,  coming  from  such 
a  man  as  Professor  Moore,  are  worthy  of  the 
most  thoughtfid  attention  on  the  part  of  our 
people.     Says  the  writer: 

"A  tendency  is  often  exhibited  to  attach  decisive 
importance  to  particular  phrases  in  President  Monroe's 
message  of  1823,  or  to  the  special  circumstances  in 
which  it  originated,  as  if  they  furnished  a  definitive  test 
of  what  shotUd  be  done  and  what  should  be  omitted  un- 
der all  contingencies.  The  verbal  literalist  would,  on 
the  one  hand,  make  the  United  States  an  involuntary 
party  to  all  controversies  between  European  and  Ameri- 
can governments,  in  order  that  the  latter  may  not  be 
•  oppressed  ' ;  while  the  historical  literalist  would,  on  the 
other  hand,  treat  Monroe's  declaration  as  obsolete,  since 
the  conditions  to  which  they  specially  referred  no 
longer  exist.  But  when  we  consider  the  mutations  in  the 
world's  affairs,  these  modes  of  reasoning  must  be  con- 
fessed to  be  highly  unsatisfactory.  The  *  Monroe  Doc- 
trine' has  in  reality  become  a  convenient  title  by  which  is 
denoted  a  principle  that  doubtless  would  have  been 
wrought  out  if  the  message  of  1823  had  never  been  writ- 
ten —  the  principle  of  the  limitation  of  European  power 


and  influence  in  the  Western  hemisphere.  .  .  .  The 
Monroe  Doctrine  ...  is  now  generally  recognized  as  a 
principle  of  American  policy.  To  its  explicit  acceptance 
by  Great  Britain  and  Germany  there  may  be  added  the 
declaration  which  was  spread  by  unanimous  consent  upon 
the  minutes  of  The  Hague  Conference,  and  which  was 
permitted  to  be  annexed  to  the  signature  of  the  American 
delegates  to  the  convention  for  the  peaceful  adjustment 
of  international  disputes,  that  nothing  therein  contained 
should  be  so  construed  as  to  require  the  United  States  *  to 
depart  from  its  traditional  policy  of  not  entering  upon, 
interfering  with,  or  entangling  itself  in,  the  political 
questions  or  internal  administration  of  any  foreign  state,' 
or  to  relinquish  '  its  traditional  attitude  toward  purely 
American  questions.'  " 

The  three  topics  of  expatriation,  international 
arbitration,  and  territorial  expansion  are  taken 
up  in  order  and  traced  rapidly  through  the  whole 
course  of  our  national  history.  And  finally 
there  is  the  closing  chapter  on  "  Influence  and 
Conditions,"  in  many  ways  the  most  valuable  in 
the  book.  Here  Professor  Moore  attempts  an 
estimate  (which  he  would  be  the  first  to  recog- 
nize as  only  partial)  of  American  diplomacy  in 
respect  to  its  influence  upon  civilization  at  large 
and  particularly  upon  the  methods  and  condi- 
tions of  intercourse  among  states.  He  finds 
that  this  influence  has  been  at  least  three-fold. 
In  the  first  place,  the  diplomacy  of  the  United 
States  has  fostered  political,  commercial,  and 
maritime  liberty;  in  the  second  place,  it  has 
emphasized  the  principle  of  legality  in  the  con- 
duct of  international  affairs  ;  and  lastly,  it  has 
promidgated  ideals  of  honesty,  good-faith,  sim- 
plicity, and  directness  which  foreign  offices  and 
diplomats  have  always  been  much  too  prone  to 
ignore.  To  the  general  assertion  with  which 
the  volume  closes,  to  the  effect  that  American 
diplomacy  has  been  identified  with  the  cause  of 
freedom  and  justice,  many  individual  exceptions 
might  easily  be  taken  ;  yet  that  it  is  true  in  all 
essential  respects  no  one  at  all  acquainted  with 
the  subject  woxdd  undertake  to  deny. 

Professor  Moore's  task  in  this  book  has  been 
to  search  out  the  things  which  the  United  States 
has  stood  for  in  the  realm  of  international  poli- 
tics and  to  make  an  exposition  of  them  in  the 
light  of  briefly  enumerated  facts.  This  under- 
t^dng  he  has  accomplished  with  signal  success. 
One  may  question  his  assignments  of  space  or  of 
historical  importance  to  one  topic  or  another,  or 
his  judgments  of  men  and  events,  though  to  the 
reviewer  these  seem  on  the  whole  to  be  admir- 
able ;  but  there  are  practically  no  misstatements 
of  fact,  and  of  affirmations  of  opinions  which  do 
not  grow  out  of  the  most  careful  thought  there 
are  none  at  aU.        Frederic  Austin  Ogg. 


192 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


JAPANESE  Architecture  and 
Allied  Arts.* 


The  reader  who  takes  up  Mr.  Ralph  Adams 
Cram's  "  Impressions  of  Japanese  Architecture 
and  the  Allied  Arts  "  is  likely  to  lay  it  down 
again  with  a  sigh  of  regret  that  there  is  not 
more  of  it,  albeit  thick  j^aper,  wide  margins,  and 
the  sixty  f lUl-page  illustrations  swell  its  propor- 
tions to  a  good-sized  voliune.  Four  of  the  ten 
chapters  were  written  for  architectural  period- 
icals ;  one  is  a  paper  that  was  read  before  the 
Boston  Society  of  Arts  and  Crafts.  Necessarily, 
they  deal  chiefly  with  generalities,  and  there  is 
some  repetition,  or  rather  reiteration,  of  the  same 
ideas.  This  reiteration  does  not,  however,  de- 
tract from  the  charm  of  the  book,  and  the  ideas 
thus  reinforced  are  sound  and  are  cogently 
expressed.  It  is  evident  that  Mr.  Cram  has 
studied  his  subject  with  painstaking  care,  keeping 
the  larger  relations  ever  in  mind ;  and  the 
essays  that  make  up  this  volume  are  thoughtful 
and  discriminating.  He  tells  us  that  we  must 
consider  the  art  of  Old  Japan,  and  particidarly 
the  religious  architecture,  as  the  Aasible  expres- 
sion of  the  ancient  civilization  of  China  and 
Japan,  which  from  the  seventh  to  the  twelfth 
centuries  was  the  highest  civilization  then  exist- 
ing in  the  world.     But,  as  he  says,  — 

"  From  the  standpoint  of  the  casual  traveller,  even  of 
the  architect,  Japanese  architecture  is  at  first  abso- 
lutely baffling;  it  is  like  Japanese  music,  so  utterly  for- 
eign, so  radically  different  in  its  genesis,  so  aloof  in  its 
moods  and  motives  from  the  standards  of  the  West,  that 
for  a  long  time  it  is  a  wonder  merely,  a  curiosity,  a  toy 
perhaps,  or  a  sport  of  nature,  not  a  serious  product  of 
the  human  mind,  a  priceless  contribution  to  the  history 
of  the  world.  Partly  by  inheritance,  partly  by  educa- 
tion, we  have  been  qualified  for  thinking  in  one  way, 
and  in  one  way  only.  From  Athens  through  Rome, 
Byzantium,  the  Auvergne,  Normandy,  the  He  de  France, 
to  Yorkshire  and  Somerset,  there  is  running  an  easily 
traceable  thread  of  unbroken  continuity  of  architectural 
tradition;  but  from  Athens  tlirough  Ionia,  Persia,  Hin- 
dustan, China,  and  Korea,  to  Japan,  while  the  line  is 
equally  continuous,  it  is  through  lands  aloof  and  barred, 
and  by  ways  that  are  blind  and  bewildering.  We  can 
think  forward  in  the  terms  of  the  West,  we  can  hardly 
think  backward  in  the  terms  of  the  mysterious  East. 
Yet  when  the  revolution  is  accomplished  and  the  rebel- 
lious mind  is  bent  to  the  unfamiliar  course,  this  strange 
architecture  comes  to  show  itself  in  its  true  light.  It  is 
more  nearly  Greek  than  any  other,  for  it  is  the  perfect- 
ing of  a  single,  simple,  and  primitive  mass  by  almost 
infinite  refinements  of  line  and  proportion." 

This  is  a  significant  utterance,  not  only  from 
the  novelty  of  the  view  put  forth, — no  other 
author  having  ventured  an  appreciation  of  Jap- 

*  Impressions  op  Japanese  Architecture  and  the  Alued 
Arts.  By  Ralph  Adams  Cram.  Illustrated.  New  York:  The 
Baker  &  Taylor  Co. 


anese  architecture  at  its  true  worth, — but  be- 
cause it  is  the  view  that  must  prevail  when  that 
architecture  is  more  widely  studied.  StUl,  as  the 
Philistine  in  matters  of  art  is  not  easily  turned 
from  his  traditional  notions,  Mr.  Cram's  conten- 
tion would  be  more  convincing  were  more  of 
the  details  filled  in.  These,  let  it  be  hoped,  will 
some  day  be  forthcoming.  Meanwhile,  there  is 
reason  to  be  grateful  for  a  competent  and  illum- 
inating summary  of  the  historical  development 
of  the  art,  and  some  account  of  the  more  impor- 
tant buildings  that  have  been  preserved  from 
ancient  times. 

All  of  the  book  is  not  given  over  to  architec- 
ture. The  chapter  on  "The  Genius  of  Japan- 
ese Art"  is  a  clear  and  forcible  presentation  of 
fundamental  truths ;  the  "  Note  on  Japanese 
Sculpture"  affords  an  excellent  introduction  to 
a  much  neglected  subject;  and  very  charming 
is  the  chapter  on  "  Temple  Grardens."  In  speak- 
ing of  "The  Minor  Arts"  there  are  lapses  here 
and  there  into  such  extravagant  phrase  as  "  that 
from  the  very  first  whatever  had  been  made  by 
any  workman  had  been  beautiful."  Would  it 
were  so !  Strict  regard  for  truth,  however,  com- 
pels the  admission  that  not  all  Japanese  work- 
men are  artists.  With  little  that  Mr.  Cram  says 
is  there  occasion  to  quarrel.  His  spelling  of 
"kakimono  "  (whatever  that  may  mean)  instead 
of  "  kakemono  "  will  not  pass  muster.  The  color 
print  by  Yeizan,  not  "of  Yeizan"  as  he  puts  it, 
is  well  characterized  as  "not  a  masterpiece." 
But  when  he  asserts  that  "  it  says  as  much,  per- 
haps all  we  can  ever  understand,  of  the  pictorial 
art  of  Japan,"  the  statement  may  be  challenged 
squarely.  The  qualities  he  proceeds  to  comment 
upon  are  for  the  most  part  wanting  in  the  print 
he  takes  as  a  text,  and  of  which  a  half-tone  re- 
production is  given.  The  other  illustrations  are 
from  photographs,  selected  with  excellent  judg- 
ment, but  they  might  have  been  better  reproduced 
and  printed.  Frederick  W.  Gookin. 


The  Greatest  of  French  Dramatists.* 


So  little  has  been  written  in  English  about 
Moliere  that  admirers  of  le  grand  comique,  as 
Frenchmen  call  their  genius  of  comedy,  will 
hail  Mr.  Henry  M.  TroUope's  biography  as  a 
commendable  attempt  to  add  a  necessary  work 
to  a  meagre  literature.  To  quote  Mr.  Andrew 
Lang's  article  in  the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica 
on  this  great  Frenchman,  "  The  English  biog- 

*  The  Life  op  Moliere.  By  Henry  M.  Trollope.  With 
portraits.    New  York:  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Ck). 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL. 


193 


raphies  of  Moliere  are  few  and  as  a  rule  abso- 
lutely untrustworthy."  Considering  that  in  the 
literature  of  the  modem  drama  Moliere  stands, 
after  Shakespeare,  in  the  foremost  place,  and 
that  in  the  literature  of  France  his  is  the  greatest 
name,  this  dearth  of  English  works  about  him 
becomes  indeed  remarkable. 

No  point  need  be  raised  as  to  the  timeliness 
of  Mr.  TroUope's  book.  The  questions  for  con- 
sideration are  its  accuracy,  construction,  and 
charm.  In  the  case  of  the  first  of  these  qual- 
ities only  praise  may  be  given.  The  author 
has  examined  all  French  authorities,  both  orig- 
inal and  commentative,  so  thoroughly  that  the 
most  captious  critic  woidd  find  it  difficidt  to 
gainsay  his  knowledge  of  the  topic  upon  which 
he  writes. 

The  earlier  jjeriod  of  Moliere's  life  is  veiled, 
to  a  great  extent,  in  mystery ;  yet  it  is  a  matter 
of  small  moment  whether  he  left  Paris  with  a 
band  of  strolling  players  in  the  autumn  of  1645 
or  the  spring  of  1646  ;  or  just  when  he  joined 
forces  with  a  provincial  actor  named  Dufresne. 
The  points  of  human  interest  are  that  Moliere, 
the  son  of  a  weU-to-do  upholsterer  to  the  king, 
preferred  the  stage  to  a  shop-ridden  life,  and 
that  after  failure  in  Paris  as  an  actor  and  im- 
prisonment for  debt  he  had  the  courage,  upon 
his  release  from  gaol,  to  flee  to  the  provinces 
and  f oUow  the  calling  of  a  strolling  player  for 
thirteen  years  rather  than  return  to  his  father's 
shop.  Nor  does  it  matter  whether  "  L'Etourdi " 
was  first  produced  at  Lyons  in  1653  or  1655. 
The  fact  which  interests  posterity  is  that  an 
itinerant  actor,  who  had  previously  written  only 
rough  canevas — or  frameworks  of  plays — sud- 
denly turned  his  pen  to  verse  and  wrote  a  five- 
act  comedy  that  electrified  a  Lyons  audience 
and  acclaimed  the  birth  of  a  new  king. 

O 

The  one  contested  point  in  Moliere's  life  of 
prime  importance  to  biographers  is  the  parent- 
age of  his  wife,  Armande  Bejart.  Though  pre- 
sented, in  her  marriage  certificate  and  various 
other  docimients  of  the  period,  as  the  legitimate 
daughter  of  Joseph  Bejart  and  Marie  Herve, 
still  the  calumnies  heaped  upon  Moliere  by  jeal- 
ous rivals  have  made  the  majority  of  his  biog- 
raphers persist  in  believing  his  wife  to  be  the 
illegitimate  daughter  of  Madeleine  Bejart,  an 
actress  whom  he  loved  in  his  youth.  Volumes 
have  been  written  upon  this  subject,  and  the 
end  is  not  yet.  To  Mr.  TroUope's  credit,  be  it 
said,  he  takes  a  judicial  view  of  the  case,  adjudg- 
ing Armande  Bejart,  in  accordance  with  xmre- 
futed  documentary  evidence,  to  be  legitimate. 
Possibly  their  national  jurisprudence  has  led  so 


many  Frenchmen  to  believe  the  charges  brought 
against  her  legitimacy ;  according  to  French 
law  she  is  guilty  because  not  proved  innocent, 
whereas  an  Anglo-Saxon  judge  would  dismiss 
the  charge  against  her  because  of  insufficient 
testimony. 

Throughout  his  book  Mr.  Trollope  shows 
painstaking  and  accurate  scholarship.  M.  Paul 
Lacroix's  "  Bibliographic  Molieresque "  con- 
tains perhaps  a  himdred  and  fifty  titles  of  books 
and  articles  relating  to  Moliere's  life  or  the  his- 
tory of  his  troupe  ;  yet  La  Grange,  Vinot,  Gri- 
marest,  Bruzen  de  la  Martiniere,  Tallemant  des 
Reaux,  De  Vize,  Loret,  Boulanger  de  Chalussay, 
Brossette,  and  the  anonymous  author  of  a  pam- 
phlet entitled  "  La  Fameuse  Comedienne  "  are 
the  authors  from  whom  all  modem  biographers 
have  drawn  their  material.  When  a  few  his- 
torical sidelights,  such  as  Chappuzeau  and  the 
Brothers  Parfaict,  are  added,  together  with  the 
documentary  discoveries  of  Beffara,  Jal,  and 
Soulie,  a  fairly  complete  repository  of  knowl- 
edge upon  the  subject  has  been  catalogued.  The 
work  of  these  and  many  lesser  authorities  Mr. 
Trollope  has  thoroughly  digested. 

Although  there  have  been  many  modem  bio- 
graphers of  Moliere  since  Taschereau,  the  first 
of  them,  Mr.  TroUope  is  justified  in  selecting 
MM.  Despois  and  Mesnard  as  his  literary  guides. 
Having  their  superb  definitive  edition  of  Moli- 
ere's works  at  hand,  and  the  numbers  of  the 
Molieriste  magazine,  so  ably  edited  by  the  dis- 
tinguished archivist  of  the  Theatre  Fran^ais,  M. 
Georges  Monval,  he  need  look  no  further  for 
accuracy  of  information.  It  is  not  hyper-praise 
to  say  that  he  alone,  of  aU  English-speaking 
writers  upon  Moliere,  has  thoroughly  mastered 
his  subject ;  yet  one  is  compelled  to  qualify  this 
approval  by  adding  that  he  has  presented  his 
knowledge  in  a  manner  far  from  commendable 
as  regards  construction  and  charm. 

In  considering  the  matter  of  construction,  it 
should  be  borne  in  mind  that  Mr.  TroUope's 
book  is  intended  for  English  readers  ;  therefore, 
an  intimate  knowledge  of  French  should  not  be 
required,  else  it  may  be  asked  why  the  book 
exists  at  aU  ?  A  reader  able  to  comprehend  the 
many  French  extracts,  in  both  verse  and  prose, 
which  adorn  its  pages  must  be  sufficiently  versed 
in  the  language  of  Moliere  to  consult  French 
biographies,  far  more  charmingly  and  quite  as 
accurately  written  as  Mr.  TroUope's  bulky  work. 
It  is  admittedly  difficult  to  translate  French  verse 
into  English,  yet  even  an  abortive  attempt  would 
have  given  the  general  reader  a  clearer  idea  of 
Moliere's  diction  than  Mr.  TroUope  has  done  by 


194 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


confronting  him  with  Alexandrine  strophes  in  a 
foreign  language,  the  meaning  of  which  it  is 
necessary  to  understand  in  order  to  grasp  the 
author's  comments. 

In  the  arrangement  of  his  material  Mr.  Trol- 
lope  shows  a  decided  lack  of  orderliness.  Being 
thoroughly  imbued  with  his  subject-matter,  he 
continually  presupposes  a  like  knowledge  on  the 
reader's  part.  Particularly  is  this  true  of  Chapter 
VIII.,  devoted  to  Moliere's  ideas  of  comedy  and 
a  comparison  between  Shakespeare  and  Moliere. 
Heretofore,  the  reader  has  been  made  acquainted 
with  but  four  of  the  poet's  plays  ;  yet  Mr.  Trol- 
lope  proceeds  to  discuss  technically  the  poet's 
methods  of  work  throughout  the  entire  range  of 
his  thirty-four  comedies.  This  chapter,  with  the 
single  exception  of  the  introductory  view  of 
French  comedy  before  Moliere,  by  far  the  most 
thoughtful  in  the  book,  should  have  been  placed 
in  conclusion.  Its  resume  of  Moliere's  work  is 
not  mtelligible  to  one  unfamiliar  with  his  plays  ; 
its  discussion  of  Shakespeare  and  Moliere  is  out 
of  place  at  the  moment,  if  not  altogether  so,  on 
the  principle  that  comparisons  are  likely  to  prove 
odious.  Certainly  there  are  many  critics  willing 
to  cede  Shakespeare  the  foremost  place  in  the 
drama  who  will  stoutly  contest  Mr.  Trollope's 
assertion  that  he  is  the  Frenchman's  superior 
in  comedy. 

In  viewing  the  construction  of  Mr.  Trollope's 
book  one  is  reminded  of  a  dingy  attic  heaped 
with  a  pile  of  dusty  books  upon  an  admira- 
ble subject.  A  scholar  with  the  time  and  in- 
clination to  ferret  out  knowledge  wiU  find  it 
there,  but  the  general  reader  will  prefer  a  corner 
in  a  cosy  library  beside  a  shelf  of  weU-selected 
volumes.  In  other  words,  a  book  less  volumi- 
nous, but  more  entertaining,  than  Mr.  Trollope's 
would  find  a  much  wider  field. 

In  charm,  as  weU  as  in  construction,  this 
biography  leaves  much  to  be  desired.  Moliere's 
early  struggles,  his  wanderings  as  a  stroUing 
player,  his  triumph  at  court  and  strange  inti- 
macy with  Louis  XIV.,  the  assaults  of  his  ene- 
mies, the  heartlessness  of  his  wife,  his  friendship 
with  such  men  as  BoUeau  and  La  Fontaine,  his 
tragic  death  and  burial,  make  his  life-story  one 
of  strong  human  interest,  demanding  skiU  as  a 
word  painter  in  the  telling.  This  is  a  quality 
in  which  Mr.  TroUope  is  singularly  deficient. 
His  style  is  so  cumbersome,  his  language  so  ver- 
bose, that  he  wearies  when  he  should  charm. 
Take,  for  instance,  this  extract  in  which  he  en- 
deavors to  describe  the  character  of  the  people 
Madame  de  RambouiUet  invited  to  the  assem- 
blies in  her  famous  Blue  Room : 


"  Ladies  must  be  known  to  the  hostess,  or  known  well 
by  her  intimate  friends,  and  they  must  be  of  good  birth, 
before  the  invitation  would  be  given.  If  a  gentleman 
had  pleasant  maimers  and  could  talk  well,  and  espe- 
cially if  he  was  in  any  way  distinguished,  he  might  gain 
admittance  inside  her  doors." 

Aside  from  its  archaism,  this  description,  like 
many  others  in  Mr.  TroUope's  book,  is  tauto- 
logical. All  he  has  told  us  in  these  fifty-three 
words  might  have  been  expressed  far  more 
clearly  in  sixteen  by  saying:  "The  hostess  in- 
vited only  well-born  women ;  men  were  admitted 
within  her  doors  by  cleverness  or  charm." 

In  speaking  of  comedy  the  author  argues  that 
"  a  sort  of  magnetic  influence  is  at  work,  carry- 
ing with  it  delight  or  boredom,  and  the  infection 
is  caught."  The  same  is  true  of  other  forms  of 
literature ;  for  the  magnetic  influence  in  both  in- 
stances is  artistic  ability.  Mr.  Trollope's  erudi- 
tion is  praiseworthy  to  a  degree ;  yet  his  manner 
of  imparting  it  is  ponderous. 

H.  C.  Chatfield-Taylor. 


MiiiiTAitY  Criticism  of  the  Late  Wak.* 


The  tendencies  of  advancing  civilization  are 
all  against  the  settlement  of  international  ques- 
tions by  force  of  arms.  The  energies  of  humanity 
are  now  for  peace  rather  than  for  war.  Never- 
theless, a  conflict  at  arms  will  always  have  fasci- 
nation for  the  intellect  of  man,  because  the  play 
of  forces  is  so  great,  the  theatre  so  vast,  the 
human  interest  so  compelling,  and  the  influences 
so  far-reaching,  that,  despite  those  aspects  from 
which  humanity  would  avert  its  gaze,  the  trained 
mind  will  love  to  dweU  upon  the  elements  in  the 
problem  and  long  to  foretell  the  outcome.  Every 
man  is  more  or  less  of  a  prophet,  and  those  out- 
side the  game  are  even  more  eager  to  foretell 
the  outcome  than  the  players  themselves. 

When  diplomacy  dropped  its  pen,  in  Febru- 
ary, 1904,  and  war  imsheathed  the  sword,  it  was 
positively  comical  to  listen  to  the  vaticinations 
of  so-called  experts  at  Washington,  Berlin,  and 
Paris.  Mighty  generals  and  admirals,  versed  in 
the  dogmatics  of  Occidental  ballistics  and  har- 
dened in  the  orthodoxy  of  their  schools,  forthwith 
proceeded  to  tell  exactly  what  would  happen. 
The  old  story  of  believing  in  things  because  they 
were  big,  was  repeated.  It  was  the  usual  routine 
of  ready-made  philosophy  without  a  knowledge 
of  new  facts,  and  of  prediction  without  any  basis 
of  history.  Yet,  all  the  way  through,  it  was  a 
game  of  the  unknown.    Of  Russia,  tradition  had 

•  The  Wak  in  the  Fab  East.  By  the  Military  Correspondent 
of  "  The  Times."    Illustrated.    New  York:  E.  P.  Dutton  &  C3o. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL, 


195 


made  much.  It  was  supposed  that  our  knowl- 
edge of  Czartlom  was  tolerably  complete  ;  but 
with  the  whole  body  of  Occidental  conceit  and 
ignorance  of  Oriental  Asia  set  rock-fast  in  the 
ideas  of  ''  white-manism,"  it  was  an  article  of 
faith  that  Japan  must  be  defeated  in  spite  of 
some  initial  successes.  Nevertheless,  those  of  the 
noble  five  thousand  who  between  1868  and  1900, 
in  the  early  days  of  Japan's  awakening,  had 
served  as  schoolmasters,  technicists,  or  instruc- 
tors in  any  line  of  Japan's  multifarious  activities, 
had  no  fears.  They  did  not  "  prophesy  "  very 
much  ;  they  did  not  "  predict ";  they  simply  told 
what  they  saw.  They  knew  what  Meckel  and 
Douglas  had  taught  Oyama  and  Togo.  They 
knew,  too,  that  it  was  not  "  yesterday  "  when  the 
Japanese  began  to  leam.  They  recalled  that  the 
Dutch  at  Deshima,  from  1630  to  1868,  had  fer- 
tilized the  Japanese  intellect  during  all  the  time 
of  her  so-called  seclusion,  and  that  long  before 
Perry  had  come  to  Japan  there  were  awakened 
spirits  and  alert  reformers.  These  from  1868 
have  controlled  the  palace  and  the  mind  of  the 
god  that  dwells  therein.  The  seeing  ones  knew 
also  that  however  diligent  or  brilliant  were  the 
teachers,  the  pupils  were  even  more  so.  They 
felt,  moreover,  that  the  Japanese  realized  that 
this  was  a  fight  for  food,  for  growth,  for  life. 
They  were  persuaded  also  that  the  spirit  of  the 
Samurai  and  "  the  virtues  of  the  Emperor  "  had, 
after  thirty-five  years  of  public-school  training, 
been  transfused  into  the  common  people.  So, 
with  the  military  system  that  was  German  in  its 
thoroughness  and  Yamato  in  its  spirit,  the  Ja- 
panese, after  fifty  years  of  historic  propaedeutic 
and  ten  years  of  special  preparation,  rushed  with 
eagerness  to  the  fray.  No  David  ever  went 
more  assuredly  to  victory  than  the  Japanese. 
Nevertheless,  however  much  or  in  whomsoever 
or  whatsoever  they  trusted,  they  kept  their  Shi- 
mose  powder  dry. 

Now  we  have  a  critical  estimate  of  the  detailed 
operations  of  the  war,  written  by  the  capable 
military  correspondent  of  the  London  "  Times." 
Let  no  one  buy  this  book  thinking  that  he  is 
going  to  get  a  consecutive  narrative,  or  a  picto- 
rial presentation  of  the  various  conflicts.  No ; 
this  book  is  magnificent,  but  it  is  hot  a  story. 
Let  us  look  at  it  outwardly,  and  then  appraise 
its  inward  contents.  Take  it  for  what  some  may 
think  it  to  be,  and  it  wiU  yield  disappointment 
and  even  wrath.  Head  it  for  what  it  purports 
to  express  and  actually  is,  and  it  will  be  foimd 
to  have  hardly  a  peer  in  its  class  of  literature, 
and  probably  will  have  no  equal  or  successor 
for  many  years. 


Through  some  700  pages,  with  a  few  illustra^ 
tations  of  the  leading  promoters  of  or  actors 
in  the  great  drama,  and  what  is  virtually  a 
complete  portfolio  of  maps  and  plans  up  to  the 
Mukden  operations,  with  a  diary  of  the  war,  an 
order  of  battle  of  the  Russian  forces,  with  only 
a  paragraph  on  the  Japanese  system,  a  conspec- 
tus of  the  fleets  in  February  and  in  May  of 
1905,  and  a  capital  index,  we  have  chiefly 
crticism,  criticism,  criticism.  Day  by  day  as 
the  correspondent  saw  the  situation,  as  repre- 
sented by  one  railroad,  two  fleets,  two  armies,  so 
many  sabres,  bayonets,  and  guns,  with  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  power  of  both  the  Russian  and  the 
Japanese  stomach  to  consume  rations  and  of  the 
ability  of  hosts  of  war-locusts  to  devastate  the 
land,  we  have  pictures  in  words  and  diagrams  of 
what  is  more  like  a  game  of  chess  than  a  series 
of  events  and  episodes. 

Here  is  an  array  of  mathematical  units  rather 
than  of  human  beings.  There  is  no  blood  on 
these  pages ;  one  hears  no  cry  of  the  wounded, 
and  looks  into  no  ghastly  battle-trenches.  We 
find  rather  a  cold-blooded  and  for  the  most  part 
accurate  account  of  collisions  of  opposing  forces. 
He  who  wishes  to  leam  the  science  of  modem 
war  must  read  this  book.  One  word  tells  the 
story,  —  training.  One  word  dominates  the  situ- 
ation, — science.  One  word  links  initiative  with 
consummation  in  the  chain  of  success, — art. 
The  Japanese  have  never  let  up  for  an  instant 
during  the  past  decade.  They  wrested  the  secrets 
of  power  from  the  West,  a  whole  generation  ago, 
and  then  with  a  faculty  for  adaptation  amounting 
to  genius  they  made  the  art,  which  comes  from 
a  mastered  science  and  as  expressed  in  training, 
tell  at  every  point.  Continuous  victories,  a  hun- 
dred thousand  prisoners  against  two  thousand, 
the  conquest  of  disease  and  wounds  in  the  hos- 
pital even  more  than  supremacy  over  the  enemy 
in  battle,  and,  grandest  of  all,  seK-conquest  at 
the  treaty  council,  all  show  the  superiority  of 
the  Japanese. 

It  is  needless  to  go  into  the  details  of  this  book. 
The  author  dwells  on  the  outlook  for  either  side 
when  the  war  broke  out,  and  outlines  all  the 
movements  until  his  fiftieth  chapter  winds  up 
the  long  dithyramb  (we  call  it  so,  for  aU  glory  is 
ascribed  to  the  Mikado)  of  continuous  success 
with  the  appropriate  "  Nunc  Dimittis."  Just 
how  the  Russian  camel  could  not  get  through 
the  eye  of  the  Siberian  needle  is  the  negative 
proposition  herein  fxdly  explained.  But  lest  the 
reader  might  think  the  "  Times"  critic  has  no 
descriptive  power,  let  us  quote  from  the  author's 
view  of  the  blue- water  battle  of  mid- August: 


196 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


"  When  at  last  the  giants  [the  battleships]  came  out 
and  gave  battle,  the  other  classes  of  warships  resumed 
at  once  the  very  secondary  place  which  they  legitimately 
hold  in  fleet  action.  The  Russian  cruisers  fled  and  scat- 
tered. ...  It  was  superior  gunnery  and  rapid  accurate 
fire  that  decided  the  day.  Those  three  twelve-inch 
shells  that  struck  the  Tsarevitch,  within  a  few  minutes 
of  each  other,  wrecked  the  Russian  line  of  battle. 
The  flag-ship  was  no  longer  under  control,  and,  worse 
of  all,  the  death  of  Admiral  Vithoft  deprived  the  line 
of  guidance.  The  supremacy  of  the  gun,  and  of  the 
heaviest  gun  most  of  all,  becomes  overwhelmingly 
manifest." 

No  notice  of  this  book  would  be  just  that 
leaves  out  high  praise  of  the  forty  maps  and 
battle  plans  by  Mr.  Percy  Fisher.  While  critical 
knowledge  of  the  country  traversed  and  fought 
over  will  illuminate  the  masses  of  red  and  blue 
which  seem  to  move  over  the  brown  spaces  rep- 
resenting hills  and  the  white  representing  plains, 
with  the  black  threads  standing  for  rivers,  yet 
these  diagrams  are  superb  from  the  point  of 
view  of  one  who  knows  the  difficulty  of  making 
a  good  battle-plan.  The  maps  are  all  that 
could  be  desired.  For  its  special  purpose,  this 
book  is  of  unique  value. 

William  Elliot  Griffis. 


The  Old,  Uxtroubled  Pagan  World.* 

Under  the  title  "The  Greek  View  of  Life" 
Mr.  G.  Lowes  Dickinson  has  put  forth  a  sym- 
pathetic interpretation  for  which  he  deserves  the 
thanks  of  all  readers  who  believe  in  the  desira- 
bility of  an  historical  basis  for  the  pursuit  of  the 
things  that  are  more  excellent.  "  The  following 
pages  are  intended  to  serve  as  a  general  introduc- 
tion to  Greek  literature  and  thought,  for  those 
primarily  who  do  not  know  Greek"  is  the  open- 
ing of  a  modest  preface  to  a  well-balanced  and 
well- written  book  from  the  hands  of  a  competent 
author.  It  is  true  that  Mr.  Dickinson  is  an 
avowed  philhellene,  who  believes  that  Greek  cul- 
ture "  is  still,  as  it  has  been  in  the  past,  the  most 
valuable  element  of  a  liberal  education,"  and 
has  been  both  acclaimed  and  derided  as  an  apos- 
tle of  the  neo-Paganism  about  which  we  have 
heard  so  much  of  late.  It  is  to  him  that  Mr. 
Gilbert  Chesterton  devotes  his  essay  on  "  Pagan- 
ism"—  perhaps  the  most  meteoric  flight  of 
brilliant  pertness  in  the  "Heretics"  volume, — 
speaking  of  him  as "  the  most  pregnant  and 
provocative  of  recent  writers  on  this  and  similar 
subjects,"  and  arraigning  him  as  the  mislead- 
ing advocate  of  a  return   to  a  misunderstood 

•The  Gbeek  View  of  Life.  By  G.  Lowes  Dickinson,  M.A. 
New  York :  McClure,  Phillips  &  Co. 


Paganism.  In  the  present  work,  however,  Mr. 
Dickinson  must  appear  to  a  fair  critic  not  as  a 
partisan  but  as  a  sane  and  able  interpreter  with 
a  pardonable  dash  of  enthusiasm. 

The  book  has  five  chapters,  —  (I.)  The  Greek 
View  of  Keligion,  (H.)  The  Greek  View  of  the 
State,  (III.)  The  Greek  View  of  the  Individual, 
(IV.)  The  Greek  View  of  Art,  (V.)  Conclu- 
sion. Each  chapter  has  its  divisions  carefully 
planned  and  succinctly  treated,  and  concludes 
with  a  usefid  summary.  In  this  way  the  author 
touches  most  topics  of  importance.  But  one 
omission  is  immediately  noticed  and  regretted : 
there  is  no  adequate  or  consecutive  presentation 
of  the  Greek  love  of  knowledge.  This  formed 
the  subject  of  the  third,  I  think,  of  Dr.  Butcher's 
recent  Harvard  lectures;  and  readers  of  The 
Dial  wiU  recaU  also  Mr.  Percy  F.  BickneU's 
article  on  "The  Greek  Love  of  Detail"  (Oct. 
16,  1905).  "The  Greeks  are  ever  children," 
said  Herodotus,  —  anticipating  Dr.  Stanley 
Hall's  declaration  that  the  Greeks  represent  the 
"eternally  adolescent,"  but  wording  it  rather 
better, —  and  they  went  about  with  the  open 
eyes  of  bright  children  questioning  everything 
and  everybody  merely  for  the  sake  of  knowing ; 
and  many  of  their  questions  are  still  on  our  lips. 
However,  Mr.  Dickinson  doubtless  felt  the  limi- 
tations of  space,  and  on  the  whole  has  used  his 
two  hundred  and  thirty-three  pages  admirably. 

The  world  to  which  the  author  invites  our 
attention  is  the  "old,  untroubled,  pagan  world 
of  beauty,"  and  herein  he  manifests  the  same 
spirit  with  which  he  pleaded  so  winningly  for  the 
substance  against  the  shadow  in  his  remarkable 
"  Letters  of  a  Chinese  Official,"  who,  by  the  way, 
has  many  strange  points  of  resemblance  to  an 
Athenian  gentleman.  In  this  world,  if  we  may 
trust  our  interpreter,  harmony  was  the  truth  of 
all  existence ;  the  claims  of  the  State,  of  art, 
of  religion,  and  of  the  individual  with  his  human 
cravings,  claims  which  clash  and  clang  in  such 
disheartening  discord  to-day,  were  more  nearly 
harmonized  in  ancient  Greece  than  in  the  history 
of  any  other  land.  That  the  harmony  was  in- 
complete even  in  that  golden  age  our  author  is 
too  intelligent  to  deny  and  too  honest  to  dis- 
semble. One  finds  now  and  then  a  Greek  coin 
on  which  a  glorious  obverse  is  joined  to  an  un- 
sightly reverse,  and  Mr.  Dickinson  in  displaying 
the  latter  exhibits  an  honesty  that  wins  at  once 
our  respect  and  our  confidence.  In  the  sec- 
tions, for  instance,  dealing  with  the  Greek  view 
of  woman  he  does  not  blink  the  fact  that  the 
attitude  of  the  Periclean  or  the  Demosthenic  age 
is  strikingly  suggestive  of  Japan  in  its  less  at- 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


197 


tractive  phases.  Again,  in  the  paragraphs  on 
the  Greek  view  of  the  State  his  devotion  to  his 
land  of  charm  does  not  prevent  him  from  giv- 
ing an  adequate  treatment  of  the  faction  and 
anarchy  so  rampant  in  Greek  politics.  Orange 
and  Green  in  Ireland's  most  pugnacious  days 
were  doves  of  peace  compared  to  Democrat  and 
Aristocrat  in  many  cities  of  Greece.  What 
Athens  represents  to  him  is  sho^vn  by  this  sen- 
tence :  "  All  the  beauty,  all  the  grace,  all  the 
joy  of  Greece  ;  all  that  chains  the  desire  of  man- 
kind, with  a  yearning  that  is  never  stilled,  to 
that  one  golden  moment  in  the  past,  whose  fair 
and  balanced  interplay  of  perfect  flesh  and 
sold  no  later  gains  of  thought  can  compensate, 
centres  about  that  bright  and  stately  city  of 
romance,  the  home  of  Pericles  and  all  the 
arts,  whence  from  generation  to  generation  has 
streamed  upon  ages  less  illustrious  an  influence 
at  once  the  sanest  and  the  most  inspired  of  all 
that  have  shaped  the  secular  history  of  the 
world."  And  yet  in  the  same  section  he  teUs 
us  that  "  this  democracy  dissolved  into  an  an- 
archy of  individuals,  drawn  deeper  and  deeper, 
in  pursuit  of  mean  and  egotistic  ends,  into  po- 
litical fraud  and  commercial  chicanery."  Hon- 
esty of  presentation  could  go  no  further. 

The  sentence  quoted  above  in  laudation  of 
Athens  will  serve  as  an  illustration  of  the  "  par- 
donable dash  of  enthusiasm "  in  our  author. 
Only  once  or  twice  does  this  enthusiasm  draw 
near  the  borderland  of  extravagance  ;  but  even 
the  warmest  admirer  of  Greek  plastic  art  will 
read  the  following  passage  slowly  before  yielding 
his  approval :  "  Their  mere  household  crockery, 
their  common  pots  and  pans,  are  cast  in  shapes 
so  exquisitely  graceful,  and  painted  in  designs 
so  atlmirably  drawn  and  composed,  that  any  one 
of  them  has  a  higher  artistic  value  than  the  whole 
contents  of  the  Royal  Academy ;  and  the  little 
clay  figures  they  used  as  we  do  china  ornaments 
put  to  shame  the  most  ambitious  efforts  of  mod- 
em sculpture.  Who,  for  example,  would  not 
rather  look  at  a  Tanagra  statuette  than  at  the 
equestrian  statue  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington  ?  " 
But  after  all,  has  not  William  Morris  stood 
champion  for  the  lesser  crafts,  for  the  beauty  of 
the  web,  the  cup,  or  the  knife,  telling  us  how  all 
the  arts  hang  together,  and  summoning  us  to 
f  oUow  the  goddess  to  the  kitchen  as  well  as  to  the 
art  gallery  ?  That  the  Greeks  "  were  artists 
through  and  through,  quite  apart  from  any  the- 
ories they  may  have  held,"  we  are  not  allowed 
to  forget  at  any  point  in  the  chapter  on  Art,  in 
which  the  sections  dealing  with  the  Greek  iden- 
tification of  the  aesthetic  and  ethical  points  of 


view  and  with  music  and  the  dance  will  be  f  oimd 
particularly  fruitful  for  the  reader  not  thoroughly 
at  home  in  Greek  life  and  thought. 

It  is  really  difficult  to  take  leave  of  our  Cam- 
bridge essayist,  and  one  would  like  to  speak  of 
many  things,  —  of  his  style,  for  instance,  now 
and  then  deepening  to  the  genuine  Tyrian  hue, 
but  never  patchy  ;  of  his  quiet  literary  appreci- 
ation ;  of  his  little  touch  of  rather  lovable  pes- 
simism as  he  dwells  on  his  theme  with  the 
thought  that  "no  perfection  of  life  delivers 
from  death";  of  his  realization  that  the  Greek 
view  of  death  and  a  future  life  breathes  but 
little  consolation.  "  The  fear  of  age  and  death 
is  the  shadow  of  the  love  of  life  ;  and  on  no  peo- 
ple has  it  fallen  with  more  horror  than  on  the 
Greeks.  The  tenderest  of  their  songs  of  love 
close  with  a  sob,  and  it  is  an  autumn  wind  that 
rustles  in  their  bowers  of  spring."  These  and 
many  other  topics  insist  on  presenting  them- 
selves ;  but  they  must  be  left  for  the  many 
readers  that  this  excellent  book  deserves  to  find. 
"  The  Greek  View  of  Life"  ought  to  stimidate 
a  real  interest  in  a  period  that  invariably  fasci- 
nates our  eyes  if  we  we  will  turn  them  but  once 
to  "  the  fairest  and  happiest  halting-place  in  the 
secular  march  of  men." 

The  material  book  presents  a  pleasing  appear- 
ance, and  is  of  convenient  size.  The  printed  page 
is  legible,  and  there  is  comparative  freedom 
from  typographical  slips,  although  on  page  122 
the  substitution  of  as  for  at  is  very  irritating, 
particularly  in  a  third  edition.  In  these  days 
of  "  eye-mindedness  "and the  constant  purveying 
thereto,  Mr.  Dickinson  and  his  publishers  are 
to  be  commended  for  resisting  the  temptation 
to  improve  his  little  work  with  illustrations. 
F.  B.  R.  Hellems. 


Brtefs  ox  N'ew  Books. 

It  must  seem  strange  to  the  general 
Auitraiiaand  reader  to  find  volumes  on  Australia 
the  Philippines,  ^jj^  t^g  Philippine  Islands  included 
in  the  "Asiatic  Neighbors"  series  ( Putnam),  even 
though  the  native  stock  of  the  Philippines  is  Ma- 
layan, the  typical  brown  man  of  the  Asiatic  seas  and 
their  confines.  Australia  has  been  an  English  colony 
since  1788,  and  the  Philippines  were  Spanish  colo- 
nial possessions  for  more  than  three  centimes  before 
becoming  subject  to  American  influence.  Both  have 
been  more  closely  related  to  Europe  than  to  Asia, 
though  nearer  to  Asiatic  than  to  European  coasts. 
However,  one  ought  not  to  be  captious  about  the 
series  in  which  such  admirable  books  as  the  present 
ones  are  included.  In  "Australian  Life  in  Town 
and  Coimtry,"  Mr.  E.  C.  Buley,  an  Australian  by 


198 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


birth  as  well  as  by  other  ties,  exhibits  Australia  as  a 
continent,  not  only  in  the  extent  of  its  territory  (three 
million  square  miles  >,  but  in  comprising  a  number 
of  states,  with  a  goodly  amount  of  mutual  jealousy, 
though  united  under  a  Federal  Constitution ;  having 
several  important  cities,  though  its  entire  population 
is  little  more  than  half  that  of  the  city  of  London ; 
maintaining  relations  with  England  somewhat  re- 
moved from  the  conventional  love  for  "the  dear  old 
Mother  Country";  and  having  some  aspirations  after 
national  life,  fostered  by  the  "Australian  Natives' 
Association."  He  does  not  recognize  Botany  Bay  or 
the  penal  settlement  as  having  influenced  the  life  and 
development  of  the  continent.  A  convict  settlement 
was  no  part  of  the  plan  of  the  early  advocates  of  colo- 
nization in  Australia,  though  the  26th  of  January, 
the  date  when  Captain  Phillip  landed,  in  1788,  at 
Port  Jackson  with  the  first  load  of  convicts,  is  now 
annually  observed  by  Australians  as  ''Anniversary 
Day."  The  real  development  of  Australia  began 
with  Captain  John  MacArthur,  who,  with  sure  in- 
stinct in  agricultural  and  pastoral  matters,  seems  to 
have  grasped  the  possibilities  of  the  Australian  con- 
tinent immediately  upon  his  arrival.  The  pastoral 
industry  which  he  introduced  led  to  exploration  and 
the  development  of  various  branches  of  agriculture. 
Gold  was  discovered  in  1851 ;  but  the  greatest  factor 
in  the  development  of  the  resources  of  the  country 
was  the  experiment  in  the  ocean  carriage  of  perish- 
able produce,  by  which  in  one  year  Australia  sold 
one  hundred  millions  worth  of  produce  in  excess  of 
her  purchases.  The  book  deals  most  entertainingly 
with  Australian  life,  and  is  well  illustrated.  —  Mr. 
James  A.  Le  Roy's  "  Philippine  Life  in  Town  and 
Country "  differs  in  style  from  the  other  volumes  of 
the  series,  and  has  many  advantages  over  the  vast 
number  of  books  upon  the  Philippines  which  have 
appeared  in  the  English  language  since  1898.  It 
was  found  impossible  for  the  author  to  divide  the 
life  of  the  Philippines,  as  he  has  seen  it,  into  urban 
and  rural.  Mr.  Le  Roy  is  qualified  to  write  of  the 
Philippines,  both  by  a  previous  experience  with  the 
Spanish  Americans,  and  by  virtue  of  his  connection 
with  the  United  States  Philippine  Commission  dwc- 
ing  the  establishment  of  civil  government  in  the 
islands.  Yet  he  writes  with  no  intention  of  main- 
taining any  particular  theory,  or  of  supporting  any 
policy  with  regard  to  the  "  Philippine  question  "  which 
enters  so  largely  into  the  politics  of  our  country  to- 
day. In  his  pictures  of  the  life  of  the  "  Filipinos " 
(whom  he  defines  as  the  Christianized  inhabitants 
of  the  islands  as  distinct  from  the  Moros  or  Moham- 
medan Malays  of  the  southern  regions),  he  quotes 
largely  from  the  novels  of  Jos^  Rizal,  a  native  lit^ 
terateur  and  political  martyr.  Some  entirely  new 
photographs  of  scenes  in  the  islands  illustrate  the 

volume.  

Mecordsofa  ^he  goodly  size  of  Mr.  Edmund 
naturalist  in  Selous's  volume  called  "  The  Bird 
the  Shetland,.  Watcher  in  the  Shetlands"  (Dutton) 
is  a  temptation  to  the  uninitiated  to  ask  what  there 
is  in  that  barren  region  to  write  so  much  about.     But 


whoever  gives  himself  the  pleasure  of  letting  Mr. 
Selous  tell  him  will  straightway  be  ashamed  of  his 
skepticism.  In  the  first  place  the  author  is  convinc- 
ingly in  love  with  his  subject  —  even  with  those 
"desolate  and  wind-swept  isles"  where  November 
comes  in  August,  and  the  sea  never  sleeps.  "  Would 
God  my  home  were  here,"  he  exclaims,  "that  I  might 
make  a  life-long  and  continuous  study  of  the  wild 
sea-bird  life  about  me  !  "  —  and  he  adds,  "  Oh,  is  there 
anything  in  life  more  piquant  (if  you  care  about  it) 
than  to  lie  on  the  summit  of  a  beetling  cliff,  and 
watch  the  breeding  sea-fowl  on  the  ledges  below ! " 
Contagious  as  this  enthusiasm  is,  however,  it  is  the 
excellence  of  his  watching  that  gives  the  greatest 
value  to  his  book.  Mr.  Selous  believes  with  Darwin 
that  "  every  creature  is  ready  to  alter  his  habits,  as 
the  opportunity  arises,  and  the  greater  number  of 
them  are,  in  some  way  or  another,  always  in  process 
of  doing  so."  Consequently  his  observations,  always 
patient,  loving,  and  interesting,  often  have  a  further 
point  in  recording  variations  from  accepted  for- 
mulae. Many  of  these  discoveries  seem  insignificant ; 
others,  it  is  more  than  likely,  may  lead  the  way  to 
important  results.  In  any  event,  the  definiteness  of 
the  records  is  delightful.  The  coloring  of  the  Arctic 
skua,  fifteen  variations  of  which  are  carefully  dis- 
tinguished ;  the  cuddling  of  the  guillemot  chick  under 
its  mother's  wing;  the  flight  of  the  fulmar  petrel 
which  "suggests  a  soul,"  while  other  birds  are  only 
bodies ;  the  sporting  of  a  young  seal  with  a  spar  of 
wood  (for  the  sub-title  of  the  book  promises  "some 
notes  on  seals");  and  the  manners  of  "Falstaff,"  the 
big  seal  who  "  expatiates  "  luxuriously  upon  his  rock 
"  with  such  great  yawns,  such  stretchings,  heavings, 
and  throwings  back  of  the  head,  with  supple  curv- 
ings  of  the  neck  ! "  —  all  these  and  more  are  vivid 
enough  to  the  reader  to  become  an  appreciable  part 
of  life.  The  fine  scorn  of  civilization  on  which 
they  are  embossed  adds  further  zest  to  them.  "To 
me,"  Mr.  Selous  says,  "  a  live  snake  is  much  more 
interesting  than  a  live  man  or  woman."  He  clings 
to  this  preference  good-naturedly,  amusingly,  until 
he  speaks  of  the  cruelty  of  men  to  animals ;  then 
his  scorn  bites  and  stings.  "  They  conquer,  these 
Philistines,  and  the  finer-touched  spirit  lies  bleeding 
and  suffering  beneath  them.  —  I  say  that  the  '  pale 
Galilean '  has  not  conquered  here,  but  that  Thor  has, 
though  often  in  his  rival's  name."  The  only  real 
fault  of  the  book  —  unless  account  is  taken  of  some 
obvious  inaccuracies  of  style  —  lies  in  the  illustra- 
tions, which  are  taken  from  drawings  altogether  too 
much  "  made  up,"  instead  of  from  photographs,  as 
any  American  is  bound  to  think  they  should  have 

been.  

The  task  of  collating  and  editing  the 
abundant  materials  existing  for  an 
adequate  history  of  Trinity  Parish  in 
the  city  of  New  York,  undertaken  by  the  Rev.  Mor- 
gan Dix,S.T.D.,D.C.L.,  ninth  rector  of  said  parish, 
bore  its  first  fruit  in  1898,  in  a  large  and  handsome 
volume  setting  forth  the  history  of  the  parish  from 
1686  to  the  close  of  the  rectorship  of  Dr.  Inglis  in 


A  famous 
Bishop  and 
his  work. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAI. 


199 


1783.  That  volume  was  somewhat  fully  reviewed 
in  these  columns  at  the  time  of  its  publication,  as 
the  history  of  Trinity  Church  during  the  period  cov- 
ered was  to  a  large  extent  the  history  of  New  York 
City  and  province,  and  of  far  wider  than  merely 
parochial  interest.  After  an  interval  of  three  years, 
a  second  volume  appeared,  bringing  the  history  down 
to  the  close  of  Dr.  Moore's  rectorship  in  1816.  This 
volume  also  received  due  notice  in  these  columns. 
It  was  then  supposed  that  a  third  volume  would  suf- 
fice to  cover  the  rectorial  terms  of  Dr.  Hobart  and 
Dr.  Berrian,  the  seventh  and  eighth  rectors,  and  to 
conclude  the  labors  of  Dr  Dix  as  editor.  The  third 
volume  which  now  appears  (Putnam)  but  partially 
fulfils  the  expectation  of  the  completion  of  the  history, 
principally  because  of  the  discovery  of  a  large  mass 
of  letters  containing  so  much  of  interest  and  of  im- 
portance in  the  history  of  Trinity  Parish  as  to  de- 
mand considerable  attention.  This  volume  is  there- 
fore devoted  to  the  rectorship  of  Dr.  Hobart  to  the 
year  1830 ;  and  a  fourth  volume  will  be  required  to 
treat  of  the  rectorate  of  Dr.  Berrian.  John  Henry 
Hobart  was  a  man  of  great  prominence  in  his  day. 
He  was  a  native  of  Philadelphia,  in  which  city  he 
began  his  ministry.  He  was  but  a  short  time  settled 
over  churches  in  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey,  and 
Hempstead,  Long  Island,  before  he  was  elected  an 
assistant  rector  in  Trinity  Church,  New  York,  in 
1800.  He  became  Secretary  of  the  Diocese  of  New 
York,  and  was  some  time  Secretary  of  the  House  of 
Deputies  of  the  General  Convention.  When  con- 
secrated Assistant  Bishop  of  New  York  in  1811. 
there  were  but  six  bishops  of  the  Episcopal  Church 
in  America.  In  1816,  by  the  death  of  Bishop  Moore, 
he  became  Bishop  of  the  Diocese,  and  the  same  year 
was  elected  rector  of  Trinity  Church.  His  relations 
to  Trinity  Church  by  no  means  restricted  the  sphere 
of  his  influence.  He  was  temporarily  in  charge  of 
the  Dioceses  of  Connecticut  and  New  Jersey,  and 
had  the  general  oversight  of  the  church  in  the  West- 
ern Reserve.  He  was  influential  in  the  establish- 
ment of  the  General  Theological  Seminary  of 
Geneva  (now  Hobart)  College,  and  of  the  Church 
press  in  this  country.  He  carried  the  gospel  to  the 
Oneida  Indians,  and  awakened  the  Church  to  the 
needs  of  missionary  efforts  in  what  was  then  con- 
sidered the  far  West.  He  was  a  man  of  strong 
convictions,  and  the  phrases  "the  Gospel  in  the 
Church "  and  *'  Evangelical  Truth  and  Apostolic 
Order  "  are  associated  with  his  name.  He  was  some- 
what of  a  controversialist,  and  one  of  his  opponents 
in  a  once  famous  controversy  was  so  impressed  with 
his  ability  that  he  declared,  "  Were  I  compelled  to 
entrust  the  safety  of  my  country  to  any  one  man, 
that  man  should  be  John  Henry  Hobart."  The 
editor  of  the  history  of  Trinity  Parish  has  wisely 
embraced  the  opportunity  afforded  by  the  connection 
of  such  a  man  with  that  important  parish,  to  publish 
a  careful  selection  from  the  more  than  three  thou- 
sand letters  known  as  the  "  Hobart  Correspondence." 
So  far  from  this  giving  to  the  present  volume  the 
character  of  a  personal  memoir  of  the  famous  Bishop, 


it  is  a  valuable  contribution  to  the  history  of  the 
Diocese  of  New  York,  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church,  and  of  the  times  in  which  Hobart  lived  ;  and 
it  gives  to  the  third  volume  of  this  series  an  inter- 
est like  that  of  the  first  and  second  volumes,  far 
wider  than  the  limits  of  a  parish,  albeit  the  largest 
and  most  influential  parish  in  the  land. 


Umbria  and  iu  ^he  past  year  has  produced  a  remark- 
foremost  figure,  able  number  of  books  about  the 
Saint  FrancU.  g^all  but  fascinating  region  of  Italy 
known  as  Umbria,  and  about  Umbria's  foremost 
fig^e,  St.  Francis.  Two  late  additions  to  the  list 
are  Miss  Emma  G.  Salter's  "  Franciscan  Legends  in 
Italian  Art"  (Dutton),  and  Mr.  Edward  Hutton's 
"The  Cities  of  Umbria"  (Dutton).  The  distin- 
guishing feature  of  the  former  work  is  its  very  com- 
plete classified  lists  of  everything  in  art  connected 
with  the  life  of  St.  Francis,  even  those  pictures  and 
statues  which,  though  not  great  as  works  of  art,  are 
yet  extremely  interesting  to  Franciscan  students. 
Pictures  of  the  saint  began  to  be  made  as  early  as 
the  thirteenth  century,  and  are  usually  to  be  found 
in  rather  out-of-the-way  places,  such  as  Greccio, 
Subiaco,  Pescia,  etc.  Not  the  least  valuable  por- 
tions of  Miss  Salter's  book  are  the  few  pages  of 
"  Practical  Hints "  for  the  traveller,  showing  him 
how  to  reach  these  places.  An  opportunity  is  often 
missed  by  the  traveller,  even  when  close  at  hand, 
because  of  the  lack  of  just  such  practical  knowledge 
as  this.  Tradition  says  that  the  Greccio  picture  was 
painted  from  life  for  a  friend ;  but  whether  it  was 
or  not,  the  type  of  face  of  St.  Francis,  his  dress 
and  symbols,  make  him  one  of  the  most  easily  recog- 
nizable figures  in  Italian  art.  As  frontispiece  to 
this  volume,  the  author  has  selected  Raphael's  repre- 
sentation from  the  left-hand  corner  of  his  famous 
Madonna  di  Foligno  in  the  Vatican  Gallery  at 
Rome.  —  Mr.  Hutton  divides  his  book  into  three 
parts  :  "  Impressions  of  the  Cities  of  Umbria,"  "  The 
Umbrian  School  of  Painting, "  and  "Umbria  Mystica." 
How  thoroughly  the  author  is  under  the  speU  that 
affects  all  who  dwell  long  enough  in  Umbria,  may  be 
judged  from  such  a  passage  as  this,  from  the  chapter 
on  Spoleto  :  "  I  came  to  her  in  an  evil  mood,  hating 
my  f eUow-men  and  especially  the  tourist ;  I  left  her 
after  a  long  time,  refreshed  and  rested,  at  peace  with 
all  men,  having  understood  her  beauty  and  her  joy. 
.  .  .  Climb  up  to  the  great  Roman  aqueduct  that 
spans  the  profound  ravine  which  isolates  Spoleto  on 
her  round  hill,  and  at  evening  look  across  the  val- 
leys to  the  hUls  and  the  mountains ;  that  luminous 
softness,  a  delicacy  so  magical  that  you  had  thought 
only  the  genius  of  Raphael  or  Perugino  could  im- 
agine and  express  it,  is  just  reality."  In  the  division 
devoted  to  Umbrian  painting,  the  author  has  well 
characterized  its  profound  and  delightful  sentiment 
as  distinguished  from  the  intellectual  travail  of  the 
Florentines  or  the  magnificent  acceptance  of  life  of 
the  Venetians.  In  "Umbria  Mystica,"  St.  Francis 
is  of  coiu^e  the  chief  figure,  though  Joachim  di  Flore, 
St.  Clare,  Brother  Bernard,  and  Brother  Elias  are 


200 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


Hie  civic 
awakening  in 
America. 


treated  also.  Sabatier's  monumental  work  on  St. 
Francis  is  criticized  as  showing  limitations  due  to 
the  fact  that  this  biographer  is  a  Frenchman  and 
not  a  Catholic.  Of  the  thirty-two  illustrations  in  this 
volume,  twenty  are  in  color,  and  are  of  great  beauty. 
Taking  both  matter  and  manner  into  consideration, 
Mr.  Button's  book  is  perhaps  the  most  exhaustive 
and  attractive  of  the  long  list  of  Umbrian  books  of 

the  past  year.         

Refreshingly  interesting  is  Professor 
Charles  Zueblin's  little  volume  en- 
titled "A  Decade  of  Civic  Develop- 
ment" (University  of  Chicago  Press),  consisting  of 
nine  essays  reprinted  from  "  The  Chautauquan,"  and 
in  a  way  a  supplement  to  the  author's  "  American 
Municipal  Progress  "  published  some  years  ago.  In 
content  the  book  is  a  record  of  civic  development 
and  progress  in  the  United  States  during  the  past 
ten  years,  with  suggestions  for  many  new  lines  of 
improvement.  The  spirit  of  optimism  pervades  the 
entire  work,  and  certainly  the  facts  which  Professor 
Zueblin  marshals  abundantly  prove  his  thesis  that 
American  cities  are  rapidly  becoming  more  attrac- 
tive and  fit  for  the  homes  of  the  millions.  The 
agencies  which  are  contributing  to  the  civic  trans- 
formation are  social  settlements,  university  extension 
schemes,  free  lecture  courses,  municipal  art  societies, 
recreation  schools,  movements  for  the  establishment 
of  parks,  playgrounds,  and  free  libraries,  and  vari- 
ous municipal  and  private  organizations.  We  are 
now  entering  upon  a  period  of  "  civic  awakening," 
he  says  ;  a  new  "civic  spirit"  is  spreading  as  never 
before,  and  a  new  conception  of  public  responsibility 
is  taking  possession  of  the  minds  of  the  people  who 
dwell  in  cities.  The  duty  of  training  the  citizen 
for  life  in  a  democracy  is  also  coming  to  be  more 
generally  appreciated,  and  as  a  result  many  semi- 
educational  movements  are  now  contributing  to  the 
development  of  higher  civic  ideals.  With  increasing 
prosperity  have  come  leisure  and  culture,  and  these 
in  turn  have  conduced  to  social  and  municipal  re- 
form. Less  attention  is  being  given  to  political 
methods  and  machinery,  and  more  to  municipal 
improvements.  The  housing  of  the  people,  the 
adornment  and  beautification  of  the  streets  with 
monuments  and  fountains,  the  creation  of  archi- 
tectural unity,  and  the  laying  out  of  new  parks  are 
some  of  the  problems  to  which  the  "new  spirit" 
has  given  rise.  Professor  Zueblin's  account  of  the 
"remaking"  of  Chicago,  Harrisburg,  Boston,  New 
York,  and  Washington  is  a  record  of  municipal 
progress  which  no  one  can  read  without  a  sense  of 
civic  pride  and  a  feeling  of  hope  for  the  future. 
Deplorable  as  is  the  condition  of  many  cities,  says 
the  author,  the  record  of  progress  in  the  decade  is  a 
proud  one,  and  compels  the  belief  that  the  cities 

will  be  redeemed. 

"It  is  said  that  a  man  must  needs 
build  three  houses  before  he  will 
have  one  to  suit  him,"  remarks  Mr. 
Charles  Edward  Hooper  in  the  preface  to  his  volume 
about  "The  Cotmtry  House"  (Doubleday,  Page  & 


27ie  countrv 
house  and  how 
to  build  it. 


Co.).  The  book  is  an  attempt  to  save  the  would-be 
builder  from  such  expensive  and  annoying  prelim- 
inaries by  giving  him  a  clear  idea  both  of  the  diffi- 
culties he  should  avoid  and  the  beauties  he  may 
attain  to.  Mr.  Hooper  begins  by  giving  special 
advice  about  the  choice  of  a  site.  General  consider- 
ations governing  the  selection  of  the  plan  are  next 
discussed,  and  there  is  a  detailed  account  of  the 
proper  way  of  putting  up  a  house  under  varying 
conditions,  and  of  finishing  it  outside  and  in.  Next 
Mr.  Hooper  turns  his  attention  to  details,  such  as 
doors,  windows,  and  fire-places.  He  has  something 
to  say  about  each  room  in  the  house,  making  endless 
suggestions  for  variety  of  treatment.  Next  he 
attacks  the  problems  of  heating,  lighting,  ventilation, 
and  plumbing.  A  chapter  on  "  Water-Supply  and 
Drainage"  discusses  these  important  matters  from 
a  practical  point  of  view,  and  also  considers  various 
artistic  disguises  for  wells  and  wind-mills.  Out- 
buildings, gate-ways,  and  the  garden  with  its  acces- 
sories are  all  duly  considered.  There  are  specimen 
contracts  for  the  enlightenment  of  the  inexperienced 
builder,  and  any  details  not  previously  disposed  of 
are  brought  together  in  a  final  chapter  entitled 
"  Hints."  Prices  and  architects'  names  are  attached 
to  most  of  the  illustrations,  thus  adding  to  their 
practical  value.  JEsthetically,  the  illustrations  are 
of  course  a  decided  feature.  There  are  a  great 
many  of  them,  and  the  photographer,  Mr.  E.  E. 
Loderholtz,  has  shown  skill  in  treating  his  subjects 
in  such  a  way  that  the  points  of  the  text  are  always 
made  clear  without  sacrificing  the  beauty  of  the 
pictures.  To  people  who  are  not  looking  forward 
to  building  a  country  home,  Mr.  Hooper's  book  will 
be  interesting  as  showing  what  has  been  done  in  that 
direction  in  America;  in  the  end  it  will  probably 
inspire  them  with  a  great  desire  to  carry  out  some 
of  Mr.  Hooper's  suggestions.  Intending  builders 
cannot  fail  to  profit  by  reading  the  book,  —  except 
in  one  respect :  it  offers  so  many  enticing  hints  for 
elaborating  and  beautifying  the  house  and  grounds 
in  unusual  ways  that,  though  the  house  when  built 
may  exactly  suit  its  owner,  it  will  probably  cost  him 
a  good  deal  more  than  it  would  before  he  realized 
the  full  possibilities  of  "  The  Country  House." 

Observations  of  The  bright  talk  of  a  witty  and  observ- 
an  English  .  tj    i       -ji  p 

husband's  ^^^  woman,  gitted  With  a  sense  oi 

American  wife,  humor,  is  always  worth  listening  to; 
and  even  when  it  is  addressed  to  the  general  public 
through  the  medium  of  print,  it  need  lose  little  or 
none  of  its  fine  quality.  Mrs.  John  Lane's  "The 
Champagne  Standard "  (John  Lane  Co. )  treats 
lightly  and  briskly  of  her  domestic  and  society  expe- 
riences upon  removing,  as  she  and  her  husband 
recently  did,  from  New  York  to  London.  The  ser- 
vant problem,  domestic  architectxu'e,  the  fight  with 
London  smoke  and  smut,  the  hide-bound  conserva- 
tism of  our  English  cousins,  and  various  other  topics 
suggested  by  her  new  surroundings,  are  handled  in 
an  entertaining  and  often  amusing  manner.  The 
reader  may  perhaps  wonder,  on  reading  Mrs.  Lane's 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


201 


Iliad  of  domestic  woes,  why  this  energetic  New 
England  woman  (  she  appears  to  be  Boston-bred )  sub- 
mitted to  such  martyrdom  at  the  hands  of  her  bond- 
women. With  a  family  of  two  only,  why  not  assert 
one's  American  independence,  dismiss  the  retinue  of 
supercilious  and  at  the  same  time  sycophantic  serving- 
folk,  and  enjoy  the  dignity  and  freedom  of  one's  God- 
given  self-sufficiency  —  even  at  the  risk  of  British 
stares  and  frowns  ?  The  chain  that  fetters  the  slave 
at  one  end  is  bound  to  the  master  at  the  other.  Oidy 
those  worries  fret  us  for  which  we  have  an  affinity. 
Nothing  but  our  own  can  come  to  us.  ]SIrs.  Lane 
is  worthy  of  better  things  than  kitchen  squabbles,  as 
her  pen  has  already  proved.  Of  things  one  might 
criticize,  if  critically  inclined,  are  Mrs.  Lane's  asser- 
tion that  "  the  days  have  passed  in  America  for  the 
making  of  sudden  and  great  fortunes,"  her  calling 
the  whale  a  fish,  and  speaking  of  "  a  protoplasm  "  as 
if  it  were  a  form  of  animal  or  vegetable  life,  her 
occasional  use  (despite  her  Boston  training)  of  wiU 
for  shall  and  of  would  for  should,  and  her  indulgence 
in  such  looseness  of  sentence-structure  as  this, —  "  It 
is,  therefore,  rather  startling,  as  a  blushing  stranger, 
to  see  the  loving  couples  that  emerge  out  of  the  leafy 
paths  of  Kensington  Glarden.  .  .  ."  On  the  other 
hand,  we  must  commend  her  freedom  from  Anglo- 
mania, and  her  censure  of  such  follies  of  English 
conservatism  as  the  insistence  that  no  woman,  how- 
ever old,  shall  be  considered  fully  dressed  unless  she 
be  entirely  undressed  as  to  neck  and  shoulders. 
With  the  passing  of  good  Queen  Victoria,  let  this 
particular  item  of  court  usage,  so  dear  to  her  other- 
wise compassionate  heart,  pass  also,  and  let  the 
shivering  shoulders  be  clothed. 

When  the  great  Italian  scholar,  Pro- 
IS^ZH^tgo."      lessor    Ettore    Pais,    published    his 

Roman  History,  about  seven  years 
ago,  the  world  of  classical  scholarship  experienced 
a  profound  and  somewhat  unpleasant  sensation.  The 
Storia  di  Roma  is  primarily  a  criticism  of  the 
earlier  sources ;  and  after  the  author  has  thoroughly 
sifted  them,  practically  nothing  remains.  Every- 
thing handed  down  from  the  regal  period,  with  most 
of  what  is  credited  to  the  first  century  of  the  repub- 
lic, is  swept  into  the  rubbish-heap  of  historic  myth 
and  legend.  It  is  readily  seen  that  a  work  of  such 
a  destructive  character  would  encounter  hostile  criti- 
cism on  every  side.  But  the  unsympathetic  attitude 
of  conservative  scholars  seems  merely  to  have  spurred 
the  author  on  to  a  more  detailed  investigation  of  his 
subject ;  and  he  now  gives  us  what  seems  to  be  a 
reply  to  his  critics,  in  a  volume  of  about  three  hun- 
dred pages  bearing  the  title,  "  Ancient  Legends  of 
Roman  History"  (Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.).  The  vol- 
ume is  mainly  a  collection  of  essays,  "  special  and 
minute  demonstrations  of  subjects  already  succinctly 
treated  "  in  the  author's  earlier  work.  As  a  rule, 
each  chapter  is  devoted  to  the  examination  of  some 
well-known  tale,  such  as  the  story  of  Tarpeia  or  the 
legend  of  the  Horatii.  From  a  close  and  untiring 
study  of  the  most  diverse  sources,  —  myths,  ancient 


colts,  archaeological  remains,  etymological  data, 
classical  authors,  and  Roman  topography,  —  Profes- 
sor Pais  has  brought  together  a  mass  of  materials 
of  a  most  bewildering  character,  which  he  builds 
into  an  argument  that  seems  almost  irrefutable.  It 
will  be  found,  however,  that  in  many  instances  he 
claims  more  weight  for  his  evidence  than  his  critics 
are  likely  to  allow.  Throughout  the  work,  he  nudn- 
tains  his  earlier  negative  position;  but  he  also  tries 
to  give  his  studies  a  positive  value  by  attempting  to 
explain  how  the  myths  originated,  tracing  a  number 
of  them  back  to  Italian  worship.  "Lucretia  and 
Virginia,  in  origin  two  goddesses,  became  mere 
mortals ;  Vulcan  was  changed  into  the  lame  and 
one-eyed  Horatius  Codes ;  .  .  .  the  god  Minucius 
was  transformed  into  a  tribxme  of  the  people."  Such 
conclusions  are  not  likely  to  be  accepted  without  dis- 
pute, although  most  who  read  them  will  agree  that 
every  chapter  is  the  work  of  a  master.  The  English 
version  is  by  the  author's  countryman,  Mario  E. 
Cosenza.  While  in  the  main  satisfactory,  it  fre- 
quently lacks  in  point  of  clearness,  the  involved 
parenthetical  structure  of  the  sentences  making  it 
difficult  at  times  to  follow  the  author's  arg^ument. 

A  book  of  •^'  '^^^'1^'  Symons's  prose  work  is 

inuiginarv  always  strikingly  individual.    Indeed 

portrait*.  g^  little  kinship  has  it  with  current 

modes  that  it  is  perhaps  best  described  in  critical 
slang  as  "precious."  His  latest  volume  is  called 
"  Spiritual  Adventures  "  (Dutton),  and  is  dedicated, 
not  unfittingly,  to  Mr.  Thomas  Hardy.  In  order  to 
enjoy  it,  one  must  have  a  strong  taste  for  analysis,  for 
intricate  psychological  problems,  for  self-revelation 
so  searching  as  to  be  decidedly  foreign  to  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  temper.  The  first  sketch  in  the  book,  "A 
Prelude  to  Life,"  is  written  in  autobiographic  form, 
and  detaUs  the  experiences  —  whether  real  or  imagi- 
nary only  Mr.  Symons  can  tell  —  of  the  author's 
childhood.  Its  uniqueness  consists  in  its  bald  frank- 
ness, its  utter  freedom  from  reserve,  its  absolute  lack 
of  glamour.  There  is  no  rose-color  in  the  recollec- 
tion. He  remembers  that  he  was  indifferent  to  his 
father.  "  He  never  interested  me,"  he  says  coldly. 
His  mother  seems  to  have  been  his  one  friend,  for 
he  either  despised  or  disliked  his  teachers  and  school- 
mates, and  hated  the  "commonplace,  middle-class 
people  "  among  whom  his  family  lived.  He  loved 
music  passionately,  and  books;  but  he  discovered 
Humanity  only  aifter  reading  "Lavengro,"  which 
sent  him  gypsying.  Eventually  he  went  to  London 
and  found  there  the  strong  sense  of  life  that  he  had 
sought  in  vain  before.  He  admits  to  being  a  vain, 
selfish,  and  idle  child,  and  then  he  snaps  the  "  Pre- 
lude "  off  short  without  giving  the  least  hint  of 
how  the  queer  boy  grew  up  to  manhood.  The  next 
sketch  lays  bare  the  inner  consciousness  of  a  Jewish 
garment-worker  who  becomes  a  great  actress.  Others 
trace  the  spiritual  experiences  of  a  mad  musician, 
of  a  realistic  painter  who  found  it  necessary  to  live 
the  sordid  life  of  his  models,  of  a  minister  beset  by 
doubts  of  the  gospel  he  taught,  and  of  half  a  dozen 


202 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


others.  Most  of  the  "  experiences  "  are  trag^ic ;  all 
are  thoroughly  subjective  and  tantalizingly  incom- 
plete. Indeed  one  wonders  whether  it  is  by  intention 
or  chance  that  Mr.  Symons  always  keeps  back  the 
salient  point  of  the  story.  His  skill  in  analysis  must 
be  admitted,  and  his  command  of  telling  epithet  and 
of  a  certain  poetic,  though  wholly  undramatic,  charm. 
But  his  very  cleverness  and  facility  make  it  more  to 
be  regretted  that  he  has  wasted  his  time  in  portrai- 
ture, brilliant  but  without  significance,  of  subjects 
that  are  hardly  worthy  of  such  distinction. 

The  latest,  and  let  us  hope  the  last. 

An  uncrowned  exploitation  of  the  royal  marriage  of 
Enalish  queen.      ..^^     ^r.   i      i      ^  •  i  i       .i 

Mrs.  r  itzherbert  is  a  volume  by  the 

late  W.  H.  Wilkins  entitled  "  Mrs.  Fitzherbert  and 
George  IV."  (Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.).  The  au- 
thor has  been  an  accomplished  defender  of  unhappy 
queens,  Mrs.  Fitzherbert  being  the  fourth  whose 
career  he  has  chronicled.  His  undertaking  has  had 
the  full  cooperation  of  Mrs.  Fitzherbert's  family, 
who  have  freely  loaned  portraits,  letters,  and  other 
documents  to  the  end  that  the  biography  might  be 
complete.  The  publishers  have  done  their  part  by 
producing  a  liandsomely  bound,  well  printed,  and 
lavishly  illustrated  volume.  In  addition  to  his  able 
manipulation  of  materials  and  lively  style  of  narra- 
tion, Mr.  Wilkins  was  fortunate  enough  to  secure  a 
privilege  stubbornly  withheld  from  previous  chron- 
iclers ;  he  was  given  the  King's  gracious  permission 
to  see  and  to  quote  from  the  famous  Fitzherbert 
papers.  These,  it  will  be  recalled,  Mrs.  Fitzherbert 
placed  at  Coutts's  Bank  in  1833,  with  the  specific 
purpose  of  vindicating  her  character,  exactly  when 
or  how  she  did  not  determine.  From  them  the  fact 
of  her  marriage  with  George,  Prince  of  Wales,  is 
proved  beyond  a  doubt,  and  the  famous  controversy 
is  happily  settled,  —  not,  however,  at  all  to  Prince 
George's  credit.  The  marriage  is  naturally  the 
pivotal  point  of  the  book.  Very  little  space  is  de- 
voted to  the  previous  life  of  Mrs.  Fitzherbert,  and 
afterwards  the  varying  status  of  the  marriage  and  of 
the  Prince's  devotion  to  her  was  of  course  the  chief 
consideration,  both  to  the  lady  herself  and  to  the 
gossiping  public.  Mr.  Wilkins  has  nothing  but  praise 
for  Mrs.  Fitzherbert,  who  is  represented  as  acting 
throughout  her  intercourse  with  the  Prince  in  a 
maimer  uniformly  to  her  credit.  George's  life  and 
character  are  touched  upon  only  in  the  aspects  in 
•which  they  affected  Mrs.  Fitzherbert. 

"  The  Elements  of  Sociology  "  (  Mac- 
t!loHologv.        millan),    by   Professor    Frank    W. 

Blackmar,  is  not  a  book  calculated  to 
convince  doubters  that  there  is  a  well-defined  science 
of  society.  The  author  maintains  that  sociology  has 
a  field  and  purpose  distinct  from  those  of  the  special 
social  sciences,  but  of  this  his  book  is  not  convincing 
evidence ;  the  chapters  on  the  production  and  con- 
sumption of  wealth  and  on  exchange  seem  to  belong 
for  the  most  part  in  a  treatise  on  economics,  while 
that  on  the  theory  and  functions  of  the  state  might 


have  been  taken  out  of  a  work  on  political  science. 
The  parts  of  the  book  which  deal  with  socialization, 
social  control,  and  social  ideals  are  not  subject  to 
the  same  criticism,  yet  they  are  not  altogether  satis- 
fying; probably  the  space  devoted  to  these  subjects 
is  insufficient  for  the  successful  exposition  of  a 
philosophy  of  society.  The  chapters  on  social 
pathology  bring  the  science  down  to  earth,  and  con- 
stitute probably  the  most  valuable  part  of  the  book; 
there  is  a  reference  to  '» the  criminal  germ  "  which 
looks  at  first  sight  like  an  extreme  application  of  the 
biological  analogy ;  but  this  is  probably  only  one  of 
numerous  expressions  which  would  have  been  im- 
proved upon  in  a  careful  revision.  There  are  two 
suggestive  chapters  on  the  field  and  method  of  social 
investigation;  and,  finally,  an  historical  sketch  of 
social  philosophy  and  sociology  which  wUl  be  found 
a  convenient  introduction  to  the  literature  of  the 
subject. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


We  have  previously  noted  the  appearance  of  the  first 
three  volumes  in  the  "  Journals  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress," as  edited  by  Mr.  Worthington  Chauncey  Ford 
for  the  Library  of  Congress.  The  fourth  volume  of  this 
important  work  has  now  appeared  after  a  long  delay, 
easily  to  be  accounted  for  by  the  size  of  the  volume, 
which  contains  over  four  hundred  pages.  It  takes  us  into 
the  epochal  year  of  1776,  and  covers  only  five  months  of 
the  year  at  that,  so  many  and  serious  were  the  activities 
of  the  Congress  during  the  period  between  the  Canadian 
expedition  and  the  first  steps  toward  the  Declaration. 

The  many  who  had  not  the  privilege  of  viewing  the 
annual  Royal  Academy  exhibition  of  last  summer  may 
console  themselves  very  comfortably  with  the  volume  of 
"  Royal  Academy  Pictures,  1905,"  recently  pubUshed  by 
Messrs.  Cassell  &  Co.,  which  sets  before  us  for  the 
eighteenth  consecutive  time  an  adequate  record  of  the 
national  achievement  in  British  art  for  the  year.  The 
quality  of  the  reproductions,  both  half-tone  and  photo- 
gravure, is  no  less  excellent  in  this  than  in  previous  vol- 
umes of  the  work.  More  than  two  himdred  paintings 
and  sculptures  are  reproduced,  and  there  is  a  brief  in- 
troductory note  by  Mr.  M.  H.  Spielmann. 

A  new  volume  in  the  "  Drawings  of  the  Great  Mas- 
ters "  series  reproduces  about  fifty  of  the  drawings  of 
Adolph  von  Menzel.  The  illustrations  are  introduced 
by  a  brief  appreciation  from  the  pen  of  Professor  H.  W. 
Singer,  who  gives  a  vivid  and  sympathetic  picture  of 
Menzel's  bitter  struggle  for  recognition,  and  an  account 
of  his  most  important  lithographs,  wood-cuts,  and  paint- 
ings, and  of  the  great  mass  of  his  drawings,  some  five 
thousand  of  which  were  recently  exhibited  at  Berlin. 
Only  one  of  the  fifty  representative  sketches  in  the  pres- 
ent volume  has  ever  been  reproduced  before.  There  is 
a  wide  variety  in  subject,  style,  and  finish,  but  all  are 
interesting. — In  similar  form,  though  in  this  case  appear- 
ing in  "  The  Master  Etchers  "  series,  is  a  volume  de- 
voted to  the  etchings  of  Charles  Mdryon.  There  are 
forty-eight  excellent  reproductions  of  the  master's  work, 
an  account  of  his  unhappy  career  from  the  pen  of  Mr. 
Hugh  Stokes,  and  a  useful  annotated  list  of  his  output. 
The  form  of  these  volumes,  which  are  imported  by 
Messrs.  Scribner's  Sons,  is  in  every  way  worthy. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


203 


Notes. 


.A  "School  History  of  the  United  States,"  by  Mr. 
Henry  William  Elson,  is  published  by  the  MacmUlan 
Co.  Mr.  Elson's  previous  success  in  the  popularization 
of  our  history  bespeaks  favorable  consideration  for  this 
excellent  text-book. 

Mr.  Schuyler  Staimton,  author  of  "The  Fate  of  a 
Crown,"  wUl  issue  early  next  month  through  the  ReiUy 
&  Britton  Co.  a  new  novel  entitled  "  Daughters  of  Des- 
tiny." Eight  drawings  in  color,  three  of  them  the  work 
of  Mr.  Thomas  Mitchell  Pierce,  will  illustrate  the  book. 

We  are  glad  to  note  that  a  collection  of  Mr.  Thomas 
Bailey  Aldrieh's  "  Songs  and  Sonnets  "  will  be  issued 
this  Spring  as  a  Riverside  Press  Edition,  in  similar  form 
to  "  The  Love  Poems  of  John  Donne  "  and  Sidney's  "  Cer- 
taine  Sonets."  For  this  edition  Mr.  Aldrich  has  made 
a  whoUy  new  selection  and  arrangement  of  his  poetry. 

The  volume  of  "  Reminiscences  of  My  Childhood  and 
Youth,"  by  the  great  Danish  critic  Greorge  Brandes,  is 
an  interesting  Spring  annoimcement  of  Messrs.  Fox, 
Duffield  &  Co.  Simultaneously  with  its  appearance  in 
this  country,  the  book  will  be  issued  in  London  by  Mr. 
William  Heinemann  and  in  the  original  Danish  at 
Copenhagen. 

"  Great  Pedagogical  Essays,"  edited  by  Professor 
F.  v.  N.  Painter,  is  published  by  the  American  Book 
Co.  The  contents  include  extracts  from  twenty-four 
authors,  from  Plato  to  Herbert  Spencer,  besides  a  small 
amoimt  of  anonymous  matter.  There  are  biographical 
sketches  and  a  very  few  footnotes,  but  the  volume  is 
practically  one  of  texts  alone. 

The  old-fashioned  method  of  silhouette  illustration  is 
pleasantly  revived  in  a  booklet  entitled  "  Great-Grand- 
ma's Lookiag-Glass,"  recently  issued  by  Mr.  Robert 
Grier  Cooke.  The  text  consists  of  a  poem  by  Miss 
Blanche  Xevin,  a  verse  or  two  of  which  appears  on  each 
page.  The  full-page  illustrations  are  the  work  of  Annis 
Dunbar  Jenkins,  who  has  achieved  charming  results. 

In  the  series  of  bibliographies  of  American  authors 
which  Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  inaugurated  last 
year  with  Miss  Nina  E.  Browne's  "Bibliography  of 
Nathaniel  Hawthorne,"  there  will  appear  this  Spring  a 
"  Bibliography  of  James  Russell  Lowell"  compiled  by 
Mr.  George  Willis  Cooke,  and  a  «  Bibliography  of  the 
Writings  of  Henry  James"  compiled  by  Mr.  Le  Roy  Phil- 
lips.    Both  volumes  wUl  be  issued  in  limited  editions. 

Mr.  A.  C.  Benson  has  written  a  volimie  on  Walter 
Pater  for  the  "  English  Men  of  Letters  "  series,  and  the 
book  may  be  expected  in  the  course  of  a  month  or  two. 
We  note  that  Mr.  Benson  has  acknowledged  the  author- 
ship of  "  The  Upton  Letters,"  published  anonymously 
last  Fall;  and  that  he  is  soon  to  bring  out,  through 
Messrs.  Putnam,  a  series  of  papers  which  have  been 
appearing  in  "The  CornhiU  Magazine"  under  the  title 
"  From  a  College  Window." 

"  The  Liquor  Problem  :  A  Summary  of  Investiga- 
tions conducted  by  the  Committee  of  Fifty,  1893-1903  " 
is  a  small  book  issued  by  Messrs  Houghton,  Mifflin  & 
Co.  It  contains  chapters  on  the  physiological,  legislative, 
economic,  and  ethical  aspects  of  the  liquor  question, 
and  one  on  substitutes  for  the  saloon.  It  is  very  con- 
densed and  statistical,  being  a  summary  of  four  large 
works  prepared  and  published  under  the  auspices  of  the 
committee ;  and  while  it  will  undoubtedly  prove  useful, 
it  should  not  take  the  place  of  the  larger  books  as  a 
source  of  information. 


"The  Journeys  of  La  Salle  and  his  Companions," 
edited  by  Professor  Isaac  Joslin  Cox,  form  two  new 
volumes  in  the  "  Trail  Makers "  series  of  Messrs. 
A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.  The  work  includes  translations 
of  the  memoirs  of  Tonty,  Membr^,  Hennepin,  Douay, 
Le  Clercq,  Joutel,  and  Jean  Cavelier,  besides  other 
minor  pieces,  and  an  introduction. 

The  late  George  Birkbeck  Hill's  editorial  labors  in 
connection  with  the  writings  of  Samuel  Johnson  are  now 
(presumably)  crowned  by  the  publication  of  a  stately 
three-volume  edition  of  the  "  Lives  of  the  Poets."  Mr. 
Harold  Spencer  Scott,  a  nephew  of  Dr.  Hill,  has  pre- 
pared this  edition  for  the  press,  printing  text  and  notes 
practically  as  they  were  left  by  the  editor.  He  also 
contributes  a  memoir  and  bibliography  of  his  uncle. 
These  volumes  are  published  by  Mr.  Henry  Frowde  at 
the  Oxford  Clarendon  Press. 

Mr.  Charles  Dexter  Allen,  author  of  "American  Book 
Plates,"  is  rapidly  bringing  to  completion  a  supple- 
mental list  of  plates  not  mentioned  in  that  book.  In 
the  twelve  years  since  the  publication  of  the  original 
work,  many  early  American  book  plates  have  come  to 
light,  and  it  is  the  writer's  aim  to  make  this  final  book 
very  complete  and  accurate.  To  this  end  he  will  gladly 
receive  the  assistance  of  all  who  have  information  of 
such  plates,  or  of  the  early  engravers.  Mr.  Allen's  ad- 
dress is  Dyker  Heights,  Brooklyn,  N.  T. 

Professor  J.  Churton  Collins  has  edited  for  the  Ox- 
ford University  Press  Matthew  Arnold's  "  Merope,"  to 
which  is  appended  the  Electra  of  Sophocles  in  a  trans- 
lation by  Mr.  R.  Whitelaw.  In  this  volume,  which  wiU 
be  ready  immediately,  an  attempt  is  made  to  introduce 
and  to  bring  home  to  modem  readers  who  are  not 
Greek  scholars  Attic  tragedy  in  its  most  perfect  form. 
If  the  book  is  favorably  received  it  is  intended  to  follow 
it  with  a  series  of  small  volumes,  each  containing  some 
leading  Greek  tragedy  in  an  acknowledged  masterpiece 
of  translation,  edited  in  the  same  manner. 

The  centenary  of  Mrs.  Browning's  birth  will  be  cele- 
brated this  month  by  the  publication  in  England  of 
a  memoir  of  her  by  Mr.  Percy  Lubbock,  with  a  portrait 
by  Mrs.  Bridell  Fox.  On  the  same  occasion  will  appear 
the  correspondence  of  Browning  with  two  friends  of  his 
youth,  Alfred  Domett  and  Amould,  afterwards  Sir 
Joseph  Amould,  Chief  Justice  of  Bombay.  These  let- 
ters will  appear  under  the  editorship  of  Mr.  F.  G.  Ken- 
yon,  with  portraits  of  the  three  friends. 

It  has  just  been  announced  that  Messrs.  Fox,  Duffield 
&  Co.,  one  of  the  most  energetic  of  the  younger  New 
York  publishing  houses,  have  taken  over  the  good-will, 
assets,  plates,  sheets,  etc.,  of  the  firm  of  Herbert  S. 
Stone  &  Co.  of  Chicago.  The  list  thus  acquired  is  an 
unusually  strong  one,  its  most  important  item  being  the 
fine  definitive  edition  of  Poe,  edited  by  Professor  Wood- 
berry  and  Mr.  Stedman.  Among  the  writers  of  estab- 
lished reputation  represented  in  the  list  are  Henry  James, 
Greorge  Bernard  Shaw,  Greorge  Moore,  H.  G.  Wells, 
William  Sharp,  Robert  Hichens,  Harold  Frederic,  Nor- 
man Hapgood,  Egerton  Castle,  Robert  Herrick,  and 
many  others.  The  important  "  Green  Tree  Library  "  of 
plays  by  contemporary  dramatists  includes  some  of  the 
best  work  of  Maeterlinck,  Ibsen,  and  Sudermann. 
Among  popular  novelists  of  the  day  whose  books  Messrs. 
Stone  &  Co.  were  the  first  to  bring  out  may  be  men- 
tioned Greorge  Barr  MeCutcheon,  Greorge  Ade,  and  H.  K. 
Viele.  "  The  House  Beautiful,"  edited  by  Mr.  Herbert 
S.  Stone,  is  not  included  in  the  transfer,  and  will  appear 
as  heretofore  from  Chicago. 


204 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


Announcements  of  Spring  Books. 

Herewith  is  presented  The  Dial's  annual  list  of 
books  announced  for  Spring  publication,  containing  this 
year  some  eight  hundred  and  fifty  titles.  All  the  books 
here  given  are  presumably  new  books  —  new  editions 
not  being  included  tmless  having  new  form  or  matter. 
The  list  is  compiled  from  authentic  data  especially 
secured  for  this  purpose,  and  presents  a  trustworthy 
survey  of  the  Spring  books  of  1906. 

BIOaSAFHT  AND  KEHINISCENCES. 

Joseph  Jefferson,  reminiscences  of  a  friend,  by  Francis 
Wilson,  illus.,  $2.  net.— The  Early  Life  of  Leo  Tolstoy, 
autobiographical  memoirs,  by  P.  Birukoffi,  illus. — Liter- 
ary Lives  series,  new  vol.:  Sir  Walter  Scott,  by  Andrew 
Lang,  Illus.,  ?1.  net. — Paul  Jones,  founder  of  the  Ameri- 
can Navy,  by  Augustus  C.  Buell,  new  edition,  with  sup- 
plementary chapter  by  General  Horace  Porter,  2  vols., 
illus.,  $3. — Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  by  T.  F.  Henderson,  2 
vols.,  illus.,  ?6.  net.    (Charles  Scribner's  Sons.) 

Dixie  after  the  War,  by  Myrta  Lockett  Avary,  illus.,  $2.75 
net. — Letters  and  Recollections  of  George  Washington, 
being  his  correspondence  with  Tobias  Lear  and  others, 
together  with  a  diary  of  Washington's  last  days  kept 
by  Mr.  Lear,  with  portraits,  $2.50  net.— Recollections  of 
Thirteen  Presidents,  by  John  S.  Wise,  illus.,  $2.50  net. 
(Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.) 

Life  of  John  Wesley,  by  C.  T.  Winchester,  with  portraits. 
— Memoir  of  Archbishop  Temple,  by  seven  friends,  edited 
by  E.  G.  Sandford,  2  vols.,  illus.— English  Men  of  Letters 
series,  new  vols.:  Mrs.  Gaskell,  by  Clement  Shorter, 
Charles  Kingsley,  by  G.  K.  Chesterton,  Shakespeare,  by 
Walter  Raleigh;   each  75  cts.   net.    (Macmillan   Co.) 

Reminiscences  of  My  Childhood  and  Youth,  by  George 
Brandes,  trans,  by  G.  M.  Fox-Davies,  $2.50  net.  (Fox, 
Duffleld   &  Co.) 

With  Walt  Whitman  in  Camden,  a  diary  record  of  con- 
versations, with  many  important  letters  and  manu- 
scripts, by  Horace  Traubel,  with  portraits,  $3.  net.— 
Josiah  Warren,  by  William  Bailie,  with  portrait,  $1. 
net.— The  Beacon  Biographies,  new  vol.:  John  Fiske, 
by  Thomas  Sergeant  Perry,  with  portrait,  75  cts.  net. 
(Small,    Maynard   &   Co.) 

The  True  Andrew  Jackson,  by  Cyrus  Townsend  Brady, 
illus.,  $2.  net.— French  Men  of  Letters  series,  edited  by 
Alexander  Jessup,  Vol.  II.,  Honor6  de  Balzac,  by  Ferdi- 
nand Brunetidre,  with  portrait,  $1.50  net.— Memoirs  of 
Charles  Cramp,  by  Augustus  C.  Buell,  $1.50  net.— Heroes 
of  Discovery  in  America,  by  Charles  Morris,  illus.,  $1.25 
net.    (J.   B.   Lippincott  Co.) 

Jacques  Cartier,  Sieur  De  Llmoilou,  his  voyage  to  the  St. 
Lawrence,  with  bibliography,  memoir,  and  annotations 
by  James  Phinney  Baxter,  A.M.,  limited  edition,  $10. 
net. — Modern  English  Writers  series,  new  vol.:  George 
Eliot,  by  A.  T.  Quiller-Couch,  $1.  net.  (Dodd,  Mead  & 
Co.) 

Reminiscences  of  Bishops  and  Archbishops,  by  Henry  Cod- 
man  Potter. — The  Life  of  Goethe,  by  Albert  Bielschow- 
sky,  authorized  translation  from  the  German,  by  William 

A.  Cooper,  "Vol.  II.,  From  the  Italian  Journey  to  the 
Wars  of  Liberation,  1788-1815,  Illus.,  $3.50  net.— Russell 
Wheeler  Davenport,  with  photogravure  portrait.  (G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons.) 

Lincoln,   Master  of  Men,   by  Alonzo  Rothschild,   illus.,   $3. 

net. — Memories    of    a   Great    Schoolmaster,    by    James    P. 

Conover,  illus.     (Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.) 
With  John  Bull  and  Jonathan,   by  John  Morgan  Richards, 

Illus.,  $4.  net.     (D.  Appleton  &  Co.) 
In  the  Sixties  and  Seventies,  Impressions  of  literary  people 

and  others,  by  Laura  Hain  Friswell,  $3.50  net.     (Herbert 

B.  Turner    &   Co.) 

A  Great  Archbishop  of  Dublin,  William  King,  D.D.,  1650- 
1729,  autobiography,  family  correspondence,  etc.,  edited 
by  Sir  Charles  S.  King,  Bart.,  with  portraits.  (Long- 
mans,  Green,   &  Co.) 

A  Patriot's  Mistake,  personal  recollections  of  Charles 
Stewart  Parnell  and  the  Parnell  family,  by  Emily  Mon- 
roe Dickinson,  $2.50  net. — Living  Masters  of  Music  series, 
new  vol.:  Edvard  Grieg,  by  Henry  T.  Pinck,  illus.,  $1. 
net.     (John   Lane   Co.) 

Remenyi,  Musician  and  Man,  by  Gwendolyn  Kelley  and 
George  P.  Upton,  illus.,  $1.75  net.     (A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.) 

The  Life  of  a  Star,  by  Clara  Morris,  with  frontispiece, 
$1.50   net.      (McClure,    Phillips    &    Co.) 

The  Story  of  my  Life,  by  Father  Gapon,  illus.,  $3.  net.— 
Mary  Stuart,  by  Florence  A.  MacCunn,  Illus.,  $3.  net.— 
Master  Musicians  series,  new  vol.:  Brahms,  by  J. 
Lawrence  Erb.,  Illus.,  $1.25  net.— The  Prophet  of  the 
Poor,  the  life  story  of  General  Booth,  by  Thomas  F. 
G.    Coates,   $1.50  net.     (E.    P.    Dutton   &   Co.) 


Augustus,  the  life  and  times  of  the  founder  of  the  Roman 
Empire,  by  E.  S.  Shuckburgh,  LItt.D.,  illus.,  $1.60.  (A. 
Wessels   Co.) 

Lives  of  Great  Writers  series,  by  Tudor  Jenks,  new  vols.: 
In  the  Days  of  Goldsmith,  and  In  the  Days  of  Scott, 
each  illus.,  $1.   net.     (A.   S.   Barnes  &  Co.) 

American  Crisis  Biographies,  new  vol.:  Frederick  Douglass, 
by  Booker  T.  Washington,  $1.25  net.  (George  W.  Jacobs 
&  Co.) 

John  Witherspoon,  by  David  Walter  Woods,  Jr.,  $1.50  net.— 
The  Secret  of  Heroism,  a  memoir  of  Henry  Albert  Harper, 
by  W.  L.  Mackenzie  King,  $1.  net.  (Fleming  H.  Re- 
vell   Co.) 

Party  Leaders  of  the  Time,  by  Charles  Willis  Thompson, 
with  portraits,  $1.75  net.     (G.  W.  Dillingham  Co.) 

Pizarro  and  the  Conquest  of  Peru,  by  Frederick  A.  Ober, 
illus.,   $1.   net.     (Harper  &  Brothers.) 

Robert  Louis  Stevenson,  by  G.  K.  Chesterton,  new  edi- 
tion,  with  portrait,  50  cts.     (James  Pott  &  Co.) 

HISTORY. 

Notes  on  the  History  and  Political  Institutions  of  the  Old 
World,  by  Edward  Preissig. — The  Development  of  the 
European  Nations,  1870-1900,  by  J.  Holland  Rose,  2  vols., 
with  maps,  $5.  net. — Story  of  the  Nations  series,  new 
vols.:  The  Story  of  Greece,  from  the  coming  of  the  Hel- 
lenes to  A.  D.  14,  by  E.  S.  Shuckburgh,  Litt.D. ;  Japan, 
by  David  Murray,  Ph.D.,  new  edition,  revised  to  1906, 
with  supplementary  chapters  by  Baron  Kentaro  Kaneko; 
Chaldea,  from  earliest  times  to  the  rise  of  Assyria,  by 
Z6naide  A.  Ragozin,  new  edition,  revised  and  in  part  re- 
written; each  illus.,  $1.35  net. — A  History  of  England, 
from  earliest  times  to  1815,  by  various  writers,  edited 
by  C.  W.  C.  Oman,  in  6  vols..  Vols.  I.,  III.,  and  VI.  still 
to  appear,  per  vol.  $3.  net. — The  Abolitionists,  together 
with  personal  memoirs  of  the  struggle  for  human  rights, 
1830-64,  by  John  T.  Hume,  $1.25  net.— American  Political 
History,  1763-1876,  by  Alexander  Johnston,  edited  and  sup- 
plemented by  James  Albert  Woodburn,  2  vols.,  each  $2. 
net.— History  of  the  Parish  of  Trinity  Church  in  the 
City  of  New  York,  compiled  and  edited  by  Morgan  Dix, 
S.T.D.,  Part  IV.,  The  Rectorship  of  Dr.  Berrian,  com- 
pleting the  work,  $5.  net.— Haydn's  Dictionary  of  Dates, 
containing  a  history  of  the  world  to  the  autumn  of  1905, 
by  Benjamin  Vincent,  24th  edition,  $6.  net.  (G.  P.  Put- 
nam's Sons.) 

History  of  Civilization,  from  the  earliest  times  to  the 
present  day,  by  Charles  Seignobos,  trans,  and  edited 
by  Arthur  Herbert  Wilde. — The  Russian  Court  In  the 
Eighteenth  Century,  by  Fitzgerald  Molloy,  2  vols.,  Illus., 
$6.  net.— A  Tour  of  Four  Great  Rivers,  the  Hudson, 
Mohawk,  Susquehanna,  and  Delaware,  in  1769,  being  the 
Journal  of  Richard  Smith,  of  Burlington,  N.  J.,  edited, 
with  a  brief  history  of  pioneer  settlement,  by  Francis 
W.  Halsey,  limited  edition,  $5.  net.  (Charles  Scribner's 
Sons.) 

MediaBval  London,  social  and  ecclesiastical,  by  Sir  Walter 
Besan,  2  vols.,  illus. — Cambridge  Modern  History,  planned 
by  the  late  Lord  Acton,  edited  by  A.  W.  Ward,  G.  W. 
Prothero,  and  Stanley  Leathes,  Vol.  IX.,  Napoleon  and 
His  Times,  $4.  net.— A  History  of  Modern  England,  by 
Herbert  Paul,  Vol.  V.,  completing  the  work,  $2.50  net.— 
A  History  of  the  Inquisition  of  Spain,  by  Henry  Charles 
Lea,  LL.D.,  in  4  vols..  Vol.  II.— General  History,  from 
5000  B.  C.  to  1871  A.  D.,  by  Dr.  Emil  Reich,  2  vols. 
(Macmillan    Co.) 

Personal  Narrative  of  Travels  in  Virginia,  Maryland,  Penn- 
sylvania, Ohio,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  and  of  a  residence 
in  the  Illinois  Territory,  1817-8,  by  Ellas  Pym  Fordham, 
edited  by  Frederic  Austin  Ogg,  A.M.,  illus.,  $3.  net.— 
The  Present  State  of  the  European  Settlements  on  the 
Mississippi,  by  Captain  Philip  Pittman,  edited  by  Frank 
Heywood  Hodder,  with  maps,  $3.  net.— Magellan's  Voyage 
around  the  World,  by  Antonio  Pigafetta,  original  and 
complete  text  of  the  oldest  and  best  MS.,  the  Ambrosian 
MS.  of  Milan,  of  the  early  16th  century,  the  Italian  text 
with  page-for-page  English  translation,  trans.,  edited,  and 
annotated  by  James  A.  Robertson,  limited  edition,  2  vols., 
Illus.,  $7.50  net.— Audubon's  Western  Journal,  1849-1851, 
from  the  MS.  records  of  an  overland  trip  through  Texas, 
Mexico,  and  Arizona  to  the  gold-flelds  of  California,  by 
John  W.  Audubon,  edited  by  Maria  R.  Audubon,  illus., 
$3.    net.     (Arthur   H.    Clark  Co.) 

Americans  of  1776,  by  James  Schouler,  $2.  net.— The 
Declaration  of  Independence,  its  history,  by  J.  H.  Hazle- 
ton,  illus.,  $4.50  net.— The  History  of  Ancient  Egypt,  by 
George  Camden  Rawlinson,  new  edition,  2  vols.,  $3. 
(Dodd,   Mead   &   Co.) 

Lectures  on  Early  English  History,  by  William  Stubbs, 
D.D.,  edited  by  Arthur  Hassall,  M.A.,  $4.  net— The 
Political  History  of  England,  edited  by  William  Hunt, 
D.Litt.,  and  Reginald  Lane  Poole,  M.A.;  Vol.  I.,  To  1066, 
by  Thomas  Hodgkin,  D.C.L.,  $2.60  net.  (Longmans, 
Green,   &  Co.) 

A  Political  History  of  the  State  of  New  York,  1777-1861, 
by  D.  S.  Alexander,  2  vols.— An  Atlas  of  European  His- 
tory, by  Prof.  Earl  W.   Dow.     (Henry  Holt  &  Co.) 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


205 


War  Government,  Federal  and  State,  by  William  B.  Wee- 
den. — A  History  of  the  Town  of  MiddleborOj  Mass.,  by 
Thomas  Weston,  illus.— History  of  the  Twentieth  Massa- 
chusetts Regiment,  by  George  A.  Bruce.  (Houghton, 
MiflBin  &  Co.) 

Voyages  and  Explorations  of  Samuel  De  Champlain,  nar- 
rated by  himself,  trans,  for  the  first  time  by  Annie 
Nettleton  Bourne,  edited  by  Edward  Gaylord  Bourne, 
3  vols.,   illus.,   $3.   net.      (A.    S.   Barnes   &   Co.) 

Ancient  Records  of  Egypt,  by  James  H.  Breasted,  in  5 
vols.,    each  %Z.    net.     (University   of   Chicago   Press.) 

The  American  Nation,  edited  by  Albert  Bushnell  Hart, 
LL.D. ;  Vol.  XIII.,  Rise  of  American  Nationality,  by 
Kendrick  Charles  Babcock,  Ph.D.;  Vol.  XIV.,  Rise  of  the 
New  West,  by  Frederick  Jackson  Turner,  Ph.D.,  Vol. 
XV.,  Jacksonian  Democracy,  by  William  MacDonald, 
LL.D.;  each  with  portrait,  $2.  net.     (Harper  &  Brothers.) 

The  Glory  Seekers,  the  romance  of  would-be  founders  of 
empire  in  the  early  days  of  the  Southwest,  by  William 
Horace  Brown,   illus.,  |1.50  net.     (A.   C.  McClurg  &  Co.) 

The  Fight  for  Canada,  a  sketch  from  the  history  of  the 
Great  Imperial  War,  by  William  Wood,  illus.,  J2.50  net. 
(Little,   Brown,   &  Co.) 

Irish  History  and  the  Irish  Question,  by  Goldwin  Smith, 
J1.62  net.     (McClure,   Phillips  &  Co.) 

The  French  Blood  in  America,  by  Lucian  J.  Fosdick,  |2. 
net.     (Fleming   H.    Revell   Co.) 

The  Real  Triumph  of  Japan,  by  Major  Louis  Livingston 
Seaman,   illus.,   $1.50  net.     (D.   Appleton  &  Co.) 

German  Official  Account  of  the  War  in  South  Africa, 
Vol.  II.,  The  Advance  to  Pretoria  after  Paardeberg,  the 
Upper  Tugela  Campaign,  etc.,  authorized  translation  by 
Col.  Hubert  du  Cane,  R.A.,  illus.,  |4.  net.  (E.  P.  Dut- 
ton   &   Co.) 

In  Olde  Connecticut,  by  Charles  Burr  Todd,  $1.25  net. 
(The   Grafton   Press.) 

GENEBAX.  L.ITESATX7BE. 

Letters  from  Samoa,  by  Mrs.  Margaret  Isabella  Stevenson, 
$2.  net. — Concerning  Paul  and  Fiammetta,  by  L.  Allen 
Harker,  |1.25. — A  Romance  of  the  Nursery,  by  L.  Allen 
Harker,  illus.,  $1.25.— My  Little  Boy,  by  Carl  Ewald, 
trans,  by  A.  T.  de  Mattos,  $1.  net.  (Charles  Scribner's 
Sons.) 

The  Launching  of  a  University,  by  Daniel  Coit  Gilman, 
LL.D.,  $2.50  net.— The  Key  of  the  Blue  Closet,  by 
W.  Robertson  Nicoll,  $1.40  net. — Famous  Introductions  to 
Shakespeare's  Plays,  edited  by  Beverly  Warner,  D.D.. 
$2.50  net. — Magazine  Articles  I  Have  Read,  by  Burton 
Emmet,  $1.  net.     (Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.) 

The  Ghost  in  Hamlet,  and  other  essays  in  comparative 
literature,  by  Dr.  Maurice  Francis  Egan,  $1.  net. — Litera- 
ture of  Libraries,  17th  and  18lh  centuries,  edited  by  John 
Cotton  Dana,  limited  edition,  2  vols.,  $12.  net. — Old  Tales 
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206 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


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THE    DIAJL 


207 


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208 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


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1906.] 


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211 


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List  of  Xeat  Books. 


[The  following  list,   containing   66  tides,  includes  books 
received  by  Thk  Dial  since  its  last  issueJ] 

BI0aSAPH7  AKB  B£lIINISCrENC£S. 
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M.P.    In  2  vols.,  illus.  in  photogravure,  etc.  large  8vo,  gilt 

top,  oncat    Macmillan  Co.    (9.  net. 
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large  8vo,  pp.  261.    E.  P.  Dutton  Si  Ck).    $3.  net. 
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etc,  large  8vo,  pp.  318.    E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.    $3.  net 
Theodor  Leschetizky.   By  Annette  Hollah.  nius..  12nK>,  gilt 

top,  uncut,  pp.  85.    "  Living  Masters  of  Music."    John  Lane 

Co.    $1.  net 
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24mo,  pp.  79.    P.  Blakiston's  Son  &  Co.    Paper,  50  cts. 

HISTORY. 

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ingston  French.  With  portraits,  large  8vo.  pp.  375.  Publish- 
ing Society  of  New  York. 

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GEKSBAIi  LITEBATXTRB. 
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top,  uncut,  pp.  454.    G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    $5.  net. 
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pp.  57.     London  :  David  Nutt. 
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pp.  288.    Longmans.  Green,  &  Co.    $2.  net. 
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212 


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[March  16, 


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CHICAGO,  APRIL  1, 1906. 


10  ct*.  a  copy,  f 


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Fine  Abts  Boildinq 
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BOOKS   READY    MARCH   THIRTY-FIRST 


LINCOLN:    MASTER  OF  MEN 

By  Alonzo  Rothschtld 
In  restricting  his  treatment  to  one  aspect  of  Lincoln's  greatness,  —  his  mastery  over 
men,  —  Mr.  Rothschild  has  opened  up  a  field  of  biography  which  is  distinctly  novel. 
The  eight  chapters  take  Up  successively  Lincoln's  physical,  intellectual,  and  early 
political  prowess  in  his  relations  with  Douglas,  Seward,  Chase,  Stanton,  Fremont, 
and  McClellan.  They  may  be  read  either  independently  or  consecutively,  and 
taken  as  a  whole  afford  a  most  entertaining  and  instructive  account  of  Lincoln's 
life.     With  notes,  bibliography,  and  8  portraits.     $3.00,  net.     Postpaid,  $3.17. 


BIRD  AND  BOUGH 

By  John  Burroughs 
Lovers  of  nature  who  are  also  lovers  of  poetry  will  find 
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is  the  first  collected  edition  of  Mr.  Burroughs's  poems 
of  nature.     $1.00,  net.     Postpaid,  $1.07. 


CATTLE  BRANDS 

By  Andy  Adams 
Cowboy  yams  of  man  to  man  difficulties;   of  queer 
characters;  the  adventures  of  the  cowboy  in  the  field 
of  politics ;  the  capture  of  outlaws  by  rangers ;  —  by 
the  author  of  "  The  Log  of  a  Cowboy,"  etc.     $1.50. 


MEMORIES   OF  A  GREAT  SCHOOLMASTER 

By  James  P.  Conoveb 
This  volume  contains  interesting  personal  reminiscences  of  Dr.  Henry  A.  Coit,  rector  for  nearly  forty  years  of  St. 
Paul's  School  at  Concord,  N.  H.     During  his  administration  the  school  grew  to  be  one  of  the  largest  and  best 
known  private  schools  in  the  country.     The  book  opens  with  a  biog^phical  intro- 
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photogravure  portrait  and  other  illustrations.     $1.50,  net.     Postpaid,  $1.61. 

THE  EVASION 

By  Eugenia  Brooks  Frothingham 
Komance  and  reform  —  a  point  of  honor  weakly  evaded  and  quixotically  regarded, 
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feeling  and  dramatic  feeling.     By  the  author  of  "The  Turn  of  the  Road."     $1.50.  from  "The  Evasion. 


HOUGHTON,  MIFFLIN  &  COMPANY,  BOSTON  AND  NEW  YORK 


218 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


Pearl 


Rendered  into  Modern 
English  Verse  by 

DR.   S.  WEIR   MITCHELL 

THIS  earliest,  and  not  the 
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rendered  into  rhymed  verse, 
with  the  affectionate  care  of  a 
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gift  of  a  personal  sorrow  to 
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years.  The  lover  of  verse,  the 
the  mourner,  and  the  scholar 
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CHICAGO  ARTISTS 

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ROBERT    GRIER    COOKE,    INC. 

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An  Important  New  Book  on  the  Bible 
THE  EVOLUTION  OF  A  GREAT  LITERATURE 

Natural  History  of  the  Jewish  and  Christian  Scriptures.    By  NEWTON 

MANN.     One  vol.,  5x8  inches,  381  pp.,  $1.50  net,  postage  15  cents. 

[Synopses  of  Chapters  will  be  sent  on  request.] 

"  This  book  by  Newton  Mann  should  be  read  as  fearlessly  as  it  has 

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Boston  Transcript. 

JAMES    H.  WEST  CO.     :     PUBLISHERS     :    BOSTON 

FRANKLIN'S  BOYHOOD 

From  the  Autobiography ;  Franklin's  letters  on  War  and 
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to  the  Old  South  Leaflets,  Nos.  161-163. 

No.  9,  The  Plan  of  Union,  1754,  is  another  Franklin 
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42  W.  Coulter  St.,        PHILADELPHIA,  PA. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


219 


SOME   IMPORTANT    SPRING    BOOKS 


Oy  THE  CANAL  AND   THE  PAN- AMERICAN  MOVEMENT 

Panama  to  Patagonia 

The  Isthmian  Csmal  and  the  West  Coast  Countries  of  South  America.     By  Charles  M.  Pepper,  author  of 
"  To-Morrow  in  Cuba."     With  new  maps  and  numerous  illustrations.     Large  8vo,  82.50  net. 
The  author  is  a  distiniraiBhed  newspaper  man  who  has  travelled  extensive!;,  especially  in  the  Latin- American  republics,  and 
who  is  a  member  of  the  Permanent  Pan-American  RaUway  Committee.    His  book  aims  to  point  out  to  the  American  commercial 
world  the  enormous  advantages  coming  to  this  covmtry  from  South  America  through  the  construction  of  the  Panama  Canal. 

ROMANTIC   HISTORY  IN   THE    SOUTHWEST 


The  Glory  Seekers 


The  Romance  of  Would-Be  Founders  of  Empire  in  the  Early  Days  of  the  Southwest.     By  Whxiam  Horace 

Browx.  Illustrated.  Square  8vo,  81.50  net. 
These  are  tales  of  the  daring  adventurers  who  became  notorious  as  the  leaders  of  filibustering  expeditions  into  the  reerion 
which  now  forms  the  State  of  Texas.  The  author,  William  Horace  Brown,  knows  his  subject  and  endeavors  to  present  a  truthful 
account,  with  the  statement  that  "justice  and  patriotism  were  not  always  the  prompters  of  their  actions."  There  is  no  question 
but  that  their  exploits  were  dramatic  and  picturesque,  and  the  narrative  of  them  is  not  only  instructive,  but  makes  highly  enter- 
taining reading. 


TRAVEL  NOTES  OF  SIXTY   YEARS  AGO 

Hawaiian  Yesterdays 

By  Dr.  Henry  M.  Lymax.  With  nimierous  illustra- 
tions from  photographs.  Large  8vo,  82.00  net. 
A  delightfully  written  account  of  what  a  boy  saw  of  life  in  the 
Islands  in  the  early  "40's.  The  author  was  a  distinguished  Chi- 
cago physician,  whose  father  was  a  well-known  missionary  in 
Hawaii.  His  book  is  a  most  pertinent  description  of  early  con- 
ditions in  a  part  of  the  world  in  which  Americans  are  becoming 
more  and  more  interested. 


FOR  MUSIC  LOVERS  AND  STUDENTS 

Remenyi,  Musician  and  Man 

An  Appreciation.  By  Gwendolyn  Kelley  and  George 
P.  Upton.  With  portraits.  8vo,  81.75  net. 
Miss  KeUey  was  an  intimate  friend  and  devoted  admirer  of 
the  famous  Hungarian  wizard  of  the  violin,  and  he  entrusted  to 
her  a  number  of  biographical  documents.  To  these  have  been 
added  others  contributed  at  her  solicitation  by  bis  personal 
friends  and  members  of  his  family,  also  some  of  his  character- 
istic letters  and  literary  sketches,  the  whole  forming  a  volume 
of  uncommon  charm  and  a  valuable  work  of  reference. 


ONE  OF  THE   VITAL  BOOKS   OF  THE    YEAR 

Future  Life 

In  the  Light  of  Ancient  Wisdom  and  Modem  Science.  By  Lons  ElbJ^.  With  a  portrait.  12mo,  81.20  net. 
This  is  the  authorized  translation  of  the  famous  book  which  has  been  creating  so  wide  a  stir  in  scientific  and  religious  circles 
throughout  France,  under  the  title  "  La  Vie  Future."  It  will  be  received  with  widespread  interest  here,  and  will  arouse  very  general 
discussion.  The  subject  is  one  which  is  engaging  not  only  scientists,  but  laymen,  in  ever-increasing  numbers.  This  volume  offers 
for  the  first  time  a  complete  presentation  of  all  the  available  evidence  hitherto  to  be  found  only  in  the  most  scattered  and  inac- 
cessible forms. 

"This  is  a  book  which  every  intelligent  man  should  read,-  for  no  matter  what  his  convictions  are  on  the  subject,  he  will 
probably  change  them  in  many  resi)ects  after  perusing  it.  .  .  .  The  book  is  remarkable  for  its  candor,  for  lucidity  of  statement, 
logic  of  argument,  and  the  manifest  determination  of  the  author  to  get  only  at<he  truth.    The  translation  is  excellait." 

—  Philadelphia  Inquirer. 


FOR   SCHOLARS  AND  THE  GENERAL  READER     I    OF  SPECIAL  INTEREST  TO  LIBRARY  WORKERS 


The  Ghost  in  Hamlet 

And  Other  Essays  in  Comparative  Literature.    By  Dr. 
Maurice  Francis  Egan.     16mo,  81.00  net. 

As  Professor  of  English  Literature  at  the  CathoUc  Univer- 
sity of  Washington.  Dr.  Egan  is  well  known  both  as  a  thorough 
scholar  and  a  charming  writer.  The  other  titles  are:  Some 
Phases  of  Shakespearean  Interpretation;  Some  Pedagogical 
Uses  of  Shakespeare;  Lyrism  in  Shakespeare's  Comedies;  A 
Definition  of  Literature ;  The  Ebb  and  Flow  of  Romance ;  The 
Greatest  of  Shakespeare's  Contemporaries ;  Imitators  of  Shakes- 
peare :  The  Puzzle  of  Hamlet. 


Literature  of  Libraries 

17th  and  18th  Centuries.  Edited  by  Henry  W.  Kent, 
Librarian  of  the  Grolier  Club,  and  John  Cotton  Dana, 
Librarian  of  the  Newark  Public  Library.  Sold  only  in 
sets.  Regular  edition,  limited  to  250  sets,  812.00  net. 
Large  paper  edition,  limited  to  25  sets,  825.00  net. 

Vol.  I.  "  Concerning  the  Duties  and  Qualifications  of  a  Libra- 
rian." Vol.  n.  ■  The  Reformed  Library  Keeper."  A  series  of  six 
reprints  of  rare  and  out-of-print  works  on  libraries  and  their 
management.  The  primary  object  of  the  series  is  to  bring  within 
the  reach  of  persons  interested,  and  especially  of  librarians,  the 
early  authorities  on  these  subjects.  The  volumes  in  this  series 
will  be  beautifully  printed  at  the  Merrymount  Press. 


A.  C.  McCLURG  &  CO.,   PUBLISHERS,   CHICAGO 


220 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1,1906. 


Ready  This  Week 


Two  Notable  Novels 


Mr.  Owen  Wister's    new  novel 

Lady   Baltimore     by  the  author  of  ••  The  Virginian  " 

The  one  characteristic  of  Mr.  Wister's  work  is  expressed  in  that  overworked  word  sympathy.  He  knew  and 
loved  the  open  plains  and  the  life  of  the  cattle  range;  so  he  gave  us  "The  Virginian."  His  affection  for  the 
southern  city  of  his  new  book  is  as  evident  as  his  intimate  knowledge  of  its  folk  and  its  historic  past ;  so  he 
gives  us  a  chivalrous,  imprudent  young  hero  —  and  charming  women,  young  and  old.  Each  is  an  absolutely 
genuine  and  real  bit  of  American  life,  besides  being  a  delightful  story. 

Illustrated  with  full-page  half-tones  and  drawings  in  the  text.    Cloth,  $1.50. 

Autographed  large-paper  edition,  on  Japanese  vellum,  100  only  offered  for  sale.    $5.00  net. 

Mr.  Egerton  Castle's    new  novel 

If  Youth    But  Knew     by  the  author  of  •♦  Young  April  " 

The  book  is  totally  different  from  Mr.  Castle's  "  The  Pride  of  Jennico,"  for  example,  but  shares  its  atmosphere 
of  pure  romance  —  the  radiant  freshness  of  a  world  still  young.    Illustrated  by  Launcelot  Speed.       Cloth,  $1.50. 

A  Group  of  Biographies  of  Uncommon  Interest 


TO  THE  STUDENT  OF  POLITICS 

Mr.  Winston  Churchill,  M.P.'s 
Life  of  Lord  Randolph  Churchill 

"  Since  Mr.  Mor ley's  famous  '  Life  of  Gladstone '  there  has  been  no  such  important  contribution  to  the  history  of 

the  last  century.'' — Daily  Mail,  London. 

"  For  sheer,  breathless  interest  it  surpasses  any  work  of  the  kind  published  in  our  time." — Daily  Chronicle. 

In  two  volumes.    8vo,  $9.00  net  (carriage  extra). 
TO  THE  STUDENT  OF  HISTORY 

The  Life  and  Writings  of  Benjamin  Franklin 

Edited  by  ALBERT  H.  SMYTH,  Philadelphia.    To  be  complete  in  ten  volumes. 
"  No  edition  of  Franklin's  writings  has  ever  approached  this  in  fulness." — Review  of  Reviews. 
"  Everywhere  we  touch  him  he  is  the  human  and  therefore  the  fascinating  Franklin."— W.  P.  Trent  in  The  Forum. 

Four  volumes  now  ready.    Cloth,  Svo,  each  $3.00  net  (carriage  extra). 

TO  THE  STUDENT  OF  PERSONAL  INFLUENCE 


Professor  C.  T.  Winchester's 


new 


Life  of  John  Wesley 


It  is  a  truthful,  vivid  narrative  of  a  personality  of  unusual  power,  one  of  the  most  prominent  figures  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  a  man  who  for  some  thirty  years  probably  exerted  a  stronger  personal  Influence  than  any 
other  in  all  England.  Cloth,  Svo,  $1.50  net  (postage  15  cents). 

Memoirs  of  Archbishop  Temple    by  Seven  Friends 


Edited  by  E.  G.  SANDFOBD.  Archdeacon  of  Exeter. 


With  photogravure  and  other  illustrations. 

Two  volumes.    Svo,  $9.00  net. 


TO   THE  STUDENT  OF  ART 

Mr.  William    Holman    Hunt's     autobiographical  reminiscences 

Pre-Raphaelitism  and  the  Pre-Raphaelite  Brotherhood 

"  Simply  for  its  pictures  of  that  o4d  life,  for  its  vivid  anecdote,  for  its  riches  of  personalia,  and  for  its  manly  tone, 
the  narrative  is  readable  and  delightful  to  a  wonderful  degree." — Atlantic  Monthly. 

In  two  volumes.    Illustrated  with  forty  full-page  photogravures.    Cloth,  Svo,  $10.00  net  (carriage  extra). 


Other  Recent  Notable  Issues 


Dr.  Henry  Charles  Lea's    new  work 

A  History  of  the  Inquisition  of  Spain     to  be  complete  in  four  voiume$ 

The  author  makes  an  uncommonly  interesting  contribution  to  the  study  of  human  history  in  his  clear  illuminat- 
ing account  of  how  Spain  developed  from  the  most  tolerant  to  the  most  intolerant  of  Christian  countries.  Of  the 
disastrous  outcome  his  later  volumes  will  be  the  record.      Volume  I.,  620  Svo  pages.  $2.50  net  (postage  22  cents). 

Mr.  James   Loeb's     translation  of  M.  Paul  Decharme's 

Euripides  and  the  Spirit  of  His  Dramas 

It  is  noteworthy  at  once  for  its  breadth  of  view,  power  of  close  analysis,  and  vigor  of  presentation.  An  introduc- 
tion is  supplied  by  Professor  John  Williams  White,  of  Harvard  University. 

With  four  full-page  illustrations.    Cloth,  octavo,  S92  pages,  $3.00  net. 

The  Macmillan  Company,  Publishers,  64-66  5th  Ave.,  New  York 


THE  DIAL 

a  Snni=ffi0nrt)lg  Journal  of  Eitcrarg  Criticism,  Disnissixin,  antJ  l:nf0rmatioiu 


ENTBREO  AT  THB  CHICAGO  POSTOFFICB  AS  SECOND-CLASS  MATTER 
BY  THE  DIAL  COMPAKY,   PCBLISHEBS 

No.  475.  APRIL  1, 1906.  Vol-  XL. 

COXTES^TS. 

PASB 

THE  CARDINAL  VIRTDES  OF  FICTION   .     .    .  221 

COMSIUNICATION 223 

American      Literature      in     British     Periodicals. 
M.  B.  A. 

SANDWICH    ISLAND    SOUVENIES.      Percy    F. 

Bicknell 223 

SIR    JOSHUA    REYNOLDS    AND    HIS    WORK. 

Charles  Henry  Hart 225 

WHAT  IS  IMMORTALITY  ?     T.  D.  A.  CockereU    .  228 

FROM      ANDREW     JACKSON     TO     ANDREW 

JOHNSON.      Edwin  E.  Sparks 229 

THE   CITY  AS   DEMOCRACY^   HOPE.      Charles 

Zueblin 230 

TRAVELLERS  IN  MANT  LANDS.  H.  E.  Coblentz  232 
Schillings's  Flashlights  in  the  Jungle.  —  GeU's  A 
Yankee  in  Pigmy  Land. —  Phillips's  In  the  Desert. 
—  Passmore's  In  Further  Ardenne.  —  Hart's  A 
Levantine  Log  Book.  —  Crosby's  Tibet  and  Tur- 
kestan. —  Rawling's  The  Great  Plateau.  —  De 
Guerville's  New  Egypt.  —  Murray's  The  High- 
Road  of  Empire. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 236 

A  charming  French  hostess  and  her  circle.  —  Tlie 
poets  as  torch-bearers.  — Wanderings  on  the  Welsh 
borderland.  —  The  author  of  "Religio  Medici."  — 
Jotttings  of  a  London  journalist.  — "  Sanctified 
common  sense  "  on  public  problems. — Sea-shore  life 
on  the  eastern  coast.  —  A  glimpse  of  the  ancient 
animal  world.  —  Nature  essays  and  pictures.  — 
Greneral  Sherman  truthfully  portrayed. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 239 

NOTES 239 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS 240 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS 241 


THE  CARDINAL  VIRTUES  OF  FICTION. 


The  modem  novel  is  so  versatile  a  thing,  and 
offers  so  varied  an  appeal  to  the  interests  of  its 
readers,  that  the  determination  of  criteria  for 
its  proper  appraisement  is  made  a  pecvdiarly 
difficult  task  for  the  critic.  The  difficulty  is 
possibly  greater  than  in  the  case  of  any  other 
of  the  recognized  literary  forms,  since  a  novel 
may  achieve  distinction,  or  at  least  obtain  the 
vogue  which  is  a  temporary  equivalent  for  dis- 
tinction, in  any  one  of  a  score  of  ways.     If  it 


exhibit  some  particular  sort  of  excellence  in  a 
marked  degree,  it  will  find  its  special  circle  of 
admirers,  who  will  praise  it  for  that  quality 
alone,  caring  little  for  its  shortcomings  in  other 
directions.  And  the  total  public,  even  of  novel- 
readers  who  require  of  themselves  some  measure 
of  critical  accounting  for  their  own  tastes,  is  so 
vast  that  it  is  sure  to  include  enough  people  to 
constitute  an  audience  of  respectable  propor- 
tions for  almost  any  author  who  displays  any 
kind  of  real  ability,  no  matter  how  cramped 
may  be  its  expression. 

Nevertheless,  out  of  all  the  chaos  of  aim 
and  achievement  which  is  illustrated  by  modem 
fiction,  it  ought  to  be  —  it  must  be — possible 
to  evolve  a  critical  order  of  some  description,  to 
determine  certain  ideal  standards  of  workman- 
ship, and  to  classify  under  a  few  general  cap- 
tions the  enduring  elements  of  the  artistic  con- 
ception embodied  in  the  novel  considered  as  a 
form  of  literary  production.  When  one  has 
read  some  thousands  of  novels  with  a  view  to 
something  more  than  the  entertainment  they 
offer,  with  what  we  would  call  a  scientific  pur- 
pose were  it  not  for  the  imf ortunate  associations 
of  the  word  ''  science  "  when  mentioned  in  con- 
nection with  literary  criticism;  when  one  has 
done  this,  the  essential  features  of  the  novel- 
form  gradually  emerge  from  a  welter  of  fugitive 
impressions,  and  shape  themselves  in  the  read- 
er's consciousness,  creating  for  him  a  norm  to 
which  he  will  thereafter  refer  his  new  impres- 
sions, and  upon  which  he  will  base  his  judg- 
ments. These  features  or  elements  we  have 
ventured  to  call  the  cardinal  virtues  of  fiction, 
and  will  now  endeavor  to  consider  them  one  by 
one. 

The  first  of  the  virtues  may  be  called  inven- 
tion, although  this  single  word  is  inadequate 
for  the  expression  of  ovir  meaning.  Some  such 
phrase  as  "selection  of  material"  would  be 
better,  for  of  invention  in  the  literal  sense  there 
is  not  likely  to  be  much  question.  The  plots 
.  have  all  been  used  many  times  over,  and  even 
the  incidents  do  not  often  have  the  merit  of 
real  novelty.  Relative  novelty  is  about  all  that 
the  writer  of  fiction  may  hope  to  achieve,  even 
in  the  details  of  his  work,  while  for  his  main 
material  he  is  thrown  back  upon  the  old  mo- 
tives and  complications.    For  effects  which  will 


222 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


produce  even  the  illusion  of  novelty,  hia  chief 
reliance  must  be  in  the  stage-settmg  rather  than 
in  the  story,  and  here,  so  great  is  the  possible 
variety  of  scenes  offered  by  life  present  and  life 
past,  so  changeable  are  the  fashions  of  literature, 
and  so  short  are  the  memories  of  readers,  he 
may  succeed  in  lending  a  seeming  freshness  to 
some  tale  which  in  its  essence  is  as  old  as  Rome 
or  Babylon. 

Closely  allied  to  the  virtue  of  what  we  have 
called  invention  is  that  of  construction,  and  in 
the  cultivation  of  this  virtue  the  artist  finds  his 
first  real  opportunity.  The  architectonic  char- 
acter of  a  successfid  work  of  fiction  is  one  of  its 
most  important  features,  and  not  a  little  of  the 
satisfaction  we  find  in  reading  a  novel  comes  from 
the  sense  that  we  are  following  a  logical  plan, 
with  a  nice  adjustment  of  parts,  with  a  careful 
adaptation  of  means  to  ends,  and  with  a  steady 
development  of  plot-interest  up  to  the  moment 
when  the  climax  is  reached.  The  art  of  proceed- 
ing from  climax  to  conclusion  calls  for  no  less 
thought  than  the  art  of  working  up  to  the  climax, 
and  there  is  greater  danger  of  scamping  this  part 
of  the  work  than  any  other.  To  accomplish  all 
that  has  here  been  suggested  is  to  be  tndy  crea- 
tive, not  perhaps  in  the  highest  sense,  but  cer- 
tainly creative  in  the  sense  of  contributing  an 
element  of  one's  own  to  the  material  supplied  by 
the  world  outside. 

^  Many  novels  are  successful,  and  deservedly  so, 
by  virtue  of  excellence  in  these  two  respects  of 
invention  and  construction.  Theirs  is  not  the 
most  enduring  kind  of  success,  but  it  is  one  by 
no  means  to  be  despised.  It  is,  moreover,  the 
only  kind  of  success  that  makes  anything  ap- 
proaching an  immediate  and  imiversal  appeal  to 
readers,  for  the  success  that  eventually  sets  a 
work  of  fiction  among  the  classics  of  literature 
is  apt  to  be  no  more  than  a  succes  d'estime  with 
the  generation  that  witnesses  its  production.  It 
is  not  by  the  applause  of  contemporary  throngs, 
but  by  the  judgment  of  the  few,  accimudated 
through  following  generations,  that  the  world 
comes  to  know  for  the  masterpiece  that  it  is  such 
a  work  as  "  Don  Quixote,"  or  "  I  Promessi 
Sposi,"  or  "Wilhehn  Meister,"  or  "Tom 
Jones,"  or  "  The  Scarlet  Letter."  Meanwhile, 
each  generation  has  its  own  popular  fictions, 
outshining  for  the  time  more  important  works,  . 
but  neglected  by  the  next  generation  because 
lacking  in  the  virtues  of  the  higher  sort. 

These  higher  virtues,  which  are  the  sure  anti- 
septics of  literature,  are  the  virtues  of  charac- 
terization, style,  and  truth.  With  the  virtue  of 
characterization  we  reach  our  own  climax,  in  this 


brief  critical  survey  of  the  essentials  of  artistic 
fiction.  It  is  the  one  absolutely  indispensable 
virtue  of  the  novel  that  is  to  be  considered  seri- 
ously, for  the  pages  that  do  not  frame  for  us 
figures  of  men  and  women  who  really  live,  who 
are  even  more  certainly  denizens  of  the  peopled 
world  as  our  consciousness  knows  it  tlian  are 
most  of  the  flesh  and  blood  beings  whom  we 
jostle  (but  do  not  know)  in  the  daily  walk  of  life, 
then  those  pages  may  be  excellent  literature,  but 
they  are  assuredly  not  the  pages  of  an  excellent 
novel.  We  have  said  tliat  construction  is  a  crea- 
tive act,  and  so  it  is,  but  the  creative  act  par 
excellence  of  the  novelist  is  the  shaping  of  hu- 
man beings  in  the  moulds  of  the  imagination, 
and  their  portrayal  in  such  subtle  wise,  and  with 
such  force  of  penetrative  sympathy,  that  they 
take  their  rightful  place  among  our  intimates, 
becoming  perhaps  more  truly  our  intimates  than 
those  whom  we  know  best  in  the  actual  world. 
Who  lias  not  felt,  for  example,  that  he  has  a 
closer  acquaintance  with  some  of  the  people  of 
Scott's  or  Thackeray's  or  George  Eliot's  creation 
than  with  the  best  of  his  own  personal  friends? 

The  novelist  who  creates  character,  then,  may 
be  sure  that  his  work  will  live,  however  it  may 
fail  in  practising  the  other  virtues  of  the  fictive 
art.  It  is  all  the  better,  of  course,  if  inven- 
tive and  constructive  skill  be  superadded  to  the 
power  of  characterization,  and  still  better  if,  in 
further  addition,  there  be  exhibited  the  power 
of  style  and  the  power  of  truth.  By  style  we 
mean  everytliing  that  relates  to  beauty  in  its 
formal  aspect,  as  distinguished  from  those  other 
aspects  of  beauty  which  are  the  good  and  the 
true.  Style  in  the  novel  may  be  displayed  in 
many  ways.  Its  most  obvious  function  is  found 
in  the  descriptive  passages,  but  there  is  (or  may 
be)  exhibited  a  power  of  style  in  the  narrative, 
in  the  analysis  of  motive,  and  even  in  the  direct 
discourse  of  the  characters.  And  it  must  be 
remembered  that  although  style  is  one,  styles 
are  many,  and  verbal  beauty  is  equally  available 
for  the  diverse  moods  of  humor  and  pathos,  of 
sparkling  animation  and  serious  contemplation. 

If  we  find  in  characterization  the  supreme 
creative  activity  of  the  novelist,  and  in  style  the 
supreme  expression  of  his  feeling  for  formal 
beauty,  we  must  turn  to  truth  for  the  supreme 
expression  of  his  artistic  conscience.  And  we 
mean  by  truth  not  only  the  truth  of  observation 
and  report,  of  psychological  relation  and  logical 
process,  but  also,  and  even  more  insistently,  the 
truth  that  is  ethical  in  its  outlook,  the  truth  that 
respects  sanctions,  and  discerns  morality  to  be 
in  very  fact  the  inmost  nature  of  things.     To 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


223 


embody  truth,  thus  apprehended,  whether  by 
reason  or  by  intuition,  in  the  very  foundations 
of  his  structure,  must  be  the  aim  of  every  serious 
novelist,  has  been  the  determination  of  all  the 
novelists  whose  works  we  now  hold  in  honor. 
Thus  fiction  and  truth,  whose  names  are  as  the 
poles,  are  seen  as  one  and  the  same  thing  from 
this  philosophical  ^'ie\\^int,  which  *'  was  some 
time  a  paradox,  but  now  the  time  gives  it  proof." 
The  foregoing  somewhat  abstract  discussion 
may  seem  to  have  little  relation  to  fiction  as 
illustrated  by  the  stories  one  reads  from  day  to 
day  for  diversion,  or  by  the  publishers'  output 
from  year  to  year.  But  its  relation  to  fiction 
in  a  serious  sense,  to  fiction  considered  as  con- 
stituting one  of  the  three  principal  forms  of 
imaginative  literature,  is  of  the  most  \'ital  char- 
acter, for  it  is  in  accordance  with  some  such 
analysis  as  we  have  here  sought  to  make  that 
the  definite  litei-ary  status  of  every  novel  must 
be  fixed.  The  fact  is  irrelevant  that  ninety- 
nine  novels  out  of  every  hundred  would  get  no 
status  at  all  when  rated  by  the  tests  here  pro- 
posed. It  is  with  the  himdredth  novel  alone  that 
the  student  of  literature  has  to  deal,  and  it  is 
highly  important  that  he  deal  vnth  it  upon  a 
clearly-outlined  critical  plan.  We  are  aware 
that  we  have  suggested  an  outline  and  nothing 
more,  but  it  is  frequently  athdsable,  in  criticism 
as  in  other  intellectual  occupations,  to  recur  to 
first  principles,  to  make  sure  that  our  point  of 
departure  has  been  well-chosen,  and  that  we  have 
started  in  the  right  direction  for  the  imseen 
distant  goal. 


COMMUNICA  TION. 


AMERICAN  LITERATUEE  IN  BRITISH 

PERIODICALS. 

(To  the  Editor  of  The  Dial.) 

In  the  January  number  of  a  magazine  called  "  Cxrr- 

rent  Literature  "  I  found  that  fine,  significant  poem, 

"  The  King's  Fool,"  bv  Mr.  William  J.  Xeidig,  printed 

with  the  foUoM-ing  editorial  introduction: 

"  The  stansas  below  come  from  one  of  the  British  periodicals. 
We  have  neglected  to  make  a  record  of  the  name." 

Chancing  to  open,  just  now,  a  new  periodical  entitled 
"  The  Shakespeare  Monthly  and  Library  Companion,"  I 
find  Mr.  Aldrich's  weU-known  lines,  "  Gulielmus  Rex," 
printed  under  the  caption  "  The  Unknown  Shakespeare," 
with  this  preliminary  note: 

"  To  the  Editor:  — The  following  was  clipped  from  an  Irish 
newspaper  of  recent  date.  The  writer's  name  is  not  given.  If 
you  think  it  worthy  of  a  place,"  etc.,  etc. 

The  vicarious  modesty  of  the  "  if  you  think  it  worthy  " 
is  touching! 

Qurry :  Is  there  a  syndicate  engaged  in  "  conveying  " 
American  literature  to  British  periodicals? 

M.  B.  A. 

Stanford  University,  March  SO,  1906, 


^^t    Itffaj    §00ks. 


Sajvdavich  Islaxd  Souvexirs.* 


To  the  Sandwich  Islands,  as  they  were  then 
commonly  called,  there  went  in  1831  a  young 
missionary,  David  Belden  Lyman,  of  New 
Hartford,  Connecticut.  To  share  his  labors  in 
christianizing  the  heathen  he  took  with  him  his 
newly- wedded  wife,  a  Green  Moimtain  girl  from 
Royalton,  Vermont.  Of  this  good  New  England 
parentage  was  bom,  four  years  later,  at  Hilo  on 
the  island  of  Hawaii,  the  author  of  the  volume 
under  review,  Dr.  Henry  Munson  Lyman.  Like 
so  many  of  the  early  missionaries  sent  out  by 
the  American  Board,  the  elder  Lyman  was 
educated  at  Williams  College,  the  birthplace  of 
the  foreign-mission  movement,  and  at  Andover 
Theological  Seminary.  And  to  Williams  came 
in  course  of  time  the  son  also  for  his  college 
I  training.  An  early  page  of  his  book  gives  a  view 
of  Kellogg  Hall,  now  no  more,  which  older  grad- 
uates will  contemplate  with  pleasant  memories, 
and  with  ready  recognition  notA^snthstanding  the 
omission  of  its  name  on  the  plate  and  in  the  text. 

"  Hawaiian  Yesterdays"  is  the  story  of  a  stren- 
uous life  amid  the  rudest  surroundings.  The 
semi-savagery  of  the  natives,  the  lack  of  the 
commonest  domestic  conveniences,  the  heart- 
breaking remoteness  from  civilization  and 
friends,  the  practical  certainty  of  never  more  re- 
visiting the  scenes  of  childhood  and  youth,  made 
a  Hawaiian  missionary's  calling  a  serious  one 
indeed.  Some  of  its  features  have  recently  been 
well  portrayed  in  the  biography  of  General  Arm- 
strong, whose  father's  term  of  service  at  Honolidu 
synchronized  in  large  part  with  the  Kev.  David 
Lyman's  labors  at  Hilo.  The  present  picture  of 
Hawaiian  life  introduces  another  portion  of  the 
archipelago,  and,  keeping  the  more  serious  and 
sometimes  tragic  elements  in  the  backgrovmd, 
gives  in  a  most  interesting  way  the  youthful  im- 
pressions and  occupations  and  amusements  of  the 
writer.  Indeed,  not  a  few  of  his  pages,  in  their 
graphic  account  of  ingenious  adaptation  of  means 
to  ends,  are  agreeably  reminiscent — unintention- 
ally reminiscent,  no  doubt  —  of  that  classic  of 
our  childhood,  "  The  Swiss  Family  Robinson." 
CoiUd  a  reviewer  bestow  higher  praise  ?  A  not- 
able instance  of  Yankee  ingenuity  and  thrift  oc- 
curs in  an  early  chapter.  The  General  Meeting 
of  the  Hawaiian  mission  was  an  annual  conven- 
tion of  missionaries  and  their  wives  for  spiritual 

•  Hawaiian  Yesterdays.  Chapters  from  a  Boy's  Life  in  the 
Islands  in  the  Early  Days.  By  Henry  M.  Lyman,  M.D.  nins- 
trated.    Chicago :  A.  C.  McClurg  St  Co. 


224 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


quickening,  and  also  for  the  supplying  of  bodily 
needs  out  of  such  cargoes  as  had  arrived  from 
Boston  in  the  preceding  twelve  months. 

"  On  a  certain  occasion,  the  Reverend  Mr.  Richards 
arrived  from  his  station  at  Lahaina,  only  in  time  to 
ascertain  that  the  last  vestige  of  clothing  had  been  dis- 
tributed, leaving  him  literally  '  out  in  the  cold.'  This 
was  a  dreadful  disappointment,  for  his  only  paii"  of  black 
trousers  was  in  the  last  stage  of  disintegration;  and  in 
what  other  color  could  he  appear  before  the  Lord  as  an 
honored  and  God-fearing  ecclesiastic  ?  His  excellent 
wife  came  cheerfully  to  the  rescue,  bringing  forth  from 
some  hidden  store  an  old  black  satin  shirt  —  treasiu-ed 
memento  of  youthful  gaiety  and  worldly  pleasure.  This 
long-discarded  article  was  now  offered  again  upon  the 
altar  of  sacrifice,  and  under  the  housewife's  deft  manip- 
ulation reappeared  once  more  upon  the  stage  of  active 
life,  transformed  into  a  suit  of  staid  and  sombre  hue  — 
a  thoroughly  regulated  specimen  of  a  genuinely  evan- 
gelical pattern.  But  alas  for  poor  human  nature !  The 
incident  was  eagerly  caught  up  by  the  profane  beach- 
combers of  Honolulu,  and  all  along  the  seacoast  of  New 
England  was  recited  the  story  of  the  luxury  in  which 
Hawaiian  missionaries  were  living.  '  Why,  their  clothes 
are  made  of  nothing  less  expensive  than  the  costliest 
silks  and  satins ! ' " 

This  same  Mr.  Richards  was  the  hero  of  a  bap- 
tismal episode  too  amusing  to  omit.  A  native 
couple,  the  proud  parents  of  an  infant  boy,  on 
presenting  the  child  for  baptism  and  being  asked 
what  name  they  had  chosen  for  their  son  and 
heir,  promptly  replied,  "  Beelzebub."  Only 
after  grave  remonstrance  woidd  they  relinquish 
their  choice.  The  name  they  finally  insisted 
upon  as  a  substitute  was  "  Mr.  Richards,"  for 
that  was  certainly  the  name  of  a  good  man  if 
the  other  was  not ;  and  so  the  babe  was  chris- 
tened "  Mr.  Richards." 

David  Lyman  early  started  a  school  for  native 
boys  at  Hilo,  handing  over  his  pastoral  duties 
to  the  Rev.  Titus  Coan,  father  of  the  now  better- 
known  Dr.  Titus  Munson  Coan,  our  author's 
playmate  and  lifelong  friend.  With  this  com- 
rade, or  with  the  boys  of  the  school  and  their 
teacher,  the  writer  made  exploring  tours  about 
the  island  and  to  the  volcanoes  of  Kilauea  and 
Mauna  Loa  in  the  interior.  Noteworthy,  among 
other  things,  is  the  absence  of  those  countless 
forms  of  reptile  and  insect  life  that  might  have 
made  such  excursions  in  a  tropical  climate  un- 
pleasant if  not  dangerous.  These  happy  con- 
ditions have  now,  it  appears,  been  somewhat 
changed  for  the  worse  by  the  importation  of  the 
mosquito,  along  with  other  accompaniments  of 
civilization.  A  description  of  Kilauea  in  action, 
as  viewed  from  the  crater's  edge,  will  perhaps 
be  welcome  to  those  unfamiliar  with  such  spec- 
tacles. 

"  Over  the  recently  hardened  lava  we  traveled  nearly 
half  a  mile,  coming  suddenly  upon  the  level  margin  of 


the  lake  of  fire.  This  was  a  circular  pool,  fully  a  thou- 
sand feet  in  diameter,  surrounded  by  a  wall  of  rock,  so 
that  as  we  stood  upon  the  brink  the  melted  lava  was 
fifteen  or  twenty  feet  below  us.  Its  whole  mass  was 
in  motion,  furiously  bubbling  and  boiling,  and  dashing 
up  waves  of  red-hot  foam  and  spray.  Sometimes  there 
would  be  a  partial  calm,  as  of  the  sea  after  a  storm ;  a 
considerable  portion  of  the  surface  would  freeze  over 
with  smooth  hard  lava,  such  as  we  had  under  foot ;  but 
in  a  few  minutes  there  would  be  a  violent  outbreak,  and 
the  broad  field  would  split  open  across  its  whole  extent, 
allowing  the  melted  rock  to  rise  through  the  crevices 
like  water  coming  up  over  the  ice  on  a  river  during  a 
freshet  in  the  Spring  of  the  year.  Huge  cakes  of  solid 
lava  would  tilt  up  on  end,  slowly  turning  over,  and 
finally  disappearing  in  a  tremendous  whirlpool  of  fiery 
surf  thrown  up  from  below.  This  exhibition  was  being 
continually  renewed  all  over  the  lake,  while  we  stood 
chained  to  the  spot,  and  lost  in  admiration  of  the  awful 
spectacle,  till  an  unusually  vigorous  outburst,  surging 
forth  from  under  the  banks,  warned  us  that  we  were 
upon  an  overhanging  table-rock  which  might  be  hurled 
at  any  moment  into  the  sea  of  fire." 

The  author,  after  being  well  started  in  book- 
learning  by  his  mother,  attended  the  Reverend 
Daniel  Dole's  school  for  mission  children  at 
Punahou,  near  Honolulu.  The  teacher's  name 
will  call  to  mind  ex-Governor  Sanford  B.  Dole, 
his  son,  who  (another  parallelism)  came  also  to 
Massachusetts  and  to  Williams  College  to  finish 
his  education.  Other  helpfid  influences  besides 
those  of  school  and  mission  chapel  were  not 
wanting  to  the  Lymans.  Travellers  of  distinc- 
tion sought  shelter  from  time  to  time  under  the 
missionary's  roof.  In  this  way  acquaintance 
was  made  with  the  geologist  Dana,  with  Pro- 
fessor Chester  S.  Lyman  of  Yale,  with  Richard 
H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Henry  T.  Cheever,  Miss  Isabella 
Bird,  Miss  Gordon  Cumming,  Lady  Franklin, 
Mrs.  Brassey,  and  others.  The  writer's  expe- 
riences were  enlarged  also  by  considerable  work 
as  a  land-surveyor  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  when 
he  received  a  government  appointment  through 
a  friend's  intercession.  Soon  afterward  he 
took  passage  in  a  whaler  for  New  Bedford  and 
a  Massachusetts  college,  sailing  round  Cape 
Horn,  of  course,  and  spending  one  hundred  and 
forty  days  at  sea.  Two  sperm  whales  were 
taken  just  after  the  Cape  was  doubled,  and 
sundry  other  incidents  diversified  the  voyage. 
If  the  earlier  chapters  recall  the  famous  adven- 
tures of  the  Robinson  family,  the  later  pages 
occasionally  remind  one  of  the  equally  interest- 
ing experiences  narrated  by  the  author  of  "  Two 
Years  before  the  Mast." 

Some  few  matters  for  criticism,  unimportant 
in  themselves,  but  perhaps  noteworthy  to  a 
carefid  reviewer,  may  be  briefly  set  down  in 
closing.  When,  in  describing  his  voyage  round 
the  Horn,  the  writer  speaks  of  "  Oceanus  and 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


22& 


Varuna,  with  their  joyous  cohort,  .  .  .  rising 
from  rejK)se  beneath  the  purple  sea,"  he  allows 
himself  a  mixtiu-e  of  m3i;hologies  that  might  have 
been  avoided  with  the  same  propriety  that  for- 
bids a  mixture  of  metaphors.  A  Hawaiian  youth 
of  unusual  vocal  power  is  said  to  be  "  blessed 
with  the  lungs  of  a  stentor."  Why  is  our  Ho- 
meric herald  thus  relegated  to  the  category  of 
common  nouns  ?  A  moimtain  gorge  is  called  a 
"canon"  —  with  no  tilde  over  the  n.  If  the 
printer's  font  lacked  this  character,  the  word 
could  easily,  and  very  properly,  have  been  spelled 
"  canyon."  *'  Cadavoric  "  is  perhaps  a  mere  mis- 
print ;  "  dicispline  "  certainly  is.  Calling  the 
porpoise  a  fish  may  be  suffered  to  pass  as  a  bit 
of  literary  license.  The  book  is  well  illustrated, 
although  some  of  the  plates,  from  paintings  by 
Miss  Gordon  Cimuning,  are  less  excellent  tech- 
nically than  they  are  interesting  for  other  reasons. 
From  cover  to  cover  the  book  is  entertaining, 
and  we  trust  its  writer's  cheerfvd  yesterdays  may 
be  followed  by  many  confident  to-morrows. 
Percy  F.  Bicknell. 


Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  jcsd  his  Work,* 


Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  is,  and  must  remain, 
easily  the  first  portrait  painter  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  and  his  porti-aits  are  universally  ac- 
knowledged to  be  among  the  best  ever  painted. 
He  can  therefore,  mthout  danger,  be  brought 
into  close  contrast  A\ath  the  illustrious  porti-ait 
painters  that  preceded  him,  while  none  who  have 
come  after  have  approached  the  ^^•ide  scope  and 
broad  powers  that  were  undeniably  his.  That 
his  portraits  are  often  flattered  likenesses,  as  was 
charged  in  Reynolds's  o^ti  day,  is  undoubtedly 
true ;  but  he  never  sacrificed  character  to  flat- 
tery, not  even  in  his  portraits  of  women,  where 
it  was  most  often  exercised.  In  many  of  his  male 
portraits,  he  is  a  pronoimced,  almost  a  brutal, 
realist,  not  even  sa\dng  himself, —  as  ANitness,  in 
one  of  his  seK-portraits  he  wears  spectacles,  in 
another  he  holds  his  ear-trumpet,  and  in  a  third 
has  his  hand  to  his  ear  in  the  attitude  of  listen- 
ing, each  of  these  details  marking  his  infirmities, 
either  of  sight  or  of  hearing ;  recall  also  that 
great  portrait  of  Doctor  Johnson  holding  a  book 

*  Sir  Joshua  Rey^jolds,  First  President  of  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy. By  sir  Walter  Armstrong.  Popular  edition.  Illustrated. 
New  York :  Imported  by  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

SiK  Joshua  Reynolds,  P.R.A.  By  William  B.  Boulton.  Illus- 
trated.   New  York :  E.  P.  Button  &  Co. 

Discourses  delivered  to  the  students  of  the  Royal  Academy. 
By  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  Kt.  With  Introduction  and  Notes  by 
Roger  Fry.    Illustrated.    New  York :  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 


close  to  his  eyes,  which  "  Ursa  Major  "  remon- 
strated against  as  preserving  a  record  of  his 
near-sightedness,  saying  to  Mrs.  Thrale:  "  Rey- 
nolds may  paint  himseK  as  deaf  as  he  chooses, 
but  I  will  not  be  Blinking  Sam  in  the  eyes  of 
posterity."  Such  an  objection  coming  from 
Johnson  seems  odd,  in  view  of  the  answer  he  once 
gave  to  Boswell's  question  as  to  what  was  the 
first  merit  of  a  portrait,  —  "  Truth,  Sir,  is  of  the 
greatest  value  in  these  things." 

Flattery  or  no  flattery,  there  can  be  no  ques- 
tion in  the  mind  of  anyone  familiar  with  Rey- 
nolds's work  that  his  portraits  of  the  men  and 
women  of  his  time  enable  one  to  live  those  times 
over  again  with  them.  His  power  of  characteri- 
zation was  so  strong,  and  he  had  such  an  agile 
hand  to  fix  it  as  quickly  as  it  was  discerned,  that 
each  portrait  he  has  given  us,  in  all  the  enor- 
mous number  he  painted,  is  the  portrait  of  the 
individual  limned.  Other  painters  executed  por- 
traits of  Johnson,  Goldsmith,  Burke,  Sterne,  and 
of  many  other  notable  characters  ;  but  in  Rey- 
nolds's portraits  of  these  personages  we  know 
that  we  see  the  men  before  us  as  they  appeared 
to  their  friends  and  contempoi-aries,  and  we  read 
their  characters  in  their  faces  as  we  have  read 
them  in  their  lives  and  writings. 

There  never  was  a  painter  who  had  the  power 
of  giving  such  distinction  to  his  portraits  as 
RejTiolds  had ;  and  it  is  quite  remarkable  that 
this  should  be  so,  considering  that  he  was  not  an 
impeccable  draughtsman.  But  he  did  possess  to 
a  marked  degree  that  intangible  quality  called 
taste,  which  made  him  avoid  whatever  was  com- 
monplace or  conventional  in  pose  and  arrange- 
ment, and  always  gave  grace  and  dignity  to  his 
work.  RejTiolds  had  other  defects  as  a  painter 
besides  his  frequent  bad  drawing,  which  we  can- 
not help  thinking,  in  view  of  the  superb  drawing 
in  some  of  his  pictures  (especially  the  Lord 
Heathfield  and  the  Doctor  Johnson  in  the  Na- 
tional Gallery) ,  was  due  to  haste  and  carelessness; 
while  some  of  it  may  be  owing  to  the  fact  that 
he  never  drew  with  charcoal  but  painted  in  with 
the  fidl  brush  from  the  start.  His  portraits 
sometimes  lack  solidity  and  seriousness,  and  his 
mania  for  experimenting  Avith  colors  has  led 
to  the  fading  and  cracking  of  his  work  to  a 
lamentable  degree,  so  that  his  fame,  especially 
as  a  colorist,  rests  largely  upon  the  testimony  of 
those  who  saw  his  works  fresh  from  the  easel  or 
comparatively  soon  after,  before  time  and  the 
restorer  together  had  helped  to  ruin  them.  He 
and  the  art-loving  public  also  owe  a  large  debt 
of  gratitude  to  the  masterful  mezzotint  scrapers 
of  his  time,  who  have  handed  down  his  works  in 


226 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


the  beautiful  black  and  white  translations  we  all 
know  so  well,  and  thus  preserved  what  otherwise 
would  have  been  in  great  part  lost. 

Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  has  been  "  written  up  " 
almost  to  death.  Biographies,  studies,  and  mono- 
graphs upon  him  are  legion, — from  those  written 
by  his  contemporaries  who  knew  him,  such  as 
Northcote,  Farington,  Mason,  and  Malone,  fol- 
lowed by  Cunningham,  Cotton,  Leslie,  and 
Taylor,  down  to  the  present  time,  when  the  latest 
are  the  volumes  by  Sir  Walter  Armstrong  and 
by  Mr.  W.  B.  Boulton.  His  Discourses,  too, 
have  been  many  times  printed  and  reprinted, 
translated  and  edited ;  notwithstanding  which  we 
now  have  a  new  edition  with  notes  by  Mr.  Roger 
Fry.  Sir  Joshua  can  therefore  hardly  be  called, 
personally  or  professionally,  an  unknown  quan- 
tity, and  his  character  has  always  been  held  up 
as  altogether  admirable  and  signally  free  from 
taint,  except  in  the  writings  of  the  two  Scotch- 
men who  have  wi*itten  about  him,  Allan  Cun- 
ningham and  Sir  Walter  Armstrong,  each  of 
whom  seems  to  nurture  some  uncanny  Scotch 
malevolence  against  him.  I  have  tried  to  dis- 
cover if  there  could  be  any  national  reason  for 
this  strange  antipathy,  but  can  find  none ;  and 
were  it  not  for  the  coincidence  that  it  is  only 
Scotchmen  who  have  decried  him,  it  would  not 
be  worth  mentioning. 

The  volume  by  Sir  Walter  Armstrong  is  a 
republication,  without  revision  (which  is  a  pity, 
considering  that  the  Graves  and  Cronin  "His- 
tory of  the  Works  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds"  has 
since  appeared  and  would  have  cleared  up  some 
doubtful  attributions  of  ownership,  etc.),  of  a 
luxurious  folio  issued  in  1900,  which  contained 
an  important  catalogue  of  Sir  Joshua's  work, 
quite  the  most  valuable  part  of  the  voliune,  but 
which  imfortunately  is  omitted  from  the  reprint. 
This  is  particidarly  bad,  as  on  page  164  of  the 
reprint,  in  a  note  to  the  paintings  of  "Mrs.  Sid- 
dons  as  the  Tragic  Muse,"  the  reader  is  referred 
to  the  catalogue :  "  For  some  further  details  bear- 
ing on  their  history,  see  the  Catalogue  at  the  end 
of  this  volimie."  But  non  est.  A  folio  is  such 
an  inconvenient  volume  to  read,  that  I  had  not 
tackled  the  original  edition,  and  so  was  ready 
to  welcome  eagerly  its  republication  in  handy 
size.  What  was  my  dismay  on  finding  that  Sir 
Walter's  point  of  view  as  to  RejTiolds's  life 
and  character  was,  to  say  the  least,  unusual  and 
equally  untenable.  His  whole  aim  seems  to  be 
to  belittle  and  disparage  Sir  Joshua  as  a  man, 
and  as  a  result  to  lessen  the  potentiality  of  his 
art.  As  Mr.  Fry  weU  says  in  his  introduction 
to  the  Discourses  :  "  Of  Reynolds  the  man  there 


is  no  need  to  speak  here  at  length  ;  the  outlines 
of  his  character  are  so  simple,  so  familiar,  they 
have  been  retraced  so  often  by  his  contempo- 
raries and  successors,  and  that  with  such  a  re- 
markable uniformity  of  commendation — if  we 
except  a  few  spiteful  phrases  in  Cunningham's 
Life  and  the  singidar  view  of  his  actions  taken 
by  Sir  Walter  Armstrong  —  that  to  repeat  them 
here  again  would  be  superfluous.  One  need  only 
refer  to  the  rounded  completeness  and  harmony, 
the  deliberation  and  method  he  showed  in  all 
his  undertakings,  and  the  freedom  from  all  that 
is  petty  or  narrow,  which  distinguished  him  in 
life  as  much  as  in  art  and  made  each  so  nicely 
complementary  to  the  other."  What  is  the  mes- 
sage conveyed  by  a  picture,  depends  wholly  upon 
the  point  of  view  of  the  beholder  ;  and  whether 
that  message  is  the  one  intended  by  the  painter, 
or  the  very  reverse,  depends  likewise  upon  how 
near  alike  are  the  view-points  of  the  painter  and 
of  the  observer.  Now  Sir  Joshua's  point  of 
view  and  Sir  Walter's  are  as  far  apart  as  the 
antipodes.  Were  this  not  so  it  would  be  im- 
possible for  Sir  Walter  to  see  Sir  Joshua  as  he 
has  drawn  him  ;  and  such  being  the  case,  while 
Sir  Walter's  views  of  Sir  Joshua,  both  as  a  man 
and  as  an  artist,  may  be  perfectly  satisfactory 
to  him,  they  will  satisfy  no  unbiased  student  of 
the  life  and  works  of  the  First  President  of  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Arts.  Sir  AValter  seems  to 
think  it  a  crime  for  a  man  to  be  well  balanced, 
temperate,  and  calm. 

.  To  an  analytical  criticism  of  the  two  Scotch 
detractors  of  Reynolds,  Mr.  Boulton  devotes  ten 
pages  of  his  volume.  Of  the  first,  he  says 
(p.  314):  "  To  this  account  of  the  painter,  he 
[Allan  Cminingham]  brought  no  single  fact 
that  was  not  already  preserved  in  the  lives  by 
Northcote  and  Malone,  but  he  deliberately  took 
the  plain  tales  of  those  writers  and  treated  them 
with  an  ingenuity  of  perversion  which  is  alto- 
gether extraordinary."  Of  the  second,  he  writes 
(p.  317):  "  The  latest  and  most  notable  of  the 
critics  of  RejTiolds's  character  is  Sir  Walter 
Armstrong,  who  in  that  fine  volume  published 
in  1900  arrives  at  much  the  same  estimate  of 
the  man  as  Allan  Cunningham.  It  is  needless, 
however,  to  say  that  his  views  are  expressed 
without  any  of  Cunningham's  rancour,  and  that 
they  are  the  result  of  an  obvious  endeavor  to  be 
just.  The  present  writer  is  none  the  less  con- 
vinced that  Sir  Walter  is  completely  mistaken 
in  the  opinion  he  has  formed  of  Reynolds's  per- 
sonality." And  as  a  final  and  impartial  judg- 
ment upon  Reynolds's  character,  by  one  who, 
all  wiU  admit,  "  knew  the  times   better  than 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


227 


most  and  was  gifted  beyond  the  ordinary  with 
an  insight  into  the  hearts  of  men  and  women," 
Mr.  Boulton  ends  his  volume  with  Thackeray's 
words :  "I  declare,  I  think  of  all  the  polite 
men  of  that  age  Joshua  Reynolds  was  the  finest 
gentleman."' 

It  is  a  wonder  that  Sir  Walter  did  not,  fol- 
lowing the  fashion  of  the  present  day  when  a 
man  Ls  to  be  flayed  by  his  biographer,  call  his 
book  "•  The  True  Sir  Joshua  Rej-nolds."  Then 
we  should  have  known  what  to  expect.  We 
might,  indee<l,  have  been  prepared  for  some- 
thing of  the  kind  by  the  "  Author's  Note."  "  If 
my  estimate  of  his  character  is  found  to  differ 
in  essential  points  from  that  usually  accepted,  I 
can  only  say  that  it  has  been  formed  after  a 
very  carefid  weighing  of  the  evidence."  This 
"  careful  weighing  of  the  evidence  "  would  im- 
ply the  exercise  of  the  judicial  spirit,  which  is 
precisely  what  is  most  wanting  in  Sir  Walter's 
pages,  and  stamps  his  estimate  of  RejTiolds's 
character  as  both  narrow  and  perverted.  One 
trouble  with  Sir  Walter  is  his  utter  inability  to 
assimilate  the  atmosphei-e  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury. He  is  a  t\s  entieth  centurion  to  the  back- 
bone, with  no  sentiment  and  no  imagination. 

The  styles  of  these  volumes  are  as  different 
as  theii-  treatment.  The  first  is  marred  by  the 
bad  taste  of  attempting  to  be  fimny  when  treat- 
ing of  serious  matters,  and  the  constant  in- 
jection of  foreign  woixis  and  phrases  in  a  "  polly 
show  your  larnin'  "  manner,  when  -  the  well  of 
English  imdefiled  "'  would  have  served  a  better 
purpose ;  together  A\'ith  the  use  of  obsolete  words 
and  careless  repetitions,  as  where,  on  page  122, 
Sheridan's  play  "  A  Trip  to  Scarborough  "  is 
mentioned  as  a  "  toned-tlowTi  version  of  Yan- 
brugh's  Relapse,"  and  four  pages  later  we  read 
"  The  Trip  to  Scarborough,  Sheridan's  version 
of  Vanbrugh's  Relapse." 

The  second  is  altogether  a  delightful  book, 
well  flavored  with  the  atmosphere  of  the  times, 
and  generally  well  \\Titten,  but  with  some  pas- 
sages quite  involved  and  obscure,  so  as  to  require 
a  careful  re-reading  to  ascei-tain  the  sense.  Mr. 
Boidton  has  cidled  judiciousl}-  from  what  has  been 
written  about  Reynolds  by  those  who  knew  and 
understood  him,  as  well  as  by  those  who  did  not, 
and  the  result  is  eminentl}^  satisfactory  ;  while 
his  final  chapters,  on  "  The  Artist "  and  on 
"  The  Man,"  are  thoroughly  convincing.  He 
has  a  refined  critical  sense,  and  does  Sir  Joshua, 
both  as  a  man  and  as  an  artist,  ample  justice, 
without  in  any  way  becoming  a  servile  eulogist. 
While  the  work  of  Leslie  and  Taylor  must  re- 
main the  best  source  for  an  original  study  of 


Reynolds,  this  volume  is  easily  the  best  general 
survey  that  we  know. 

The  third  work  is  WTitten  in  that  clear  and 
terse  English  for  which  Reynolds's  Discourses 
have  ever  been  distinguished,  and  which  has 
put  into  the  heads  of  some  people  the  thought 
that  Johnson  or  Burke  had  a  hand  in  their 
composition,  —  on  hearing  which  the  gruff  old 
lexicographer  exclaimed,  ''  Reynolds  would  as 
soon  require  me  to  paint  for  him  as  to  ^\Tite." 
Mr.  Fry's  reason  for  this  new  edition  of  the  Dis- 
courses we  cordially  endorse.  He  writes  :  "  The 
present  edition  has  been  undertaken  from  a  be- 
lief that  their  value  stiU  persists,  that  the  Dis- 
courses are  not  merely  a  curious  and  entertaia- 
ing  example  of  eighteenth  century  literature, 
but  that  they  contain  principles  and  exhibit  a 
mental  attitude  which  are  of  the  highest  value 
to  the  artist."  Mr.  Fry  has  written  a  general 
introduction  to  the  body  of  Discourses,  and  a 
separate  special  introduction  to  each  discourse ; 
and  he  advises  that  these  introductions,  as  they 
are  really  commentaries,  should  be  read  after 
and  not  before  the  discourse  itself.  He  has  also 
supplied  lucid  critical  notes  to  the  reproductions 
of  those  paintings  which  Reynolds  especially 
considered  noteworthy,  and  his  work  is  well  done 
and  exceedingly  valuable. 

While  Reynolds's  political  opinions  are  not 
of  much  consequence  at  this  day,  yet  one  phase 
of  them  is  of  some  interest  on  this  side  of  the 
ocean.  He  was  a  stanch  Whig  and  a  friend  of 
the  colonies.  Copley  has  received  the  credit  of 
having  given  Sir  Joshua  this  bias ;  but  if  he  did, 
it  was  doubtless  much  strengthened  by  his  famil- 
iar intercourse  with  Edmund  Burke.  However 
this  may  be,  it  is  amusing  to  note  that  when 
To\STisend,  the  father  of  the  Stamp  Act  biU,  sat 
to  RejTiolds,  they  wrangled  over  the  colonies,  and 
the  artist  bet  the  politician  (who  was  boasting 
that  the  arch-rebel  Washington  would  soon  be 
brought  to  England  a  prisoner,  and  that  he 
would  bring  him  to  Sir  Joshua  to  paint  his  por- 
trait) that  Washington  would  never  enter  his 
studio.  The  bet,  which  was  five  pounds  against 
a  thousand,  made  quite  a  sensation  in  London, 
and  RejTiolds  was  forced  to  repeat  it  a  score  of 
times,  on  the  same  terms,  to  his  own  advantage. 

Reynolds  was  as  careless  in  signing  his  pic- 
tures as  have  been  other  painters  of  past  times. 
He  is  known  to  have  signed  but  two  canvases, 
the  "IVIrs.  Siddons"  and  "Lady  Cockburn  with 
her  Children."  Sir  Walter  Armstrong  claims 
that  this  assertion  "  is  not  strictly  true  ";  but 
he  fails  to  instance  other  signed  pictures  to  sus- 
tain the  correctness  of  his  assertion,  which  he 


228 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


certainly  should  have  done  did  he  know  them. 
Our  own  Stuart  is  known  to  have  signed  but 
two  canvases  also  ;  and  it  is  pertinent  to  inquire 
here,  where  is  Stuart's  portrait  of  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds,  painted  for  Boydell  ? 

Although  these  three  volumes  bear  the  im- 
prints of  American  houses,  they  are  of  English 
manufacture,  and  unfortunately  have  the  fault, 
so  common  in  transatlantic  publications,  of  inad- 
equate indexing,  while  possessing  the  usual  En- 
glish excellence  of  typography  and  illustrations. 
Charles  Henry  Hart. 


What  is  Immortality  ?  * 

The  Ingersoll  Lecture  for  1906  was  delivered 
by  Dr.  Wilhelm  Ostwald,  Professor  of  Physical 
Chemistry  at  Leipzig,  and  temporary  Professor 
at  Harvard.  The  perennial  subject  of  this  now 
celebrated  lectureship  is  "  The  Immortality  of 
Man";  and  if  Professor  Ostwald's  treatment  of 
it  does  remind  us  of  the  famous  chapter  on  snakes 
in  Iceland,  it  at  any  rate  represents  the  matured 
opinions  of  a  scientific  man  of  preeminent  ability, 
and  as  such  deserves  and  will  receive  widespread 
attention. 

At  the  very  outset,  the  lecturer  calls  attention 
to  the  fact  that  our  knowledge  "  is  an  incomplete 
piece  of  patchwork  ";  but,  he  adds,  each  one  is 
boimd  to  make  the  best  possible  use  of  it,  such 
as  it  is,  never  forgetting  that  it  may  at  any  time 
be  superseded  by  new  discoveries  or  ideas.  In 
this  truly  scientific  spirit,  very  remote  from  the 
dogmatism  of  the  churches,  Professor  Ostwald 
proceeds  to  consider  what  immortality  may  be 
supposed  to  be,  and  what  reasons  we  have  for 
believing  in  it. 

The  argument  runs  something  like  this :  Mem- 
ory, in  a  broad  sense,  is  characteristic  of  all 
organic  life,  but  man  differs  from  all  the  other 
creatures  in  the  ntiuch  greater  development  of 
this  power,  whereby  his  culture  and  adaptability 
become  possible.  Memory  links  the  past  with 
the  present,  and  makes  possible  psychical  con- 
tinuity. Heredity  may  be  regarded  as  an  analo- 
gous phenomenon,  and  hence,  so  long  as  the  race 
remains  alive,  it  may  be  regarded  as  one,  like 
the  individual.  This  physical  "  immortality  " 
appears  to  have  no  necessary  ending,  but  it  is 
easy  to  conceive  of  the  destruction  of  all  indi- 
viduals living  upon  the  earth ;  and  given  time 
enough,  such  destruction  appears  certain.  This, 
however,  is  not  reaUy  the  sort  of  immortality 


•Individuality  and  Immortality. 
Boston :  Houghton  Mifflin  &  Co. 


By  Wilhelm  Ostwald. 


we  are  seeking,  and  we  turn  to  consider  other 
types  of  persistence.  It  is  generally  said  that 
matter  and  energy  cannot  be  created  or  destroyed ; 
but  this  means,  merely,  that  the  sum-totals  are 
supposed  to  remain  the  same,  the  individuality 
of  particidar  portions  of  these  things  being  con- 
tinually subject  to  change  and  disappearance. 
We  do  not  actually  know  that  mass  and  energy 
are  unchangeable  in  amount ;  and  given  eternity, 
the  probability  may  be  equally  strong  for  or 
against  any  statement  based  upon  human  expe- 
rience. The  prevalent  conception  of  the  eternity 
of  the  elementary  bodies  has  been  rudely  shaken 
of  late ;  and,  in  fact,  it  appears  that  there  is  a 
whole  series  of  such  bodies,  persisting  for  vary- 
ing periods,  from  a  few  seconds  to  many  millions 
of  years ;  or,  for  practical  purposes,  forever. 
But  whatever  may  be  true  concerning  these 
things,  they  do  not  throw  any  light  on  human 
immortality,  because  there  is  no  permanence  of 
individuality.  There  is  an  irresistible  tendency 
towards  diffusion  and  homogeneity,  and  this  is 
equally  true  of  man.  There  is  also  perpetual 
change,  so  that  what  we  call  the  persistence  of 
individuality  in  ordinary  life  means  only  the  con- 
tinuity of  a  series  of  changes.  Survival  after 
death  does  not  necessarily  imply  immortality ; 
it  may  be  regarded  in  two  ways,  either  as  con- 
tinuity of  changes  or  as  the  passage  into  a  trans- 
cendent state  in  which  there  is  no  further  change, 
and  time  and  space  cease  to  have  any  meaning. 
In  the  latter  case,  we  have  what  is  practically 
equivalent  to  annihilation  ;  in  the  former,  we 
have  the  prolongation  of  that  which,  in  the  case 
of  persons  who  have  reached  old  age,  appears  to 
have  already  rim  its  course,  so  that  death  is  sim- 
ply the  doing  away  with  something  which  has 
ceased  to  have  any  reason  for  living.  Socially, 
we  may  speak  of  the  "  immortals,"  whose  works 
live  after  them,  but  even  they  must  fade  from 
memory  as  distinct  individuals,  sooner  or  later. 
Finally,  if  we  give  up  the  idea  of  personal  im- 
mortality, we  may  perhaps  be  led  thereby  to  a 
higher  etliical  plane ;  for  we  shall  see  that  our 
real  continuity  is  in  the  human  race,  and  shall 
thus  be  led  to  identify  ourselves  more  and  more 
with  it ;  and  so  the  lecturer  concludes  : 

"  Beside  the  fact  of  inherited  taint  there  exists  the 
fact  of  inherited  perfection,  and  every  advance  which 
we,  by  the  sweat  of  our  brows,  may  succeed  in  making 
towards  our  own  perfection  is  so  much  gain  for  our 
children  and  our  children's  children  forever.  I  must 
confess  that  I  can  think  of  no  grander  perspective  of 
immortality  than  this." 

The  discussion  is  an  interesting  one,  both 
from  its  statement  of  scientific  views  and  from 
the  glimpse  it  affords  of  the  mind  of  the  author. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


229 


It  is,  nevertheless,  strangely  incomplete,  almost 
ignoring  the  deeper  questions  at  issue.  What 
does  Professor  Ostwald  mean  by  "  forever  "  in 
the  last  quotation  ?  If  it  is  not  a  piece  of  mere 
rhetoric,  it  is  incorrect  in  the  light  of  one  of 
the  most  assured  prophecies  of  science  that  the 
human  race  must  sooner  or  later  come  to  an  end. 
This  earth  cannot  perpetually  revolve  in  the 
same  orbit,  warmed  by  the  same  sun  ;  for  even 
solar  systems  have  but  their  little  day.  Where, 
then,  is  the  promise  of  immortality  ;  and,  in  the 
light  of  eternitj^  what  greater  value  have  the 
days  of  humanity  collectively,  than  those  of 
single  individuals? 

What,  after  aU,  are  the  attributes  of  per- 
sonality? Personality  is  able  to  experience; 
it  is  that  which  experiences.  Says  Professor 
Ostwald  :  "  If  we  recall  the  happiest  moments 
of  our  lives,  they  will  be  found  in  every  case  to 
be  connected  with  a  curious  loss  of  personal- 
ity. In  the  happiness  of  love  this  fact  will  be 
at  once  discovered.  And  if  you  are  enjoying 
intensely  a  work  of  art,  a  symphony  of  Bee- 
thoven's, for  example,  you  find  yourseK  relieved 
of  the  burden  of  personality  and  carried  away 
by  the  stream  of  music  as  a  drop  is  carried 
by  a  wave."  What  a  curious  misconception  I 
In  the  moments  of  the  most  intense  feeling,  per- 
sonality is  said  to  be  lost !  On  the  contrary,  it 
reaches  its  highest  power,  and  is  found  indeed. 
The  confusion  comes  from  a  materialistic  con- 
ception of  individuality  wliich  underlies  the 
whole  argument.  Objectively,  to  the  ordinary 
individual.  Professor  Ostwald  is  a  professor  at 
Leipzig,  and  a  great  chemist.  When  he  hears 
beautiful  music,  or  sees  a  charming  landscape, 
he  totally  forgets,  for  the  moment,  that  he  is 
either  of  the  things  just  mentioned  ;  he  forgets 
his  name,  his  age,  his  nationality.  Has  he  then 
lost  himself  in  the  process  ?  By  no  means  ;  he 
has,  on  the  contrary,  found  what  is  most  funda- 
mental in  his  being  ;  and  has,  in  the  act,  proved 
himseK  independent  of  the  accessories  which  in 
ordinary  life  seem  of  first  importance. 

Tested  in  the  same  way,  the  assertion  that 
mental  life  is  conditioned  by  bodily  existence 
assumes  a  quite  different  meaning.  If  person- 
ality is  that  which  experiences,  and  if  it  can 
reside  in  time  and  space,  must  it  not  experience 
those  things  which  time  and  space  afford? 
What  I  may  see  and  feel  at  any  given  time  de- 
pends upon  what  is  there,  and  it  makes  no  differ- 
ence to  the  argument  whether  the  "  things"  are 
*'  things  in  themselves"  or  projections  of  my 
own  imagination.  To  show  that  there  is  no  im- 
mortality, it  is  necessary  to  show  that  experience 


ends,  while  the  material  for  experience  continues. 
This,  of  course,  is  beyond  demonstration. 

The  linking  of  the  present  with  the  past  is 
logically  explicable  only  on  the  view  that  the 
present  contains  that  which  embodies  the  past. 
Strictly  speaking,  when  we  "  remember"  what 
happened  last  week,  we  become  aware  of  what 
has  been  recorded  in  the  brain,  just  as  we  might 
learn  by  reading  the  contents  of  a  book.  When 
the  past  shall  have  ceased  to  be  exhibited  in  the 
present,  it  will  have  departed  indeed;  but  it  is 
science  herself  who  denies  this  very  possibility, 
asserting  that  effect  implies  cause,  ad  infinitum. 
Personality,  existing  always  in  the  present, 
moves  rather  than  is  prolonged  in  time,  and 
hence  cannot  be  conceived  to  be  submerged  in 
it.  But  in  the  succession  of  experiences  which 
make  up  conscious  life,  this  or  that  may  occupy 
the  field,  and  we  know  not  what  we  are  destined 
to  "  remember,"  what  to  "  forget."  It  is  a  great 
mystery,  but  one  which  every  hour  of  ordinary 
existence  affords,  on  a  small  scale. 

T.  D.  A.  COCKERELL. 


From  Andrew  Jackson  to 
Andrew  Johnson.* 


A  new  style  of  biography  was  introduced  to 
the  world  of  letters  a  few  years  since,  by  Mr. 
Burton  Alva  Konkle,  in  the  "  Life  and  Times 
of  William  Smith,"  a  Pennsylvania  patriot, 
Revolutionary  soldier,  and  later  judge  of  the 
State  Superior  Court.  The  novelty  of  Mr. 
Konkle's  method  lies  in  the  introduction  of 
matter  not  pertaining  to  the  activities  of  the 
man  of  whom  he  is  writing,  but  serving  as  a 
background  for  his  entire  career.  What  was 
done  for  eastern  Pennsylvania  in  that  attempt 
has  now  been  duplicated  for  Pittsburg  and 
western  Pennsylvania  by  Mr.  Konkle  in  a  two- 
volume  "  Life  and  Speeches  of  Thomas  Will- 
iams," a  statesman  of  that  region.  By  extracts 
from  contemporary  descriptions,  the  reader  is 
given  a  conception  of  the  economic  and  social 
conditions  which  Williams  met  at  different  times 
of  his  life.  The  work  is  a  local  history  of 
Pennsylvania  projected  on  a  biographical  back- 
ground. In  his  preface,  the  author  announces 
another  similar  biography,  this  time  upon  "  a 
conservative  Democratic  leader,"  a  contempo- 
rary of  Williams. 

The  advantage  of  the  author's  method  lies 

*  Life  and  Speeches  of  Thomas  Williams.  Orator,  States- 
man, and  Jurist,  1806-1872.  By  Burton  Alva  Konkle.  In  two 
volumes.    Illustrated.     Philadelphia:  Campion  &  Ck). 


230 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


in  the  chance  that  some  reader  uninterested  in 
the  man  may  be  attracted  by  the  local  history. 
On  the  other  hand,  it  requires  the  introduction 
of  a  vast  amount  of  extraneous  matter  not  prop- 
erly belonging  to  biogi-aphy.  The  life  of  Will- 
iams, for  example,  is  drawn  out  to  more  than 
seven  himdred  pages,  largely  by  reprints  of  his 
speeches  and  pamphlets  on  the  policy  of  the 
city  of  Pittsburg  in  making  subscriptions  to  the 
construction  of  railways  entering  it.  This  was 
purely  a  local  matter,  and  one  that  has  not 
left  an  impress  upon  national  history.  The  in- 
troduction of  an  almost  equally  long  description 
of  the  "  buck-shot  war  "  in  Pennsylvania  has 
more  warrant,  because  that  event  was  closely 
connected  with  national  politics. 

Much  more  valuable  than  the  many  reprinted 
pamphlets  and  speeches  of  Thomas  Williams, 
and  even  of  greater  moment  than  the  local  his- 
tory with  which  he  was  associated,  are  his  letters, 
which  by  this  method  have  been  relegated  to  the 
background,  and  for  the  most  part  are  repre- 
sented by  extracts  only.  A  full  collection  of  the 
letters  of  this  "  founder  of  the  Whig  and  Repub- 
lican parties,"  as  the  author  modestly  dubs  him, 
or  even  the  subjection  of  other  matter  to  the  let- 
ters, would  have  resulted  in  a  most  interesting 
commentary  on  public  men  and  matters  between 
1830  and  1870.  A  rare  glimpse  of  President 
Jackson  is  given  in  a  letter  from  Williams  in 
Washington,  whither  he  had  gone  with  a  Pitts- 
burg delegation  to  protest  (think  of  the  courage 
it  required ! )  against  the  removal  of  the  deposits 
from  the  United  States  bank.  The  men  were 
scarcely  seated  in  the  White  House  when  the 
General  opened  his  batteries  and  poured  forth  a 
voUey  of  abuse.  "  Little  as  I  had  been  in  the 
habit  of  contemplating  him  to  be,"  says  the  let- 
ter, "  I  confess  I  was  amazed,  shocked  at  an  ex- 
hibition of  coarseness  &  vulgarity  which  I  had 
not  been  prepared  to  expect.  There  was  an  utter 
want  of  that  dignity  which  overawes  imperti- 
nence &  enforces  respect.  He  even  so  far  forgot 
his  high  station  as  to  contradict  flatly  our  repre- 
sentative, Mr.  Denny,  &  to  assert  that  he  knew 
more  about  the  condition  of  the  State  Banks 
than  all  of  us  together." 

Like  Abraham  Lincoln,  Thomas  Williams 
retired  from  politics  after  the  Mexican  war,  but 
re-entered  because  of  the  repeal  of  the  Mis- 
souri Compromise.  He  took  an  active  part  in 
the  Republican  Convention  of  1856,  and  drew 
the  call  for  the  Convention  of  1860  to  meet  in 
Chicago.  At  the  time  of  writing  this  call  he 
was  a  visitor  to  Washington,  where  sectional  pas- 
sion was  at  its  height  in  the  contest  over  the 


election  of  a  Speaker  of  the  House.  "  It  was," 
said  he,  "in  the  very  midst  of  the  tempest  and 
fury  of  denunciation  on  the  floor  of  Congress, 
and  while  the  Comicil  Chamber  of  the  Nation 
was  ringing  with  the  treason,  which  the  gal- 
leries were  applauding  to  the  echo,  that  the  in- 
vocation to  the  friends  of  Union,  which  is  to  be 
found  in  the  call  that  gathered  the  people  at 
Chicago,  was  penned  by  my  own  hand." 

During  construction  times  in  Congress,  Will- 
iams allied  himself  with  the  Radicals,  although 
not  so  extreme  in  policy  as  Stevens  and  his 
crowd.  Writing  to  his  wife  in  1866,  he  said 
that  a  strong  disposition  existed  to  impeach 
President  Johnson.  "  No  one  has  any  respect 
for  and  nobody  goes  to  see  him.  If  we  coidd 
feel  sure  of  the  Senate,  there  would  be  no  hesi- 
tation about  the  matter."  Again,  in  describing 
a  refusal  to  dine  with  the  president,  Williams 
says  he  does  not  care  to  sit  down  at  table  with 
any  man  for  whom  he  has  no  personal  respect, 
—  "  one  who  has  betrayed  his  friends  and  taken 
to  his  bosom  the  worst  and  vilest  of  his  coun- 
try's enemies."  Williams  was  one  of  the  man- 
agers of  the  impeachment  trial  of  Johnson,  and 
bitterly  regretted  the  failure  to  convict. 

The  two  volmnes  seem  passably  free  from 
errata.  A  strange  mistake  appears  (page  726) 
in  the  statement  that  Andrew  Johnson  was  not 
impeached ;  that  to  secure  impeachment  re- 
quired a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  Senate.  The 
author  evidently  confuses  impeachment  with 
conviction.  Johnson  was  impeached  by  vote  of 
the  House,  February  24,  1868.  The  illustra- 
tions are  of  unusual  value,  embracing  reproduc- 
tions of  contemporary  cartoons,  cuts,  and  fac- 
similes of  manuscripts  and  invitations.  Few 
of  these  have  been  heretofore  reproduced. 

Edwest  E.  Sparks. 


The  City  as  Democracy's  Hope.* 


It  is  difficult  to  review  dispassionately  a  book 
one  could  wish  he  had  written  himseK,  but  in  a 
coiuitry  where  everyone  professes  to  believe  in 
democracy  it  is  both  a  privilege  and  a  duty  to 
announce  a  genuine  herald.  Those  of  us  whose 
faith  has  remained  undiminished  must  rejoice 
in  such  an  effective  and  concrete  exposition  as 
Mr.  Howe's  volimie  on  "  The  City  "  in  an  era  of 
skepticism  and  flippancy.  As  the  author  says, 
"  Distrust  of  democracy  has  inspired  much  of 
the  literature  on  the  city.     Distrust  of  democ- 

*  The  City,  the  Hope  of  Democracy.  By  Frederic  C.  Howe, 
Ph.D.    New  York:  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


231 


racy  has  dictated  most  of  our  city  laws.  .  .  .  Our 
charters  have  been  drawn  on  the  supposition 
that  all  officials  were  to  be  distrusted,  rather 
than  that  all  officials  were  to  be  held  to  account." 
The  confusion  about  municipal  corruption  is  of 
a  kind  with  the  doubts  about  democracy.  We 
have  been  neither  frank  nor  scientific  enough  to 
go  to  the  root  of  the  problem  —  economic  self- 
interest. 

"  We  do  not  question  this  motive  in  the  saloonkeeper 
who  organizes  his  precinct  for  a  liberal  Sunday.  His  pol- 
ities are  not  ethical,  they  are  due  to  self-interest.  The 
same  instinct  is  reflected,  consciously  or  unconsciously, 
in  the  leaders  of  finance,  the  franchise  seekers,  the 
banker  and  the  broker,  the  lawyer  and  the  press;  all 
are  fearful  of  democracy,  when  democracy  dares  to  be- 
beve  in  itself.  We  all  know  that  economic  self-interest 
determines  the  politics  of  the  saloon.  We  are  begin- 
ning to  realize  that  the  same  self-interest  is  the  politics 
of  big  business.  This  realization  explains  the  awakening 
of  democracy,  which  is  taking  place  in  city  and  state  all 
over  the  land." 

Privilege  and  democracy  cannot  thrive  together. 
The  spoils  system  is  undemocratic :  it  is  petty 
pri\-ilege.  Franchise-grabbing  is  not  only  un- 
democratic, it  is  anti-democratic.  Inflated  values 
based  on  a  social  gift  "  is  the  price  that  all  our 
cities  are  paying  to  those  who  have  requited 
this  gift  by  overturning  our  institutions.  It  is 
the  price  which  many  insist  we  shoidd  continue 
to  pay  because  of  the  alleged  greater  efficiency 
of  private  enterprise,  and  the  fear  that  dem- 
ocracy is  not  equal  to  the  additional  burdens 
involved  in  the  assiunption  of  new  obligations." 

The  subordination  of  private  interest  to  pub- 
lic weKare  is  to  be  achieved,  according:  to  Mr. 
Howe,  by  the  extension  of  municipal  fimctions 
and  the  appropriation  of  the  imeametl  incre- 
ment. In  the  first  instance  the  transformation 
is  inmiinent. 

"  But  that  the  private  activities  of  today  will  become 
the  public  ones  of  tomorrow  is  inevitable.  The  creche, 
kindergarten,  the  settlement,  playgrounds,  public  baths, 
lodging  houses,  hospitals,  were  inspired  by  private  phil- 
anthropy. They  are  slowly  passing  under  public  con- 
trol. .  .  .  Today  the  city  protects  his  [the  citizen's] 
life  and  property  from  injury.  It  safeguards  his  health 
in  countless  ways.  It  oversees  his  house  construction 
and  protects  him  from  fire.  It  cleans  and  lights  his 
streets,  collects  his  garbage,  supplies  him  with  em- 
ployees through  free  employment  bureaus.  It  educates 
his  children,  supplies  them  with  books  and  in  many  in- 
stances with  food.  It  offers  him  a  library  and  through 
the  opening  of  branches  almost  brings  it  to  his  door.  It 
offers  nature  in  the  parks;  supplies  him  with  oppor- 
tunities for  recreation  and  pleasure  through  concerts, 
lectures,  and  the  like.  It  maintains  a  public  market; 
administers  justice ;  supplies  nurses,  physicians  and  hos- 
pital service,  as  well  as  a  cemetery  for  burial.  It  takes 
the  refuse  from  his  door  and  brings  back  water,  gas  and 
frequently  [?J  heating  power  at  the  same  time.  It  in- 
spects his  food,  protects  his  life  and  that  of  his  children 


through  public  oversight  of  the  conditions  of  factory 
labor.  It  safeguards  him  from  contagious  diseases, 
facilitates  commimication  upon  the  streets,  and  in  some 
instances  offers  opportunities  for  higher  technical  and 
professional  education.   .  .  . 

"All  these  intrusions  into  the  field  of  private  business 
have  involved  no  loss  of  freedom  to  the  individuaL 
Every  increase  of  public  activity  has,  in  fact,  added  to 
personal  freedom.  WTiatever  the  motive,  the  real  lib- 
erty of  the  individual  has  been  immeasurably  enlarged 
through  the  assumption  of  these  activities  by  the 
city.  .  .  . 

"  And  all  this  has  been  achieved  at  an  insignificant 
cost.  The  expenditure  of  the  average  city  of  over  a 
quarter  of  a  million  inhabitants  ranges  from  sixteen  dol- 
lars to  thirty-four  dollars  per  capita,  or  from  sixty 
dollars  to  one  hundred  and  thirty-six  dollars  per  family, 
a  simi  which  would  scarcely  pay  for  the  education  of  a 
single  child  at  a  private  institution." 

Yet  these  privileges  are  trifling  compared  with 
what  might  be  enjoyed  if  the  public  possessed 
what  the  city  has  given  away.  "  The  value 
of  the  physical  property  of  the  seven  traction 
companies  in  Chicago  has  been  appraised  at 
#44,922,011 ;  while  the  market  value  of  the 
securities  issued  by  the  corporations  amoimts" 
to  §120,235,539  ;  the  public  debt  of  the  city  in 
1900  was  ^2,989,819,  or  §42,323,709  less 
than  the  value  of  the  franchises  of  the  traction 
interests  alone." 

Mr.  Howe's  application  of  the  single  tax 
seems  particularly  plausible  as  a  means  of  pro- 
viding revenue  for  the  imremunerative  functions 
which  the  public  service  corporations  gladly  ac- 
cord the  city  as  legitimate  municipal  activities. 

"  Its  immediate  effect  would  be  a  stimulus  to  building. 
It  would  at  once  increase  the  house  supply,  it  would 
encourage  improvements  which  would  then  go  untaxed. 
Moreover  it  would  force  land  now  lying  idle  into  pro- 
ductive use.  It  would  encourage  the  honorable  and 
punish  the  slum  landlord.  It  would  place  a  premium 
upon  the  model  tenement  and  a  penalty  on  the  shack. 
.  .  .  Such  a  change  could  be  inaugurated  in  any  city  by 
a  law  or  ordinance  exempting  all  improvements  and 
personal  property  from  taxation.  ...  It  seems  destined 
by  nature  as  a  means  of  compensation  for  the  costs  of 
municipal  Ufe.  .  .  .  During  the  years  from  1885  to 
1900  inclusive,  in  San  Francisco,  the  total  taxes  levied 
for  city,  county,  and  state  purposes  upon  real  estate, 
improvements  and  personal  property  was  J$84,252,058, 
at  the  average  rate  of  85,265,753  per  year.  This  is 
very  much  less  than  the  annual  speculative  increase  in 
the  land  alone.  ...  In  New  York  the  increase  in  land 
values  from  1904  to  1905  was  8140,000,000,  or  820,- 
000,000  more  than  the  value  of  all  the  offices,  hotels, 
apartment  houses,  and  other  structures,  erected  during 
the  year.  AVhile  labor  and  capital  added  8120,000,000 
to  the  city's  wealth,  the  growth  of  population  created 
8140,000,000." 

It  is  ungracious  to  find  fault  with  such  an 
invaluable  contribution  to  municipal  literature, 
but  if  democracy  is  to  be  attained  it  will  be  by 
eternal  vigilance  and  exactness  in  the  face  of  the 


232 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


alert  and  often  unscrupulous  critic.  Mr.  Howe 
is  guileless  when  lie  accepts  President  Eliot's 
approval  of  the  St.  Louis  school  system,  which 
though  not  corrupt  is  autocratic,  and  hence  tends 
to  perpetuate  municipal  corruption  by  adminis- 
trative inexperience.  His  democracy  concedes 
too  much  when  he  says  :  "  If  our  cities  must  be 
governed  by  a  boss,  it  is  most  desirable  that  he 
be  an  elective  one."  His  enthusiasm  for  home 
rule  causes  him  to  ignore  superior  functional 
organization  when  he  demands  factory  inspection 
as  a  municipal  function,  whereas  if  it  is  not  well 
done  by  the  state  the  logical  change  would  be 
to  federal,  not  local,  administration.  He  appro- 
priates himseK  an  unearned  increment  when  he 
gives  to  one  of  his  chapters  the  title  "  The  City 
for  the  People,"  without  crediting  Professor 
Frank  Parsons  with  the  authorship  of  that  splen- 
did phrase,  —  a  species  of  literary  piracy  that 
is  growing  too  common  among  our  municipal 
writers. 

These  are  slips  made  conspicuous  by  the  un- 
usual excellence  of  this  most  valuable  of  recent 
contributions  to  municipal  subjects.  Seldom 
does  a  writer  so  successfully  justify  an  ambitious 
title ;  rarely  is  a  sentiment,  which  to  many  must 
be  a  contradiction,  so  ably  defended ;  and  only 
at  crucial  epochs  is  it  the  privilege  of  a  reformer 
to  seize  the  psychological  moment  as  Mr.  Howe 
seems  to  have  done  in  his  critical  and  prophetic 
claim  that  the  city,  hitherto  abused  by  all  of  its 
enemies  and  many  of  its  friends,  is  the  hope  of 
democracy.  Charles  Zueblin. 


Travellers  in  Many  Lands.* 


In  reviewing  books  of  travel  and  description  it  is 
hardly  worth  the  space  to  say  that  they  are  well 
illustrated.  Modern  photography  and  the  art  of  half- 
tone reproduction  have  been  so  perfected  that  we  are 
generally  sure  of  getting  excellent  results.  Indeed, 
many  books  are  now  issued  solely  for  their  illustra- 

•  Flashlights  in  the  Jungle.  By  C.  Q.  Schillings.  Trans- 
lated by  Frederick  Whyte.  Illustrated.  New  York :  Doubleday, 
Page  &  Co. 

A  Yankee  in  Pigmy  Land.  By  William  Edgar  Geil.  Illus- 
trated.   New  York :  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. 

In  the  Desert.  By  L.  March  Phillips.  Illustrated.  New 
York:  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 

In  Fuetheb  Ardenne.  By  the  Beverend  T.  H.  Passmore. 
Illustrated.    New  York :  E.  P.  Button  &  Co. 

A  Levantine  Log  Book.  By  Jerome  Hart.  Illustrated.  New 
York :  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 

Tibet  and  Turkestan.  By  Oscar  Terry  Crosby,  F.R.G.S. 
Illustrated.    New  York :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

The  Great  Plateau.  By  Captain  C.  G.  Bawling.  Illustrated. 
New  York:  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 

New  Egypt.  By  A.  B.  De  Guerville.  Illustrated.  New  York: 
Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 

The  High-Boad  of  Empire.  By  A.  H.  Hallam  Murray.  Illus- 
trated.   New  York:  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 


tions ;  the  text  is  a  sort  of  pack-horse  that  limps 
under  the  binden  of  the  be-pictiu-ed  leaves.  Such 
a  lavish  use  of  illustrations  inclines  one  to  depend 
upon  them  for  a  record  of  the  things  seen,  rather  than 
upon  the  reading  matter.  Out  of  this  fact  arises  an 
interesting  question :  Has  the  descriptive  power  of 
writers  declined  with  the  rise  of  the  art  of  photog- 
raphy ?  May  not  the  writer  of  books  of  travel  feel 
that  the  camera  makes  sufficient  evidence  of  what  he 
has  seen,  and  that  laborious  descriptive  effort  sup- 
plementing the  camera  Avill  be  lost  on  the  reader? 
At  any  rate,  it  is  somewhat  rare  to  find  sustained 
passages  of  good  description  in  recent  travel  books, 
—  passages  in  which  the  author  forsakes  the  me- 
chanical kodak,  in  order  to  heighten  and  color  his 
pages  by  the  glow  of  his  emotions  and  the  imagi- 
native intensity  that  prompted  him  to  take  the  picture 
of  some  beautiful  scene.  The  question  is  at  least  an 
open  one. 

In  the  way  of  evidence  for  our  thesis  that  as  the 
art  of  photography  advances  the^  descriptive  power 
of  the  writer  declines,  we  would  cite  the  first  book  on 
our  present  list.  "  Flashlights  in  the  Jungle,"  by  the 
German  naturalist  C.  G.  Schillings,  is  a  good  illus- 
tration of  the  mechanical  talent  that  makes  many 
modern  descriptive  books  valuable.  The  autlior,  who 
undertook  several  trips  to  German  East  Africa  in 
search  of  sport  and  specimens  for  zoological  collec- 
tions, added  a  unique  feature  to  his  hunting  equip- 
ment. He  devised  special  photographic  apparatus 
for  long  range  and  flashlight  work  at  night,  that  he 
might  get  Naturkunden  —  nature  documents  —  of 
the  intimate  wild  animal  Hfe  in  equatorial  Africa. 
That  his  apparatus  was  well  devised  is  attested  by 
more  than  three  hundred  reproductions  of  his  pho- 
tographs. To  see  a  picture  of  a  lioness  about  to 
spring  on  an  ox,  or  one  of  a  bull  elephant  making  his 
last  charge  before  death,  or  one  of  three  old  lionesses 
at  a  brook,  is  to  realize  that  the  photographer  is  a 
daring  hunter  and  a  venturesome  naturalist.  Dr. 
Schillings  is,  however,  more  than  a  mere  photogra- 
pher of  savage  animal  life,  and  his  book  cannot  be 
wholly  regarded  as  a  mere  picture-book ;  he  is  a 
scientist,  and  his  accounts  of  his  hunting  trips  are 
marked  by  acute  observations  on  the  habits  of  the  ani- 
mals he  hunted  with  gun  and  camera.  It  is  probably 
no  exaggeration  to  say  that  this  is  the  most  remark- 
able book  of  wUd  animal  photogi*aphy  that  has  ever 
been  printed,  but  there  our  praise  is  inclined  to  stop. 
We  can  commend  the  laborious  efforts  of  Mr.  Schil- 
lings in  gathering  his  elaborate  scientific  data,  but 
we  can  hardly  praise  his  narrative  or  descriptive 
skill.  We  forbear  to  say  more  about  this  interesting 
book,  that  we  may  give  a  long  quotation  to  show  the 
spirit  of  the  author  and  the  quality  of  his  work. 

"  I  had  taken  several  pictures  successfully  with  my 
telephoto-lens,  when  suddenly  for  some  reason  the  animals 
[rhinoceroses]  stood  up  quickly,  both  together  as  is  their- 
wont.  Almost  simultaneously,  the  farther  of  the  two,  an  old 
cow,  began  moving  the  front  part  of  her  body  to  and  fro,  and 
then,  followed  by  the  bull  with  head  high  in  the  air,  came 
straight  for  me  at  full  gallop.  I  had  instinctively  felt  what 
would  happen,  and  in  a  moment  my  rifle  was  in  my  hands 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


233 


and  my  camera  passed  to  my  bearers.  I  fired  six  shots  and 
saeceeded  in  bringing  down  both  animals  twice  as  they  mshed 
towards  me  —  great  furrows  in  the  sand  of  the  velt  showed 
where  they  fell.  My  final  shot  I  fired  in  the  absolute  cer- 
tainty that  my  last  hour  had  come.  It  hit  the  cow  on  the 
nape  of  the  neck  and  at  the  same  moment  I  sprang  to  the 
right,  to  the  other  side  of  the  brier-bush.  My  two  men  had 
taken  to  flight  by  this  time,  but  one  of  the  Masai  ran  across 
my  path  at  this  critical  moment  and  sprang  right  into  the 
bush.  He  had  evidently  waited  in  the  expectation  of  seeing 
the  rhinoceros  fall  dead  at  the  last  moment,  as  he  had  so 
often  seen  before.  With  astounding  agility  the  rhinoceroses 
followed  me,  and  half  way  round  the  bush  I  found  myself  be- 
tween the  two  animals.  It  seems  incredible  now  that  I  tell 
the  tale  in  cold  blood,  but  in  that  same  instant  my  shots  took 
effect  mortally,  and  both  rhinoceroses  collapsed.  I  made 
away  from  the  bush  about  twenty  paces  when  a  frantic  cry 
coming  simultaneously  from  my  men  .  .  .  made  me  turn 
round.  A  very  singular  sight  greeted  my  eyes.  There  was 
the  Masai,  trembling  all  over,  his  face  distorted  with  terror, 
backing  for  all  he  was  worth  inside  the  bush,  while  the  cow 
rhinoceros,  streaming  with  blood,  stood  literally  leaning  up 
against  it,  and  the  bull,  almost  touching,  lay  dying  on  the 
ground,  its  mighty  head  beating  repeatedly  in  its  death  agony 
against  the  hard  red  soil  of  the  velt.  .  .  .  As  quickly  as 
possible  I  reloaded,  and  with  three  final  shots  made  an  end 
of  both  animals.  ...  It  was  indeed  a  very  narrow  escape. 
It  left  an  impression  on  my  mind  which  Avill  not  be  easily 
erased.  Even  now  in  fancy  I  sometimes  live  those  moments 
over  again." 

The  volume  contains  a  sympathetic  introduction  by 
Sir  H.  H.  Johnston,  who  is  another  mighty  hunter 
of  African  beasts.  It  seems  rather  odd  and  incon- 
gruous that  both  the  author  and  the  introductory 
writer  should  lament  the  wanton  extermination  of 
African  big  game  by  sportsmen,  when  one  sees  the 
pictures  in  the  volume  and  notes  the  large  nvunber 
of  animals  killed  by  the  hunters  of  this  expedition. 
Science  probably  demands  as  many  dead  animals  as 
the  sportsman,  but  it  can  cloak  its  butchery  under  a 
more  legitimate  garb. 

"  A  Yankee  in  Pigmy  Land,"  by  William  Edgar 
Getl,  is  also  a  book  on  Africa,  telling  the  story  of  a 
journey  across  that  country  from  Mombasa  on  the 
eastern  coast  to  Banana  on  the  western  coast.  That 
part  of  the  volimie  dealing  with  the  eastern  section 
contains  but  little  new  matter.  The  author  describes 
the  Uganda  region,  dwelling  largely  on  the  mission- 
ary problems,  the  atrocities  of  Congo  land,  the  sleep- 
ing sickness  (a  sort  of  living  death),  and  gives  some 
hunting  tales.  But  the  real  value  of  his  journey  lies 
in  bis  account  of  the  home  and  habits  of  the  little 
brown  Tom  Thumbs  of  the  great  Pigmy  Forest.  ISlr. 
GeU  evidently  found  the  real  Pigmies,  and  not  the 
Dwarfs  who  are  often  confused  with  their  more  inter- 
esting countrymen.  "  Their  average  height,"  says 
Mr.  Geil,  "  is  forty-eight  inches.  The  Pigmies  have 
well-developed  eyebrows,  while  other  black  people 
have  almost  no  eyebrows.  I  said  '  black '  people,  but 
I  have  seen  very  few  black  people  in  Africa.  The 
Pigmies  are  not  black ;  they  are  brown  with  black 
hair,  and  all  that  I  have  seen  have  been  well  devel- 
oped on  the  chest."  These  little  freaks  of  humanity 
have  some  extraordinary  qualities,  not  least  among 
them  being  the  engaging  sense  of  fun. 

"  Not  in  all  Africa  have  I  heard  so  much  fun.  This  is  the 
Xand  of  Laughter.    This  Is  the  Forest  of  Fun.     The  natives 


I  have  met  since  crossing  the  line  into  Congo  have  been  sober- 
faced  ;  there  has  been  little  cheerfulness  and  no  merriment, 
but  these  freedom-loving  Pigmies,  the  freest  people  on  earth, 
are  to  this  vast  woodland  and  its  human  population  what  the 
blithe  Shans  are  to  the  grave  Chinese  who  live  in  the  far  West 
of  the  Celestial  Empire.  The  mysterious  fun  was  not  momen- 
tary, but  continuous.  The  Pigmies  like  to  have  a  good  time, 
and  thev  have  it.  They  are  the  merriest  people  in  the  Shade- 
land." 

We  fear,  however,  that  Mr.  Geil's  own  sense  of 
hmnor  is  blunt  —  we  dislike  to  say  that  he  is  con- 
ceited, —  for  among  his  hundred  and  more  excellent 
photographic  reproductions  is  one  of  himself,  labelled 
"  the  greatest  living  traveller."  Other  pictures  show 
him  as  the  central  figure  with  his  name  in  large 
letters  on  his  portmanteau.  One  photograph  depicts 
him  plapng  the  legendary  William  Tell  in  the  act 
of  shooting  a  banana  off  a  native's  head ! 

Mr.  L.  March  Phillips,  in  his  book  entitled  "  In 
the  Desert,"  is  concerned  with  two  somewhat  unre- 
lated topics  :  the  French  scheme  of  colonization  for 
Algiers,  and  the  influence  of  the  Sahara  desert  on 
Arab  life,  architecture,  religion,  poetry,  and  philos- 
ophy. The  present  strained  relation  between  France 
and  Germany  concerning  affairs  in  North  Africa 
makes  the  first  topic  of  timely  interest.  The  author 
justifies  the  French  in  their  scheme  of  colonizing 
the  desert,  and  asserts  that  "  every  move  in  France's 
policy  during  the  last  fifteen  or  twenty  years  has 
been  opportune."  Her  colonists,  "possessing  the 
soil  they  cultivate,  overspread  the  land ;  industries, 
public  works,  improvements,  are  pushed  forward 
with  vigor  and  intelligence."  In  his  thesis  that  the 
Arab  character  is  the  outcome  of  the  influence  of 
the  desert,  ISIr.  Phillips  g^ves  us  a  sketch  of  the  effect 
of  the  desert  life  on  himself,  and  applies  his  expe- 
rience to  that  of  the  Arab. 

"  What  I  came  to  feel  more  and  more  strongly  as  time  went 
on  was  the  extraordinarily  stimulating  and  exciting  effect  of 
the  desert  and  the  desert  climate  on  the  one  hand,  and  its 
entire  lack  of  anything  substantial  and  definite  to  think  about 
and  feed  the  mind  with,  on  the  other.  .  .  .  So,  I  used  to 
think,  the  strength  and  weakness  of  the  Arab  were  alike  dis- 
played in  the  desert.  All  the  influences  that  stimulated  his 
nerves  and  starved  his  intellect  were  round  one  there.  In 
his  successes  —  his  frantic  conquests  and  frantic  art  and 
science  —  is  the  stored  up  force  of  the  desert's  nervous  energy. 
In  the  decline  and  disintegration  of  all  his  power  and  all  his 
labor  is  the  desert's  fatal  incoherence." 

If  we  grant  (and  we  feel  that  we  must  do  so  when 
reading  the  author's  vivid  descriptions  )  that  the  desert 
is  chai*acterized  by  spaciousness,  deadness,  vast  monot- 
ony, sterility,  and  primitiveness,  then  we  can  readily 
understand  how  the  empty  life  of  the  desert  working 
for  countless  generations  has  had  its  consequences  in 
Arab  character.  Such  a  plausible  thesis  makes  the 
Arab  a  being  who  despises  odds,  who  has  a  fortitude 
that  smUes  at  wounds  and  death,  who  is  "proud, 
fiercely  militant,  vengeful,  courteous  too,  and  digni- 
fied and  generous,  but  lacking  such  virtues  as  pa- 
tience, long  suffering,  gentleness,  modesty,  humility, 
seK-sacrifice."  Hence,  the  Arab's  poetry  is  like  his 
life  — always  in  the  ballad-poetry  stage,  the  poetry  of 
action,  not  of  thought ;  his  religion  is  the  religion  of 
the  sword ;  and  his  architecture  is  indefinite  and 


234 


THE    DIAL 


[AprH  1, 


unsubstantial,  serving  largely  as  a  vehicle  for  rich 
colors.  Mr.  Phillips  has  thus  carried  Taine's  theory 
to  its  limits  ;  and  whatever  may  be  its  shortcomings 
in  this  particular  instance,  the  author  has  made  an 
entertaining  contribution  to  our  knowledge  of  Arab 
life  and  art. 

Enthusiasm,  spontaneity,  kindly  humor,  and  a 
sprightly  style  characterize  the  volume  entitled  "  In 
Further  Ardenne  "  with  the  auxiliary  title  "  A  Study 
of  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Luxemburg,"  by  the  Rever- 
end T.  H.  Passmore.  This  tiny  principality,  pinched 
in  between  France,  Belgium,  Prussia,  and  Lorraine, 
has  had  a  history  out  of  all  proportion  to  its  size, 
for  it  has  seen  and  endured  the  whole  pageant  of 
European  events.  Druid  flamen,  Celtic  war-man, 
Roman  lording,  feudal  baron,  and  modern  diplomat 
have  all  laid  their  hands  upon  it;  and  yet,  so  says 
Mr.  Passmore,  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Luxemburg  has 
"  never  for  a  moment  lost  its  distinctive  individu- 
ality." There  still  survive,  untrammeled  even  by 
the  ubiquitous  tourist,  her  romance,  folk-song,  folk- 
dance,  and  folk-lore,  and  it  is  with  these  that  Mr. 
Passmore  is  primarily  concerned.  With  him  we 
wander  in  search  of  the  quaint  and  picturesque  — 
two  words  the  author  eschews  —  in  this  old  land, 
"  wide  and  quiet  and  peaceable."  He  asks  us  for 
the  merry  heart  that  will  go  a  mile  or  twain,  for  "  a 
love  of  unspoilt  uncrowded  sweet  earth-corners,  an 
open  mind  about  other  people's  religious  notions,  and 
even  a  capacity  to  think  a  little  occasionally,  in  a 
dreamy  way."  One  of  the  unique  sights  described 
in  the  book  is  the  Springprozession,  a  religious 
dance,  of  Echternach.  This  dancing  to  God's  glory, 
the  origin  of  which  is  lost  in  disputes,  is  in  part 
described  by  Mr.  Passmore  as  follows : 

"This  Dance  of  Degrees,  the  whole  with  the  sick,  the  old 
with  the  young,  counteracting  their  own  progress  and  yet 
progressing,  sweating  yet  ascending,  faint  yet  pursuing.  .  .  . 
The  burning  sun  beats  on  them,  the  heaven  over  them  is  brass, 
now  and  again  one  swoons  and  must  fall  out ;  but  the  dogged 
escalade  goes  on.  Meanwhile  the  leaders  have  danced  into 
the  church,  laid  down  their  offerings,  and  are  wheeling  around 
the  altar-shrine,  swaying  still  where  the  Saint  lies  sleeping. 
When  all  have  passed  this  way,  a  solemn  Salut  crowns  the 
day ;  which  done,  the  Host-blessed  pUgrims  issue  from  the 
church,  dancing  as  ever,  to  set  seal  to  their  vow  with  triple 
circling  round  the  great  sad  Christ  who  hangs  upon  the 
churchyard  cross." 

We  had  occasion  in  a  former  review  to  speak 
favorably  of  Mr.  Jerome  Hart's  "  Two  Argonauts 
in  Spain,"  and  we  are  now  pleased  to  say  that  we 
are  still  more  highly  pleased  by  the  excellent  quali- 
ties of  the  same  author's  latest  book,  entitled  "  A 
Levantine  Log  Book."  Mr.  Hart  made  a  stay  of  two 
seasons  in  the  regions  of  the  Eastern  Mediterranean, 
stopping  at  Naples,  Malta,  Constantinople,  Smyrna, 
Jerusalem,  and  Egypt.  One  does  not  expect  much 
that  is  new  concerning  these  places,  so  when  a  trav- 
eller bids  for  one's  commendations  on  his  notebook 
of  travels,  his  view-point  must  be  refreshing  and 
individual.  These  qualities  Mr.  Hart  supplies  in 
abimdance.  He  can  and  does  write  intelligently,  but 
he  excels  most  in  the  genial  himior  that  brings  a 


smile  with  almost  every  page.  We  wish  our  space 
permitted  us  to  quote  the  entire  chapter  on  "  The 
Breeks  of  the  Turks,"  or  the  diverting  chapter  enti- 
tled "  Spots  Where,"  or  the  description  of  Smyrna; 
but  we  must  choose  a  shorter  excerpt  which  describes 
the  entourage  of  the  Sultan  when  he  is  returning 
from  his  devotions  at  the  mosque. 

"  Now  comes  a  curious  sight.  As  his  horses  ascend  the  hill 
at  a  quick  trot  his  generals,  his  pashas,  his  colonels,  and  his 
ministers  keep  pace  with  his  horses.  The  courtiers  are  clad 
in  scarlet  and  bullion,  in  blue  and  silver,  in  green  and  gold ; 
they  are  gray,  grizzled,  and  old,  but  they  run  like  so  many 
school-boys  behind  and  on  either  side  of  the  imperial  carriage. 
Fortunately  the  run  is  not  a  long  one,  for  many  of  the  pashas 
are  fat  and  scant  of  breath.  But  no  matter  how  old  or  how 
fat,  all  who  are  not  absolutely  disabled  run  by  their  master's 
carriage.  Obesity  is  not  an  exemption;  old  age  is  not  a 
release.  There  is  no  apology  but  partial  paralysis ;  no  excuse 
but  locomotor  ataxia.  This  is  perhaps  the  Oriental  courtier's 
way  of  indicating  enthusiastic  loyalty.  Courtiers  have  always 
had  to  do  humiliating  things,  with  joyful  faces,  in  monarchies. 
Perhaps  they  do  still  —  perhaps  even  in  republics.  But  what 
a  fantastic  spectacle  —  a  lot  of  uniformed  and  elderly  digni- 
taries running  up  hill  on  a  hot  day  —  a  troop  of  perspiring 
and  pot-bellied  pashas  sprinting  after  their  padishah ! " 

In  form  and  illustrations  the  book  is  as  pleasing  to 
the  eye  as  the  text  is  to  the  mind. 

Whoever  has  read  of  the  great  region  lying  north 
of  India  knows  that  every  book  dealing  with  it  will 
contain  two  features :  descriptions  of  the  vast,  unin- 
habited wastes,  of  the  paralyzing  cold  of  the  gla- 
cier regions,  and  the  burning  heat  of  the  deserts; 
and,  secondly,  of  the  eternal  political  question  as  to 
who  shall  rule  the  region,  England  or  Russia.  Mr. 
Oscar  Terry  Crosby's  volume,  "Tibet  and  Turkestan," 
is  no  exception.  Mr.  Crosby's  description  of  the 
countries  named  is  familiar,  and  his  discussion  of 
the  political  aspect  is  independent.  Accompanied 
by  Captain  Anginieur  of  the  French  Army,  the 
author  made  his  trip  in  the  latter  part  of  1903, 
traversing  the  region  from  the  Caspian  Sea  through 
Turkestan  to  the  Tibetan  Plateau.  Such  a  route 
invites  many  hardships,  and  Mr.  Crosby  tells  us  the 
difficulties  encountered  on  this  journey  were  "  in 
every  respect  more  severe  than  those  experienced  in 
a  considerable  journey  in  Africa  —  from  Somaliland 
to  Khartoum."  In  one  part  of  their  journey  they 
travelled  for  forty  days  through  uninhabited  wastes, 
eleven  days  of  that  time  being  spent  on  the  cheer- 
less verge  of  starvation.  The  greater  part  of  the 
book  deals  with  the  political  aspects,  especially  of 
Tibet.  Mr.  Crosby  sees  little  to  fear  in  the  Yellow 
Peril,  evidently  believing  it  to  be  prompted  by  diplo- 
matic motives.  The  religion,  the  history,  and  the 
peculiar  institution  of  polyandric  marriage  of  Tibet 
are  treated  fully  and  weU.  Of  England's  aggres- 
siveness in  Tibet,  and  Younghusband's  raid,  Mr. 
Crosby  says : 

"  The  raid  into  Tibet  I  believe  to  have  been  wild,  not  capable 
of  bearing  good  fruit.  Its  occupation  is  not  necessary  to  the 
preservation  of  the  Empire's  peace ;  nor  would  it  conduce  to 
the  Empire's  prosperity.  Any  harm  that  could  possibly  come 
out  of  Tibet  could  be  met,  at  the  moment  of  its  appearance, 
at  less  moral  and  material  cost  than  by  years  of  repression 
and  injustice  based  on  mere  suspicion." 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


235 


The  volume  contains  an  almost  entire  alphabet  of 
appendices,  one  of  which  gives  some  interesting  ex- 
amples of  Tibetan  songs. 

"  The  Great  Plateau  "  is  the  appropriate  title  of 
Captain  C.  G.  Rawling's  volume  which  recounts  his 
two  journeys  of  exploration  into  central  Tibet  made 
in  1903  and  1904-5.  "  The  first  expedition,"  says 
the  author,  "penetrated  into  the  uninhabited  and 
barren  regions  of  the  Northern  Desert  at  a  time  when 
Tibet  was  rigidly  closed  to  foreigners.  The  second 
led  through  the  rich,  thickly-populated  valleys  of  the 
Brahmaputra,  and  was  made  with  the  cognisance  and 
permission  of  the  Lhasa  Government,  though  only 
rendered  possible  by  the  notable  success  of  Sir  Fran- 
cis Younghusband's  mission."  The  result  of  the  first 
expedition  was  Captain  Rawling's  correct  mapping 
of  35,000  square  miles  of  hitherto  unknown  and 
unexplored  country.  The  purpose  of  the  second  expe- 
dition was  to  determine  the  possibilities  of  Gartok, 
the  capital  of  western  Tibet,  as  a  trade  mart,  and  to 
survey  the  route  so  "  that  proposals  for  opening  other 
marts  should  be  based  on  accurate  information." 
This  undertaking,  made  under  all  the  usual  attendant 
difiiculties  of  travel  in  that  region,  resulted  in  find- 
ing that  Gartok  was  a  village  of  "  three  good-sized 
houses  and  twelve  miserable  hovels  " !  Such,  how- 
ever, is  the  scramble  for  precedence  and  prestige 
among  the  industrial  and  political  giants.  To  those 
who  are  interested  in  the  development  and  the  geo- 
graphy of  Tibet  the  volume  will  contain  some  new 
features,  but  the  general  reader  will  find  small  profit 
in  the  book.  We  are  at  a  loss  to  account  for  the 
difference  in  the  literary  quality  of  the  two  accounts 
of  Captain  Rawling's  journeys.  The  story  of  the 
first  expedition  is  a  weary  tale  of  countless  marches 
and  camps,  but  the  account  of  the  Gartok  expedition 
has  at  least  the  g^ace  of  vivacity  and  freshness. 

Mr.  A.  B.  De  GuervUle,  the  author  of  "  New 
Egypt,"  seems  to  be  one  who  is  able  to  break  through 
the  hedges  that  surround  the  divinely-appointed 
affairs  of  many  foreign  places.  In  his  own  words  he 
obtained  his  information  about  the  new  Egypt  from 
"  highly  placed  personages  in  the  Egyptian  world, 
English,  French,  natives,  and  others ;  these  men, 
keen  and  talented,  who  in  palaces,  ministries,  lega- 
tions, schools,  hospitals,  bands,  or  large  industrial 
concerns,  are  working  without  ceasing  for  the  regen- 
eration of  Egypt.  I  have  knocked  at  all  doors,  rich 
and  poor,  high  and  low,  and  everywhere  a  warm 
welcome  has  awaited  me."  We  are  pleased  with  the 
frank  personality  of  the  author,  and  we  are  impressed 
and  entertained  by  his  book.  Not  for  a  long  time 
have  we  read  a  book  of  travel  that  is  so  very  inter- 
esting and  refreshingly  instructive.  There  is  nothing 
new  in  Mr.  De  Guerville's  itinerary ;  he  took  the 
usual  trip  from  Alexandria  to  Cairo,  thence  to  Luxor, 
Karnac,  Assouan,  Khartoum,  and  Fashoda  —  now 
called  Kodok.  His  account  of  these  places  is  inter- 
spersed with  facts  relative  to  the  French  in  Egypt, 
the  pleasures  of  Cairo,  Ismail  and  his  reign,  the  com- 
mercial and  industrial  life  of  the  land,  and  the  social. 


religious,  and  political  conditions  in  this  rapidly 
changing  country.  The  Renaissance  has  apparently 
come  to  Egypt.  For  France's  share  in  Eg^ypt's  devel- 
opment he  has  a  smile  and  a  tear ;  for  England's 
protectorate  over  Egypt  and  Lord  Cromer's  wise 
administration  he  has  only  words  of  praise.  "JNew 
Egypt "  means  the  industrial  prosperity  that  has  fol- 
lowed the  flag  of  England.  Even  the  Sudan,  which 
General  Gordon  described  in  1884  as  "an  abso- 
lutely useless  possession,  has  always  been  so,  and 
always  will  be  so,"  bids  fair  to  become  a  garden  spot, 
if  the  plans  of  irrigation  do  not  fail.  We  commend 
the  book  for  its  valuable  information,  for  its  pungent 
style,  and  for  its  sprightly  gossip  about  things  Egyp- 
tian. We  shall  await  with  pleasure  the  author's 
promised  volimae  to  be  entitled  "  Egypt  Intime." 

The  raison  d'etre  —  and  it  is  a  sufficient  reason 
—  of  Mr.  A.  H.  Hallam  Murray's  volume  called 
"  The  High-Road  of  Empire "  is  the  plethora  of 
beautiful  water-color  and  pen-and-ink  sketches  which 
the  author-artist  made  along  the  highways  of  the  fasci- 
nating lands  of  India  and  Ceylon.  Such  a  journey, 
when  made  in  the  leisurely  manner  that  the  brush 
and  pencil  demand,  through  a  land  that  appeals  to 
artist  and  writer  alike  by  "its  glorious  architecture, 
its  unique  landscapes,  its  rich  historic  associations, 
and  above  all  its  strangely  interesting  people,"  offers 
much  that  is  unusual,  when  the  writer  can  make  his 
somewhat  commonplace  experience  alive  by  a  re- 
served enthusiasm.  This  Mr.  Murray  has  done.  He 
went  from  Bombay  to  Ceylon  by  the  devious  way  of 
Poona,  Bijapur,  AUabahad,  Calcutta.  Benares,  Luck- 
now,  Cawnpore,  to  Agra,  Delhi,  Lahore,  and  Jodh- 
pur,  and  whatever  struck  his  fancy  he  described  in 
colors,  in  line-drawings,  or  with  his  pen.  As  many 
travellers  and  writers  on  India  have  done,  Mr.  Mur- 
ray dwells  at  some  length  on  Benares,  the  wonderful 
city  of  squalor  and  beauty,  where  the  heart  of  old 
India  beats  most  perceptibly  in  the  swarming  mass 
of  humanity  which  gathers  there  at  all  seasons,  to 
dip  into  and  drink  of  the  filthy  pools  or  ghats  of  the 
Ganges,  the  mother  of  life. 

"  The  river  bank  is  a  marvellous  sight.  The  Ghats,  in 
flight  after  flight  of  irregular  steps,  descend  a  hundred  feet 
to  the  water's  edge.  Here  and  there  the  steps  widen  out  into 
terraces,  and  on  them  are  temples  and  shrines  of  all  sorts  and 
sizes.  The  clifiP  is  crowned  by  high  houses  and  palaces,  which 
culminate  in  domes  and  minarets.  Here  and  there  a  palace 
or  temple  breaks  away  from  the  main  line,  and  projecting 
forward,  descends  with  solid  breastworks  of  masonry  to  the 
water's  edge,  where  every  variety  of  native  craft  lies  moored." 

Such  a  scene  catches  the  artist's  eye  and  demands 
a  clever  brush;  but  the  following  human  touch  is 
beyond  the  artist's  skiU,  and  requires  only  a  little 
less  skill  in  the  handling  of  words : 

"  I  was  charmed  by  one  scene  in  particular  which  we 
watched.  Two  graceful  women  in  bright-coloured  silk  saris 
came  down  the  steps,  each  carrying  on  her  arm  a  folded  sari 
of  a  different  hue.  Leaving  this  on  the  brink,  they  stepped 
down  as  they  were  into  the  sacred  water  and  drank  and 
dipped.  Coming  back  to  the  steps  in  wet  garments,  they 
wound  them  off,  and  simultaneously,  by  the  same  mysterious 
movement,  clothed  themselves  in  the  fresh  silk  drapery  with 
which  they  had  come  provided.     The  process  of  transf  orma- 


236 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


tion  was  as  elusive  and  complete  as  that  by  which  a  snow- 
capped mountain  is  changed  at  the  afterglow.  Then  taking 
the  strip  of  wet  drapery,  and  deftly  gathering  it  in  narrow 
folds  crosswise  in  either  hand,  they  went  back  to  their  daily 
occupations." 

Many  such  little  descriptive  sketches  enhance  the 
interest  and  value  of  Mr.  MuiTay's  sumptuous  vol- 
ume, which  contains  over  forty  excellent  illustrations 
reproduced  by  the  three-color  process,  and  about  one 
hundred  pen-and-ink  sketches.  The  publishers  are 
to  be  praised  for  their  part  in  the  production  of  a 
book  that  is  unusually  pleasing  in  every  detail. 

H.  E.  COBLENTZ. 


Briefs  on  New  Books. 


A  charming  ^^  '^^  ^^  extremely  vivacious  and  in- 
French  hostess  teresting  throng  of  men  and  women 
and  her  circle.  ^\^^  passes  before  us  in  the  pages 
of  Miss  Janet  Aldis's  "Madame  Geoffrin  and  her 
Salon  "  (Putnam).  The  author  is  an  amiable  and  com- 
municative cicerone,  and  as  we  run  on  lightly  from 
chapter  to  chapter  of  her  gossipy  account  we  feel 
somewhat  as  one  might,  who,  ignorant  of  the  lan- 
guage of  the  animated  talkers,  should  by  some 
magic  be  privileged  to  be  present,  invisible,  at  those 
eighteenth  centm-y  dinners.  Our  guide  points  out 
the  hostess  or  names  the  various  guests,  with  an 
anecdote  or  a  story  that  engages  our  interest  and 
makes  us  feel  in  a  manner  acquainted  with  each. 
This  silent  and  somewhat  superfluous  old  man  is 
the  hostess's  husband,  whom  death  will  soon  dis- 
creetly remove.  Here  is  d'Alembert,  legitimate 
child  of  his  century,  if  not  of  other  parents ;  there 
is  FonteneUe,  who  has  lived  out  nearly  a  fuU  cen- 
tury and  is  yet  not  the  least  gay  and  witty  of  the 
company.  This  is  Denis  Diderot,  unkempt  and 
uncourtly,  but  original  and  full  of  matter ;  that  is 
Grimm,  snapping  up  every  bit  of  literary  gossip,  and 
not  always  stopping  at  that  kind,  for  his  next  letter 
to  "a  sovereign  of  Germany."  And  as  we  observe 
the  company  our  guide  explains  from  time  to  time 
the  jest  that  has  just  raised  the  laugh,  the  paradox 
that  has  provoked  such  eager  challenge  and  discus- 
sion, or  the  clever  tale  that  has  been  crowned  with 
such  general  applause.  We  feel  that  these  are 
interesting  people,  and  that  we  should  like  to  know 
them  better,  and  that  if  we  knew  their  language  and 
could  follow  their  talk  we  should  get  a  really  inform- 
ing glimpse  into  that  bubbling  cauldron  in  which 
the  witches'  broth  of  the  revolution  was  brewing. 
And  this  remains  our  feeling  when  we  leave  them. 
We  have  not  been  taught  their  language ;  we  have 
not  penetrated  into  the  intimacy  of  their  deeper 
purposes  and  more  serious  convictions;  and  the  pic- 
ture, for  all  its  appearance  of  life,  makes  somewhat 
the  impression  of  a  composite  photogi-aph.  A  great 
many  salons,  a  great  many  groups  of  persons,  shift- 
ing from  year  to  year,  have  contributed  to  it.  We 
are  made  but  vaguely  aware  of  the  passing  of  time 
by  the  touches  it  leaves  on  one  or  another  of  the 


faces.  We  get  no  adequate  suggestion  of  the  rapid 
movement  of  ideas  and  events  between  the  years 
1750  and  1777  which  bound  the  period  of  Madame 
Geoff rin's  reign.  But  perhaps  these  shortcomings 
are  the  necessary  defects  of  the  book's  good  quali- 
ties, and  we  readily  allow  that  the  latter  are  quite 
sufficient  to  commend  it.  It  was  worth  whUe  to 
give  this  glimpse  of  a  very  remarkable  woman  and 
the  very  remarkable  circle  that  she  gathered  about 
her,  and  to  persuade  us  that  the  guests  at  Madame 
Geoffrin's  table  were  charming  and  interesting 
people,  removed  as  far  as  possible  from  dulness, 
dryness,  and  pedantry,  and  well  worth  our  better 
acquaintance.  

The  course  of  Lowell  Institute  lee- 
^infaZs.  t^res  to  which  Professor  George  E. 
Woodberry  has  given  "  The  Torch  " 
for  a  collective  title  (McClure)  is  based  upon  a 
highly  abstract  and  metaphysical  conception.  The 
opening  sentences  state  the  author's  fundamental 
thesis. 

"It  belongs  to  a  highly  developed  race  to  become,  in  a 
true  sense,  aristocratic  —  a  treasury  of  its  best  in  practical 
and  spiritual  types,  and  then  to  disappear  in  the  surrounding 
tides  of  men.  So  Athens  dissolved  like  a  pearl  in  the  cup  of 
the  Mediterranean,  and  Rome  in  the  cup  of  Europe,  and  Judea 
in  the  cup  of  the  Universal  Communion.  Though  death  is 
the  law  of  all  life,  man  touches  this  earthen  fact  with  the 
wand  of  his  spirit,  and  transforms  it  into  the  law  of  sacrifice. 
Man  has  won  no  victory  over  his  environment  so  sublime  as 
this,  finding  in  his  mortal  sentence  the  true  choice  of  the  soul 
and  in  the  road  out  of  Paradise  the  open  highway  of  eternal 
life." 

A  work  thus  solemnly  preluded  is  sxire  to  prove  in- 
tensely serious  of  character,  and  the  high  note  of 
idealism  thus  sounded  at  the  outset  is  maintained 
to  the  last.  The  first  lecture  expounds  in  the  most 
general  terms  this  doctrine  of  the  race-mind,  with 
literature  for  its  organ,  which  persists  while  race 
after  race  passes  away.  The  second  lectui-e  deals 
more  specifically  with  literature  as  "  the  language  of 
all  the  world  "  rather  than  as  the  language  of  this  or 
that  people.  "  History  is  mortal :  it  dies.  Yet  it  does 
not  altogether  die.  Elements,  features,  fragments  of 
it  survive,  and  enter  into  the  eternal  memory  of  the 
race,  and  are  there  transformed,  and  —  as  we  say  — 
spiritualized.  Literature  is  the  abiding-place  of  this 
transforming  power,  and  most  profits  by  it."  The 
two  lectures  following  are  upon  "  The  Titan-Myth," 
and  complete  the  unfolding  of  the  author's  funda- 
mental thought.  Then  follow  four  lectures  dealing 
specifically  with  Spenser,  Milton,  Wordsworth,  and 
Shelley,  each  of  whom  is  considered  as  a  special  ex- 
ponent of  the  racial  inheritance  of  spiritual  energy. 
Perhaps  the  essence  of  Mr.  Woodberry's  teaching 
is  to  be  found  in  these  earnest  words  : 

"  Honesty  is  nowhere  more  essential  than  in  literary  study ; 
hypocrisy,  there,  may  have  terrible  penalties,  not  merely  in 
foolishness,  but  in  misfortune ;  and  to  lie  to  oneself  about 
oneself  is  the  most  fatal  lie.  The  stages  of  life  must  be  taken 
in  their  order ;  but  finally  you  will  discover  the  blessed  fact 
that  the  world  of  literature  is  one  of  diminishing  books  — 
since  the  greater  are  found  to  contain  the  less,  for  which 
reason  time  itself  sifts  the  relics  of  the  past  and  leaves  at  last 
only  a  Homer  for  centuries  of  early  Greece,  a  Dante  for  his 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


237 


entire  age,  a  Milton  for  a  whole  system  of  thought.  To 
understand  and  appreciate  such  g^reat  writers  is  the  goal; 
but  the  way  is  by  making  honest  use  of  the  authors  that  ap- 
peal to  us  in  the  most  living  ways." 


Wanderings  There  are  those  who  assert  that  oar 
on  the  WeUh  Word  "  saimtcrer  "  is  derived  from 
borderland.  u  g^jjg  terre," — without  home  or  coun- 

try; while  others  hold  that  it  comes  from  "Sainte 
Terrer,"  the  pious  pUgrim  or  a  "'  holy  lander."  To 
all  who  have  cultivated  the  art  of  sauntering  and 
have  practised  it  in  some  district  of  Great  Britain 
where  the  natural  scenery  is  attractive  and  where 
the  mind  is  kept  occupied  without  being  excited,  and 
have  found  sauntering  the  finest  of  all  tonics,  mental, 
physical,  or  spiritual,  the  preference  is  for  the  latter 
derivation,  whatever  the  etymologists  may  decide. 
And  from  the  nmnber  of  recent  books  descriptive  of 
leisurely  journeys  through  various  districts  in  Great 
Britain,  rich  in  historic  interest  and  antiquarian 
lore  as  well  as  in  natural  scenerj',  the  membership  in 
the  guild  of  saimterers  is  by  no  means  decreasing. 
Mr.  A.  G.  Bradley  is  an  accomplished  saunterer. 
He  knows  the  Lake  District  and  North  and  South 
Wales  by  personal  leisurely  inspection,  and  has  writ- 
ten several  books  about  those  regions.  The  latest 
record  of  his  wanderings  is  a  volume  entitled  •'  In 
the  March  and  Borderland  of  Wales  "  ( Houghton, 
Mifflin  &  Co.).  Mr.  Bradley  is  at  some  pains  to 
defend  the  apparent  tautology  of  his  title,  "  march  " 
meaning  border  or  frontier  ;  and  he  describes  jour- 
neys in  Herefordshire  and  Monmouthshire  in  En- 
gland, and  Montgoraerj'shire  and  Glamorganshire 
in  Wales,  and  into  districts  on  both  sides  of  the  pres- 
ent boundary  of  Wales  which  were  once  the  scenes 
of  exploits  of  Owen  Glyndwr,  a  Welsh  patriot  of  the 
fifteenth  centurj-  whose  life  Mr.  Bradley  has  dealt 
with  in  a  previous  volume.  The  author's  descriptions 
and  the  sketches  of  his  artist  companion,  Mr.  W.  M. 
Meredith,  must  excite  in  all  readers  of  the  volume 
an  interest  in  this  portion  of  the  Welsh  borderland 
that  will  be  g^tified  with  nothing  less  than  a  visit 
to  Hereford  and  its  vicinity. 


The  author  of  ^^  Thomas  Browne  was  one  of  the 
"Reiigio  men  who  lived  apart  in  the  troublous 

ifedict."  times    of  the    Commonwealth,    who 

allowed  himself  to  be  as  little  disturbed  by  the  civil 
dissensions  of  Roimdheads  and  Cavaliers  as  he  was 
untouched  by  the  excesses  of  the  Restoration.  He 
dwelt  quietly  at  Norwich,  practising  his  profession 
and  investigating  vulgar  errors,  interesting  himself 
in  sepulchral  urns,  and  enquiring  into  his  religious 
views  as  a  physician.  Mr.  Gosse  in  his  recent  volume 
in  the  ••  English  Men  of  Lettere  "  series  (MacmUlan) 
once  more  brings  out  what  has  already  been  remarked 
by  others,  that  Browne  has  not  contributed  anything 
of  importance  to  medical  science  or  to  philosophical 
or  religious  thought.  It  is  to  his  genius  as  a  stylist 
that  Mr.  Gosse  attributes  his  rank  among  the  great 
writers  of  English.  And  even  here  he  is  not  beyond 
adverse  criticism,  for  so  thoroughly  was  he  drenched 


in  Latin  that  he  carried  over  almost  bodily  words 
that  have  only  their  Latin  parentage  to  speak  for 
them.  Many  of  them  f  aUed  of  adoption  and  are  to-day 
but  "  wild  enormities  "  of  misdirected  scholarship. 
Where  Mr.  Gosse  fails  in  his  estimate  is  in  not  suffi- 
ciently recognizing  the  essentially  poetic  quality  of 
Browne's  work,  apart  from  mere  form  or  style.  He 
does  not  bring  out  what  Professor  Dowden  calls  the 
two  elements  of  Browne's  divinity,  —  wonder  and 
love ;  that  like  a  poet  his  appeal  was  to  the  emotions 
and  the  imagination.  This  was  the  body,  as  it  were, 
which  was  clothed  in  the  magnificent  trappings  of 
his  style ;  for  the  prose  of  ''  Reiigio  Medici "  and 
of  the  "  Urn-Burial "  is  almost  as  splendid  as  Mil- 
ton's. It  was  his  familiarity  with  Latin  that  gave 
him  such  a  conmiand  of  sonorous  prose,  just  as  it  did 
the  other  great  prose  writers  of  his  age.  Mr.  Gosse 
does  not  attempt  any  analysis  of  this  style,  a  task  he 
might  well  have  undertaken,  even  if  suggestive  of 
the  text-book.  The  absence  of  a  bibliography  is  the 
grievous  fault  this  book  shares  with  the  other  vol- 
umes of  the  same  series. 


Jottina*  of  "^  "  ™^^y  ^f  memories  "  is  presented 

a  London  by  Mr.  Alexander  Innes  Shand  in  his 

joumaiut.  u  D^y g  of  the  Past "  ( Button ) .   Bom 

and  bred  in  Scotland,  he  devoted  a  dozen  years  to 
sport,  continental  travel,  and  other  distractions,  and 
then,  after  a  year  of  law  practice  in  Edinburgh, 
crossed  the  border  and  eventually  found  employment 
as  a  London  journalist,  being  connected  with  the 
"  Saturday  Review,"  the  "  Times,"  and  other  less 
noted  journals,  and  associating  with  the  literary  cele- 
brities of  his  time.  Travel,  hunting,  fishing,  and  gas- 
tronomy appear  to  have  shared  his  affections  with 
literature.  Of  his  sixteen  chapters,  all  but  one,  which 
treats  of  operations  on  the  stock  exchange,  contain 
references  to  the  pleasures  of  the  table  ;  and  the  third 
chapter,  "The  Evolution  of  the  Hotel  and  Restaurant,** 
is  verj'  largely  devoted  thereto.  The  author  writes  in 
a  rapid,  readable  style,  and  draws  on  an  ample  store  of 
personal  experience  in  many  lands,  although  his  ad- 
ventures never  approach  the  thrilling,  or  even  the 
extraordinary.  Apart  from  his  two  chapters  of  "  Lit- 
erary Recollections,"  and  the  one  on  "Friends  of  the 
Athenaeum,"  the  book  contains  little  that  calls  loudly 
for  publication.  The  critical  reader  will  perhaps  note 
a  curious  expression  on  the  very  first  page,  where  the 
writer,  referring  to  late  improvements  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, says  he  remembers  "  much  of  the  devolution  of 
the  transformation."  Why  "  devolution"  ?  Half-way 
through  the  volume,  passing  from  the  Scotch  clergy 
to  the  English  army,  he  writes  :  "  From  ministers  to 
messes  is  a  sharp  transition,  but  I  must  own  that,  as 
the  Americans  say,  there  was  a  time  when  I  had 
more  truck  with  the  one  than  with  the  other."  Are 
we  really  guilty  of  this  unrefined  locution  ?  It  is  new 
to  the  present  reviewer.  But  it  is  not  much  worse 
than  the  expression  "  cock-arhoop,"  which  the  author 
allows  himself,  with  no  apologetic  quotation  marks, 
and  with  no  disclaimer  of  its  native  origin. 


238 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


"Sanctified  a  Christianity  and  Socialism  "  is  the 

common  sense "  ■•■,      ..        ...,        »  •  »  />         ,. 

on  public  collective  title  oi  a  series  ot  live  dis- 

probiems.  courses  by  Dr.  Washington  Gladden, 

recently  published  by  Messrs.  Eaton  &  Mains.  The 
first  essay,  which  gives  the  title  to  the  book,  deals 
with  the  teachings  of  the  Sermon  on  the  Mount,  — 
those  gi'eat  principles  of  personal  character  that  from 
the  days  of  Plato  have  been  acknowledged  as  fitting 
the  individual  for  the  highest  social  relations.  The 
author  then  passes  to  the  consideration  of  human 
brotherhood  involved  in  the  words  "  Our  Father  who 
art  in  heaven,"  contrasting  this  with  the  concept  of 
industrial  society.  It  may  perhaps  be  questioned 
whether  the  economic  concept  is  fairly  stated ;  its 
highest  attainment  has  not  yet  been  reached  and  the 
more  economic  society  becomes,  the  more  the  crying 
wrongs  of  society  are  eliminated.  The  following 
chapter  on  "  Labor  Wars  "  is  good  Christianity  and 
good  economics;  while  "The  Programme  of  Social- 
ism," the  third  discourse,  is  a  clear  exposition  of 
socialistic  principles,  both  established  and  debated. 
The  purpose  to  exalt  the  idea  of  compromise  be- 
tween the  opposing  tendencies  is  both  worthy  and 
characteristic  of  the  eminent  clerical  author.  Per- 
haps the  best  thing  is  the  passage  —  too  long  for 
quotation  —  showing  that  socialism  and  atheism  are 
in  no  way  connected.  The  chapter  on  "True  Social- 
ism "  gives  the  noble  ideal  of  regarding  work,  what- 
ever its  nature  or  rank,  as  a  social  function.  The 
final  pages,  on  "  Municipal  Reform,"  contain  a  rapid 
sketch  of  what  has  recently  been  done  and  what 
remains  to  do,  sounding  for  all  citizens  the  earnest 
warning  to  put  intelligence,  honesty,  and  unselfish- 
ness into  the  City  Hall  if  their  fruits  in  city  govern- 
ment are  to  be  expected.  Like  all  Dr.  Gladden's 
utterances,  these  discourses  are  characterized  by  what 
has  been  well  termed  "  sanctified  common  sense  "  and 
are  thoroughly  stimidating  and  suggestive. 


Seashore 
life  on  the 
eastern  coast. 


The  first  number  of  the  New  York 
Aquarium  Series  (Barnes)  is  a  vol- 
ume on  "Sea-shore  Life"  by  Dr. 
Alfred  G.  Mayer,  Director  of  the  Marine  Biological 
Laboratory  of  the  Carnegie  Institution  at  Tortugas, 
Florida,  and  is  devoted  to  the  invertebrates  of  the 
New  York  coast  and  the  adjacent  coast  region. 
The  work  is  intended  for  readers  who  have  had  no 
technical  biological  training,  and  its  aim  is  to  "in- 
crease intelligent  interest  in  the  habits  and  life- 
histories  of  marine  animals  and  to  disseminate  a 
knowledge  of  their  appearance  and  relationship." 
The  author  makes  a  serious  attempt  to  coin  new 
vernacular  names  for  animals  to  which  only  a  Latin 
binomial  has  been  hitherto  attached,  after  the  cus- 
tom of  English  naturalists.  The  work  has  an  edu- 
cational value  in  connection  with  the  aquarium  in 
New  York  and  the  museum  collections  there  and  in 
other  cities,  and  has  added  interest  from  the  natural 
history  contained  in  its  pages  and  the  many  original 
illustrations.  Many  references  to  pertinent  litera- 
ture are  scattered  throughout  the  text,  and  biblio- 


graphical references  pertaining  to  the  more  impor- 
tant species  are  given  at  the  end  of  the  volume. 
Specialists  may  quarrel  with  some  cases  in  the 
author's  nomenclature  or  seek  more  light  on  some 
of  his  statements,  but  all  will  agree  that  the  book  is 
a  welcome  addition  to  the  literature  of  the  sea^ 
shore.  

A  glimpse  of  ^^^,  popular  evening  lectures  of  the 
the  ancient  Christmas  holidays  before  the  Royal 

animal  world.  Institution  of  London  have  been  a 
fruitful  source  of  excellent  books  dealing  with  some 
phases  of  scientific  learning  brought  up  to  date,  and 
freed  of  technical  terminology  and  abstruse  reason- 
ing. One  of  the  most  readable  and  timely  of  these 
contributions  to  popular  science  is  Professor  E.  Ray 
Lankester's  "  Extinct  Animals  "  (Holt),  which  the 
author  regards  as  nothing  more  ambitious  than  an 
attempt  to  excite  in  young  people  an  interest  in  a 
most  fascinating  study,  that  of  the  animals  of  past 
ages.  The  book  is  cast  in  conversational  form,  enliv- 
ened by  anecdote  and  illumined  by  over  two  hun- 
dred excellent  illustrations,  some  of  them  original, 
and  many  of  them  now  seen  for  the  first  time  outside 
of  technical  publications.  The  proportion  of  time- 
honored  cuts  is  very  small,  and  the  figures  are  well 
chosen.  The  relations  of  these  animals  of  the  past 
to  the  living  world  are  frequently  emphasized,  and 
the  ways  in  which  fossils  are  formed  are  clearly 
shown.  We  find  here  the  story  of  the  evolution  of 
the  elephant,  brought  to  light  in  recent  years  by 
palaeontological  explorations  in  Egypt,  which  in  sci- 
entific interest  bids  fair  to  outrank  the  well-known 
evolution  of  the  horse  made  famous  by  Huxley.  The 
work  is  authoritative,  quite  up  to  date,  and  on  the 
whole  one  of  the  best  popular  accounts  of  the  life  of 
the  ancient  world  in  print. 


Nature  essays 
and  pictures. 


"  The  Prairie  and  the  Sea  "  is  some- 
what of  a  misnomer  for  the  collection 
of  miscellaneous  outdoor  sketches  by 
Mr.  William  A.  Quayle,  which  are  published,  in  a 
volume  embellished  with  a  wealth  of  photographic 
reproductions,  by  Messrs.  Jennings  &  Graham.  The 
half-dozen  photographers  who  have  collaborated  with 
Mr.  Quayle  have  done  thoroughly  artistic  work  in 
picturing  both  the  smaller  and  the  larger  aspects  of 
the  world  about  which  he  writes.  Mr.  Quayle's  point 
of  view  is  the  rather  hackneyed  one  of  the  nature- 
lover  who,  having  been  born  a  country-boy,  knows  a 
good  deal  about  the  out-door  world,  and,  having 
grown  up  a  sentimentalist,  is  full  of  quaint  conceits 
and  fancies  about  it.  He  does  not  go  far  enough  in 
the  sober  study  of  natural  history  to  enrich  his  work, 
after  the  fashion  of  Mr.  Bradford  Torrey,  with 
unique  discoveries  in  the  realms  of  plant  and  animal 
life.  His  enthusiasm  for  the  beauties  of  nature  seems 
therefore  at  times  a  little  empty,  and  his  literary 
style  lacks  the  grace  and  piquancy  needed  to  carry 
off  a  difficult  situation  perfectly.  However,  this  is 
only  saying  that  his  work  belongs  to  the  gi'eat  average 
output  of   nature   essays  —  not   striking,  but  thor- 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


239 


oughly  readable  on  the  whole,  and,  together  with  the 
accompan)T.ng  pictures,  making  up  an  attractive 
volume  intended  for  the  large  class  of  readers  who 
do  not  want  their  nature-study  to  be  of  a  very  special 
or  a  very  exacting  tj'pe. 

Gfti  Sherman  "^  biography  of  interest  and  charm  is 
truthfully  Mr.  Edward  Robins's  life   of  Wil- 

portrayed.  ^iaja  T,  Sherman  in  the  series   of 

"American  Crisis  Biographies"  (Jacobs).  Much 
of  this  interest  and  charm  comes  from  the  character 
of  the  subject,  the  irascible,  outspoken,  independent 
soldier,  and  his  imique  and  exciting  career ;  but 
much  comes  also  from  the  skilful  work  of  the  author. 
He  has  made  an  excellent  portrait  of  the  great  soldier, 
giving  the  shadows  as  well  as  the  lights.  He  makes 
the  reader  see  the  vindictiveness  of  Greneral  Shemuui, 
his  prejudices,  and  the  lack  of  tact  that  made  him 
numberless  enemies  for  a  time  ;  but  he  makes  us  see, 
too,  the  essential  greatness  of  the  man  as  weU  as  the 
soldier,  a  character  that  finally  conquered  hostility 
at  the  South  as  well  as  at  the  North,  and  the  singular 
attractiveness  of  his  essentially  fine  spirit  and  bril- 
liant mind.  The  book  is  an  excellent  outline  history 
of  those  campaigns  of  the  Civil  War  in  the  West  and 
South  in  which  General  Sherman  took  part,  espe- 
cially of  the  world-famed  march  through  Greorgia. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


"  American  Historv  in  Literature,"  by  Misses  Martha 
A.  L.  Lane  and  Mabel  HUl,  is  a  compUation  of  "  simple 
literary  excerpts  which  illustrate  the  leading  events  and 
the  characteristic  conditions  that  have  marked  the  devel- 
opment of  the  United  States."  A  second  volume  for  the 
use  of  higher  grades  is  in  course  of  preparation.  Messrs. 
Ginn  &  Co.  are  the  publishers. 

From  the  Archseological  Institute  of  America  we  have 
Volume  I.  of  "  Supplementary  Papers  of  the  American 
.School  of  Classical  Studies  in  Rome."  The  papers  are 
nine  in  number,  the  work  of  eight  authors,  working  some- 
times jointly  and  sometimes  alone.  Plates  large  and 
smaU,  besides  diagrams  and  maps,  constitute  the  illus- 
trations, which  are  offered  in  abimdance.  The  papers  are 
of  minute  scholarly  interest.generally  speaking,  although 
something  different  from  this  should  be  said  of  Dr. 
Arthur  Mahler's  "Die  Aphrodite  von  Arles,"Dr.  Richard 
Norton's  "Report  on  Archieolog^cal  Remains  in  Tur- 
kestan," and  possibly  one  or  two  others.  The  volume 
is  a  handsome  quarto  published  by  the  Macmillan  Co. 

If  there  was  ever  a  labor  of  love,  it  was  that  of  Dr. 
S.  Weir  Mitchell  in  translating  into  modem  verse  the 
fourteenth-century  ^Middle  English  poem  called  "  Pearl." 
This  wonderful  lyric,  almost  imknown  for  half  a  millen- 
nium, attracted  the  attention  of  lovers  of  poetry  in  the 
nineteenth  century,  and  many,  from  Tennyson  down, 
have  since  written  in  its  praise.  Dr.  Mitchell  gives  us 
rather  less  than  half  of  the  entire  work,  accounting  for 
this  mutilation  by  saying  that  the  omitted  stanzas  "  deal 
with  uninteresting  theological  or  allegorical  material." 
We  could  wish  that  he  had  given  us  the  whole  poem,  but 
this  need  not  preclude  our  thanks  for  his  very  ehamung 
version  of  the  portions  that  he  thought  worthy  of  transla- 
tion.    The  Century  Co.  publish  the  httle  volume. 


XOTES. 


«  Days  with  Walt  Whitman,"  by  Mr.  Edward  Carpen- 
ter, one  of  the  poet's  intimate  friends,  is  announced  for 
early  issue  by  the  Macmillan  Co. 

"  Walt  Whitman  and  the  Germans,"  by  Dr.  Richard 
Riethmueller,  is  a  pamphlet  publication  of  the  Amer- 
icana Germanica  Press,  Philadelphia. 

Spenser's  "  Faerie  Queene,"  in  two  volumes,  is  a 
charming  recent  addition  to  the  "  Caxton  Thin  Paper 
Classics,"  imported  by  the  Messrs.  Scribner. 

"  The  International  Position  of  Japan  as  a  Great 
Power,"  by  Dr.  Seiji  G.  Hishida,  is  an  important  recent 
addition  to  the  Columbia  University  publications. 

A  little  book  on  James  McNeill  Whistler,  by  Mr. 
H.  W.  Singer,  is  imported  by  the  Messrs.  Scribner  as  an 
issue  in  the  "  Langham  Series  of  Art  Monographs." 

"  Foster's  Complete  Bridge,"  by  Mr.  R.  F.  Foster,  is 
the  latest  of  the  author's  many  manuals  for  card-players, 
and  is  published  by  Messrs.  McClure,  Phillips  &  Co. 

Mr.  Russell  Sturgis  is  at  work  upon  an  exhaustive 
"  History  of  Architecture,"  which  the  Baker  &  Taylor 
Co.  will  publish  in  three  large  volumes.  Volume  I.  will 
be  ready  next  October,  and  the  two  others  will  follow 
at  intervals  of  about  six  months. 

An  edition  of  Mill  on  "  The  Subjection  of  Women," 
edited  by  Dr.  Stanton  Coit,  is  published  by  Messrs. 
Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  The  editorial  material  pro- 
vides an  analysis  of  Mill's  argument,  and  an  account  of 
changes  in  the  legal  status  of  women  since  the  original 
publication  of  the  essay. 

"  Chopin,  as  Revealed  by  Extracts  from  his  Diary," 
by  Count  Stanislas  Tamowski,  translated  from  the 
Polish  by  Miss  Natalie  Janotha,  is  a  recent  importation 
of  the  Messrs.  Scribner,  from  whom  we  also  have  an 
essay  by  Mr.  Joseph  Groddard  on  "  The  Deeper  Sotirces 
of  the  Beauty  and  Expression  of  Music." 

A  "  Standard  Webster  Pocket  Dictionary,"  compiled 
by  Mr.  Alfred  B.  Chambers,  has  been  added  by  Messrs. 
Laird  &  Lee  to  their  series  of  lexicons.  Concise  defini- 
tions of  some  thirty  thousand  words  are  given,  and 
there  is  an  appendix  containing  sixteen  colored  maps, 
besides  a  variety  of  miscellaneous  information. 

An  important  work  on  "  Consumption  and  its  Rela- 
tion to  Man  and  his  Civilization,"  by  Dr.  John  Bessner 
Ruber,  is  announced  by  the  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.  In 
writing  this  volume  it  has  been  Dr.  Huber's  purpose  to 
supply  a  comprehensive  exposition  of  the  effect  con- 
sumption has  had  upon  civilization,  and  a  consideration 
of  its  relation  to  human  affairs. 

To  their  attractive  series  of  "Popular  Editions  of 
Recent  Fiction"  Messrs.  Little,  Brown,  &  Co.  have 
added  the  following  volumes:  "Painted  Shadows,"  by 
Richard  Le  Gallienne ;  "  The  Viking's  Skull,"  by  John 
R.  Carling;  "Sarah  Tuldon,"  by  Orme  Agnus;  "The 
Siege  of  Youth,"  by  Frances  Charles;  "Hassan,  a 
Fellah,"  by  Henry  GiUman;  and  "The  Wolverine,"  by 
Albert  L.  Lawrence. 

Of  foremost  interest  in  "  The  Burlington  Magazine  ** 
for  March  may  be  mentioned  the  following  articles: 
"  Independent  Art  of  To-day  "  by  Bemhard  Sickert, 
"Charles  II.  Plate  in  Belvoir  Castle"  by  J.  Starkie 
Gardner,  "  Some  Lead  Garden  Statues  "  by  Lawrence 
Weaver,  and  "  Who  Was  the  Architect  of  the  Houses 
of  Parliament  ?  "  by  Robert  Dell.  The  frontispiece  in 
this  issue  is  a  fine  photogravure  reproduction  of  a  16th 
century  Italian  bronze. 


240 


THE    DlAl^ 


[April  1, 


A  little  book  on  Sir  Henry  Irving,  by  Mr.  Haldane 
Macfall,  described  as  "a  comprehensive  view  of  the 
man  and  his  accomplishments,"  will  be  published  early 
this  month  by  Messrs.  John  W.  Luce  &  Co.  Sixteen 
illustrations  have  been  supplied  by  Mr.  Gordon  Craig, 
the  son  of  Ellen  Terry,  to  whom  the  book  is  dedicated. 
In  this  connection  we  may  note  that  Mr.  Mortimer 
Menpes  and  his  daughter  are  preparing  a  "  portrait  bio- 
graphy "  of  Irving,  with  illustrations  in  color,  which  the 
MacmUlan  Co.  are  to  publish  some  time  during  the  year. 

"  The  only  complete  copyright  text  in  one  volume  "  of 
the  poetical  works  of  Byron  comes  to  us  from  Messrs. 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  It  contains  the  gist  of  the  edi- 
torial matter  in  Mr.  Ernest  Hartley  Coleridge's  defini- 
tive seven-volume  edition  of  the  poems,  completed  a 
year  or  two  ago,  and  will  thus  prove  a  boon  to  those 
who  could  not  avail  themselves  of  the  earlier  work.  An 
introductory  memoir  of  some  fifty  pages  is  supplied  to 
the  present  volume  by  Mr.  Coleridge,  and  there  is  a 
frontispiece  portrait  in  photogravure.  The  type  is  neces- 
sarily small,  though  not  mireadable. 

At  the  request  of  Professor  Bernhard  Seuffert,  of 
Graz,  Austria,  representing  the  Royal  Prussian  Academy 
of  Berlin,  all  institutions  or  individuals  having  Wieland 
manuscripts  or  letters  are  earnestly  urged  to  give  notice 
of  the  fact  and  thus  materially  further  the  very  elaborate 
edition  of  Wieland's  complete  works,  translations,  and 
letters  now  being  prepared  by  the  Academy.  A  similar 
appeal  is  also  made  in  regard  to  material  for  the  great 
edition  of  Goethe  proceeding  from  the  Goethe-Schiller- 
Archiv  in  Weimar.  Any  information  as  to  these  matters 
may  be  sent  to  Mr.  Leonard  L.  Mackall,  at  Johns  Hop- 
kins University,  Baltimore. 

The  Syndics  of  the  Cambridge  University  Press  have 
arranged  to  publish  a  comprehensive  History  of  English 
Literature  on  a  scale  and  plan  more  or  less  resembling 
that  of  the  "  Cambridge  Modern  History."  The  work 
will  be  published  in  about  twelve  royal  octavo  volumes 
of  some  400  pages  each,  and  will  cover  the  whole  course 
of  English  literature  from  Beowulf  to  the  end  of  the 
Victorian  Age.  The  action  of  foreign  influences  and  the 
part  taken  by  secondary  writers  in  successive  literary 
movements  will  receive  a  larger  share  of  attention  than 
is  possible  in  shorter  histories,  in  which  lesser  writers  are 
apt  to  be  overshadowed  by  a  few  great  names.  Each  vol- 
ume will  contain  a  sufficient  bibliography.  The  "  Cam- 
bridge History  of  English  Literature  "  will  be  edited  by 
Dr.  A.  W.  Ward,  Master  of  Peterhouse,  and  Mr.  A.  R. 
Waller. 

Besides  the  editions  of  "  Paul  et  Virginie"  and  Mr. 
Aldrich's  "  Songs  and  Sonnets,"  already  mentioned  in 
these  pages,  the  publishers  of  the  "Riverside  Press 
Editions"  have  under  way  several  enterprises  of  unusual 
interest.  Among  these  undertakings  are  a  translation 
of  Bernard's  life  of  the  great  French  designer  and 
engraver,  Geofroy  Tory,  richly  illustrated  with  draw- 
ings, designs,  etc.;  an  edition  of  an  exceptionally  fine 
English  prose  version  of  the  French  epic,  "  The  Song  of 
Roland,"  to  be  printed  on  a  tall  folio  page,  in  a  French 
Gothic  type,  embellished  with  reproductions  in  color  of 
the  Charlemagne  window  in  the  cathedral  at  Chartres; 
and  an  edition  of  Dante's  Divina  Commedia,  in  one  vol- 
ume, folio,  containing,  on  opposite  pages,  both  the  com- 
plete Italian  text  and  Professor  Charles  Eliot  Norton's 
notable  prose  translation,  illustrated  from  Botticelli's 
rare  and  beautiful  designs  for  the  poem.  More  extended 
announcements  concerning  these  works  will  be  made 
later  in  the  year. 


Topics  in  Leadevg  Periodicals. 

April,  1906. 

Adolescence,  Facts  and  Problems  of .  J.R.Angell. .  Wovld  To-day 

American  Manufacturer  in  China,  The World  To-day 

American  Music,  Movementfor.  LawrenceGilmaniiet;.  o/i2ev«. 

American  Nile,  The.    G.  Gordon  Copp Harper 

Ancient  America,  Mystery  of.  Broughton  Brandenburg  ^ppiefon 

Anthony,  Susan  B.    Ida  Hasted  Harper No.  American 

Anthony,  Susan  B.    Ida  Hasted  Harper Rev.  of  Revs. 

Arizona's  Opposition  to  Union  with  New  Mexico..  World  To-day 
Australia,  What  People  Read  in.    Henry  Stead. . .  Rev.  of  Revs. 

Automobile,  Birth  of  an.    Sigmand  Kraasz World  To-day 

Bank  Depositors  and  Bank  Money WorWs  Work 

"  Big  Three  "  Companies,  Changes  in.  "  Q.  P.". .  World's  Work 
"  Big  Three,"  Fight  for  the.  Thomas  W.  Lawson.  .Everybody's 

Blabber  Hunters,  The  —  I.    Clifford  W.  Ashley Harper 

Borglum,  Gutzon,  Painter  and  Sculptor.  Leila  Mechlin. . Studio 
Canada's  Tariff  Mood  toward  the  United  States .  .No.  American 

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Caribou  and  his  Kindred.    E.  Thompson  Seton Scribner 

Chemistry  and  the  World's  Food.    Robert  K.  Duncan,  .i/arper 

Chicago  Artists,  Recent  Exhibition  of Studio 

Chinese  Situation,  The.    T.  Y.  Chang Rev.  of  Revs. 

Church  Music,  Reform  in.    Justine  Ward Atlantic 

Churches,  Gathering  of  the.    Eugene  Wood Everybody's 

Coal  Trust,  Labor  Trust,  and  the  People  Who  Pay. .Everybody's 

Colorado  River  Delta.    C.  J.  Blanchard Rev.  of  Revs. 

Consular  Reform.    C.  Arthur  Williams World  To-day 

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Criminal  Law  Reform.    George  W.  Alger Atlantic 

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Earth,  Age  of  Our.    C.  Rollin  Keyes Rev.  of  Revs. 

Education,  —  Making  it  Hit  the  Mark.  W.G.  Parsons.  .Atlantic 
Enclosed  Garden,  A  Plea  for  the.  Susan S.  ^dAnv/right  Atlantic 

English  Washington  Country,  The.    W.  D.  Howells Harper 

Evans  Collection  of  Paintings.     Leila  Mechlin Appleton  ' 

Food  Science  and  Pure  Food  Question Rev.  of  Revs. 

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Haden,  Sir  Francis  Seymour,  P.R.E.  W.  B.  Boulton. .  Scribner 
Hotel  de  la  Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville.  C.Gronkowski  Century 
Immigration  —  How  it  is  Stimulated.  F.  A.  Ogg. .  World  To-day 

Immortality,  Recent  Speculations  upon No.  American 

Individualism  versus  Socialism.    William  J.  Bryan Century 

Johnson,  Tom.    David  Graham  Phillips Appleton 

Levy-Dhurmer,  L.,  French  Pastelist.    Frances  Keyser. . .  Studio 

Life  Insurance  as  a  Profession.    Leroy  Scott World's  Work 

Life  Insurance  Legislation.  Paul  Morton,  D.P.Kingsley.  iVb.^m. 

Lindsey,  Judge,  and  his  Work.    Helen  Grey World  To-day 

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Meunier,  Constantin,  Sculptor.    Christian  Brinton Century 

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Philadelphia.    Henry  James No.  American 

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Public  Library,  The  Modem.    Hamilton  BeU Appleton 

Public  Squares.    Sylvester  Baxter Century 

Railroad  Rates  and  Foreign  Trade.    F.  A.  Ogg Rev.  of  Revs. 

Railroad  Securities  as  an  Investment.    A.  D.  If oyes... Atlantic 

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Riches,  Great.    Charles  W.  Eliot World's  Work 

Rothschild  Artisan  Dwellings  in  Paris.    Henri  Frantz. . .  Studio 

Russian  Revolution  —  Is  it  Constructive? Rev.  of  Revs. 

Senate's  Share  in  Treaty-Making.    A.  O.  Bacon.  .No.  American 

Sketching  from  Nature.    Alfred  East Studio 

Socialist  Party,  The.    Upton  Sinclair World's  Work 

Spencer,  Herbert,  Home  Life  with Harper 

Stage  Humor,  Notes  on.    Brander  Matthews Appleton 

Switzerland,  Public  Affairs  in.  Charles  E.  Russell . .  Everybody 's 

Tariff ,  Single  or  Dual  ?    James  T.  McCleary Rev.  of  Revs. 

Telharmonium,  The.    T.  C.  Martin Rev.  of  Revs. 

Theater  in  France  To-day.    Cora  R.  Howland. . .  World  To-day 

Thirty-Ninth  Congress,  The.    William  G.  Brown Atlantic 

Tide-Rivers.    Lucy  Scarborough  Conant A  tlantic 

Tolstoy  as  Prophet.    Vernon  Lee JVb.  Am,erican 

Tuskegee.    Booker  T.  Washington No.  American 

Tuskegee,  25  Years  of.    Booker  T.  Washington. .  World's  Work 

Venice,  Waters  of.    Arthur  Symons Scribner 

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1906.] 


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242 


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248  THE     DIAL  [April  16, 1906. 


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THE  DIAL 

a  Scmi^fHontfjlg  Journal  of  Ettfrarg  Criticism,  Siscussion,  anlJ  lEnformation. 


THE  DIAL  (founded  in  ISSOj  U  publUhed  on  the  Itt  and  16th 
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EXTEKKD  AT  THE  CHICAGO  POSTOFFICE  AS  SECONX>-CI-ASS  MATTER 
BT  THE  DIAL  COMPAXY,   PCBUSHERS. 


NOTES  ON  CONTEMPORARY  POETRY. 


No.  476. 


APRIL  16, 1906. 


Vol.  XL. 


Contexts. 


NOTES  ON  CONTEilPORARY  POETRY.     Martha 

Hade  Shaclford 249 

COMMUNICATIONS 253 

Peace  Terms  of  the  War  of  1812.    A.  T.  ifahan. 
The   Author   of   "  Hawaiian  Yesterdays."      Sara 
Andrew  Shafer. 

THE  MASTERLDsESS  OF  MASTERY.    Charles  H. 

Cooper 254 

JAPAN'S   ANCIENT   RELIGION.     William   EUiot 

Griffis 255 

THE  FOUNT)ER  OF  MODERN  LANDSCAPE  ART. 

Walter  Cranston  Lamed 256 

STTJDIES  OF  THE    IMMIGRATION    PROBLEM. 

Frederic  A\tstin  Ogg 257 

THE   DISCOVERER   OF  THE  ST.   LAWRENCE. 

Lawrence  J.  Burpee 260 

RECENT  FICTION.     WiUiam  Morton  Pa^ne    ...  262 
Sinclair's   The    Jungle.  —  Lynde's   The    Quicken- 
ing.—  Ward's    The    Sage-Brush    Parson.  —  Mac- 
donald's  The  Sea  Maid.  —  Quick's  Double  Trouble. 

—  Brady's  The  Patriots.  —  Moore's  The  Lake. — 
Maarten  Maartens's  The  Healers.  —  Benson's  The 
Angel  of  Pain.  —  Crockett's  Fishers  of  Men. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 264 

An  English  history  of  the  American  Civil  War. — 
Letters  chiefly  from  Spain.  —  A  disentangler  of  the 
secret  of  the  Totem.  —  Two  new  books  on  Mary 
Stuart.  —  The  story  of  a  wayward  personality. — 
The  story  of  a  Platonic  friendship.  —  A  hero  and 
leader  of  the  Reformation.  —  A  great  reference 
work  of  Music  and  Musicians. — The  love  of  Venice 
and  its  modem  charm. — A  romantic  island  history. 

—  In  the  world  of  Chaucer's  pilgrims. 

NOTES 268 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS 269 


"I  have  no  ear,"  wrote  Charles  Lamb,  a  confes- 
sion that  might,  more  pertinently,  come  from  certain 
poets  of  to-day.  The  lyric  note  needed  for  spiritual 
consolation  after  our  weary  hoars  of  toil  seldom 
reaches  us  in  modern  verse.  K  we  wish  to  dwell 
in  the  presence  of  melody  pure  and  fine,  we  turn 
to  the  older  poets;  for  our  present  writers  seem 
careless  of  that  which  is  their  great  prerogative, 
the  power  to  enthrall  readers  by  the  magic  of 
audible  beauty.  The  disregard  for  melody  in 
poetT)'  is  apparent  to  those  who  make  it  a  practice 
to  read  poetry  aloud,  but  is  often  unnoted  by  readers 
who.  for  their  pleasure,  depend  upon  the  eye.  In 
this  age,  when  poetry  has  had  a  glorious  past,  when 
the  English  tongue  has  already  been  shaped  to  match- 
less music,  we  cannot  afford  to  look  with  tolerance 
upon  poetT}'  that  falls  far  short  of  technical  perfec- 
tion. The  question  of  musical  excellence  is  to-day 
more  than  ever  important  when  prose  is  usurping 
public  favor.  Poetry  must  know  her  kingdom ;  and, 
since  poetrj'  is  the  transfer  of  beautiful  truth  by  con- 
crete symbols,  communication  between  unapparent 
spirits  by  means  of  sensuous  images,  considerations 
of  these  sensuous  elements  of  poetry  should  go  hand 
in  hand  with  criticism  of  spiritual  values.  No  one  of 
the  senses  is  to  be  constdt«d  more  closely  than  that 
of  hearing.  If  wfe  were"  to  read  all  orfr  poetry  aloud, 
verse  would  again  take  its  rightful  place  in  human 
civilization,  and  be  once  more  what  it  was  in  the 
years  before  the  printing  of  books  took  away  the 
voice  of  poetry.  We  scorn  to  be  satisfied  with  mere 
eye-reading  of  a  piece  of  music,  insisting  that  it  shall 
be  rendered  audibly ;  in  only  a  lesser  degree  should 
we  be  satisfied  merely  to  look  at  the  music  of  poetry. 

If  one  reads  aloud  the  recent  verse  of  authors  of 
considerable  renown,  one  finds  that  in  almost  every 
poem  there  is  some  flaw,  some  bit  of  careless  worit- 
manship,  to  mar  its  beauty. 

*'  Too  fair  for  mde  reality, 
Too  real  for  a  shade," 

with     its     intolerable     succession     of     awkwardly 
placed  r's ; 

"  And  ao  at  last  the  poet  sang, 
In  biting  hunger  and  hard  pain,'^ 

where  n's  are  introduced  in  reckless  profusion ; 

"  Momently 
Stlence  and  dissonance,  like  eating  moths, 
Scatter  corruption  on  the  choiring  orbs,'' 

where  both  harmony  and  nature  are  defied ;  and 

*'  The  woodland  weaves  its  gold-green  net ; 
The  warm  wind  lazes  by  ; 
Can  we  forego  ?    Can  we  forget  ? 
Come,  comrade,  let  us  try ! " 


250 


THE    DIAL 


[April  16, 


with  its  insistent  alliteration,  —  all  these  betray  the 
hand  of  the  artisan.  Turning  from  these  trans- 
gressions, one  may  see  how  Collins  solved  the  prob- 
lem of  repetition,  — 

"  Whose  numbers,  stealing  through  thy  darkening  vale, 
May,  not  unseemly,  with  its  stillness  suit, 
As,  musing  slow,  I  hail 
Thy  genial  loved  return !  " 

If  indifference  in  the  matter  of  adjusting  sounds 
is  the  most  obvious  offense  against  melody  in  our 
current  poetry,  with  it  are  distinct  and  frequently 
censured  sins  in  the  matters  of  rhyme  and  rhythm. 
Monotony  in  rhyme  is  more  deserving  of  pardon  than 
is  false  rhyme  where  the  sounds  are  only  approximate 
in  musical  echo.  "  Lover  "  and  "  clover  "  illustrate 
the  common  fault,  the  choice  of  eye-rhymes,  insup- 
poi'table  when  pronounced  aloud,  because  they  im- 
mediately force  the  reader  to  unhappy  consciousness 
of  mere  words  when  he  should  follow  the  idea. 
Oftentimes  a  bewildered  reader  does  not  know  how 
to  pronounce  the  rhyming  words  of  a  poem  in  which 
such  combinations  appear,  as  in  a  sonnet  whose  first 
four  verses  end  in  ''  stood,"  "  said,"  "  myriad,"  and 
"  solitude."  However  much  the  reader  may  wish  to 
do  justice,  orally,  to  the  poem,  he  cannot  tell,  until 
reaching  "  mood  "  in  the  fifth  verse,  just  what  gen- 
erous intonations,  must  be  given  in  order  to  obliterate 
the  differences  between  "  stood  "  and  "  solitude," 
"  said  "  and  "  myriad."  The  disregard  for  integrity  of 
rhyme  is  often  matched  by  disregard  for  integjrity 
of  rhythm.  A  single  example  will  suffice  to  show  what 
frequently  occurs  in  poems  written  in  blank  verse : 

"  Unto  this  twain,  man-child  and  woman-ehild, 
I  give  the  passion  of  this  element  ; 

•  •  •  • 

This  power,  this  purity,  this  annihilation." 

There  is  so  little  power  of  invention  among  poets 
of  the  present  time,  so  little  originality  in  versificar 
tion,  that  we  scarcely  ever  find  impressive  beauty 
wrought  out  by  artful  verse  forms.  Few  poets  attempt 
anything  more  than  the  iambic  movement.  No  spirit 
of  daring  experiment  animates  contributors  to  maga- 
zines. A  correct  form  has  been  established,  it  has 
found  favor,  and  no  man  is  so  hardy  as  to  venture 
an  innovation.  If  we  think  of  the  exuberant  measures 
of  the  Elizabethan  period,  we  may  well  condemn 
ourselves  that  we  cannot  say,  with  George  Wither, 

"  I  have  a  Muse,  and  she  shall  music  make  me ; 
Whose  airy  notes,  in  spite  of  closest  cages, 
Shall  give  content  to  me,  and  after  ages." 

It  is  true  that  iambic  verse  is  best  suited  to  the  genius 
of  the  English  language  ;  but  poets  have,  in  the  past, 
found  the  secret  of  varied  melodies. 

"  Come  away,  come  away,  death, 

And  in  sad  cypress  let  me  be  laid ; 
Fly  away,  fly  away,  breath, 

I  am  slain  by  a  fair  cruel  maid. 

My  shroud  of  white,  stuck  all  with  yew, 

O  prepare  it ! 
My  part  of  death,  no  one  so  true 

Did  share  it," 


or  Raleigh's 

"  But  true  love  is  a  durable  fire, 
In  the  mind  ever  burning, 
Never  sick,  never  old,  never  dead, 
From  itself  never  turning," 

show  the  use  of  the  trochee  and  of  the  anapest. 
It  is  of  course  the  inward  impulse,  not  any  math- 
ematical gift,  that  produces  undeniable  melody  ;  yet, 
after  all,  "  the  immortal  longings  "  of  the  poet  may 
be  satisfied  if  he  will  take  counsel  with  the  Olym- 
pians, and  also  with  Nature.  There  is  much  to  be 
learned  by  versifiers  from  a  close  scrutiny  of  ele- 
mental music.  May  not  the  undulations  of  waving 
grass,  or  the  drifting  of  fallen  leaves,  or  the  more 
majestic  beating  of  the  tide,  be  a  guide  to  subtle 
rhythmical  charm,  as  the  sounds  of  Nature  were  to 
writers  such  as  Spenser,  whose  work,  in  portions  of 
"  The  Faerie  Queene  "  and  in  the  "  Prothalamion," 
is  characterized  by  the  melody  of  one  who  knew  the 
ripple  of  running  water ;  or  Burns,  who  in 

"  Green  grow  the  rashes,  0 ; 
Green  grow  the  rashes,  O ; " 
or  in 

"  Duncan  Gray  cam'  here  to  woo. 
Ha,  ha,  the  wooing  o't ! 
On  blythe  Yule  night  when  we  were  fou. 
Ha,  ha,  the  wooing  o't !  " 

gives  us  much  of  the  rich  fulness  of  bird  notes? 

In  the  obvious  attractions  of  color  and  form,  our 
poets  are  becoming  more  and  more  worthy  of  admi- 
ration.    The  subdued  effect  of 

"  Until  some  hazy  autumn  day 

With  yellow  evening  in  the  skies 
And  rime  upon  the  tawny  hills, 

The  far  blue  signal  smoke  shall  rise," 

the  swift  distinctness  of 

"  My  soul,  like  wheeling  swallows  in  the  raio, 
Flies  low  —  flies  low  —  " 

the  more  ambitious 

"  A  sheaf  of  broom-flowers,  yellow  at  the  heart, 

Drugged  with  the  sun  and  listless  with  the  dew, 
The  silence  of  the  ordered  petal  edge 
With  flame  shot  through," 

and  the  intensity  of 

"  Noons  of  poppy,  noons  of  poppy, 
Scarlet  acres  by  the  sea, 
Burning  to  the  blue  above  them ; 
Love,  the  world  is  full  for  me," 

show  unquestionable  delight  in  visible  beauty.  Never 
before  in  the  history  of  English  poetry  have  color- 
words  found  so  large  a  place  as  at  the  present  time. 
An  alert  consciousness  of  the  sun  and  sky,  and  of  the 
waning  of  color,  is  noticeable  in  almost  every  issue 
of  a  magazine.  The  modern  mood  is  one  of  increas- 
ing keenness  of  eye,  but  even  yet  sensuous  perception 
has  not  become  imaginative  in  the  highest  fashion. 
We  have  an  abundance  of  descriptive  poetry,  deli- 
cately responsive  to  the  stimulus  of  varying  condi- 
tions of  nature,  and  we  have  an  abundance  of  the 
poetry  of  unrelieved  reflection ;  but  the  interpretation 
of  the  ideal  in  terms  of  the  concrete  is  very  infrequent. 
Such  lines  as  these  are  constantly  appearing,  — 
"  Stirring  my  eager  soul  to  some  transcendent  strife." 


1906.] 


THE    DIAI. 


251 


Here  is  truth,  but  not  poetic  truth,  since  no  specific 
imagery  forces  the  idea  upon  the  reader's  vital  intelli- 
gence ;  he  does  not  see  or  hear  the  strife ;  it  is  a  cold 
and  shapeless  warfare,  hinted  at,  rather  than  pro- 
jected by  picturesque  symbols,  as  in  Miss  Guiney's 

••  While  Kings  of  et«mal  evil 
Yet  darken  the  hilU  aboat, 
Thy  part  is  with  broken  sabre 
To  rise  on  the  last  redoubt ; 

"  To  fear  not  sensible  failure. 
Nor  covet  the  game  at  all. 
But  fighting,  fighting,  fighting. 
Die,  driven  against  the  wall ! " 

The  imaginative  pageantrj'  which  embodies  high 
thoughts  separates  poetry  from  the  bodiless  phantom 
of  philosophy.  Poetry  fires  the  imagination  of  the 
reader  by  pointing  him  to  famiUar  sights  and  experi- 
ences as  guides  to  hidden  realities.  So  Vaughan 
uses  the  concrete  in  his  well-remembered  stanza,  — 

"  I  see  them  walking  in  an  air  of  glory 
Whose  light  doth  trample  on  my  days ; 
My  days,  which  are  at  best  bnt  dull  and  hoary, 
Mere  glimmerings  and  decays," 

or  the  lines  in  "  The  Retreat," 

"  felt  through  all  this  fleshly  dress 
Bright  shoots  of  everlastingness," 

and  the  much-praised  lines  of  Marvell, 

"  Annihilating  all  that 's  made 
To  a  green  thought  in  a  green  shade," 

and  Shakespeare's 

"  Shall  I  compare  thee  to  a  summer's  day  ? 
Thou  art  more  lovely  and  more  temperate : 
Rough  winds  do  shake  the  darling  buds  of  May, 
And  summer's  lease  hath  all  too  short  a  date." 

While  shrinking  from  objective  reality  of  expres- 
sion is  characteristic  of  many  thoughtful  poets,  the 
very  opposite  fault  is  sometimes  to  be  observed, — 
that  is,  undue  lavishness  of  picture.  A  certain  ver- 
bal generosity  marks  much  of  the  work  presented  in 
the  current  magazines.  Few  writers  have  the  jwwer 
of  combining  thought  with  outer  vision,  and  so  flash- 
ing a  clear  instantaneous  light  upon  a  theme.  The 
crystallized  suggestiveness  of 

"  All  valiant  dust  that  builds  on  dust." 

or  of  . 

'■  Give  not  a  windy  night  a  rainy  morrow, 
To  linger  out  a  purposed  overthrow," 

is  rare.  We  have  to-day  what  may  be  called  the 
peripatetic  school  of  ix)etry.  which  insists  upon  walk- 
ing all  about  an  object  or  a  dramatic  situation,  taking 
notes  on  every  aspect.  The  result  of  this  method 
of  investigation  is  an  accumulation  of  phrases  such  as 

*'  Yet  life's  explainer,  solvent  harmony. 
Frail  strength,  pure  passion,  meek  austerity, 
And  the  white  splendor  of  these  darkened  years." 

Work  like  this  comes  dangerously  near  being  mere 
lexicography ;  one  waits  in  vain  for  the  incisive  word, 
the  supreme  expression  of  the  essential  idea. 

There  is  evidence,  oftentimes,  of  a  striving  for 
definite  imagery ;  but  the  effort  is  defeated  by  over- 
comprehensiveness.      In  the   following  sonnet  the 


author  has  sought  vigorously  for  the  circumstantial, 
and  has  overwhelmed  his  readers  by  crowding  pic- 
tures so  rapidly,  by  the  aid  of  eleven  "  ands "  and 
seventeen  limiting  prepositions,  that  the  effect  is 
blurred,  inasmuch  as  the  sonnet,  noble  in  conception, 
lacks  the  calm  slow  movement  of  finished  art. 

QtTESTIONS. 

"  Curious  of  life  and  love  and  death  they  stand 

Outward  along  the  shadowy  verge  of  thought ; 

Rebels  and  deicides,  they  rise  unsought 
And  spare  no  creed  and  yield  to  no  command. 
Even  though  at  last  we  seem  to  understand, 

Yet,  when  our  eyes  grow  sphered  to  the  new  light, 

We  find  them,  outposts  in  the  forward  night, 
Tlieir  eyes  still  restless  with  the  same  demand. 

On  all  the  heights  and  at  the  farthest  goal 
Set  by  the  seers  and  Christs  of  yesterday. 
They  watch  and  wait  and  ask  the  onward  way ; 

They  storm  the  citadels  of  faith  and  youth. 

And,  gazing  always  for  the  stars  of  truth, 
Crowd  in  the  glimmering  windows  of  the  soul." 

Between  these  two  poles  of  abstract  and  of  too 
inclusive  concrete,  there  are  many  lesser  manifesta- 
tions of  defective  imaginative  power.  Not  in 
accordance  with  human  experience  is  this  English 
observation  of  the  ways  of  nature : 

"  Waves  of  the  gentle  waters  of  the  healing  night, 
Flow  over  me  with  silent  peace  and  golden  dark. 
Wash  me  of  sound,  wash  me  of  color,  down  the  day ; 
Light  the  tall  golden  candles  and  put  out  the  day." 
Again. 

"  The  wings  whereby  he  strove  and  climbed," 

is  a  line  troublesome  to  a  reader  who  must  pause  to 
reassure  himself  of  the  function  of  wings.  It  may 
be  possible  to  approve  the  following  lines,  but  one 
hesitates  over  the  imagery  : 

"  Our  road  dropped  straight  as  eye  can  run." 

What  of  the  suggestion,  partly  due  to  f aultj'  punctua- 
tion, of  these  concluding  lines  of  a  poem  : 

"  Groves  inaccessible  whence  voices  come, 
That  call  to  the  ear  whither  we  may  not  go  "  ? 

And  what  of  the  anti-climax  of  image  in 

"  The  past,  the  future,  all  of  weal  and  woe 
In  my  old  life  was  gone,  forever  g^ne. 
And  still  to  this  I  clung  as  one  who  clings 
To  hope's  last  hencoop  in  the  wreck  of  things  "  ? 

The  majority  of  these  ill-conditioned  lines  owe 
their  disfigurement  to  the  ambition  of  poets  for  some- 
thing new  and  striking  in  the  way  of  expression. 
Simplicity,  which  is  the  gauge  of  clearness,  is  consid- 
ered too  old-fashioned  by  poets  who  have  forgotten, 
or  never  known,  that  great  poetrj-  is  transfiguration 
of  the  commonplace.  The  inordinate  search  for  the 
unique  adjective,  the  surprising  phrase,  the  spec- 
taciilar  image,  makes  poetasters  of  us. 

More  deplorable  than  indifference  to  music  or  lack 
of  sufficiently  concrete  expression  is  disloyaltj-  to 
the  crowding  emotions  of  the  world.  If  we  consider 
the  question  of  the  emotional  element  in  the  poetrj' 
of  to-day.  we  must  admit  that  intellectual  perception 
rather  than  emotional  perception  preponderates. 
There  is  a  vast  amount  of  successful  verse,  cvdti- 


262 


THE    DIAL 


[AprU  16, 


vated,  complacent,  without  a  hint  of  passionate  soul 
behind.  Neither  the  misery  nor  the  joy  of  life  finds 
thrilling  voice.  Poets  give  us  only  the  fringes  of 
their  deep  feeling,  and  deny  us  knowledge  of  their 
good  and  evil,  guarding  their  existence  jealously.  If 
emotion  were  a  matter  of  premeditation,  or  if  poign- 
ant understanding  of  the  great  passions  of  the  race 
were  a  matter  of  felicitous  choice,  the  poet  might  be 
forgiven  his  selfish  shyness ;  but  as  life  goes,  no  one 
can  lay  claim  to  profound  emotional  individuality. 
A  poet  should  recognize  the  fact  of  his  alliance  with 
all  humanity,  and  so  become  the  interpreter  of  the 
mysteries  of  human  experience. 

There  are  two  very  noticeable  tendencies  in  the 
emotional  element  of  current  verse.  The  old  longing 
to  attain  some  sort  of  personal  recognition  appears  in 
the  literature  of  to-day  as  strongly  as  ever.  Out  of 
the  turmoil  and  friction  of  human  life,  some  men  and 
women  are  struggling  for  an  imperishable  remem- 
brance. They  yearn,  as  men  have  always  yearned, 
to  be  something  more  than  fleeting  shadows;  they 
wish  to  arrest  their  experience  and  place  it  before  the 
world,  protesting  instinctively  against  the  inevitable 
indifference  of  the  world  toward  the  mere  individual. 
The  self-absorption  of  this  class  of  authors  appears 
in  this  representative  poem  : 

"  There  are  so  many  kinds  of  me, 
Indeed,  I  cannot  say 
Just  which  of  many  I  shall  be 
On  any  given  day. 

"  Whence  are  they  —  princess,  witch,  or  nun  ? 
I  know  not ;  this  I  know : 
The  gravest,  gentlest,  simplest  one 
Was  buried  long  ago. 

"  There,  by  his  hand  all  covered  o'er, 
It  slumbers,  as  is  fit ; 
And  nothing  tells  the  name  it  bore, 
Or  marks  the  place  of  it. 

"  But  all  the  other  kinds  of  me 
They  know,  and  turn  aside, 
And  check  their  laughter  soberly 
Above  the  one  that  died." 

Their  work  reveals  the  utter  impotence  of  the  writers 
to  realize  that  great  art  sweeps  away  all  limitations 
of  time  and  space  and  petty  personal  intents,  absorb- 
ing all  things  into  the  combined  significance  of  a 
thousand  lives.  The  annihilation  of  self,  the  erasure 
of  the  creature  with  a  surname,  must  come  before 
fate  wills  immortality. 

While,  in  the  poems  below,  egotism  sinks  away 
in  a  larger  grasp  of  the  eternal,  another  regrettable 
impulse  is  to  be  noted.  The  elevation  of  tone  is 
marked,  but  so  also  is  the  decline  of  militant  spirit- 
uality. 

"  Let  me  remember  that  I  failed, 
So  I  may  not  forget 
How  dear  that  goal  the  distance  veiled 
Toward  which  my  feet  were  set. 

"  Let  me  forget,  if  so  Thy  will. 
How  fair  the  joy  desired, 
Dear  God,  so  I  remember  still 
That  one  day  I  aspired." 
And 


"  Carry  me  home  to  the  pine-wood, 
Give  me  to  rest  by  the  sea ; 
Leave  me  alone  with  the  lulling  tone 
Of  the  South-wind's  phantasy. 

"  For  I  am  weary  of  discord, 

Sick  of  the  clash  of  the  strife. 
Sick  of  the  bane  of  this  prelude  of  pain. 
And  I  yearn  for  the  symphony  —  Life." 

In  a  hundred  poems  to-day  we  are  constantly  told 
of  a  tragic  past,  of  distant  splendor,  of  the  tears  and 
struggles  which  are  viewed  now  in  melancholy  retro- 
spect. These  chastened  poets  show  a  studied  indif- 
ference to  the  illusions  of  present  action,  of  heroic 
struggle  and  triumph  in  the  immediate  hour.  The 
ring  of  battle  to-day  is  only  an  echo  from  the  dis- 
tance ;  the  living  voice  has  no  imperious  annunciar 
tion  to  make  of  its  great  joys  and  sorrows.  We 
need  such  men  and  women  as  can  match  the  grim, 
exultant  courage  of  Henley's  poem,  — 

"  Out  of  the  night  that  covers  me, 

Black  as  the  pit  from  pole  to  pole, 
I  thank  whatever  gods  may  be 
For  my  unconquerable  soul. 

"  In  the  fell  clutch  of  circumstance 
I  have  not  winced  nor  cried  aloud, 
Under  the  bludgeonings  of  chance 
My  head  is  bloody,  but  unbowed. 

"  Beyond  this  place  of  wrath  and  tears 
Looms  but  the  Horror  of  the  shade  ; 
And  yet  the  menace  of  the  years 
Finds  and  shall  find  me  unafraid. 

"  It  matters  not  how  strait  the  gate. 

How  charged  with  punishments  the  scroll : 
I  am  the  master  of  my  fate, 
I  am  the  captain  of  my  soul." 

Or  of  Mr.  Moody's  more  hauntingly  beautiful  song, — 

"  Of  wounds  and  sore  defeat 
I  made  my  battle  stay ; 
Wingfed  sandals  for  my  feet 
I  wove  of  my  delay ; 
Of  weariness  and  fear 
I  made  my  shouting  spear ; 
Of  loss,  and  doubt,  and  dread, 
And  swift  oncoming  doom, 
I  made  a  helmet  for  my  head 
And  a  floating  plume. 
From  the  shutting  mist  of  death, 
From  the  failure  of  the  breath, 
I  made  a  battle-horn  to  blow 
Across  the  vales  of  overthrow. 
0  hearken,  love,  the  battle  horn ! 
The  triumph  clear,  the  silver  scorn  I 
O  hearken  where  the  echoes  bring, 
Down  the  grey  disastrous  morn. 
Laughter  and  rallying !  " 

America  has  deep  need  of  poetry.  Commercial 
prosperity  has  not  assuaged  the  griefs  that  spring 
from  estrangement,  or  bodily  pain,  or  death.  We 
yearn  to  know  the  truths  of  this  too  visible  universe, 
the  meaning  of  spiritual  defeat,  and  of  all  the  strange 
paradoxes  that  mock  our  progi'ess  ;  and  we  need  the 
knowledge  as  it  is  spoken  by  living  voices.  The  con- 
clusions of  a  former  age  have  power,  but  the  tri- 
umphant utterances  of  the  present  will  bring  a  more 
positive  solace  to  those  who  struggle  with  conditions 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL. 


253 


of  to-day.  It  is  the  plighted  vow  of  our  poets  to  trans- 
mute the  inner  glory  of  thought  into  outer  glory  of 
beauty ;  it  is  their  privilege  to  illuminate  with  a  flash 
those  things  which  elude  our  understanding ;  it  is 
their  mission  to  grapple  with  the  keenest  realities  of 
life  and  with  exalted  accent  forever  proclaim  the 
supremacy  of  spirit  over  ''  these  rags  of  clay." 

^Iaktha  Hale  Shackford. 


COMMUNICA  TIONS. 


PEACE  TERMS  OF  THE  WAE  OF  1812. 
(To  the  Editor  of  The  Dl\l.) 

There  has  been  sent  me  The  Diai.  for  March  1, 1906, 
containing  a  letter  from  Mr.  F.  H.  Costello,  in  which 
occur  the  following  sentences :  "  What  led  Great  Britain 
[in  1814]  to  consent  to  peace-terms  so  favorable  to  us  ? 
The  answer  is:  it  was  the  work  of  our  privateers.  Even 
Captain  Mahan  ...  in  part  admits  this." 

Everybody  is  at  liberty  to  express  their  opinions,  and 
I  can  have  no  quarrel  with  Mr.  Costello  for  his;  but,  as 
he  cites  me  in  support  of  a  view  which  I  do  not  hold, 
and  have  not  expressed,  and  as  I  cannot  flatter  myself 
that  many  readers  of  The  Dial  will  also  read  my  "  War 
of  1812,"  which  affords  data  for  a  correct  conclusion,  it 
seems  expedient  to  set  the  matter  right. 

It  must  be  remembered  that,  although  Great  Britain 
during  the  preceding  ten  years  had  g^ven  us  abundant 
cause  for  war,  she  did  not  wish  war.  It  was  we  who 
declared  war,  for  two  reasons:  the  injuries  to  our  trade 
by  the  Orders  in  Council,  and  the  British  practice  of 
Impressment.  In  the  negotiations  for  peace.  Great  Bri- 
tain peremptorily  refused  even  to  discuss  the  questions  of 
compensation  for  the  one,  or  abandonment  of  the  other. 
We  relinquished  both  demands.  Here  there  is  nothing 
favorable.     We  had  fought,  and  lost. 

Although  Great  Britain  had  not  wished  war,  yet,  hav- 
ing incurred  it,  she  thought  she  might  derive  profit.  To 
this  she  was  the  more  encouraged,  because  the  cessation 
of  war  in  Europe,  by  Napoleon's  abdication  in  April, 
1814,  promised  at  first  to  release  her  arms  against  the 
United  States.  She  therefore  presented  two  demands. 
One  was  the  definitive  abandonment  of  a  large  part  of 
our  northwestern  territory  to  the  Indians,  under  her  and 
our  joint  guarantee;  the  other,  the  cession  to  her  of  part 
of  the  territory  of  Maine,  and  of  the  military  use  of  the 
Great  Lakes.  From  these  she  receded;  why  ?  Because, 
as  the  Duke  of  Wellington  wrote  to  the  ministry,  her 
forces  at  the  moment  controlled  neither  the  one  nor  the 
other.  The  Northwest  had  been  freed  by  Perry's  vic- 
tory on  Lake  Erie,  and  the  lower  Great  Lakes*  region 
saved  by  Macdonough's  %-ictory  on  I^ake  Champlain. 

Not  ha\'ing  possession,  she  coiUd  not  claim.  Why, 
then,  not  continue  the  war  ?  Mr.  Costello  says.  Priva- 
teering. The  inner  counsels  of  the  British  Government 
are  unusually  well  known  in  this  matter,  because  the 
Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs,  who  corresponds  to  our 
Secretary  of  State,  was  during  this  period  absent  on  the 
Continent,  conducting  negotiations.  Consequently,  con- 
sultations between  him  and  his  colleagues,  ordinarily 
held  in  conversation,  or  aroimd  the  council  board,  were 
carried  on  by  letters.  Many  of  these  have  been  pub- 
lished in  the  Castlereagh  Correspondence.  Many  have 
not;  but  these  also  I  have  had  opportunity  to  read. 


Nowhere  in  them  do  the  depredations  of  our  privateers 
find  mention,  —  I  do  not  mean  as  a  motive  to  peace,  but 
mention  of  any  kind.  Losses  by  privateers  were  then  an 
old  story  to  Great  Britain.  During  twenty-one  years  of 
war  with  France,  she  had  lost  annually  in  this  way  an 
average  of  nearly  500  merchant  vessels,  as  I  have  shown 
in  a  former  work;  while  in  nearly  three  years  we  took 
from  her  about  1600,  a  proportion  not  greatly  exceed- 
ing the  other.  The  factor  determining  her  was  the  fear 
of  a  renewal  of  the  European  war,  owing  to  disputes 
between  the  states  that  had  just  overthrown  Napoleon; 
to  which  contributed  the  marked  disposition  of  the  Czar, 
then  the  most  powerful  Continental  ruler,  to  be  influ- 
enced in  his  course  by  prepossession  toward  America, 
which  made  him  so  far  antagonistic  to  Great  Britain  in 
the  existing  Congress  of  Vienna.  These  conditions  dis- 
posed Great  Britain  to  get  the  American  quarrel  off  her 
hands ;  but  the  sole  circumstance  favorable  to  us  in  the 
terms  of  peace  was  that  she  relinquished  claims  which 
could  be  made  good  only  by  further  fighting,  and  this 
the  European  conditions  made  inexpedient. 

The  importance  of  this  matter,  which  alone  requires 
my  reply,  is  that  such  a  claim  as  Mr.  Costello  makes  is 
but  too  consonant  to  our  American  tendency,  to  trust  to 
improvised  means  of  war,  and  is  therefore  dangerously 
misleading.  Save  for  the  victories  of  Perry  and  Mao- 
donough,  Great  Britain  would  have  held  territory,  and 
might  have  made  good  her  demands.  She  had  to  recede 
from  them,  not  because  of  privateering,  but  because  on 
the  Lakes  our  navy  was  equal  to  hers,  and  at  times 
superior.  There  too,  she,  trusting  to  improvised  means, 
came  out  behind,  as  we  did  in  our  hopeless  inferiority 
on  the  ocean.  Should  we  again  elect  a  pohcy  which  in 
the  future,  as  then,  shall  leave  us  decisively  inferior  to 
our  maritime  competitors,  the  lesson  will  be  repeated, 
despite  all  the  privateers  that  may  exist;  just  as  the 
Southern  Confederacy  fell,  although  its  cruisers  had 
driven  the  sailing  commerce  of  the  Union  from  the  seas. 
To  say  this  may  be  "  to  beUttle  our  work  in  the  War  of 
1812,"  to  use  Mr.  CosteUo's  words;  but  it  is  wholesome 
and  necessary  truth,  none  the  less.  x.  T.  Mahak. 
Pau,  France,  March  28,  1906. 


THE  ALTHOR  OF  "  HAWAIIAN  YESTERDAYS." 

(To  the  Editor  of  The  Dial.) 
In  bis  review  of  "  Hawaiian  Yesterdays,"  by  Dr. 
Henry  Munson  Lyman,  published  in  your  issue  of 
April  1,  Mr.  Bicknell  notes  one  or  two  errors.  I  am 
impelled  to  ask  you  to  supplement  his  review  by  this 
word  of  e3q)lanation. 

The  book  in  question  was  arranged  after  the  death 
of  Dr.  Lyman,  late  in  1904,  from  a  memoir  he  had 
written  as  a  recreation  in  the  few  leisure  hours  of  a 
most  busy  life  without  other  thought  than  that  of  giving 
pleasure  to  his  own  family  —  and  to  a  few  intimate 
friends.  The  preparation  of  the  manuscript  for  the 
press  was  imdertaken  by  one  of  his  daughters  as  an  act 
of  filial  piety  ;  and  the  book  necessarily  lacked  the 
revision  of  its  author,  whose  written  and  spoken  En- 
glish was  a  life-long  deUght  to  his  friends. 

Mr.  BiekneU's  hope  that  the  cheerfid  yesterdays 
might  be  followed  by  confident  to-morrows  has  passed 
into  an  article  of  faith  by  all  who  knew  this  beloved 
physician, — for  wherever  high  thoughts  and  gentle  deeds 
and  peace  and  love  remain,  there  he  will  have  found  a 
^ome.  Sara  Andrew  Shafer. 

La  Porte,  Indiana,  April  9,  1906. 


254 


THE    DIAJ^ 


[April  16, 


t  Htfaj  %aak5. 


The  Masterliness  of  Mastery.* 

On  taking  up  Mr.  Alonzo  Rothschild's  hand- 
some volume  on  "Lincoln,  Master  of  Men," 
one  can  hardly  help  wondering  why  it  should 
have  been  thought  worth  while  to  devote  so  large 
and  impressive  a  book  to  so  obvious  and  well 
recognized  an  aspect  of  Mr.  Lincoln's  character 
and  achievements.  The  book  seems  to  be  put 
forth  with  an  air  of  novelty,  both  as  to  title  and 
"  treatment,  —  as  though  bringing  out  something 
very  important  that  had  been  previously  over- 
looked ;  whereas  there  is  no  good  biography  of 
Lincoln  that  is  not  itself,  apart  from  the  general 
history  of  the  times  that  it  may  contain,  the 
story  of  his  mastery  of  men.  From  liis  youth  to 
the  tragic  end  of  his  life,  he  is  pictured  by  every 
fit  biographer  as  rising  from  obscurity  to  wide 
influence  and  undying  fame  through  his  mastery 
over  the  harsh  conditions  and  the  strong  men 
that  surrounded  him.  They  all  tell  of  his  early 
triumphs  of  physical  strength  through  which  he 
mastered  the  Clary's  Grove  gang  and  similar 
lawless  spirits,  and  made  them  his  loyal  friends 
and  supporters ;  of  the  proof  of  his  leadership 
shown  in  his  election  as  a  captain  in  the  Black 
Hawk  war  ;  of  his  legislative  career  and  his  rise 
to  the  leadership  of  his  party  in  Illinois ;  of  his 
rivalry  with  Douglas,  who,  though  victorious  in 
the  early  senatorial  contest,  was  vanquished  by 
Lincoln  in  the  struggle  for  the  far  greater  prize 
of  the  Presidency  ;  of  his  relations  as  President 
with  the  strong  men  of  his  cabinet  who  tried  to 
manage  him  but  found  in  him  a  master  who  man- 
aged them,  and  who  was  the  real,  not  nominal, 
head  of  his  administration ;  and  of  his  trials  with 
incompetent  and  unsuccessful  generals,  whom, 
patient  and  long-suffering  as  he  was,  he  did  not 
hesitate  to  get  rid  of  when  their  unfitness  was 
apparent  or  they  would  not  or  could,  not  give 
single-hearted  obedience  to  their  commander-in- 
chief.  These  are  the  things  to  which  Mr.  Roth- 
schild devotes  his  book.  He  has  given  us  nothing 
new  in  matter,  and  his  grouping  throws  no  new 
light  on  Lincoln's  career  or  character ;  while  the 
book,  with  its  reiteration  of  the  word,  makes  no 
deeper  impression  of  Lincoln's  mastery  over  men 
than  does  the  plain  biography  that  does  not  use 
the  word  at  all.  The  thing  itself  pervades  the 
whole  career  of  Lincoln,  and  frequent  mention 
of  it  tends  rather  to  irritate  the  reader  than  to 
increase  his  appreciation  of  the  quality. 

•Lincoln,  Master  OF  Men.  A  Study  in  Character.  By  Alonzo 
Rothschild.   With  portraits.    Boston  :  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 


The  theme  is  treated  in  eight  chapters  with 
more  or  less  fanciful  titles.    "  A  Samson  of  the 
Backwoods"  gives  an  account  of  Lincoln's  early 
struggles  and  triumphs  ;  "  Love,  War,  and  Pol- 
itics "  carries  him  to  his  leadership  of  the  Whig 
party  in  Illinois ;  "  Giants,  Big  and  Little"  nar- 
rates his  rivalry  with  Douglas  from  their  young 
manhood  to  the  day  of  Lincoln's  great  triumph 
when  Douglas  held  his  hat  through  the  inaugura- 
tion ceremonies ; "  The  Power  behind  the  Throne" 
is   of  course   Seward,  and  "  An  Indispensable 
Man"  is  Chase;  while  "  The  Curbing  of  Stan- 
ton "  conveys  an  altogether  wrong  impression  of 
Lincohi's  relations  with  his  great  war  minister ; 
"How  the  Pathfinder  Lost  the  TraO  "  tells  the 
story  of  Fremont  and  his  lamentable  failure  as 
general  and  politician ;  "  The  Young  Napoleon  " 
is  General  McClellan,  and  the  story  of  his  fail- 
ures and  of  his  intimate  and  often  touching  per- 
sonal relations  with  his  superiors  is  told  at  length, 
though  of  course  one-sidedly,  as  appears  in  the 
title,  which  in  itself  conveys  a  sneer.     In  fact, 
the  book  is  one-sided  throughout, — a  piece  of 
special  pleading,  brilliantly  done,  but  without 
great  historical  value.    The  author  has  selected 
the  salient  points  in  Lincoln's  career  and  strung 
his  entire  treatment  of  them  on  this  thread  of 
"  mastery."     He  has  a  real  gift  for  popular  his- 
torical writing,  and  has  made  every  chapter  inter- 
esting,  especially   to  one  who   already  knows 
enough  of  the  details  of  Lincoln's  life  to  be  able 
to  fit  what  is  here  told  into  its  relations  with 
affairs  in  general.  But  it  must  be  said  that  these 
character  studies  of  Lincoln's  rivals  cannot  be 
taken  as  true  to  life;  the  treatment  is  partial 
and  pre-determined,  those   characteristics   and 
qualities  being  brought  out  that  are  demanded 
by  the  author's  thesis.     The  result  is  in  each 
case,  —  notably  those  of  Seward  and  Stanton,  — 
that  an  altogether  false  idea  is  given  of  these 
men  and  their  relations  with  their  chief.     The 
impression  is  left,  perhaps  without  the  author's 
intention,  not  that  they  were  strong  men  work- 
ing heartily  together  for  one  great  cause,  though 
with  frequent  differences  of  opinion,  but  that  the 
relation  was  essentially  one  of  rivalry,  ending  in 
"mastery"  on  one  side  and  defeat  on  the  other. 
Lincoln  is  made  to  stand  out  preeminent,  as  of 
course  he  should ;  but  one  cannot  get  from  these 
studies,  elaborate  as  some  of  them  are,  any  ade- 
quate idea  of  the  greatness  of  his  great  cabinet 
ministers.     One  who  knows  well  the  history  of 
the  time  can  supply  this  for  liimseK,  and  to  liim 
the  chapters  are  interesting  and  not  without 
value;  but  it  needs  this  broader  knowledge  to 
keep  the  reader  from  distorted  ideas  of  the  great 


1906.] 


THE    DIAI. 


255 


men  who  held  up  Lincohi's  hands  through  the 
trials  and  struggles  of  the  war. 

AVhat  has  been  MTitten  thus  far,  though  in- 
tended as  a  fair  statement  of  the  plan  of  the 
book  and  the  ine^'itable  disadvantages  of  this 
plan,  would,  if  no  more  were  said,  fail  of  doing 
it  justice.  The  author  tells  his  ston^  with  zest 
and  force ;  the  book  has  life,  and  the  material 
cannot  but  be  interesting,  for  it  deals  with  the 
most  attractive  personality  that  America  has  pro- 
duced and  the  most  exciting  and  critical  period 
of  American  history.  It  abounds  with  well-chosen 
anecdotes,  and  with  the  interesting  personal  items 
that  give  life  to  biography.  Occasionally  the 
rhetoric  is  strained  through  effort  to  be  vivacious 
in  style,  but  this  is  not  a  serious  blemish  on  the 
work.  Its  mechanical  form  is  notably  excellent, 
especially  the  portraits ;  and  there  is  an  abimd- 
ant  apparatus  of  bibliography,  notes,  references, 
and  index.  The  bibliography  and  citations  of 
authorities  are  indeed  fuller  and  better  than  any 
other  that  we  know.     Charles  H.  Cooper. 


Japan's  Axciext  Religiox.* 


There  is  the  same  danger  and  the  same  diffi- 
culty in  interpreting  ancient  life  in  the  Sunrise 
Archipelago,  and  thus  influencing  our  estimate 
of  the  modem  Japanese,  that  pertains  to  all  ap- 
praisement of  a  nation  coming  into  notice  from 
unlettered  savagery  through  a  later  alien  cul- 
ture. One  who  studies  the  Norsemen,  or  any 
Christianized  people  who  received  their  writing 
with  their  new  religion,  must  beware  of  accept- 
ing exotic  and  after-thoughts  for  primitive  con- 
ceptions. The  official  Japanese  of  to-day  would 
have  us  believe  that  the  original  Alikado-clans 
in  Nippon  had  much  the  same  ideas  about  im- 
perialism that  are  held  to-day.  The  uncritical 
or  average  foreign  \\Titer  knocks  all  chronology 
into  a  cocked  hat,  and  puts  nursery  and  fairy- 
tale theories  in  the  place  of  science  and  progres- 
sive development. 

Mr.  TT.  G.  Aston,  in  his  volume  entitled 
"  Shinto,  the  Way  of  the  Gods,"  proceeds  on  a 
totally  different  principle.  He  was  one  of  those 
yovmg  Englishmen  who,  fresh  from  the  imiver- 
sity.  set  up  a  literary  laboratory  in  Tokio  in 
1870,  almost  as  soon  as  that  city  received  its 
name.  After  long  residence  in  the  empire,  and 
profound  researches  in  tradition  and  text,  man- 
ners and  customs,  literature  and  art,  Chinese, 
Japanese,  and  foreign,  he  has  given  in  this  book 


•Shixto.  the  Way  of  the  Gods. 
York  :  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 


By  W.  G.  Aston.    Xew 


his  ripened  conclusions.  No  one  is  equipped 
for  correct  perspective  in  the  study  of  Japanese 
who  is  not  measurably  familiar  with  those  Chi- 
nese texts  from  which  the  early  Japanese  writers 
(who  must  needs,  out  of  pride,  imitate  the  great 
Chinese  ci\Tlization  beyond  seas)  extracted  the 
rhetorical  bombast  and  gold  embroidery  with 
which  to  adorn  their  scanty  insular  traditions. 
The  Kojiki,  chiefly  a  collection  of  myths,  was 
set  down  from  memory,  in  Chinese  phonetics,  in 
the  year  712  A.  D.  It  contains,  for  the  most 
part,  the  pure  "  Japanese  "  view,  with  legend 
and  data  for  partial  reconstruction  of  early 
Yamato  institutional  life.  The  Nihongi,  written 
by  islanders  who  had  some  Chinese  scholarship, 
re-sets  the  same  primitive  legends  and  fairy-tales 
(which  are  accepted  by  the  average  Japanese 
as  sober  history)  in  the  elaborate  apparatus  of 
Chinese  cosmogony,  philosophy,  and  rhetoric. 
The  change  is  as  of  a  picture-frame  of  impainted 
pine  to  Florentine  gilt.  Lest  we  be  accused  of 
exaggerating  what  the  modem  Japanese  would 
have  us  believe  concerning  the  antiquity  of  his 
"  nation  "  —  which  had  no  real  existence  until 
the  fusion  of  many  tribes  of  divers  ethnic  origins 
after  the  eighth  century.  —  we  note  that  the 
honored  Coimt  Okuma,  once  premier  and  head 
of  the  Waseda  University,  habitually,  and  even 
as  late  as  in  "  The  Independent "  of  January 
25,  1906,  speaks  of  "  our  twenty-five  hundred 
years  of  vrritten  history."  The  italics  are  ours. 
What  the  islanders  of  the  archipelago,  called 
in  comparatively  modem  times  •'  the  Japanese," 
were  before  the  intellect  of  the  dominant  tribe 
was  f  ertilize<l  by  the  contact  of  the  Aryan  intel- 
lect (in  the  form  of  Buddhism,  an  Aryan  re- 
ligion), and  also  with  Chinese  ethics,  philosophy, 
and  general  science,  is  seen  in  this  masterly  book, 
which  is  written  with  ftdness,  scholarly  coolness, 
and  judicial  accuracy.  Had  Mr.  Aston  chosen 
to  swell  his  fewer  than  400  pages  into  an  ency- 
clopaedia, he  were  well  able  to  do  it.  But  he  has 
been  content  to  tell  only  what  is  known  of  this 
primitive  cult.  Shinto  had  no  ancestor-worship, 
because  the  islanders  had  no  family  life  or  ances- 
tral system,  such  as  were  already  elaborated  in 
China.  Those  who  have  studied  the  later  his- 
tory of  the  God-way  well  know  how  the  dogmas 
of  the  paramount  Yamato  race  were  harnessed 
as  steeds  to  draw  the  chariot  of  imperialism. 
Shinto  notions  cooperated  with  the  weapons  of 
iron  against  the  men  in  the  stone  age,  whose 
primitive  mental  conceptions  were  even  ruder 
than  those  of  their  conquerors,  whose  ancestors 
came  from  beyond  sea  —  possibly  from  the  Sun- 
gari  valley  in  Asia. 


266 


THE    DIAL 


[AprU  16, 


Mr.  Aston  appraises  critically  the  sources  for 
the  study  of  Shinto,  showing  that  the  materials 
in  European  languages  before  the  later  foreign 
scholars,  who  studied  on  the  soil  of  Japan,  are 
very  nearly  worthless,  because  they  deal  with  the 
Buddhaized,  or  "  Riobu,"  Shinto.  He  treats 
further  of  personification,  the  deification  of  men, 
the  functions  of  the  gods,  myth  and  mythical 
narrative,  nature  and  man  deities,  the  priest- 
hood and  worship,  morals,  law,  and  ceremonial, 
closing  with  a  view  of  those  inevitable  products 
of  decay  that  belong  to  all  dying  or  dead  re- 
ligions. He  is  strong  in  showing  how  "  the 
misunderstanding  of  metaphorical  language  is  a 
fertile  source  of  apotheosis,"  and  proves  that  the 
deification  of  the  Mikado  is  a  case  in  point.  He 
is  a  veritable  genius  in  illustrating  the  works  of 
desolation  that  the  stupid  man  in  religion  has 
everywhere  wrought.  Notwithstanding  the  over- 
praise of  the  Japanese,  the  stupid  man  is  fright- 
fidly  in  evidence  in  this  island  country,  which 
is  so  much  "  the  land  of  the  gods  "  that  it  has 
over  eighty  million  deities,  with  a  census  of  de- 
mons and  spirits  whose  figures  would  stagger 
calculation.  From  the  spell  of  these  "  gods,"  the 
average  Japanese  is  as  yet  far  from  being  deliv- 
ered. Even  Mr.  Stead,  who  would  have  us  be- 
lieve that  the  Japanese  are  paragons  of  efficiency 
beyond  the  dreams  of  the  Anglo-Saxon,  mixes 
up  "  gods  "  and  men  for  our  admiration,  in  a 
way  which  demonstrates  that  these  "  gods  "  and 
the  everyday  Japanese  are  one  and  the  same. 

In  his  arrangement  of  the  book,  with  its  abun- 
dant translation  of  ancient  text  and  ritual,  all 
well  indexed,  we  have  just  what  the  volimie 
professes  to  be  —  a  handbook  for  the  study  of 
Shinto.  Our  own  judgment,  after  reading  and 
re-reading  this  work,  is  that  there  is  nothing  to 
compare  with  it  for  the  critical  study  of  the 
primitive  conceptions  of  the  Nippon  islanders 
and  for  the  institutional  history  of  the  Yamato, 
or  Mikado-clans ;  while  at  the  same  time  the 
southern  or  Polynesian  outlook  is  almost  entirely 
ignored  or  neglected  by  Mr.  Aston.  The  study 
of  the  traditions  and  languages  of  that  great 
drift  of  humanity  inhabiting  peninsular  Asia, 
and  Insulinde,  or  island  Asia,  will  yet  throw,  we 
are  persuaded,  much  new  light  on  primitive 
Nippon.  We  are  glad  to  notice  that  the  French 
author  Revon,  in  his  latest  work  on  Japan, 
"Le  Shinntoisme"  (the  title  is  tautological, 
for  the  to  in  Shinto  has  the  same  force  as  ism 
in  "  Buddhism"),  has  begun  an  examination  of 
the  oceanic  side  of  Japan's  most  ancient  written 
^  ory.  William  Elliot  Griffis. 


The  Founder  of  Modern  Landscape 
Art.* 

Landscape  painting  has  reached  its  highest 
development  witliin  but  little  over  a  century,  and 
may  therefore  be  considered  as  a  product  of  our 
own  times.  The  ancient  peoples  of  Egypt,  of 
Greece,  and  Rome  knew  very  little  of  landscape 
art ;  nor  did  the  painters  of  mediaeval  times  know 
much  more.  The  great  men  of  the  Renaissence 
used  landscape  in  their  backgrounds,  and  used  it 
weU ;  but  it  was  always  subordinate  to  the  cen- 
tral theme.  They  painted  very  few  independent 
landscapes.  The  landscapes  of  the  Dutch  in 
later  days  are  conventional  in  treatment,  though 
often  very  beautiful  in  color. 

It  is  most  interesting  to  reflect  that  a  simple 
English  painter.  Constable,  all  unknowingly  came 
to  be  the  founder,  or  at  least  the  earliest  inspi- 
ration, of  the  greatest  school  of  landscape  art 
the  world  has  ever  known.  His  latest  biogra- 
pher, Mr.  Sturge  Henderson,  has  shown  in  a 
very  clear  and  interesting  way  the  sources  of 
Constable's  art.  The  simplicity  of  the  tale  adds 
not  a  little  to  its  charm.  In  his  life,  as  in  his  art. 
Constable  was  as  simple  as  Wordsworth.  In  the 
themes  he  chose  for  his  paintings  he  followed  in 
the  footsteps  of  the  poet  who  wrote  of  dancing 
daffodils  and  of  the  primrose  by  the  river. 

There  was  in  most  of  Constable's  greater 
works  the  spirit  of  homely  life  upon  a  farm  in 
Suffolk.  There  was  no  exceptional  feature  in  the 
landscape  to  make  it  grand  or  striking ;  it  was 
the  landscape  of  home,  with  great  trees  and  wide 
skies  full  of  cloud  masses,  and  beneath  them 
spreading  meadows  and  gently  sloping  hillsides. 
Almost  always  there  was  a  farmer  coming  home 
with  his  horses  and  his  hay- wain,  or  a  milkmaid 
with  her  cows.  Often  mndmills  or  watermiUs 
formed  the  central  subject ;  for  the  artist  loved 
old  mills  and  mill  dams,  with  their  slimy  posts 
and  brick-work  falling  to  decay,  and  he  himself 
says  that  the  banks  of  the  Stour,  abounding  in 
such  scenes,  taught  him  to  paint  before  he  even 
touched  a  pencil.  The  painting  of  landscape  was 
a  later  development  of  Constable's  work  ;  for  he 
began  as  a  portrait  painter,  and  was  fairly  suc- 
cessful in  that  most  difficvdt  field  of  art.  Perhaps 
it  was  from  this  work  that  he  gained  his  knowl- 
edge of  drawing  ;  but  the  love  of  landscape  was 
always  predominant  in  him,  and  as  soon  as  he 
could  he  gave  up  everything  else  and  devoted 
himself  entirely  to  the  painting  of  landscapes. 

It  is  a  very  interesting  fact  that  the  homely 

♦Constable.    By  T.  Sturge    Henderson.    Illustrated.    New 
York :  Imported  by  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


267 


Constable,  and  not  the  brilliant  Turner,  his  con- 
temporary, influenced  the  French  masters.  It 
was  his  ••  Hay  Wain."'  which  was  shown  at  the 
Salon  in  Paris  in  1824.  that  made  a  sensation 
and  '•  created  a  division  in  the  school  of  land- 
scape painters  in  France."  Mr.  Ruskin  is  not 
pleased  with  the  drawing  of  Constable  nor  does 
he  greatly  like  his  color;  whereas  he  lauds  Turner 
to  the  skies.  Nevertheless,  ^Millet,  perhaps  the 
greatest  of  the  Barbizon  school,  follows  Constable 
closely  in  many  ways ;  for  he  too  was  a  lover  of 
the  home,  and  he  cared  for  his  peasants  of  Nor- 
mandy or  of  Barbizon  just  as  Constable  loved 
his  Suffolk  farmers.  The  value  of  the  sky  in 
landscape  was  deeply  appreciated  by  Constable, 
and  he  was  always  studj^ing  clouds  in  their  ever- 
varying  aspects.  In  ^Millet's  '*  Angelus  * '  the  sky 
has  nearly  as  much  to  do  with  the  marvellous 
power  of  the  picture  as  the  peasants  themselves 
praying  with  bowed  heads. 

The  Frenchmen  who  found  inspiration  in  Con- 
stable's works  had  a  far  better  technique  than 
he,  for  there  was  no  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts  in 
England.  It  was  not  in  technique,  but  in  thought 
and  purpose,  that  the  simple  English  master  so 
deeply  impressed  the  painters  of  the  school  of 
1830,  who  produced  the  greatest  landscapes  the 
world  had  yet  known  ;  and  in  these  simple  qual- 
ities are  to  be  f oimd  the  fascination  and  charm 
of  Constable's  life  and  of  his  pictures.  He  was 
not  successfid  in  marine  painting,  although  he 
attempted  such  subjects  at  times.  He  was  ill  at 
ease  with  the  vastness  and  grandeur  of  the  ocean, 
because  he  did  not  know  the  sea  as  he  knew  the 
skies  and  clouds,  and  the  far-reaching  meadows 
and  dowTis  of  his  home-land.  He  painted  well 
only  what  was  familiar  to  him  in  his  home-life, 
and  here  he  found  subjects  great  enough  to  tax 
the  utmost  resources  of  his  art. 

But  little  more  than  half  of  ]Mr.  Henderson's 
book  is  devoted  to  the  life  of  Constable  and  the 
painting  of  his  pictures.  In  the  latter  part  the 
author  gives  some  very  interesting  accounts  of 
the  Lucas  Mezzotints,  those  famous  reproduc- 
tions of  some  of  the  greatest  of  Constable's  works. 
He  also  speaks  at  length  of  the  artist's  lectures 
on  art,  which  are  interesting  but  not  far-reaching 
in  their  influence.  Few  artists  are  great  lecturers, 
and  Constable  was  no  exception  to  the  general 
rule.  He  should  never  have  attempted  to  criti- 
cize Italian  art,  which  he  knew  only  through 
reproductions.  He  was  somewhat  witty  at  times, 
and  rather  caustic  in  his  criticisms, —  indeed,  he 
was  accused  of  being  ill-natured,  but  on  the  whole 
this  accusation  is  not  borne  out  by  the  facts. 

In  the  tenth  chapter  of  the  book,  Constable's 


influence  upon  landscape  painting  is  most  justly 
and  truly  set  forth,  especially  in  the  part  which 
deals  with  his  influence  upon  the  French  school. 
The  author  says  that  Constable's  appeal  to  the 
French  artists  was  that  of  naturalism,  which  was 
unique  in  two  respects.  Constable  fearlessly 
adopted  "  unpicturesque  "  localities  as  subjects 
for  his  pictures.  He  also  adopted  "fresh,  bright 
color,  which,  though  the  French  had  admired  it 
in  the  work  of  the  English  water  colorists,  they 
had  not  attempted  to  emulate  in  what  they  con- 
sidered more  serious  painting."  More  than  this, 
as  the  author  tells  us,  "  Men  of  more  imaginative 
temperament  might  find  in  the  plains  and  hills 
of  their  native  land  sentiments  other  than  those 
that  he  had  found  ;  but  it  was  he  who  had  indi- 
cated the  source  from  which  their  inspiration 
was  to  be  drawn,  and  pointed  them  the  way  to 
a  new  kingdom." 

The  fact  is  worth  noting  Jliat  Ruskin  made 
the  same  criticism  on  Constable  that  the  French 
critics  made  of  ^liUet  —  that  his  tastes  were 
"  low.'"  It  is  strange  that  the  great  poet-critic 
of  England  should  have  thus  spoken  of  Con- 
stable's art.  It  is  equally  strange  that  the 
learned  critics  of  France  shoidd  in  the  same 
words  have  condemned  Millet's  work.  In  the 
light  of  a  new  day  for  landscape  art,  the  "low '" 
has  been  illuminated  by  the  light  of  genius 
and  has  become  "  high  "  indeed.  This  residt  is 
simply  a  tardy  appreciation  of  truth,  which  in 
art,  as  everywhere  else,  must  prevail  over  artifice. 

The  beautifid  simplicity  of  Constable's  life 
and  art  are  admirably  expressed  in  this  book,  and 
those  who  read  it  carefully  will  learn  much  more 
than  they  have  known  before  about  the  simple 
and  homely  but  great  English  master,  and  how 
his  simplicity  and  truthfulness  prevailed  in  in- 
spiring the  greatest  landscape  art  the  world  has 
ever  known.   Walter  Cranston  Larned. 


STrrDEES  OF  THE  IMMIGRATION  PROBLEM.* 

One  of  the  most  interesting  social  and  eco- 
nomic phenomena  of  the  past  four  or  five  years 
has  been  the  enormous  increase  in  immigration 
from  European  countries  to  the  United  States. 
The  latest  annual  report  of  the  Commissioner- 
Greneral  of  Immigration  shows  that  during  the 

•  ISOUGBATIOK  AXD  ITS  EFFECTS  CPOK  THB  UNITKD     STATBS. 

By  Prescott  F.  Hall.    New  York:  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 

The  Problem  of  the  iManGBANT.  By  James  Davenport 
Whelpley.    Kew  York:  E.  P.  Button  &  Co. 

The  RrssiAS  Jew  is  the  Uxited  States.  Edited  by  Charles 
S.  Bernheimer,  Ph.D.    Philadelphia:  The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

The  Jews  ik  Asiekica.  By  Dr.  Madison  C.  Peters.  Philadel- 
phia: The  John  C.  Winston  Co. 


258 


THE    DIAL 


[April  16, 


fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1905,  considerably 
over  a  million  men,  women,  and  children  of  for- 
eign birth  landed  at  our  ports  with  the  intention 
of  becoming  residents,  for  a  longer  or  a  shorter 
time,  among  us.  This  is  the  first  time  that  the 
million  mark  has  been  passed  and  the  dubious 
record  has  created  no  little  alarm  in  the  minds 
of  many  people.  The  mere  fact  of  numbers, 
however,  is  not  the  serious  thing.  A  survey  of 
the  statistics  of  the  subject,  running  back  sev- 
enty or  eighty  years,  wiU  show  that  the  volume 
of  immigration  exhibits  a  decided  tendency  to 
periodic  swells  and  depressions,  from  which  it  is 
but  fair  to  surmise  that  we  are  now  just  passing 
over  the  crest  of  an  immigration  wave  and  may 
expect  a  corresponding  falling  off  within  a  few 
years.  But  even  if  the  present  remarkable  rate 
of  increase  should  be  maintained  indefinitely 
the  important  thing  would  still  not  be  the  nimi- 
ber,  but  rather  the- quality,  of  the  new-comers. 
During  the  past  two  or  three  decades  there  has 
been  a  striking  change  in  this  latter  respect.  The 
peoples  who  come  to  us  now  are  not  so  much 
those  from  northern  and  western  as  those  from 
southern  and  eastern  Europe,  —  Russian  Jews, 
Slavs,  and  Italians  insteatl  of  Germans,  Scandi- 
navians, and  British.  The  full  effects  of  this 
shift  cannot  at  present  be  foreseen.  Certain  it 
is  that  morally,  mentally,  and  materially  the 
elements  which  now  dominate  are  on  the  whole 
of  an  inferior  type,  and  there  can  be  no  denying 
that  their  coming  brings  upon  the  country  sev- 
eral pretty  clearly  defined,  though  by  no  means 
necessarily  fatal,  dangers.  On  the  other  hand, 
we  receive  no  considerable  class  of  aliens  that  can 
be  demonstrated  to  be  lacking  in  capacity  for 
development,  and  the  fundamental  test  ought 
always  to  be  not  so  much  what  the  immigrant  is 
when  he  lands  at  our  ports  as  what  he  shows  an 
aptitude  for  becoming. 

The  problem  of  the  immigrant  is  one  that  has 
been  always  with  us.  If  anyone  imagines  that 
the  alarm  now  being  expressed  in  many  quarters 
is  anything  new  he  need  only  run  back  along  the 
whole  course  of  our  national  history  to  observe 
that  over  and  over  again  the  problem  of  the 
incoming  alien  has  been  deemed  just  as  serious 
as  it  is  felt  to  be  to-day.  At  the  same  time  this 
fact  should  not  become  an  excuse  for  indifference. 
Numbers  of  immigrants  fluctuate  and  quality 
changes,  so  that  the  old  problem  is  continually 
developing  new  asi)ects,  and  the  whole  acquires 
a  cimnilative  character  which  gives  it  an  ever 
larger  interest  and  practical  significance  for  the 
student  and  citizen.  It  is  therefore  encouraging 
to  note  that  never  before  has  the  subject  received 


such  an  amotmt  of  discriminating  attention  and 
thoroughgoing  discussion  as  during  the  past 
twelve  months.  Not,  for  example,  since  the  days 
of  Chinese  exclusion  legislation  has  a  president 
spoken  upon  it  so  fully  or  so  exj)licitly  as  has 
President  Roosevelt  in  liis  last  two  annual  mes- 
sages to  CongTCss  ;  never  before  has  such  a  body 
as  the  National  Civic  Federation  devoted  a  three 
days'  meeting  exclusively  to  the  discussion  of  it ; 
and  never  has  the  past  year's  output  of  litera- 
ture upon  it  been  approached  in  either  quantity 
or  quality.  Not  only  has  immigration  been 
treated  from  widely  varying  points  of  view  in 
many  of  our  best  periodicals,  but  the  year  has 
seen  the  publication  of  the  first  noteworthy  book 
on  the  subject  since  the  appearance  of  Professor 
Mayo-Smith's  "  EmigTation  and  Immigration  " 
in  1890,  —  and  indeed  not  one  book  but  several. 

First  of  all  may  be  mentioned  the  general 
treatise  by  Mr.  Prescott  F.  Hall  entitled  "  Im- 
migration and  its  Effects  upon  the  United 
States."  This  volume  is  the  first  in  a  promising 
series  on  "  American  Public  Problems  "  which 
Messrs.  Holt  &  Company  annomice  under  the 
editorship)  of  Dr.  Ralph  Curtis  Ringwalt.  As 
Secretary  of  the  Immigration  Restriction  League 
in  recent  years  Mr.  Hall  has  had  both  occasion 
and  opportimity  to  study  the  immigration  move- 
ment in  all  its  essential  phases  and  processes. 
The  volume  which  he  has  written  embodies  the 
results  of  his  observations,  and  is  intended  to  be, 
not  an  attempt  at  an  exhaustive  discussion,  but 
simply  a  handbook  presenting  in  convenient  form 
the  salient  facts  concerning  the  extent,  character, 
and  effects  of  our  iimnigration  to-day.  Pretty 
nearly  every  conceivable  aspect  of  the  subject  is 
touched  upon,  with  the  inevitable  result  that  the 
rule  of  the  strictest  brevity  becomes  inexorable. 
At  the  same  time  the  book  reads  well,  and  one 
is  struck  by  the  author's  skill  in  condensation 
where  the  temptation  to  more  or  less  diffuse 
writing  must  have  been  very  great. 

In  many  ways  the  most  valuable  portion  of 
Mr.  Hall's  volume  is  that  which  deals  with  the 
important  topic  of  immigration  legislation.  After 
a  careful  presentation  of  the  history  of  such  leg-, 
islation  an  inquiry  is  made  into  the  effects  of 
our  present  restrictive  laws  and  the  need  of  new 
enactments  to  meet  new  conditions  which  have 
arisen  in  late  years.  It  is  clearly  shown,  as  any- 
body may  easily  find  out  for  himself  by  a  little 
investigation,  tliat  the  laws  which  we  now  have 
are  constantly  being  violated  with  impunity  by 
interested  parties  in  both  Europe  and  America, 
and  this  through  no  fault  of  the  officials  who  are 
charged  with  the  work  of  inspection  at  our  ports, 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


259 


but  wholly  because  of  the  ingenious  and  semi- 
secret  devices  employed  by  transportation  agents, 
controllers  of  labor,  and  local  European  authori- 
ties to  bring  vmdesirable  aliens  into  the  United 
States  by  fraud  and  deception.  Mr.  Hall,  while 
not  an  advocate  of  radical  restrictive  measures, 
believes  firmly  nevertheless  that  it  is  obligatory 
upon  Congress  to  strengthen  our  exclusion  laws 
at  an  early  date,  at  least  by  so  much  as  wiU 
make  it  possible  to  keep  out  persons  belonging  to 
the  ten  or  more  classes  ali-eady  legally  debarred. 

In  his  "  Problem  of  the  Lnmigrant "  Mr. 
James  Davenport  Whelpley  has  given  us  a 
volvune  which  is  so  obviously  usefid  that  the 
wonder  is  we  have  been  compelled  to  wait  so 
long  for  something  of  its  kind.  Realizing  that 
immigration  has  generally  been  contemplated 
far  too  exclusively  from  its  American  side,  Mr. 
Whelpley  some  time  ago  undertook  the  more  dif- 
ficidt  task  of  investigating  the  causes  and  nature 
of  the  phenomenon  in  the  European  countries 
which  are  the  chief  origins  of  our  alien  influx. 
During  the  course  of  the  year  spent  at  this  task, 
in  thirteen  different  countries,  it  became  neces- 
sary to  ascertain  what  are  the  precise  laws  of  the 
various  nations  regidating  the  admission  and  set- 
tlement of  inmiigrants.  We  may  well  believe  the 
author  when  he  teUs  us  that  it  was  foimd  very 
difficult  to  get  together  the  data  required,  jiartic- 
ularly  as  the  statutes,  decrees,  and  ordinances 
dealing  with  the  subject  are  almost  invariably 
scattered  and  fragmentary.  The  task  seems, 
however,  to  have  l^een  accomplished  admirably, 
and  it  is  the  results  of  this  investigation,  in  the 
main,  that  ^Ir.  Whelpley  has  given  us  in  his 
book.  Fourteen  nations  (including  the  United 
States)  are  dealt  with  one  by  one,  and  the  plan 
in  each  case  is  to  give  a  brief  sketch  of  the  con- 
ditions pre^Tiiling  respecting  immigration  and  to 
follow  this  with  a  translation  of  the  laws  now  in 
force  on  the  subject.  The  volume  thus  becomes 
a  most  convenient  handbook  for  reference,  sup- 
plying the  student  with  a  mass  of  materials  not 
elsewhere  available  in  one  language  or  in  any 
sort  of  connected  form. 

Two  of  Mr.  Whelpley's  chapters  are  in  the 
nature  of  general  discussion.  One  of  these,  re- 
published from  ''  The  North  American  Review," 
affords  a  very  useful  summary  of  the  immigra- 
tion and  emigration  laws  of  Europe,  with  some 
exposition  of  the  spirit  in  which  they  are  adminis- 
tered. The  other,  which  originally  appeared  as  an 
article  in  "  The  Fortnightly  Review,"  exploits  the 
authors  conception  of  immigration  as  an  inter- 
national affair  calling  for  concerted  international 
action .     The  interesting  thesis  is  laid  down  that 


"  to  police  the  world  for  the  purpose  of  putting 
a  wholesome  restraint  upon  emigration  is  within 
the  power  —  even  now  within  the  line  of  duty  — 
of  the  greater  nations.  '  The  author  urges  that 
a  binding  international  agreement  should  be 
entered  into  as  the  most  certain  means  of  encour- 
aging a  high  standard  of  admission  for  immi- 
grants, preventing  the  spread  of  disease  from  one 
country  to  another,  checking  undue  acti>'ity  on 
the  part  of  transportation  agent*,  compelling 
each  nation  to  assimie  responsibility  for  the  care 
of  its  own  defectives  and  delinquents,  and  in- 
ducing the  amelioration  of  political  or  economic 
wrongs  which  operate  in  certain  countries  to  stim- 
ulate an  vmdue  amount  of  emigration.  The  idea 
is  an  attractive  one,  and  as  time  goes  on  it  bids 
fair  to  assume  a  more  practical  character  than  it 
may  appear  at  present  to  possess.  It  is  at  least 
significant  that,  among  other  things  in  connection 
with  immigration  reform.  President  Roosevelt  in 
his  last  annual  message  declared  himself  in  favor 
of  an  international  conference  to  deal  with  the 
immigration  question,  which  he  agrees  '*  has  now 
more  than  a  national  significance." 

Happily  for  the  student  of  social  problems  we 
are  at  last  beginning  to  have  exhaustive  first- 
hand treatises  on  specific  inunigration  topics. 
The  best  of  these  which  has  yetsappeared  is  '•  The 
Russian  Jew  in  the  United  States,"  planned  and 
edited  by  Dr.  Charles  S.  Bemheimer.  The  vol- 
ume opens  A^dth  three  illuminating  essays, —  one 
on  '■'■  Elements  of  the  Jewish  Popidation  of  the 
United  States,"  by  Henrietta  Szold,  another  on 
"  The  Jew  in  Russia  "  by  Peter  Wiemik,  and  a 
third  on  ''  The  Russian  Jew  in  the  United  States  " 
by  Abi"ahani  Cahan.  All  are  written  out  of  a 
wealth  of  precise  information  and,  though  deeply 
sympathetic,  exhibit  a  perfectly  sane  and  fair- 
minded  spirit.  By  far  the  most  valuable  portion 
of  Dr.  Bemheimer 's  book,  however,  is  a  series  of 
studies  on  the  condition  of  the  Jewish  immigrant 
popidation  in  the  three  great  urban  centres  of 
New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Chicago.  These 
have  been  prepared  by  men  and  women  whose 
practical  knowledge  and  experience  give  them  a 
rare  degree  of  authority.  The  topics  treated  in 
connection  with  the  Jewish  population  of  each 
of  the  three  cities  are  varietl  and  comprehensive, 
embracing  economic  and  industrial  conditions, 
religious  activity,  philanthropy,  educational  in- 
fluences, amusements  and  social  life,  politics, 
health  and  sanitation,  law  and  litigation,  and 
geographical  distribution.  There  is  likewise  an 
interesting  account  of  the  rural  settlements  which 
have  been  established  by  Jews  in  many  parts  of 
the  country ;  also  a  fairly  full  bibliography.  Now 


260 


THE    DIAL 


[April  16, 


that  the  United  States  has  come  to  possess  the 
third  largest  Jewish  population  among  the  na- 
tions of  the  world,  the  publication  of  such  a  body 
of  investigations  ought  to  be  hailed  as  a  real 
service  by  everyone  concerned  with  our  coointry's 
tasks  and  fortunes. 

In  his  little  volim[ie  entitled  "  The  Jews  in 
America  "Dr.  Madison  C.  Peters  has  given  us  a 
readable  but  superficial  sketch  of  the  part  which 
the  Jews  have  had  in  the  development  of  the 
United  States  from  colonial  times  until  the  pres- 
ent. In  war,  politics,  diplomacy,  finance,  let- 
ters, art,  and  science  the  American  Jew  has 
taken  an  indisputably  high  place,  and  it  is  much 
to  be  regretted  that  the  recent  celebration  of  the 
two  hundred  and  fiftieth  anniversary  of  Jewish 
settlement  on  this  side  the  Atlantic  has  not 
called  forth  a  book  more  worthy  of  the  subject, 
—  one  in  which  we  might  indeed  find  sympa- 
thetic appreciation  but  less  pf  a  disposition  to 
glorify  indiscriminately.  Aside  from  the  very 
brief  chapters  on  the  characteristics  of  the  Jews 
as  a  people  and  the  prevalence  of  anti-semitism 
in  America,  what  we  have  in  Dr.  Peters's  book 
is  little  more  than  an  enumeration  of  two  or 
three  hundred  men  of  Hebrew  race  who  have 
contributed  in  some  marked  way  to  our  national 
life,  together  with  paragraphs  of  a  general 
nature  emphasizing  their  services.  The  results 
are  so  interesting  that  one  cannot  but  wish  that 
the  work  had  been  more  thoroughly  done. 

Frederic  Austin  Ogg. 


The  Discoverer  of  the  St.  IjAavrexce.* 

Dr.  James  Phinney  Baxter  had  already  added 
so  materially,  and  effectively,  to  our  knowledge 
of  the  exploration  and  early  history  of  the  North 
Atlantic  coast  of  America,  that  one  was  predis- 
posed to  welcome  favorably  his  latest,  and  in 
some  respects  most  ambitious,  work,  on  the  voy- 
ages of  Jacques  Cartier  to  the  St.  Lawrence.  A 
(Careful  reading  of  the  book  serves  to  confirm  the 
first  impression.  Dr.  Baxter  has  given  us  what 
may  almost  be  regarded  as  the  last  word  on  the 
great  navigator  of  St.  Malo.  His  work  is  author- 
itative. It  shows  on  every  page  the  results  of 
close  and  scholarly  study  of  the  original  docu- 
ments ;  and  it  throws  not  a  little  new  light  on  the 
moot  points  of  the  narratives  of  the  several  voy- 
ages. Inevitably,  his  conclusions  will  not  be 
acceptable  to  everyone.     Historians  and  histor- 

•  A  Memoir  op  Jacques  Cartier,  Sieur  de  Limoilu ;  his  Voy- 
ages to  the  St.  Lawrence ;  a  Bibliography  and  a  facsimile  of  the 
manuscript  of  1534,  with  annotations,  etc.  By  James  Phinney 
Baxter,  A.M.    Illustrated.    New  York:  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. 


ical  students  have  their  full  share  of  himian  na- 
ture ;  they  never  have  seen,  and  never  will  see, 
all  alike.  But  both  they  and  the  less  critical, 
though  not  always  less  discerning,  "general 
reader"  must  be  grateful  for  such  a  real  addition 
to  the  sum  of  human  knowledge  as  a  volume  of 
this  kind  represents. 

Dr.  Baxter  introduces  his  work  with  a  schol- 
arly memoir,  in  wliich  are  gathered  together  the 
scanty  details  of  Cartier's  life.  As  with  so  many 
of  the  world's  great  explorers,  very  little  is 
known  of  Jacques  Cartier  beyond  what  may  be 
gathered  from  the  narratives  of  his  several  voy- 
ages. Even  the  year  of  his  birth  has  been  in 
dispute,  though  it  is  now  generally  accepted  as 
1491.  About  the  only  light  that  the  records  of 
his  native  town  throw  upon  his  early  life  is  that 
afforded  by  the  Registres  de  I'etat  civil,  in 
which  his  name  appears  in  connection  with  no 
less  than  fifty-three  baptisms,  in  twenty-seven  of 
which  he  acted  as  godfather.  This,  as  Dr.  Baxter 
says,  affords  striking  evidence  of  the  high  esteem 
in  which  Cartier  was  held  by  the  people  of  his 
native  town.  In  the  St.  Malo  of  the  sixteenth 
century  a  baptism  was  an  event  of  some  impor- 
tance, and  the  man  who  was  twenty-seven  tunes 
honored  with  the  responsible  position  of  godfather 
must  indeed  have  been  a  universal  favorite. 

At  the  age  of  twenty-eight  Cartier  married 
Catherine,  daughter  of  Jacques  des  Granches, 
high  constable  of  St.  Malo.  He  was  already  a 
man  of  mark  in  liis  town,  having  won  the  title  of 
master  pilot.  Dr.  Baxter  conjectures  that  he  had 
even  now  taken  part  in  some  of  the  fishing  voyages 
to  the  far-away  shores  of  the  New  World,  gaining 
thereby  that  skill  in  navigation  which  he  after- 
ward so  signally  exhibited. 

Of  the  fifteen  years  of  Cartier's  life  between 
his  marriage  and  the  voyage  of  1534,  even  less 
is  known,  if  possible,  than  of  the  j^ears  of  his 
youth  and  early  manhood.  From  the  frequent 
mention  of  Brazil  in  his  Voyages,  it  is  believed 
that  he  must  have  visited  South  America  during 
this  period,  probably  with  one  or  more  of  the 
Portuguese  expeditions  ;  a  supposition  which  is 
supported  by  the  fact  that  in  1528  his  wife  stood 
sponsor  for  a  "  Catherine  de  Brezil,"  a  yoimg 
native  believed  to  have  been  brought  by  Cartier 
from  that  coimtry  on  one  of  his  voj^ages.  It  is 
also  noted  that  Cartier  frequently  acted  as  Por- 
tuguese interpreter  at  St.  Malo. 

For  many  years  the  only  known  accoimt  of 
Cartier's  first  voyage  was  that  contained  in  Ra- 
musio's  great  work  of  1556,  translated  a  few 
years  later  into  English  by  Florio.  It  was  not 
until  1867  that  the  original  relation  turned  up. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


261 


in  the  Bibliotheque  Imperiale  at  Paris.  This . 
was  printed  the  same  year  under  the  title  "  Re- 
lation Originale  du  Voyage  de  Jacques  Cartier 
an  Canada  en  1534."  Of  the  "■  Relation  Origi- 
nale  "  Dr.  Baxter  gives  an  excellent  translation ; 
and,  not  content  with  this,  adds  what  to  the  stu- 
dent will  be  of  still  greater  interest  and  service 
—  a  photographic  copy  of  the  original  manu- 
script. This  manuscript  bears  convincing  inter- 
nal evidence  of  being  a  contemporary  docimient. 
It  has  even  been  thought  to  be  the  original  nar- 
rative, in  Cartier's  own  handwriting.  To  this 
view  Dr.  Baxter  takes  exception,  though  he  does 
not  say  on  what  grounds. 

The  first  published  account  of  the  second  voy- 
age was  the  •'  Bref  Recit "  of  1545,  afterward 
included  by  Ramusio  in  his  "  Navigationi  et 
Viaggi."  Of  this  voyage  there  exist  at  least  three 
contemporary  manuscript  accounts,  all  in  the 
Bibliotheque  Nationale  at  Paris.  Upon  a  care- 
ful comparison  of  the  three  manuscripts  with  the 
•'  Bref  Recit '"  Dr.  Baxter  foimd  that  the  three 
manuscripts  were  substantially  the  same,  but 
they  differed  from  the  '•  Bref  Recit  "  in  a  nimi- 
ber  of  important  particidars.  It  seemed  desir- 
able therefore  to  put  aside  the  printed  narrative, 
and  translate  what  appeared  to  be  the  best  of  the 
three  manuscripts.     This  Dr.  Baxter  has  done. 

The  onl}-  account  of  the  third  voyage  (1540) 
is  that  contained  in  Hakluyt  —  who  also  gives  an 
account  of  each  of  the  previous  voyages.  This 
fragment,  for  it  is  nothing  more.  Dr.  Baxter  has 
also  printed.  We  find,  therefore,  in  his  book 
a  translation  of  the  original  manuscript  of  the 
first  voyage,  a  translation  of  the  best  of  the  three 
relations  of  the  second,  and  the  only  known 
account  of  the  third.  The  text  of  these  three 
narratives  he  has  enriched  with  copious  notes, 
the  result  of  a  close  study  of  all  the  evidence 
available. 

As  to  Cartier's  alleged  fourth  voyage,  Dr. 
Baxter  has  this  to  say  : 

"  That  he  made  a  fourth  voyage  to  Canada  to  bring 
back  Roberval,  although  no  account  of  such  a  voyage  has 
been  preserved,  has  been  thought  probable  by  a  report 
of  an  Admiralty  Commission  appointed  on  the  3rd  of 
April,  1544,  to  audit  his  accounts.  .  .  .  Roberval  and 
Cartier  were  summoned  to  appear  before  them,  and  their 
decision  in  favour  of  Cartier  was  rendered  on  the  21st 
of  Jime  following.  The  allowance  had  been  asked  by 
him  on  account  of  ships  employed  in  the  third  voyage, 
and  an  additional  allowance  on  account  of  another 
vessel  employed  in  a  subsequent  voyage.  A  copy  of  the 
application  made  to  the  Commission  has  not  been  pre- 
served, but  the  report  makes  it  clear  what  this  subse- 
quent voyage  was  for,"  i.  e.,  on  account  of  a  ship  used 
*«  for  eight  months  to  fetch  the  said  Roberval." 

Dr.  Baxter  is  inclined,  on  the  whole,  to  dis- 


credit this  fourth  voyage,  or  perhaps  rather  to 
regard  the  claim  as  "  not  proven."  In  this  con- 
nection it  may  be  mentioned  that  the  Canadian 
Archivist  has  lately  unearthed  at  Paris  a  nimi- 
ber  of  hitherto  unknown  documents  bearing  on 
Cartier  and  his  voyages.  Copies  have  not  yet 
been  received  from  Paris,  and  it  is  not  possible 
to  say  what  additional  light  they  may  throw 
on  the  subject ;  but  if  they  include  anything 
authentic  ^s-ith  regard  to  the  alleged  fourth 
voyage,  or  filling  in  the  wide  gaps  in  the  third 
voyage,  their  publication  will  be  eagerly  awaited 
by  everyone  interested  in  historical  research. 

In  the  French  archives,  and  elsewhere,  there 
exist  a  number  of  contemporary  documents, 
bearing  more  or  less  directly  upon  the  Cartier 
voyages.  The  most  important  of  these  Dr. 
Baxter  has  translated  and  added  to  the  nar- 
ratives. The  importance  of  preserving  such 
dociunents  is  emphasized  by  the  fact  that  many 
invaluable  manuscripts,  known  at  one  time  to 
have  been  in  the  French  archives,  have  disap- 
peared. It  may  seem  unfair  to  single  out  the 
French  archives  in  this  way ;  but  unf ortimately, 
although  losses  have  occurred  in  the  archives  of 
every  country,  they  are  as  nothing  compared  to 
those  which  the  Archives  of  France  have  sus- 
tained. At  the  time  of  the  Revolution,  cart- 
loatls  of  these  precious  records  were  literally 
dumped  out  on  the  street,  to  be  used  for  lighting 
fires.  Even  so  recently  as  1815  it  is  related  that 
an  official  of  the  government,  desiring  room  for 
his  secretary,  sent  a  vast  collection  of  ancient 
manuscripts  to  "  Les  epicieres  de  Versailles," 
and  another  sold  entire  files  by  weight  for  his 
private  gain.  It  is  probable  that  many  vital  doc- 
uments eagerly  sought  by  historians  for  years 
may  have  been  destroyed  in  this  way. 

To  sum  up  the  contents  of  Dr.  Baxter's  very 
interesting  and  important  work,  it  includes  a 
scholarly  memoir  by  the  editor;  complete  and 
accurate  translations  of  the  Voyages  of  1534, 
1535-6,  and  1540;  a  facsimile  of  the  manu- 
script narrative  of  the  first  voyage ;  Cartier' s 
Vocabulary  of  the  Language  of  the  Natives  of 
Canada ;  Roberval's  Voyage  of  1542  ;  the 
course  of  Jean  Alphonse,  Roberval's  pilot ;  a 
collection  of  Collateral  Documents,  translated 
from  the  French  and  Spanish ;  and  a  Grenealogj- 
of  Cartier"  s  family.  To  these  are  added  a 
Bibliography,  an  Itinerary  of  the  Voyages,  and 
an  an^ytical  Index. 

The  work  is  elaborately  Ulustrated  by  charts, 
facsimiles  of  manuscripts,  and  reproductions 
of  old  plates,  —  all  on  Japan  paper,  splendidly 
executed.     The    doubtful  portrait  of  Jacques 


262 


THE    DIAL 


[April  16, 


Cartier,  the  original  of  which  hangs  in  the 
Hotel  de  Ville  at  St.  Malo,  is  used  as  a  frontis- 
piece. 

Of  the  make-up  of  the  book  it  would  be  im- 
possible to  speak  too  highly.  It  is  one  to  de- 
light the  heart  of  the  lover  of  good  books  and 
good  book-making.  It  gives  an  appropriate 
setting  to  one  of  the  really  important  historical 
books  of  the  year.     Lawrence  J.  Burpee. 


Recext  Fiction.* 


The  capacity  for  indignation  is  a  fine  quality,  in 
literature  no  less  than  in  life,  but  the  subject  upon 
which  it  is  employed  must  be  one  that  raises  no  doubt 
concerning  the  moral  issues  involved.  Mr.  Upton 
Sinclair,  in  his  war  story  of  ''Manassas,"  found  in 
the  abolitionist  movement  one  of  the  finest  of  possible 
themes,  and  gave  us  a  singularly  forceful  embodi- 
ment of  the  passion  for  righteousness.  When,  how- 
ever, he  takes  for  his  theme  the  labor  conditions  of 
a  great  modern  industry,  and  imports  into  his  treat- 
ment the  same  heated  methods  that  were  so  proper 
in  the  treatment  of  the  curse  of  slavery,  we  feel  that 
the  issue  is  clouded,  and  that  to  produce  the  impres- 
sion desired,  he  must  resort  to  exaggeration  and  falsi- 
fication, appeal  to  narrow  prejudice,  and  have  recourse 
to  all  manner  of  sensational  expedients.  This  does 
not  seem  to  us  an  unfair  statement  of  what  his  method 
has  been  in  "The  Jungle,"  which  deals  with  the 
packing  industries  of  the  Chicago  stock  yards,  and 
eventually  turns  out  to  be  an  undisguised  contribu- 
tion to  the  propaganda  of  socialism.  In  substance, 
the  book  tells  the  story  of  a  Lithuanian  immigrant, 
from  the  time  of  his  arrival  in  America  to  that  of 
his  enrollment  in  the  ranks  of  socialist  agitators. 
.  Diu-ing  this  time  he  is  employed  in  various  capacities 
in  Packingtown,  suffers  about  every  sort  of  misery 
that  a  lively  imagination  could  devise,  is  brought 
several  times  into  the  clutches  of  the  law,  becomes  a 
hobo,  a  hold-up  man,  and  a  politician,  after  which 
rake's  progress  he  settles  down  as  one  of  the  avowed 
enemies  of  society  as  it  now  exists.  This  scheme 
permits  the  author  to  indulge  in  a  frantic  onslaught 
upon  pretty  nearly  every  phase  of  the  present  social 

•The  Jungle.  By  Upton  Sinclair.  New  York:  Doubleday, 
Page  &  Co. 

The  Quickening.  By  Francis  Lynde.  Indianapolis:  The 
Bobba-Merrill  Co. 

The  Sage  Brush  Parson.  By  A.  B.  Ward.  Boston :  Little, 
Brown,  &  Co. 

The  Sea  Maid.  By  Ronald  Macdonald.  New  York :  Henry 
Holt  &  Co. 

Double  Trouble.  Or,  Every  Hero  his  Own  Villain.  By 
Herbert  Quick.    Indianapolis :  The  Bobbs-Merrill  Co. 

The  Patriots.  The  Story  of  Lee  and  the  Last  Hope.  By 
Cyrus  Townsend  Brady.    New  York:  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. 

The  Lake.  By  George  Moore.  New  York:  D.  Appleton  &Co. 

The  Healers.  By  Maarten  Maartens.  New  York:  D.Apple- 
ton  &  Co. 

The  Angel  op  Pain.  By  E.  F.  Benson.  Philadelphia:  The 
J.  B.  Lippincott  Co. 

Fishers  op  Men.  By  S.  R.  Crockett.  New  York :  D.  Apple- 
ton  &  Co. 


'order,  and  he  utilizes  his  opportunities  to  the  utmost. 
We  doubt  if  much  good  is  to  be  done  by  this  sort  of 
ex  parte  treatment,  however  real  some  of  the  griev- 
ances may  be,  and  assuredly  no  balanced  and  intel- 
ligent observer  will  agree  in  anything  like  its  entirety 
to  this  wholesale  indictment  of  industrial  and  social 
conditions.  It  is  too  obviously  colored  for  effect,  too 
wilfully  blind  to  the  many  forces  for  good  which  are 
steaddy  at  work  counteracting  the  evils  whose  exist- 
ence we  readily  admit.  Mr.  Sinclair's  horrors  are 
not  typical,  and  his  indecencies  of  speech  are  not 
tolerable  in  any  book  that  has  claims  to  considera- 
tion as  literature.  He  has  evidently  "  got  up  "  his 
case  with  much  pains  and  ingenuity,  but  he  spoils  it 
by  his  excess  of  bias  and  vehemence.  Nor  are  we 
willing  to  admit  that  a  work  is  a  novel  in  any  proper 
sense  which  does  little  more  than  exhibit  a  technical 
familiarity  with  certain  trades,  and  is  forever  declaim- 
ing against  wrongs,  real  or  imagined.  In  all  the 
essential  qualities  of  good  fiction  this  book  is  con- 
spicuously lacking.  Its  figures  are  puppets,  its 
construction  is  chaotic,  its  style  is  turgid,  and  its  truth 
is  more  than  half  falsehood.  Now  that  the  author 
has  relieved  his  mind,  we  trust  that  he  will  turn 
again  to  his  war  story,  and  complete  the  work  that 
was  so  admirably  begun  a  year  or  two  ago. 

"The  Quickening,"  by  Mr.  Francis  Lynde,  offers 
once  more  the  familiar  story  of  the  unregenerate 
country  boy  and  the  dainty  maiden  who  becomes  for 
hiin  the  one  woman  in  the  world,  and  whom  he  mar- 
ries after  the  inevitable  years  of  misunderstanding. 
There  is  also,  of  course,  the  usual  rival,  the  youth 
bred  in  the  refinements  of  civilization,  polished  with- 
out and  corrupt  within.  The  scene  is  Tennessee,  and 
the  time  our  own,  which  is  a  departure  from  the 
usual  practice  of  setting  the  action  far  enough  back 
to  send  the  hero  to  the  Civil  War.  It  is  in  the  mod- 
ern industrial  war  of  promoters  and  capitalists  that  he 
wins  his  spurs  instead,  but  the  outcome  is  to  the  same 
general  effect.  The  story  is  pleasant  and  genuine. 
"The  Sage  Brush  Parson,"  by  "A.  B.  Ward," 
is  the  story  of  an  English  dissenting  preacher,  who 
feels  that  he  can  best  accomplish  his  mission  for  the 
saving  of  souls  by  deserting  his  unsympathetic  wife, 
going  to  America,  and  establishing  himself  in  a 
Nevada  frontier  community.  Here  he  finds  material 
a-plenty  for  his  missionary  efforts,  and,  being  a  good 
deal  of  a  man  at  bottom,  he  wins  the  respect  of  his 
rough  neighbors,  and  comes  to  have  a  strong  influ- 
ence over  their  lives.  They  test  him  in  various  ways, 
and  he  always  proves  game.  The  town  includes  in 
its  population  a  small  group  of  people  of  wealth  and 
refinement,  one  of  them  being  a  woman,  and  her 
friendship  for  the  preacher  becomes  the  oasis  in  the 
desert  of  his  emotional  life.  We  think  that  she  is  a 
widow,  although  we  are  never  quite  able  to  find  out ; 
she  thinks  that  he  is  unmari-ied,  and  discovers  her 
mistake  under  very  tragic  circumstances  near  the 
close  of  the  book.  For  the  deserted  wife  appears 
upon  the  scene,  nags  her  husband  until  he  wishes 
that  she  were  dead,  and  then,  in  a  quarrel,  kdls  her- 
self with  their  child  out  of  pure  spite,  knowing  that 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


263 


his  remorse  will  charge  him  with  blood-guiltiness.  It 
does  indeed,  for,  when  accused  of  murder,  he  pleads 
guilty,  to  the  amazement  of  his  friends,  and  is  about 
to  be  hanged  when  the  truth  is  brought  to  view. 
There  is  much  strength  in  this  vivid  narrative,  com- 
bined with  humor,  realistic  description,  and  incisive 
■characterization. 

The  desert  island  story  seems  to  be  acquiring  vogue 
•once  more.  Its  latest  variant  is  "  The  Sea  Maid," 
by  Mr.  Ronald  Macdonald.  which  tells  how  the  Dean 
of  Beckminster  and  his  aUing  wife  sailed  for  the  anti- 
podes in  1883,  and  for  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century 
remained  unheard  from,  and  naturally  mourned  as 
dead.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  they  had  been  ship- 
wrecked upon  an  uncharted  island,  and  so  contrived 
to  adapt  themselves  to  circumstances  that  when  they 
are  discovered  they  are  found  to  be  leading  a  reason- 
ably comfortable  existence.  TVe  hast«n  to  mention 
that  there  is  a  daughter,  born  upon  the  island,  and 
now  grown  to  beautiful  womanhood  without  ever 
having  seen  other  human  beings  than  her  parents. 
This  Miranda  is  the  ••  sea  maid "  of  the  title,  and 
when  her  Ferdinand  turns  up,  the  natural  conse- 
quences follow.  His  appearance  is  contrived  by  a 
mutiny  on  board  a  steamer  in  the  Australian  trade, 
with  the  marooning  of  ofl&cers  and  passengers  upon 
the  same  unknown  island,  which  happens  to  be  con- 
veniently at  hand.  Here  is  a  piquant  situation,  and 
it  is  developed  with  ingenious  success,  albeit  with  a 
certain  extravagance  of  humor.  For  sheer  enter- 
tainment this  story  is  one  of  the  best  of  the  year, 
and  it  is  by  no  means  devoid  of  the  qualities  that 
appeal  to  the  literary  sense. 

The  troubles  experienced  by  the  hero  of  "  Double 
Trouble,"  a  story  by  Mr.  Herbert  Quick,  are  of  the 
sort  known  to  the  gentleman  whose  personality  alter- 
nated between  that  of  Dr.  Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde.  In 
other  words,  the  story  is  of  a  dual  personality,  told 
without  anything  of  Stevenson's  psychological  in- 
sight, but  nevertheless  with  a  very  pretty  gift  of 
invention.  Florian  Amidon,  a  banker  of  Hazelhurst, 
Wisconsin,  starts  on  a  journey.  He  has  not  got  very 
far  when  he  suddenly  and  mysteriously  becomes 
somebody  else.  In  his  new  character,  it  seems,  he  is 
Eugene  Brassfield.  and  \Arith  that  name  he  wanders 
to  BeUevale,  Pennsylvania,  settles  down,  lives  for 
several  years,  and  becomes  a  leading  citizen.  One 
night,  while  on  his  way  to  Xew  York,  he  falls  out  of 
his  berth  in  the  sleeper,  and  the  shock  awakens  bim 
as  Amidon,  his  existence  as  Brassfield  becoming  a 
complete  blank.  But  his  clothes,  the  papers  foimd 
in  his  pockets,  and  the  reception  he  meets  when  he 
reaches  New  York,  all  afford  convincing  evidence 
that  he  is  Brassfield.  One  letter,  in  particular,  shows 
him  that  he  is  engaged  to  marry  a  girl  of  BeUevale, 
who  has  the  most  unbounded  affection  for  him.  In 
his  perplexity,  he  consults  a  pair  of  hypnotists  —  a 
German  professor  with  a  lovely  daughter  —  who  find 
that  the  Brassfield  personality  emerges  when  he  is 
put  to  sleep  under  their  influence.  By  taking  notes 
of  what  he  says  during  a  succession  of  these  trances, 
thev  construct  for  him  an  outline  of  his  Brassfield 


life  and  character,  and  impart  the  facts  to  him  after 
he  is  awakened.  Armed  with  this  material,  he  re- 
pairs to  BeUevale,  accompanied  by  his  friends  the 
hypnotists,  and  with  the  help  of  the  notes  suppUed 
him,  tries  to  fit  himself  into  the  existence  concerning 
which  his  memorj'  has  nothing  to  teU  him.  The 
resulting  compUcations  are  extremely  amusing,  and 
keep  the  reader's  interest  alert  to  the  end.  The 
story,  moreover,  has  a  crisp  and  animated  style  that 
adds  greatly  to  the  charm.  As  for  the  quotations 
from  imaginary  poems  that  preface  the  chapters, 
they  are,  if  anything,  more  diaboUcaUy  ingenious 
than  the  prose  narrative.  We  can  assure  the  reader 
of  this  tale  much  satisfaction. 

One  does  not  like  to  say  imkind  things  about  Mr. 
Cyrus  Townsend  Brady's  romantic  fictions,  even  if 
he  does  write  far  too  many  of  them  to  write  any  of 
them  carefuUy,  and  even  if  their  appeal  is  quite 
obviously  made  to  a  rather  low  level  of  appreciation. 
They  are  nice  stories,  after  aU,  not  devoid  of  interest, 
and  fairly  reeking  with  wholesome  sentiment.  The 
writer  has,  moreover,  a  pretty  knack  of  working 
up  his  historical  argument,  and  he  has  reaUy  read 
widely  and  wisely  in  American  annals.  "The  Pa- 
triots "  is  a  story  of  the  Civil  War,  having  Lee  for  its 
historical  hero,  and  a  young  Confederate  officer  for 
its  romantic  hero.  The  scenes  chiefly  described  are 
Pickett's  charge  at  Gettj'sburg.  the  struggle  in  the 
WUderness,  and  the  final  operations  about  Richmond- 
There  are  two  heroines,  both  charming,  and  the  right 
one  wins  the  contested  object  of  their  common  wor- 
ship. Dr.  Brady  thinks  that  a  writer  at  this  day 
need  make  no  apology  for  extolling  the  character  of 
that  great  leader  and  true-hearted  gentleman  who  so 
valiantly  maintained  the  last  hope  of  the  Confederacy 
as  long  as  any  hope  was  possible,  and  we  quite  agree 
with  him.  Barring  the  one  fatal  mistake  of  judg- 
ment (or  of  sjTupathy)  which  aUgned  him  with  the 
foes  of  the  Union,  the  career  of  Lee  earned  for  him 
the  respect,  the  admiration,  and  almost  the  love,  of 
North  no  less  than  of  South,  and  there  is  no  one  of 
us  who  may  not  be  proud  of  claiming  him  as  a 
feUow-countryman. 

The  story  of  the  priest,  to  whom  the  meaning  of 
life  is  revealed  after  his  vows  are  taken,  and  who 
deserts  his  calling  in  response  to  the  imperative 
mandate  of  natural  instinct,  is  the  stor\'  of  "The 
Lake,"  Mr.  George  Moore's  recently-published  noveL 
The  story  is  anything  but  a  new  one,  and  readily 
lends  itself  to  sensational  and  unwholesome  treat- 
ment. In  the  present  case,  the  handling  is  not  sen- 
sational, but  is  not  altogether  free  from  the  charge 
of  unwholesomeness.  Father  Gogarty  is  in  charge  of 
a  poor  parish  in  Connaught,  and  among  his  parish- 
ioners is  a  young  woman  who  sins,  and  is  in  conse- 
quence driven  from  her  home,  largely  by  the  sternness 
of  the  priest's  denunciation  of  her  conduct.  Repent- 
ing him  of  his  severity'  upon  reflection,  he  enters 
into  correspondence  with  the  girl,  and  during  the 
course  of  this  correspondence,  he  comes  to  realize 
that  the  very  vehemence  of  his  accusation  had  been 
the  outcome  of  unconscious  jealousy,  that  he  had 


264 


THE    DIAL 


[April  16, 


denounced  her  more  because  of  the  stirrings  of  love 
in  his  own  breast  than  because  of  horror  at  what  she 
had  done.  The  gi'eater  part  of  the  story  is  told  in 
the  letters  which  these  two  exchange,  letters  which 
permit  the  author  to  discuss  not  only  matters  of 
religion  and  ethics,  but  also  of  art  and  music.  The 
two  never  meet  again,  but  the  self-searchings  evoked 
by  their  correspondence  determine  the  priest  to 
abandon  his  profession  and  go  forth  into  the  world, 
a  man  among  men.  He  makes  his  escape  by  swim- 
ming across  the  lake  one  summer  night,  leaving  it 
to  be  supposed  that  he  has  been  drowned,  but  in 
reality  making  his  way  to  a  seaport,  and  embarking 
for  AJnerica.  Here  the  story  ends.  It  wiU  be  seen 
that  its  interest  is  almost  purely  psychological,  and 
that  the  theatre  of  its  action  is  Father  Gogarty's 
mind  rather  than  the  community  in  which  his  lot  is 
cast.  And  although  the  language  is  at  times  appall- 
ingly frank,  it  must  be  admitted  that  the  spirit  of 
the  treatment  is  in  general  one  of  artistic  restraint. 
The  style  has  the  simplicity  and  transparency  that 
betoken  the  accomplished  craftsman  in  words,  and 
the  author's  feeling  for  nature  is  expressed  as 
admirably  as  his  feeling  for  art  and  life.  We 
doubt  if  Mr.  Moore  has  ever  done  a  better  piece  of 
writing. 

We  have  read  "  The  Healers  "  with  mingled  de- 
light and  exasperation.  The  Dutchman  who  writes 
in  English  under  the  style  of  "  Maarten  Maartens  " 
has  a  wealth  of  wholesome  and  tender  sentiment,  a 
fund  of  genial  observation,  and  a  flow  of  unfailing 
himtior.  These  qualities  make  every  one  of  his  books 
noteworthy,  and  the  latest  is  no  exception  to  the  rule. 
With  all  these  gifts  to  lavish  upon  a  novel  it  seems 
to  us  sheer  wantonness  that  he  should  also  make  use 
of  the  sensational  devices  connoted  by  such  terms  as 
telepathy  and  clairvoyance,  and  should  even  resort  to 
such  cheap  wonders  as  planchette-writing  and  table- 
tipping.  These  things  are  wrought  into  the  very 
fabric  of  his  new  novel  and  weaken  its  logical  foun- 
dations. For  a  serious  purpose  underlies  the  play- 
fulness of  this  book,  a  purpose  which  finds  expression 
in  the  following  proposition :  "  As  a  rule,  the  medical 
is  the  least  conservative  of  the  professions,  for  in  their 
utter  incertitude  and  tomfoolery  of  ineffective  nos- 
trums the  doctors  naturally  snatch  at  any  new  chance 
of  an  accidental  success."  But  the  tomfooleries  of 
medicine  are  highly  respectable  in  comparison  with 
those  of  popular  superstition,  which  are  here  put  for- 
ward as  a  substitute.  We  are  thus  bound  to  repu- 
diate the  book  in  its  would-be  serious  aspect,  and 
fall  back  upon  the  entertaining  invention,  the  acute 
characterization,  and  the  combined  humor  and  pathos 
that  it  offers.  The  characters  are  Dutch  and  En- 
glish, the  scenes  Leyden  and  Paris ;  there  is  a  curious 
resemblance  to  "  God's  Fool "  in  the  study  of  the 
defective  chUd,  gradually  awakened  to  a  kind  of  life, 
as  a  moral,  if  not  as  a  thinking,  creature. 

We  must  condemn  Mr.  Benson's  "  The  Angel  of 
Pain  "  on  grounds  similar  to  those  that  make  "  The 
Healers  "  so  ineffective.  Here  is  a  story  of  English 
life'  well-proportioned  and  skUfidly  told,  working 


with  strength  and  insight  toward  a  striking  consum- 
mation, having  for  its  motive  the  development  of  the 
finer  qualities  of  manhood  through  the  ministry  of 
suffering,  and  keeping,  for  the  most  part,  a  firm 
grasp  upon  the  realities  of  life.  But  into  this  other- 
wise sane,  although  possibly  overwrought,  narrative 
there  is  injected  an  element  of  the  most  fantastic 
superstition.  One  of  the  characters,  who  has  deserted 
society  for  the  contemplative  life,  enters  into  so  close 
a  communion  with  nature  that  he  comes  to  hear  in 
very  truth  the  shrill  notes  of  Pan's  flute,  and  at  last 
sees  the  god  face  to  face,  only  to  be  crushed  to  death 
in  his  shaggy  embrace.  This  incident  is  not  repre- 
sented as  resulting  from  a  crazed  fancy;  it  is  given 
us  as  equally  credible  with  incidents  of  the  ordinary 
sort,  and  is  supported  by  the  evidence  of  eye- 
witnesses. Now  Mr.  Benson  does  not  believe  this, 
or  anything  like  this,  to  be  possible ;  he  has  simply 
spoiled  a  story  of  genuine  human  interest  by  a  reck- 
less indulgence  in  sensational  imaginings.  He  has 
done  the  same  sort  of  thing  once  before,  and  if  he 
do  not  pull  himself  together  in  time,  he  wiU  come 
near  to  ruining  his  hitherto  creditable  reputation  as 
a  minor  novelist. 

Mr.  Crockett's  latest  invention  is  something  of  a 
novelty.  Instead  of  finding  its  theme  in  Scotch 
Covenanters  or  Spanish  Carlists,  it  plunges  us  into 
the  slums  of  modern  Edinburgh,  and  makes  us  ac- 
quainted with  the  gentry  whose  profession  is  crime, 
and  whose  chief  object  in  life  is  to  escape  the  gal- 
lows. We  have  described  a  school  for  the  training 
of  thieves  that  makes  the  establishment  of  the  late 
Mr.  Fagin  seem  primitive  indeed.  We  have  also  a 
modern  Oliver  Twist  —  one  "  Kid  McGhie  "  —  who 
is  an  interesting  little  chap,  and  who  insinuates  him- 
self quite  closely  into  our  affections.  Side  by  side 
with  this  study  of  the  criminal  environment,  we  have 
depicted  the  correctives  of  settlement  and  reforma- 
tory, whereby  the  story  becomes  justified  in  its  title, 
"Fishers  of  Men."  But  all  these  matters  do  not 
account  for  more  than  half  of  the  varied  interests 
of  the  story,  which  also  provides  us  with  types  and 
situations  belonging  to  a  very  different  social  sphere. 
Abundance  of  exciting  incident  (  sometimes  close  to 
melodrama),  a  well-sustained  plot,  shrewd  charac- 
terization, and  genial  humor  all  combine  to  make 
this  book  one  of  the  most  entertaining  that  Mr. 
Crockett  has  ever  written. 

William  Morton  Payxe. 


Briefs  ox  New  Books. 


An  Enatish  A  new  "  History  of  the  Civil  War  in 

AmeHcaJ''"  ^^e  United  States,  1861-1865,"  by 
Civil  War.  W.  Birkbeck  Wood  and  Major  J.  E. 

Edmonds,  two  English  army  officers,  is  published  in 
America  by  the  Messrs.  Putnam.  The  problems  of 
the  American  CivU  War  have  had,  during  recent 
years,  special  interest  for  British  soldiers ;  and  this 
volume  is,  like  Colonel  Henderson's  work  on  Stone- 
wall Jackson,  a  result  of  the  scientific  study  of  the 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


265 


battles  and  campaigns  of  that  conflict.  The  Intro- 
duction, by  Mr.  Spencer  Wilkinson,  makes  some  state- 
ments that  lead  one  to  expect  more  than  the  authors 
perhaps  intended.  They  take  little  notice  of  politics 
and  diplomacy,  of  social  and  economic  conditions, 
but  confine  their  attention  strictly  to  military  history. 
A  separate  chapter  deals  with  the  naval  operations 
of  the  war.  The  numerous  maps  and  battle-plans 
are  instructive,  but  not  always  accurate.  To  Amer- 
icans, the  value  of  the  book  is  to  be  foxmd  mainly  in 
the  judgments  arrived  at  by  competent  critics  who 
are  thoroughly  impartial  on  all  questions.  Their 
disinterested  views  on  matters  of  controversy  are 
worthy  of  the  most  serious  consideration.  The  deep- 
lying  causes  of  the  war  are  more  clearly  seen  by 
them  than  by  those  nearer  the  scene  of  trouble. 
"Mason's  and  Dixon's  line,"  they  say,  "was  some- 
thing more  than  an  artificial  boundary  between 
slavery  and  emancipation.  It  had  come  to  be  a 
geographical  boundarj'-line  between  two  separate 
peoples.  The  character,  institutions,  and  interests 
of  the  North  and  South  were  as  different  as  those  of 
any  two  neighboring  nations."  Leaders  and  policies 
of  each  side  come  in  for  moderate  criticism.  Lincoln 
is  criticised  for  interfering  with  his  generals  for  polit- 
ical purposes  ;  Davis,  for  allowing  his  own  views  on 
military  matters  to  embarrass  the  operations  of  his 
generals.  Throughout  the  book,  emphasis  is  laid 
upon  the  mistake  of  Davis  in  insisting  on  a  strictly 
defensive  fight  while  waiting  for  foreign  recognition. 
A  defensive  policy  prolonged  the  agony ;  it  could  not 
win  the  war.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Washington 
government  feared  too  much  for  the  safetj'  of  the 
capitol,  and  this  gave  the  Confederates  the  oppor- 
tunity to  defend  Richmond  by  demonstrations  in 
the  far-away  valley  of  the  Shenandoah.  The  Con- 
federates are  commended  for  the  way  in  which  their 
leaders  cooperated  with  one  another,  in  sharp  con- 
trast with  the  jealousy  among  the  Federal  com- 
manders ;  but  they  are  condemned  for  their  too 
defensive  policy,  for  their  neglect  of  their  western 
frontier,  and  for  placing  too  many  men,  who  were 
afterwards  captured,  in  the  fortresses  guarding  the 
rivers.  The  estimates  of  the  leading  generals  are  fair 
enough,  Lee  and  Jackson  are  the  great  mUitarj-  fig- 
ures of  the  war ;  next  come  McClellan,  Grant,  and 
Sherman :  the  two  Johnsons  and  Stuart  are  not  so 
important,  the  authors  think,  as  the  Southerners 
consider  them  ;  Halleck  was  a  fraud  :  Longstreet  is 
pronounced  slow ;  and  the  opinion  is  ventured  that 
had  Jackson  been  with  Lee  at  Gettysburg,  they  would 
have  won.  The  decisive  factor  of  the  war  was  the 
Union  Navy,  which  blockaded  the  coast  and  broke 
the  Confederate  lines  along  the  rivers.  The  authors 
are  mistaken  in  saying  that  the  Abolitionists  gave 
Lincoln  an  enthusiastic  support  and  "  supplied  the 
Northern  armies  with  their  best  soldiers."  The 
work  contains  no  new  material,  it  makes  little  use  of 
the  official  records,  and  it  shows  nothing  striking 
as  to  arrangement  or  presentation ;  but  it  is  a  useful 
condensation  of  the  best  military  histories  and  is 
illuminated  by  much  judicious  comment. 


Lockhart,  never  prodigal  of  praise. 
Letter*  chiefly      once   characterized   Richard   Ford's 

guidebook  to  Spain  (in  its  original 
voluminous  form)  as  "  the  work  of  a  most  superior 
workman,  —  master  of  more  tools  than  almost  any 
one  in  these  days  pretends  to  handle  ";  and  in  its 
pages  he  found  "  keen  observation  and  sterling  sense 
with  learning  a  la  Burton  and  pleasantry  a  la  Mon- 
taigne." Thus  one  would  expect  "The  Letters  of 
Richard  Ford"  (Dutton),  as  edited  and  annotated 
by  Mr.  Rowland  E.  Prothero,  to  furnish  some  good 
reading;  and  the  expectation  is  not  disappointed. 
Living  and  travelling  in  Spain  from  1830  to  1833, 
Ford  wrote  frequent  letters  to  his  friend,  Henry  Un- 
win  Addington,  then  British  Minister  at  the  Court  of 
Madrid,  and  he  continued  the  correspondence  after 
his  return  to  England.  These  letters,  carefully  treas- 
ured by  Addington,  have  recently  come  into  the  pos- 
session of  the  writer's  widow,  and  are  now  published 
at  her  desire.  The  Torrijos  insurrection  and  other 
political  and  military'  disquietudes  helped  to  make 
Ford's  stay  in  Spain  an  eventful  one.  A  summer  and 
autumn  were  spent  by  him  and  his  family  as  tenants 
of  a  small  part  of  the  Alhambra,  whence  letters  of  a 
picturesque  quality  were  despatched  to  his  friend  in 
Madrid.  Returning  to  his  more  permanent  quarters- 
at  Seville,  Ford  thus  describes  the  difficulties  and 
dangers  of  the  journey :  ''  We  have  at  length  arrived 
here  safely,  God  be  praised  I  through  the  deepest 
ploughed  fields,  worst  Veritas,  and  stoutest  gangs  of 
robbers  in  aU  Spain.  We  have  been  six  mortal  days 
on  the  journey,  doing  some  36  leagues  at  an  expense 
of  6000  or  7000  reals,  having  fed  29  persons  every 
night,  ravenous  wolves  who  never  ate  before  and 
probably  never  will  again  unless  some  Milor  or  £m~ 
hajador  should  make  that  journey  ..."  The  let^ 
ters  show  their  writer  to  have  been  something  of  a  con- 
noisseur in  feminine  beauty.  It  may  be  added  in  pass- 
ing that  he  thrice,  in  a  comparatively  short  life,  bent 
his  neck  to  the  matrimonial  yoke.  The  letters  from 
England,  after  his  return  home,  describe  with  viva- 
city and  wit  his  literary  pursuits,  which  were  chiefly 
in  the  way  of  writing  reviews  and  special  articles  for 
the  "  Quarterly,"  the  *'  Ekiinburgh,"  and  other  prom- 
inent journals.  Five  years  were  devoted,  intermit- 
tently, to  his  Spanish  guidebook.  The  illustrations 
accompanying  these  letters  are  from  sketches,  draw- 
ings, and  paintings,  but  not  from  Ford's  hand  though 
he  was  no  contemptible  draughtsman.  They  are  in- 
teresting, and  not  merely  decorative.  Two  Alham- 
bra drawings  by  the  first  Mrs.  Ford  are  especially 
pleasing.  On  the  title-page  is  printed,  after  Ford's 
name,  "  1797  —  1858,"  although  both  the  editor  and 
other  authorities  give  his  birth-year  as  1796. 


...      .       ,        Mr.  Andrew  Lang's  versatility  is  no 

A  di*entangler  f  .  V,,  ,  . 

of  the  secret  longer  a  matter  of  surprise.     Of  his 

of  the  Totem.  many  fields  of  enterprise,  the  one 
most  frequently  cultivated  leads  him  into  the  inter- 
esting domain  of  the  early  psychology  of  man.. 
In  his  latest  venture,  the  quest  is  for  "  The  Secret 
of  the  Totem"  (Longmans),  a  perplexing  quarry 


266 


THE    DIAL 


[April  16, 


with  mysterious  haunts.  Mr.  Lang's  methods  are 
the  sturdy  ones  held  in  high  esteem  by  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  mind,  quite  aptly  described  as  an  exalted 
common-sense.  Penetration  is  no  adequate  substi- 
tute for  thoroughness ;  but  it  is  the  better  half  of 
what  should  be  a  joint  equipment  for  the  chase. 
Whatever  the  totem  comes  to  mean  in  more  elabo- 
rately organized  communities,  its  simpler  status  is  a 
tribal  relationship,  with  its  fundamental  service  in 
the  regulation  of  the  eligibility  of  marriages  between 
near  of  kin.  It  is  a  totem-kin  at  all  events,  —  how- 
ever variable  a  relation  that  term  may  cover.  The 
next  query  relates  to  the  primitive  condition  of  man 
before  this  type  of  marriage-restriction  was  insti- 
tuted :  whether  of  large  promiscuous  herds,  or  of 
small  unit  groups  rided  by  one  or  a  few  male  patri- 
archs. Mr.  Lang,  with  Darwin  and  many  others, 
adheres  to  the  last  named  supposition.  Somehow 
from  this  relation  there  developed  a  system  in  which 
the  men  of  one  group  could  take  as  wives  only  those 
of  another ;  and  the  designation  of  each  was  that  of 
the  animal  to  whose  totem  each  belonged.  The  name 
is  ever  a  potent  influence  in  savage  psychology,  and 
animals  are  held  in  high  esteem  ;  but  the  institution 
prompted  the  name,  not  the  converse.  Why  animal 
names  were  chosen  is  no  more  of  a  mystery  than  that 
we  stiU  speak  of  the  inhabitants  of  three  adjoining 
states  as  Badgers,  Gophers,  and  Wolverines.  In  oppo- 
sition to  the  view  that  the  totem  marriage-restriction 
was  either  a  moral  one  or  an  innate  response  to  the 
dangers  of  in-breeding,  Mr.  Lang  posits  it  as  an 
outgrowth  of  the  necessity  of  the  young  males  to  look 
elsewhere  for  partners,  and  of  coming  to  look  in 
convenient  or  preferred  tribes.  The  rest  of  the  asso- 
ciations with  the  custom,  as  well  as  the  complex  group 
of  tales  and  rites  and  beliefs  that  attach  to  the  rela- 
tion, grow  naturally  out  of  the  psychological  habits 
of  primitive  man.  There  is  more  to  the  theory  than 
this ;  and  its  application  to  the  facts,  and  its  accounting 
for  the  exceptions  and  crossing  with  other  customs, 
make  the  whole  an  intricate  tale  upon  which  the 
author  of  "The  Disentanglers "  has  spent  his  cus- 
tomary ingenuity. 

The  unhappy  life  and  tragic  death  of 

'^rM:.T8tu:rt.  ^^^y  ^^^^^  «*  Scots  are  a  perennial 
source  of  literary  and  romantic  as 
well  as  of  historic  interest.  The  past  year  adds  to  the 
already  long  list  two  new  biographies.  One  of  these, 
written  by  Mr.  A.  H.  Millar  and  imported  by  the 
Messrs.  Scribner,  is  best  characterized  by  the  con- 
cluding sentence  of  the  preface  :  "  To  explain  fully 
the  conditions  under  which  her  life  was  passed  is  not 
possible  within  limited  space,  but  an  honest  attempt 
will  here  be  made  to  place  the  events  of  her  che- 
quered career  faithfully  before  the  reader,  so  that 
he  may  draw  his  own  conclusions."  The  book  is,  in 
the  main,  a  careful  and  not  too  detailed  presentation 
of  facts.  Regarding  the  famous  Casket  Letters,  for 
example,  Mr.  Lang's  conclusion  is  cited,  that  "  while 
some  portions  of  the  most  incriminating  letters  are 
genuine,  these  have  been  tampered  with,"  and  the  ad- 


ditional important  fact  is  stated  that  neither  Norfolk 
nor  Sir  Francis  Knollys  laid  stress  upon  them. — 
The  second  of  these  biographies,  by  Miss  Hilda  T. 
Skae  (published  by  Lippincott),  is  less  judicial  in 
tone.  Referring  to  the  episode  just  spoken  of,  we 
find  the  statement,  "  Mary  must  be  prevented  from 
appearing  in  her  own  defence.  .  .  .  No  originals  of 
these  documents  were  asked  for;  nor,  supposing 
they  had  ever  existed,  do  they  appear  to  have  been 
seen  since  the  date  of  their  alleged  discovery.  .  .  . 
The  Conferences  neither  established  nor  disproved 
Mary's  guilt ;  but  they  served  the  purpose  of  giving 
publicity  to  charges  which  her  detractors  were  only 
too  interested  in  spreading."  (The  italics  are  the 
reviewer's. )  This  is  certainly  an  attempt  to  bias 
opinion  in  Mary's  behalf.  The  full  truth,  however, 
will  never  be  known.  The  student  cannot  but  won- 
der, sometimes,  whether  Schiller's  poetic  insight  has 
not  given  a  fairer  appreciation  of  Mary's  character, 
despite  the  fact  that  he  dealt  with  historic  material 
with  the  utmost  freedom  and  invented  the  three 
points  upon  which  the  plot  of  his  tragedy  turns,  than 
is  to  be  gained  by  searching  the  archives  and  follow- 
ing the  devious  mazes  of  political  intrigue  that  deter- 
mined the  career  of  the  beautiful  and  unhappy  queen. 

The  storv  of  "^  distinctly  notable  contribution  to 
a  wayivard  OUT  comprehension  of  the  vicissitudes 

personaiitv.  Qf  personality  has  been  made  by  Dr. 
Morton  Prince  in  his  story  of  "  The  Dissociation  of 
a  Personality  "  (Longmans).  Professor  James  has 
given  a  classic  description  of  the  manner  by  which 
an  individual  becomes  the  complex  self  that  he  is  by 
the  several  furtherings  and  relinquishments  of  the 
possible  selves  that  he  might  have  been;  and  thiis 
the  unity  of  our  personality  may  well  be  said  to  be 
an  achievement,  however  natural  a  one.  The  storm 
and  stress  period  of  an  impressignable  adolescence 
precipitates  these  struggles  of  inner  conflict,  com- 
plicated by  outer  circumstance.  The  story  of  Miss 
Beauchamp  is  that  of  a  young  woman  in  whom  these 
several  potentialities  —  conflicting  embodiments  of 
a  complex  and  abnormal  nature  —  alternately  and 
interferingly  took  command  and  divided  the  house 
against  itself.  The  assimilative  processes  became 
grouped  about  several  centres  with  complex  relations 
to  one  another ;  and  the  "  eccentric  "  selves,  neglect- 
ing and  antagonizing  the  interests,  each  of  the  other, 
gave  rise  to  many  a  hopeless  conflict  in  the  practical 
arena.  The  several  characters  thus  selfishly  shaping 
their  several  fortunes  developed  such  opposed  char- 
acteristics that  Dr.  Prince  acknowledges  the  tempta- 
tion to  call  his  book  "  The  Saint,  the  Woman,  and 
the  Devil."  Most  startling  of  all  is  the  revelation 
that  the  Miss  Beauchamp  who  sought  his  professional 
aid,  then  a  college  student  whom  her  friends  thought 
"  queer,"  but  yet  one  of  themselves,  proved  to  be  but 
a  variant  of  the  original  Miss  B.,  who  was  at  last 
discovered  as  the  rightful  heir  of  this  personality 
disinherited  by  a  violent  hysterical  attack,  and  in  the 
end  restored  to  her  OAvn,  and  the  several  rivals  ejected. 
It  takes   five  hundred    images  to  disentangle  these 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL. 


267 


threads,  and  to  prove  that  truth  is  stranger  than  fic- 
tion, and  yet  more  coherent.  This  "biographical 
study  in  abnormal  psychology  "  is  most  discerningly 
portraved,  and  is  recommended  alike  for  the  fasci- 
nation of  the  theme  and  the  insight  that  it  affords 
into  the  methods  by  which  psychology  comes  to  the 
aid  of  practical  treatment  and  diagnosis.  Yet  the 
■whole  story  is  but  the  abnormal  development,  vrrit 
large,  of  what  in  miniature  phase  we  all  recognize 
as  a  factor  in  the  genesis  of  self-expression.  By  no 
means  the  slightest  service  of  the  volume  will  be  that 
of  showing  the  kind  of  analysis  that  alone  is  adequate 
for  an  understanding  of  the  wawardness  of  our 
wonderfuUv  and  fearfullv  made  minds. 


The  story  of 
a  Platonic 
friendship. 


A  truly  Platonic  friendship  between 
two  boys  is  related  in  language  so 
choice  and  beautiful  as  almost  to 
>mack  of  preciosity-,  by  Mr.  Forrest  Reid  —  a  name 
that  has  a  somewhat  pseudonymous  look  —  in  his 
sumptuous  little  quarto  entitled  "The  Garden  Grod," 
which  is  published  by  'Mr.  David  Nutt  of  London  in 
a  limited  edition  of  250  copies.  The  hero  of  this 
prose  poem  is  Graham  Iddesleigh,  who  seems  to  have 
been  early  inf  ecte<l  with  the  divine  madness  described 
in  the  "  Phaedrus," —  the  madness  caused  by  a  re- 
newed vision  of  that  supernal  beauty  wherein  the 
soul  revelled  in  its  unembodied  state.  This  madness, 
finding  in  Harold  Brocklehurst  a  living  embodiment 
of  that  faintly  remembered  beauty,  issues  in  a  friend- 
ship at  once  vehemently  passionate  and  absolutely 
pure.  The  untimely  death  of  Harold  leaves  his  friend 
inconsolable;  and  so  the  story  of  their  love,  told 
thirty  years  after  by  the  mourning  survivor,  is  an 
elegy,  though  in  prose.  The  memory  of  the  beauti- 
ftd  youth  is  not  to  die  "  without  the  meed  of  some 
melodious  tear."  We  have  been  assured,  by  one  who 
is  no  mean  poet  himself,  that  we  do  poets  and  their 
song  a  grievous  wrong  if  our  own  soul  does  not  bring 
to  their  high  imagining  as  much  beauty  as  they  sing. 
"'The  Garden  God"  is  emphatically  the  kind  of 
book  to  which  one  must  bring  a  spirit  of  sympathy, 
a  submission  to  the  tale-teller's  magic  spell.  The 
friendship  described  is  as  transcendently  beautiful 
as  that  pre-terrestial  loveliness  whereof  the  Platonist 
has  fleeting  glimpses,  and  which  the  Wordsworth- 
lover  is  dimly  conscious  of  as  having  its  dwelling  in 
*'  the  light  of  setting  suns,  and  the  round  ocean,  and 
the  living  air,  and  the  blue  sky,  and  in  the  mind  of 
man."  '  Exactly  who  or  what  the  garden  god  is,  re- 
mains a  little  vague.  One  thing  at  least  is  certain : 
it  is  neither  Priapus  nor  Yertxmanus.  But  lest  any 
attempted  explanation  should  end  only  in  further 
befogging  the  question,  it  shall  here  be  left  to  the 

ingenious  reader.  

Balthasar  Hiibmaier  has  been  here- 
tofore sadly  neglected  in  the  bio- 
graphical literature  of  the  English 
language  relating  to  the  Protestant  Reformers  of  the 
Sixteenth  Century ;  and  of  the  two  published  biog- 
raphies of  him,  one  is  in  the  Bohemian  language  and 
the  other  is  in  German.     The  Reverend  Dr.  Henry 


A  hero  and 
leader  of  the 
Reformation 


C.  Tedder,  Professor  of  Church  History  in  the  Crozer 
Theological  Seminary,  has  laid  all  students  of  reli- 
gious history  under  obligation  to  him  for  his  contri- 
bution of  a  life  of  Hiibmaier  to  the  series  of  *'  Heroes 
of  the  Reformation"  (Putnam).  The  difficulties 
encountered  in  the  preparation  of  the  book  have  not 
been  easily  overcome,  for  the  bibliography  of  the  sub- 
ject contains  few  works  in  the  English  language. 
While  not  the  founder  of  the  sect  of  Anabaptists,  and 
while  himself  repudiating  that  title  as  recognizing 
the  validity  of  infant  baptism,  Hiibmaier  was  the 
leader  of  the  sect,  was  recognized  as  such  in  his  day, 
and  rose  to  the  distinction  of  being  fourth  on  the  list 
of  heretics  whose  works  were  placed  by  the  Roman 
Church  on  the  "Index  Librorum  Prohibitorum,"  in 
1616.  He  was  at  one  time  friendly  with  the  Swiss 
Reformers,  but  later  engaged  in  controversial  writ- 
ings with  Zwingli.  He  entered  upon  his  task  of  re- 
form in  1523,  which  left  only  five  years  of  his  life 
for  that  work,  for  he  suffered  martyrdom  as  a  leader 
of  the  Anabaptists,  by  burning,  on  the  10th  of  March, 
1528.  His  life  of  about  fortj'-seven  years  was  wholly 
spent  in  Switzerland  and  in  the  valley  of  the  Dan- 
ube, and  was  lacking  in  incident ;  but  twenty-six  of 
his  writings  are  extant,  and  to  bring  the  volume  up  to 
the  standard  size  set  for  the  series,  an  appendix  has 
been  added  containing  his  excursus  "  On  the  Sword  " 
and  his  "  Hymn," —  the  latter  both  in  German  and 
in  English  translation.  With  its  numerous  illustra- 
tions the  book  gives  an  interesting  picture  of  certain 
phases  of  the  great  Protestant  Reformation  not  to  be 
found  elsewhere.    

.        ,    - The  second  volmne  of  the  new  and 

jl  ffreat reference         .      •      ,.  .  «.      /-i  tn-     . 

work  of  Music  revised  edition  of  "Groves  Diction- 
€tnd  Musicians.  ^^  ^f  Mnsig  and  Musicians  "  (Mac- 
millan)  amply  confirms  the  promise  of  the  first, 
which  has  been  reviewed  at  considerable  length  in 
The  Dial.  The  amount  of  new  matter  contained 
in  these  volumes  will  be  apparent  when  it  is  con- 
sidered that  in  the  same  alphabetical  limits  are  in- 
cluded 1594  pages,  as  compared  with  950  in  the 
original  first  and  second  volumes.  All  the  subjects 
of  general  interest  and  the  most  important  biogra- 
phies not  only  have  been  greatly  extended  but  they 
are  illuminated  with  more  careful  analysis  and  schol- 
arly criticism.  The  work  now  comes  down  to  the 
letter  M,  and  the  second  volume  includes  361  new 
biographies  besides  about  100  miscellaneous  items. 
It  is  gratifying  to  note  the  generous  space  devoted 
to  American  musicians.  Arthur  Foote,  Stephen  Col- 
lins Foster,  Patrick  S.  Gihnore,  Frederick  Grant 
Gleason,  Leopold  Godowsky,  Louis  Moreau  Gk)tts- 
chalk,  Asger  Hamerik,  Heldne  Hastreiter,  Victor 
Herbert,  Richard  Hoffman,  Clayton  Johns,  Edgar  S. 
Kelley,  Franz  Kneisel,  Henry  E.  KrehbieL  Benjamin 
J.  Lang  and  his  daughter  Ruthven,  and  Charles  M. 
Loeffler,  are  awarded  both  generous  space  and  treat- 
ment. It  will  be  pleasant  to  all  American  musical 
scholars  to  find  that  Stephen  CoUins  Foster,  the  most 
distinctive  and  purely  original  of  all  American  com- 
posers with  the  possible  exception  of  Billings  (the 


268 


THE    DIAL 


[April  16, 


father  of  American  psalmody,  who,  it  is  to  he  re- 
gretted, was  not  included  in  the  first  volume)  is  prop- 
erly recognized  as  deserving  a  place  in  the  Grove 
Pantheon ;  and  all  Chicagoans  will  be  glad  to  see 
that  Frederick  Grant  Gleason  has  been  awarded  a 
similar  honor.  Mr.  Gleason  was  a  musical  scholar  of 
great  learning  and  a  composer  of  high  ability,  whose 
work  will  receive  ampler  recognition  in  the  future 
than  it  did  while  he  lived  and  worked  so  modestly 
and  sincerely.  In  any  dictionary  of  this  kind  there 
will  naturally  be  some  omissions,  but  they  are  very 
few  in  the  new  Grove,  and  no  exception  can  be  taken 
to  the  scholarly  character  both  of  the  revised  and 

the  new  matter.     

The  love  of  When  Mr.  Horatio  F.  Brown  writes 

Venice  and  its  of  Venice,  we  are  sure  of  something 
modern  charm,  g^^jj .  ^nd  his  latest  work,  "  In  and 
Around  Venice"  (Imported  by  Scribner),  justifies 
all  expectations.  Although  Mr.  Brown  feels  thor- 
oughly the  ever-fleeting,  ever-varying  charm  of  this 
wonderful  city,  unique  among  all  the  cities  of  the 
world,  he  does  not  write  simply  of  its  picturesque 
aspects.  He  is  learned  in  all  the  lore  of  the  region, 
historical,  geographical,  practical,  and  artistic.  The 
history  he  divides  into  four  great  periods,  —  of  con- 
solidation, of  empire,  of  entanglement,  and  of  decline. 
Most  brilliant  of  these,  of  course,  was  the  second. 
Then  it  was  that  Venice  emerged  victorious  from  her 
struggle  for  the  Eastern  empire;  then  wealth  was 
pouring  into  her  coffers  and  bringing  in  the  pomp 
of  art,  the  pageantry  of  existence,  her  palace  fronts 
along  the  Grand  Canal,  her  learned  academies,  her 
printing-press,  her  schools  of  painting,  her  regal 
receptions,  the  splendor  of  her  state  functions,  the 
sumptuousness  of  private  life,  —  all,  in  short,  that 
made  her  what  she  was,  the  dazzling  pleasure-garden 
of  Europe,  the  envied  of  other  states.  But  her  great- 
ness and  pride  led  on  to  her  downfall ;  ceasing  to  be 
the  mart  of  Europe,  she  gradually  wasted  away  till 
she  was  but  a  wreck  and  hollow  show  of  her  former 
glory.  Nevertheless,  our  own  Venice,  the  Venice  of 
to-day,  has  a  charm  all  its  own ;  and  it  is  with  this 
that  the  present  work  chiefly  concerns  itself.  There 
are  interesting  chapters  on  the  old  Campanile,  both 
before  and  since  its  fall ;  chapters  on  each  of  the  two 
columns  which  guard  the  Piazzetta,  on  Knockers, 
on  PUes  and  Pile-driving,  on  Fetes,  etc.  The  latter 
half  of  the  book  is  given  to  the  surrounding  country 
and  villages,  such  as  the  river  Brenta,  the  Eugenean 
Hills,  and  Istria.  The  illustrations,  though  not  nu- 
merous, are  very  satisfactory,  and  are  in  direct  rela- 
tion to  the  text  rather  than  merely  ornamental,  as  so 
often  is  the  case  in  books  of  this  kind. 


Frequenters  of  Mount  Desert,  who 
■j^ ^o'»\o,nttc  know  it  only  as  a  cool  and  salubrious 

island  history.  ''  i       »    i        ■ 

summer  resort  on  the  Atlantic  coast, 

will  enjoy  reading  its  quaint  traditions  and  stirring 
history  in  the  volume  entitled  "  Mount  Desert :  A  His- 
tory "  (Houghton),  for  which  Dr.  George  E.  Street 
gathered  the  material,  and  which,  since  Dr.  Street's 
death,  another  enthusiastic  Mount  Deserter  has  ed- 


ited. A  memoir  of  Dr.  Street  and  the  editor's  pre- 
face give  some  account  of  the  pains  that  have  been 
taken  to  make  the  history  complete  and  accurate  and 
the  illustrations  varied  and  interesting.  French  ex- 
plorations, Jesuit  settlements,  the  visits  of  the  Indians 
who  were  the  earliest  settlers  to  use  the  island  as  a 
summer  resort,  the  warfare  between  New  England 
and  New  France,  the  coming  of  Tory  proprietors,  — 
all  make  romantic  chapters,  full  of  lively  interest. 
With  the  division  of  the  island  into  townships,  a  more 
prosaic  era  begins ;  but  Dr.  Street  has  managed  to 
find  material  for  two  readable  chapters  dealing  re- 
spectively with  the  life  of  the  farmers  and  fishermen 
whose  peaceful  ownership  of  the  islands  was  dis^ 
turbed  by  the  advent  of  the  summer  colonies,  and 
with  the  island 's  churches.  The  rapid  development 
of  the  various  summer  resorts,  from  the  simple  begin- 
nings of  the  sixties  and  seventies,  is  briefly  chron- 
icled. The  whole  history  is  simply  and  interestingly 
told,  and  is  attractively  illustrated  with  artistic  views 
of  island  scenery  and  with  portraits  of  explorers  as 
old  settlers.     There  is  also  an  excellent  map. 

In  the  world  ^^  ."  ^^^  Canterbury  Pilgrimages  '^ 
of  Chaucer's  ( Lijjpincott )  Mr.  H.  Snowden  Ward 
ptigrims.  j^^g  sought  to  accomplish  a  double 

purpose :  first,  to  discuss  the  history  of  the  martyr- 
dom and  cult  of  St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury ;  secondly, 
to  describe  the  pilgrims  to  his  shrine  and  the  routes 
taken  by  them.  His  first  task  is  performed  in  about 
a  third  of  the  book.  The  volume  contains  little  that 
is  new ;  but  the  author  tells  well  the  tragic  story 
of  Becket,  and  portrays  vividly  the  pilgrims  to  his 
shrine  and  their  diversions,  in  the  form  of  a  running 
commentary  on  the  Prologue  and  the  framework  of 
the  "Canterbury  Tales."  Some  of  the  etymologies 
and  translations  are  open  to  question  (e.  g.,  thumb 
of  gold,  p.  182;  yeddings,  p.  194);  also,  may 
Chaucer  be  said  to  have  written  "  an  astrolabe  " 
(p.  147)?  A  large  number  of  good  illustrations 
much  enhance  the  value  of  the  book,  which  will 
doubtless  serve  to  make  the  world  of  Chaucer's  pil- 
grims more  real,  especially  to  the  younger  readers 
of  to-day. 


Notes. 


A  second  edition  of  Mr.  George  Howell's  "Labour 
Legislation,  Labour  Movements,  and  Labour  Leaders,"  in 
two  volumes,  is  published  by  Messrs.  E.  P.  Diittou  &  Co. 

"  The  Garden  Book  of  California,"  by  Belle  Sumner 
Angier,  and  a  newly  revised  and  enlarged  edition  of  Mr. 
Charles  Keeler's  "  Bird  Notes  Afield  "  will  be  published 
shortly  by  Messrs.  Paul  Elder  &  Co.  of  San  Francisco. 

Two  new  volumes,  making  an  even  dozen  in  all,  ard 
added  by  the  Messrs.  Scribner  to  their  "  Beacon  "  edi- 
tion of  the  writmgs  of  Mr.  F.  Hopkinson  Smith.  "  At 
Close  Range  "  and  "  The  Wood  Fire  in  No.  3  "  are  the 
respective  titles,  and  both  are  collections  of  short  stories. 

"  Men  and  Things  "  is  the  sub-title  of  a  volvime  called 
"  Mark  Twain's  Library  of  Humor,"  and  published  by 
Messrs.  Harper  &  Brothers.  The  contents  are  selections 
from  the  writings  of  some  two  score  American  humor- 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


269 


ists,  and  include  pieces  in  both  prose  and  verse.  We 
understand  that  the  "  Library  "  is  to  include  further  vol- 
umes, although  the  one  now  published  affords  no  indi- 
cation of  such  an  intention. 

A  reprint  of  DaArid  Low  Dodge's  "  War  Inconsistent 
with  the  Religion  of  Jesus  Christ,"  edited  by  Mr.  Edwin 
D.  Mead,  is  a  recent  publication  made  by  Messrs.  Ginn 
&  Co.  on  behalf  of  the  International  Union.  The  orig- 
inal dates  from  1812,  and  was  written  in  protest  against 
the  impending  war  w4th  England. 

Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  will  issue  early  in 
May  two  books  not  previously  announced,  i  These  are 
"  Science  and  Idealism,"  by  Professor  Hugo  Munster- 
berg,  being  his  recent  Harvard  address  at  Yale;  and  a 
little  volume  of  studies  on  "  The  Reading  of  Shakes- 
peare," by  Professor  James  M.  Hoppin  of  Yale 
University. 

Mr.  Bram  Stoker's  Life  of  Sir  Henry  Irving  is  an- 
nounced for  issue  in  the  autumn  by  the  Macmillan  Co. 
The  two  volumes  will  contain  many  of  Irving's  letters, 
and  will  be  illustrated  with  portraits,  stage  photographs, 
etc.  Mr.  Stoker,  who  is  well  known  as  a  novelist,  was 
for  twenty-five  years  one  of  Mr.  Ir\'ing's  closest  personal 
friends,  and  accompanied  him  on  all  his  tours  in  the 
capacity  of  manager. 

The  following  text-books  have  recently  been  published 
by  the  Macmillan  Co. :  A  two-volimie  "  Course  of  Study 
in  the  Eight  Grades,"  by  Dr.  Charles  A.  McMurry; 
"  City  Government  for  Yoimg  People,"  by  Mr.  Charles 
Dwight  Willard;  "The  Principles  of  Oral  English,"  by 
Messi-s.  Erastus  Palmer  and  L.  Walter  Sammis ;  "  Mod- 
ern English:  Book  One,"  by  Mr.  Henry  P.  Emerson  and 
Miss  Ida  C.  Bender;  "English  Grammar  for  Begin- 
ners," by  Professor  James  P.  Kinard;  "  Advanced  Alge- 
bra," by  Professor  Arthur  Schultze ;  and  "  Argumenta- 
tion and  Debate,"  by  Professor  Craven  Laycock  and 
Robert  Leighton  Scales. 

The  anonymous  novels,  "  Cahnire  "  and  "  Sturmsee," 
heretofore  published  by  the  Messrs.  Macmillan,  now 
come  to  us  in  new  editions  with  the  imprint  of  Messrs. 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  At  the  same  time,  there  comes 
the  revelation  of  their  authoi-ship,  for  we  are  told  that 
they  are  the  work  of  Mr.  Heni-y  Holt.  We  must  con- 
gratulate the  veteran  publisher  upon  these  books,  which, 
as  examples  of  discursive  and  philosophical  fiction,  take 
a  very  high  rank.  They  discuss,  between  them,  nearly 
all  the  major  problems  of  religion  and  social  science, 
and  this  with  a  keenness  and  sanity  deserving  of  the 
highest  commendation.  It  is  not  often  that  a  man  shows 
himself  capable  of  thinking  as  clearly,  and  reasoning  as 
intelligently,  upon  as  great  a  variety  of  subjects  as  come 
within  the  purview  of  these  two  novels. 

"  Fordham's  Personal  Narrative  of  Travels:  1817- 
1818  "  is  the  title  of  an  interesting  historical  work  to  be 
published  this  spring  by  the  Arthur  H.  Clark  Co.  of 
Cleveland.  This  hitherto  impublished  manuscript,  only 
recently  brought  to  light,  was  written  by  an  obser^Tng 
young  English  pioneer  and  explorer,  describing  his  trav- 
els and  observations  in  Virginia,  Maryland,  Pennsylvania, 
Ohio,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  and  Illinois.  An  introduction 
and  notes  are  to  be  furnished  by  Professor  Frederic  A. 
Ogg,  of  Harvard.  The  same  firm  will  also  issue  shortly 
"  Audubon's  Western  Journal:  1849-1850,"  recounting 
an  overland  journey  with  a  party  of  gold-seekers  from 
New  York  to  Texas  and  through  Mexico  to  California. 
Miss  M.  R.  Audubon  and  Professor  F.  H.  Hodder 
have  supplied  a  biography,  introduction,  and  adequate 
annotation. 


liisT  OT  Kew  Books. 


[The  follomng  list,   containing   62  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  The  Dial  since  its  last  isstie.} 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  MEMOIRS. 

Liinooln:  Master  of  Men.  By  Alonzo  Rothschild.  With  por- 
traits in  photogravure,  etc.,  large  8vo,  gilt  top.  pp.  531. 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.    $3.  net. 

Five  Famous  French  Women.  By  Mrs.  Henry  Fawcett, 
LL.D.    lUus.,  12mo,  pp.  304.    CasseU  &  Co.    $2. 

Party  Lieaders  of  the  Time.  By  Charles  Willis  Thompson. 
With  portraits,  12mo.  pp.  422.  G.  W.  Dillingham  Co.  $1.75  net. 

John  Witherspoon.  By  David  Walker  Woods,  Jr.,  M.A.  With 
portrait,  8vo,  gilt  top,  pp.  295.  Fleming  H.  Revell  Co.  $1.50  net. 

Spirit  of  the  Age  Series.  First  vols. :  Whistler,  by  Haldane 
Macfall;  Robert  Louis  Stevenson,  by  Eve  Blantyre  Simpson. 
Each  Ulus..  16mo.    John  W.  Luce  &  Co.    Per  vol.,  75  cts.  net. 

The  Story  of  Princess  Des  Ursins  in  Spain.  By  Constance 
HiU.  New  edition ;  illus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  12mo,  gilt  top, 
pp.  256.    "  Crown  Library."    John  Lane  Co.    $1.50  net. 

HISTORY, 

Old  Time  Notes  of  Pennsylvania :  A  Connected  and  Chron- 
ological Record  of  the  Commercial,  Industrial,  and  Educa- 
tional Advancement  of  Pennsylvania,  and  the  Inner  History 
of  all  Political  Movements  since  the  Adoption  of  the  Con- 
stitution of  1838.  By  A.  K.  McClure,  LL.D.  Limited  autograph 
edition ;  in  2  vols.,  with  portraits,  large  8vo,  gilt  tops,  uncut. 
John  C.  Winston  Co.    $8.  net. 

The  Rise  of  American  Nationality,  1811-1819.  By  Eendric 
Charles  Babcock.  With  portrait  and  maps,  8vo,  gilt  top, 
pp.339.  "  The  American  Nation."  Harper  &  Brothers.  |2.  net. 

Ancient  Records  of  Egypt :  Historical  Documents  from  the 
Earliest  Times  to  the  Persian  Conquest.  Compiled  and  trans, 
with  commentary  by  James  Henry  Breasted,  Ph.D.  Vol.  II., 
4to,  pp.  428.    University  of  Chicago  Press.    |3.  net. 

GEITERAIi  LITERATT7RE. 
Brief  Literary  Criticisms.  By  Richard  Holt  Hutton ;  selected 

from  the  "  Spectator"  and  edited  by  Elizabeth  M.  Roscoe. 

With  photogravure  portrait,  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  417.   "  Eversley 

Series."    Macmillan  Co.    |1.50. 
Famous  Introductions  to  Shakespeare's  Plays.    Edited 

by  Beverley  Warner.  D.D.    With  portraits,  8vo,  gilt  top, 

pp.  268.    Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.    12.50  net. 
Plays,  Pleasant  and  Unpleasant.    By  Bernard  Shaw.    In 

2  vols.,  12mo.  uncut.    Brentano's.    $2.50  net. 
The  Ghost  in  Hamlet,  and  Other  Essays  in  Comparative  Lit- 
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A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.    $1.  net. 
Hither  and  Thither :  A  Collection  of  Comments  on  Books 

and  Bookish  Matters.    By  John  Thomson.    8vo,  gilt  top, 

pp.  388.    George  W.  Jacobs  &  Co. 
The  Study  of  a  Novel.    By  Selden  L.  Whitcomb,  A.M.    12mo, 

pp.  331.    D.  C.  Heath  &  Co.    11.25. 
Old  Tales  from  Rome.    By  Alice  Zimmem.     nius.,  12mo, 

pp.  294.    A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.    $1.25. 

POETRY  AND  THE  DRAMA, 
In  Sun  or  Shade.    By  Louise  Morgan  Sill.    8vo,  gilt  top, 

pp.  226.    Hari)er  &  Brothers.    $1.50  net. 
Rahab  :  A  Drama  in  Three  Acts.    By  Richard  Bnrton.    12nio, 

imcut,  pp.  119.    Henry  Holt  &  Co.    $1.25  net. 
Bird  and  Bough.    By  John  Burroughs.    12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  70. 

Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.    $1.  net. 
Songs  from  the  Heart.    By  Alice  Adele  Folger.    nius.,  12mo, 

gut  top.  pp.  59.    The  Grafton  Press.    $1.25  net. 

FICTION. 
lAdy  Baltimore.     By  Owen  Wister.     Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  406. 

Macmillan  Co.    $1.50. 
Silas  Strong :  Emperor  of  the  Woods.    By  Irving  Bacheller. 

With  frontispiece,  12mo,  pp.  340.    Harper  &  Brothers.    $1.50. 
•  The   Evasion.     By    Eugenia    Brooks   F^othingham.     12mo, 

pp.  415,    Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.    $1.50. 
The  Spoilers.   By  Rex  E.  Beach,  nins.,  12mo,  pp.  314.   Harper 

&  Brothers.    $1.50. 
The  Patriots  :  The  Story  of  Lee  and  the  Last  Hope.   By  Cyrus 

Townsend  Brady.     HIus.  in  color,   12mo,  pp.  348.     Dodd, 

Mead  &  Co.    $1.50. 
A  Motor  Car  Divorce.    By  Loxiise  Closser  Hale.    Illus.  in 

color,  etc,  12mo,  pp.  319.    Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.    $1.50. 


270 


THE    DIAL 


[AprU  16, 


Saints   in  Society.     By  Margaret   Baillie-Saunders.     12mo, 

pp.  423.    G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    $1.50. 
Chatwlt,  the  Man-talk  Bird.     By  Philip  Verrill  Mighels. 

lUus.,  12mo,  pp.  265.    Harper  &  Brothers.    $1.50. 
The  Chateau  of  Montplalslr.  By  Molly  Elliot  Seawell.  lUus., 

12ino.  pp.  245.    D.  Appleton  &  Co.    $1.25. 
The  Spur ;   or,  The  Bondage  of  Kin  Seveme.    By  G.  B.  Lan- 
caster.   12mo,  pp.  310.    Doubleday,  Page  &  Ck).    $1.50. 
Cattle  Brands :  A  Collection  of  Western  Camp-Fire  Stories. 

By  Andy  Adams.    12mo,  pp.  316.    Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 

$1.50. 
The  Castle  of  Lies.    By  Arthur  Henry  Vesey.    12mo,  pp.  363. 

D.  Appleton  &  Co.    $1.50. 
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276 


THE    DIAL 


[May  1, 


HARPER'S  LATEST  FICTION 
FENWICK'S  CAREER 

By  MRS.  HUMPHRY  WARD 

The  story  follows  the  career  of  a  poor  artist  of  brilliant  talents  and  promise  who  conies  to 
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London  patron  play  leading  parts.  Many  of  the  scenes  portray  that  social  London  which  Mrs. 
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The  flower  of  FRANCE 

By  JUSTIN  HUNTLY  MCCARTHY 

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THE  PRINCESS  OLQA 

By  ERVIN  WARDMAN 

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oner of  Zenda.  The  hero  is  a  plucky  young 
American  engineer.  His  adventures  in  Crevonia, 
a  little  independent  kingdom  of  Europe,  whicjj 
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thrilling  indeed.  It  is  the  most  absorbing  kind 
of  modern  romance. 

Price,  $1.50. 


SILAS  STRONG 


By  IRVING  BACHELLER 
••An  epic  hero."  —  Springfield  Union. 

*•  A  modern  Leatherstocking.     Brings  to  the  city  dweller  the  aroma  of  the^  pine  and  the  music 
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••A  stronger  character  than  Eben  Holden." —  Utica  Observer. 

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THE  SPOILERS 


By  REX  E.  BEACH 

"A  story  of  the  hunger  for  gold  digged  out  of  the  hills  and  the  hunger  of  man  for  woman  and  for 
woman's  love  —  a  story  that  is  true  of  all  men  and  all  real  women  since  time  began." —  Albany  Jotirnal, 

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until  the  last  page  is  turned.  No  better  romance  of  the  life  of  civilized  men,  reverting  iinder  primitive 
conditions  to  the  master  passions  of  mankind,  has  been  told.  Mr.  Rex  Beach,  the  author,  has  scored  a 
brilliant  success." —  Brooklyn  Eagle. 

Illustrated  by  Clarence  F.  Underwood.     Price,  $1.50. 


HARPER  &  BROTHERS     PUBLISHERS     NEW  YORK 


1906]  THE    DLAX  277 

EVERY  LIBRARY  SHOULD  HAVE 

The  Sumptuous  and  Definitive  Volume 

Collected  Sonnets  of  llqyd  mifflin 

Henry  Frowde,  London.     1st  edition.     Photog^vure  portrait.     ^2.60.     Postpaid,  32.80. 
This  handsome  volume,  with  its  wide-margined  400  pages,  contains  350  of  the  best  Sonnets  which  the 
author  has  produced  during  a  life  devoted  to  poetry.     In  every  way  the  book  is  a  remarkable  production. 
It  contains  many  new  Sonnets  not  before  published.     Xo  American  library  can  be  considered  complete 
mthout  it. 

READ  THE  VERDICT  OF  HIGH  AUTHORITIES  IN  GREAT 
BRITAIN  AND  AMERICA 

Westminster  Review:  —  ilr.  Lloyd  Mifflin's  sonnets  exceed  in  number  the  Rime  of  Petrarch,  and  cover 
a  wider  field  of  thought,  experience,  and  imagination.  ...  It  would  be  idle  to  attempt,  in  the  limits  of  a 
short  notice,  anything  like  a  critical  examination  of  this  wonderful  collection.  .  .  .  He  possesses  a  vivid 
imagination,  kept  under  severe  restraint,  a  delicate  ear  for  rhythm,  together  with  the  faculty  of  pictorial 
presentation.  These  qualities,  combined  with  a  well-nigh  faultless  technique,  render  him  unapproachable 
by  any  living  English  sonneteer. 

Mrs.  Ella  Higginson  :  —  No  American  has  ever  made  such  an  enduring  and  noteworthy  contribution  to 
the  sonnet  literatiire  of  the  world.  He  stands  beside  Wordsworth.  His  work  has  the  dignity,  the  serenity, 
the  seriousness,  the  fine  imagination  and  the  diction,  exquisitely  simple  and  rich,  that  mark  the  great  poet. 

Mr.  W.  D.  Howells :  —  A  little  more  courage  to  know  what  is  undeniably  great,  although  it  is  our  own, 
seems  to  me  still  desirable  in  our  criticism,  and  when  it  comes  }klr.  Mifflin's  poetry  will  have  its  reward. 

St.  Andrew's  University :  —  Lloyd  Mifflin  is  a  poet  bom,  not  made.  We  cannot  withhold  our  admira- 
tion from  a  collection  of  sonnets  which  have  a  charm  and  a  beauty  about  them  giving  evidence  of  the  work 
of  a  poet  of  remarkable  poetic  genius. 

A  herdeen  Free  Press  :  —  To  the  rare  gift  of  a  penetrative  imagination  he  brings  a  finely  balanced  intel- 
lect and  a  keen  sense  of  poetic  diction.  ...  In  his  highest  flights  he  shows  a  warmth  of  imagination,  a 
richness  of  colour,  a  clarity  of  thought,  and  an  almost  perfect  technique  that  shows  him  not  imworthy  to 
walk  beside  the  greatest  sonneteers  in  the  annals  of  the  English  language. 

Prof.  A.  S.  Mackenzie,  Kentucky  State  College,  in  the  Louisville  Courier-Journal:  —  Lloyd  Mifflin,  in 
my  opinion,  is  the  greatest  poet  of  America,  past  or  present.  .  .  .  The  sad  part  of  it  is  that  a  man  has  to 
die  to  become  famous. 

Dundee  Advertiser :  —  There  are  some  critics  who  maintain  that  American  poetry  is  on  the  decline. 
The  halcyon  days  of  Bryant,  Longfellow,  Poe,  Lowell,  ^V^littier  and  Whitman  are  gone,  it  is  said.  While 
there  may  be  a  grain  of  truth  in  the  accusation,  it  cannot  justly  be  alleged  that  poetry  of  the  higher  order  no 
longer  has  an  exponent  in  America  while  Lloyd  Mifflin  still  remains  to  carry  on  the  great  tradition  of  song. 

Yorkshire  Post: —  .  .  .  Some  are  suffused  with  tenderness  and  beauty:  a  few,  very  few,  are  splendidly 
strong.  To  say  that  some  half-dozen  shovdd  find  a  place  in  the  most  choice  "  Sonnet  Anthology  "  of  the 
future  is  the  greatest  praise  we  can  conceive. 

Evening  Post :  —  Mr.  Mifflin  is  justly  entitled  to  a  high  position  as  a  sonneteer.  In  his  own  way  there 
is  no  one  now  living  to  equal  him.  Indeed,  it  is  only  just  to  remember  that  there  have  been  in  the  course 
of  English  literarj-  history  only  a  very  few  poets  who  could  get  together  a  collection  of  sonnets  at  once  so 
numerous  as  this  and  of  such  high  technical  excellence.  The  volume  contains  three  hundred  and  fifty 
pieces,  and  is  then  but  a  selection. 

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282  THE     DIAL  [May  1,1906. 

**  No  former  edition  of  Franklin's  Writings  has  ever 
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"  A  valuable  and  interesting  compilation  of  the  writings  of  Franklin,  revealing  more  completely 
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"  Franklin's  significance  in  literature  appears  when  we  remember  that  he  was  the  fiist  American 
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NEW  YORK  TRIBUNE: 

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limitations  have  been  duly  considered,  it  remains  true  that  Franklin,  like  Defoe,  and  for  much  the 
same  reasons,  is  one  of  the  most  fascinating  of  mortals,  at  least  to  students  who  examine  his  char- 
acter by  means  of  his  self-revealing  writings."  —  W.  P.  Trent,  Columbia  University. 

BALTIMORE  SUN: 

"  Of  all  the  editions  of  the  works  of  Franklin,  this  is  the  best." 


Published       j^g  MACMILLAN  COMPANY  ''tEw^YORK""' 


THE  DIAL 

a  Scmt^^OTttfjIg  Journal  of  Eitfrarj  Critirism,  Sisnissian,  anli  lEnformatum. 


THE  DIAL  (founded,  in  ISSOJ  U  publUhed  on  the  Ut  and  16th 
of  each  month.  Terms  op  Subscbiftion,  tt.  a  year  in  advance, 
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in  other  countries  comprised  in  the  Postal  Union,  50  cents  a 
year  for  extra  postage  mtut  be  added.  BEMiTTAjrcBS  s?iould 
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DIA  L  COM  PA  N  T.  Un  less  othervoise  ordered,  subscriptions 
will  begin  u-iih  the  current  number.  When  no  direct  request 
to  discontinue  at  expiration  of  subscription  is  received,  it  is 
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THE  DIAL,  Fine  ArU  Building,  Chicago. 

EXTE&ED  AT   TBE  CHICAGO  POSTOFFICE  AS  SBOOND-CLASS  MATTES 
BY  THE  DIAL  COMFAXT,   PUBUSHERS. 


No.  477. 


MAY  1, 1906. 


Vol.  XL. 


COXTEXTS. 


GOVERNMENT  DOCUMENTS 283 

AN  APOSTLE  OF  CLEAR  THINKING.    F«ry  F. 

Bidcnell 285 

COMMUNICATION 287 

Improvised   Means    of    Naval   Warfare.      J^.   H. 

Costello. 

THREE   DECADES   OF  THE   AMERICAN   UNI- 
VERSITY.    F.  B.  B.  Hellems 289 

TWO    VIEWS   OF   A   GREAT   ENGLISH   KING. 

Laurence  M.  Larson 291 

SLAVERY  AND  ITS  AFTERMATH.     W.  E.  Burg- 

hardt  Du  Bois 294 

MONARCHY  OR  REPUBLIC  IN  FRANCK    Henry 

E.  Bourne 295 

PARTISANS    AND    HISTORIANS    IN    SOCIAL 

SCIENCE  Charles  Bichmond  Henderson  .  .  296 
Wells's  A  Modem  Utopia.  —  George's  The  Menace 
of  Privilege.  —  London's  The  War  of  the  Classes.  — 
Holland's  The  Commonwealth  of  Man.  —  Grinnell's 
Social  Theories  and  Social  Facts.  —  Ashley's  The 
I*r(^Tess  of  the  German  Working  Classes.  — 
Devine's  EfBciencv  and  Relief.  —  Taylor's  Agri- 
cultural Economics.  —  Spargo's  The  Bitter  Cry  of 
the  Children. 

BRIEFS  ON  NTIW  BOOKS 298 

Essays,  chiefly  Shakespearean.  —  American  man- 
ners and  customs  in  '76. — The  problems  of  heredity, 
studied  in  royal  families. — Dreams  and  visions  from 
"the  heights."  —  Studies  and  speculations  on  the 
Earth  and  its  foundation.  —  Landscape  art  and  the 
modem  Dutch  artists.  —  The  criticism  of  life  and 
human  ideals.  —  Early  voyagers  on  the  coast  of 
New  England.  —  Commemoration  of  a  heroic  deed. 
—  Fish  stories  by  an  English  sportsman. 

NOTES 302 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS 303 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS 303 


GOVERXMENT  DOCUMENTS. 

The  largest  printing  and  publishing  estab- 
lishment in  this  eounti^,  perhaps  in  the  world, 
is  conducted  by  the  Federal  Government  at 
Washington.  It  is  operated  at  an  annual  cost 
of  from  six  to  seven  millions  of  dollars,  it  em- 
ploys about  five  thousand  people,  and  it  issues 
more  than  a  thousand  separate  books  and  pam- 
phlets every  year.  A  single  publication,  the 
"  Year  book  "  of  the  Department  of  Agrictdtiire, 
is  published  in  an  edition  of  half  a  million 
copies.  The  production  and  distribution  of  the 
millions  of  copies  thus  annually  poured  forth 
from  the  Government  Printing  Office  naturally 
present  a  number  of  practical  problems  of  the 
highest  importance,  and  there  is  much  evidence 
that  these  problems  are  dealt  with  in  anything 
but  the  scientific  spirit.  To  establish  certain 
general  principles  in  connection  with  this  phase 
of  governmental  enterprise,  and  to  suggest  the 
reforms  most  greatly  needed  in  the  interests  of 
rationality  and  economy,  are  the  aims  of  a  recent 
Bulletin  of  the  New  York  State  Library,  pre- 
pared by  the  expert  labors  of  jVIr.  James  Inger- 
soU  Wyer. 

The  first  of  the  problems  calling  for  consid- 
eration is  that  of  cost  of  production.  President 
Roosevelt  has  recently  had  something  to  say 
upon  this  subject,  and  has  put  it  in  his  emphatic 
and  effective  way,  with  the  consequence  of  a 
slight  decrease  (about  three  per  cent),  of  last 
year's  printing  bill  from  that  of  the  year  pre- 
ceding. This  is  far  from  the  reduction  of  fifty 
per  cent  that  the  President  believes  to  be  possi- 
ble, but  it  is  at  least  a  step  in  the  right  direction. 
The  sweeping  reduction  thus  suggested  (in  the 
Message  of  1904)  was  to  be  brought  about 
rather  by  a  lessening  of  output  than  by  a  low- 
ering of  labor-cost :  expert  private  testimony, 
however,  stands  ready  to  declare  that  even  the 
amoimt  of  printing  now  done  would  cost  under 
private  contract  only  from  one-half  to  two-thirds 
of  what  is  now  paid  for  it.  It  will  thus  be  seen 
that  a  combination  of  both  these  methods  of 
economy  might  be  made  to  reduce  the  appro- 
priation for  printing  purposes  to  about  one-third 
of  its  present  amount.  Such  a  saving  is  well 
worth  attempting,  even  in  the  face  of  the  dis- 
heartening thought  that  the  sum  saved  might 
very  likely  go  to  help  building  another  battle- 


284 


THE    DIAL 


[May  1, 


ship,  or  to  subsidize  a  few  ship-owners,  or  to 
increase  the  monstrous  extravagance  of  the  pen- 
sion system,  or  to  stuff  the  "  pork-barrel "  of 
appropriations  for  rivers  and  harbors  and  pub- 
lic buildings. 

The  wastefulness  of  the  methods  employed  by 
the  Government  Printing  Office  becomes  obvious 
upon  the  most  superficial  inquiry.  It  has  for 
long  been  nothing  short  of  a  national  scandal 
that  the  aid  of  labor-saving  machmery  should 
have  been  rejected  at  the  arrogant  behest  of  the 
labor-unions.  This  evil  has  been  in  part  reme- 
died, but  much  yet  remains  to  be  accomplished. 
The  needless  multiplication  of  jobs  is  an  evil 
inherent  in  every  governmental  enterprise,  but 
the  public  has  a  right  to  be  indignant  at  the 
bare-faced  mamier  in  which,  until  recently,  the 
printing  business  of  the  United  States  was  con- 
ducted with  an  eye  single  to  the  amoimt  of 
patronage  that  was  to  be  got  out  of  it.  There 
are  also  many  minor  sources  of  wastefiUness. 
There  is  the  imnecessary  duplication  of  material, 
there  is  the  printing  of  matter  that  serves  only 
to  magnify  the  importance  of  the  bureau  or 
individual  that  produces  it,  and  there  is  the  pub- 
lication of  editions  so  large  that  they  cannot  even 
be  forced  as  gifts  upon  an  unwilling  public. 
The  statistics  for  1904  report  the  destruction  as 
waste  paper  of  no  less  than  126,112  volumes  of 
public  documents,  which  fact  offers  an  eloquent 
revelation  of  haphazard  management. 

The  methods  employed  in  the  distribution  of 
government  docmnents  appear  to  be  as  haphaz- 
ard as  the  methods  of  production.  There  are, 
to  begin  with,  "  depository  libraries,"  which 
receive  fidl  sets,  and  "  remainder  libraries," 
which  get  the  fractional  remnants  of  editions  not 
otherwise  exhausted.  The  system  of  depository 
libraries  produces  some  curious  results.  All 
state  libraries  are  authorized  depositories,  and 
each  member  of  Congress  may  designate  a  library 
on  his  own  account.  For  example,  "  though 
there  are  ten  depository  libraries  in  Minnesota, 
the  third  city  in  the  state,  Diduth,  has  none, 
and  there  is  not  one  within  one  hundred  and  fifty 
nules  either  in  Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  or  Michi- 
gan, while  the  library  designated  for  the  district 
in  which  Duluth  is  located  is  at  a  high  school  in 
a  town  of  five  or  six  thousand  people."  Again, 
Mr.  Wyer  ventures  to  wonder,  and  we  may 
wonder  with  him,  "  Why  the  Woman's  Harmony 
Club  of  Smith  Centre,  Kansas,  the  Public  Li- 
brary of  Hopkinsville,  Kentucky  (which  does  not 
appear  on  the  Commissioner  of  Education's 
latest  list),  and  the  Ladies'  Library  Association, 
Greenville,  Michigan,  are  on  the  depository  list ; 


why  there  are  four  depository  libraries  in  Nash- 
ville and  only  one  in  Memphis  ;  why  there  are 
two  in  Tallahassee  with  three  thousand  inhabi- 
tants and  only  two  in  Cleveland  with  four  hun- 
dred thousand ;  five  in  New  Orleans  and  but 
two  in  either  San  Francisco  or  Buffalo."  And 
the  wonder  is  accentuated  when  we  attempt  to 
realize  in  imagination  the  actual  receipt  and 
housing  by,  say,  the  Woman's  Harmony  Club 
of  Smith  Centre,  Kansas,  of  the  more  than  five 
hundred  volumes  that  are  automatically  lavished 
upon  a  depository  library. 

The  unsuspecting  individual,  no  less  than  the 
unprepared  library,  is  also  the  victim  of  this  in- 
discriminate bounty.  Every  member  of  Con- 
gress has  something  like  a  couple  of  thousand 
volumes  at  his  disposal  annually,  and  feels  bound 
to  scatter  them  broadcast  to  gladden  the  hearts 
of  his  constituents.  "  The  over-zealous  Con- 
gressman means  well  without  doubt,  but  beware 
of  him,  specially  if  he  be  a  new  one  with  first 
enthusiasm  and  a  desire  to  do  favors  to  every 
man,  woman,  and  prospective  voter  in  his  district. 
He  is  very  likely  to  make  your  library  the  dump- 
ing ground  for  all  the  scraps,  remamders,  and 
job  lots  of  documents,  bound  and  imboxmd,  which 
he  can  beg,  coax,  or  wheedle  from  his  brother 
Congressmen  or  the  government  officers.  You 
first  hear  of  his  benefaction  when  the  postmaster 
informs  you  of  one  or  a  dozen  sacks  of  maU  at 
the  office  for  you."  This  is  a  case  in  which  there 
ceases  to  be  a  virtue  in  the  familiar  counsel  about 
gift  horses.  As  a  mere  matter  of  self-defence, 
the  mouth  of  this  particular  horse  should  be 
gently  but  firmly  opened,  and  his  teeth  carefidly 
examined,  before  he  is  admitted  into  the  stable. 

Even  the  library,  which  is  popularly  supposed 
to  be  an  institution  that  welcomes  books,  may  be 
seriously  embarrassed  by  the  supply  of  free  liter- 
ature. A  depository  library  must  find  a  hundred 
feet  of  new  shelving  every  year  for  this  particidar 
accretion,  which  is  no  easy  matter  for  a  large 
institution,  and  a  quite  impossible  matter  for  a 
small  one.  Then  of  course  there  is  the  further 
demand  which  these  books  make  upon  the  admin- 
istrative expenses  of  the  library.  "  It  is  certainly 
true,"  says  our  writer,  "  that  the  sudden  sight 
of  a  government  document  fills  the  breast  of  the 
average  librarian  with  sensations  ranging  from 
vague  distrust  and  uncertainty  to  a  distinct  sink- 
ing of  the  heart  and  a  feeling  of  real  dread  and 
helplessness.  One  librarian,  very  capable  and 
sensible  and  not  at  all  cowardly  in  most  things, 
carefully  sets  aside  on  a  particular  shelf  each 
government  document  as  it  reaches  her  library, 
letting  them  accumulate  there  till  long  after  she 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


285 


might  have  made  some  of  them  very  useful,  wait- 
ing, as  she  expresses  it,  '  till  she  gets  up  courage 
enough  to  tackle  them.' "  This  is  by  no  means 
humorous  exaggeration  ;  it  is  a  literal  portrayal 
of  the  attitude  of  most  librarians  toward  these 
portentous  guests  from  the  Government  Print- 
ing Office. 

As  a  matter  of  fact  (and  of  common  sense), 
only  the  largest  libraries  should  attempt  to 
accommodate  these  books  in  complete  sets,  or 
in  anything  but  a  narrowly  limited  selection. 
And  the  chief  value  of  the  Bulletin  in  which 
Mr.  T\"yer  has  discussed  the  subject  lies  in  the 
guidance  it  offers  to  the  small  library.  It  tells 
what  publications  are  of  sufficient  usefulness  to 
deserve  a  place  in  the  lesser  collections,  and  it 
also  teUs  how  to  classify  and  catalogue  them. 
This  information  is  of  the  greatest  practical 
value,  and  the  New  York  State  Library  is  to 
be  thanked  for  having  provided  it  in  so  con- 
venient a  form.  AYe  may  have  to  wait  a  long 
while  for  any  general  reform  in  the  methods  of 
production  and  distribution,  but  every  library 
may  do  something  on  its  own  account  to  make 
the  best  of  a  bad  matter  and  to  adapt  a  faidty 
svstem  to  everyday  needs. 


AX  APOSTLE  OF  CLEAR  THINKING. 

"  The  man  who  impressed  me  most  of  them  all," 
said  a  distinguished  American  after  visiting,  in  an 
official  capacity,  most  of  the  leading  statesmen  of 
Em-ope.  "  was  John  Stuart  Mill.  You  placed  before 
him  the  facts  on  which  you  sought  his  opinion.  He 
took  them,  gave  you  the  different  ways  in  which  they 
might  fairly  be  looked  at,  balanced  the  opposing  con- 
siderations, and  then  handed  you  a  final  judgment 
in  which  nothing  was  left  out.  His  mind  worked  like 
a  splendid  piece  of  machinery ;  you  supply  it  with 
raw  materials,  and  it  turns  you  out  a  perfectly  fin- 
ished product." 

A  centurj-  has  passed  since  John  Stuart  Mill  was 
born*;  a  third  of  a  centurj',  nearly,  since  he  diedt ; 
but  his  life  and  work  have  not  yet  ceased,  and  will  not 
soon  cease,  to  interest  and  instruct.  Much  of  his 
teaching  may  have  become  obsolete  in  that  best  sense 
whereby  a  doctrine,  through  general  adoption,  loses 
its  former  significance,  and  some  of  his  precepts  have 
undoubtedly  been  superseded ;  but  the  man's  charac- 
ter and  aims  still  exert  upon  us  a  very  sensible  degree 
of  that  extraordinary  influence  felt  by  his  contem- 
poraries, and  still  excite  something  of  the  admiration 
that  even  his  opponents  were  forced  to  bestow. 

The  flaws  that  can  be  picked  in  his  experience- 
philosophy,  the  unsatisfactoriness  of  his  ultilita- 
rianism,  the  inconsistencies  into  which  he  was  be- 

•  May  20. 1806. 
t  May  8, 1873. 


trayed  when  in  later  life  he  undertook  to  write  on 
religion,  need  not  here  concern  us  ;  what  does  interest 
us  is  the  man's  ardent  devotion  to  the  amelioration 
of  our  lot  through  the  enlightenment  of  intellectual 
blindness  and  the  straightening  out  of  crooked  pro- 
cesses of  thought.  His  heart  was,  after  alL,  better 
than  his  head,  which  is  saying  a  good  deaL  "  A  hook 
in  breeches,"  he  was  often  called  ;  and  Carlyle,  after 
reading  his  autobiography,  denominated  the  writer 
"a  thing  of  mechanized  iron,"  and  his  book  "the 
autobiography  of  a  steam  engine,"  utterly  lacking  in 
human  qualities.  But  Mr.  Frederic  Harrison  and 
others  who  knew  him  have  testified  to  the  warmth  of 
his  emotions  and  the  nobility  of  his  nature,  while 
such  records  as  we  have  of  his  life  present  numerous 
instances  of  generous  self-sacrifice  and  of  unusual 
kindness  of  heart.  So  ardent  in  fact  was  his  tempera- 
ment, beneath  his  perfect  self-discipline,  that  it  has 
been  said  of  him,  as  was  said  of  his  admired  Tui^t. 
by  Condorcet,  that  he  was  "a  volcano  clothed  in 
ice."  The  ice  in  Mill's  case  was  the  result  of  a  frigidly 
unemotional  training  received  at  the  hands  of  a  se- 
verely exacting  father.  Bishop  ThirlwaU,  in  one  of 
his  letters,  comes  near  the  truth  in  calling  Mill  *'  a 
noble  spirit  who  had  the  misfortune  of  being  edu- 
cated by  a  narrow-minded  pedant,  who  cultivated  his 
intellectual  faculties  at  the  expense  of  all  the  rest,  yet 
did  not  succeed  in  stifling  them"  (t.  e.,  the  non- 
inteUectual  faculties).  In  similar  vein.  Professor 
George  S.  Morris  writes:  "I  conclude  that  J.  S. 
Mill's  greatest  personal  misfortune  was  that  he  was 
bom  the  son  of  James  Mill,  and  not  of  Johann  Gott- 
lieb Fichte.  He  presents  the  appearance  of  a  noble 
nature  confined  in  intellectual  fetters,  which,  forged 
for  him,  he  himself  did  his  best  to  rivet  upon  himself 
without  wholly  succeeding.  He  attracts  a  sympathy 
at  once  regretful  and  affectionate.  Perhaps  his  spec- 
ulative failures,  engraved  already  so  conspicuously 
upon  the  tablets  of  the  intellectual  history  of  his  race, 
may  contribute  more  for  the  world's  final  instruc- 
tion than  the  inconspicuous  successes  of  many  another 
less  renowned." 

A  more  repressive  influence  than  the  elder  Mill's 
on  anything  like  boyish  spirits,  or  the  outbreak  of 
those  nameless  enthusiasms  that  belong  to  healthy 
adolesence,  could  not  well  be  conceived.  Life,  to  James 
Mill,  was  at  best  a  necessarj-  evil,  to  be  gone  through 
with  as  much  avoidance  of  pain  as  possible,  and  with 
little  or  no  expectation  of  pleasure.  Yet  even  he 
gave  at  least  one  proof  of  the  impracticability  of  so 
drearv  a  doctrine.  As  a  penniless  literary  adven- 
turer in  London,  he  allowed  himself  to  fall  in  love,  to 
marrj',  and  to  become  the  father  of  a  family,  eight 
children  being  born  to  him.  This  was  a  course  of 
conduct  than  which,  as  his  son  points  out,  nothing 
could  be  more  at  variance  with  his  later  teachings ; 
and  James  ^lill  himself,  as  if  repenting  of  this  con- 
cession to  the  promptings  of  nature,  sought  to  atone 
for  it  by  a  harshness  toward  wife  and  children  that 
attracted  the  notice  of  visitors.  It  is  significant  that 
the  son,  in  his  autobiography,  makes  no  mention,  or 
next  to  none,  of  his  mother.    He  would  almost  seem 


286 


THE    DIAL 


[May  1 


to  have  had  no  mother,  but  to  have  sprung,  Minerva- 
like,  in  full  intellectual  panoply  from  his  father's  brain. 
Of  the  training  he  received  from  his  father,  of  its 
inhibitive  no  less  than  its  educative  influence,  much 
might  be  said.  That  it  habituated  him  to  the  doing 
of  violence  to  his  own  deeper  and  warmer  nature, 
many  indications,  pathetic  to  us  now,  go  to  prove. 
Perhaps  most  if  not  all  of  the  inconsistencies  and  self- 
contradictions  that  we  encounter  in  his  philosophy 
are  traceable  to  the  glaring  defects  in  that  astonishing 
system  of  "  cram  "  to  which  he  was  early  subjected. 
Lisping  Greek  vocables  at  three,  he  had,  by  the  time 
he  was  eight  years  old,  gone  through  .^sop's  Fables, 
the  whole  of  Herodotus  and  of  Xenophon's  Cyro- 
paedia,  the  Anabasis  wholly  or  in  part,  the  Memora- 
bilia of  Socrates,  some  of  the  lives  of  the  philosophers 
by  Diogenes  Laertius,  a  part  of  Lucian,  two  orations 
of  Isocrates,  and  six  dialogues  of  Plato.  If  the  list 
makes  us  gasp,  we  are  in  danger  of  losing  our  breath 
entirely  when  we  reflect  that  in  those  days  Greek- 
English  lexicons  were  not,  and  their  Greek-Latin 
progenitors  were  shut  to  Mill  because  he  had  not  yet 
learned  Latin.  His  father,  engaged  at  the  same  table 
in  writing  his  monumental  *'  History  of  British  In- 
dia," served  him  as  Greek  dictionary,  —  an  exertion 
of  patience  on  the  part  of  this  impatient  and  hard- 
worked  man  that  must  be  placed  to  his  credit.  Fur- 
ther details  of  this  remarkable  experiment  in  education 
need  not  here  be  given.  The  Autobiography  and 
Professor  Bain's  life  of  Mill  contain  fuU  informa- 
tion. The  pupil's  loyalty  to  his  teacher  in  after  life, 
despite  the  warping  and  stunting  effects  of  this  in- 
human system  of  training,  is  one  of  the  most  pathetic 
and  also  one  of  the  most  admirable  traits  of  Mill's 
character.  Of  the  insufficiency  of  his  education  to 
satisfy  the  cravings  of  his  deeper  self,  he  experienced 
an  early  proof ;  although  it  was  to  no  culpability  on 
his  father's  part  that  he  ascribed  the  painful  crisis 
through  which  he  passed  in  1826.  Taught  to  believe 
in  the  greatest-happiness  principle  of  Bentham  and 
his  disciple,  the  elder  Mill,  the  young  man  suddenly 
realized  that,  were  the  greatest  immediate  happiness 
of  the  greatest  number  to  be  attained,  he  for  one 
should  still  cherish  unsatisfied  longings.  This  dis- 
covery plunged  him  into  a  state  of  deep  and  long- 
continued  dejection,  from  which  he  at  last  fought  his 
way  out  by  the  help  of  Wordsworth's  poetry,  and  with 
the  hard-earned  conviction  that  the  happiness  prin- 
ciple, however  irrefutable  in  theory,  cannot  stand 
the  test  of  practice,  and  that  happiness  itself,  even 
though  the  end  and  aim  of.  our  desires,  is  not  to  be 
attained  by  directly  seeking  it.  But  though  he  was 
forced  to  make  this  partial  surrender,  he  continued 
to  the  last  to  maintain,  with  that  doggedness  of  in- 
tellect that  refused  to  deny  theoretical  principles  in 
which  he  had  been  drilled,  that  "  happiness  is  the 
test  of  aU  rules  of  conduct  and  the  end  of  life."  To 
be  sure,  it  may  be  said  in  passing,  a  definition  of 
"  happiness  "  might  conceivably  be  so  framed  as  to 
render  this  theory  acceptable  to  the  austerest  moralist, 
and  perhaps  it  was  with  some  such  definition  in  mind 
that  the  theory  came  at  last  to  be  held  by  Mill.    So 


much  at  least  is  true,  that  he,  like  the  rest  of  us,  must 
have  held  changing  notions  of  what  constitutes  true 
happiness,  as  he  advanced  from  the  cradle  to  the 
grave.  If  it  be  true,  as  Professor  Jevons  has  ven- 
tured to  assert  in  criticising  Mill,  that  "there  is 
hardly  one  of  his  more  important  and  peculiar  doc- 
trines which  he  has  not  himself  amply  refuted,"  this 
is  due,  as  has  already  been  said,  to  the  conflict  be- 
tween the  precepts  impressed  on  his  intellect  by  his 
father  and  the  promptings  of  his  own  more  ardent 
nature. 

Despite  all  failures  in  his  life-long  endeavor  to 
arrive  at  truth.  Mill  may  nevertheless  be  styled  the 
apostle  of  clear  thinking.  The  weak  parts  of  his 
abstract  speculation  lose  their  importance  in  com- 
parison with  the  indomitable  passion  for  justice  with 
which  he  strove  to  disseminate  the  truth  as  embodied 
in  practical  reforms.  Mr.  John  Morley,  writing  of 
Mill's  resemblance  to  Turgot  and  of  "  the  nobleness 
and  rarity  of  this  type,"  says  :  "  Its  force  lies  not  in 
single  elements,  but  in  that  combination  of  an  ardent 
interest  in  human  improvement  with  a  reasoned 
attention  to  the  law  of  its  conditions,  which  alone 
deserves  to  be  honoured  with  the  high  name  of  wis- 
dom. This  completeness  was  one  of  the  secrets  of 
Mr.  Mill's  peculiar  attraction  for  young  men,  and 
for  the  comparatively  few  women  whose  intellectual 
interest  was  strong  enough  to  draw  them  to  his  books. 
He  satisfied  the  ingenuous  moral  ardour  which  is 
instinctive  in  the  best  natures,  untU  the  dust  of  daily 
life  dulls  or  extinguishes  it,  and  at  the  same  time  he 
satisfied  the  rationalistic  qualities,  which  are  not  less 
marked  in  the  youthful  temperament  of  those  who 
by-and-by  do  the  work  of  the  world.  This  mixture 
of  intellectual  gravity  with  a  passionate  love  of  im- 
provement in  all  the  aims  and  instruments  of  life, 
made  many  intelligences  alive,  who  would  otherwise 
have  slumbered,  or  sunk  either  into  a  dry  pedantry 
on  the  one  hand,  or  a  windy,  mischievous  philan- 
thropy on  the  other.  .  .  .  He  recognized  the  social 
destination  of  knowledge,  and  kept  the  elevation  of 
the  great  art  of  social  existence  ever  before  him,  as 
the  ultimate  end  of  all  speculative  activity." 

It  was  as  a  clear  thinker  and  cogent  reasoner,  not 
by  any  imposing  and  majestic  authority,  that  he  won 
over  his  followers  and  still  commands  the  admiration 
of  his  readers.  The  impersonal  but  irresistible  per- 
suasion of  truth  itself  appeals  to  us  in  his  pages.  No 
drum-and-trumpet  proclamations,  but  rather  self- 
effacement  and  a  modest  reverence  for  the  sacred 
purity  of  truth,  are  what  we  find  in  his  life  and  works. 
So  little  did  he  seek  the  fame  of  a  discoverer  of  truth, 
if  only  the  truth  might  finally  be  reached,  that  he 
took  more  pains  to  disguise  and  obscure  his  origi- 
nality than  most  writers  do  to  give  prominence  to 
theirs.  He  accords  so  much  credit  to  his  predecessors, 
even  where  he  differs  from  them,  that,  as  Professor 
Cairnes  has  remarked  in  discussing  his  "  Political 
Economy,"  he  seems  to  leave  little  credit  to  himself. 
It  is  this  attitude  of  detachment,  of  freedom  from 
prejudice,  of  willingness  and  even  eagerness  to  be 
refuted  if  he  is  in  the  wrong,  that  makes  Mill  so 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL. 


287 


attractiYe  to  the  lover  of  fair  play.  "  I  found  hardly 
any  one,"  he  tells  us  in  writing  of  himself,  ''  who 
made  such  a  point  of  examining  what  was  said  in 
defence  of  all  opinions,  however  new  or  however  old, 
in  the  conviction  that  even  if  they  were  errors  there 
might  be  a  substratum  of  truth  underneath  them, 
and  that  in  any  case  the  discovery  of  what  it  was  that 
made  them  plausible,  would  be  a  benefit  to  truth." 

Mill  was  happily  situated  for  the  prosecution  of 
his  favorite  studies.  Holding  an  increasingly  remu- 
nerative position  in  the  India  House,  where  his  duties 
were  not  very  burdensome,  and  from  which  he  retired 
on  a  handsome  pension  at  fiftj--two,  he  could  devote 
his  hours  of  leisure  to  the  writing  of  books  whose 
pecuniary'  success  or  failure  was  a  minor  considera- 
tion. As  he  himself  has  well  said,  •'  the  writings  by 
which  one  can  live  are  not  the  writings  which  them- 
selves live,  and  are  never  those  in  which  the  writer 
does  his  best."'  It  was  characteristic  of  him,  too, 
that  he  early  shook  off  those  irksome  bonds  to  whose 
constraint  the  frequenters  of  fashionable  society 
think  themselves  obliged  to  submit.  "  I  was  enabled," 
he  says,  writing  of  himself  at  the  age  of  thirty-seven, 
'*to  indulge  the  inclination,  natural  to  thinking 
persons  when  the  age  of  boyish  vanity  is  once  past, 
for  limiting  my  own  society  to  a  very  few  persons. 
Greneral  society,  as  now  carried  on  in  England,  is  so 
insipid  an  affair  even  to  the  persons  who  make  it 
what  it  is,  that  it  is  kept  up  for  any  reason  rather 
than  the  pleasure  it  affords."  Of  the  impression  he 
himself  made  on  others  in  society,  we  have  abundant 
testimony,  mostly  favorable.  Carlyle's  description 
of  his  conversation  as  '•  sawdustish  "  we  must  hold 
to  be  rather  ill-natured  than  apt.  But  would  any 
talker  in  Carlyle's  company  receive  his  unqualified 
praise  ?  '•  His  [Mill's]  demeanor  with  reference  to 
the  other  participants  in  the  conversation,"  says  Pro- 
fessor Bain,  his  biographer  and  intimate  friend, 
"was  sufficiently  marked.  He  never  lectured  or 
declaimed,  or  engrossed  the  talk.  He  paused  at  due 
intervals,  to  hear  what  the  others  had  to  say ;  and 
not  merely  heard,  but  took  in,  and  embodied  that  in 
his  reply.  With  him,  talk  was,  what  it  ought  to  be, 
an  exchange  of  information,  thought  and  argument ; 
and  an  exchange  of  sympathies  when  the  feelings 
were  concerned.  He  did  not  care  to  converse  on  any 
other  terms  than  perfect  mutualitj'.  He  would 
expound  or  narrate  at  length  when  it  was  specially 
wished ;  and  there  were,  of  course,  subjects  that  it 
was  agreeable  to  him  to  dilate  upon :  but  he  wished 
to  be  in  accord  with  his  hearers,  and  to  feel  that 
they  also  had  due  openings  for  expressing  concur- 
rence or  otherwise." 

Characteristic  of  this  desire  to  let  the  light  in  from 
all  sides,  in  the  interest  of  clear  thinking  and  right 
reasoning,  was  his  attitude  as  a  parliamentary  candi- 
date. Excepting  the  one  subject  of  religion,  which 
could  well  be  excluded  as  irrelevant,  he  invited  ques- 
tions and  objections  of  whatever  sort  when  he  ap- 
peared on  the  platform  to  address  the  voters  of  West- 
minster. The  wit  and  readiness  there  displayed  by 
him,  to  the  surprise  and  delight  of  his  acquaintance, 


must  have  contributed  no  little  to  his  election,  to 
which  he  had  conscientiously  refused  to  contribute 
anything  in  money.  One  reply  of  his,  a  reply  of  two 
words  only,  to  an  opponent's  question,  is  so  character- 
istic of  his  ethical  and  intellectual  honesty,  that  it  de- 
serves mention  here.  Asked  by  a  hostile  hearer,  who 
hoped  to  overwhelm  him  with  confusion,  whether  he 
had  in  any  of  his  writings  called  the  English  working 
classes  liars.  Mill  promptly  and  calmly  answered, 
"  I  did."  After  a  pause  to  recover  from  their  aston- 
ishment, his  hearers  broke  into  enthusiastic  applause, 
and  acknowledged,  in  the  words  of  a  spokesman, 
that  they  wished,  not  to  be  flattered,  but  to  be  told 
of  their  faults. 

Minor  biographical  details  of  this  kind,  even  in 
so  short  an  article  as  the  present,  need  no  apology 
if  we  bear  in  mind  that  a  thinker's  life  is  the  master- 
key  to  the  interpretation  of  his  thought.  Through  the 
allurements  of  biography  some  readers,  previously 
shrinking  from  the  task,  may  perchance  be  won  over 
to  the  serious  study  of  the  grand  problems  of  phi- 
losophy, to  a  sense  of  their  perennial  digfnity  and 
beauty,  and  to  a  conviction  of  their  present  vital 
import.  The  lives  of  few  philosophers  are  so  worthy 
of  contemplation,  so  free  from  disquieting  and  dis- 
enchanting features,  so  stimulative  to  high  thought 
and  noble  endeavor,  as  the  life  of  John  Stuart  Mill. 
Pebcy  F.  Bickxell. 


COMMUNICA  TION. 


IMPROVISED  MEANS  OF  NAVAL  WARFARK 
(To  the  Editor  of  Th«  Dial.) 

The  commtuiication  from  Captain  A.  T.  Mahan,  in 
your  issue  of  April  16,  relative  to  my  former  article  on 
the  fighting  value  of  privateers  in  the  war  of  1812,  is 
interesting  and  valuable.  I  seem,  however,  to  have 
worded  my  article  in  a  way  that  has  caused  me  to  be 
misunderstood.  Will  you  therefore  give  me  a  little 
further  space  in  which  to  explain  my  meaning,  and  also 
to  add  a  few  words  in  support  of  one  contention  that  I 
made?  I  should  care  less  about  the  matter  had  the 
articles  appeared  in  a  publication  of  less  weight  and 
importance  than  The  Diai.  ;  as  it  is,  I  feel  that  I  ought 
in  justice  to  myself  to  add  something  further. 

The  passage  showing  that  I  was  not  fully  understood 
is  that  with  which  Captain  Mahan  closes  his  communi- 
cation. He  admits  (earher)  that  we  all  have  liberty  to 
express  our  opinions,  and  thinks  that,  though  he  regards 
my  contention  as  wrong,  the  chief  harm  is  in  what  it 
preaches  as  to  the  future.  He  believes  that  it  reflects 
a  dangerous  tendency  of  the  times  with  regard  to  our 
naval  policy.  I  wish  to  say,  then,  that  I  did  not  for  a 
moment  mean  to  advocate  a  policy  of  "  trusting  to  im- 
provised means  "  as  to  our  naval  defenses.  On  the  con- 
trary, I  beheve  that  the  changed  conditions  of  naval 
warfare  call  for  the  most  careful  and  elaborate  prepara- 
tions in  the  matter  of  fighting  ships.  Our  long  Atlantic 
seaboard  needs  a  strong  naval  defense,  just  as  a  tall 
boxer  needs  his  two  strong  arms  to  protect  both  his  face 
and  his  body. 

I  trust  that  I  have  made  myself  clear  on  that  point, 
and  that  I  have  not  urged  our  success  (whatever  that 


288 


THE    DIAL 


[May  1, 


success  was)  in  1812  as  a  justification  for  trusting  in 
*'  improvised  means  "  of  defense  now. 

Captain  Mahan  further  says  that  he  is  not  correctly 
quoted  as  admitting  that  our  privateers  in  1812  were 
largely  instrumental  in  bringing  about  the  conclusion  of 
that  war.  If  I  have  been  dull  in  understanding  Cap- 
tain Mahan's  meaning,  I  am  sorry  for  it  ;  but  I  must 
remark  that  I  did  not  quote  his  book  as  wholly  sustain- 
ing my  contention.  I  said  that  his  book  admitted  it 
"  in  part."  I  supposed  that  it  did,  and  quoted  from  it 
a  passage  regarding  the  injury  done  to  British  commerce 
by  our  cruisers,  including  privateers,  in  the  course  of  the 
war.  I  now  imderstand  Captain  Mahan  to  mean  that, 
while  the  harm  was  great,  it  was  not  much  greater  than 
England  had  previously  sustained  from  France,  and  so 
was  of  moderate  importance.  The  book  can  be  read, 
and  the  meaning  judged.     I  certainly  meant  to  be  fair. 

As  to  the  matter  in  the  first  instance  at  issue,  it  would 
appear  almost  presumptuous  for  one  not  an  acknowl- 
edged authority  to  contend  with  one  of  Captain  Mahan's 
standing  ;  yet  it  is  also  true  that  great  authorities  differ, 
and  it  is  better  to  think  for  oneself  at  times,  and  be 
wrong,  than  not  to  think  at  all.  I  will  try  to  be  brief 
in  covering  this  point. 

Captain  Mahan  says,  speaking  of  the  war,  "  We  had 
fought  and  lost."  This  is  seemingly  because  Great 
Britain  refused  to  change  her  position  on  either  of  the 
issues  for  which  we  went  to  war,  —  a  purely  technical 
conclusion,  as  it  seems  to  me.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  we 
had  won  the  greater  mmiber  of  our  sea-battles,  while 
Great  Britain  had  not  done  anything  of  moment  to  us 
on  land  ;  and  the  fact  that  after  this  she  nearly  or  wholly 
discontinued  her  odious  impressment  practices,  shows 
how  she  regarded  our  attitude  in  that  matter.  If  we 
had  not  fought  her,  it  is  likely  that  she  woidd  have  con- 
tinued to  impress  American  seamen;  as  a  result  of  the 
war,  she  stopped.  We  certainly  had  reason,  if  we  may 
trust  some  information  that  has  come  down  to  us,  to 
believe  that  she  meant  to  stop  the  practices  complained 
of,  but  regarded  it  as  humiliating  to  say  so  formally. 

As  to  the  amoimt  of  harm  done  by  our  privateers, 
which  was  the  original  question  at  issue.  Captain  Mahan 
now  says  that  the  British  Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs, 
who  was  abroad  at  the  time,  and  who  conducted  the 
business  of  his  office  for  the  time  by  letter,  does  not  even 
mention  it;  furthermore,  that  the  loss  was  not  much 
greater  than  in  the  war  with  France.  It  is  easy  to  be 
wrong,  but  it  seems  to  me  that  the  omission  by  the 
Minister  to  comment  on  this  matter  is  not  a  proof  that 
it  was  not  felt  to  be  serious.  It  might  have  been  seri- 
oiis,  and  yet  not  have  seemed  sufficiently  so  to  compel 
immediate  attention.  It  must  be  remembered  that  the 
loss  inflicted  on  English  commerce  by  our  privateers 
was  mainly  falling  on  the  people,  and  not  on  the  gov- 
ernment direct;  and  that  the  British  government  of  that 
day,  though  in  a  way  responsible  to  the  people,  by  no 
means  always  bent  its  immediate  views  to  agree  with 
the  popular  desire. 

Moreover,  it  is  not  alone  the  amoimt  of  damage  that 
is  done  in  the  course  of  a  war  that  is  most  effective.  As 
one  writer  puts  it,  "  The  object  of  all  wars  is  to  operate 
on  the  mind  of  the  enemy  to  the  extent  of  bringing  him 
to  the  desired  terms."  What  effect  did  our  privateers 
have  on  the  public  mind  of  England,  in  addition  to  the 
harm  they  actually  accomplished?  It  is  of  course  impos- 
sible to  answer  this  question;  we  can  only  guess.  But 
we  know  that  our  privateers  were  far  more  daring  in 
their  exploits  than  were  the  French,  and  that  the  fear 


of  them  helped  to  raise  the  price  of  many  staples  of 
living  to  a  serious  pitch  —  flour  to  S58.  per  barrel,  beef 
to  $38.,  etc.  We  must  bear  in  mind  that  the  contests 
of  our  regular  navy  with  England's  did  not  result  in  the 
capture  of  very  many  ships,  though  relatively  we  made 
an  excellent  showing;  and  yet  our  victories  made  a 
powerful  impression  in  England.  The  victories  of  our 
privateers  were  generally  of  a  kind  to  touch  the  pockets 
of  the  English  rather  than  their  pride,  and  so  were  not 
of  a  kind  to  call  for  so  much  public  comment ;  never- 
theless they  told  in  a  very  practical  direction.  Let  me 
quote  a  little  on  this  point.  Speaking  of  the  loss  of  the 
first  English  frigate,  the  London  "  Times  "  said : 

"  We  know  not  any  calamity  of  twenty  times  its  amoimt  that 
might  have  been  attended  with  more  serious  consequences  to 
the  worsted  party,  had  it  not  been  counterbalanced  by  a  con- 
temporaneous advantage  of  a  much  greater  magnitude  "  [refer- 
ring to  Wellington's  victories  in  Spain]. 

Yet  England  had  lost  one  thirty-eight  gun  frigate  out  of 
a  navy  consisting  of  hundreds  of  ships.  Governments 
where  the  people,  if  pressed  too  hard,  will  rise  and 
overturn  the  existing  authority,  caimot  in  war  go  the 
limit  of  the  people's  resources.  An  attempt  to  do  very 
much  less  has  often  brought  rulers  and  ministers  disas- 
trously to  the  ground. 

Again,  "The  Times,"  in  speaking  of  the  victory  of 
the  "United  States"  over  the  "Macedonian,"  says: 

"Oh,  what  a  charm  is  here  dissolved!    What  hopes  will  be 
excited  in  the  breasts  of  our  enemies !  "  etc. 
Again  a  mere  frigate  action,  and  the  loss  of  a  thirty- 
eight,  with  its  captain  and  a  few  men  killed. 

Mr.  Spears,  in  his  "  History  of  our  Navy,"  says : 

"  The  selfish  interest  of  an  individual  in  his  property  is,  as  has 
often  been  noted,  a  pledge  of  good  citizenship.  His  selfish  inter- 
est in  his  property,  bluntly  speaking,  tends  to  making  him 
behave  himself  becomingly.  .  .  .  The  same  rule  applies  to 
nations.  The  possession  of  property  liable  to  be  lost  through 
war  is  a  pledge  of  peace  on  the  part  of  the  nation  owning  it." 

That  this  "  selfish  interest  "  would  or  did  endure  quietly 
the  rise  of  prices  in  England  caused  largely  by  our  pri- 
vateers, and  the  other  troubles  consequent  on  this  har- 
rowing kind  of  warfare,  is  certainly  hard  to  believe.  It 
does  not  agree  with  what  the  ship-owners  as  well  as  the 
consumers  said  at  the  time. 

Finally  (since  I  have  already  used  too  much  space), 
I  will  finish  my  quotations  by  a  brief  one  from  "  The 
American  Merchant  Marine,"  page  128: 

"  The  master  of  a  British  merchantman  who  had  been  three 
times  captured  and  as  many_  times  recaptured,  said  that  he  had 
sighted  no  fewer  than  ten  American  privateers  in  a  single  voyage. 
.  .  .  But  the  most  dramatic  and  effective  work  of  the  privateers 
was  right  on  the  British  coast,  and  in  the  chops  of  the  English 
Channel.  This  produced  in  Britain  a  comical  blending  of  fury 
and  despondency,  which  found  voice  in  the  memorials  of  the 
merchants  of  Liverpool  and  other  seaport  towns.  A  typical 
remonstrance  is  that  of  the  merchants  of  Glasgow." 

This  remonstrance  is  given  in  full,  but  is  too  long  to 
insert  here.  It  recites  that  insurance  was  affected,  a 
heavy  tax  liad  to  be  paid  for  convoys,  etc.  It  is  worth 
reading  entire,  as  mdeed  is  the  rest  of  the  book,  if  one 
wishes  to  see  just  what  our  practical  "  irregulars  "  did 
at  that  time. 

With  all  this  and  much  more  before  me,  I  must  still 
believe  that  our  privateers  were  a  mighty  factor,  if  not 
the  mightiest,  in  causing  Great  Britain,  relieved  of 
Xapoleon,  and  before  she  had  heard  of  her  defeat  at 
New  Orleans,  to  consent  to  make  peace.  That  we  did 
not  win  as  to  the  form  of  this,  is  true ;  but  I  am  unable 
to  see  why  we  did  not  win  the  substance. 

F.  H.  COSTELLO. 
Bangor,  Maine,  April  19,  1906. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


289 


^ht  Beto  ^oohs. 


Three  Decades  of  the  Amebic  ax 
uxtversity.* 


The  history  of  the  American  "  university  "  as 
distinguished  from  the  '•  college  "  can  hardly  be 
said  to  begin  before  the  seventies  of  the  last 
century  ;  and  mthout  the  least  disparagement  of 
any  other  seat  of  learning,  it  may  be  said  that 
the  establishment  of  Johns  Hopkins  marked  the 
opening  of  an  era.  In  1873  the  will  of  a  Bal- 
timore merchant  provided  for  the  founding  of  a 
new  imiversit}-,  and  a  propitious  mood  of  fortxme 
which  had  favored  the  selection  of  a  sagacious 
body  of  trustees  extended  its  favor  to  their  ap- 
pointment of  a  capable  president.  Daniel  Coit 
Oilman,  bom  at  Norwich  in  Connecticut,  became 
a  graduate  of  Yale  in  1852,  and  continued  his 
studies  both  there  and  at  Harvard  as  well  as  in 
Europe.  The  following  years  saw  him  connected 
with  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School  and  holding 
a  chair  at  Yale,  imtil,  in  1872,  he  was  called  to 
the  presidency  of  the  University  of  California, 
where  "he  helped  to  rescue  a  State  University 
from  the  limitations  of  a  college  of  agriculture 
and  enlarge  it  to  meet  the  requirements  of  a 
magnificent  commonwealth.''  With  this  valuar 
ble  training  the  first  president  of  Johns  Hopkins 
brought  an  invaluable  spirit,  —  a  combination 
which  made  him  not  only  a  master  craftsman 
before  the  final  laimching  of  the  imiversity,  but 
a  reliable  and  confidence-inspiring  pilot  for  the 
first  twenty-five  years  of  the  subsequent  voyage. 
That  the  waters  shoidd  always  be  smooth,  and 
that  favoring  breezes  shoidd  always  sweU  the 
sails,  no  pilot  coidd  ensure.  Of  the  stormy 
waters,  however,  only  incidental  mention  is  made 
in  the  present  volume. 

The  new  president  suggested  the  emphasizing 
of  the  idea  of  a  "  university  "  and  the  desira- 
bility of  building  up  an  institution  quite  different 
from  a  '•  coUege  ";  he  wished  "  to  make  an  ad- 
dition to  American  education,  not  introduce  a 
rival."  The  times  were  ripe.  Opportunities  for 
graduate  study  were  then  few ;  the  relation  of 
the  professional  schools  to  the  college  of  liberal 
arts  was  but  ill  adjusted ;  research  was  largely 
a  matter  of  indi\'idual  initiative  and  pursuit; 
facilities  for  the  publication  of  original  articles 
were  inadequate  ;  withal,  there  was  a  goodly 
body  of  young  men  ready  to  profit  by  a  better 
order  of  things.     To  the  promotion  of  the  new 

•The  Launching  of  a  University,  and  Other  Papers.  A 
Sheaf  of  R«nembrances.  By  Daniel  Coit  Oilman.  New  York: 
Dodd.  Mead  &  Co. 


order.  President  Oilman  devoted  his  exceptional 
ability-  and  energy.  Sparing  himself  at  not  a 
single  turn,  he  exhibited  a  laudable  self-reliance ; 
but  he  exhibited  also  that  strength  of  the  strong 
which  can  profit  by  the  strength  of  others.  As 
a  people,  we  owe  much  to  James  B.  Angell, 
Charles  W.  Eliot,  and  Andrew  D.  WTiite  ;  but 
for  no  other  service  should  we  be  more  grateful 
than  for  their  timely  encouragement  and  practi- 
cal helpfidness  in  the  formative  period  of  the 
new  university.  Their  willing  kindness  is  grate- 
fully recognized  in  the  dedication  of  the  volume 
before  us,  and  it  will  not  be  forgotten  by  future 
generations. 

The  far-seeing  head  of  the  institution  destined 
to  be  so  important  staked  everything  upon  his 
facidty.  Again  and  again  he  insists  on  the 
supreme  importance  of  the  teaching  staff  in  a 
university,  a  fact  not  undeserving  of  notice  in 
these  days  when  the  university  president  looms 
so  large  before  the  public  eye  and  the  ordinary 
professor  is  lost  in  the  crowd.  "  But  the  idea," 
he  says,  "  is  not  lost  sight  of,  that  the  power  of 
the  university  will  depend  upon  the  character  of 
its  resident  staff  of  permanent  professors.  It  is 
their  researches  in  the  library  and  laboratory ; 
their  utterances  in  the  classroom  and  in  private 
life :  their  examples  as  students  and  investiga- 
tors, and  as  champions  of  the  truth ;  their  pub- 
lications, through  the  journals  and  the  scientific 
treatises,  which  will  make  the  University  of 
Baltimore  an  attraction  to  the  best  students,  and 
serviceable  to  the  intellectual  growth  of  the 
land."  But  if  President  Oilman  staked  every- 
thing upon  his  facidty,  he  took  good  care  that 
his  stake  should  not  be  lost.  The  first  professors 
were  Sylvester,  Oildersleeve,  Remsen,  Rowland, 
Morris,  and  ^lartin  ;  a  few  years  later,  Welch, 
Halsted,  Kelly,  and  Osier  formed  the  nucleus 
of  the  medical  facult}*.  These  ten  names  in 
themselves  would  constitute  a  eulogy  on  the  wis- 
dom of  the  trustees,  which  was  doubtless  in  this 
connection  the  wisdom  of  the  President.  All  of 
the  hopes  implied  in  the  above  quotation  were 
realized,  and  more  ;  for  these  giants  may  be  said 
to  have  fashioned  the  mould  for  the  future  of 
the  American  university. 

To  a  cause,  however,  as  to  an  individual, 
blessing  comes  but  seldom  imattended  by  bane  ; 
and  the  new  order  of  things  was  not  productive 
solely  of  good.  When  the  far-reaching  benefits  of 
Johns  Hopkins  and  the  other  great  universities 
Ijecame  obvious,  donations  on  a  magnificent  scale 
began  to  grow  common,  until,  as  our  author 
points  out,  more  than  one  institution  to-day  has 
an  endowment  larger  than  that  of  all  the  insti- 


290 


THE    DIAL 


[May  1, 


tutions  which  were  in  existence  in  1850.  But 
if  a  strong  university  is  a  great  good,  a  nominal 
university  is  a  great  evil ;  and  we  find  the  dan- 
ger noted  that  "  the  country  will  soon  have  a 
superfluity  of  feeble  universities,  as  it  has  had 
a  superfluity  of  endowed  colleges."  When  a 
searcher  for  real  conditions  in  our  higher  educa- 
tion begins  to  peer  behind  the  august  mask  of 
the  word  "  university,"  he  finds  everything  from 
the  highest  type  of  an  institution  of  learning  to 
the  lowest  representative  of  the  propagation  of 
vanity,  —  everything,  in  fact,  from  Harvard  to 
an  institution  of  which  it  can  only  be  said  that 
the  dead  are  there.  When  a  denominational 
university  with  a  small  facidty  confers  more 
advanced  degrees  than  Yale,  words  lose  their 
meaning.  Flagrant  cases,  however,  will  ulti- 
mately defeat  their  own  ends,  by  cheapening  the 
donor's  degrees  in  competition  with  the  degrees 
of  standard  institutions ;  and  on  the  whole  we  are 
doing  better.  Another  danger, — that  graduate 
work,  with  its  insistence  on  research  and  printed 
results,  would  lead  to  sterile  investigation  and 
unprofitable  publication,  —  is  upon  us.  Too 
often  we  investigate  the  fluctuations  in  the  price 
of  woolen  socks  in  New  England  during  two  colo- 
nial decades,  when  we  might  more  profitably  be 
acquiring  a  decent  historical  horizon  and  eco- 
nomic perspective ;  nor  should  we  be  eager  to  put 
forth  a  thesis  on  the  hiccough  of  Aristophanes 
in  Plato's  "  Symposium  "  before  we  have  read  the 
"  Republic."  With  regard  to  printing,  we  are 
the  victims  of  a  veritable  cacoethes  ;  we  have  too 
many  "  Studies,"  "  Investigations,"  and  similar 
publications  of  such  strange  double  power  that 
in  them  a  worthy  article  may  be  entombed  or 
an  unworthy  article  be  given  a  temporary  sem- 
blance of  life.  To  change  our  author's  words 
a  little,  there  should  be  less  printing  and  more 
editing.  Furthermore,  the  young  instructor, 
fresh  from  the  seminar,  is  sadly  inclined  to  be  a 
pedant  rather  than  a  pedagogue  ;  the  minute  in- 
vestigator too  often  fails  to  become  the  inspiring 
teacher,  and  "  it  does  not  appear  that  the  under- 
graduates receive  better  instruction  than  they 
received  in  the  earlier  days."  Howbeit,  all  of 
these  features  are  incidental,  and  can  be  changed . 
As  to  any  responsibility  therefor  on  the  part  of 
Johns  Hopkins,  we  may  quote  a  characteristic 
statement  made  by  Professor  GUdersleeve  years 
ago  to  the  present  writer.  "  Young  man,"  he 
said,  "  whatever  benefits  have  accrued  to  Amer- 
ican education  from  graduate  work  may  be 
traced  to  Johns  Hopkins ;  the  evils  all  came 
from  .   .  ." 

"The  Laimching  of  a  University,"  consist- 


ing of  a  "  Sheaf  of  Remembrances,"  is  divided 
into  two  parts,  the  first  (chapters  I. -IX.)  being 
concerned  more  immediately  with  the  Johns 
Hopkins  University,  the  second  (chapters  X.- 
XXII.)  embodying  various  addresses.  The 
previous  publication  of  certain  portions  is  men- 
tioned in  the  preface.  The  thoroughly  inter- 
esting first  part,  with  chapters  X.  and  XIV., 
would  have  made  a  valuable  volume.  "  Fun- 
damental Principles,"  "  The  Original  Faculty," 
"  Some  Noteworthy  Teachers,"  "  Resignation," 
"  Remembrances,"  and  "  Research  "  are  the 
captions  of  chapters  that  prove  to  be  as  fruitful 
as  the  headings  suggest.  Indeed,  there  is  no 
disappointment  save  in  the  sixth  chapter,  which 
includes  an  accoimt  of  the  establishment  of  the 
Carnegie  Institution  ;  but  here  the  disappoint- 
ment is  keen.  It  wiU  be  remembered  that  the 
original  purpose  of  Mr.  Carnegie  was  "  to  make 
the  gift  directly  to  the  nation,  and  for  that 
reason  he  communicated  an  outline  of  his  plan 
to  the  President  of  the  United  States,  by  whom 
it  was  received  with  the  most  generous  appre- 
ciation. Reflection  led  to  a  change."  It  was 
about  this  reflection  and  change  that  we  had 
hoped  for  enlightenment.  Whatever  title  might 
have  been  given  to  an  institution  founded  on 
the  unchanged  plans,  it  could  have  been  made 
to  mean  a  National  University  endowed  with 
$10,000,000  as  a  mere  beginning,  admitting  of 
correlation  with  existing  governmental  scientific 
departments  and  with  other  educational  institu- 
tions of  the  country,  incorporating  the  most 
advanced  ideas  and  the  highest  ideals,  and  pro- 
viding thoroughly  adequate  means  for  investi- 
gation and  leadership.  Such  an  institution 
appeared  to  many  educators  as  a  wellspring  of 
almost  unlimited  possibilities.  When  "  reflec- 
tion led  to  a  change,"  it  was  widely  charged  that 
a  few  eminent  university  leaders,  fearing  pos- 
sible competition  for  their  own  graduate  schools, 
had  fostered  this  reflection  unduly  ;  it  was,  and 
is,  generally  believed  that,  at  any  rate,  they 
could  have  ensured  the  success  of  the  original 
conception  of  the  "  evangelist  of  beneficence  " 
if  they  had  deemed  it  best  for  our  national  edu- 
cational interests.  From  President  Oilman  we 
expected  the  enlightening  word ;  but  darkness 
is  still  upon  our  eyes,  and  we  must  still  believe 
where  we  cannot  prove.  That  these  eminent 
and  honorable  men  must  have  been  influenced 
by  altruistic  and  compelling  motives,  we  are 
all  anxious  to  believe ;  but  it  would  have  been 
pleasant  to  change  faith  for  knowledge.  In 
all  ages  the  small  have  craved  the  confidences 
of  the  great. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


291 


The  second  part  of  Dr.  Gilman's  book  inevi- 
tably suffers  in  comparison  with  the  significant 
chapters  of  the  first  part.  The  topics  include 
"  Books  and  Politics,"  "  De  Juventute,"  "  Greek 
Art  in  a  Manufacturing  Town,"  "  Hand-Craft 
and  Rede-Craft,"  "  Civil  Service  Reform,"  and 
so  forth.  In  the  treatment,  of  course,  there  are 
always  manifested  sanity,  lucidity,  breadth  of 
view,  and  generosity  of  sentiment ;  but  one  or 
two  of  the  addresses  must  strike  a  careful  reader 
as  approaching  dangerously  near  to  hack-work. 
One  feels  that  the  first  part  could  have  been 
wTitten  by  but  few  men,  whereas  the  second  could 
have  been  written  by  many,  and  might  better 
have  appeared  as  a  separate  volimie  with  a 
frankly  descriptive  title.  A  respectful  reviewer 
may  be  allowed  to  submit  that  there  are  too  many 
cases  of  the  publication  of  miscellaneous  essays 
and  addresses  imder  attractive  titles  suggestive 
of  imity  of  theme.  Publishers  admit  that  they 
are  only  human,  —  and  on  the  whole  it  is  per- 
haps desirable  that  university  presidents  should 
share  that  amiable  weakness ;  but  the  title  on 
the  cover  ought  to  convey  the  same  idea  as  the 
words  on  the  title-page.  It  is  needless  to  say 
that  in  the  present  instance  the  title-page  is  above 
reproach. 

Were  the  task  not  so  uncongenial,  it  wovdd 
be  possible  to  point  out  a  few  slips  of  the  pen 
or  lapses  from  careful  jiresentation.  A  volume 
containing  an  address  on  Greek  Art  should 
hardly  be  guilty  of  the  following :  "  The  touch 
of  Phidias  was  his  own,  and  so  inimitable  that 
not  long  ago  an  American,  scanning  with  his 
practised  eye  the  galleries  of  the  Louvre,  dis- 
covered a  fragment  of  the  work  of  Phidias  long 
separated  from  the  other  fragments  by  that 
sculptor  which  Lord  Elgin  had  sent  to  London. 
The  artist's  stroke  could  not  be  mistaken,  —  it 
was  his  own,  as  truly  as  our  sign-manuals,  our 
autographs."  Our  author  can  refer  only  to  the 
discovery  by  Waldstein  of  the  Lapith  head  in 
the  Louvre  and  its  relation  to  one  of  the  Parthe- 
non metopes,  and  he  certainly  leaves  the  impres- 
sion that  Phidias  actually  carved  the  metopes 
with  his  own  hand.  Of  course  the  metopes  are 
the  work  of  the  great  Athenian  in  a  perfectly 
true  sense  ;  but  that  they  show  the  actual  strokes 
of  his  chisel,  few  would  venture  to  maintain. 
A  slip  of  a  different  sort  attached  the  heading 
"  Incidents  of  the  Early  Years  "  to  a  chapter  of 
which  a  fourth  is  devoted  to  the  Carnegie  Insti- 
tution founded  so  recently.  Minor  lapses  and 
an  occasional  awkward  sentence  in  a  volume  of 
three  hundred  and  eighty-six  pages  are  pardon- 
able even  if  undesirable. 


Our  closing  impression,  however,  should  not 
be  given  by  words  suggestive  of  fault-finding. 
President  Gilman's  book  has  been  welcome 
reading,  and  will  doubtless  be  warmly  received 
by  all  interested  in  higher  education  and  in  the 
history  of  our  great  institutions  of  learning.  To 
few  gleaners  in  this  field  is  it  allowed  to  present 
such  a  "  sheaf  of  remembrances." 

F.  B.  R.  Hellems. 


Two  Views  of  a  Great  Exgl.ish  Ktng.* 


It  may  seem  to  many  that  there  is  no  great 
need  for  a  new  biography  of  Henry  VIII.  Few 
names  in  English  history  are  more  generally 
familiar  than  that  of  the  second  Tudor,  and  the 
leading  facts  of  his  long  reign  are  known  to  all 
who  have  read  the  story  of  Britain.  It  is  true,  the 
world  knows  what  happened  in  Henry's  reign, 
but  just  why  and  how  it  happened  is  still  a  mat- 
ter of  dispute.  Especially  when  we  approach  the 
subject  of  the  King's  character  and  motives,  of 
his  plans  and  policies,  of  his  personal  achieve- 
ments and  those  due  to  his  ministers,  we  meet 
the  most  diverse  opinions.  Where  one  writer 
condemns,  another  condones  or  justifies ;  one 
offers  an  apology  where  another  merely  ventures 
to  explain ;  what  one  attributes  to  royal  foresight 
another  ascribes  to  the  shrewdness  of  a  councillor. 

This  disagreement  is  due  in  part  to  the  fact 
that  the  sources  necessary  to  an  exhaustive  study 
of  Henry's  reign  were  not  accessible  to  earlier 
writers.  Recently,  however,  there  have  been  col- 
lected from  various  parts  of  Europe — from 
Spain,  France,  Venice,  Ireland,  and  Great  Bri- 
tain, —  thousands  of  documents  dating  from  Tu- 
dor times,  the  study  of  which  will  add  materially 
to  our  knowledge  of  the  sixteenth  century.  These 
newer  sources,  we  are  told  by  Henry's  most 
recent  biographer,  "probably  contain  at  least  a 
million  definite  facts  relating  to  the  reign  of 
Henry  VTII."  To  write  the  story  of  Henry's  life 
and  achievements  is  evidently  no  easy  task.  For- 
timately,  however,  the  work  of  sifting  and  inter- 
preting these  materials  has  been  undertaken  by 
one  whose  great  knowledge  of  the  Tudor  period 
renders  him  pecidiarly  fitted  for  such  an  effort. 
It  was  with  pleasure  that  students  noted  three 
years  ago  that  Prof,  A.  F.  Pollard,  of  University 
College,  London,  had  written  a  biography  of 
Henry  VEIL  Unfortimately,  the  edition  then 
published  was  of  the  more  expensive  order,  and 

•Henby  Vin.  By  A.  F.  Pollard.  New  York:  Longmans 
Oreen,  &  Co. 

The  Wives  of  Hekbt  the  Eighth.  By  Martin  Hume.  DIus- 
trated.    New  York:  McClure,  Phillips  &  Co. 


292 


THE    DIAL 


[May  1, 


the  work  was  consequently  placed  beyond  the 
reach  of  the  average  book-buyer.  Since  then  it 
has  been  revised  and  republished,  and  now 
appears  as  a  plain,  solid,  but  attractive  volume, 
which  the  lover  of  history  will  be  glad  to  possess. 

The  story  begins  with  a  brief  sketch  of  the 
early  Tudors,  in  which  the  author  emphasizes  the 
fact  that  Henry's  great  strength  lay  in  the  pop- 
ular belief  and  fear  that  he  alone  stood  between 
English  prosperity  and  a  return  of  the  anarchy 
that  England  had  experienced  during  the  Wars 
of  the  Roses.  In  the  next  chapter  we  get  a  view 
of  "  Prince  Henry  and  his  environment,"  and  an 
effort  is  made  to  account  for  his  wonderful  pop- 
ularity then  and  later.  The  average  Englishman 
could  not  help  admiring  a  prince  who  was  the 
best  athlete  in  the  kingdom ;  and,  continues  the 
author,  if  "there  ascended  the  throne  to-day  a 
young  prince,  the  hero  of  the  athletic  world,  the 
finest  oar,  the  best  bat,  the  crack  marksman 
of  his  day  .  .  .  endowed  with  the  iron  will,  the 
instinctive  insight  into  the  hearts  of  his  people, 
the  profound  aptitude  for  government  that 
Henry  VIII.  displayed,  he  would  be  a  rash  man 
who  would  guarantee  even  now  the  integrity  of 
parliamentary  power  or  the  continuance  of  cab- 
inet rule."  From  this  passage,  and  others  like 
it  that  might  be  quoted,  it  appears  that  Professor 
Pollard  does  not  value  the  political  sense  of  his 
countrymen  very  highly.  But  here  we  must  be 
allowed  to  retain  our  doubts. 

In  the  third  chapter  we  learn  how  Henry  was 
taught  statecraft.  "  The  young  King  entered  the 
arena  of  Europe,  a  child  of  generous  impulse  in 
a  throng  of  hoary  intriguers — Ferdinand,  Max- 
imilian, Louis  XII.,  Julius  II.,  each  of  whom 
was  nearly  three  times  his  age."  The  scheming 
and  plotting  of  these  royal  highwaymen  is  told 
in  striking  terms.  "  But  the  meekest  and  saintli- 
est  monarch  could  scarce  pass  unscathed  through 
the  baptism  of  fraud  practised  on  Henry,  and 
Henry  was  at  no  time  saintly  or  meek."  He 
learned  that  he  too  coidd  employ  the  methods  of 
diplomacy,  so-called,  and  when  the  "  hoary  in- 
triguers" passed  off  the  stage  in  the  second  decade 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  the  centre  of  diplomatic 
intrigue  shifted  to  the  English  court. 

The  subject  of  foreign  affairs  continues 
through  the  following  three  chapters,  with  the 
interest  centering  about  the  person  of  Cardinal 
Wolsey.  The  Cardinal  was,  says  Professor  Pol- 
lard, "the  greatest,  as  he  was  the  last,  of  the 
ecclesiastical  statesmen  who  have  governed  En- 
gland. As  a  diplomat  pure  and  simple,  he  has 
never  been  surpassed ;  and  as  an  administrator 
he  has  had  few  equals."  But  the  author  does  not 


believe  that  Wolsey 's  management  of  affairs  was 
ever  so  complete  as  has  been  thought.  The  King, 
though  much  taken  up  with  theology,  with  his 
navy,  with  tournaments,  and  with  a  thousand 
other  matters  that  appealed  to  the  royal  vanity, 
watched  details  very  closely  and  became  in- 
creasingly vigilant  after  1519.  Nor  does  he  con- 
sider the  passing  of  Wolsey  as  something  to  be 
regretted  either  by  Henry  or  by  the  nation. 
Henry's  government  achieved  nothing  while  the 
Cardinal  was  at  the  helm.  It  is  true,  he  "  staved 
off  for  many  years  the  ruin  of  the  church,  but 
he  only  did  it  Ijy  plunging  England  into  the  mael- 
strom of  foreign  intrigue  and  of  futile  wars." 

The  discord  that  appeared  in  the  royal  famdy 
about  1527  is  treated  more  from  the  political 
than  from  the  domestic  side.  This  subject,  and 
the  later  matrimonial  ventures  of  the  King,  the 
author  cannot  avoid  discussing ;  but  he  gives 
them  no  more  space  than  their  importance  seems 
to  demand.  Henry  had  not  been  married  long 
before  serious  misunderstandings  arose  in  the 
royal  household.  Catherine  was  not  only  queen 
of  England,  she  was  also  the  accredited  Spanish 
ambassador  at  the  English  court.  As  such,  she 
strove  earnestly,  if  not  always  tactfully,  to  hold 
Spain  and  England  in  close  alliance  ;  but  Henry 
soon  found  that  to  follow  the  erratic  Ferdinand 
about  as  an  ally  was  not  only  difficult  but  dan- 
gerous, and  the  queen's  position  soon  became  a 
trying  one.  To  this  was  added  personal  bereave- 
ment in  the  death  of  nearly  all  her  cliildren. 
Professor  Pollard  believes  that  "  there  is  no  rea- 
son to  doubt  Henry's  assertion  that  he  had  come 
to  regard  the  death  of  his  cliildren  as  a  Divine 
judgment,  and  that  he  was  impelled  to  question 
his  marriage  by  the  dictates  of  conscience  ";  but 
he  adds  that  conscience  "  often  moves  men  in 
directions  indicated  by  other  than  conscientious 
motives  ;  and  of  the  other  motives  which  influ- 
enced Henry's  mind,  some  were  respectable  and 
some  the  reverse." 

Perhaps  the  strongest  part  of  Professor  Pol- 
lard's work  is  his  account  of  the  origin  and 
progTess  of  the  movement  that  separated  Eng- 
land from  Rome.  With  the  origin  of  this  move- 
ment the  King's  domestic  difficidties  had  nothing 
to  do.  The  author  shows  that  the  governing 
elements  in  England  were  at  that  time  strongly 
anti-ecclesiastical.  Any  action  taken  in  oppo- 
sition to  Papacy  was  sure  to  be  popidar ;  and 
no  one  understood  this  better  than  Henry.  The 
author  also  holds  that  while  the  King  earlier  in 
his  reign  respected  Papacy  more  than  any  other 
monarch  in  Europe,  he  had  always  considered 
himself  supreme  ruler  of  the  English  church. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


293 


*'  Even  in  the  height  of  his  fervor  against  heresy, 
Henry  was  in  no  mood  to  abate  one  jot  or  tittle 
of  his  royal  authority  in  ecclesiastical  matters." 

The  question  of  ecclesiastical  supremacy  be- 
came a  practical  one  in  1529,  when  the  Pope 
allied  himself  to  Henry's  enemy  Charles  and 
transferred  the  hearing  of  the  suit  between 
Henry  and  Catherine  to  the  Papal  court.  Henry 
inmiediately  summoned  Parliament,  and  the  pro- 
cess of  actual  separation  from  Kome  began.  So 
obedient  did  this  body  seem  to  be,  that  it  is  often 
spoken  of  as  a  ser%ale  Parliament.  But  Professor 
Pollard  denies  that  it  ever  showed  any  signs  of 
servility ;  frequently,  he  says,  it  displayed  the 
very  opposite  temper.  Some  historians  believe 
that  the  King  must  have  packed  the  Pai'liament ; 
but  the  author  holds  tliat  this  belief  is  not  sup- 
ported by  any  evidence  whatever.  "  The  general 
harmony  between  King  and  Parliament  was 
based  on  a  fimdamental  similarity  of  interests ; 
the  harmony  in  detail  was  worked  out,  not  by 
the  forcefid  exertion  of  Henry's  will,  but  by  Ins 
caref  id  and  skilful  manipulation  of  both  Houses," 
especially  of  the  House  of  Commons. 

No  one  can  read  the  story  of  Henry's  career, 
as  Professor  Pollard  tells  it,  without  feeling  that 
he  must  have  been  a  remarkable  man.  But  that 
he  was  "the  most  remarkable  man  that  ever  sat 
on  the  English  throne  '  few  are  prepared  to  be- 
lieve. On  the  whole,  it  seems  that  the  author's 
view  of  Henry's  character  as  man  and  monarch 
is  entirely  too  favorable.  The  unlovely  side  of 
the  King's  life  is  by  no  means  ignored.  "  His 
besetting  sin  was  egotism,  a  sin  which  princes 
can  hardly  and  Tudors  coidd  nowise  avoid  ";  and 
this  egotism  promoted  the  development  of  many 
other  traits  of  the  mean,  mmianly  sort.  But  this 
side  of  Henry's  character  is  not  given  the  usual 
prominence.  The  emphasis  is  placed  on  those 
qualities  that  made  him  a  great  king,  shrewd- 
ness and  energy,  foresight  and  power.  '•  He  had 
the  strength  of  a  lion,  and  like  a  lion  he  used  it.'* 

When  the  reader  passes  from  Professor 
PoUard's  biography  to  Major  Hume's  history 
of  Henry's  marriages,  he  soon  finds  himself  on 
a  decidedly  lower  plane.  The  English  is  more 
colloquial  and  less  dignified  ;  but  as  the  subject 
itself  frequently  lacks  in  dignity,  this  can  be 
forgiven.  Major  Hiune  also  has  had  access  to 
great  bodies  of  new  sources,  but  in  the  inter- 
pretation of  these  he  sometimes  differs  i-adically 
from  the  author  just  considered.  Instead  of  the 
imposing  monarch  that  Professor  Pollard  paints, 
he  sketches  a  mean,  cowardly,  selfish  wretch, 
whose  abilities  were  extremely  small,  and  whose 
vanity  and  wickedness  alone  were  great.     The 


author's  purpose  is  to  show  how  the  powerful 
men  who  stood  about  the  King  made  use  of  his 
weaknesses  to  further  political  and  religious  ends, 
and  particularly  "  how  each  of  his  wives  in  turn 
was  but  an  instrument  of  politicians,  intended 
to  sway  the  King  on  one  side  or  the  other."  Thus 
Catherine  stood  for  close  relations  with  Rome  and 
the  Empire  ;  Anne  Boleyn  for  a  French  alliance 
and  Lutherz^n  reform.  After  Anne's  death,  the 
two  factions  alternately  dictated  matrimonial 
terms  to  the  King,  imtil  with  Catherine  Parr 
"  the  Protestants  won  the  last  trick." 

Major  Himie  admits  that  reform  was  in  the 
air  in  the  early  sixteenth  century,  but  he  does 
not  seem  to  think  that  England  was  seriously 
disaffected.  "The  real  author  of  the  great 
schism  of  England  was  not  Anne  or  Cranmer, 
but  Luther's  enemy  Charles  V.,  the  champion 
of  Catholicism."  Had  he  not  so  persistently 
urged  the  Pope  to  refuse  the  annulment  of 
Henry's  marriage  (not  through  love  or  sym- 
pathy for  his  aunt,  but  to  prevent  an  alliance 
between  France  and  England),  no  one  in  En- 
land  would  have  defied  Rome  and  no  schism 
would  have  appeared. 

The  view  that  the  author  gives  us  of  society 
during  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  is  a  dismal  one. 
In  his  characterizations  of  the  leading  pei"Sons 
of  the  period,  he  displays  no  appreciation  or  sym- 
pathy ;  apparently  he  finds  no  one  with  whom  he 
can  sjnnpathize  unless  it  be  the  Emperor  Charles. 
Catherine  of  Aragon,  of  whom  the  world  would 
fain  think  with  respect  at  least,  is  said  to  have 
been  "  no  better  than  those  about  her  in  moral 
principle,"  not  a  saint  or  a  meek  martyr,  but  one 
who  was  "  fully  a  match  in  duplicity  for  those 
against  whom  she  was  pitted."  From  one  who 
speaks  in  this  way  of  that  strong  and  resolute 
queen,  kindly  treatment  of  Henry's  other  con- 
sorts, not  to  mention  Cranmer  and  Cromwell,  is 
not  to  be  expected. 

There  is  much  in  both  of  these  volumes  that 
helps  us  to  understand  more  fully  this  difficult 
age,  but  the  great  riddles  of  the  Tudor  period 
still  remain  unanswered.  The  rather  attractive 
gentieman  whom  we  learn  to  know  in  Professor 
Pollard's  biography  the  world  will  probably  not 
accept  as  the  true  Henry  VIII.  The  question 
of  the  source  of  Henry's  strength  is  not  answered 
by  saying,  as  Major  Hmne  virtually  does,  that 
he  hatl  no  strength.  On  several  minor  points, 
also,  the  reviewer  would  like  to  question  the 
interpretations  proposed  ;  but  he  remembers  that 
there  are  a  million  facts  that  he  has  not  exam- 
ined, and  considers  it  more  discreet  to  refrain. 
Laurence  M.  Larson. 


294 


THE    DIAJ^ 


[May  1, 


Slavery  and  its  Aftermath.* 

That  the  Negro  American  has  been  the 
central  fact  of  American  history  is  illustrated 
by  Mr.  George  S.  Merriam's  volume  on  "  The 
Negro  and  the  Nation";  and  that  he  still  occu- 
pies a  considerable  part  of  the  stage  is  empha- 
sized by  Mr.  William  A.  Sinclair's  perfervid 
rhetoric  in  his  book  called  "The  Aftermath  of 
Slavery."  The  first  is  an  octavo  volume  of  436 
pages  which  aims  to  show,  in  short  chapters  and 
in  popular  style,  the  connection  of  slavery  with 
United  States  history.  The  result  is  a  history 
of  the  United  States  with  the  Negro  as  the  cen- 
tral fact.  The  narrative  is  perhaps  naturally  a 
bit  disjointed  and  sketchy,  and  the  almost  inevit- 
able mistakes  of  the  popidar  writer  have  crept 
in  —  for  instance,  when  the  slave  trade  is  said  to 
have  been  made  piracy  in  1808  instead  of  1820 
(p.  22),  when  Calhoun  is  made  secretary  of  war 
in  1844  instead  of  secretary  of  state  (p.  75),  and 
Benjamin  Harrison  president  at  the  tender  age 
of  seven  (p.  71).  Probably  many  such  small 
errors  and  slips  could  be  found,  which,  while  they 
mar,  do  not  by  any  means  seriously  detract  from 
the  real  value  of  the  work. 

This  real  value  lies  in  the  new  point  of  view 
from  which  the  Negro  is  studied.  The  literature 
of  American  slavery  is  large,  and  the  literature 
of  the  "  Negro  problem  "  growing  ;  and  yet  we 
seldom  get  a  sane,  sober  narrative  which  treats 
both  these  things  as  parts  of  one  continuous 
whole,  and  that  whole  as  one  ordinary  chapter  of 
human  history  clustering  about  the  rise  of  a  na^ 
tion  in  a  nation.  The  every-day  point  of  view, 
therefore,  the  lack  of  partisanship  or  intense 
fervor,  makes  the  book  useful  as  a  college  text- 
book or  as  perhaps  the  only  easily-obtainable 
simunary  of  an  intensely-interesting  history. 

Mr.  Merriam's  attitude  toward  the  Negro,  the 
South,  and  Slavery  is  on  the  whole  the  attitude 
of  the  Rebound,  so  to  speak, — that  is,  of  the  mass 
of  the  thinking  part  of  the  nation  who,  having 
had  their  feelings  intensely  harrowed  by  slavery, 
wrought  to  fever  heat  by  war,  and  worried  by  Re- 
construction, are  now  disposed  to  discoimt  much 
of  their  former  fervor,  philosophize  over  events, 
and  pass  calm  judgments  on  events  that  were  not 
calm.  '  The  danger  of  this  attitude  is  that  often 
in  an  attempt  to  be  judicious  we  miss  the  larger 
truth.    For  instance  :  is  it  true  that  the  war  was 

•  The  Nbgro  and  the  Nation.  A  History  of  American  Sla- 
very and  Enfranchisement.  By  Qeorgre  S.  Merriam.  New  York : 
Henry  Holt  &  Co. 

•  The  Aptebmath  of  Slavery.  A  Study  of  the  Condition 
and  Environment  of  the  American  Negro.  By  William  A. 
Sinclair,  A.M.,M.D.  With  an  introduction  by  Thomas  Went- 
worth  Higginson,  LL.D.    Boston:  Small,  Maynard  &  Co. 


an  economic  catastrophe  brought  on  by  imwise 
political  theorizing  and  precipitated  by  fanatics, 
or  was  it  a  great  moral  question  of  right  and 
wrong  which  caused  the  economic  and  political 
crisis  ?  Mr.  Merriam  apparently  would  lean  to- 
ward the  second  of  these  interpretations,  and  yet 
not  wholly.  He  is  fearful  of  being  luijust  to  the 
South.  His  picture  of  slavery  is  not  unpleasant, 
and  there  is  a  shade  of  something  like  contempt 
in  his  estimate  of  Nat  Turner,  John  Brown,  and 
William  Lloyd  Garrison.  They  had  their  plax3e, 
he  would  seem  to  say,  and  their  virtues,  but  on 
the  whole  they  did  about  as  much  harm  as  good, 
and  were  lamentably  weak  in  the  head. 

In  other  words,  Mr.  Merriam,  in  a  generous 
attempt  to  be  fair  to  the  "  other  side,"  is  in  some 
respects  unfair  to  the  Abolitionist.  Yet  his  sin- 
ning here  is  so  mild  compared  with  the  Southern 
ranters  and  Northerners  like  the  Columbia  Uni- 
versity school  of  political  fable  that  one  lays 
down  the  book  with  a  feeling  of  considerable 
satisfaction  and  with  thankfulness  for  an  author 
who  stands  on  a  broad  platform  of  humanity  and 
who  hopes  to  hear  "  the  pathetic  melody  of  the 
Negro  spirituals,  the  brave  rollicking  strains  of 
'  Dixie,'  and  the  triumphant  harmony  of  '  The 
Star-Spangled  Banner  '  blend  and  interweave  in 
the  Symphony  of  America"  (p.  411). 

Both  Mr.  Merriam  and  Mr.  Sinclair  believe 
in  national  aid  to  Southern  education  ;  but  what 
Mr.  Merriam  suggests  as  possibly  wise,  Mr. 
Sinclair  demands  as  "  an  imperative  necessity." 
These  pa8sd,ges  suggest  the  difference  in  the 
spirit  of  the  two  books.  Mr.  Sinclair  has  given 
358  pages  of  passionful  fervid  commentary  on 
the  Negro  since  emancipation.  The  over-zealous 
critic  might  point  out  many  faults  in  the  work. 
It  is  not  well  digested,  there  are  some  over- 
statements, and  much  padding  in  the  way  of 
poetry  and  quotations  from  easily-accessible 
sources.  And  yet  the  book  is  of  great  value. 
It  is  alive.  It  is  throbbing.  It  carries  a  mes- 
sage, and  the  soul  of  the  writer  is  so  full  that 
the  words,  facts,  periods,  and  phrases  tumble 
out  often  incoherently  with  many  repetitions 
and  a  liberal  sprinkling  of  exclamation  points. 
The  collection  of  facts  and  especially  quotations, 
the  vivid  portrayal  of  recent  public  opinion 
toward  the  Negro,  and  the  flat,  outspoken  ac- 
count of  the  demands  of  black  men,  have  seldom 
been  better  done.  One  unfamiliar  with  the  great 
American  problem  would  be  mystified  by  the 
book,  but  a  newspaper  and  periodical  reading 
American  of  to-day  will  find  that  it  gives  him  a 
flesh-and-blood  point  of  view.  Mr.  Sinclair  is  no 
doubled-tongued  apologist,  nor  is  he  a  historian 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


296 


of  philosophic  calm  bringing  back  a  picture  of 
the  past.  He  is  speaking  of  human  difficulties 
in  which  he  has  lived  and  moved.  He  is,  as  a 
Negro,  demanding  the  things  which  he  wants  as 
a  man,  not  by  indirection  or  implication,  but  by 
plain  blimt  words.     He  says  of  the  South  : 

"  The  South  was  wrong,  even  if  it  was  united,  on  the 
slavery  question  —  but  public  opinion  destroyed  slavery. 

"  The  South  was  wrong,  even  if  it  was  united,  in 
making  war  on  the  republic  —  but  public  opinion  saved 
the  republic. 

"  The  South  was  wrong,  even  if  it  was  united,  in  its 
threats  to  shoot  colored  soldiers  and  their  white  officers 
when  captured  —  but  public  opinion  kept  the  colored 
soldiers  on  the  firing  line  and  protected  them. 

"  The  South  was  wrong,  even  if  it  was  united,  in 
passing  the  Black  Code  —  but  public  opinion  destroyed 
the  Black  Code.|  «fMftlSH^iilflBS|BJBi9      <3 

"  The  South  was  wrong,  even  if  it  was  united,  in  its 
hostility  to  the  great  measures  of  reconstruction  —  but 
public  opinion  achieved  the  reconstruction  it  wanted. 

"  The  South  IS  wrong,  even  if  it  is  united,  in  the 
extreme  im-American  and  unholy  attitude  assumed 
to-day  —  and  public  opinion  will  be  found  equal  to  the 
task  of  dealing  with  it." 

And  he  demands  three  things  as  remedies :  1, 
Presidents  without  caste  prejudices ;  2,  na- 
tional aid  for  Negro  education  ;  3,  reduction  for 
Southern  representation. 

Here  we  have,  then,  in  these  two  books,  the 
voice  of  the  calmer  retrospective  North,  charit- 
able toward  error,  suspicious  of  fervor,  believing 
in  American  freedom  and  democracy ;  and  the 
voice  of  the  Negro,  eloquent  with  his  wrongs, 
insistent  for  his  rights,  with  the  shadow  of 
pain  across  his  words.  Which  is  Truth  ?  Prob- 

*     y     O     •         ^_  £^  BURGHARDT  Du  BoiS. 


Monarchy  or  Republic  ix  Fraxce.* 


In  reading  the  later  history  of  the  Third 
Republic,  it  is  difficult  to  avoid  a  sense  of  con- 
fusion. Until  1901,  when  the  great  problem  of 
Church  and  State  seemed  to  concentrate  atten- 
tion, there  was  a  distracting  succession  of  short 
ministries  with  constant  revision  of  policy.  Of 
course,  upon  a  less  superficial  view  confusion 
disappears  and  the  lines  of  development  become 
clear.  But  in  the  earlier  and  more  heroic  period, 
when  the  Republic  was  battling  for  life,  the 
issues  are  plainer  and  events  fall  into  natural 
groups  without  the  aid  of  serious  reflection.  This 
has  given  both  of  M.  Hanotaux's  volumes  unity 
of  theme.     In  the  first  volume,  it  was  the  lib- 

•  Ck)NTEMPOKARY  Fbance.  By  Gabriel  Hanotaux.  Translated 
from  the  French.  Volume  n.  (1873-1875).  With  portraits.  New 
York:  Q.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 


eration  of  the  territory  through  the  efforts  of 
M.  Thiers,  and,  as  an  epilogue,  the  overthrow 
of  Thiers  on  the  twenty-fourth  of  May.  In  the 
present  volume  (II.),  it  is  the  campaign  of  1873 
for  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbon  monarchy. 
A  little  less  than  a  third  of  the  volume  is  given 
to  the  story  of  the  royalist  intrigue.  As  soon 
as  the  tale  is  concluded  and  the  minor  political 
struggle  involving  the  fate  of  the  Broglie  cabi- 
net becomes  the  subject,  the  interest  falls  off 
decidedly.  This  volume  also  includes  several 
chapters  on  the  literary,  artistic,  and  religious 
situation  as  the  country  recovered  from  the  effects 
of  the  war. 

M.  Hanotaux  is  an  historian  and  an  Acade- 
mician, as  well  as  an  ardent  republican  of  the 
school  of  Grambetta ;  consequently,  every  fig- 
ure is  sketched  sympathetically  and  each  phase 
of  the  absorbing  drama  is  described  with  an 
objectivity  rare  even  in  French  historical  writ- 
ings, and  remarkable  when  one  recalls  that  not 
aU  the  actors,  nor  all  the  issues,  are  dead.  Only 
in  one  instance  does  a  sentence  seem  to  contain 
a  particle  of  political  venom.  This  is  where  the 
author  refers  to  the  "  senile  vanity  "  of  M.  Thiers. 
The  treatment  is  not  only  sympathetic,  it  is 
fresh,  because  M.  Hanotaux  has  had  access  to 
important  unpublished  material,  memoirs,  and 
private  papers. 

M.  Hanotaux  has  told  the  story  in  such  a  way 
as  to  make  perfectly  clear  its  true  dramatic  in- 
terest. This  comes  not  merely  from  the  bearing 
of  the  struggle  upon  the  fate  of  the  Republic, 
although  such  a  stake  would  give  dignity  to  any 
political  conflict.  The  deeper  interest  is  pro- 
duced by  the  note  of  luiiversality  in  the  struggle 
of  the  actors, — the  Comte  de  Chambord,  the 
Comte  de  Paris,  Marshal  MacMahon,  the  Due 
de  Broglie,  M.  de  Chesnelong,  M.  Louis  Veuil- 
lot,  —  to  drag  France  back  from  the  inevitable, 
from  what  they  regarded  as  the  abyss  of  the  re- 
public. They  felt  sure  of  success,  for  the  Nat- 
tional  Assembly  had  a  monarchist  majority,  and 
it  could  use  the  constituent  power,  if  only  princes, 
president,  and  deputies  could  reach  an  under- 
standing upon  the  significance  of  the  restoration 
of  the  Comte  de  Chambord.  It  was  a  much 
easier  matter  to  patch  up  the  personal  difficulties 
between  the  younger  and  the  elder  branch ;  for 
while  the  Comte  de  Paris  was  ready  to  recognize 
Chambord's  legitimate  claims  to  the  throne, 
neither  he  nor  his  followers  were  willing  to  repu- 
diate 1830  and  return  to  1814.  All  the  formu- 
las which  they  were  able  to  devise  rested  upon 
the  basis  of  popular  sovereignty.  But  the  Comte 
de  Chambord  would  come  back  with  his  "  prin- 


296 


THE    DIAL 


[May  1, 


ciple  "  and  its  symbol,  the  white  flag,  or  he  would 
not  return  at  all.  Otherwise  he  felt  he  would 
simply  be  "  a  stout  man  with  a  limp," 

The  climax  was  reached  when  the  Comte  de 
Chambord  came  secretly  to  Versailles,  after  his 
letter  of  October  27  had  ruined  all  chance  of  a 
restoration  by  vote  of  the  National  Assembly. 
He  loved  France  and  the  army,  and  honestly 
believed  that  if  he  presented  himself  to  the  army 
the  soldiers  would  see  in  him  their  chief  and  would 
accept  the  white  flag  as  the  emblem  of  French 
military  glory,  consecrated  by  the  remembrance 
of  the  "  deeds  that  God  had  wrought  through 
his  beloved  Franks."  The  politicians  and  their 
compromising  formulas  might  be  waved  aside. 
There  was  one  obstacle  :  the  support  of  the  Mar- 
shal-President was  necessary.  But,  monarchist 
though  he  was,  MacMahon  could  not  ignore  the 
Assembly  which  had  clothed  him  with  authority. 
This  looked  to  him  like  an  intrigue  which  would 
tarnish  his  honor.  There  was  nothing  left  the 
prince  but  to  go  away  as  secretly  as  he  had  come. 
On  his  journey  to  Versailles  he  had  passed 
through  Paris  and  had  been  driven  by  the  black- 
ened walls  of  the  TuUeries.  On  this  journey 
also  he  passed  through  Paris,  and  drove  to  the 
Invalides,  the  palace  sacred  to  the  glories  of  the 
army.  From  the  depths  of  his  carriage  he  gazed 
at  a  military  funeral  as  it  marched  out  of  the 
gates.  "  This  funeral  ceremony  was  his  last  con- 
tact with  the  army,  with  Paris,  with  France.  He 
went  away  and  returned  to  the  exile  which  he 
was  never  to  leave  again." 

In  M.  Hanotaux's  chapter  on  the  literature  of 
the  period,  he  interprets  suggestively  the  effect 
of  the  debacle  upon  the  tendencies  of  French 
thought,  particularly  among  writers  whose  work 
liad  matured  before  the  disasters  of  1870  and  of 
1871.  To  the  historical  student,the  most  interest- 
ing passage  describes  the  spiritual  mood  in  which 
Taine  undertook  his  work  on  the  "  Origins  of 
Contemporary  France."  In  reaching  his  con- 
clusion, M.  Hanotaux  has  used  the  unpublished 
letters  of  Taine.  He  says  that  if  Taine  "  had 
written  later,  he  would  have  written  another 
book.  Further  from  the  events  of  1871,  the  im- 
pression would  have  been  less  strong,  the  work 
more  just  perhaps,  but  less  beautiful.  What  is 
this  book,  on  the  whole,  save  the  supreme  ex- 
pression of  patriotic  anxiety,  the  poem  of  sorrow 
and  doubt?  ...  If  posterity  wishes  to  know 
the  condition  of  the  soul  of  France  on  the  morrow 
of  the  war,  it  will  open  this  book,  which,  in  its 
despairing  pages,  prolongs  and  repeats  the  plaint 
of  the  vanquished." 

The  pages  on  the  religious  consciousness  of 


the  French  twenty-five  years  ago  appear  almost 
an  attempt  to  outline  a  lay  religion  for  men 
"  Wandering  between  two  worlds,  one  dead, 
The  other  powerless  to  be  born." 

At  times  one  wonders  if  this  be  not  a  personal 
confession.  Not  only  in  this  chapter  on  "  The 
Moral  Crisis,"  but  elsewhere,  the  book  is  more 
than  a  history,  it  is  the  reflection  of  attitudes  of 
mind  of  a  contemporary  Frenchman  of  a  fine 
type.  This  enhances  the  value  of  a  book  which 
aims  to  interpret  for  us  Contemporary  France. 
Henry  E.  Bourne. 


partisans  and  historians  rx  social. 
Science.* 


Sectarianism  has  played  an  important  role  in  the 
profession  of  medicine  and  in  theology,  and  social 
science  has  no  right  to  hope  for  exemption.  As 
books  on  themes  of  gi'oup  interests  poiu-  from  the 
press  and  give  expression  to  inward  need  or  public 
demand,  we  come  to  expect  a  partisan  note  in  each 
fresh  claim  upon  public  attention.  The  judge  on  the 
bench  must  listen  to  opposing  views  and  hold  the 
scales  even,  that  justice  may  be  done  ;  and  this  play 
of  antagonistic  interests  is  the  rough  method  by 
which  all  aspects  of  truth  are  brought  to  light.  Not 
in  a  censorious  spirit,  therefore,  do  we  attempt  to 
characterize  the  rather  vigorous  discussions  named  in 
connection  with  this  article.  Characterization  is  not 
entire  condemnation,  and  criticism  is  not  a  synonym 
of  mere  fault-finding. 

We  begin  with  the  book  by  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells,  "  A 
Modern  Utopia,"  because  one  cannot  be  quite  certain 
where  it  belongs.  The  oriental  dervish  whirls  himself 
about  on  his  axis  until  he  becomes  dizzy  with  inspi- 
ration and  finds  himself  talking  aloud  in  a  supernat- 
ural world.  The  introduction  to  Utopias  is  through 
a  black-art  of  transportation;  but  once  beyond  the 
borders  of  the  knowable,  the  new  world  still  retains 
familiar  aspects.  Indeed,  in  this  modern  refuge  of 
optimism  the  phi-ases  of  evolutionary  science  intrude 
with  insistence.  The  ancient  ideal  cities  of  the  sun 
were  good  enough  to  stand  still  and  small  enough  to 

•A  Modern  Utopia.  By  H.  G.  Wells.  New  York:  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons. 

The  Menace  of  Privilege.  By  Henry  George,  Jr.  New 
York:  The  Macraillan  Co. 

War  of  the  Classes.  By  Jack  London.  New  York :  The 
Macmillan  Co. 

The  Commonwealth  of  Man.  By  Robert  Alton  Holland. 
New  York :   G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

Social  Theories  and  Social  Facts.  By  William  Morton 
Grinnell.    New  York :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

The  Progress  op  the  German  Working  Classes  in  the 
Last  Quarter  of  a  Century.  By  W.  J.  Ashley.  New  York: 
Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 

Efficiency  and  Relief.  A  Programme  of  Social  Work.  By 
Edward  T.  Devine.    New  York:    The  Macmillan  Co. 

Agricultural  Economics.  By  H.C.  Taylor.  New  York:  The 
Macmillan  Co. 

The  Bitter  Cry  of  the  Children.  By  John  Spargo.  New 
York :   The  Macmillan  Co. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


297 


find  room  in  a  happy  valley.  Nothing  smaller  than 
a  whole  planet  will  answer  for  the  larger  conception 
of  the  world-state.  There  are  the  usual  stage  prop- 
erties of  socialistic  speculation,  advanced  notions  of 
stirpiculture,  rewards  for  legitimate  and  well-bred 
children,  travel  two  hundred  miles  over  a  noiseless 
track  while  you  glance  out  of  the  window,  and  a  love- 
story  in  broken  narrative  of  ejaculations.  There  are, 
apparently,  people  who  like  their  economics  and  pol- 
itics in  dilution,  with  a  flavor  of  classic  salt :  and  Mr. 
WeUs  will  afPord  them  enjojinent.  Those  who  ask 
for  facts  in  support  of  hypotheses  will  grow  wear>'  of 
following  the  digressions.  But  why  quarrel  with  one 
who  brings  us  up  to  problems  of  the  ages  in  sparkling 
dialogue? 

Whatever  one  may  think  of  the  economic  reasoning 
and  conclusions  of  Mr.  George,  we  must  confess  ad- 
miration for  his  loyalty  to  the  life-aims  of  his  famous 
father.  The  root  of  all  evil,  we  are  still  told,  is  monop- 
oly of  land,  for  from  that  spring  all  the  wrongs  of 
privilege.  The  story  is  depressing  and  harrowing : 
merchant  princes  or  their  heirs  revel  in  luxury  and 
shameless  excess ;  the  workingmen  are  becoming 
poorer,  feebler,  more  hopeless ;  the  trade-unions,  or- 
ganized to  resist  privilege  but  ignoring  the  single-tax, 
run  into  absui-d  blunders :  the  masters  of  privilege  per- 
vert law,  rule  by  injunctions  and  bayonets,  purchase 
bosses,  resist  reforms  in  the  Senate,  corrupt  politics, 
enslave  the  editors,  stifle  the  voice  of  truth  in  uni- 
versities, tune  the  pulpit,  excite  wars  of  conquest, 
and.  generally,  hurry  the  Republic  downward  toward 
the  fate  of  Greece  and  Rome.  There  is  truth  in  the 
lugubrious  indictment,  as  there  is  a  dark  side  to  all 
life.  But  it  is  not  the  whole  truth,  and  it  would 
not  be  difficult  to  exhibit  evidence  that,  bad  as  some 
parts  of  life  are,  we  are  gaining  ground.  Education 
has  not  altogether  failed  :  courts  are  not  the  sinks  of* 
injustice  here  described.  Socialists  would  say  that 
Mr.  George  does  not  go  more  than  half-way  to  the 
goal :  if  landed  property  ought  to  be  confiscated,  why 
not  "expropriate"  all  capital?  So  we  come  back 
to  the  controversy  waged  years  ago  over  *•  Progress 
and  Poverty."  The  arg^ument  is  the  same,  only  the 
illustrations  are  different. 

Mr.  Jack  London,  author  of  "  The  Sea  Wolf  "  and 
"  The  Call  of  the  Wild,"  ventures  into  the  field  of 
socialistic  theorj'  in  his  "War  of  the  Classes,"  and 
his  style  betrays  the  hunter's  eagerness  and  thirst  for 
blood.  He  not  only  explains,  but  also  incites,  the 
"  war  "  of  which  he  treats.  Here  ag^in  there  are 
valuable  suggestions  carried  up  from  contact  with 
the  under-world ;  explanations  of  opposition  to  mili- 
tia among  wage-workers,  and  the  rapidly  growing 
movement  toward  political  action.  The  economic 
reasoning,  however,  is  not  clear,  and  there  is  little 
constructive  thinking.  The  chief  value  of  the  book 
lies  in  its  power  to  paint  in  vivid  colors  the  senti- 
ments which  are  gathering  force  in  cities,  and  which 
it  were  folly  to  ignore  or  minimize. 

It  is  a  curious  experience  to  turn  from  Mr. 
London's  passionate  plea  for  Socialism  to  the  protest 


just  as  passionate  against  collectivism  in  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Holland's  "The  Commonwealth  of  Man."  This 
clerical  advocate  of  capitalism  and  wars  of  conquest 
bums  with  the  same  fire  which  blazes  in  the  rhetoric 
of  the  iconoclast.  One  can  almost  see  them  take  each 
other  by  the  throat.  How  conciliatory  to  the  wage- 
earner  must  this  sentence  appear :  "  Why  is  not  the 
workingman  in  Church?  .  .  .  The  banker  is  there, 
the  merchant,  the  manufacturer,  the  lawj'er,  the 
doctor,  the  teacher,  —  every  class  but  the  labor  class. 
Can  the  Church  be  Christ's  which  wins  every 
class  that  believes  in  soul,  but  cannot  win  the  one 
class  that  believes  in  body  ?  "  One  of  these  writers 
—  the  optimistic  preacher  —  gives  his  energy  to 
paint  the  bright  side  of  the  present  world  ;  the  other 
denounces  all  present  arrangements  and  offers  a 
paradise  in  a  socialistic  future.  The  task  of  the 
reader  must  be  to  sift  out  wheat  by  means  of  these 
whirlwinds,  and  add  some  considerations  which  both 
duellists  were  too  excited  to  notice. 

After  the  warmth  of  Single-tax  and  the  fever  of 
Socialism  comes  the  chill  wind  of  Individualism  in 
Mr.  GrinneU's  "  Social  Theories  and  Social  Facts  "; 
and  here  statistics  are  arrayed  to  make  at  least  a 
show  of  proof.  We  are  told  that  railroad  com- 
panies may  safely  be  left  to  a  policy  of  undisturbed 
freedom,  and  that  captains  of  industry  and  orgjan- 
izers  of  monopoly  wiU  tenderly  care  for  the  common 
good ;  but  that  trade-unions.  Socialists,  advocates  of 
municipal  ownership,  Interstate  Commerce  CoDMnis- 
sions  and  collectivism  in  general,  are  all  "  contrary 
to  natvu-e."  It  is  vaguely  hinted  that  rich  men  may 
occasionally  be  guilty  of  peccadilloes,  but  that  real 
crimes  must  mostly  be  laid  at  the  door  of  operatives, 
especially  when  they  unite  their  efforts  to  better  their 
lot.  "  The  poor  in  a  loomp  is  bad,"  especially  when 
they  attempt  collective  bargaining. 

An  example  of  judicial  and  balanced  argument 
is  given  by  Professor  Ashley,  who  attempts  to  clear 
the  air  in  a  fiscal  controversy  in  England,  and  is 
compelled  to  investigate  the  question  whether  the 
German  workmen,  under  a  regime  where  the  State 
recognizes  a  moral  duty  to  its  citizens,  are  as  badly  off 
as  they  are  represented  to  be  in  England.  Opponents 
of  a  protective  tariff  on  imports  in  Great  Britain 
have  been  accustomed  to  paint  the  misery  of  German 
workingmen  in  dark  tints,  because  it  belongs  to  their 
argument  to  trace  poverty  to  such  a  policy.  Inci- 
dentally, the  historian  of  industry  has  rendered  a 
service  to  the  discussion  of  workingmen's  insurance 
which  of  late  has  become  interesting  to  American 
capitalfsts  and  wage-workers.  Partisans  of  private 
corporations  engaged  in  the  insurance  business  have 
gone  out  of  their  way  to  tell  us  that  obligator}-  insur- 
ance in  Germany  has  lowered  wages  and  enslaved  the 
employes.  With  the  touch  of  a  master.  Professor 
Ashley  shows  beyond  question  that  the  years  during 
which  insurance  has  become  national  in  extent  have 
been  most  profitable  for  both  capital  and  labor. 
During  precisely  these  years  when  the  nation  took 
the  best  care  of  its  producers,  it  has  marched  to  the 


298 


THE    DIAL 


[May  1, 


first  rank  among  the  manufacturers  and  traders  of 
the  world ;  its  soil  is  largely  owned  by  small  proprie- 
tors, who  are  prospering ;  higher  wages  are  earned 
in  shorter  hours  and  with  increased  output ;  deposits 
in  savings  banks  are  larger  than  formerly ;  coopera- 
tive trading  is  popular ;  more  and  better  food  is  con- 
sumed ;  the  use  of  distilled  liquor  has  diminished ; 
the  death-rate  falls ;  suicide  is  less  frequent ;  emi- 
gration has  dwindled ;  there  are  fewer  paupers  in 
a  larger  population;  the  relation  of  employers  to 
employees  has  become  less  antagonistic. 

A  competent  representative  of  the  Charity  Organi- 
zation Society  movement,  with  broad  university 
training  in  economic  science,  offers  in  outline  the 
essential  aspects  of  a  new  discipline  which  he  calls 
"  Social  Economy."  The  problem  treated  is  that  of 
efficiency,  —  the  ability  to  attain  and  hold  a  place  in 
a  productive  and  normal  society.  Since  efficiency 
is  the  result  of  all  the  cooperating  agencies  which 
affect  health,  income,  and  education,  the  knowledge 
required  to  promote  efficiency  must  be  assembled 
from  all  the  sciences  that  deal  with  hygiene,  sanita- 
tion, economic  activity,  and  culture.  The  specific 
point  at  which  the  author  natiirally  enters  this  field 
is  that  of  relief  to  social  debtors ;  and  his  illustra- 
tions are  drawn  from  the  constructive  efforts  of  one 
of  the  most  powerful  and  influential  philanthropic 
agencies  in  the  world.  The  little  book  is  packed 
with  ideas,  and  is  larger  than  it  looks. 

"  Agricultural  Economics,"  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Taylor, 
is  a  clear  and  instructive  discussion  of  that  large 
branch  of  special  and  practical  economics  which  so 
vitally  concerns  the  principal  industry  of  this  coun- 
try. It  marks  a  departure  from  the  conventional 
English  and  American  treatises  on  political  econ- 
omy, and  follows  more  nearly  the  German  method 
which  has  produced  such  immense  results.  This 
volume  is  scientific  in  its  substance,  although  for  the 
most  part  popular  in  style.  It  deals  with  the  factors 
of  agricultural  production,  the  organization  of  the 
farm,  the  forces  which  determine  prices,  the  distri- 
bution of  wealth,  values  of  farm  property,  means  of 
acquiring  land,  tenancy,  and  landownership. 

Of  all  this  group  of  books,  that  of  Mr.  Spargo, 
"  The  Bitter  Cry  of  the  Children,"  makes  most  direct 
and  cogent  appeal  to  the  home  feeling,  the  national 
interest,  and  the  social  conscience.  We  must  leave 
to  the  medical  men  a  final  judgment  of  the  asser- 
tion that  all  infants  start  life  as  equals,  and  we  may 
reserve  our  own  estimate  of  the  number  of  under-fed 
children  in  this  country.  But  there  are  two  facts 
made  as  clear  as  sunlight  in  this  searching  volume : 
in  our  cities  a  vast  number  of  innocent  children  are 
suffering  and  dying,  or  growing  up  to  weakness  and 
inefficiency  ;  and,  short  of  radical  measures,  we  have 
it  in  our  power  to  prevent  most  of  this  social  degra- 
dation. Testimonies  of  physicians  and  charity  vis- 
itors, statistics,  economic  reasoning,  pathetic  stories 
and  pictures  are  employed  in  turn  to  awaken  the 
apathetic  and  rally  the  just  and  humane  to  a  com- 
mon standard.     The  author  is  a  Socialist,  and  that 


may  prejudice  certain  minds  against  his  message; 
but  it  were  better  to  listen,  because  the  very  life  of  the 
nation  is  involved,  and  the  measures  recommended 
might  have  been  offered,  as  they  have  actually  been 
invented  and  tested,  by  persons  who  were  never 
suspected  of  extreme  political  views. 

Chables  Richmond  Henderson. 


Briefs  ox  New  Books. 


Dr.  Maurice  Francis  Egan's  "The 
ThakelpfarS,!.    Ghost  in  Hamlet,  and  Other  Essays  " 

(A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co. )  is  a  book  of 
real  vitality.  It  contains  no  very  novel  views,  and 
its  style  is  not  atti'active ;  but  there  is  life  in  it,  and 
a  personality  behind  it  that  almost  disarms  criticism. 
We  could  wish  to  be  reminded  less  often  that  the 
author  is  a  Roman  Catholic.  Distinctions  of  that 
sort  seem  to  us  not  wholly  appropriate  to  literary 
discussion,  for  literature  shows  its  celestial  affinities 
partly  by  being  "  no  respecter  of  persons."  Dr.  Egan's 
sobriety  of  judgment  is,  however,  in  no  way  injured 
by  his  religious  convictions.  Of  a  book  by  the  late 
Richard  Simpson,  on  "The  Religion  of  Shake- 
speare," he  observes  that  "to  persons  who  have 
already  made  up  their  minds  that  all  the  greatest 
actors  in  the  world's  history  were  of  the  one  Faith, 
either  by  anticipation  or  participation,  it  will  be 
delightfully  edifying  and  perennially  refreshing." 
He  quotes  the  following  comment,  by  Father  Bowden 
of  the  Oratory,  on  the  passage  in  Cymbeline,  "  For 
notes  of  sorrow  out  of  tune  are  worse  than  priests 
and  fanes  that  lie " :  "  Read  ironically,  the  text 
means,  '  You  talk  of  the  lying  priests  and  their  lying 
temples ;  I  hold  your  vile  psalm-singing  to  be  ten 
times  worse ' " ;  upon  which  he  remarks,  not  too 
severely,  that  such  interpretation  implies  "  chronic 
Philistinism."  "If  Shakespeare,"  he  adds,  "wrote 
that  very  human  and  exaggerated  and  sweet  speech 
of  Guiderius  to  be  '  read  ironically,'  he  deserves  to 
be  deprived  of  the  honor  of  having  written  it."  Dr. 
Egan  calls  these  papers  "  essays  in  comparative 
literature " ;  and  one  of  them,  not  the  most  interest- 
ing, is  devoted  to  "The  Comparative  Method  in 
Literature."  The  volume  gives  a  pleasant  impres- 
sion of  the  author's  wide  reading.  German,  French, 
and  Spanish  literature  is  laid  under  contribution, 
and  one  of  the  papers,  "The  Greatest  of  Shake- 
speare's Contemporaries,"  is  an  interesting  sketch  of 
Calderon.  The  essay  on  "  Imitators  of  Shakespeare  " 
is  devoted  to  a  comparison  of  Aubrey  Thomas 
De  Vere's  play,  "  Saint  Thomas  of  Canterbury," 
with  Tennyson's  "  Becket,"  greatly  to  the  disadvan- 
tage of  the  latter.  "  He  had  a  noble  figure  and  a 
sublime  time,"  says  Dr.  Egan,  "  and  he  belittled  them 
both,  because  he  would  not  understand  them,  or 
because  he  was  desirous  of  the  applause  of  the  fre- 
quenters of  theatres."  The  titular  essay  of  the  vol- 
ume, though  interesting,  is  unsatisfactory  as  an 
interpretation  of  Hamlet's  character.     "  He  is  pas- 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


299 


sion's  slave ;  passion  has  made  him  tardy ;  ...  he 
has  killed,  and  he  wills  to  kill ;  he  is  not  the  Prince 
seeking  justice  for  a  crime  against  the  nation,  but  a 
mere  individual  not  even  justifjnng  the  means  by  the 
end.  .  .  .  Doubting,  he  coupled  hell  with  heaven 
and  earth,  and  so,  Uke  his  nobler  father,  he  died  un- 
satisfied." This  is  to  lay  undue  stress  upon  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Ghost,  "  Taint  not  thy  mind."  Besides 
the  essays  already  mentioned,  there  are  papers  on 
••  Some  Pedagogical  Uses  of  Shakespeare,"  ••  L}Tism 
in  Shakespeare's  Comedies."  "The  Puzzle  of  Ham- 
let." ''A  Definition  of  Literature,"  and  "The  Ebb 
and  Flow  of  Romance."  It  is  painful  to  have  to 
remark  so  often  upon  the  stjde  of  professional  stu- 
dents of  literature.  Can  it  be  that  there  is  no  neces- 
sary effect  of  such  study  upon  one's  own  habits  of 
expression?  Is  Ovid's  Abeunt  stud  la  in  mores,  then, 
untrue  i  Dr.  Egan's  style,  as  we  have  intimated,  is 
not  quite  worthy  of  his  theme.  Nor  is  it  a  matter 
of  slight  unportance  that  a  professor  of  literature 
should  misuse  the  word  '"connot*"  (p.  147),  and 
misquote  Richard  III.  (p.  272).    Noblesse  oblige, 

A^^s^^^  Mr.  James   Schouler,    author   of   a 

American  ^  ■ 

manner* and  well-known  "History  of  the  United 
euttowu  «n  '7S.  States,"  has  enlarged  a  series  of  lec- 
tures on  American  History  into  a  volume  of  three 
hundred  pages  bearing  the  title  "  Americans  of 
1776  "  (Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.).  Although  concise  and 
euphonistic,  the  title  is  not  sufficiently  explanatory. 
Instead  of  a  fidsome  panegyric,  the  book  is  an  excel- 
lent study  of  the  economic,  social,  and  intellectual 
life  of  the  American  colonists  about  the  time  of  the 
American  Revolution.  What  Weeden  and  Lodge 
have  done  for  the  colonies  during  theu"  entire  exist- 
ence as  such,  this  investigation  does  for  them  at  a 
given  period.  Among  the  chapter  titles  may  be 
found:  '"Freemen  and  Bondmen,"  "Dress  and  Diet," 
"Amusements,"  "Houses  and  Homes,"  ''Fine  Arts," 
"  The  Press,"  and  •'  Education."  Other  writers 
have  in  recent  times  attempted  with  varWng  success 
to  give  us  glimpses  of  the  enviromnent  of  our  fore- 

fathei's theu*    homes,  their  furniture,  and  their 

customs :  but  no  one  has  approached  the  task  with 
the  scholarly  experience  of  Mr.  Schouler.  The  result 
shows  that  certain  difficulties  exist  in  an  attempt  of 
this  kind,  even  for  the  trained  specialist.  In  the 
first  place,  no  chain  of  events,  such  as  is  found  in 
political  history,  gives  continuity  to  the  recital ;  bio- 
graphy is  wanting  to  give  personality  to  the  dry 
facts ;  in  the  end.  the  reader  has  a  kaleidoscopic  im- 
pression rather  than  a  perspective.  Taking  into  due 
consideration  these  difficulties,  the  present  volume 
cannot  fail  to  satisfy.  It  is  a  storehouse  of  informa- 
tion, collected,  as  the  author  says,  from  newspapers, 
magazines,  pamphlets,  letters,  and  diaries  of  the  pe- 
riod under  considei'ation.  The  paucity  of  references 
at  first  thought  seems  imfortimate;  but  reflection 
shows  the  impossibility  of  certifying  the  multitude 
of  statements  drawn  from  such  diverse  sources.  The 
index,  containing  only  proper  names  casually  men- 
tioned, is  inadequate  for  a  volume  devoted  to  social 


and  economic  topics,  in  which  men  are  secondary. 
Residents  of  New  Hampshire,  which  abolished  sla- 
very through  a  court  decision  in  1784,  will  scarcely 
approve  the  statement  that  '•  Massachusetts,  solitary 
and  alone  of  these  commonwealths,  shook  off  the 
curse  by  a  determined  effort,  and  deduced  in  1783," 
etc.  Space  is  wanting  for  extracts  illustrating  Ameri- 
can life  when  politics  were  provincial,  machinery 
crude,  mining  and  metallurgy  almost  unknown,  pub- 
lic libraries  wanting,  art  undeveloped,  and  when 
clubs  were  confined  almost  wholly  to  men's  eating 
and  drinking  coteries.  Excessive  drinking,  the  au- 
thor tells  us,  was  America's  greatest  vice  imtil  far 
down  into  the  nineteenth  century,  when  temperance 
crusades  first  began.  The  people  were  utilitarians 
in  their  pursuits,  displaying  little  real  culture  or  taste 
in  art.  Impudent  quackery  imposed  upon  the  simple 
and  credulous  of  the  common  people.  Repression 
and  retribution,  and  not  reformation,  were  the  ob- 
jects of  penal  laws.  Scarcely  five  years  before  the 
First  Continental  Congress  assembled  in  Philadel- 
phia, a  ship-load  of  English  girls  was  brought  to 
that  city  and  the  girls  placed  on  sale,  presumably  for 
marriage.  Such  are  a  few  of  the  many  interesting 
glimpses  afforded  by  this  unique  volume  on  the 
Americans  of  177fi. 

The  problem*  of  ^-  F;  A.  Woods  has  made  a  most  in- 
herediiv.  studied  teresting  biological  study  of  "Mental 
inrovauamiiies.^j^^  Moral  Heredity  in  Royalty" 
(Holt),  that  exhibits  an  enormous  diligence  in  pur- 
suit of  a  well-designed  plan.  The  publicity  attaching 
to  these  pedigreed  members  of  the  human  stock  makes 
it  possible  to  trace  their  life-histories  through  many 
generations,  and  to  follow  the  careers  of  the  several 
branches  of  the  family.  The  same  publicity  makes 
it  possible  to  gather  recoi-ds  of  the  kind  of  lives  they 
led  and  the  kind  of  chai-acters  they  possessed.  The 
data  for  such  appraisal  ai-e  abundant  for  the  distin- 
guished king  or  prince ;  but  it  is  often  at  the  cost 
of  much  ransacking  of  records  that  even  a  sparse 
statement  can  be  foimd  in  regard  to  all  the  mem- 
bers of  the  family  on  the  paternal  and  the  ma- 
ternal side,  who  survived  to  adult  life.  Dr.  Woods 
insists  upon  a  complete  genealogy  on  both  sides ; 
for  his  ultimate  comparisons  are  statistical  in  na- 
ture, and,  to  be  fair,  require  as  careful  an  account- 
ing of  the  obscure  as  of  the  prominent,  of  the  weak  as 
of  the  strong.  Hence  the'scions  of  the  great  Houses 
—  Hanover  and  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  Schwerin  and 
Hohenzollern,  Orange  and  Orleans,  Montmorency 
and  Cond^,  Romanoffs  and  Vasas,  Hapsburgs  and 
Bourbons  —  are  encompassed  in  the  inquiry,  the  ulti- 
mate purpose  of  which  is  to  decide  how  far  heredity 
played  the  chief  part,  in  contrast  with  circumstance  or 
a  resolute  will,  in  the  determination  of  what  man- 
ner of  men  and  women  they  were.  Having  adopted 
certain  inevitably  approximate  and  arbitrary'  stand- 
ards of  excellence  for  mental  and  moral  traits,  Dr. 
Woods  assigns  to  each  individual  (on  the  basis  of 
historians'  and  biographers'  estimates  )  a  rank  in  the 
scale  of  ten.    In  coordinating  the  data,  an  extremely 


300 


THE    DIAL 


[Mayl, 


Dreams  and 
visions  from 
"  the  heiahts." 


strong  case  is  made  out  for  the  dominance  of  heredity 
as  the  most  potent  factor  in  the  issue.  There  are 
exceptions,  which  the  law  distinctly  provides  for  ;  and 
there  are  equally  unexpected  agreements  in  detail, 
which  the  law  anticipates.  The  work  is  thus  brought 
into  relation  with  the  more  general  studies  of  Mr. 
•Galton  and  Mr.  Pearson,  who  have  developed  mathe- 
matical formula  for  the  treatment  of  such  data.  Side 
by  side  with  the  central  conclusion  that  blood  makes 
the  man,  and  that  the  men  of  high  grade  are  apt  to 
have  high-gi'ade  ancestors  and  descendants,  is  the 
equally  important  conclusion  that  mental  and  moral 
traits  are  themselves  correlated,  and  that  the  strongest 
mentally  are  in  the  same  statistical  sense  the  worthiest 
morally.  Equally  corroborative  is  the  negative  evi- 
dence that  shows  how  poor  strains  of  blood,  especially 
in  the  case  of  nervous  defect,  continues  its  vitiating 
potency,  —  again  in  support  of  heredity  determinar 
tion.  Quite  natm-ally,  such  conclusions  must  be  judi- 
cially applied  as  well  as  derived.  Dr.  Woods  rarely 
goes  much  beyond  the  statistical  warrant  of  his  evi- 
dence, and  has  at  all  events  presented  his  case  more 
strongly  and  more  judicially,  as  well  as  scientific- 
ally, than  has  any  other  contributor  to  this  particular 

problem.  

Of  the  writing  of  Utopias  there  will 
probably  never  be  an  end  —  unless 
(terrible  thought!)    Utopia   should 
one  day  be  realized.    Nor  will  there  ever  be  lacking 
readers  of  these  social  studies  in  the  guise  of  fiction. 
Mr.  Joaquin  Miller's  dreamily  beautiful  and  poetic 
little  story,  "The  Building  of  the  City  Beautiful," 
issued  in   attractive   form  by  Mr.  Albert  Brandt, 
Trenton,  N.  J.,  is  now  added  to  the  number.     The 
scene  is  laid  partly  in  Palestine  and  Egypt,  partly  in 
California.    The  hero  is  nameless,  simply  designated 
as  "  the  man  ";  the  heroine  is  a  nobly  beautiful  Rus- 
sian Jewess,  Miriam,  sometime  secretary  to  Sir  Moses 
Montefiore.    The  attempt  to  rear  a  "  city  beautiful " 
on  the  heights  overlooking  San  Francisco  results,  of 
course,  in  failure  ;  for  below  is  the  great  city  with  its 
temptations,  and  man  is  but  mortal  after  all.     Yet 
hear  the  words  of  the  builder's  mother  at  the  close 
of  the  book :  "  My  son,  there  is  no  failure,  there  can 
be  no  failure  for  those  who  really  try.  The  only  failure 
possible  in  life  is  the  failure  to  try,  and  persistently 
try,  for  the  best.     The  good,  the  glory,  the  consola- 
tion of  it  all  is  the  ennobling  effort.    Let  us  bravely 
leave  results  to  Him."   To  the  average  novel-reader 
the  book  will  seem  but  the  vague  and  dreamy  lucu- 
bration of  a  visionary  hermit.    It  certainly  takes  no 
firm  hold  on  the  hard  realities  that  most  of  us  feel 
bound  to  reckon  with.    The  rose  must  have  its  thorn 
(we  speak  not  of  the  Burbanked  rose),  the  fairest 
face  will  have  its  mole  or  birth-mark,  —  or,  as  the  old 
Latin  punningly  puts  it,  "  Ubi  uber,  ibi  tuber."    Let 
us  not,  however,  deprecate  any  such  attempts  as  the 
Californian  poet's  to  ameliorate  our  condition,  even 
though  we  are  well  assured  that  entire  success  would 
leave  us  wretched,  with  nothing  further  to  strive  for, 
no  more  ideals  to  cherish,  no  hope  of  better  tilings  to 
gild  with  promise  each  to-morrow.     A  pictm-e  of  the 


author  and  his  venerable  mother  forms  a  frontispiece 
to  the  book,  whose  autobiographic  flavor  adds  still 
further  to  its  interest. 

Studies  and         The  geologist  wanders  over  a  wide 

speculations  onn^^^..  lij 

the  Earth  and  field  and  penetrates  many  a  neglected 
its  foundation,  path.  Occasionally  he  is  persuaded 
to  sit  by  the  roadside  and  expound  to  laymen  some- 
thing of  what  he  has  seen.  The  tales  he  tells  are 
often  of  marvellous  interest;  and  it  is  as  good  for 
the  geologist  to  talk  as  for  the  layman  to  hear,  since 
he  is  thereby  forced  to  submit  his  conclusions  to  the 
common-sense  review  of  his  fellows.  English  geolo- 
gists have  done  rather  better  in  this  particular  than 
have  the  Americans.  In  the  book  entitled  "The 
Age  of  the  Earth,  and  other  Geological  Studies" 
(Button),  Dr.  SoUas,  Professor  of  Geology  at 
Oxford,  expoimds  and  speculates  entertainingly  on 
the  age  and  fig^e  of  the  earth,  the  formation  of 
coral  islands,  the  genesis  of  flints  and  of  fresh  water 
faunas,  and  gives  a  very  human  sketch  of  a  visit  to 
the  Lipari  Isles.  The  age  of  the  earth  has  been  a 
fruitful  topic  for  discussion  since  Steno  first  attempted 
to  harmonize  his  observations  in  Italy  with  the  ortho- 
dox interpretations  of  the  Mosaic  account.  Geolo- 
gists in  general  have  argued  for  some  hundred  or 
more  millions  of  years.  Physicists  have  attempted 
to  beat  them  down  to  a  beggarly  twenty  to  forty 
millions,  —  "  nearer  twenty  than  forty,"  according  to 
Kelvin.  Professor  Sollas  works  out  to  his  satisfac- 
tion a  median  figure,  approximately  fifty  millions, 
though  this  impresses  one  rather  as  an  averaging  of 
figm*es  than  an  independent  result.  The  doubts 
emphasized  by  American  investigators  regarding  the 
physical  data  upon  which  Kelvin's  estimate  is  based 
are  apparently  unknown  to  Professor  Sollas.  The 
whole  subject  would  seem  for  the  present  to  be 
wholly  within  the  field  of  speculation.  Two  of  the 
best  chapters  in  the  book  relate  to  the  influence  of 
Oxford  on  the  history  of  geology  and  to  the  use  of 
fossils  in  the  study  of  strata.  In  the  former,  inter- 
esting side-lights  are  tlirown  upon  the  development 
of  English  scientific  opinion;  and  in  the  latter, 
Huxley's  homotaxis  conception  is  very  justly  criti- 
cised. The  objections  which  Huxley  found  to  believ- 
ing in  wide  contemporaneity  of  geologic  formations 
are  met  by  arguments  based  on  past  climates  and  an 
elaboration  of  Heilprin's  objections  from  migrations. 
The  very  strong  argument  which  may  be  based 
upon  the  known  physical  history  of  the  earth  is  not 
used.  The  book  closes  with  a  chapter  on  "  Geologies 
and  Deluges,"  in  which  the  difficulties  in  the  way  of 
a  universal  Noachian  deluge  are  considered  in  con- 
nection with  the  historical  evidence  of  floods  in 
Chaldea  and  elsewhere. 

r      ,  ,      Three  hundred  years  ago,at  the  end  of 

Landscape  art  -r     ■,•        -n        •  p        ^      ri 

and  the  modern  the  Italian  Renaissance,  for  the  first 
Dutch  artists.  ^[j^q  j^  the  history  of  art  the  study  of 
Nature  for  its  own  sake  began  and  artists  came  to 
realize  that  landscapes  without  any  interest  connected 
with  human  life  in  them  were  proper  subjects  of  study 
for  their  own  innate  beauty.   Three  great  painters  in- 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


301 


aug^urated  this  movement  in  art  —  Rubens,  Nicolas 
Poussin,  and  Claude.  "  Landscape  Painting  and 
Modem  Dutch  Artists  "  (Baker-Taylor)  is  a  concise 
historj'  of  this  branch  of  painting  from  the  awaken- 
ing of  art  to  the  recent  French  Impressionists  and  the 
modern  revival  in  Holland.  The  author,  Mr.  E.  B. 
Greenshields.  points  out  that  all  through  the  history 
of  landscape  art  a  strong  subjective  element  is  found 
in  the  works  of  the  g^eat  artists,  each  one  revealing 
the  individual  manner  in  which  the  painter  was  af- 
fected by  Nature.  It  was  Whistler  who  propounded 
the  theory  that  there  is  no  such  thing  as  a  national 
art,  but  that  aU  art  is  purely  personal  to  the  individ- 
uality of  the  artist.  In  treating  modern  Dutch  art. 
the  present  author  does  not  pretend  to  any  finality  of 
judgment,  but  has  made  note  of  opinions  arrived  at 
by  one  who  is  fond  of  their  pictures.  Biographical 
and  critical  sketches  are  furnished  of  Josef  Israels, 
the  father  of  the  school,  the  revered  of  his  country- 
men, the  sympathetic  portrayer  of  Holland's  peasan- 
try ;  of  Matthew  Maris,  the  painter  of  dreams ;  of 
William  and  James  Maris  ;  of  Bosboom,  Mauve,  and 
Weissenbruch.  Most  people  know  of  the  Dutch  ar- 
tists in  an  indefinite  way,  associating  them  vaguely 
with  picturesque  landscapes,  odd-looking  peasants, 
and  mist-enveloped  canals.  To  them,  this  volume 
will  come  with  all  the  interest  of  noveltj'.  Mr.  Green- 
shields,  who  has  established  himself  as  an  authority 
on  the  artists  under  discussion,  has  approached  his 
task  with  ardor,  and  has  assembled  his  material  with 
an  eye  keen  both  to  the  true  and  the  interesting.  The 
numerous  illustrations  are  helpful  to  the  text. 

TheerUicUm  With  the  completion  of  ''The  Life 
of  life  and  of  Reason,"  in  Professor  Santayana's 

humanideau.  volume  "Reason  in  Science"  (Scrib- 
ner),  we  may  be  permitted  to  repeat  the  judgment 
expressed  in  these  columns  on  the  earlier  volumes,  that 
both  philosophy  and  literature  have  been  enriched 
by  a  work  of  very  remarkable  qualities.  Indeed,  for 
the  combination  of  fertUitj',  sanity,  and  keenness  of 
insight  in  the  criticism  of  life  and  human  ideals,  with 
a  high  degree  of  literary  charm,  it  would  be  difficult 
to  point  to  its  equal  in  modern  philosophical  litera- 
ture. That  it  represents  a  final  point  of  view  for 
philosophy,  is  indeed  not  so  evident.  One  should 
perhaps  hesitate  to  confess  to  a  prejudice,  which, 
according  to  Professor  Santay ana.  is  the  certain  mark 
of  an  iijcompetent  thinker.  But  it  may  be  ques- 
tioned whether  the  time-honored  craving  which  men 
have  had,  or  have  thought  they  had,  to  know  things 
in  terms  of  their  so-called  '*  existence,"  will  so  readily 
yield  to  this  proposed  reinterpretation  of  all  beliefs 
as  formulations  of  an  ideal  of  life.  That  such 
beliefs  are  ••  mj-thical,"  in  the  sense  that  they  are 
not  subject  to  the  sort  of  verification  which  is  called 
scientific  is  no  doubt  true.  Doubtless  also  this  false 
substantializing  into  concretions  of  existence  of  what 
are  in  truth  laws  or  aspects  of  spiritual  experience, 
is  a  frequent  —  a  verj'  frequent  —  thing  in  human 
thought ;  and  the  criticism  of  it  is  fruitful.  But 
that  no  real  place  whatever  is  left  for  belief  about 


existence  is,  one  may  still  be  permitted  to  think,  a 
trifle  too  thoroughgoing  in  the  light  alike  of  consist- 
ency of  theory  and  of  the  satisfaction  of  our  concrete 
human  interests.  For,  after  all,  the  real  point  comes 
back  to  a  question  of  the  fundamental  meaning  and 
value  of  life  ;  and,  with  all  admiration  for  Professor 
Santayana,  it  is  still  possible  to  feel  that  he  misses 
something  vital  in  the  deepest  human  experience,  the 
lack  of  which  is  likely  now  and  again  to  bring  the 
reader  up  with  a  sharp  feeling  of  protest.  But  this 
need  not  interfere  with  the  almost  unqualified  appre- 
ciation of  very  much  of  the  author's  philosophy  of 
life.  In  the  brilliant  analysis  and  interpretation  of 
ideals  in  relation  to  their  natural  basis,  the  work 
offers  a  contribution  of  permanent  value  to  philo- 
sophical literature. 

Early  voyager,  Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  have 
on  the  coast  of  recently  published  one  of  those  per- 
iVetr  England,  fg^t  volumes  that  are  the  joy  of  the 
bibliophile  in  paper,  print,  and  combination  of  the 
two.  It  is  entitled  "  Sailors'  Narratives  of  Voyages 
along  the  New  England  Coast,  1524-1624,"  and  is 
the  work  of  that  well-known  authority  on  Colonial 
Historj',  ]VIr.  George  Parker  Winship,  of  the  John 
Carter  Brown  Library.  In  most  beautiful  pages  of 
text  set  between  rules  in  the  manner  in  use  in  the 
age  of  Elizabeth,  he  has  given  us  Giovanni  da  Ver- 
razano,  Bartholomew  Gosnold,  Martin  Pring,  Samuel 
de  Champlain,  George  Waymouth,  George  Popham, 
Raleigh  Gilbert,  Henry  Hudson,  Samuel  Argall, 
John  Smith,  Thomas  Dermer,  and  Christopher 
Levitt.  Introducing  each  selection  is  a  sketch  of  the 
traveller  and  of  the  causes  and  purposes  of  his  ad- 
venture. There  are  also  maps  from  the  narrations 
of  Smith  and  Champlain,  and  beautiful  facsimile 
title-pages  from  the  books  of  Brereton  and  Rosier, 
containing  the  voyages  of  Grosnold,  and  Waymouth, 
and  also  from  Captain  Smith's  "  Description."  Here 
the  lover  of  old  voyages  and  adventures  has  the 
whole  New  England  section  in  a  delightful  form, 
worthy  of  the  famous  mariners  thus  associated 
together.  Especially  welcome  are  the  somewhat  rare 
narratives  of  Gk>snold,  Pring,  Waymouth,  and  Pop- 
ham.  Here,  too,  is  good  and  vigorous  English  from 
men  as  sturdy  with  the  pen  as  yrith  the  sword  or  on 
the  quarterdeck,  —  English  of  the  type  of  King 
James's  Version,  resonant  with  fire  and  life.  It  is  a 
good  style  to  contemplate,  in  view  of  the  dilutions 
that  more  recent  literature  has  tolerated ;  it  is  the 
language  of  men  who  did  things  and  took  no  great 
credit  for  the  doing. 

On  a  December  afternoon  of  1901, 

CommemorcUion   jj-j^  g^  j     ^^^    ^     •  j  ^,f  ^j 

of  a  heroic  deed.  . ,  ,    ,  ^^^^'  •  ■, 

beautiful  character,  while  skating  with 

a  friend  on  the  Ottawa  River,  came  suddenly  in  the 
twilight  upon  a  wide  space  of  open  water,  and  before 
the  danger  could  be  avoided  the  two  found  themselves 
submerged  in  the  icy  current  Henry  Albert  Harper, 
a  young  journalist  and  writer  on  economic  and  social 
questions,  after  vainly  attempting  a  rescue  by  other 
means,  plunged  in  to  assist  the  drowning.     He  per- 


302 


THE    DIAL 


[May  1, 


ished  with  Miss  Blair,  who  had  nobly  endeavored  to 
dissuade  him  from  an  attempt  that  meant  almost  cer- 
tain death,  but  to  whom  he  could  only  reply,  "  What 
else  can  I  do!"  The  young  lady's  companion,  a 
young  man,  escaped  as  by  a  miracle,  else  the  world 
would  have  been  the  poorer  for  not  knowing  how 
courageous  and  self-denying  the  two  victims  had 
shown  themselves.  Harper's  oldest  and  nearest 
friend,  Mr.  W.  L.  Mackenzie  King,  now  offers  in  a 
small  volume  entitled  "  The  Secret  of  Heroism " 
(Revell),  a  tribute  to  the  memory  of  his  brave  com- 
rade. It  gives  in  brief  an  account  of  the  tragic  event, 
a  history  of  the  Sir  Galahad  monument  erected  to 
Harper's  memory  on  Parliament  Hill,  Ottawa,  and 
an  outline  of  Harper's  life  with  extracts  from  his  let- 
ters and  journals.  It  is  a  book  to  make  the  reader 
humbler,  braver,  pm'er,  and,  whether  for  a  lifetime 
or  but  for  a  day,  every  way  better. 

Fixh  ttoriex  Good  fishermen  are  proverbially  si- 

hv  an  English  lent,  at  least  while  engaged  in  the 
xpoHsman.  sport,  and  their  skill  is  reported  to 

be  inversely  proportional  to  the  magnitude  of  their 
own  accounts  of  their  success.  Whatever  craft  Mr. 
Beavan  may  display  with  rod  and  line  at  sea  or  on 
the  banks  of  the  Medway,  the  reader  of  his  volume 
entitled  "Fishes  I  Have  Known"  (Wessels)  is  left 
in  no  doubt  as  to  the  effectiveness  of  his  tales  of  the 
fishes  he  has  caught  in  British  waters,  in  those  of 
the  colonies,  and  of  South  America.  The  author 
appears  not  to  have  tested  his  skill  in  North  Ameri- 
can waters.  One  does  not  look  for  strict  adherence 
to  scientific  accm-acy  of  statement  in  an  account  of 
fishing  methods  and  experiences  by  an  enthusiastic 
angler,  but  this  hardly  excuses  the  statement  that 
soundings  in  the  Sargasso  Sea  seldom  give  more 
than  one  hundred  fathoms !  The  book  is  written 
from  the  sportsman's  point  of  view,  but  by  one  who 
is  evidently  a  nature-lover  as  well  as  a  good  story- 
teller. There  are  a  number  of  interesting  illustrar 
tions. 


Notes. 


"Nature  and  Health,"  by  Dr.  Edward  Cui'tis,  is  a 
popular  treatise  on  the  hygiene  of  the  person  and  the 
home,  just  published  by  Messrs.  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 

Anthony  TroUope's  "  The  Vicar  of  Bullhampton,"  in 
two  volumes,  is  added  by  Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. 
to  their  edition  of  <'  The  Manor  House  Novels." 

Mr.  Oliver  Leigh  has  prepared  a  study  of  "  Edgar 
Allan  Poe:  The  Man,  the  Master,  the  Martyr,"  which 
Mr.  Frank  M.  Morris  of  Chicago  will  publish  at  an 
early  date. 

"The  Legend  of  St.  Juliana,"  translated  from  Cyne- 
wulf  and  the  Acta  Sanctorum  by  Mr.  Charles  William 
Kennedy,  is  a  publication  of  the  library  of  Princeton 
University. 

An  important  study  "  On  Speculation  in  Relation  to 
the  World's  Prosperity,  1897-1902,"  by  Miss  Minnie 
Thorp  England,  is  published  in  the  January,  1906,  issue 
of  the  "  University  Studies "  of  the  University  of 
Nebraska. 


The  publishing  lights  of  Mr.  G.  Bernard  Shaw's 
"  Plays  Pleasant  and  Unpleasant  "  have  been  acquired 
by  the  Messrs.  Brentano,  who  reissue  the  two  volumes 
in  a  neat  edition  in  a  box. 

"  The  Language  of  tlie  Northiuubrian  Gloss  to  tlie  Gos- 
pel of  St.  Luke,"  by  Miss  Margaret  Dutton  Kellum,  is 
published  by  Messrs.  Henry  Holt  &  Co.  in  the  series  of 
"  Yale  Studies  in  English." 

"  A  Premature  Socialist,"  arranged  as  a  comedy  fi-om 
"  The  Altruist,"  by  "  Ouida,"  forms  a  volume  sent  us 
by  the  Broadway  Publishing  Co.  Miss  Mary  Ives  Todd 
is  responsible  for  the  dramatic  version. 

Messrs.  Henry  Holt  &  Co.  publish  "  English  Essays," 
selected  for  college  use  by  Professor  Walter  C.  Bronson. 
The  texts  range  from  Bacon  to  Stevenson,  and  are  pro- 
vided with  biogi-aphical  and  other  notes. 

"  The  Climbers,"  Mr.  Clyde  Fitch's  well-known  play 
in  fom-  acts,  is  published  in  l)ook  form  by  the  Macmillau 
Co.,  thus  continuing  the  series  begim  recently  by  the 
similar  publication  of  "  The  Girl  with  the  Green  Eyes." 

"  The  Elements  of  Grammar  and  Composition,"  by 
Mr.  W.  F.  Webster  and  Miss  Alice  Woodworth  Cooley, 
is  a  new  volume  in  the  "  Webster-Cooley  Language 
Series,"  published  by  Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 

A  volume  of  "  Brief  Literary  Criticisms,"  by  the  late 
Richard  Holt  Hutton,  originally  contributed  to  "  The 
Spectator, "and  now  edited  by  Miss  Elizabeth  M.  Roscoe, 
is  a  welcome  addition  to  the  "  Eversley  Series  "  of  the 
Macmillan  Co. 

From  the  office  of  "  The  Publishers'  Circular "  we 
have  "  The  English  Catalogue  of  Books  for  1905,"  be- 
ing the  sixty-ninth  annual  issue  of  this  useful  giude  for 
booksellers  and  librarians.  Authors,  titles,  and  subjects 
are  brought  within  a  single  alphabet. 

Under  the  title  of  "  Harper's  Young  People's  Series," 
we  have  five  reprinted  volumes  :  Lewis  Carroll's 
"  Alice,"  "  Through  the  I.iOoking  Glass,"  and  "  ITie 
Huntmg  of  the  Suark,"  and  Miss  Lucy  C.  Ldlie's  "  False 
Witness  "  and  "  Phil  and  the  Baby." 

A  volume  that  is  likely  to  prove  of  equal  interest  to 
sociologists  and  to  students  of  literature  is  Dr.  William 
Clark  Gordon's  "  The  Social  Ideals  of  Alfred  Tennyson 
as  Related  to  his  Time,"  which  the  University  of  Chi- 
cago Press  annoiuices  for  immediate  publication. 

Miss  Esther  Singleton's  "  Holland,  as  Seen  and  De- 
scribed by  Famous  Writers,"  is  a  book  of  extracts,  com- 
piled upon  a  plan  already  familiar  to  Miss  Singleton's 
readers,  and  abimdantly  illustrated  by  photographic 
plates.     Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  are  the  publishers. 

The  axithorized  translation  of  Senator  Antonio  Fogaz- 
zai'o's  romance  entitled  "  II  Santo,"  wliich  has  excited 
much  interest  in  Italy,  will  be  published  within  a  few 
weeks  by  Messrs.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  Professor 
William  R.  Thayer  will  supply  an  introduction  to  the 
American  edition. 

"  Old  Tales  from  Rome,"  by  Miss  Alice  Zimmern,  is 
a  companion  volume  to  the  author's  "  Old  Tales  from 
Greece,"  and  relates  in  simple  language  the  immortal 
legends  of  Virgil,  Livj',  and  Ovid,  together  with  a  few 
from  miscellaneous  sources.  Messrs.  A.  C.  McClurg 
&  Co.  are  the  American  publishers. 

Reprints  of  "  Amaryllis  at  the  Fair "  and  "  After 
London;  or.  Wild  England,"  by  Richard  Jefferies,  are 
published  by  Messrs.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.,  in  an  edition 
uniform  with  other  volumes  by  the  same  author.  These 
wholesome  and  beautifid  books  deserve  a  far  wider 
vogue  than  has  yet  been  accorded  them  by  the  public. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


308 


A  set  of  little  books  called  the  "Spirit  of  the  Age 
Series  "  is  inaugiirated  by  Messrs.  John  W.  Luce  &  Co. 
The  first  two  Toliimes  of  the  series  give  us  an  essay- 
study  of  Wliistler,  by  Mr.  Haldane  Macfall,  and  one  of 
Sterenson,  by  Miss  Eve  Blantyre  Simpson.  They  are 
pretty  little  books,  and  have  several  illustrations  each. 
"  Krausz's  Practical  Automobile  Dictionary,"  a  word- 
compilation  in  English,  French,  and  German,  made  by 
Mr.  Sigmimd  Krausz,  is  published  by  the  Frederick  A. 
Stokes  Co.  Twelve  thousand  technical  terms  are  in- 
cluded, and  we  can  imagine  the  motorist  in  foreign 
parts  exceedingly  gratefid  for  the  presence  of  the  little 
book  in  his  luggage  in  time  of  need. 

"  Songs  of  the  University  of  Chicago,"  edited  by  Mr. 
William  A.  McDermid,  is  a  volume  published  by  Messrs. 
Hinds,  Noble  &  Eldredge.  It  includes  the  special  songs 
of  the  institution  in  question  (among  them  numbers 
from  the  several  comic  operas  produced  of  recent  years 
by  the  student  body),  and  in  additian  many  other  songs 
which  are  the  common  property  of  all  colleges. 

An  "Ainu-English-Japanese  Dictionary,"  including 
a  grammar  of  the  Ainu  language,  by  Rev.  John  Batch- 
elor,  for  twenty-five  years  an  English  missionary  in  Yezo, 
among  these  aborigines  of  the  Japanese  archipelago,  has 
been  issued  in  a  second  edition  by  Messrs.  Kegan  Paul, 
Trench  &  Triibner,  of  London.  The  work  is  of  great 
scientific  interest,  as  the  Ainu  tongue  is  Aryan  in  form 
and  the  basic  ethnic  stock  of  the  Japanese  is  Ainu. 

"  A  Manual  of  American  Literature,"  by  Mr.  James 
B.  Smiley,  is  a  small  book  for  youthful  students,  essen- 
tially biographical  in  treatment,  published  by  the  Amer- 
ican Book  Co.  Other  school  publications  of  the  same 
house  are  "  Thirty  More  Famous  Stories,"  retold  by 
Mr.  James  Baldwin  ;  "  Waste  Not,  Want  Not  Stories," 
retold  by  Mr.  Clifton  Johnson  ;  and  a  text-book  of 
"Composition-Rhetoric,"  by  Mr.  Stratton  D.  Brooks 
and  IVIiss  Marietta  Hubbard. 

A  series  of  "  Language  Readers,"  six  in  nimiber,  is 
published  by  the  Macnullan  Co.  They  are  edited  by 
Professors  Franklin  T.  Baker  and  George  R.  Carpenter, 
with  the  assistance  of  Miss  Jennie  F.  Owens.  Their 
contents  are  carefidly  graded,  and  the  books  are  sup- 
plied Nvith  pedagogical  apparatus  in  generous  quantity. 
Schools  which  still  cling  to  the  "  reader  "  habit  will  find 
thLs  series  acceptable,  for  it  is,  with  the  possible  excep- 
tion of  the  "  Heart  of  Oak  "  books,  as  good  as  any  other 
now  on  the  market. 

Arrangements  for  the  publication  of  "  The  Cambridge 
Medieval  History  "  have  now  been  made  by  the  Syndics 
of  the  University  Press.  The  first  voliune  will  be  pub- 
lished soon  after  the  appearance  of  the  last  volume  of 
"  The  Cambridge  Modem  History,"  with  which  it  will  be 
generally  uniform,  and  the  work  will  be  completed  in 
eight  volumes.  "  The  Cambridge  Medieval  Historj-  " 
has  been  planned  by  Professor  J.  B.  Bury,  and  will  be 
edited  bv  Professor  H.  M.  Gwatkin,  Miss  M.  Bateson, 
and  Mr.  G.  T.  Lapsley. 

Two  works  of  unusual  artistic  and  biographic  import- 
ance have  been  secured  for  Fall  publication  in  this  coun- 
try by  the  Macmillan  Co.  The  first  is  the  authorized 
biography  of  Walter  Crane,  entitled  «  Fifty  Years  of  an 
Artist's  Life";  a  niunber  of  interesting  works  by  Mr. 
Crane  never  before  reproduced  will  be  contained  in  the 
volume.  The  second  of  these  books  is  «  The  Life,  Let- 
ters, and  Art  of  Lord  Leighton,"  prepared  by  ]VIrs. 
Russell  Barrington,  to  be  issued  in  two  volimies,  with 
one  himdred  illustratious  in  color,  photogravure,  and 
lialf-tone. 


Topics  is  JjTSJuhsg  Periodicals. 

Jfgy.  1906. 

Actress,  An.  —On  Guard.    Clara  Morris MeClure 

Agricultural  Cooperation.    Annie  E.  S.  Beard . . .  World  To-day 
American  Aristocracy.  Scions  of.  H.  D.  Richardson.  Xo.  A  mer. 

Architectural  Treatment  of  a  Small  Garden Century 

Athletic  Situation,  The.    W.  T.  Reid.  Jr World  To-day 

Baedeker  in  the  Making,   James  F.  Moirbead Atlantic 

Baer,  George  F.    Frederic  W.  Unger lUv.  of  Revt. 

Battle.  Man's  Feeling  in.    S.  H.  Byers Harper's  Mag. 

Bianca.  Angelo  Dall  'Oca.    Alfredo  Melani SttuUo 

Book  Illumination,  Art  of.    Edith  A.  Ibbs Studio 

"  Briartown  "  Nature  Sketches.    Harold  S.  Deming Harper 

California's  New  Inland  Sea.    F.  G.  Martin Applelon 

Camping  with  President  Roosevelt.    John  Burroughs,  .^(^an/ic 
Christ  in  Art,  Modernizing  of.    John  P.  Lenox. . .  World  To-day 

Colombia,  New  Era  in.    Francis  P.  Savinien Rev.  of  Revt. 

Color  Prints,  Some  More.    Russell  Stoigis Scribner 

Composition.  .\ct  of.    Wilbur  L.  Cross Atlantie 

Congo  Museum.  The.    Frederick  Starr World  To-day 

Consular  Service  and  Congress.    J.  SIoatFaaaett.  .Rev.  of  Rtvt. 

Conventions  of  1906 Rev.  of  Revt. 

Com  Gospel  Train.  A.    B.  P.  Lyie,  Jr World'tWork 

Cornish,  Gardens  of.    Frances  Duncan Century 

Coryate.  Thomas,  —  Primitive  "  Tripper."  H.  V.  Abbott  Atlantic 

Desert,  Mastery  of  the.    Frank  W.  Blackmar J\'o.  A  merican 

Differentials.  Vital  Question  of.    J.  W.  Midgley.  .i?«r.  of  Revt. 

Diseased  Meat.  Selling  of World't  Work 

Effeminiration.  Our  National.  J.  Conger-Kaneko  World's  Work 

Experience.    Meredith  Nicholson Reader 

Farm  Mortgage  of  To-Day.    Charles  M.  Harger . . .  Rev.  of  Revt. 

Fittest.  Survival  of  the.   Todor  Jenks Appleton 

Flower  Painting.  Modem.  T.  Martin  Wood Studio 

"  Forty  Acres  and  a  Mule."  Walter  L.  Flouinir.  .^'o.  American 

Froude.    Goldwin  Smith Atlantic 

Garden,  An  Ancient.    Helen  E.  Smith Century 

Gard^i,  The  Terraced.    Susan  S.  Wainwrigbt AtUmtic 

Glass  Mosaic.    W.  H.  Thomas Studio 

Government  Meat  Inspection.    T.  H.  McKee World't  Work 

GroU,  Albert  L..  Landscape  Painter Studio 

Holidays  and  History.    William  B.  Thayer Atlantic 

Houston.General  Sam.  and  Secession.  C.  A.  Culberson. .  Scribner 

Human  Plant,  Training  of  the.     Luther  Burbank Century 

Human  Race.  —  Is  it  Mortal  ?   C.  W.  Saleeby Harper's  Mao- 

Indian.  Failure  of  Education  for.    F.  E.  Leupp Appleton 

Indian  Types  of  the  Southwest.  Vanishing.  E.S.Curtis  Scribner 

Industrial  Transition  of  the  V.  S.    C.  M.  Harvey Appleton 

Insurance.  — Shall  we  Still  Buy  »  Elliott  Flower  World  To-day 

International  Aricultural  Institute.  The Xo.  A  merican 

Labrador,  Explorations  in.  Mina  B.  Hubbard,  .//a »•/>«•'«  Mag 

Libel,  Law  of.    Richard  W.  Child Atlantic 

Life  Insurance  and  Speculation.    C.  J.  Bullock Atlantie 

Life  Insurance  Siut)1us,  The.    B.  J.  Hendrick McClure 

Lincoln  the  Lawyer  —  conclusion.    Frederick  T.  Hill . . .  Century 

Lucca.  The  Baths  of.    Neith  Boyce Scribner 

Man  and  the  Actor.    Richard  Mansfield Atlantie 

Marsh,  Frederic  Dana,  Painter.    Arthur  Hoebo' Studio 

Heat  Inspection.    Dr.  W.  K.  Jaques World't  Work 

Mexico,  A  Return  to.    Thomas  A.  Janvier Harper't  Mag. 

Milton.    George  E.  Woodberry McClure 

Mind.  Feeding  the.    Lewis  Carroll Harper't  Mag. 

Mississippi.  Completing  the.  Aubrey  Fullerton. .  World  To-day 

Monte  Carlo,  The  Ironic.   Ward  Muir Appleton 

Morocco  Conference,  The,    Ion  Perdicaris Appleton 

Moros,  Nature  of  the.    Lloyd  Buchanan World  To-day 

Mount  Vernon  in  Washington's  Time Century 

Mount  Vernon.  Old  Garden  at.   Francis  E.  Leupp Century 

Municipal  Ownership.   G.  8.  Brown No.  A  merican 

Municipal  Ownership  in  Chicago Rev.  of  Revt. 

National  Integrity.    Albert  J.  Beveridge Reader 

New  England's  Deep-Sea  Fishing  Interests Rev.  of  Revt. 

New  York  Post  Office.  The.  Louis  E.  Van  Norman  Rev.  of  Revt. 
New  York  Revisited  —  conclusion.  Henry  James  Harper's  Mag. 

New  York  to  Paris  by  Rail.    H.  Rosenthal Rev.  of  Revt. 

Normandy.  A  Comer  in.    Mary  K.  Waddington Scribner 

Novel  of  Manners,  1790-1830.    Will  D.  Howe Reader 

Packingtown,  Unhealthfulness  of World't  Work 

Panama  Canal.  Truth  about.    H.  C.  Rowland Appleton 

Pan-American  Railway.  Business  Side  of.  H.  G.  Davis  Xo.  Amer. 

Poetry,  Some  Recent.   Louise  C.  WUlcox Xo.  American 

Quarantine,  Modem.    Alvah  H.  Doty Appleton 

Race  Problem,  Africa's  Reflex  Light  on.    C.  F.  Adams. .  Century 
Railway  Rates  and  Court  Review.    C.  A.  Prouty . . .  Rev  of  Revs. 

Railways  of  Africa.    Lieut.-Col.  Sir  Percy  Girouard Scribner 

Railways.  World's  Highest.    Eugene  Parsons World  To-day 

Roche.  Alexander,  R.S~A.,  .\rt  of.    Haldane  MacFall Studio 


304 


THE    DIAL 


[May  1, 


Royal  School  of  Embroideries  in  Athens.    Anna  B.  Dodd. .  Cent. 

Russian  Editor  and  Police.    Ernest  Poole World  T(Mlav 

Russian  Peasant  Industries.    Aymer  Vallance Studio 

St.  Louis  after  the  Fair.    Rolla  Wells World  To-day 

Sailor  of  Fortune,  A.    Robert  W.  Neal World  To-day 

San  Francisco  Catastrophe,  The Bev.  of  Revs. 

School  Reports,  Demand  for  Better.  W.  H.  Allen  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Senate,  Truth  about  the.  C.  Arthur  Williams. . .  World  To-day 
Shakespearean  Literature,  Some  Recent.  W.  A.  Neilson  Atlantic 

Sicily,  the  Garden  of  the  Sun  —  II.    William  Sharp Century 

Southern  Life  before  the  War.    "  Frank  Clayton" Atlantic 

Spanish  Treaty  Claims.    Hannis  Taylor No.  American 

Speaker  of  the  House,  —  Has  he  too  Much  Power  ?  World  To-day 

Traction  Merger,  New  York's  Great World's  Work 

Trapper,  Real  Character  of.    W.  H.  Wright World's  Work 

Turkey,  Issues  between  U.  S.  and.    "  Americus  "  No.  American 

Washington,  The  City  of.    Henry  James No.  American 

Wells,  Rolla,  Mayor  of  St.  Louis World  To-day 

West  Point  and  Annapolis,  Code  at Appleton 

Whales,  Capture  of.    Clifford  W.  Ashley Harper's  May. 

Where  to  Plant  What.    George  W.  Cable Century 

Work  Horse  Parades.    Paul  P.  Foster World  To-day 

Young  Man  and  his  Money,  The World's  Work 


liisT  OF  New  Books. 


[The  following  list,  containing  124  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  The  Dial  since  its  last  issue.^ 

BIOGBAFHT  AND  BEMINISCENCES. 

Joseph  Jefferson :  Reminiscences  of  a  Fellow  Player.  By 
Francis  Wilson.  lUus.  in  photogi'avure,  etc.,  8vo,  gilt  top, 
pp.  354.    Charles  Scribner's  Sons.    $2.  net. 

Paul  Jones,  Founder  of  the  American  Navy  :  A  History. 
By  Augustus  C.  Buell.  Commemoration  edition ;  with  a  sup- 
plementary Chapter  by  General  Horace  Porter,  LL.D.  In 
2  vols.,  with  portrait,  12mo,  gilt  tops,  uncut.  Charles  Scrib- 
ner's Sons.    $3. 

In  the  Days  of  Scott.  By  Tudor  Jenks.  With  portrait,  16mo 
pp.  279.  "  Lives  of  Great  Writers."  A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.  $1.  net. 

The  Life  Stories  of  Undistinguished  Americans,  as  Told 
by  Themselves.  Edited  by  Hamilton  Holt ;  with  Introduction 
by  Edwin  E.  Slosson.  12mo,  pp.  299.  James  Pott  &  Co.   $1.50. 

Sobert  Louis  Stevenson.  By  G.  K.  Chesterton  and  W. 
Robertson  NicoU.  With  portrait,  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  49. 
James  Pott  &  Co.    50  cts. 

HISTORY. 

The  Development  of  the  European  Nations,  1870-1900 
By  J.  Holland  Rose,  Litt.D.  Vol.  II.,  with  maps,  large  8vo 
gilt  top,  pp.  351.    G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    |2.50  net. 

A  History  of  the  Reformation.  By  Thomas  M.  Lindsay , 
M..K.  Vol.  I.,  The  Reformation  in  Germany  from  its  Be- 
ginning to  the  Religious  Peace  of  Augsburg.  8vo,  pp.  528. 
"International  Theological  Library."  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons.    $2.50  net. 

The  Glory  Seekers :  The  Romance  of  Would-Be  Founders 
of  Empire  in  the  Early  Days  of  the  Great  Southwest.  By 
William  Horace  Brown.  Illus.,  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  337. 
A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.    $1.50  net. 

Reconstruction  In  South  Carolina,  1865-1877.  By  John  S. 
Reynolds.  With  portrait,  large  8vo,  pp.  522.  Columbia,  S.  C. : 
The  State  Co.    $2.  net. 

The  Reformation.  By  George  Park  Fisher,  D.D.  New  revised 
edition ;  8vo,  pp.  525.    Charles  Scribner's  Sons.    $2.50  net. 

The  Story  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 
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CHARLES    SCRIBNER'S    SONS 


NEW  YORK 


310 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


EVERY  LIBRARY  SHOULD  HAVE 

The  Sumptuous  and  Definitive  Volume 

Collected  Sonnets  of  Lloyd  Mifflin 


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Read  the  Verdict  of  High  Authorities  in  Great  Britain  and  America 

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a  wider  field  of  thought,  experience,  and  imagination.  ...  It  would  be  idle  to  attempt,  in  the  limits  of  a 
short  notice,  anything  like  a  critical  examination  of  this  wonderfid  collection.  .  .  .  He  possesses  a  vivid 
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presentation.  These  qualities,  combined  with  a  well-nigh  faultless  technique,  render  him  miapproachable 
by  any  living  English  sonneteer. 

Mrs.  Ella  Higginson  : —  No  American  has  ever  made  such  an  enduring  and  noteworthy  contribution  to 
the  sonnet  literature  of  the  world.  He  stands  beside  Wordsworth.  His  work  has  the  dignity,  the  serenity, 
the  seriousness,  the  fine  imagination  and  the  diction,  exquisitely  simple  and  rich,  that  mark  the  great  poet. 

Mr.  W.  D.  Howells :  —  A  little  more  courage  to  know  what  is  undeniably  great,  although  it  is  our  own, 
seems  to  me  still  desirable  in  our  criticism,  and  when  it  comes  Mr.  Mifflin's  poetry  will  have  its  reward. 

St.  Andrew^s  University  :  —  Lloyd  Mifflin  is  a  poet  born,  not  made.  We  camiot  withhold  our  admira- 
tion from  a  collection  of  sonnets  which  have  a  charm  and  a  beauty  about  them  giving  evidence  of  the  work 
of  a  poet  of  remarkable  poetic  genius. 

A  herdeen  Free  Press  :  —  To  the  rare  gift  of  a  penetrative  imagination  he  brings  a  finely  balanced  intel- 
lect and  a  keen  sense  of  poetic*  diction.  ...  In  his  highest  flights  he  shows  a  warmth  of  imagination,  a 
richness  of  colour,  a  clarity  of  thought,  and  an  almost  perfect  technique  that  shows  him  not  unworthy  to 
walk  beside  the  greatest  sonneteers  in  the  annals  of  the  English  language. 

Prof,  A .  S.  Mackenzie,  Kentucky  State  College,  in  the  Louisville  Courier-Journal :  —  Lloyd  Mifflin,  in 
my  opinion,  is  the  greatest  poet  of  America,  past  or  present.  .  .  .  The  sad  part  of  it  is  that  a  man  has  to 
die  to  become  famous. 

Dundee  A  dvertiser :  —  There  are  some  critics  who  maintain  that  American  poetry  is  on  the  decline. 
The  halcyon  days  of  Bryant,  Longfellow,  Poe,  Lowell,  Whittier  and  Whitman  are  gone,  it  is  said.  While 
there  may  be  a  grain  of  truth  in  the  accusation,  it  cannot  justly  be  alleged  that  poetry  of  the  higher  order  no 
longer  has  an  exponent  in  America  while  Lloyd  Mifflin  still  remains  to  carry  on  the  great  tradition  of  song. 

Yorkshire  Post :  —  ...  Some  are  suffused  with  tenderness  and  beauty :  a  few,  very  few,  are  splendidly 
strong.  To  say  that  some  half-dozen  should  find  a  place  in  the  most  choice  "  Somiet  Anthology  "  of  the 
future  is  the  greatest  praise  we  can  conceive. 

Evening  Post :  —  Mr.  Mifflin  is  justly  entitled  to  a  high  position  as  a  sonneteer.  In  his  own  way  there 
is  no  one  now  living  to  equal  him.  Indeed,  it  is  only  just  to  remember  that  there  have  been  in  the  course 
of  English  literary  history  only  a  very  few  poets  who  could  get  together  a  collection  of  sonnets  at  once  so 
mmaerous  as  this  and  of  such  high  technical  excellence.  The  volume  contains  three  hundred  and  fifty 
pieces,  and  is  then  but  a  selection. 

R.  H.  Stoddard :  —  His  faults  are  condoned  by  many  excellent  qualities,  and  by  one  in  which  he  has  no 
superior  among  living  American  poets,  if  indeed  an  equal  —  a  glorious  imagination.  .  .  .  The  man  who  wrote 
this  sonnet  ("  The  Flight ")  is  a  true  poet,  and  must  soon  be  reckoned  among  the  masters  of  American  song. 


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1906]  THE    DIAL  311 

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The  Silver  Age  of  the  Greek  World     By  john  pentland  mahaffy 

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No.  478. 


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Vol.  XL. 


Contexts. 


THE  TEACHING  PROFESSION 313 

AN  ACTOR'S  MEMORIES  OF  A  FELLOW  ACTOR. 

Percy  F.  Bicknell 316 

THE  RE-SHAPING  OF  THE  ORIENT.     Frederic 

Austin  Ogg 317 

WALPOLE  LETTERS,  OLD  AND  NEW.    H.  W. 

Boynton 320 

A  COMMERCIAL  TRA\TXLER   IN  THE  LAND 

OF  PIZARRO.     Thomas  H.  ilacbride     .     .     .322 

THE  BASIS  OF  CHRISTIANTTY.    T.  D.  A.  CodcereU  323 

RECENT     ENGLISH     POETRY.     WUliatn    Morton 

Payne 325 

Hardy's  The  Dynasts.  —  Phillips's  Nero. — Selec- 
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Collected  Rhymes.  —  Herbert's  Poems  of  the  Seen 
and  the  Unseen.  —  Rieketts's  Poems  of  Love  and 
Nature. — Last  Poems  of  Richard  Watson  Dixon. 
—  Lonnsbery's  Love's  Testament. — Marks's  The 
Tree  of  Knowledge.  —  Ethna  Carbery's  The  Four 
Winds  of  Eirinn.  —  Eva  Gore-Booth's  The  Three 
Resurrections  and  the  Triumph  of  Maeve. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 330 

Problems  of  Ireland  and  the  Irish.  —  New  edition 
of  Swinburne's  dramatic  works.  —  A  meritorious 
history  of  the  United  States.  —  Strange  pranks 
played  by  lightning.  —  Eleven  famous  Introductions 
to  the  plays  of  Shakespeare.  —  Life  and  letters  of  an 
unfortunate  Italian  princess. — The  story  of  Greece 
once  more  re-told. — The  memoirs  of  an  abolitionist. 
— An  English  admirer  of  Germany's  development. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 333 

NOTES 334 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS 335 


TRE  TEACHING  PROFESSION. 


No  greater  evil  could  befall  the  educational 
system  of  this  country  than  that  of  becoming 
definitely  crystallized  into  the  type  of  organiza- 
tion exemplified  by  mercantile  and  corporate 
enterprise.  The  evil  is  imminent,  and  sometimes 
seems  inevitable,  so  pervasive  are  the  influences 
that  tend  to  make  educational  administration  a 
matter  of  business,  and  so  persuasive  is  the  argu- 
ment from  analogy  when  addressed  to  ears  pre- 
disposed by  every  familiar  association  to  accept 
its  validity.  ^laterial  and  commercial  modes  of 
thinking  prevail  so  largely  in  our  national  con- 
sciousness, and  impose  themselves  so  masterfully 
upon  our  narrowed  imagination,  that  most  people 
are  ready  to  accept  without  hesitation  their  ex- 
tension into  the  domain  of  our  intellectual  con- 
cerns, particularly  into  that  of  the  great  concern 
of  education.  AVTiy,  it  is  naively  asked,  why 
should  not  the  methods  that  we  apply  with  such 
pronounced  success  to  the  management  of  a  bank 
or  a  railway  prove  equally  efficient  in  the  man- 
agement of  a  system  of  schools  or  a  university  ? 
Why  should  there  not  result  from  their  employ- 
ment here  the  same  sort  of  efficiency  that  results 
from  their  employment  elsewhere  ?  Why  should 
not  the  educational  fruits  of  autocratic  control, 
centralized  administration,  and  the  hierarchical 
gradation  of  responsibility  and  authority,  be 
similar  to  their  fruits  in  the  field  of  commercial 
activity? 

These  questions  are  not  difficidt  to  answer, 
but  it  is  difficult  to  frame  the  answer  in  terms 
that  the  successfid  man  of  affairs  will  fiLnd  in- 
telligible. The  subject  is  one  that  he  approaches 
with  a  prejudiced  mind,  although  his  bias  is  not 
so  much  due  to  perversity  as  to  sheer  inability 
to  realize  the  fundamental  nature  of  the  question 
at  issue.  He  is  so  fixed  in  the  commercial  way 
of  looking  at  organized  enterprise  that  he  cannot 
so  shift  his  bearings  as  to  occupy,  even  tempo- 
rarily, the  professional  point  of  view.  Now  the 
idea  of  professionalism  lies  at  the  very  core  of 
educational  endeavor,  and  whoever  engages  in 
educational  work  fails  of  his  purpose  in  just  so 
far  as  he  faUs  to  assert  the  inherent  prerogatives 
of  his  calling.     He  becomes  a  hireling,  in  fact 


314 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


if  not  in  name,  when  lie  suffers,  unprotesting, 
the  deprivation  of  all  initiative,  and  contentedly 
plays  the  part  of  a  cog  in  a  mechanism  whose 
motions  are  controlled  from  without.  Yet  the 
tendency  in  our  country  is  to-day  strongly  set 
toward  the  recognition  of  this  devitalized  system 
of  educational  activity  as  suitable  and  praise- 
worthy, and  the  spirit  of  professionalism  in 
teaching  is  engaged  in  what  is  nothing  less  than 
a  life-and-death  struggle.  When  a  university 
president  or  a  school  principal  can  indulge  un- 
rebuked  in  the  insufferable  arrogance  of  such  an 
expression  as  "  my  faculty "  or  "  one  of  my 
teachers,"  when  school  trustees  are  capable  of 
calling  superintendents  and  principals  and  teach- 
ers "  employees,"  it  is  time  to  consider  the  matter 
somewhat  seriously,  and  inquire  into  the  probable 
consequences  of  so  gross  a  misconception  of  the 
nature  of  educational  service. 

There  is  one  general  consequence  which  sub- 
sumes all  the  others.  It  is  that  yoimg  men  of 
character  and  self-respect  will  refuse  to  engage 
in  the  work  of  teaching  (except  as  a  makeshift) 
as  long  as  the  authorities  in  charge  of  education 
remain  blind  to  the  professional  character  of  the 
occupation,  and  deal  with  those  engaged  in  it  as 
objects  of  suspicion,  or,  at  best,  as  irresponsible 
and  unpractical  theorists  whose  actions  must  be 
kept  constantly  under  control  and  restricted  by 
all  manner  of  limitations  and  petty  regulations. 
Membership  in  a  profession  implies  a  certain 
franchise,  an  emancipation  from  dictation,  and 
a  degree  of  liberty  in  the  exercise  of  judgment, 
which  most  members  of  the  teaching  profession 
find  are  denied  them  by  the  prevalent  forms  of 
educational  organization.  And  the  denial  is 
made  the  more  exasperating  by  the  conscious- 
ness that  these  rights  (which  are  elementary 
and  should  be  inalienable)  are  withheld  by  per- 
sons whose  tenure  of  authority  is  more  apt  to  be 
based  upon  the  executive  energy  or  the  ability 
of  the  schemer  or  the  success  of  the  man  of  prac- 
tical affairs  than  upon  expert  acquaintance  with 
the  conditions  of  educational  work.  The  "  busi- 
ness "  president  or  administrative  board  is  bad 
enough,  and  the  "  political  "  president  or  board 
is  worse ;  yet  upon  the  anything  but  tender 
mercies  of  the  one  or  the  other  most  men  who 
devote  their  lives  to  the  noble  work  of  teaching 
must  in  large  measure  depend. 

The  inevitable  consequence  of  this  condition 
is,  as  we  have  said,  that  a  process  of  natural 
selection  is  constantly  tending  to  drive  the  most 
capable  men  into  professions  which  may  be  pur- 
sued upon  professional  terms,  and  to  make  the 


teaching  profession  more  and  more  the  resort 
of  the  poor  in  spirit,  to  whom  the  words  of  the 
Beatitude  must  have  a  distinctly  ironical  ring. 
To  become  a  teacher  in  this  country  is,  except 
in  the  case  of  a  few  favored  institutions  or 
systems,  to  subordinate  one's  individuality  to  a 
mechanism,  and  to  expose  one's  self-respect  to 
indignities  of  a  peculiarly  wanton  sort.  It  is 
no  wonder  that  the  yoimg  man  of  parts  is  not 
over-anxious  to  enter  a  profession  so  forbidding 
to  every  professional  instinct,  and  that  he  turns 
aside  from  the  educational  field,  however  strong 
his  natural  inclination  to  enter  it,  when  he  gets 
sight  of  the  artificial  obstacles  to  its  proper 
cultivation. 

It  is  often  urged  that  the  money  rewards  of 
the  teaching  profession  are  insufficient  to  attract 
to  it  the  better  class  of  men.  This  is  undoubt- 
edly true  up  to  a  certain  point,  but  to  insist 
upon  it  overmuch  is  to  take  a  more  cynical  view 
of  human  nature  than  we  are  willing  to  take. 
Inadequate  compensation  is  a  grievous  fault 
of  our  educational  provision,  but  it  is  not  so 
grievous  as  the  faults  that  undermine  profes- 
sional self-respect,  and  sap  educational  vitality 
at  its  very  root.  Yet  these  graver  faults  are 
easily  remediable,  and  would  be  promptly  rem- 
edied if  we  could  once  rid  ourselves  of  the 
obsession  of  the  commercial  or  military  type  of 
administrative  organization.  K  the  educational 
laborer  is  worthy  of  his  hire,  he  is  even  more 
worthy  of  the  trust  and  confidence  that  neces- 
sarily appertain  to  his  delicate  and  specialized 
duties,  and  to  refuse  him  these  is  to  degrade  his 
effort  into  the  mere  journeyman's  task.  The 
whole  question  of  the  relative  importance  of 
compensation  and  consideration  was  thus  stated 
by  one  of  the  speakers  at  the  Illinois  Trustees' 
Conference  of  last  October :  "  Young  men  of 
power  and  ambition  scorn  what  should  be  reck- 
oned the  noblest  of  professions,  not  because  that 
profession  condenms  them  to  poverty,  but  be- 
cause it  dooms  them  to  a  sort  of  servitude.  .  .  . 
The  problem  is  not  one  of  wages ;  for  no 
university  can  become  rich  enough  to  buy  the 
independence  of  any  man  who  is  really  worth 
purchasing." 

The  more  closely  the  business  analogy  is  ex- 
amined the  more  apparent  is  its  failure  to  fit 
the  conditions  of  education.  Efficiency  in  busi- 
ness is  achieved  by  the  subordination  of  individ- 
ual initiative  to  centralized  direction.  A  highly 
capable  manager  makes  all  the  plans,  and  trans- 
mits his  ideas,  through  his  heads  of  departments, 
to  the  host  of  workers,  who  are  expected  to  do 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


315 


exactly  as  they  are  told.  Now  this  arrangement, 
entirely  proper  in  a  department  store  or  a  rail- 
way company,  becomes  almost  worthless  when 
fitted  to  a  university  or  a  system  of  public 
schools,  for  here  the  one  essential  factor  of  suc- 
cess is  that  the  teachers,  who  are  in  this  case  the 
host  of  workers,  should  be  left  unhampered  by 
specific  directions,  and  free  to  apply  their  own 
specialized  intelligence  to  their  work.  Every 
attempt  to  shape  that  work  from  above,  except 
in  such  mechanical  or  formal  matters  as  the 
allotment  of  duties  and  the  arrangement  of  pro- 
granunes,  especially  every  attempt  to  impose 
tests  or  dictate  concerning  methods,  is  likely  to 
work  direct  injury,  and  is  certain  in  time  to 
eliminate  from  the  body  of  workers  the  very 
persons  whom  it  is  most  desirable  to  retain. 
For  it  cannot  be  said  too  often  or  too  emphat- 
ically that  teaching  is  the  personal  concern  of 
instructor  and  student,  and  that  any  meddling 
with  this  delicate  and  intimate  relation  will  work 
much  more  mischief  than  good.  So  the  com- 
mercial ideal  of  high-priced  imperious  manage- 
ment and  low-priced  docUe  labor  can  have  no 
place  in  educational  work,  where  the  ideal 
should  be  rather  that  of  cordial  cooperation 
between  all  the  forces  engaged,  with  the  distinct 
admission  that  educational  policy  (as  far  as 
such  a  thing  is  found  desirable)  must  proceed 
from  the  established  teaching  relation  rather 
than  from  the  doctrinaire  mandate  of  the  exec- 
utive theorist. 

We  know  very  well  the  clamorous  objections 
that  will  be  raised  against  the  fundamental  prop- 
ositions above  outlined.  "  Chaos  is  come  asrain  " 
wlQ  be  the  outcry  whenever  education  is  sought 
to  be  rearranged  upon  these  conditions.  To 
such  rigidity  of  mind  have  the  majority  of  edu- 
cational leaders  been  reduced  by  the  ideal  of 
regimentation  and  the  fetich- worship  of  system 
and  uniformity  that  they  are  honestly  incapable 
of  realizing  the  individualist  attitude  or  of  sym- 
pathizing with  the  more  hvmiane  and  rational 
principles  which  we  have  endeavored  to  set 
forth.  Jealous  enough  of  professional  privilege 
on  their  own  accoimt,  they  take  a  slighting  view 
of  the  equally  valid  claims  to  professional  con- 
sideration made  by  the  body  of  actual  teachers. 
They  are  so  impressed  by  their  smoothly- working 
machinery  as  to  forget  completely  that  the  fash- 
ioning of  soids  is  a  very  different  affair  from  the 
manufacture  of  watches  or  other  products  of  the 
mechanic  arts.  To  their  view,  the  alternative 
offered  in  place  of  their  elaborate  systems  of 
executive  control  and  the  graded  devolution  of 


authority  may  well  seem  to  deserve  the  name 
of  chaos,  but  intelligent  minds  will  not  be  ter- 
rified by  a  word  which  means,  in  this  instance 
and  in  the  last  analysis,  nothing  more  than 
a  recognition  of  the  fact  that  teachers  and  stu- 
dents are  alike  individuals,  and  that  prescrip- 
tion en  masse  is  the  poorest  possible  way  of 
dealing  with  difficulties  that  concern  individuals 
alone. 

Aside  from  the  cry  of  chaos,  every  plea  for 
the  rehabilitation  of  the  teaching  profession  is 
sure  to  be  met  by  the  assertion  that  large  num- 
bers of  those  engaged  in  it  are  unfit  for  the 
burden  of  professional  responsibility.  This  is 
probably  true.  It  would  be  surprising  if  it  were 
not  true,  when  we  consider  the  meagreness  of 
the  rewards  hitherto  held  out  to  the  rank  and 
file  of  the  profession,  and  the  constant  growth 
of  the  regulative  tendency  which  imfailingly 
operates  to  deter  the  best  men  from  becoming 
teachers,  and  to  drive  from  the  ranks  the  best 
of  those  already  enlisted.  The  situation,  more- 
over, as  respects  the  sort  of  ability,  the  type  of 
outstanding  personality,  most  to  be  desired, 
tends  constantly  to  grow  worse  rather  than  bet- 
ter through  the  continuous  operation  of  the  same 
malisrn  influences.  But  was  there  ever  a  more 
vicious  circle  of  argument  than  that  which  de- 
fends the  persistence  in  a  system  productive  of 
such  unfortunate  results  by  urging  that  the  per- 
sonnel of  the  profession  has  now  been  brought 
so  low  that  the  restoration  of  its  inherent  rights 
would  entail  disastrous  consequences?  Very 
possibly  it  would,  and  e\Tls  of  this  sort  might 
have  to  be  faced,  but  they  wovdd  be  in  their 
nature  temporary,  and  not  nearly  as  dishearten- 
ing as  the  lasting  and  deepening  evils  involved 
in  the  perpetuation  of  an  administrative  policy 
which  is  an  affront  to  every  professional  instinct. 
Professor  Joseph  Jastrow,  in  a  remarkably 
forceful  and  enlightened  discussion  of  this  sub- 
ject in  its  bearings  upon  university  administra- 
tion ("  Science,"  April  13)  puts  the  whole  matter 
in  a  nutshell  when  he  declares  for  the  substitu- 
tion of  "  government  by  cooperation  "  for  "gov- 
ernment by  imposition."  This  is  surely  the  ideal 
toward  which  everyone  having  at  heart  the  in- 
terests of  education  as  a  professional  matter 
should  strive,  in  fields  both  high  and  low,  and 
we  have  observed  numerous  recent  indications 
of  a  reaction  in  this  sense  from  the  military  or 
corporate  ideal  which  has  hitherto  had  things  its 
own  way.  But  the  enemy  is  still  strongly  in- 
trenched, and  his  position  will  not  easily  be 
forced. 


316 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


t  E^to  ISooks. 


Ax  AcTOK's  Memories  of  a 
Fellow  Actor.* 


For  years,  as  one  gathers  from  the  pages 
of  Mr.  Francis  Wilson's  "  Joseph  Jefferson," 
the  younger  comedian  has  been  dogging,  with 
Boswellian  intent,  the  footsteps  of  his  elder 
fellow  player.  But  the  image  here  used  is  not 
well  chosen ;  nor,  perhaps,  woidd  the  author  of 
the  book  feel  himself  complimented  by  being 
likened  to  Johnson's  obsequious  admirer.  There 
was  evidently  but  little  of  the  Johnson-Boswell 
relation  between  the  two  men,  at  least  according 
to  the  Macaiday  conception  of  the  great  Doctor's 
biographer.  Like  ideals  and  kindred  enthu- 
siasms appear  to  have  rendered  the  two  actors 
congenial  to  each  other.  Fondness  for  and 
familiarity  with  Shakespeare  may  be  noted  in 
both,  with  something  more  than  a  nodding  ac- 
quaintance with  the  great  masters  of  painting, 
a  liking  for  literature  and  facility  in  the  use  of 
the  pen,  and  a  high  sense  of  the  dignity  of  their 
calling  as  dramatic  artists. 

Having  introduced  the  name  of  Boswell,  let 
us  permit  Mr.  Wilson  to  do  what  Boswell  has 
done  in  the  first  part  of  his  book  ;  that  is,  let  us 
listen  while  the  younger  man  narrates  the  cir- 
cumstances of  his  first  entering  the  presence  of 
the  elder. 

"  I  first  saw  him  one  Saturday  afternoon,  in  1870,  as 
I  can  see  him  now,  on  the  southwest  corner  of  Twenty- 
third  Street  and  Sixth  Avenue,  New  York,  eating 
Malaga  grapes  out  of  a  paper  bag.  In  those  days  there 
was  a  fruit-stand  on  that  corner.  He  stood  on  the  curb- 
stone abstractedly  eating  the  grapes  and  watching  the 
crowd  file  into  Booth's  Theatre  for  the  matinee  per- 
formance of  '  Rip  van  Winkle,'  which  was  then  in  the 
midst  of  an  eight  months'  run.  How  I  drank  him  in 
and  ate  him  up  as  he  stood  there,  —  and  I  remember 
how,  boy-like,  I  brushed  past  him  just  to  be  able  to  feel 
that  I  had  come  in  contact  with  him  !  My  action  had 
not  disturbed  him,  for  he  did  not  turn  toward  me  or 
make  any  sign  that  he  had  heard  my  frightened  words 
of  apology.  This  relieved  me,  for  I  was  so  scared  at  my 
temerity  that  I  should  not  have  known  what  to  say  or 
do.  I  followed  him,  at  a  respectful  distance,  across  the 
street,  past  the  main  entrance  of  the  theatre,  to  that 
mysterious  portal,  the  stage  door,  through  which  he 
vanished  from  my  admiring  gaze." 

The  actual  meeting  of  the  two  and  the  begin- 
ning of  their  acquaintance  are  thus  described : 

"  I  had  been  corresponding  with  Mr.  Jefferson  about 
his  Autobiography,  but  newly  begun  in  the  November 
•  Century  Magazine,'  and  he  had  promised  to  help  with 

*  Joseph  Jefferson.  Reminiscences  of  a  Fellow  Player.  By 
Francis  Wilson.  Illustrated.  New  York:  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons. 


gifts  of  prints  and  letters  in  the  extra-illustrating  of  my 
own  copy  when  the  Autobiography  should  be  published 
in  book  form.  He  asked  me  to  come  and  see  him,  ap- 
pointing the  business  office  of  the  Park  Theatre,  Boston, 
as  the  place,  and  one  o'clock  as  the  hour.  As  I  entered, 
he  sprang  from  his  chair,  and  before  anyone  could 
introduce  us,  he  had  grasped  me  by  the  hand,  —  and 
thus  was  realized  my  youthful  dream  of  meeting  Rip 
van  Jefferson." 

The  curious  reader  will  thank  Mr.  Wilson  for 
having  adopted,  as  he  himself  confesses,  some- 
thing of  Boswell's  pertinacious  inquisitiveness 
in  gathering  information  for  his  intended  vol- 
ume. On  one  page  we  are  somewhat  amused 
to  come  upon  the  great  actor  in  his  dressing- 
room  at  the  Fifth  Avenue  Theatre,  arraj'^ed  in 
a  brown  padded  Chinese  smoking  jacket,  and 
dozing  in  his  chair,  while  his  valet,  the  all-useful 
Karl,  is  in  patient  attendance,  tickling  the  soles 
of  his  master's  feet  with  a  feather,  —  a  gentle 
stimulation  that  drew  off  the  blood  from  the 
head  and  superinduced  a  feeling  of  drowsy  com- 
fort. Again,  the  biographer  finds  Mr.  Jefferson 
clothed  in  a  full  suit  of  blue  jeans  and  engrossed 
in  his  favorite  avocation,  painting. 

"  He  must  have  known  I  was  taking  notes,  for  he 
said  I  must  not  print  the  Irving  discussion  —  at  least, 
not  now.  Sometimes  I  read  aloud  what  he  said,  and  he 
corrected  me  if  I  had  mistaken  him.  Like  Boswell, 
'  I  know  not .  how  such  whimsical  ideas  come  into  my 
head,'  but  I  asked  him  the  most  disconnected  things, 
which  often  extracted  a  laugh  from  him  and  always  a 
reply.  .  .  .  Boswell-like,  I  asked  him  a  variety  of  im- 
related  questions  about  his  daughters,  his  sons,  whether 
he  meant  to  revive  '  The  Rivals,'  why  he  painted  with 
his  fingers,  why  his  hair  kept  so  dark,  how  long  he  had 
been  playing  '  Rip  van  Winkle,'  and  the  like.  He  told 
me  about  his  daughters,  one  of  whom,  Mrs.  Farjeon, 
wife  of  the  novelist,  he  had  not  seen  for  twenty  years. 
'  Farjeon  doesn  't  write  any  more,  does  he  ?  '  I  asked. 
'Not  now,'  he  replied;  'his  style  has  gone  out  of 
fashion,  I  suppose.  I  am  ashamed  to  say  I  have  never 
read  but  one  or  two  of  his  books.'  " 

The  most  interesting  chapter  in  the  volume 
is  the  one  giving  a  full  account  (already  known 
in  part  to  magazine-readers)  of  the  all-star  pre- 
sentation of  "  The  Rivals,"  ten  years  ago  this 
month.  Portraits  of  the  actors  and  actresses  in 
character,  with  their  autographs  in  facsimile, 
accompany  the  narrative.  The  ludicrous  pic- 
ture of  the  author  himseK  as  "  David  "  is  the 
only  portrait  of  him  that  the  book  contains. 
Many  matters  throughout  the  volume  are,  per- 
haps unavoidably,  already  familiar  to  readers  of 
Mr.  Jefferson's  Autobiography.  The  chapter 
entitled  "  The  Author "  is  avowedly  drawn 
largely  from  that  work,  and  is  somewhat  of  the 
nature  of  padding  —  very  readable  padding 
though  it  unquestionably  is.  In  an  excellent 
chapter  called  "  Characteristic  Days "   occurs 


1906.] 


THE    DIAI. 


317 


this  paragraph  on  the  burning  of  "  Crow's  Nest," 
the  actor's  summer  home  at  Buzzard's  Bay : 

"  ♦  When  I  got  your  letter  of  sympathy,'  he  remarked, 
*I  said:  Of  all  men,  Wilson  has  lost  most  by  this  con- 
flagration in  the  way  of  autograph  letters,  programs, 
and  what  not,  which  I  intended  to  send  him.  When  it 
was  seen  that  the  house  must  go,'  he  continued,  '  my 
Cape  Cod  neighbors  bethought  them  of  saving  the 
household  goods,  and  rushed  for  the  piano,  a  rattle-trap 
thing  I  had  long  thought  of  replacing.  They  made  for 
that  because  it  was  big  and  had  shiny  legs,  I  suppose, 
and  pulled  it  out  on  the  grass.  Much  less  exertion  would 
have  saved  thousands  of  dollars'  worth  of  beautiful 
paintings.  Nevertheless,  I  appreciate  their  intention, 
and  am  grateful  for  their  efforts.' " 

As  the  author  remarks,  "  the  quiet  way  in  which 
he  laughed  at  the  thought  of  the  '  natives  '  tug- 
ging away  at  heavy  furniture,  while  Corots, 
Diazes,  Troyons,  Daubignj's,  and  Mauves  were 
threatened  with  destruction,  spoke  volumes  for 
his  philosophy  that  could  thus  permit  him  to 
snule  in  the  face  of  such  a  loss.  Perhaps  the 
most  i-emarkable  thing  about  it,  though,  was  the 
keen  sense  of  the  ridiculous  shown.  It  was  alto- 
gether charming."  The  next  year,  however, 
1892,  "  Crow's  Nest  "  was  rebuilt,  and  its  o\\Tier 
continued,  with  the  same  success  as  before,  to 
play  the  country  gentleman,  entertaining  his 
friends,  as  one  may  infer,  with  lavish  hospitality. 
With  a  delightfid  touch  of  humor,  the  author 
i-epresents  him  as  wrestling  unsuccessfully  (he 
was  an  unskilful  carver)  with  refractory  fowls 
and  joints  at  the  head  of  his  own  board.  A 
fondness  for  anecdote  and  reminiscence  still 
further  delayed  the  ser\"ing  of  his  guests.  On 
one  occasion,  when  he  was  engaged  in  the  labori- 
ous dismemberment  of  a  duck,  while  each  visitor 
sat  in  breathless  expectation  of  ha^^ing  at  any 
moment  to  catch  the  bird  and  return  it  to  the 
platter,  he  paused  to  tell  the  company  that  he 
was  reminded  of  Bill  Nye's  observation  that  in 
amateur  carving  the  gravy  seldom  matches  the 
wall-paper. 

Of  more  seriously  instructive  matters,  we  have 
a  good  account  of  the  genesis  and  development 
of  the  Jeffersonian  "  Rip  van  Winkle  "  and 
**  The  Rivals,"  pages  of  conversation  on  painting 
and  the  drama,  and  every  now  and  then  bits  of 
the  genial  actor's  philosophy  of  life  and  glimpses 
of  his  simny  disposition.  A  firm  belief  in  a  future 
existence  to  which  this  is  but  the  merest  prelude, 
and  at  the  same  time  a  keen  enjojinent  of  this 
life  and  a  determination  to  make  the  most  of  it, 
are  what  one  must  especially  admire  in  this  ever- 
active,  alertly  alive,  and  infectiously  cheerfxd 
veteran  of  the  stage.  Ex-President  Cleveland 
figures  somewhat  prominentiy  in  the  book,  in 
connection  with  Jefferson's  fishing  diversions. 


Just  a  paragraph  from  Mr.  Cleveland's  remin- 
iscences of  his  holiday  companion,  contributed 
to  the  book,  must  be  given  here.  The  incident 
narrated  is  of  the  most  trivial  sort,  but  is  a 
welcome  aid  to  the  imagination. 

*»  We  were  fishing  for  weakfish  —  called  by  Buzzard's 
Bay  fishermen  '  Squeteague.'  He  [Jefferson]  had  a 
most  exasperating  habit  of  viciously  jerking  a  fish  after 
he  was  fairly  hooked  and  during  his  struggling  efforts 
to  resist  fatal  persuasion  boatwards.  It  looked  to  me 
like  courting  failure  on  the  part  of  the  fisherman  to 
indulge  in  these  unnecessary  twitches.  So  on  one  occa- 
sion when  he  had  a  fish  hooked  and  was  enlivening  the 
fight  by  terrific  yanks,  I  said  to  him,  '  What  do  you  jerk 
him  that  way  for  ?  '  With  an  expression  that  comprises 
really  all  there  is  of  the  story,  he  turned  his  face  to  me 
and  said,  '  Because  he  jerked  me.'  What  a  trivial  thing 
this  is  to  tell,  and  yet  I  cannot  recall  anything  that  illus- 
trates better  the  quickness  and  droUery  of  his  conceits." 

What  wiU  be  new  to  many  readers  is  the  fact 
that  Jefferson  was  so  much  of  a  painter  that  he 
gave  two  exhibitions  of  his  own  work  —  sixteen 
pictures  at  the  first,  fifty-five  at  the  second — at 
the  Fisher  Galleries  in  New  York,  and,  what  is 
more,  actually  sold  some  of  his  canvases.  Con- 
scious that  even  a  great  actor's  fame  is  of  short 
duration,  he  longed  to  create  something  in  this 
other  branch  of  art  that  should  survive  him. 
But  perhaps,  after  all,  he  rested  his  hopes  of 
lasting  renown  most  confidentiy  on  his  one  con- 
siderable work  of  literature,  the  Autobiography. 

^Ir.  Wilson's  loving  intimacy  with  his  brother 
player  (though  "  father  '*  would  perhaps  be  the 
better  word  here) ,  as  well  as  his  familiarity  with 
the  literatiire,  especially  the  biography,  of  his 
profession,  well  qualifies  him  to  produce,  as  he 
has  produced,  a  pleasing  and  worthy  portrait  of 
one  whom  the  theatre-goers  of  America,  En- 
gland, and  Australia  will  long  cherish  in  fond 
remembrance.  Percy  F.  Bicknell. 


The  Re-Shapixg  of  the  Oriekt.* 

It  is  now  about  two  years  since  an  official 
of  the  Chinese  foreign  customs  service  writ- 
ing under  the  nom  de  plume  of  B.  L.  Putnam 
Weale  published  his  pioneer  volvune  in  the  field 
of  Far  Eastern  politics.  This  work,  entitied 
"Manchu  and  Muscovite,"  comprised  an  illu- 
minating, if  not  altogether  novel,  exposition 
of  Russian  power  and  policy  in  the  disputed 
district  of  Manchuria.  It  predicted  the  war 
which  very  quickly  came,  and  in  general  pro- 
phesied pret^  nearly  the  course  of  events  which 
recent  history  has  actually  recorded.     On  the 

•  The  Re-Shapixg  of  the  Far  East.  By  B.  L.  Putnam  Weale. 
In  two  volumes.    Illostrated.   New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 


318 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


basis  of  its  accuracy  and  judiciousness,  students 
of  international  relations  gladly  acclaimed  Mr. 
Weale  as  one  of  the  most  keen-sighted  and  fair- 
minded  of  the  many  people  who  write  or  have 
written  on  the  affairs  of  the  Orient.  When, 
therefore,  it  was  announced  several  months  ago 
that  a  larger  and  in  many  ways  more  ambitious 
work  was  forthcoming  from  his  pen,  those  who 
have  a  special  interest  in  such  subjects  looked 
for  its  appearance  with  more  than  ordinary  in- 
terest. It  was  but  fair  to  expect  from  such  a 
writer  a  first-hand  discussion  of  conditions  and 
problems  in  Eastern  Asia  surpassing  in  compre- 
hensiveness, virility,  and  general  excellence,  as 
well  as  in  timeliness,  all  other  treatises  of  its 
character  as  yet  available.  It  is  pleasant  to  be 
assured,  after  an  examination  of  the  two  stout 
volumes  just  published,  that  in  nearly  all  essen- 
tial respects  confidence  has  not  been  misplaced 
and  favorable  anticipation  has  been  at  least 
fairly  well  justified.  "  The  Re-Shaping  of  the 
Far  East  "  is  by  no  means  a  perfect  work  of  its 
kind,  but  its  indisputable  merits  far  outweigh 
the  faidts  which  even  the  most  captious  critic 
could  ascribe  to  it. 

The  task  which  Mr.  Weale  has  set  himself  is 
a  stupendous  one.  It  is  nothing  less  than  to 
describe  the  Far  East  as  it  had  come  to  be,  a 
century  or  more  ago,  under  the  interplay  of 
peoples  and  forces  native  to  it ;  to  trace  the  in- 
troduction and  growth  of  foreign,  chiefly  Euro- 
pean and  American,  influences  ;  and,  finally,  to 
estimate  the  political,  commercial,  and  social 
effects  of  these  influences,  and  to  forecast  certain 
grave  changes  which  they  give  promise  of  bring- 
ing about  in  the  not  remote  future.  This  being 
its  purpose,  it  must  be  observed  before  going 
further  that  the  book  suffers  to  a  certain  extent 
from  the  fact  that  it  was  written,  and  unfortu- 
nately sent  to  press,  while  the  Russo-Japanese 
war  was  still  in  progress.  While  engaged  in  its 
preparation,  Mr.  Weale  was  laboring  under  the 
impression  that  that  conflict  would  be  waged  to 
the  bitter  end,  —  that  it  would  be  prolonged 
indefinitely,  until  one  of  the  contestants  should  be 
compelled  to  abandon  it  from  sheer  exhaustion. 
This  misjudgment  is  not  to  be  imputed  to  him 
as  evidence  of  serious  disqualification  as  an 
observer,  for  everybody  knows  that  the  early 
conclusion  of  peace  came  about  in  a  whoUy  unan- 
ticipated manner,  and  that  many  another  expert 
on  the  field  of  hostilities  held  the  same  opinion. 
But,  obviously,  a  book  on  the  re-shaping  of  the 
Orient  must  sacrifice  an  appreciable  measure  of 
value  to  the  reader  of  to-day  by  stopping  short 
of  the  renewal  of  the  Anglo- Japanese  Alliance, 


the  fijial  and  complete  defeat  of  the  Russians  on 
land  and  sea,  and  the  negotiation  and  ratifica- 
tion of  the  Peace  of  Portsmouth.  Events  now 
move  so  rapidly  in  the  Far  East  that  if  one  were 
always  to  await  the  outcome  of  situations  there 
it  is  to  be  feared  that  he  would  never  have  a 
chance  to  write  at  all ;  at  the  same  time,  every 
reader  of  Mr.  Weale's  book,  and  no  doubt  the 
author  himself,  cannot  but  regret  that  its  pub- 
lication was  not  held  back  a  bare  six  months. 
In  fairness  it  ought  to  be  said  that  even  in  the 
light  of  conditions  now  existing  the  bulk  of  it 
would  call  for  comparatively  little  modifica- 
tion ;  but  of  course  such  matters  as  the  future 
of  British  influence  in  the  Orient,  the  destiny 
of  Korea  and  Manchuria,  and  the  probabili- 
ties of  Russian  aggression  on  the  northwest 
frontier  of  China,  could  be  dealt  with  in  a  far 
more  satisfactory  fashion  now  that  the  war  is 
ended  than  while  its  outcome  was  still  proble- 
matical. 

Taken  as  a  whole,  Mr.  Weale's  work  may 
be  regarded  as  essentially  a  "  reading  journey  " 
through  the  Orient,  particularly  the  regions 
north  of  the  Yangtsze,  with  occasional  pauses 
for  the  introduction  of  more  or  less  elaborate 
discussions  of  important  topics.  Of  the  dozen 
or  more  chapters  taken  up  with  a  narrative  of 
the  hypothetical  journey  on  which  the  reader  is 
conducted,  and  with  descriptions  of  people  en- 
countered and  places  visited,  two  are  devoted  to 
the  ascent  of  the  Yangtsze  from  Shanghai  to 
Hankow,  three  to  the  trip  by  rail  and  cart  from 
Hankow  to  Peking,  and  four  to  a  tour  from 
Peking  by  way  of  Tientsin,  across  the  Gulf  of 
Pechili,  past  Chefoo  and  aroimd  the  Shantimg 
coast  to  the  little  "  Kaiser-stadt "  of  Tsingtao, 
and  thence  over  the  German  railway  to  the 
Shantung  capital,  Chinanfu.  Then  we  are  taken 
to  Japan  for  a  journey  by  rail  (one  chapter) 
from  Nagasaki  to  Tokyo  in  war-time.  Finally, 
returning  to  the  continent,  we  find  ourselves  in 
Korea,  and  three  chapters  more  carry  us  from 
Fusan,  in  the  "  heel  of  the  boot,"  to  the  "  panto- 
mime "  capital,  Seoul.  These  narrative  chap- 
ters are  not  consecutive,  however,  and  though 
as  a  rule  delightfully  written  and  abounding  in 
information,  they  are  manifestly  designed  mainly 
to  keep  up  interest, — in  the  words  of  the  author, 
"  to  supply  the  necessary  atmosphere."  The 
reader  will  hardly  agree  that  the  travels  recorded 
in  them  are  "  unimportant,"  as  Mr.  Weale  mod- 
estly affirms  in  his  Preface,  — unless,  perchance, 
he  is  hurried,  and  dislikes  the  somewhat  discur- 
sive character  which  they  impart  to  the  book. 
But  it  is  quite  possible  to  omit  their  story  and  yet 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


319 


get  the  essential  things  which  the  author  has  to 
say  about  Far  Eastern  conditions  and  prospects. 
The  wealth  of  material  contained  in  the  twenty 
or  more  chapters  composing  the  real  body  of  ]VIr. 
Weale's  work  defies  analysis  or  even  adequate 
description  within  brief  space.  The  most  im- 
portant topics  discussed  at  length  (aside  from 
historical  matters)  are  railways  as  political 
weapons  in  the  Orient,  the  foreign  dominance 
in  Peking,  the  character  of  the  present  Chinese 
government,  the  foreign  services  of  China,  Ger- 
man operations  and  ambitions  in  China,  Anglo- 
Japanese  relations,  Japanese  and  non-Japanese 
interests  in  Korea,  the  attitude  of  Oriental 
governments  and  peoples  toward  the  late  war, 
Russo-Chinese  and  Chino-Japanese  relations, 
Franco-Belgian  scheming  in  the  Far  East,  the 
attitude  of  the  United  States  toward  Oriental 
problems,  and  the  re-arming  and  general  rehab- 
ilitation of  China. 

Mr.  Weale's  fundamental  conception  is  that 
the  Far  East  is  in  a  state  of  unstable  equilibrium, 
and  ^t11  so  continue  for  a  long  time  to  come, 
quite  irrespective  of  the  results  of  the  war  which 
was  in  progress  as  he  wrote,  or  of  any  similar 
future  contest  which  now  seems  at  all  possible. 
With  unqualified  emphasis  he  repudiates  the 
notion  that  the  defeat  of  Russia  will  mean  that 
everything  will  be  quiet  in  the  Far  East  for 
decades  to  come,  without  any  other  work  being 
necessary  than  that  which  may  be  accomplished 
by  the  victorious  Japanese  armies.  From  his 
point  of  view,  the  war  which  the  world  has  lately 
followed  with  so  much  interest  is  to  be  regarded 
as  not  in  any  sense  a  final  struggle  over  the  issues 
involved,  but  rather  a  mere  episode,  likely  to 
have  only  temporary  effects,  and,  in  one  form 
or  another,  to  be  repeated  many  times  before 
international  concord  shall  become  the  normal 
condition  in  the  Orient.  This  may  not  be  an 
altogether  agreeable  opinion,  but  it  is  one  which 
many  carefid  students  besides  Mr.  Weale  have 
been  forced  to  adopt,  and  on  the  whole  it  must 
be  admitted  that  existing  conditions  give  it 
good  warrant.  So  far  as  occasions  for  dispute, 
rivalry,  and  open  conflict  are  concerned,  the 
recent  war  certainly  leaves  the  situation  in  all 
essential  respects  about  as  bad  as  before.  All 
the  old  elements  remain,  —  the  same  nationali- 
ties, the  same  jealotisies,  the  same  suspicions, 
even  the  same  old  pledges  concerning  the  evacu- 
ation and  garrisoning  of  Manchuria.  The  Far 
Eastern  Question  has  lost  not  a  whit  of  its  capac- 
ity for  inducing  international  friction. 

As  Mr.  Weale  clearly  points  out,  this  unset- 
tlement  of  the  Orient  is  an  inevitable  consequence 


of  the  helplessness  and  inunobility  of  China.    A 
condition  of  permanent  amity  and  stability  is  to 
be  expected  only  when  China  shall  have  become 
a  reaUy  modernized  nation,  able  and  determined 
to  manage  her  own  affairs  without  any  interposi- 
tion on  the  part  of  foreign  powers.     Obviously 
this  consummation  is  yet  a  good  way  off,  though 
the  signs  of  its  approach  are  now  rapidly  in- 
creasing. In  many  respects  the  most  satisfactory 
portions  of  Mr.  Weale's  book  are  those  which 
have  to  do  with  the  great  awakening  now  indis- 
putably in  progress  in  the  empire  of  the  Celes- 
tials.    Particular  stress  is  laid  on  the  efforts  at 
present  being  made  to  provide  the  nation,  for 
the  first  time  in  its  history,  with  a  thoroughly 
organized  and  disciplined  army.    Two  years  ago 
the  Chinese  army  nimibered  100,000  men  ;  to- 
day it  numbers  just  twice  as  many ;  and  when 
the  plans  which  have  lately  been  determined 
upon    shall   have   been    realized,    its    fighting 
strength  will  be  1,250,000.  General  YinTchang, 
who  will  presently  return  to  Peking  from  Berlin 
where  he  has  been  studying  the  greatest  military 
machine  known  to  modem  times,  and  who  wiU 
have  supreme  charge  of  the  upbuilding  of  the 
new  army,  declares  that  his  nation  proposes  no 
longer  to  depend  for  her  territorial  integrity 
upon  the  good  graces  of  foreign  powers,  and  that 
it  is  her  firm  purpose  henceforth  to  conunand 
respect  by  being  in  a  position  to  enforce  it.    It  is 
the  belief  of  Mr.  Weale  that  the  arming  of  China 
is  to  be  no  mere  fiction,  but  a  bitter  reality  with 
which  other  nations  will  shortly  be  compelled 
to  reckon.     On  this  point  he  writes  as  follows : 
"  During  a  voyage  of  at  least  2,500  miles  through  a 
number  of  provinces  I  was  careful  to  pay  special  atten- 
tion to  the  military  question  and  to  engage  every  Chinese 
officer  and  man  time  would  permit  in  conversation.     I 
was  thus  able  to  convince  myself  amply  of  several  im- 
portant things,  chief  of  which  is  the  following  :  that 
every  Chinese  commander  and  soldier  has  at  last  real- 
ized that  rifles  and  ammunition  must  be  properly  kept, 
that  drill  must  be  constant,  that  discipline  must  be  very 
strict,  and  that  the  art  of  war  must  be  studied  day  and 
night  before  troops  can  dare  to  face  modem  armies. 
Everywhere  I  found  clean  rifles  and  proper  ammuni- 
tion, suitable  uniforms  and  splendid-looking  men  housed 
in  good,  modem  barracks.     In  his  summer  straw  hat 
and  imitation  khaki  clothing,  or  in  his  winter  turban  of 
sombre  black  and  tight-fitting  timic  and  loose  trousers, 
the  modem  Chinese  soldier  presents  a  most  business- 
like and  resolute  appearance,  and  when  a  battalion  of 
such  fellows  click  through  their  drill,  the  immense  g^ulf 
separating  them  from  the  former  eflFete  creatures  who, 
miserably  paid  and  entirely  under-fed,  masqueraded  as 
serious  soldiery,  is  clearly  apparent.     And  whilst  the 
ordinary  man  all  over  the  world  still  pictures  the  Chinese 
soldier  as  this  effete  and  worthless  coolie,  the  fact  is 
becoming  more  and  more  clear  to  European  military 
agents  in  China  that  the  Chinaman  is  not  only  not  effete 
and  worthless  but  that  he  is  being  developed  into  the 


320 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


most  formidable  soldier  on  the  contment  of  Asia.  Con- 
temptuous of  death,  physically  far  superior  to  the 
Japanese,  with  an  immense  pride  of  race  and  a  quick- 
ness and  an  ingenuity  which  far  eclipse  that  of  all  other 
Eastern  races,  it  requires  but  good  leaders  and  a  careful 
selection  from  the  great  masses  of  men  available  to 
evolve  regiments,  divisions,  and  army  corps,  which, 
conscious  of  their  strength,  will  defy  the  best  troops  of 
Europe.  .  .  .  China  and  her  swarming  millions,  who 
now  number  nearly  ten  times  the  population  of  Japan, 
is  and  will  be  to  the  Continent  of  Asia  what  Russia  is 
and  will  be  to  the  Continent  of  Europe.  Russia  has 
temporarily  failed  because  her  imagination  —  that  im- 
mense and  wonderful  imagination  —  has  been  too  big 
for  her.  China  has  failed  often,  too,  for  other  reasons. 
But,  failures  or  no  failures,  considered  in  its  broadest 
aspect,  the  Chinese  are  destined  to  be  one  of  the  three 
great  nationalities  of  the  world." 

The  operation  of  foreign  influences  in  China 
is  discussed  by  Mr.  Weale  at  great  length,  but, 
unfortunately,  in  a  spirit  so  narrow  and  inhos- 
pitable that  the  conclusions  at  which  he  arrives 
are  often  sadly  vitiated  by  his  ill-chosen  point  of 
view.  Mr.  Weale  is  an  Englishman  to  the  core, 
and  he  writes  with  little  sympathy  for  anything 
that  is  not  English.  The  burden  of  his  book  is 
a  lamentation  at  the  recent  weakness  and  ineffi- 
ciency of  English  diplomacy  in  the  Orient  and 
a  solemn  call  to  firmer  policies  and  bolder  meth- 
ods. He  coolly  assumes  that  England  has  a 
pecvdiar  mission  in  the  East,  —  a  mission  which, 
sad  to  relate,  she  has  not  recently  been  fulfilling 
as  she  should,  but  which,  none  the  less,  every 
other  power  is  bound  in  honor  to  respect  and  in 
no  wise  hinder.  On  this  theory,  quite  naturally, 
the  Germans,  the  French,  the  Belgians,  the 
Russians,  and  even  the  Americans,  come  in  for 
more  or  less  severe  castigation.  The  remarkable 
achievements  of  the  Germans  in  Shantung  and 
the  Yangtsze  valley  form  a  fascinating  chapter 
in  recent  Far  Eastern  history,  simply  as  an  ex- 
ample of  daring  national  enterprise.  One  may 
not  approve  of  what  has  been  done,  but  he  must 
at  least  lament  that  Mr.  Weale's  anti-German 
proclivities  have  caused  him  to  lose  a  splendid 
opportimity  to  give  the  world  a  full  and  impre- 
judiced  account  of  this  subject.  In  a  similar 
way,  the  part  which  the  United  States  has  taken 
in  the  development  of  the  Orient  is  very  inade- 
quately presented,  if  not  actually  perverted. 
The  author  plainly  proposes  to  heap  ridicide 
upon  American  influence  and  policies  in  China, 
but  the  attempt  falls  rather  flat.  That  there 
have  been  errors,  nobody  doubts ;  and  that 
American  diplomats  and  consuls  in  the  Far  East 
have  not  always  been  what  might  be  desired, 
everybody  admits ;  but  that  the  same  thing 
can  be  said  of  even  the  English,  is  a  fact  equally 
obvious. 


So  far  as  subject-matter  is  concerned,  then, 
Mr.  Weale's  book  is  of  very  uneven  value.  The 
portions  which  are  least  adequate  are  as  a  rule 
those  which  deal  with  the  topics  of  largest  im- 
portance. As  a  record  of  travel,  it  is  very  good 
indeed ;  as  a  summary  of  historical  develop- 
ments, it  is  even  better ;  but  as  a  presentation 
of  actual  existing  conditions  and  problems,  it 
is  in  places  all  but  an  utter  failure,  —  and 
owing  entirely,  as  has  been  suggested,  not  to  the 
author's  lack  of  information,  but  to  his  prejudice 
and  partisanship.  The  work  is  distinctly  worth 
while,  but  it  might  easily  have  been  made  more 
valuable  than  it  is.  At  the  very  least,  it  might 
have  been  wi'itten  with  a  little  more  regard  for 
considerations  of  style.  The  narrative  chapters 
not  infrequently  fall  into  a  strain  quite  a  bit 
more  gossipy,  even  slangy,  than  is  defensible  in 
a  book  of  such  solid  character.  The  careful 
reader  will  often  be  annoyed  by  evidences  of 
hasty  preparation  and  inadequate  revision.  The 
work  of  the  proofreader  has  likewise  been  far 
from  perfect.  There  are  curious  errors  in  the 
printing  of  titles  and  sub-titles  (as  on  pages  45 
and  334  of  Volume  I.),  where  of  all  places  one 
woiUd  expect  absolute  correctness.  The  punctu- 
ation, too,  aboimds  in  anomalies,  for  which 
presumably  the  author  is  responsible.  On  the 
other  hand,  mention  should  not  fail  to  be  made 
of  the  abundant  and  uniforndy  excellent  illus- 
trations with  which  the  book  is  embellished ;  also 
of  the  elaborate  appendix  containing  a  dozen  or 
more  useful  documents  relating  to  Far  Eastern 


aifairs  since  1895. 


Frederic  Austin  Ogg. 


Walpole  Letters,  Old  axd  New.* 

Mrs.  Paget  Toynbee's  new  edition  of  Wal- 
pole's  letters  runs  to  sixteen  handsome  volumes ; 
and  contains  over  three  thousand  letters,  about 
a  hundred  of  which  are  now  printed  for  the  first 
time.  Many  of  the  old  letters  are  here  given  in 
fuller  form  than  they  had  in  previous  editions  ; 
and  there  is  evidence  on  every  hand  that  the 
editor  has  flinched  from  none  of  that  almost 
painful  assiduity  in  research  and  collation  which 
we  now  exact  of  all  comers.  On  the  whole,  her 
text  would  seem  to  be  more  accurate  and  more 
nearly  intact  than  any  of  its  predecessors.  In 
one  respect,  however,  the  editorial  method  must 
be  said  to  have  been  regTcttably  arbitrary,  not 

*The  Letters  of  Horace  Walpole.  Edited  by  Mrs.  Paget 
Toynbee.  In  sixteen  volumes.  Illustrated  in  photogravure. 
New  York :  Oxford  University  Press. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL. 


321 


to  say  unscrupulous.  It  would  not  be  true  to 
say  that  Mrs.  Paget  Toynbee  has  bowdlerized 
Walpole.  One  might  find  ground  of  quarrel 
that  she  attempts  no  consistent  expurgation. 
She  has  allowed  very  many  passages  to  stand 
which  are  not  to  be  recommended  to  the  young 
person  or  easily  stomached  by  the  old  one  who 
wishes  to  mend  his  author  to  fit  his  individual 
sense  of  propriety.  Two  safe  courses  woidd 
seem  to  be  open  to  the  editor  of  a  writer  like 
Walpole  :  to  clip,  amend,  and  otherwise  pretty 
frankly  manipulate  him  for  "  popular  "  use  :  or 
to  take  him  as  he  comes  and  present  him  as  he 
was,  without  fear  or  favor,  without  any  sort  of 
sense  of  personal  responsibility  for  him.  It  is 
qvute  clear  that  in  her  present  attempt  to  pro- 
duce something  approaching  a  "  final  "  edition 
of  Walpole,  —  a  certainly  elaborate  edition  cal- 
culated to  take  its  place  with  some  state  upon 
other  than  "  popular  '  *  shelves,  —  the  editor 
should  have  taken  the  latter  course.  As  a  mat- 
ter of  fact,  many  passages  have  been  omitted 
from  the  earlier  letters  as  "  unfit  for  publica- 
tion." These  omissions  have  all  been  scru- 
pulously indicated  in  the  footnotes ;  but  the 
reader  is  left  with  an  uneasy  sense  of  incom- 
pleteness. It  woidd  certainly  be  more  com- 
fortable for  persons  of  delicacy  if  all  gifted 
tongues  and  pens  had  from  the  beginning  of 
things  been  untainted  with  double  meanings, 
not  to  say  such  frank  indecencies  as  our  eight- 
eenth century  letter-writer  was  capable  of. 
One  may  reasonably  contend  that  a  world  which 
we  shoidd  like  to  see  moral,  or  proper,  does  not 
need  to  have  preserved  for  it  the  passing  leers 
and  innuendoes  of  a  defrmct  man  about  town. 
But  there  is  a  special  reason  why,  since  the 
edition  lays  claim  to  authority,  most  of  Mrs. 
Paget  To}Tibee's  omissions  must  be  deplored. 
They  occur  in  the  important  correspondence 
with  Horace  Mann.  This  cori'espondence  Wal- 
pole himself  transcribed  with  a  direct  view  to 
its  publication.  He  allowed  the  passages  in 
question  to  stand,  and  thus,  however  mistakenly, 
gave  them  his  authority.  The  original  manu- 
script still  exists,  and  it  is  hardly  to  be  doubted 
that  sooner  or  later  the  passages  in  question 
will  take  their  place  in  some  version  which,  other 
things  heing  equal,  will  supplant  ^Irs.  Paget 
Toynbee's.  For  the  moment  she  may  be  excus- 
able in  preferring  to  connect  her  name  with  a 
more  presentable  Walpole  :  but  Walpole  was  not 
always  presentable  according  to  modern  stand- 
ards of  propriety,  and  it  is  by  his  personal 
standard,  like  that  of  a  Montaigne,  a  Pepys,  or  a 
Rousseau,  that  we  shall  in  the  end  wish  to  judge 


him.  We  resent  the  decision  of  any  editor  as 
to  what  is  "fit  for  publication."  A  certain 
piquant  edge  is  given  to  our  distrust  of  the 
present  editor's  judgment  by  the  retention  of 
>'arious  passages  in  letters  from  Walpole  to  — 
of  all  conceivable  persons — Miss  Hannah  More. 

To  read  with  some  consecutiveness,  let  us  not 
say  all,  but  many  of  these  old  letters,  is  to  ask 
oneself  wherein  their  charm  lies,  what  has  kept 
them  alive  so  long.  Their  writer  was  neither 
a  very  noble  nor  a  very  amiable  character.  In 
youth  he  was  everything  offensive  suggested  by 
the  eighteenth  century  label  "  Wit."  He  was 
a  popinjay,  a  fopling,  an  insincere  beau,  a  blase 
man  about  town  ;  in  middle  life  he  remained  a 
superannuated  sophomore ;  in  age  even  he  did 
not  cease  to  ogle  or  to  sneer.  He  had  the  con- 
ceit of  a  Montaigne  or  a  Pepys  without  their 
healthy  frdl-blooded  joy  in  being  alive.  He  was, 
in  short,  by  his  own  laborious  testimony,  very 
much  an  ass.  Yet  he  did  not  err  in  fancying 
that  he  would  be  remembered  and  read  not  un- 
gratefidly  by  posterity.  For  better  as  well  as 
for  worse  he  was  that  antiquated  phenomenon, 
a  Wit.  Is  his  esprit  artificially  cvdtivated  under 
glass  ?  It  lives.  Is  his  man-of-the-worldliness 
now  become  a  somewhat  discredited  exhibit? 
We  still  regard  it  with  some  attention. 

To  the  student  of  eighteenth  century  society 
Walpole  is  of  course  in^'aluable.  Here  is  gossip 
concerning:  how  many  of  those  notabilities  of 
whom  we  know  something  from  Pope,  from  Bos- 
well,  or  from  Fanny  Bumey.  Here  are  other 
touches  which  reveal  to  us  the  common  point  of 
view,  or  the  fashionable  point  of  view,  in  con- 
nection with  all  sorts  of  matters,  from  small-pox 
to  the  French  Revolution,  from  Shakespeare  to 
Loo.  Here  is  gossip  of  the  royalties,  properly 
obscure  as  to  nomenclature,  —  hints  about  the 
latest  court  scandals,  —  description  of  the  most 
fashionable  routs,  of  executions  at  Tyburn  ;  here 
is  a  slighting  allusion  to  Shakespeare,  and  quaint 
mention  of  Pepys,  not  yet  made  famous  through 
the  publication  of  the  Diary,  as  "  the  Secretary 
of  the  Admiralty,"  and  of  Charlotte  Corday  as 
"  the  woman  who  stabbed  Marat."  Here,  too, 
are  not  a  few  excellent  criticisms  of  contemporary 
work,  such  as  this  on  Mme.  D'Arblay's  "  Ca- 
milla ':  "  I  will  only  reply  by  a  word  or  two  to 
the  question  you  seem  to  ask  ;  how  I  like  '  Ca- 
milla '  ?  I  do  not  care  to  say  how  little.  Alas  I 
she  has  reversed  experience,  which  I  have  long 
thought  reverses  its  own  utility  by  coming  at  the 
wrons:  end  of  our  life  when  we  do  not  x^-ant  it. 
This  author  knew  the  world  and  penetrated 
characters  before  she  had  stepped  over  the  thresh- 


322 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


old  ;  and  now  she  has  seen  so  much  of  it,  she  has 
little  or  no  insight  at  all :  perhaps  she  appre- 
hended having  seen  too  much,  and  kept  the  bags 
of  foul  air  that  she  brought  from  the  Cave  of 
Tempests  too  closely  tied."  This  is  a  plain  and 
summary  way  of  speech,  which,  with  true  cour- 
tesy, he  avoids  uttering  to  Dr.  Burney,  who 
makes  fond  inquiry  of  him  upon  the  same  head. 
And  indeed  Walpole  is  not  so  bad  as,  in  his 
self-conscious  youth  and  prime,  he  chose  to  paint 
himself.  Steadily  he  mellows  and  softens  with 
increasing  years ;  gradually  the  mask  of  cynicism 
slips  away  from  him  ;  gradually  the  hard  outline 
of  his  self-absorption  is  modified.  The  last  of 
these  volmnes,  containing  letters  written  during 
the  decade  by  which  he  survived  the  three  score 
and  ten  years,  are  those  which  come  nearest 
attaching  one  personally  to  Walpole,  by  a  tie 
comparable  to  that  which  binds  one  to  Gray  or 
Cowper.  With  all  their  ancient  gallantries  and 
valetudinarian  complaints,  they  ring  truer,  are 
pleasanter  to  re-read,  than  the  artful  records  of 
his  earlier  and  sprightlier  pen. 

H.  W.  BOYNTON. 


A  Commercial,  Traveller  ix  the  LiAnd 

OF  PiZARRO.* 

"The  Isthmian  Canal  and  the  West  Coast  Coun- 
tries of  South  America  "  is  the  subject  of  the  very 
latest  volume  added  to  our  library  of  South  American 
travel.  The  author,  Mr.  C.  M.  Pepper,  is  announced 
as  a  "  newspaper  man  "  and  a  member  of  the  "  per- 
manent Pan-American  railway  committee";  he  is 
evidently  a  traveller  of  experience,  he  is  a  competent 
observer,  and  in  this  fine  volume  has  made  skilful 
and  by  no  means  tedious  use  of  the  latest  available 
statistics.  As  a  result  we  have  an  unusual  book. 
While  the  style  is  that  of  the  "newspaper  man," 
rather  cursory  and  with  no  pretence  to  grace,  the 
subject-matter  is  interesting  both  for  what  the  author 
experiences  and  for  the  evident  sincerity  with  which 
he  presents  his  view.  We  have  to  do  with  a  real 
traveller,  who  goes  with  a  purpose,  who  sees  the 
regions  he  describes  and  sees  them  in  an  interesting 
way ;  his  observations  are  accurate,  and  his  statistics 
are  no  more  extended  than  is  essential  to  the 
argument. 

Our  author  sets  out  to  demonstrate  the  effect  which 
the  Isthmian  canal  is  having,  and  is  likely  to  have, 
upon  the  commercial  relations  of  the  South  American 
republics.  The  book  is  really  an  argument  for  the 
speedy  construction  of  the  great  canal,  and  the 
attempt  is  to  show  that,  once  this  bit  of  interoceanic 

•Panama  to  Patagonia.  The  Isthmian  Canal  and  the  West 
Coast  of  South  America.  By  Charles  M.  Pepper.  With  maps 
and  illustrations.    Chicago:  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co. 


highway  is  in  operation,  all  the  tides  of  South  Ameri- 
can commerce  will  set  our  way.  Brazil,  forsooth, 
may  still  in  that  day  have  Rio  Janeiro  and  Para, 
and  a  few  other  cities  of  the  eastern  coast  may  still 
be  allowed  a  place  on  the  map,  to  carry  on  dealings 
with  England  and  Germany  as  heretofore ;  but  the 
vast  bulk  of  South  American  commerce  must  pres- 
ently flow  westward  and  northward,  not  from  the 
coast  alone  of  Chile  and  Peru,  but  from  Ai-gentina 
and  the  Amazons,  and  from  many  an  unsuspected 
and  unheard-of  valley  in  the  Andes  and  the  Cordil- 
leras, to  New  Orleans  and  New  York,  thence  to  be 
redistributed,  if  need  be,  to  the  waiting  shores  of 
Europe. 

It  must  be  confessed  that  Mr.  Pepper,  by  his 
energy,  enthusiasm,  and  industiy,  has  gone  far  to 
establish  his  contention.  What  with  shortened  sea- 
routes,  the  impulse  of  new  enterprise,  the  activity  of 
the  American  market,  the  increasing  demand  in  the 
United  States  for  South  American  rubber,  and  above 
all,  the  rapid  extension  of  railway  service  between 
all  the  states  in  question,  it  does  seem  as  if  all  things 
American  were  presently  "  coming  our  way." 

It  will  surprise  most  readers,  we  think,  to  learn 
that  the  great  rivers  of  South  America,  the  forks  and 
tributaries  of  the  Amazon,  are  navigable  for  large 
steamers  to  within  a  few  hundred  (  actually  less  than 
three  hundred)  miles  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  I  It  is  as 
if  one  could  enter  the  Mississippi  and  sail  to  the 
Humboldt  Basin  !  Of  course,  in  the  Andes  railways 
may  not  follow  altogether  the  shortest  trails  ;  but  the 
railway  necessary  to  connect  the  Peruvian  port  of 
Paita  with  Bellenista  on  the  Maranon,  a  branch  of 
the  Amazon,  will  be  only  three  hundred  and  ten  miles 
in  length,  and  sixty  miles  are  already  in  operation. 
From  Bellenista  to  the  falls  of  Monserriche,  on  the 
same  river,  is  less  than  one  hundred  miles,  and  there 
the  traveller  meets  steamers  from  the  Atlantic  sea- 
board. Over  such  a  situation  and  such  a  prospect, 
the  Isthmian  canal  once  built,  our  traveller  grows 
naturally  enthusiastic ;  he  would  reverse  the  centu- 
ries, almost  the  current  of  the  rivers  ;  the  whole  tide 
of  Amazonian  commerce,  with  all  the  untold  wealth 
of  the  Brazilian  forests,  shall  flow  westward  to  Bal- 
boa's sea,  and  enter  the  trade  channels  of  the  world 
by  the  gates  of  Panama. 

But  Paita  is  not  the  only  port  of  vantage.  There 
is  Callao ;  only  two  hundred  and  twenty-five  miles 
of  difficult  railway-building  is  needed  to  bring  Callao 
in  touch  with  the  flood-plains  of  Brazil.  In  similar 
fashion,  every  South  American  port  on  the  Pacific 
coast  is  shown  to  have  a  prospect  and  a  promise. 
Guayaquil  is  already  the  exit  of  Ecuador,  with 
a  narrow-guage  road  already  "  creeping "  toward 
Quito.  This,  once  arrived,  will  of  course  bring 
westward  all  the  commerce  of  the  little  republic. 
Peruvian  Arica  is  the  port  for  imprisoned  Bolivia, 
and  is  distant  only  a  little  more  than  three  hundred 
miles  from  La  Paz,  the  capital  of  the  mountain 
commonwealth.  In  the  mountains  of  Bolivia  lie 
waiting  for  exit  every  species  of  mineral  wealth,  in 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


323 


her  high  valleys  every  opportunity  for  profitable 
agriculture ;  once  the  canal  is  open,  railways  will 
bring  the  wealth  of  Bolivia  to  the  sea  and  thence 
by  Panama  to  the  shores  of  the  United  States.  Nor 
is  this  all.  Valparaiso,  now  fabulously  rich  in  the 
sale  of  its  nitrates,  the  accumulations  of  geological 
ages,  will  no  doubt  hasten  to  bring  its  tribute  to  our 
doors  ;  and,  better.  aU  the  products  of  the  wide  plains 
of  Argentina,  soon  to  be  farmed  like  the  prairies  of 
Iowa  and  Illinois,  must  seek  an  outlet  westward 
along  railways  even  now  building,  and  pour  through 
the  capital  of  Chile. 

Such  is  the  argument  of  the  volume.  Its  twenty- 
two  chapters  exhibit  no  arrangement,  follow  no  par- 
ticular sequence ;  the  reader  may  essay  any  one  of 
them,  and  find  a  discussion  of  some  South  American 
problem,  —  but  always  from  the  isthmian  view-point, 
and  everj'  chapter  closes  in  a  reference  to  the  great 
canal. 

But  because  we  have  to  deal  with  commerce  and 
trade,  it  must  by  no  means  be  inferred  that  we  have 
time  for  nothing  else.  Our  traveller  is  a  traveller, 
and  he  takes  the  reader  along  comfortably,  and  has 
often  time  to  stop  and  show  him  the  exquisite  beauty 
of  some  sheltered  Andean  valley,  or  the  glittering 
summits  of  eternal  snow  where  these  limit  some 
Peruvian  or  Bolivian  landscape.  With  him,  we  listen 
to  rushing  mountain  torrents  or  cross  the  almost  im- 
passable mountain  deserts.  Sometimes  he  takes  us 
with  him  to  visit  his  friends,  and  we  catch  pleasant 
glimpses  of  the  cosmopolitan  social  life  that  domi- 
nates the  far-off  southern  capitals.  Betimes  socio- 
logical problems  come  to  view.  We  walk  among  the 
*'cholos,"  we  see  the  hard  conditions  of  the  poor  in 
Valparaiso,  —  no  vale  of  paradise,  alas  I  for  thou- 
sands of  its  people.  Again,  we  watch  the  formal 
processions  of  the  church,  or  hear  of  the  conduct  of 
elections,  where  open  fraud  determines  the  event 
with  a  completeness  that  would  make  our  most  ex- 
pert political  manipulator  faint  for  astonishment. 

But  for  all  the  order  and  disorder  of  our  South 
American  neighbors,  a  better  day  is  dawning.  They 
are  doing  great  things  for  themselves.  Long  ener- 
vated by  too  easily  acquired  wealth,  the  sale  of  their 
natural  resources,  they  now  look  forward  to  per- 
manent social  and  political  relations  and  to  stable 
industries.  For  a  prime  stimulus  to  effort,  and  for 
a  perpetual  determinant  in  all  the  future  weal  of 
millions  of  South  American  people,  intelligent  men 
in  ever\'  South  American  republic  now  look  to  the 
completion  of  the  Panama  canal. 

The  book  before  us  will  be  of  value  to  every 
American  who  would  keep  in  touch  with  our  own 
commercial  development ;  nor  less  does  it  deserve  a 
place  in  the  alcove  devoted  to  books  of  travel.  It 
is  well-printed,  and  has  many  interesting  half-tone 
illustrations.  The  maps,  while  helpful,  are  not  as 
good  by  any  means  as  the  subject  deserves.  They 
appear  to  be  copies,  in  some  cases  at  least,  and  the 
names  they  bear  are  not  infrequentiy  illegible. 

Thomas  H.  Macbride. 


The  Basis  of  Christiaxtty.* 


The  motive '  of  Professor  Pfleiderer's  book  on 
"  Christian  Origins  "  is  best  described  in  his  own 
words : 

"  The  viewpoint  from  which  the  origin  of  Christianity  is 
herein  described  is  pvrdy  historical.  ...  It  lies  in  the  nature 
of  things  that  such  a  porely  historical  description  of  the  ori- 
gin of  our  religion  will  differ  vastly  and  in  many  ways  from 
the  traditional  Church  presentation.  Hence,  this  book  has 
not  been  written  for  snch  readers  as  feel  satisfied  by  the  tra- 
ditional chorch-f^th.  It  may  hnrt  t^eir  feelings  eanly,  and 
confnse  them  in  their  convictions ;  I  wonld  feel  sorry  for  that, 
becanse  I  cherish  a  respect  for  every  honest  faith.  But  I 
know  that  in  all  classes  and  circles  of  society  to-day  there  are 
many  men  and  women  who  have  entirely  ontgrown  the  tra- 
ditional church-faith  and  who  are  possessed  of  an  urgent 
desire  to  learn  what  is  to  be  thought,  from  the  standpoint  of 
modem  science,  concerning  the  origin  of  this  faith  and  con- 
cerning the  eternal  and  temporal  in  it.  To  go  out  toward 
snch  truth-teekers  is  a  dnty  which  the  trained  representative 
of  science  dare  not  shirk.'' 

The  work  is  condensed  and  devoid  of  technicalities, 
and  has  been  rendered  into  excellent  English,  Its 
author  is  a  distinguished  and  highly  competent 
scholar,  who  has  devoted  many  years  to  the  subject. 
So  far  as  any  discussion  of  such  intricate  and  obscure 
matters  can  be  said  to  have  authority.  Dr.  Pfleiderer's 
book  may  be  admitted  to  possess  that  attribute.  It 
will  come  as  a  revelation  to  many  whose  ideas  have 
been  completely  muddled  by  the  combination  of 
ignorant  and  evasive  teaching  current  to-day,  and 
the  prediction  may  be  ventured  that  it  will  do  much 
more,  in  the  long  run,  to  fortify  religion  than  to  de- 
stroy it.  It  is  impossible  to  give  any  useful  summary 
in  this  place.  It  may  suffice  to  record  the  feeling 
that  just  as  evolution,  properly  understood,  is  a  far 
grander  idea  than  that  of  arbitrary  creation,  so 
the  beginnings  of  Christianity',  in  their  true  histori- 
cal setting,  loom  up  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  the 
orthodox  account  almost  colorless  by  comparison. 
Such  a  statement  will  seem  to  many  persons  extrava- 
gant in  the  highest  degree,  if  they  have  never  tried 
to  understand  the  historical  point  of  view ;  but  it  is 
hard  to  beb'eve  that  they  can  come  to  a  complete 
appreciation  of  the  latter  without  acknowledging  the 
truth  of  the  former.  If  this  is  the  case,  such  work 
as  Dr.  Pfleiderer's  rescues  for  us  the  most  precious 
heritage  of  mankind,  which  is  in  danger  of  being  dis- 
carded because  a  stupid  and  intellectually  dishonest 
generation  will  not  separate  it  from  the  obsolete 
elements  with  which  it  has  been  mixed.  Daily  and 
hourly,  people  are  abandoning  religious  ideals  or  the 
young  are  failing  to  acquire  them,  because  they  are 
accompanied  by  tenets  which  cannot  stand  the  test 
of  criticism.  These  do  not  know,  and  there  are  few  to 
tell  them,  that  the  story  of  Jesus  means  more,  not 
less,  than  it  did  before,  since  it  is  the  story  of  what 
man  has  done  and  been,  not  of  the  arbitrary  and 
unconditioned  acts  of  a  god.  Scanty  as  are  the 
authentic  details  concerning  the  life  and  work  of 

•  Chkistian  Obigiss.  By  Otto  Pfleiderer.  Translated  from 
the  German  by  Daniel  A.  Huebsch.   Xew  York:  B.  W.  Huebsch. 

The  Fixauty  of  the  Chbistian  Reugion.  By  George  Bur- 
man  Foster.    Chicago :  University  of  Chicago  Press. 


324 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


Jesus,  his  teachings  have  come  down  through  the  ages, 
in  spite  of  misunderstanding  and  misrepresentation. 
Shorn  of  recognizably  spurious  elements,  they  shine 
out  more  clearly  than  ever  before,  and  one  might 
well  think  they  have  now  a  chance  to  be  accepted  at 
their  face-value.  Are  they  thereby  robbed  of  that 
mystery  which  religion  demands  ?  Yes,  in  one  sense  ; 
but  no,  in  another  and  better  one ;  for  in  them  we 
find  the  greatest  of  all  mysteries,  the  aspiration  of 
the  human  soul  to  God. 

Dr.  Pfleiderer  takes  the  trouble  to  remark,  in  his 
preface,  that  no  historical  writer  considers  himself 
infallible,  and  least  of  all  one  who  deals  with  such 
difficult  problems  as  those  of  early  Christianity.  In 
spite  of  this,  he  shows  more  assurance  in  treating 
some  of  the  knotty  points  than  the  facts  possibly 
warrant.  There  is  perhaps  no  harm  in  this,  if  the 
reader  remembers  the  prefatory  caution  ;  but  in  deal- 
ing with  the  resurrection  story  in  particular,  there 
seems  to  be  a  tendency  to  explain  things  away  too 
completely.     Thus : 

"  For  the  sake  of  this  popular  need  of  concrete  proofs,  the 
narrator  did  not  avoid  the  contradiction  that  the  resurrected 
body  displayed  its  earthly  materiality  by  the  touching  and 
the  eating,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  his  sudden  appearance, 
disappearance  and  ascension  to  heaven  proved  its  supermun- 
dane, ethereal  nature.  .  .  .  For  historical  investigators,  such 
contradictions  are  imerring  signs  that  they  are  dealing,  not 
with  tradition  based  on  any  kind  of  recollection,  not  with 
naive  legend,  but  with  a  secondary  form  of  legend,  influenced 
by  apologetic  considerations"  (p.  231). 

Now  why  are  they  unerring  signs  of  the  kind  indi- 
cated? I  have  re-read  the  whole  account  with  a 
mind  as  open  as  possible,  and  I  must  say  that  the 
impression  it  leaves  is  simply  this :  that  Jesus  sur- 
vived the  cross,  and  that  things  occurred  very  much 
as  narrated, — except,  of  course,  the  ascension,  which, 
it  will  be  noted,  breaks  abruptly  into  an  otherwise 
logical  narrative.  One  would  certainly  hesitate  to 
insist  upon  this  or  any  other  special  interpretation ; 
but  it  seems  at  least  probable  that  the  story  is  based 
on  more  than  apologetic  fabrications  and  subjective 
hallucinations. 

In  dealing  with  Peter's  answer  to  Jesus  on  the  road 
to  Caesarea,  "Thou  art  the  Christ,"  Dr.  Pfleiderer 
remarks : 

"  But  this  circumstance,  that  the  scene  of  Caesarea  contra- 
dicts the  other  presupposition  of  the  gospels  so  crassly,  is  a 
strong  proof  in  favor  of  the  historic  character  of  Peter's 
answer ;  the  distinct  statement  of  time  and  place  is  also  in 
its  favor." 

Why  not  apply  the  same  argument  to  the  resurrec- 
tion story? 

Professor  Foster's  book  on  "  The  Finality  of  the 
Christian  Religion  "  is  a  much  larger  and  more  elab- 
orate work,  intended  for  professional  theologians 
rather  than  for  the  general  public.  A  second  vol- 
ume, increasingly  constructive  in  character,  is  prom- 
ised in  the  near  future.  In  many  respects,  this  work 
is  what  might  result  from  a  combination  of  Sabatier's 
"Religions  of  Authority  and  the  Religion  of  the 
Spirit "  and  Pfleiderer's  volume  just  noticed,  —  not, 
of  course,  without  much  else  of  an  illuminating  and 


interesting  nature.  The  author  explains  that  the 
book  was  written  before  that  of  Sabatier  appeared ;. 
while  as  for  the  portion  dealing  with  the  history  of 
Christianity,  it  is  admittedly  a  compilation,  princi- 
pally from  Wernle  and  Bousset.  The  author,  in  his 
preface,  thus  explains  his  attitude: 

"  The  book  is  a  mirror  of  the  development  of  the  author's 
own  experience  —  a  development,  moreover,  which  has  not 
yet  come  to  a  close ;  a  fact  which  is  also  mirrored  in  the 
book.  He  believes  that  a  multitude  of  thoughtful  men  and 
women  are  passing  through  an  experience  similar  to  his  own ; 
and  that  a  greater  multitude  will  travel,  with  bleeding  feet, 
the  same  via  dolorosa  to-morrow  and  the  day  after.  It  is  a 
pathetic  and  tragic,  or  inspiring  and  illuminating,  spectacle, 
according  as  one  looks  at  it.  Be  that  as  it  may,  to  all  such 
the  author  offers  himself  as  a  fellow-pilgrim,  not  without 
some  hope  that  they  may  be  a  little  less  lonely  for  his  com- 
radeship, a  little  less  bewUdered  for  his  guidance,  and  a  little 
less  sorrowful  and  discouraged  for  his  own  joy  and  hope. 
At  all  events,  he  has  said  what  he  sees,  as  was  his  duty,  in  a 
straightforward  way,  obedient  to  Robert  Browning's  advice : 
'  Preach  your  truth ;  then  let  it  work.' " 

As  a  perfectly  honest  and  courageous  presentation 
of  Christianity,  in  the  light  of  the  most  recent  infor- 
mation as  to  physical  facts,  and  the  most  earnest 
thought  as  to  spiritual  matters.  Professor  Foster's 
volume  cannot  fail  to  have  a  great  and  beneficial 
influence.  If  it  is  not  in  any  sense  unique,  but  is 
rather  a  sign  of  the  times,  its  significance  is  thereby 
increased  more  than  diminished.  It  has  naturally 
been  criticized  by  those  of  the  old  school,  and  prob- 
ably no  one  regrets  more  than  the  author  the  mental 
sufEering  it  is  likely  to  occasion ;  but  no  one  sees 
more  clearly  than  he  does  that  all  this  is  necessary 
and  inevitable,  for  the  sake  of  religion  itself.  Indeed^ 
it  would  ill  befit  a  follower  of  Christ,  of  all  people, 
to  be  afraid  of  new  truth. 

From  the  standpoint  of  a  layman,  I  must  confess 
that  the  book  seems  to  me  too  much  elaborated  in 
many  places.  The  individual  sentences  are  clear, 
but  arguments  are  carried  so  far,  and  fortified  by 
such  a  multitude  of  considerations,  that  one  is  in 
danger  at  times  of  losing  sight  of  the  point.  The 
style  is  much  more  like  that  which  we  are  prone 
to  regard  as  "  made  in  Germany  "  than  that  of  Dr» 
Pfleiderer's  book,  which  did  really  come  from  thence. 
For  my  own  use,  I  have  underlined  in  red  a  large 
number  of  the  most  significant  paragraphs  and  sen- 
tences, and  I  find  this  a  distinct  help ;  perhaps  in 
another  edition  italics  might  serve  the  same  purpose. 

T.  D.  A.  COCKERELL. 


A  CORRESPONDENT  in  Tokyo  sends  us  the  following 
item  from  the  "  Japan  Mail " :  "  The  translation  of  Mil- 
ton's '  Paradise  Lost '  by  Mr.  Tsuchii  Bansui,  of  the  Sec- 
ond High  School,  began  to  appear  in  the  January  Taiyo. 
.  .  .  Mr.  Tsuchii's  rendering  of  some  of  the  finer  pas- 
sages seems  to  us  to  show  that  he  has  thoroughly  under- 
stood them  and  entered  into  their  spirit.  Mr.  Tsuchii 
has  made  a  special  study  of  poetry  for  many  years  past 
and  it  may  confidently  be  predicted  that  this  translation 
of  his  will  take  precedence  of  all  the  renderings  of 
Milton's  sublimest  poem  which  have  appeared  m  Japan. 
It  will  doubtless  be  published  in  book  form  when  the 
whole  poem  has  been  translated." 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


325 


Recext  English  Poetry.* 


When  Mr.  Thomas  Hardy  puhlished  the  first  sec- 
tion of  "  The  Dynasts,"  he  warned  his  public  that 
the  rest  of  the  work  might  never  see  the  light.  Ap- 
parently, the  reception  given  to  that  experimental 
publication  has  been  of  an  encouraging  nature,  for 
we  now  have  the  second  section  of  this  colossal  and 
deeply-moving  work,  and  may  reasonably  hope  for 
the  third  section  needed  in  order  to  complete  it.  The 
six  acts  and  forty-three  scenes  of  the  instalment  here 
given  us  begin  just  before  the  battle  of  .Jena  and  end 
with  Napoleon's  crushing  defeat  in  the  Peninsula. 
Wagram  and  Walcheren  are  intermediate  episodes, 
and  an  element  of  quasi-private  interest  is  provided 
by  the  scenes  which  lead  to  the  divorce  of  .Josephine 
and  the  subsequent  Austrian  marriage.  As  before, 
we  have  again  the  rapid  shifting  of  action,  the  pano- 
ramic stage-setting,  and  the  supernatural  apparatus 
that  proved  so  bewilderingly  impressive  when  we 
first  made  their  acquaintance.  The  author  thinks 
nothing  of  a  jump  from  Coruiia  to  Vienna,  or  of  a 
scene  that  requires  us  to  take  in  at  one  glance  both 
Ijondon  and  Paris,  and  the  intervening  leagues  of 
land  and  sea.  Nor  does  he  hesitate,  when  human 
speech  seems  inadequate,  to  invoke  the  hosts  of 
''  phantom  intelligences "  created  by  his  cosmic 
imagination,  and  to  record  theu-  comment  —  pitiful, 
sinister,  and  ironic  —  upon  the  actions  of  the  human 
puppets  whose  antics  they  view  from  their  serene 
point  of  vantage.  It  is  to  the  utterances  of  these 
ethereal  beings  that  we  must  look  for  whatever  of 
poetry  there  may  be  found  in  this  dramatic  pageant. 
The  unfortunate  Walcheren  expedition  inspires  the 
finest  poetical  outburst  of  any  length  to  be  found 
within  the  volume.  It  is  the  following  Chorus  of 
Pities,  which  we  are  to  take  as  echoing  the  plaint  of 
the  stricken  English  soldiery,  and  to  think  of  as  sung 
to  aerial  music : 

"  We  who  withstood  the  blasting  blaze  of  war 
When  marshalled  by  the  gallant  Moore  awhile, 
Beheld  the  grazing  death-bolt  with  a  smile, 
Closed  combat  edge  to  edge  and  bore  to  bore, 
Now  rot  upon  this  Isle  I 

•The  Dynasts.  A  Drama  of  the  Napoleonic  Wars.  By 
Thomas  Hardy.    Part  Second.    New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 

Nebo.   By  Stephen  Phillips.    New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 

Selections  from  the  Poetey  op  John  Payne.  Made  by 
Tracy  and  Lucy  Robinson.    New  York :  John  Lane  Co. 

New  Collected  Rhymes.  By  Andrew  Lan^.  New  York: 
Lon^nnans,  Green,  &  Co. 

Poems  of  the  Seen  and  the  Unseen.  By  Charles  Witham 
Herbert.    Oxford:  B.  H.  Blackwell. 

Poems  of  Love  and  Natuke.  By  Leonard  A.  Rickett.  New 
York :  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 

The  Last  Poems  of  Richard  Watson  Dixon,  D.D.  New 
York :  Henry  Frowde. 

Love's  Testament.  A  Sonnet-Sequence.  By  G.  Constant 
Lounsbery.    New  York :  John  Lane  Co. 

The  Tbee  of  Knowledge.  By  Mary  A.  M.  Marks.  London : 
David  Nutt. 

The  Foub  Winds  of  Eihinn.  Poems  by  Ethna  Carbery 
(Anna  McManus).    New  York:  Funk  &  Wagnalls  Co. 

The  Three  REStrRRECTioNS  and  the  Triumph  of  Maeve. 
By  Eva  Gore-Booth.    New  York :  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 


"  The  ever  wan  morass,  the  dnne,  the  blear 
Sandweed,  and  tepid  pool,  and  putrid  smell. 
Emaciate  purpose  to  a  fractions  fear, 
Beckon  the  body  to  its  last  low  cell  — 
A  chink  no  chart  will  tell. 

"  O  ancient  Delta,  where  the  f  en-lighta  flit ! 
Ignoble  sediment  of  loftier  lands, 
Thy  humour  clings  about  our  hearts  and  hands 
And  solves  us  to  its  softness,  till  we  sit 
As  we  were  part  of  it. 

"  Such  force  as  fever  leaves  is  maddened  now, 
With  tidings  trickling  in  from  day  to  day 
Of  others'  difEering  fortunes,  wording  how 
They  yield  their  lives  to  baulk  a  tyrant's  sway  — 
Yielded  not  vainly,  they ! 

"  In  champaign  green  and  purple,  far  and  near, 
In  town  and  thorpe  where  quiet  spire-cocks  turn. 
Through  vales,  by  rocks,  beside  the  brooding  bum 
Echoes  the  aggressor's  arrogant  career, 
And  we  bent  pithless  here ! 

"  Here,  where  each  creeping  day  the  creeping  file 
Draws  past  with  shouldered  comrades  score  on  score. 
Bearing  them  to  their  lightless  last  asile. 
Where  weary  wave-wails  from  the  clammy  shore 
Will  reach  their  ears  no  more. 

"  We  might  have  fought,  and  had  we  died,  died  well, 
Even  if  in  dynasts'  discords  not  our  own ; 
Our  death-spot  some  sad  haunter  might  have  shown. 
Some  tongue  have  asked  our  sires  or  sons  to  tell 
The  tale  of  how  we  fell. 

"  But  such  bechanced  not.     Like  the  mist  we  fade. 
No  lustrous  lines  engrave  in  story  we. 
Our  country's  chiefs,  for  their  own  fames  afraid. 
Will  leave  our  names  and  fates  by  this  pale  sea 
To  perish  silently ! " 

To  this  chorus  the  Spirit  of  the  Years  replies : 

"  Why  must  ye  echo  as  mechanic  mimes 
These  mortal  minions'  bootless  cadences, 
Played  on  the  stops  of  their  anatomy 
As  is  the  mewling  music  on  the  strings 
Of  yonder  ship-masts  by  the  unweeting  wind. 
Or  the  frail  tune  upon  this  withering  sedge 
That  holds  its  papery  blades  against  the  gale  ? 
—  Men  pass  to  dark  corruption,  at  the  best. 
Ere  I  can  count  five  score :  these  why  not  now  ?  — « 
The  Immanent  Shaper  builds  Its  beings  so 
Whether  ye  sigh  their  sighs  with  them  or  no  I " 

And  for  a  stage  direction,  to  close  the  scene,  we  read 
that  ''  the  night  fog  enwraps  the  isle  and  the  dying 
English  army."  This  is  a  grim  sort  of  poetry,  but 
its  impressiveness  is  unquestionable.  The  concep- 
tion of  the  Immanent  Shaper  here  illustrated  is  the 
metaphysical  basis  of  IVIr.  Hardy's  drama.  It  is  a 
conception  that  sometimes  employs  the  language  of 
Schopenhauer, 

"So  doth  the  Will  objectify  itself," 
and  suggests,  now  the  mood  of  Lucretius,  now  that 
of  the  poet  of  "Vastness,"  but  without  the  note  of 
passionate  faith  that  relieves  the  despair  of  that  out- 
cry. It  appears  over  and  over  again.  The  Spirit 
Ironic  thus  disposes  of  the  defeat  of  Prussia  and  the 
grief  of  Queen  Louise: 

"  So  the  Will  plays  at  flux  and  reflux  still. 
This  monarchy,  one-half  whose  pedestal 
Is  built  of  Polish  bones,  has  bones  home-made ! 
Let  the  fair  woman  bear  it.     Poland  did." 


326 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


The  tragedy  of  the  Spanish  expedition  is  thus  fore- 
shadowed by  the  Spirit  of  the  Years : 

"So  the  Will  heaves  through  Space,  and  moulds  the  times, 
With  mortals  for  Its  fingers !    We  shall  see 
Again  men's  passions,  virtues,  visions,  crimes, 

Obey  resistlessly 
The  purposive,  unmotived,  dominant  Thing 
Which  sways  in  brooding  dark  their  wayfaring ! " 

The  Spirit  of  the  Pities  thus  comments  upon  the 
distraught  mind  of  the  King  of  England : 

"  The  tears  that  lie  about  this  plightful  scene 
Of  heavy  travail  in  a  suffering  soul, 
Mocked  with  the  forms  and  feints  of  royalty 
While  scarified  by  briery  Circumstance, 
Might  drive  Compassion  past  her  patiency 
To  hold  that  some  mean,  monstrous  ironism 
Had  built  this  mistimed  fabric  of  the  Spheres 
To  watch  the  throbbings  of  its  captive  lives, 
(The  which  may  Truth  forfend)  and  not  thy  said 
Unmaliced,  unimpassioned,  nescient  Will  I  " 

And  the  same  subject  evokes  this  interchange : 

SPIRIT   OF   THE    PITIES. 

"  Something  within  me  aches  to  pray 
To  some  Great  Heart,  to  take  away 
This  evil  day,  this  evil  day ! 

CHOBUS  IBOKIC. 

"  Ha-ha !    That 's  good.     He  '11  pray  to  It :  — 
But  where  does  Its  compassion  sit  ? 
Yea,  where  abides  the  heart  of  It  ? 

"  Is  it  where  sky -fires  flame  and  flit. 
Or  solar  craters  spew  and  spit, 
Or  ultra-stellar  night-webs  knit  ? 

"  What  is  Its  shape  ?     Man's  counterfeit  ? 
That  turns  in  some  far  sphere  unlit 
The  Wheel  which  drives  the  Infinite  ? 

SPHUT    OF    THE   PITIES. 

"  Mock  on,  mock  on !  Yet  I  '11  go  pray 
To  some  Great  Heart,  who  haply  may 
Charm  mortal  miseries  away !  " 

It  requires  a  superhuman  degree  of  fortitude  to  ac- 
cept this  view  of  the  mystery  of  life,  yet  no  other 
seems  vouchsafed  to  the  inquiring  eye  of  our  poet, 
and  he  makes  us  feel,  while  under  the  spell  of  his 
imaginative  vision,  as  if  all  others  were  but  tricks 
of  our  self-delusion.  To  descend  from  great  matters 
to  small,  we  must  mention  that  a  wrong  accentuation 
of  the  name  Rom^nofP  has  spoiled  several  verses  of 
the  drama. 

Although  "  The  Dynasts  "  is  written  largely  in 
prose,  and  although  what  verse  it  contains  is  of  a 
rugged  and  uncompromising  character,  the  work 
seems  to  us  to  contain  more  of  the  essential  stuff  of 
poetry  than  may  be  found  in  all  the  smoothly-flowing 
measures  of  "Nero,"  the  latest  dramatic  poem  of 
Mr.  Stephen  Phillips.  Mr.  Hardy,  at  least,  has 
"wrought  in  a  sad  sincerity,"  however  faulty  his 
expression ;  while  artifice  and  rhetoric  seem  to  be 
the  chief  ingredients  of  the  work  of  the  younger 
poet.  The  decline  from  "  Paolo  and  Francesca  "  and 
"  Ulysses  "  is  discouragingly  marked.  The  nearest 
approach  to  a  purple  patch  is  the  following  page,  in 
which  Nero's  imagination  pictures  a  conflagration 
which  shall  consume  the  world : 


"  Nay,  while  I  live !    The  sight !    A  burning  world ! 
And  to  be  dead  and  miss  it  I     There 's  an  end 
Of  all  satiety :  such  fire  imagine  ! 
Born  in  some  obscure  alley  of  the  poor 
Then  leaping  to  embrace  a  splendid  street. 
Palaces,  temples,  morsels  that  but  whet 
Her  appetite  :  the  eating  of  huge  forests : 
Then  with  redoubled  fury  rushing  high, 
Smacking  her  lips  over  a  continent. 
And  licking  old  civilizations  up ! 
Then  in  tremendous  battle  fire  and  sea 
Joined :  and  the  ending  of  the  mighty  sea : 
Then  heaven  in  conflagration,  stars  like  cinders 
Falling  in  tempest :  then  the  reeling  poles 
Crash  :  and  the  smouldering  firmament  subsides. 
And  last,  this  universe  a  single  flame." 

In  reading  this,  one  is  all  the  time  conscious  of  the 
workman,  and  can  almost  see  him  as  he  pieces  the 
composition  bit  by  bit,  until  he  thinks  he  has  said 
enough.  A  comparison  of  this  passage  with  the  clos- 
ing scene  of  Mr.  Moody's  "Masque  of  Judgment" 
would  afford  an  instructive  illustration  of  the  differ- 
ence between  mechanical  artifice  and  imaginative 
vision.  "  Nero  "  is  in  four  acts,  beginning  with  the 
secret  murder  of  Claudius,  and  ending  with  the  burn- 
ing of  the  city.  The  chief  element  of  artistic  unity  is 
provided  by  the  character  of  Agrippina :  her  ambi- 
tion makes  Nero  emperor  ;  her  own  murder  avenges 
that  crime ;  and  the  crime  of  the  son  is  in  a  measure 
avenged  by  the  remorse  that  gnaws  his  consciousness 
thereafter.  Aside  from  this,  the  trait  of  Nero  most 
emphasized  is  that  of  his  artistic  dilettanteism, 
which  is  the  key  to  the  author's  treatment  of  his 
character. 

Mr.  John  Payne  is  widely  known  as  the  founder 
of  the  VUlon  Society  and  as  the  translator  of  Villon 
and  of  the  Arabian  Nights.  He  is  perhaps  less 
widely  known  as  the  translator  of  Boccaccio  and 
Bandello,  of  Omar  and  Hafiz,  and  of  many  miscella- 
neous Arabic  tales.  These  translations,  numbering 
twenty-seven  volumes,  have  been  the  main  occupa- 
tion of  his  life,  and  have,  to  a  certain  extent,  ob- 
scured his  original  work.  But  no  lover  of  what  is 
noblest  in  English  poetry  can  afford  to  neglect  his 
five  volumes  of  verse,  or  the  new  matter  that  accom- 
panies the  Villon  Society  reprint  of  that  verse  in 
two  quarto  volumes.  American  readers  should,  then, 
be  deeply  gratefid  to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Tracy  Robinson 
for  their  labor  of  love  in  editing  for  the  American 
public  the  "  Selections  from  the  Poetry  of  John 
Payne,"  which  is  now  published  in  a  single  substan- 
tial volume,  and  which  is  supplied  with  an  extremely 
interesting  study  of  his  work  as  a  whole.  Mr.  Payne 
has  never  been  a  popular  poet,  and  possibly  never 
will  become  one,  but  he  long  ago  won  .the  suffrages 
of  the  elect,  and  the  praise  of  such  men  as  Arnold, 
Home,  Tennyson,  Browning,  Rossetti,  Dr.  Garnett, 
Mr.  Watts-Dunton,  and  Mr.  Swinburne  may  well 
console  him  (if  he  care  at  all  about  the  matter)  for 
the  lack  of  popular  applause.  A  prodigious  scholar, 
an  accomplished  musician,  a  lover  of  children  and 
animals,  a  thorough  technician,  and  an  indefatigable 
worker,  he  has  raised  to  himself  a  literary  monu- 
ment that  will  not  easily  be  overthrown.     Of  the 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


327 


poems  included  in  the  present  selection,  the  ballads 
are  perhaps  the  most  striking,  but  their  length  and 
closely-knit  texture  preclude  our  making  use  of  them 
for  purposes  of  illustration.  The  beautiful  poem 
called  "  Shadow-SouL"  although  a  long  one,  is  more 
amenable  to  the  extractive  process,  and  yields  such 
stanzas  as  these : 

'*  Bnt  over  me  a  charm  is  cast, 

A  spell  of  flowers  and  fate  and  fire ; 

Thy  hands  stretch  out  through  wastes  more  vast. 
Thy  dreams  from  deeper  deeps  aspire : 

Life  throbs  around  me,  like  a  blast 
That  sweeps  the  courses  of  a  lyre." 


"  By  times,  too.  as  I  walk  alone, 

The  mists  roll  up  before  my  eyes 

And  unto  me  strange  lights  are  shown 
And  many  a  dream  of  sapphire  skies ; 

The  world  and  all  its  cares  are  gone ; 
I  walk  awhile  in  Paradise." 


"  Haply,  one  day  these  songs  of  mine 

Some  world-worn  mortal  shall  console 

With  savour  of  the  bitter  wine 

Of  t«ar8  crushed  out  from  a  man's  dole ; 

And  he  shall  say,  tears  in  his  eyne, 

There  iros  great  lore  in  this  man's  soul  I " 

The  poet's  preoccupation  with  music  is  here  chiefly 
illustrated  in  a  lovely  poem  inspired  by  Gluck's 
"  Armide,"  and  in  a  copy  of  dedicatory  verses  to 
Richard  Wagner. 

'*  O  strong  sweet  soid.  whose  life  is  as  a  mountain. 
Hymned  round  about  with  stress  of  spirit-choirs, 
Whose  mighty  song  leaps  sunward  like  a  fountain. 
Reaching  for  lightnings  from  celestial  fires,  — 

"  O  burning  heart  and  tender,  highest,  mildest, 
Xightingale-throated,  with  the  eagle's  wing, — 
This  sheaf  of  songs,  culled  where  the  ways  are  wildest 
And  the  shade  deepest,  to  thy  feet  I  bring. 


**  Thine  is  the  Future  —  hardly  theirs  the  Present, 
The  flowerless  days  that  put  forth  leaf  and  die  — 
Theirs  that  lie  steeped  in  idle  days  and  pleasant. 
Letting  the  pageant  of  the  years  pass  by. 

"  For  the  days  hasten  when  shall  all  adore  thee, 

All  at  thy  spring  shall  drink  and  know  it  sweet ; 
All  the  false  temples  shall  fall  down  before  thee. 
Ay,  and  the  false  gods  crumble  at  thy  feet. 

"  Then  shall  men  set  thee  in  their  holy  places, 
Hymn  thee  with  anthems  of  remembering ; 
Faiths  shall  spring  up  and  blossom  in  thy  traces. 
Thick  as  the  violets  cluster  round  the  Sprii^." 

The  poem  which  includes  these  stanzas  is  dated 
1872,  which  shows  it  to  be  the  product  of  an  inde- 
pendent and  far-seeing  judgment.  The  echo  of  Mr. 
Swinburne's  "  Mater  Triumphalis  "  is  obvious,  but 
that  makes  the  verses  none  the  less  significant.  Of 
the  score  or  more  of  sonnets  here  given,  we  must 
quote  one  of  the  four  inscribed  to  the  Indian  Savior 
of  mankind.  The  one  preceding  has  asked  the 
question : 

"  Is  there  no  sage  of  all  we  turn  unto 
Will  guide  us  to  the  guerdon  of  our  strife  ?  ^ 


And  the  answer  is  thus  g^ven : 

''  Yes,  there  is  one :  for  the  sad  sons  of  man, 
That  languish  in  the  deserts,  travail-worn. 
Five  times  five  hundred  years  ago  was  bom 
Under  those  Orient  skies,  from  whence  began 
All  light,  a  saviour  from  the  triple  ban 
Of  birth  and  life  and  death  renewed  forlorn. 
Third  of  the  Christs  he  came  to  those  who  moora : 
Prometheus,  Hercules,  had  led  the  van. 
His  scriptures  were  the  forest  and  the  fen : 
From  the  dead  flower  he  learnt  and  the  spent  night 
The  lesson  of  the  eternal  nothingness. 
How  what  is  best  is  ceasii^  from  the  light 
And  putting  off  life's  raiment  of  duress. 
And  tanght  it  to  the  weary  race  of  men." 

Of  the  influences  that  have  shaped  the  development 
of  this  poet,  we  are  thus  told  by  the  editors :  "  The 
poets  to  whom  he  acknowledges  an  actual  debt  are, 
first  of  all,  the  singer  — 


and 


'  Whose  radiant  brow  is  crowned 
With  triple  coronals  ineffable. 
Attesting  the  assay  of  heaven  and  hell,' 

'  The  glad  master  standing  with  one  foot 
On  euth  and  one  foot  in  the  Faerv  land.' 


of  the  postlude  to  the  narrative  poem  '  Salvestra.* 
After  Dante's  sway  and  Spenser's  he  owns  that  of 
minds  so  diverse  as  Drummond  of  Hawthomden, 
Henry  Vaughan,  Landor  (in  the  '  Hellenics ') ,  Words- 
worth, Heine  (whom  at  one  time  he  knew  by  heart), 
and  Browning  (in  '  Men  and  Women,* '  Paracelsus,' 
and  the  plays).  Repelled  by  Swinburne's  earliest 
work,  he  came  later  to  place  him  next  to  Shake- 
speare. Before  the  publication  of  '  The  Masque  of 
Shadows.'  the  influence  of  Emerson  had  given  way 
to  that  of  Schopenhauer,  and  this  in  its  turn  led 
to  the  study  of  the  Yedantic  philosophy  of  ancient 
India,  which  eventually  became  the  poet's  chief 
mental  and  moral  guide." 

]Vlr.  Andrew  Lang,  following  the  famous  example 
of  Bottom,  takes  care  to  explain  that  things  are 
not  always  what  they  seem  in  his  "New  Collected 
Rh}-mes."  and  that  his  "  Loyal  Lyrics  "  in  praise  of 
the  Stuart  cause  *'  must  not  be  understood  as  implying 
a  rebellious  desire  for  the  subversion  of  the  present 
illustrious  dynasty."  It  is  well  that  he  makes  this 
disclaimer,  for  we  should  not  like  to  have  him  drawn 
and  quartered  at  present,  yet  this  might  be  his  fate 
were  the  Hanoverian  usurper  to  take  too  literaUy 
the  poet's  vows  of  allegiance  to  the  White  Rose  and 
the  "rightful  king."  Besides  this  group  of  songs 
devoted  to  a  lost  cause,  the  volume  contains  spirited 
ballads,  cricket,  golf,  and  angling  rhymes,  delicious 
parodies,  and  humorous  verse  upon  artistic  and 
bookish  themes.  '•  A  Remonstrance  with  the  Fair  " 
is  one  of  the  happiest  pieces. 

"  There  are  thoughts  that  the  mind  cannot  fathom. 
The  mind  of  the  animal  male ; 
But  woman  abundantly  hath  "em. 
And  mostly  her  notions  prevail. 
And  why  ladies  read  what  they  do  read 

Is  a  thing  that  no  man  may  explain. 
And  if  any  one  asks  for  a  true  rede 
He  asketh  in  vain. 


328 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


*'  Ah,  why  is  each  '  passing  depression ' 
Of  stories  that  gloomily  bore, 
Received  as  the  subtle  expression 

Of  almost  unspeakable  lore  ? 
In  the  dreary,  the  sickly,  the  grimy 
Say,  why  do  our  women  delight  ? 
And  wherefore  so  constantly  ply  me 
With  Ships  in  the  Night  ?  " 

The  "Jubilee  Poems"  (by  bards  that  were  silent) 
constitute  a  group  of  parodies  so  good  that  it  is  dif- 
ficult to  choose  among  them.  "  On  Any  Beach  "  is 
perhaps  the  best. 

"  For,  in  the  stream  and  stress  of  things 
That  breaks  around  us  like  the  sea, 
There  comes  to  Peasants  and  to  Kings 
The  solemn  Hour  of  Jubilee ; 

If  they,  till  strenuous  Nature  give 
Some  fifty  harvests,  chance  to  live ! 

"  Ah,  Fifty  harvests !     But  the  com 
Is  grown  beside  the  barren  main, 
Is  salt  with  sea-spray,  blown  and  borne 
Across  the  green  unvintaged  plain ; 
And  life,  lived  out  for  fifty  years, 
Is  briny  with  the  spray  of  tears ! 

"  Ah,  such  is  Life,  to  us  that  live 

Here,  in  the  twilight  of  the  Gods, 
Who  weigh  each  gift  the  world  can  give. 
And  sigh  and  murmur.  What 's  the  odds 
So  long 's  you  're  happy  ?     Nay,  what  Man 
Finds  Happiness  since  Time  began  ?  " 

Mr.  Herbert's  '•  Poems  of  the  Seen  and  the  Un- 
seen" proclaim  the  author  a  Wordsworthian,  not 
merely  by  their  frequent  use  of  quotations  from 
Wordsworth,  but  also  by  the  spirit  in  which  they 
approach  the  shrine  of  nature.  "  Anima  Alauda  " 
may  illustrate  this  point. 

"  A  heaven  of  light  doth  compass  round, 
In  prayer,  the  laverock-soul ; 
Outsoaring,  in  her  song,  the  ground,  — 
Upswinging  tow'rds  her  Goal ; 

"  Until  the  world,  a  blending  mist, 
Hath  melted  from  her  eyes ; 
And  all  above,  like  amethyst, 

There  gleam  the  unchanging  skies." 

In  another  aspect,  Mr.  Herbert's  verse  has  aflfinities 
with  the  utterance  of  the  transcendentalists  and  the 
mystics,  a  quality  revealed  in  his  paraphrases  from 
Platen  and  Rtlckert,  as  well  as  by  echoes  of  philoso- 
phers from  Plato  to  Coleridge.  The  following  irre- 
gular sonnet  is  peculiarly  typical  of  his  mode  of 
thought  and  expression : 

"  The  mind  of  Man  reflects  the  Universe : 
No  cosmic  law,  no  rule  of  the  great  Pan, 
But  in  that  mind  its  being  doth  rehearse  : 
If  aU  was  made,  then  all  was  made  for  Man. 
Witness  the  words  of  one,  who  scarce  had  known 
Their  deep,  oracular  truth,  —  for  he  would  rise. 
From  gross  and  palpable  things,  to  thought's  high  throne : 
God  doth  eternally  geometrize. 

Could  Plato  dream,  how  point,  and  line,  and  curve,  — 
All  forms  of  thought,  and  modes  of  the  ideal,  — 
Would  prove  to  be  embodied  in  the  real : 
Of  Faraday's  force-centres ;  Newton's  law 
Of  mass  unswayed,  that  wiU  nor  halt  nor  swerve ; 
And  pathways  of  the  stars,  which  Kepler  saw  ?  " 

These  poems  make  up  for  their  deficiency  in  musical 
utterance  by  the  earnestness  of  their  aspiration  and 
the  compactness  of  their  thought. 


Mr.  Rickett's  "  Poems  of  Love  and  Nature  "  are 
fairly  commonplace  in  thought,  but  occasionally 
arrest  the  attention  by  a  bit  of  rhapsodical  outburst 
or  startling  imagery. 

"  Discord !  and  Death !  and  Dust ! 
Rot !  and  devouring  Rust ! 
From  the  lover's  heart  a  god  shall  start, 
But  devils  are  bom  of  lust." 

This  author  does  better  when,  as  in  "  The  Sea,"  he 
adopts  a  more  quiet  diction. 

"  The  sorrow  of  the  mighty  sea 
Murmurs  in  its  immensity, 
And  for  its  one  long,  sounding  grief 
Eternity  has  no  relief 
Nor  word  for  all  the  rock-white  pain. 
But  out,  far  out,  upon  the  main 
The  troubled  sapphire  of  its  breast 
Sinks  to  a  silence  without  rest. 

"  Blue  synabol  of  an  active  power 
That  stirs  the  passive  Earth  to  flower ! 
The  gentle,  passive  Earth  a  bride 
Who  blossoms  answer  to  the  tide : 
And  down  the  hills,  along  the  plains. 
Love  pours  back  through  her  river-veins. 
Till  from  the  kisses  of  the  sea 
In  time  she  bears  humanity." 

A  slender  volume  containing  ''The  Last  Poems 
of  Richard  Watson  Dixon  "  comes  to  us  under  the 
editorial  supervision  of  Mr.  Robert  Bridges,  and 
with  a  preface  by  Miss  M.  E.  Coleridge.  Canon 
Dixon  was  a  poet  of  sincerity  and  thoughtfulness, 
whose  work  won  the  suffrage  of  the  elect,  particularly 
in  the  case  of  his  terza  rima  narrative  "Mano," 
which  no  less  a  critic  than  Mr.  Swinburne  called  a 
"triumphant  success."  There  are  less  than  two- 
score  pages  in  this  final  sheaf  of  song,  and  more 
than  half  of  them  are  occupied  by  "Too  Much 
Friendship,"  a  miniature  epic  having  for  its  hero  an 
Athenian  whose  fortunes  (or  misfortunes)  suggest 
those  of  both  King  Candaules  and  Job.  Our  quota- 
tion shall  be  "  The  Earth  Planet,"  which  is  remark- 
able for  its  compact  and  vivid  imagination. 

"  Thou  fliest  far,  thou  fliest  far, 
Companion  of  each  circling  star, 

But  yet  thou  dost  but  fill  thy  year : 
Thy  orbit  mayst  thou  not  forsake. 
The  path  in  space  which  thou  dost  make, 
Till  death  shall  touch  thy  charmed  sphere. 

"  Half  turning  to  the  weary  blaze 
Which  measures  out  thy  countless  days, 

Half  bathing  in  the  depths  of  night, 
Thou  urgest  thy  unfaltering  speed. 
As  if  thou  wouldst  of  force  be  freed : 

But  still  thou  art  the  slave  of  light. 

"  Or  moved  or  fixed  in  vacancy 
Thy  pitying  sisters  gaze  on  thee. 

Where'er  be  sped  thy  wondrous  race : 
Nigher  to  thee  they  may  not  come ; 
Their  eyes  weep  light,  their  lips  are  dumb ; 

Time  is  their  lord,  their  prison  space. 

"  Thy  lord  is  Time ;  to  imitate 
Eternity,  yet  bring  thy  date : 

Space  holds  thee ;  but  seems  infinite. 
But  what  of  them  ?     Thy  mystery 
Or  shared  or  not  by  them  with  thee. 
Lies  in  thy  breast  —  thy  parasite. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAI. 


329 


"  Art  thou  alone  the  planet.  Earth, 
That  gives  to  being  that  new  birth 

Of  which  the  womb  is  care  and  pain  ? 
Lives  man  alone  in  that  thick  space 
Which  through  thin  space  doth  hugely  race, 

A  clot  that  swims  the  immeasured  main  ? 

"  Who  answers  ?     Not  the  instruments. 
To  pierce  all  space  which  he  invents. 
And  to  untwist  each  ray  that  beats 
From  the  fire-fountain  of  these  things 
And  those  remote  sparks,  whose  wings 
Win  flame  from  nature's  other  seats." 

''  Love's  Testament "  is  a  sonnet-sequence  of  sixty- 
six  numbers,  the  work  of  ]Mr.  G.  Constant  Lounsberj'. 
There  are  eleven  groups  of  six  sonnets  each,  classified 
under  the  captions  of  love,  absence,  passion,  doubt, 
philosophy,  content,  separation,  solitude,  reconcilia- 
tion, jealousy,  and  retrospect.  We  select  an  example 
from  the  sixth  group. 

"  Petal  by  petal,  the  sweet  hours  are  shed, 
The  seasons  pass,  the  old  leaves  fall  away 
Stained  with  the  scarlet  of  the  wounded  day. 

The  ancient  year  bows  down  his  whitened  head. 

Oh  love,  with  stealthy  feet  and  hurried  tread 
Time  urges  all  things  on  and  waits  his  prey, 
Nor  shall  our  t«ar8  prevent,  our  prayers  gainsay. 

The  hour  that  adds  us  to  its  buried  dead. 

"  Oh  mortal  loveliness,  immortal  change, 

While  memory  whispers  us  this  prophecy, 
That  the  sweet  lingering  past  shall  ever  be 
A  sweeter  future,  while  our  hearts  exchange 
The  new-bom  pleasure  of  familiar  love. 
Whose  wings  are  folded,  like  a  nesting  dove." 

After  all  the  tenderness  and  rapture  of  the  preced- 
ing sonnets,  we  must  confess  to  considerable  disap- 
pointment at  the  cynical  conclusion  of  the  whole 
matter,  which  counsels  us  to  "  Count  not  upon  a 
woman,"  to  "  trust  her  not,"  nor  lend  her 

"  The  holy,  tranquil,  steadfast  name  of  friend." 

Nevertheless,  there  is  much  excellent  poetry  in  Mr. 
Loimsbery's  volume. 

A  weak  dilution  of  Job  and  Omar,  of  Lucretius 
and  Dante,  of  MUton  and  Tennyson,  of  all  the  poets 
who  have  pondered  over  the  mysteries  of  life  and 
death,  of  sorrow  and  sin,  of  the  soul  and  its  Maker, 
is  offered  us  in  ••  The  Tree  of  Knowledge,"  a  se- 
quence of  one  hundred  and  fifty-three  sonnets.  A 
fair  example  is  the  following: 

"  He  look'd  without,  and  saw  the  rolling  seas, 

The  heav'ns  alit  with  stars,  the  earth  with  flowers ; 
He  heard  the  wail  of  winds  when  tempest  lowers, 
The  gentle  sighing  of  the  summer  breeze. 
The  nightingale  that  sang  his  love  to  please. 

And  on  a  day  the  mountain  belch'd  forth  flame, 
Earth  shook  for  fear,  and  all  this  solid  frame 
Seem'd  to  dissolve,  and  he  along  with  these. 

He  look'd  within  —  and  there  he  found  a  world. 
Where  storms  as  fierce  arose  as  those  which  hnrl'd 

The  waves  on  high  and  laid  the  forest  low  — 
Tides  of  desire  and  hate,  restless  as  those 
That  give  the  other  ocean  no  repose, 

Red  flames  of  love  and  wrath,  redder  than  lightning's 
glow." 

The  lyrics  of  the  late  "  Ethna  Carbery  "  (Mrs. 
Macmanus)  are  collected  into  a  small  but  precious 
volmne  by  Mr.  Seumas  Macmanus,  who  contributes 


a  brief  and  touching  introduction.  These  Celtic 
songs  are  if  anything  more  Celtic  than  those  of  the 
other  Irish  poets  with  whom  their  author  is  grouped. 
Their  characteristic  imager}-,  their  wistful  sentiment, 
and  their  haimting  melody  are  tj-pically  illustrated 
in  the  stanzas  "  I-BreasiL" 

"  There  is  a  way  I  am  fain  to  go  — 

To  the  mystical  land  where  all  are  young, 
Where  the  silver  branches  have  bnds  of  snow, 
And  every  leaf  is  a  singing  tongue. 

"  It  lies  beyond  the  night  and  day, 

Over  shadowy  hill,  and  moorland  wide. 
And  whoso  enters  casts  care  away. 
And  wistful  longings  unsatisfied. 

"  There  are  sweet  white  women,  a  radiant  throng, 
Swaying  like  flowers  in  a  scented  wind : 
But  between  us  the  veil  of  earth  is  strong. 
And  my  eyes  to  their  luring  eyes  are  blind. 

"  A  blossom  of  fire  is  each  beauteous  bird. 
Scarlet  and  gold  on  melodious  wings. 
And  never  so  hannting  a  strain  was  heard 
From  royal  harp  in  the  Hall  of  Kings. 

"  The  sacred  trees  stand  in  rainbow  dew, 
Apple  ^id  ash  and  the  twisted  thorn. 
Quicken  and  holly  and  dusky  yew. 
Ancient  ere  ever  gray  Time  was  bom. 

"  The  oak  spreads  mighty  beneath  the  sun 

In  a  wonderful  dazzle  of  moonlight  green  — 
O  would  I  might  hasten  from  tasks  undone. 
And  journey,  whither  no  grief  hath  been  I 

"  Were  I  past  the  mountains  of  opal  flame, 

I  would  seek  a  conch  of  the  king-fern  brown, 
And  when  from  its  seed  glad  slumber  came, 
A  flock  of  rare  dreams  would  flutter  down. 

'•  But  I  move  without  in  an  endless  fret. 

While  somewhere  beyond  earth's  brink,  afar, 
For^tten  of  men.  in  a  rose-rim  set, 

I-Breasil  shines  like  a  beckoning  star." 

''The  Three  Resurrections  and  the  Triumph  of 
Maeve  "  is  the  title  of  a  new  volimie  of  poems  by 
Miss  Eva  Gore-Booth.  The  first  part  of  the  title  is 
accounted  for  by  the  three  pieces  that  open  the  vol- 
ume, poems  upon  the  themes  of  Lazarus,  Alcestis, 
and  Psyche.  The  second  part  of  the  title  stands  for 
a  romance  in  dramatic  form  that  fills  the  latter  half 
of  the  volume.  Miss  Gure-Booth  is  a  very  thoughtful 
poet,  who  avoids  affected  diction,  and  combines  depth 
with  simplicity.  The  following  exquisite  stanzas  on 
"  Poverty  "  will  illustrate  her  workmanship  : 

"  One  swallow  dared  not  trust  the  idle  dream 
That  called  her  South  through  fading  skies  and  gray. 
One  spirit  feared  to  follow  the  wild  gleam 
That  drives  the  soul  forth  on  her  starlit  way. 

'*  As  the  starved  swallow  on  the  frozen  wold 
Lies  dying,  with  her  swift  wings  stiff  and  furled, 
So  does  the  soul  grow  colder  and  more  cold. 
In  the  dark  winter  of  this  starless  world. 

"  Poorer  than  slaves  of  any  vain  ideal. 
These  are  the  saddest  of  all  living  things  — 
Souls  that  have  dreamed  the  Unseen  LigLt  unreal. 
And  birds  without  the  courage  of  their  wings." 

These  poems  are  filled  with  the  sense  of  wonder,  of 
the  myster}'  beneath  the  surface  of  things,  of  the 
unrealities  which  alone  are  truly  real.  This  is  voiced 
in  the  words  of  Alcestis  returned  from  the  g^ave. 


330 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


"  *  Fear  not,  Admetos,  the  long  road '  —  she  said  — 
Led  me  through  wind  and  fire,  made  pure  by  these, 
I  bring  no  deadly  vapours  from  the  dead, 
No  dreadful  grave  dust  clings  about  my  knees. 

" '  How  shouldst  thou,  hearing  but  the  last  harsh  sigh 
Of  the  poor  noisy  flesh,  dream  of  the  smile, 
Of  the  unheard,  invisible  ecstasy, 
Lo,  I  have  lived  in  light  a  little  while ! '  " 

This  is  the  burden  of  "  Beyond,"  which  comes  nearer 
to  being  a  sound  argument  for  immortality  than  all 
the  labored  efforts  of  the  theologian. 

"  Because  the  world's  soul  looks  me  through  and  through 
From  every  breaking  wave  and  wild  bird's  wing, 
I  trust  my  own  soul,  knowing  to  be  true. 
Full  many  a  worn-out  old  discrowned  thing. 

"  Because  of  those  unearthly  fires  that  shine 
Beyond  Duneira  of  the  sunset  waves, 
I  know  that  life  is  deathless  and  divine, 

And  dead  men's  souls  rest  never  in  their  graves. 

"  Because  of  twilight  over  miles  of  green 
And  one  small  fishing  vessel  sailing  far 
Pn  through  the  torment  of  wild  winds  unseen 
I  steer  my  little  boat  by  a  great  star. 

"  Because  the  rose  is  sweeter  after  rain, 

Because  fierce  lightning  strengthens  the  weak  sod, 
I  know  life  flares  behind  the  golden  grain, 
And  ecstasy  beyond  the  thought  of  God." 

Of  "  The  Trimnph  of  Maeve,"  which  fills  two-thirds 
of  this  volume,  we  have  no  space  to  speak,  beyond 
saying  that  it  is  a  very  beautiful  poem,  wrought  in 
grave  and  subtle  melodies,  and  filled  with  the  haunt- 
ing spirit  of  Celtic  mysticism. 

William  Mokton  Payne. 


Briefs  on  New  Books. 


Problems  of  ^^'  Goldwin  Smith's  new  book  "  Irish 
Ireland  and  History  and  the  Irish  Question  "  (  Mc- 
the  Irish.  Clure-Phillips  Co. )  is  the  latest  addi- 

tion to  the  large  and  increasing  stock  of  literature 
dealing  with  the  Irish  situation.  It  consists  of  a  brief 
review  of  the  history  of  Ireland  from  the  earliest 
times  to  the  present,  and  is  prefaced  by  a  discussion 
of  the  natural  resources  of  the  island  and  the  race 
traits  and  characteristics  of  the  Irish  people.  It  is 
the  saddest  of  aU  histories,  says  the  author,  being  a 
record  of  seven  centuries  of  strife  between  races, 
bloodshed,  mis-government,  civil  war,  oppression  and 
misery.  Mr.  Smith  reaffirms  the  view  expressed  in 
his  little  book  on  "  Irish  History  and  Irish  Charac- 
ter," published  forty  years  ago,  that  most  of  the  woes 
of  Ireland  have  been  due  to  natural  circumstances 
and  historical  accident,  quite  as  much  as  to  the  crimes 
and  follies  of  her  rulers.  Nature's  fatal  mistake,  he 
maintains,  was  in  peopling  England  and  Ireland  with 
different  and  uncongenial  races.  The  Papacy,  by 
inciting  the  Irish  to  rebellion,  brought  upon  them  no 
small  portion  of  their  sufferings.  English  protec- 
tionism must  also  bear  a  part  of  the  blame.  Never- 
theless, the  Liberal  party  did  its  best  for  Ireland ; 
and  had  the  Irish  members  of  Parliament  done  what 
they  should  have  done,  more  rapid  progress  might 


have  been  made.  As  it  was,  Ireland  shared  the  great 
measures  of  Parliamentary  and  municipal  reform 
which  she  probably  would  not  have  achieved  by  her- 
self. She  received  the  blessing  of  national  and  un- 
sectarian  education  a  generation  before  England  did, 
and  but  for  the  attitude  of  the  Irish  priesthood 
would  have  received  it  in  full  measure.  Concerning 
present  grievances,  Mr.  Smith  points  out  that  Ireland 
has  more  than  her  share  of  representation  in  Par- 
liament, that  she  has  no  established  Church,  that  if 
her  priesthood  would  permit  it  she  might  have  a 
complete  system  of  national  education,  that  her  land- 
law  is  more  favorable  to  the  tenant  than  that  of  either 
England  or  Scotland,  that  she  receives  subventions 
from  the  imperial  treasury  in  aid  of  her  land  tenants 
which  neither  those  of  England  nor  Scotland  receive, 
that  the  markets  of  the  Empire  are  open  to  her  and 
so  are  its  offices,  and  that  so  long  as  the  Irish  people 
will  abstain  from  outrage  and  murder  they  will  enjoy 
the  personal  privileges  of  British  freemen.  Regard- 
ing the  alleged  grievance  of  Castle  government,  he 
points  out  that  its  abolition  was  offered  to  Ireland 
long  ago  and  by  her  was  rejected.  If  granted  inde- 
pendence, she  would  have  to  assume  many  burdens 
and  responsibilities  now  borne  by  the  Empire,  in- 
cluding military  and  naval  defense.  A  general 
repudiation  of  rent  would  follow,  and  with  it  the 
extinction  of  the  landed  gentry.  The  establishment 
of  a  stable  democracy  among  a  people  whose  political 
training  has  been  agitation  against  government  and 
law,  would  be  an  arduous  if  not  an  impossible  un- 
dertaking. In  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Smith,  the  choice 
lies  between  separation  and  legislative  union.  Fed- 
eration along  provincial  lines  he  pronounces  pre- 
posterous. A  larger  measure  of  local  self-government, 
however,  might  be  conceded  without  an  abandonment 
of  principle,  and  would  doubtless  do  much  to  improve 
the  situation.  ^_^_^_____^_ 

New  edition  of  ^^^  Swinbume's  ''Tragedies"  are 
Swinburne's  now  published  by  Messrs.  Harper 
dramatic  ivorks.  &  Brothers  in  a  five-volume  edition, 
uniform  with  the  six-volume  edition  of  the  "Poems  " 
which  appeared  more  than  a  year  ago.  The  entire 
poetical  product  of  the  greatest  of  living  poets  is  thus 
made  available  in  this  collected  form.  We  hope  that 
some  day  we  may  have  the  prose  writings  to  put  be- 
side them.  Mr.  Swinburne  does  not  revise  his  work ; 
as  far  as  our  examination  has  gone,  it  has  shown  no 
changes  whatever  from  the  original  texts.  The  first 
of  these  volumes  gives  us  "  The  Queen  Mother " 
and  "  Rosamond,"  the  next  three  are  devoted  to  the 
Mary  Stuart  trilogy,  and  the  fifth  includes  the  four 
later  dramas,  "  Locrine,"  "  The  Sisters,"  "  Marino 
Faliero,"  and  "Rosamund,  Queen  of  the  Lombards." 
At  the  close  of  the  trilogy  we  have  (very  appropri- 
ately) reprinted  the  poet's  "Encyclopaedia  Britan- 
nica"  essay  on  "Mary  Stuart,"  and  his  note  on 
"  The  Character  of  the  Queen  of  Scots."  The  nine 
dramas  which  this  edition  includes,  together  with 
"  Atalanta  in  Calydon "  and  "Erechtheus"  (clas- 
sified with  the  "  Poems  ")  constitute  one  of  the  most 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


331 


impressive  achievements  of  English  literature  in  the 
nineteenth  century,  an  achievement  which  sends  us 
back  to  Elizabethan  times  for  a  parallel,  just  as  we 
must  go  back  to  Chaucer  for  a  parallel  to  "The 
Earthly  Paradise  "  of  William  Morris.  It  is  hardly 
necessary  to  say  (although  "  Locrine  "  was  once  per- 
formed in  London)  that  these  are  not  acting  plays 
(except  for  the  purposes  of  the  stage  of  antiquity), 
but  they  constitute  a  perennial  source  of  deep  and 
noble  pleasure  for  all  lovers  of  poetry.  Their  highest 
level  is  reached  in  "  Mary  Stuart "  and  in  "  Marino 
Faliero,"  the  one  being  an  almost  faultless  example 
of  grave  restrained  diction,  the  other  of  fervid  poetic 
eloquence.  Concerning  the  value  of  the  Tragedies 
as  compared  with  that  of  Mr.  Swinburne's  lyrical 
work,  critical  opinion  has  differed  greatly.  "  I  have 
been  told,"  says  the  author,  "by  reviewers  of  note 
and  position  that  a  single  one  of  them  is  worth  all 
my  lyric  and  otherwise  undramatic  achievements  or 
attempts :  and  I  have  been  told  on  equal  or  similar 
authority  that  whatever  I  may  be  in  any  other  field, 
as  a  dramatist  I  am  demonstrably  nothing."  No 
wonder  that  he  has  found  this  conflict  of  judgments 
both  "  diverting  and  curious."  But  such  a  question 
does  not  reaUy  need  to  be  decided  at  all,  for,  which- 
ever of  these  grand  divisions  of  Mr.  Swinburne's 
work  makes  the  stronger  appeal  to  us,  we  may  none 
the  less  be  devoutly  thankful  that  he  has  given  us  the 

other  also.  

The  second  volume  of  Mr.  Elroy 
McKendree  Avery's  "History  of 
the  United  States  "  has  recently  ap- 
peared, together  with  the  announcement  that  the 
publishers,  Messrs.  Burrows  Brothers  &  Co.,  have 
decided  to  increase  the  number  of  volumes  in  the 
finished  product  from  twelve  to  fifteen.  A  publica- 
tion 80  unmistakably  popular  in  character,  and  yet 
so  thorough-going  in  its  breadth  of  treatment  and 
accuracy  of  statement,  cannot  fail  to  influence  general 
opinions  and  at  the  same  time  to  win  the  good-will 
of  historical  scholars ;  therefore  we  welcome  every  in- 
dication of  detailed  labor.  As  in  the  first  volume, 
the  illustrations  are  an  attractive  and  commendable 
feature,  while  the  index  to  them,  occurring  in  the 
front  part  of  the  book,  is  decidedly  instructive.  This 
index  is  very  much  more  than  a  mere  list  of  maps, 
autographs,  and  documents  in  facsimile ;  rather  might 
it  be  called  a  series  of  descriptive  notices,  giving,  in 
most  instances,  the  history  and  present  whereabouts 
of  its  subjects.  It  is  followed  by  a  brief  account  of 
seventeenth-century  chronology,  the  introductory 
value  of  which  is  much  appreciated  in  a  work  of  this 
sort.  The  Appendix  is  made  up  of  two  distinct  parts 
—  the  one  statistical,  the  other  bibliographical.  The 
former  contains  the  names,  not  only  of  the  early  colo- 
nial governors,  but  also  of  the  Mayflower  passengers, 
gfTouped  in  a  somewhat  more  convenient  order  than  in 
Bradford ;  the  latter  is  a  chapter  bibliography,  deserv- 
ing of  very  favorable  comment.  It  is  complete  even  to 
the  inclusion  of  works  yet  in  press,  and,  above  all,  it 
is  critical.  The  body  of  the  text  brings  our  history 
down  to  1660,  and,  since  the  arrangement  of  material 


A  meritorious 
history  of  the 
United  States. 


is  strictly  chronological,  an  excellent  opportunity  is 
afforded  for  seeing  the  colonies  develop  side  by  side. 
The  discriminating  use  of  authorities  is  very  evident, 
comparison  and  collocation  being  with  our  author  a 
favorite  method  of  procedure.  Nevertheless,  for  each 
group  of  facts  he  has  invariably  one  main  source  of 
information,  upon  which  he  draws  with  scrupulous 
exactness.  Thus,  for  Maryland  there  is  Brantly's 
chapter  in  Winsor;  for  Virginia,  the  works  of  Alexan- 
der Brown ;  for  Rhode  Island,  Richman;  and  for  New 
York,  Wilson's  "  Memorial  History."  In  spite  of  a 
few  trivial  errors  in  matters  of  date  and  the  like,  this 
second  volume  is  in  the  highest  degree  satisfactory. 
It  contains  the  very  latest  theories  respecting  such 
subjects  as  the  introduction  of  women  and  of  negroes 
into  Virginia,  and  is  especially  happy  in  its  correct 
interpretation  of  the  territorial  grant  of  1606.  We 
regret,  however,  that  more  attention  has  not  been  paid 
to  the  economic  motives  influencing  the  concession 
of  religious  liberty.  It  is  true,  there  is  reference  to 
the  matter,  but  it  is  only  rncidentaL  We  await  with 
interest  the  third  volume  of  this  meritorious  history. 

Styaiige  pranks  ^'  Camille  Flammarion,  as  is  well- 
played  by  known,  is  especially  attracted  by  sub- 

hghtniny.  jects  that  are  fanciful  or  capricious. 

His  recent  book  entitled  "  Thunder  and  Lightning  " 
(Little,  Brown,  &,  Co.)  offers  a  fine  illustration  of 
this  peculiarity  of  his  mind.  Instead  of  being  a 
scientific  treatise  on  the  phenomena  of  atmospheric 
electricity,  it  is  almost  exclusively  a  collection  of  nar- 
ratives of  the  strange  pranks  which  lightning  plays. 
A  majority  of  the  stories  are  devoted  to  freaks  of 
lightning  in  various  parts  of  France ;  they  are  there- 
fore not  lacking  in  color.  But  after  all  reasonable 
allowances  have  been  made  for  the  excited  condition 
of  those  who  witnessed  the  results  of  the  lightning 
strokes,  and  for  their  usual  lack  of  scientific  train- 
ing, the  residuum  of  fact  is  sufiiciently  astonishing. 
Several  instances  are  related  where  lightning  has 
destroyed  the  clothing  without  doing  any  serious 
harm  to  the  wearer  of  it ;  for  the  shoes  of  its  victims 
it  appears  to  have  a  special  antipathy,  usually  tear- 
ing them  to  pieces  even  when  the  destruction  of  the 
rest  of  the  clothing  is  incomplete.  Occasionally  its 
effects  are  beneficial  to  the  person  struck,  as  when 
it  restores  sight  to  the  blind,  hearing  to  the  deaf, 
and  speech  to  the  dumb  ;  paralysis  is  cured  at  times 
by  a  lightning  stroke,  at  other  times  it  is  caused  by 
the  same  means.  Animals  are  generally  more  sus- 
ceptible to  death  by  lightning  than  men :  sheep  are 
killed  while  the  shepherd  is  spared  ;  the  ploughman's 
horses  are  killed  while  he  escapes.  The  reader  is 
apt  to  wonder  whether  some  of  the  stories  may  not 
be  pure  fabrications,  sent  to  the  author  in  a  spirit  of 
pleasantry,  as  the  following :  "  During  a  storm  which 
took  place  in  the  month  of  August,  1901,  lightning 
entered  by  a  half-open  door  into  a  stable  where  there 
were  twenty  cows,  and  killed  ten.  Beginning  with 
that  which  was  nearest  the  door,  the  second  was 
spared,  the  third  killed,  the  fourth  was  uninjured, 
and  so  on.     All  the  uneven  numbers  were  killed 


332 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


the  others  were  not  even  burned.  The  shepherd, 
who  was  in  the  stable  at  the  time  of  the  shock,  got 
up  unhurt.  The  lightning  did  not  burn  the  building, 
although  the  stable  was  full  of  straw."  One  who  will 
read  carefully  the  hundreds  of  accounts  collected  by 
the  industry  of  the  author,  and  then  attempt  to  form 
a  theory  as  to  the  laws  which  govern  the  behavior 
of  atmospheric  electricity,  will  find  himself  in  com- 
plete agreement  with  the  closing  sentence  of  the  book : 
"  Decidedly,  we  have  much  to  learn  in  this  as  well 
as  in  all  the  other  branches  of  knowledge." 

Eleven  famous  Dr.  Beverly  Warner's  "Famous  In- 
to  the  plays  troductions  to  bhakespeare  s  Flays 

of  Shakespeare.  (Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.)  is  another 
infringement  of  the  self-denying  ordinance  that  con- 
scientious publishers  and  editors  should  enact,  — 
never  to  duplicate,  without  necessity,  good  work 
already  in  the  field.  Of  the  eleven  introductions 
printed  in  this  book,  six  were  included  in  ]Mr.  Nichol 
Smith's  "Eighteenth  Century  Essays  on  Shake- 
speare," which  was  reviewed  in  these  columns  two 
years  ago.  They  are  the  prefaces  to  the  editions  of 
Rowe,  Pope,  Theobald,  Hanmer,  Warburton,  and 
Johnson.  To  them  Dr.  Warner  has  added  the  intro- 
ductions to  the  First  Folio  and  to  the  editions  of 
Stevens,  Capell,  Reed,  and  Malone.  He  nowhere 
alludes  to  Mr.  Nichol  Smith's  volume,  the  editorial 
matter  of  which  would  have  been  of  service  to  him. 
For  example,  he  regards  Rowe's  Life  of  Shake- 
speare "as  the  most  important  of  all  contributions 
to  Shakespearean  literature,  next  to  the  plays  printed 
from  the  lost  manuscripts  which  Heminge  and  Con- 
dell  included  in  their  Folio";  yet  the  version  of  it 
which  he  prints  is  Pope's  mutilated  one,  as  a  refer- 
ence to  Mr.  Smith's  volume  would  have  shown.  His 
own  editorial  matter  is  not  of  great  value,  and  there 
is  no  index.  The  English,  too,  is  not  always  irre- 
proachable. The  introductions  themselves  are  of  a 
curious  historical  interest,  they  indicate  so  clearly 
the  source  of  the  best  modern  theories  of  editing, 
and  they  reveal  so  entertainingly  the  internecine 
rivalries  of  eighteenth-century  criticism.  The  art  of 
slaying  one's  adversary  in  the  manner  of  Warburton 
and  Pope  is,  perhaps  happUy,  lost ;  but  its  extinction 
has  done  much  to  eclipse  the  gayety  of  nations. 
Warburton's  castigation  of  Theobald  can  never  lose 
its  charm:  "What  he  read,  he  could  transcribe; 
but  as  to  what  he  thought,  if  he  ever  did  think,  he 
could  ill  express,  so  he  read  on,  and  by  that  means 
got  a  character  of  learning,  without  risquing  to  every 
observer  the  imputation  of  wanting  a  better  talent." 
In  the  light  of  the  best  modern  views  on  the  staging 
of  Shakespeare,  one  reads  with  some  amusement 
Malone's  complacent  remark:  "All  the  stage  direc- 
tions, throughout  this  work,  I  have  considered  as 
wholly  in  my  power,  and  have  regulated  them  in  the 
best  manner  I  could.  The  reader  will  also,  I  think, 
be  pleased  to  find  the  place  in  which  every  scene  is 
supposed  to  pass,  precisely  ascertained."  It  would 
perhaps  have  been  well  if  he  had  not  done  his  work 
so  thoroughly. 


Life  and  letters  of  Though  the  ordinary  manual  of  Eu- 
an unfortunate  glish  history  has  much  to  say  of  the 
Italian  princess,  "glorious  revolution"  of  1688,  it 
pays  but  scant  attention  to  the  Italian  princess  whose 
coming  to  England  was  one  of  the  chief  causes  of  that 
event.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  marriage  of 
the  Duke  of  York  to  Mary  Beatrice  of  Modena  had 
much  to  do  with  the  positive  stand  that  he  took  on 
religious  questions  when  he  ascended  the  throne  as 
James  II.  Mr.  Martin  Haile  has  recently  published  a 
study  of  the  life  and  times  of  this  unfortunate  princess 
in  a  volume  entitled  "  Queen  Mary  of  Modena,  her 
Life  and  Letters  "  (Dutton).  The  work  is  largely 
a  collection  of  source  materials,  gathered  principally 
from  the  Queen's  own  letters,  but  also  from  diplo- 
matic correspondence  and  reports.  Many  of  the 
extracts  given  are  both  interesting  and  valuable  ;  but 
the  author  has  also  included  a  great  deal  of  informa- 
tion that  is  relatively  unimportant.  As  a  history, 
the  volume  has  decided  value  in  two  respects :  it 
shows  us  the  more  attractive  side  of  the  Restoration 
court,  and  it  disposes  of  a  nmnber  of  problems  con- 
nected with  the  Jacobite  movements  of  the  Orange- 
Stuart  period.  At  the  court  of  Charles  II.,  the  sur- 
roundings and  behavior  of  the  young  Duchess  Mary 
were  in  striking  contrast  to  those  that  prevailed 
about  her.  "  Not  her  beauty  alone,  but  the  candour, 
grace  and  goodness  which  accompanied  it,  captivated 
the  people."  After  the  exile  in  1688,  Queen  Mary 
was  the  moving  force  in  nearly  all  the  Jacobite  plots 
and  conspiracies  against  the  "  usurpers  "  in  England, 
both  before  and  after  the  death  of  James  II.  Had 
it  not  been  for  the  stubbornness  of  her  selfish  friend, 
Louis  XIV.,  it  seems  that  the  Queen's  plans  would 
have  succeeded  in  the  end.  While  clearly  in  sym- 
pathy with  his  subject,  Mr.  Haile  writes  in  a  calm, 
temperate  manner,  and  has  produced  a  readable 
biography.  The  volume  is  provided  with  a  number 
of  excellent  illustrations,  portraits  of  members  of  the 
Stuart  and  Modenese  families,  and  of  distinguished 
contemporaries.     

,^  ,  .  Of  the  sixty-nine  volumes  of  the 
The  story  of  ^    ■,      ^^     •         „         •         ^ 

Greece  once  "  Story  of  the  J^iations     series  thus 

more  re-told.  fg^^.  issued,  Greece  was  the  subject 
of  the  first  and  is  now  of  the  latest  number.  Other 
countries  have  received  this  double  honor,  their 
extended  history  being  divided  into  periods.  But 
Professor  E.  S.  Shuckburgh's  "  Greece,  from  the 
Coming  of  the  Hellenes  to  A.D.  14 "  (Putnam), 
while  traversing  the  same  time  as  Professor  Har- 
rison's earlier  book,  emphasizes  the  literary  and 
artistic  achievements  of  the  Greeks  rather  than  their 
battles  and  their  politics  —  the  soul  of  Hellas  rather 
than  her  body.  The  book  is  written  throughout  with 
the  fluent  ease  of  a  scholar  who  carries  in  memory 
the  outline  of  Greek  history,  and  has  pondered  fruit- 
fully on  its  most  significant  movements.  Professor 
Shuckburgh  published  a  summary  "History  of  the 
Greek  People  "  about  five  years  ago ;  and  some  of 
the  present  volume's  contents  are  apparently  worked 
over  from  that.     In  such  a  survey,  limited  to  453 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


333 


pages,  proportion  and  perspective  are  naturally 
difficult  to  maintain ;  but  the  author  has  generally- 
succeeded  in  doing  this,  and  has  left  to  the  reviewer 
the  easy  task  of  praise  for  a  work  which,  while  no 
more  scholarly  than  Bury  or  Bristol,  is  more  read- 
able. Per  contra,  it  has  been  written,  and  printed, 
a  trifle  too  easily.  On  p.  17,  "Hellenic"  should 
evidently  be  "  Homeric  ";  "  dreaming "  (p.  215) 
is  allowed  to  stand  for  "  claiming,"  or,  better, 
"asserting";  the  death  of  Euripides  (p.  154)  is  put 
two  years  too  lat«  ;  in  a  passage  (p.  146)  recounting 
the  splendors  of  Athenian  art  under  Pericles,  it  is 
as  surprising  to  find  the  Parthenon  dismissed  with 
a  single  allusion  as  it  is  to  see  the  Venus  of  Melos 
assigned  to  this  period.  Plato's  name,  too,  might 
weU  have  been  included  in  the  list  (p.  264)  of 
eminent  literary  visitors  to  Sicilian  courts.  There 
are  several  other  minor  slips  which  detract  from  the 
pleasant  impression  made  by  the  book  as  a  whole. 
The  numerous  illustrations  are  excellent  reproduc- 
tions of  some  of  the  best  specimens  of  Hellenic  art. 

There  is  always  an  interest  attaching 
ThememMrtof    ^q  t^g  account  of  a  great  movement 

an  abolition  ist.       .  .  ■,  -         ir 

by  one  who  was  himself  a  part  of  it, 
even  though  the  account  may  be  partial  and  preju- 
diced :  the  personal  element  is  present  to  g^ive  life, 
and  life  is  worth  more  than  minute  historical  ac- 
curacy. The  book  of  ^Ir.  John  F.  Hume,  "  The 
Abolitionists,  together  with  Personal  Memoirs  of  the 
Struggle  for  Human  Rights,  1830-1864  "  (Putnam), 
is  of  this  class.  The  author  was  reared  in  an  aboli- 
tionist family  in  Ohio ;  in  his  youth  he  saw  the 
workings  of  the  Underground  Railroad,  and  as 
lawyer  and  editor  in  St.  Louis  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  Civil  War  he  was  a  vigorous  worker  for  the 
abolitionist  cause.  Naturally,  he  retains  the  point 
of  view  of  the  abolitionists  and  the  outspoken  cer- 
tainty that  the  abolitionists  were  right  and  all  others 
wrong.  The  book  was  called  out  by  the  slighting 
references  to  the  abolitionists  made  by  President 
Roosevelt  in  his  life  of  Benton,  written  twenty  years 
ago,  and  is  a  vigorous  statement  of  the  part  that  they 
played  in  bringing  on  the  Civil  War  and  the  aboli- 
tion of  slaverj'.  An  interesting  aspect  of  the  book 
is  the  evidence  it  gives  that  the  old  abolitionist 
hostility  to  Abraham  Lincoln  has  not  yet  given  way 
to  the  unbounded  admiration  for  him  that  now 
generally  prevails.  The  author  considers  him  as 
by  no  means  the  all-important  factor  in  the  national 

life  of  his  day.      

AnEnglieh  Jx  is  evidently  a  firmly  rooted  con- 

Germany'i  viction  of  Mr.  O.  Eltzbacher  that  his 

development.  country.  Great  Britain,  by  no  means 
makes  the  most  of  her  potential  utilities.  Germany, 
on  the  other  hand,  with  far  less  natural  endowment, 
has  adopted  a  political  and  economic  policy  so  prac- 
tical and  far-sighted  that  her  development,  especially 
since  Bismarck's  time,  has  been  nothing  short  of 
phenomenal.  Mr.  Eltzbacher's  aim  in  writing  his 
book  on  '"Modern  Germany"  (Dutton)  is  to  con- 
sider, primarily,  this  policy,  together  with  its  results 


in  Grermany ;  and,  secondarily,  to  study  Great 
Britain's  national  problems  in  the  light  of  Ger- 
man experience.  He  takes,  as  his  point  of  departure, 
the  distinction  between  EngUsh  individualism  on 
the  one  hand  and  German  governmentalism  on  the 
other,  and  recognizes  that  a  weU-balanced  union  of 
these  forces  produces  national  success.  In  many 
directions,  he  believes,  can  Great  Britain  turn  to 
Grermany  for  instruction :  in  the  organization  of 
her  army  ;  in  the  conducting  of  her  agriculture  and 
agricultural  education;  in  the  management  of  her 
canals  and  railroads ;  and  in  her  economic  policy 
of  protection.  The  facts  Mr.  Eltzbacher  gives  about 
Germany  are  interesting,  and  are  substantiated  by 
statistics  ;  but  one  is  tempted  to  take  issue  with  him 
when  he  disparages,  almost  to  the  point  of  vindio- 
tiveness,  his  home  government.  His  statements  here 
would  carry  more  weight  were  they  less  extravagant, 
—  notably  in  the  comparison  between  the  railroad 
systems  of  the  two  countries.  The  general  reader 
can  scarcely  fail  to  be  interested  in  the  chapters  on 
Grermany's  expansion,  its  world  policy,  its  attitude 
toward  Russia,  and  the  rise  of  the  Social  Democratic 
party  ;  for  these  subjects  are  vigorously  and  vividly 
described  by  one  who  is  evidently  conversant  with 
them.  "  Modern  Grermany  "  is  both  instructive  and 
opportune. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


Professor  James  Harvey  Robinson's  valuable  source- 
book for  students  of  the  mediaeval  and  modem  ages, 
hitherto  published  in  two  volumes,  is  now  abridged 
into  one.  These  "  Readings  in  European  History  "  are 
selected  with  wide  knowledge  of  the  field,  and  nice  judg- 
ment of  the  needs  of  youthful  learners.  The  value  of 
a  narrative  manual  is  at  least  doubled  by  the  collateral 
use  of  such  a  work  as  this.  Messrs.  Ginn  &  Co.  are  the 
publishers. 

"  Elson's  Music  Dictionary,"  edited  by  Mr.  Louis  C. 
Elson,  and  published  by  the  Oliver  Ditson  Co.,  is  a 
volume  of  moderate  size  and  extreme  usefulness.  The 
definitions  are  generally  brief,  and  there  are  great  num- 
bers of  them,  including  the  most  modem  expressions  in 
German,  French,  Italian,  and  English.  Particular  at- 
tention is  paid  to  the  work  of  indicating  pronunciation, 
a  much-needed  matter.  We  can  cordially  commend 
this  book  to  students  and  teachers  alike. 

A  series  of  lectures  by  Dr.  Melville  Bigelow,  dehv- 
ered  on  various  occasions  before  the  Boston  University 
Law  School  as  a  "  part  of  the  plan  of  legal  extension 
now  on  foot  there,"  now  appear  in  a  volume  with  the 
title  "Centralization  and  the  Law"  (Little,  Brown,  & 
Co.).  The  main  lines  of  thought  centre  around  the 
ideas  (1)  of  Equafity,  which,  according  to  the  author, 
was  formerly  the  dominant  legal  force  in  American  life; 
(2)  of  Inequafity,  which  is  characteristic  of  present  con- 
ditions ;  and  (3)  of  Administration,  which  is  the  supreme 
end  of  legal,  and,  in  fact,  of  all  education  intended  to 
fit  men  for  the  practical  affairs  of  life.  Specifically,  the 
more  important  subjects  discussed  are  the  extension  of 
legal  education,  the  nature  of  law,  monopoly,  the  scien- 
tific aspects  of  law,  and  government  regulation  of  raVl- 
wav  rates. 


334 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


Notes. 


A  new  and  revised  edition  of  "  The  Reformation," 
by  Professor  George  Park  Fisher,  is  published  by  the 
Messrs.  Scribner. 

"  Ferns  and  How  to  Grow  Them,"  by  Mr.  G.  A.  Wool- 
son,  is  the  second  volume  in  the  "  Garden  Library  "  of 
Messrs.  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co. 

«  The  Choral  Song  Book,"  edited  by  Messrs.  W.  M. 
Lawrence  and  F.  H.  Pease,  is  a  recent  school  publication 
of  Messrs.  Rand,  McNally  &  Co. 

Washington's  "  Farewell "  and  Webster's  "  Bimker 
Hill  Orations  "  fill  up  a  new  "  Pocket  Classic,"  edited  by 
Dr. William  T.  Peck,  and  published  by  the  Macmillan  Co. 
A  "First  Science  Book"  for  elementary  schools, 
treating  of  physics  and  chemistry,  is  the  work  of  Mr. 
Lothrop  D.  Higgins,  and  is  published  by  Messrs.  Ginn 
&Co. 

"  Episodes  from  the  Gallic  and  the  Civil  Wars  "  of 
Julius  Csesar,  edited  for  school  use  by  Professor  Mau- 
rice W.  Mather,  is  a  recent  publication  of  the  American 
Book  Co. 

An  essay  on  Robert  Louis  Stevenson,  by  Messrs.  G.  K. 
Chesterton  and  W.  Robertson  NicoU,  is  published  by 
Messrs.  James  Pott  &  Co.  in  a  small  volvmie  with  a 
portrait. 

"  The  Small  House  at  AUington,"  in  two  volumes,  is 
published  by  Mr.  Jolm  Lane  in  the  neat  edition  of 
TroUope  reprints  which  already  numbers  upwards  of  a 
dozen  titles. 

"  A  Dictionary  of  Artists  and  Art  Terms,"  by  Mr. 
Albert  M.  Hyamson,  is  a  new  booklet  in  Routledge's 
"Miniature  Reference  Library,"  published  by  Messrs. 
E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 

"  The  Sources  of  Water  Supply  in  Wisconsin,"  by  Mr. 
W.  G.  KirchofPer,  and  "  Anatomy  in  America,"  by  Pro- 
fessor C.  R.  Bardeen,  are  recent  numbers  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Wisconsin  publications. 

A  "  Deutsches  Liederbuch  fiir  Amerikanische  Stu- 
denten,"  edited  under  the  auspices  of  the  Germanic  Soci- 
ety of  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  is  a  recent  publica- 
tion of  Messrs.  D.  C.  Heath  &  Co. 

Messrs.  Henry  Holt  &  Co.  publish  "  A  Course  in 
Narrative  Writing,"  by  Misses  Gertrude  Buck  and 
Elizabeth  Woodbridge  Morris,  and  "  A  Practice-Book 
in  English  Composition,"  by  Mr.  Alfred  M.  Hitchcock. 
The  annual  summer  classes  for  the  study  of  English, 
imder  the  direction  of  Mrs.  H.  A.  Davidson,  will  be  held 
in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  from  July  5  to  August  10.  An 
attractive  programme  of  courses  and  lectures  has  been 
arranged. 

The  first  series  of  the  "  Essays  of  Elia,"  edited  by 
Professor  George  Armstrong  Wauchope,  is  published  by 
Messrs.  Ginn  &  Co.  The  notes  are  unusually  adequate 
to  school  needs,  and  there  is  other  pedagogical  appara- 
tus of  a  useful  sort. 

Two  new  school-books  by  Miss  Eva  March  Tappan 
are  published  by  Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  One 
is  a  collection  of  "  American  Hero  Stories,"  told  for  chil- 
dren, and  the  other  is  "  A  Short  History  of  England's 
and  America's  Literature." 

"In  the  Days  of  Scott,"  by  Mr.  Tudor  Jenks,  is 
the  fourth  volume  in  the  series  of  simple  and  pleasant 
narratives  to  which  the  author  has  previously  contrib- 
uted a  Chaucer,  a  Shakespeare,  and  a  Milton.  Messrs. 
A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.  are  the  publishers. 


Recent  school-books  published  by  the  American  Book 
Co.  include  "  Elementary  Latin  Writing,"  by  Miss  Clara 
B.  Jordan ;  "  Elementary  Physical  Science  for  Grammar 
Schools,"  by  Dr.  John  F.  Woodhull;  and  "First  Year 
in  Algebra,"  by  Mr.  Frederick  H.  Somerville. 

The  Putnams  will  soon  bring  out  in  this  coimtry  a 
vohmae  of  literary  criticism  by  Dr.  Stopford  A.  Brooke, 
which  vnll  contain,  among  other  essays,  appreciations  of 
Matthew  Arnold,  D.  G.  Rossetti,  Arthur  Hugh  Clough, 
and  William  Morris. 

A  second  volume  of  "  Mark  Twain's  Library  of  Hu- 
mor," published  by  Messrs.  Harper  &  Brothers,  is 
entitled  "  Women  and  Things."  It  includes  about  thirty 
examples  of  American  humor  by  nearly  that  nimiber  of 
writers,  and  the  selections  range  all  the  way  from  lit- 
erature to  vulgar  buffoonery. 

"  The  Analysis  of  Racial  Descent  in  Animals "  by 
Professor  Thomas  H.  Montgomery,  Jr.,  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Texas,  will  be  published  this  month  by  Messrs. 
Henry  Holt  &  Co.  It  is  a  critical  examination  of  the 
comparative  value  of  the  phenomena  to  be  interpreted, 
and  is,  it  is  believed,  alone  in  the  field  it  covers. 

To  the  "  Standard  English  Classics  "  of  Messrs.  Ginn 
&  Co.  there  have  recently  been  added  these  volumes: 
Thackeray's  "  Henry  Esmond,"  edited  by  Mr.  Hamilton 
Byron  Moore;  Ruskin's  "  Sesame  and  Lilies,"  edited  by 
Mrs.  Lois  G.  Hufford;  and  DeQuincey's  "The  English 
Mail-Coach  "  and  "  Joan  of  Arc,"  edited  by  Professor 
Milton  Haight  Turk. 

The  Oliver  Ditson  Co.,  besides  publishing  the  "  Mu- 
sicians' Library,"  issue  also  a  "Half  Dollar  Music  Series" 
in  paper  covers.  The  latest  number  in  this  series  is  a 
very  acceptable  set  of  "  Twenty  Songs  by  Stephen  C. 
Foster,"  edited  by  Mr.  N.  Clifford  Page.  A  biographical 
page  is  included,  and  a  portrait  of  this  distinctively 
American  composer. 

It  will  take  three  bulky  volumes  to  contain  the  jour- 
nals of  the  Continental  Congress  for  the  single  year 
1776,  and  the  second  of  the  three,  edited  by  Mr.  Wortli- 
ington  C.  Ford,  is  now  at  hand  from  the  Government 
Printing  Office.  The  period  is  from  June  5  to  October 
8,  and  consequently  the  whole  history  of  the  Declaration 
is  imbedded  within  these  pages. 

Three  small  volumes  of  Words  worthiana  are  reprinted 
in  uniform  style  by  Mr.  Henry  Frowde.  One  is  a  selec- 
tion of  "  Wordsworth's  Literary  Criticism,"  edited  by 
Mr.  Nowell  C.  Smith;  another  is  the  "Guide  to  the 
Lakes  "  (from  the  1835  edition),  edited  by  Mr.  Ernest 
de  S^lincourt;  and  the  third  is  the  volume  of  "Poems 
and  Extracts  "  chosen  by  the  poet  from  various  writers 
in  1819  for  an  album  presented  to  Lady  Mary  Lowther. 

A  new  work  entitled  "  The  King's  English  "  is  about 
to  be  published  by  the  Oxford  University  Press.  The 
compilers  have  passed  by  all  rules  that  are  shown  by 
observation  to  be  seldom  or  never  broken,  and  have 
illustrated  by  living  examples,  with  the  name  of  a  rep- 
utable authority  attached  to  each,  all  blimders  that 
observation  shows  to  be  common.  The  book  deals  with 
questions  of  vocabulary,  syntax,  "airs  and  graces," 
punctuation,  euphony,  quotation,  grammar,  meaning, 
ambiguity,  and  style,  and  there  is  a  full  index. 

Text-books  for  English  students  of  Russian  are  any- 
thing but  numerous,  and  we  give  a  hearty  welcome  to 
the  "  Russian  Reader  "  just  issued  from  the  University 
of  Chicago  Press.  The  book  is  an  adaptation,  by  Mr. 
Samuel  Harper,  of  the  French  work  of  MM.  Paul 
Boger  and  N.  Speranski.     The  texts  supplied  are  ac- 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


335 


cented,  and  are  all  taken  from  the  writings  of  Count 
Tolstoy,  especiallv  from  such  of  his  writings  as  are  ad- 
dressed primarily  to  children.  The  notes  so  exceed  the 
texts  in  volume  as  almost  to  swallow  them  up.  A 
lengthy  grammatical  appendix,  an  index  to  the  notes, 
and  a  vocabulary,  make  up  the  remaining  contents  of 
this  voliune,  which  is  creditable  alike  to  the  young 
scholar  who  has  made  it  and  to  the  institution  from 
which  it  issues. 

During  the  next  few  weeks  the  University  of  Chicago 
Press  will  publish  the  following  books :  "  The  Leg^la- 
tive  History  of  Naturalization  in  the  United  States,"  by 
Dr.  Frank  George  Franklin;  "The  Silver  Age  of  the 
Greek  World,"  by  Professor  John  P.  Mabaffy;  Volume 
III.  of  Dr.  Jajues  H.  Breasted's  "  Ancient  Records  of 
Egypt ";  "  Hebrew  Life  and  Thought,"  by  Mrs.  Louise 
Seymour  Houghton ;  and  "  The  Social  Ideals  of  Alfred 
Tennyson  as  related  to  his  Time,"  by  Dr.  William  Clark 
Gordon. 

EDWDf    BrBRTTT    SMITH. 

The  death  of  Edwin  Burritt  Smith,  on  the  ninth  of 
this  month,  was  the  loss  of  an  aggressive  force  exerted 
for  many  years  in  the  cause  of  civic  morality  and  politi- 
cal righteousness.  In  the  former  field,  Mr.  Smith  was 
one  of  the  small  band  of  earnest  men  who,  through  the 
agency  of  the  Municipal  Voters'  League,  have  wrought 
a  transformation  in  the  city  government  of  Chicago  that 
has  made  this  city  the  cynosure  and  working  model  of 
municipal  reformers  throughout  the  country.  In  the 
latter  and  larger  field,  his  activities  were  chiefly  enlisted 
in  the  struggle  for  civil  service  reform,  in  the  war 
against  pri\-ilege  as  exemplified  by  the  unholy  protective 
system,  and  in  the  effort  to  check  the  national  madness 
of  imperialism.  As  head  and  front  of  the  crusade  con- 
ducted (not  as  fruitlessly  as  many  may  now  imagine) 
by  the  Anti-Imperialist  League,  his  splendid  services  in 
behalf  of  the  principles  to  which  America  owes  all  its 
greatness  are  not  likely  to  be  forgotten,  and  will  be 
better  appreciated  fifty  years  from  now  than  they  are  at 
present.  He  was  a  practical  idealist  in  the  best  sense, 
never  deluded  by  idle  visions,  never  wasting  his  energies 
upon  schemes  that  leave  human  nature  out  of  their 
reckoning,  but  ever  battling  with  all  his  might  for  con- 
crete reforms,  and  accomplishing  no  little  in  the  direction 
of  their  realization.  He  was  a  man  of  the  most  absolute 
intellectual  integrity,  incapable  of  making  any  compro- 
mise with  evil,  a  single-hearted  man,  simple  and  direct 
in  his  methods,  a  plain  blunt  man  whose  sincerity  nobody 
dreamed  of  questioning.  His  faith  was  rooted  in  the 
reasonableness  of  democracy,  and  in  the  words  of  Lincoln 
and  Lowell  he  found  his  highest  inspiration.  Men  of 
his  type  are  none  too  common,  and  there  are  few 
Americans  living  who  could  not  have  been  better  spared. 
The  descendant  of  pioneer  stock,  Mr.  Smith  was  bom  in 
Pennsylvania  in  1854;,  spent  his  early  years  on  an  Illi- 
nois farm,  became  successively  a  school-teacher  and  a 
law-student,  and  finally  settled  in  Chicago  for  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession,  in  which  he  rose  to  merited  dis- 
tinction. He  was  a  ready  and  forceftil  speaker  and 
writer,  and  was  an  occasional  but  always  welcome  con- 
tributor to  The  Diax.  Until  a  year  or  so  ago  Air. 
Smith  was  the  embodiment  of  physical  and  intellectual 
vigor;  then  he  became  the  victim  of  the  insidious  disease 
to  which,  after  a  wearying  struggle,  he  at  last  suc- 
cumbed. Those  of  us  who  loved  him  know  well  how 
poorer  the  world  is  for  his  loss  and  how  richer  for  the 
example  of  his  life. 


IiisT  OF  New  Books. 


[The  following  list,  containing    76  tides,  includes  books 
receifxd  by  The  Dial  since  its  last  issueJ] 

BIOGSAPHT  AND  MEKOIBS. 
Klizabeth  Montagn.  the  Qaeen  of  the  Blue-Stockings:  Ker 

Correspondence  from  1720-1761.    By  Emily  J.  Climenson.    In 

2  vols.,  illus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  large  Svo,  gilt  tops.   E.  P. 

Dutton  &  Co.    $i.  net. 
Charles  Ijever :  His  Life  in  his  Letters.   By  Edmund  Downey. 

In  2  vols.,  with  portraits,  large  Svo,  gilt  tops,  uncut.   Charles 

Scribner's  Sons.    $5.  net. 
The  Victorian  Chancellors.    By  J.  B.  Atlay.    Vol.  I.,  with 

portraits.  Svo.  gilt  top,  pp.  466.    Little.  Brown.  &  Co.   $4.  net. 
Edooard  Bemenyi.  Musician,  liitterateTO-,  and  Man  :  An 

Appreciation.    By  Gwendolyn  Dnnlevy  Kelley  and  George  P. 

Upton.    With  portraits,  Svo.  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  255.    A.  C. 

McClurg  &  Co.    tl.75  net. 
lAter  Queens  of  the  French  Staff e.   By  H.  Noel  WiUiams. 

Illos.  in   photogravure,  etc.  large  Svo.  gilt  top,  pp.  360. 

Charles  Scribner's  Sons.    $2  JO  net. 
Bobert  Browning  and  Alfred  Domett.    Edited  by  Frederic 

G.  Kenyon.    With  photogravure  portraits,  12mo,  gUt  top, 

uncut,  pp.  161.    E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.    $1.50  net. 
The  Iiife  of  Saint  Mary  Magdelen.   Trans,  from  the  Italian 

of  an  unknown  Fourteenth  Century  writer  by  Valentina 

Hawtrey ;  with  Introduction  by  Vernon  Lee.    New  edition ; 

Ulus.,  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  286.     "Crown   Library." 

John  Lane  Co.    $1.50  net. 

HISTORY. 
The   Cambridge   Modern  History.    Planned  by  the  late 

Lord  Acton,  LL.D.;      edited  by  A.  Ward.  Litt.D.,  G.  W. 

Prothero,  LittD..   and   Stanley  Leathes.  M.A.     Vol.   EX., 

Napoleon.    Large  Svo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  M6.    Macmillan 

Co.    H-  net. 
War  Oovemment,  Federal  and  State,  1861-1885.    By  William 

B.  Weeden.    Svo,  gilt  top,  pp.  389.    Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 

12.50  net. 
Blae  of  the  New  West,  1819-1829.    By  Frederick  Jackson 

Turner,  Ph.D.     With  frontispiece  and  maps,  Svo,  gilt  top. 

"  The  American  Nation."    Harper  &  Brothers.    $2.  net. 
Journals  of  the  Continental  Congress,  1774-1789.    Edited 

from  the  original  Records  in  the  Library  of  Congress  by 

Worthington  Chauncey  Ford.   Vol.  V.,  1776,  large  Svo.  uncut, 

pp.856.    Washington:  Government  Printing  Office. 

QENERAIj  LITEBATTJBE. 
The  Acorn:   A  Quarterly  Magazine  of  Literature  and  Art. 

Numbers  I.  and  n.    Illus.  in  photogravure,  etc,  large  Svo. 

uncut.    J.  B.  Lippincot  Co. 
The  Seading  of  Shakespeare.    By  James  Mason  Hoppin. 

12mo.  gilt  top,  pp.  210.    Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.    $1.20  net. 

NEW  EDITIONS  OF  STANDABD  LITEBATTTRE. 
Paul  et  Virginie.    Par  Bemardin  de  Saint-Pierre.    Avec  fig- 
ures.   4to,  uncut,  pp.  155.    Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.    $15.  net. 
Poetical  Works  of  Lord  Byron-  In  3  vols.,  with  photogravure 

frontispieces.  ISmo,  gilt  tops.  ■"  Caiton  Thin  Paper  Classics." 

Charles  Scribner's  Sons.    Leather,  $3.75  net. 
The  Essays  of  Addison.    Edited  by  Russell  Davis  Gillman. 

With  I  photogravure  frontispiece,   ISmo.   gilt   top,  pp.  682. 

"Caiton  Thin  Paper  Classics."     Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

Leather.  $1.25  net. 
Complete  Works  of  Abraham  Uncoln.    Edited  by  John  G. 

Nicolay  and  John  Hay.   New  and  enlarged  edition.  Vols.  HI. 

and  IV.,  illus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  large  Svo,  gilt  tops,  uncut. 

New  York :  Francis  D.  Tandy  Co. 
Matthew  Arnold's   Merope.     To  which  is  appended  The 

Electra  of  Sophocles  translated  by  Robert  Whitelaw._Edited 

by  J4  Churton  Collins.     12mo.  pp.  169.  LOxford  University 

Press.    90  cts.  net.,,  

fFicnoN.^ 

The! Mayor  of  Warwick-    By  Herbert  M.  Hopkins.    With 

frontispiecel  in   color,  12mo,  pp.  436.    Houghton,  Mifflin  & 

Co.    $1.50. 
For  the  Soul  of  Sa&el  :  A  Romance  of  Old  California.    By 

Marah  Ellis  Ryan.     Illus.,  Svo,  pp.  378.    A.  C.  McClurg  & 

Co.    $1.50. 
Lucy  of  the  Stars,   By  Frederick  Palmer.   Illn8.,12mo,pp.344. 

Charles  Scribner's  Sons.    $1.50. 
Where    Speech  Ends.  I  By  Robert  Haven  Schauffler;  with 

Prelude  by  Henry  Van  Dyke.    Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  291.    Moffat, 

Yard  &  Co.    $1.50. 


336 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


The  Private  War.    By  Louis  Joseph  Vance.    lUus.,  12mo, 

pp.  315.    D.  Appleton  &  Co.    $1.50. 
The  Invisible  Bond.    By  Eleanor  Talbot  Kinkead.    Illus.  in 

color,  12mo,  grilt  top,  pp.  513.    Moffat,  Yard  &  Ck).    $1.50. 
Sandpeep.    By  Sara  A.  Boggs.    Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  421,  Little, 

Brown,  &  Co.    $1.50. 
All  for  the  Love  of  a  Lady.    By  Elinor  Macartney  Lane. 

Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  87.    D.  Appleton  &  Co.    $1.25. 
The  Law-Breakers,  and  Other  Stories.    By  Robert  Grant. 

12mo,  uncut,  pp.  277.    Charles  Scribner's  Sons.    $1.25. 
The  Picture  of  Dorian  Gray.   By  Oscar  Wilde.  New  edition; 

with  photogravure  frontispiece,  12mo,  pp.  334.    Brentano's. 

$1.50  net. 
The  Youn?  O'Briens :  Being  an  Account  of  their  Sojourn  in 

London.    By  the  author  of  "Elizabeth's  Children."    12mo, 

pp.  347.    John  Lane  Co.    $1.50. 
Ky  Little  Boy.    By  Carl  Ewald;  trans,  from  the  Danish  by 

Alexander  Teixeira  de  Mattos.     16mo,   gilt  top,   pp.   120. 

Charles  Scribner's  Sons.    $1.  net. 
The  Third  Daugrhter :  A  Story  of  Chinese  Home  Life.    By 

Mrs.   Lu.  Wheat.     With  frontispiece,  12mo,  pp.  318.     Los 

Angeles:  Oriental  Publishing  Co. 
The   Pretty  Ways  o'  Providence.    By  Mark  Guy  Pearse. 

12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  267.    Jennings  &  Graham.    $1.  net. 
Rashl.    By  Maurice  Liber;  trans,  from  the  French  by  Adele 

Szold.    Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  278.    Jewish  Publication  Society  of 

America. 
Madeline  the  Island  Girl.    By  Hope  Daring.    Illus.,  12mo, 

pp.  282.    Baton  &  Mains.    $1. 

BOOKS  OP  VERSE. 

Gorydon :  An  Elegy  in  Memory  of  Matthew  Arnold  and  Oxford. 
By  Reginald  Panshawe.  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  113. 
Oxford  University  Press. 

The  Heart  of  a  Rose :  A  Narrative  Drama.  By  William 
Marabell.  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  134.  New  York:  The  Klebold 
Press.    $1. 

TRAVEL  AND  DESCRIPTION. 

Travels  of  a  Naturalist  in  Northern  Europe.  By  J.  A. 
Harvie-Brown,  P.R.S.E.  In  2  vols.,  illus.  in  color,  etc.,  large 
8vo,  uncut,  gilt  tops.    A.  Wessels  Co.    $20.  net. 

Througrh  India  with  the  Prince.  By  G.  F.  Abbott.  Illus., 
large  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  311.    Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.   $3.50  net. 

Things  Indian :  Being  Discursive  Notes  on  Various  Subjects 
Connected  with  India.  By  William  Crooke.  8vo,  pp.  546. 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons.    $3.  net. 

The  Wessex  of  Thomas  Hardy.  By  Bertram  C.  A.  Windle, 
F.R.S. ;  illus.  by  Edmund  H.  New.  New  edition;  12mo,  gilt 
top,  pp.  332.    "Crown  Library."    John  Lane  Co.   $1.50  net. 

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An  Important  Scientific  Discovery 

The  origin  of  LIFE 

Its  Physical  Basis  and  Definition 
By  J.  BUTLER  BURKE 

WITH   PHOTOGRAPHS,  DIAGRAMS,  ETC. 

\17HILE  experimenting  at  the  Cavendish  Laboratory,  Cambridge,  to  determine  the  effect 
'  »  of  radium  on  sterilized  bouillon,  Mr.  Burke  found  that  he  could  secure  the  apparently 
spontaneous  generation  of  growths,  resembling  bacteria,  but  which  were  neither  bacteria  nor 
crystals.  They  were  termed  "  Radiobes."  These  bodies  have  since  been  examined  by  many 
eminent  men  of  science,  to  whom  they  appear  to  be  in  a  critical  state  between  the  vegetable 
and  mineral  kingdoms. 

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**/f  provides  material  for  the  earnest  consideration  of  every  thinker  who  is  inclined  to  scoff 
at  the  theory  of  universality  of  potential  life  in  matter.  .  .  .  His  book  will  be  the  subject  of 
controversy.^^  —  Morning  Post. 

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England,  and  for  many  years  Surgeon  to  the  Adden- 
brooke  Hospital,  Cambridge,  has  written  here  a 
vigorous  account  of  his  investigation  of  what  has  come 
to  be  known  as  Fletcherism.  Dr.  Higgins,  who  was 
in  poor  health,  volunteered  as  a  check  subject  in  the 
experiments  of  Horace  Fletcher  and  became  cured  of 
his  disabilities  in  a  remarkable  manner. 

As  a  student  of  sociology  Dr.  Higgins  saiv  in  these 
demonstrations  an  element  of  usefulness  in  nuhat  he 
terms  HUMANICULTURE,  and  he  resigned  his  ap- 
pointments in  order  to  gi've  unremitting  attention  to  the 
teachings  of  the  phenomena  reatealed. 

It  is  written  for  the  layman  as  well  as  for  the  pro- 
fessional person,  and  arraigns  the  so-called  medical 
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STOKES"     LATEST    FICTION 


THE   SPHINX'S 
LAWYER 

A  New  Novel  by  "  FRANK  DANBY,"  Author  of 

"PIGS    IN    CLOVER" 

One  of  the  greatest  successes  of  the  year  of  its  publication. 

The  *'  Sphinx's  Lawyer "  is  a  brilliant  Bohemian 
whose  life  has  early  been  turned  from  the  ways  of  con- 
ventional rectitude  by  his  hero  worship  for  an  intellectual 
genius  and  moral  degenerate.  He  finally  marries  a  woman 
whose  strength,  goodness,  and  love  raise  him  to  a  fulfil- 
ment of  his  highest  possibilities. 

From  "  The  Dedication  ";  "  Because  you  '  hate  and 
loathe  '  my  book  and  its  subject,  I  dedicate  it  to  you.  .  .  . 
You  assert  —  asseverate  is,  perhaps,  the  better  word  — 
that  such  a  career  as  I  have   indicated  is  without  the 
I  join  issue  with  you  here,  and  leave  the  public  to  arbitrate  between  us." 


FRANK   DANBY. 


region  of  art. 


The  book  was  conceived  in  controversy  and  will  always  be  a  probable  centre  of  discussion. 
Although  primarily  a  strong  story  well  told,  it  starts  such  questions  as  this: — Is  it  right  that 
our  prisons  should  (as  is  the  rule)  make  men  worse  instead  of  better  ? 

HUNTINGTON,  JR. 

By  EDWARD  CLARY  ROOT 

Those  who  have  been  roused  by  the  new  type  of  "  Independent"  will  feel  strong  emotion 
in  reading  this  story  of  a  young  man  malting  an  uphill  fight  against  ignorance,  prejudice, 
the  saloon  element,  the  unscrupulus  power  of  boss  rule,  and  even  criminal  violence. 

How  his  character  and  courage  serve  him  will  interest  Americans^  while  the  love  story  that  runs 
parallel  with  the  adventurous  side  of  the  book  is  convincing  and  dramatic. 
With  four  illustrations  in  color  ^y  S.  M.  Palmer. 


*'  A  rousing  good  novel    .     .    .    one  that  we  read  with  pleasure  and  put  down  with 
regret." — The  Balitkore  Sum.  y  j^. 

By  HAROLD  BINDLOSS  (Third  Edition)     X/>V\^ 


ALTON  of  SOMASCO 


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Guarding  a  Great  City  william  mcadoo 

Formerly  Commissioner  of  Police,  New  York  City 
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A  Modern  Slavery  henry  w^'n 


NEVINSON 

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Evolution  the  Master-Key  c.  w.  saleebyJ^m.d.,  f.r.s.e. 

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a  novel." —  Hartford  Times.  "  Easily  the  most  important  book  of  the  year." —  Philadelphia  Inquirer. 
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London  Films  w.  d.  howells 

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HEROES   OF  AMERICAN   HISTORY 

By  FREDERICK  A.  OBER 


Columbus 


The  career  of  the  great  explorer  is  followed  in  detail,  and  his  personality  set  forth  with  striking  clearness. 
Mr.  Ober,  under  a  commission  from  the  United  States  Government,  has  sought  out  what  vestiges  of  the 
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The  exploits  of  Cortes,  the  conqueror  of  Mexico,  read  like  romance.  How  this  adventurer,  a  bankrupt 
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power  is  the  story  told  in  this  volume.  Mr.  Ober  is  a  well-known  authority  on  Spanish  and  Mexican 
history  and  an  author  of  distinction  in  his  chosen  field.      Illustrated.      Price net  $1.00 

Pizarro 

Mr.  Ober  has  given  a  full  narrative  of  the  remarkable  man  who,  with  only  a  handful  of  soldiers, 
subdued  the  vast  empire  of  the  Incas  of  Peru.  The  story  of  his  adventures  is  full  of  fascination,  and 
Mr.  Ober  has  succeeded  admirably  in  keeping  the  personality  of  Pizarro  vividly  before  the  reader,  and 
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iMcCUTCHEON 

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A  PANORAMA  OF  ROME 


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THE  STORY  OF  THE  C/ESARS 


By  EDQAB  SALTUS 
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"  A  vivid  picture  of  the  corruption  which  ruined  Rome." 

—  London  Academy. 
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MODERN  LOVE 


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a 


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ELLIS  PARKER  BUTLER 


From  Alaska  to  Cuba,  from  New  Hampshire  to  California,  letters  have  been  pouring  in  asking  for  "  the  funniest  story 
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1906.]  THE     DIAL  347 

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[June  1, 


On  Common  Ground 

By  Sydney  H.  Preston.    Just  published.    Already 

reprinting.    $1.50. 

A  gentle  bachelor  retires  to  a  small  farm  and  raises  chickens  with 

unexpected  results.     The  humorous  incidents  of  amateur  farming,  the 

simple  amusements  of  country  life,  and  the  love  affairs  of  man  and 

master,  maids  and  mistresses,  are  delightfully  blended. 

"Seems  to  have  in  it  something  of  Stockton  and  something  of 
Donald  G-.  Mitchell.  '  On  Common  Ground '  is  altogether  charming. 
.  .  .  Full  of  quiet  humor."— i\^.  Y.  Evening  Sun. 

The  Misses  Make- Believe 

By  Mary  Stuart  Boyd.    $1.50. 
Ttro  Devonshire  gentlewomen  attempt  the  conquest  of  London  on 
slim  means.     Their  story  has  the  humor  and  the  pathos  of  being 
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The  Sea  Maid 

By  Ronald  MacDonald.    $1.50. 
"For  sheer  entertainment  this  story  is  one  of  the  best  of  the  year, 
and  is  by  no  means  devoid  of  the  qualities  that  appeal  to  the  literary 
sense."— The  Dial. 

The  Professor's  Legacy 

By  Mrs.  Alfred  Sidgwick.    $1.50. 

A  love  story  of  German  university  and  English  country  life,  notable 
for  humor  and  fine  character  drawing. 

"Strongly  reminds  one  of  Miss  Fothergill's  'First  Violin'  .  .  . 
much  humor  and  much  excellent  character  study  .  .  .  very  readable." 
— N.  Y.  Timet  Review. 

The  Nonchalante 

By  Stanley  Olmsted.    $1.25. 

Casual  data  in  the  career  of  Dixie  Bilton,  who  became  an  operetta 
singer  in  a  small  German  city  (said  to  be  Leipsic). 

"  It  contrives  to  get  the  reader  so  strangely  obsessed  by  the  person- 
ality of  a  young  woman  that  the  sensation  is  measurably  like  that 
enjoyed  by  a  man  in  love." — N.  Y.  Time*  Review. 


Racial  Descent  in  Animals 


Jr.,    Professor    of 
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By  Thomas    H.    Montgromery, 

Zoologry,  University  of  Texas. 

$2.70. 
"  A  critical  examination  of  the  methods  of  determining  racial  descent 
and  an  estimation  of  the  comparative  values  of  the  phenomena  to  be 
interpreted."— /iVoj«  the  Preface. 

The  Election  of  Senators 

American  Public  Prohlema  Series. 
By  Georgre  H.  Haynes,  author  of  "  Representation 
in  State  lieerislatures."  Just  published.  $1.50  net; 
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Explains  the  steps  leading  to  the  present  method  of  election  and 
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and  local  governments.    It  traces  the  movements  for,  and  exhaust- 
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*«*In  this  series  and  uniform  with  the  above  HalVt  IMMIGRA- 
TION.   81.50  net ;  by  maU,  81.65. 

Nature  and  Health 

By  Dr.  Edward  Curtis.    $1.25  net;  by  mail,  $1.37. 
Sensible  advice  on  the  care  of  the  person  and  the  home. 
"  May  be  heartily  commended  to  lay  readers  desirous  of  living  a 
sane,  clean,  wholesome  life." — Literary  Digest. 


HENRY  HOLT  6  CO 

29  WEST  2,3^  ST  NEW  YORK 


JUST  READY 

What  Would  One  Have? 

A  Woman's  Confessions. 

Cloth,  gilt  top,  260  pages,  $1.00  net. 

A  DVANCE  copies  of  this  book  have  met  enthusiastic  comment, 

-'-*•  evincing  that  it  is  by  no  means  an  ordinary  but  rather  an  unusual 

and  remarkable  work.     Men  and  women  in  all  classes  of  society  have 

been  profoundly  moved  by  it,  and  are  eager  to  meet  the  author. 

From  Editors  and  Literary  People: 

"Something  out  of  the  ordinary."  "The  author  possesses  rare 
talent."  "More  interesting  than  any  novel.  The  scenes  and  in- 
cidents, we  are  assured,  are  all  taken  from  actual  experiences  of  the 
author.  The  early  environments  on  the  western  New  York  farm,  the 
school-teaching  at  the  age  of  thirteen,  the  building  of  the  railroad. 
Colonel  Fuller  veith  the  heaps  of  gold  on  the  table  guarded  by  two 
revolvers,  Jason  Bumpus  and  his  mule,  Aunt  Sarah  Silvering,  and  all 
the  others  mentioned  in  the  book,  actually  existed." 

A  woman  writer  of  travel  says :  "  The  book  is  full  of  beautiful 
pathos  and  touches  of  humor.  I  think  I  like  best  the  expressions  of 
absolute  Americanism  that  evinces  itself  without  the  aid  of  a  fire- 
cracker. Father  says  :  '  If  you  value  an  Englishman's  verdict,  I  reckon 
this  woman  knew  a  thing  or  two  before  she  began  to  write.'  " 

One  of  the  most  prominent  of  Massachusetts  librarians  —  himself 
an  author  and  popular  poet  —  writes :  "  1  am  greatly  pleased  with  the 
book.  It  is  evidently  an  honest  expression  of  real  feelings  and  ex- 
periences, and  these  are  all  that  make  a  book  worth  writing  or  worth 
reading." 

Beside  the  New=Made  Grave 

A  Correspondence.     By  F.  H.  Turner. 
Cloth,  gilt  top,  170  pages,  $1.00  net. 

THIS  volume  is  an  extremely  suggestive  contribution  to  the  litera- 
ture of  Immortality.    It  deals  in  a  large  way  with  two  propositions : 

1.  Thought  is  a  function  of  the  brain. 

2.  The  soul  of  man  is  immortal. 

Its  aim  is  to  show  that  these  propositions  are  not  mutually  destruc- 
tive, as  many  have  supposed  them,  but  mutually  corroborative ;  that 
the  thoroughly  established  truth  of  the  former  carries  in  itself  assur- 
ance of  the  latter.  Incidentally  to  its  purpose,  the  correspondence  is  an 
admirable  review  in  general  of  the  attitude  of  modem  science  in  its 
endeavor  to  interpret  the  universe,  and  particularly  in  its  outlook  upon 
the  immortality  theory.  , 

JAMES  H.  WEST  COMPANY,  Boston. 


The  Photo-Secession 

Its  aims  and  work,  with  a  dozen  reproductions  of 
the  best  American  Pictorial  Photographs. 

Philadelphia  Water  Color 

Exhibition.     By  Leila  Mechlin. 

Minnesota  State  Art 

Society  exhibition.      By  Emma  E.  Beard. 

Color  Inserts 

Reproductions  of  two  water  colors  by  Arthur 
Melville,  two  colored  drawings  by  Pasternak, 
two  etchings  by  Brangwyn  and  ZoiR,  photograph 
by  Steichen,  and  painting  by  Parker  Mann. 

INTERNATIONAL 
STUDIO 

JUNE 

SOLD   EVERYWHERE 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


349 


THE    BEST    SUMMER-TIME    FICTION 


Published  June  1 


BREAKERS 
AHEAD 

The  NEW  AMERICAN  Novel  by  the  author  of 

That  Mainwaring  Affair  (12  Editions) 

At  the  Time  Appointed  (10  Editions) 

Mrs.  a.  MAYNARD  BARBOUR 

A  strong  American  love-story, 
full  of  excitement  and  incident. 

IT  WILL  BE  ANOTHER   RECORD    BREAKER. 

Frontispiece  in  colors  by  JAMES  L.  WOOD. 

12mo,  cloth,  $1.50. 


The  BEST  ROMANCE 
of  the  year. 


The 

Dashing 

Novel 


THE 

COLONEL 

OF  THE 

RED  HUZZARS 

By  JOHN  REED  SCOTT 

A  rattling  good  love-story,  with  a  secret  at  its  root, 
and  danger,  adventure,  and  intrigue  in  every  chapter. 

Illustrated  in  colors  by 
CLARENCE    F.    UNDERWOOD. 

12mo,  cloth,   $1.50. 


Published 

June  15. 


J.  B.  LIPPINCOTT    COMPANY,   PHILADELPHIA 


360 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1,  1906. 


NEW  MACMILLAN   PUBLICATIONS 


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No.  479. 


JUNE  1,  1906. 


Vol.  XL. 


Contexts. 

PAe« 

HENRIK  IBSEN 351 

THOREAU  AND  HIS  CRITICS.     Gilbert  P.  Coleman  352 

TALES     OF     A     SPORTSMAN     NATURALIST. 

Charles  Atwood  Kofoid 356 

THE  AMERICAN  TREE  BOOK.    Bohnmil  Shimek  358 

GARDEN    BLOOMS    AND    WAYS.      Sara  Andrew 

Shafer 359 

Vaughn's  The  Wild  Flowers  of  Selbome. — Sewell's 
Common-Sense  Grardens.  —  Shelton's  The  Seasons 
in  a  Flower-Grarden. 

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the  Holy  City.  —  Abbott's  Through  India  with  the 
Prince.  —  Scarritt's  Three  Men  in  a  Motor  Car.  — 
Fowles's  Down  in  Porto  Rico.  —  Harvie-Brown's 
Travels  of  a  Naturalist  in  Northern  Europe. 

RECENT  FICTION.  William  Morton  Payne  .  .  .364 
Phillpotts's  The  Portreeve.  —  Castle's  If  Youth  But 
Knew. — Beach's  The  Spoilers.  —  Bindloss's  Alton 
of  Somasco.  — Naylor's  The  Kentuckian. — Wister's 
Lady  Baltimore.  —  Vance's  The  Private  War. — 
Hopkin's  The  Mayor  of  Warwick. — Palmer's  Lucy 
of  the  Stars.  —  Wardman's  The  Princess  Olga.  — 
Potter's  The  Grenius.  —  Liljencrantz's  Randvar 
the  Songsmith.  —  Hale's  A  Motor  Car  Divorce.  — 
Runkle's  The  Truth  about  Tolna. 

NOTES 367 

ONE  HUNDRED  NO\Ta^  FOR  SLTIMER  READ- 
ING     368 

A  descriptive  guide  to  the  season's  best  fiction. 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS 371 


HENRIK  IBSEN. 


Full  of  years  and  honors,  Henrik  Ibsen  died 
on  the  twenty-third  of  May,  ending  a  career  of 
impressive  example  and  memorable  achievement. 
Bom  in  poverty,  struggling  until  long  past  his 
prime  for  the  bare  means  of  decent  livelihood, 
and  writing  in  an  obscure  tongue  of  which  cul- 
ture takes  small  account,  he  so  imited  native 
genius  with  single-souled  intensity  of  purpose 
that  his  message  reached  the  farthest  comers  of 
the  ci^^lized  earth,  and  all  mankind  is  made 
grave  by  the  news  of  his  death.  Yet  "  nothing 
is  here  for  tears,"  even  in  this  hour  of  bereave- 
ment, for  we  feel  that  his  task  was  rounded  out 
to  completeness,  and  that  he  has  not  been  called 
upon  before  his  time  to  pay  the  debt  that  nature 
inevitably  demands  of  each  and  every  one  of  us. 
He  had,  moreover,  the  satisfaction  that  comes 
from  the  consciousness  of  world-wide  influence, 
and  the  assurance  that  ere  his  own  torch  was 
extinguished  many  others  had  been  kindled 
from  its  flame. 

"  As  he  willed,  he  worked, 
And,  as  he  worked,  he  wanted  not,  be  snre, 
Triumph  his  whole  life  through,  submitting  work 
To  work's  right  judges,  never  to  the  wrong, 
To  competency,  not  ineptitude." 

The  dying  nineteenth  century  bequeathed  to 
its  successor  a  scant  half  dozen  writers  of  the 
first  rank,  and  to  this  small  company  Ibsen 
unquestionably  belonged.  But  the  fact  of  his 
greatness,  although  now  generally  recognized 
by  those  whose  verdict  is  decisive  in  such  mat- 
ters, has  only  recently  emerged  from  the  welter 
of  a  controversy  as  fierce  and  as  protracted  as 
that  which,  diiring  substantially  the  same  period, 
obscured  the  epoch-making  achievements  of 
Darwin  and  of  Wagner.  It  was  in  the  sixties 
that  Ibsen  created  "  Brand  "  and  "  Peer  Gynt," 
the  masterpieces  upon  which  his  literary  fame 
must  chiefly  rest,  but  it  was  not  vmtil  the  eighties 
that  his  work  came  to  be  generally  known,  and 
his  name  widely  familiar,  outside  of  the  Scan- 
dinavian countries.  And  when  the  name  found 
its  way  into  the  larger  world,  it  brought  with  it 
not  peace  but  a  sword,  for  it  belonged  to  a  man 
whose  convictions  were  not  shaped  by  conven- 


352 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


tion,  who  made  no  concessions  to  sentiment, 
whose  analysis  of  ideas  was  radical,  and  whose 
diagnosis  of  the  conditions  of  modern  life  was 
far  from  flattering  to  complacency  and  self- 
esteem.  So  the  ideas  of  this  man,  and  the  dra- 
matic pieces  which  embodied  them,  had  to  fight 
their  way  by  slow  degrees,  for  they  found  arrayed 
against  them  all  the  forces  of  philistinism,  and 
all  the  prejudices  of  a  society  given  over  to 
materialism,  and  self-satisfaction,  and  comfort- 
able compromise. 

To  such  a  society  the  message  of  this  un- 
compromising idealist  came  like  a  cold  blast 
from  the  north ;  it  was  too  bracing  for  weak- 
ened natures,  too  tonic  for  enervated  consti- 
tutions. Its  fundamental  note  was  that  of 
passionate  indignation,  and  most  of  those  who 
heard  it  coidd  not  see  in  modern  society  any 
particular  cause  for  indignation.  It  had  for  its 
overtones  spiritual  rapture  and  a  sublime  faith 
in  himian  regeneration,  but  the  hearing  of  its 
auditors  was  deaf  to  these  harmonic  elements. 

"  Soon  the  jeers  grew:  '  Cold  hater  of  his  kind, 
A  sea-cave  suits  him,  not  the  vulgar  hearth  ! '  " 

Thus  there  came  into  existence  what  we  have 
called  "  the  Ibsen  legend,"  a  congeries  of  fanciful 
notions  as  far  as  possible  removed  from  the 
truth,  but  a  convenient  defence  against  this 
persistent  unveiler  of  hypocrisies,  this  doughty 
knight-errant  of  absolute  truth  and  absolute 
righteousness. 

According  to  the  legend,  Ibsen  is  an  ugly 
realist  in  his  artistic  method,  a  cold  analyst  de- 
void of  human  sympathies,  a  cynical  contemner 
of  mankind,  and  a  pessimist  of  the  deepest  dye. 
This  arraignment,  grotesque  as  it  is  to  the  care- 
ful reader  of  what  Ibsen  has  written,  has  been 
most  effectively  brought  against  him,  has  proved 
convincing  to  the  generality  of  careless  ob- 
servers, and,  although  it  has-  now  lost  much  of 
its  force,  still  needs  to  be  met  by  the  emphatic 
denial  of  those  who  have  seen  beneath  the  sur- 
face of  the  great  dramatist's  teaching,  and  are 
grateful  for  its  ethical  uplift.  Those  who  have 
taken  Ibsen  to  their  hearts  know  him  to  be 
keenly  sensitive  to  the  beauty  of  artistic  ex- 
pression, know  him  to  be  quivering  with  tender 
sympathies,  know  him  to  have  an  abiding  faith 
in  humanity  and  in  the  essential  worth  of  life. 
He  has,  it  is  true,  laid  bare  many  plague-spots 
of  our  civilization,  but  merely  as  a  disagreeable 
necessity,  and  solely  for  the  purpose  of  hasten- 
ing that  fairer  future  day  in  which  his  faith  has 
remained  invincible. 

Just  forty  years  ago,  Ibsen  wrote  these  words : 


"  It^  not  for  a  care-free  existence  I  am  fighting, 
but  for  the  possibility  of  devoting  myself  to  the 
task  which  I  believe  and  know  has  been  laid 
upon  me  by  God  —  the  work  which  seems  to  me 
more  important  and  needful  in  Norway  than 
any  other,  that  of  arousing  the  nation  and  lead- 
ing it  to  think  great  thoughts."  The  man  who 
had  completed  "  Brand "  only  a  few  months 
before  mightwellexpresshimself  in  these  proudly 
self-confident  terms.  Yet  with  all  his  conscious- 
ness of  power,  he  could  hardly  have  imagined 
the  extent  of  the  influence  that  would  be  his  in 
the  coming  years  —  that  it  would  lead,  not 
Norway  alone,  but  the  wide  world  on  both  sides 
of  the  Atlantic,  to  "  think  great  thoughts,"  and 
to  hold  his  name  in  grateful  memory  forever. 


THOREAU  AND  HIS  CRITICS. 

Probably  no  writer  in  America  can  lay  claim  to 
a  sounder  foundation  for  fame  than  Thoreau.  He 
has  earned  every  inch  of  the  way  he  has  gained. 
There  has  been  no  boom  for  him.  He  has  had  few 
helping  hands,  and  has  had  to  contend  against  a 
singular  combination  of  misunderstanding,  lack  of 
appreciation,  ignorance,  and,  in  one  case  at  least,  of 
misrepresentation  that  is  said  to  have  been  inspired 
by  personal  prejudice. 

It  is  amusing,  and  occasionally  startling,  to  observe 
the  infinite  variety  of  criticism  that  has  been  stirred 
up  by  Thoreau's  life  and  works.  Many  writers,  for 
example,  are  agreed  in  describing  his  temperament 
as  ascetic.  Robert  Louis  Stevenson,  however,  is  not 
alone  in  holding  the  opposite  view.  "  He  was  not 
ascetic,"  says  Stevenson  ("Familiar  Studies"), 
"  rather  an  Epicurean  of  the  nobler  sort."  Professor 
Nichols,  in  his  little  work  on  Anerican  Literature, 
apparently  is  satisfied  with  middle  ground,  when  he 
applies  to  Thoreau  the  classification,  "  lethargic,  self- 
complacently  defiant,  too  nearly  a  stoico-epicurean 
adiaphorist  to  discompose  himself  in  party  or  even 
in  national  strifes."  Nearly  all  the  critics  are  agi'eed 
that  Thoreau  was  a  humorist,  though  they  are  by  no 
means  agreed  as  to  the  quality  of  his  humor.  Another 
school,  headed  by  Lowell,  is  quite  certain  that  he 
possessed  no  humor  whatever.  One  writer  speaks 
of  him  as  "  repellent,  cold,  and  unamiable,"  while 
another  declares  that  "in  all  social  relations  he  was 
guided  by  a  fine  instinct  of  courtesy,"  and  Emerson, 
who  knew  him  nearly  as  well  as  anybody  ever  did, 
says  that "  he  was  really  fond  of  sympathy  ";  a  highly 
appreciative  essayist  speaks  of  the  "  fine  resonant 
quality  of  his  emotional  side,"  and  finds  that  he  was 
"  always  thoroughly  kindly  and  sympathetic." 

"Thoreau  is  dry,  priggish,  and  selfish,"  again 
announces  Stevenson,  in  one  of  his  most  oracular 
moods  ;  and  a  writer  in  the  "  Chiu*ch  Quarterly  Re- 
view "  says  that  he  was  "  thoroughly  selfish,  quite 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


353 


out  of  sympathy  with  men  and  their  sufferings,  bar- 
baric if  not  animal  in  his  tastes,  and  needlessly 
profane."  On  the  other  hand,  Mr.  John  Weiss,  who 
was  a  fellow-collegian  with  Thoreau  and  has  written 
an  essay  dealing  almost  entirely  with  his  personality, 
takes  a  somewhat  different  view  when  he  says  that 
"  no  writer  to-day  is  more  religious  ";  and  according 
to  Mr.  William  Kennedy  Sloane,  ''  the  influence  of 
his  rugged  energy,  his  fine  idealism,  the  purity  and 
honesty  and  manliness  of  his  life,  shall  for  genera- 
tions breathe  through  the  literature  and  the  life  of 
America  like  a  strengthening  breeze,"  Emerson,  in 
the  familiar  biographical  sketch  prefaced  to  the 
"Excursions,"  after  paying  a  loving  tribute  to  his 
departed  friend,  sums  up  his  life  as  a  practical 
failure  :  "  Instead  of  engineering  for  aU  America,  he 
was  the  captain  of  a  huckleberry-party.  Pounding 
beans  is  good  to  the  end  of  poimding  empires  one  of 
these  days;  but  if,  at  the  end  of  years,  it  is  still 
beans  !  "  Mr.  Sloane,  however,  at  once  applies  the 
antidote  :  "  He  excites  envy  by  his  success.  His  life 
is  a  rebuke  which  is  felt  and  resented  ";  and  Mr. 
Higginson  backs  this  up  in  his  "  Short  Studies,"  when 
he  says,  '•  It  is  common  to  speak  of  his  life  as  a 
failure,  but  to  me  it  seems,  with  all  its  drawbacks,  to 
have  been  a  great  and  eminent  success." 

A  writer  in  the  "  Knickerbocker  Magazine  "  re- 
garded Thoreau  as  a  "rural  humbug";  whereas 
Emerson  has  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Nature,  and  ISIr.  Torrey  has  elevated  him 
to  that  of  Master  of  the  Art  of  Living.  One  school 
woidd  have  him  a  "  skulker,"  "  imperfect,  unfinished, 
inaiiistic,  parochial,"  "  a  mixture  of  misanthropy  and 
self-conceit";  while  others  have  said  that  he  was 
"  sinceritj^  itself,  and  might  fortify  the  convictions  of 
prophets  in  the  ethical  laws  by  his  holy  living."  He 
is  often  called  a  ''thrifty  Yankee,"  yet  the  same 
"  Knickerbocker "  reviewer  is  of  the  opinion  that 
"  Walden "  is  "a  book  needed  where  the  philosophy 
of  thrift  is  too  prevalent."  "  He  attempts  no  flights," 
says  one.  "  For  the  moment  Thoreau  soars  the  em- 
pyrean with  eagle  sweep,"  says  another.  Again,  it 
was  said  by  a  reviewer  writing  in  1891,  that  "  upon 
the  whole,  there  seems  to  be  no  reason  for  concluding 
that  Thoreau  can  maintain  his  present  prominence 
among  American  writers,  or  that  his  place  in  litera- 
ture, if  permanent,  will  be  a  high  one."  In  opposi- 
tion to  this,  we  have  the  prophecy  of  many,  as 
indicated  by  Mr.  Sanborn,  that  Thoreau  is  likely  to 
occupy  a  higher  place  in  American  literature  than 
Emerson  himself.  "  He  lived  some  time  by  the  sea," 
writes  another,  "  and  often  visited  its  shore ;  yet,  so 
far  as  we  may  judge  from  his  writings,  he  was  not 
much  affected  by  the  wondrous  beauty  and  majesty 
of  old  ocean."  To  offset  this  is  "  Cape  Cod  "  with 
its  now  famous  descriptions  of  old  ocean,  quoted 
by  such  a  discriminating  artist  as  Thomas  Bailey 
Aldrich ;  and  also  the  confession  of  Thoreau  himself, 
who  admits  that  the  ocean  was,  after  aU,  a  bigger 
and  a  more  inspiring  thing  than  even  his  beloved 
Concord  and  Lincoln  Pond. 


The  same  delightful  variety  of  criticism  extends, 
more  impersonally,  to  Thoreau's  books.  "  Cape 
Cod,"  for  example,  is  '*  dry  reading,"  according  to 
Mr.  Sloane.  A  reviewer  in  "  Frazer's  Magazine," 
however,  finds  it  "a  curious  and  valuable  work." 
"The  volume  on  Cape  Cod  is  deliberately  formless 
in  style,"  is  the  judgment  of  Thoreau's  sympathetic 
biographer,  Mr.  H.  S.  Salt.  "  Of  all  his  books, '  Cape 
Cod '  has  the  most  finished  and  sustained  style,"  is 
the  somewhat  contrary  view  of  3Ir.  Weiss.  "  He 
inflicts  his  full  quantity  [of  dulness]  in  such  books 
as  '  Cape  Cod,'  or  '  The  Yankee  in  Canada,' "  sol- 
emnly declares  Stevenson;  whereas  Mr.  Weiss 
observes  that  "the  pages  of  'Cape  Cod'  bear  the 
reader  along  without  conscious  effort,"  and  others 
are  equally  certain  that  it  is  the  most  human,  con- 
nected, and  interesting  of  all  of  Thoreau's  writingps. 
One  writer,  however,  insists  that  the  book  is  "  juice- 
less,  uninspired,  perishable,  a  third-rate  work," —  an 
opinion  that  is  not  corroborated  by  a  reviewer  in  the 
contemporaneous  "  Dial,"  who  prescribes  the  volume 
as  a  cure  for  the  blues.  In  speaking  of  "  Walden," 
one  critic  observes  that  very  few  will  be  able  to  read 
the  book  a  second  time.  Mr.  Higginson  thinks  it 
is  "  one  of  the  few  books  in  all  literature  that  may 
be  read  with  pleasure  once  a  year." 

Of  those  opinions  of  Thoreau  which  have  evidently 
been  based  on  insufficient  information,  the  most  in- 
complete, unsatisfactory,  inadequate,  though  possibly 
the  cleverest  and  most  brilliant,  is  that  of  Robert 
Louis  Stevenson.  He  has  presumed  to  reveal  Tho- 
reau's character  and  opinions  fortified  only  by  a 
perusal  of  the  published  letters,  of  "Walden,"  of 
Emerson's  biographical  sketch,  and  by  a  scrutiny  of 
a  badly  executed  wood-cut.  He  thinks  he  sees  a  rude 
nobility,  like  that  of  a  barbarian  king,  in  the  imshaken 
confidence  which  Thoreau  has  in  himself,  and  in  his 
indifference  to  the  wants,  thoughts,  or  sufferings  of 
others  ;  and  he  quotes,  as  illustrating  this  point,  "  If 
ever  I  did  any  good  in  their  [men's]  sense,  of  course 
it  M^as  something  exceptional  and  insignificant  com- 
pared ynXh.  the  good  or  evil  I  am  constantly  doing 
by  being  what  I  am"  But  in  what  respect  does 
this  show  indifference  to  the  wants,  thoughts,  or  suf- 
ferings of  others?  To  indulge  in  a  little  paradox 
on  our  own  account,  right  here  lies  the  very  unsel- 
fishness of  Thoreau's  selfishness.  The  poet-naturalist, 
as  he  was  constituted,  was  better  able  to  help  his 
fellow-man  by  living  his  own  life  as  perfectly  as  pos- 
sible than  by  mere  commonplace  acts  of  charity. 
"  Walden "  was  the  foundation  for  Stevenson's 
screed ;  yet  it  is  plain  that  the  pages  on  "  Philan- 
thropy "  must  have  been  skipped,  for  there  Thoreau 
says,  "  I  would  not  subtract  anything  from  the  praise 
that  is  due  to  philanthropy,  but  merely  demand  jus- 
tice for  all  who  by  their  lives  and  works  are  a 
blessing  to   mankind." 

It  appears  that  after  Stevenson  had  published 
his  little  essay  in  the  "Cornhill  Magazine,"  it 
met  the  eye  of  Thoreau's  Scotch  disciple.  Dr.  A.  H. 


354 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


Japp;  and  the  latter  gentleman  immediately  took 
the  reviewer  to  task.  Therefore,  when  the  essay 
was  presented  in  book  form  in  the  collection  entitled 
^'  Familiar  Studies  of  Men  and  Books,"  Stevenson 
wrote  his  "preface  by  way  of  criticism,"  in  which 
he  is  kind  enough  to  retract  a  number  of  the  harsh 
things  he  had  said  about  the  poet-naturalist,  attri- 
buting them  to  a  "too  earnest  reflection  on  imper- 
fect facts."  The  preface  is  highly  entertaining, 
and  shows  with  what  unerring  aim  two  Scotchmen, 
shooting  at  long  range,  can  miss  the  bull's-eye  of 
fact,  and  the  circumadjacent  rings  of  easily  de- 
duced inference.  After  this  illumination  from  Dr. 
Japp,  Stevenson  learns  that  if  Thoreau  were  content 
to  dwell  on  Walden  Pond  it  was  not  merely  with 
designs  of  self-improvement,  but  in  order  to  serve 
mankind  in  the  highest  sense.  "  Hither  [to  Walden] 
came  the  fleeing  slave ;  thence  was  he  despatched 
along  the  road  to  freedom.  That  shanty  in  the  woods 
was  a  station  in  the  great  Underground  Railroad." 
Of  course  we  all  know  how  the  underground  railroad 
story  originated,  —  how  Thoreau  once  received  a 
fleeing  slave  under  his  protection,  and,  at  the  cost 
of  infinite  discomfort  and  considerable  risk  to  him- 
self, had  him  sent  safely  to  Canada.  But  that  this 
was  his  practice,  and  that  the  retreat  to  Walden  was 
undertaken  for  this  purpose,  cannot  be  believed  by 
anyone  who  has  an  adequate  acquaintance  with  the 
facts. 

It  is  said  that  Lowell  entertained  a  prejudice 
against  Thoreau,  occasioned  by  a  certain  matter  that 
affected  the  latter's  pride  and  hurt  the  former's  edi- 
torial dignity.  Even  if  this  prejudice  existed,  we 
do  not  believe  that  it  inspired  the  mistaken  and  un- 
just criticism  of  Thoreau  in  "My  Study  Windows." 
The  criticism  was  the  result,  we  believe,  of  a  lack 
of  sympathy,  and  of  constitutional  inability,  on 
Lowell's  part,  to  comprehend  the  point  of  view  of  the 
poet-naturalist.  Indeed,  never  were  two  men  more 
widely,  more  hopelessly  apart.  On  the  one  hand  is 
Lowell,  the  polished  gentleman,  the  future  Minister 
to  the  Court  of  St.  James,  the  genial  poet  and  ac- 
complished scholar,  the  college  professor  of  belles- 
lettres,  the  affable  companion,  full  of  grace,  courtesy, 
sparkling  wit  and  crackling  humor,  with  well- 
trimmed  whiskers  and  perfectly  fitting  clothes.  On 
the  other  hand  we  have  Thoreau,  —  a  man  of  the 
woods,  a  rustic,  who  avoided  the  society  of  women 
because  he  felt  ill  at  ease,  was  hardly  affable  even 
to  his  most  intimate  friends,  but  was  congenial  to 
woodsmen  and  woodchucks,  jumping  fences  to  make 
a  short  cut,  walking  the  backbone  of  Cape  Cod  with 
a  brown  paper  parcel  and  an  umbrella,  sitting  by 
the  roadside  in  order  to  study  the  configuration  of  a 
skunk,  writing  of  himself  ("A  Yankee  in  Canada"), 
"I  had  for  all  head-covering  a  thin  palmleaf  hat 
without  lining,  that  cost  twenty-five  cents,  and  over 
my  coat  one  of  those  unspeakably  cheap,  as  well  as 
thin,  brown  linen  sacks  of  the  Oak  Hall  pattern, 
which  every  summer  appear  all  over  New  England, 
thick  as  the  leaves  upon  the  trees.     It  was  a  thor- 


oughly Yankee  costume,  which  some  of  my  fellow- 
travellers  wore  in  the  cars  to  save  their  coats  a 
dusting.  I  wore  mine  at  first  because  it  looked 
better  than  the  coat  it  covered,  and  last  because  two 
coats  are  warmer  than  one,  though  one  is  thin  and 
dirty." 

In  one  of  those  singularly  apt  figures  for  which 
Lowell  is  noted,  he  shows,  to  the  satisfaction  of  many 
readers  (judging  from  the  approbation  which  his 
essay  has  received),  that  Thoreau  is  an  imitator  of 
Emerson.  Thoreau  has  "  picked  his  strawberries 
from  Emerson's  garden.  .  .  .  He  is  a  pistillate  plant 
kindled  to  fruitage  by  the  Emersonian  pollen.  .  .  . 
He  has  stolen  the  windfall  apples  from  Emerson's 
orchard,"  and  so  on.  That  there  was  a  certain 
resemblance  between  Thoreau  and  Emerson,  cannot 
be  denied.  It  appears  to  be  generally  agreed  by  all 
those  who  were  personally  acquainted  with  both  that 
the  philosopher  made  his  influence  felt  on  the  poet- 
naturalist.  Some  writers  assei*t  with  confidence 
that  all  of  Thoreau's  philosophy  was  inspired  by 
Emerson's  lecture  on  "  Nature,"  although  there  are 
certain  awkward  objections  to  this,  the  principal 
of  which  is  that  Thoreau  was  not  acquainted  with 
"  Nature  "  untU  after  he  had  done  considerable  phi- 
losophizing independent  of  a  tutor.  Others  have 
maintained  that  Thoreau  was  not  only  unconsciously 
affected  by  the  magnetic  power  of  his  friend  and 
townsman,  but  that  he  deliberately  set  himself  to 
work  to  copy  him  in  manner,  in  speech,  in  mode  of 
walk,  in  the  fashion  of  wearing  his  beard,  and  (but 
perhaps  this  was  less  deliberate)  in  the  shape  of 
his  nose. 

There  can,  of  course,  be  no  doubt  that  Emerson 
exerted  a  very  subtle  and  irresistible  influence  on  all 
who  came  into  contact  with  him.  Indeed,  many 
pilgrims  visited  him  in  order  that  they  might  come 
within  this  influence.  His  was  without  question  the 
most  powerfully  aesthetic,  the  most  originally  trans- 
cendental mind  in  America  at  the  time  when  Thoreau 
lived,  and  this  powerful  and  original  mind  was  united 
with  a  personality  singularly  sweet  and  engaging. 
Thoreau,  a  young  man  some  sixteen  years  the  junior 
of  his  patron,  was  greatly  indebted  to  Emerson, — 
more  so,  probably,  than  appears  in  any  of  the  bio- 
graphical records.  No  doubt  he  was  in  a  measure 
influenced  by  Emerson's  thought.  In  our  view, 
whatever  there  was  in  Thoreau  of  professed  trans- 
cendentalism was  due  largely  to  the  influence  of 
Emerson.  But  that  he  was  a  mere  imitator,  —  that 
his  work,  liis  thoughts,  his  philosophy,  is  a  mere 
reflection  of  the  great  light  shed  by  his  brilliant 
contemporary,  —  it  is  impossible  to  believe.  Though 
the  two  were  alike  in  many  superficial  aspects,  they 
were  poles  apart  in  many  essentials.  Emerson  him- 
self has  warmly  resented  the  idea  that  Thoreau  was 
only  a  disciple,  and  as  stoutly  maintained  that  his 
friend  was  an  original  genius.  And  Emerson's  son, 
in  "Emerson  in  Concord,"  says:  "The  charge  of 
imitating  Emerson,  too  often  made  against  Thoreau, 
is  idle  and  untenable,  though  unfortunately  it  has 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


355 


received  some  degree  of  sanction  in  high  quarters. 
.  .  .  Thoreau  was  incapable  of  conscious  imitation. 
His  faults,  if  any,  lay  in  exactly  the  opposite  direc- 
tion." And  Dr.  Holmes,  in  his  "  Life  of  Emerson  " 
says:  "Thoreau  lent  him  [Emerson]  a  new  set  of 
organs  of  sense  of  wonderful  delicacy.  Emerson 
looked  at  nature  as  a  poet,  and  his  natural  history,  if 
left  to  himself,  would  have  been  as  vague  as  that  of 
Polonius.  .  .  .  Emerson's  long  intimacy  with  him 
taught  him  to  g^ve  an  outline  to  many  natural  ob- 
jects which  would  have  been  poetic  nebulae  to  him 
but  for  this  companionship." 

Lowell  ag^in  says  :  *'  He  looked  with  utter  con- 
tempt on  the  august  drama  of  destiny  of  which  his 
country  was  the  scene,  and  on  which  the  curtain  had 
already  risen."  It  is  difficult  to  understand  how 
these  lines  could  have  been  written  by  anyone  who 
had  the  slightest  acquaintance  with  Thoreau's  views 
and  activity  in  regard  to  the  great  political  question 
that  agitated  the  country  during  his  later  years. 
None  of  the  animadversions  on  Thoreau  has  appeared 
to  be  more  unjust  than  this.  Is  it  possible  that 
Lowell  was  ignorant  of  Thoreau's  attitude  toward 
slavery  ?  of  his  incarceration  for  refusal  to  pay  a 
tax,  and  the  reason  he  gave  therefor  ?  of  his  ad- 
dresses concerning  John  Brown?  It  is  true  that 
Thoreau  abhorred  politics,  and,  in  his  exaggerated 
way,  never  spared  an  opportunity  to  give  vent  to 
those  views  which  were  regarded  by  his  neighbors 
as  stamping  him  an  oddity.  But  to  say  that  he 
looked  with  contempt  on  the  "  august  drama  of 
destiny "  of  which  his  countrj-  was  the  scene,  is 
surely  erroneous.  For  not  only  did  he  not  look  with 
contempt  on  this  drama,  but  he  was  an  actor  in  it, 
and  an  actor  of  great  spirit  and  earnestnesss.  Lowell, 
indeed,  has  given  us  his  clever  "  Biglow  Papers," 
and  may  therefore  be  said  to  have  been  more  than  a 
mere  spectator  at  that  memorable  performance ;  but 
while  he  was  composing  congenial  drolleries  in  the 
cosy  solitude  of  his  library,  while  the  North  was 
seeking  compromise,  while  many  even  of  the  most 
pronounced  Abolitionists  were  playing  only  thinking 
parts,  it  was  Thoreau,  the  hermit,  the  skulker,  the 
selfish  recluse  who  had  no  concern  for  the  suffe'rings 
of  his  fellows,  who  boldly  came  to  the  front  and 
championed  John  Brown  —  John  Brown,  the  crazy 
man  who  was  so  foolish  as  to  *'  lose  his  life  for  a 
few  niggers."  "  What  avail  all  your  scholarly  ac- 
complishments and  learning,"  said  Thoreau  on  that 
historic  occasion  when  he  addressed  the  citizens  of 
Concord,  "  compared  with  wisdom  and  manhood  ? 
To  omit  his  [Brown's]  other  behavior,  see  what  a 
work  this  comparatively  unread  and  unlettered  man 
wrote  within  six  weeks !  Where  is  our  professor  of 
belles-lettres,  or  of  logic  and  rhetoric,  who  can  write 
so  well?"  Did  this  stray  shaft  lodge  in  Lowell's 
library  ? 

Lowell  further  says :  "  Thoreau's  shanty  life  was 
a  mere  impossibility,  as  far  as  his  own  conception 
of  it  goes,  of  an  entire  independency  of  mankind," 
and  he  goes  on  to  say  that  his  experiment  actually 


presupposed  all  that  complicated  civilization  which 
it  practically  abjured,  and  triumphantly  points  out 
that  Thoreau  squatted  on  another  man's  land,  bor- 
rowed still  another  man's  axe,  and  obtained  from 
society  his  boards,  his  nails,  his  bricks,  his  lamp,  his 
fishhooks,  his  plow,  his  hoe.  But  would  Lowell  have 
Thoreau  purchase  his  land  ?  That  would  involve 
bargain  and  sale,  the  transfer  of  money,  the  regis- 
tration of  deeds,  and  other  incidentals  more  nearly 
"  presupposing  all  that  complicated  civilization  "  than 
mere  squatting.  And  would  Lowell  insist  that 
Thoreau  make  his  own  axe,  mix  his  own  mortar, 
bake  his  own  bricks,  forge  his  own  plough,  and  write 
his  own  library,  before  he  retires  to  the  woods  for 
a  little  contemplation  ?  It  strikes  us  that  the  genial 
Lowell  is  here  a  little  severe  on  "the  adroit  and 
philosophic  solitaire."  It  is  true  that  the  latter  wrote 
by  far  the  larger  part  of  his  own  library,  which  he 
playfully  says  consisted  of  nearly  nine  hundred 
volimies,  over  seven  hundred  of  which  he  wrote  him- 
self ;  but  it  is  manifestly  too  exacting  to  demand  of 
any  reasonable  anchorite,  no  matter  how  profound 
his  abjuration  of  society,  that  he  should  return  to 
the  condition  of  Adam,  and  construct  his  shanty 
without  nails,  bricks,  axe,  or  mortar.  Possibly 
Lowell  would  insist  on  the  fig-leaf.  Other  critics, 
like  him,  disturbed  by  Thoreau's  shanty  life,  insisted 
that  he  should  return  to  a  state  of  savagery  if  he 
would  camp  out  on  the  pine-clad  shore  of  Walden. 
The  axe  that  he  borrowed  of  Bronson  Alcott  becomes 
a  formidable  weapon  in  their  hands,  with  which  they 
would  demolish  at  a  blow  the  "  shanty "  and  the 
whole  fanciful  structure  of  domestic  economy  and 
idealistic  philosophy.  Thoreau  with  an  axe  is  a 
humbug.  He  should  retiirn  to  the  stone  age,  and 
burrow  in  the  earth  like  a  muskrat ;  nothing  less 
will  satisfy  the  demands  of  those  who  would  have 
him  live  up  to  the  very  letter  of  what  they  conceive 
to  be  his  self-banishment  from  society.  And  here 
is  how  Thoreau,  in  an  anticipative  mood,  answers 
these  cavillers  :  "  It  is  difficult  to  begin  without  bor- 
rowing, but  perhaps  it  is  the  most  generous  course 
to  permit  your  fellow-man  to  have  an  interest  in 
your  enterprise." 

It  is  natural  that  this  retreat  to  Walden  should 
stand  out  as  thie  most  conspicuous  feature  of  Tho- 
reau's career.  It  was  something  new  ;  the  reasons 
he  gave  for  it  were  novel  and  stimulating ;  it  threw 
an  atmosphere  of  picturesque  romance  about  a  fig^e 
already  sufficiently  odd  and  perplexing.  The  book 
that  he  wrote  there  has  an  attractive  title,  and  its 
contents  are  such  as  to  invite  many  shades  of  criti- 
cism. Most  of  the  conflicting  judgments  of  Thoreau's 
life  and  work  may  be  traced  to  a  false  conception  of 
the  Walden  episode.  The  real  purpose  of  this  epi- 
sode, it  seems  to  us,  is'  that  Thoreau  might  have 
leisure  and  opportunity  for  his  reading,  his  study  of 
nature,  his  wi'iting,  —  and  a  general  good  time  in 
the  bargain.  "I  went  into  the  woods  to  transact 
some  private  business,"  he  writes ;  and  that  might 
well  end  the  matter. 


356 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


The  chief  error  of  many  of  Thoreau's  critics  is 
that  they  fail  to  detect  his  humor,  his  fondness  for 
extravagance  of  statement,  his  hyperhole.  They 
accept  him  literally.  Thoreau  should  be  read  through 
his  life  as  well  as  through  his  books.  Much  that  he 
writes  is  written  in  the  effort  at  paradox.  He  is  a 
confessed  exaggerator.  There  is  about  him,  on  the 
surface,  a  great  deal  of  charming  and  innocent 
boasting.  But  it  belongs  to  the  surface  only.  Under- 
neath, we  find  the  loving  friend,  the  often  true  phi- 
losopher, the  preacher,  the  moralist,  the  narrator, 
and,  above  all  and  saving  all,  the  humorist.  As  for 
his  writings,  some  persons  have  compared  them  to 
the  freshness  of  an  ocean  breeze.  They  are  more. 
They  are  like  an  electric  current  in  a  live  wire.  You 
are  liable  to  be  shocked  at  any  moment.  But  it  is 
a  stimulating,  an  inspiring  shock.  You  need  not 
read  him  consecutively," —  you  need  not  worry  about 
the  paradoxes,  the  exaggerations,  the  boasting,  the 
self-complacency,  the  false  economy.  They  may  all 
be  safely  taken  for  the  sake  of  the  tonic  that  goes 
with  them.  But  his  humor  is  the  essential  thing  for 
his  critics  to  perceive.  No  man  can  be  said  to  be 
a  recluse,  to  be  a  misanthrope,  to  be  really  in  earnest 
in  his  hyperbolic  and  paradoxical  desire  to  demolish 
society,  who  possesses  a  humor  such  as  Thoreau's. 
This  is  his  supremely  genuine  quality,  and  it  is  the 
quality  in  him  that  makes  him  most  human  and  most 
persuasive.  Those  who  do  not  find  this  quality  in 
him,  read  his  books  in  vain. 

Thoreau  is  too  valuable  a  possession,  not  only  to 
American  literature  but  to  all  literature,  to  be  dealt 
with  in  an  inappreciative  or  superficial  manner  by 
any  critic,  however  witty  or  brilliant.  His  is  a  com- 
plex nature,  not  readily  understood,  and  it  is  some- 
times difficult  to  see  with  his  vision.  It  is  for  this 
reason  that  those  who  wovJd  approach  him  in  a  crit- 
ical spirit  should  approach  him  with  caution  and  with 
sympathy.  His  is  one  of  the  rare  cases  known  in 
literature  where  a  noble  spirit,  a  witty  and  inspiring 
mind,  and  a  moral  force  of  g^eat  value  and  attrac- 
tion, have  been  brought  together  in  one  man.  Tho- 
reau inspires,  charms,  and  elevates.  The  reader  who 
comes  to  Thoreau's  books  in  a  sympathetic  and  ap- 
preciative spirit  will  leave  them  a  better  man.  He 
will  hear  sermons  without  dulness,  he  will  hear 
music  without  discord,  and  there  will  be  revealed  to 
him  a  religion  that  insists  on  no  dogmas  or  creeds, 
and  is  wide  enough  to  embrace  all  sects.  "To  live 
rightly  and  never  to  swerve,  and  to  believe  that  we 
have  in  ourselves  a  drop  of  the  Original  Goodness 
besides  the  well-known  deluge  of  original  sin, — 
these  strains  sing  through  Thoreau's  writings."  We 
would  not  wish  every  man  a  Thoreau.  Civilization 
has  not  reached  that  ideal  stage  of  development  when 
it  would  be  other  than  awkward  for  all  able-bodied 
men  to  sit,  rapt  in  reverie  on  the  shore  of  a  Walden 
pond,  speculating  on  the  character  of  mists  or  on  the 
immortality  of  the  pine.  But  we  would  wish  a  part 
of  Thoreau  for  every  man. 

Gilbert  P.  Coleman. 


t  Mths  ^0Oks. 


Tales  of  a  Sportsman-Natitralist.* 


Success,  at  all  hazards  and  even  by  any 
method,  is  the  motto  attributed  to  many  who  to- 
day dominate  the  fields  of  finance  and  industry. 
The  arena  of  hiunan  activity  seems,  for  the 
time,  not  to  be  a  fair  field  with  no  favors.  In 
these  days  of  the  literature  of  exposure,  both 
serious  and  frenzied,  it  is  refreshing  to  find  one 
field  of  strenuous  endeavor  in  which  the  spirit 
of  fair-play  is  cultivated,  where  gentlemen's 
agreements  are  honorable  and  are  honored  in 
their  observance,  and  where  an  equal  chance  is 
an  essential  feature  of  the  game. 

Much  might  be  said  from  several  points  of 
view  about  the  cruelty  of  the  sportsman's  art 
and  the  debasing  effect  of  the  needless  slaughter 
of  animals.  Modem  arms  and  ammunition 
have  sealed  the  doom  of  every  animal  on  the  face 
of  the  earth  large  enough  to  become  a  target, 
imless  protective  measures  are  speedily  taken. 
But  when  all  is  said,  the  fact  remains  that  the 
blood  of  the  hunter  runs  in  man's  veins,  and  the 
hunting  instinct  is  by  no  means  eradicated  by 
the  advance  of  civilization.  Since  hunt  we  will 
for  the  pleasure  of  it,  let  us  play  fair  with  the 
denizens  of  field  and  forest  and  the  finny  tribes 
of  stream  and  sea. 

Few  men  have  done  as  much  to  develop  and 
maintain  this  spirit  of  fairness  to  the  him  ted  as 
Professor  Charles  Frederick  Holder,  sportsman- 
naturalist  and  prince  of  anglers.  His  two  recent 
works,  "  The  Log  of  a  Sea  Angler  "  and  "  Life 
in  the  Open,"  breathe  this  spirit  of  fair  play  in 
their  pages,  though  neither  is  a  brief  for  beasts, 
birds,  and  fishes,  nor  is  there  special  pleading 
for  their  cause.  The  wild  goat  on  the  slopes  of 
Orizaba  must  have  a  fair  chance. 

"  Hunting  is  what  it  is  made.  One  may  coop  a  jack- 
rabbit  in  a  large  corral  and  watch  greyhounds  run  it 
down,  and  imagine  it  sport  ;  so,  too,  the  hunter  may 
at  times  corral  the  goat  of  Santa  Catalina  in  some  cor- 
ner and  slay  it  without  trouble  with  the  aid  of  a  guide, 
who  is  also  seeking  minimum  physical  exertion  ;  but 
the  hunter  who  will  go  out  into  the  open  and  climb  the 
crags  of  the  big  mountains  or  peaks  will,  I  venture  to 
say,  in  the  majority  of  instances,  have  hunting  and 
climbing  that  would  be  considered  aU  sufficient  if  for 
'  wild  goat '  had  been  substituted  the  term  <  big-horn.' 
'  What 's  m  a  name  ?  ' " 

To  Mr.  Holder  is  due  the  credit  for  the 

•The  Log  of  a  Ska  Anglkb.  By  €harles  Frederick  Holder. 
Boston :  Hou«rhton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 

LiPB  IN  THE  Open.  Sport  with  Rod,  Qun,  Horse,  and  Hound 
in  Southern  California.  B7  Charles  Frederick  Holder.  Illus- 
trated in  photogravure,  etc.    New  York :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


367 


organization  of  the  famous  Tuna  Club  of  Santa 
Catalina,  whose  influence  has  been  such  that 
nowhere  in  the  world  does  a  higher  standard  of 
sport  prevail  than  on  the  famous  fishing-grounds 
of  Southern  California. 

"  It  was  this  capture,  and  the  unsportsmanlike  condi- 
tions of  fishing  at  the  island,  which  caused  me  to  sug- 
gest the  organization  of  the  Tuna  Club.  The  splendid 
fishes  of  the  region,  yellowtaU,  white  sea-bass,  and 
others,  were  being  slaughtered  by  the  ton.  How  to 
stop  it  was  the  question,  and  I  conceived  the  idea  of 
an  appeal  to  the  innate  sense  of  fair  play  that  is  foimd 
among  nearly  all  anglers.  I  suggested  the  Tuna  Club 
'  for  the  protection  of  the  game  fishes  of  Southern 
California,'  and  a  constitution  and  by-laws  that  would 
permit  the  mse  of  lines  up  to  twenty-four  thread  only 
and  light  rods,  with  the  condition  that  every  angler 
must  land  his  own  fish.  Some  of  the  best  known 
anglers  in  the  coimtry  joined  the  movement,  a  club 
without  a  club  house,  and  I  was  honored  with  the 
presidency.  The  result  was  remarkable.  The  example 
of  these  gentlemen  was  so  potent  that  hand-line  fishing 
was  abolished,  and  I  doubt  if  any  hand-lines  can  be 
found  at  Santa  Catalina  to-day.  With  a  rope-like  hand- 
line,  a  twenty-five  pound  yellowtail  can  be  landed  in  one 
minute,  or  possibly  two;  but  with  a  rod  and  a  thread- 
like line,  from  a  nine  to  a  twenty-one  thread,  it  is  a 
matter  of  fifteen  or  thirty  minutes,  and  fifty  per  cent  of 
the  game  escapes." 

Aside  from  its  incidental  but  none  the  less 
potent  value  as  a  document  on  the  ethics  of 
sport,  '•  The  Log  of  a  Sea  Angler  "  is  a  well- 
spun  yarn,  or  rather  a  series  of  yams,  in  which 
the  author's  angling  experiences  are  reeled  off 
in  such  an  entertaining  fashion  that  we  instinct- 
ively look  up  our  fishing  tackle  and  plan  at 
once  for  an  outing  at  the  shore.  The  author 
has  cast  his  line  in  many  waters,  from  Maine  to 
Cuba,  but  more  especially  off  Loggerhead  Key 
in  Florida,  and  in  the  unsurpassed  paradise  of 
anglers  off  Avalon  and  the  adjacent  waters  of 
Southern  California.  He  i^  no  conventional 
fisherman,  but  employs  all  the  tackle  known  to 
the  craft,  —  not  only  the  rod,  reel,  and  line,  but 
the  spear  and  grains.  Nor  is  he  limited  in  his 
quest  to  fish  of  wide  repute ;  but  any  denizen 
of  the  deep  whose  wariness,  strength,  or  agility 
can  test  himian  patience  or  endurance  is  added 
to  the  list  of  game  fishes.  Thus  turtles,  sharks, 
and  rays,  and  even  the  devil-fish,  are  not  safe 
when  ]VIr.  Holder  goes  a-fishing. 

The  author's  records  as  a  naturalist  are  both 
interesting  and  valuable,  though  an  occasional 
statement  of  fact  or  inference  is  open  to  criti- 
cism, —  as,  for  example,  his  report  that  jellyfish 
are  the  natural  food  of  whalebone  whales  !  Li 
the  main,  keen  observation  of  nature's  secrets, 
and  wide  experience  with  the  sea  and  its  life, 
are  revealed  in  these  angler's  tales,  and  there  is 
an  occasional  bit  of  spirited  wTiting  as  well. 


"  On  nearing  the  school,  the  fishes  become  more  dis- 
tinct and  the  splendid  spectacle  is  afforded  of  large  tunas 
feeding.  A  stretch  of  perhaps  twenty  acres  is  a  mass 
of  foam.  Some  of  the  fish  are  playing  along  the  sur- 
face, churning  the  blue  water  into  silver.  Some  are 
leaping  high  into  the  air,  going  up  like  arrows,  eight  or 
more  feet.  The  boatman  is  bearing  off  and  is  several 
feet  ahead,  but  suddenly  slows  down  to  half-speed.  Big 
flying-fishes  are  speeding  away  in  every  direction,  a  foot 
or  more  above  the  water,  looking  like  gigantic  dragon- 
flies.  Now  the  bait  is  in  the  line  of  march  of  the  school. 
The  boatman  stands  like  a  statue,  his  hand  on  the  little 
engine,  ready  to  stop  and  reverse.  Suddenly  he  whis- 
pers, *  Look  out,  sir! '  his  voice  hoarse  with  what  should 
be  suppressed  excitement,  and  two  or  three  flying-fishes 
cross  the  exact  location  of  the  baits.  He  knows  that  a 
nemesis,  one  or  more,  is  directly  behind.  Then  comes 
a  rush  of  something,  a  blaze  of  silvery  foam  along  the 
surface,  tossing  the  spume  high  in  air,  and  two  rods  are 
jerked  to  the  water's  edge,  while  the  reel  gives  tongue 
in  clear  vibrant  notes  like  the  melody  of  an  old  hound 
that  one  angler  had  known  in  the  Virginia  fox-himting 
country  long  ago." 

The  other  new  book  by  Mr.  Holder,  "  Life 
in  the  Open,"  is  in  the  main,  as  its  sub-title 
suggests,  a  record  of  sport  with  rod,  gun,  horse, 
and  hound,  in  Southern  California,  —  a  spirited 
account  of  the  hunt  for  hare,  wolf,  lynx,  and  fox 
in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Madre,  and  of  the 
deer,  bighorn,  and  mountain  lion  amid  the  crags 
and  precipices  of  the  Southern  Sierras.  While 
most  of  the  chapters  tell  of  the  author's  personal 
experience  in  the  sport,  we  search  in  vain  for  it 
in  the  chapter  on  the  moimtain  lion.  The  cur- 
tain rises  revealing  the  stage,  the  magnificent 
panorama  of  forest,  mountain,  and  sea,  but 
alas  !  where  is  Hamlet  ?  Indeed,  the  whole  book 
is  an  enthusiastic  panegyric  of  this  summer- 
land,  this  Italy  of  America,  with  a  few  inci- 
dental remarks  about  the  fine  sport  to  be  had 
amidst  beautiful  scenery  in  a  matchless  climate. 
But  after  all,  what  matters  it,  if  the  lion  was  not 
found  ?  The  s^xch  for  him,  however,  was  a 
roundrof  delights. 

A  nimiber  of  pages  are  devoted  to  the  varied 
sport  which  the  angler  finds  with  tuna,  black 
sea-bass,  and  yellowtail,  with  deep-sea  trolling 
and  still-anglmg  off  the  shores  of  Southern 
California  and  its  adjacent  islands,  and  with  the 
trout  of  the  clear  mountain  streams  of  the  Coast 
Range  and  of  the  high  Sierras.  The  work  is 
superbly  illustrated  wath  many  reproductions 
from  photographs  of  scenery,  the  old  missions  of 
California,  and  fishing  scenes  about  Avalon  on 
famous  Santa  Catalina  Island.  Not  all  of  the 
subjects  are  pertinent  to  the  professed  theme  of 
the  book,  but  they  nevertheless  contribute  to  the 
enjoyment  of  its  pages,  and  afford  the  setting 
indispensable  to  an  adequate  appreciation  of  the 


358 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


attractions  of  our  American  paradise.  The 
charm  of  the  work  lies  in  its  spirited  and 
enthusiastic  appreciation  of  out-of-door  life,  of 
the  possibilities  of  enjoyment  of  nature,  even 
though  one  go  a-hunting  or  a-fishing.  It  woidd 
make  a  gdod  docimient  for  the  ubiquitous  Cali- 
fornia Promotion  Committee. 

Charles  Atwood  Kofoid. 


The  Amebica^t  Tree  Book.* 


Among  recent  popular  publications  treating 
of  the  natural  world.  Miss  Rogers's  "Tree  Book" 
takes  high  rank.  It  is  one  of  the  fruits  of  efforts 
recently  made  to  bring  the  literature  of  popular 
science  and  nature-study  to  a  sane  and  solid  basis. 
While  not  an  avowed  nature-study  book,  it  will 
inevitably  supplant  in  part  the  less  desirable 
literature  on  that  subject,  and  wiU  materially 
reinforce  that  which  is  good.  It  will  be  more 
particidarly  welcomed,  however,  by  those  who 
love  trees  and  forests,  as  weU  as  by  those  who 
take  a  purely  practical  view  of  their  care  and 
preservation.  The  author  comes  to  her  work 
with  excellent  training,  long  experience,  and, 
above  all,  a  healthy  and  infectious  enthusiasm 
for  the  subject ;  and  these  qualities  are  abimd- 
antly  shown  throughout  the  volume,  which  gives 
evidence  of  wide  observation  and  extensive  read- 
ing. The  style  is  pleasing  and  popular,  while 
on  the  whole  the  work  is  scientifically  accurate. 

The  greater  part  of  the  book  (about  450 
pages)  is  given  to  the  various  groups  of  native 
and  introduced  forest  trees,  which  are  considered 
in  separate  chapters.  Much  valuable  informa- 
tion is  given,  not  only  concerning  identity  of 
species,  but  their  habits,  distribution,  and  culti- 
vation as  well.  A  key  to  the  principal  families 
of  trees,  and  separate  keys  fdi*  the  species  in 
each  family,  wiU  be  of  assistance  even  to  the  in- 
experienced layman ;  while  the  numerous  illus- 
trations are  well  grouped  to  bring  the  details  of 
each  species  together.  Valuable  hints  concerning 
the  usefulness  of  various  species  of  trees  are 
given  in  connection  with  the  specific  descriptions, 
and  this  feature  wiU  be  appreciated  especially 
by  those  who  cultivate  trees.  However,  it  is 
evident  that  this  part  of  the  book  is  written 
largely  from  the  Eastern  standpoint,  although 
the  author  is  not  without  Western  experience. 
Thus,  those  who  have  seen  the  solitary  cotton- 
wood  grow  to  symmetrical  proportions  out  on 
the  wind-swept  prairies  will  scarcely  agree  that 


•  The  Tree  Book.    By  J»ili»  E.  Rosrers. 
etc.    New  York:  Doubleday,  Pa«e&Co. 


Illustrated  in  color, 


the  "  brittle  wood  cannot  withstand  the  winds," 
or  that  this  species  is  more  useful  in  the  city 
than  in  the  open  country.  Nor  will  we  of  the 
West  feel  like  accepting  the  pleasant  words 
which  the  author  bestows  upon  the  Lombardy 
poplar.  It  should  also  be  noted  that  the  com- 
mendation of  the  Western  catalpa  as  a  tree 
suitable  for  planting  in  the  West  applies  only 
to  the  region  south  of  central  Iowa.  The  white 
pine,  while  useful  northeastward,  is  not  the  best 
pine  for  the  prairies,  both  Scotch  and  Austrian 
pines  being  more  suitable,  and  the  latter  pre- 
ferable where  it  can  be  started  under  proper 
protection.  The  bur-oak  should  not  have  been 
singled  out  as  suitable  for  planting  on  the  prai- 
ries, as  several  other  species  of  trees  are  much 
more  satisfactory. 

The  useful  glossary  will  assist  the  average 
reader  in  understanding  more  technical  terms, 
but  greater  care  should  have  been  exercised  in 
defining  some  of  these  terms.  Thus,  the  term 
pericarp  should  apply  only  to  the  outer  walls  of 
the  ovary ;  resin  is  not  restricted  to  the  wood 
of  conifers ;  stomata  are  often  found  on  the 
upper  side  of  the  leaf,  and  on  twigs ;  the  term 
terete  refers  not  only  to  cylindrical  forms,  but 
applies  to  all  elongated  forms  which  are  circular 
in  cross-section  ;  and  flower-clusters  other  than 
cymes  are  flat-topped.  Notwithstanding  these 
and  other  minor  errors,  however,  the  first  part 
of  this  delightful  volume  will  be  of  great  assist- 
ance to  aU  who  have  a  real  desire  to  learn  to 
know  trees. 

Part  II.  is  devoted  to  Forestry  ;  and  this  por- 
tion of  the  work  will  be  especially  valuable  in 
view  of  the  increasing  interest  in  this  subject, 
which  will  no  doubt  be  further  stimulated  by 
this  book.  A  great  amount  of  information  is 
here  presented  in  clear  and  concise  form.  The 
several  chapters  deal  successively  with  the  his- 
tory of  forestry  in  our  country  ;  Ivunbering  pro- 
cesses in  the  East ;  profitable  tree-planting  ;  the 
farmer's  wood-lot ;  the  transplanting  of  trees  ; 
the  method  of  midtiplication  and  dispersal ;  the 
methods  of  measuring  trees  ;  the  pruning  of 
trees ;  and  the  enemies  of  trees.  The  amateur 
tree-grower  will  receive  many  valuable  hints  and 
directions  in  these  chapters,  and  the  reader  who 
seeks  general  information  will  find  it  here  in 
attractive  form.  The  chapter  on  profitable  tree- 
planting  is  especially  pleasing  because  it  is  hope- 
ful. Some  modifications  of  the  chapter  on 
transplanting  trees  would,  however,  be  necessary 
for  the  drier  portions  of  the  central  West,  where 
a  dense  shallow  root-system  endangers  the  tree 
during  both  dry  winters  and  summers. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


359 


Part  III.  is  devoted  to  the  discussioA  of  the 
products  of  the  forest.  The  uses  and  methods 
of  finishing  woods  are  considered,  and  the  meth- 
ods of  wood-preservation,  and  of  the  manufacture 
of  wood-paper  pulp,  are  described.  The  several 
subjects  are  treated  very  happily,  but  one  regrets 
that  the  author  did  not  more  severely  condemn 
the  evils  of  the  Christmas-tree  traffic. 

Part  IV.,  which  describes  the  life  of  the  tree, 
concludes  the  text  of  the  book.  A  popular  dis- 
cussion of  plant  physiology  is  always  unsatis- 
factory, and  to  some  extent  this  is  true  of  the 
part  under  consideration.  The  author  describes 
the  work  of  the  leaves  ;  the  growth  of  the  tree  ; 
the  fall  of  the  leaves ;  and  the  winter  condition 
of  trees.  Since  microscopic  structure  cannot  be 
exactly  set  forth  in  a  work  of  this  character,  it 
follows  that  much  of  the  discussion  of  functions 
cannot  be  clear.  This  is  especially  true,  in  the 
present  case,  of  the  fimctions  of  the  green  leaves, 
and  of  the  part  played  by  various  cells  of  the 
sap-wood  in  the  transportation  of  sap  and  the 
storing  of  starch.  Neither  is  it  possible  to  make 
clear  the  structure  of  wood,  or  the  changes  which 
take  place  in  leaves  in  the  fall.  The  propriety 
of  certain  positive  statements  concerning  the 
functions  of  structures  which  are  not  yet  well 
understood  may  be  questioned.  This  is  espe- 
cially true  of  the  statements  made  concerning 
the  fimctions  of  lenticels.  There  is  no  doubt 
that  these  structures  will  transmit  gases  under 
pressure,  but  their  exact  function  is  by  no  means 
clear,  and  positive  statements  concerning  such 
mooted  questions  are  better  omitted  from  popu- 
lar works. 

The  Appendix  is  also  worthy  of  mention,  for 
it  contains  a  great  amount  of  condensed  special 
information  concerning  trees,  and  will  be  found 
both  interesting  and  valuable.  The  mechanical 
appearance  of  the  volume  is  very  satisfactory, 
though  a  imrform  background  for  each  plate 
would  have  produced  a  more  pleasing  effect. 
The  minor  errors  to  which  attention  has  been 
called  do  not  materially  diminish  the  value  of 
the  book,  which  must  prove  a  source  of  inspi- 
ration and  encouragement  to  everyone  who 
loves  and  appreciates  trees. 

BOHNMIL  ShIMEK. 


Gardex  Blooms  axd  Ways.* 


"  PoEMS~OF  Italy,"  published  at  the  Grafton  Press, 
is  a  small  volume  of  translations  from  Sig^or  Carducci, 
made,  introduced,  and  annotated  by  Mr.  M.  W.  Arms. 
There  are  only  a  half  dozen  pieces  In  the  collection,  all 
selected  from  "  Odi  Barbare,"  but  none  of  them  paral- 
leled in  Mr.  Frank  Sewall's  volume  of  translations  from 
the  greatest  of  living  Italians. 


It  has  long  been  an  article  of  faith  with  the 
present  reviewer,  that  if  a  gardener  or  a  garden- 
lover  could  not  be  named  Adam  he  must  be 
called  John.  Nor  is  the  reason  for  this  fancy 
far  to  seek.  Of  late,  it  is  true  that  many  women 
have  entered  the  lists  of  that  delightful  tourna- 
ment in  which  the  rival  claims  of  plants  and 
plantings  are  jousted  for ;  but  the  great  old 
garden-books  written  by  the  great  old  sons  of 
"  the  grand  old  gardener  and  his  wife  "  were 
nearly  all  written  by  men  called  John,  — John 
Gerarde,  John  Parkinson,  John  Ray,  John 
Evelyn,  John  Tradescant,  and  all  that  goodly 
fellowship.  It  is  with  much  satisfaction,  there- 
fore, that  the  author  of  "  The  Wild  Flowers  of 
Selbome  "  is  found  to  have  a  baptismal  right  in 
the  brotherhood,  since  his  book  belongs  on  the 
shelves  which  theirs  have  adorned  for  so  many 
years.  It  can  have  no  higher  praise,  as  the 
Reverend  John  Vaughn  could  have  asked  for 
no  fairer  field  for  his  labors  and  no  higher 
theme  for  his  pen  than  he  found  in  following 
the  footsteps  of  White  of  Selborne.  The  Rev- 
erend Gilbert  White,  as  all  the  world  knows, 
and  has  been  glad  to  know  for  a  century  and  a 
third,  A\Tote  a  most  charming  chronicle  of  the 
out-of-door  life  which  flowed  like  a  quiet  stream 
about  his  church  and  his  rectory.  For  years 
we  have  known  (in  spirit)  the  paths  through 
Wolmer  Forest  to  Wolmer  Pond,  —  down  the 
"  hoUow  lanes  "  to  Alton  and  the  old  Priory  by 
Lyth  side ;  we  have  known  the  way  to  the 
beautiful  Hanger  of  beech  trees,  through  which 
the  gentle  bachelor  walked,  with  his  quiet  ob- 
servant eyes  and  his  peaceful  thoughts  :  and  we 
have  looked  on  the  fields  over  which  the  night- 
jars flew  in  the  twilight.  It  is,  therefore,  as  if 
we  were  revisiting  old  scenes  and  meeting  old 
friends  when  we  pore  over  the  delightful  pages 
in  which  Mr.  Vaughn  tells  us  of  his  observa- 
tions in  this  classic  soil.  We  are  glad  to  know 
that  so  many  of  the  plants  that  Gilbert  White 
knew  still  haunt  the  old  places  and  still  open 
their  blossoms  to  the  Selborne  skies.  We  are' 
glad  to  learn  that  so  many  old  customs  still 
obtain  there,  and  that,  even  in  this  day  of  ad- 
vanced medicine  and  surgery,  people  there  be 
who  still  cling  to  the  "  simples  "  dear  to  their 
great-grandsires.     Chapters  on  Izaak  Walton 

•  The  Wild  Flowebs  of  Selborne.  By  John  Vaa^hn,  M.A., 
Rector  of  Droxford  and  Canon  of  Winchester.  New  York: 
John  Lane  Co. 

Common-Sense  Gabdens.  By  Cornelius  V.  V.  Sewell.  New 
York:  The  Grafton  Press.  •' 

The  Seasons  in  a  Floweb-Gabden.  By  Looise  Shelton; 
New  York:  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 


360 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


were  almost  sure  to  be  found  in  any  volume 
written  by  a  rector  of  Droxford,  who  is  Canon 
of  Winchester  as  well ;  and  it  would  have  been 
no  less  impossible  for  him  to  leave  out  the 
pages  about  Jane  Austen  at  Lyme,  Dean  Rich- 
mond, and  the  Isle  of  Wight.  The  chapter  on 
the  Early  Botanists  of  Essex  belongs  to  the 
book  as  a  matter  of  course.  What  we  have  to 
be  especially  thankfid  for  are  the  accounts  of 
the  Ancient  Market  Towne  of  Titchfield,  and 
the  salty  breezes  of  the  chronicles  of  Port- 
chester.  The  literary  charm  of  the  book  is 
marked,  and  it  is  altogether  a  work  of  distinc- 
tion and  value. 

In  "  Common-Sense  Gardens,"  by  Mr.  Cor- 
nelius V.  V.  Sewell,  we  enter  a  world  of  far 
less  scholarly  interest,  but  of  the  practical  value 
we  need  if  we  woidd  avoid  the  cruel  disappoint- 
ments that  so  often  befall  him  who  plants  with 
more  zeal  than  knowledge.  Two  points  in  this 
excellent  and  amply  illustrated  book  are  worthy 
of  especial  notice,  —  the  author's  praises  of 
Box,  and  his  pictures  of  enclosed  gardens.  If 
one  has  had  the  good  fortune  to  live  with  alleys 
of  Box  older  than  the  Republic ;  has  inhaled  the 
imforgettable  odor  of  this  imperial  shrub  during 
long  hot  simuner  days,  and  has  watched  its 
mysterious  affinities  with  frost  and  snow,  one 
has  learned  that  no  plant  can  strike  its  roots  so 
deep  in  the  heart,  or  fill  so  large  a  place  in  the 
memory.  To  plant  Box,  not  wholly  for  our- 
selves, but  for  those  who  shall  walk  "  in  far-off 
summers  that  we  shall  not  see,  "  this  is  an  act 
of  high  civic  virtue.  And  as  one  knows  the 
value  of  Box  only  by  living  with  it,  so  no  one 
can  imagine  the  delights  of  an  enclosed  garden 
who  has  not  owned  one.  Mr.  Sewell  demurs  at 
the  idea  of  its  seclusion  as  im- American  and  out 
of  sympathy  with  true  democracy.  A  little 
more  reserve,  a  little  more  dignity,  a  little  less 
of  parade,  even  of  our  roses,  —  surely  if  these 
much-needed  lessons  can  be  taught  by  a  well- 
clipped  hedge,  a  brick  wall  gadded  over  by  roses, 
or  even  by  a  wire  netting  overgrown  by  morn- 
ing-glories, they  are  doubly  worth  the  learning. 

In  "  The  Seasons  in  a  Flower  Garden,"  Miss 
Louise  Shelton  has  given  us  a  practical  and 
pleasant  garden  manual.  The  directions  are 
clearly  worded,  well  grouped,  and  reasonable  — 
a  quality  not  too  often  to  be  found  among  such 
books.  The  lists  omit  many  important  plants, 
and  include  others  not  generally  regarded  as 
desirable.  For  a  small  garden  and  a  young 
gardener,  the  book  will  render  the  real  service 
for  which  it  was  written. 

Sara  Andrew  Shafer. 


Travels  by  Sea  and  liAND.* 


We  are  inclined  to  disagree  with  those  who 
assert  that  the  instinct  to  travel  is  the  lowest 
mental  incentive  that  urges  mankind  to  seek 
strange  lands  and  new  sights.  Moreover,  we 
believe  that  this  migratory  or  nomadic  instinct, 
this  wanderlust,  has  a  distinct  literary  value. 
How  tasteless  is  a  book  of  travels  that  recounts 
with  statistical  dryness  the  dull  catalogue  of 
common  things  found  in  a  venturesome  journey ! 
Darwin,  among  the  scientists,  in  his  "  Voyage 
of  the  Beagle,"  Henry  M.  Stanley  among  the 
great  explorers,  and  Mrs.  Bishop  among  those 
who  travel  for  descriptive  material,  had  this 
instinct  and  managed  to  impart  a  goodly  share 
of  it  to  their  books.  Nor  is  this  instinct  con- 
fined to  the  records  of  actual  travel.  Nowhere 
can  it  be  found  to  better  advantage  than  in 
"  Robinson  Crusoe  "  and  "  Gulliver's  Travels." 
On  the  other  hand,  we  miss  this  wander-spirit 
in  many  otherwise  commendable  books.  Long- 
fellow's "  Outre  Mer,"  Hawthorne's  note-books 
of  travel,  Holmes's  "  Our  Hundred  Days  in 
Europe,"  Emerson's  "English  Traits,"  —  to 
limit  our  list  to  books  by  Americans,  —  are 
lacking  in  this  zest  of  the  human  desire  to  go 
a-wandering.  Certainly  so  good  a  traveller  and 
writer  as  the  author  of  "  Travels  with  a  Donkey  " 
and  "  An  Inland  Voyage  "  would  not  make  the 
spirit  of  travel  a  minor  motive  in  mankind  or 
a  minimum  literary  force  in  books  of  travel. 

Nowhere  is  this  spirit  more  apparent  than  in 
books  dealing  with  the  attempts  to  find  the  two 
poles  of  the  earth.  The  great  sums  of  money, 
the  sacrifice  of  life,  the  rivalry  of  the  nations, 
and  the  undying  energy  exhibited,  are  sufficient 
evidence  that  mankind  is  prompted  to  seek  the 
imknown  in  order  to  satisfy  a  powerful  human 
passion.  Indomitable  courage,  the  will  to  do, 
and  the  endurance  of  heart-breaking  hardships, 
characterize  those  men  who  would  discover  a 
point  of  zero  in  the  earth's  latitude  and  longi- 
tude. Such  is  the  spirit  that  infuses  the  \avid 
and  instructive  book  entitled  "  The  Siege  of  the 
South  Pole,"  by  Dr.  Hugh  R.  Mill.     Dr.  MiU, 

•  The  Siege  of  the  South  Pole.  By  Hugh  B.  Mill.  Illus- 
trated.   New  York :  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co. 

Ten  Thousand  Milbs  in  a  Yacht.  By  Richard  Arthur. 
Illustrated.    New  York :  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 

Benares,  the  Holy  City.  By  E.  B.  Hayell.  Illustrated. 
London :  Blackie  &  Son,  Limited. 

Through  India  with  the  Prince.  By  G.  F.  Abbott.  Illus- 
trated.   New  York:  Lonsrmana,  Green,  &  Co. 

Three  Men  in  a  Motor  Car.  By  Winthrop  £.  Scarritt. 
Illustrated.    New  York :    E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 

Down  in  Porto  Rico.  By  Georgre  Milton  Fowles.  Illus- 
trated.   New  York :  Eaton  &  Mains. 

Travels  of  a  Natitralist  in  Northern  Europe.  By  J.  A 
Harvie-Brown.    Illustrated.    New  York :  A.  Wessels  Co. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


361 


who  admits  that  he  has  never  been  within  two 
thousand  mil^  of  the  Antarctic  Circle,  has  had 
the  rare  fortune  "  to  possess  the  personal  friend- 
ship of  all,  or  almost  all,  the  living  explorers 
and  promoters  of  exploration  in  the  Antarctic 
Regions.''  He  can,  consequently,  give  a  per- 
sonal touch  to  his  summary  of  Antarctic  travel. 
His  volume  is  very  complete  in  its  descrip- 
tions of  all  the  efforts  that  have  been  made 
to  reach  the  South  Pole.  AVe  find  a  good  sum- 
mary of  the  earlier  voyages  which  fell  short  of 
the  Circle  ;  then  we  read  at  great  length  of  the 
noteworthy  voyages  from  the  time  of  Cook,  in 
1772,  down  to  our  own  time, —  to  the  voyages 
of  Scott,  Drygalski,  Nordenskjold,  Bruce,  and 
Charcot.  Nearly  all  of  these  explorers  left 
personal  records  of  their  trips  ;  but  many  of  their 
accounts,  especially  those  between  the  voyages 
of  the  "Resolution  "  in  1772  and  the  "  Chal- 
lenger ''  in  1874,  are  now  out  of  print  or  are 
difficult  to  consult.  This  is  notably  true  of 
Admiral  Bellingshausen's  story  of  his  voyage 
and  discoveries,  made  in  1819-21,  and  hitherto 
accessible  only  in  the  Russian  language  and  in 
a  Grerman  translation  made  in  1902.  For  these 
reasons,  Dr.  Mill's  book  is  a  very  acceptable 
contribution  to  the  literature  of  exploration  at 
the  South  Pole.  That  •'  the  siege  of  the  South 
Pole  has  been  a  spasmodic  operation,  proceeding 
by  magnificent  efforts  separated  by  long  inter- 
vals of  inertness  and  inattention,"  and  that  each 
fresh  expedition  had  to  begin  at  the  beginning, 
acquiring  its  own  experience  by  repeating  the 
errors  of  its  predecessors,  is  only  too  evident  in 
reading  this  volume.  Dr.  Mill,  however,  is  not 
pessimistic  about  the  ultimate  discovery  of  the 
South  Pole.  Soon,  probably  within  the  first 
quarter  of  the  present  century,  some  explorer, 
the  author  thinks,  will  wipe  "  the  reproach  of 
Terra  Incognita  from  the  surface  of  our  little 
globe."  Our  space  forbids  our  making  even 
the  briefest  summary  of  a  book  that  is  intended 
to  be  a  compact  handbook.  VTe  do  not  hesi- 
tate to  say,  however,  that  Dr.  ^Mill's  book  does 
for  Antarctic  exploration  what  General  A.  W. 
Greely's  '•  Handbook  of  Arctic  Discoveries  " 
does  for  the  history  of  exploration  at  the  North 
Pole,  and  that  it  does  it  equally  well. 

After  the  somewhat  heavy  but  wholesome  fare 
of  Dr.  Mill's  volume,  one  relishes  the  slighter 
and  more  superficial  quality  of  Mr.  Richard 
Arthur's  "Ten  Thousand  Miles  in  a  Yacht." 
Ten  men  and  a  lad  left  New  York  in  November, 
1904,  in  the  palatial  j-acht  "  Virginia,"  cap- 
tained by  Mr.  E.  C.  Benedict;  they  visited 


Bermuda,  sailed  "across  the  tropical  sapphire 
seas,  along  the  palm-fringed  Carribean  island- 
coasts,"  touching  at  Dominica,  Martinique, 
Santa  Lucia,  Barbadoes,  and  thence  passed  up 
the  Amazon  for  a  thousand  miles,  past  Para 
and  Santarem  to  Manaos,  where  they  remained 
a  week,  thence  voyaging  back  along  the  coasts 
of  South  America  to  Jamaica  and  Havana,  and 
finally,  on  January  30,  1905,  they  dropped 
anchor  in  East  River  in  "  Little  Old  New 
York."  We  hare  chosen  the  following  ex- 
cerpts as  revealing  the  better  quality  of  the  book. 

"  Many  optiinistic  people  look  forward  to  the  time 
when  the  Amazon  country  will  be  thickly  populated, 
and  prosperous  plantations  will  occupy  the  riyer  front 
on  each  side  for  thousands  of  miles.  I  am  aware  that 
it  is  generally  as  rash  a  thing  to  foretell  what  will  not 
happen  as  to  predict  what  will  happen ;  but  I  cannot 
see  in  the  future  the  thick  population  and  the  prosperous 
'plantations  that  have  been  prophesied.  There  certainly 
will  be  development  on  the  higher  lands  ;  but  on  the 
lower  Amazon,  for  some  hundreds  of  miles,  there  seems 
little  prospect  of  reclaiming  the  alluvial  flats  from  the 
grip  of  the  river.  A  great  deal  of  this  land  is  sub- 
merged in  the  high-river  season,  and  if  the  forest  were 
stripped  from  it  the  river  would  eat  it  up  like  so  much 
salt." 

Here  is  a  fish  story : 

"  It  was  the  evening  of  January  5,  about  10  o'clock. 
The  yacht  was  gliding  through  the  sea  at  nearly  fifteen 
knots  an  hour  and  rolling  about  twenty-five  degrees. 
One  of  the  stewards  was  sitting  in  the  dining  room. 
He  was  dozing  and  dreaming  —  doubtless  of  the  girl 
he  left  behind.  Suddenly  he  was  awakened  by  some- 
thing swishing  through  the  open  window,  over  his  right 
shoulder  close  to  his  face.  Before  he  could  open  his 
eyes  he  heard  the  flop  of  something  weighty  on  the 
floor  beneath  the  dining-room  table,  and  then,  to  his 
amazement,  he  saw  the  gleaming  back  of  a  good-sized, 
tail-flapping  all-alive-o  fish.  A  brother  steward  was 
immediately  summoned,  and  then  nearly  the  whole 
crew,  and  the  fish  was  duly  measured  and  weighed. 
The  official  report  made  him  2  feet  3  inches  long  and 
gave  him  3^  pounds  avoirdupois.  He  certainly  made 
a  famous  leap  to  get  out  of  the  sea  into  the  dining 
room." 

One  of  the  best  features  of  the  volume  is  the 
introduction,  written  by  Mr.  William  M.  Ivins. 
Mr.  Ivins,  who  has  business  interests  in  Brazil, 
and  has  made  other  trips  to  that  country,  is 
evidently  well  informed  about  the  land  and  the 
people  —  so  well,  indeed,  that  some  readers  may 
wish  that  the  author  and  the  introductory  writer 
had  exchanged  places. 

Benares  has  always  had  a  strangely  fasci- 
nating interest  for  travellers  in  Lidia.  The 
reason  is  apparent :  there  is  seen,  in  all  its 
degradation  and  splendor,  the  microcosm  of 
Tnflian  religious  life.  To  know  all  the  ramifica- 
tions of  this  life,  with  its  three  hundred  million 


362 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


deities,  is  probably  beyond  the  psychology  of 
the  ordinary  western  mind.  Hence  one  ap- 
preciates a  calm,  dispassionate,  well-ordered, 
and  studious  unravelling  of  the  labyrinth  of 
Hindu  life  and  religion.  Principal  E.  B.  Havell, 
of  the  Government  School  of  Art  at  Calcutta, 
has  done  this  in  a  masterly  manner  in  his  book 
entitled  "  Benares,  the  Sacred  City."  We  read 
in  his  book  about  the  Vedic  times,  the  great 
Hindu  epics,  the  latest  discoveries  at  Samath 
the  birthplace  of  Buddhism,  the  rise  of  modern 
Hinduism,  and,  at  more  length,  of  the  worship 
of  Shiva,  the  presiding  deity  of  Benares.  We 
voyage  with  him  along  the  Granges  river,  seeing 
the  wonderfid  rites  and  ceremonies  of  the 
bathers,  visiting  the  ghats  and  temples  —  of 
which  there  are  over  fifteen  hundred,  —  and 
making  the  pilgrimages  to  the  various  holy 
places.  No  part  of  his  interesting  book  is  more 
graphic  and  picturesque  than  the  following 
account  of  one  of  the  Hindu  festivals : 

"  The  most  beautiful  of  all  the  latter  is  the  Diwali, 
or  Feast  of  Lamps,  in  honor  of  Lakshmi,  the  goddess 
of  Fortune.  In  the  evening,  when  the  short  Eastern 
gloaming  is  merging  into  night,  numbers  of  girls  and 
young  women,  graceful  as  Greek  nymphs  in  their  many- 
coloured  saris,  come  silently  down  to  the  ghats,  bearing 
little  earthen  lamps,  which  they  light  and  carefully  set 
afloat.  Then  with  eager  faces  they  watch  them  carried 
away  on  the  rippling  surface  of  the  water,  still  shimmer- 
ing with  opalescent  tints  from  the  last  rays  of  the  after- 
glow. For  if  a  tiny  wavelet  should  upset  the  frail  craft, 
or  if  the  light  should  flicker  and  go  out,  it  bodes  mis- 
fortune in  the  coming  year.  But  if  the  light  bums 
strong  and  well,  till  the  lamp  is  borne  far  away  by  the 
current  in  midstream,  happiness  is  in  store  for  her  who 
launched  it  on  the  waters.  By  the  time  the  twilight 
fades  there  are  himdreds  of  twinkling  lights  dotted  over 
the  river,  as  if  holy  Ganga  had  borrowed  the  stars  from 
heaven,  whence  she  came,  to  adorn  her  earthly  robes." 

Principal  Havell,  in  closing  his  book,  says  : 
"  No  doubt  Hinduism  will  continue  to  be  modi- 
fied by  the  inflow  of  Western  ideas.  There  can 
be  no  greater  mistake  than  to  consider  Hinduism 
as  so  many  immutable  customs  and  forms  of 
ritual  and  belief,  which  may  be  uprooted,  but 
cannot  be  trained  or  adapted."  The  volimie  is 
well  illustrated  with  appropriate  pictures  —  pic- 
tures that  assist  the  text. 

Mr.  G.  F.  Abbott's  book  entitled  "  Through 
India  with  the  Prince  "  covers  the  whole  country 
and  touches  on  every  imaginable  topic  that  India 
offers  to  a  writer.  As  special  correspondent  for 
the  Calcutta  "  Statesman,"  a  journal  of  which 
he  has  for  some  years  been  editor,  the  author 
accompanied  their  Royal  Highnesses  the  Prince 
and  Princess  of  Wales  on  their  recent  Indian 
tour.     The  royal  party  travelled  north  from 


Bombay  to  Jaipur,  Lahore,  Peshawar  ;  thence, 
turning  east  and  south,  they  visited  Amritsar, 
Delphi,  Agra,  Lucknow,  and  Calcutta,  whence 
they  sailed  to  Burma,  where  they  stopped  at 
Rangoon  and  Mandalay,  thence  back  to  Madras, 
and  then,  turning  north  again,  they  visited 
Hyderabad,  Benares,  Nepal,  and  finally,  cut^ 
ting  across  northern  India,  after  a  stop  at  Simla, 
they  departed  from  the  country  at  Karachi. 
Though  we  give  the  route  of  the  royal  party, 
we  do  not  wish  to  imply  that  Mr.  Abbott's 
book  is  mainly  concerned  with  the  doings  and 
receptions  that  were  everywhere  held  in  honor 
of  the  visit  of  the  royal  pair.  On  the  contrary, 
it  gives  but  little  more  than  a  decent  amount 
of  attention  to  the  many  durbars  of  the  native 
princes,  and  still  less  attention  to  the  Prince  and 
Princess  of  Wales.  As  the  royal  party  did  not 
remain  long  at  any  one  place,  we  need  not  wonder 
that  the  author's  descriptions  are  at  times  rather 
blase  and  thin.  The  Taj  Mahal  at  Agra  receives 
this  comment :  "It  makes  me  think  of  Euclid, 
or  of  a  toy-shop.  The  Taj  seems  to  me  to  need 
a  glass  case."  The  volume  records  a  traveller's 
impressions,  marked  by  a  certain  quality  of 
mixed  cynicism,  acerbity,  and  egotism.  Such 
sentences  as  the  following  are  not  infrequent  in 
the  book  :  "  They  [tigers]  never  attack  human 
beings  so  long  as  they  can  obtain  a  respectable 
animal ";  and,  "  after  all,  death  is  only  one  of 
the  minor  tragedies  of  life."  The  want  of  de- 
scriptive power  and  the  too  pronounced  personal 
note  are  the  two  blemishes  that  detract  from 
the  main  value  of  the  book,  which  is  found  in  the 
writer's  comments  and  observations  on  the  polit- 
ical status  of  India.  On  this  subject  he  is  sotmd 
and  earnest,  although  his  views  are  probably  not 
in  accord  with  government  views  and  reports. 
Mr.  Abbott  asserts  that  the  British  Government 
in  India  has  failed  to  earn  the  love  of  the  peo- 
ple, and  that,  if  the  present  government  is  to 
hold,  it  must  niake  concessions  to  the  natives. 
On  this  point,  while  in  Hyderabad,  he  wrote : 

"  The  only  condition  of  success  —  the  condition  on 
the  observance  of  which  depends  the  very  permanence 
of  the  British  Empire  in  India  —  is  sincere  cooperation 
between  the  Englishman  and  the  native  ;  and  as  the 
native  becomes  more  and  more  educated  he  is  entitled 
to  a  greater  and  yet  greater  share  in  the  government 
of  his  own  country.  The  example  of  a  native  state  like 
Baroda  brilliantly  proves  that  the  talent  for  self-gov- 
ernment is  not  a  monopoly  of  the  West.  The  moral 
qualities  and  the  material  means  necessary  for_the  work 
are  quite  as  plentiful  in  the  East." 

But,  says  the  author,  self-government  for  India, 
as  well  as  many  other  Western  ideas,  is  yet 
very  distant.     The  photographic  reproductions 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


363 


in  the  book  are  the  best  we  have  seen  of  Indian 
sights  for  some  time. 

"It  is  a  curious  fact  that,  notwithstanding 
our  boasted  nineteenth-century  progress  in  meth- 
ods, discovery,  and  invention,  up  to  the  coming 
of  the  motor-car  man  had  made  absolutely  no 
progress  since  the  dawn  of  history  in  the  trans- 
portation of  the  individual  vmit  of  society." 
These  words,  challenging  us  to  a  debate,  intro- 
duce us  to  the  spirited  and  enthusiastic  account 
of  a  confirmed  automobilist,  who,  with  two 
equally  enthusiastic  and  joUy  companions,  made 
a  motor-car  trip  through  England,  thence  across 
to  Paris  by  way  of  Rouen,  to  Lucerne  by  way 
of  Basle,  Switzerland,  to  Geneva,  and  then  back 
to  Paris  through  Aix-les-Bains.  Mr.  Winthrop 
E.  Scarritt,  a  former  President  of  the  Automo- 
bile Club  of  America,  tells  the  story  of  this  trip 
very  well  in  his  little  volume  entitled  "■  Three 
Men  in  a  Motor  Car,"  although  he  adds  nothing 
to  our  stock  of  information  about  the  places  he 
visited.  The  intrinsic  ^*alue  of  the  book  lies  in 
the  specific  information  that  he  gives  to  other 
automobilists  as  to  how  to  "  do  "  Europe  in  a 
motor-car.  We  learn,  for  example,  that  there  is 
an  automobile  bureau  in  Paris,  in  London,  and 
in  Stuttgardt,  where  an  automobilist  may  have 
every  want  supplied  and  every  petty  foreign 
interference  removed.  Much  of  the  book,  in 
fact  nearly  one-haK,  is  given  to  a  considera- 
tion of  the  future  automobile,  automobile  legis- 
lation, good  roads,  automobile  contests,  and  other 
like  subjects  dear  to  the  automobilist.  After 
reading  !Mr.  Scarritt's  volume,  one  can  readily 
agree  with  those  charming  writers  on  the  auto- 
mobile, C.  N.  and  A.  M.  Williamson,  who  write 
the  introduction  to  this  book,  when  they  say, 
*'  It  is  the  deliberate  opinion  of  all  who  have 
tried  it,  that  life  can  offer  few  more  vivid  joys 
than  a  tour  in  a  motor-car  through  a  beautifid 
country." 

Although  Mr.  George  ^lilton  Fowles,  the 
author  of  the  book  entitled  *'  Down  in  Porto 
Rico,"  disclaims  to  write  in  a  spirit  of  adverse 
criticism,  the  shadow  is  more  pronounced  than 
the  light  in  his  sununary  of  observations  based 
on  a  year's  residence  in  the  island.  His  account, 
moreover,  is  marked  by  a  strong  religious  bias. 
He  believes  that  the  ultimate  regeneration  of  the 
Porto  Ricans  must  come  through  the  Protestant 
religion.  There  is,  to  be  sure,  some  truth  in  this 
last  statement ;  but  that  it  is  the  whole  truth  is 
not  so  evident.  We  believe  tha#  the  author 
makes  a  far  more  important  observation  when 
he  \^Tites  : 


"  If  the  people  learn  to  read  American  literature  and 
come  to  know  our  ideals  of  national  life,  if  they  are  able 
to  converse  in  an  intelligent  manner  with  the  American 
officials  and  citizens  who  reside  in  Porto  Rico,  it  will  not 
be  long  until  this  people  shall  be  thoroughly  American." 

For  this  reason  the  author  believes  that  English 
instead  of  Spanish  should  be  the  basic  language 
used  in  the  schools.  Among  other  changes  that 
are  needed,  or  are  being  made,  the  author  cites 
the  separation  of  Church  and  State,  the  "  rapidly 
rising  moral  tone  of  family  life,"  the  increasing 
trade  with  the  United  States,  the  change  of  senti- 
ment toward  manual  labor,  and  the  establishment 
of  the  rights  of  American  citizenship.  For  those 
who  have  read  but  little  about  Porto  Rico,  Mr. 
Fowles 's  book  will  give  much  detailed  informa- 
tion concerning  the  mental,  physical,  and  spirit- 
ual characteristics  of  the  Porto  Ricans,  and 
about  the  educational,  economic,  and  political 
conditions  of  the  island.  The  book  also  contains 
a  sufficient  amount  of  historical  background  to 
help  to  explain  many  of  the  existing  conditions. 

Thoreau  once  boasted  of  the  treasures  he 
found  on  the  barren  sands  of  a  desolate  creek. 
A  similar  spirit  pervades  and  animates  Mr.  J.  A. 
Harvie-Brown's  two- volume  work  bearing  the 
title  "  Travels  of  a  Natiualist  in  Europe."  The 
region  of  the  author's  trips  lies  in  Norway,  and 
in  extreme  northeastern  Russia  at  Archangel, 
near  the  Dvina  Delta,  and  at  Petchora,  near 
the  Arctic  Circle.  An  unnsual  feature  of  the 
book  is  the  fact  that  it  recounts  the  travels  of 
the  author  made  as  long  ago  as  1871,  1872, 
and  1875.  The  publication  of  the  author's 
journal  at  this  late  date  is  but  scantily  justified 
by  "  the  very  antiquity  of  the  relation."  The 
real  purpose  and  value  of  the  book,  however, 
lie  in  the  observations  of  the  author  and  his 
companions  on  bird  and  animal  life,  —  obser- 
vations that  are  minutely  correct  and  scientific, 
and  will  be  of  interest  to  those  deeply  versed  in 
bird  and  animal  lore.  Here  and  there  are 
minor  observations  and  reflections  on  the 
natives  and  their  modes  of  living.  One  appen- 
dix is  devoted  to  the  Samoyedes  of  exta^me 
northern  Russia.  An  excerpt  will  illustrate 
the  spirit  and  purpose  of  the  book.  The 
naturalists  were  anxious  to  find  specimens  and 
eggs  of  the  Little  Stint  and  the  Grey  Plover. 
One  day,  so  says  the  author  :  "  Seebohni  had 
grand  success,  returning  shortly  after  me,  and 
with  a  triiunphant  thump  laid  on  the  table,  first 
a  Grey  Plover,  then  a  Snow  Bunting ;  .  .  . 
lastly,  and  most  triumphantly  —  hurrah  !  —  five 
Little  Stints,  long  looked  for,  found  at  last." 
Such  a  spirit  of  discovery  of  small  things  has 


364 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


almost  a  kinship  with  Columbus's  first  sight  of 
land,  Sverdrup's  view  of  a  new  land,  or  Bal- 
boa's long-wished-for  vision  of  the  Pacific.  All 
the  discoveries  and  observations  made  by  the 
author  have  been  tabulated  and  arranged  in 
order.  The  volumes  are  well  printed,  and  well 
illustrated  with  colored  plates  necessary  to  a 
complete  understanding  of  the  text. 

H.  E.  COBLENTZ. 


Recent  Fictiok.* 


♦*  The  Portreeve "  is  as  good  a  book  as  any  that 
Mr.  Eden  Phillpotts  has  thus  far  written,  although 
it  does  not  bring  to  us  the  sense  of  novelty.  The 
Dartmoor  coloring  and  the  types  of  rustic  character 
which  appear  in  its  pages  are  essentially  the  same  as 
in  his  previous  books,  for  which  reason  we  are 
unable  to  discover  in  the  new  novel  anything  but  a 
variation  upon  a  well-worn  theme.  Possibly  the 
grip  of  character  is  somewhat  stronger,  the  depiction 
of  elemental  passion  more  intense,  and  the  tragic 
plot  more  inevitably  logical.  The  hero  is  an  agri- 
culturist and  petty  official  of  local  importance,  well 
on  the  way  toward  prosperity,  who  is  made  little 
more  than  an  outcast  by  the  rancor  of  a  scorned 
woman  and  eventually  a  murderer  by  the  desperate 
passions  which  his  unmerited  reverses  arouse.  The 
story  is  thus  sombre  enough  in  outline,  but  the  gloom 
is  somewhat  relieved  by  the  humors  of  the  subsidiary 
characters,  and  by  the  quaint  forms  of  speech  that 
the  author  seems  to  icnow  so  intimately.  Certainly, 
as  we  have  remarked  before,  Mr.  Phillpotts  comes 
nearer  than  anyone  else  to  being  the  legitimate  suc- 
cessor of  Mr.  Hardy  as  a  rustic  realist,  and  he  has 
a  considerable  measure  of  the  imaginative  power 
which  can  invest  a  simple  passionate  complication 
with  the  severe  attributes  of  high  tragedy. 

•The  Portreeve.  By  Eden  Phillpotts.  New  York:  The 
Macmillan  Co. 

"  If  Youth  But  Knew  ! "  By  Agnes  and  Egerton  Castle. 
New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 

The  Spoilers.  By  Rex  E.  Beach.  New  York:  Harper  & 
Brothers. 

Alton  of  Somasco.  A  Romance  of  the  Great  Northwest.  By 
Harold  Bindloss.    New  York :    Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co. 

The  Kentuckian.  A  Thrilling  Tale  of  Ohio  Life  in  the  Early 
Sixties.  By  James  Ball  Naylor.  Boston :  C.  M.  Clark  Publish- 
ing Co. 

Lady  Baltimore.  By  Owen  Wister.  New  York :  The  Mac- 
millan Co. 

The  Private  War.  By  Louis  Joseph  Vance.  New  York : 
D.  Appleton  &  Co. 

The  Mayor  of  Warwick.  By  Herbert  M.  Hopkins.  Boston : 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 

Lucy  of  the  Stars.  By  Frederick  Palmer.  New  York: 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

The  Princess  Olga.  By  Ervin  Wardman.  New  York: 
Harper  &  Brothers. 

The  Genius.  By  Margaret  Potter.  New  York:  Harper  & 
Brothers. 

Randvar  the  Sonosmith.  A  Romance  of  Norumbega.  By 
Ottilie  A.  Liljencrantz.    New  York :  Harper  &  Brothers. 

A  Motor  Car  Divorce.  By  Louise  Closser  Hale.  New  York : 
Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. 

The  Truth  about  Tolna.  By  Bertha  Runkle.  New  York : 
The  Century  Co. 


Joyous  romance  beckons  to  us  from  the  pages  of 
« If  Youth  But  Knew  !  "  To  say  that  this  book  is 
the  work  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Egerton  Castle  is  to 
provide  it  with  a  certain  passport  to  the  affections 
of  the  public,  for  these  writers  have,  more  than  most 
of  their  contemporaries,  the  power  to  command 
smiles  and  tears  commingled,  and  to  transport  us 
into  the  rapturous  regions  of  delight.  The  new  book 
is  one  of  their  best.  It  has  a  historical  setting,  for  it 
takes  us  to  the  toy  Kingdom  of  Westphalia  and  the 
imitation  Paris  established  at  Cassel  by  the  puppet 
prince  who  ruled  there  by  grace  of  his  imperial 
brother  until  the  battle  of  Leipzig  put  an  end  to  the 
whole  artificial  arrangement.  The  story  is  one  of 
love,  wounded  pride,  and  reconciliation,  the  destinies 
of  the  lovers  being  shaped  by  a  vagabond  fiddler 
who  befriends  them,  and  who  is  in  reality  a  French 
emigrS  of  gentle  birth  and  tragic  fortune.  It  is  a 
story  throbbing  with  life,  instinct  with  poetic  feel- 
ing, and  bearing  the  stamp  of  a  creative  power  that 
is  closely  akin  to  genius. 

Mr.  Rex  E.  Beach  is  a  young  man  who  got  the 
Alaska  fever  when  hardly  more  than  a  boy,  spent 
several  years  in  the  mining  camps  of  the  northern 
wilderness,  and  returned  to  civilization  with  an 
imperious  mandate  to  expose  the  wrong-doings  of 
which  he  had  been  a  witness.  First  in  a  series  of 
magazine  articles,  and  now  in  his  novel  of  "The 
Spoilers,"  be  has  told  such  a  tale  of  corruption  and 
the  perversion  of  justice  as  fairly  to  startle  the 
most  apathetic  of  listeners.  That  he  has  used  the 
muck-rake  to  some  purpose  is  clear ;  for  he  substan- 
tiates his  essential  charges  with  solid  testimony  of 
a  sort  that  cannot  be  dismissed  with  a  sneer  as  the 
invention  of  a  sensationalist.  Briefly,  the  story  he 
tells  is  that  a  combination  of  Eastern  politicians 
high  in  office,  having  for  their  tools  a  masterful 
adventurer  and  a  pliant  federal  judge,  conspired  to 
get  fraudulent  possession  of  the  richest  claims  in 
the  camp  at  Nome,  ousting  their  legitimate  owners 
by  chicane  and  corrupt  legal  process.  How  the 
conspiracy  triumphed,  how  the  wrong  was  done, 
and  how,  in  the  end,  very  tardily,  such  justice  pre- 
vailed as  was  still  possible  after  so  much  irreparable 
mischief,  is  set  forth  in  this  virile  novel,  which 
grips  us  by  sheer  brute  strength,  and  almost  makes 
us  forget  how  devoid  it  is  of  anything  like  grace  or 
delicacy  of  workmanship. 

It  is  interesting  to  compare  with  Mr.  Beach's 
novel  the  somewhat  similar  "Alton  of  Somasco," 
by  Mr.  Harold  Bindloss.  Here  the  scene  is  British 
Columbia  instead  of  Alaska,  and  there  is  no  political 
deviltry  to  impel  the  action,  but  otherwise  the  situa- 
tion is  the  same,  being  evolved  out  of  the  conflict 
between  legitimate  settlers  and  unscrupulous  schem- 
ers for  the  possession  of  valuable  ranching  and 
mining  properties.  Mr.  Bindloss  is  a  more  urbane 
novelist  than  Mr.  Beac'h,  and  in  his  hands  the  blud- 
geon gives  place  to  more  civilized  weapons.  He 
has,  moreover,  powers  of  description  and  character- 
ization far  beyond  those  as  yet  developed  by  the 
author  of  "  The  Spoilers."     An  admirable  novel  is 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


365 


the  result,  and  one  which  introduces  us  to  a  territory 
hitherto  almost  unexploited  in  fiction. 

"  The  Kentuckian  "  is  one  of  those  books  which, 
like  "  Eben  Holden  "  and  "  David  Harum,"  seem 
to  exist  chiefly  for  the  purpose  of  exploiting  the 
fond  of  humorous  anecdote  at  the  command  of  some 
shrewd  and  garrulous  yokel.  Were  the  book  no 
more  than  this,  it  would  hardly  call  for  mention, 
but  we  find  that  by  carefully  skipping  all  of  Bill 
Kirk's  contributions  to  the  dialogue,  we  may  dis- 
cover a  connected  narrative  of  some  degree  of  in- 
terest. It  is  a  narrative  of  Ohio  in  the  sixties,  and 
is  concerned  with  the  operations  of  the  Underground 
Railroad  and  the  exploits  of  a  gang  of  horse  thieves. 
The  hero  is  a  young  man  from  the  other  side  of  the 
river,  who  becomes  the  district  school  teacher,  and 
falls  in  love  with  the  prettiest  of  his  pupils.  This 
is  not  exactly  an  original  invention,  but  it  may  be 
allowed  to  serve  once  more. 

"  Lady  Baltimore,"  like  Mr.  Owen  Wister's  other 
fiction,  is  defective  on  the  side  of  construction,  but 
the  defect  is  atoned  for  by  the  author's  powers  M 
characterization  and  his  narrative  charm.  In  the 
present  novel  he  bids  us  sojourn  for  a  while  in  the 
sleepy  old  town  of  King's  Port,  which  is  with  small 
difficulty  identifiable  as  Charleston,  and  brings  us 
into  intimate  relations  with  its  denizens.  The  point 
of  riew  is  that  of  a  Northerner,  but  of  one  imbued 
with  the  fullest  sympathy  for  the  gracious  aspects 
of  a  civilization  that  lingers  yet  in  the  Old  South, 
although  not  likely  to  preserve  its  fragrance  for 
many  more  years.  We  must  make  a  somewhat 
lengthy  quotation  for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  both 
the  attitude  of  the  writer  and  the  manner  of  his 
expression.  "  This  King's  Port,  this  little  city  of 
oblivion,  held,  shut  in  with  its  lavender  and  pressed- 
rose  memories,  a  handful  of  people  who  were  like 
that  great  society  of  the  world,  the  high  society  of 
distinguished  men  and  women  who  exist  no  more, 
but  who  touched  historj'  with  a  light  hand,  and  left 
their  mark  upon  it  in  a  host  of  memoirs  and  letters 
that  we  read  to-day  with  a  starved  and  homesick 
longing  in  the  midst  of  our  sxiEen  welter  of  demo- 
cracy. With  its  silent  houses  and  gardens,  its  silent 
streets,  its  silent  vistas  of  the  blue  water  in  the  sun- 
shine, this  beautiful,  sad  place  was  winning  my  heart 
and  making  it  ache.  Nowhere  else  in  America 
such  charm,  such  character,  such  true  elegance  as 
here — and  nowhere  else  such  an  overwhelming  sense 
of  finality  I  —  the  doom  of  a  civilization  founded  upon 
a  crime.  And  yet,  how  much  has  the  ballot  done 
for  that  race  ?  Or,  at  least,  how  much  has  the 
ballot  done  for  the  majority  of  that  race  ?  And 
what  way  was  it  to  meet  this  problem  with  the 
sudden  sweeping  folly  of  the  Fifteenth  Amendment  ? 
To  fling  the  •  door  of  hope '  wide  open  before  those 
within  had  learned  the  first  steps  of  how  to  walk 
safely  through  it  I  Ah,  if  it  comes  to  blame,  who 
goes  scatheless  in  this  heritage  of  error  ?  "  But  we 
must  not  give  the  impression  that  Mr.  Wister  has 
been  writing  a  sociological  tract ;  he  has,  on  the 
contrary,  given  us  a  very  pretty  story  of  the  ram- 


bling sort,  and  rarely  bears  too  heavily  upon  the 
problems  that  lie  in  the  background. 

"  The  Private  War,"  by  Mr.  Louis  Joseph  Vance, 
is  one  of  those  novels  that  just  escape  the  category 
of  "  shockers  "  by  virtue  of  a  certain  neatness  of 
plot  and  a  bare  touch  of  stylistic  virtue.  More  than 
this  cannot  in  conscience  be  said  of  the  book  from 
a  literary  point  of  view,  but  the  readers  to  whom  it 
is  addressed  will  probably  think  even  that  sli^t 
element  of  art  superfluous.  For  it  is  a  book  that 
has  its  being  in  the  interest  of  excitement  and 
nothing  else.  We  begin  with  a  collection  of  news- 
paper clippings  called  "The  Documents  in  the 
Case,"  and  as  the  story  is  gradually  unfolded,  these 
incoherent  fragments  are  seen  to  slip  into  their 
proper  relations  to  the  ingenious  plot.  The  story 
has  to  do  with  the  fortunes  of  a  young  American 
woman  in  London,  the  widow  of  an  English  noble- 
man, caught  in  the  toils  of  private  villainy  and  di- 
plomatic intrigue.  Her  old-time  lover,  the  hero, 
hastens  from  New  York  in  the  true  spirit  of  knight- 
errantry  to  rescue  her,  and  straightway  becomes 
entangled  in  an  amazing  coil  of  plots  and  counter- 
plots. The  interest  grows  more  and  more  breath- 
less, finally  culminating  in  a  triangular  naval  battle 
between  Russian,  German,  and  British  warships. 
We  do  not  quite  understand  how  it  is  all  brought 
about,  but  the  narrative  is  tremendously  thrilling, 
which  is  probably  all  that  its  author  aimed  at. 

A  young  college  professor,  at  first  described  as 
"  verging  upon  the  sixth  lustrum  of  his  age  "  (a  vile 
phrase),  and  afterwards  said  to  be  about  thirty 
years  old,  leaves  his  position  in  the  University  of 
California,  and  obtains  a  temporary  appointment  in 
an  Eastern  college.  The  new  scene  of  his  labors  is 
Warwick,  which  is  easily  identifiable  as  Hartford, 
Connecticut.  There  he  becomes  acquainted  with  "  a, 
swell  official  of  the  church,"  otherwise  the  bishop 
(who  is  the  real  power  behind  the  collegiate  throne), 
and,  what  is  more  important,  with  the  bishop's 
daughter.  He  also  becomes  acquainted  with  a  poli- 
tician of  the  demagogic  type,  who  was  formerly  an 
employe  of  the  local  traction  company,  and  is  now 
a  candidate  for  the  mayoralty  of  the  city.  HenCe 
the  book  in  which  Mr.  Herbert  M.  Hopkins  has 
told  of  these  matters  is  entitled  "The  Mayor  of 
Warwick."  After  the  pace  of  the  narrative  is  fairly 
set,  it  transpires  that  the  bishop's  daughter  has  been 
secretly  married  to  the  demagogue  for  two  years. 
But  before  this  fact  comes  to  the  professor's  knowl- 
edge he  has  fallen  in  love  with  the  yoxmg  woman, 
and  she  has  become  somewhat  interested  in  him, 
having  long  since  repented  of  her  rash  marriage. 
Here  is  a  pretty  complication,  which  is  supposed  to 
be  finally  disentangled  by  the  cheap  and  convenient 
expedient  of  an  action  for  divorce.  The  author, 
we  understand,  is  charged  with  having  made  "  copy" 
out  of  persons  and  incidents  well-known  in  Hart- 
ford, which  may  readily  be  believed  by  anyone  who 
recalls  the  unblushing  fashion  in  which,  in  a  pre- 
vious novel,  he  used  (and  perverted)  the  materials 
of  his  observation  of  university  life  in  California. 


366 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1. 


Mr.  Frederick  Palmer  combines  in  admirable 
balance  the  functions  of  war-correspondent  and 
novelist.  When  the  piping  times  of  peace  are  at 
hand,  he  will  sit  down  to  his  desk  and  write  you  as 
pretty  a  story  as  you  could  wish  to  read  in  an  idle 
hour,  and  when  the  war-trumpet  sounds,  he  will 
sally  forth  until  he  is  in  the  thick  of  the  scrimmage 
collecting  observations  for  a  graphic  portrayal  of 
the  scene  of  carnage.  It  is  this  dual  activity  that 
now  gives  us  "  Lucy  of  the  Stars  "  as  a  successor  to 
*'With  Kuroki  in  Manchuria."  We  like  Mr. 
Palmer's  poi'trait  of  the  imaginary  Lucy,  as  we  liked 
his  portrait  of  the  real  Kuroki,  but  we  object  most 
strenuously  to  the  fate  that  he  has  bestowed  upon 
her.  It  is  true  that  Carniston  is  a  weak  creature, 
undeserving  of  her  love,  since  he  rejects  it  to  become 
a  mere  fortune-hunter,  but  the  story  is  nevertheless 
progressing  toward  a  chastened  romantic  reconcili- 
ation between  the  two,  when  he  abruptly  abandons 
her  for  the  second  time,  and  elects  to  marry  the 
American  heiress.  We  also  object  to  the  wanton 
killing,  in  a  railway  accident,  of  the  American  poli- 
tician who  loves  the  aforesaid  heiress,  both  because 
his  is  the  most  sympathetic  masculine  figure  in  the 
novel,  and  because  the  heiress  does  not  deserve  so 
cruel  a  blow.  Since  the  story  itself  is  so  unsatis- 
factorily managed,  about  all  that  is  left  for  our 
enjoyment  is  Lucy  herself,  but  she  has  our  unquali- 
fied allegiance  from  first  to  last.  The  story  is  more 
than  worth  reading  for  her  sake,  even  if  its  outcome 
does  rudely  shock  our  romantic  sensibilities. 

What  will  the  novelist  do  when  Southwestern 
Europe  becomes  frank  and  obvious,  like  unto  the 
rest  of  the  tourist-ridden  Continent,  and  it  is  no 
longer  possible  to  carve  out  a  mysterious  Zenda  or 
Graustark  from  its  recesses  ?  We  have  had  much 
joy  in  these  imaginary  principalities  since  the 
fashion  of  exploiting  them  began  with  Mr.  Hope's 
"  Prisoner,"  and  Crevonia,  the  latest  of  them  to 
appear  as  a  candidate  for  our  favor,  is  quite  as  inter- 
esting as  the  others.  Mr.  Ervin  Wardman  is  the 
inventor,  or  discoverer,  or  patentee,  of  this  latest 
addition  to  romantic  geography,  and  "  The  Princess 
Olga  "  is  the  name  given  to  his  chronicle.  The  hero 
is  an  American,  a  mining  engineer,  and  a  very 
Napoleon  of  his  profession.  He  proves  equally 
adept  in  executive  ability,  strategy  and  "bluff,"  and 
we  are  serenely  confident  from  the  start  that  he  will 
succeed  in  whatever  he  sets  out  to  accomplish. 
Since  one  of  these  objects  is  to  win  the  Princess 
Olga,  we  care  little  for  the  trifling  fact  that  she  is 
the  avowed  opponent  of  his  plans,  even  going  so  far 
AS  to  shoot  him  at  a  certain  critical  juncture.  Of 
course  she  succumbs  in  the  end,  resigns  her  kingdom 
to  the  bankers,  and  prepares  to  share  the  hero's  life 
in  the  new  world.  The  story  is  compact  of  in- 
trigue, adventure,  and  general  nervous  excitement ; 
it  is  a  capital  production  of  its  sort,  and  the  most 
jaded  novel-  reader  will  not  fall  asleep  while  read- 
ing it. 

"The  Genius,"  a  novel  which  portrays  the  life 
and  death  of  a  great  musician,  opens  unhappily  with 


a  mistaken  comparison  of  the  Russian  calendar  with 
that  used  elsewhere  in  the  civilized  world.  A 
trivial  error,  no  doubt,  but  it  compels  a  moment's 
attention.  We  are  with  the  hero  from  the  hour  of 
his  birth,  and  we  toil  through  lengthy  chapters, 
discursive  in  substance  and  heavy  in  manner  of 
presentation,  before  he  is  brought  to  the  verge  of 
manhood.  Then,  by  slow  degrees,  he  becomes  more 
and  more  interesting,  until  we  approach  the  tragic 
climax,  when  interest  gives  place  to  absorption,  and 
we  realize  that  the  difiiculties  which  beset  the  open- 
ing of  the  narrative  were  perhaps  necessary  to  the 
scheme  of  portrayal.  As  a  study  of  the  artistic 
temperament,  bas^  to  a  certain  extent  upon  the  life 
of  Tschaikowsky  —  although  more  upon  his  works 
than  upon  the  facts  of  his  external  history  —  the 
book  offers  us  a  delineation  of  remarkable  subtlety 
and  sympathetic  insight.  The  story  is  a  sad  one  — 
a  story  must  necessarily  be  sad  which  aims  to  depict 
the  character  that  finds  expression  in  the  Pathetic 
Symphony,  and  ends  with  the  self-destruction  of 
the  protagonist.  Being  concerned  with  the  life 
musical,  the  writer  has  much  to  say  about  music, 
and  her  opinions  range  all  the  way  from  those  which 
reveal  a  genuine  appreciation  of  musical  beauty  to 
those  which  show  nothing  but  blindness  of  vision. 
The  latter  part  of  this  statement  must  be  justified 
by  a  quotation,  and  here  it  is.  The  subject  of  the 
comment  is  Mozart,  and  we  are  told  of  "  the  simple, 
wearisome,  weakly-flowing  syrup  of  obviousness, 
which  constitutes  the  secret  of  that  master's  popu- 
larity." With  these  amazing  words  are  we  directed 
to  the  very  Holy  of  Holies  of  the  musician's  place 
of  worship  !  Arnold's  description  of  Shelley  as  an 
"  ineffectual  angel "  becomes  by  comparison  a  pro- 
found critical  pronouncement. 

The  legendary  settlement  of  Norumbega  is  the 
scene  of  "  Randvar  the  Songsmith,"  the  latest  of  the 
Norse  romances  of  Miss  Liljencrantz.  The  time  is 
that  of  the  Norman  Conquest,  and  the  scene  is  pre- 
sumably the  present  Rhode  Island,  for  the  old  En- 
glish mill  at  Newport  is  reinvested  with  its  legendary 
attribution  of  Norse  origin,  and  made  to  serve  as  a 
home  for  the  hero.  This  minstrel-hero  is  a  King's 
son  who  lives  a  sort  of  hermit  existence  until  he  is 
drawn  into  the  train  of  the  chieftain  of  Norumbega. 
In  his  subsequent  relation  to  Jarl  Helvin,  his  part 
is  that  of  a  David  to  his  master's  Said,  for  the  Jarl 
has  accessions  of  madness,  and  only  the  minstrel's 
songs  can  soothe  him.  Randvar  is  like  David  in 
another  respect  also,  for  he  has  a  keen  eye  for  the 
beauty  of  woman,  and  it  is  for  the  sake  of  the  fair 
but  haughty  Brynhild,  Helvin's  sister,  that  he  de- 
serts solitude  for  the  life  of  the  court.  It  is  needless 
to  say  that  his  passion  is  finally  rewarded,  and  that 
Brynhild's  pride  dissolves  in  tenderness.  It  is  a 
pretty  story  that  Miss  Liljencrantz  has  told,  and  has 
many  elements  of  popularity.  It  exemplifies,  of 
coui'se,  the  artificial  romantic  convention,  but  only 
a  pedant  would  find  fault  with  it  on  that  score.  , 
"A  Motor  Car  Divorce,"  by  Miss  Louise  Closser 
Hale,  tells  the  story  of  a  tour  in  Italy,  undertaken 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


367 


by  a  married  pair  of  ten  years'  conjugal  experience, 
who  make  an  amicable  agreement  to  separate,  and 
plan  the  journey  as  a  probable  means  of  supplying 
a  colorable  showing  of  grievances.  The  idea  of  the 
divorce  is  the  wife's  alone,  but  the  husband  gives  his 
acquiescence  with  suspicious  cheerfulness.  Of  course 
we  know  that  nothing  of  the  sort  will  ever  happen, 
but  the  situation  lends  itself  to  enough  effective  light 
comedy  to  make  an  entertaining  story.  The  chief 
ingredients  thereof  are  modem  slang,  trivial  humor, 
frothy  sentiment,  and  pickings  of  guide-book  infor- 
mation. 

From  the  romance  of  sixteenth-century  France  to 
the  realism  of  modern  New  York  is  a  long  step, 
but  Miss  Runkle  has  taken  it  in  giving  us  '•  The 
Truth  about  Tolna,"  as  a  successor  to  "  The  Helmet 
of  Navarre."  At  first,  it  seems  that  she  has  at  least 
provided  us  with  a  romantic  hero,  for  Tolna  is  an 
operatic  singer  with  long  hair  and  a  soulful  voice, 
whose  tenor  notes  touch  to  rapture  many  calloused 
(feminine)  souls  in  the  metropolitan  purgator}-.  He 
is  presented  to  us,  moreover,  as  a  patriotic  Hungarian, 
burning  with  love  for  his  oppressed  country,  and 
standing  proudly  aloof  from  the  pettj-  preoccupations 
of  everj'day  humanity.  But  alas  for  our  delusions  I 
He  is  not  a  Hungarian  at  all,  but  a  native  of  New 
York,  and  the  patriotic-poetic  business  is  merely  a 
scheme  of  his  unscrupulous  manager.  He  has  a 
marvellous  voice  but  a  commonplace  individuality, 
and  his  natural  speech  is  the  debased  dialect  of 
modern  society  and  the  modern  newspaper.  His 
New  York  engagement  results  in  a  renewal  of 
relations  with  a  sweetheart  of  his  childhood,  and  a 
love-match  is  the  natural  consequence.  Another 
love-match  is  arranged  between  the  unscrupulous 
manager  already  mentioned  and  a  capricious  heiress, 
and  the  two  affairs  are  delayed  in  their  consumma- 
tion until  the  narrative  has  been  spun  out  to  the 
requisite  length.  This  frothy  story  is  moderately 
entertaining,  but  is  not  to  be  taken  seriously  from 
any  point  of  view.      TV^n,i,LU4  Moktox  Patxe. 


XOTES. 


"  The  Sphinx's  Lawyer  "  is  the  title  of  a  new  novel 
by  Frank  Danby  which  the  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co.  will 
publish  this  month. 

Mr.  Henry  Frowde  publishes  an  edition,  with  preface, 
notes,  and  glossary,  of  "  Pierce  the  Ploughmans  Crede," 
edited  by  the  Rev.  Walter  W.  Skeat. 

The  publication  of  Dr.  George  Brandes's  Reminis- 
cences, which  were  to  have  been  issued  this  month,  has 
been  postponed  until  the  early  autumn. 

"  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti,"  by  Mr.  H.  W.  Singer,  is 
the  latest  edition  to  the  "  Langham  Series  of  Art  Mono- 
graphs," imported  by  Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

The  Smithsonian  Report  for  1904  has  for  its  chief 
feature  a  "  History  of  American  Geology,"  by  Mr. 
George  P.  Merrill,  with  many  portraits  and  other  illus- 
trations, and  an  appended  biographical  dictionary  of 
American  geologists. 


The  first  five  books  of  Ctesar's  "  Gallic  War,"  edited 
by  Professor  H.  W.  Johnston  and  Mr.  F.  W.  Sanford, 
form  a  new  volume  in  the  "  Students'  Series  of  Latin 
Classics,"  published  by  Messrs.  B.  H.  Sanborn  &  Co. 

The  Climes  of  Herodas,  recovered  fourteen  years  ago 
from  an  Egyptian  tomb,  have  been  translated  into  pleas- 
ingly idiomatic  English  verse  by  Mr.  Hugo  Sharpley, 
and  published  by  Mr.  David  Nutt  under  the  title,  "  A 
Realist  of  the  .£gean." 

Messrs.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons  announce  that  they  have 
taken  the  agency  for  the  United  States  for  the  puhlica^ 
tions  of  the  University  Press  (the  Pitt  Press)  of  Cam- 
bridge, England,  and  from  the  first  of  next  month  will 
be  prepared  to  fill  orders  fo»  these. 

A  volume  of  "  Studies  in  Modem  German  Litera- 
ture," by  Dr.  Otto  Heller,  is  published  by  Messrs.  Ginn 
&  Co.  It  is  devoted  chiefly  to  a  consideration  of  Messrs. 
Hauptmann  and  Sudermann,  but  includes  also  a  chapter 
on  the  women  writers  of  recent  years. 

Mr.  Frederick  Strange  Kolle  has  made,  and  the  Graf- 
ton Press  has  published,  a  blank-verse  translation  of 
Ochlenschlager's  beautiful  romantic  tragedy  of  "  Axel 
and  Valberg,"  a  poem  which  needs  only  to  be  read  to  be 
loved.  Both  the  Danish  and  the  German  forms  of  the 
work  appear  to  have  been  used  by  the  translator. 

Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons  have  begun  the  pub- 
lication of  a  "  pocket  edition  "  of  Sir  George  Meredith's 
hooks,  to  be  completed  in  sixteen  volumes.  '<  Richard 
Feverel,"  "  Diana  of  the  Crossways,"  "  Vittoria,"  and 
"  Sandra  Belloni "  are  the  volumes  which  begin  the  series. 
They  are  engaging  and  companionable  little  books. 

"  Patriotism  and  the  New  Internationalism,"  by  Mrs. 
Lucia  Ames  Mead,  is  published  by  Messrs.  Ginn  &  Co. 
for  the  International  Union.  It  is  a  stout  pamphlet, 
containing  four  essays  devoted  to  the  inculcation  of  true 
ideals  as  distinguished  from  sham  ones,  and  concluding 
with  some  suggestions  for  school  exercises  that  will  be 
foimd  of  the  highest  helpfulness.  • 

"  The  Miracles  of  Our  Lady  Saint  Mary,"  tnuislated 
by  Miss  Evelyn  Underbill,  is  a  recent  publication  of 
Messrs  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  These  «« fairy  tales  of  medi- 
seval  Catholicism  "  are  translated  from  various  sources, 
and,  of  course,  offer  only  a  selection  from  the  entire 
cycle,  which  woidd  fill  many  such  volumes  as  this. 
Miss  Underbill's  translation  gives  us  an  exquisite 
piece  of  Uterary  workman-ship,  and  the  publishers  have 
put  it  into  a  form  deUghtful  to  the  sense. 

lu  the  absence  of  an  autobiography  of  Henrik  Ibsen, 
of  which  nothing  definite  appears  to  be  known,  the  most 
authentic  accoimt  of  his  life  and  work  is  that  of  his  fel- 
low-countryman Henrik  Jieger,  for  which  Ibsen  himself 
supplied  material.  A  translation  of  this  work  by  Mr. 
William  Morton  Payne  was  published  in  this  country 
some  years  ago  by  Messrs.  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.;  and 
this  work  now  appears  with  additional  matter  by  the 
translator  bringing  the  biographical  and  critical  account 
practically  down  to  date. 

Some  acceptable  additions  to  the  "Caxton  Thin 
Paper  Classics,"  imported  by  the  Messrs.  Scribner,  have 
recently  been  made.  Most  acceptable  of  all,  perhaps, 
is  the  three-volume  edition  of  BjTon,  classified  under  the 
heads  of  "  Longer  Poems,"  "  Shorter  Poems,"  and 
"  Satires  and  Dramas."  Other  new  volumes  in  this 
series  give  us  Addison's  "  Essays  "  and  Lamb's  "  Let- 
ters"; while  in  the  "Pocket  Classics,"  of  nearly  the 
same  form,  we  have  "The  Sacred  Poems  of  Henry 
Vaughan,"  and  Keble's  "  Lyra  Innoeentium." 


368 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


One  Hijndred  IfovELS  for  Summer 
Reading. 

a  descriptive  guide  to  the  season's 
best  fiction. 


Alexander,  Eleanor.    The   Lady  of   the  Well.    Longmans, 
Green,  &  Co.    $1.50. 

A  tale  of  love  and  adventure  in  Sonthem  Europe  during 
the  Middle  Ages. 
Andrews,  Mary  Raymond  Shipman.     Bob  and  the  Guides. 
Illustrated.    Charles  Scribner's  Sons.    $1.50. 

The  various  entertaining  adventures  of  a  lively  and  orig- 
inal small  boy,  and,  incidentally,  of  many  grown-up  people, 
on  a  camping  tour  in  the  woods. 
Bacheller,    Irving.    Silas  Strong:    Emperor  of   the  Woods. 
With  frontispiece.    Harper  &  Brothers.    $1.50. 

Silas  Strong,  a  humorous  philosopher  of  the  Adirondacks. 
the  patient  woman  he  has  silently  wooed  for  many  years,  and 
the  two  motherless  children  to  whom  he  is  guardian,  are  the 
principal  characters. 
Bailliej-Saunders,  Margaret.  Saints  in  Society.  G.  P.  Put- 
nam's Sons.    $1.50. 

A  story  of  the  effect  upon  a  young  printer  and  his  wife  of 
sudden  accession  to  wealth,  title,  and  social  success.  In  their 
changed  circumstances  each  meets  a  "  kindred  soul,"  and  the 
perilous  relations  of  the  four  characters  result  in  an  entangle- 
ment of  plot. 
Barbour,  A.  Maynabd.  ^Breakers  Ahead.  J.  B.  Lippincott 
Co.    $1.50. 

An  American  story  of  to-day.  the  central  figure  of  which  is 
a  man  of  force  and  cleverness  but  selfish  and  strong-willed 
Barnes-Grundy,    Mabel.     Hazel  of  Heatherland.     Baker  & 
Taylor  Co.    $1.50. 

A  simple  romantic  story  of  a  girl  who  grows  up  in  the 
narrow   but   charming  environment  of   English   rural  life 
among  people  of  striking  individuality. 
Beach,  Rex  E.    The  Spoilers.    Illustrated.    Harper  &  Brothers. 
$1.50. 

The  plot  turns  on  a  gigantic  conspiracy  to  dispossess  the 
original  claimants  of  the  Northern  gold-fields  of  their  rich 
mining  properties. 
Bell,  Lilian.    Carolina  Lee.    Illustrated  in  color.    L.  C.  Page 
&  Co.    $1.50. 

Carolina  is  a  fascinating  American  girl,  riding  on  the  top 
wave  of  success  in  New  York  society.  A  financial  catastrophe 
leaves  her  without  money,  and  her  only  material  asset  an  old, 
run-down  plantation  In  Virginia.  Undaunted  she  goes  South 
to  rebuild  her  fortune,  and  succeeds. 
Bindloss,  Harold.  Alton  of  Somasco.  IQustrated.  Frederick 
A.  Stokes  Co.    $1.50. 

A  story  of  the  pioneers  of  the  great  Northwest,  telling  how 
the  aristocratic  standards  of  a  young  girl  were  put  to  shame 
by  the  code  of  a  rancher. 
Boggs,  Sara  E.    Sandpeep :  A  Story  of  the  Maine  Coast.    Illus- 
trated.   Little,  Brown,  &  Co.    $1.50. 

The  scene  is  the  northeastern  coast  of  Maine,  and  the 
character  around  which  the  tale  centres  is  a  fisher-girl. 
Boyce,  Neith.    The  Eternal  Spring.   Illustrated.   Fox,  Duffleld 
&Co.    $1.50. 

This  new  story  by  the  author  of  "The  Forerunner"  is  a 
tale  of  love  against  an  Italian  background,  with  Americans 
as  the  leading  characters.  Most  of  the  action  takes  place 
in  a  villa  just  outside  of  Florence,  owned  by  a  young  American 
widow. 
Boyd,  Mary  Stuart.  The  Misses  Make-Believe.  Henry  Holt 
&  Co.    $1.50. 

A  tale  of  two  Devonshire  gentlewomen,  who  attempted  the 
conquest  of  London  on  slim  means.  Its  unobtrusive  moral 
is  that  more  may  be  gained  by  sincere  living  than  by  strug- 
gling for  the  meretricious. 
Brady,  Cyrus  Townsend.  The  Patriots.  Illustrated  in  color. 
Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.    $1.50. 

A  story  of  the  American  Civil  War.  General  Lee  is  a  lead- 
ing character,  and  the  battles  of  Gettysburg  and  Spottsyl- 
vania  are  given  full  description. 
Brooks,  Mansfield.  The  Newell  Fortune.  John  Lane  Co.  $1.50. 
A  story  dealing  with  the  wealth  accumulated  by  a  New 
England  family  and  the  effect  upon  the  heir  wrought  by  the 
discovery  of  what  the  source  of  his  wealth  had  been. 

Brown,  Alice.    The  Court  of  Love.    Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 
$1.25. 

The  heroine  of  this  little  comedy  is  a  lovely  girl,  and  it  is 
her  peculiar  whims  and  fancies  that  lead  to  the  curious  entan- 
glements which  concern  all  the  characters. 


Brown,  Kenneth.    Sirocco.    Mitchell  Kennerley.    $1.50. 

Describes  the  adventures  of  a  young  American  trader  while 
engaged  in  rescuing  an  English  girl  from  the  harem  of  the 
Sultan  of  Sirocco. 
Brown,  Vincent.   The  Sacred  Cup.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $1.50. 
The  story  of  a  mature  woman,  refined,  strong,  and  good, 
confronted  with  the  fact  that  the  man  whom  she  is  engaged 
to  marry  has  been  guilty  of  a  shameful  sin. 
Burgess,    Gelett.     A   Little  Sister   of   Destiny.     Houghton, 
Mifflin  &  Co.    $1.50. 

A  young  American  heiress,  finding  herself  quite  alone  in 
the  world  and  being  possessed  with  a  spirit  of  adventure,  seeks 
out  and  befriends  people  in  various  walks  of  life  which  she 
herself  enters  in  disguise. 
Castle,  Agnes  and  Egerton.  If  Youth  But  Knew.  Illustrated. 
Macmillan  Co.    $1.50. 

A  romantic  tale  of  old  days,  by  the  authors  of  "  The  Pride  of 
Jennico,"  "  Sweet  Kitty  Bellairs,"  and  other  popular  books. 
Chambers,  Robert  W.  The  Tracer  of  Lost  Persons.  Illustrated. 
D.  Appleton  &  Co.    $1.50. 

A  humorous  story  of  how  a  clubman  got  a  wife  by  looking 
for  an  ideal. 
Chapin,   Anna   Alice.     Hearts   and  Creeds:    A   Romance   of 
Quebec.    Illustrated.    Little,  Brown.  &  Co.    $1.50. 

The  plot  deals  with  the  marriage  of  Arline  Lord,  a  Prot- 
estant girl,  and  Amedee  Lelau,  a  Catholic.    The  author  is 
thoroughly  familiar  with  Canadian  life,  and  her  new  story  is 
.     an  intimate  study  of  the  social  and  political  life  of  Quebec. 
CHENfiY,  Warren.   The  Challenge.   Illustrated.    Bobbs-Merrill 
Co.    $1.50. 

A  story  of  Alaska,  when  it  was  a  Russian  possession.    The 
scene  is  laid  at  one  of  the  trading  posts  of  a  great  fur  com- 
pany, the  characters  being  Russians  in  the  company's  employ. 
Cooke,  Jane  Grosvenor.    The  Ancient  Miracle.    Illustrated. 
A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.    $1.50. 

A  tale  of  the  Northern  Wilderness,  full  of  the  mystery  and 
impressiveness  of  a  great  forest. 
Cutting,  Mary  Stewart.    More  Stories  of  Married  Life.    With 
frontispiece.    McClure,  Phillips  &  Co.    $1.25. 

A  new  collection  of  comedies  and  tragedies  of  commuter 
life,  by  the  author  of  "Little  Stories  of  Courtship"  and 
"  Little  Stories  of  Married  Life." 
Ellis,  Elizabeth.  Barbara  Winslow,  Rebel.  Illustrated.   Dodd, 
Mead  &  Co.    $1.50. 

The  heroine  is  an  English  girl  whose  brother  has  joined 

the  rebel  army  of  the  Duke  of  Monmouth.    Her  adventurous 

love  affair  with  an  officer  in  the  King's  army  supplies  the  plot. 

Farrer,  Reginald  J.     The  House  of  Shadows.    Longmans, 

Green,  &  Co.    $1.50. 

A  story  of  modern  English  life  with  a  background  of  social 
and  clerical  life. 
Frothingham,  Eugenia  Brooks.     The  Evasion.     Houghton, 
Mifflin  &  Co.    $1.50. 

The  life  of  the  rich  and  idle  social  set  of  Boston  is  here 
depicted.   The  chief  character  is  a  wealthy  young  man  whose 
reputation  is  ruined  by  an  accusation  of  cheating  at  cards. 
Grant,  Robert.    The  Law  Breakers.    Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 
$1.25. 

A  collection  of  seven  short  stories,  including  besides  the 
title  story  the  following:  "  St.  George  and  the  Dragon,"  "  An 
Exchange  of  Courtesies."  "  The  Romance  of  a  Soul,"  "Against 
his  Judgment,"  "  A  Surrender,"  and  "  Across  the  Way." 
Green,  Anna  Katharine.  The  Woman  in  the  Alcove.  Illus- 
trated.     Bobbs-Merrill  Co.    $1.50. 

A  new  detective  story  by  the  author  of  "  The  Millionaire 
Baby  "  and  other  novels.  It  has  to  do  with  the  efforts  of  a 
young  girl  to  prove  the  innocence  of  her  lover,  accused  of  an 
atrocious  murder. 
Hains,  T.  Jenkins.  The  Voyage  of  the  Arrow.  Illustrated. 
L.  C.Page  &  Co.    $1.50. 

An  account  of  the  voyage  of  the  ship  "Arrow"  to  the 
China  seas,  its  adventures  and  perils,  including  its  capture  by 
pirates,  as  set  down  by  its  chief  mate. 
Harraden,  Beatrice.    The  Scholar's  Daughter.    With  frontis- 
piece.   Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.    $1.50. 

Life  in  a  quiet  English  town  is  depicted  in  this  new  novel 
by  the  author  of  "  Ships  that  Pass  in  the  Night."  The  prin- 
cipal characters  are  an  antiquated  scholar  and  his  gay  and 
irrepressible  daughter. 
Harry,  Myriam.  The  Conquest  of  Jerusalem:  A  Novel  of  To- 
day.   Herbert  B.  Turner  &  Co.    $1.50. 

A  story  having  for  its  main  theme  the  social  life  in  the 
European  colony  at  Jerusalem,  with  its  religious  bickerings 
and  persecutions  of  an  eminent  archaeologist  who  is  working 
to  unearth  the  past. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL. 


369 


Hkjtby,  O.    The  Four  Million.    McClare,  Phillips  &  Co.    H. 

The  "four  million"  are  the  inhabitants  of  Manhattan 
Island,  whom  Mr.  Henry  depicts  with  his  usual  keen  humor 
and  eye  for  character. 
HoLLAXD.  RuFEBT  Sabgext.    The  Coont  at  Harvard.    L.  C. 
Page  &  Co.    $1.50. 

An  account  of  the  adventures  of  a  young  gentleman  of 
fashion  at  Harvard  University.  "  The  Count  "  is  not  a  for- 
eigner, but  is  the  nickname  of  one  of  the  principal  characters 
in  the  book. 
Hopkins,  Hebbebt  M.  The  Mayor  of  Warwick.  With  frontis- 
piece in  color.    Houghton.  Mifflin  &  Co.    $1.50. 

A  story  of  present-day  political  and  college  life  in  an  up- 
to-date  New  England  college  town  —  said  to  be  Hartford. 
HoPKixs,  William  J.    The  Clammer.    Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 
$1.25. 

A  simple  little  love  story,  told  with  much  distinction  of 
style,  of  a  witty  recluse  who  loves  to  dig  his  own  clams. 
HrTTKjr,  Bettixa  von.  Pam  Decides.   Illnstrated.  Dodd,  Mead 
&  Co.    $1.50. 

A  sequel  to  the  same  author's  "  Pam,"  tracing  this  fosci- 
nating  heroine  through  her  absorption  in  the  artistic  and 
bohemian  set  of  London  and  her  life  in  Ireland. 
Lancaster.  G.  B.    The  Spur ;  or,  The  Bondage  of  Kin  Seveme. 
Doubleday.  Page  &  Co.    $1.50. 

The  story  of  Kin  Seveme.  Xew  Zealand  sheep  shearer  and 
man  of  genius,  who  sold  his  fatore  to  another  man  to  get  a 
chance  to  prove  himself. 
Lane.  Elinor  Macartney.    All  for  the  Love  of  a  Lady.    Illus- 
trated.   D.  Appleton  &  Co.    $1.25. 

The  story  of  a  lady  who  lived  in  Scotland  in  the  days  when 
Charles  was  King  of  England.    The  lady  has  three  worthy 
lovers  —  one  a  man  and  the  others  two  little  boys. 
Lee,  Jennette.    Uncle  WiUiam.  the  Man  that  Was  Shif  less. 
With  frontispiece.    Century  Co.    $1. 

Uncle  WiUiam  is  an  old  Nova  Scotia  fisherman  into  whose 
retired  life  comes  a  New  York  artist.  The  scene  shifts  from 
Uncle  William's  lonely  home  on  a  rocky  coast  to  New  York, 
whither  Uncle  WUliam  goes  on  learning  of  the  Ulness  of  his 
artist  friend. 
Lewis,  Alfred  Henby.  The  Throwback.  Illustrated.  Outing 
Publishing  Co.    $1.50. 

A  romantic  story  of  the  Southwest  in  the  days  when  the 
buffalo  roamed  the  plains,  when  the  Indian  council  fires  still 
smoked,  and  the  cowboy's  life  was  one  of  continuous  hazard. 
LnjENCRANTz,  Ottilie  A.  Randvar  the  Songsmith :  A  Romance 
of  Norumbega.  With  frontispiece  in  color.  Harper  &  Bro- 
thers.   $1.50. 

A  romance  of  the  time  of  the  Norsemen  in  America,  based 
on  the  legends  clustering  around  the  old  tower  at  Newport. 
The  hero  of  the  tale  is  a  "  songsmith  "  by  nature,  with  the 
soul  of  a  poet  and  the  courage  of  a  true  and  stalwart  man. 
Lincoln,  Joseph  C.    Mr.  Pratt.    A.  S.  Barnes  &,  Co.    $1.50. 

The  hero  is  a  modest  clam  digger  who  endeavors  to  ini- 
tiate two  Wall  Street  brokers  and  their  valet  into  the  myster- 
ies of  the  "  natural  life." 
XiLOYD,  Nelson.     Six  Stars.     Illastrated.    Charles  Scribner's 
Sons.    $1.50. 

Six  Stars  is  a  little  village  in  a  Pennsylvania  valley.    The 
quaint  and  amusingly  shrewd  characters,  their  lives,  their 
jokes,  and  their  romances  make  up  the  story. 
Long.  John  Luther.  The  Way  of  the  Giods.  MacmiUanCo.  $1.50. 
A  new  story  of  Japanese  life,  by  the  author  of  "  Madame 
Butterfly."  etc. 
LoBiMER.  George  Horace.    The  False  Gods.    Illustrated.    D. 
Appleton  &  Co.    $1.25. 

"  A  tale  of  old  Egypt  and  Little  old  New  York,"  describing 
the  adventures  of  an  energetic  newspaper  reporter  in  the 
halls  of  a  Society  of  Egyptologists. 
Lubbock,  Basil.   Jack  Derringer :  A  Tale  of  Deep  Water.  E.  P. 
Dutton  &  Co.    $1.50. 

A  sea  tale  describing  the  adventures  of  a  "shanghaied" 
cowpuncher  on  a  deep  water  cruise.    The  story  deals  with  a 
trip  around  the  Cape  and  later  with  the  South  Seas. 
Lynde,  Francis.    The  Quickening.   Illustrated.    Bobbs-Merrill 
Co.    $1J0. 

The  title  refers  to  the  spiritual  awakening  of  a  young 
Southerner.  The  scene  is  laid  in  the  mountains  of  Tennessee. 
McCabthy,  JrsTiN  Huntly.    Thie  Flower  td  France.   Harper  & 
Brothers.    $1.50. 

This  is  the  story  of  Joan  of  Arc,  charmingly  retold.  The 
Maid  of  France  is  represented  not  as  the  mailed  warrior  or 
half-mad  fanatic,  but  as  a  simple  peasant-girl,  fresh  and 
strong  and  sweet. 


McCirrcHEON.  Geobge  Barb.    Cowardice  Court,    niastrated  in 
color.    Dodd.  Mead  &  Co.    $1.25. 

A  tale  of  love  and  adventure  ia  the  Adirondack  Mountains, 
by  the  author  of  "  Graustark,"  "  Nedra,"  etc. 

Macdonald,  Ronald.  The  Sea  Maid.  Henry  Holt  &  Co.  $1.50. 
After  the  opening  chapter  in  rural  England,  the  story 
shifts  to  a  treasure  ship,  and  later  to  an  island  in  the  Pacific. 
An  English  lord  and  the  half-wild  but  adorable  daughter  of  a 
castaway  English  bishop  and  his  prim  wife  are  the  leading 
characters. 

McIvoR.  Allan.    The  Mechanic:  A  Romance  of  Steel  and  Oil. 
New  York:  William  Ritchie.    $1.50. 

The  story  of  how  John  Worth,  the  mechania  acquires  an 
education ;  how  he  battles  with  the  magnates  of  Oil ;  how  he 
marries  Lurgan's  daughter,  Catherine,  a  famous  heiress ;  how 
he  triumphs  over  all  obstacles,  and  of  right  becomes  a  great 
captain  of  industry. 

Macphail.  Andrew.  TheVineof  Sibmah.  MacmiUanCo.  $1.50. 
The  adventures  of  a  valiant  soldier  who,  after  the  Restora- 
tion, went  seeking  a  certain  winsome  woman,    Puritan  di- 
vines and  pirates,  Jesuits  and  Quakers,  soldiers  and  savages 
make  up  the  characters. 

Mabchmont,  Arthur  W.    By  Wit  of  Woman.    Illnstrated  in 
color,  etc.    Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co.    $1.50. 

The  heroine,  who  has  spent  her  grirlhood  in  America,  re- 
turns to  Buda-Pesth  to  vindicate  the  name  of  her  dead  father, 
onj  ustly  accused  of  murder  in  connection  with  a  plot  to  restore 
the  ancient  Hungarian  monarchy ;  and  there  she  meets  with 
many  adventures. 

MxLLS,  Weymer  Jay.    The  Ghosts  of  their  Ancestors.    lUos- 
trated  in  color,  etc.    Fox,  Duffield  &  Co.    $1.25. 

A  satire  on  the  prevalent  ancestor  worship  in  America,  by 
the  author  of  "  Caroline  of  Courtland  Street." 

Mitchell,  Db.  8.  Weib.    A  Diplomatic  Adventure.    With  fron- 
tispiece.   Century  Co.    $1. 

The  scene  is  laid  in  Paris  at  the  time  of  the  Civil  War  in 
America.  The  characters  include  a  pretty  woman  who  seeks 
the  protection  of  a  strange  gentleman's  cab,  three  Frenchmen, 
and  a  couple  of  clever  young  Americans  in  their  country's 
service. 

Morse,  Mabgabet.   The  Spirit  <rf  the  Pines.   Houghton,  MifOin 
ACo.    $1. 

A  little  tragedy  enacted  amid  the  fragrance  of  piney  woods 
and  hiUtops  in  New  Hampshire  is  here  told.  It  is  a  love  story, 
a  story  of  nature  and  of  two  nature  lovers ;  of  a  man  and  a 
woman  of  unusual  temperaments,  ideals,  and  affinity. 

MiTNN,  Chables  Clark.    The  Girl  from  Tim's  Place.    Illas- 
trated.    Lothrop,  Lee  &  Shepard  Co.    $1.50. 

The  transformation  of  "  Chip  "  McGuire  from  a  young  girl 
found  at  a  New  England  wilderness  half-way  house,  known 
as  "  Tim's  place."  into  a  beautiful  and  cultivated  young 
woman  is  the  central  theme  of  the  book. 

OuiSTEAD,  Stanley.  The  Nonchalante.  Henry  Holt  &  Co.  $1.25. 

A  humorous  tale  of  Americans  in  "  PUssestadt."  a  town 

the  original  of  which  is  probably  Liepzig.    The  author  is  a 

talented  pianist,  and  draws  much  of  his  material  from  his 

own  experiences  while  a  student  in  Germany. 

Oppenheim,  E.  Phtlltps.    a  Maker  of  History.    Illustrated. 
Little,  Brown,  &.  Co.    $1.50. 

Important  personages  in  the  diplomatic  and  official  life  of 
England,  France,  Germany,  and  Russia  have  a  place  in  the 
story ;  and  the  ingenuity  of  the  secret  police  of  three  countries 
is  involved  in  the  maze  of  incident,  plot,  and  counter-plot 
throiigh  which  the  reader  is  carried. 

Paine.  Albert  Bigelow.    The  Lucky  Piece.    With  frontispiece 
in  color.    Outing  Publishing  Co.    $1.50. 

The  scene  is  laid  mostly  among  the  Adirondacks.  The 
Lucky  Piece  is  an  old  Spanish  coin,  and  it  plays  an  impor- 
tant part  in  the  story  of  how  the  somewhat  idle  and  blase 
young  townsman  found  himself,  through  the  influence  of  the 
forest  and  mountain. 

Palmer,  Frederick.    Lucy  of  the  Stars.    Charles  Scribner's 
Sons.    $1.50. 

A  story  wherein  politics  and  love,  tragedy  and  comedy, 
with  men  and  women  of  varied  charm  and  character,  make 
up  a  picture  of  to-day. 

Patebnosteb,  Q.  Sidney.    The  Cruise  of  the  Conqueror.    With 
frontispiece  in  color.    L.  G.  Page  &  Co.    $1.50. 

A  story  continuing  the  adventures  of  the  principal  charac- 
ters in  Mr.  Paternoster's  "  Adventures  of  the  Motor  Pirate." 
In  this  volume  the  motor  boat  is  the  means  by  which  the 
daring  '"  highwayman  "  pursues  his  victims. 

Pemberton,  Max.   My  Sword  for  Lafayette.  Illustrated.  Dodd. 
Mead  &  Co.    $1.50. 

An  account  of  the  adventures  in  war  and  love  of  Zaida 
Kay,  a  young  Frenchman  in  the  service  of  Lafayette  on  his 
American  campaign. 


370 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


Phiixips,  Henby  Wallace.    Red  Saunders'  Pets,  and  Other 
Critters.    Illustrated.    McClure.  Phillips  &  Co.    $1.26. 

A  new  set  of  humorous  tales  of  the  pets  and  other  critters 
whom  Red  Saunders  and  his  crowd  were  wont  to  adopt  from 
time  to  time. 
Phillips,  Henry  Wallace.   Mr.  Scraggs.  Illustrated.  Grafton 
Press.    11.25. 

A  new  story  of  Western  life  by  the  author  of  "  Red  Saun- 
ders."    Mr.  Scraggs  is  an  adventurous  individual,  whose 
mournful  appearance  belies  his  jovial  disposition. 
Pollock,  Frank  L.    The  Treasure  Trail.    With  frontispiece. 
L.  C.Page  &  Co.    $1.25. 

The  story  deals  with  the  search  for  gold  bullion,  originally 
stolen  from  the  Boer  government  in  Pretoria,  and  stored  in  a 
steamer  sunk  somewhere  in  the  Mozambique  Channel.  Two 
different  search  parties  are  endeavoring  to  secure  the  treasure. 
PooLE,  Ernest.  The  Voice  of  the  Street.  Illustrated.  A.  S. 
Barnes  &  Co.    $1.50. 

The  scene  is  New  York,  and  the  principal  character  is  a 
young  man  of  obscure  birth  and  wayward  tendencies  who 
comes  into  prominence  through  his  wonderful  voice. 
Powell,   Frances.     The  Prisoner  of  Omith  Farm.     Charles 
Scribner's  Sons.    $1.50. 

Rescued  from  an  open  boat  in  which  she  has  drifted  to  sea 
off  the  New  England  coast,  the  young  heroine  has  a  remark- 
able series  of  adventures  at  Omith  Farm,  whither  she  is  taken 
by  her  abductor. 
Preston,  Sidney.    Common  Ground.    Henry  Holt  &  Co.   $1.50. 

The  journal  of  a  gentle  bachelor  who,  in  pursuit  of  happi- 
ness, retires  to  a  small  farm  and  to  the  cares  of  agriculture 
and  of  raising  chickens.  The  chickens  wander  into  the  prem- 
ises of  a  neighbor,  also  from  the  city,  and  the  idyll  begins. 
Rhodes,  Harrison  Garfield.  The  Lady  and  the  Ladder* 
Illustrated.    Doubleday,  Page  and  Co.    $1.50. 

The  ladder  up  which  this  delightful  American  widow  clam- 
bers is   of  course  the  social  one,  and   her  experiences  in 
trying  to  climb  it  make  interesting  reading. 
Rickert,  Edith.    Folly.    With  frontispiece  in  color.    Baker  & 
Taylor  Co.    $1.50. 

The  heroine  is  a  charming,  high-spirited  woman  of  the 
artistic  temperament,  who  marries  a  man  more  because  he 
loves  her  than  that  she  loves  him,  and  so  leaves  the  door 
open  for  temptation  in  the  form  of  "the  other  man." 
Robertson,  Harrison.  The  Pink  Typhoon.  With  frontispiece. 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons.    $1. 

The  scene  is  a  city  in  the  Southwest,  and  the  various  ex- 
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his  automobile,  "  The  Pink  Typhoon,"  form  the  basis  for  the 
story. 
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The  hero  of  this  "  romance  of  to-day  "  is  a  young  man 
who  throws  himself  into  the  independent  reform  movement 
in  politics. 
Ryan,  Marah  Ellis.     For  the  Soul  of  Rafael.     Illustrated. 
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A  picturesque  romance  of  Old  California.    The  characters 
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Americans  were  regarded  as  godless  invaders. 
Sage,  William.    The  District  Attorney.    Little,  Brown,  &  Co. 
$1.50. 

A  story  dealing  with  political  and  financial  life  in  America 
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throughout. 
Salttjs,  Edgar.    Vanity  Square.    J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.    $1.25. 

A  story  of  love  and  mystery,  centering  about  the  sudden 
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Scott,  John  Reed.    The  Colonel  of  the  Red  Huzaars.    Illus- 
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A  romance  of  the  "Zenda"  type,  having  to  do  with  the 
complicated  love  affairs  of  the  Princess  Dehra  of  Valeria  and 
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Sea  WELL,  Molly  Elliott.    The  Chateau  of  Montplaisir.   Illus- 
trated.   D.  Appleton  &  Co.    $1.50, 

A  humorous  tale  of  a  young  French  nobleman,  a  wealthy 
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the  latter. 
Sedgwick,  Anns  Dottglas.    The  Shadow  of  Life.    Century  Co. 
$1.50. 

A  tale  of  love  and  spiritual  struggle,  by  the  author  of  "  The 
Confounding  of  Camelia,"  "Paths  of  Judgment,"  and  other 
popular  novels. 


Selkirk,  Emily.    The  Stigma:  A  Tale  of  the  South.    Herbert 
B.  Turner  &  Co.    $1.50. 

A  story  of  life  to-day  in  a  small  Southern  town.    The  prin- 
cipal characters  are  white  Southerners,  but  the  background 
of  the  picture  is  the  negro. 
Sinclair,  Upton.    The  Jungle.    Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.    $1.50. 
A  realistic  novel  of  the  sordid  working  and  living  condi- 
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The  scene  opens  with  the  hero's  trip  to  the  Catskills  for 
rest,  and  the  story  has  mainly  to  do  with  his  vacation  and 
the  love  story  that  grows  out  of  it.  Later  the  scene  shifts  to 
New  York. 
Stringer,  Arthur.  The  Wire- Tappers.  Illustrated.  Little, 
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The  hero,  an  electrical  inventor,  and  the  heroine,  a  beau- 
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by  wire-tapping  to  beat  a  pool-room  in  New  York  City.  The 
efforts  of  the  girl  to  uplift  the  man  she  loves  and  to  extricate 
him  and  herself  from  evil  associations  make  up  the  story. 
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A  story  that  fulfills  its  title  by  showing  the  hopeless  pathos 
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Nicanor,  the  story-teller,  was  the  son  of  a  wood-cutter  who 
lived  in  Britain  when  the  island  was  ruled  by  the  Romans. 
The  charm  of  his  voice  wins  for  him  the  love  of  two  women, 
one  a  slave,  the  other  the  daughter  of  a  Roman  lord.  Of 
these  two,  and  of  Nicanor's  life  and  deeds,  is  the  story. 
Thurston,  Lucy  Meacham.  Called  to  the  Field.  Little,  Brown, 
&  Co.  $1.50. 

The  heroine,  who  tells  the  story,  is  a  young  Virgrinia  girl 
just  married,  dwelling  at  her  country  home,  rich  and  happy, 
when  the  Civil  War  bursts  upon  her  and  changes  the  current 
of  her  life. 
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An  up-to-date  story  of  love  and  mystery,  with  wireless 
telegraphy  and  all  the  modem  improvements.    The  events 
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A  quiet,  old-fashioned  story  of  country  life  in  Essex,  Eng- 
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Vance,  Louis  Joseph.    The  Private  War.    Illustrated.    D.  Ap- 
pleton &  Co.    $1.50. 

Describes  the  struggle  between  a  rich  young  American 
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American  woman.  The  story  ends  in  a  terrific  battle  between 
torpedo  boats  in  the  North  Sea. 
Van  Vorst,  Marie.  The  Sin  of  George  Warrener.  MacmUlan 
Co.    $1.50. 

A  study  of  life  and  manners  among  people  in  a  suburban 
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souls,  who  works  zealously  among  the  rough  miners  of  a 
little  Nevada  town. 
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The  hero  is  a  young  English  artist  who  leaves  his  wife  and 
child  in  Westmoreland,  and  comes  up  to  London  to  study. 
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Wardman,  Ervin.  The  Princess  Olga.  Harper  &  Brothers. 
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A  tale  of  adventure,  describing  the  experiences  of  a  young 
American  engineer  amid  the  political  plots  and  complications 
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White,  William  Allen.    In  Our  Town.    Illustrated.    McClure, 
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"  Our  Town  "  is  an  amusing  and  individual  little  village  in 
Kansas,  as  you  will  see  it  in  your  tour  personally  conducted  by 
the  editor  of  a  local  paper,  who  introduces  you  to  the  show 
characters  and  whispers  in  your  ear  their  humorous  or 
pathetic  life  stories. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


371 


WnxiAMSON,  C.  N.  and  A.  M.    Lady  Betty  across  the  Water. 

Illustrated  in  color.    McClure,  Phillips  &  Co.    $1.50. 

An  Anelo-American  romance  in  the  form  of  a  diary  of  a 

bright,  vivacioos  English  girl  who  comes  to  America  under 

tile  chaperonage  of  a  leader  of  the  "  400  "  in  New  York  and 

Newport. 
WiKTLE.  Habold.    The  Cleansing  of  the  Lords.   John  Lane  Co. 

tl.dO. 

A  story  of  English  iwlitics,  and  Kngli.sh  men  and  women 

who  move  in  the  inner  circles  of  public  affairs.    The  Prime 

Minister  is  a  leading  character. 
WisTKB.  Owes.    Lady  Baltimore.    Illustrated.    Muraniliftn  Co. 

$1.50. 

From  the  plains  and  cowboys  of  "The  Virginian"  Mr. 

Wister  has  turned  in  this  new  book  to  a  historic  city,  with 

present-day  youths  and  maidens  of  a  highly  civilized  sort  as 

the  characters. 
Weight,  Mabel  Osgood.    The  Garden.  You  and  I.    Macmillan 

Oo.    $1.50. 

"  The  Garden  of  a  Conunnter's  Wife,"  published  anony- 
mously a  few  years  ago,  has  been  acknowledged  by  Mrs. 

Wright,  and  in  this  new  story  she  returns  to  the  scence  of 

the  previous  book. 
Wbight,  Maby  Tappax.    The  Tower.   Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

$1.50. 

A  love  story,  and  a  picture  of  life  in  a  college  community 

taken  from  the  faculty  instead  of  the  student  side. 


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THE  DIAL 

a  S:tmi'-fR.an1^\v  3onmaI  of  litfrarg  Critmsm,  Sisrassion,  anl>  Informatunu 


No.  4S0. 


JUNE  16,  1906. 


Vol.  XL. 


Contexts. 

PASS 

IBSEN  DrrmE 379 

COMMUNICATIONS :^80 

A  DistingTiished  Editorial  Career.  IF.  H.  Johnson. 
A  New  Theory  of  English  Metre.     Edward  P. 

Morton. 

A  ROLLICKING  IRISH  STORY-TELLER.    Percy 

F.  BickneU 382 

NTIW  THEORIES  OF  THE  EARTH'S  HISTORY. 

H.  Foster  Bain .384 

LORD  RANDOLPH   CHLTICHILL.     E.  D.  Adams  385 

LIFE -SAVING     AS     A    MILITARY    SCIENCK 

WiUiam  Elliot  Griffis 388 

A  PHILOSOPHICAL  RADICAL  ON  THE  GREEK 

STAGE.     F.  B.  B.  HeUems 389 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 391 

Thoughtful  studies  of  past,  present,  and  future.  — 
The  Jew  in  Southern  life  and  society.  —  On  the 
nature  and  origin  of  living  matter.  —  The  best 
reading  at  smallest  cost.  —  Tales  of  the  old  South- 
west border. — Two  examples  of  the  book  beautiful. 
—  Mr.  Andrew  Lang  on  Sir  Walter  Scott.  —  Indis- 
pensable to  the  European  tourist.  —  Organ  music, 
its  history  and  development.  —  Autobiography  of 
a  Russian  revolutionist. 

NOTES 395 

LEST  OF  NTHiV  BOOKS 396 


IBSEN  INTIME. 


"Goethe's  heart,  which  few  knew,  was  as 
great  as  his  intellect,  which  all  know."  This 
was  Jung-Stilling's  tribute  to  the  personality  of 
the  great  ix)et  who  is  often  taken  as  the  type  of 
OljTnpian  detachment  from  the  petty  preoccu- 
pations of  onlinarv  humanity.  It  is  the  fate  of 
genius  to  be  misunderstood  by  the  commonalty. 
The  loftier  its  expression,  and  the  more  sweeping 
its  universalit}',  the  less  does  genius  concern 
itseK  with  those  accidents  of  life  which  are  the 
whole,  or  nearly  the  whole,  of  existence  to  the 
commonplace    mvdtitude.     The    average    man, 


made  vaguely  uncomfortable  by  such  glimpses 
of  the  eternal  verities  as  he  gets  when  he  at- 
tempts to  share  the  vision  of  some  great  spirit, 
restores  the  balance  of  his  self-satisfaction  by 
charging  the  poet  with  heartlessness,  or  cynicism, 
or  cold  selfishness,  or  some  other  disagreeable 
quality.  Among  the  writers  of  our  owti  time, 
Ibsen  has  been  particularly  singled  out  as  the 
target  for  this  sort  of  criticism,  yet  we  imagine 
that  Jung-Stilling's  words  about  Groethe  would 
closely  fit  Ibsen's  case  also,  and  that  it  is  the 
critics  themselves  who  are  really  chargeable  with 
defective  sympathies. 

Ibsen  presented,  no  doubt,  a  somewhat  grim 
front  to  the  world  of  superficial  observers,  and 
die  comparative  solitude  of  soul  in  which  he 
worked  out  his  problems  upon  the  ethical  chess- 
board was  reflected  in  the  hermit-like  habit  of  his 
visible  existence.  But  ail  this  was  nothing  more 
llian  the  iron  restraint  demanded  by  his  self- 
imposed  task  :  he  felt  himself  bound  to  husband 
and  concentrate  his  energies ;  he  did  not  dare 
to  squander  any  considerable  fraction  of  them 
upon  barren  social  interests  and  relationships. 
He  had  sufficient  strength  of  will  to  make  this 
sacrifice,  but  there  is  much  reason  to  believe  that 
he  felt  it  keenly,  and  that  volcanic  fires  were 
at  play  beneath  the  cold  crust  of  his  outward 
seeming.  Is  not  this  what  we  really  mean  when 
we  speak  of  any  man  as  "crusty,"'  and  is  not  the 
word,  rightly  considered,  a  term  of  praise  rather 
than  of  reproach  ? 

TVlioever  reads  with  discernment  the  plays 
and  poems  of  Ibsen  will  have  no  difficxilty  in 
finding  passages  which  reveal  the  warmest  of 
human  sympathies,  passages  which  fairly  throb 
with  the  feelings  of  a  singularly  sensitive  nature. 
Not  only  the  romantic  effusions  of  his  early  man- 
hood, but  the  ripest  of  the  series  of  dramatic 
social  studies  peld  such  fruit  as  this.  And 
the  ineffable  tenderness  of  certain  scenes  in 
"  Brand  "  and  "  Peer  Gynt "  most  emphatically 
give  the  lie  to  the  assertion  that  their  author 
was  a  "  cold  hater  of  his  kind,"  a  morose  and 
heartless  spectator  of  the  tragi-comedy  of  life. 
These  scenes  make  us  feel  that  he  had  to  sub- 
ject himself  to  strong  compulsion  to  keep  from 
lapsing  into  an  emotionalism  that  would  have 
defeated  the  essential  purpose  of  his  work,  and 


380 


THE    DIAL 


[June  16, 


to  ignore  them  is  to  be  wilfully  blind  to  his  deep- 
est teachings. 

These  revelations  of  the  Ibsen  intime  who 
was  conjoined  with  the  dramatic  teclmician  are 
clear  enough  for  all  except  the  most  careless 
observers,  and  they  may  readily  be  corroborated 
by  the  sort  of  personal  evidence  wliich  has  to  be 
our  sole  reliance  in  the  case  of  men  who  produce 
no  works  whereby  they  may  be  judged.  We 
can  recall  many  instances  of  pilgrims,  often  total 
strangers,  who  have  sought  out  "  the  old  bard 
in  the  solitary  house,"  and  returned  to  tell  of 
the  sincerity  of  their  reception  and  the  warmth 
of  their  welcome.  Their  report  has  been  of  no 
ogTC,  but  of  a  human  being,  wrapped  indeed  in 
simple  dignity,  but  the  embodiment  of  kindly 
human  sympathies  and  interests. 

When  we  turn  to  the  recently-published  let- 
ters of  the  great  Norwegian,  we  shall  find  no  lack 
of  the  personal  element  needed  as  a  corrective  of 
the  impression  produced  by  the  works  alone. 
Here  are  some  extracts  from  a  letter  addressed 
to  his  sister : 

"  Months  have  passed  since  I  received  your  kind  let- 
ter —  and  only  now  do  I  answer  it.  But  so  much  stands 
between  and  separates  us,  separates  me  from  home. 
Understand  this,  please,  and  do  not  think  that  it  is  in- 
difference which  has  kept  me  silent  all  these  long  years, 
and  even  this  summer.  I  camiot  write  letters;  I  must 
be  near  in  person  and  give  myself  wholly  and  entirely. 
...  So  our  dear  old  mother  is  dead.  I  thank  you  for 
having  so  lovingly  fulfilled  the  duties  which  were  in- 
cumbent on  us  all.  You  are  certainly  the  best.  I  do 
a  great  deal  of  wandering  about  the  world.  Who  knows 
but  that  I  may  come  to  Norway  next  summer;  then  I 
must  see  the  old  home  to  which  I  still  cling  with  so 
many  roots.  Give  father  my  love ;  explain  to  him  about 
me  —  all  that  you  understand  so  well,  and  that  he  per- 
haps does  not.  ...  Do  not  think  that  I  lack  the  warmth 
of  heart  which  is  the  first  requisite  where  a  true  and 
vigorous  spiritual  life  is  to  tlirive." 

Side  by  side  with  this  letter  we  must  place 
the  one  of  eight  years  later,  written  upon  receipt 
of  the  news  of  his  father's  death. 

"The  occasion  of  my  writing  you  to-day  you  will, 
dear  uncle,  easily  guess.  The  foreign  papers  and  a  letter 
from  Hedvig  have  informed  me  of  my  old  father's 
death ;  and  I  feel  impelled  to  express  my  heartfelt  thanks 
to  all  those  of  the  family  whose  affectionate  assistance 
has  made  life  easier  for  him  for  so  many  years,  and  who 
have,  therefore,  done  in  my  behalf  or  in  my  stead  what 
imtil  quite  lately  I  have  not  been  in  a  position  to  do. 
...  It  has  been  a  great  consolation  to  me  to  know  that 
my  parents  were  surrounded  by  attached  relatives;  and 
the  thanks  that  I  now  offer  for  all  the  kind  assistance 
rendered  to  those  who  are  gone,  are  also  due  for  the 
assistance  thereby  rendered  myself.  Yes,  dear  imcle, 
let  me  tell  you,  and  ask  you  in  turn  to  tell  the  others, 
tliat  your  and  their  fulfillment,  out  of  affection  for  my 
parents,  of  what  was  my  boimden  duty,  has  been  a  great 
support  to  me  during  my  toils  and  endeavours,  and  has 
furthered  the  accomplishment  of  my  work  in  this  world." 


The  real  Ibsen  is  very  apparent  in  the  two 
family  letters  from  which  quotation  has  just  been 
made.  And  it  is  apparent  in  many  scattered 
passages  concerning  his  domestic  affairs,  pas- 
sages which  reveal  the  sympathetic  aspect  of  his 
relations  with  his  wife,  and  the  solicitude  with 
which  he  superintended  the  education  of  his  only 
son.  There  is  also  the  evidence  of  a  real  genius 
for  friendship  in  the  letters  to  Brandes,  Hegel, 
and  a  few  others  —  even  in  the  letters  to  and 
about  Bjornson,  for  Ibsen's  break  with  the  latter 
was  an  affair  of  the  intellect,  which,  although  it 
tugged  at  his  heart-strings,  did  not  tear  them 
asunder.  It  is  true  that  Ibsen  did  not  admit 
many  friends  to  his  intimacy  —  deeming  them 
a  luxury  denied  him  by  his  sacred  mission, — but 
he  gi'appled  the  chosen  few  to  his  soul  ^vith 
hoops  of  steel.  And  if  he  did  not  freely  give 
himself  to  others  in  life,  he  assuredly  did  so  in 
his  books,  which  need  only  to  be  read  aright  to 
reveal  a  rich  and  many-sided  j)ersonality  rather 
than  the  coldly  intellectual  monster  of  popidar 
legend. 

COMMUNICATIONS. 


A  DISTINGUISHED  EDITORIAL  CAREER. 
(To  the  Editor  of  The  Dial.) 

Editorial  continuity  is  so  rare  a  virtue  in  the  period- 
ical literature  of  the  time  that  one  might  well  be  jjar- 
doned  for  forgetting  that  it  exists  at  all.  Even  the 
permanence  of  an  individual  editor  is  no  guarantee  of 
permanence  in  editorial  policy,  for  editors  themselves 
are  often  prone  to  strike  the  momentarily  popular  note. 
In  a  period  of  such  capricious  change,  a  long  career  of 
editorial  work  upon  lines  wisely  chosen  and  consistently 
maintained  constitutes  one  of  the  most  valuable  services 
which  it  is  in  the  power  of  an  educated  and  thoughtfid 
citizen  to  render  to  American  life  and  literature. 

Length  and  quality  of  service  both  considered,  we 
know  no  more  honorable  example  of  such  a  career  than 
that  of  Mr.  Wendell  Phillips  Garrison,  who  has  felt 
constrained  to  pass  over  to  yomiger  shoulders  the  edi- 
torial responsibility  for  "  The  Nation,"  which  he  has 
borne  so  admirably  from  the  initial  number  down  to  the 
end  of  the  present  volume.  Associated  with  the  late 
Mr.  Godkin  in  all  the  earlier  years  of  this  career,  Mr. 
Garrison  applied  to  the  field  of  literature  the  same  high 
standards  that  his  colleague  insisted  upon  in  the  realm 
of  politics.  No  literary  "  fad  "  was  ever  reflected  in  the 
columns  of  his  paper  because  it  was  popular,  no  shabby 
woi'k  was  praised  or  condoned  through  a  desire  to  pro- 
pitiate an  influential  author  or  publisher.  Mr.  Garrison's 
editorial  plan  had  no  place  in  it  for  the  exploitation  of 
any  individual,  least  of  all  of  himself.  Year  after  year 
"  The  Nation "  has  borne  to  its  readers,  without  the 
slightest  indication  of  authorship,  the  work  of  men  so 
distinguished  in  the  field  of  scholarsliip  and  letters  that 
many  periodicals  would  have  blazoned  their  names  across 
the  cover  in  huge  letters  as  the  chief  feature  of  the 
issue.  Of  course  there  are  those  who  believe  in  signed 
rather  than  unsigned  reviews,  and  have  good  grounds 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


381 


for  their  opinion.  We  do  not  discuss  that  question  here, 
but  merely  call  attention  to  Mr.  Garrison's  unswerving 
adherence  to  his  ideal,  although  he  was  able  to  command 
the  collaboration  of  men  whose  mere  names  could  readily 
have  been  used  to  the  material  advantage  of  his  paper. 
His  steady  aim  was  to  give  to  "  The  Nation  "  a  character 
and  influence  of  its  own,  wholly  independent  of  the 
various  and  necessarily  changing  personalities  engaged 
in  its  production ;  and  in  this  aim  he  has  achieved  a  dis- 
tinguished success.  The  foundations  which  he  has  laid 
give  to  his  followers  a  magnificent  opportunity.  They 
take  over  a  periodical  whose  influence  with  its  constit- 
uency, a  constituency  of  exceptional  cultivation  and 
thoughtfulness,  has  rarely  had  its  counterpart  in  the 
history  of  the  American  periodical  press.  They  are 
men  who  have  observed  the  methods  by  which  a 
great  literary  institution  has  been  built  up,  and  it  is 
safe  to  assume  that  they  are  aware  of  the  hold  which 
that  institution  possesses  upon  the  respect  and  affection 
of  its  constituency.  It  is  to  be  assumed  that  they  will 
take  pride  in  maintaining  the  high  ideals  which  have 
had  so  firm  a  rooting  and  so  steady  a  growth  under  the 
direction  of  Mr.  Garrison,  and  with  those  ideals  to  mark 
their  general  course  no  one  will  begrudge  them  the 
legitimate  exercise  of  their  individual  gifts  in  the  conduct 
of  the  work  to  which,  thanks  to  efforts  of  their  prede- 
cessor, we  may  call  it  their  distinguished  good  fortime 
to  have  been  chosen.  As  for  Mr.  Garrison  himself, 
everyone  will  hope  that  the  laying  down  of  his  editorial 
burden  will  leave  him  still  many  years  of  health  and 
comfort,  with  physical  strength  suifficient  to  put  into 
permanent  form  some  record  of  the  impressions  which 
his  unique  editorial  experience  of  so  many  years  has 
left  upon  him.  W.  H.  Johnson. 

Granville,  Ohio,  June  IS,  1906. 


A  NEW  THEORY  OF  ENGLISH  METRE. 
(To  the  Editor  of  Thk  Dial.) 

Theories  of  English  versification  have  been  so  numer- 
ous, so  hopelessly  contradictory,  and  so  regardless  of 
passages  which  nullify  their  validity,  that  most  students 
either  ignore  all  theories  and  follow  their  own  whims  or 
else  fall  back  upon  dogma  and  defy  exceptions.  In 
twenty  years,  of  many  books  and  essays  on  the  subject 
only  two  in  English  have  won  anything  like  unstinted 
and  general  praise ;  and  they  are  not  praised  because 
they  have  set  forth  satisfying  theories.  The  delight 
which  most  students  have  taken  in  Professor  Mayor's 
"  Chapters  on  English  Metre  "  is  due,  I  think,  rather  to 
his  willingness  to  admit  other  points  of  view  than  to 
any  g^reat  success  in  explaining  contradictory  passages. 
Professor  Alden's  "  English  Verse,"  although  surprising 
for  the  amount  of  its  material  and  the  skill  with  which 
it  is  arranged,  is  so  far  from  solving  the  many  problems 
which  it  states  with  great  care  and  precision,  that  it 
provoked  one  well-known  writer  to  suggest,  in  "The 
Atlantic,"  his  willingness  to  dispense  with  theories 
altogether. 

As  a  matter  of  history,  it  can  be  shown  that  the 
varying  theories  held  from  generation  to  generation  have 
modified,  sometimes  in  important  respects,  the  practice 
of  our  poets.  Happily,  however,  most  of  our  poets  have 
risen  superior  to  the  bonds  of  imperfect  theories,  and 
have  left  perennially  delightful  and  satisfying  poetry. 
It  is  hard  to  believe,  therefore,  that  there  is  not  some 
law  of  verse  which  is  really  fundamental,  and  which  has 
thus  far  escaped  clear  statement  and  general  acceptance 


only  because,  under  its  Protean  applications,  we  have 
failed  to  recognize  its  simplicity. 

In  1903,  Mr.  T.  S.  Omond  issued  "  A  Study  of  Metre  " 
(London:  Grant  Richards),  a  thoughtful  and  acute  essay, 
which  seems  thus  far  to  have  attracted  relatively  little 
attention.  Within  a  few  months,  Mr.  Omond  has  again 
entered  the  field  with  a  pamphlet  entitled  "  Metrical 
Rhythm  "  (Tunbridge  Wells  :  R.  Pelton,  1905),  in  which 
he  applies  his  theory  to  the  examination  of  another 
pamphlet,  "  The  Basis  of  English  Rhythm,"  by  Will- 
iam Thomson  (Glasgow:  W.  &  R.  Holmes,  1904).  Mr. 
Thomson's  essay  is  at  least  difBcult  to  understand,  and 
unsatisfactory,  even  after  patient  study.  Mr.  Omond's 
theory,  however,  seems  to  me  so  reasonable  and  so  ade- 
quate as  to  deserve  open-minded  consideration. 

Mr.  Omond's  theory  is,  briefly,  that  we  confuse  syl- 
lables, which  only  mark  the  time,  with  the  time  itself. 
The  tune  of  the  different  feet  in  a  line  is  relatively  the 
same,  but  this  time  may  be  more  or  less  fully  taken  up 
by  the  syllables.     In  Mr.  Omond's  own  words: 

"  If  periods  constitate  rhythm,  they  must  do  so  by  unifonn 
succession.  Syllables  do  not  supply  this  abeolnte  recorrenoe; 
their  order  of  succession  is  chaneefnl,  capricious.  They  need  to 
be  contrasted  with  underlying  onifonnity.  That  substratum 
seons  afforded  by  time.  Itochronu*  periodt  form  the  units  of 
metre.  Syllabic  variation  gets  its  whole  force  from  contrast 
with  these,  is  conceivable  only  in  relation  to  these."  (Study  of 
Metre,  4.  > 

"  Syllables  exist  before  verse  handles  than,  and  are  not 
wholly  amenable  to  its  handling.  They  cannot  be  coaxed  to 
keep  exact  time,  and  of  course  cannot  be  chopped  or  carved  into 
fragments.  From  this  very  inability.  p>oets  in  their  unconscioos 
inspiration  draw  beauty.  They  delight  us  by  maintaining  a  con- 
tinual slight  conflict  between  syllables  and  time.  It  must  not 
go  too  far,  or  the  sense  of  rhythm  perishes,  and  the  line  becomes 
heavy,  inert,,  prosy.  But  within  limits  the  contest  is  unceasing." 
(Metrical  Rhythm.  21.  i 

"  Accentual  scansionists  nearly  always  minimize  the  differ- 
ence between  verse  and  prose.  For,  taking  English  syllables  by 
themselves,  there  is  reaUy  no  difference.  The  difference  —  a  real 
and  true  one  —  lies  in  the  setting.  Verse  seta  syllables  to  equal 
tfane-measores,  prose  to  unequal.  When  either  poaches  on  the 
other's  preserve,  we  are  apt  to  resent  it.  One  heroic  line  in  prose 
may  escat>e  notice,  but  hardly  a  second.  That  the  difference 
does  not  lie  in  the  syllables  themselves  appears  from  the  fact 
that  the  same  sentence  may  sometimes  be  read  as  prose  and 
sometimes  as  verse.  When  we  first  read  '  And  the  doors  shall  be 
shut  in  the  streets  when  the  sotmd  of  the  grrinding  is  low,'  we 
probably  hear  it  as  prose ;  but  once  let  it  be  compared  with  — 
*  I  am  out  of  humanity's  reach, 
I  must  finish  my  journey  alone,' 
and  it  wiU  be  difficult  ever  after  not  to  receive  an  impression  of 
vCTse."    (lb.,  24.) 

"  Just  as  the  difference  between  prose  and  verse  is  one  of 
setting,  so  is  the  difference  between  duple  and  triple  metre.  It 
depends  on  bow  we  hear  the  time-beats.  Mr.  Thomson  says 
(foot  of  p.  36^,  'Had  Mr.  Lanier  or  Mr.  Omond  met  "Who 
would  believe"  or  "Seemed  to  have  known"  in  Browning's 
'Kentish  Sir  Byng  stood  for  his  king,'  they  would  have  had 
no  doubt  at  all  of  its  triple  character.'  I  should  have  had  no 
doubt  that  the  words  were  then  set  to  triple  rhythm,  because  to 
my  mind  that  is  clearly  the  time  of  Browning's  poem ;  but  when 
I  meet  these  phrases  in  heroic  or  octosyllabic  verse,  I  read  them 
to  a  different  time.  In  themselves  the  syllables  are  not  metrical, 
but  they  can  be  set  to  either  rhythm.  The  poem  gives  rhythm 
to  the  syllables,  not  the  syllables  to  the  poem.  '  For  poets  do  not 
adjust  time  to  syllables,  but  syllables  to  time.'  "    (lb.,  25.) 

Almost  ever  since  Mr.  Omond's  Study  appeared,  I 
have  been  testing  his  theory  upon  the  numerous  puzzling 
lines  with  which  our  good  poetry  is  sown  thick.  Thus 
far  it  seems  to  me  fairly  to  meet  all  difficulties,  and  to 
harmonize  apparently  conflicting  notions  in  a  way  that 
is  Uluminating  and  satisfying.  I  wish  very  much  that 
others  would  test  Mr.  Omond's  ideas;  if  he  is  right, 
we  shall  have  a  more  solid  basis  to  bmld  on;  if  he  is 
wrono-  or  only  partly  right,  honest  criticism  will  cer- 
tainly be  instructive.  Edward  P.  Morton. 

Indiana  University,  Jwne  5,  1906. 


382 


THE    DIAL 


[June  16, 


C^«  ^cto  §00  hs. 


A  Rollicking  Irish  Story-Teller.* 


Mr.  Saintsbury  has  well  said  that  "  person- 
ally, Lever  was  doubtless  a  charming  companion, 
and  for  mere  companionship  his  books  are 
charming  enough  still.  Only  they  must  not  be 
regarded  as  books,  but  simply  as  reports  of  the 
conversation  of  a  lively  raconteur ^ 

True  as  it  is  that  excessive  bookishness  is  the 
bane  of  creative  authorship,  it  is  equally  beyond 
question  that  a  little  more  of  this  quality  in 
Lever  would  have  improved  the  exuberant  out- 
put of  his  rollicking  fancy  by  reducing  its  chaotic 
extravagance  to  better  form.  Thus  a  good  life 
of  our  effervescent  Irishman  might  well  furnish 
more  delight  to  confirmed  book-readers  than  do 
his  wonderful  attempts  at  novel- writing.  The 
biography  by  Dr.  W.  J.  Fitzpatrick,  published 
twenty-seven  years  ago,  was  felt  by  the  family 
to  be  far  from  faultless.  Chronologically  inac- 
curate it  certainly  is,  and  the  complaint  has 
been  raised  against  it  that  somehow  it  tends  to 
leave  the  reader  depressed  rather  than  elevated, 
which  no  true  picture  of  the  jovial  Lever  would 
be  expected  to  do.  Mr.  Edmimd  Downey,  in 
his  recently  issued  work,  "  Charles  Lever  :  His 
Life  in  his  Letters,"  seeks  to  correct  the  earlier 
biographer's  errors,  and  by  confining  himself 
mainly  to  the  novelist's  own  revelations  of  him- 
self in  his  letters,  in  his  early  "  Log-Book  of  a 
Rambler,"  and  in  the  autobiographical  prefaces 
to  eight  of  his  novels  —  prefaces  that  he  wrote 
in  the  last  year  of  his  life,  and  therefore  unfor- 
tunately left  incomplete  —  Mr.  Downey  has 
produced  what  seems  to  be  a  trustworthy  account 
of  the  man,  so  far  as  it  goes  ;  and  the  average 
reader  will  probably  think,  on  viewing  the  two 
400-page  volumes,  that  it  goes  quite  far  enough. 
Yet  not  even  its  careful  workmanship  gives  it 
the  flavor  of  an  ideal  biography.  But  ideal 
biographies  are  as  rare  as  violets  in  October, 
and  perhaps  the  subject  in  this  instance  does  not 
admit  of  an  ideal  book.  One  attraction,  how- 
ever, it  does  have  for  intending  buyers  :  its  price 
is  less  purgative  to  the  purse  than  that  of  many 
current  English  two-volume  works  of  like  char- 
acter. 

With  a  disinterested  desire  to  secure  the  best 
possible  life  of  his  hero,  Mr.  Downey  had  asked 
Lever's  eldest  daughter,  Mrs.  Nevill,  to  attempt 
the  task.    This  was  ten  years  ago  ;  but  the  lady's 

•Charles  Lever:  His  Life  in  his  Letters.  By  Edmund 
Downey.  In  two  volumes.  With  portraits.  New  York:  E.  P. 
Button  &  Co. 


sudden  death  thwarted  that  plan,  and  now  Mr, 
Downey  himself,  making  use  of  many  letters 
placed  at  his  disposal,  essays  the  portrayal  of 
Charles  Lever,  the  author,  seeking,  as  he  says^ 
to  present  him  "  in  a  more  intimate  and  pleasing 
light  than  the  picture  which  is  furnished  by  Dr. 
Fitzpatrick."  The  preface  proceeds  in  further 
explanation  : 

"  Incidentally  many  errors  into  which  Dr.  Fitzpatrick 
had  fallen  are  corrected,  but  I  am  not  making  any  at- 
tempt to  supersede  his  painstaking,  voluminous,  and 
interesting  biography.  Dr.  Fitzpatrick  declares  that  his 
book  '  largely  embraces  the  earlier  period  of  Lever's^ 
life ' ;  the  present  work  deals  mainly  with  his  literary 
life,  and  contains,  especially  in  the  second  volume,  fresh 
and  illuminating  material  which  was  not  disclosed  to- 
Lever's  previous  biographer,  and  which  affords  an  inti- 
mate view  of  the  novelist  as  he  saw  himself  and  his  work." 

The  letters  of  Lever  are  in  much  the  same 
scrambling  style  as  his  books,  and  from  them 
nothing  like  a  complete  life  of  him  could  be  pro- 
duced. Accordingly  we  are  glad  to  find  in  the 
first  volume  no  fewer  than  119  pages  of  Mr. 
Downey's  filling-in,  as  well  as  35  pages  from 
"  The  Log-Book  of  a  Rambler,"  an  account  of 
early  European  wanderings  and  German-student 
life  that  originally  appeared,  in  large  part,  in 
"  The  Dublin  Literary  Gazette  "  at  intervals 
during  the  year  1830.  Mr.  Downey's  second 
volume  has  far  less  matter  from  his  own  pen. 
In  truth,  it  is  safe  to  say  that  most  readers  would 
gladly  have  more  of  the  modest  biographer  and 
less  of  the  not  so  modest  hero  of  his  narrative. 
Comment  and  criticism,  even  where  we  disagree, 
make  pleasant  reading,  and  help  to  relieve  the 
monotony.  And  monotonous  Lever's  letters, 
in  spite  of  their  Leveresque  qualities,  do  tend  to 
become  when  offered  in  so  generous  instalments 
as  Mr.  Downey  has  seen  fit  to  publish. 

As  an  outline  of  Lever's  life,  it  may  be  con- 
venient to  recall  that  he  was  bom  in  Dublin 
Aug.  31,  1806,  g.s  nearly  as  can  now  be  deter- 
mined ;  for  even  this  initial  date  the  reckless 
Irishman,  unregardfid  of  future  biographers,^ 
left  in  much  uncertainty.  He  even  allowed 
"  Men  of  the  Time  "  to  state  that  he  was  bom 
in  1809 — -perhaps  because  of  the  much  good 
company  he  found  in  that  year.  He  received 
a  medical  education,  and  practised  successfully 
at  home  and  abroad,  especially  at  Brussels, 
where  he  somewhat  unwarrantably  styled  himself 
Physician  to  the  British  Embassy.  For  a  few 
years  he  edited  "  The  Dublin  University  Maga- 
zine," an  uncongenial  task,  but  from  1845  he 
dwelt  almost  uninterruptedly  abroad,  chiefly  at 
Florence,  Spezzia,  and  Trieste  —  in  a  considar 
capacity  at  the  last  two  places.  His  story-writing 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


383 


went  on  meanwhile  up  to  the  time  of  his  death 
in  1872,  at  Trieste.  To  the  vnie  of  his  youth, 
it  is  pleasant  to  leam,  this  arch- Bohemian  was 
affectionately  devoted  throughout  her  life,  which 
closed  two  years  before  his  own.  To  her  mem- 
ory he  was  no  less  loyally  true.  So  attached 
had  he  become  to  this  lady  in  his  courting  days 
that  he  privately  wedded  her,  against  the  wishes 
of  his  parents,  who  desired  for  their  brilliant 
son  a  gootl  match  in  a  pecuniary  sense  :  whereas 
Miss  Kate  Baker,  of  County  Meath,  had  little 
but  her  personal  charms  and  her  virtues  to 
recommend  her. 

The  "  Log- Book,"  which  forms  Mr.  Downey's 
second  chapter,  is  most  agreeable  reading,  the 
more  so  jjerhaps  because  it  is  so  hard  to  tell 
whether  fact  is  not  often  tinged  ynth  fiction. 
Two  student  duels  at  Gottingen,  one  of  them  a 
grave  affair  with  pistols,  prove  especially  in- 
spiring to  young  Lever's  graphic  and  lively  pen. 
The  letters,  which  claim  the  biographer's  space 
in  an  increasing  degree  as  we  read  on,  are  fidl 
of  the  writer's  hopes  of  worldly  atlvancement. 
In  fact,  not  a  few  of  them  ti-eat  very  largely  of 
pounds,  shillings,  and  penc«,  or  their  continental 
equivalents.  Here  are  portions  of  two  tyijical 
letters  from  Brussels,  written  soon  after  Lever 
had  established  himself  in  practice  there.  Dots 
and  brackets  are  retained  as  in  the  pi-inted  copy. 

"Although  Brussels  fulfils  all  ray  expectations,  I 
might  be  ultimately  tempted  to  try  my  luck  in  London 
or  Paris  [as  a  medical  man] ....  Attending  to  an  out- 
break of  measles  has  prevented  me  from  sending  my 
usual  contribution  to  the  Mag.  ...  I  have  definitely 
raised  my  fees  from  5  francs  to  10  francs  —  double  that 
of  any  other  English  physician,  and  five  times  the  fee 
of  the  Belgian  practitioner.  .  .  .  The  sister  of  the  Am- 
bassador has  recovered  under  my  hands  from  what  was 
universally  believed  to  be  a  fatal  case  of  spasmodic 
croup.  .  .  .  There  is  nothing  but  gaiety  and  going  out 
here  every  night,  and  I  am  half  wishing  for  smnmer  to 
have  a  little  rest  and  quietness." 

"  I  am  carrying  ahead  with  a  very  strong  hand,  and 
have  little  dances  weekly.  I  had  three  earls  and  two 
ambassadors  on  Tuesday,  and  am  keeping  that  set  ex- 
clusively in  my  interest." 

This  "  carrying  ahead  with  a  very  strong 
hand "  was  Lever's  weakness  through  life. 
Though  he  earned  large  simis  from  his  writings, 
and  enjoyed  also  a  good  income  as  a  physician, 
and  later  as  consul,  he  coidd  not  resist  the 
charms  of  horseflesh  and  of  the  green  table.  His 
life,  in  short,  was  as  chaotic  and  ill-regulated 
as  that  of  Harry  Lorrequer  or  Charles  O'Malley. 
He  seems  to  have  been  more  eager  for  and 
dependent  upon  adidation  than  even  his  contem- 
porary Dickens,  and  to  have  had  considerably 
less  of  solid  and  enduring  resources  in  himself 


than  had  the  bi-illiant-necktied  English  novelist. 
But  let  us  quote  a  most  favorable  description 
of  him  from  the  pen  of  Miss  Mary  Boyle,  a 
bright  woman,  a  clever  writer,  and  a  friend  of 
Tennyson,  Dickens,  the  Brownings,  and  other 
contemporary  litter ati.  Li  a  letter  of  1879  she 
i-ecalls  Lever  as  "  one  of  the  most  genidl  spirits  " 
she  had  ever  met. 

"  His  conversation  was  like  summer  lightning  — 
brilliant,  sparkling,  harmless.  In  his  wildest  sallies  I 
never  heard  him  give  utterance  to  an  unkind  thought. 
He  essentially  resembled  his  works,  and  whichever  you 
preferred,  that  one  was  most  like  Charles  Lever.  He 
was  the  complete  type  and  model  of  an  Irishman  — 
warm-hearted,  witty,  rollicking,  never  unrefined,  im- 
prudent, often  blind  to  his  own  interests  —  adored  by 
his  friends,  and  the  playfellow  of  his  children  and  the 
gigantic  boar-hound  he  had  brought  from  the  Tyrol." 

That  Lever  did  not  care  to  fraternize  with  the 
Brownings,  his  feUow-Florentines,  one  can  easily 
aecoimt  for  ;  but  let  us  hear  our  author's  expla- 
nation. 

«  The  only  plausible  explanation  of  Lever's  neglect 
of  the  Brownings  is  that  he  did  not  feel  quite  at  ease  in 
the  presence  of  the  author  of  '  Aurora  Leigh.'  When 
he  sought  mental  relaxation,  after  a  hard  day's  work, 
he  sought  it  in  the  society  of  those  who  were  content  to 
listen  to  his  agreeable  rattle  rather  than  in  the  society 
of  those  to  whom  he  should  lend  his  ears.  He  was  by 
no  means  insensible  to  feminine  charms,  mental  or 
physical.  He  gloried  in  praise  coming  from  the  mouths 
of  intellectual  women.  But  the  woman  of  genius  was 
not  the  comrade  he  coveted  in  his  hours  of  ease:  the 
companionship  of  men  —  of  good  talkers  or  good  lis- 
teners —  was  what  he  craved." 

Dr.  Fitzpatrick,  as  the  reader  is  reminded 
by  a  footnote,  makes  the  surprising  assertion 
that  Lever  was  intimately  associated  with  the 
Bro\Naiings  in  Florence,  and  "  found  real  charm 
in  the  companionship  " — which  a  letter  of  Mrs. 
Browning's  to  Miss  Mitford,  quoted  by  Mr. 
Do\\Tiey,  abundantly  disproves.  Lever's  never- 
satisfied  longing  for  inward  peace  finds  utterance 
in  the  following  extract  from  one  of  his  letters 
to  John  Blackwood,  of  which  the  second  volume 
contains  rather  more  than  a  sufficiency.  Writing 
from  Trieste  in  1868,  the  novelist  thus  despond- 
ently imbosoms  himself  to  his  friendly  publisher : 

"It  is  a  great  aggravation  to  dying  to  feel  that  I 
must  be  buried  here.  I  never  hated  a  place  or  people 
so  much,  and  it  is  a  hard  measure  to  lay  me  down 
amongst  them  where  I  have  no  chance  of  getting  away 
till  that  grand  new  deal  of  the  pack  before  distributing 
the  stakes.  I  wish  I  could  write  one  more  O'D. — 
'  the  last  O'Dowd.'  I  have  a  number  of  little  valueless 
legacies  to  leave  the  world,  and  could  put  them  into 
codieU  form  and  direct  their  destination.  .  .  .  The 
cheque  came  all  right,  but  I  was  not  able  to  thank  you 
at  the  time.  Give  my  love  to  Mrs.  Blackwood,  and  say 
that  it  was  always  fleeting  across  me,  in  moments  of 
relief,  I  was  to  meet  you  both  again  and  be  very  jolly 


384 


THE    DIAL 


[June  16, 


And  light-hearted.  Who  knows  !  I  have  moments  still 
that  seem  to  promise  a  rally;  hut  there  must  be  a  long 
spell  of  absence  from  pain  and  anxiety  —  not  so  easy 
things  to  accomplish." 

It  is  a  relief  to  learn,  from  other  sources,  that 
when  death  did  come  to  this  good-natured  but 
sadly  improvident  fellow-countrynian  of  Gold- 
smith, his  family  was  left  in  better  circumstances 
than  might  have  been  expected.  And  the  last 
scene  itseK  of  this  unquiet  life  was  beautifully 
peaceful,  as  depicted  by  Mrs.  Porter  (an  eye- 
Avitness)  in  "  The  House  of  Blackwood,"  from 
which  Mr.  Downey  has,  in  closing,  reproduced 
a  few  paragraphs. 

Two  portraits  of  Lever,  young  and  old,  deco- 
rate the  volumes,  and  they  are  as  unlike  as  were 
ever  two  pictures   of  one  who  in   youth  was 
unmistakably  father  of  the  mature  man.     Mr. 
Downey's  index  —  if  a  critic  may  be  allowed  the 
privilege  of  a  parting  grumble  —  leaves  much  to 
be  desired.     One  looks  in  vain  for  references 
to  Dublin,  Brussels,  Florence,  Spezzia,  Trieste, 
and  other  milestones  in  Lever's  life-journey ; 
and  as  there  is  no  entry  for  "  Charles  Lever," 
the  main  events  of  his  very  eventful  life  must 
be  gathered  from  a  diligent  thumbing  of  the 
preceding  eight  hundred  pages.    Such  names  as 
the  index  does  contain  are  followed  merely  by 
indication  of  volume  and  page,  or  by  a  succession 
of  such  indications,  with  no  kindly  clue  to  the 
more  exact  nature  of  the  information  referred 
to.     But  what  further  could  one  expect  from 
merely  a  quinquepaginal  quintessence  of  all  the 
rich  variety  of  matter  gathered  together  by  Mr. 
Downey's  industry  ?     Fortunately,  the  average 
reader — that  is,  the  sensible  reader,  who  reads 
for  entertainment  and,  if  it  so  may  chance,  for 
edification  —  is  always  chiefly  interested  in  what 
precedes  the  index  ;  and  in  the  present  instance 
he  will  not  search  in  vain  for  readable  matter 
concerning  this  early  and  mid-Victorian  author, 
whose  popularity  stUl  continues. 

Percy  F.  Bicknell. 


Kew  Theories  of  the  Earth's  History.* 

"  The  Critical  Reviewers,"  says  Dr.  Johnson, 
*'  often  review  without  readingthe  books  through, 
but  lay  hold  of  a  topic  and  write  chiefly  from 
their  own  minds.  The  monthly  reviewers  are 
duller  men  and  are  glad  to  read  the  books 
through."  Without  attempting  to  pose  as  of  the 
brighter  order,  one  must  be  content  in  this  case 

•  Geology.  By  Thomas  C.  Chamberlin  and  Rollin  D.  Salis- 
bury. Volumes  II.  and  lU.,  Earth  History.  Illustrated.  New 
York:  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 


to  follow  the  method  of  the  critical  reviewers. 
Even  after  reading  through  the  1200  pages  of 
the  two  volumes  before  us,  it  is  impossible  to 
attempt  any  systematic  review  of  the  work.    It 
will   require   the   services   of  many  geologists, 
working  through  a  decade  or  more,  properly  to 
estimate  and  test  the  many  startling  hypotheses 
which  the  authors  have  presented.     It  is  their 
own  attempt  to  read  the  history  of  the  earth  in 
the  light  of  principles  developed  in  their  earlier 
volume,  which  appeared  in  1904  and  is  now  in 
a  second  edition.     In  that  volume  was  given  a 
statement  of  the  planetismal  hypothesis  of  earth 
origin.    In  these  new  volumes  the  hypothesis  is 
developed  and  applied,  and  its  application  re- 
quires a  new  reading  of  dynamical  geology,  with 
a  consequent  new  interpretation  of  geologic  his- 
tory.    An  excellent  example  of  the  difference 
appears  in  the  interpretation  of  the  Cambrian, 
where  the  great  transgression  of  the  sea  is  re- 
ferred to  superficial  rather  than  profound  defor- 
mation, and  is  considered  to  mark  a  period  of 
long  quiescence  rather  than  one  of  earth  move- 
ment.    Another  notable  feature  of  the  work  is 
the  attention  paid  to  past  climates  and  the  use 
made  of  them  in  interpretation.     The  explana- 
tion of  glacial  periods  in  the  Permian  as  well  as 
in  the  Pleistocene  as  the  indirect  residt  of  de- 
formation acting  through  changes  in  the  consti- 
tution of  the  atmosphere,  may  be  cited.     The 
argument  in  bald  outline  is  as  follows :  Defor- 
mation  exposes   areas  of  unaltered  rocks  and 
stimulates  erosion.     This  leads  to  the  carbona- 
tion  of  the  rocks  and  so  to  a  reduction  in  the 
amount  of  carbonic  acid  gas  in  the  atmosphere. 
The  latter,  thus  thinned,  is  unable  to  retain  the 
heat  radiated  from  the  earth,  and  a  period  of 
low  temperature  results.    The  many  fascinating 
incidental  problems  connected  with  such  a  hy- 
pothesis are  attacked  in  detail,  and  plausible 
suggestions  as  to  their  solution  are  made. 

From  still  another  point  of  view  the  books 
are  notable.  In  1891,  when  the  Congres  Geo- 
logique  International  was  to  meet  at  Washington, 
Major  J.  W.  Powell,  then  Director  of  the 
Geological  Survey,  arranged  for  a  series  of  cor- 
relation essays  in  which  should  be  discussed 
separately  the  Carboniferous,  Cretaceous,  Eo- 
cene, and  other  rock  systems  of  the  United 
States.  These  essays  were  designed  to  reflect  the 
existing  state  of  knowledge  regarding  each  sys- 
tem, and  also  to  throw  light  upon  the  proper 
methods  of  correlation.  The  plan  grew,  and  the 
reports  were  not  finished  until  after  the  Con- 
gress adjourned;  the  last  essay,  that  on  the 
Archean  and  Algonkian  by  Van  Hise,  having 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


385 


appeared  in  1892.  The  series  as  a  whole  was 
notable  in  the  emphasis  laid  upon  paleontolog}' 
as  the  best  means  of  correlation ,  The  Chamberlin- 
Salisburj-  text-book  is  the  first  large  and  sys- 
tematic attempt  to  correlate  the  stratigraphy  of 
this  country  that  has  been  made  since  the  period 
of  these  essays.  It  is  interesting  to  observ^e  that 
the  authors  have  taken  physical  changes  as  their 
key  in  making  correlations.  Their  reasons  for 
doing  so  are  statetl  as  follows  : 

"  We  believe  that  there  is  a  natural  basis  of  time- 
division,  that  it  is  recorded  dynamically  in  the  pro- 
founder  changes  of  the  earth's  history,  and  that  its  basis 
is  world-wide  in  its  applicability.  It  is  expressed  in 
interruptions  of  the  course  of  the  earth's  history.  It 
can  hardly  take  accoimt  of  all  local  details,  and  cannot 
be  applied  with  minuteness  to  all  localities,  since  geo- 
logical history  is  nesessarily  continuous.  But  even  a 
continuous  history  has  its  times  and  seasons,  and  the  pul- 
sations of  history  are  the  natural  basis  for  its  divisions. 

"  In  our  view,  the  fundamental  basis  for  geologic  time 
divisions  has  its  seat  in  the  heart  of  the  earth.  When- 
ever the  accumulated  stresses  within  the  body  of  the 
earth  over-match  its  effective  rigidity,  a  readjustment 
takes  place.  The  deformative  movements  begin,  for 
reasons  previously  set  forth,  with  a  depression  of  the  bot- 
toms of  the  oceanic  basins,  by  which  their  capacity  is  in- 
creased. The  epicontinental  waters  are  correspondingly 
withdra\\Ti  into  them.  The  effect  of  this  is  practically 
universal,  and  all  continents  are  affected  in  a  similar 
way  and  simultaneously.  This  is  the  reason  why  the 
classification  of  one  continent  is  also  applicable,  in  its 
larger  features,  to  another,  though  the  configuration  of 
each  individual  modifies  the  result  of  the  change,  so  far 
as  that  continent  is  concerned.  The  far-reaching  effects 
of  such  a  withdrawal  of  the  sea  have  been  indicated 
repeatedly  in  the  preceding  pages.  Foremost  among 
these  effects  is  the  profound  influence  exerted  on  the 
evolution  of  the  shallow-water  marine  life,  the  most 
constant  and  reliable  of  the  means  of  intercontinental 
correlation.  Second  only  to  this  in  importance  is  the 
influence  on  terrestrial  life  through  the  connections  and 
disconnections  that  control  migration.  Springing  from 
the  same  deformative  movements  are  geographic  and 
topographic  changes,  affecting  not  only  the  land  but 
also  the  sea  currents.  These  changes  affect  the  climate 
directly,  and  by  accelerating  or  retarding  the  chemical 
reactions  between  the  atmosphere,  hydrosphere,  and 
lithosphere,  affect  the  constitution  of  both  sea  and  air, 
and  thus  indirectly  influence  the  environment  of  life, 
and  through  it,  its  evolution.  In  these  deformative 
movements,  therefore,  there  seems  to  us  to  be  a  uni- 
versal, simultaneous,  and  fimdamental  basis  for  the 
subdi^Tsion  of  the  earth's  history.  It  is  all  the  more 
effective  and  applicable,  because  it  controls  the  progress 
of  life,  which  furnishes  the  most  available  criteria  for 
its  application  in  detail  to  the  varied  rock  formations  in 
all  quarters  of  the  globe." 

The  use  of  these  criteria  gives  M-idespread  im- 
conformities  large  importance,  and  accordingly 
certain  changes  in  nomenclature  are  made.  The 
old  Lower  Silurian  is  reorganized  as  truly  inde- 
pendent, as  many  have  contended,  and  is  called 
Ordovician.     It  is  suggested  that  possibly  a 


portion  of  the  Cambrian  belongs  with  it.  The 
Mississippi,  Pennsylvania,  and  Permian  are 
given  systematic  rather  than  serial  rank,  so 
that  the  old  Carboniferous  disappears,  unless  it 
is  retained  as  synonym  for  Pennsylvanian  — 
the  period  of  the  coal  measures.  The  Lower 
Cretaceous  is  set  off  by  itself  and  called  the 
Comanchean,  and  in  the  Tertiary  only  the 
Eocene,  Xiocene,  and  Pliocene  are  recognized. 
Whether  this  nomenclature  will  prove  to  be  final 
or  will  be  followed  by  others  remains  to  be  seen. 

The  treatment  of  the  Pleistocene  and  the 
human  or  present  periods  is  unusually  fidl  and 
satisfactory.  The  authors  find  no  sufficient  evi- 
dence as  yet  for  accepting  the  presence  of  man 
in  America  during  the  glacial  period,  though 
placing  the  European  determinations  on  a  dif- 
ferent basis.  The  book  closes  with  a  very  inter- 
esting and  suggestive  discussion  of  man  as  a 
geologic  agent,  and  as  influenced  by  his  geo- 
logic environment. 

While  the  work  is  called  a  text-book,  its  bulk 
will  probably  preclude  its  wide  use  in  schools. 
On  the  other  hand,  it  is  not  sufficiently  complete 
to  be  an  entirely  satisfactory  book  of  reference. 
European  and  foreign  geology  in  general  is 
much  less  fully  discussed  than  in  the  older 
manuals.  For  the  general  reader  the  book  has 
a  charm  and  freshness  not  common  to  scientific 
texts,  but  it  contains  so  much  new  and  not  yet 
accepted  doctrine  that  such  a  reader  will  need 
to  take  careful  note  of  the  qiiaUfying  phrases. 
It  is  to  working  geologists  that  the  book  wiU 
make  the  strongest  appeal ;  with  some  maturity 
of  judgment  and  with  some  store  of  facts  to 
draw  on,  they  will  find  in  it  a  great  stimvdus 
and  a  surprising  number  of  fruitfid  suggestions 
and  hyphotheses.  H.  Foster  Bain. 


tiORD  RAXDOL-PH  CHirRCHIL.!..* 


Lord  Randolph  Churchill  was  for  a  period  of 
i  six  years  a  striking  figure  in  English  political 
I  life :  and  if  the  estimate  of  his  son  be  accepted, 
I  he  was  a  much  mis-judged  and  ill-used  statesman. 
I  While  his  ability  and  force  were  universally  rec- 
ognized, his  consistency  and  statesmanship  have 
been  as  imiversally  denied ;    and  these  latter 
qualities  it  has  been  the  purpose  of  Mr.  Winston 
Churchill,  himself  a  notable  figure  in  the  polit- 
ical world,  to  claim  and  prove  for  his  father. 
In  this  the  author  has  largely  succeeded,  if  one 
can  concede  that  close  relationship  is  consistent 

•  Life  of  Lord  Randolph  Chcbchill.  By  his  son,  Winston 
Spencer  Churchill,  M.P.  In  two  volumes,  niostrated.  New 
York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 


386 


THE    DIAL 


[June  16, 


with  critical  and  judicial  fairness  in  analyzing 
character  and  motives.  Certain  it  is  that  the 
work  is  remarkable  for  its  seeming  freedom  from 
personal  bias,  for  its  frankness,  for  its  remote- 
ness even,  as  well  as  for  its  attractive  stjde,  and 
in  truth  for  all  those  qualities  that  stamp  the 
really  great  biogi*aphy. 

Lord  Randolph  Churchill  entered  Parliament 
with  disinclination,  or  at  least  with  apathy,  yield- 
ing to  the  insistence  of  his  family  that  he  repre- 
sent a  constituency  wholly  at  their  disposal.  He 
was  a  Tory  by  traditional  instinct,  but  his  emer- 
gence from  obscurity  came  through  indirect 
opposition  to  what  he  considered  the  inefficient 
leadership  of  his  party  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. Together  with  three  other  dissatisfied 
Tories,  Arthur  Balfour,  Sir  Henry  WolfP,  and 
Mr.  Gorst,  he  assumed  an  attitude  of  inde- 
pendence of  party  control  based  originally  not  so 
much  upon  dislike  of  party  principles  as  upon 
the  weakness  of  the  Tory  opposition  to  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's government.  These  four  men  formed  a 
«lose  alliance  that  soon  came  to  be  known  as  the 
*'  Fourth  Party,"  so  called  at  first  in  derision, 
but  later  recognized  as  a  distmct  power.  The 
alliance,  as  the  author  frankly  admits,  was 
formed,  in  part,  to  further  the  political  interests 
of  the  men  who  composed  it,  and  membership 
in  it  required  first  of  all  that  the  men  shoidd 
defend  each  other.  In  fact,  the  conservative  and 
acquiescent  opposition  to  Gladstone  practised 
by  Sir  Stafford  Northcote  was  irksome  to  the 
members  of  the  "  Fourth  Party  "  who  believed 
in  fighting,  and  who  had  instincts  and  abilities 
for  rough  political  warfare.  Thus,  nominally 
breaking  loose  from  party  control,  they  became 
very  rapidly  unauthorized  leaders  of  the  fighting 
element  of  the  Tory  party,  and  were  thorns  in 
the  flesh  of  Gladstone  and  Northcote  alike. 

Churchill's  ability  in  political  opposition  has 
never  been  denied,  nor  his  shrewdness  in  find- 
ing the  weak  spot  in  his  opponent's  armor. 
He  had  also  an  unusual  gift  for  hard-hitting 
speeches,  and  for  a  sarcasm  that  delighted  his 
audiences,  whether  in  Parliament  or  country, 
as  audiences  are  always  delighted  with  clever 
personal  attacks.  Moreover,  his  style  of  ora- 
tory, while  it  woidd  have  attracted  less  attention 
from  an  Irish  Nationalist  or  from  a  Radical, 
aroused  interest  and  amused,  simply  because  it 
came  from  the  mouth  of  a  Tory  who  by  birth  and 
breeding  might  have  been  expected  to  follow  the 
customary  dignified  type  of  Tory  eloquence.  In 
1884,  in  a  speech  at  Blackpool,  he  referred  to 
Gladstone  in  a  way  that  at  first  astomided,  then 
delighted  his  Tory  audience. 


" '  Vanity  of  vanities,'  says  the  preacher,  '  all  is 
vanity.'  '  Humbug  of  humbugs,'  says  the  radical,  '  all 
is  humbug.'  Gentlemen,  we  live  in  an  age  of  advertise- 
ment, the  age  of  HoUoway's  pills,  of  Colman's  mustard, 
and  of  Horniman's  pure  tea;  and  the  policy  of  lavish 
advertisement  has  been  so  successful  in  commerce  that 
the  Liberal  party,  with  its  usual  entei-prise,  has  adapted 
it  to  politics.  The  Prime  Minister  is  the  greatest  li\'ing 
master  of  the  art  of  personal  political  advertisement. 
.  .  .  For  the  purposes  of  recreation  he  has  selected  the 
felling  of  trees;  and  we  may  usefully  remark  that  his 
amusements,  like  his  politics,  are  essentially  destructive. 
Every  afternoon  the  whole  world  is  invited  to  assist  at 
the  crashing  fall  of  some  beech  or  elm  or  oak.  The 
forest  laments,  in  order  that  Mr.  Gladstone  may  per- 
spire, and  full  accounts  of  these  proceedings  are  for- 
warded by  special  correspondents  to  every  daily  paper 
every  recurring  morning." 

Later,  describing  Mr.  Gladstone's  methotl  of  re- 
ceiving a  dejmtation  at  Ha  warden  Castle,  he  said : 
"  It  has  always  appeared  to  me  somewhat  incongruous 
and  inappropriate  that  the  great  chief  of  the  Radical 
party  should  live  in  a  castle.  But  to  proceed.  One 
would  have  thought  that  the  deputation  would  have 
been  received  in  the  house,  in  the  study,  in  the  drawing- 
room,  or  even  in  the  dining-room.  Not  at  all.  Tliat 
would  have  been  out  of  harmony  with  the  advertisement 
'boom.'  Another  scene  had  been  arranged.  The  work- 
ingmen  were  guided  through  the  ornamental  grounds, 
into  the  wide-spreading  park,  strewn  with  the  wreckage 
and  ruins  of  the  Prime  Minister's  sport.  All  around 
them,  we  may  suppose,  lay  the  rotting  trimks  of  once 
umbrageous  trees;  all  around  them,  tossed  by  the  winds, 
were  boughs  and  bark  and  withered  shoots.  They  come 
suddenly  on  the  Prime  Minister  and  Master  Herbert, 
in  scanty  attire  and  profuse  perspiration,  engaged  in  the 
destruction  of  a  gigantic  oak,  just  giving  its  last  dying 
groan.  They  are  permitted  to  gaze  and  to  worsliip  and 
adore,  and,  having  conducted  themselves  with  exemplary 
propriety,  are  each  presented  with  a  few  chips  as  a 
memorial  of  that  memorable  scene." 

In  the  House  of  Conunons  also  he  was  equally 
effective,  though  more  parliamentary,  in  sarcasm ; 
while,  on  the  other  hand,  his  straightforward 
clearly-expressed  arguments  often  gave  the  To- 
ries those  party  catch-words  and  raUyuig  cries 
of  which  the  most  famous  is  undoubtedly  that 
drawn  forth  by  the  Home  Rule  bill  of  1886, 
when  he  prophesied  rebellion  in  Protestant  Ulster 
with  the  words,  "  Ulster  will  fight ;  and  Ulster 
will  be  right." 

Churchill  and  his  three  associates  soon  as- 
sumed an  importance  wholly  out  of  proportion 
to  their  numbers.  As  their  power  increased 
their  irritation  at  Northcote's  feeble  leadership 
became  more  pronounced.  Disraeli  alone  of  the 
older  Tories  understood  and  liked  them,  but  he 
had  practically  withdrawn  from  political  life. 
Yet  he  intervened  to  save  them  to  the  Tories, 
teUing  Wolff : 

"  I  fully  appreciate  your  feelings  and  those  of  your 
friends;  but  you  must  stick  to  Northcote.  He  repre- 
sents the  respectability  of  the  party.     I  wholly  sympa- 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


387 


thise  with  you  all,  because  I  never  was  respectable 
myself.  In  my  time  the  respectability  of  the  party  was 
represented  by  ...  a  horrid  man;  but  I  had  to  do  as 
well  as  I  could;  you  must  do  the  same." 

But  when  Disraeli  died,  in  1881,  the  only 
chance,  according  to  Mr.  Winston  Churchill,  of 
a  permanent  and  effective  alliance  between  the 
old  and  new  element  in  the  Tory  party  was  lost. 
The  author  says  of  Disraeli : 

"  He  was  an  old  man  lifted  high  above  his  contempo- 
raries, and  he  liked  to  look  past  them  to  the  new  gene- 
ration and  to  feel  that  he  could  gain  the  sympathy  and 
confidence  of  yoxmger  men.  If  he  liked  jouth,  he  liked 
Tory  Democracy  even  more.  He  had,  moreover,  good 
reason  to  know  how  a  Parliamentary  Opposition  shoidd 
be  conducted.  He  saw  with  perfect  clearness  the  inca- 
pacity above  the  gangway,  and  the  enterprise  and  pluck 
below  it.  Had  his  life  been  prolonged  a  few  more  years 
the  Fourth  Party  might  have  marched,  as  his  Young 
Guard,  by  a  smoother  road,  and  this  story  might  have 
reached  a  less  melancholy  conclusion.  He  was  removed 
from  the  petty  vexations  of  the  House  of  Commons. 
Surely  he  would  not  have  allowed  these  clever  ardent 
men  to  drift  into  antagonism  against  the  mass  of  the 
Conservative  party  and  into  fierce  feud  with  its  leaders. 
He  alone  could  have  kept  their  loyalty,  as  he  alone  com- 
manded their  respect ;  and  never  would  he  have  counte- 
nanced the  solemn  excommunication  by  dullness  and 
prejudice  of  all  that  preserved  the  sparkling  life  of 
Torj'ism  in  times  of  depression  and  defeat.  But  Lord 
Beaconsfield  was  gone ;  and  those  whom  he  left  behind 
him  had  other  views  of  how  his  inheritance  —  such  as  it 
was  —  should  be  divided." 

Yet  the  break  did  not  come  until  years  later,  and 
then  was  in  reality  a  break  that  involved  Churchill 
alone;  for  the  other  members  of  the  Fourth 
Party,  and  in  particular  Balfour,  had  fallen 
into  more  '•  regular  ''  lines  of  jjolitical  conduct. 
It  was,  in  fact,  liy  remaining  independent  that 
Churchni  became,  earlier  than  any  of  his  former 
associates,  a  power  in  his  pai*ty.  He  had  shown 
courage,  fighting  qualities  of  the  highest  order, 
and  originality,  and  now  as  a  campaign  drew 
near  he  developed  unexpecte<l  strength  in  polit- 
ical manipulation.  He,  more  than  any  other, 
organized  the  partj'  machinery  that  was  to  over- 
throw the  Gladstone  administration  in  1885, 
and  forcetl  upon  his  party  new  ideas  of  Tory 
Democracy  and  of  service  to  the  j)eople  of  En- 
gland. It  was  a  strange  and  unwelcome  plat- 
form for  his  party,  but  its  effectiveness  was 
recognized  and  it  was  perforce  accepted.  But 
the  agility  shown  by  Churchill  in  preWous  polit- 
ical opposition  made  even  the  members  of  his 
o\^Ti  part)-  doubt  the  sincerity  of  his  constructive 
principles ;  and  when  in  1886,  as  Chancellor 
of  the  Exchequer,  he  insisted  that  platform 
principles  should  be  earned  into  effect,  he  was 
regarded  as  merely  fighting  for  personal  prestige 
in  the  Cabinet  and  was  suddenlv  thrown  over- 


board by  the  Salisbury  government.  His  brief 
term  of  office  had  shown  brilliant  qualities  as 
leader  of  the  House  of  Commons.  His  biog- 
rapher says  of  the  position  Churchill  had  won  : 
"  It  is  a  pity  not  to  end  the  story  here.  Lord  Ran- 
dolph Churchill  seems  at  this  time  to  have  been  sepa- 
rated only  by  a  single  step  from  a  career  of  dazzling 
prosperity  and  fame.  With  a  swiftness  which  in  modem 
Parliamentar}-  history  had  been  excelled  only  by  the 
younger  Pitt,  he  had  risen  by  no  man's  leave  or  monarch's 
favor  from  the  station  of  a  private  gentleman  to  almost 
the  first  position  \mder  the  Crown.  .  .  .  Who  coidd 
have  guessed  that  ruin,  utter  and  irretrievable,  was  mar- 
ching swiftly  upon  this  triumphant  figure ;  that  the  great 
party  who  had  followed  his  lead  so  blithely  woidd  in  a 
few  brief  months  turn  upon  him  in  abiding  displeasure ; 
and  that  the  Parliament  which  had  assembled  to  find  him 
so  powerfid  and  to  accept  his  guidance  would  watch  him 
creep  away  in  sadness  and  alone?" 

The  entire  controversy  in  regard  to  the  char- 
acter of  Lord  Randolph  Churchill  really  centres 
about  this  resignation,  —  a  resignation  that  came 
nominally  on  a  controversy  with  the  War  Office 
caused  by  Churchill's  demand  for  a  reduction 
of  expenses.  But  the  author  thinks  that  the 
break  was  inevitable,  —  that  it  was  a  contro- 
versy between  a  young,  enthusiastic  Tory  Demo- 
crat and  an  old-fashioned  Conservative  statesman 
—  Salisbury.  "  They  represented,"  he  says, 
"  conflicting  schools  of  political  philosophy.  They 
stood  for  ideas  mutually  incompatible.  Sooner 
or  later  the  breach  must  have  come  ;  and  no 
doubt  the  strong  realization  of  this  imderlay  the 
action  of  the  one  and  the  acquiesence  of  the 
other."  Lord  Randolph  Churchill  "  looked  upon 
the  action  as  the  most  exalted  of  his  life,  and  as 
an  event  of  which,  whatever  the  residts  to  him- 
self, he  might  be  justly  proud.  .  .  .  Among  aU 
these  indications  of  the  healthy  and  generous 
conditions  of  English  public  life,  so  fuU  of 
honour  to  our  race  and  of  vindication  for  its 
institutions,  the  resignation  of  Lord  Randolph 
Churchill  need  not  suffer  by  any  imijortant 
comparison."  Yet  "  a  more  patient  man  would 
have  waited." 

On  the  other  hand,  the  general  conception  of 
the  situation,  both  then  and  later,  was  that  the 
controversy  reaUy  centred  about  a  struggle  for 
power  within  the  Cabinet ;  that  Churchill,  unduly 
exalted  by  his  rapid  rise,  overestimated  his  im- 
portance, and  was  cast  aside  as  a  disturbing 
element ;  that  he  was  even  ambitious  of  idti- 
mately  displacing  Salisbury  and  himseK  ]>ecom- 
ing  the  leader  of  the  Tory  party,  and  that  there 
was  little  but  personal  ambition  in  his  action. 
From  such  a  condenmatory  estimate  his  son 
rescues  him,  and  with  con\'iction  to  the  reader. 
But  that  Churchill  was  so  wholly  devoted  to 


388 


THE    DIAL 


[June  16^ 


principle,  so  little  moved  by  personal  ambition, 
as  the  author  would  have  us  believe,  is  difficult 
of  realization.  Churchill  had  risen  by  his  fight- 
ing qualities,  but  he  ceased  to  fight ;  he  disap- 
pointed the  very  element  in  his  party  that  he 
had  created  and  that  had  made  his  principles 
seem  possible  of  realization.  If  he  resigned  on 
principle  he  should  have  fought  for  principle, 
but  he  seems  rather  to  have  meekly  acquiesced 
in  his  hvuniliation,  and  to  have  sought  by  sub- 
serviency to  regain  a  place  in  the  councils  of  his 
party.  This  is  not  the  author's  estimate,  but 
his  analysis  does  not  successfidly  overthrow  all 
elements  of  the  older  opinion.  Churchill  ex- 
pected to  regain  quickly  his  former  importance, 
but  he  had  been  too  original,  too  impetuous,  too 
dangerous  for  the  Tory  leaders,  and  while  wel- 
comed as  an  ally  in  times  of  political  danger  he 
was  never  again  in  close  touch  with  his  party. 
His  bitterness  and  discontent  at  the  sudden 
close  of  a  brilliant  career  were  extreme  and 
coidd  not  be  veiled  in  so  violent  a  nature.  By 
1891  he  had  practically  given  up  hope  of  re- 
gaining place,  as  the  lines  from  Dryden  copied 
out  in  his  own  hand  give  evidence : 

"  Happy  the  man,  and  happy  he  alone, 

He  who  can  call  to-day  his  own  — 

He  who,  secure  within,  can  say: 
*  To-morrow  do  thy  worst,  for  I  have  lived  to-day. 

Come  fair  or  foul,  or  rain,  or  shine. 

The  joys  I  have  possessed,  in  spite  of  fate,  are  mine. 

Not  Heaven  itself  over  the  past  hath  power; 

But  what  has  been  has  been,  and  I  have  had  my  hour.' " 

It  would  be  imjust  to  Mr.  Winston  Churchill 
to  conclude  this  review  without  noting  that  his 
work  is  not  only  a  masterly  biography,  a  book 
in  a  thousand,  but  is  also  an  intimate  critical 
history  of  Tory  politics  and  factions  from  1880 
to  1886.  It  has,  then,  both  biographical  im- 
portance and  historical  value,  for  it  gives  us 
a  clearer  insight  into  the  workings  of  Tory 
machinery  than  any  other  volume.  Also,  it 
indirectly  presents  new  and  striking  character- 
izations of  the  men  with  whom  Churchill  was 
in  contact,  —  Salisbury,  Gladstone,  Balfour, 
Chamberlain,  and  a  score  of  others,  many  of 
them  important  in  present-day  English  politics. 
And  from  the  many  apt  quotations  used  by  the 
author  in  his  chapter-headings,  that  taken  from 
Carlyle  on  Mirabeau  seems  best  to  describe  Lord 
Randolph  Churchill's  personality  : 

"This  is  no  man  of  system,  then;  he  is  only  a  man 
of  instincts  and  insights.  A  man,  nevertheless,  who 
will  glare  fiercely  on  any  object,  and  see  through  it, 
and  conquer  it;  for  he  has  intellect,  he  has  will,  force 
beyond  other  men.  A  man  not  with  logic-spectacles; 
but  with  an  eye  !  " 

E.  D.  Adams. 


IjIfe-Saving  as  a  Military  Science.* 


Surgeon-Major  Seaman  is  a  person  very  dis- 
agreeable in  the  eyes  of  gentlemen  who  ought 
to  wear  red  tape,  instead  of  stars,  on  their 
shoulder-straps.  He  actually  preaches  the  doc- 
trine that  the  saver  of  health  and  life  and  the 
preventer  of  disease  and  death  should  have  not 
only  equal  honor  but  even  equal  power  with 
the  fighter  and  the  killer.  Of  course,  the 
bronze  effigies  in  Washington  and  the  graveyard- 
statutary  in  our  average  covmty  town  and  vil- 
lage are  against  such  a  notion.  Probably  for  a 
long  time  Dr.  Seaman  will  be  a  voice  crying  in 
the  wilderness.  The  tenacity  of  naval  and 
military  orthodoxy  is  something  which,  in  its 
toughness  and  resisting  power,  is  quite  equal 
to  anything  in  the  theological  department  of 
human  affairs.  Yet,  as  old  texts  are  re-read 
in  spite  of  Pope  or  Synod,  so  doubtless  in  time 
we  shall  read  aright  his  prophecy  which  shall 
have  become  narrative.  Let  us  hope  that 
before  the  end  of  the  twentieth  century  our  chil- 
dren will  reatl,  and  see  the  ftilfilment  our  author 
demands.  A  familiar  passage  might  be  thus 
transposed : 
"  A  voice  crying  :  — 
In  the  wilderness,  prepare  a  highway  for  our  God." 

Certainly,  as  compared  with  Japanese  reality,, 
the  medical  part  of  our  army  organization  is  a 
desert.  God's  highway  for  humanity  is  with 
the  Japanese  rather  than  with  us. 

Dr.  Seaman's  work  of  reform  is  a  difficult  one,, 
for  time  wiU  be  needed  to  convert  the  gentlemen 
in  America  fresh  from  the  bogs  of  Ireland  or 
the  heaths  of  Germany,  or  even  the  olive-tinted 
sons  of  the  land  of  Raphael,  as  well  as  the 
authorities  at  headquarters,  from  the  dogma  that 
the  Japanese  are  heathen  and  uncivilized.  Yet 
this  book  is  as  a  hammer-blow  against  American 
stupidity,  and  against  that  parochial  narrow- 
mindedness  which,  persisting  in  a  great  nation, 
like  ours,  is  the  wonder  of  students  of  that  East 
from  which  the  fundamentals  of  our  civilization 
have  been  gained  —  that  East  from  which  light 
always  arises. 

Briefly  speaking,  this  book,  written  by  a 
man  who  has  had  experience  in  our  own  army 
in  the  war  with  Spain,  in  the  West  Indies,  the 
Philippines,  China,  and  Manchmia,  puts  on 
record  Japan's  real  triumph  in  the  conquest  of 
"  the  silent  foe."  He  does  this  in  a  brilliant, 
rapid,  and  readable  way,  with  convincing  argu- 
ments and    figures,   and    in   the   English  Ian- 

•  Thb  Bbal  Triumph  of  Japan.  By  Louis  L.  Seaman, 
niustrated.    New  York :  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


389 


guage.  The  Japanese  have  reversed  the  record 
of  the  ages.  Centuries  of  the  records  of  hiunan 
slaughter  show  that  four  men  die  of  disease  in 
camp  or  field  to  one  death  at  the  hands  of  the 
enemy.  But  in  the  Japanese  war  with  Russia 
there  were  four  deaths  from  bullets  to  one  from 
disease.  Of  a  total  mortality,  from  all  causes, 
of  64,938.  there  were  40,954  moi-e  from  "  casual- 
ties "  than  from  disease.  Dr.  Seaman  gives  his 
figures  and  comparisons,  and  tells  most  interest- 
ingly of  his  %'isits  to  hospitals,  his  experiences  on 
the  march,  on  shipboard,  the  railways,  and  on 
the  field.  He  also  shows  how,  after  Port  Arthur 
had  been  won  by  astounding  heroism  and  scien- 
tific gunnery,  the  Japanese  gave  the  place  such 
a  cleaning-up  that  '•  the  demon  of  Pestilence  was 
foUed,  after  the  fiend  of  War  had  been  anni- 
hilated." Then,  —  lest  we  forget,  and  Congress 
go  to  sleep,  —  he  gives  us  a  chapter  with  the 
familiar  title  from  Kipling,  and  recalls  disagree- 
able memories.  He  proves  that  our  government 
ration  itself  creates  disease,  while  our  organized 
incompetence  cooperates  with  the  silent  foe  in 
killing  eighty  per  cent  of  our  soldiers. 

Briefly  put,  the  burden  of  this  prophet  is  that 
'•  the  [  American]  medical  officer  can  make  a 
recommendation,  but  never  issue  an  order.  .  .  . 
Therein  lies  the  secret  of  the  failure  of  the 
[American]  medical  department."  The  deaths 
in  the  Spanish- American  war  from  preventable 
diseases  were  fourteen  times  as  great  as  those 
from  "casualties'"  received  in  the  conflict.  Dr. 
Seaman's  effort  is  to  prevent  disease  rather  than 
cure  it,  and  with  a  thousand  proofs  and  con- 
vincing argxunents  he  calls  the  attention  of  the 
world  to  the  fact  that  the  Japanese  have  at  last 
put  the  horse  before  the  cart. 

Of  course,  when  the  shoemaker  leaves  his  last 
or  the  prophet  his  message,  his  judgments  are 
not  so  convincing.  When  the  doctor  tells  in 
Chapter  XI.  "  the  history  of  medical  science  in 
Japan,"  one  is  not  to  take  his  text  too  seriously. 
The  Japanese  have  certainly  taken  him  in  when 
they  tell  him,  or  anybody  else,  about  what  hap- 
pened before  the  sixth  century — the  "records" 
of  which  were  made  almost  entirely  a  thousand 
years  after  the  time  alleged.  The  Japanese  will 
never  succeed  in  silencing  the  almost  universal 
suspicion  concerning  their  integrity  or  good  faith, 
vmtil  they  tell  the  truth  officially  about  their 
early  history,  and  treat  with  respect  even  mod- 
em facts  which  rub  their  conceit  hard.  Japanese 
history  before  the  fourth  century  can  be  con- 
structed only  out  of  mythology',  fossils,  and  tribal 
legends.  Only  when  the  truth-loving  critic  in 
Japan  is  as  welcome  as  the  flatterer,  will  the 


clouds  hanging  over  Japanese  character,  as  co»- 
cems  truth  and  honesty,  roU  away.  Even  when 
we  come  to  modem  times,  there  are  those  living 
(including  the  present  reviewer)  who  attended 
the  opening  of  the  first  government  hospital  in 
Japan,  when  a  hospital  open  to  the  public  — 
or  dispensaries,  as  we  understand  them  —  had 
no  existence.  All  Japanese  official  history  scru- 
pulously ignores  what  American  missionaries 
have  done.  It  was  James  Curtis  Hepburn,  M.  D., 
who,  early  in  the  sixties,  opened  the  first  dis- 
pensary in  Japan.  It  was  Guido  F.  Verbeck 
who  recommended  that  medical  education  and 
training  should  be  conducted  in  the  Grerman 
language.  It  was  Dr.  J.  C.  Berry  who  first  be- 
gan the  training  of  women  nurses.  It  can  be 
•  said,  with  strict  historical  truth,  that  the  plan 
and  idea  of  the  modem  Japanese  national  army 
whose  soldiers  are  trained  first  in  the  public 
schools,  originated  in  the  parlor  of  Dr.  Verbeck 
ID  the  autiunn  of  1870.  No  history,  or  even 
a  glance  at  histon,-.  can  leave  out  the  work  of 
the  Dutch  medical  training,  with  dissection,  at 
I  Nagasaki  ;  nor  ignore  the  labors  of  such  men  as- 
'  the  daimio  of  Echizen  and  Dr.  Hajimoto.  In- 
deed, the  Japanese  mind  was  kept  fertilized  by 
liie  Dutch  during  two  centuries,  and  their  work 
in  opening  the  coimtry  was  most  discreditably 
ignored  by  Commodore  Perry.  Dr.  Seaman's 
view  of  later  developments,  however,  especially 
since  1882,  is  excellent. 

The  American  patriot,  the  soldier  in  the  ranks 
and  his  relative  at  home,  as  well  as  the  book- 
critic,  can  gladly  commend  this  well-written 
work  and  be  thankful  for  it.  It  is  a  trumpet-blast 
of  prophecy.       Willloi  Elliot  Griffis. 


A  Philosophical  Radical  ox  the 
Greek  Tragic  Stage.* 


In  a  less  conservative  journal,  a  more  enter- 
prising reviewer  might  have  headed  this  notice 
"A  Greek  Bernard  Shaw,"  or  "Ibsen  in  Athens," 
or  something  else  equally  alluring.  Moreover, 
he  coidd  have  justified  his  caption  by  merely 
quoting  passages  from  the  work  of  Professor 
Decharme  and  leaving  the  reader  to  decide 
whether  they  were  more  pertinent  to  Euripides 
than  to  whichever  of  these  two  modem  radicals 
he  selected  for  comparison.  It  certainly  does  not 
require  many  passages  like  the  following  to  recall 
Bernard  Shaw  with  almost  painful  vividness  : 

•  Euripides  axd  tbce  Spirit  op  his  Dramas.  Translated 
from  the  French  of  Paul  Decharme,  by  James  Loeb,  A.B.  New 
York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 


390 


THE    DIAL 


[June  16, 


"  In  common  with  them  [the  Sophists] ,  he  had  the  spirit 
of  iuquiry  which  penetrates  prevailing  prejudices  and 
conventional  ideas,  the  skeptical  aiidacity  which  shakes 
beliefs  to  their  very  foundations.  .  .  .  Euripides  was 
not  one  of  those  who  submit  to  public  opmiou,  or  flatter 
it;  but  of  those  who  oppose  and  guide  it.  He  guided 
it  much  too  far,  to  the  thinking  of  Athenian  conserva- 
tives. .  .  .  Our  poet  was  a  philosopher  whom  philoso- 
phy had  so  enthralled  that  he  could  never  escape  from 
it.  .  .  .  The  critical  spirit  in  Euripides  is  often  nothing 
less  than  the  philosophical  spirit,  which  disguises  itself 
so  little  in  his  dramas  that  certain  Greek  critics  could 
say  of  him  that  he  was  the  philosopher  of  the  stage. 
.  .  .  His  philosophy  was  prejudicial  to  his  genius  as  an 
artist.  .  .  .  One  of  the  secondary  reasons  for  Euripides' 
success  with  posterity  constituted  a  real  defect  in  his 
dramas,  —  that  critical  spirit,  everywhere  manifest, 
which  spares  the  gods  no  more  than  it  spares  mankind, 
which  deals  with  the  ancient  stories  as  it  deals  with  con- 
tenaporary  morals,  which  attacks  accepted  ideas,  social 
conventions  and  all  forms  of  tradition.  .  .  .  Evil,  which 
has  succeeded  in  creating  a  considerable  place  for  itself 
in  the  world,  no  doubt  seemed  to  him  to  deserve  at  least 
a  small  place  on  the  stage,  the  world  in  miniature ;  for, 
side  by  side  with  the  beautiful,  he  now  and  then  exhib- 
ited the  ugly,  putting  immoral  women  on  the  stage." 

When  our  hypothetical  reviewer  passed  to 
consider  the  attitude  of  our  dramatists  to  women, 
he  could  fill  a  volimie  with  significant  parallels. 
^'  It  was  above  all  the  women  who  had  ground 
for  complaint  against  Euripides."  Women,  al- 
ready becoming  emancipated,  "  meant  to  oblige 
men  to  reckon  with  them,"  and  Euripides  as  a 
result  of  his  reckoning  "  expresses  views  about 
women  which  are  often  of  extreme  severity ;  — 
he  said  little  of  them  that  is  good,  and  a  gi*eat 
deal  that  is  bad."  At  the  same  time,  Euripides 
had  Shaw's  perception,  which  recognizes  tre- 
mendous cleverness  in  women,  although  he  em- 
phasizes the  devotion  of  that  cleverness  to  CA-il 
ends.  The  general  attitude  of  Euripides  to 
the  sex,  and  of  the  sex  to  Euripides,  is  grimly 
implied  in  the  tradition  that  he  was  done  to 
death  by  vengeful  women  ;  and  at  times  one 
would  shudder  for  the  fate  of  his  modern  incar- 
nation, were  it  not  that  in  these  days  we  have 
substituted  the  figurative  tearing  of  limb  from 
limb  in  our  reviews  and  women's  clubs.  Fur- 
thermore, the  reviewer  could  propose  that  the 
occasional  interruption  of  a  play  of  Euripides 
by  a  scandalized  audience  corresponds  to  the 
interference  with  Shaw's  plays  by  the  police,  rep- 
resenting a  scandalized  public ;  he  could  com- 
pare Euripides'  debt  to  Socrates  and  Anaxagoras 
with  Shaw's  debt  to  Nietzsche  ;  he  could  point 
out  that  Euripides  deliberately  entered  into 
competition  with  JEschylus,  even  as  Shaw  chal- 
lenges comparison  with  Shakespeare ;  he  could 
suggest  that  the  thousand  critical  shafts  so 
zealously  winged  at  Shaw  by  our  critics  of  to-day 


correspond  to  the  terrible  club  wielded  by  the 
titanic  Aristoplianes  against  his  contemporary  ; 
in  short,  he  could  call  attention  to  feature  after 
feature  until  the  resemblance  should  become  so 
unendurably  significant  that  every  sensible 
reader  not  familiar  with  Euripides  and  his  times 
would  cry  out  that  it  must  be  all  nonsense.  At 
any  rate,  even  the  adumbration  we  have  given 
must  suggest  that  the  complete  picture  woidd 
show  Euripides  as  a  strangely  modern  figure,  a 
critical  and  philosophical  radical  representing 
the  new  cosmopolitanism  and  religiously  engaged 
in  the  sacrilegious  task  of  tearing  up  ancient 
boundary  stones  in  every  field  of  life.  If  to  this 
conception  we  were  to  add  the  thought  that  he 
was  a  brilliant  poet  and  dramatic  artist,  with 
not  a  few  points  of  weakness,  who  had  a  remark- 
able influence  upon  his  contemporaries  and  pos- 
terity, we  should  not  be  further  from  the  truth 
than  many  who  have  struggled  more  painfully 
for  accuracy. 

Some  twenty-five  hundred  years  ago,  an  old- 
fashioned  Athenian  named  Strepsiades,  with 
before-the-war  ideas,  came  to  blows  with  his 
son,  a  freshman  from  the  school  of  Socra- 
tes, over  a  contemporary  poet  ;  and  ever  since 
the  Periclean  age,  the  great  household  of  those 
interested  in  letters  has  been  divided  against 
itself  on  the  subject  of  Euripides.  On  the 
whole,  the  figurative  quarrel  has  been  more 
favorable  to  the  old  conservative  than  was 
the  physical  eneoimter  in  the  "  Clouds "  of 
Aristophanes ;  but  not  a  few  great  men,  in- 
cluding many  of  our  greatest  poets,  have  sided 
with  the  son  in  his  admiration  of  this  tragedian 
of  the  dawning  cosmopolitanism,  who  repre- 
sented the  spirit  of  his  times,  who  painted  men 
as  they  were,  who  had  tears  for  sorrow,  and 
withal  could  give  to  his  shifting  moods  such 
adequate  expression  with  the  aid  of  effective 
dramatic  music  and  polished  verse.  In  Eu- 
ripides the  philosophical  radical  and  the  S}^npa- 
thetic  poet  found  a  meeting-place,  and  such  a 
meeting-place  inevitably  becomes  a  field  of  com- 
bat for  later  critics. 

Some  thirteen  years  ago.  Professor  Paul 
Decharme,  the  talented  Professor  of  Greek 
Poetry  in  the  Faculte  des  Lettres  of  Paris, 
came  to  occupy  the  most  prominent  place  in 
the  conti'oversy,  with  a  considerable  volume  on 
"  Euripide  et  I'esprit  de  son  theatre."  The  book 
at  once  attracted  favorable  conunent  wherever 
read,  and  the  German  reviewers  contributed 
the  well-deserved  epithets  of  "  eingehend  "  and 
"geistreich  ";  that  it  aroused  much  discussion, 
was  only  another  tribute  to  its  worth.     Obvi- 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


391 


ously,  for  any  detailed  criticism  these  columns 
must  refer  the  reader  to  the  more  technical  jour- 
nals :  but  the  most  controversial  re\'iewer  was 
bound  to  give  a  generally  favorable  verdict,  and 
it  is  safely  conservative  to  say  that  anybody 
interested  in  the  drama  must  read  this  book  as  a 
duty,  and  will  be  glad  to  re-read  many  chapters 
thereof  as  a  pleasure.  The  second  part,  pages 
145-378  of  the  English  edition,  dealing  with 
*'  Dramatic  Art  in  Euripides,"  is  not  so  attrac- 
tive to  the  less  technical  reader  as  the  first  part, 
which  treats  of  the  poet's  views  on  social,  polit- 
ical, and  philosohical  questions  ;  but  from  the 
whole  book  one  rises  vnth  the  verdict  that  the 
rather  ambitious  title  has  been  fidly  justified. 
It  was  a  labor  of  love  on  the  part  of  Professor 
Decharme,  whose  work  has  since  been  ended  by 
a  death  which  the  worid  of  letters  has  sincerely 
deplored.  Many  of  us  who  knew  him  only 
thi*ough  his  writings  will  recall  these  words  from 
the  Y>oet  whom  he  served  so  well : 
"  A  wise  man,  though  in  earth's  remotest  parts 
He  dwell,  though  ne'er  I  see  him, — count  I  my  friend." 

The  volume  before  us  is  an  English  transla- 
tion by  James  Loeb,  A.B.,  for  whom  Professor 
John  Williams  White  of  Harvard  \^Tites  a  very 
strongly  pro-Euripidean  introduction  containing 
a  brief  appreciation  of  that  author's  influence 
on  later  poets.  Touching  the  need  of  a  transla- 
tion, the  present  reviewer  is  by  no  means  clear, 
inasmuch  as  most  readers  who  are  deeply  enough 
interested  in  Euripides  to  pursue  the  spirit  of 
his  dramas  through  three  himdred  and  seventj- 
eight  generous  pages  wovdd  probably  be  able  to 
read  the  French  original.  On  this  point,  how- 
ever, publishers  and  librarians  are  doubtless  the 
best  judges,  so  that  we  may  content  ourselves 
with  answering  the  question  whether  the  work 
has  been  well  done  ;  and  oiu*  answer  must  be  in 
the  affirmative.  To  demand  that  the  English 
version  should  breathe  the  charm  of  the  French 
original,  would  be  extravagant ;  but  a  detailed 
comparison  of  a  number  of  passages  inspired 
confidence  in  the  trustworthiness  of  our  trans- 
lator, even  if  it  did  give  rise  to  some  differences 
of  opinion.  That  the  idea  of  securing  Mr. 
Arthur  S.  Way's  metrical  renderings  from  the 
Greek  was  most  happy,  is  shown  by  their  con- 
tribution to  the  attractiveness  of  the  work.  The 
value  of  the  analytical  index  can  be  passed  upon 
with  finality  only  after  continued  handling ;  but 
an  examination  of  selected  points  left  an  impres- 
sion of  reliability.  The  book  is  bound  in  the  well- 
known  dark-blue  that  is  always  prepossessing  to 
many  readers,  among  them  the  present  writer. 
The  typography  is  good,  the  illustrations  few 


and  pertinent.  K  the  original  Parisian  edition 
had  been  consulted,  it  could  not  have  demanded 
a  more  appropriate  garb  for  its  presentation  to 
an  English-speaking  public. 

F.  B.  R.  Hellems. 


Breefs  on  :New  Books. 


Thoughtful  While  admitting  the  impossibility  of 

pretent^nd*  '  predicting  the  future  from  a  study  of 
future.  the  past,  Mr.  C.  F.  G.  Masterman, 

in  the  title-essay  of  his  volume,  "  In  Peril  of  Change  " 
(Huebsch),  points  out  three  of  England's  institu- 
tions — "  the  Landed  System,  the  Established  Church, 
and  the  Popular  Religion  "  —  that  are  seemingly  on 
the  verge  of  transformation,  with  more  or  less  of 
menace  to  the  country  from  the  change.  Indeed, 
the  author  finds  in  England's  present  condition  some 
of  the  sjonptoms  manifest  in  the  Roman  Empire 
before  its  decline  and  faU,  and  in  France  before  the 
Revolution.  Balance  has  become  unstable,  and,  says 
Mr.  Masterman,  "the  study  of  the  past  can  but 
guarantee  that  through  rough  courses  or  smooth, 
heedless  of  violence  and  pain,  in  methods  imexpected 
and  often  through  hazardous  ways,  equilibrium  will 
be  attained."  These  essays,  in  large  part  reprinted 
from  leading  magazines  and  reviews,  have  a  char- 
acter so  positive  and  individual  as  to  raise  them 
above  the  common  level.  Their  author,  a  Cambridge 
graduate  of  but  ten  years'  standing,  and  at  present 
a  fellow  of  Christ's  College  in  that  university,  pre- 
faces his  chapters  by  explaining  that  "some  are 
attempts  to  examine  the  ideals  of  the  age  immedi- 
ately past.  .  .  .  Some  deal  with  the  life  of  the 
present  .  .  .  And  some  are  concerned  with  the 
future,  seeking  to  interpret,  in  literature,  in  religion, 
in  social  ideals,  those  obscure  beginnings  which  are 
to  direct  the  progress  of  the  years  to  come."  In  the 
opening  essay,  "After  the  Reaction,"  the  author's 
dispraise  of  Mr.  Kipling  and  the  brazen-throated 
poets  of  war  and  world-empire,  his  lament  over  "  the 
pitiful  destruction  of  two  free  nations  in  South 
Africa,"  and  his  advocacy  of  a  return  to  the  larger 
and  kindlier  humanities  and  sj-mpathies,  will  endear 
him  to  many  readers ;  as  will  also,  in  another  part 
of  the  book,  his  outspoken  contempt  for  "the  alltu*- 
ing  claptrap  concerning  the  White  Man's  Burden 
and  the  Trustees  of  Progress."  Some  of  the  best 
of  these  twentj'  chapters  treat  of  Mr.  Chesterton 
and  "  the  blasphemy  of  optimism,"  Chicago  and  St. 
Francis  of  A^sisi,  Gissing.  Henlej',  Spencer  and 
Carlyle,  Disraeli  and  Gladstone,  the  making  of  the 
Superman,  and  the  burden  of  London.  But  in  read- 
ing the  signs  of  the  times  he  now  and  then  seems  at 
fault,  as  when  he  declares  that  the  present  abhor- 
rence of  any  violation  of  the  monogamic  order  of 
society  belongs  to  a  vanishing  England.  Disclaim- 
ing pretensions  to  excellences  of  style,  he  has  never- 
theless said  forcibly  and  well  what  he  was  moved  to 
say.     A  little  more  attention  to  the  accuracies  of 


392 


THE    DIAL 


[June  16, 


speech  would  have  prevented  his  making  George 
Gissing  analyze  "  into  its  constituent  atoms  the  ma- 
trix of  which  is  composed  the  characteristic  city 
population."  Easily,  too,  could  he  have  corrected 
the  pleonasm  in  Herbert  Spencer's  "long  struggle 
for  persistence  against  poverty."  A  university  man, 
even  if  not  a  first-class  in  classics,  should  think  twice 
before  writing  "  negligeable  ";  such  second  thought 
would  recall  that  the  word  follows  the  analogy  of 
intelligible,  legible,  corrigible,  derigible,  erigible, 
and  countless  other  adjectives  of  potentiality  from 
third-conjugation  Latin  verbs.  This  author,  one  may 
predict,  will  be  heard  from  again,  and  more  than  once. 

The  Jew  in  "^^^  Jews  in  the  South  have  made  a 

Southern  life  remarkable  record,  and  in  his  "  Jews 
and  society.  ^f  South  Carolina  "  ( Lippincott)  Dr. 
Barnett  A.  Elzas  of  Charleston  has  given  a  full 
account  of  his  people  in  that  State.  The  author's 
aim  has  been  to  show  the  part  taken  by  the  Jew  in 
commercial,  professional,  political,  and  social  activi- 
ties ;  and  the  showing  is  a  very  favorable  one.  The 
volume  includes  chapters  on  the  beginnings  of  the 
Jewish  settlements  in  the  colony,  their  religious 
organization  and  religious  dissensions,  the  part  taken 
by  Jews  in  the  wars  and  in  the  affairs  of  govern- 
ment, the  expansion  of  the  Jews  over  the  State,  and 
short  biographies  of  the  most  prominent  members  of 
the  race.  The  first  Jewish  congregation  of  Charles- 
ton was  an  offshoot  of  the  Spanish-Portuguese  com- 
munity of  Bevis  Marks,  London.  In  South  Carolina, 
then  not  friendly  to  slavery  but  desirous  of  obtaining 
a  white  population,  the  Jews  were  welcomed.  The 
author  declares  that  "in  South  Carolina,  from  the 
day  of  his  settlement  the  Jew  has  never  labored 
under  the  slightest  civil  or  religious  disability  what- 
ever. In  this  respect  South  Carolina  was  unique 
among  the  British  provinces.  It  took  the  Jews  of 
England  over  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  to  win  by 
steady  fighting,  step  by  step,  the  civil  and  religious 
equality  that  was  guaranteed  to  the  first  Jew  that 
set  foot  on  South  Carolina  soil."  And  it  is  a  notable 
fact  that  the  newer  States  to  the  west  and  south  of 
South  Carolina  have  been  influenced  by  the  former's 
example.  In  the  Lower  South,  the  Jews  have  at  all 
times  exercised  an  influence  out  of  proportion  to 
their  numbers.  Perhaps  it  was  one  of  the  results  of 
slavery  which  united  aU  whites,  but  at  any  rate  the 
Jews  have  from  the  beginning  formed  a  respected 
portion  of  the  population,  and  have  mingled  socially 
with  Gentiles  to  a  greater  extent  than  elsewhere. 
This  is  partly  a  cause  and  partly  a  result  of  the  supe- 
riority of  the  Southern  Jews.  In  South  Carolina,  Dr. 
Elzas  declares,  was  to  be  found,  before  1825  at  least, 
the  best  Jewish  population  in  America;  and  cer- 
tainly the  Southern  Jew  has  not  yet  been  surpassed. 
Many  of  the  Jewish  leaders  of  other  sections  have 
come  from  the  South.  The  Jew  is  usually  considered 
a  man  of  peace,  but  the  record  in  South  Carolina 
tells  a  different  story.  In  every  war  the  Jews  fur- 
nished more  than  their  share  of  men.  "  South  Caro- 
lina can  boast  of  no  more  loyal  and  devoted  sons  and 


daughters  than  were  the  Jewish  citizens  in  the  hour 
of  her  need."  For  material  on  which  to  base  his 
account,  Dr.  Elzas  has  searched  all  the  records  of 
the  State,  printed  and  in  manuscript,  as  well  as  Jew- 
ish records  in  other  States,  leaving  no  source  of 
information  unexamined.  The  bibliography  ap- 
pended "  is  not  complete,"  he  says ;  but  it  is  not 
likely  to  be  completed.  As  an  instance  of  his  in- 
dustry, we  may  mention  that  to  get  the  names  of 
the  Jewish  soldiers  in  the  Civil  War  he  went  over 
"  several  times  "  the  lists  of  70,000  names  in  the 
archives  at  Columbia,  and  examined  the  complete 
file  of  Gazettes  in  the  Charleston  Library.  The  gen- 
eral reader  will  object  to  the  padding  with  long  lists 
of  names  taken  from  directories,  and  to  the  numer- 
ous extracts  from  newspapers  ;  but  to  one  who  is 
directly  interested,  and  to  the  future  historian,  these 
sources  of  information  are  valuable.  The  "  general 
reader  "  can  do  some  judicious  skipping.  It  would 
have  been  well  had  the  author  explained  more  fully 
the  distinctions,  historically  and  socially,  which  he 
hints  at,  between  the  German  Jews  and  the  Spanish- 
Portuguese  Jews  of  South  Carolina.  But  in  spite  of 
minor  defects,  the  work  has  a  great  value  as  an 
account  of  one  of  the  influential  elements  in  Southern 
society.  

On  the  nature  ^ince  the  publication  of  the  fundar 
and  oriijin  of  mental  researches  of  Pasteur  in 
livinv  matter.  France  and  Tyndall  in  England  on 
the  spontaneous  generation  of  living  from  non-living 
matter,  it  has  been  considered  as  one  of  the  most 
firmly  grounded  generalizations  of  biology  that, 
under  the  conditions  which  now  obtain  upon  the 
earth,  living  things  only  originate  by  th^  multipli- 
cation of  preceding  —  that  is,  ancestral  —  organisms 
of  the  same  kind.  Omne  vivum  ex  vivo  is  almost 
the  first  law  which  the  biological  tyro  learns.  But  as 
old  as  the  history  of  all  science  is  the  "  paradoxer," 
the  "  lone  and  lorn  "  individual  who  with  all  his 
might  combats  the  conclusions  which  other  and 
intellectually  more  ordinary  persons  consider  to  be 
demonstrated.  The  geniuses  of  this  kind  who  in 
older  times  settled  the  most  pressing  mathematical 
and  physical  problems  of  the  universe  have  an 
enduring  monument  to  recall  them  to  memory  in 
Augustus  De  Morgan's  delightful  "  Budget  of  Par- 
adoxes," —  to  the  literary  and  scientific  charm  of 
which  Holmes  has  paid  tribute.  Unfortunately,  the 
biological  paradoxers  have  had  no  De  Morgan  to  do 
them  justice,  and  in  consequence  one  fears  that  Dr. 
H.  Charlton  Bastian's  life-long  effort  to  upset  the 
accepted  teachings  of  biology  will  too  soon  be  forgot- 
ten. For  more  than  thirty-five  years  he  has  been  ex- 
perimenting and  publishing  books  and  memoirs  for 
the  purpose  of  establishing  two  fundamental  theses. 
The  first  of  these  is  that  at  the  present  time  living 
organisms  are  everywhere  originating  as  a  result  of 
a  process  of  "  archebiosis,"  by  which  less  vulgar 
term  our  author  designates  what  ordinarily  goes  by 
the  name  of  spontaneous  generation.  Especially  is 
Dr.  Bastian  convinced  that  bacteria  originate  in  this 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL. 


393 


way.  His  second  thesis  is  that  the  substance  of 
many  of  the  higher  organisms  is  frequently  changed 
by  some  unknown  process  into  altogether  different 
organisms.  Thus,  the  living  substance  of  a  plant 
may  be  directly  transformed  into  a  number  of 
simple  animals,  and  so  on.  This  phenomenon  is 
called  "  heterogenesis."  Something  over  half  of 
Dr.  Bastian's  bulky  volume  on  "The  Nature  and 
Origin  of  Living  Matter  "  (Lippincott)  is  devoted  to 
an  account,  with  illustrations,  of  experiments  which 
the  author  believes  have  demonstrated  the  truth 
of  "  archebiosis  "  and  "  heterogenesis."  It  is  safe 
to  say  that  of  those  who  possess  sufficient  technical 
knowledge  of  biology  to  really  g^asp  the  nature  and 
meaning  of  these  experiments,  the  number  who  will 
agree  with  Dr.  Bastian  in  his  conclusions  is  "ran- 
ishingly  small."  The  observations  and  experiments 
are  absolutely  inconclusive.  The  earlier  chapters 
of  the  work  are  given  to  an  extended  exposition  of 
the  author's  views  on  the  general  subject  of  organic 
evolution.  They  add  nothing  essentially  new,  either 
in  fact  or  in  principle,  to  what  has  already  been  said 
on  the  subject. 

Messrs.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  are  the 
^s^^nesTfon'  American  publishers  of  "  Everyman's 

Library,"  edited  by  Mr.  Ernest 
Rhys.  This  library  is  one  of  the  Dent  enterprises, 
which  is  equivalent  to  saying  that  the  volumes  ex- 
hibit a  delicate  taste  in  typography,  binding,  and 
other  mechanical  matters,  and  give  a  large  return  of 
value  for  the  small  price  set  upon  them.  As  we 
look  over  the  fifty  volumes  now  before  us,  with  which 
the  enterprise  is  inaugurated,  we  cannot  help  think- 
ing that  the  problem  of  good  reading  at  moderate 
cost  is  by  way  of  being  solved  more  satisfactorily 
than  ever  before  in  a  similar  undertaking.  The 
name  of  the  library  is  itself  a  happy  thought,  and 
nothing  could  be  more  apt  than  the  quotation  from 
the  old  morality  that  is  put  into  the  decorative 
service  of  the  series  :  "  I  will  go  with  thee  to  be  thy 
guide,  in  thy  most  need  to  go  by  thy  side."  The  fifty 
volumes  now  published  are  classified  under  several 
heads.  In  fiction,  we  have  a  five-volume  set  of  Jane 
Austen,  Bulwer's  "  Harold  "  and  *'  The  Last  of  the 
Barons,"  Reade's  "The  Cloister  and  the  Hearth," 
Kingsley's  "  Westward  Ho  !  "  and  a  number  of  other 
representative  single  works  by  various  writers.  In 
what  may  be  called  quasi-fiction,  we  have  children's 
tales  by  Lamb,  Hawthorne,  and  Andersen,  besides 
a  two-volume  set  of  "Le  Morte  d' Arthur."  Of 
poetry,  there  are  Tennyson,  Browning,  and  Coleridge 
volumes.  In  the  cases  of  the  former  two,  the  poems 
are  given  down  to  1863,  which  marks  the  term  of 
expired  copyrights.  History  is  represented  by  Ma- 
caulay's  "England"  in  three  volumes,  Carlyle's 
^'  French  Revolution "  in  two,  and  Finlay's  "  By- 
zantine Empire  "  in  one.  In  biography,  there  are 
Boswell  and  Lockhart's  Napoleon.  There  are  vol- 
umes of  essays  by  Bacon,  Lamb,  Emerson,  Coleridge, 
and  Froude.  Science  is  represented  by  White's 
*'  Selborne,"  and  Huxley's  "  Man's  Place  in  Nature." 


Three  volumes  of  Robertson's  sermons  and  one  of 
Latimer's  contribute  the  religious  element.  Speke's 
"  Nile  "  and  Borrow's  "  Wild  Wales  "  occupy  the 
travel  section,  and  a  volume  of  Marcus  Aurelius 
completes  the  list  with  a  classical  offering.  Many 
of  these  volumes  are  provided  with  really  notable 
introductions,  of  which  a  few  instances  may  be  given. 
Mr.  Watts-Dimton  stands  sponsor  for  Borrow,  Mr. 
Belloc  for  Carlyle,  Mr.  Arthur  Waugh  for  Brown- 
ing, Mr.  R.  Brimley  Johnson  for  the  Jane  Austen 
novels,  Mr.  Swinburne  for  "  The  Cloister  and  the 
Hearth,"  and  Mr.  Stopford  Brooke  for  "  The  Golden 
Book  of  Coleridge."  These  introductions,  in  several 
cases  quite  lengthy,  add  materially  to  the  interest 
and  value  of  the  volumes  which  they  accompany. 


Tales  of 
the  old 
Southwest 
border. 


Under  the  attractive  title  "  The 
Glory  Seekers"  (A.  C.  McClurg  & 
Co.),  Mr.  WUliam  Horace  Brown 
has  collected  a  number  of  tales  of  the  Southwest,  in 
that  romantic  border-land  between  American  and 
Spanish  domain.  Since  American  authority  did 
not  always  advance  as  rapidly  as  Spanish  control 
retreated,  the  resulting  "  no  man's  land  "  attracted 
plotters,  pirates,  fillibusters,  and  soldiers  of  fortune, 
who  found  there  an  inviting  situation.  The  book, 
which  attempts  to  recall  their  deeds  and  moving 
accidents,  is  not  a  novel ;  neither  is  it  history.  It  is 
a  re-writing  of  actual  facts,  and  a  reincarnation  of 
former  personages,  amplified  by  stirring  description. 
Among  the  seekers  for  glory  one  finds  the  despicable 
General  Wilkinson,  the  fascinating  Aaron  Burr, 
Phillip  Nolan,  and  Ellis  Bean,  Zebulon  Pike  the 
explorer,  the  Kemper  boys,  Lafitte  the  pirate,  and 
persistent  Jennie  Long.  The  tragedy  of  the  Exiles 
in  Florida,  whose  recital  by  Giddings  aided  the 
Abolitionist  cause  years  ago,  finds  a  place  among  the 
stories,  as  does  the  rash  expedition  of  the  Texans 
against  Santa  F^.  The  author  is  apparently  aware 
of  the  slender  basis  of  fact  upon  which  many  of  the 
stories  rest,  —  for  instance,  that  of  the  beautiful 
Madeline,  who  resisted  the  wiles  of  the  usually  irre- 
sistible Aaron  Burr,  or  that  in  which  the  precocious 
Jennie  Wilkinson  became  the  wooer  of  Dr.  Long. 
Where  the  author  ventures  on  authentic  narrative, 
he  follows  old  pathways  without  much  reg^ard  for 
modern  investigation.  Despite  the  results  of  Pro- 
fessor McCaleb's  investigations,  he  writes  Burr  down 
as  a  traitor.  "  Burr  was  guilty,"  he  says,  curtly. 
"  He  had  openly  talked  treason  for  years.  .  .  . 
That  he  was  acquitted  was  just  as  well.  To  have 
hanged  him  [stc]  would  have  been  to  punish  one 
man  for  treason,  when  it  was  well  known  that  a 
thousand  had  been  guilty  of  the  same  crime  without 
any  attempt  at  punishing  them."  He  couples  Burr 
with  Arnold  as  "the  only  renegades  to  the  sacred 
cause  of  a  free  and  united  country."  All  this  not- 
withstanding the  fact  that  John  Marshall,  the  most 
impartial  judge  who  ever  tried  a  criminal  case, 
declared  that  Burr  had  not  been  guilty  of  treason. 
The  stories  are  worth  re-telling,  and  the  author  tells 
them  most  interestingly.     Doubtless  many  facts  of 


394 


THE    DIAL 


[June  16, 


history  will  be  absorbed  incidentally  by  the  reader 
in  reviewing  these  stories  of  adventurous  spirits  who 
tried  at  various  times  to  establish  an  empire  in  the 
early  days  of  the  Southwest. 

Two  examples  ^^^*  .*«  *^^  "^^**^^'  «*.  »^°^«St  perfect 
of  the  book  technical  workmanship,  the  charac- 

beautifui.  teristic    that   most    impresses   those 

who  have  followed  the  work  of  the  special  limited 
edition  department  at  the  Riverside  Press  is  the 
variety  of  its  output,  —  the  marked  versatility  shown 
in  fitting  typographical  form  to  literary  substance. 
Nearly  all  of  those  who  have  produced  the  best  work 
in  this  field  heretofore,  as  the  Kelmscott  and  Doves 
presses,  have  each  developed  a  certain  distinct  and 
individual  style  of  bookmaking,  to  which  their  entu-e 
output  more  or  less  monotonously  conforms.  But 
Mr.  Rogers,  in  his  work  at  the  Riverside  Press,  has 
chosen  the  immensely  more  difiicult  part  of  giving 
each  of  his  volumes  a  dress  that  suggests  somewhat 
the  character  of  the  contents,  and  is  typical  of  the 
country  or  period  to  which  the  book  belongs.  The 
success  with  which  this  is  usually  accomplished  is 
well  illustrated  by  the  two  latest  issues  of  the  press, 
—  a  reprint  of  St.  Pierre's  "Paul  et  Virginie  "  in 
the  original  text,  and  a  selection  of  *'  Songs  and 
Sonnets  by  Thomas  Bailey  Aldrich."  The  first- 
named  is  a  thin  quarto,  printed  from  type  of  a  French 
cut  especially  imported  for  this  purpose,  and  set  in  a 
spacious,  well-proportioned  page.  A  light  floriated 
title-page  in  the  French  manner,  and  four  illustra- 
tions reengraved  on  wood  by  M.  Lament  Brown 
from  the  originals  in  the  first  edition,  make  up  the 
decorative  setting.  The  binding  is  of  French  paper 
boards,  with  printed  title-label.  The  whole  effect 
of  the  volume,  even  to  the  illustrations,  is  sober  and 
restrained,  in  perfect  keeping  with  the  tragic  note 
of  the  tale.  Mr.  Aldrich's  poems,  on  the  other  hand, 
are  embodied  in  a  trim  duodecimo,  printed  from  a 
small  size  of  Caslon  type,  with  a  graceful  rule 
arrangement  in  red  surrounding  the  text  on  each 
page.  Deeply  embossed  in  the  centre  of  the  dark- 
green  board  cover  is  a  representation  of  the  intaglio 
head  of  Minerva  that  forms  the  subject  of  one  of 
Mr.  Aldrich's  best-known  lyrics.  The  idea  of  re- 
producing this  "  caryen  agate-stone  "  in  such  a  way 
was  unusually  happy,  for  no  other  symbol  could 
express  more  appositely  the  general  characteristics  of 
the  poetry  contained  within  these  covers.  It  should 
be  said  that  for  this  edition  Mr.  Aldrich  has  made 
an  entirely  new  selection  and  arrangement  of  his 
poems ;  and  the  resulting  volume  is  one  that  must 
always  hold  a  distinctive  place  in  our  literature. 

Mr.  Andrew  It  is  hard  for  anyone  to  study  the 
Sir  Walter  ^^^^  ^^  Scott  without  a  pious  desire  to 

Scott.  wreak  vengeance  on  the  personages 

who  did  so  much  to  afflict  him  and  turn  his  natur- 
ally joyous  existence  into  the  tragedy  which  in  later 
life  it  was.  We  have  all  wanted  to  have  our  fling 
at  the  caustic  Jeffrey,  and  to  instil  some  sense  into 
the  infantile  minds  of  the  Ballantynes.    No  wonder, 


then,  that  so  racy  and  perfervid  a  Scot  as  Mr, 
Andrew  Lang  should  in  his  life  of  Scott  in  the 
series  of  "  Literary  Lives  "  (Scribner)  display  a  cer- 
tain acridity  of  temper  toward  those  who  pestered 
Scott  and  those  who  led  to  his  ruin.  And  yet  Mr. 
Lang  is  fail* ;  Jeffrey  gets  no  more  than  his  due,  and 
as  much  is  said  for  the  impossible  Ballantynes  as 
can  well  be.  Nor  is  Scott  himself  allowed  to  escape 
without  bearing  his  share  of  blame  for  the  unneces- 
sarily tragic  close  of  his  life.  Lang's  biography^ 
for  a  brief  one,  is  very  full  of  details  without  being 
encyclopaedically  dry.  Certain  minor  mistakes  com- 
mitted by  "  English  innocence  "  are  corrected  —  not 
silently,  however,  —  and  a  new  piece  of  external 
evidence  which  should  have  fixed  the  authorship  of 
the  novels  on  Scott  before  it  was  known  is  brought 
forward.  The  criticism  scattered  throughout  the 
volume,  following  the  chronological  order  of  pro- 
duction, is  sane  and  singularly  free  from  Scottish 
prejudice.  "  The  Lord  of  the  Isles  "  does  make  one 
yawn,  —  and  Mr.  Lang  says  so.  But  he  insists,  and 
rightly,  that  the  poetic  appeal  of  the  "  Lay,"  which 
in  1805  was  "  absolutely  fresh  and  poignant,"  as  well 
as  of  the  more  polished  "  Lady  of  the  Lake,"  if  not 
the  highest,  is  direct  and  enduring.  To  the  modern 
contemners  of  Scott's  novels,  Mr.  Lang  scornfully 
addresses  Cromwell's  words  to  the  Commissioners  of 
the  General  Assembly,  ''Brethern  in  the  bowels  of 
Christ,  believe  that  it  is  possible  you  may  be  mis- 
taken." It  was  in  his  capacity  "  as  a  creator  of  a 
vast  throng  of  living  people  of  every  grade,  and 
every  variety  of  nature,  humour,  and  temperament, 
that  Scott,  among  British  writers,  is  least  remote 
from  Shakespeare." 

Indispensable  to  Everyone  who  intends  to  go  to 
the  European  Europe  (and  who  in  these  days  does 
tourist.  not?)  is  much  concerned  to  prepare 

himself,  both  materially  and  mentally,  for  the  jour- 
ney. But,  do  his  best,  on  his  arrival  there  one  of 
the  greatest  drawbacks  to  his  satisfaction  proves- 
to  be  his  lack  of  accurate  knowledge.  Owing  to- 
baggage  limitations,  he  cannot  carry  many  books 
about,  and  even  at  places  where  he  expected  to  feel 
most  at  home  he  is  surprised  to  find  how  vague  and 
indefinite  his  knowledge  really  is.  Even  the  best 
memory  proves  inadequate  to  supply  all  the  names, 
dates,  and  isolated  facts  that  continually  present 
their  questions.  Miss  H.  A.  Guerber's  little  book 
"How  to  Prepare  for  Europe  "  (Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.) 
is  designed  to  supply  both  of  these  needs.  It  is  an 
advance  guide,  noting  the  best  books  to  read  before 
the  contemplated  journey  begins ;  it  is  also  a  min- 
iature reference  book  to  consult  en  route,  supplying 
the  most  important  data  concerning  the  history  and 
art  of  the  European  and  ancient  world.  It  presents 
brief  synopses  of  the  history  of  aU  the  principal 
foreign  countries,  followed  by  descriptions  of  condi- 
tions and  routes  of  travel  in  those  countries.  There 
are  also  separate  chapters  on  painting,  sculpture^ 
architecture,  and  music,  to  which  hav-e  been  ap- 
pended chronological,  alphabetical,  and  bibliograph- 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


39& 


ical  lists  relating  to  names,  dates,  events,  schools, 
etc.  Each  country  is  furnished  with  an  admirahle 
map ;  the  illustrations  have  been  chosen  with  a  view 
to  depicting  characteristic  features  of  each  country, 
and  the  classified  chronological  tables  are  extremely 
full  and  satisfactory.  The  tourist  should  by  all 
means  secure  this  book  as  a  supplement  to  his  indis- 
pensable Baedeker. 

\ew  letter g  Readers  of  Robert  Browning's  poems 

by  Robert  of  "Waring"  and  ••The  Guardian 

Broicninv.  Angel "  have  known  that  he  had  a 

"dear  old  friend  "  who  lived  on  the  '•  Wairoa  at  the 
world's  far  end."  By  the  aid  of  commentators, 
they  have  known  also  that  this  friend  was  Alfred 
Domett,  author  of  the  famous  "  Christmas  Hymn," 
and  that  the  Wairoa  is  the  name  of  a  river  in  New 
Zealand.  How  dear,  how  true,  and  how  life-long 
was  the  fi'iendship  which  bound  together  these  two 
men  we  now  learn  for  the  first  time  through  a  book 
entitled  "Robert  Browning  and  Alfred  Domett," 
edited  by  Frederic  G.  Kenyon,  and  published  by 
E.  P.  Dutton  &.  Co.  The  story  is  told  mainly  through 
letters  written  by  Browning  to  Domett,  the  replies, 
according  to  Browning's  custom  with  his  letters,  hav- 
ing been  destroyed.  Written  chiefly  during  the  years 
1840—1846,  they  cover  a  period  of  Browning's  life 
of  which  little  has  been  made  public  —  the  period 
just  preceding  his  marriage,  while  he  was  living 
at  New  Cross,  writing  and  publishing  serially  his 
"BeUs  and  Pomegranates."  Many  who  cared  little 
for  Browning's  poetry  prerious  to  the  publication  of 
his  ••  Letters  to  Elizabeth  Barrett  "  were  charmed 
by  them  into  loving  both  man  and  poet,  —  so  fine, 
so  strong,  so  tender  was  the  personality  there  re- 
vealed. And  in  like  manner,  this  collection  of 
letters,  though  small,  revealing  a  masculine  friend- 
ship surviving  the  strain  of  separation  of  years,  and 
of  divided  interests,  helps  to  make  up  an  impression 
of  a  character  which  becomes  the  more  exalted  as  it 
is  better  known.  Portraits  of  Browning,  of  Domett, 
and  of  Sir  Joseph  Arnould  (a  third  in  this  trio  of 
CamberweU  friends)  illustrate  the  volume.  A  poem, 
"  A  Forest  Thought,"  new  to  most  of  us  though  pub- 
lished in  a  magazine  last  year,  appears  on  the  first 
page.  It  is  in  a  very  unusual  metre  for  Browning 
—  four  stanzas  of  seven  rhjoned  couplets  each,  — 
is  extremely  musical,  and  was  written  in  1839  as 
a  christening  poem  for  a  child  to  whom  Browning 
stood  as  godfather. 

Organ  mu^ic,  ^he  latest  volume  in  the  "Music 
UthiMtoryand  Story  Series"  (imported  bv  Charles 
deveiopmetit.  Scribner's  Sons)  is  devoted*  to  •'  The 
Story  of  Organ  Music,"  by  Mr.  C.  F.  Abdy  Williams. 
The  author  has  outlined  a  historj-  of  the  rise  and 
development  of  organ  music,  in  which  the  works  of 
the  leading  composers  are  described.  He  is  of  the 
opinion  that  the  history  of  organ  music  revolves 
round  one  gigantic  personality,  that  of  Bach,  and 
that  no  organ  composer  of  any  eminence  has  existed 
who  has  not  been  largely  influenced  by  him.  The  au- 


thor has  drawn  considerably  on  Ritter's  "  Greschichte 
des  OrgekpieLs,"  and  on  the  collections  of  Comer 
and  others.  Among  the  musical  illnstrations  he  hsuf 
given  the  whole  of  a  toccato  by  Pasquini,  whose 
works  until  recently  were  supposed  to  have  been  lost 
to  the  world ;  and  the  style  of  Elizabethan  organ 
music  is  exemplified  by  a  Choralvorspiel  by  Dr. 
John  Bull.  In  conclusion,  the  author  points  out  that 
English  composers  of  the  first  rank  are  producing 
works  that  are  among  the  best  of  the  day,  and  there 
is  reason  to  hope  that  a  school  of  English  organ 
music  is  arising  which  will  take  its  place  as  part  of 
the  great  modern  school  of  English  composition  that 
is  6o  rapidly  developing.  Mr.  Williams's  treatise  is 
scholarly,  clear,  concise,  and  elucidative. 

Autobiography  Father  George  Gapon,  the  Russian 
of  a  Bussian  revolutionist,  was  not  a  great  man.  but 
revoiudomtt.  circumstances,  brought  about  largely 
through  his  deep  interest  in  the  oppressed  classes  of 
Russia,  made  him  the  centre  of  the  great  strike  of 
Russian  workingmen  in  January,  1905,  and  a  figure 
of  international  interest.  Father  Crapon  has  written 
his  autobiography  under  the  title  "  The  Story  of  My 
Life"  (Dutton),  showing  the  rapid  change  in  his 
views  from  love  of  the  Czar  and  support  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  his  country  to  hatred  of  both  and  a  lead- 
ing position  among  rabid  revolutionists.  This  story 
of  his  life  is  told  with  direct  simplicity  and  with 
effect,  both  the  account  of  his  early  home  life  and 
training  and  the  account  of  the  dramatic  struggle 
which  led  to  his  exile ;  it  is  instructive  also  as  to  the 
motives  and  methods  of  the  revolutionists,  and  as  to 
the  corrruption,  cruelty,  and  tyranny  of  the  autoc- 
racy. One  can  get  from  this  unpretentious  book  a 
better  idea  of  present  social  conditions  in  Russia 
than  from  many  more  elaborate  studies;  yet  the 
reader  must  be  on  his  guard  against  being  misled 
by  the  sincere  but  volatile  enthusiast  whose  life  and 
opinions  are  here  set  forth. 


XOTES. 


A  new  illustrated  edition  of  "Truth  Dexter,"  by 
Sidney  McCall,  is  published  by  Messrs.  Little,  Brown, 
&Co' 

"  The  Stubbornness  of  Greraldine,"  a  play  in  four 
acts,  is  now  added  by  the  Macmillan  Co.  to  their  edi- 
tion of  the  dramas  of  Mr.  Clyde  Fitch. 

"  The  Sources  of  the  First  Ten  Books  of  Augustine's 
De  Ci\ntate  Dei,"  is  a  doctrinal  thesis  by  Mr.  S.  Angus, 
published  under  the  auSpices  of  Princeton  University. 

A  volume  of  "Fishing  and  Shooting  Sketches"  by 
the  Hon.  Grover  Cleveland  is  an  interesting  annoimce- 
ment  that  comes  to  us  from  The  Outing  Publishing  Co. 

"  Studies  in  English  Syntax,"  by  Professor  C.  Alphonso 
Smith,  is  a  small  book  containing  three  "  essays  in  inter- 
pretative syntax,"  published  by  Messrs.  Ginn  &  Co. 

The  Messrs.  Scribner  publish  "The  Page  Story 
Book,"  edited  by  Mr.  F.  E.  Spaulding  and  Miss  Cathe- 
rine T.  Bryce,  and  containing  readings  from  the  books 
of  Mr.  Thomas  Nelson  Page  prepared  for  school  use* 


396 


THE    DIAL 


[June  16, 


"  Buddhism  "  and  "  Islam,"  both  by  Miss  Annie  H. 
iSmall,  are  the  initial  volumes  in  a  pocket  series  of  sim- 
ple "  Studies  in  the  Faiths,"  published  by  Messrs.  E.  P. 
Button  &  Co. 

A  new  edition  of  Mr.  Ernest  Babelon's  "  Manual  of 
Oriental  Antiquities,"  a  reference  book  with  many  illus- 
trations, and  a  chapter  on  the  recent  discoveries  at 
^usa,  is  published  by  Messrs.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

"  The  Primrose  Way,"  is  the  special  title  of  the  third 
volume  in  "Mark  Twain's  Library  of  Humor,"  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Harper  &  Brothers.  The  mystery  of 
the  title  need  debar  no  one  from  the  joyousness  of  the 
contents. 

"A  Bibliography  of  the  Sanskrit  Drama,"  by  Mr. 
Montgomery  Schuyler,  Jr.,  is  published  by  the  Mac- 
millan  Co.  for  the  Columbia  University  Press.  It  in- 
cludes an  introductory  sketch  of  Indian  dramatic 
literature. 

"  Propertius,"  translated  by  Professor  J.  S.  Philli- 
m^ore,  and  "  Longinus  on  the  Sublime,"  translated  by 
Mr.  A.  O.  Prickard,  are  two  new  volumes  in  the  Clar- 
«ndon  Press  series  of  Greek  and  Latin  classics,  published 
by  Mr.  Henry  Frowde. 

"  A  Compendium  of  Spherical  Astronomy,"  with  its 
applications  to  the  determination  and  reduction  of  posi- 
tions of  the  fixed  stars,  is  the  latest  of  Mr.  Simon 
Newcomb's  many  contributions  to  mathematical  astron- 
omy, and  is  published  by  the  Macmillan  Co. 

"  A  Brief  Narrative  of  the  Ravages  of  the  British 
and  Hessians  at  Princeton  in  1776-77,"  being  a  contem- 
porary account  of  the  battles  of  Trenton  and  Princeton, 
«dited  by  Mr.  Varnum  Lansing  Collins,  is  published  by 
ihe  Princeton  Historical  Association. 

"  Social  Progress  "  for  1906,  published  by  the  Baker 
&  Taylor  Co.,  is  edited  by  Messrs.  Josiah  Strong,  W.  H. 
Tolman,  and  W.  D.  P.  Bliss.  It  is  an  invaluable  com- 
pendium of  the  latest  statistics  in  the  fields  of  sociology, 
■economics,  politics,  industry,  and  religion. 

Vohmie  VI.  of  the  "  Journals  of  the  Continental  Con- 
'gress,"  edited  by  Mr.  Worthington  C.  Ford,  has  issued 
from  the  Government  Printing  Office.  It  covers  the 
last  three  months  of  1776,  thus  completing  the  three 
volumes  required  for  the  proceedings  of  that  eventful 
year. 

From  the  Wickersham  Press,  Lancaster,  Pa.,  we  have 
the  "Proceedings  of  the  American  Political  Science 
Association  "  at  the  Baltimore  meeting  of  last  Decem- 
"ber.  Among  the  authors  of  the  printed  papers  are 
Messrs.  F.  J.  Goodnow,  A.  B.  Hart,  Simon  E.  Baldwin, 
John  C.  Rose,  and  W.  M.  Daniels. 

"  The  Green  Room  Book,"  edited  by  Mr.  Bampton 
Hunt,  is  a  new  annual  — ■  a  "  Who's  Who  on  the  Stage  " 
—  published  by  Messrs.  Frederick  Wame  &  Co.  Be- 
sides the  biographies  (and  portraits)  that  make  up  the 
bulk  of  the  initial  volume,  there  is  much  miscellaneous 
matter  of  interest  to  the  profession. 

"  The  Works  of  Flavius  Josephus,"  in  Whiston's  trans- 
lation, newly  edited  by  Dr.  D.  S.  Margoliouth,  are  pub- 
lished in  a  single  vohmie  of  a  thousand  pages  by  Messrs. 
E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  This  volume  is  a  companion  in 
form  and  size  to  the  Bacon  recently  imported  by  the 
jsame  house. 

The  most  important  addition  that  is  proposed  for 
the  "  World's  Classics,"  published  by  Mr.  Frowde  at  the 
Oxford  University  Press,  is  a  complete  Shakespeare  in 
About  seven  volumes.  The  text  is  being  edited  by  Mr. 
Theodore  Watts-Dimton,  who  has  made  a  life-long  study 


of  Shakespeare,  and  he  will  write  a  preface  to  each  play, 
adding  a  bibliography.  The  first  volume  is  to  contain 
a  newly-written  and  important  introductory  essay  on 
Shakespeare  and  his  art  by  Mr.  Swinburne.  Mr.  Frowde 
hopes  to  have  a  portion  of  the  edition  ready  in  the 
autumn. 

"  A  Political  History  of  the  State  of  New  York,"  by 
Hon.  DeAlva  Stanwood  Alexander,  will  be  published 
this  month  in  two  volumes  by  Messrs.  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 
The  same  firm  has  m  press  for  early  publication  a  short 
novel  entitled  "  Superseded,"  by  Miss  May  Sinclair, 
author  of  "  The  Divine  Fire  ";  and  "  How  Ferns  Grow," 
by  Miss  Margaret  Slosson. 

"  The  World's  Classics  "  form  a  series  of  reprints  of 
standard  English  literature  published  by  Mr.  Henrj- 
Frowde.  They  are  dumpy  little  books,  about  eighty  of 
which  have  now  been  published.  Sample  volumes  now 
at  hand  are  Thoreau's  "  Walden,"  Sorrow's  "  The  Bible 
in  Spain,"  a  volume  of  "  Tales  "  by  Count  Tolstoy,  and 
the  third  of  the  three  volumes  containing  the  works  of 
Chaucer. 

Since  Isaac  Walton  "  made  a  picture  of  his  own  dis- 
position," he  has  had  few  truer  or  more  amiable  disciples 
than  Mr.  Edward  Marston  —  author,  publisher,  and 
"  gentle  angler,"  of  London.  His  joy  in  life  and  in  the 
pursuit  of  the  fisherman's  art,  retained  in  spite  of  his 
eighty  years,  is  shown  in  the  little  volume  "  Fishing  for 
Pleasure  and  Catching  It "  (imported  by  Scribner)  with 
which  he  "  completes  a  round  dozen  of  books  "  devoted 
to  his  holiday  rambles,  chiefly  along  English  rivers. 
Interesting  notes  on  fishing  tours  in  Northern  Scotland 
and  in  Wales  are  contributed  by  the  author's  daughter 
and  son. 

"  A  useful  collection  of  American  verse  "  intended  to 
"  illustrate  the  growth  and  spirit  of  American  life  as 
expressed  in  its  literature  "  is  the  editor's  own  state- 
ment of  what  he  has  sought  to  produce  in  "  American 
Poems,  1776-1900."  The  book  is  mainly  for  school  use, 
and  is  supplied  with  notes  and  biographies.  The  con- 
tents range  from  Freneau  to  Mr.  Moody,  and  represent 
something  more  than  fourscore  writers.  The  volume  is 
edited  by  Mr.  Augustus  White  Long,  who  has  made  his 
selections  with  discriminating  intelligence,  and  is  pub- 
lished by  the  American  Book  Co.  From  the  same  source 
we  have  also  "  Nine  Choice  Poems  of  Longfellow, 
Lowell,  Macaulay,  Byron,  Browning,  and  Shelley," 
edited  for  very  youthful  readers  by  Mr.  James  Baldwin. 


List  of  Netv  Books. 


[The  following   list,   containing  67  titles,  includes   books 
received  by  The  Dial  since  its  last  issue.] 


BIOGRAPHY  AND  MEMOIRS. 
The  Idfe  of  Sir  Richard  Burton.    By  Thomas  Wright.    In 

2  vols.,  illus.,  8vo,  gilt  tops,  uncut.    G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

$6.50  net. 
Leo  Tolstoy,  his  Lilfe  and  Work :  Autobiographical  Memoirs, 

Letters,  and  Biographical  Material.    Compiled  by  Paul  Biru- 

koff,  and  revised  by  Leo  Tolstoy;  trams,  from  the  Russian. 

Vol.  I.,  Childhood  and  Early  Manhood.  Illus.,  8vo,  uncut, 

pp.  370.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.    $1.50  net. 

HISTORY. 

The  Present  State  of  the  European  Settlements  on  the 
Mississippi,  with  a  Geographical  Description  of  that  River 
illustrated  by  Plans  and  Draughts.  By  Philip  Pittman; 
edited  by  Frank  Heywood  Hodder.  Illus.,  large  8vo,  uncut, 
pp.  165.    Arthur  H.  Clark  Co.    |3.  net. 


1906.] 


THE    DIAL 


397 


Personal  Narrative  of  Travels  in  Virginia,  Maryland.  Penn- 
sylvania, Ohio,  Indiana.  Kentucky;  and  of  a  Residence  in 
the  Illinois  Territory:  1817-1818.  By  EUas  Pyni  Fordham; 
edited  by  Frederic  Austin  Ogrg,  A.M.  lUus.,  large  8vo,  uncut, 
pp.  248.    Arthur  H.  CTark  Co.    $3.  net. 

Audubon's  "Western  Journal,  1819-1850.  By  John  W- 
Audubon ;  with  biographical  memoir  by  Maria  R.  Audubon ; 
edited  by  Frank  Hey  wood  Hodder.  Ill  us.,  large  8vo,  uncut, 
pp.  248.    Arthur  H.  Clark  Co.    $3.  net. 

Journals  of  the  Continental  Congress,  1774-1789.  Edited 
from  the  original  Records  in  the  Library  of  Congress  by 
Worthington  Chauncey  Ford.  Vol.,  VI..  1776.  4to,  uncut. 
Washington :  Government  Printing  Office. 

GENERAL  LITEBATTJBE. 

A  History  of  English  Prosody,  from  the  Twelfth  Century 

to  the  Present  Day.    By  George  Saintsbury,  M.A.    Vol.  I., 

From  the  Origins  to  Spenser.    With  frontispiece,  8vo,  uncut, 

pp.  428.    MacmUlan  Co.    32.-50  net. 
It€dl£in  Romance  Writers.     By  Joseph  Spencer  Kennard, 

Ph.D.    8vo.  gilt  top,  pp.  472.    Brentano's.    $2.  net. 
Handbook  to   Shakespeare's  Works.    By  Morton  Luce. 

ISmo.  uncut,  pp.  463.    Macmillan  Co.    $1.75. 
The  Mirror  of  the  Century.    By  Walter  Frewen  Lord.   With 
portraits.  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  263.    John  Lane  Co. 

$1.50  net. 
The  King's  Eng-lish.    12mo,  uncut.    Oxford  University  Press. 
Balzac :    A    Critical   Study.     By    Hippolyte    Adolphe  Taine ; 

trans,  with  an  Appreciation  of  Taine,  by  Lorenzo  O'Rourke. 

With  portrait.  12mo,  pp.  240.    Funk  &  Wagnalls  Co.    $1.  net. 
Dante  as  a  Jurist.   By  James  Williams,  D.C.L.   12mo,  uncut, 

pp.  72.    Oxford :  B.  H.  Blackwell. 
The  Stubbornness  of  G-eraldine.    By  Clyde  Fitch.    16mo, 

gilt  top,  pp.  214.    Macmillan  Co.    75  cts.  net. 

NEW  EDITIONS  OF  STANDARD  LITERATURE. 

The  World's  Classics.  New  vols. :  Chaucer's  Poetical  Works, 
from  the  text  of  Professor  Skeat,  Vol.  III.,  The  Canterbury 
Tales;  The  Bible  in  Spain,  by  George  Borrow;  Walden,  by 
Henry  David  Thoreau.  with  Introduction  by  Theodore  Watts- 
Dunton;  Twenty-three  Tales  by  Tolstoy,  trans,  by  L.  and 
A.  Maude.  Each  24mo.  Oxford  University  Press.  Per  vol., 
40  cts. 

Complete  Works  of  Abraham  Liincoln.  Edited  by  John  G. 
Nicolay  and  John  Hay.  New  and  enlarged  edition.  Vols.  V. 
and  VI..  iUus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  large  8vo,  gUt  tops, 
uncut.    New  York :  Francis  D.  Tsindy  Co. 

LfOnginus  on  the  Sublime.  Trans,  by  A.  O.  Prickard,  M.A. 
16mo,  uncut,  pp.  128.    Oxford  University  Press,    fl.  net. 

Propertius.  Trans,  by  J.  S.  PhUlimore,  M.A.  16mo.  uncut. 
pp.  183.    Oxford  University  Press.    $1.  net. 

Euripides'  Alcestis.  Trans,  by  H.  Kynaston,  D.D. ;  with 
Introduction  by  J.  Churton  Collins,  Litt.D.  16mo,  pp.  44. 
Oxford  University  Press. 

The  Mystery  of  the  Lost  Dauphin  (Louis  XVn.).  By 
EmUia  Pardo  Bazdn;  trans,  from  the  Spanish  by  Annabel 
Hord  Seegar.  With  frontispiece,  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  377.  Funk 
&  Wagnalls  Co.    $1.50. 

BOOKS  OF  VERSE. 

Poems.    By  Meredith  Nicholson.    12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  110. 

Bobbs-Merrill  Co.    $1.^5  net. 
Cassandra,  and  Other  Poems.   By  Bernard  Drew.   12mo,  uncut, 

pp.100.    London:  David  Nutt. 
In  the  Furrow.    By  Lewis  Worthington  Smith.   With  portait. 

16mo.  pp.  48.    Des  Moines:  Baker-Trisler  Co.    60  cts. 
The  World  Above :  A  Duologue.     By  Martha  Foote  Crow. 

12mo.  uncut,  pp.  37.    Chicago:  Blue  Sky  Press.    $1.50. 
Lyrics.  By  Gerald  Gould.   16mo,  pp.  47.   London :  David  Nutt. 

Paper. 
The  Htirper  and  the  King's  Horse.     By  Payne  Erskine. 

nius.,  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  46.    Chicago :  Blue  Sky  Press.    $1.50. 
The  Fading  of  the  Mayflower.    By  Theodore  TDton.   Illus., 

8vo.  gUt  top,  uncut,  pp.  114.    A.  N.  Marquis  &  Co.    $1.50. 
Songs  of  Schooldays.     By  James  W.  Foley.     Illus.,  12mo, 

pp.  129.    Doubleday.  Page  &  Co.    $1.25  net. 
Pocahontas.    By  Virginia  Armistead  Garber.    Illus.  in  color, 

12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  39.    Broadway  Publishing  Co. 
Verses,    By  George  O.  Holbrooke.    12mo,  pp.  143.    Broadway 

Publishing  Co. 


FICTION. 
The  District  Attorney.     By  William  Sage.     12mo,  pp.  296. 

Little,  Brown,  &  Co.    $1.50. 
Bembo :  A  Tale  of  Italy.    By  Bernard  Capes.    12mo,  pp.  310. 

E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.    $1..50. 
Breakers  Ahead.  By  A.  Maynard  Barbour.  With  frontispiece 

in  color,  12mo,  pp.  335.    J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.    $1.30. 
Mr.  Pratt.    By  Joseph  C.  Lincoln.    With  frontispiece,  12mo. 

pp.  342.    A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.    $1.50. 
The  Vine  of  Sibmah :  A  Relation  of  the  Puritans.  By  Andrew 

Macphail.  Illus.,  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  432.  Macmillan  Co.  $1.50. 
Sirocco.     By  Kenneth  Brown.     12mo,  pp.  292.     New  York: 

Mitchell  Kennerley.    $1.50. 
The  Voice  of  the  Street.     By  Ernest  Poole.     With  frontis- 
piece. 12mo,  pp.  285.    A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.    $1.50. 
Vanity  Square :  A  Story  of  Fifth  Avenue  Life.     By  Edgar 

Saltus.    12mo,  pp.  304.    J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.    $1.25. 
The  Fortune  Hunter.     By  David  Graham  Phillips.    Illus., 

12mo,  pp.214.    Bobbs-MerriU  Co.    $1.25. 
Susan  Cleg?  and  her  Neighbors'  AfEisdrs.  By  Anne  Warner. 

With  frontispiece.  12mo.  pp.  220.    Little.  Brown.  &  Co.    $1. 
The  Girl  Out  There.  By  Karl  Edwin  Harriman.  Illus.,  12mo, 

pp.  356.    George  W.  Jacobs  &  Co.    $1.25. 
In  the  Shadow  of  the  Pines :  A  Tale  of  Tidewater  Virginia. 

By  John  Hamilton  Howard.    Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  249.    Eaton  &• 

Mains.    $1.25. 
ff^Tni».Tit.Vift  vs.  Joaiah :  The  Story  of  a  Borrowed  Automobile 

and  what  Came  of  it.    By  Marietta  Holley  ("  Josiah  Allen's 

Wife"),  nius.,  12mo,  pp.  395.    Funk  &  Wagnalls  Co.   $1.50. 
The  Intellectnal  Miss  Lamb.    By  Florence  Morse  Kingsley. 

With  frontispiece,  16mo,  pp.  100.    Century  Co.    75  cts. 
Odd  Types :  A  Character  Comedy.    By  B.  K.    With  frontis- 
piece, 12mo,  pp.  443.    Broadway  Publishing  Co.    $1.50. 
Plantation  Tales.    By  George  E.  Wiley,  M.D.    Illus.,  12mo, 

pp.  157.    Broadway  Publishing  Co.    $1. 

RELIGION. 
Beside  the  New-Made  Grave  :  A  Correspondence.  By  F.  H. 

Turner.   16mo.  gilt  top,  pp.  170.    Boston :  James  H.  West  Co. 

$1.  net. 
Buddhism.  By  Annie  H.  Small.  With  frontispiece,  18mo,  pp.  108. 

■*  Studies  in  the  Faiths."    E.  P.  Dutton  <fe  Co.    40  cts.  net. 
Islam.    By  Annie  H.  Small.    With  frontispiece,  18mo,  pp.  72 

"  Studies  in  the  Faiths."    E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.    40  cts.  net. 

PUBLIC  AFFAIRS. 

A  Modem  Slavery.     By  Henry  W.  Nevinson.     Illus,,  8vo, 

uncut.  gUt  top,  pp.  216.    Harper  &  Brothers.    $2.  net. 
Guarding  a  Great  City.  By  WUliam  McAdoo.  With  portrait, 

8vo,  gilt  top.  pp.  350.    Harper  &  Brothers.    $2.  net. 
The  Election  of  Senators.     By  Greorge  H.  Haynes,  Ph.D. 

12mo,  pp.  295.    "  American  Public  Problems."    Henry  Holt 

&  Co.    $1.50  net. 
Citizenship  and  the  Schools.    By  Jeremiah  W.  Jenks,  Ph.D. 

12mo.  pp.  i&i.    Henry  Holt  &  Co.    $1.25  net. 

PHILOSOPHY. 
The  History  of  English  Rationalism  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century.  By  Alfred  William  Benn.  In  2  vols.,  8vo.  Long- 
mans. Green,  &  Co.  $7.  net. 
Luminous  Bodies  Here  and  Hereafter.  By  Charles  Hal- 
lock,  M.A.  12mo,  pp.  110.  New  York:  Metaphysical  Publish- 
ing Co.    $1.  net. 

ART. 

The  Talbot  J.  Taylor  Collection  :  Furniture,  Wood-Carving, 

and  other  Branches  of  the  Decorative  Arts,    nius.,  4to,  gilt 

top,  pp.  139.    G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    $6.  net. 
Porcelain:  Oriental,  Colonial,  and  British.    By  R.  L.  Hobson, 

B.A.    Illua.  in  color,  etc.,  8vo,  pp.  245.    E.  P.  Dutton  <fe  Co. 

$3.50  net. 

SCIENCE  AND  NATURE. 

Lectures  on  the  Method  of  Science.  Edited  by  T.  B.  Strong. 
8vo.  uncut,  pp.  250.    Oxford  r^niversity  Press.    $2.50  net. 

A  Compendium  of  Spherical  Astronomy,  with  its  Applica- 
tions to  the  Determination  and  Reduction  of  Positions  of  the 
Fixed  Stars.  By  Simon  Newcomb.  8vo,  pp.  444.^  Macmillan 
Co.    $3.  net. 

The  Life  of  ATiimala :  The  Mammals.  By  Ernest  IngersoU. 
IUus.  in  color,  etc.,  12mo,  pp.  555.    Macmillan  Co.    $2.  net. 

The  Garden,  You,  and  I.  By  the  author  of  '"  The  Garden  of 
a  Commuter's  Wife."  Illua.  in  color,  etc.,  12mo.  gilt  top, 
pp.  397.    Macmillan  Co.    $1.50. 


398 


THE    DIAL 


[June  16, 


The  Seasons  in  a  Flower  Qarden.     By  Louise  Shelton. 
Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  117.    Charles  Scribner's  Sons.    |1.  net. 

HISCELLANEOUS. 
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A.M.    Illus.,  large  8vo,  pp.  536.    J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.    $3.  net. 
Elementary  Pedagropy.   By  Levi  Seeley,  Ph.D.  12mo,  pp.  337. 

Hinds,  Noble  and  Eldredge.    $1.25. 
Epworth  Leagrue  Methods.    By  Dan  B.  Brummitt.    12mo, 

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[June  16,  1906. 


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The  Soul 
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