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THE DIAL
qA Semi' Monthly Journal of
Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information
VOLUME XLVI.
January 1 to June 16, 1909
CHICAGO
THE DIAL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS
1909
"Ret,
INDEX TO VOLUME XLVI.
PAGE
Acadia, Beginnings of Lawrence J. Burpee 20
Actor, Biography of a Great Munson Aldrich Havens ... 12
Actress, Fifty Years an Percy F. Bicknell 41
Africa, Darkest, and other Lands H. E. Cohlentz 364
America and the Far Eastern Question Payson J. Treat 324
American History in American Poetry Isaac B. Pennypacker .... 135
American Libraries through an English Monocle 73
American Opera, Chapters of . George P. Upton 398
American Poetry, Recent . WiUiam Morton Payne .... 48
America's First Representative Body Walter L. Fleming 226
Apostle of Good Citizenship, An 385
Asian Art, Esthetic Value of Frederick W. Gookin .... 257
Birds, The World's Family of Leander S. Keyser 361
Book, The World's Wickedest . . • Lawrence C. Wroth 315
Canada, Feudalism in Clarence Walworth Alvord . . 229
Carlyle-Welsh Love-Letters, The Percy F. Bicknell 290
Characters of the Last Century, Celebrated . . . Percy F. Bicknell 134
Chaucer and his Times Clark S. Northup 185
Child, The Century of the Caroline L. Hunt 325
Chinese Women and Ways Percy F. Bicknell 254
Colonial History, A Century of St. George L. Siou^sat . . . . 327
Concord Memories Percy F. Bicknell S96
Confederacy, Right Arm of the James M. Garnett 255
Copyright Advance, The 217
Courts, Congress, and Executive James Wilford Garner .... 138
Creation and Criticism Charles Leonard Moore . . . 129
Eastern Example, A Far 127
English Literature, Cambridge History of ... . Lane Cooper 227
Faust, The Newe.st Ellen C. Hinsdale 188
Fiction, Recent William Morton Payne . 84, 262, 368
FitzGerald, Time, Poetry, and Warren Barton Blake .... 177
Fur Trader, Empire of the Lawrence J. Burpee 139
Garden Paths, Through Sara Andrew Shafer .... 367
Germany, The New W. H. Carruth 224
Hale, Edward Everett 386
Herculaneum, Story of G.J. Laing 112
Holland House, The Lady of ........ . Anna Benneson McMahan . . 77
Home Rule and Public Education • . . 247
Ideal Democracy, Quest of the F. B. B. Hellems 15
Inspiring Life, Records of an T. D. A. Cockerell 189
Ireland of To-day, The Ellen FitzGerald 80
Letters of the Wife of a Great Political Leader . W. H. Johnson 114
Library Press of 1908, Gleanings from Aksel G. S. Josephson .... 71
Library Suggestion, A 69
Lincoln 101
Lincoln's Last Days and Death Edwin E. Sparks 297
Literary Friendships, A Memorial of Annie Russell Marble .... 223
Lorenzo the Magnificent P. A. Martin 294
Maid of France, The Laurence M. Larson .... 260
"Marvel, Ik" 7
Meredith, George ..." 353
MiRABEAU, Youth of Henry E. Bourne 46
Modern Types, Some Richard Burton 327
MoLiERE IN English Verse H. C. Chatfield-Taylor .... 78
Moon, Mountains of the HE. Coblentz 184
IV.
INDEX
Muse in the Mountains, The . . .
Nature and the Man
Peace Congress, The
PoE, Edgar Allan
Poet of Science, The
Poet's Study of a Poet, A . . . .
Psychology and Psychotherapy . .
Race Friction, Problems of ... .
Realism, The New
Rousseau in 1909
Rousseau the Vagabond
Santiago de Cuba Campaign, The . .
ScHURz Reminiscences Concluded . .
Scientific Research, A Life of
Searching for What is Close at Hand
Shelley the "Enchanted Child"
Spanish Arts and Crafts, Early . .
Speech and Concord
Swinburne
Typography, A Masterpiece of . . .
Unliterary Temperament, The . . .
United States, The, in World Politics
Walpole, Sir Spencer, as Historian .
Whitman, Walt, Individuality of
Woman, a Noted, Reminiscences of .
Percy F. Bicknell 355
May Estelle Cook 362
313
Wamren Barton Blake . . . . 103
Paul Shorey 17
W. E. Simonds 141
Joseph Jastrow 292
J. W. Garner 19
35
Warren Barton Blake .... 388
Charles H. A. Wager .... 283
James A. Le Roy 186
W. H. Johnson 82
Percy F. Bicknell 322
Edward E. Hale, Jr 296
Anna Benneson McMahan .
George Griffin Brownell
Frederick W. Gookin
399
45
175
281
401
5
Frederic Atistin Ogg .... 43
Ephraim D. Adams 110
W. E. Simonds 404
George R. Sparks 108
Announcement of Spring (1909) Books
Bbiefs on New Books
Briefer Mention
Notes
Topics in Leading Periodicals . . .
Lists of New Books .......
195
22, 62, 87, 116, 142, 190, 230, 265, 299, 329, 373, 405
25, 145, 193, 233, 301, 332, 374, 408
26, 55, 90, 118, 145, 194, 234, 268, 302, 332, 375, 408
27, 91, 147, 235, 302, 376
28, 56, 91, 119, 148, 202, 236, 269, 303, 334, 376, 409
CASUAL COMMENT
PAGE
Abdul Hamid, the Book Collector 393
Alliance Francaise, Next Lecturer Before 106
Amateur Librarian, Joys of An 75
American Culture, An English Conception of 131
American Culture, Hungarian Impressions of 10
American Newspapers, French Impressions of 285
Angell, President, Resignation of 181
Atlanta Library, Activity of the 250
Author of Inscriptions, An 391
Authorship, A Bar to Originality in 287
Bain, R. Nisbet, Death of 392
Berlin Royal Library's Ampler Quarters 39
Biographers, Cruelty of 9
"Book of Verses Underneath the Bough, A" 219
"Book-Fakes," Multiplicity of 287
Book-Lovers' Books, Readable Quality of 130
Bookstore, Function of the 180
Book-Titles, Duplication of 286
Books and Book Schemes, Fake 286
Books, Hunger for, in the Country 76
Books, Of Making Many 183
Books, Rare, Auction Sales of 321
Brain-Pag, Best Cure for 359
Buffalo's Book-Readers 288
Bunyan Memorial, in Westminster Abbey, A 320
Bureaucracy, The Pride of 132
Burton's Bequest of Books 75
Chaucer, An Early Portrait of 106
Chaucer and the "New Thought" 183
PAGE)
Chesterton, G. K., Personality of 219
Children's Story-Hour Conducted by Children 11
Cipher Microbe, The 393
Classifying Instinct, The "^4
College Man in the "Bread Line" 359
Copyright Question, Aspects of The 357
Correspondence Schools, Possibilities of 40
Crawford's Place in Literature 320
Culture, Democratizing of 359
Culture, Organization for Spreading 131
Davidson, John, Suicide of 320
District of Columbia's Public Library 74
Dumb Animals' Advocate, The 221
Educational Endowments, InsuflScient 8
Encyclopaedia, A Nation Without an 133
English Critic, Acumen of an 251
English, Linguistic Conquests of 131
English Spelling, A Foreigner's Opinion of 392
Eucken, Professor Rudolf 37
Europe's Ignorance of America 76
Fisherman's Solace at Sea, The 131
FitzGerald, Edward, Secret Enthusiasms of 181
PitzGerald Centenary,- The 222
Foresight, A Curious Instance of 319
Free Library Freely Used, A 286
French Literary Criticism 249
French Novels, Signs of Decay in 219
Genius, Weighing and Measuring 105
Greek Literature and Art, Achievements of 37
INDEX
V.
PAGE
Handwriting of Culture, The 392
Harper Memorial Library, The Proposed 358
Harvard, The New Head of 74
Herbert, George, as the Originator of Fletcherism . . . 251
Historian of Rome, The New 75
Howe, Mrs. Julia Ward, at Ninety 392
"Hundred Worst Books," Dr. Crothers's 319
Index, The Excitement of Reading an 38
"Jew of Malta, The," at Williams College 221
Journalism In China, The New 38
Journalism, The Stylist in 318
Knowledge, Useful, A Purveyor of 132
Language, Problem of Origin of 105
Library Activity, Westward Movement of 358
Library Books, Cost of Circulating 182
Library Books, Wear and Tear of 287
Library Economy, The Literature of 40
Library Habit in Olden Times 38
Library of Pure Fiction, A 9
Library on Wheels, A 106
Library Patrons, Honor among 250
Library Rules, Our Liberal 319
Library Tax, The 320
Librarian, A Strenuous 251
Librarian, A Variously Gifted 320
Librarian, Precipitate Removal of a 357
Librarians, State Certification of 11
Libraries as Bureaus of Information 183
Light, Letting in the 11
Lights to Literature, Contemporary i . . 9
Lincoln, A Memorial to 76
Lincoln Bibliography, A Useful 107
Linotype, Literature of the 250
Literary Journalism, The Final Word in 288
Literary Material, Thrifty Utilization of 288
Literature, A County's Growth in the Love of 250
Literature as a Profession, Carlyle's View of 318
Literature, Current, Disparaging 249
Literature, Linear Measurement Applied to 287
Literature, Litter and 107
Mad-House, A Sure Road to the 180
"Manufacturing Clause" in the Copyright Law 182
PAOB
Menander on a Modern Stage 250
Monographs, The Making of Many 38
Monthly Magazines, Bewildering Array of 359
Mystery, Perennial Charm of 320
Names, A Little Confusion of 288
National Graduate School, The Proposed 220
"New Theater," New York's 40
Newberry Library's New Librarian 133
News Service, An Up-to-the-MInute 288
Novel, The Ending of a 220
Osier as Speaker at a Library Dedication 107
Parcels Post and the Public Library 132
Past, Living Reality of the 181
Philosophy, An Iconoclastic 221
Plagiarism, Inverted, A Case of 392
Poetry and Business 75
Publishers, Mutual Confidence Among 358
Reading, Age and the Love of 319
Reading Habit, Hard Times and the 221
Reading Matter, A Rubbish-Heap of 251
Reading-room, Sweetness and Light In the 106
Shakespeare, The Furness Variorum 10
Shelley, Two Opinions of 391
Signatures, Thumb-prints for 10
Signed Review, Defence of the 182
Spelling-reform, Progress of 107
Spelling, Up-to-date, "Deformed" 222
Spoflford, Mr., The Successor of, at Washington ... 39
Stage Censorship by Reputable Actors 393
Statistics — Handle with Care ! 220
Story-teller, The Born 132
Swinburne, Meredith's Estimate of 321
Swinburne, The Shelleylsms of 358
Typography, Needed Improvements In 318
University, A Husky Young 11
Veteran of Letters, A Youthfully Active 251
Ward, Mrs. Humphry, in a New Environment 40
World-Language, A New 220
World-Languages to Suit All Tastes 8
Wright, Carroll D., The Late 181
Young Folks' Reading, Supervision of 359
AUTHORS AND TITLES OF BOOKS REVIEWED
PAOB
Aflalo, F. G. Sunset Playgrounds 374
Alden, Raymond M. Introduction to Poetry 194
"American Commonwealth Series" 115
"American Crisis Biographies" 255
"American Fields and Forests, In" 363
Anderson, Galusha. Story of a Border City during
the Civil War 23
Anonymous. The Inner Shrine 370
Austen, Jane, Novels of. Illustrated edition 146
Avebury, Lord. Peace and Happiness 142
Babbitt, Irving. Literature and the American Col-
lege 889
Baedeker's "Greece" and "Central Italy and Rome,"
new editions : 332
Barker, Edward H. France of the French 299
Barnett, Samuel and Henrietta. Essays toward
Social Reform 301
Barrett, Eaton Stannard. The Heroine, new edition 333
Barrows, David P. History of the Philippines, new
edition 117
Bartholomew, J. G. Handy Reference Atlas of the
World, new edition 90
Bashford, H. H. The Pilgrims' March 369
Batson, Mrs. Stephen. A Summer Garden of Pleas-
are 368
"B. C. A." My Life as a Dissociated Personality.. 333
Beale, Harriet S. Blaine. Letters of Mrs, James G.
Blaine 114
Beale, S. Sophia. Recollections of a Spinster Auiit! 300
Belloc, Hllaire. On Nothing and Kindred Subjects . . 143
Bernard, Augustc. Gecfroj- Tory 401
Berry, W. Grlnton. France Since Waterloo 406
PAGE
Besant, Sir Walter. Early London 267
Bindloss, Harold. Lorlmer of the Northwest 264
BInyon, Laurence. Painting In the Far East 257
Blrdseye, Clarence F. The Reorganization of our
Colleges 265
BIthell, Jethro. The Minnesingers 408
"Book Prices Current, Index to," 1897-1906 338
Bowker, R. R. State Publications, concluding vol.. 269
Brahms, Johannes. Herzogenberg Correspondence... 232
Bralthwaite, William S. The House of Falling
Leaves 50
Bray, Olive. The Elder Edda 118
Brooks, John Graham. As Others See Us 54
Brown, Alice. The Story of Thyrza 372
Bulwer's The Lost Tales of Miletus, new edition. . . 375
Butler, Nicholas M. The American as He Is 25
Cable, George W. Kincald's Battery 87
Caffln, Charles H. The Appreciation of the Drama. 25
Caine, Hall. My Story 223
Cains, Georges. Walks in Paris 373
"Cambridge Editions of the Poets" 333
Carlyle, Alexander. Love Letters of Thomas Carlyle
and Jane Welsh 290
Carpenter, George Rice. Walt Whitman 404
Carr, J. Comyns. Some Eminent Victorians 134
Carruth, William H. Each in his Own Tongue 50
Carter, Charles F. When Railroads were New 406
Channing, Edward. History of the United States,
Vol. II 327
Cheney, John Vance. The Time of Roses 49
Chesterton, Gilbert K. Orthodoxy 52
"Churchill, Lady Randolph, Reminiscences of" 108
Vlll.
INDEX
PAGE
Thompson, Francis. Shelley 399
Thurston, E. Temple. Mirage 264
Thurston, Katharine Cecil. The Fly on the Wheel. 86
Tompkins, Eugene. History of the Boston Theatre. . 144
Towler, W. G. Socialism in Local Government 332
Trevelyan, Sir George. Life and Letters of Lord
Macaulay, new one-volume edition 302
Tyler, John M. Man in the Light of Evolution 24
Uzanne, Octave. Drawings of Watteau 193
Vernon, William W. Readings on the Paradise of
Dante 333
"Viking Club Translation Series," Vol. II 118
Vlllari, Pasquale. Studies, Historical and Critical.. 232
Waldsteln, Charles, and Shoobrldge, Leonard. Her-
culaneum 112
Wallace, Charles W. Children of the Chapel at
Blackfriars 55
Walpole, Sir Spencer. History of Twenty-five Years,
Vols. III.-IV 110
Walsh, William S. Abraham Lincoln and the London
Punch 332
Walton, George L. Practical Guide to Wild Flowe^-s
and Fruits 374
Ward, A. W., and Waller, A. R. Cambridge History
of English Literature, Vols. I.-II 227
Warner, Amos G. American Charities, new edition.. 145
Watson, H. B. Marriott. The Devil's Pulpit 85
PAGE
Webster, Henry K. A King In Khaki 371
Weitenkampf, Frank. How to Appreciate Prints... 144
Welch, Catherine. The Little Dauphin 89
Wells, Charles. Joseph and his Brethren 55, 193
Wells, H. G. Tono-Bungay 262
Wells, H. G. The War in the Air 85
Whistler's "Ten O'clock Lecture" 118
White, Henry Alexander. Stonewall Jackson 255
Whiteing, Richard. Little People 266
Wilcox, Walter G. Camping In the Canadian Rock-
ies, third edition 374
Wilenkln, Gregory. Political and Economic Organi-
zation of Modern Japan 333
Williams, Jesse Lynch. Mr. Cleveland 301
Williams, Leonard. Arts and Crafts of Older Spain. 45
Williams, Theodore C. Virgil's "^neid" 52
Wilson, Woodrow. Constitutional Government in the
United States 138
Wilstach, Paul. Richard Mansfield 12
"Who's Who," 1909 118
Wollaston, A. F. R. From Ruwenzorl to the Congo. 365
"World's Classics" 55, 118, 193, 375
Wright, Horace W. Birds of the Boston Public Gar-
den 374
Wright, John. Some Notable Altars. . . : 233
"Wyllarde, Dolf." Rose-White Youth 86
Young, William. Baxter's Saints' Rest, new edition. 234
MISCELLANEOUS
PAGE
"Biographized" as a Dictionary Word. Titus M.
Coan 41
"Blue Bird, The," at Moscow. Margaret Vance... 322
Carnegie Institution and Literature. S. Weir
Mitchell 108
Carpenter Memorial Library, The Proposed 384
Chelsea (Mass.) Public Library, The New 234
Copyright and the Importation Privilege. George
Haven Putnam 252
Copyrighted Books, Importation of. George H.
Putnam 394
Crawford, Francis Marion, Death of 269
Cuyler, Theodore L., Death of 195
Davis, Mrs. M. E. M., Death of 55
Esperanto and the Esperantists. E. Le Olercq 40
Hart, SchafEner & Marx Prize Essays 147
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Centennial of 234
"Ido" and "Pigeon English." O. H. Mayer 76
"Ido," Esperanto and. Eugene F. McPike 76
Lamont, Hammond, Death of 375
LeRoy, James A., Death of 194
Library Books, Cost of Circulating. O. jB. Howard
Thomson 253
Library of Congress, Figures of 146
Lilllbridge, Will, Death of 145
Literary Copyright League, From the. Bernard O.
Steiner and W. P. Gutter 321
Literature in Libraries, Encouraging. Asa D. Dick-
inson 183
PAGE
Literary Seedsman, Another Charles Welsh 108
Mathews, William, Death of 146
Modern Language Association, Fourteenth Annual
Meeting of the Central Division of the 83
Newberry Library, Annual Report of 302
Paine, Thomas, and Roosevelt, Theodore. Inquirer. . 360
Pennsylvania History in Poetry. Isaac R. Penny-
packer 288
Poems of American History. Burton E. Stevenson. 222
Roosevelt, Theodore, and Thomas Paine. James F.
Morton, Jr.; Frederic M. Wood 393
St. Louis During the Civil War. Oalusha Anderson. 133
Shakespeare's Heroines, Beauty Spots of. Morris
P. Tilley 360
Stedman, Edmund Clarence, Death of 333
Sturgis & Walton Co., Organization of 234
Sturgls, Russell, Death of 146
Sunday-Opening Movement, A Set-Back to 302
Tennyson and "The Quarterly Review." Albert H.
Tolman 108
Thacher, John Boyd, Death of 194
Trenton (N. J.) Bibliography 302
Typographical Reforms, Some Needed. George
French 395
Vermont State Library Commission, Increased
Powers of 302
Virginia State Library's Fifth Annual Report 268
Whistler's Portrait of His Mother. I/ydia A. Coon-
ley Ward 11
THE DIAL
^ SEMI-MONTHLY JOURNAL OF
Editbd by \ Volume XL VI. ptlTP A P O T A "NT 1 1 QOQ lOcU.a copy. J Fine Arts Building
CIS F.BROWNE/ No.BUl. Kj n.l.Kj J\.\X\J ^ O .^Vi. J. ^ l.V\JV. $2. a year. I 203 Michigan Blvd.
Lewis Rand
is not only the best novel which Mary
Johnston has written, but it is the most
popular book in the United States, and
vies with one other in being the first
choice in England. All this in a season
which includes novels by the leading
authors on both sides of the Atlantic.
This only goes to show that the
critics were right in acclaiming it one
of the greatest American novels ever
written, and in comparing Miss John-
ston's work with that of Hawthorne.
"Lewis Rand" is a novel of perma-
nent value, a book to own, to read, and
to discuss. Illustrated in color by F, C. Yohn. $1.50.
BOSTON HOUGHTON MIFFLIN CO. new york
THE DIAL [Jan. 1,
FOR LIBRARIANS
A Reference List of A. C. McClurg & Co.'s Library Books of 1908
CARR, CLARK E.
My Day and Generation. Over 60 illustrations. Indexed. Large 8vo, gilt top.
Net $3.00
The author has known intimately as many of the great men and women of this country as any other
man now living. Moreover, as Minister to the Court of Denmark, he came to know well various
members of the Danish Royal Family, and he records his impressions of them in his latest book, of
which it has been said that " for general interest and timeliness it can be compared only to Andrew
White's Autobiography."
DAVENPORT, CYRIL, and Others
Little Books on Art. Each with frontispiece in color and 40 other illustrations.
Square i8mo Per volume, net $1.00
JEWELLERY MINIATURES
ENAMELS BOOKPLATES
These four little volumes have an especial appeal to all persons of artistic discernment. They
contain in compact form a vast amount of information for the student and collector, and they offer a
complete history of the several arts of which they treat.
FALLOWS, THE RT. REV. SAMUEL, D.D., LLD.
Health and Happiness; or, Religious Therapeutics and Right Living. i2mo.
Net $1.50
This volume is the outcome of Bishop Fallows's experiments in his church in Chicago, where
wonderful results in the treatment of various afflictions have been accomplished through prayer and faith,
upon a basis of practice original with him, but founded on the principles laid down by Dr. Hudson.
HODGSON, MRS. WILLOUGHBY
How to Identify Old Chinese Porcelain. 40 illustrations and index. Small 8vo.
Net $2.00
A book containing much valuable information for collectors and all others interested in porcelain,
by a capable authority.
LEE, VERNON (Violet Paget)
Studies of the Eighteenth Century in Italy. New edition, enlarged with new
preface. With 41 full-page illustrations. Small 4to net $6.00
" Vernon Lee " has long been regarded as one of the most authoritative writers on Italy, and her
studies of the Italian great of the eighteenth century are worthily supplemented with illustrations
selected by Dr. Biagi, the learned head of the Laurentian Library at Florence. The book is
elegantly printed.
LIFE STORIES FOR YOUNG PEOPLE
A Series of Popular Biographical Romances. Translated from the German by George
P. Upton. Each in one volume, illustrated, small square i8mo . . net $ .60
Neiu Volumes :
Marie Antoinette's Youth, by Heinrich von Lenk. Arnold of Winkelried, by Gustav Hocker.
The Duke of Brittany, by Henriette Jeanrenaud. Undine, by Baron de la Motte Fouque.
Previous Volumes :
MUSICAL BIOGRAPHY: HISTORICAL. LEGENDARY .
Beethoven Barbarosa Frederick the Great Frithjof Saga
Mozart William of Orange The Little Dauphin Gudrun
Johann Sebastian Bach Maria Theresa Hermann and Thusnelda The Nibelungs
Joseph Haydn The Maid of Orleans The Swiss Heroes William Tell
The same, pictures hand-colored, special binding, per volume net $i.^o.
PEMBERTON, MAX
The Amateur Motorist. With 68 illustrations. Large 8vo . ... net $2.75
The author has written both for those who own cars and for those who would own them — helping
the former by a record of personal experiences, and the latter by a re-statement of those elementary facts
which are often obscured by the more scientific discussion.
A. C. McCLURG & CO. PUBLISHERS CHICAGO
1909] THE DIAL
FOR LIBRARIANS
A Reference List of A. C. McClurg & Co.'s Library Books of 1908
MOLMENTI, POMPEO
History of Venice. Translated from the Italian by Horatio F. Brown. 6 volumes,
8vo, profusely illustrated, frontispieces in color and gold.
Part I. Venice in the Middle Ages, two volumes.
Part II. Venice in the Golden Age, two volumes.
Part III. The Decadence of Venice, two volumes.
Each part sold separately . . net $5.00 The set of 6 volumes . . net $15.00
This monumental work on Venice, by one of the leading historians and scholars of present-day
Italy, was issued simultaneously in Italy, England, and America. The translator is himself an authority
on Venice, who has held the distinguished position of British archivist in that city. The volumes are
printed in the beautiful Italian type cut by Bodoni, which was so famous a century ago, and has since
been revived by the University Press.
RAMSAY, DEAN
Reminiscences of Scottish Life and Character. With 16 illustrations in color,
from original water-color drawings by H. N. Kern. Crown 8vo, full gilt net $2.75
The favorable reception which has continuously been given to these Reminiscences since their first
appearance a little more than fifteen years ago, at home, in America, in India, and in all countries
where Scotchmen are to be found, warrants this new edition. This work was undertaken to depict a
phase of national manners which was fast passing away, and social customs and habits of thought,
characteristic of the race, are illustrated by a copious application of anecdotes. An especially attractive
feature of this new edition is the beautifully colored illustrations of characters and scenes which are in
sympathy with the spirit of the text.
SINGLETON, ESTHER
Handbook to the Standard Galleries of Holland. Uniform style "Sojourning
and Shopping in Paris." Small square i6mo, 50 illustrations . . . net $1.00
Miss Singleton has recognized fully the special charm afforded by the study of the works of Hobbema,
Ruisdael, Van Goyen, Rembrandt, and the other great Dutch and Flemish artists, amid the scenes and
people that inspired their work. Not only does she show her tourist the best which the many large
galleries contain, blending criticism with concise biographical sketches, but she calls his attention to
the living types, the interiors of buildings, pictures of still life in the villages, country-houses reminiscent
of Pieter de Hooch, and the like. Altogether, she has succeeded in formulating a handbook which
presents an amazing amount of information, and thus enables the student to plan his visits to the galleries
with the greatest economy of time.
UPTON, GEORGE P.
Musical Memories. My Recollections of Famous Celebrities, 1850-1900. With
many portraits. Large 8vo, gilt top net $2.75
In addition to his authoritative musical knowledge, Mr. Upton has had the advantage of a long
newspaper experience. His ability to avoid technical detail on the one hand and elementary generalities
on the other, is the secret of his success. He has known more or less intimately nearly every great
musical artist of the past half-century, and his recollections are as kindly and entertaining as his criti-
cisms are incisive and just.
The Standard Concert Guide. A Handbook of the Standard Symphonies, Ora-
torios, Cantatas, and Symphonic Poems, for the Concert Goer. Profusely illus-
trated. i2mo $1-75
WILLIAMS, LEONARD
The Arts and Crafts of Older Spain. With over 150 full-page illustrations. In
3 volumes. Small 4to, boxed net $4.50
A companion work to "The Arts and Crafts of Old Japan ^
This work, by the most prominent authority on Spanish art, is the basis of much of the most inter-
esting modern development in art and decorative design, and is of immense value to every student, art
library, and school of design. Following is a list of the subjects: Furniture, Leather-work, Wood-
carving, Iron-work, Bronze-work, Arms, Pottery and Porcelain, Textile Fabrics, Architecture, Glass,
Gold, Silver, and Ivory-work.
A. C. McCLURG & CO. PUBLISHERS CHICAGO
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1, 1909.
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
begs to call attention to the list of important
books in preparation for early publication.
A GREAT WORK JUST COMPLETED
Edited by Professor LIBERTY H. BAILEY, of Cornell University.
President of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, Head of the
special Commission recently appointed by President Roosevelt to investigate the conditions of modern
country life.
Cyclopedia of American Agriculture Finai volume
To he complete in four imperial octavo volumes. The set, cloth, $20.00 ; half morocco, f 32.00. ready
I. Farms, Climates, Soils, etc. III. Farm Animals. "» January.
II. Farm Crops (individually in detail). IV. The Farm and the Community.
The Fascinating History of the Making of a World.
Mr. Percival Lowell's
Mars as the Abode of Life
The theme of the book is planetary evolution in
general. Professer Lowell's fascinating studies of
Mars are but a part of his study of planetology.
bridging the evolutionary gap between the nebular
hypothesis and the Darwinian theory.
Mars and its Canals By the same author.
"Those who have the most vague conceptions of
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Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office
at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
No. 641. JANUARY 1, 1909. Vol. XLVl.
Contents.
PAOB
THE UNLITERARY TEMPERAMENT .... 5
IK MARVEL 7
CASUAL COMMENT 8
Insufficient educational endowments. — World-
languages to suit all tastes. — Lights of literature
as viewed by contemporaries. — A public library
of pure fiction. — The cruelty of biographers. —
The Fumess Variorum Shakespeare. — Hungarian
impressions of American culture. — Thumb-prints
for signatures. — A children's story-hour conducted
by children. — State certification of librarians. —
Letting in the light. — A husky young university.
COMMUNICATION 11
Whistler's Portrait of his Mother. Lydia Avery
Coonley Ward,
A GREAT ACTOR'S BIOGRAPHY. Munson Aldrich
Havens 12
THE QUEST OF THE IDEAL DEMOCRACY.
F. B. R. Hellems 15
THE POET OF SCIENCE. Pavd Shorey .... 17
PROBLEMS OF RACE FRICTION. J. W. Garner 19
THE BEGINNINGS OF ACADIA. Lawrence J.
Burpee 20
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 22
The teacher and the taught. — The religion of a
scientific man. — Venice at the coming of Napoleon.
— Life in a Border city in war-time. — The defects
of our colleges. — Evolution upside down. — The
domestic correspondence of Christina Rossetti. —
The dangers of overcaring for the health. — From
Hampton Roads to the Golden Gate. — Dramatic
principles for the playgoer.
BRIEFER MENTION 25
NOTES 26
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS .... 27
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 28
THS: UNLITEBARY TEMPERAMENT.
There is a familiar classification of men that
divides them into idealists and realists, or
Platonists and Aristotelians. They might also
be somewhat similarly divided into those who
look out on life through the window of litera-
ture, and those who look out on literature
through the window of life ; or those who never
can get the full flavor of an action or event till
it is served up with a literary sauce, and those
who find no relish in a piece of literature till
its substance is placed before them in concrete
and tangible form. As to which of the two
windows above-named offers the fairer and
wider and richer view, there is room for differ-
ence of opinion. Through which one the objects
seen are less distorted by imperfections in the
panes of glass, might be considered less open
to dispute. A third question, whether the lit-
erary or the unliterary person will write the
better books, seems at first capable of but one
answer, and that in favor of the man of letters.
But let us pause and reflect.
Professor Kuno Francke has of late been
cheering his soul with the glad vision of a dawn-
ing German renaissance, a new birth of Teutonic
literature and art ; quod honum faustum felix
fortunatumque sit, say we, with old Livy. The
Germans, however, are by common consent the
most inveterately bookish of all nations ; and in
creative literature there is more hope of an
unlettered backwoodsman than of a pedantic
bookman. The Germans are unsurpassed as
lexicographers and encyclopaedia-makers ; they
write the most learned and elaborate prolego-
mena to still more erudite and exhaustive studies
of all things that eye hath seen, or ear heard,
or that have entered into the heart of man ;
they publish huge Bearheitungen (belaborings)
of earlier books that are only a little less pon-
derous ; they philosophize voluminously on being
and not-being, on the pure reason and the
practical reason, on the finite act or object as
viewed under the appearance of eternity ; they
refine on the categories till one is lost in amaze-
ment at the fearful and wonderful subtlety of
the human brain ; and they translate and edit,
compile and revise, annotate and elucidate, till
the wonder is that the very presses do not break
6
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1,
down from excess of toil. In the zeal of scholar-
ship one German philologist will wax wroth at
another and shed whole bottles of ink in the
battle over a disputed iota subscript in Euripi-
des ; or he will consecrate his life to the study
of the dative case in Dionysius of Halicarnassus,
or to counting the occurrences of the cognate
accusative in the post-classical Latin poets. In
short, your Berlin or Leipzig university pro-
fessor will put into book form everything imag-
inable except what will make a book such as
one would ever dream of reading, from cover to
cover, in preference to eating or sleeping.
Even the giants of German literature, Goethe
and Schiller and Lessing, are by no means free
from bookishness in the sense that Shakespeare
and Chaucer and Scott and Tolstoy are free from
its taint. How much of Homer's charm is due
to the fresh free atmosphere he breathes ! How
little bookish is Cervantes ! How unspoiled by
study the style of Defoe, of Bret Harte, of Mrs.
Stowe in "Uncle Tom's Cabin," of Mark Twain
in all his books, of Robert Louis Stevenson in
the best of his ! On the other hand, who but
scholars can thoroughly enjoy Virgil or Dante
or Milton, Dryden or Pope, Keats or Browning ?
Even Tennyson appeals less irresistibly to the
great public than does our simpler and homelier
Longfellow.
Is there anything in the world of letters more
astonishing than the wild fancy that the book-
man Bacon, learned author of the JVovum
Organum and the De Sapientia Veterum,
could by any feat of intellectual gymnastics
have written the plays of Shakespeare — could
have even remotely conceived such characters
as Dogberry and Verges, Falstaff and Dame
Quickly, Katherine and Beatrice, Jidiet's nurse
and Lear's fool? Bacon's was a wonderful
mind, but he had not Shakespeare's unliterary
temperament, the mind not sicklied o'er with
the pale cast of thought. When it shall have
been proved that John Locke, for example,
wrote the Waverley Novels (which would seem
to be a psychological as well as a chronological
impossibility), then we will listen to arguments
demonstrating the Baconian authorship of
Shakespeare.
The literary temperament is much given to
juggling with words, and very pretty play it
often is ; but in the end, as was said of Glad-
stone, words have a way of juggling with the
juggler, which is as contrary to the fitness of
things as for the tail to wag the dog. The
unliterary man deals with things : he craves
actualities and will not be put off with their
symbols. At the ordination of Charles Francis
Barnard, of whom the lamented Francis Tiffany
wrote so excellent a memoir, William Ellery
Channing spoke a true word. Its application
is broader than the special occasion of its utter-
ance. " The poor," said Channing, " are gen-
erally ignorant, but in some respects they are
better critics than the rich, and make greater
demands on their teachers. They can only be
brought and held together by a preaching which
fastens their attention, or pierces their con-
sciences, or moves their hearts. They are no
critics of words, but they know when they are
touched or roused, and by this test, a far truer
one than you find in fastidious congregations,
they judge the minister and determine whether
to follow or forsake him."
What is it that gives so undying a charm,
so satisfying a reality, to some autobiographies,
but the fact that they are written by unliterary
yet not ungifted men ? John Woolman's jour-
nal, Wesley's account of his itinerant ministry,
Cellini's frankly egotistic life of himself. Grant's
modestly direct and simple ''Personal Memoirs "
— it is books like these that, in Luther's phrase,
have hands and feet and take powerf id hold on
us. How present and real does Grant seem to
the reader when he explains in his preface the
circumstances attending the writing of his book.
" At this juncture," he says, " the editor of the
Century Magazine asked me to write a few
articles for him. I consented for the money it
gave me ; for at that moment I was living upon
borrowed money. The work I found congenial,
and I determined to continue it." Again, in the
later pages of the narrative, most agreeable is
it to read what occurred when Lee called upon
Grant to get the terms of surrender for his
army. " Our conversation grew so pleasant, '
declares the undated conqueror, " that I almost
forgot the object of our meeting." Dr. Charles
Conrad Abbott somewhere says of his boyhood
friend and hero, MUes Overfield, whose mind
hugged the things of daily life with extraor-
dinary tenacity : " Since his primer was tossed
aside with a shout of joy, as of a prisoner set
free, his eyes had seldom rested on a printed
page, and never quite understandingly ; yet
Miles Overfield, though unlettered, was not
unlearned."
There is one glory of the literary tempera-
ment, and another glory of the unliterary ; and
which is the more radiant no man will ever be
able to say. The artful charm of Walter Pater,
of Charles Lamb, of Cicero and of Horace, is so
seductive that in their genial company one won-
1909.]
THE DIAL
ders that other and nider and simpler enter-
tainers should ever be desired. Why turn one's
back for a moment on these aristocrats and
seek plebeian society? Some novelist (was it
Anthony Trollope?) has pictured a pampered
epicure who at times was overcome with so
violent a craving for a crust of dry bread and
an onion that he would slyly procure these
homely edibles, shut himself up in his room,
and, locking- the door even against his valet,
would in stealthy privacy regale himself on the
unaccustomed simple fare, before he could be
induced once more to return to the elaborate
diet of his ordinary life. The bread and onions
of literature the healthy mind persists in de-
manding after a surfeit of banqueting on more
artfully prepared viands. It is as if the intel-
lect needed this occasional reminder to check its
arrogance and recall it to the leVel of common
things. The most aspiring balloonist cannot
sever his connection with earth: panting for
breath in the rarefied atmosphere of the upper re-
gions, he is forced to open the valve and descend
to a denser stratum. Mr. Howells's account
of Lowell's finding, in the failing health of his
last years, a singular solace in Scott's novels, a
comfort such as no other fiction could afford, is
more than a little significant. Lowell's was
preeminently the literary. Sir Walter's the
unliterary, or, perhaps better, the unbookish,
temperament.
IK MARVEL.
In that glad time before literature had burdened
itself with the problems of modern life and society,
and before essayists had conceived it necessary, in
order to get themselves read, to write in a style that
would have made Quintilian stare and gasp, and to
startle their readers by roundly asserting that what-
ever is is wrong and that what the world has so long
held true and beautiful is in reality false and ugly,
we used to take innocent delight in Ik Marvel's
gentle utterances on "Dream Life," in his "Reveries
of a Bachelor," and in his agricultural experiences
at Edgewood. Before ultra-cynicism and super-
sophistication became so much the fashion, we
enjoyed, unabashed and unashamed, his charming
pen-portrait of " A Good Wife," his peaceful medi-
tations " over a wood fire " and " by a city gate,"
and his harmless pre-matrimonial theorizing on the
subject of love, "whether " (in the words of Plotinus
as quoted by Biu-ton) " it be a God, or a divell, or
passion of the minde, or partly God, partly divell,
partly passion." Those days are past; but it is
comforting to note that there is still a considerable
demand (as evidenced by abundant cheap reprints)
for the two little books that first made " Ik Marvel "
known to the world, and that will do more than all
his subsequent works — now credited to Donald G.
Mitchell — to keep his memory green.
To young Mitchell's frail constitution, which could
not endure the rigors of the law, on the study of
which he had entered in New York, we owe his
devotion to the manifestly far more congenial pur-
suit of literature interspersed with farming and
travel. Threatened men live long ; and so it was
that the physically defective young writer, nursing
his pulmonary weakness at first on his grandfather
Woodbridge's farm at Salem, Connecticut, and later
in Europe and on his own estate of Edgewood, lived
to number his birthdays well into the eighties —
being, in fact, when death overtook him the other
day, not far from eighty-seven years old. This
turning to excellent account of a need for fresh air
and an unconfined country life was characteristic of
all Mr. Mitchell's achievement. Familiarity with
the soil and crops and farm animals led to a literary
connection with the Albany "Cultivator" (now
" The Country Gentleman "), and a journey to
Europe in search of health in 1848 resulted in " The
Battle Summer," an account of turbulent scenes in
Paris during that season of revolution. A previous
European visit had already supplied material for
" Fresh Gleanings." For at least three of his books
he did not have to stir beyond Edgewood to find
material ; and that he could gain inspiration from
his wood fire, his grate of burning coal, or even from
his cigar ( which his " Aunt Tabithy " so cordially
hated), the most popular of his books has made
abundantly evident. His brief Venetian consulship
he planned to put to literary use by collecting
materials for a history of Venice ; but whether the
shortness of his sojourn allowed him insufficient
time for the needed study and research, or whether,
as is far more likely, the writing of formal his-
tory proved uncongenial to him, he never carried
out his intention. Less profitable, therefore, in a
literary way did this appointment prove than in the
case of one of his successors in office a few years
later, the author of " Venetian Life " and " Italian
Journeys."
In this passing notice of Mr. Mitchell's work as
an author, reference should be made to his one
novel, "Dr. Johns," the story of a New England
country parsonage, which appeared originally in
" The Atlantic Monthly," but which probably very
few of this generation have read. The " Atlantic "
stamp is warrant of literary excellence, but the story
did not convince the world that its author was a
great novelist. Neither did his much later essays
in literary criticism show him to be a very original
or very penetrating critic of others' work. " English
Lands, Letters, and Kings " and " American Lands
and Letters " are stimulating and highly readable,
but hardly more than that. The collection of
sketches entitled " Seven Stories with Basement
and Attic " is drawn from the author-traveller's
" plethoric little note books " of Em'opean wander-
ings, three of the little narratives being French in
8
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1,
theme, one Swiss, one Italian, and one Irish.
Probably it is true that, as has been alleged, our
young men would not care to write in this style to-
day ; and probably it is also true that they could
not if they wished to.
The style and methods of Ik Marvel tend to recall
Washington Irving ; they also remind one of George
William Curtis as we see him in " Prue and I,"
and they more or less vividly bring back the days of
Paulding, Halleck, Willis, Bryant, Bayard Taylor,
and their fellow-craftsmen in letters. A precious
link with the past has been severed, and the world
of literature is left the poorer. Yet undoubtedly
our loss is the less keenly felt from the fact that the
dead author's best and most characteristic work was
done half a century before he died. In fact it is
sixty-one years since " Fresh Gleanings " made its
appearance, and fifty-eight since the " Reveries "
first delighted a wide circle of readers. Mr.
Mitchell's place in American literature was so se-
curely fixed long before his death that he might
almost be said to have survived his fame — a not
altogether enviable fate.
Appropriate for quotation in any obituary notice
of Ik Marvel are the subjoined sentences from his
own " Dream Life." The passage occurs in the
introductory chapter.
" What is Reverie, and what are these Day-dreams, bat
fleecy cloud-drifts that float eternally, and eternally change
shapes, upon the great over-arching sky of thought ? You
may seize the strong outlines that the passion breezes of to-
day shall throw into their figures ; but to-morrow may
breed a whirlwind that will chase swift, gigantic shadows
over the heaven of your thought, and change the whole
landscape of your life.
" Dream-land will never be exhausted, until we enter the
land of dreams ; and until, in ' shuffling off this mortal coil,'
thought will become fact, and all facts will be only thought.
" As it is, I can conceive no mood of mind more in keeping
with what is to follow upon the grave, than those fancies
which warp our frail hulks toward the ocean of the Infinite ;
and that so sublimate the realities of this being, that they
seem to belong to that shadowy realm, where every day's
journey is leading.''
It may be a fanciful thought, but it seems not
unfitting that the author of " Dream Life " and
" Reveries of a Bachelor " and " Fudge Doings "
should have chosen " Marvel " for a pseudonym.
The very name is a protest against the nil admirari
spirit, the blase cynicism, the unenthusiastic tem-
perament of the worldly wise, which were so con-
spicuously and so refreshingly lacking in Donald G.
Mitchell. He felt warmly, and was not afraid to
show his feeling; and for that we like him.
CAS UAL COMMENT.
Insufficient educational endowments give
rise, every now and then, to startling and humiliat-
ing comparisons. For example, the trustees of the
University of Pennsylvania, deploring the unsub-
stantial financial foundation on which that famous
old institution of learning rests, call attention to the
fact that the gi'eat and wealthy State of Pennsyl-
vania — richer, several times over, than all New
England — has in her educational history provided
endowments for education that would, collectively,
about suffice to build two modern battle-ships. And
it is proposed to ask the legislature to make biennial
grants of half a million until, with funds raised
from other sources, the University shall have an
endowment commensurate with its needs. That is
all very well ; but we have a far better scheme to
propose. Legislative purse-strings are inclined to
tie themselves into hard knots when poor colleges
and universities and state libraries, and other like
beneficent institutions, come a-begging up the capitol
steps. Now a sure and speedy financial return
would accrue if all our leading universities would but
suspend for a few years, or even for one year, those
lesser activities that have to do with books and lec-
tures and laboratories and examination-papers, and
would give their undistracted attention to the larger
interests of the football field and the baseball nine.
By a carefully-planned and properly advertised
series of inter-university football and baseball cham-
pionship games, with reserved-seat and admission
charges placed at a sufficiently high figure, the great
sport-loving public could be made to endow all our
higher institutions of learning, and everyone would
have a grand good time in the process. On the
morning after the late Harvard-Dartmouth contest
on the gridiron at Cambridge, it was reported that
forty thousand spectators were present. The priv-
ilege of spectatorship cost about a dollar and a half —
perhaps more if one occupied a favored position. If
sixty thousand dollars, more or less, were to flow
into the college treasury with every match game
played on its campus, what would there be to pre-
vent the speedy filling of that treasury ? Our solu-
tion of what has so long been regarded as a g^ave
problem is so simple and so satisfactory that we
wonder it has not occurred to anyone before. But
the greatest inventions are always the simplest.
• • •
World-languages to suit all tastes, unless
one's taste is unreasonably exacting, have now been
provided. Choice may be made from a long list of
tongues, ingeniously and scientifically formed, and
most delightfully free from exceptions. There are,
for example, VolapUk, Lingua, Panroman, Inter-
pretor, Esperanto, Ido, and Tutonish. This last
ought to appeal irresistibly to Teutons and Anglo-
Saxons, including, of course, Americans. Its in-
ventor, one Elias Molee, is a Norwegian, and his aim
has been to compound a sort of Anglo- Germanico-
Hollando-Scandinavian compromise speech — a kind
of North- European linguistic hash the scoffer may
unkindly call it — for North-European use especially.
He thinks his predecessors in the fascinating art of
language-manufacture have been too ambitious : they
have selected their ingx*edients predominantly from
the romance languages and then tried to impose
their latinized compound on Teutonic peoples, or
1909.]
THE DIAL
9
they have proceeded the other way about. Mr.
Molee is less ambitious : he gives us a tongue com-
prehensible almost without study over a broad belt
of two continents, and does not trouble himself un-
duly with the rest of the world. But the rest of the
world must be reckoned with. Why has it never
occurred to anyone to develop the large possibilities
of pigeon-English as an inter-continental, not to say
an inter-hemispherical, medium of communication?
Already it serves as a sort of linguistic bond between
the white and the yellow races. Let the Mongols
prevail on their neighbors the Slavs to start corre-
spondence schools for the teaching of this simple,
flexible, picturesque, and pleasing tongue; let the
English avail themselves of their present cordial
understanding with France to introduce the ancient
and honored Anglo-Chinese commercial language
into southern Europe ; let the colonies and depen-
dencies of England and America extend and widen
the sway of pigeon-English over all the rest of the
habitable globe, — and very soon our observation,
with extensive view, will see mankind, from China
to Peru, discom-sing together in happy harmony and
enjoying all but millennial blessings.
• • •
Lights of literature as viewed by contem-
poraries have not always been of dazzling bright-
ness. Often these stars in the literary firmament
twinkled so feebly to the upturned telescope that it
is hard to believe them the same as those luminous
bodies now so resplendent to the naked eye. But
occasionally an instance is found of a writer of
genius whose genius received early and fuU recog-
nition. From the English literary periodical entitled
" The Author," which publishes monthly a " con-
temporary criticism," it is pleasant to quote a few
lines of "The Quarterly Review's" notice of
"Poems by Alfred Tennyson, pp. 163, London,
12mo, 1833." For lavish praise couched in some-
what old-time phraseology, the review is really a
masterpiece. "This is," says the reviewer, "as
some of his marginal notes intimate, Mr. Tennyson's
second appearance. By some strange chance we
have never seen his first publication, which, if it at
all resembles its younger brother, must be by this
time so popular that any notice of it on our part
would seem idle and presumptuous; but we gladly
seize this opportunity of repairing an unintentional
neglect, and of introducing to the admiration of our
more sequestered readers a new prodigy of genius —
another and a brighter star of that galaxy or milky
way of poetry of which the lamented Keats was the
harbinger. . . . We have to offer Mr. Tennyson
our tribute of immingled approbation, and it is very
agreeable to us, as well as to our readers, that our
present task will be little more than the selection,
for their delight, of a few specimens of Mr. Tenny-
son's singular genius, and the venturing to point
out, now and then, the peculiar brilliancy of some
of the gems that irradiate his poetical crown."
When sugar and honey of this sort are offered by a
Quarterly Reviewer to a young poet of only twenty-
four, surely that young poet is either more or less
than human if he is not straightway convinced that
this world we live in is the very best possible world.
A PUBLIC LIBRARY OF PURE FICTION that is,
of nothing but fiction, pure or impure — in its own
special building, and with its own trained librarian
and attendants, is a development that seems to Dr.
Louis N. Wilson, librarian of Clark University, not
only worth serious consideration, but in a high de-
gree desirable. "The tendency among librarians,"
he is reported as saying, "as among other edu-
cational institutions to-day, is to specialize, and I
would give the fiction library full recognition. . . .
With properly trained attendants in this field it
would be possible to classify fiction, and even to paste
in each volume a typewritten list of other books deal-
ing with similar subjects to be found in the library.
Thus historical novels would contain a list of the
best histories of the countries referred to, or biog-
raphies of the characters mentioned, or histories of
battles, and so on." And let us also suggest that
psychological novels might contain a complete bib-
liography of the literature of psychology in all
languages, and sociological novels might contain a
catalogue of the social-science studies of Carey and
Maine and Spencer and their thousand and one pre-
decessors and successors, and religious novels might
have a manuscript appendix giving the names of
especially entertaining works in dogmatic theology
and theological controversy. But do we really wish
to take our pleasure so seriously as all that, Anglo-
Saxons though most of us are? The systematic
study of English prose fiction as a university elective
somehow has an element almost — perhaps not quite
— of absurdity in it, and the solemn dedication of a
library building to the art of the story-writer would
lack a certain element of dignity. Novel-reading
is by no means to be frowned down or discouraged,
but it will probably continue to flourish in the future,
as it has flourished in the past, without elaborate
bibliographical aids or a specially designed architec-
tural environment. , , .
The cruelty of biographers in making mer-
chantable copy out of those modestly shrinking but
irresistibly fascinating men and women of mark who
have professed a vehement unwillingness to be biog-
raphized (the word is not in the dictionary, but it
ought to be), will manifest itself as long as biography
continues to be one of the most attractive and best
selling forms of literary composition, as well as one
of the easiest for the average writer to supply in a
tolerably acceptable fashion. The more urgently a
great man begs that the memory of him may be
interred with his bones, the more insistently will the
greedy and curious public demand the publication of
his life, while those who would fain see themselves
go down to posterity in two volumes octavo (in the
920-class of Mr. Dewey's decimal system) are nearly
always destined to speedy oblivion. Sir Leslie Stephen
10
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1,
publicly expressed his disinclination to be made the
subject of a biography, and his published life was
one of the best and most popular books of the season.
Mr. Whistler, in a fragment of autobiography writ-
ten twelve years ago, made a picturesque struggle
against his all-too-probable fate. " Determined," he
declares, "that no mendacious scamp shall tell the
foolish truths about me when centuries have gone by,
and anxiety no longer pulls at the pen of the ' pupil'
who would sell the soul of his master, I now proceed
to take the wind out of such speculator by imme-
diately furnishing myself the fiction of my own biog-
raphy, which shall remain and is the story of my
life." And now, as inevitable sequel to the Pennell
biography of the dead artist, his sister-in-law, who is
also his sole executrix and residuary legatee, writes
to the London " Times " a lively letter of protest,
which will of course defeat its own purpose by increas-
ing the sale of the life of the modest Mr. Whistler.
• • •
The Furness Variorum Shakespeare, begun
thirty-seven years ago with the issue of " Romeo and
Juliet," has advanced to the sixteenth volume,
" Richard the Third "; but with this latest publica-
tion the editorship passes from Dr. Horace Howard
Furness to his son, Mr. Horace Howard Furness, Jr.,
who, born and bred in an atmosphere of Shake-
spearean studies, and early catching the Shakespeare
enthusiasm that has possessed his father ever since
the latter, at fourteen years of age, heard Fanny
Kemble in one of her Shakespeare readings, steps
naturally into the place voluntarily vacated by his
father, and undertakes to carry to completion the
great work now nearly half finished. The delights
rather than the drudgery of such work as this will
present themselves to the imagination of most
readers in handling these inviting volumes ; but that
the task entails a vast deal of downright hard work
admits of no question. If an editor has to collate
the eight quarto and four folio editions of a play,
besides all the more important later editions, and
is obliged to read perhaps two or three hundred
volumes containing commentaries on or references
to the play, then a variorum editorship becomes no
sinecure. To verify a single quotation perhaps the
better part of a library has to be ransacked. In
tracing to its exact source one line quoted by Knight
as illustrating a passage in " Macbeth," Mr. Furness
read twenty-seven of Beaumont and Fletcher's
plays. A work in which a single footnote of two
lines may represent a month's toil is surely a work
to be viewed with respect. The completion of the
Furness Variorum Shakespeare will be an achieve-
ment of which American scholarship may well be
proud. . , .
Hungarian impressions of American cul-
ture, as well as of some things in America not
coming under the head of culture, are readably
presented by Monseigneur Count Vaya de Vaya and
Luskod, who has paid two visits to our shores and
has caught more than a passing glimpse of the genus
homo Americamis in his native habitat. Like most
foreigners who have paid us the compliment of a
"write-up" — but not exactly like Mrs. TroUope and
Charles Dickens — he expresses himself as pleased
with what he has seen. Standing, for example, in
Copley Square, Boston, he was stimulated and edified
by those two monuments to letters and art, the Boston
Public Library and the Museum of Fine Arts. They
are, to his thinking, unique among their kind and
most forcibly expressive of the mental qualities of
the cultured Bostonian. After extended observation
and comparison, the courteous count reaches the
conclusion that our American Athens is still pre-
eminently the city of culture, while New York rep-
resents wealth, and Chicago commercial activity.
Furthermore — and perhaps here he lays on the
honey with a trowel — '' Bostonians are always
easily recognizable. They have an immistakable
stamp, entirely their own, which, when travelling
abroad, distinguishes them at once as citizens of
New England. Being reserved by nature, it is per-
haps not always easy to get to know them intimately ;
but one cannot come in contact with them without
being conscious of their innate refinement." This
praise is, to be sure, sectional and partial ; but if, as
has been seriously maintained, Boston is not so much
a geographical location as it is a state of mind, what
is to prevent the country at large from meriting
and appropriating the Hungarian count's graceful
encomium ?
Thumb-prints for signatures are the latest
things in dactylology as practised in Cheyenne,
in far-off Wyoming. Readers will remember the
curious experiments and studies in finger-prints
conducted by that original genius and shrewd phil-
osopher, "Pudd'n Head Wilson." In Cheyenne,
where foreigners of almost every known race and
color are thicker than blackberries, and where every
Pole or Bohemian or Lithuanian is as like to his
fellow Pole or Bohemian or Lithuanian as is one
blackberry to another, and where also few of these
swarming sons of toil are expert with the pen, the
bank in which many of them deposit their savings
has taken a hint from Mark Twain's book and
adopted a system of thumb-print signatures that is
said to give satisfaction to all concerned. Instead
of written names in every conceivable kind of
alphabet and degree of illegibility, the immigrant
depositors leave on file, not their mark, but their
smudge — the impression made by touching the
ball of the thumb (the right thumb, presumably) to
an inked pad and then pressing it against a sheet
of paper. These impressions — no two alike, and
defying the most skilful forger — are to be seen
also as signatures to checks, and so adept has the
assistant cashier become in reading them that
he can recognize a great number without referring
to the record. Which all goes to prove that not
only is there many a true word spoken in jest, but
also many a useful and practical thought written in
fiction.
1909.]
THE DIAL
11
A children's story-hour conducted by chil-
dren is the latest thing in library work for the
little ones. At the Pratt Institute Free Library,
where three hours on as many days of each week
are devoted to story-telling, "the most interesting
development of the Friday evening story hour " (as
the Librarian writes in her current Report) "was the
establishment of two branches of the Junior Story
Tellers' League, one for the boys of the Friday
evening story hour and one for the girls. These
meet on alternate Fridays after the regular story,
and the children take entire charge of the proceed-
ings, presiding, deciding, and telling stories. The
only restriction is that they must let Miss Tyler know
in advance what stories are to be told. No boy or
girl has ever tried to 'be funny,' to tell a sUly story, or
in any way to disturb the meetings. . . . The club
meetings have averaged twenty-five [in attendance].
The stories chosen have often been those already
told in the regular story hour, and the retelling by
a boy or girl is especially valuable to the story teller.
The discipline, the self-control, even the amateur elec-
tioneering, have all been good for the children. One
boy who wanted the presidency attempted to smooth
the way to this important office by largess of candy,
but he was ignominiously defeated — a real triumph
of civic righteousness." The children's story-hour,
for, by, and of the children, is certainly less open to
some of Mr. Dana's recent objections than the chil-
dren's hour conducted by library assistants, j j-
• • ■
State certification of librarians, like the
similar certification of doctors and lawyers, of pilots
and chauffeurs, and of numerous other more or less
exalted semi-public officials, has much to recommend
it. At a recent meeting of the Ohio Library Asso-
ciation the committee on legislation brought to the
attention of the assembled library workers a bill that
it had draughted and that contained the following
provisions : The appointment of a state board of
examiners of would-be librarians, the board to con-
sist of five members, each member to serve five years
and to receive his appointment from the state board
of library commissioners. The examiners are to be
all librarians in good and regular standing, and at
least two of them must be women. Not fewer than
two examinations shall be held each year, and, if
possible, simultaneously in different parts of the state.
Certificates shall be for a term of years, or for life
to such as are found duly qualified. Library experi-
ence and also attendance at a library school shall
receive credit as the examiners may determine. Other
minor provisions follow in some detail. All this is
well, and the public library spirit again shows itself
to be active in Ohio, greatly to Ohio's credit. We
may rest assured that the public library which once
appointed as its librarian the lowest bidder in a com-
petition for the combined librarianship and janitor-
ship was not an Ohio public library ; nor will any
such system of appointment ever find favor in that
enlightened commonwealth.
Letting in the light on the foul spots of
putridity and corruption is the first step toward a
restoration of cleanness and sweetness and health.
A new departure in journalism has been taken by
San Francisco, that city of so wide and so unen-
viable a notoriety at the present moment. The
" Municipal Record " shrinks not from revealing to
the public all that is being done or left undone in
the various departments of the city government.
Every meeting of an official body is reported, awards
of contracts are published, the names and salaries of
new employees are made known. Spades are called
spades, and graft is called graft. The " Record "
was established in response to repeated and by no
means unnatural demands from many quarters for
such an organ of municipal publicity and frankness.
An unvarnished, undistorted account of govern-
mental activities was insisted upon. " Thus it may
be," runs the plain and concise announcement,
" that the publicity of such information may serve
to stimulate the city's servants to extra endeavor, and
possibly to incite appreciation by the citizen of all
actions by the officials that are in any way commend-
able." Some such publication in every considerable
city might well be started, and that too without
waiting for the very strong and rather peculiar
incentives that have operated in San Francisco.
• • ■
A HUSKY YOUNG UNIVERSITY (if One may use
Western slang to describe a Western institution) is
the twenty-five-year-old University of Texas, which
recently celebrated its quarter-centennial by inau-
gurating a new president, dedicating a new law
building, holding a barbecue (of a Texas steer,
undoubtedly), and indulging in a football game.
These events occupied Thanksgiving Day and the
day before, and were witnessed by a notable gath-
ering of persons prominent in educational work.
Sidney Edward Mezes, Ph.D., is the newly installed
head of the University, and he was inducted into
office with services in harmony with the time and
place. Important, indeed, is the institution that
stands at the head of the educational system of a
State larger in territory than any European country
except Russia, and destined in the not distant future
to support a large population. But before that day
arrives the recently suggested division of this vast
territory into two or more States is likely to have
been accomplished.
COMMUNICA TION.
WHISTLER'S PORTRAIT OF HIS MOTHER.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
In the article ou Modern Painting, page 340 of the
November 16 number of The Dial, Whistler's portrait
of his mother is said to hang in the Louvre. It is not
there, but in the Luxembourg. No paintings find place
in the Louvre until ten years after the death of the
artist who produces them.
Lydia Avery Coonley Ward.
Dresden, Germany, December 4, 1908.
12
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1,
[efo ^00ks.
A Great Actor's Biography.*
" Perhaps the saddest spot in the sad life of
the actor," wrote Richard Mansfield, "is to be
forgotten. Great paintings live to commem-
orate great painters ; the statues of sculptors
are their monuments ; and books are the in-
scriptions of authors. But who shall say, when
this generation has passed away, how Yorick
played? When the curtain has fallen for the
last time, and only the unseen spirit hovers in
the wings, what book will speak of all the mum-
mer did and suffered in his time ? "
Mr. Paul Wilstach's biography of Mansfield
goes far toward preserving our recollection of
his consummate art, and gives us, besides, a
faithful portrait of Mansfield the man — a por-
trait that does its distinguished original ample
justice, without concealing those temperamental
faults that marred his character. Taken as a
whole, it is the most satisfying biography of a
player of which the present reviewer has knowl-
edge. The book itself, with its wealth of illus-
trations and its dignified binding, its clear type
and fine paper, compels a word of favorable
comment.
Richard Mansfield's father was Maurice Mans-
field, a London wine merchant; his mother, a
famous singer, Erminia Rudersdorff. Richard,
their third child, was born on the 24th of May,
1857. The boy's public life began in his fourth
year. His mother was dressing for a concert
at the Crystal Palace. Refusals and threats
only stimulated Richard's determination to
accompany her. Finally, the imperious mother
yielded to the imperious boy. He was hastily
dressed in his best black velvet skirt and coat,
a wide embroidered collar falling over his
shoulders, and together they rattled away in
her carriage. His mother's dressing room, the
vastness of the stage, the lights, the strange
noises and confusion, frightened the child and
he clung close to his mother.
" When the stage manager came to the door to say
that Madame's turn had arrived, and that the orchestra
was waiting, she strode majestically forth, as was her
custom, from her own room straight to the centre of the
stage. Her appearance was greeted hj a roar of ap-
plause, which she acknowledged with queenly bows.
She did not observe a subdued ripple of laughter, how-
ever, and signalled the conductor to begin. The music
quieted the applause, but it did not hush the increasing
titter, of which she soon became painfully conscious.
* Richard Mansfield : The Man and the Actor. By Paul
Wilstach. Illustrated. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Glancing about to see what could be the occasion, she
discovered Richie, beside but somewhat behind her,
frightened to stone, but firmly clutching the hem of her
long train which his little hands had seized as she swept
away from him into the presence of the audience."
Richard's father died in 1861. His mother's
engagements in the first opera houses of Great
Britain and Europe continued. As most of her
time was spent upon the continent, it was
decided that the children should be sent to Jena.
There Richard and his brother Felix attended a
private school, kept by a Professor Zenker, a
famous master. Early in his school career
Richard painted one of the class-room doors a
vivid green, and in the high pride of his achieve-
ment signed his initials to his handiwork. The
boy spent two years at the school Am Graben ;
then two years at Paul Vodos's school in the
little town of Yvredon, in Switzerland ; and
later at Bourbourg, France. Early in 1869 he
entered on the experience which in after years
remained clearest as a retrospect of boyhood.
He was sent to Derby School. Here he was
distinguished in the athletic sports of the period,
but not as a student ; among the boys he was
known as " Cork " Mansfield, — perhaps because
of his remarkable feats as a swimmer. He did,
however, become the star performer among the
schoolboys on " Speech Day," acting his first
role — Scapin, in Moliere's " Les Fourberies de
Sea pin " — during his first year at the school.
In the following year he appeared, on the same
occasion, as Shylock ; and the next year's Speech
Day witnessed young Mansfield's acting in a
German, a French, and three English scenes, —
and taking a leading part in each.
In the spring of the following year (1872)
he left Derby. It was his mother's wish that
he should enter Oxford or Cambridge ; but the
World's Peace Jubilee in Boston offered her
opportunities she could not neglect. These
ripened into attractive offers to make Boston
her future home ; and, this course being decided
upon, the children were brought to America,
and Madame Rudersdorff s rooms in the Hotel
Boyleston, and her studio, became one of the
artistic centres of the city, to which artists from
the four quarters of the globe were attracted as
certainly as they visited Boston in the course of
their American tours. For two years young
Mansfield knew the drudgery of a desk in the
great Washington Street store founded by Eben
D. Jordan. It was the young man's duty to
translate letters destined for or received from
France, Germany, and Italy ; he exercised his
originality also upon advertisements for the
firm. From such prosaic details Richard must
1909.]
THE DIAL
13
have escaped eagerly at night to the brilliance
of the company always gathered in his mother's
rooms.
Mr. Wilstach gives us an amusing reminis-
cence of this period, from the recollections of
Mrs. Julia Ward Howe.
" I remember [Mrs. Howe is quoted as saying] a
surprise party Madame Rudersdoff gave on Richie's
birthday. They were nearly all young people present
excepting myself. It was not a surprise party in the
ordinary sense, but you will understand when I tell you.
In those days we were continually invited to meet dis-
tinguished musical artists at Madame Rudersdorff's
home. She provided unsparingly as a hostess; she was
really queenly in her hospitality. Hence her invitations
were snapped up in every quarter. On this occasion we
were invited to meet a newly arrived prima-donna, — I
forget her name. The hostess and her distinguished
guest received together. I remember her as if it were
yesterday. She was youthful in appearance; uncom-
monly modest in demeanor. She wore a red and white
silk dress with a prodigiously long train, and had many
jewels and an abundance of thick wavy dark hair which
was the admiration of everyone. Some of us were put
to it to talk to her, for she spoke only the European
languages. The announcement finally that the great
prima donna would sing produced an expectant silence.
We were all struck by the phenomenal range of her
voice. She seemed to be able to sing with equal facility
a soft, dark contralto, or a silvery soprano, capping off
with an octave in falsetto. After responding to several
encores, she at length astounded us all by lifting off her
towering coiffure and announcing imaffectedly : ' I'm
tired of this, mother. Let's cut the birthday cake.' It
was Richie. He and his mother had conspired in the
surprise party."
Toward the end of his fourth year in Boston,
Richard became the dramatic and musical critic
of a feeble daily newspaper, " The News."
When he resigned, he told the editor it was
" impossible to criticise for a man who was the
friend of so many bad actors."
The pyrotechnical temper of Madame Ruders-
dorff , and the gradual development of an explo-
sive capacity on his own part, led eventually
(1875) to the selection of separate quarters for
the yoimg bachelor — a modest room at 23
Beacon Street. Here he disposed his few
pieces of furniture, bought a piano, and, since
his allowance did not permit the purchase of
many pictures, he drew and painted them on the
walls himself. Painting was supposed to be his
metier at this time ; his mother gave him an
allowance ; the position in Mr. Jordan's office
was given up, and Richard's friends came for-
ward at intervals to buy his pictures. " But,"
he afterward explained, " when I had sold
pictures to all my friends, I discovered I had
no friends." Exhausted credit soon closed
various streets to him. A knock at his door
became the sure precursor of an insistent dun.
Someone suggested that he give lessons in the
languages he knew so familiarly. For a month
he had a fashionable class of young ladies who
were taught French, Italian, or German, and
were, moreover, stayed with tea and comforted
with music. At the end of the month the parents
of the young ladies remitted promptly, and
Richard had a spread in his studio remembered
to this day. Two days later he was hungry and
penniless.
The Sock and Buskin Club, which had been
organized in 1875 by Mansfield and some of his
friends, was now thought of, and the young men
gave a performance of Robertson's " School."
It was so successful that Mansfield, who had
taken the part of Beau Farintosh, announced to
his friends that for the advantage of himself and
his creditors he proposed to give a benefit to
himself. Boston's artistic set had its curiosity
piqued by learning of " An Entertainment to
be given at Union Hall, on Thursday evening,
June 1st, by Mr. Vincent Crummels, on the
Singers and Actors of the Day." It was whis-
pered about that Crummels was no other than
the famous Madame Rudersdorff's son Richard
Mansfield. Of course the hall was crowded.
With wonderful effrontery, Mansfield occupied
the entire evening with imitations of all the
famous actors and singers known to his audience
— including his own mother, who witnessed the
burlesque from her box, and laughed as heartily
as anyone.
Early in 1877, with the promise of a contin-
uance of his mother's allowance, Richard Mans-
field returned to England, to study drawing
and painting. But brush and palette were not
for him. His pocket-book was soon flat — the
sooner, perhaps, because of the extension of his
acquaintance with the London bohemians. His
chambers became one of the popular rallying
points. For such evenings his scanty allow-
ance forced him to pay the penalty of abstinence
and exhausted credit. By April he was over-
joyed to accept an offer of eight pounds a week
in the German Reed Entertainments. His
friends crowded St. George "s Hall for his first
appearance. He had a small role in the
comedietta which opened the evening ; later, he
was expected to occupy the stage for an hour
by himself. When his time came, he sat down
at the piano and fainted dead away. He had
not eaten for three days. Meanwhile, Madame
Rudersdorff , in Boston, had learned that her son
had given a few entertainments in English coun-
try homes for pay. She was superb in her wrath ;
she would at once cut off his allowance. And
14
THE DIAL
[Jan. I,
she did, punctually, in a letter which, " beginning
in very plain English, emphasized her resent-
ment in French, German, and Italian, and ended
in Russian, with a reserve of bitter denuncia-
tion, but no more languages to express it in."
The struggle of Mansfield's life began now
in earnest. Long afterward, when at the
meridian of his fame, he told the story,
" For years I went home to my little room, if fortu-
nately I had one, and perhaps a tallow dip was stuck in
the neck of a bottle, and I was fortunate if I had some-
thing to cook for myself over a fire, if I had a fire.
That was my life. When night came I wandered about
the streets of London, and if I had a pemiy 1 invested
it in a baked potato, from the baked potato man on the
corner. I would put these hot potatoes in my pockets,
and after I had warmed my hands I would swallow the
potato. That is the truth."
The sale of an occasional picture, or the accept-
ance of a story or a poem by a magazine, were
the sources of his scanty income. He strove to
keep his appearance respectable in order to ac-
cept fortuitous social invitations for the sake of
the cold collations without which he would have
gone hungry. Often he stayed in bed and slept
in order to forget the hunger of the hours of
wakefulness. Food seen through the windows
of bakeries and restaurants seemed to him the
most beautiful sight in the world.
The year 1878 found him, with a second or
third rate company, playing the role of Sir
Joseph Porter, K.C.B., in " Pinafore," in the
smaller towns of England, Scotland, and Wales.
His salary was three pounds weekly ; and when
he demanded an additional six shillings, he was
cut adrift, and returned to London in desperate
straits. The turning point of his career was
accompanied, as he told it, by a remarkable
experience.
" This was the condition of affairs when a strange
happening befell me. Retiring for the night in a per-
fectly hopeless frame of mind, I fell into a troubled
sleep, and dreamed dreams. Finally, toward morning,
this fantasy came to me. I seemed in my disturbed
sleep to hear a cab drive up to the door as if in a great
hurry. There was a knock, and in my dream I opened
the door and found D'Oyly Carte's yellow-haired secre-
tary standing outside. He exclaimed : ' Can you pack
up and catch the train in ten minutes to rejoin the com-
pany? ' * I can,' was the dreamland reply. There
seemed to be a rushing about, while I swept a few
things into my bag ; then the cab door was slammed,
and we were off to the station. This was all a dream.
But here is the inexplicable denouement. The dream
was so vivid and startling that I immediately awoke
with a strange, uncanny sensation, and sprang to my
feet. It was six o'clock, and only bare and gloomy
surroundings met my eye. On a chair rested my
travelling bag; and through some impulse that I could
not explam at the time, and cannot account for now, I
picked it up and hurriedly swept into it a few articles
that had escaped the pawn-shop. It did not take long
to complete my toilet, and then I sat down to think.
Presently, when I had reached the extreme point of de-
jection, a cab rattled up, there was a knock, and there
stood D'Oyly Carte's secretary, just as I saw him in my
dreams. He seemed to be in a great flurry, and cried
out, ' Can you pack up and reach the station in ten min-
utes to rejoin the company ? ' 'I can,' said I, calmly,
pointing to my bag, ' for I was expecting you.' The
man was a little startled by this seemingly strange re-
mark, but bundled me into the cab without further ado,
and we hurried away to the station exactly in accord
with my dream. That was the beginning of a long
engagement; and although I have known hard times
since, it was the turning-point in my career."
For more than three years Mansfield played
in minor opera and minor comedy ; engagements
being now the rule rather than the exception.
He received the news of his mother's death, and
of her will, which made him her sole heir but
contained the capricious proviso that no portion
of the inheritance should pass into his hands so
long as he remained unmarried. Then, one night
in the spring of 1882, in his dressing-room,
Mansfield heard a familiar voice ; his old friend
Eben Jordan of Boston grasped his hand, and
that night persuaded him to return to America.
It was on the night of January 11, 1883, that
Mansfield played Baron Chevrial for the first
time, and woke on the following morning famous.
There were many ups and downs in the years that
followed, but " Cork " Mansfield sustained the
qualities of his cognomen.
For most of us, the remaining pages of Mr.
Wilstach's book, which are devoted to Mans-
field the actor, will stimulate personal reminis-
cences of the gifted artist. " Prince Karl,"
" Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde," " Richard III.,"
" Beau Brummel," " Don Juan," " Monsieur
Beaucaire," '• Cyrano de Bergerac," " Arthur
Dimmesdale," " Shylock," " Captain Blunt-
sehli," " Dick Dudgeon," " Alceste," " King
Henry v.," "Peer Gynt," — these names repre-
sent the story of the wonderful years, wonderful
in the development of his own genius as an actor,
and wonderful in the development of his equally
marvellous breadth of view and mastery of detail
as stage manager and producer. Mr, Wilstach,
with intimate personal knowledge of his subject,
with every facility in the way of materials at his
command, and with a discriminating judgment
and taste that qualify him perfectly for the task,
gives us so true a picture of the actor in each
several part that he essayed as makes him fairly
live again before our eyes.
Of Mansfield the man, Mr. Wilstach speaks
apparently with equal fidelity to truth. He
does not seek to ignore, or even to condone, those
1909.]
THE DIAL
15
outbursts of temper which robbed Mansfield of
the affection of American playgoers, however
they might yield him their admiration. Mr.
Wdstach says :
" Most of his outbursts were the outbursts of nervous
despair. At times before acting a new role there were
moments when his confidence appeared to desert him,
and he would break down entirely. Then he would toss
away his part and pace the stage in yoluble agony,
ieclaring it would be impossible to give the production ;
everything and everybody, including the play and him-
self, were beyond hope ; the opening must be postponed,
etc., etc. At such moments no one had influence with
him but his gentle wife. With soft words of agreement,
the tender terms with which a mother would propitiate
a child, she would calm the spirit of this mighty child,
and in five minutes have him quieted, comforted, and
back at work again."
To say to a workman " You're discharged I "
meant nothing from Mansfield more than a
reproof. " It was the habit of exaggerated
words," according to the biographer. His
unfailing patience and gentleness during the
rehearsals of " Ivan the Terrible " were a matter
of ominous comment among the company. He
seemed, says our author, to be holding himself
under a strain which would break him. This
endured until the dress rehearsal, which passed
swimmingly up to the fourth act. " There,
in the passionate confession scene, the tricky
lines slipped, and with them slipped his seK-
possession. There were five minutes of realis-
tically improvised Tzar Ivan before he settled
down, but the burst was welcomed by everyone.
An old-timer of fourteen years in the company
said : ' I was afraid for him. And I was afraid
for this piece. It seemed as if he hadn't blown
in the trade-mark. But it's all right now.' "
« The evolution of a character in Mansfield's mind
remained unexplained. He retired mto what Pater
called 'mystic isolation.' Like Rossetti, he became
' a racked and tortured medium.' But when he came
to rehearsal, even to the first, it was with full possession
of the new character, just as later, when he went on the
stage to give the character to the audience, it had full
possession of him. His performance of a role — even
of those which he retamed in his repertoire from his
early successes — whether in comedy or tragedy, was to
him a sacred work, almost sacramental. He was first
in the theater, never less than two and sometimes three
hours before his first entrance. This time he spent in
the seclusion of his dressing-room. But the preparation
did not begin there. In the afternoon he took a long
walk. When he returned he would see no visitors, none
of his household, and his servants attended him in
silence. He ate a light repast at five o'clock, with a
book for company at table. Then he retired to his own
apartment for a short nap and a bath, and rode away in
his unbroken silence to the theater. And so into the
dressing-room. When the call came for his entrance,
and he emerged from his room, a metamorphosis had
taken place. It was not the actor who went upon the
scene, it was the character. By some process — and it
has been called self-hypnotism ^ he became the person
he was playing. He carried the manner to and from
and into his dressing-room. He acted the role all the
evening on and off the scene, and it fell from him only
as he put aside the trappings and emerged from the
dressing-room his own self, bound for home."
Mr. Wilstach gives some delightful pictures
of Mr. Mansfield's home-life, with his charming
and talented wife (Miss Beatrice Cameron),
and his little son, George Gibbs Mansfield.
A number of letters to this little chap from his
father are given, and they alone are worth the
price of the book. Mr. Wilstach and his pub-
lishers, and the family of Mr. Mansfield, and
all who loved or admired him, may be con-
gratulated in all sincerity upon the appearance
of this really notable biography.
MuNSON Aldrich Havens.
The Quest of the Ideai^ Democracy.*
We need a word that should stand in the
same relation to amicus as socialism to socius,
a word that all readers might approach without
bias or nervousness. Socialism was an ideal
name for a theory and system of political organ-
ization based on comradeship and cooperation ;
but strange perversions and confusions abroad
and certain disagreeable events in our own
country have brought it into unfortunate dis-
repute. Fellowship might have been found
adequate, had it not been for established
connotations and a flavor of the archaistic.
Collectivism and Communism are too cold.
Brotherhood suggests too close an intimacy ;
and it also carries with it a certain disturbing
echo from the French Revolution. The Society
of Friends would be an almost perfect designa-
tion of the ideal state in question, were it not
already appropriated by an amiable religious
denomination. As it is, we see no other alterna-
tive than the adoption of a new word. Thereby
we should be freed from the risk of repelling our
more conservative readers, and could describe
Mr. Dickinson's latest volume as a dialogue on
the new term ; for under " Justice and Liberty"
he has given us a delightful interchange of views
on some of the questions we commonly find
emphasized by socialistic writers.
" If every man thought it his duty to think
freely and trouble his neighbor with his thoughts
(which is an essential part of free-thinking), it
would make wild work in the world," sermonizes
• Justice AND Liberty. A Political Dialogue. By G. Lowes
Dickinson. New York : The McClure Co.
16
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1,
the irrepressible Dean of St. Patrick's ; and it is
probably true. The question is whether there
is not need of " wild work " in some quarters.
And whatever else may be said of the earnest
socialist, or the intellectual " perplexed inquirer
socialistically inclined," he at least promotes
thought. It is always easy to demolish certain
features of advanced collectivism ; it is never
quite possible to destroy the ideal of fellowship
as cherished by thinking men like William
Morris or the central speaker in the volume
before us. There is something appealing in
the cry, " We open the gates of the Temple of
Humanity; make yourselves clean that you
may enter in." There is a genuine ring in the
challenge, " To unseat things from the saddle of
destiny and to seat there the human soul."
Nor does the cause stand still. To-day we
are a little less sure than yesterday that the
stimulus of self-interest is as fundamental in
economic life as the law of gravitation in the
physical world. Just now we are set thinking
by a comparison of the most active quarter of
a century in Mr. Rockefeller's career with the
twenty-four years covered by Lord Cromer's
unremitting efforts on behalf of the fellaheen of
Egypt. There is some evidence for the validity
of such a stimulus as good citizenship, or love
of one's fellow creatures. Again, we suspect
rather frequently that the present arrangements
as to property may not be as final as the course
of the earth about the sun. With reference
to marriage, hardy souls like Galton will even
point out that mating and procreation are at
least as important as gambling or some other
subjects of legislation ; and that there is a pos-
sibility of improving the quality of the popxda-
tion. A few of the most daring go so far as
to dream that marriage might be more happy ;
and one of them in his plea actually adduces
the reports of our Illinois divorce courts. As
to social classes, many Englishmen and most
Americans have rejected the hierarchic view
that God placed men in wisely ordered ranks
and there they ought to remain in outward sub-
mission and even inward gratitude. Because
our institutions are an inheritance from the
past, we no longer believe they are incapable
of improvement. In short, there is a growing
recognition of the obvious fact, albeit so long
and stubbornly disregarded, that human nature
is " a Being in perpetual transformation." In
man's struggle up the endless steeps of the
ages, he comes now and then to a plateau that
appears to the more short-sighted climbers to
be the final height, or at worst a fair dwelling
place of reality not to be hazarded for distant
goals, seen only in barest outline and often lost
in cloud. Then the comfortable loiterers are
either guided upward by the seer with the torch
of the ideal, or driven reluctantly onward by the
less fortunate of their feUows, whose cry is no
less bitter than blind. And between these two
forces, the reasonable appeal of the leader and
the unreasoning impulse of the luckless throng,
it is probable that for the future we shall give
good heed to the problem of better social con-
ditions.
But we must return to our volume, — although
we have not wandered so far as might be sup-
posed. In the course of his dialogue, Mr.
Dickinson treats such topics as Forms of Society,
the Institution of Marriage, the Institution of
Property, Government, the "Spirit" of the
communities under consideration, naturally with
various subdi^'^sions and incidental topics in-
evitably suggested by these general subjects.
Then toward the close we have some rather
impassioned but orderly passages on " The
Importance of Political Ideals as Guides to
Practice " and " The Relations of Ideals to
Facts." Such a cold summary is of course en-
tirely misleading. The effectiveness, the justi-
fication of the volume must depend on the
winning method of treatment in the dialogue
form.
Sir John Harrington, a frankly aristocratic
gentleman of leisure, we remember from " A
Modern Symposium "; and Henry Martin, an
idealizing professor, we recall from the same
volume and " The Meaning of Good " as well.
The third sharer in the discussion is Charles
Stuart, a banker of broad experience, who keeps
his feet stoutly on the earth. "Never mind
Plato and Aristotle I Modern philosophers are
bad enough without dragging in the ancients at
every point." Or, " I am learning from this
conversation that an ideal standpoint is one from
which everything is seen out of proportion."
Stuart and Harrington find the Professor in one
of his favorite haunts, recalling in spirit rather
than by topographical detail the scene of the
" Phaedrus." " I love the sound and sight of
running water, the great green slopes fragrant
with pines, and the granite cliffs shining against
the sky." But if he is dreaming in this idyllic
spot to-day, he must return to his constituency
to vote to-morrow. And this contact, this in-
terplay of the ideal and the actual, runs through
the whole dialogue. The three friends spend
their last day together in discussing the value
of political ideals in general and the relative
1909.]
THE DIAL
17
merits of their three preferences. Given the
personae and the subjects, our readers would
surmise the general division of the treatment.
In one sense, the dialogue cannot be said to
make any contribution to socialistic thought.
Parts of it, without being in any way copied,
recall some of the lofty and glowing passages of
Morris ; and every point could be traced to one
source or another. But it is a commonplace that
appropriate setting and effective re-statement of
problems and arguments often constitute a more
real service than the introduction of new mat-
ter. The topics here discussed are of such a
nature as to justify frequent treatment ; and
the indirect method of our dialogue is an invalu-
able auxiliary to the positiveness of the avowed
apostles of the cause. Sometimes we wish Mr.
Dickinson were not keeping his English audi-
ence quite so strictly in mind; and one might
hazard the conjecture that a more intimate
acquaintance with some of our Western States
would not be without value for a man who
would understand them as quickly as this sym-
pathetic Cambridge economist. With some of
their experiments before him, he might intro-
duce at least a parenthetical modification in one
or two paragraphs. But herewith we are de-
scending to details, for which there is no space.
We may merely say, in closing, that we think
the book is worthy of Mr. Dickinson ; which
implies our belief that it deserves to be widely
read by thinking people.
It is unnecessary to state that the English of
" Justice and Liberty " is lucid and attractive.
It does not seem to us that the finest passages
reach quite the highest levels of our author's
" Symposium "; but the style is admirable
throughout. One sentence, however, on page
125, made us pause ; and we are still wondering
whether " He's no worse than you or me " is
due to deliberate antinomianism or merely to
human frailty. We hope it is the latter.
F. B. R. Hellems.
The Poet of Science.*
Lucretius, in pure poetic charm and natural
magic, is probably not the " chief poet on the
Tiber side " that Mrs. Browning saluted in him.
There are single cadences of Virgil for which
the adept would cheerfully sacrifice the whole
of Latin literature and all the Res Romanoi
perituraque regna — "Kings and realms that
pass to rise no more." But Virgil — " light
•Lucretius, Epicurean and Poet. By John Masson,
M.A., LL.D. New York: E. P. Button & Co.
among the vanished ages," inspiration of Dante,
Racine, and Tennyson — belongs to a past which
had leisure to appreciate the elegant and the
exquisite. Lucretius, the supreme, the only,
poet of science, still influences the thoughts of
the leaders of thought, and will hold his place
until the long-heralded epic of evolution is
evolved.
More than a century has elapsed since Andre
Chenier justified the plan of his " Hermes " by
the now familiar argument that the world of
science is more poetic than the world of fable,
and boasted that his Pegasus, soaring on the
wings of Buff on, should pass with Lucretius,
by the light of Newton's torch, " La ceiiiture
d'azur sur le globe etendue.^' But the verse
of the Roman poet which he thus translates still
remains the inevitable expression of modern
pride in the wonders of science. It is still the
text of our greatest living poet and radical,
when he hymns the achievements of the liberated
spirit of man :
" Past the wall unsurmounted that bars out our vision
with iron and fire,
He hath sent forth his soul for the stars to comply
with and suns to conspire."
There has been ample time for both the poet
and his readers to acquire that familiarity with
the processes and results of science which
Wordsworth said must precede the effective use
of scientific matter in poetry. But nothing has
come of it except Tennyson's cautious experi-
ments in dainty paraphrase ; and a few crudely
ambitious epics of evolution and the rise of man,
which posterity, if it remembers them at all, will
class with Darwin's " Botanic Garden " and his
"Temple of Nature." The vein of Shelley's
" Queen Mab " and Andre Chenier's fragment-
ary "Hermes" has not been excelled. And
that at its best is a dilution of the austere sub-
limity of Lucretius with the optimism of the
eighteenth century's Utopian faith in progress
and perfectibility. And so it is to the Roman
versifier of a second-rate and obsolete Greek
system of philosophy that our Langes, our
Tyndalls, and Huxleys will still turn in their
most exalted and enthusiastic moods, so long as
the new pedagogy allows them to construe the
Latin.
They do not find in him, and they do not seek,
a formulation of the atomic theory that will fit
the new synthetic chemistry and the new physics
of radio-active bodies. But they do find the
consummate poetical expression of all the large
moral and imaginative ideas which even the
most advanced science can contribute to litera-
18
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1,
ture and life — ideas for the most part not
peculiar to the philosophy of Epicurus, but the
common possession of all philosophically edu-
cated ancients, even of those who rejected the
absolutism of their dogmatic Epicurean formu-
lation ; I mean such ideas as the reign of law,
the continuity of natural process, the univer-
sality of mechanical causation, the infinity of
space and time, the recurrence of cosmogonical
cycles, and the insignificance of man in the
face of infinite Mutability. Only the laws
that determine the apparition of genius could
explain how it happened that the " De Rerum
Natura " was written, not by a Greek but by a
Roman poet, and that under the inspiration of
what apart from the vigor of its assertion of a
few fundamental truths was the least scientific
of the Greek philosophies. But that the poem,
once written, should not have been superseded
by any poetic interpretation of nineteenth cen-
tury science is no paradox except to the most
superficial consideration. Science may be in
itself more poetical to the scientific mind than
myth. But there are only two or three ways
in which the poet can make use of it. He
may expound it in a frankly didactic poem ; he
may experiment in the method of Tennyson ;
he may try to rival the eloquence of Lucretius in
the domain where the verified detail of modern
science gives him no advantage over Lucretius.
Now, though science is a new thing under the
sun, the didactic poem is not. It has been tried
from Hesiod's " Works and Days " to Philips's
" Cider " and Armstrong's "Art of Preserving
Health." Its literary value has never resided
in the ostensible theme, but always in the
episodes or a few informing ideas. The pleas-
ure derived from the exposition of the nominal
subject is at most the expert's interest in the
ingenious expression in verse of what could be
better said in prose. It is the curiosity of the
professional latinist who reads Vida's "Game of
Chess " or Addison's " Battle of the Cranes and
Pygmies." This aesthetic law is not abrogated
by the fact that the detail of ancient science was
erroneous and that of the science of to-day is
supposed to be true. Minute and didactic expo-
sition is not poetry, whether the thing expounded
be true or false.
The method of Tennyson yields a genuine
but slight effect of Alexandrian prettiness.
" There sinks the nebulous star we call the sun,
If that hypothesis of theirs be sound,"
is intentionally and plajdFully pedantic.
" Before the little ducts began
To feed thy bones with lime "
will serve in a passage of curious philosophic
meditation.
" Still as, while Saturn whirls, his stedfast shape
Sleeps on his luminous ring "
presents a definite picture, and belongs to the
science (astronomy) in which the imaginative
familiarity postulated by Wordsworth is most
likely to be attained.
" Break thou deep vase of chilling tears
That grief hath shaken into frost,"
interests by its subtlety even when not fully
understood. But these experiments in orna-
mentation are not the predicted poetry of science,
and Tennyson's taste seems to have marked the
limits of their present application.
It remains for our poets to surpass Lucretius
in his own domain — if they have the mind to.
It would be idle to predict that no modem poet
will ever achieve this. But it is the plain fact
that no poet has yet done so. Two great clas-
sical books seem to have expressed once for all
the two fundamental imaginative conceptions of
the world — the " Timaeus " of Plato, a " hymn
to the universe " conceived as the work of benefi-
cent intelligence subordinating chaos and neces-
sity to design ; the " De Rerum Natura," a
hymn to the scientific spirit emancipated from
superstition, a hymn to Nature manifold in
works, freed from the yoke of the gods, change-
less in the sum amid eternal change, and suffi-
cient unto herself.
Macaulay marvels that what he deems the
dreariest and silliest of systems of philosophy
should have produced the sublimest of philoso-
phic poems. But the poetry of the " De Rerum
Natura" owes little to anything specifically
Epicurean. Its inspiration is first the whole
scientific and rationalistic tradition of antiquity
from Empedocles and Democritus down, and
second the poet's own passionate abhorrence of
superstition, anthropomorphism, and the petty
carpenter theories of creation and design which
the official apologists of religion opposed to his
picture of the self-sufficing life of universal
nature. The causes of this anti-theological pas-
sion, of which there are few traces in the extant
fragments of Epicurus, we are left to conjecture.
Its effects on the fortunes of the poem would
make an interesting chapter of literary history.
Mythology and religion have always been the
chief inspiration of poetry and art. But the
impassioned revolt against superstition and
sophistical apologetics has played a far greater
part than the conventional histories of literature
and philosophy recognize. Every generation
since the Renaissance has had its Mirandolas,
1909.]
THE DIAL
19
its Brunos, its Spinozas, its Shelleys, enthusias-
tic imaginative rationalists who, beneath transpa-
rent veils of mysticism, Platonism, or Cartesian-
ism, have in their inmost souls been dominated
by this passion for which they could find relief
only in declaiming the verses of Lucretius.
Add to these the readers who, like Tennyson,
are alternately fascinated and repelled by the
supreme poetic statement of the doctrine which
they cannot endure to accept, and the chief
source of the permanent power of the " De Rerum
Natura " over the minds of men is made plain.
In spite of the enormous Lucretian literature,
there is still room for a study of the poem from
this point of view.
Professor Masson, whom these introductory
observations have kept waiting too long, can
hardly be said to attempt this in his brief study
of Lucretius's influence on his own age, or in his
concluding chapter on what the world owes to
Lucretius. His estimable but not especially pen-
etrating or original book is not easily reviewed
with fairness by a specialist. It is in part a
revision and expansion of the author "s standard
work on the " Atomic System of Lucretius "
published in 1884. In seventeen discursive and
not perfectly welded chapters of very unequal
merit and fulness of detail, it treats in the
main competently and readably most of the
topics that belong to a complete monograph, the
life and times of the poet, the atomic theory,
the Epicurean view of the world, the Epicu-
rean ethics, the Epicurean gods, the sources of
Epicurus's doctrine, poetry and science, etc.
The scholarship is sound but old-fashioned and
not always critical or up to date. Professor
Masson appears to be unacquainted with recent
attempts to acquit Democritus of the blimder
of affirming that a heavy body falls faster
than a light one in a vacuum. He has appar-
ently not read Diels, and cites the pre-Socratics
from the obsolete edition of Mullach, thus
attributing to Democritus some ethical sayings
which are plainly spurious. He labors unneces-
sarily some obvious points, and fails to go to
the bottom of subtler questions, especially in
the Epicurean psychology. His literary and
moral criticism is pleasant and true enough, but
less trenchantly and vividly expressed than that
of Mallock or SeUar. He still thinks it neces-
sary to apologize for Lucretius. The book is a
good and sufficient monograph for the general
reader and the undergraduate. But it is not a
notable contribution to literature or scholarship.
Paul Shorey.
Problems of Race Friction.*
The last few years have seen an increasing-
accentuation of race-friction in many parts of
the world, and it is no exaggeration to say that
the problem of the races is everywhere becoming
more acute, and must continue to become so on
account of the greater intermingling of alien
races where they formerly lived apart. Happy
indeed is the land which has no such problem !
We find it to-day a disturbing element in many
of the possessions of England, notably in certain
of the West Indian Islands ; in South Africa,
in Australia, in India, and in Northwest Canada ;
we find it in Austria, Hungary, Germany, and
Russia; and of course it is always with us in
America.
The nature and causes of race-friction, and
the possible ways of removing it, are matters
which are now claiming the attention of more
thoughtful men than almost any other questions.
Each year brings us a new group of books deal-
ing with this peculiar and difficult problem.
Two of the latest contributions to this group are
Professor Josiah Royce's " Race Questions, and
Other American Problems," and Mr. Alfred
H. Stone's " Studies in the American Race
Problem." The author of one of these books
is a Harvard professor ; the other is a young
Mississippi planter of education and practical
experience. Professor Royce's volume is a col-
lection of largely unrelated essays, only two of
which call for mention in this review. These
are entitled " Race Questions and Race Preju-
dices " and " Provincialism." In the former he
examines into the causes and nature of race-
prejudice ; in the latter he discusses the meaning
of provincialism, its uses and its evils. Profes-
sor Royce contrasts the situation in the United
States with that in Jamaica and Trinidad, where,
he asserts, race-friction has been reduced to a
minimum by the peculiar character of English
administration and by English reticence. The
maintenance of an efficient country constab-
ulary into which negroes are admitted is one
of the many policies which, in the opinion of
Professor Royce, have been adopted to secure
the loyalty and respect of the negro popula-
tion. Moreover, the English habit of ruling
the inferior race without publicly claiming
the virtues of superiority tends very greatly,
he thinks, to remove a source of irritation
* Race Questions, and Other American Problems. By Josiah
Royce. New York : The Macmillan Co.
Studies in the American Bace Problem. By Alfred Stone.
New York : Doubleday, Page & Co.
ao
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1,
which lies at the bottom of much of the trouble
in North America.
Mr. Stone's work is a much more elaborate
study of the negro problem, and is based on his
experience and observations as an extensive
employer of negro labor on a Mississippi planta-
tion. To his personal observation he has added
ten or fifteen years of systematic and almost
continuous study of the literature dealing with
the history of the negro race in America. His
equipment, therefore, is such as to inspire the
reader of his volume with a feeling of confidence.
He contrasts the attitude of the Northern and
Southern white people, discusses the grounds of
difference, reviews at length some plantation
experiments of his own with the negro, describes
the somewhat remarkable condition of affairs in
the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta (the great black
belt of Mississippi, where he declares there is
but little race-friction), considers the economic
future of the negro, discourses upon the causes
and results of the increasing friction between
the races, criticises President Roosevelt's negro
policy and compares it with that of President
McKinley, emphasizes the factor of the mulatto
element in the question, and considers at length
the political aspects of the negro problem. On
the whole, Mr. Stone's point of view is that of
the Southern white man, though his discussion
is so free from evidence of passion and his con-
clusions are based on such wide study and ex-
tended observation that they command respect
even where they do not compel conviction. So
far, no study of the negro problem has been
produced which throws so much light on the
whole question of the social, economic, and polit-
ical life of the negro race in America. It is
the work of a man who not only knows the
situation from personal contact with the negro,
but possesses in addition a rare theoretical
knowledge based on wide and systematic reading.
Three chapters of the book are contributed
by Professor Walter F. Wilcox; these deal
with the criminality of the negro, the causes of
its increase, and the resulting influence upon
race relations ; census statistics relating to
the wealth, population, occupations, education,
and death rate of the race ; and the probable in-
crease of the negro population in America. Mr.
Wilcox shows that the increase of crime among
the negroes has been much larger relatively than
that among the white race. The predicted in-
crease of population among the negroes, how-
ever, he declares is not justified by the teachings
of the census. t ^ht r^
J. W. Garner.
The Begixxings oe Acadia.*
The Champlain Society of Toronto published
last year the first volume of Grant and Biggar's
edition of Lescarbot's " History of New France,"
of which two other volumes are to follow. It
now issues Nicolas Denys's " Description and
Natural History of the Coasts of North Amer-
ica," translated and edited by Dr. WiUiam F.
Ganong. If it never publishes anything better,
from every point of view, than these two works,
it will have more than justified its existence.
Professor Ganong has brought within reach of
the ordinary reader one of the essential sources
of early Canadian history, and one which
hitherto has been inaccessible to all except a
few special students — inaccessible for two rea-
sons : first, because the original edition is
exceedingly rare ; and second, because it is
written in old French, and in a manner so faidty
and confused that more than one scholar has
dismissed it as unintelligible. The task pre-
sented to the translator has been ♦' not simply
to render a book of bad French into one of
good English, but also to discover, and to show
by proper annotation, the author's real meaning
when he is obscure, and the actual truth when
he is in error. In other words, the book de-
manded not only a translator, but also a com-
mentator who had local knowledge of the places,
the objects, and the contemporary records Ijear-
ing on the events which Denys describes." How
happy Professor Ganong has been in fidfilling
these requirements, an examination of his work
will abundantly prove. It is not too much to
say that the Champlam Society could hardly
have found any other scholar so competent in
every way to interpret this most difficult of
early Canadian narratives.
In spite of its ambitious title, Denys's book
is confined to the coasts of Acadia, or to what
now form the provinces of Nova Scotia and
New Brunswick ; but it is nevertheless, within
this restricted field, a work of the first impor-
tance. It narrates events, a knowledge of which
is essential to a clear understanding of the
history of Acadia in the seventeenth century,
which are not to be found elsewhere. It
describes the country and its inhabitants as
they were in Denys's day ; gives a good deal of
attention to its natural history, sometimes accu-
rate, but oftener the reverse ; and devotes nearly
*The Description and Natitral History of the Coasts
OF North America (Acadia). By Nicholas Denys. Translated
and edited, with a memoir of the author, collateral documents,
and a reprint of the Original, by William F. Ganong, Ph.D.
Toronto : The Champlain Society.
1909.]
THE DIAL
21
half the second volume to an elaborate account
of the cod-fishery. Despite its apparent tedi-
ousness and present uselessness, this portion of
Denys's narrative is, as Professor Ganong says,
" replete with interest from start to finish."
It constitutes " by far the most complete and
authoritative exposition we possess of that sum-
mer fishery for cod which played so large a
part in the early relations between Europe and
North-eastern America. It is, moreover, the
best and clearest part of the book, the only part,
apparently, which Denys really enjoyed writing.
With excellent arrangement and all complete-
ness, and withal by aid of many a vivid phrase,
happy turn, and illustrative incident, he brings
before us with the greatest clearness every de-
tail of that business of which he was a thorough
master, and a master in love with his work."
One of the principal objects which Denys had
in view in writing his book was, in fact, to
arouse the government and people of France
to the possibilities of the cod-fishery of Acadia.
This portion of the narrative furnishes a rather
curious illustration of the fact that a man never
writes so effectively as when he is describing
something with which he is thoroughly familiar,
and in which is absorbingly interested.
Some of the most entertaining pages of the
book are those in which Denys describes the
beaver and its wonderful works. None of our
contemporary " Nature fakirs " — as Mr. Arthur
Stringer unkindly calls them — could hold a
candle to this unimaginative chronicler, in the
more than human intelligence attributed to the
industrious and long-suffering beaver.
" It is necessary to know first of all that the Beaver
has only four teeth, two above and two below. The
largest are of two finger-breadths, the others have them
in proportion to their size. They have rocks for sharp-
ening them, rubbing them on their tops. With their
teeth they cut down trees as large as half barrels.
Two of them work together at it, and a man with an
axe will not lay it low quicker than do they. They
make it always fall on the side which they wish, and
where it is most convenient for them.
" To place all these workmen at their business, and to
make them do their work well, there is need of an archi-
tect and commanders. Those are the old ones which
have worked at it formerly. According to number there
are eight to ten commanders, who nevertheless are all
under one, who gives the orders. It is this architect
who goes often to the atelier of one, often to that of the
other, and is always in action. When he has fixed upon
the place where it is necessary to make the dam, he
employs there a number of the Beavers to remove that
which could injure it, such as fallen trees, which would
be able to lead the water underneath the dam, and cause
loss of the water. Those are the masons. He sets others
to cut down trees, and then to cut branches of the length
of about two feet or more according to the thickness of
the branch. These are the carpenters. Others have to
carry the wood to the place of the work where the masons
are, (thus acting) like the masons' men. Others are
destined for the land; they are the old ones, which have
the largest tails, and they act as hod-carriers. There
are some which dig the ground and scrape it with their
hands; these are the diggers. Others have to load it.
Each does his duty without meddling with anything else.
Each set of workmen at a task has a commandant with
them who overlooks their work, and shows them how it
should be done. The one who commands the masons
shows them how to arrange the trees, and how to place
the earth properly. Thus each one shows those who are
under his charge. If they are neglectfiU of their duty
he chastises them, beats them, throws himself on them,
and bites them to keep them at their duty.
" Everything being thus arranged, which indeed is soon
accomplished, every morning each one goes to his work.
At eleven o'clock they go to find something to eat, and
do not return until about two o'clock. I believe this is
because of the great heat, which is against them, for if it
is bright moonlight they work at night more than by day.
" Let us watch them now all at work making their
dam. There are the masons ; their helpers bring them
the wood cut into lengths. Each brings his piece
according to his strength upon his shoulders. They
walk entirely upright upon their hind feet. Arriving
there they place their piece near the masons. The hod-
carriers do the same; their tails serve them as hods.
To load these they hold themselves fully erect, and lay
their tails quite flat on the ground. The loaders place
the earth upon the tails, and trample it to make it hold,
(building it) as high as they can, and bringing it to a
sharp ridge at the top. Then those which are loaded
march quite upright drawing their tails behind them.
They unload near the masons, who, having the materials,
begin to arrange their sticks one above another, and
make of them a bed of the length and breadth which
they wish to use for the foundation of the dam. In
proportion as some place the wood, others bring hand-
fuls of earth which they place upon it, packing it down
to fill up the interstices between the sticks. When it is
upon the sticks, they hammer it with the tail, with which
they strike it above to render it firm. This layer being
made of earth and of sticks the length of the dam, they
add sticks and then earth on top as before, and go on
extending it always in height. The side to the water,
in proportion as it rises, is lined with earth, which they
place there to fill up the holes which the sticks might
have made. In proportion as they deposit this earth,
they place their posterior end on the edge of the dam,
so that the tail hangs down; then raising the tail they
strike against the earth to flatten it, and to make it
enter towards the water, so as to keep that from possi-
bility of entering. They even place there two or three
layers of earth, one upon another, beating it from time
to time with the tail, so that the water cannot pass
through their dam. When they are beating like that
with their tails, they can be heard for a league in the
woods."
In addition to the translation, and an exact
reprint of the original text of Denys's book,
Dr. Ganong furnishes a very full bibliography
of material bearing on Denys, to which Mr.
Victor H. Paltsits has added a bibliographical
description of the original work. All the maps
22
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1,
and plates of the original, as well as those of
the Dutch translation of 1788, are reproduced
here, as well as a number of maps drawn by
Dr. Ganong to illustrate the topography of the
narrative, and photographs of the sites of
Denyss establishments at Port Rossignol,
La Have, Chedabucto, Saint Peters, Miscou,
and Nepisguit. Lawrence J. Burpee.
Briefs on New Books.
The teacher
and the taught.
Although Professor George Herbert
Palmer has chosen " The Teacher "
as title for the collection of educa-
tional essays and addresses — twelve of his own and
four of Mrs. Palmer's — which he issues (through
the Houghton Mifflin Co. ), he possesses to such a
degree that essential quality of the good teacher,
vicariousness, that he has made his book almost
as attractive and useful to the learner as to the
instructor. Especially interesting to the general
seeker for knowledge are his chapters on " Self-
Cultivation in English," " Specialization," " Doubts
about University Extension," " The Glory of the
Imperfect," '' A Teacher of the Olden Time," and
" College Expenses." Even his paper on " The
Ideal Teacher " and the two discussing the elective
system as in use at Harvard are readable as well as
professionally important and valuable. It is note-
worthy that this teacher of ethics is opposed to the
formal teaching of ethics in schools ; the dissection
of conduct and motives he very sensibly holds to
be fruitful of nothing but morbid self-consciousness
and moral indecision, in the young. " I declare,"
he says, "at times when I see the ravages which
conscientiousness works in our New England stock,
I wish these New Englanders had never heard moral
distinctions mentioned. Better their vices than their
virtues. The wise teacher will extirpate the first
sproutings of the weed ; for a weed more difficult
to extirpate when grown there is not. We run a
serious risk of implanting it in our children when
we undertake their class instruction in ethics." Yet
he would have all teaching, in the best and largest
sense, ethical — instilling, unintrusively, right prin-
ciples of thought and feeling and action. His " ideal
teacher " is " big, bounteous, and unconventional,"
and is also endowed with the following four funda-
mental qualities, — an aptitude for vicariousness, an
already accumulated wealth, an ability to invigorate
life through knowledge, and a readiness to be for-
gotten. The four papers from Mrs. Alice Freeman
Palmer's pen — three of them reprinted from pe-
riodicals and the fourth taken from the short-hand
report of an address — will make the reader share
Professor Palmer's regret that his gifted wife did
not oftener give literary expression to her thoughts
and ideals. The entire volume has a breadth of
view and of interest and a charm of style such as
few books on education possess.
Some months ago the cable that
r^eS?ml. transmits just and unjust things
alike, brought the news that Sir
Oliver Lodge had proved by scientific evidence the
immortality of the soul. The more complete accounts
in the English press reflected what had really been
said more soberly, but sufficiently corroborated the
trend of it all to explain the cruder interpretation.
There is accordingly a considerable interest in the
volume which has just been issued by Messrs.
Moffat, Yard & Co., with the title " Science and
Immortality." The book is divided into four dis-
tinct parts : the first is concerned with science and
faith ; the second with ecclesiastical problems of
worship and service in the Church of England ; the
third with the problem of immortality; the fourth
with the relations of science and Christianity. It
thus appears that Sir Oliver Lodge as a layman is
particularly interested in the church and in religions
matters ; that he is abundantly persuaded of the
truth and value of a liberal religious belief ; that he
is desirous to rationalize his faith with his scientific
view of the material universe ; that he recognizes as
equally real and equally a part of the order of nature
the inner spiritual life, which must once more be
harmonized with the more objective uniformities of
nature and which must be made significant in con-
nection with the historical unf oldment of the religions
of men, and notably of Christianity. All this is
clearly stated, and will carry conviction, or fail to
do so, largely according to the proclivities and con-
victions of the reader. There is nothing notably
new in the way of argument, and much of it comes
suspiciously near to what may be termed special
pleading. Thus, returning to the report of the
proof of immortality, it appears that the author is
already convinced of it on the grounds of faith, and
yet is sympathetic to such additional truths as may
come from seeming non-conformities and transcend-
ings of ordinary experience in the way of telepathy
and spiritual communications. In all this he quotes
approvingly from Myers, and sets before us once
more the combination within one mind of a man
carrying on rigorous impersonal research by one
set of methods and standards of evidence, and yet
equally engaging in another in which he gives ad-
herence to quite different orders of probabilities.
As a personal attitude, this is interesting and legiti-
mate ; what is unfortunate is that the reputation of
the physicist should become subtly involved in the
personal predilections of the man of faith.
,, . , The two closing: volumes of Professor
Venice at _^ ^.r i ,•» ., -it • » /■»«•
the coming Pompeo Molmenti s " Venice ( Mc-
0/ Napoleon. Clurg) deal with Venetian life in the
age of decadence. The account covers the period
from the middle of the sixteenth century to the fall
of the republic in 1797, an age of much splendor and
outward magnificence, of vast activities and many
real triumphs, but also a period of positive decline
in commerce, in industry, in military efficiency, and
in moral strength. Consequently, when Napoleon
1909.]
THE DIAL
23
appeared in northern Italy all power of resistance was
gone and the terrified patricians hastily abdicated.
In his essay on the fall of the republic (the closing
chapter of the work) the author appears to believe
that the city should have refused to yield to the
Corsican ; but the story of general decline that runs
through every chapter in these two volumes is likely
to convince the reader that aU resistance would have
been useless. While the author admits that Vene-
tian weakness was in large measure due to decay of
character, external factors, he believes, were respon-
sible to a far greater extent. The discovery of new
trade routes diverted the Oriental trade to other
ports ; the competition of England and Holland
ruined Venetian commerce in the north and the
west ; incessant wars with the Turks in the Archi-
pelago consumed the vigor and the resources of the
state. Of the increasing helplessness, the rulers
were keenly conscious ; the motion for the abolition
of the old regime came from the doge himself; of
the five hundred and thirty-seven patricians present
at the final meeting of the Great Council, " only
twenty voted against the sacrifice of their country ;
five abstained." In general, the plan followed in
these volumes is the same as in the earlier ones :
the treatment is topical and descriptive, not chrono-
logical and narrative. They have all the excellences
of the earlier parts, and also share in their defects ;
but these have been discussed in earlier issues of this
journal (see The Dial for July 16, 1907, and Jan-
uary 16, 1908), and need not be recounted here.
However, after all possible points of adverse criti-
cism have been urged, the fact remains that in no
other work is the student of Italian society likely to
find so clear, vivid, and exhaustive a discussion of
Venetian life, both public and private, as in these
six volumes by Professor Molmenti. For the pub-
lishers' part in the production of this work no critic
can have anything but the highest praise : rarely
does one find a set of books in which artistic effort
is evident to such a high degree. The beautiful
binding, the clear type, and the numerous illustra-
tions give the publishers an undoubted right to claim
that this set is " in every respect a monumental piece
of bookmaking."
Life in a Books about the Civil War continue
Border city, to multiply, and for many of them
in war-time. ^YiQve is genuine need. The recent
war books of greatest worth are those volumes of
reminiscences by civilian participators in the con-
flict — the women and the non-combatant men. To
this class belongs Dr. Galusha Anderson's " Story of
a Border City during the Civil War " (Little, Brown
& Co.). Dr. Anderson was a Baptist minister in
St. Louis from 1858 to 1866 ; his work is based on
his own recollections, on the published writings of
others, and on the material in the great War Records
collection. The list of subjects treated is compre-
hensive and attractive. As a story of life in a Border
State city, the book is valuable. It is easily the best
and most comprehensive account we have of the
peculiar conditions in such a community, and much
of it would apply to conditions that existed in the
other Border States. The story holds the attention
from beginning to end. It tells how a city strongly
Southern in sentiment was held by force in the
Union ; how Unionism was strengthened ; how the
neutral and indifferent were converted into Union-
ists; how the people were divided in religious,
social, and political matters. Dr. Anderson makes
it clear that it was the German element in Missouri
which saved the State to the Union. One of the
best things in the volume is the account of the psy-
chological influences brought to bear by the Union-
ists upon the members of the Convention of 1861.
The writer aims to be impartial, and is certainly not
bitter ; but he never sees, probably never saw, the
other side of the case. On all that concerns the
troubles in the churches, the fight over secession,
the question of slavery, of partisan politics, of the
bitter feelings that resulted from the many contro-
versies of the time, he is wholly partisan ; he simply
states one side, and appears never to have heard of
any other. This causes his text to give the impres-
sion that the Unionists of Missouri, though in con-
trol of the state and of the city, were continuously
persecuted by the Confederate sympathizers; and
also makes it appear, although without intention, that
the Southern women were frequently coarse, brutal,
and at times addicted to the use of profanity. The
work is worth much as a source which the historian
may later make use of. Its onesidedness may be
offset by the opposite bias of Confederate memoirs.
The most direct method of acquiring a
^ur colleges'^ pessimistic attitude towards the value
of American education is to attend a
few teachers' meetings. A vaguely enthusiastic
audience responds, with a zeal mistaken for loyalty,
to a wildly extravagant laudation of the teacher's
calling, or to an oratorically brilliant and empty
appraisal of education as a panacea for all ills —
except apparently this vain exhibition of the futility
of it all. It is accordingly with a very unusual
cordiality that one greets the little volume by Mr.
Abraham Flexner, <' The American College : A
Criticism " (The Century Co.). For it contains a
serious, large-viewed survey of what is really going
on in school and college, a sober appreciation of
what education may be expected to do, a sane per-
spective of values amid the practical possibilities of
the situation, and a clear appraisal of the merits and
defects of current institutions. The emphasis is
consistently placed upon the college — not the
specialist's university — as the institution best
adapted to carry the young man (and young woman)
across the most vital period of his formative career
and secure for him the realization of his capabilities
and their proper training for efficiency. Mr,
Flexner finds that the American college " is peda-
gogically deficient, and unnecessarily deficient, alike
in earnestness and in intelligence ; that in conse-
quence our college students are, and for the most part
24
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1,
Evolution
upside down.
emerge, flighty, superficial, and immature, lacking,
as a class, concentration, seriousness, and thorough-
ness." The elective system in its unrestrained
form is held accountable for some of this, the ab-
sence of clearly conceived ideals on the part of those
in charge of education for more, and the false strain-
ing in behalf of graduate study, and the general
tendency to look to numbers, statistical growth, and
administrative success, for other aspects of the gen-
eral failure. Lack of good teaching is recognized
as at once a cause and an effect of the wrong em-
phasis of things. " Emphasis of the teaching motive
will put an end to commercialism. Efficient teaching
is utterly irreconcilable with numerical and commer-
cial standards of success." Diagnosis is the first con-
dition of scientific treatment. Mr. FJexner's analysis
is essentially of this type ; yet he is not without rem-
edies, which he prescribes discerningly. The whole
forms an admirable and timely criticism of an im-
portant factor in the American problem, and one
upon which a good deal more remains to be said and
to be thought and done.
When one takes up a book dealing
with man and with evolution, the no-
tion in his mind is that the discussion
will in general be about what evolution has done or
is doing for man. The attitude of Mr. Tyler's
" Man in the Light of Evolution " (Appleton) is the
exact opposite of this. It concerns itself with what
man is doing for evolution! We are told (p. 188)
that " Man's share and work in the process of
evolution is the higher development and complete
supremacy of the moral and religious powers, just as
it was the business of the worm to develop viscera
and of the lower vertebrates to add new muscles and
motor nerve centers." This sentence strikes the
keynote of the constructive (sociological) portion of
the book. It well illustrates the author's unique
outlook on organic evolution. Organisms play a
very active part in their own evolution. In illus-
tration of this curious attitude the following passage
(p. 28), typical of what occurs throughout the book,
is worth quoting : "Worms lifted life to a plane far
higher than that of coelenterates. After their
appearance only muscular and seeing forms could
hope to play any leading part in the world. They
developed weapons of offense and defense. Life
became harder, the struggle more severe, competi-
tion more marked and harsh. A strong, tough,
agile, alert body was to be developed. Worms led
the way toward this. But they had only begun to
utilize and realize the possibilities of the muscular
system. As soon as this and the visceral organs
needed for its support and service had been fairly
started, the worm began to experiment in building
a skeleton." It seems almost inconceivable that it
was intended that this sort of crude anthropomor-
phism should be taken seriously. Yet if it is meant
only for a figurative mode of presentation, the facil-
ity exhibited by the author in long-sustained indirect
and figurative discourse might well be envied by a
Chinese potentate. The book is a curious mixture
of about equal parts of, first, the sort of biology in-
dicated in the passages quoted; second, a very thin
and innutritious social philosophy ; and third, per-
fervid religious enthusiasm. It cannot be regarded
as a particularly significant contribution to the
literature of evolution.
The domestic "The Family Letters of Christina
of Christina Georgina Rossetti ' ' ( Scribner ) , edited
Rossetti. by her brother, Mr. William Michael
Rossetti, reveal, as the editor says in his preface, " a
beautiful and lovable character." The substance of
the letters, in truth, is slight ; and of the style noth-
ing can be said except that it is simple, unaffected,
sisterly, and daughterly, in tone. Little of import-
ance is to be gained from the collection that is not
already known ; but excuse for publishing, if any be
needed, may be found herein, that, as the Preface
declares, " Christina Rossetti, by her work in poetry
and authorship, made herself interesting to a great
number of persons ; and that anything which tends
to show forth her genuine self, her personality and
tone of mind and feeling, cannot therefore be totally
insignificant. Nothing could evince these more per-
fectly than her family-letters do." Supplemented
by a few letters to persons outside the family, by
some addressed to herself (by Dante Gabriel, by
Swinburne, Cayley, and others), and by extracts
from her diary, the correspondence fills an octavo
volume, which is further provided with appropriate
portraits, views of houses, facsimiles, and other illus-
trative matter. A useful index, too, is added. A
random quotation from a letter to " my dear Gabriel "
(dated August, 1880) may serve to close this brief
notice. " Startling, portentous, quasi incredible is
the climax of Lady Burdett Coutts's noble life. Can
such ends come of such beginnings ? If so, may I
never have gift, grace, or glamour, to woo me a hus-
band not half my age ! ! I I had heard of the intended
marriage, though I knew not whether truly reported :
but of the disparity of years I had not an inkling.
All amazements pale before this."
Th d -s '^^^ contrast of nature and nurture
ofovercaring — the biological forces that shape
for the health. q„j. ends, rough-hew them as we will
— appears nowhere more characteristically than in
the making or marring of health. To keep well and
sane, shall we let ourselves fall back upon a tem-
pered inclination, or struggle thoughtfully to regu-
late our ways in obedience to a system? Are we
more likely to succeed by reason or by instinct ? Dr.
Woods Hutchinson is a naturalist, not an artificialist.
In his thesis entitled " Instinct and Heath " (Dodd,
Mead & Co.) the two are one. He is a bold and
incisive advocate, and his strokes tell. Like all his
kind, he frequently overstates his own side of the
case, thereby missing the benefit of the confidence
that goes out to the moderate, and bringing upon
himself the suspicion of less thorough command of
his data than is essential to an authoritative wisdom.
1909.]
THE DIAii
25
Yet it is equally pertinent to remember that his aim
is practical and his appeal a popular one. His knife
is out for fads and superstitions, prejudices, and
the over-zealous regimen. Diets are as apt to make
dyspeptics as to help them. Pleasant things are not
inherently noxious, as our Puritanic or proverbial
misconceptions lay down, but are in the main pleas-
ant because they are in accord with nature ; pleasure
is the stamp of approval that nature gives them as
their reward. Early rising may be economically
desirable, but physiologically it is better to sleep all
you can. While one man's meat is another's poison,
it is so mainly in exceptional instances. For the
average man meat is jast what he needs, and its
place cannot be taken by any of the substitutes for
food. Appetite, reaction, cheer, unconcern, these
are the signs of health and vigor ; they are normal,
and to be trusted. All this is sound doctrine, most
forcibly inculcated. It is a good thing to have so
much of this side of the health question popularized,
as against the endless systems that claim in a single
experience to establish the falsity of generations of
instinctive wisdom. Dr. Hutchinson's prescriptions
may be freely taken, though the prudent will add their
own dose of salt. . .
jprom Hampton M'*' Franklin Matthews's vivacious
Roads to the account of our Atlantic fleet's recent
Golden Gate. cruise from Hampton Roads over the
waters of two oceans to San Francisco, as contained
in letters sent from the fleet itself to the New York
" Sun " (and printed simultaneously in various other
newspapers throughout the country), is now pub-
lished in attractive book form, under the title, " With
the Battle Fleet" (Huebsch). Four of Mr. Henry
Reuterdahl's drawings of the fleet are reproduced
from '' Collier's Weekly," and a few illustrations
from photographs are added. As is already widely
known, Mr. Matthews does not in this narrative
confine himself to a bald statement of facts ; he
clothes the skeleton of more important events with
the flesh and blood of humor and fancy, of human-
nature study and portrayal, of bright conversation
and vivid description. Among his most successful
chapters are the one describing the ceremonies
attending the crossing of the equator ; that relating
the passage through Magellan Strait; the unex-
pectedly amusing description, from the mouth of a
boatswain's mate, of a bull fight in Peru ; and the
account of the social life on a man-of-war. All those
who like sea-yarns, and probably some who are not
especially fond of them, will enjoy the book.
J>ramatic ^^" Charles H. Caffin furnishes the
principles for sixth volume of the well-known
thepiavvoer. "Appreciation Series" (Baker &
Taylor Co.). It is entitled "The Appreciation of
the Drama," and aims to deduce from the experi-
ence of the past and the present certain necessary
principles that will form a basis of critical appre-
ciation, on which the playgoer may establish his own
judgment. He treats of the psychology of the
audience, the plastic and pictorial stage, the actor
and the play, the genesis and development of a plot,
etc. The salient points in the general history of the
drama are lucidly presented with practical succinct-
ness. Mr. Caffin points out that the American
dramatist shows a tendency to be an opportunist,
to take advantage of some theme uppermost in the
public mind and to treat it from the point of view
of the man in the street (witness "The Lion and
the Mouse" and "The Witching Hour"). He
believes that when the truly characteristic American
drama arrives it will be distinguished by largeness
of outlook and treatment, by the equivalent of that
spirit which has opened up the West and has raised
the material and political importance of the country
to its present height ; that it will be essentially a
drama of liberty — viewing the problems that it pre-
sents in relation to the national idea of equal chances
for all, and with an independence of judgment that
has in it something of prophetic vision.
BRIEFER MENTION.
" Writings of American Statesmen " is the title of a
new series of books to be edited by Professor Lawrence
B. Evans, and published by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
If we may judge from the volume of " Writings of
George Washington " which now inaugurates the series,
this enterprise gives much promise of usefulness. Most
of the statesmen to be included already exist in " Works,"
but in this form are too voluminous for either the ordinary
library or the average student. Such a selection as is
now to be provided will do much to extend acquaintance
with a department of American literature too often
ignored because of the mass of its material. Each vol-
ume of the new series will include three classes of
matter: first, those documents which are of themselves
important state papers ; second, accounts of important
events in which the writer participated ; and, third, papers
expressing the opinions of their writers upon public ques-
tions of importance. In the case of the Washington
volume, this three-fold purpose seems to be very satis-
factorily accomphshed.
" The American as He Is," by Dr. Nicholas Murray
Butler, is a small volume published by the Macmillan
Co. Its contents consist of three lectures given a few
weeks ago before the University of Copenhagen, in
pursuance of the exchange arrangement recently made
between Danish and American professors. The lectures
are neatly dedicated to the University before which
they were delivered, an institution " whose beneficent
activity began before America was discovered." The
lectures consider the American in his three-fold char-
acter of a political, social, and intellectual being, and
are characterized by breadth of treatment and a clean-
cut style. To draw, in large lines, a picture of that
part of present-day civilization which the world knows
as American is the avowed aim of the writer, and he
reaches it with marked success. The closing sentence
of his brief introduction is pregnant with meaning :
" For a genuine understanding of the government and
of the intellectual and moral temper of the people of
the United States, one must know thoroughly and
well the writings and speeches of three Americans, —
Alexander Hamilton, Abraham Lincoln, and Ralph
Waldo Emerson."
26
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1,
Notes.
" The Romance of American Expansion," by Mr. H.
Addington Bruce, which has been appearing in " The
Outlook " during the past year, will be published in book
form early in 1909.
" English Composition," by Professors Franklin T.
Baker and Herbert V. Abbott, is a small text-book for
the first years of high school work, published by Messrs.
Henry Holt & Co.
Mr. Charles Frederick Carter is soon to publish a
book entitled " When Railroads Were New," which tells
the full story of our first railroads with much picturesque
detail. The illustrations will be a special feature.
A pretty little anthology of love poems is compiled
by Miss Emily W. Maynadier, and entitled " A Perfect
Strength " ( " Are not two prayers a perfect strength ? ") .
The booklet is published by Messrs. John W. Luce & Co.
The Francis D. Tandy Co. publish a little book, edited
by Mr. Tandy, devoted to " An Anthology of the Epi-
grams and Sayings of Abraham Lincoln." There are
upwards of two hundred brief passages, collected from
various sources.
" Country Walks about Florence," by Mr. Edward
Hutton, is a charming little book of description, with
many illustrations, by a writer who has many times
proved his fitness to write of things Italian. Messrs.
Charles Scribner's Sons are the publishers.
Mr. H. G. Wells's new novel, " Tono-Bungay," will
be published in book form on January 16. " Tono-
Bungay " is the third real novel that Mr. Wells has
produced. He has had it in hand and worked at it inter-
mittently ever since the publication of " Kipps " in 1905.
Miss Mary Garden, in " The Tumbler of Our Lady,"
is attracting much attention from New Yorkers this
winter. Massenet s opera is based on a quaint mediieval
legend of which a translation by Miss Lucy Kemp Welch
has been published recently in Messrs. Duffield's " New
Mediaeval Library."
" The Emmanuel Movement, Its Principles, Methods
and Results," is announced for spring publication by
Messrs. Moffat, Yard & Co. The authors are Drs.
El wood Worcester and Samuel McComb, some of
whose lectures recently given in New York City will
form a part of the work.
The dramatic rights of " A Little Brother of the
Rich " have been acquired by Messrs. Liebler & Co.,
of New York, who have already arranged with the
Grand Opera House of Chicago to stage the play for
the first time at that theatre on January 18 next. Mr.
Patterson will dramatize the novel himself.
A new book by the author of that delightful volume,
" Confessio Medici," is announced by The Macmillan
Co. The title is "Faith and Works of Christian
Science," and the various chapters will deal with such
subjects as The Reality of Nature, Disease and Pain,
Common Sense and Christian Science, and Authority
and Christian Science.
Messrs. Gmn & Co. publish for the " International
School of Peace " a valuable work containing the " Texts
of the Peace Conferences at The Hague, 1899 and
1907." The texts are given in French and English (in
parallel columns), and certain related documents, such
as the Geneva Convention and the United States Articles
of War, are given in an appendix. The work is edited
by Mr. James Brown Scott, and prefaced by Mr. Elihu
W. Root.
As the date of the Lincoln centenary approaches,
interest in everything connected with Lincoln's life
increases. An important historical study annoimced for
early publication is "The Assassination of Abraham
Lincoln," by Mr. David M. DeWitt, whose scholarly
work on " The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew
Johnson " is known to historical students.
An additional volume in the " Authentic Edition " of
the writings of Charles Dickens is entitled "Miscel-
laneous Papers," and is published by Messrs. Charles
Scribner's Sons. The contents of this volume consist of
contributions to various newspapers and magazines, now
brought together by Mr. B. W. Matz, and filling a vol-
ume of over seven hundred closely-printed pages.
James Dennistoun's "Memoirs of the Dukes of
Urbino " has long been a standard work, but has for
many years been unprocurable except from the dealers
in second-hand books. No apology is needed for the
handsome new edition, in three volumes, which has been
edited and amiotated by that approved lover of Italy, Mr.
Edward Hutton. The John Lane Co. publish this work.
The Oliver Ditson Co. send us the first of two volumes
of " Piano Compositions " by Louis Moreau Gottschalk,
with a biographical sketch by Mr. William Arms Fisher.
Here we have « The Last Hope," " The Maiden's Blush,"
" The Dying Poet," and a dozen others of the sentimental
pieces so familiar to the last genei'ation, and so vastly
better than the " popular " music upon which the young
people of to-day are surfeited.
The first fruits of the labors of the recently organized
Concordance Society come to us in "AConcordance to the
English Poems of Thomas Gray," edited by Professor
Albert S. Cook, and published by the Houghton Mifflin
Co. The volume is of moderate compass, and its early
appearance has been made possible by the friendly col-
laboration of a dozen or more scholars who have made
the excerpts and read the proofs.
The popularity of Mr. George P. Upton's handbook,
" The Standard Operas," is evidenced by the announce-
ment of the publishers that they are just putting to
press the fifth printing of the new illustrated edition.
This edition was first issued in October, 1896, at which
time the book was entirely rewritten and illustrations
added. The work originally was published in 1885, was
revised in 1896, then reset in 1906, and the present is the
twenty-fourth edition of the book since the beginning.
The Champlain Society of Toronto has decided to
undertake, with Mr. H. P. Biggar as editor, a transla-
tion of the complete works of Champlain, and at the
same time to reprint the French text. The whole
work will run to four considerable volumes. Mr.
Biggar is known as the author of " The Early Trading
Companies of New France," and other historical works.
The pubhcations of the Society are in limited editions
of 500 copies — 250 for members and 250 for subscrib-
ing libraries.
Following up the success of Dr. Walton's "Why
Worry ? " which has gone through five editions in six
months, the Messrs. Lippincott expect to publish this
month another volume on an allied subject by Dr.
J. A. Mitchell. It will be called " Self Help for the
Nei-vous." Among the outdoor books planned by the
same publishers for the spring season are " The Home
Garden," a new volume by Mr. Eben E. Rexford,
author of " Four Seasons in the Garden," and a book
on the subject of wild flowers by Dr. George L. Walton,
author of " Why Worry."
1909.]
THE DIAL
27
Topics in Leading PERiomcAt,s.
January, 1909.
Advertisement. Edward 8. Martin. Atlantic.
Affinities of History, Famous — I. Lyndon Orr. Munsey.
Alexander, J. W., Mural Decorations of. W. Walton. Scribtier.
Alexis, Nord, and His Negro Republic. G.J. M.Simons. Munsey.
American Art, — Is it a Betrayal ? L. H. Sullivan. Craftsman.
American Art : Its Future. Birgre Harrison. No. American.
Am. Democracy and Corporate Reform. R. R. Reed. Atlantic.
American Painters in Paris, Some New. C. H. Caflfin. Harper.
American Politics, Passing of the Reactionary in. Munsey.
American Tariff-Making. Canada and. Review of Reviews.
Automobile Racers and their Achievements. M. Irving. Putnam..
Baedeker, The New — VI. Bookmau.
Balaclava, Battle of. Robert Shackleton. Harper.
Balestrieri, Lionello, Art of. Charles H. Caffin. Metropolitan.
Balkan States : Europe's Storm-Centre. Munsey.
Balzac in Brittany. W. H. Helm. Putnam.
Benguet Road, Building the. A. W. Page. World's Work.
Big Families, — What they Mean to Nations. WorliVs Work.
Bleaching and Dyeing Foods. E. H. S. Bailey. Popular Science.
Blind Spot, The. Edwin L. Sabin. Lippincott.
Botanists, St. Louis— II. Perley Spaulding. Popular Science.
Budding Girl, The. G. Stanley Hall. Appleton.
Buffalo, Last of the. J. 0. Jacobs. World's Work.
Caine, Hall. Autobiography of — V. Appleton.
California Paradoxes. Frances A. Doughty. Putnam.
Campaign-Fund Publicity. Perry Belmont. North Am.erican .
Canadian Manufacturers. E. Porritt. North American.
Chemistry and Medicine, Modern. T. W. Richards. Atlantic.
Church, The, and Scholarship. Shailer Mathews. World To-day.
Civic Betterment, NewCampaignfor. P.N. Kellogg. Rev.ofRex-s.
Cleveland, Grover, at Princeton. Andrew F. West. Century.
Commercialism. J. J. Stevenson. Pojndar Science.
Conti, Cesare : Italian- American Hustler. Outing.
Converse, F. S.: Composer. F. W. Cobum. World To-day.
Cornwall, England, Land's End at. Arthur Symons. Harper.
Country Local Improvement Societies. E. E. Rexford. Outing.
Cowboy, Photographing the. H. P. Steger. World's Work.
Crested Robber, The. Charles L. Bull. Cosmopolitan.
Darwin, Poetry and Science in. B. Titchener. Popular 8cie7ice.
Desert Lineaments. C. R. Keyes. Popular Science.
Dlwan of Ahmed Ased-Ullah of Damascus. N.Duncan. Harper.
Doctor, New Mission of the. Ray S. Baker. American.
Elizabethan Drama, New Books on. W. A. Neilson. Atlantic.
Employers' Liability. Prank W. Lewis. Atlantic.
Empress Dowager of China, A Visit to the. World To-day.
England from an American Viewpoint — I. Scribner.
England's Unemployed, Salvation Army and. Rev. of Revs.
English in Singing, The Use of. Francis Rogers. Scribner.
English Examples at Metropolitan Art Museum. Scribner.
Farm Brook, Power from the. Donald C. Shafer. Rev. of Revs.
Farmer whose Son is Also a Farmer. E.Berwick. World's Work.
Fifteenth Amendment. M. F. Morris. North American.
Fire Waste, Our Shameless. S. H. Adams. Everybody's.
Florida: A Winter Playground. Kirk Munroe. Outing.
Flying-Machine: Key to World Control. Metropolitan.
Flying Machines, Modern. Maximilian Foster. Everybody's.
Germany, The Crisis in. Harry Thurston Peck. Munsey.
Germany, The Year in. William C. Dreher. Atlantic.
Gospel for the Rich, The. Charles F. Aked. Appleton.
GospelsofLindau: Famous Jeweled Book. G.Teall. Cosmopolitan
Graft in San Francisco, People's War against. World To-day.
Great Blue Heron, The, and his Neighbors. H.R.Sass. Atlantic.
Guinness, Mrs. Benjamin. R. H. Totherington. Munsey.
Haystack, A $20,000,000. F. G. Moorhead. Outing.
Haytian President, Setting Up a New. D. Buffum. Outing.
Hetch-Hetchy Valley. John Muir. Century.
Horses, Wild. Will C. Barnes. McClure.
Hughes, Charles E. William S. Bridgman. Munsey.
Humor, Every Man in his. H. W. Boynton. Putnam.
Industrial Education, Need for. M. I. MacDonald. Craftsman .
Ireland, The New — IX. Sydney Brooks. North A merican.
Italian Immigrants of Tontitown. J.L.Mathews. Everybody's.
Kennedy, Charles R., Two Plays by. E. L. Cary. Atlantic.
Labor,— How it Will Absorb Capital. A. Carnegie. World's Work.
Life Insurance Legislation. W. J. Graham. World To-day.
Life Insurance Policies for Special Purposes. World's Work.
Lincoln and Darwin. A. Sherwood. World's Work.
Lindsey, Judge, Campaigning for. World To-day.
Lions that Stopped a Railroad — III. World'* Work.
Literature. The New. Atlantic.
Matrimony, A School for. F. W. Crowninshield. Appleton.
Meat, A New, for the Millions. Eleanor Gat€8. American.
Milk, Fermented, Effect of. C. A. Herter. Popular Science.
Milton. George A. Gordon. Atlantic. .
Milton, The Many-Sided. H. T. Peck. Cosm,opolitan.
Mission Bungalow in Calf omia, A. H. L. Gaut. Craftsman.
Mommsen and Ferrero. H. T. Peck. Bookman.
Mortality of Overweights and Underweights. McClure.
Mount Huasoaran, First Ascent of. Annie S. Peck. Harper.
Muck-Raking Trust, Horrors of the. J. L. Ford. Appleton.
Musician, The, as a Money-Maker. L. M. Isaacs. Bookman.
National Art, Progress in Our. Robert Henri. Craftsman.
National Life, New Order in Our. W. A. White. American.
National Mind Cure, Practicing. World To-day.
National Societies, Foreign Associates of. Popular Science.
Navajo Sheep-Herder, A. N. C. Wyeth. Scribner.
Naval Administration, Our. G.W.Melville. North Am,erican.
New England's Method of Assimilating the Alien. Putnam.
New Year's Resolutions, On Making. Lippincott.
" New York Sun," The. Will Irwin. American.
Norton, Charles Eliot. Barrett Wendell. Atlantic.
Old Salem Ships and Sailors — XII. R. D. Paine. Outing.
Opera, Nationalism in. Katharine Roof. Craftsman.
Opium Question. Britannicus. North American.
Orange Grove, In a. E. P. Powell. Outitig.
Pacific Coast Old Village, A. Clifton Johnson. Outing.
Panama, Reminiscences of Past Centuries in. Putnam.
Paris, He St. Louis of. Frances W. Huard. Scribner.
Pearl, Quest of the. C. Bryson Taylor. Everybody's.
Penal Code, Our First National. G.Sutherland. No. American.
Petroleum of the United States. D. T. Day. Rev. of Revs.
Philippine Teachers' Vacation Assembly. World To-day.
Pinchot, Gifford : Forester. He wett Thomas. Review of Reviews.
Playwright, The, and his Players. Brander Matthews. Scribner.
Poe. W. C. Brownell. Scribner.
Poe, Edgar Allan. Morris Bacheller. Munsey.
Poe, Edgar Allan. George L. Knapp. Lippincott.
Poe and Mrs. Whitman. Century.
Poe as a Critic. Sherwin Cody. Putnam.
Poe and Secret Writing. Firmin Dredd. Bookman.
Poe from an English Point of View. Norman Douglas. Putnam.
Poe in Society. Eugene L. Didier. Bookman.
Poe's Lost Poem. John H. Ingram. Bookman.
Poet of the Shadows, The. Agnes Lee. North American.
Portsmouth Treaty, The. General Kuropatkin. McClure.
Postal Savings-Banks, Need of. G. V. L. Meyer. Rev. of Revs.
Potsdam, Picturesque. R. H. Schauflfler. Centtiry.
Presidential Election, Meaning of the. C. A. Conant. A tlantic.
Prosperity, Advance Agent of. C. M. Keys. World's Work.
Puerto Rico, Colorful. Roy M. Mason. Outing.
Physiology Class, My. Margaret Doolittle. Appleton.
Reclamation Service, The. Forbes Lindsay. Craftsman.
Retrospect, The. Ada Cambridge. Atlantic.
Roosevelt's Opportunity. D. S. Miller. Popular Science.
Root, Elihu : World Statesman. Walter Wellman. Rev. of Revs.
Rudovitz Extradition Case, The. S.N.Harper. World To-day.
Saint-Gaudens, Augustus : Reminiscences of. Century.
Saloon-Keeper's Experience and Observations. McClure.
Sand, George, and De Musset, Letters of — II. Metropolitan.
Schneider, Otto J. : Etcher. Arthur Hoeber. Cosmopolitan.
School and Family. J. McK. Cattell. Popular Science.
Schools, Outdoor. C. Hanford Henderson. World's Work.
Shaler, Nathaniel 8., Autobiography of — I. Atlantic.
Shipsin Millet's Mural Decorations. Leila Mechlin. Craftsman.
" Shipwrecker," The, and his Work. A. W. Rolker. Appleton.
Silks, Dyeing of. Charles Pellew. Craftsman.
Six-Shooter, The American. Emerson Hough. Outing.
Smithsonian Institution. C.M.Blackford. North American.
Snake Bite Remedies. R. L. Ditmars. Outing.
South, The Solid. Hannis Taylor. North American .
Spanish Corks of San Feliu de Guixols. World To-<lay.
Spencer, Herbert, Career of. L. P. Ward. Popular Science.
Stage, Appeal of the. J. L. Ford. McClure.
St«venson, Some Rare Glimpses of . Bailey Millard. Bookman.
Stout and Thin, Mysteries of. Eustace Miles. Metropolitan.
Strathcona, Lord, and Mount Royal. Outing.
Strobeck, Chess-playing Village of. World To-day.
Suggestion, About. James J. Walsh. Appleton.
Summer Cottage in the Ohio Woods. E.A.Roberts. Craftsman.
Swinburne and the Elizabethans. P. V. Keys. North American.
Tariff Revision and the Trusts. Herbert E. Miles. Rev. of Revs.
Tariff Revision, Hon. J. A. Tawney on. Review of Reviews.
Technical Education, Cooperative Cures in. World To-day.
Trees, Surgical Treatment of Our. C. A.Sidman. World To-ilay .
Tropical Island, Town, and River. Marr ion Wilcox. Putnam.
Truant Boy, Reform for the. Charles Harcourt. Craftsman.
Trust, The Benevolent. John D. Rockefeller. World's Work.
Utah's White Canyon. John F. Cargill. World To-day.
Venezuela. The Real. G. P. Blackiston. World To-day.
Victoria, Queen — I. Mrs. S. C. Stevenson. Century.
Water-Power. State Control of. C. E. Lakeman. Rev. of Revs.
28
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1,
West, Opportunities of the. Henry P. Cope. World To-dav.
Whistler, The Pennell Biogrraphy of. H. S. Morris. Uppincott.
Whitman's Early Life on Long Island. W. Steell. Munsey-
Woman, Problem of the Intellectual. Avierican.
Woman, The Inconsequential American. M. H. Vorse. Appleton.
Woman's Position — I. Duchess of Marlborough. No. American.
Women of the West, Pioneer. Agnes C. Laut. Outing.
Women who Work— III. W. Hard and R. C. Dorr. Everybody^t.
World's Beginnings. The. Robert K. Duncan. Harper.
Zangwill, Israel. Clarence Rook. Putnam.
liiST OF New Books.
[The following list, containing 86 titles, includes books
received by The Dial since its last issue.]
BIOQBAFHT AND BEHINISCENCES.
The Story of My Life : Recollections and Reflections. By
Ellen Terry. Illus., 8vo, pp. 407. McClure Co. $3.50 net.
Jolm Pettie, K..A., H.B..S.A. By Martin Hardie, B.A. Illus.
in color, large 8vo. pp. 278. Macmillan Co. |6, net.
Pierre Le Toumeur. By Mary Gertrude Cusbing, Ph.D.
12mo. pp. 317. Macmillan Co. $1.50 net.
BecoUeotions of a New England Educator, 1838-1908. By
William A. Mowry. Illus., 12mo, pp. 292. Silver, Burdett
& Co. $1.50 net.
HISTORY.
The Conquest of the Qreat Northwest. By Agnes C. Laut.
In 2 vols., illus., 8vo. Outing Publishing Co. $5. net.
The Mystery of the Pinckney Draught. By Charles C.
Nott. 8vo. pp. 334. Century Co. $2. net.
The Sloops of the Hudson. By William E. Verplanck and
Moses W. CoUyer. Illus., 12mo, pp. 171. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $1.50 net.
The Adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment. By Horace
Edgar Flack, Ph.D. 8vo, pp. 285. Baltimore : John Hopkins
Press. $2. net.
A Noble Company of Adventurers. By Rufus Rockwell
Wilson. Illus., 12mo, pp. 219. B. W. Dodge & Co.
GENEBAIi LITEBATUBE.
A Literary History of Bussia. By A. Bruckner ; edited by
Ellis H. Minns, M.A. ; trans, by H. Havelock, M.A. With
frontispiece in color, large 8vo, pp. 558. " Library of Liter-
ary History." Charles Scribner's Sons. $4. net.
Letters of Mrs. James Q. Blaine. Edited by Harriet S.
Blaine Beale. In 2 vols., 12mo, gilt tops. Duffleld & Co.
$4. net.
Writings of George Washington. Edited by Lawrence B.
Evans, Ph.D. With photogravure portrait, 8vo, pp. 567.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50 net.
The Writings of James Madison, comprising his Public
Papers and his Private Correspondence. Edited by Gaillard
Hunt. Vol. VIII.. 1808-1819. 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 455.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. (Sold in sets only.)
The Taming of a Shrew: Being the Original of Shakespeare's
"Taming of the Shrew." Edited by F. S. Boas. 12mo,
pp.126. " Shakespeare Library." Duflfteld & Co. $l.net.
Henry Birkhead and the Foundations of the Oxford Chair of
Poetry: A Public Lecture. By J. W. Mackail, M.A. 8vo,
pp. 23. Oxford University Press.
Self -Measurement. By William DeWitt Hyde. 16mo, pp. 74.
B. W. Huebsch. 50 cts. net.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDABD LITEBATUBE.
Selected Poenas of Pierre de Bonsard. Chosen by St. John
Lucas. 16mo, pp. 286. Oxford University Press. $1.75 net.
Oxford Library of Prose and Verse. New vols. : Selected
Poems of William Barnes, chosen and edited by Thomas
Hardy; Echoes from the Oxford Magazine, being reprints
of seven years; Annals of the Parish, by John Gait, with
introduction by G. S. Gordon ; Poems by John Clare, with
introduction by Arthur Symons; War Songs, selected by
Christopher Stone, with introduction by General Sir Ian
Hamilton. Each 16mo. Oxford University Press. Per vol.,
90 cts. net.
The Well of Saint Clare. By Anatole France ; trans, by Alfred
AUinson. 8vo, pp. 302. John Lane Co. $2.
The Fragments of Empedocles. Trans, by William E.
Leonard, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 92. Open Court Publishing Co.
As You Like It. Edited by F. J. Furnivall, with Introduction
by F. W. Clarke. " Old-Spelling Shakespeare." 12mo,pp.82.
Duffleld & Co. $1. net.
(Continued on next page)
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The pen diaflgures your books. Order an individual plate and labels which
identify, protect, and enrich them. Write for prices and free samples.
C. VALENTINE KIRBY, Designer, 1455 Emerson St., Denver, Colo.
MILTON AS A SCHOOLMASTER
John Milton was bom in London in 1608, just three cen-
turies ago, his birthday being December 9. One interesting
and useful recognition of the ter-centenary, which will be
valued especially by our teachers, is the publication by the
directors of the Old South work in Boston, as one of their
large series of Old South Leaflets, of Milton's famous little
treatise on Education. A most remarkable treatise this was
for its time.
Price, 5 cents; $4.00 per 100.
SEND FOB COMPLETE LISTS.
DIRECTORS OF OLD SOUTH WORK
Old South Meeting House, Washington St., Boston
1909.]
THE DIAL
29
LIST OF NEW BOOK 8— continued
A Flat Iron for a Farthlngr ; or, Some Passages in the Life
of an Only Son. Illus., 12mo, pp. 235. "Queen's Treasures
Series." Macmillan Co. $1.
BOOKS OF VEBSE.
The Burden Bearer: An Epic of Lincoln. By Francis
Howard Williams. Large 8vo, pp. 200. George W. Jacobs
& Co. $2.50 net.
Poems and Sonnets of Louise Chandler Moulton. With
Introduction by Harriet Prescott Spofford. With photogra-
vure portrait, 12mo. pp. 476. Little, Brown & Co. $1.50.
The Woman of Corinth : A Tale in Verse. By Hermann
Hagedorn. 16mo, pp. 55. Houghton Miflflin Co. $l.net.
Each in His Own Tongue, and Other Poems. By William
Herbert Carruth. 16mo, pp. 129. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
11. net.
The Librarian of the Besert and Other Poems. By Harry
Lyman Koopman. With portrait, 12mo, pp. 73. Boston:
Everett Press.
Leaves In the Wind. By Elsa Lorraine. 12mo, uncut, pp. 122.
Oxford : B. H. Blackwell.
Breath of the World. By Starr Hoyt Nichols. 8vo, pp. 272.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50 net.
The Days of Long Ago, and Immortality. By Warren E.
Comstock. Illus. in tint, 12mo. Boston : Gorham Press.
Poems. By Frances Rawlins lies. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 67.
Boston: Gorham Press. $1.25.
Nancy Maclntyre: A Tale of the Prairies. By Lester
Shepard Parker. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 103.
Boston : Gorham Press. $1.
DBAMA.
John the Baptist : A Play. By Hermann Sudermann ; trans.
by Beatrice Marshall. 8vo.pp.202. John Lane Co. $1.50 net.
The Wlnterfeast. By Charles Rann Kennedy. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 159. Harper & Brothers. $1 25.
The World and his Wife. By Charles Frederic Nirdlinger.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 215. Mitchell Kennerley. $1. net.
FICTION.
The Stroke Oar. By Ralph D. Paine. Illus.. 12mo, pp. 24.5.
Outing Publishing Co. $1.50.
The Kiss of Helen. By Charles Marriott. 12mo, pp. 310.
John Lane Co. $1.50.
Armlnel of the West. Fy John Trevena. 12mo, pp. 351.
Moffat, Yard & Co. $1.50.
Chums ; or. An Experiment in Economics. By D. R. C. 8vo,
pp. 315. New York : Gertrude Ogden Tubby. $1.25 net.
TBAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Bnwenzorl : An Account of the Expedition of H. R. H. Prince
Luigi Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of the Abruzzi. By Filippo de
Filippi, F.R.G.S. ; with Preface by H.R. H. the Duke of the
Abruzzi. Illus. in color, etc., 4to, pp. 410. E. P. Dutton &
Co. $8. net.
Fighting the Turk In the Balkans : An American's Adven-
tures with the Macedonian Revolutionists. By Arthur D.
Howden Smith. Illus., 12mo, pp. 369. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$1 75 net.
Pictures of Old Chinatown. By Arnold Gen the ; with text by
Will Irwin. 8vo, pp. 57. Moffat, Yard & Co. $1. net.
BELiaiON AND THEOLOGY,
modernism: The Jowett Lectures, 1908. By Paul Sabatier;
trans, by C. A. Miles. 12mo, uncut, pp. 343. Charles
Scribner's Sons. $1 .25 net.
The Foundation and the Superstructure ; or. The Faith of
Christ and the Works of Man. By Richard Mead De Mill.
8vo, pp. 392. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3. net.
The Living Word. By El wood Worcester. 12mo, pp. 351.
Moffat, Yard & Co. $1 50 net.
The Resurrection of Jesus. By James Orr, M.A. 12mo,
pp. 292. Jennings & Graham. $1.50 net.
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THE DIAX
[Jan. 1, 1909.
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Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office
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No. 543.
JANUARY 16, 1909. Vol. XLVL
Contents.
THE NEW REALISM ....
PAOB
35
CASUAL COMMENT 37
Professor Rudolf Eucken. — The indisputable
claims of Greek literature and art. — The excite-
ment of reading an index. — The new journalism
in China. — The making of many monographs. —
The public library habit in olden times. — Mr.
Spofford's successor at Washington. — The Berlin
Royal Library's ampler quarters. — New York's
" New Theatre." — The possibilities of the corre-
spondence school. — Mrs. Ward in a new environ-
ment. — The literature of library economy.
COMMUNICATIONS 40
Esperanto and the Esperantists. E. Le. Clercq.
" Biographized " as a Dictionary Word. Titus M.
Coan.
FIFTY YEARS AN ACTRESS. Percy F. Bickndl. 41
THE UNITED STATES IN THE GAME OF
WORLD POLITICS. Frederic Austin Ogg . 43
EARLY SPANISH ARTS AND CRAFTS. George
Griffin Brownell 45
THE YOUTH OF MIRABEAU. Henry E. Bourne. 48
RECENT AMERICAN POETRY. William Morton
Payne 48
The Poems of Edmund Clarence Stedman. — The
Poems of Richard Watson Gilder. — The Poems
and Sonnets of Louise Chandler Moulton. —
Hughes's James Vila Blake as Poet. — Cheney's
The Time of Roses. — Smith's Poems. — Herbert's
First Poems. — Braithwaite's The House of Falling
Leaves. — Gibson's The Wounded Eros. — Carruth's
Each in His Own Tongue. — Middleton's Love Songs
and Lyrics. — Dalliba's An Earth Poem. — Ives's
Out-Door Music. — Poole's Mugen.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 52
Mr. Chesterton's confession of faith. — A new poeti-
cal rendering of the ^neid. — Factors in the
creation of the American drama. — Essays on
Elizabethan dramatists. — Current topics trench-
antly treated. — An unconvincing theory of mind. —
A plea for personality in education. — Studies of our
national life and progress. — The story of our
whaling industry in America.
NOTES 56
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 57
THE NEW REALISM.
Some twenty years ago, Mr. Howells said, in
terms that invited much sarcastic comment, that
" the art of fiction has, in fact, become a finer
art than it was with Dickens and Thackeray.
We could not suffer the confidential attitude of
the latter, nor the mannerism of the former,
any more than we could endure the prolixity of
Richardson or the coarseness of Fielding." But
it seems fair to urge that we do suffer the con-
fidential attitude of, let us say, Mr. DeMorgan,
and the mannerism of Sir George Meredith
without feeling that we are going critically very
far wrong. And we can without much difficulty
fancy some critic a score of years hence won-
dering how it was that much popular fiction of
the period about 1900 could have been taken
for serious literature, in view of its lack-lustre
manner, its photographic hardness of line, its
preoccupation with trivialities, and its dulness
of imagination. Our supposititious critic would
be as wide of the truth, as unjust in his balanc-
ing of values, as was his actual prototype above
cited, and both would appear, to a vision trained
in observation of the ebb and flow of literary
fashions, to have mistaken the accident for the
substance, to have failed in discernment of the
qualities which make literature vital and en-
during.
The pressure of every age remoulds the stuff
of life to its own liking, and invests it with the
garb of what at the given time passes for reality.
A clothes-philosophy is as needful for the under-
standing of literature as Carlyle showed it to be
for the understanding of morals, but criticism
does not often get far enough away from its
object to see the trappings for what they are,
or to distinguish true from sham reality. It is
universal life that really matters, not the guise
that life assumes in any particular age. As Mr.
Woodberry says, " The secret of appreciation
is to share the passion for life that literature
itself exemplifies and contains : out of real ex-
perience, the best that one can have, to possess
oneself of that imaginary experience which is
the stuff of larger life and the place of the ideal
expansion of the soul, the gateway to which is
art in all forms and primarily literature ; to
avail oneself of that for pleasure and wisdom
36
THE DIAL
[Jan. 16,
and fulness of life." It is well, for most of us
it is necessary even, that life should be con-
stantly presented anew, since its familiar modes
are those which are most likely to bring to our
consciousness its more secret and intimate mes-
sage. This principle concerns the historian,
no less than the novelist or the poet. Signor
Ferrero just now is giving a new reality to the
annals of ancient Kome by relating them from
the sociological angle of vision whence our
present-day consciousness finds it most natural
to view human affairs, whether past or present.
He tells the same old story, but gives it fresh
effectiveness by linking with it all sorts of
familiar associations. So the imaginative writer
will make his strongest appeal by keeping close
to an idiom that is understanded of the people,
only he must not, upon peril of swift f orgetf ul-
ness, lapse from the essential dignity of his
mission, or forget that he is one of the long
succession of torch-bearers that are lighting the
path of humanity pressing toward its ultimate
goal.
Mr. Henry Mills Alden has recently given us
a whole book about what he calls "the new real-
ism," " the new literature," and "the new psychi-
cal era," and he really seems to think that the
thoughts of men, as expressed in their imagina-
tive writings, have become so " widened with the
process of the suns," so clarified by science and
philosophy, that literature has at last come to
its full stature. The works of Scott were mere
literary gropings in comparison with the novels
of " the greatest master of English fiction," Mr.
Thomas Hardy, or even with the writings of the
modern magazinist, whose firm and assured step
makes the great men of the past seem stumblers
by comparison. A new " Faerie Queene" wordd
be unwelcome to-day, and a new " Republic "
would fall upon dull ears. " We do not want
another Dickens. We are willing to turn him
over with that other old playwright, Shake-
speare, to the tender mercies of Tolstoy."
The modern magazine, that instrument which
brings the writer " into intimate accord with the
idiomatic expression of a general audience," has
so refined our standards that the present age
" may be said to be the only one which has the
complete retrospect within the range of its clear
vision and catholic appreciation." If we mod-
erns, in comparison with our predecessors in
literature, " do not loom up in so singular and
striking eminences, we strike deeper and have a
broader vision."
As these amazing dicta multiply in Mr.
Alden's pages, we grow more and more bewil-
dered. One William Smith, an estimable con-
tributor to " Blackwood's Magazine," was, we
are told, the author of the " two greatest philo-
sophical novels in the English language," — but
we defy all casual readers, and most students of
English literature, to name them. The phrase,
" from Sidney Smith to Charles Whibley," is at
least a singular way of designating the line of
" the great English essayists." And we never
saw quite such a jumble of names — some fairly
noteworthy and some absolutely insignificant —
as Mr. Alden gives us upon a single page (179)
by way of exemplifying "the new quality of
imaginative writing." It would be unkind for
us even to mention some of them in such a con-
nection, and the best of them seem but shadows
when compared with the names of the beacon
lights of our literature. We can easily agree
with the author when he says: "Mrs. Ward
is probably not a greater genius than Fielding,
any more than the intellect of Herbert Spencer
was greater than that of Aristotle, or the crea-
tive power of Tennyson mightier than that of
^schylus." But what are we to make of the
implied suggestion that the members of such
strangely-assorted couples are for one moment
to be thought of as occupying the same intel-
lectual plane?
We have made some effort to find out just
what are the qualities of " the new realism" that
Mr. Alden claims to have discovered. As far
as his elusive method admits of logical statement,
such passages as the following offer the best
available clues to his thought :
" We take the evil along with the good, making no
problem of their reconcilement, since they are elements
in a natural solution."
" Literature, rejecting the unreal, has become homely
of feature, with home-like sympathies, graces, and
charms, and at the same time more subtle and wonder-
ful in its disclosure of the deep truths of life than it ever
was in its detachment from life or in its reflection of a
life which has not found its true centre in a spiritual
harmony and was therefore itself untrue, wearing all
sorts of illusive or monstrous disguises."
"The very content of the art, the kind of human
phenomena emerging at the stage of psychical evolution
which we have reached, is unprecedented. All the old
signs fail us ; the well-worn tokens have given place to
an ever-fresh coinage. The creations of the human
spirit are wholly its own, born of it, not made in con-
formity with any logical proposition or mental notion,
and they bear no stamp of extraneous authority; what-
ever of divinity they may have is in their purely human
genesis."
"Formerly the imagination dwelt in the house of
Fame, exalting heroic or saintly deeds and personali-
ties; now it is not busy with things that are memo-
,1909.]
THE DIAL
37
rable or monumentally lasting; it dwells in the house
of Life."
This is the best that we can do in the way of
exposition. Probably these ideas are all implicit
in the single phrase, " It is the mild season in
literature," which evokes our hearty agreement,
although we cannot interpret the saying in Mr.
Alden's sense. It is certainly a mild kind of
literature that is purveyed by the type of maga-
zine with which the author has been associated
for forty years, but all its graces and refine-
ments cannot disguise its obvious lack of virility
and penetrating vision.
To support his thesis respecting the new real-
ism, Mr. Alden is forced to postulate a new
Jiuman nature, and he does not balk at the
necessity. Since 1870, he tells us, there has
been " a new era of psychical evolution, involv-
ing something far deeper than an increased re-
finement in manners — a revolution in human
thought and feeling, a changed attitude toward
life and the world." Furthermore, " within
the memory of men who have reached the age
of fifty the human spirit has found its true
centre of active development and of interpreta-
tion — its real modernity, which does not mean
the depreciation of the past, but a deeper and
truer appreciation, nor any break in the con-
tinuity of culture, which is rather led into
fresher and more fertile fields of expansion."
We fear that this disclaimer will not avail to
offset that " depreciation of the past " which is
implicit in the whole argument of the book.
However the fashion of literary expression may
change from age to age, the substance of thought
remains about the same, and in the deeper sense
we have no problems that the ancients did not
ponder. The angle of our vision is shifted, but
the object viewed remains fixed. Mr. Alden's
effort to reveal in this twentieth century a new
literature and a new human nature seems to us
nothing more than an elaborate mystification.
And, far from taking our current modes of ex-
pression to be praiseworthy, we think that they
err in over-subtlety and preciosity. The London
" Nation " recently said : " Irrationalism in
various shapes is for the moment the dominant
note in every department of life, and it is at
least as powerful in philosophy as in sociology
and in literature." As far as literature is
concerned, we take this fact — since fact it
seems to us — to be the direct outcome of our
departure from the approved ways, of our fev-
erish desire to find new things to say, and new
ways of saying them.
CASUAL COMMENT.
Professor Rudolf Euckek, the winning " dark
horse " in the Nobel-prize race — though it should
not be for a nnoment thought that he was voluntarily
or consciously a competitor — is an interesting and
attractive as well as highly gifted man. Prominent
in German philosophic and speculative thought for
the last third of a century, this Jena scholar and
writer and teacher was little known to the outside
world until about six years ago. An idealist in
philosophy, and a Lutheran in religion, he repudi-
ates the notion, entertained by his friend and
neighbor, Professor Haeckel, of a mechanical and
necessarian universe and a materialistic origin of
spiritual forces. The two men are earnest and
enthusiastic students of the same great problems ;
but how different the solutions they arrive at !
"Nobody since Martineau," says one who knows
Professor Eucken well and is thoroughly familiar
with his writings, " has written more eloquently or
thought more deeply concerning the reality of a
super-senaual world, the inevitableness of a self-
revelation of divine purpose to the human soul, the
necessity of a spiritual rebirth through ethical en-
deavor, the freedom of man's moral personality, and
its continuance beyond the limitations of space and
time." His published works, which unite depth of
thought, elevation of tone, and charm of style, are
as yet little known to English readers ; but his most
famous book, " The Problem of Human Life as
Viewed by the Great Thinkers," is even now in
process of translation into our language, and will be
published soon. It is not surprising to learn that
miracles have no place in his universe of law and
order, that divine attributes have never been granted
exclusively to any one man, that there has never
been a special creation of the world or a special
revelation to any favored race. In personal appear-
ance, to one who visited him at Jena, Professor
Eucken appeared as " a square-built man, a little
under the normal size, blond in type, betraying his
sturdy Frisian descent from a stock said to resemble
most among Germans the English race. Threescore
years have silvered his hair and beard and furrowed
his brow. Nothing could surpass the simplicity,
genuineness, and heartiness of his greeting. One
could well understand the saying of his pupils that
Professor Eucken wins not only their adniiration as
a teacher, but their affection as a man." There is
cause for congratulation in the better acquaintance
with this man and his works that we are now in the
way of making. , , ,
The indisputable claims of Greek liter-
ature AND ART have a valiant champion in Pro-
fessor Mahaffy, who has come all the way from
Dublin to remind us once more, in a course of
Lowell Institute lectures, that if we choose to for-
get the glory that was Greece, and to make the
" practical " the idol of our worship, we are likely
88
THE DIAL
[Jan. 16,
soon to be confronted with the paradox that the most
practical of all are the things that are beautiful and
useless. Some of the lecturer's reported utterances
outside the lecture room are worth quoting. To him
Greek is by no means a dead language. " To con-
sider a language dead which is the medium of com-
munication of a numerous people is sufficiently
absurd on the face of things. Its living importance
is too little considered in the teaching of it. The
mistake has been that students are not made to hear
the language. Its study ought to be supplemented
by discourse in modern Greek." He even maintains
that the pronounciation of modern Greek is fairly
close to that of ancient. The doing away with com-
pulsory Greek in the college course he deplores.
" An idea gets abroad that Latin wiU do ; but I
notice that our finest type of scholar stiU takes
Greek studies. As an examiner, I constantly have
brought to my attention the difference between those
who have and those who have not submitted to a
drill in the classics. Those who come up for exam-
ination in French and German make mistakes which
no classical scholar would ever make. The ushers
who teach the modern languages are not so proficient ;
their services come at a cheaper rate, and a general
relaxation of the standards of scholarship sets in."
Surprising to relate, our Dublin visitor finds one of
the strongest characteristics of American scholarship
to be " its extreme laboriousness." He further says :
" Professor Goodwin set the fashion with his Greek
Grammar, and the rest have followed. . . . Amer-
ican scholars tend to be more minute even than the
Germans, and if they have a failure it is just that, — r
the emphasis on the grammatical. In one respect,
however, America ought to take the first rank, and
that is in the finely systematized and organized
libraries. I have noticed this wherever I have gone,
especially at Harvard and Chicago." There is com-
pliment in both the censure and the praise ; but that
we are yet conspicuously at fault in being unduly
minute and painstaking in our scholarship, is open to
question. ...
The excitement of reading an index may
not be the most thrilling in the world, but, given a
sympathetic and imaginative reader, it is consider-
able. This is the season of the annual index — the
way-finder to the past year's treasures of periodical
literature. In his latest volume of essays Dr.
Crothers expressed his preference for the dictionary
if he were obliged to choose one book to relieve the
tedium of solitary existence on a desert island. Far
more stimulating, however, and infinitely richer in
suggestion, would be a volume of Poole's Index.
Opening the lajtest instalment of that indispensable
work, we hit upon such attractive and curiously
juxtaposed entries as the following : — " Revel of
the Sacred Cats " and, immediately after, " Revela-
tion, Divine, Need of Belief in "; " Determined
Celibate " and, just before it, " Deterioration, Nar
tional " and " ditto. Physical." The causal connec-
tion between determined celibacy and national as
well as physical deterioration — race suicide and all
its horrors — is obvious. " Polly Stevens's Calf's
Skin " vies in piquancy of appeal with three articles
on Marco Polo that immediately follow. " Author-
ship and Artificiality " has fine possibilities ; and
so, too, it may be, to other eyes than ours, the page
and a quarter of automobile headings may look
irresistibly captivating. But the charm of the
mysteriously suggestive is not confined to Poole.
Take 80 apparently forbidding an index as that to
the weekly " Financial Supplement " of the New
York " Evening Post." In its twelve closely printed
columns occur such richly potential titles as these : —
" Hard Times, Meeting with Courage," " Hard
Times, Enterprises which may be helped by,"
" Magnates, Illness of," " Optimists," " Chelsea
Fire, Destruction of Capital seen in another Mood,"
" Chicago, one Industry there that is looking up."
How comforting the assurance that while all other
Chicago industries go about with eyes downcast,
there is still one that bravely and hopefully looks
up and not down, forward and not back, out and not
in, and lends a hand ! Who, we beg leave to in-
quire, can find this a dull world as long as there are
indexes to read ? ...
The new journalism in China is one of the
forces making for the enlightenment of that vast
realm. More than two hundred newspapers have
been started within the last few years, and active
measures are taken to ensure their being not only
published but read. In some of the provinces the
viceroys provide public halls where the illiterate
gather to hear the news read aloud. Hitherto the
chief newspapers of China were conducted by for-
eigners and were mostly in the English language;
and even now many native newspapers publish a
column or more of matter in English. China ought
to have a vigorous native press, for it is the home of
what was, until a year ago, the oldest newspaper in
the world — fifteen centuries or more old. It ceased
publication because of its resentment at government
interference with its claimed rights and privileges.
It is expected that the modern newspaper will act
as a powerful battering-ram on this Asiatic strong-
hold of ignorance and superstition and stupid con-
servatism. But the daily issue of a journal that
uses type embracing eleven thousand different char-
acters is an undertaking whose magnitude none but
a compositor can appreciate.
• • •
The making of many monographs on economic
themes was strongly deprecated by Professor Patten
of the University of Pennsylvania in his presidential
address at the late annual meeting of the American
Economic Association at Atlantic City. In his
opinion, our libraries are congested with those pon-
derous volumes of transactions and proceedings,
technical journals, and special studies, that accumu-
late so rapidly, take up so much room, are so little
read — and, let it be adde,d, are often such a source
of bother aud perplexity to the cataloguer. He
1909.]
THE DIAL
39
urges the economist to abandon the dry and tech-
nical treatment of his subject, to write for the news-
papers and magazines, and to " arouse the imagina-
tion by striking phrases and vivid contrasts."
Furthermore, spurning the pile of learned tomes
bequeathed to us by the earlier economists, he does
not hesitate to declare that " there is no renown
worth having but that of the newspaper and the
magazine and the class-room," and that "there can
be no economic literature apart from general litei'-
ature. We give the content to which others give
the form. To separate ourselves from the general
literary movements of the age is to deprive our-
selves of influence, and literature of content." He
exalts the editor, advises his hearers to desert the
library for the sanctum, and speaks with no pro-
found respect for the reputation based on books
that no one reads. The economist should take his
place on the firing line of civilization. "No fact
is valuable to the economist unless it is also valuable
to the journalist who summarizes events, the editor
who comments on them, and the reformer who uses
them." This manifestation, on Professor Patten's
part, of a reaction from excessive specialization is a
wholesome sign ; and yet it is also a danger signal,
for it may serve as encouragement to superficiality,
dilettanteism, the courting of popular applause, and
various other sorts of unscholarly conduct. His
exhortation is for the Dryasdusts ; let all others
listen with mental reservations.
« • •
The public library habit in olden times
was rather slow of acquirement, partly for the very
sufficient reason that public libraries were few and
far between, and also because, in this country at
least, so many other things, of more urgent import-
ance than keeping abreast of the literature of the
day, were clamoring to be done. In the autumn of
1754, just after a shipment of books for the New
York Society Library had arrived from London,
there appeared in the New York " Mercury " this
timely and stirring exhortation : " We hope that all
who have a Taste for polite Literature, and an
Eager Thirst after Knowledge and Wisdom, will
now repair to those Fountains and Repositories from
whence they can, by Study, be collected. And we
heartily wish that the glorious Motives of acquiring
that which alone distinguishes human Nature (we
mean Science and Virtue joined to the noble Prin-
ciples of being useful to Mankind and. more espe-
cially to our dear Country) will be sufficient to excite
the most Lethargic, to peruse the Volumes pur-
chased for this End by Means of the Advice and
Endeavours of Gentlemen whom we and future
Generations will have reason, we hope, to praise
and extoU : and whom we cannot help saying are
an Honour to their Country : We finally wish that
New York, now she has an opportunity, will show
that she comes not short of the other Provinces in
Men of excellent Genius, who by cultivating the
Talents of Nature, will take oft' that Reflection cast
on us by the neighboring Colonies of being an
ignorant People." " The History of the New York
Society Library," with an introductory account of
" The Library in Colonial New York " from 1698 to
1776, has been well written by Mr. Austin Baxter
Keep, and printed, for the Trustees by the De Vinne
Press. , . .
Mr. Spofford's successor at Washington as
assistant librarian appears to be a man of mark.
Mr. A. P. C. Grifiin, former chief of the division of
bibliography, is endowed in no small measure with
some of those qualities of mind and memory that
distinguished his predecessor. No one has been more
in demand on the part of congressmen and others
engaged in " getting up " subjects for oratorical or
argumentative or literaiy presentation. We are told
that so much has bibliography become the warp
and woof of his being that his brain is now a better
and more complete catalogue than any the library
possesses. Without a moment's warning he is likely
to be called upon for information on any conceiv-
able subject; but he is said to be unfailing in his
resources. No library in the world enjoys the serv-
ices of one who takes greater pains to satisfy the
public ; and this unflagging zeal, and the quickness
with which books or other material, or verbal in-
formation, are forthcoming at the applicant's request,
are a constant source of surprise to foreigners. The
British Museum, the National Library in Paris, and
the great Berlin and Munich libraries are justly
praised for the careful service they render to all
admitted to their privileges; but it is conceded by
those who have worked in libraries both here and
abroad that our methods are simpler and better, and
our librarians and assistants less bureaucratic than
those of Europe. It is the quick intelligence, the
ready sympathy, and the well-stored minds of men
and women like Mr. Grifiin that help to make the
practical efficiency of our libraries unequalled.
The Berlin Royal Library's ampler quar-
ters, into which it will soon move, if indeed the re-
moval has not already been accomplished, will make
possible, one may confidently hope, far better and
prompter service than was rendered in the old build-
ing. Some of our readers may recall the tedious
wait of twenty-four hours between application for
and delivery of books under the old regime. No
wonder German visitors to our great libraries are
astonished at the quickness and informality with
which the resources of those libraries are placed at
the applicant's disposal. From the latest annual
report of Dr. Adolph Harnack, general director of
the great Berlin institution, it is interesting to learn
that the library now has a million and a quarter
volumes, that it employs forty-five librarians, fifty-
seven assistants of both sexes, forty-five attendants,
and so on, the whole force numbering more than
one hundred and fifty. Last year there were lent
344,000 volumes in Berlin, and 36,000 elsewhere,
while the average daily demand in the reading-room
was 888. Sixteen persons are constantly engaged
40
THE DIAL
[Jan. 16,
in cataloguing, and the number of leaves added
during the last twelve months to the catalogue —
an ungainly, space-filling series of folio manuscript
volumes — wsis about 6700, the number of titles
about 18,000. The accessions, in new and old vol-
umes, amounted to 57,000. The music department,
now two years old, has received many gifts from
music-publishers, and is already so important a
part of the library that it furnishes employment to
twenty persons.
New York's " New Theatre," the corner-stone
of which was recently laid — although the building
itself is outwardly nearly completed — gives promise
of achievement long desired by friends of high-class
drama. And the wealth that is behind the enter-
prise — wealth pledged to self-denial in the matter
of pecuniary gain — inspires reasonable hope that at
least monetary considerations will not bring to igno-
minious failure this latest and most considerable
attempt to elevate the stage. The reported plans of
the administration make agreeable reading, to say
the least. Only the best plays, whether classic or
modern, are to be presented ; " stars " will not be
encouraged to scintillate at the expense of the com-
pany as a whole, which company, it is hoped, will
be virtually an " all-star " organization, so that the
playwright will be enabled to bring his conceptions
to the fullest development ; a certain low annual
rental the theatre will be expected to earn, but any
income above expenses will go toward perfecting the
work undertaken. The courting of custom is thus
provided against (it is hoped), and also the necessity
of earning a certain income will obviate the danger
of altogether ignoring public opinion and succumb-
ing to that complacent apathy which unfortunately
characterizes some of the European subsidized play-
houses. Further developments, with the opening of
the New Theatre next November, will be watched
with interest not unmixed with anxiety.
The possibilities of the correspondence
SCHOOL seem not yet to have been half exhausted.
Not only can everything in languages and literature,
in art and science, in trades and professions, and in
almost every conceivable human industry, be taught
by correspondence ; not only can one become a law-
yer or a linguist, a painter or a plumber, a carpenter
or (perhaps) a car-conductor, by subscribing to some
inter-continental correspondence school ; but one may
also hope by the same means to learn the most effec-
tive method of courtship and, finally, to win a wife
from the school's selected list of candidates for mat-
rimony. Friendship, too, as well as love-making, is
now taught by mail. In the advertising section
of a London literary review occurs this item, most
alluring to the friendless : — " To secure friends
and friendships join the Correspondence Club,
10s. 6d." If the correspondence method proves
equal to teaching virtues and inculcating abstrac-
tions, how widely beneficent will be its scope ! Pres-
ently we may see classes started in the cultivation
of bravery and modesty, of altruism and self-denial,
of truthfulness and charity and self-control. The
lowering of letter-rates, now going on, will help not
a little in this matter
• • •
Mrs. Ward in a new environment excites
one's curiosity. Will she, in her " Marriage k la
Mode," which begins in the current number of
" McClure's Magazine," succeed in avoiding those
little betrayals of unfamiliarity with our ways and
traditions that are all but inevitable in European
pictures of American society? The story opens
well, with a visit to Mt. Vernon on the part of the
chief characters, and just about enough of reference
to the historic interest and the natural beauties of
the spot ; but a conversation, on the way back to
Washington, between the hero and heroine, on the
subject of divorce as practised in this land of free-
dom, rather tends to wearisomeness and platitude.
At any rate, it is not exactly novel to American
readers. A passing reference to a lumber king of
Illinois might (perhaps unjustifiably) suggest the
query whether Mrs. Ward conceives of the Prairie
State as still covered with primeval forest. What
she will do for lack of English politics and English
nobility to supply the necessary — shall we say
longueurs ? — we wait with considerable interest to
discover.
The literature of library economy, already
considerable in volume, is still growing. Although
one cannot learn from books, or even by taking a
course in a correspondence university, how to manage
a library with entire success, it is indispensable to
acquire in some way a right theory as the guiding
principle of one's daily practice. A serial work
descriptive of the methods pursued by the Newark
(N. J.) Public Library has been undertaken by Mr.
John Cotton Dana, with the aid of his assistants in
the Newark library. " Modern American Library
Economy " is the title of the work, and the first sec-
tion of the first part — treating of " The Registration
Desk," the Part as a whole having to do with " The
Delivery Department " — is now issued from the
Elm Tree Press of Woodstock, Vermont. Illustra-
tions and facsimiles help to make still clearer the
lucid explanations and rules. Mr. Dana's is no new
hand in this domain of authorship, and hLs book
promises well.
COMMUNICA TIONS.
ESPERANTO AND THE ESPERANTISTS.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
The argument in your issue of the 16th of December,
by an Esperantist, against reforms in Esperanto, is
largely an attack against the person and motives of
M. de Beaufront, one of the sponsors of the simplified
Esperanto (" Ido "). These personal remarks I pass
over without answer.
It then goes on to aver that Esperanto can no more
be simplified than English could. What a modest
1909.]
THE DIAL
.41
comparison! English exists primarily for those nations
that speak it to-day, the Anglo-Saxons; hence English,
as a national language, is a fact. Esperanto claims to
exist for the whole world; and since the whole world is
still very far from speaking Esperanto, Esperanto as a
world-language is still a project. English is the natural
tongue of a hundred and thirty millions of men, and has
had an individual existence for fifteen centuries; Esper-
anto does not count a single man among its adepts who
has learned it as his mother tongue, and it was pub-
lished but little more than fifteen years ago.
The correspondent proceeds to name Ostwald of
Leipsic, the famous chemist, as an approver of primitive
Esperanto. With the same right Washington could be
described as a partisan of King George III., ignoring
all of his later Revolutionary career. The truth is that
to Ostwald, to the philologist Jespersen of Copenhagen,
to the philosopher Couturat of Paris, and to some other
eminent men, the very reform is due ; as they found the
old Esperanto too full of crudities, cacophonies, and
illogicalities, to admit of their endorsing it finally as an
international auxiliary language.
The contributor, speaking as self-styled advocate of
the "new generation " (whatever he may mean by that),
pleads for the stability of an artificial language against
the reform attempts of "a band of childish malcon-
tents." This childish band (see the names above) has
given to Esperanto the firm principles without which it
would be, and was heretofore, resting on sand, and
remained at the mercy of any competent critic. In its
simplified and corrected form, Esperanto is no longer an
arbitrary mixture of Romance, Teutonic, Slavonic, and
Utopian (that is, freely invented) roots, but it obeys
the law of maximum internationality. Instead of
copying in a slavish way the capricious and inconsistent
word-building methods of Grerman, it now has a set of
rules for forming derivatives according to the uniform
dictates of logic. Instead of forcing on printing-offices
an alphabet with half a dozen accented letters which are
not met in any, even the least important, language in
the world, it can now be printed with the ordinary
Roman alphabet. Instead of emulating the Slavonic
languages in sibilants, and an infantine wail in diph-
thongs, it is now as easily pronounceable and as eupho-
nious as Italian. Instead of dragging along a system
of inflections as severe as the dead languages, it has
now been modernized by applying to it the simple
common-sense grammar of English.
Primitive Esperanto was published about twenty
years ago by a talented young man of no special philo-
logical knowledge and of no experience ; what unbiased
examiner can deny that the Parisian experts have ren-
dered a service to the world by placing that layman's
attempt on strong scientific foundations, and thus mak-
ing it safe against the very changes from which the
zealous correspondent professes to protect the coming
generations? ^ Lk Clercq.
Chicago, January 10, 1909.
t S^to Kooks.
Fifty Years an Actress.*
"BIOGRAPHIZED" AS A DICTIONARY WORD.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
In The Dial of January 1, page 9, I read: "Bio-
graphized (the word is not in the dictionary)." But it
is, and has been since 1887, in the greatest of diction-
aries — the Oxford: with examples from Southey (1800)
and the « Spectator " (1868). Titus M. Coan.
New York, January 7, 1909.
Thoroughly wholesome, warmly human, im-
failingly good-tempered, and finely character-
istic are the " Recollections and Reflections " of
that long-time stage favorite, Miss Ellen Terry,
whose book, bearing the main title, " The Story
of My Life," appears after various complica-
tions and misunderstandings that at one time
threatened to cut short its serial issue before
it had well begun. Reminiscences of the stage
commonly have something of the glamour and
fascination of the stage itself, and Miss Terry's
rich store of professional memories, covering
more than half a century, forms no exception to
the rule ; but her notes and comments on persons
and scenes and events wholly extra-theatrical
are also full of interest, though necessarily her
chapters treat most largely of actors and actresses
and her own dealings with them.
" A child of the stage " she calls herself, her
father and mother having been players before
her, and her own stage experience dating from
1856, when she was but eight years old. Six
out of nine brothers and sisters who grew old
enough to feel the compelling influence of hered-
ity and environment took to the stage ; and three
are still treading the boards. There were, by
the way, eleven children in all — which makes
one marvel that the mother ever found time or
strength to assume any other part than that of
materfamilias. The manifest aptitude of the
eight-year-old Ellen for the stage, as well as her
strength of character even as a child, is illus-
trated by her heroic behavior in a painful acci-
dent that occurred to her when she was playing
Puck in " A Midsummer Night's Dream " —
her second part on any stage. Coming up
through a trap at the end of the last act to de-
liver the final speech, she had her foot caught
by a too-speedy closing of the trap-door, and a
toe was broken. Nevertheless, when she had
been extricated, she stifled her screams and sobs
and went through with her part, even as many
an older player has been forced to forget per-
sonal agony and go on with the mimic scene.
The child showed herself true mother of the
woman — and she had her salary doubled for
doing so.
Of certain malign influences to which all
followers of the stage are more or less subject
she thus writes in an early page :
*Thf. Stoey of my Life. Recollections and Reflections.
Ellen Terry. Illustrated. New York: The McClure Co.
By
42.
THE DIAL
[Jan. 16,
" Another thing I thought cruel j^ this time was the
scandal which was talked in the thipter. A change for
the better has taken place in this rq^ect — at any rate,
in conduct. People behave better ubw, and in our pro-
fession, carried on as it is in the pu|[lic eye, behavior is
everything. At the Haymarket tlipre were simply no
bounds to what was said in the greenroom. One night
I remember gathering up my skirts (we were, I think,
playing * The Rivals ' at the time), making a curtsey,
as Mr. Chippendale, one of the best actors in old comedy
I ever knew, had taught me, and sweeping out of the
room with the famous line from another Sheridan play :
' Ladies and gentlemen, I leave my character behind
uie! ' I know that this was very priggish of me, but I
am quite as uncompromising in my hatred of scandal now
as I was then. Quite recently I had a line to say in
' Captain Brassbound's Conversion,' which is a very help-
ful reply to any tale-bearing. ' As if any one ever
knew the whole truth about anything! ' "
Charles Reade, who was the means of closing
Miss Terry's second interegnum and of recalling
her to the stage a second time, after her second
trial of married life and domestic happiness,
plays a conspicuous part in her book. Coming
upon her by chance as he was riding in Hert-
fordshire, where she had hidden herself from
the world, he abruptly offered her the part of
Philippa in " The Wandering Heir," at the
New Queen's Theatre, of which he was the lessee.
A laughing acceptance on what she thought he
would consider impossible terms — she jokingly
demanded forty pounds a week — speedily led
to an actual engagement on those terms ; and
thus the theatre-going world was not deprived
of its Miss Terry, before it well knew what it
would have lost. She thus sums up her impres-
sions of that many-sided man of genius :
" Dear, kind, unjust, generous, cautious, impulsive,
passionate, gentle Charles Reade. Never have I known
anyone who combined so many qualities, far asmider as
the poles, in one single disposition. He was placid and
turbulent, yet always majestic. He was inexplicable
and entirely lovable — a stupid old dear, and as wise as
Solomon ! He seemed guileless, and yet had moments
of suspicion and craftiness worthy of the wisdom of
the serpent. One moment he would call me 'dearest
child'; the next, with indignant emphasis, 'Madam!'"
Intimate memories of other and even more
famous men than Charles Reade abound. Here
is a pleasant glimpse of Tennyson, in that brief
time when Miss Terry was known as " Nellie
Watts":
♦' In the evening I went walking with Tennyson over
the fields, and he would point out to me the differences
in the flight of different birds, and tell me to watch their
solid phalanxes turning against the sunset, the compact
wedge suddenly narrowing sharply into a thin line. He
taught me to recognize the barks of trees and to call wild
flowers by their names. He picked me the first bit of
pimpernel I ever noticed. Always I was quite at ease
with him. He was so wonderfully simple."
With this picture of one poet, whom his young
friend had no difficulty in recognizing as a born
poet, contrast the following rapid sketch of
another :
" That Browning, with his carefully brushed hat,
smart coat, and fine society manners, was a poet, always
seemed to me far more incomprehensible than his poetry,
which I think most people would have taken straight-
forwardly and read with a fair amount of ease, if certain
enthusiasts had not founded societies for making his
crooked places plain, and (to me) his plain places very
crooked."
Miss Terry rejoices that, although similar
attempts have been made in Shakespeare's case,
they have failed. " Coroners' inquests by learned
societies can't make Shakespeare a dead man."
The boundless esteem in which Shakespeare is
held by the writer, and her thorough familiarity
with his plays, show themselves repeatedly in
quotation and allusion throughout the book.
Miss Terry's quick recognition of living genius
is again illustrated by the following paragraph :
" The most remarkable men I have known were, with-
out doubt. Whistler and Oscar Wilde. This does not
imply that I liked them better or admired them more
than the others, but there was something about both
of them more instantaneously individual and audacious
than it is possible to describe."
A good third of the volume has to do with
Miss Terry's connection with Henry Irving and
with the plays produced at the Lyceum. Speak-
ing of Irving's aloofness and reserve and his
inability or unwillingness to form intimate friend-
ships, the writer questions whether anyone ever
" really knew him." She believes that he never
wholly trusted his friends, and she finds a pos-
sible cause for this lifelong distrust in two
experiences of his early days.
" From his childhood up, Henry was lonely. His
chief companions in youth were the Bible and Shake-
speare. He used to study ' Hamlet ' in the Cornish
fields, when he was sent out by his aunt, Mrs. Penberthy,
to call in the cows. One day, when he was in one of
the deep, narrow lanes common in that part of England,
he looked up and saw the face . of a sweet little lamb
gazing at him from the top of the bank. . . . With some
difficulty he scrambled up the bank, slipping often in
the damp, red earth, threw his arms round the lamb's
neck and kissed it. The lamb bit him! . . . He had
another siich set-back when he first went on the stage,
and for some six weeks in Dublin was subjected every
night to groans, hoots, hisses, and cat-calls from audi-
ences who resented him because he had taken the place
of a dismissed favorite. In such a situation an actor is
not likely to take stock of reasons. . . . The bitterness
of this Dublin episode was never quite forgotten. It
colored Henry Irving's attitude towards the public."
These are trivial incidents, it is true, but signi-
ficant as helping to a better understanding of a
rather enigmatic character. Miss Terry's cor-
dial admiration, esteem, and even love of her
illustrious fellow-player, and the whole history
1909.]
THE DIAJ^
48
of her connection with the Lyceum Theatre and
her noteworthy appearances on its stage, are too
familiar to the general public to call for further
reference here. Passing on to the chapter deal-
ing with America, where Miss Terry made eight
professional tours, we are tempted to quote her
impressions of American women :
"Beautifully as the women dress, they talk very
little about clothes. I was much struck by their cul-
ture — by the evidences that they had read fai- more
and developed a more fastidious taste than most young
Englishwomen. Yet it is all mixed up with extraor-
dinary naivete. The vivacity, the appearance, at least,
of reality, the animation, the energy of American women
delighted me. They are very sympathetic, too, in spite
of a certain callousness which comes of regarding
everything in life, even love, as ' lots of fun.' I did
not think that they, or the men either, had much nat-
ural sense of beauty. They admire beauty in a curious
way through their intellect. Nearly every American
girl has a cast of the winged Victory in her room. She
makes it a point of her education to admire it."
Miss Terry is, naturally enough, attached to
the old ways and the old days and somewhat
doubtful of the superiority of the new. Yet
she wishes not to be thought a fanatical wor-
shipper of the past. " Let me pray," she ex-
claims, "that I, representing the old school,
may never look on the new school with the
patronizing airs of ' Old Fitz ' and Fanny
Kemble. I wish that I could see the new school
of acting in Shakespeare. Shakespeare must be
kept up, or we shall become a third-rate nation! "
Again and again the writer laments her lack
of experience with the pen. But, perhaps partly
because of that lack, her chapters have a fresh-
ness and life about them that attract and hold
the reader's attention. Shrewd reflections and
bits of keen womanly insight sprinkle her pages
most agreeably. Speaking of some of Charles
Reade's early counsel to her, and her own pres-
ent increased facility as an actress, she says : " I
am able to think more swiftly on the stage now
than at the time Charles Reade wrote to me,
and I only wish I were young enough to take
advantage of it. But youth thinks sloicly, as
a rule." And again, of eccentricity she writes :
" There is all the difference in the world between
departure from recognized rules by one who has
learned to obey them, and neglect of them
through want of training or want of skill or
want of understanding. Before you can be
eccentric you must know where the circle is."
The book has a great abundance of appro-
priate illustrations, especially portraits of Miss
Terry and of Henry Irving in divers characters
and at different periods of their lives.
Percy F. Bicknell.
The Unite^
iTATKS IN THE GAME OF
ILD POI-,ITICS.*
During the ^nter of 1906-7, the annual
series of Harvaifl lectures provided at the Paris
Sorbonne on ther'Hyde foundation was delivered
by Professor Archibald Cary Coolidge, who,
being a specialist in international history and
politics, selected, very appropriately, as his sub-
ject " The United States as a World Power."
Under this same title the lectures, liberally
recast, have lately been put forth in book form.
With the exception of Professor Latane's
" America as a World Power," the volume
constitutes the only attempt that has been made
to present at length and in a scholarly fashion
the part which the United States plays, and has
played, in the great drama of world politics ;
and though Professor Coolidge's book is devoted
predominantly to the decade since the Spanish-
American War, it does undertake, as Professor
Latane's does not, to bring before the reader
the whole sweep of American foreign policy and
diplomatic history since 1789.
What is a world power ? And at what point
in her history did the United States become a
world power ? These are inevitable questions,
but difficult ones to answer. Twenty years ago,
the expression " world power " was practically
unknown. To-day it is a commonplace of poli-
tical discussion, though admittedly conveying
often no scientifically exact meaning. World
powers, as Professor Coolidge conceives them for
purposes of his treatise, are those " which are
directly interested in all parts of the world, and
whose voices niust be listened to everywhere."
Great Britain, France, Russia, Germany, and
the United States belong unquestionably to the
category ; Japan probably does, or at any rate
soon will; China, Austria, Italy, Brazil, the
Argentine Republic may eventually possess such
world-wide importance, but at present do not.
As to the point at which the United States
became a world power, there is the widest pos-
sible diversity of opinion. Early in the year
1901 a foreign diplomat at Washington made
the assertion that, although he had been in
America but a short time, he had seen two dif-
ferent countries — the United States before the
war with Spain, and the United States since that
war. This was an epigrammatic way of stating
the generally accepted fact that the war of 1898
was a turning-point in our national history.
Whether the great change consisted in the pre-
* The United States as a World Power. By Archibald
Cary Coolidgre, Ph.D. New York : The Macmillan Co.
44
THE DIAJj
[Jan. 16,
cipitate conversion of the United States into a
world power depends pretty largely upon the
meaning one attaches to the phrase "world
power." One school of writers maintains that
the United States has always been a world power.
Another holds that it has never been such, and
is not such to-day. And a third contends that
the dignity, and the perds, of the rank came
only with the Spanish War and the acquisition
of our colonial dependencies.
Professor Coolidge evidently considers the
United States as approximating very closely
the status of a world power before the events of
1898, but as in any case clearly exhibiting that
character since the epochal changes brought
about by those events. The first five chapters
of his book comprise a rapid but suggestive
sketch of the fundamentals of American foreign
relations as developed during the first century
of our national career. Particularly note-
worthy in a volume of this sort are the discus-
sions of " Nationality and Immigration " and
" Race Questions," for these topics constitute
aspects of America's world relations which are
seldom taken account of from the present point
of view. The space allotted to them affords
evidence of the fact that Professor Coolidge's
book is concerned, not simply with diplomacy,
but with the international relations of the United
States in the broadest sense. Somewhat orig-
inal, too, is the query which is raised in a chapter
on the seemingly threadbare topic of the Monroe
Doctrine, as to whether this phase of American
foreign policy is to have any bearing upon the
relations of the United States with the Orient.
Upon the territorial limits of the Monroe Doc-
trine, Captain Mahan is quoted approvingly to
the effect that " Europe construed by the
Monroe Doctrine would include Africa with the
Levant and India, but would not include Japan,
China, nor the Pacific generally." This defi-
nition, though admittedly arbitrary and not
necessarily final, is declared to represent fairly
well the present geographical limits of the
Doctrine in the American mind. Obviously,
the Americans, in forbidding Asiatic interfer-
ence in the western hemisphere, cannot fall back
upon the argument of reciprocity which they
apply to Europe.
The body of Professor Coolidge's volume falls
into four principal parts, consisting successively
of four chapters on the Spanish- American war
and its effects, four on the recent relations of
the United States with the world powers of
Europe, three on the dealings of the United
States with her American neighbors, and, finally.
three upon the relations of the United States
with the Orient. The treatment of the vexed
problems connected with the acquisition and
government of our colonial dependencies appeals
to the reader as eminently sane. Prepared, as
the chapters originally were, for a foreign audi-
ence, they undertake first of all to recount
accurately the history of the Spanish war and
of the colonial acquisitions, and subsequently to
set forth, in impartial though not colorless
fashion, the controverted aspects of the Philip-
pine question from 1898 to the present day.
The conclusion is that it is yet " too early to
sum up the results of American ride in the last
eight years "; but for a clear and brief state-
ment of the factors involved, one can hardly do
better than read Professor Coolidge's narrative.
The most striking assertions of the claim of
the United States to be a world power are those
which have been made in the Far East ; and
probably most readers will agree that those
portions of Professor Coolidge's volume which
are concerned with American interests in the
Orient are not alone the most timely but also
the most carefidly considered. Following an
historical chapter on the United States in the
Pacific, the author analyzes at length the rela-
tions of the nation, fii'st with China and secondly
with Japan. With both of these powers, rela-
tions are declared at present to exceed in intri-
cacy and in difficulty, when not in actual
importance, those with any power in Europe.
And it is also asserted that the position of the
United States on the Pacific offers it greater
advantages, and imposes upon it graver respon-
sibilities, in its dealings with China and Japan,
than fall to the lot of any European power
except Russia. With China the prospect of
American relations is regarded as " clouded,
though not disheartening," by reason chiefly of
the inevitable American policy of Chinese ex-
clusion and the friction which is more and more
likely to spring from it. With Japan, the out-
look is also distinctly less serene than formerly.
Professor Coolidge, in speaking of American-
Japanese relations, says :
" We may as well recognize that the two countries
can never again be on quite the same terms that they
were ten years ago. Their feelings toward one another
may be of the most cordial kind, but both have changed
too much for the old relation, which was almost that
of benevolent teacher and eager pupil, to be possible in
the future. The Americans are no longer the mildly
interested spectators in the Far East that they once
were, and Japan has outgrown the need of their tutelage.
In the past they have applauded her successes, some-
times without stopping to consider whether these would
in the end be to their advantage; and now they can
1909.]
THE DIAL
45
claim no grievance if her altered position gives her new
interests and inspires her with new ambitious which are
not invariably in accord with their own desires. Amer-
ica, who has grown to be the rival of so many older
states, cannot complain when she in her turn is con-
fronted by the rivalry of a younger one. The world is
still large enough for many nations to compete without
quarrelling; but when the aspirations of one conflict
with those of another, it serves no good purpose to blink
the truth. It is saner to accept the situation frankly,
and to try to see what can reasonably be expected on
both sides; for without such an understanding, a fair
adjustment cannot be arrived at."
One may well wish that Professor Coolidge's
international philosophy were certain of univer-
sal acceptance. It is at least comfortable to
believe that the candor and logic with which
he has written will not fail of effect wherever
his volume shall be read. It is not often that
a book is brought out simultaneously in three
languages. " The United States as a World
Power " has had that honor, appearing within
a few weeks in English, French, and German
editions. It is distinctly to be hoped that it will
command the attention which the temper, per
haps more conspicuously than the scholarship,
of the volume so abundantly deserves.
Frederic Austin Ogg.
EARi,Y Spaxisii Arts and Crafts.*
The publishers of " The World of Art Series "
have done well to secure the author of " The
Land of the Dons " to prepare for them a work
on " The Arts and Crafts of Older Spain."
Probably no man to-day, not a Spaniard, is
equally familiar with that country. Long a
resident of Madrid as correspondent of the Lon-
don " Times," and now a corresponding member
of the Royal Spanish Academy, the Royal
Spanish Academy of History, and the Royal
Spanish Academy of Fine Arts, Mr. Leonard
Williams represents to this generation, as
Richard Ford did to the last, the chief English
authority upon Spanish life and customs. The
present material could have been gathered only
by one thoroughly conversant with the Spanish
language and intimately acquainted with the
libraries, public and private art collections, and
the people themselves.
Considered mathematically, the three vol-
umes contain 834 pages, 173 full-page plates,
and 97 titles of books consulted. Volume for
volume the first is the best. In it the author
•The Arts and Crafts of Older Spain. By Leonard
Williams. In three volumes. Illustrated. Chicago: A. C.
McClurg & Co.
discusses gold, silver, and jewel work, iron work,
bronzes, and arms. Here he shows himself at
home, giving us the interesting results of long
study under most favorable advantages. In
the second and third volimies, which treat of
furniture, ivories, pottery, glass, and textile
fabrics, he quotes largely from Spanish and
French authorities, accompanying his transla-
tions however with a valuable running com-
mentary. Surely a man may be excused for
not showing the same degree of intimacy with
all the crafts, from iron to lace ; while inasmuch
as almost nothing has been published until now
in English upon Spanish craftsmanship, the
attempt to spread over the whole ground should
not be censured too severely.
Mr. Williams traces the history of each craft,
and gives descriptions and photographs of its
earliest and most important examples. Gold
and silver objects, owing to their durability and
the care given to their preservation, furnish
some of the oldest specimens of the skill and
taste of early craftsmen. Visigothic crowns
stiU exist which date back to the seventh cen-
tury. Many royal treasures of later ages,
caskets, table ornaments, custodia, crosses, and
altars have been guarded in private palaces or
in those great storehouses the cathedrals. Often
the delicacy of form or decoration proves the
workmanship to be of greater value than the
precious material. The names, dates, and spe-
cialties of the most celebrated craftsmen make
an interesting catalogue, but the list dwindles
with the expulsion of the Moors and the dis-
covery of America. By the time that the gold
and silver of the New World began to pour into
Seville the whole country was in an impoverished
state and had lost her best native craftsmen.
" Foreign artificers in consequence (parti-
cularly after the royal pragmatic of 1628
encouraging their immigration), attracted by
the treasure fleets that anchored in the bay of
Cadiz, came trooping into Spain and filled their
pockets from the national purse, fashioning, in
return for money which they husbanded and sent
abroad, luxurious gold and silver objects that
were merely destined to stagnate within her
churches and cathedrals." A century later for-
tunes were everywhere spent in luxurious dis-
play, the very pies at banquets being washed
with gold or silver. It is to this period that we
owe some of the finest treasures preserved to-day.
An inventory of the ducal house of Albu-
querque is quoted, showing fourteen hundred
dozen plates, with a corresponding number of
gold and silver cups, bowls, trenchers, salt-
46
THE DIAL
[Jan. 16,
cellars, and spoons, also a mighty sideboard
mounted by forty silver stairs. This love of
lavish display, and the satisfaction of it made
possible by the sudden great wealth from
America, together with the Spanish tenacity in
preserving what is old, make Spain a more
profitable field of study than many a more pro-
gressive country.
In iron work the splendid rejas or griRs are
among the glories of Spain. Mr. Williams
gives as much space as is possible in a work
of this character to the subject, which really
requires a book to itself. Unfortunately, views
of but two of these fine screens are given, —
those of Seville and Granada, the latter, enclos-
ing the tombs of Ferdinand and Isabella, being
a familiar picture to English readers.
The chapter on arms is an excellent one. Into
it the author has put his best work, while at the
same time he has a most fruitful subject. He
says : " Lovers of the old-time crafts approach
a fertile field in Spanish arms ; for truly with
this war-worn land the sword and spear, obsti-
nately substituted for the plough, seem to have
grown wellnigh into her regular implements of
daily bread-winning ; and from long before the
age of written chronicle her soil was planted
with innumerable weapons of her wrangling
tribesmen." Lovers of the Poem of the Cid
will be pleased with the picture of a beautiful
adarga from the Royal Armory. Mr. Williams
states that the supposed Coladu preserved in
the same collection reaUy dates from the thir-
teenth century, and can therefore never have
been the sword of the famous Campeador. The
general reader will be somewhat surprised at the
following information : " The Royal Armoury
at Madrid is often thought by foreigners to con-
tain a representative collection of the arms, offen-
sive and defensive, used by the Spanish people
through all their mediaeval and post-mediaeval
history. This is not so. Although it is the
choicest and the richest gallery in Europe, the
Armeria Real was formed almost entirely from
the cdmaras de armas or private armouries of
Charles the Fifth and of his son, and is, as
Melida describes it, ' a splendid gallery of royal
arms,' dating, with very few exceptions, from
the sixteenth century."
The term furniture has been construed with
siiflftcient liberality to include doors, doorways,
choir-stalls, altar-screens, wood statues, and wood
carving of all sorts. Perhaps the most typically
Spanish article is the arcon or chest, of which
seven classes are described. Respecting the Cid's
coffer in the Cathedral at Burgos the author
leaves us our illusion, saying : " It is certain that
the archives of the cathedral have been deposited
in this chest for many centuries. Evidently, too,
it dates from about the lifetime of the Cid, while
the rings with which it is fitted show it to have
been a kind of trunk intended to be carried on
the backs of sumpter-mules or horses."
Throughout the book many side-lights are
thrown upon the customs and daily life of older
Spain by means of excerpts from chronicles,
fueros, inventories, and municipal ordinances.
The strict regulations governing the manufac-
ture of various articles are quoted, and the dis-
astrous legislation which resulted in the decrease
of looms at Granada from fifteen thousand to
six hundred is reviewed. The list of these
sources and of the printed articles and books
consulted forms one of the most important por-
tions of the work. Indeed, this bibliography,
together with the photographic plates, would
alone have been well worth publishing. The
plates are without exception excellent, being also
refreshingly new and unfamiliar. They receive
an added value by being labeled with the name
of the collection in which the objects may be
found, and together form a Spanish Musee de
Cluny containing the gems of Spanish crafts-
manship from the beginning.
George Griffin Brownell.
Thjs Youth op Mirabeau.*
It is rare that an American scholar ventures
to undertake a work like Professor Fling's
" Mirabeau and the French Revolution," for he
realizes that an adequate examination of the
material, much of which is still in the manu-
script collections of public and private archives,
implies a prolonged residence abroad or repeated
journeys across the Atlantic. The law of neces-
sity has, therefore, forced American historical
writing to cultivate alaiost exclusively the field
of American history, and has left the general
reader dependent upon " importations " for the
knowledge he is to gain of European history,
save as this may be found in manuals and brief
biographies. Professor Fling should be credited
with the courage of his undertaking. It has
been truly a work of " longue haleine," for he
chose his subject twenty years ago, when he was
a student in Leipsic. At that time neither the
biography by Stern nor that by the Lomenies,
* Mirabeau and the French Revolution. By Fred Morrow
Fling, Ph.D., Professor of European History In the University of
Nebraska. In three volumes. Volume I., The Youth of Mira-
beau. Illustrated. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
1909.]
THE DIAL
47
father and son, had appeared. The publication
of these biographies has not lessened the im-
portance of this contribution, for there does not
yet exist in English an adequate treatment of
Mirabeau's career. Professor Fling has entitled
his work " Mirabeau and the French Revolu-
tion," because he intends to deal with the
Revolution also, at least so far as it is involved
in the life of its greatest statesman. The seri-
ous student of this period will find his discussion
of the value of the- manuscript material, and of
the printed books, especially opportune and
instructive. It is characteristic of the thor-
oughly workmanlike quality of the book.
The first of the three volumes covers Mira-
beau's life up to his imprisonment at the
Chateau d'lf, September 20, 1774, by virtue
of a lettre de cachet which that pecidiar " Friend
of Men," his father, had procured from the
government. Mirabeau was twenty-five years
old, and this was the fourth time a lettre de
cachet had placed him under restraint. It is
evident that he had already accumulated much
perplexing material for historical investigators
and psychological specialists, particularly for
those acquainted with the phenomena of ado-
lescence. Such a varied experience suggests
that in the study of this period we may satisfy
an eager curiosity to learn the foundations of
that strange character so vividly illustrated in
the first two years of the Revolution, — a great
intellect, boundless initiative and force, acting
apparently without those ordinary restraints
which we call scruples. In order that we may
have the whole case before us. Professor Fling
has devoted careful consideration to the career
of his father, " I'Ami des hommes," and to that
of his uncle " the Bailli."
Several elements of Mirabeau's mature char-
acter had appeared, Professor Fling believes,
long before the end of this first period. He
quotes from a letter which Gilbert Elliott, once
the schoolmate of Mirabeau in the establishment
of the Abbe Choquard in Paris, wrote to his
brother years later when Mirabeau was visiting
him. " Mirabeau," says this letter, " although
considerably ripened in abilities ... is as over-
bearing in his conversation, as awkward in his
graces, as ugly and misshapen in face and per-
son, and withal as perfectly sufiicient, as we
remember him twenty years ago. I loved him
then, however, and so did you. . . ." This
refers to a time when Mirabeau was fifteen.
Three or four years later, in the incidents which
led to the imprisonment in the He de Re, other
peculiarities of the boy and man appeared. After
a love affair, with horrifying possibilities of a
mesalliance^ Mirabeau had deserted his regiment
at Saintes and taken refuge in Paris, in order,
from a secure retreat, to ward off by negotiation
the effects of parental wi-ath. Incidentally he
was moved to vilify the colonel of the regiment.
According to his father, he opened against M. de
Lambert a " pack of recriminating lies, almost
convincing by the force of his eloquent effront-
ery." This marvellous gift of persuasive utter-
ance, so little dependent upon truth for its
effectiveness, had, said Lambert, won over to
Mirabeau's view of the affair half the city of
Saintes and the province ; and Lambert added,
he is " believed to have found in the city 20,000
livres that are no longer there." The mystery
is where he got these qualities. Was it from
the stormy race of which he came ? Were they
the consequences of the unsympathetic and
pedantic attitude which his father took toward
the boy almost from the first ? Was it in part
because at a critical time in his later childhood
his mother was forced to withdraw from the
unhappy home in order to make room for a
mistress? Professor Fling suggests that each
of these things may have had their influence,
but he is unwilling to do more than indicate the
probability, for the references in the letters of
the father, the principal source of information
for this early period, are not full enough or
sufficiently clear to enable him to draw a com-
plete portrait of this strange youth. He has
given special care to the history of the father's
attitude toward the son, tracing its phases with
greater exactness than have previous biographers.
Certainly no father ever spoke of a child with
more brutal frankness. At ten the Marquis
describes him as bearing " a striking resem-
blance to Punch, being all belly and back."
Four years later, when he was out of humor
with the boy, he wrote that he was " very much
of a caterpillar," and added, " he will find diffi-
culty in uncaterpillaring himself." But there
was a time when he and his son were on good
terms, the history of which Professor Fling
gives in the chapter, " In the Confidence of his
Father."
Throughout the volume, the author's attitude
is that of the sympathetic historian. He is
not an apologist ; he neither attacks nor defends
Mirabeau, he tries to explain him so far as this
may be done historically. In one passage he
refers to Mirabeau as a " notorious literary
buccaneer "; bvit this is not said in severity,
but as a simple statement of fact. The interest
which his narrative arouses in the youthfid
48
THE DIAL
[Jan. 16,
Mirabeau predisposes the reader to look for-
ward to the appearance of the second volume,
which will conduct the career to 1789, and to
the third, which will complete its story.
Henry E. Bourne.
Recent American Poetry.*
Before turning to the consideration of poetry that
is recent in the literal sense, a few words should be
said of three recent collections, which give us in
definitive form and arrangement the complete work
of three of our most honored American poets. First
of all, and published within a year from the time of
his taking-off, we have the new " Household " edition
of Stedman. In this edition, which includes all of
his verse which the author deemed worthy of pres-
ervation, we find the contents of the old " House-
hold " edition (omitting a few juvenalia) and of the
" Poems Now First Collected," besides seventeen
other pieces (including " Mater Coronata ") of later
date, and two fragments from Theocritus. These
fragments are all that the poet left in shape for pub-
lication of his long-contemplated version of the idyls
of the three Sicilian poets. In accordance with his
expressed desire, this new edition of Stedman adopts
a classified arrangement, in which the order of com-
position is largely ignored. Besides the long poem,
" The Blameless Prince," there are ten categories,
" In War Time," " Poems of Manhattan," " Poems
of New England," " Poems of Occasion," " Poems
of Greece," "Poems of Nature," "The Carib
Sea," "Songs and Ballads," "Various Poems," and
" Shadow-Tiand." Mr. Stedman's work gains greatly
in effectiveness by this re-arrangement, and no mis-
take has been made in adopting it. A brief and
loving memoir gives the essentials of the poet's life,
and makes clear both the noble fortitude which sus-
* The Poems op Edmund Clabence Stedman. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin Co.
The Poems of Eichabd Watson Gildeb. Boston : Houghton
Mifflin Co.
The Poems and Sonnets of Loitisb ChandiiEB Moulton.
Boston : Little, Brown, & Co.
James Vila Blake as Poet. By Amelia Hughes. Chicago:
Thomas F. Halpin & Co.
The Time of Roses. By John Vance Cheney. Portland,
Me. : Thomas B. Mosher.
Poems. By Charles Sprague Smith. New York : A. Weasels Co.
FiBST Poems. By Henry K. Herbert (H. H.Knibbs). Roch-
ester : The Genesee Press.
The House of Falling Leaves, with Other Poems. By
William Stanley Braithwaite. Boston : John W. Luce & Co.
The Wounded Ebos. Sonnets by Charles Gibson. Boston :
The Author.
Each. IN His Own Tongue, and Other Poems. By William
Herbert Carruth. New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Love Songs and Lybics. By J. A. Middleton. Boston:
John W. Luce & Co.
An Eabth Poem, and Other Poems. By Gerda Dalliba.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
OuT-DooB Music. Songs of Birds, Trees, Flowers, The Road,
Love, Religion. By Ella Gilbert Ives. Boston : The Arakelyan
Press.
MuGEN. A Book of Verse. By Fanny Runnells Poole.
Bridgeport, Conn. : The Niles Publishing Co.
tained him amid the trials of his later years and the
personal qualities that endeared him to all who had
the privilege of his friendship. We will quote the
closing paragraph, which tells us how the end came.
"Soon after the death of his wife Mr. Stedman moved
back to New York. He took an apartment up-town and
settled himself for the last time with his beloved books
around him. Here, in spite of loss, ill-health, and increas-
ing age, he enjoyed life as only life's inveterate lovers may,
and at the end the gods were kind. There came three or
four days and nights of unusual well-being and high spirits.
The evening before he died some of his near relatives dined
with him and his infectious boyish gayety was the life of the
occasion. The next day, after a morning devoted as usual
to literary work, he called up an old friend over the telephone
and demanded that he dine with him, on the plea that his
dinner was to be an unusually good one that night. The
invitation was accepted, and he made gleeful preparation
for an evening of the reminiscent talk that was his favorite
form of entertainment. In the middle of the afternoon he
fell without a word. ' Give me to die unwitting of the day,'
he had sung : his prayer was granted, and for him who had
fenced with death so long and with such gay oonrage the end
came with one swift stroke."
Also included in the "Household" edition, and
well deserving of admission to that choice company,
we have the complete poetical works of Mr. Richard
Watson Gilder. This volume contains no prefatory
matter, but simply reprints, in the order of their
original publication, the many small collections of
refined and graceful verse that Mr. Gilder has been
producing during the last thirty years and more.
No less than seventeen copyright entries are in-
cluded, the first of them dating from 1875, exactly
a generation ago. It makes us realize for the first
time how prolific a poet he has been, and also deepens
our sense of the fine intrinsic quality of his work,
both early and late.
The third poet whose work now comes to us in
collected form is the late Mrs. Louise Chandler
Moulton, and the pious task of bringing it together,
and of providing it with the fitting prefatory words,
has fallen to her friend, Mrs. Harriet Prescott
Spoffoi'd, who bears a name equally honorable in
the history of New England letters. The contents
of Mrs. Moulton's three volumes of verse are here
put between a single pair of covers, and a few
additional poems round out the volume. Mrs.
Spofford's memoir is the work of a devoted friend,
and is written in the strain of eulogy, but so many
other voices have borne witness both to the beauty
of the poet's character and to the exquisite artistry
of her lyrics and sonnets, that even friendship may
hardly be said to exaggerate in this instance. Certain
it is that no writer stands higher upon the roll of
our woman poets than the gracious personality which
this volume discloses.
The Rev. James Vila Blake professes his poetical
faith in the following sonnet:
" I know not what my soul hates more and worse
Than the pale brows of whimpering poets — they
Who not e'en love but must go ' faint,' ' fall,' say
' We sicken,' ' pine,' and ' die,' in weeping verse.
O fine-voiced harmonies, must ye rehearse
These feeble folk, who swim or swamp in whey
Like meagre curds, more thin than ghosts by day,
1909.]
THE DIAL
49
Or evening scud that caps of wind disperse ?
What ! must sweet words, fine vocables, and song,
That link all men and mark mankind, serve them
Who suck a jaundice from th' inveterate green ?
Out wi' the pack ! I love bards firm and strong :
My soul doth void the pulers — broods I 'd hem
Like bats in rosy fogs, nor seeing nor seen."
It is clear that the writer of these lines is no " whim-
pering poet," but it seems also that his love for
" bards firm and strong " sometimes gets the better
of his natural sense of smooth diction and flowing
melody. There may be compact thought, but there
is no poetry, in such lines as these, suggested by an
old circus ring :
" ' Where be your gibes now,' thou chalked mock,
And thy heart-sick gags ? Art gone of thine old staleness ?
And all the melancholy players, over whose paleness
Were dabbed the lies of smiles and ruby stock
Of health ? Yon old ring, like a ghost, doth knock
At my heart strangely, with vehement love, and the frailness
Of our mortal state stares from the painted halenesM
On the tan where dizzy phantom-riders flock."
Miss Amelia Hughes, who has made the selection
of Mr. Blake's poems now before us, calls the son-
net of which these lines are the octave " a flower of
perfected genius." In fact, her introductory essay
rather repels than invites our admiration for the
poet, and her hope " that the sincerity of its intent
may retrieve for him any gaucheries of an inhabile
and unaided pen " is a brave one in the face of her
strained and unconvincing argument. Mr. Blake's
verse is also strained, but at the best it is worth
while. As an example of what is the best, because
the most unaffected, we may take the following
sonnet :
" If I be questioned whether 't be the day
Doth follow night around the flowery world,
Or whether night, with sandals dewy pearled
Pursue the mom, that wooed will not delay, —
I answer thus : Firat tell me, which makes way,
My love to me, or I to her, when furled
The camping light's gold streamers be, and curled
With spiral vapors falleth twilight ray ?
If 't is my part to woo with will, hath erst
Her beauty not pursued me, will or no,
And natural the more as 't is not willed ?
Like day and night, a twain without a first,
True lovers know not either follows so,
Or either leads — whom both one love hath filled."
Mr. Blake's lyrical quality may be exemplified by
stanzas from his " January Song," taken from " The
Months," his latest production :
" And O, if I shall tell, my dear.
If I shall tell the time o' year
The time that giveth most o* cheer,
And most 's our own
And most by love is known.
What shall it be?"
The answer to this question is the New Year season,
" For 0, th' angelic snow, my dear,
Th' angelic snow, and ice how sheer.
The ice that tinkles frosty clear.
And frosty fills
With frosted light the sills
O' the opening year.
" And O, the troops of nuns, my dear,
The troops of nuns that white appear
There where the picket rows up-rear,
In rows where snow
The rows doth now o'er-blow.
And hood them here.
" And 0, the evergreens, my dear,
The evergreens that mock and fleer,
That mock at storms, and shine in gear
Of shining ice.
That shining in a trice
Berobes them sheer."
Mr. Blake's verse is singularly conscientious and
thoughtful ; it is also strongly individual. It is
comprised in five collections, printed between 1887
and 1907, from all of which " James Vila Blake as
Poet," the little volume now before us, takes judi-
cious toll. It seems to echo, at times, the accents
of such old singers as Herbert and Vaughan, at
others, the more modern notes of Emerson, Lanier,
and Sir George Meredith.
Mr. John Vance Cheney's newest book of song,
" In Time of Roses," gives us thirty-five (Shake-
spearean) sonnets, with a score of lyrics appended
or interspersed. From work so exquisite it is
difficult to select, and it is almost at random that
we quote this sonnet with its song-commentary :
" The summer gone, and all the day's desire.
Thick in the field stand, ranked, the stately sheaves ;
The woodland blazes with baptismal fire
Of Horeb's bush, an angel in its leaves.
Up through the dusk upon the sky I gaze.
Where flows the molten gold, while from it loom
The silver cloud-ships of the windless ways,
Among the lilac islands brushed with gloom.
These colors all are love and memory's own,
This near, appealing pomp the summer wore ;
'Tis wafted back on all the winds that moan.
Heightened to brightness it had not before.
The glories of Love's morning, safe they are ;
Evening shall burn them in her early star."
" The field wears more than glory of the year.
Pilgrims, unseen, walk here ;
Mortals who crossed it long since, still they pa.ss
Over the kind, remembering grass, —
All they once in its smile went by.
And, now, lapt in its pity lie.
" The moon wears more than glory of the sun.
By her is death undone ;
Forever from the unforgetting skies
Downward she looks with all the eyes
Once lifted to her, yearning so,
In the sweet evenings long ago."
In this collection of verse, Mr. Cheney seems to
us to have achieved a more even excellence, a closer
approach to faultlessness, than in any earlier one,
and his title to a high place among our lyrists is
more clearly to be read than ever before.
Says Mr. Charles Sprague Smith,
" My muse, thou art a simple thing,"
and her service may be commended to many more
pretentious versifiers. Mr. Smith's notes are nature-
worship, patriotism in the good sense, social brother-
hood, and religious aspiration. These stanzas open
the longish poem called " Unity ":
50
THE DIAL
[Jan. 16,
" By many patt&^an seeks for God,
And can it be, in error's maze
All wander sJlve the few whose ways
Are those our sainted fathers trod ?
" Lo, deep within its bosky glen,
Bending in coy humility,
The faintly flushed anemone
Would fain, I ween, be hid again.
'■ The ruddy rose, the garden's pride,
Unveils her beauty to the sun.
Exulting in the life new won,
Casting her chrysalis aside.
" The cereus in wondrous way,
Uplifts her chalice pearly white,
For, in the mystery of night,
Wakens the force received by day.
" In varying forms, the life within.
Bursting the bonds of winter's night.
To leaf and flower transmutes the light,
When the moist April days begin.
'■ So human souls will ever climb
By separate paths the bristling peak,
When yearning hearts with patience seek
To find eternity in time."
Mr. Smith's pieces are simple, but they are not often
marred by faulty expression, and his blank verse is
particularly good.
Mr. Henry K. Herbert (or H. H. Knibbs), whose
" First Poems " are printed in a small private edition,
is, we are told, a stenographer in a railway office.
That he has kept the freedom of the spirit, even amid
such surroundings, is made evident by the highly
imaginative and deeply felt contents of his little book
of song. " The Wander-Lust " shall be our chief
example :
" Thou soft, persuading, still insistent breeze,
Hiding thy swelling breast within the sail
That nods across the undulating seas,
(Prow-kissing seas that lap the dripping rail),
Thou bearest from unremembered idle isles.
Within whose harbors alien anchors rust,
Sweet singing dreams that sleep beneath thy smiles
And break, — to wake the slumbering Wander-lust.
" The inward tears, the unavailing word.
The uplifted tender mouth's unspoken prayer,
Are things to me unseen, unfelt, unheard.
When the wild Wander-lust, with siren-rare
Enchantment, sings my soul to pathless ways
O'er fields where Hunger, Grief, and Terror ride,
Pace with my pace, — gaunt wolves of questing days, —
Must I, with these, explore the Other Side ?
" What shall I gain when I at last have found
The secret garden hid behind the hill ?
An unremembered grave in quiet ground.
Or trail defined that lures to wander still,
Till Time's essential ministries shall change
This atom to diviner flower-dust
That on the breath of God shall ever range
His Seas, in soul-immortal Wander-lust ? "
If only this moving poem were not marred by the
impossible rhyme at its close ! Here is a pretty
little thing that seems worth quoting:
" I am a miller of tranquil mind,
Content, as my little grist I grind.
The simple folk in our valley know
That my meal is pure though my wheel is slow.
God's clouds loosed the water that turns my wheel,
His sun grew the maize that I turn to meal.
Though the toll comes scant to my measure's brim,
I am well content, for I grind for Him."
There is a whole philosophy of life in this happy
expression of a simple thought.
Mr. William Stanley Braithwaite, in " The House
of Falling Leaves," shows himself to be a sonneteer
of thoughtful dignity and an effective poet of occa-
sions. His ode for the Whittier centenary is strong
and sympathetic, as may be seen from its third and
fifth stanzas, here reproduced :
" In the rough farmhouse of his lowly birth
The spirit of poetry fired his youthful years ;
No palace was more radiant on earth,
Than the rude home where simple joys and tears
Filled the boy's soul with the human chronicle
Of lives that touched the soil.
He heard about him voices — and he fell
To dreams, of the dim past, 'midst his daily toil ;
Romance and legend claimed his Muse's voice
Till the heroic choice
Of duty led him to the battle's broil.
" He helped to seal the doom. His hope was peace
With the great end attained. Beyond his will
Fate shaped his aims to awful destinies
Of vengeful justice ; — now valley and hill
Groaned with the roar of onset ; near and far
The terrible, sad cries
Of slaughtered men pierced into sun and star ;
Beyond his will the violence — but the prize
Of Freedom, blood had purchased, won to God
His praise that all men trod
Erect, and clothed in Freedom, 'neath the skies."
Mr. Braithwaite, besides giving us his own volume
of verse, appears also as sponsor for a sonnet se-
quence, "The Wounded Eros," by Mr. Charles
Gibson, and writes for the book an elaborate intro-
ductory essay. Mr. Gibson's sonnets number one
hundred and thirty, and this is one of them :
" How sweet to me are these soft days of spring ;
But how much sweeter, did thy beauty bear.
Like cherry blossoms o'er the flowering air,
Its scented fragrance to me ; and did bring
Some songs of love, like birds upon the wing.
To tell me that my love, with thine, might share
These lovers' hours, that in the spring appear.
And o'er the earth their efflorescence fling.
Ah, Love ! thy winter's waiting hath well-nigh
This heart of mine, for love of thee, so broken,
That it hath scarce the power to beat to-day.
'T were time, indeed, to compensate my sigh
At last with Love's unutterable token,
That shall not with the seasons fade away."
From this, and the other sonnets, we gather that
the poet's love is scorned ; else it would not be free
to languish through one hundred and thirty sonnets.
We are informed that the book tells " the story of
an oblation full of inexplicable shadows," which
seems to be a fairly accurate description. There is
little subtlety in the imagery, and the poet's senti-
ment is of the obvious kind, sicklied o'er with the
pale cast of thought rather than glowing with passion.
" Each in his Own Tongue " is a poem that was
printed in a magazine many years ago, and has beeu
widely copied since then, although not always with
1909.]
THE DIAI.
51
the acknowledgment due its author. It was written
by Professor William Herbert Carruth in a happy
hour of inspiration, and bids fair to keep his name
in the anthologies for a long time to come. He
may, in fact, come to share the distinction of Joseph
Blanco White, whose memory a single sonnet has
kept alive. For the present, however, we must
think of Mr. Carruth as more than a man of a
single poem, for he has just given us a collection of
some fourscore pieces, many of which approach in
seriousness of thought and felicity of expression the
one widely-known example which provides his book
with its title. Rather than quote the familiar lines
we will reproduce the stanzas called " Dreamers of
Dreams ":
" We are all of us dreamers of dreams ;
On visions our childhood is fed ;
And the heart of the child is unhaunted, it seems,
By the ghosts of dreams that are dead.
" From childhood to youth 's but a span,
And the years of our youth are soon sped ;
Yet the youth is no longer a youth, but a man,
When the first of his dreams is dead.
" There 's no sadder sight this side the grave
Than the shroud o'er a fond dream spread,
And the heart should be stern and the eyes be brave
To gaze on a dream that is dead.
" 'T is as a cup of wormwood and gall
When the doom of a great dream is said,
And the best of a man is under the pall
When the best of his dreams is dead.
" He may live on by compact and plan
When the fine bloom of living is shed,
But God pity the little that 's left of a man
When the last of his dreams is dead.
" Let him show a brave face if he can,
Let him woo fame or fortune instead.
Yet there 's not much to do but bury a man
When the last of his dreams is dead."
One other example of Mr. Carruth's simple and
sincere workmanship may be given:
"A carpet all of faded brown,
On the gray bough a dove that grieves ;
Death seemeth here to have his own,
Bnt the spring violets nestle down
Under the leaves.
" A brow austere and sad gray eyes,
Locks in which Care her silver weaves ;
Hope seemeth tombed no more to rise,
But God he knoweth on what wise
Love for Love's sunshine waiting lies
Under the leaves."
A fine sense of the essential realities pervades Mr.
Carruth's verse. He is an academic poet, but one
whose sensibilities the academic environment has not
deadened.
Mr. J. A. Middleton's " Love Songs and Lyrics "
are pretty trifles which may be illustrated by *' The
Lost Serenade ":
" I sang a song. Alas, the nightingale
A-down the vale
Sang too ; and as I told my passion's pain
He nmrmured his, and hushed my humble strain.
" I blew a kiss, on wings of love to rise
Unto her eyes ;
Alas, the wanton breeze before had pressed
A dozen kisses on her snowy breast.
" I took a rose — but, ah ! her favorite tree
Outwitted me ;
For, kneeling like a saint before a shrine,
He offered handf uls, lovelier far than mine."
There are only a scant score of these songs ; the
rest of the little book is devoted to an incident in
dramatic form, " Red Sefchen," which readers of
Heine will not need to have explained. This is the
poet's declaration upon the occasion of the lovers'
last clandestine meeting :
" As dusk to Nightingale, as sun to flower,
Aa star to some benighted wanderer,
As cool palm-island in a sea of sand,
As light to ardent seeker after Truth
Grappling with Doubt and Error till the full
Fierce fire of Trial hath refined his faith
And made it tenfold purer than before :
As celandine unto the lovesick bee
That draws, with thrUls of exquisite delight.
The honey-heart it covets. As the pulse
To life — so thou to me. Our spirits twine,
And in one tender growth of mutual love
Spring upward, bearing fruit of perfect bliss,
Which shall endure when life itself shall pass."
The consummation of this tragedy in miniature
comes swiftly. Feeling herself disgraced by her
father's unhallowed calling, Sefchen, after the poet
has left her, slays herself with the executioner's
sword.
Miss Gerda Dalliba (if that is a real name) is the
author of " An Earth Poem, and Other Poems."
The intent of " An Earth Poem " is, in the author's
words, "to express in words Man's needs, capabil-
ities, and progress, accepting as a premise that, gen-
erally speaking, his course has been one tending
from the mere materialism of Nature to a more
refined and spiritual outlook, as is the case with an
individual turning from childhood's idealistic pan-
theism through the material of fact and divergent
emotions towards the necessity of a formulated
Deism, or the slow progression of the Mass by the
care of civilization and cultivation to a penetrating
view of essential needs." It takes a long breath to
get through this descriptive sentence, and many of
them to get through the dithyrambic outpouring of
the poem itself. We are more than ever inclined
to think with Poe that the expression " long poem "
involves a contradiction of terms. It is an amor-
phous composition, in which nuggets of poetic dic-
tion may be found imbedded. Here is one of them :
" If I go on, 0 soul, what will betide ?
Shall I grow weary of the weight of light ?
I, who before was novice to the Sun,
Shall Paradise to me seem dark with prayer
And ecstacy the dust upon the streets
Where the man angel, joins the hallowed saint —
And prophet, the diviner angel meets —
Where sin, like a pale woman nun, grows faint
With too divine a beauty, born from tears ?
Or on the long night's darkness, long and wide
Become an essence which is spiritualized ? "
52
THE DIAL
[Jan. 16,
These questionings leave us baffled. Miss Dalliba's
other poems are sonnets and miscellaneous pieces in
about equal measure. Mr. Edwin Markham intro-
duces the collection with a few ingratiating words
finding " a rift of genius in this ledge of song."
But we must call the book the work of a nature at
present utterly unregulated, from both the intel-
lectual and the artistic points of view.
The " Out-Door Music " of Miss Ella Gilbert Ives
is classified under six categories — Birds, Trees,
Flowers, The Road, Love, and Religion. *' An
April Birch" becomes the occasion of this pretty
simile :
" The breath of God is in the breeze
And touches all the quivering trees.
But one, in maiden mood apart,
To hold communion with her heart,
In awe-struck beauty now receives
The heavenly tidings in her leaves :
Resistless as the golden shower
That entered Danae's brazen tower,
God's sunbeams on her whiteness fall
And life leaps up to meet his call."
And here is "The Cardinal Flower." no less
charming :
" In dim and cloistered nook,
Where slips a quiet brook,
A stolid priest intones —
To liquid sighs and moans —
A penitential psalm.
" The pallid sunrays glide
Across his vestments, dyed
In Golgotha's deep hue,
And damp with chrism-dew
From Calvary's nailed palm."
These songs have simplicity and grace, qualities
often denied to strains of more pretentious flight.
" Mugen " is the title of a book of verse by Mrs.
Fanny RunneUs Poole, and the word, we are told,
is Japanese, meaning " in dream and reality." That
Mrs. Poole can write tunefully may be evidenced by
the subjoined stanza :
" O the heart, the heart hath seasons,
The heart, memorial flowers,
And memory wells like vesper bells
To thrill the dreaming hours !
The fancies we have cherished,
The affections' myriad springs,
Reach out betimes in rippling rhymes
To hearts who love such things."
Several of her pieces are translations, among these
being versions of five of Heredia's sonnets, done
with sympathy and intelligence.
William Morton Payne.
The anuouncement that the Nobel prize in literature
has gone to Professor Rudolf Eucken has stimulated
interest in au author who has hitherto been little
known outside of academic circles. One of his English
disciples, Mr. W. R. Boyce Gibson, has written a study
entitled " Rudolf Eueken's Philosophy of Life," which
has been published in America by The Macmillan Co.
Briefs on New Books.
Mr. Chesterton^ H J^^- Chesterton's reasons for accept-
confession ing orthodox Christianity are, as a
of faith. matter of course, thoroughly charac-
teristic. They are rather brilliantly set forth in his
little book named "Orthodoxy" (John Lane Co.),
which is intended to be a companion volume to
" Heretics " — affirmative and constructive where
that was negative and critical. The reason for the
faith that is in him Mr. Chesterton might briefly
have declared to be this, — credo quia impossibile.
" All other philosophies," he tells us, " say the things
that plainly seem to be true ; only this philosophy
has again and again said the thing that does not
seem to be true, but is true." And again : it is
convincing and irresistible for the reason " not
merely that it deduces logical truths, but that when
it suddenly becomes illogical, it has found out, so to
speak, an illogical truth. It not only goes right
about things, but it goes wrong (if one may say so)
exactly where the things go wrong." The Chris-
tian's creed is paradoxical, hence it is incontrovert-
ible. This, amply elaborated and illustrated, is
'the substance of the book, and is exactly what a
careful reading of Mr. Chesterton's previous works
might have led one to expect. To some the very
unreason of the whole reasoning will be delightfully
satisfying ; to others it will be foolishness. Inci-
dentally some sparks of truth are struck out in
almost startling fashion ; as, for instance, the essence
of insanity is not its unreason, but its reason : it
moves in a perfectly flawless and unbreakable circle
(a vicious circle) of unanswerable reasons, and can
only be reduced to sanity by introducing an illogical
element. Incidentally, too, some refreshingly frank
self-revelations are made. " Mere light sophistry,"
the author declares, " is the thing that I happen to
despise most of all things, and it is perhaps a whole-
some fact that this is the thing of which I am gen-
erally accused." And on his first page, in explaining
how his book came to be written, he acknowledges
himself to be " only too ready to write books upon
the feeblest provocation." The volume is evidently
written currente calamo, and with little attention to
the best order and the most concise form of state-
ment ; but it is, on the whole, one of the best pieces
of work Mr. Chesterton has given us.
,. , Perhaps the best thing one can gay
A new poetical i' -rrrMT
rendering of of Mr. Theodore C. Williams s trans-
the uKneid. j^tion of the " ^neid," now published
by the Houghton Mifflin Co., is that it tempts to a
re-reading of the entire epic, no matter how familiar
it be already. Wherever we have opened the vol-
ume, the smooth flow and graceful diction of its
blank verse has beguiled us to linger, and to read a
page where we had intended to read a passage only.
The translator's justification of his work is interest-
ing. He says : " My first experiments grew out of
the exigencies of teaching. I thought it important
that a class in Virgil should sometimes lay its Latin
1909.]
THE DIAL
58
by, smooth out its frowning forehead, and just ' hear
Sordello's story told.' But all the rhymed versions
seemed to have a touch of the comic ; and the prose
ones, of course, were in that mongrel, base-bred jargon
of which a man would hardly care to own the paternity
unless he were a translator of the classics. Even the
most scholarly and elegant versions did not admit of
continuous reading aloud. It therefore became my
rather desperate practice to write out certain selected
passages, both in prose and verse, in renderings
intended first of all to appeal to the ear." This
account of the genesis of the translation prepares us
for a lucid and easily-moving text, and we could wish
the school-boy no better fortune than to have his
Virgil in this form to read side by side with the
original. He could use it neither as a "pony " nor
as a lexicon, because the translator's starting-point
is the phrase rather than the single word, but he
could get from it much understanding of the power-
ful appeal which the poet has made to the cultivated
elect of all ages. No brief quotation can do much
to exhibit the simple charm of this version, but we
will permit a few lines to speak for it, taking one of
the most familiar of passages :
" ^neas thus replied :
' Thine image, sire, thy melancholy shade.
Came oft upon my vision, and impelled
My journey hitherward. Our fleet of ships
Lies safe at anchor in the Tuscan seas.
Come, clasp my hand ! Come, father, I implore.
And heart to heart this fond embrace receive ! '
So speaking, all his eyes suffused with tears ;
Thrice would his arms in vain that shape enfold.
Thrice from the touch of hand the vision fled,
Like wafted winds or likest hovering dreams."
The translation is truthful in the best sense, avoid-
ing pedantry and fussiness, preserving the argument
and the dramatic effect of the long speeches, and
using a vocabulary rich in suggestiveness and emo-
tional association. Either this or William Morris
would be our counsel to the reader, young or old,
who should ask us for the best approach to Virgil
by means of the English language, and Mr. Williams
has over Morris the advantage of closer texture and
a style more comfortable to the general ear. We
had not supposed a new Virgil in English could
prove so welcome.
Factors in the Some eight years ago Mr. Norman
creation of the ff i i i
American xlapgood gave US a work on the con-
drama, temporary stage, which treated those
aspects of the acted drama that were then playing a
leading part in American theatrical history, besides
presenting a critical consideration of current histri-
onic notabilities. In "The American Stage of
Today " (Small, Maynard & Company), Mr. Walter
Pritchard Eaton has done a like service, giving a
vital treatment of the drama in America as it is
developing at the present day, and rescuing from
unmerited oblivion records of productions worthy of
a more enduring place than the newspaper. Mr.
Eaton's book is written in that piquant journalistic
style which is cultivated through labor on the daily
press ; and, while it is not characterized by the same
Estays on
Elizabethan
dramatists.
assimilative power as the earlier work, it is inform-
ing to the student who feels an intelligent interest
in the contemporary drama. It treats principally
of those authors who are bringing to bear on the
problem of creating an American drama the largest
amount of dramatic skill, truthful observation, in-
telligent reflection, and passion for reality, and are
thus keeping our drama connected with life, leading
our stage on toward better things by making it a
vital force in the community. As a corollary, in
considering the question of reality on the stage, Mr.
Eaton says : " The world knows that reality is for-
ever in the making. What we called real yesterday
is unreal today ; truth is what we would have it ;
reality will only be perfect as we shape it so. To
deny the mission of the stage, one of man's most
cherished fields of aesthetic endeavor, in this high
task of remoulding the world ' nearer to the heart's
desire ' — the real world, not the make-believe — to
call it from the work for which it is above all other
art-forms fitted, and set it the trivial task of aping
unrealities, is to deny the laws of change and growth,
to belittle the power of aesthetic imagination, hope-
lessly to undervalue the worth of dramatic form."
A new book by Mr. Swinburne is an
event, even if, as in the case of " The
Age of Shakespeare" (Harper), it
contains little new material. The present volume is
a collection, with slight changes, of nine scattered
papers upon Elizabethan dramatists. Most of the
matter offered was written from twenty to thirty
years ago, and we have long wished that it might be
brought together in book form. It seems to us, how-
ever, that the present collection is less complete than
it might have been made. If recollection serves,
Mr. Swinburne's contributions to the English monthly
reviews during the eighties and early nineties included
considerably more work than is now brought to-
gether. However, the volume is too precious for us
to quarrel with because it is not bigger, and at once
takes its place beside the author's " Study of Shake-
speare " and his separate volumes upon Jonson and
Chapman. The subjects of his nine essays are
Marlowe, Webster, Dekker, Marston, Middleton,
Rowley, Heywood, Chapman, and Tourneur. They
take up, one by one, the important plays of each of
these dramatists, and discuss them with a penetrative
insight and a certainty of judgment that no other
student of the Elizabethan drama would be likely to
equal. The discussion is, of course, impetuous and
heated, and at moments unnecessarily discursive,
but it has the illuminating quality which is the signi-
ficant thing in criticism, and for which no weight of
mere scholarship can provide a satisfactory substitute.
That being the case, we may allow him without too
much indignation an occasional light-hearted irrel-
evancy, like the remark about " such constitutions as
could survive and assimilate a diet of Martin Tupper
or Mark Twain," or the playful comparison of
Euripides to "a mutilated moniey." The volume
has a sonnet-dedication " to the memory of Charles
54
THE DIAL
[Jan. 16,
Lamb," whose " Specimens " were published just a
century ago. It is a tender and beautiful tribute,
which no one has a clearer right than Mr. Swinburne
to lay at the feet of the man who rediscovered the
great Elizabethans for the modern world.
currnu topics ^^ ^^ Surprising how many things,
trenchantly new and old, wait only for the right
treated. person in order to be made the sub-
jects of interesting and edifying discourse — spoken
or written. Mr. Edward Sandford Martin, author
of that alluringly entitled book, "Windfalls of
Observation," and other volumes, has issued a fresh
collection of brief essays under the name, " In a New
Century" (Scribner). A score or more of topics
currently or even, in many cases, perennially inter-
esting are handled with adroitness and grace, and
usually in such a way as to strike out some novel or
significant thought. Even in his chapter on writing
for publication — a rather threadbare theme, surely
— the author is not altogether unsuccessful in avoid-
ing the hackneyed. He offers a novel and perhaps
useful suggestion in the following: "A man who
has been a fairly successful writer for a good many
years has been heard to attribute his success to
the exceptionally feeble quality of his mind, which
brought it about that he always got tired of any line
of thought he was expounding before the reader
did." The not very lively topic, " Deafness," is
responsible for fifteen pages of matter that bears
evidence of personal experience. Among consola-
tions for the loss of hearing he fails to emphasize the
appreciable increase in value gained by the remain-
ing senses ; and in aids to intercourse he omits to
include lip-reading — which, however, is incidentally
mentioned later. His style is so pleasing and so
suited to his ends that one is surprised and even
mildly shocked to find him using, wantonly and
under no sort of provocation, the unlovely adjective
"dratted." "Would" for "should" is regrettable,
but, alas, to be expected. A good deal of entertain-
ment, and not a few pregnant and profitable sug-
gestions, are to be had from the book.
It may be said with no undue dis-
.lr;Tmdr'P^r^g«°^«"t t^at the "Theory of
Mind " by Professor March of Union
College will give no higher satisfaction to any reader
than it did to its author in the writing. There is
a certain novelty of statement, and emphasis of
points of view that lead the author to regard the
whole contribution as profound and novel and com-
prehensive. All that can be said is that there are
few types of mind affected by the spirit and the
methods of modern psychology that will feel at all
in sympathy with this form of exposition. It re-
solves itself largely into a matter of terminology and
emphasis ; and Professor March's attitude in this
matter repels not alone because it is strange, but
because it seems to distort and to offer for the most
part only the consolation of a vocabulary. The
theory, in brief, is that all essential human traits are
in the nature of impulses and instincts ; that psy-
chology must be written wholly in the terms of such
instincts and impulses, and that we may use such
terms as ideal impulses, home-building impulses,
and other specialized impulses, to account for every
phase of social, personal, or material action. All
this is further incorporated in terms of a Monistic,
hypothesis, which helps expression but not interpre-
tation. In brief, the temptation is irresistible to
apply to this set of doctrines — not devoid of ability
or insight — the familiar comment, that persons who
like this sort of thing will probably find in this sort
of book the things they like. For the general stu-
dent of psychology it will carry but moderate mean-
ing and less conviction. ( Scribner.)
A plea for Educational experience is difficult to
personality transform into helpful words ; yet
m education. |.jjg attempt is worth making, and
will continue to be made. Though not notable, the
volume by Mr. James P. Conover, Master in St.
Paul's School, Concord, N. H., brings the well-
directed thinking of the schoolmaster to bear upon
the larger interests of his calling. The general
emphasis implied by the title — " Personality in Edu-
cation " (Moffat, Yard & Co.) — contains a timely
and welcome protest against the machine-made
pupil and the method-crammed teacher. The spirit
of it all is sane, the perspective sound, the treatment
judicious. The several factors of the educative
process — the teacher, the child, the school, disci-
pline, studies, and the routines of work, play, and
examinations — are passed in review with a unity
of consideration derived from a large and well-
interpreted experience. A significant though not
emphasized opinion of the volume is that contained
in the supplementary chapter on the College, which
expresses profound disappointment with what that
institution has been able to accomplish even with
promising boys from good schools. That here
again the absence of the personal touch and the
contact with the really educative relations of life
has much to do with the failure, is an opinion held
alike by Mr. Conover and by many who have been
reflecting upon problems akin to his.
„, ,. . Professor John Graham Brooks, in
Studies of our , . , , • ^ ^ * /~w i o
national life his book entitled " As Others oee
andprof/ress. ijg " (MacmiUan), has collected a
great variety of criticisms on American life and
manners, from English, French, German, and other
European visitors, during the past century. Now
and then he uses the lash of the foreigner to chas-
tise some of the faults which he personally desires
to correct. The American habit of bragging, and
of regarding matters from the provincial standpoint,
is thoroughly dissected and duly castigated. The
chapters at the close of the work, on the signs of
progress in this country, are full of optimism, and
show that the destructive criticism of the earlier
^chapters was not intended to end in fatalistic nihi-
lism. Professor Brooks has not only travelled in
1909.]
THE DIAL
65
America and Europe with keen powers of observa-
tion, but he has carried with him a worthy standard
by which to judge his own countrymen with fair-
ness and without flattery. The result is a book
worthy of being read, and wholesome in its lessons.
Mr. John R. Spears has collected
from various sources the materials
The ttorv of
the whalinp
industry in
America. for a book on the American whaling
industry which is at once fairly comprehensive and
interesting. It is entitled " The Story of the New
England Whalers," and appears in the series of
"Stories from American History" (Macmillan).
The portions of Mr. Spears's book which relate to the
origin and conduct of whaling operations in colonial
days are rather better than the later chapters which
are principally concerned with the more complex and
diverse features of the industry in the nineteenth
century. The purposes of such a work would be
better served by tracing the connection more closely
between the whalers and the palmy days of Amer-
ican shipping, and between the spread of whaling
activities to the Pacific and the awakei^ng of Amer-
ican interest in California, Honolulu, the North
Pacific, the fur trade, and to the Orient in general.
While all these things are hinted at in the book, their
relationships in the development of American history
might well be made plainer for young readers, and
for some older readers as well.
>rOTES.
Mr. Booth Tarkington's deservedly successful play,
" The Man from Home," is now published in book form,
with illustrations, by Messrs. Harper & Brothers.
A monograph on " George Cruikshank," by Mr.
W. U. Chasson, with many illustrations, is published by
Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. in their " Popular Library
of Art."
An edition of Dr. Richard Burton's biblical drama,
" Rahab," illustrated from pictures of Mr. Donald
Robertson's production of the play, will be issued soon
by Messrs. Henry Holt & Co.
" The Eleanor Smith Music Course," in four graded
volumes, is a recent publication of the American Book
Co., who also put forth a " Plane and Sohd Geometry,"
by Professor Elmer A. Lyman.
" When and Where of Famous Men and Women,"
edited by Messrs. Howard Hensman and Clarence
Webb, is a vest-pocket biographical dictionary pub-
lished in the " Miniature Reference Library " of Messrs.
E. P. Dutton & Co.
" Selections from Don Quijote," edited by Professor
J. D. M. Ford, is a new volume in " Heath's Modern
Language Series " of school texts. Eighty pages of
text to fifty of notes is the scale of proportion, and
there is a vocabulary.
With the publication of the sixth volume, the
" Eversley " Tennyson (Macmillan) is now complete.
The special feature of this edition is found in the anno-
tations, which are the poet's own, either left in his
autograph, or taken down verbatim from his table-talk.
They are of the utmost value, and make the present
edition desirable beyond all others. The present Lord
Tennyson has edited the work, and now and then given
us an explanatory note of his own.
" The Taming of a Shrew," edited by Mr. F. S. Boas,
is published by Messrs. Duffield & Co. in their " Shake-
speare Classics." To their " Old-Spelling Shakespeare "
is now added " As You Like It," edited by Messrs. F. J.
Furnivall and F. W. Clarke.
" The Independent " has recently begun pubUcation
of a series of articles on the Great Universities of this
country, written by Dr. Edwin E. Slosson of the edi-
torial staff. The articles are critical and comparative,
with a large amount of new material.
"Sidney McCall," the author of "Truth Dexter,"
" The Dragon Painter," etc., is at work upon the manu-
script of her new book, which will be brought out this
coming season by Messrs. Little, Brown & Co. The
basic theme of the book will be child labor in the
Southern mills.
Continuing their practice of several previous years,
the Chicago Madrigal Club offers a prize of $50. for
an original poem which shall be used in its musical
competition of 1909. Full details of the contest may
be obtained from Mr. D. A. Clippinger, 410 Kimball
Hall, Chicago.
An important addition to the " World's Classics," to
be published immediately by the Oxford University
Press, is " Joseph and his Brethren," the famous poem
by Charles Wells, with an introduction by Mr. A. C.
Swinburne and a long note on Rossetti and Wells by
Mr. Theodore Watts-Dunton.
An Oxford edition of the works of Charles and Mary
Lamb, in two volumes, is to be published immediately by
the Oxford University Press. An Oxford India paper
edition in one volume will also be issued. The editor
is Mr. Thomas Hutchinson, editor of the Wordsworth
and the Shelley volumes in the " Oxford Poets " series.
Two centuries ago the Oxford Chair of Poetry was
inaugurated, and a tribute to its almost forgotten founder,
Henry Birkhead, was paid when the anniversary came
round a few weeks ago, by Mr. J. W. Mackail, who
devoted a public lecture to his memory. The lecture is
now published in pamphlet form at the Oxford Claren-
don Press.
Mrs. M. E. M. Davis, a well-known Southern writer,
died at her home in New Orleans on January 1 after a
long illness. She was the wife of Major Thomas E.
Davis, editor of the New Orleans " Picayune." Her
last book, " The Moons of Balbanca," a story for young
people, was published by Houghton Mifflin Company
last September.
" The World and his Wife " is, as theatre-goers
know, the title given to a recent version of Seuor
Echegaray's " El Gran Graleoto," as enacted by Mr.
WilUam Faversham s company not long ago. This
translation, the work of Mr. Charles Frederic Nirdlinger,
is published in book form, with stage-pictures, by Mr.
Mitchell Kennerley.
" The Children of the Chapel at Blackfriars, 1597-
1603," by Professor Charles William Wallace, appears
as an issue of the " University Studies " of the Uni-
versity of Nebraska. It is the result of an extensive
original investigation of the history of the Elizabethan
children-companies of players, and is only a foretaste of
what is to come, for the writer contemplates extending
the work until it shall fill three large volumes, including
the many documents which he will reprint. Some of
66
THE DIAL
[Jan. 16,
these documents are of extreme importance to Shake-
spearean students, and are of the author's ovm un-
earthing. They are merely referred to in the present
monograph, but will be published in full when the com-
plete work is ready.
In connection with the Lincoln centennial, Messrs.
Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. have reprinted in their well-
known " Astor " series the work entitled: "Abraham
Lincoln: Tributes from his Associates, Reminiscences
of Soldiers, Statesmen, and Citizens." This book, first
published in 1895, is one of the most interesting of the
innumerable volumes on Lincoln.
An edition of " Robinson Crusoe," intended to com-
bine " an embodiment of appropriateness and charm
with an appeal for the booklover, for the sophisticated
reader," has just been published by the Houghton
Mifflin Co. This handsome library edition fills two
volumes, uniform with the James Howell of the same
publishers, and is illustrated by Stothard's designs,
reproduced in photogravure.
Some recent English texts are the following : " Mac-
beth," " Julius Caesar," and « King Henry the Fifth "
(Ginn), being new volumes of the " Hudson Shake-
speare"; the "Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin"
(Heath), edited by H. A. Davidson; Bacon's "Essays"
(Heath), edited by Mr. Fred Allison Howe; and
Lowell's " The Vision of Sir Launfal, and Other Poems "
(Merrill), edited by Professor Julian W. Abernethy.
Appropriate to the several centenaries recently or soon
to be celebrated, the Directors of the Old South Work
announce the following additions to their series of " Old
South Leaflets": Milton's Treatise on Education; Lin-
coln s Message to Congress, July 4, 1861; Gladstone's
"Kin Beyond Sea"; Robert C. Wintlirop's Fourth of
July Oration, 1876; Dr. Holmes's Fourth of July Ora-
tion, 1863; Gladstone's Essay on Tennyson; Darwin's
account of his education, from his Autobiography;
Winthrop's address on Music in New England. The
" Old South Leaflets," by the way, now comprise nearly
two himdred titles.
In a volume dainty enough to be deserving of the
text, Mr. St. John Lucas has chosen, and Mr. Henry
Frowde has published, " Selected Poems of Pierre de
Ronsard " at the Oxford Clarendon Press. From the
same source we have a set of five small volumes of good
literature, being the following: " Poems by John Clare,"
edited by Mr. Arthur Symons; "Select Poems of
William Barnes," edited by Mr. Thomas Hardy ; " War
Songs," from the fourteenth-century balladists to Tenny-
son, selected by Mr. Christopher Stone; Gait's "Annals
of the Parish," with an introduction by Mr. G. S.
Gordon; and a new edition of " Echoes from the Oxford
liisT OF New Books.
A one-volume Commentary on the entire Bible,
written by some of the best Biblical scholars of England
and America, and edited by the Reverend J. R.
Dummelow, is announced by The Macmillan Company.
Its purpose is to meet the wants of the ordmary Bible
reader by furnishing adequate introductions to the vari-
ous books, and notes explaining the principal diificulties
which arise in connection with them. The volume
includes not only a Commentary on each of the Books
of the Bible, but also a series of articles dealing with
the larger questions suggested by the Bible as a whole.
It has been edited on the principle of incorporating the
assured results of modern scholarship, while avoiding
extreme or doubtful opinions.
[TAe following list, containing 36 titles, includes books
received by The Dial since its last issue.l
BIOGRAPHY.
The Maid of France : Story of the Life and Death of Jeanne
d'Arc. By Andrew Lang. With portraits in photogravure,
etc., 8vo, pp. 379. Longmans, Green, & Co. $3.50 net.
Edward Macdowell : A Study. By Lawrence Gilmour. With
portraits, 12mo, pp. 190. John Lane Co. $1.50 net.
David Swing: : Poet-Preacher. By Joseph Port Newton. With
photogravure portrait, large 8vo, uncut, pp. 273. Chicago:
Unity Publishing Co. $2. net.
Abraham Lincoln : Tributes from his Associates. With
introduction by William H. Ward. New edition; with
portrait, 12mo, pp. 295. T. Y. Crowell & Co. 60 cts.
Sir William Temple : The Gladstone Essay, 1908. By Murray
L. R. Beaven. 12mo, uncut, pp. 130. Oxford University Press.
HISTORY.
Old Times on the Upper Mississippi : Recollections of a
Steamboat Pilot, from 1854 to 1863. By George B. Merrick.
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understanding of young girls' natures at school both abroad and
at home. The German-American atmosphere of the book is
delightful." — i?oston Journal.
JOHNSON, CLIFTON. THE ELM-TREE FAIRY
BOOK. Illus. 338 + 13 pp. $1.50.
" Folk stories from different countries are here brought to-
gether in the third volume of fairy tales collected by Mr. John-
son. A much larger proportion of them are unfamiliar than is
usually the case with such collections." — Boston Christian
Register.
LITTLE, BROWN, & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, BOSTON, MASS.
1909.]
THE DIAL
63
Now Ready :
Mrs. Henry de la Pasture's
CATHERINE'S CHILD
Cloth, $1.20 net. (Postage 14 cents)
"O EADERS of Mrs, de la Pasture's previous novels will welcome this new
■'-^ one in her best manner. The author's name is sufficient guaranty for
" Catherine's Child," which is one of the most charming books she has written.
There is delightful character drawing and a wealth of the atmosphere that
attracted people in " Peter's Mother," The scene is laid in London and
Devon, which furnishes a picturesque setting for the story.
OTHER BOOKS BY MRS. DE LA PASTURE
Each Volume $1.50
PETER'S MOTHER
"The whole story is delightful,"
— Church Standard.
"One of the most charming novels it
has been our good fortune to meet."
— Boston Herald.
THE MAN FROM AMERICA:
A Sentimental Comedy
"Comedy of the most charming kind."
— New York Times.
"We do not know a more just and
appreciative study of a cultivated and
thoroughly American American than
the picture of Iron P. Brett,"
— Outlook.
CATHERINE OF CALAIS
"We highly commend the new novel —
* Catherine of Calais' — by Mrs, de la
Pasture." — Outlook.
"It is pleasant to be able to acknow-
ledge so clean and so sweet a book,"
— New York Times.
THE LONELY LADY OF
GROSVENOR SQUARE
"A charming successor to ' Peter's
Mother.' " — North American.
"In 'The Lonely Lady' the author is
at her best," — St. Paul Dispatch.
THE GREY KNIGHT
" The subsidiary characters in the beau-
tiful and engrossing story are all drawn
with fine literary skill, and this novel
will take its place among the best of
the year," — Boston Herald.
" The story is told with Mrs, de la Pas-
ture's delightful appreciation of the fine
shades." — Chicago Evening Post.
DEBORAH OF TOD'S
" The same charm of style that made
' Peter's Mother ' a favorite,"
— Chicago Evening Post.
"In ' Deborah ' we would not have one
word eliminated," — Chicago Tribune.
E. P. DUTTON & CO.
31 WEST 23D ST.
NEW YORK CITY
64
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1,
INDISPENSABLE BOOKS FOR LIBRARIES
Modern Constitutions By Waiter Fairieigh Dodd
This collection contains the texts, in English translation, where English is not the original language, of the
constitutions or fundamental laws of the Argentine nation, Australia, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, Canada,
Chili, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, and the United States. These constitutions have not heretofore been available in any one English
collection, and a number of them have not before appeared in English translation. Each constitution is preceded
by a brief historical introduction, and is followed by a select list of the most important books dealing with the
government of the country under consideration. 2 vols., 750 pages, 8vo, cloth; net $5.00; postpaid, $5.42.
Primary Elections By C. Edward Merriam
For students of American political history and especially of American party history, this volume will be par-
ticidarly valuable. It gives a clear accoimt of the various laws and cases and a critical discussion of the present
primary question. The absence of literature on this subject makes the appearance of the book especially timely.
Many general readers as well as the special students will find it of interest.
300 pages, 12mo, cloth; net $1.25; postpaid $1.35.
Industrial Insurance in the United States By Charles Richmond Henderson
This describes the systems of industrial insurance in Germany, Italy, Sweden, Denmark, Austria, Spain,
Finland, and Australia: it explains the plans now used by American business firms, such as Swift & Co., Studebaker
Bros., The International Harvester Co., Western Electric Co., New York Edison Co., Steinway & Sons, and the
Standard Oil Co. Compidsory insurance is no more unreasonable than compulsory education or compulsory tax-
ation. It is a logical social development, and this book is the most comprehensive analysis of the movement yet
published. 448 pages, 8vo, cloth; net $2.00; postpaid $2.19.
CHICAGO
ADDRESS DEPARTMENT 20
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS
NEW YORK
Literature and the
American College
ESSAYS IN DEFENSE OF THE
HUMANITIES
By IRVING BABBITT
" Now and then out of a mass of books on educational
topics — ' words, words, words,' — there emerges a volume
of real value and epoch-making significance. Such is Pro-
fessor Babbitt's discussion of the problem confronting the
teachers of ancient and modern literature in American
colleges. It is noteworthy for its insight, its good sense,
its courage, and withal its wide philosophical perspective."
— South Atlantic Quarterly.
" In the murky state of the educational atmosphere
Professor Irving Babbitt's ' Literature and the American
College ' comes like a stroke of clear lightning. For
cutting satire nothing equal to this arraignment has been
produced since Lowell's day. And it not only sets forth
the evil of the present system of instruction, but points
the way constructively to a wholesome reform." — The
Independent.
*' To all scholarly persons the volume will be interest-
ing, but to the graduate at large it will be much more than
that. If he absorbs and understands its message, the
reading of it may rank as an experience." — Yale Alumni
Weekly.
$I.2S net. Postpaid, $1.36.
Boston Houghton Mifflia Company New York
DAYBREAK IN TURKEY
By JAMES L. BARTON
Turkey is attempting to carry out one of the most stupen-
dous reformations ever undertaken by a nation. It amounts
to a sweeping revolution brought about without the shed-
ding of blood. The eyes of all the world are turned to the
Bosphorus as her new parliament assembles and attempts to
enact her constitution into practical laws.
This is one of the most timely books of the year.
The author of " Daybreak in Turkey " especially qualified
himself for producing this work by a residence of seven years
in the heart of the country. He has personally visited the
principal cities in the empire, having travelled upon horse-
back and otherwise many thousands of miles from Constan-
tinople to the head waters of the Tigris and Euphrates
Bivers, across Armenia and Koordistan again and again,
and into Mesopotamia and Syria.
His practical knowledge of some of the langruages spoken
by the people of the country gave him special facilities for
securing accurate first-hand information from all classes.
His ofiice as Secretary of the American Board has helped
him in the closest relations with both Americans and natives
in all parts of Asia Minor, Northern Syria, Armenia, and
Koordistan for the last decade and more. These are the
regions that are most closely related to the administration
of the country, and the ones most disturbed politically and
socially during the past century. His official responsibil-
ities have demanded a knowledge of all international ques-
tions relating to the protection in the country of American
interests.
DESCRIPTION OF BOOK
sVi inches length, 5% inches width. 296 pages, 6 full-page
illustrations , decorative binding, gold top. Price, $1.60 net.
Cl)e Pilgrim pre$0
BOSTON, 14 Beacon St. CHICAQO. 175 Wabash Ave.
1909.]
THE DIAL
65
NEW BOOKS F
OR LIBRARIES
Published by J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA, during 1908
MISCELLANEOUS
EMERSON, ARTHUR I., and WEED, CLARENCE M.
Our Trees: How to Know Them
Illustrated. Size, T'A x 10 inches. Cloth, $3.00 net.
MAYNARD. SAMUEL T.
The Small Country Place
Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50 net.
FROBENIUS, LEO
The Childhood of Man
Translated by A. H. Keane. LL.D.
Illustrated. Octavo. Cloth, $3.00 net.
FURNESS, HORACE HOWARD, Jr.
Richard the Third
The New Variorum Edition of
Shakespeare
Royal Octavo. Extra Cloth, uncut edges, gilt top,
$4.00 net ; Three-quarter Levant, $5.00 net.
WALTON, GEORGE LINCOLN, M.D.
Why Worry?
Frontispiece. 12mo. Cloth, $1.00 net.
WHARTON, ANNE HOLLINGSWORTH
An English Honeymoon
Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $150 net.
WEED, CLARENCE M., D.Sc.
Wild Flower Families
80 illustrations from photographs. 12mo. Cloth,
$1.50 net.
HISTORY, BIOGRAl
^/fr, AND TRAVEL
BRUMBAUGH, MARTIN G., Ph.D., LL.D.
The Life and Worlcs of Christopher
Doclc
Illustrated. Octavo. Cloth, in a box, $5.00 net.
MOORE, JOHN BASSETT
The Works of James Buchanan
To be completed in 12 volumes. Volumes I. to V.
published during 1908. Octavo. Cloth, per volume,
$5.00 net.
PENNELL, ELIZABETH ROBINS, and PENNELL.
JOSEPH
The Life of James McNeill Whistler
Two volumes. Illustrated in half-tone, photo-
gravure, and line. Crown Quarto. Half Cloth,
$10.00 net, per set.
CRES80N, W. P., F.R.G.8.
Persia: The Awakening East
Illustrated. Octavo. Cloth, $3.50 net.
MACGOWAN, REV. J.
Side-lights on Chinese Life
Illustrated. Octavo. Cloth, with gilt top, $3.75 net.
de MONVEL, ROGER BOUTET
Beau Brummell and His Times
Illustrated. Octavo. Cloth, with gilt top, $2.50 net";
Three-quarter Levant, $5.00 net.
FISHER. SYDNEY GEORGE
The Struggle for American
Independence
Two volumes. Illustrated. Crown Octavo. Cloth,
gilt top, per set, $4.00 net.
RA8MUS8EN. KNUD
The People of the Polar North
Compiled from the Danish by G. Herring. Illus-
trated. Large 8vo. Cloth, $5.00 net.
FICTION ANL
) JUVENILES
BRUDNO. EZRA S.
The Tether
12mo. Cloth. $1.50.
8COTT, JOHN REED
The Princess Dehra
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CAREY, ROSA NOUCHETTE
The Sunny Side of the Hill
12mo. Cloth. $1.50.
ANDERSEN, HANS
Fairy Tales
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LUTZ, GRACE LIVINGSTON HILL
Marcia Schuyler
Illustrated. 12mo. aoth. $1.50.
FORBES-LINDSAY. C. H.
Daniel Boone: Backwoodsman
Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
MACVANE, EDITH
The Duchess of Dreams
Frontispiece. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
LEE, HOLME
Legends from Fairyland
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MACDONALD, GEORGE
The Princess and Curdie New Holiday Edit
ion. Illustrated. Octavo. Decorated Cloth, $1.60.
LEA, JOHN
The Romance of Bird Life
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HYRST. H. W. Q.
Adventures among Wild Beasts
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GREW. E. S.. M.A.
The Romance of Modern Qeology
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STEAD. RICHARD. B.A.
Adventures on High Seas
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ELLIOT, Q. F. SCOTT
The Romance of Early British Life
Illustrated. Crown Octavo. Cloth, $1.50 net.
GILLIAT. EDWARD. M.A.
Heroes of Modern Crusades
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DAWSON. E. C, M.A.
Heroines of Missionary Adventure lUus
trated. Crown 8vo. Cloth. $1.50 net.
66
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1,
Indispensable Books for Every Library
at Less than One-third Published Price
T TAVING secured the entire remaining stock of the original
-■--■■ "Muses' Library," pubHshed by Charles Scribner's Sons
in conjunction with Lawrence & Bullen of London, we are
able to offer this well-known series at less than one-third the
original price. The volumes are beautifully printed and bound,
and fully edited by prominent English scholars. Each contains
a portrait in photogravure. A list of the titles is given below.
POEMS OF HENRY VAUGHAN
Edited by E. K. Chambers, with
an Introduction by H. C.
Beeching.
Two volumes.
" Vaughan may occasionally out-Herbert Herbert in metaphors and
emblems, but in spite of them, and even through them, it is easy to see
that he has a passion for Nature for her own sake ; that he has observed
her works ; that indeed the world is to him no less than a veil of the
Eternal Spirit, whose presence may be felt in any, even the smallest,
part." — H. C. Beeching.
POEMS OF JOHN KEATS
Edited by G. Thorn Drury, with
an Introduction by Robert
Bridges.
Two volumes.
" What was deepest in the mind of Keats was the love of loveliness for
its own sake, the sense of its rightful and preeminent power; and in the
singleness of worship which he gave to Beauty, Keats is especially the
ideal poet."— Stopford Brooke.
POEMS OF THOMAS CAMPION
Edited by A. H. Bullen.
One volume.
"Few indeed are the poets who have handled our stubborn English
language with such masterly deftness. So long as ' elegancy, facility,
and golden cadence of poesy ' are admired. Campion's fame will be
secure." — A. H. Bullen.
POETRY OF GEORGE WITHER
Edited by Frank Sidgwick.
Two volumes.
"The poems of Wither are distinguished by a hearty homeliness of
manner and a plain moral speaking. He seems to have passed his life
in one continual act of innocent self-pleasing." — Charles Lamb.
POEMS OF WILLIAM BROWNE
OF TAVISTOCK
Edited by Gordon Goodwine,
with an Introduction by A. H.
Bullen.
Two volumes.
" Browne is like Keats in being before all things an artist, he has the
same intense pleasure in a fine line or a fine phrase for its own sake. . . .
In his best passages — and they are not few — he will send to the listener
wafts of pure and delightful music." — W. T. Arnold.
POEMS OF SAMUEL TAYLOR
COLERIDGE
Edited by Richard Garnett.
One volume.
"Although the best poetical work of Coleridge is extremely small in
bulk . . . yet his poetry at its best reaches the absolute limits of English
verse as yet written." — George Saintsbury.
Reduced from $1.75 to
50c. a Volume, Postpaid
BROWNE'S BOOKSTORE
THE FINE ARTS BUILDING
MICHIGAN BLVD. CHICAGO
1909] THE DIAL 67
From the HOUSE OF CASSELL
BOOKS OF INTEREST TO LIBRARIANS
WOMEN OF ALL NATIONS : A Record of their Characteristics, Habits, Man-
ners, Customs, and Influence. In two quarto volumes, bound in half leather. $12.00 net.
Profusely illustrated with hundreds of Reproductions of Striking and Original Photographs taken by experts in
all parts of the world, together with a Series of Magnificent Plates in Colors from a number of Paintings expressly
executed for this work by Norman Hardy.
The text is written in a fascinating style, instructive and pleasing. The following are some of the contributors :
Professor OtisT. Mason, of the Smithsonian Institution; Mr. W. W. Skeat, Mr. Archibald Colquhoun, Dr. Theodor
Koch-Griinberg, Berlin Museum of Volkerkunde ; Mr. Edgar Thurston, of the Madras Museum ; Mr. Shelford, late
of the Sarawak Museum ; Miss A. Werner, Mr. W. Crook, B.A., and others.
Whilst the text is of the highest value the illustrations are fully as remarkable both for their originality and
interest. For many months the Editors were in communication with experts in all parts of the world with a view to
securing the best and most striking photographs. Ninety-eight per cent of these illustrations have ne'ver before been
published.
NAPOLEON AND HIS FELLOW TRAVELLERS By Clement Shorter. With
Eight Plates. $4.00 net.
A new book on Napoleon can only be justified by the fact that it contains interesting new material or material
not generally available to the public. Mr. Clement Shorter has brought together some rare and little known books
that have never been reprinted since their first publication, wellnigh a century ago. These include the " Narrative of
William Warden," which went through many editions at the time of its publication and provoked much criticism.
This little book has been edited and annotated with the assistance of Warden's grandson, who has placed private
documents at the editor's disposal.
A rare pamphlet, privately printed by Lord Littleton, gives an account of interesting conversations with
Napoleon on board the Northumberland that are known to few students of the epoch. The vivid story of Napoleon's
appearance and conversation at the time of his surrender, by George Home, in " The Diary of an Aristocrat," a book
suppressed on publication, also makes attractive reading, as does a little known letter of Ross, the captain of the
Northumberland on its voyage to St. Helena.
GEORGE BORROW By R. A. J. Walling. With Frontispiece. $1.75 net.
The elusive personality of George Borrow, author of "The Bible in Spain," and "Lavengro," is a perpetual
source of interest. Mr. Walling has managed to throw new light on George Borrow, and a considerable amount of
fresh matter relating to his strange career is embodied in this volume.
"The Borrovian, or would-be Borrovian, may read this life and appreciation with pleasure." — The Times
(London).
THE BOOK OF CEYLON By Henry W. Cave, M.A., F.R.G.S., Member of the Asiatic
Society, Author of " Golden Tips," "The Ruined Cities of Ceylon," etc. With over 700
Illustrations from Photographs by the Author, and including Six Maps and Plans, and
Colored Frontispiece. Cloth gilt, $4.75 net.
BYWAYS OF COLLECTING By Ethel Deane. With upwards of 60 Illustrations.
$2.50 net.
" 'Byways of Collecting' is recommended alike to the connoisseur, the neophyte, and the outer barbarian."
— Chicago Tribune.
CASSELL AND COMPANY, LIMITED
43-45 EAST NINETEENTH STREET NEW YORK CITY
68
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1, 1909.
THE BEST BOOK ABOUT ABRAHAM LINCOLN IS
Abraham Lincoln: The Boy and the Man
By James Morgan with specially interesting portraits, etc. Cloth, fl.50.
The Chicago Tribune editorially recommends reading some account of the whole of Lincoln's life, suggests
Mr. Morgan's book as the best of three named, and says : " It tells the life story well. It is interesting.
It is well written. It gives the significant facts one wants to know."
The Assassination of Abraham
Lincoln and Its Expiation
By David Miller De Witt
Author of " The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew
Johnson." Cloth, 8vo. Price, probably, $3.00.
Lincoln : A Centenary Ode
By Percy MacKaye
Author of "Jeanne d'Arc," etc. "A man to be
reckoned with among American poets," says the Sun.
Cloth, 50 cents net.
THE BEST SELLING NOVEL OF 1908.
Mr. Crewe's Career
By Winston Churchill
Author of " Coniston," etc. Illustrated. Cloth, $1 SO.
OTHER WIDELY-READ FICTION OF 1908.
The Singer Trilogy
By Mr. F. Marion Crawford
Fair Margaret The Set,
The Primadonna Boxed,
The Diva's Ruby $i.BO.
Miss Zona Gale's
Friendship Village
By the Author of " The Loves of Pelleas and Etarre."
Cloth, $1.50.
Mr. Robert Herrick's Together
By the author of "The Common Lot," etc. Cloth, $1.50.
THE NEW MACMILLAN NOVELS.
The Three Brothers
By Eden Phillpotts author of
"The Secret Woman," " The American Prisoner,"
" Children of the Mist," etc. Cloth, $1.50.
One Immortality
By H. Fielding Hall
Author of " The Inward Light.'
Cloth, $1.50.
Jimbo
By Algernon Blackwood
A fantasy woven about a child ; the sort of book that
grown-ups who know children enjoy. In press.
The Straw
By Rina Ramsay
Alive with the swing and go of good sport in an
English hunting county. Cloth, $1.50.
NEW OR FORTHCOMING BOOKS.
The Ancient Greek Historians
By John B. Bury (Harvard Lectures)
Author of "The History of Greece," etc.
Cloth, 8vo.
$2.t5 net.
The Acropolis of Athens
By Martin L. D'Ooge University of Mich.
Cloth, Svo. Illustrated. $l,.00 net; by mail, $U.Z8.
Applied Mechanics for Engineers
A Text-Book for Engineering Students.
By E. L. Hancock Assistant Prof essor of
Applied Mechanics, Purdue University .
$^.00 net; by mail $S.1S,
Artificial Waterways and
Commercial Development
By A. Barton Hepburn, LL.D.
Author of " The Contest for Sound Money."
Cloth, Svo. $1.00 net; by mail, $1.06.
The Psychology of Singing
By David C. Taylor
"Of unusual value and may mark the beginning of a
new epoch in vocal instruction." — The Nation.
Cloth, $1.50; by mail, $1.6^.
Col. J. H. Patterson S illustrated stories of
The Man-Eaters of Tsavo
President Roosevelt has said that one of the most
remarkable books of adventure ever written is this
story of a running fight between railroad builders
and man-eating lions in Uganda.
New edition. $1.75 net; by mail, $1.87.
A NOTABLE BOOK OF DESCRIPTION.
Mr. F. Marion Crawford's
Southern Italy and Sicily
is the fullest, most tangible, and vivid description of
the region about Messina obtainable; among its
many illustrations are scenes in all parts of the
shaken district. Cloth, $2.50 net; by mail, $2.72.
The Cyclopedia of American Agriculture
edited by L. H. Bailey, of Cornell University, Editor of "Cyclopedia of American Horticulture," chairman of the
Commission on Country Life, is completed by the issue of the fourth volume, soon to appear.
I. Farms, Climates, Soils, etc. III. Farm Animals, Farm Products
II. Farm Crops (individually in detail) IV. The Farm and the Community
Com,plete in four kto volumes, the set $20 in cloth, half morocco $32.
PUBLISHED
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THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on, the 1st arid 16th oj
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THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post 0£Bce
at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
No. 543. FEBRUARY 1, 1909. Vol. XLVL
Contents.
PAGE
A LIBRARY SUGGESTION 69
GLEANINGS FROM THE LIBRARY PRESS OF
1908. Aksel G. S. Josephson 71
AMERICAN LIBRARIES THROUGH AN ENG-
LISH MONOCLE 73
CASUAL COMMENT 74
The classifying instinct. — The Public Library of
the District of Columbia. - — The new head of Har-
vard. — The joys of an amateur librarian. — The
new historian of Rome. — Poetry and business. —
Robert Burton's bequest of books. — The hunger
for books in the country. — A memorial to Lincoln.
— Europe's ignorance of America.
COMMUNICATIONS 76
" Ido " and " Pigeon English." O. H. Mayer.
Esperanto and " Ido." Eugene F. McPike.
THE LADY OF HOLLAND HOUSE. Anna
Benneson McMahan 77
MOLIERE IN ENGLISH VERSE. H. C. Chatfield-
Taylor 78
THE IRELAND OF TO-DAY. Ellen FitzGerald . 80
CONCLUSION OF THE SCHURZ REMINIS-
CENCES. W. H. Johnson 82
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne ... 84
Mallock's An Immortal Soul. — OUivant's The
Gentleman. — Wells's The War in the Air. — Par-
tridge's The Distributors. — Masefield's Captain
Margaret. — Watson's The Devil's Pulpit. — Mrs.
Thurston's The Fly on the Wheel. — "Dolf
Wyllarde's " Rose-White Youth. — Miss Mon-
tague's In Calvert's Valley. — Miss Murfree's The
Fair Mississippian. — Payson's Barry Gordon. —
Cable's Kincaid's Battery.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 87
Evidences of life on the red planet. — Ian Maclaren
portrayed by a fellow Scotsman. — President Eliot
on University administration. — The latest hero of
the nations. — The origin and growth of American
polity. — A reader's vade-mecum. — Sixteenth cen-
tury French portraits. — A Shelley translation from
Plato.
NOTES 90
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS .... 91
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 91
A LIBRAE Y SUGGESTION.
The chief factor in recent library develop-
ment, viewed from the standpoint of material
equipment and the extension of facilities for
reading, is undoubtedly that provided by the
unexampled benefactions of Mr. Carnegie. Like
all good works, this particularly good work has
been met in some quarters with grudging accept-
ance and ill-natured criticism, but its positive
beneficence is not to be minimized merely be-
cause some captious people think the money
might have been put to better uses, or because
some penurious communities resent the condi-
tion of maintenance wisely attached to Mr.
Carnegie's gift of library buildings. Those who
take exception to the largess thus generously
bestowed usually do so upon one or the other of
the above grounds, and their fault-finding, while
it may properly take the form of an occasional
pleasant jest, should excite only indignation
when it is put forward in the form of serious
reproof.
The objection of the sentimentalist, to whom
any benefaction that is not a charity is rela-
tively ill-advised, may be the product of a warm
heart but is not the conclusion of a clear intelli-
gence. The fundamental principle of all wisely-
directed effort to improve social conditions and
provide real benefits to mankind is that consid-
eration for the future is more important than
concern for the present. Charities we must
have, and do have in abundance ; most people,
in fact, who conjoin wealth with philanthropic
purpose, first turn their thoughts toward soup-
kitchens and hospitals and asylums. The
appeal of suffering humanity is so urgent that
comparatively few philanthropists can resist it,
and devote their gifts to the removal of the
underlying causes of present misery. With this
emotional bias so widely prevalent, charity is
at all times sure of getting even a larger share
than it should of the total of wealth that is avail-
able for the amelioration of the conditions of
existence. It takes both foresight and resolu-
tion to apply to the processes of gradual regen-
eration the means whereby many immediate
needs might be speedily relieved. And yet
nothing is more certain than the fact that direct
70
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1,
charity accomplishes little for the future, and
that it tends to magnify the very evils which it
would diminish. On the other hand, increased
provision for education (and the library is second
in importance only to the school as a means of
education) is a sure means of helping the com-
ing generation to a better footing than the
present generation occupies, and the judgment
that makes it is of all judgments the best-
considered.
Glancing at the other of the two chief criti-
cisms of Mr. Carnegie's library gifts, it is easy
to see that, just as no individual likes to have
his philanthropies forced, there are sure to be
many communities that will receive grudgingly
a gift to which is attached the condition of a
continuing contribution oh their own part. The
community that adopts the fara da se attitude,
and courteously declines the offered gift, may
have our respect, but hardly the community that
accepts it, and then grumbles about the new tax
which it imposes. The acceptance, if made at
all, should be made in good faith, and include
an acceptance of the responsibility ; indeed, a
gift that does not bring with it a responsibility
is not likely to accomplish a useful purpose in
any direction, philanthropic or other. Hence we
think that Mr. Carnegie's condition is as wise as
his primary aim of supplying the multitude with
good reading ; and if the possession of one of his
library buildings puts a little moral pressure
upon the town that gets it, the pressure is of the
right sort and in the right direction. Com-
munities, no less than the individual members
of which they are composed, are apt to be made
the better by the spur of a little compulsion.
This principle, which is the foundation of our
political existence, always makes for stability of
character and aim. It is always the part of
wisdom to guard against temporary inclinations
and the impulses of the moment.
We did not, however, start out with the in-
tention of making an elaborate defence of the
Carnegie libraries, which may well give mute
but eloquent testimony for themselves, needing
no apologist. What we really had in mind was
a suggestion concerning the books that go into
them. It is, in brief, that the donor should
supplement his gift of buildings by occasional
gifts of books that are worthy of being placed
in the collections, and that would otherwise not
be likely to be added to many of them. The
purpose of such gifts should be not so much
that of swelling the ranks on the shelves as
of encouraging authorship in certain needed
directions. Most of the books that go into a
library of moderate size are fairly popular pub-
lications, or publications of recognized standing,
that may very well be left to make their own
way. On the other hand, there are many works
of high character that are too narrow in their
appeal to belong to the average public library
on any terms. But besides the books of these
two kinds there are others occupying a sort of
intellectual borderland between popular writing
and the literature of specialism, that find the
struggle for existence difficidt, and that would
be mightily encouraged by a plan that should
seek them out, give them a helping hand, and
lift them just above the margin of commercial
possibility. Books of this kind, that have
somehow failed to get adequate attention from
reviewers, and yet are highly meritorious, and
would prove their usefulness in the small library,
exist in considerable numbers, and it would be
a praiseworthy act to make some sort of system-
atic provision for putting them within the reach
of more readers than they are likely to attract
by their own unaided merits.
To put the case a little more concretely, let
us assume that Mr. Carnegie has a thousand
public libraries in full operation. Let us then
suppose that he entrust to a committee of ex-
perts the duty of examining the current literary
output, and of recommending, from time to
time, such books as are found to be notable for
sound workmanship and educational value, but
which, for some reason or other, do not seem
to be getting the support which they deserve.
Books answering to this description are all the
time making their modest debut, finding a few
appreciative readers, and then disappearing from
view without reaching more than a small part
of what should be their real public. It is acci-
dent or caprice (to say nothing of advertising)
that largely determines the popularity of a book.
Of two biographies, the one sincere and pains-
taking, the other careless and sensational, the
latter will have the satisfactory sale. Of two
histories, the one scholarly and the other flashy,
the former will not be the popular favorite. Of
two collections of essays, the one frothy and the
other clarified, the latter will suffer neglect.
Of two volumes of verse, the one slangy or
sentimental, the other expressing high ideals of
beauty and conduct, the latter will not find
enough purchasers to cover the cost of its man-
ufacture. Now our suggestion is that in each
of these typical cases, and in other similar cases,
our supposed committee should discover the
1909.]
THE DIAL
71
deserving book — the literary Cinderella —
recommend it for purchase, and that straight-
way an order for a thousand copies, one for
each of the thousand libraries, should go to the
publisher.
L-The sale of a thousand copies more or less is
a trifling matter for the novel of the hour, but
it is a matter of life and death for many a good
book. Moreover, the cachet given a book by
thus singling it out for approval would further
advance its fortunes. " Approved by the
Carnegie Committee " might come to mean in
this country what " Crowned by the Academy "
means in France ; no guaranty, perhaps, of any
very large demand, but certainly the stamp of a
distinction that would be highly prized. The
system might profitably be extended to manu-
scripts, since the sale of a thousand copies
secured in advance, with the knowledge of
their distribution to a thousand libraries, would
insure the printing of almost any kind of a
manuscript that might otherwise have to go
begging for a publisher. The successful working
of the plan which we have proposed woidd, of
course, depend upon the good judgment of the
committee entrusted with the delicate task of
selection, and upon the authority with which it
could appeal to the public. Probably the safest
course that could be taken would be to place
the whole matter in the hands of the National
Institute of Arts and Letters, with full power
to examine and award.
The cost of putting this plan into effect woidd
not be great. In comparison with Mr. Car-
negie's huge expenditures for library buildings,
it would be inconsiderable. Fifty thousand
dollars a year applied to this purpose would
enrich neither publisher nor author beyond the
dreams of avarice, but it would provide for the
publication or the encouragement of perhaps
fifty volumes of good literature upon conditions
that would at least protect the former from loss
and cheer the heart of the latter in better than
pecuniary fashion. It would also add fifty books
to the shelves of every library in the Carnegie
system ; and they would be books profitable for
instruction and the elevation of taste. Objectors
will doubtless urge that our suggestion is too
artificial and academic, to which we can reply
only by saying that we believe in the academic
idea (despite its " forty-first chairs " and other
miscalculations), and that the policy of encourag-
ing good work by artificial stimuli has on the
whole thoroughly justified itself in the annals
of mankind.
GLEANINGS FROM THE LIBRARY
PRESS OF 1908*
The most significant change in the character of
the professional library press during the past few
years, at least in England and America, is the par-
ticular emphasis laid on questions of Extension, —
how to reach the various classes of readers, how to
give the library its proper place in the community,
and the relegation to the background of the more
technical questions of cataloguing and classification,
the disappearance even of the minutiae of library
technique, the renewed emphasis on the book itself.
(See in this connection Mr. Koopman's articles in
" Public Libraries ": " Lest We Forget, in the Mul-
titude of Books, the Few Great Books.") The
question of open access to the shelves, once vehe-
mently discussed on both sides of the Atlantic, is
the subject of only four papers, two American and
two English, none of them particularly significant.
The fiction problem, though the subject of only two
or three papers, still attracts, and the last word has
not yet been said ; the same is true of the problem
of the children, which seems on the way to be rele-
gated to its proper dimensions. Cooperation in
cataloguing having been solved, at least in America
and Germany, the larger question of inter-library
loans enters the field again. The interest in for-
eign affairs is reasonably lively in this country and
in Germany, while England takes on the role of
greater self-satisfaction, which is shown in the few
cases where American conditions are incidentally
touched upon.
* The following survey of the main articles in two American
library periodicals ("Library Journal " and " Public Libraries "),
two English ( ' ' Library Association Record " and Library World " ) ,
and two German (" Zentralblatt fur Bibliothekswesen " and
"Blatter fur Volksbibliotheken und Lesehallen"). during the
past year brings out some interesting matters about the tenden-
cies and activities in the library field of the three countries.
Questions of Administration (including such questions as
Open Shelves, Specialization, Circulation, as well as the aiih-
iectot Buildings). L. J.: 15 — P.L.: 7 — L. A.R.: 5 — L.W.:7 —
Z.f.B.: 5 — B.f.V.: 2 —
Extension, Relation to readers and to public bodies, Co-
operation with other institutions as well as with other libraries,
work with children. L. J.: 25 — P.L.: 18 — L. A.R.: 5 — Z.f. B.:
3 —
Special classes of libraries (and Special Collections). L. J. :
3 — P.L.: 2 — L.A.R.: 3 — Z.f.B.: 3— B.f.V.: 2 —
Historical features (including Descriptions of individual
libraries a,nd Biographical sketches). L. J.: 8 — P. L. : 2 —
L.A.R.: 2 — L.W.: 9 — Z.f.B.: 4 — B.f.V.: 1 —
Book selection and collecting (including Relations with the
book trade and the Fiction question. L. J. : 8 — P. L. : 2 —
L.A.R.: 3 — L.W.: 5— Z.f.B.: 1 — B.f.V.: 6 —
jBoo/cs and aw^/iors (literary articles). P.L,: 3 — B.f.V.: 5 —
Bibliography and. Cataloguing. L.J. : 6 — P. L. : 2 — L.A. R. :
3 — L.W.: 7 — Z.f.B.: 10 — B.f.V.: 1 —
Classification. L.J.: 2 — L.W.: 1 — B.f.V.: 1 —
Manuscripts and paleography. L. J. : 1 (a translation) —
Z.f.B.: 5 —
Printing (history). Z.f.B: 3 —
Physical aspect of the Book (paper, binding).
L.A.R.: 3 — Z.f.B.: 2 —
Library profession and Staff questions.
1 — L.A.R.: 2 — L.W.: 5 —
L.J.
P.L.: 1 —
L.J.: 3— P.L.
Instruction and training.
L.W.: 1 — B.f.V.: 2 —
Foreign library affairs.
Z.t.B.: 5 — B.f.V.: 1 —
3— P.L.:
■L.A.R.: 2-
L. J.: 10 — P.L.: 3 — L. W.
72
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1,
Turning now to the individual articles, we find,
naturally enough, the most significant to be those
dealing with extension of the work and influence of
the library. Easily first in importance under this
head is Professor L. H. Bailey's address at the
Lake George meeting, — " Library Work for Rural
Communities" (L. J., Oct.). Here are new prob-
lems presented in a forceful and attractive way, and
the work of libraries put in relation with the whole
movement to improve rural conditions. The partic-
ular message of Professor Bailey we find in the
statement that while '' to a large extent the effect
of library work is to cause persons to read for en-
tertainment," the needs of the countryman are
different. He is, consciously or. not, a fatalist. " His
work is largely in the presence of the elemental
forces of nature." This develops in him either " a
complacent and joyful resignation" or "a species
of rebellion which leads to a hopeless and pes-
simistic outlook on life." " The countryman,"
therefore, " needs to read for courage." It is sig-
nificant that the rural problem has been touched in
England also, in the address before the Library
Association at Brighton by its President, Mr. C.
Thomas-Stanford (L. A. R., Sept.). To make
country life attractive to men and women " emanci-
pated by education from the ascriptio glehce which
was the lot of their fathers," is one of the great
problems of the day, and one way to meet it is to
increase among them the opportunities for reading.
A further extension of the possibilities for use-
fulness of libraries has been effected in England
through the cooperation of the Library Association
with the National Home Reading Union, an organ-
ization of somewhat the same character as the
Chautauqua Reading Circles. The October " Li-
brary Association Record " contains a statement of
the new developments of the Union, including the
agreement between it and the Library Association.
A feature of this cooperation is the publication of
a " Readers' Review " issued by the two bodies,
through which the readers in public libraries receive
guidance in the choice of books and subjects for
reading.
Closely related to these phases of library extension
are the questions of how to select the most suitable
books for the public library and how to arrange
them. The classification of fiction is not a new
matter in this country, or in England ; but it would
seem that the article by Professor C. Lausberg of
Dtlsseldorf, on " Die Gliederimg der schOngeistigen
Literatur "* (B. f. V. July- Aug. and Sept.-Oct.), is
the first serious discussion of the subject in the
German professional press. The librarian of the
Dtlsseldorf Volksbibliothek has convictions of his
own on the subject, and his articles are directed
against adverse criticisms of the system used in the
library of which he has charge. He claims that in
a popular library the borrowers are looking chiefly
• Issued in separate form by O. Harrassowitz in Leipzig
together with another article: " Allerlei Qedanken viber das
Bibliothekswesen."
for recreative reading, and the books should be
arranged on the shelves so as to help them to select
that which suits their taste. In fiction the reader
is led in his choice " by temperament rather than
by intellect. The tastes are as a rule permanent."
And the author goes on to cite several instances
of highly cultivated men and women, by no means
adverse to " heavy " reading even outside of their
professional work, but who, when choosing books
for recreation, select writers of a decidedly light
character. " And if a poor seamstress or a down-
trodden saleswoman asks for books of the Heimburg
and Schobert kind for her lonely, tired evenings, let
her have them to the end of her days." " I have
never," he says, "thought much of the education of
readers to ' higher things.' " Reviews of books
suitable for popular reading have always been a
special feature of '' Blatter fttr Volksbibliotheken."
Each issue contains a number of notices of current
books, both fiction and others, short and to the point,
enabling one to see at a glance the character and
point of view of each. Besides this regular depart-
ment, most issues contain special articles about
well-known writers, estimating especially their work,
as " Volksschriftsteller." Among the writers dis-
cussed during the past year we find Gottfried Keller,
Heinrich Steinhausen, and Karl Emil Franzos.
Mr. Ernest E. Savage, in a paper read at a
monthly meeting of the Library Association, dis-
cusses " Some Difficulties in the Selection of Scien-
tific and Technical Books " (L. A. R., Ap.). He
deprecates the lack of competent guides to the best
books. He seems rather too much given to the cult
of the books "hot from the press," and presents
incidentally his compliments to the " A. L. A. Book-
List," which he finds to contain chiefly "evaluative
gush." Criticism of American methods is found in
another paper in the " Library Association Record "
for June, by Mr. James D. Stewart, on " The Cult
of the Child and Common Sense." Mr. Stewart
opposes the introduction of exaggerated work with
children from American to British libraries ; the
story hour especially he thinks should be avoided.
" The library is primarily for the adult and second-
arily for the juvenile, and if this is kept in mind the
efficiency of the institution will gain, and much money
and energy will be saved." Mr. Stewart quotes with
approval from the report of the Examining Committee
of the Boston Public Library, which, he says, " pos-
sesses one of the most sanely managed children's
departments." It is interesting to find, in the April
" Library Journal," a paper by a former chairman ©f
the subcommittee on branches of the Boston com-
mittee, Miss Caroline Matthews, on " The Growing
Tendency to Over-Emphasize the Children's Side,"
in which the writer says: "Nothing has astonished
me more than this new development in library prac-
tice — the placing of the child in importance before
the adult." As chairman of the subcommittee on
branches. Miss Matthews has especial opportunity to
study the children's rooms and the work with children
generally. She sums the matter up in this sentence :
1909.]
THE DIAL
73
'* I grew to have a horror of children's rooms — as
distinct from children's departments. Intellectually,
physically, morally, I believe them harmful. Neither
can I see their necessity."
If tendencies are apparent to relegate the work
with children to a less prominent place, the needs
of the workingmen and the industrial classes in
general are receiving more attention. It is evi-
denced, however, by the articles on this subject that
appeared in the March " Public Libraries," that
American librarians here stand before a problem
that is new to many, and one which they do not
quite understand. Mr. Sam Walter Foss hits the
nail on the head when he says that " we are not
keeping step in this country to the new industrial
music as are some of the European nations." His
suggestion that the library " mix a little masculinity
in its over-feminized collections " is to the point, and
might be made to cover methods and surroundings
as well.
While the journals whose contents have hitherto
passed in review discuss mainly the questions of
everyday life in public libraries, the case is different
with " Zentralblatt fUr Bibliothekswesen." This
journal caters to the workers in the large libraries,
or at least to those of scholarly character. The
problems under discussion are therefore to some
extent, though not altogether, different. The ques-
tion of local collections, for instance, which was
presented by Dr. Keysser of Cologne at last year's
meeting of the German librarians, is of interest to
the workers in any public library, and Dr. Keysser's
paper should be read with profit by them. He is
particularly competent to speak on the matter, as
the City Library of Cologne not only makes par-
ticular effort to coUcict books of local character, but
is one of a group of libraries along the middle course
of the Rhine which have joined together for the
collecting of printed matter relating to their common
district. Besides the proceedings at the annual
conference of German librarians, this journal con-
tains the papers read at the library section of the
eighth International Historical Congress in Berlin.
The general subject for deliberation at the section
was Cooperation, — union catalogues, inter-library
loans, and the like. Dr. R. Fick, the head of the
Bureau of Information of the Prussian Union Cat-
alogue, Dr. F. Eichler in Graz, and Dr. H. Escher
in Zurich, reported, respectively, on the work in
Prussia, Austria, and Switzerland. Dr. Aksel
Andersson of Upsala presented, after a survey of
the present situation in matters of inter-library
loans, a resolution, which was adopted by the section
for presentation to the International Association of
Academies, which organization has lent its powerful
aid to the development of direct relations between
the libraries of Europe. The resolution expressed
the appreciation of the section for the efforts of the
Association, and presented some desiderata tending
to a further simplification of the direct lending of
books from library to library. The question of
inter-library loans, which for some time has been
dormant in this country, was revived by Mr. W. C.
Lane in his address at the dedication of the new
library building of Oberlin College, the concluding
portion of which was printed in the December
" Library Journal " under the title : " A Central
Bureau of Information and Loan Collection for
College Libraries." It is a carefully worked out
plan for the organization of a central office or agency
for loans between libraries, which gradually should
collect a library of such works, chiefly long sets of
serials and other expensive works, as are not avail-
able for loan through other libraries.
Aksel G. S. Josephson.
AMERICAN LIBRARIES THROUGH AN
ENGLISH MONOCLE.
English and American library efficiency is a sub-
ject for good-tempered and helpful, and also for
acrimonious and futile, debate. By a well-known
weakness of human nature, a weakness rather comi-
cal than tragic, our own virtues loom large, and our
neighbor's vices even larger. The January number
of "The Library World" (London) opens with a
carefully studied and highly readable editorial com-
parison of " European and American Libraries,"
dealing especially with libraries in England and the
United States. The recognized fact that library
workers are better paid in this country than abroad
is made much of to demonstrate the greater cost of
per capita service here. It is true that, like all new
countries, America has incurred the charge of lavish-
ness and waste, and our library economy may not be
the strictest economy in one sense of the word. We
may, too, fail to adopt some of our English cousins'
library methods and reforms that are richly deserv-
ing of adoption. But are we quite so blind and
foolish, so arrogant and ignorant, as this English
editor seems to think ? Possibly he has indulged the
literary artist's fondness for rhetorical effect, while
cherishing none but the most cordial and friendly and
admiring sentiments toward us. At any rate, here
are a few of his most picturesque utterances : " As a
matter of fact, what ails the average American library
invalid is simply indigestion, caused by lack of active
employment, and having emoluments large enough to
enable him (her more often) to eat pumpkin pie,
clams, baked beans and canvas-back duck all the year
roimd ! The enormous sums frittered away in Amer-
ica on unproductive and useless library ' activities '
have no parallel in Europe, where common-sense
takes the place of hysteria in such matters, for
example, as the treatment of children. . . . The
mingled bounce and twaddle which garnish the aver-
age American library report prove somewhat comical
reading to those who really know what library
conditions are in various parts of the world. . . .
Thus we may have the report of the ' superintendent
of the page's brass buttons '; the statement of the
marble polisher ; the special report of the torn leaf
74
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1,
department ; the statistical abstract of the steno-
graphic department, and all the empty and costly
parade which distinguishes these preposterous docu-
ments. ... In library matters American ideals are
decidedly stale. Her methods were more or less
standardized between 1878 and 1888, and since then
not an atom of progress has been made save in the
piling up of immense revenues and the establishment
of unnecessary staffs which have to attempt to justify
their existence by launching out into equally need-
less and futile ' missionary ' enterprises." Not an
atom of progress ! Far less, then, a molecule ; and
some of us thought we had crept forward a good inch,
if not half a foot. The article from which the fore-
going excerpts are taken honors The Dial, among
other American journals, with special mention ; but
the charge that certain statements of ours " are not
only written with a most lofty sense of American
superiority, but are manifestly based on ignorance
of library conditions in Europe," seems a little harsh.
It is true that in a recent issue we quoted Professor
Mahaffy *s commendation of our " finely systematized
and organized libraries "; but he is a Briton, and we
were too proud of his good opinion to keep silent.
And we have occasionally alluded to a certain dis-
inclination to cut loose from red tape as noted in
some of the great royal or imperial libraries of
Europe. On the other hand, we not long ago (see
vol. 42, p. 214) commented adversely on our own
libraries' inferior efficiency as compared with a
certain German public library, and were called to
account for it in this country ; and we also (see
vol. 43, p. 198) took pleasure in chronicling the
convention of British librarians at Glasgow, with
approving comment on the unselfish devotion of
British library workers, and regretful note of their
inadequate remuneration. We were not consciously
writing in a spirit of loftiness, condescension, or
ignorance ; but who can understand his errors ? We
are glad to be cleansed of some of our secret faults.
CASUAL COMMENT.
The classifying instinct is in some degree present
in all of us. We feel that if we can only get the heter-
ogeneous and confusing objects and facts and events of
this bewildering world divided into classes and sub-
classes, all neatly labelled and pigeon-holed, they will
give us no further trouble. To systematize the uni-
verse is to explain it, we are tempted to believe. This
mama for classification, for making everything fit into
a catalogue (preferably decimal in its scheme of divi-
sion) , is very naturally, and not altogether improperly,
encouraged in the training of librarians. "It has for
so long been supposed," writes Director Wyer of the
New York State Library, in his current Report, " that
cataloguing is the backbone of effective library admin-
istration, that this subject always looms far larger than
any other in the program of either a summer or a winter
school. In the former case, however, the excessive
time given to cataloguing seems to be at the expense of
the more inspirational features of the work, and the
faculty is seriously considering either the omission of
all cataloguing from the general course in 1909 and
offering it as a special elective course covering about
four weeks, or a considerable reduction in the time and
work given to the subject. So many of those who come
to a summer session are from libraries too small to find
use for any catalogue at all, or at least too small for
any but the briefest author and title list, or they fill
positions which never have demanded and probably
never will permit any or much experience in catalogu-
ing. The omission of this subject from the required
work of the summer session will give a very welcome
increase of leisure time which may be devoted with
profit to book selection, personal work with readers, the
actual study of the inside of the books themselves, and
the larger phases of library administration which are
related to the community which it serves." The pro-
posed change is commendable. Almost any course of
mental training might profit the would-be librarian (so
miscellaneous will be the demands made on his intelli-
gence) as long as it does not nourish in him (and in
her) the notion that mankind in general and library-
users in particular are machines, and that the whole
world, especially the library world, is wound up once
for all and runs like clock-work.
The Public Library of the District of Columbia
is so much younger, so much smaller, and so much less
important in every way than the Library of Congress in
the same city, that few even of those interested in such
things are fully aware how large and excellent a library
it really is. The Librarian's Tenth Annual Report gives
the last year's circulation as over half a million, and tells
in detail what is being done and being planned to increase
still further the library's usefulness. A piatter of general
interest is touched upon in the following: " It is gratify-
ing to be able to report that the percentage of fiction
circulated has been fvu-ther reduced. In 1903-4, when
no books except fiction were on open shelves for direct
access, fiction formed nearly 84 per cent of the total
circulation. Gradually during the last four years more
and more books from non-fiction classes have been put
on open shelves, and more and more help and guidance
has been given to readers requiring assistance, with the
result that the fiction percentage has been reduced to
65. The new Useful Arts and Science room is an open-
shelf room, where those classes are directly accessible
to readers. ... In spite of too frequent thefts from
open shelves, the value of putting the people in direct
contact with the books, instead of forcing their approach
through a card catalogue, is so well attested by the grad-
ually falling fiction percentage as to justify the recom-
mendation still further to extend open-shelf facilities
imtil it is possible to have the cream of all classes of the
library directly accessible to readers." A life-like por-
trait of the late A. R. Spofford, who served for eleven
years on the library's board of trustees, and views,
exterior and interior, of the handsome library building
adorn this variously-informing Report, which of course
bears the imprint of the Government Printing Office.
The new head of Harvard, chosen to succeed
President Eliot next May, is a man already favorably
known in education, as well as in letters and in law.
Professor Abbott Lawrence Lowell is the son of
Augustus Lowell, cotton manufacturer, shrewd Boston
business man, and honored founder of the Lowell
Institute. Born December 13, 1856, Professor Lowell
1909.]
THE DIAL
76
has hardly more than begun his sixth decade, but has
had ample opportunity to display his initiative and force
as an educator, both in a term of service on the Boston
school board and as Eaton Professor of the Science of
Government at Harvard. With a successful law prac-
tice behind him, and known as the author of a two-
volume work on governments and parties in continental
Europe, he accepted a call from his alma mater twelve
years ago and began there his lectures on government
which have become so popular with his large classes of
students. His success as lecturer and teacher has been
attributed " not only to his thorough grasp of the sub-
ject and to his complete confidence in it as a field of
study, but to his unfailing self-control in the class-room,
his mastery of the art of speaking fluently yet with
dignity ; above all, perhaps, to the wealth of apt illustra-
tion and illustrative anecdote which he has at ready
command." His reputation as a scholar and writer in
his chosen field has lately been increased by the publi-
cation of still another learned and illuminative work,
" The Government of England," a book worthy to stand
beside Mr. Bryce's " American Commonwealth " as a
foreigner's lucid exposition of a great country's polity
in theory and practice. Professor Lowell's administra-
tive ability has conspicuously attested itself in these
active and fruitful years at Cambridge, so that there is
every reason to feel confidence in his wise and progres-
sive management of the great institution committed to
his chai'ge. ...
The joys of an amateur librarian are enlarged
upon by a writer in the December " Bulletin of the
Vermont Library Commission." She chooses to call
herself an amateur, but is one only in the best sense of
the word, — an enthusiastic devotee of her calling.
Before being drawn into the work, suddenly and com-
pellingly, she confesses herself to have been " like many
others on the outside who felt that library work was
simple, was work in a straight line, more or less me-
chanical, and just with a daily routine to meet." But
she soon, and to her increasing delight, discovered her
mistake. " There is," she declares, " no limit for orig-
inality and adaptation of well-known library contrivances
and suggestions, and the outlook is so broad and the
road branches into so many paths that it cannot fail to
be of vital interest to one engaged in it." In recoimt-
ing some of her enjoyable experiences she says : " Great
pleasure comes with choosing new books, conferring
with the trustees, ordering and receiving them [i. e., the
books, not the trustees]. In a large library where new
books are without novelty, though of great interest in
themselves, this joy is lost, and I am sorrj' for the peo-
ple who cannot have it, and thankful that my lot was in
a bypath." Only a desire for larger experience and for
the training that comes with working under veteran
librarians induced the writer to exchange her happy
lot for what finally proved to be a different sort of
employment in a great city; but she writes : "My in-
terest in library work is very vital, and the large libra-
ries mean more, the small ones mean more, every
bookstore means more, and every working g^irl means
more than they would if I had never had my place
among them." Well for her, perhaps, that the ama-
teur spirit did not have time to become transformed
into the professional. When the amateur's zest has
departed from one's calhng, it is time to step out and
look around for another sphere of usefulness. When
we have thoroughly learned a trade, that is sometimes
the psychological moment for giving it up.
The new historian of Rome, Signor Guglielmo
Ferrero, who has made so favorable an impression as
lecturer and scholar in his visit to this country, and
whose history of " The Greatness and Decline of Rome "
is received with such approval, is a comparatively young
man. Born near Naples in 1871, the son of a Pied-
montese railway engineer, he studied law at Pisa and
belles-lettres at Bologna, where he received his academic
degree. He early began his travels and entered upon
those studies of foreign countries and foreign manners
that bore fruit in his " Young Europe," a collection of
observations made in Germany, Russia, England, and
Scandinavia. The book was immediately successful
and called forth many solicitations from Italian and
foreign periodicals for contributions from its author's
pen. A leading Milan jottmal engaged him to write a
weekly article, and the Lombard Peace Society invited
him to deliver a course of lectures on militarism, which
were widely discussed. It was in 1902 that the first
volume of his great work now in course of publication
appeared. In person our distinguished visitor is tall
and thin and ascetic, but with an imperious bearing that
marks him as not exactly the midnight-oil-burning
recluse which his depth of learning may have led us to
expect. With the best years of his life still ahead of
him, Signor Ferrero will disappoint us if he does not go
far before he finishes. ...
Poetry and business mix about as well as oil and
vinegar. Nevertheless there is here and there a busi-
ness man who is fond of poetry, and, still more rarely,
there may be found one who makes poetry of his busi-
ness, which is a very different thing from making a
business of poetry. The Marblehead seedsman whose
annual catalogue we have already twice noticed with
approval again greets his seed-planting, vegetable-
raising, and flower-cultivating patrons with a yearly
schedule of good things in embryonic plant-life, — that
is, with his annual " Vegetable and Flower Seed Cata-
logue, Free for All." It is a most welcome and cheer-
ing reminder of the approach of spring, or rather of
summer, with its pictures of plethoric potatoes and
pumpkins, of bursting pea-pods and sleek-skinned to-
matoes, of daintily-fringed carnations and thickly-
clustering verbenas. But best of all is the retiring
senior partner's " Word to Old Friends," with its con-
cluding poem entitled "At Eighty-One." Its four
stanzas are all good, especially the final one:
" Happy the life that bears upon its wings
All hope and joy, yet aims at higher things ;
Takes from each passing hour its priceless share,
And scatter's Love's rich blessings everywhere."
To have preserved through the wear and tear of busi-
ness, the spirit of this poem up to the age of four-score
and more, and to have breathed something of that
spirit even into one's business, is no small achievement
to look back upon. ...
Robert Burton's bequest of books to Christ
Church, Oxford, is now, after two hundred and sixty-
nine years, duly catalogued and arranged. The author
of " The Anatomy of Melancholy," — now not exactly
a " best seller," but named by Dr. Johnson as the only
book that ever took him out of bed two hours before his
usual time, — studied both at Brazenose College and at
Christ Church, but it was at the latter that he may be
said to have lived and died, holding his ecclesiastical
appointments by proxy. To Christ Church and to the
Bodleian Library he left his books — such as they did
not already possess; and we infer that the college
76
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1,
received the larger share. Burton, too, as we read, was
for a time librarian at Christ Church, which strengthened
his interest in its library. English officials are admit-
tedly slower than our own, and their library methods
are more deliberate. Nevertheless two centuries and a
half seems a long time to take for cataloguing a small
collection of books; but if they comprise all the books
quoted from in the " Anatomy," the collection cannot be
so very small, after all. There is a rumor, we believe,
of a legacy or purchase of books from President John
Adams that has been slumbering uncatalogued, and so
practically non-existent, in the Boston Public Library
for half a century, more or less. At the end of another
two centuries perhaps it, too, will be available for use
• ■ •
The hunger for books in the country, where
time hangs heavy and people go mad from pure ennui,
is evinced by the reported circulation of public library
books in fifty-eight places of less than 500 population
each, in New York State. With an average population
of 290 and an average book-supply of 48 volumes per
capita, there was an average circulation of 6.5 volumes
to each inhabitant. To equal this creditable record, such
representative city libraries as those of Utica and of New
York would have to increase their present circulation two
and one-half times. Their per capita supply of books,
too, falls very far short of forty-eight. These figures
are cited by the Maryland State Library Commission
in its Report for 1908, the sixth year of its existence.
Maryland is still a very poor State in the matter of free
libraries, and the results attained in the far larger and
richer commonwealth, on which it may well cast eyes of
envy, will not soon be achieved among its more scatter-
ing and less opulent population. But the Commission
appears to be putting forth earnest efforts toward so
desirable an end. ...
A MEMORIAL TO LINCOLN, which will have educative
influence, has been proposed by the Lincoln Educational
League, an incorporated body with headquarters in
New York. Funds have been or are being raised for
the purpose of placing in the schoolhouses of the coun-
try bronze tablets bearing as inscription the complete
text of Lincoln's Gettysburg address, that brief but
almost perfect example of noble elegiac prose. Read
and pondered by the school-going youth of the land,
what might it not, by its daily though unobtrusive pres-
ence before the children's eyes, effect in the way of
mental and spiritual uplift? Besides its noble thought,
it would set a standard of concise and dignified expres-
sion, and would probably be of more value to the pupil,
first and last, than the irksome writing of a hundred
themes or compositions. A more worthy method of
marking this centennial year of one of the world's
greatest men could hardly be devised.
Europe's ignorance of America has more than
once contributed to the gaiety of at least one nation —
namely, our own. A German lady that we know of
took occasion to comment on the causes of our Civil
War by remarking: "Well, how could you expect the
North and South not to disagree, with nothing to con-
nect them but a narrow isthmus? " And now we find
a London weekly review printing a notice of Miss Mary
Johnston's " Lewis Rand " in which the reviewer sums
up his impression of the hero as "a kind of South
American Bonaparte." How many more intelligent
persons are there across the Atlantic, we wonder, who
conceive of Virginia, and what we in general call " the
South," as situated in South America?
COMMUNICA TIONS.
"IDO" AND "PIGEON ENGLISH."
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
In suggesting, in a recent issue of your journal, that
the international language-makers turn their attention
to " Pigeon English," you overlook the fact that an
international language should serve not merely for the
primitive needs of travellers, but also for scientific inter-
communications between the nations of western civiliza-
tion. These nations have in the space of two thousand
years developed a common international vocabulary,
based in the main on Latin, and to some extent on Greek.
Even German and Russian possess this Romance vocab-
ulary; but how much of it is to be found in the Saxon-
Chinese jargon on which you wish to turn us loose ? A
Teutonic world-language, such as Mr. Molee proposes,
is impossible, for similar reasons. An international
language must be something more than inter-Teutonic.
Moreover, the idea of having a union tongue between
English, German, Dutch, and Scandinavian speakers, to
supplant their respective native idioms, is the direct
opposite of the desire to have an auxiliary tongue, the
second for all nations.
Only the systems that are based on international roots
fulfil this condition; and among them Ido, the simplified
Esperanto, ranks by far the highest in regularity, sim-
plicity, logic, exactness, flexibility, and euphony. No
arguments of a personal character, such as those offered
by a correspondent in one of your recent numbers, will
prevent this fact from becoming more generally recog-
nized, as Ido becomes better known. The fittest must
survive. q. H. Mayer.
Chicago, January 20, 1909.
ESPERANTO AND "IDO."
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
In The Dial for Dec. 16, some remarks were made
by Mr. Julian Park, against the already consummated
reform of Esperanto by the system called " Ido."
Exactly why Mr. Park should wish to discourage
progress in that direction is not clear. He takes oc-
casion to say that a previous note by me was neither
consistent nor convincing. I beg leave to return the
compliment, for Mr. Park himself admits that " Ido "
has taken all that is good in Esperanto. Therefore, —
inferentially and truly, — the old Esperanto contains
much that is bad, which, of course, does not appear in
" Ido." The latter is the first and only international
language coming to us with the stamp of scholarship.
It is not necessary to ascribe its authorship to the
Marquis de Beauf rout, who is not " a mere plagiarist,"
as alleged by Mr. Park. I would like to ask any well-
informed Esperantist where his " kara lingvo " would be
to-day, were it not for the valuable propaganda work
performed for it, in France, during many years, by that
same Marquis de Beaufront, who, however, is well able
to defend himself.
The quickest and best way to end the whole discus-
sion is to leave the final choice of an international lan-
guage in the hands of the public, where, indeed, it must
eventually rest. Eugene F. McPike.
Chicago, January 22, 1909.
1909.]
THE DIAL
77
t H«fe %aokn.
The liADY OP Holland House.*
Beautiful, clever, imperious, — these are the
adjectives repeatedly applied by her contem-
poraries to the hostess of Holland House, who
for forty years presided there over a coterie of
the brightest and most distinguished men of her
time. The glimpses we have had of this en-
gaging personality through the pages of Moore,
Rogers, and Macaiday lead to high expectation
when we are offered the opportunity of hearing
the lady herself speak through the pages of her
own Journal.
We know what the guests thought of her —
this third Lady Holland — in her best moods
and in her worst, when everything was to her
mind or when her dinner-party went badly —
as dinner-parties will at times, even with great
ladies. We have been charmed with Macaulay's
picture of that wonderful drawing-room, in all
its stately grandeur, where " the last debate was
discussed in one corner and the last comedy of
Scribe in another ; while Wilkie gazed with
modest admiration on Sir Joshua's Baretti ;
while Mackintosh turned over Thomas Aquinas
to verify a quotation ; while Talleyrand related
his conversations with Barras at the Luxem-
bourg, or his ride with Lannes over the field of
Austerlitz." What revelations, then, may we
not expect when we are invited to another and
more confidential view? Shall we not learn
what the hostess thought of her guests, as well
as what the guests thought of the hostess ? Shall
we not gain more minute details of this brilliant
circle where every art and science was hospit-
ably entertained and given a hearing ?
But alas! the Journal ends in 1811, thirty
years before the time of which Macaulay wrote ;
and consequently not one of the poets, essayists,
or wits of his time whose portraits we had hoped
to behold is even mentioned in its pages. This
is the first great disappointment of the book.
The second great disappointment is like unto
the first, though not of equal extent. In these
two volumes of about three hundred pages each,
the political is almost as lacking as the literary
interest. We do indeed find many allusions to
men and events during the years when Holland
House was the rallying place for the Whig
rebels, but all in so rambling and indefinite a
manner that the Journal cannot be said to throw
•The Journal of Elizabeth Lady Holland (1791-1811).
Edited by the Earl of llchester. In two volumes. Illustrated.
New York : Longmans, Green, & Co.
much light upon this stirring time. The lady
of the manor is said to have prided herself on
her command of the English language ; but her
Journal, certainly, bears little evidence of pic-
turesqueness of phrase or even clearness of
statement. Moreover, it requires about half
of Volume I. to reach the date (1797) when
the writer becomes Lady Holland. When the
record begins she is Lady Webster, and although
only twenty years old has been already married
five years to a man more than twice her age and
utterly uncongenial in every way. It is a pa-
thetic story, based on a perfunctory marriage
arranged by parents, ending in desertion on the
wife's part and divorce sought and obtained on
the husband's. At the age of twenty-two, Lady
Webster writes :
" This fatal day seven years gave me, in the bloom
and innocence of fifteen, to the power of a being who
has made me execrate my life since it has belonged to
him. Despair often prompts me to a remedy within
my reach. . . . Nature is assisted to relieve us in our
diseases — why not terminate those of the mind ? My
mind is worked up to a state of savage exaltation, and
impels me to act with fury that proceeds more from
passion and deep despair than I can in calmer moments
justify. Oftentimes in the gloom of midnight I feel a
desire to curtail my grief, and but for an unaccountable
shudder that creeps over me, ere this the deed of rash-
ness would be executed."
" My tormentor " is her usual form of allusion
to the man whose name she bore ; and a most
fitting one it is, judging from the sacrifices
she continually made to keep him in passable
humor. In travelling, if but one bed is to be
had, the husband makes himself comfortable in
that, while the wife sleeps on the floor and the
maid in the carriage outside. Settling in a
palace at Florence where English habits have
not been provided for, and there are but three
rooms with fireplaces, she goes without, while
" my tormentor has one, the nursery and sitting
room the others."
Most of the eleven years of the married life
of this ill-assorted pair was spent abroad, in
France and Italy. Naturally, the lady writes
a good deal about the places she visits, the
works of art she sees, etc. But her descriptions
and reflections are not more valuable or signifi-
cant than the opinions of the average young
woman in the early twenties, and it seems a pity
and something of an injustice to publish them in
this day of eyes trained for art and familiar with
foreign lands by much travel. Nevertheless, our
sympathies are all with the young woman when,
at the age of twenty-six, a divorce is granted,
with the custody of her children denied.
But the misery of this first experience of
78
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1,
marriage seems to have been more than com-
pensated by the happiness of the second, when
she became the wife of Henry Richard, third
Earl of Holland. If anything more were needed
to add to our admiration of this delightful gen-
tleman and distinguished statesman, we should
have it here, in the adoring wife's Journal.
" Imperious " as she is said to have been, espe-
cially in her later years, there are few signs
of it in her Journal, and never in her do-
mestic relations. She seems to have been a
tender mother to the ten children of her two
marriages.
Possibly it is unfair, when offered a peep at a
lady's Journal a century after it is written, to
complain because it fails to fill certain gaps
which, reasonably or unreasonably, the modem
reader would like to see filled. And although
lacking indeed in the ways we have suggested, —
being too diffuse at the beginning and too cur-
tailed at the end, — there is now and then a bit
of happy characterization of persons of whom
we can never hear too much. Charles James
Fox, Lord Holland's uncle, is her great favorite
as he was the favorite of all his contemporaries.
Sheridan she does not love over much, and reports
Hare as saying that Sheridan was always play-
ing a game when with women ; his forte being at
a club over wine, and in debate. She reports
several of his happy retorts, however, such as his
reply when someone ran after him at the theatre
to ask if algebra was not a language. "To be
sure," said Sheridan, " an old language spoken
by an ancient people called the Classics." She
describes Parr's vanity and Knight's pedantry,
and adds they " fell upon a doubtful Greek word
and pulled at it like hungry curs." Dr. Davy,
Master of Caius, is dubbed a "good-natured, tri-
fling, insignificant man." Wordsworth she found
" much superior to his writings, and his conver-
sation is even beyond his abilities. I should
almost fear he is disposed to apply his talents
more towards making himself a vigorous conver-
sationist in the style of our friend Sharp, than
to improve his style of composition."
Much allowance has occasionally to be made
for the lady's personal bias, the editor sometimes
bringing evidence from others to put us on our
guard. But when all possible deductions have
been made, the fact remains that to be a hostess
of such power as to attract and hold the kind
and the numbers of persons that gladly accepted
her invitations to Holland House implies social
gifts of a very high order ; and social gifts are
not so common as to be spoken of lightly. The
editor says : " She possessed to the full the gift
of drawing out her guests. Conversation never
flagged at her table, and however diverse were
the sentiments of those who met under her roof,
they felt that they were there able to fraternize
on neutral ground."
Two charming pictures of Lady HoUand,
copied from paintings made while she was still
in her youthfid grace and beauty, are given in
the first volume. They aid us to realize some-
what of her personal fascination, which, combined
with " as warm a heart as ever beat in woman's
breast," perhaps furnishes a clue to the charm
that gave Holland House its reputation and still
surrounds it with a distinction shared by few
other houses on English soil.
Anna Benneson McMahan.
MoLiERE IN English Verse.*
Learning from the title-page of Professor
Curtis Hidden Page's translation of Moli^re that
the verse plays are here for the first time rendered
into English verse, one turns with mistrust the
pages until convinced by favorite passages of
"Tartuffe" or "The Misanthrope" that the
arduous task of rendering the Master's rhymed
hexameters into the heroic blank measure of the
English classic drama has been adequately
accomplished. So Gallic is the wit of Moli^re's
comedies, so replete with French subtlety are
their lines, that no one of the dozen or more
English translations made heretofore has suc-
ceeded in giving the English reader a true per-
ception of either the finesse or the purely Gallic
humor in which they abound.
Of these, the best, as Professor Page himself
agrees, is that by Charles Herron WaU in the
Bohn Standard Library. Next in attractive-
ness, the present writer is inclined to place the
selection of seventeen plays made by Katharine
Prescott Wormeley ; for, although the more
complete translation by A. R. Waller is accom-
panied by the French text and many notes, and
that by the late Henri van Laun contains a val-
uable introduction and appendices, the English
of each of these writers is more laborious and
stilted than is that of either Mr. Wall or Miss
Wormeley. Earlier editions, or selections, of
Moliere's plays in English were published in
1714, 1732, 1748, 1762, and 1771 ; and one
of these (the edition of 1732-1748) Professor
* MoLiEKB. A New Translation, the Verse Plays being for
the first time rendered into English verse, by Curtis Hidden
Page. With Introduction by Brander Matthews. In two vol-
umes. Foreign Classics for English Readers. New York: G. P.
Putnam's Sons.
1909.]
THE DIAL
79
Page proclaims " a storehouse of apt words and
phrases which I, like all modem translators that
I know of, have pillaged freely." After ac-
knowledging the aptness of this early transla-
tion and the sufficiency of Van Laim's, it may
be said without hesitation that Professor Page's
is the first to which the word " excellent " may
be justly applied. Were it not for the fact that
but eight of the plays are to be found in the two
volumes in which his text is presented, " defin-
itive " would be the word to qualify this alto-
gether admirable translation.
Since these volumes form a part of the Messrs.
Putnam's " French Classics for English Read-
ers " series, the offence of incompleteness may
not be laid entirely at the translator's door ; yet,
when it is announced that in this series " the
best and most representative works of each
author are given in full," either he or his editor
should be held accountable for the failure to
include among Molidre's " best and most repre-
sentative " plays " L'Etourdi." The best it is
not, assuredly ; yet it represents the metamor-
phosis of Moli^re, the hack-writer of a troupe
of strolling players, to Molidre, the master of
the art of comedy. Furthermore, it is typical
of the first phase of his development — the time
when his work was entirely influenced by Italian
comedy ; when he had not realized that his duty
was to attack the foibles and hypocrisy of soci-
ety " with ridiculous likeness "; the time before
he had exclaimed, " Let us cease to be Italian,
let us disdain being Spanish, let us be French ! "
Furthermore, one notes with regret the absence
of " L'Ecole des maris," "L'Ecole des femmes,"
" George Dandin," and, above all, of " Le
Malade imaginaire." Still, if but eight plays
must be selected from the thirty-three existing,
it is difficult to cavil at the choice Professor
Page has made ; i. e., " Les Precieuses ridicules,"
"Don Juan," " Le Tartuffe," " Le Misan-
thrope," "Le Medecin malgre lui," " L'Avare,"
" Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme," and " Les
Femmes savantes."
Three of these plays are in verse, and to
these one turns, as has been said, with mistrust
— not, be it added, of Professor Page's ability as
a translator, but of the possibility of rendering
adequately in English Moliere's alexandrines.
Although in one or two instances verse trans-
lations of important passages have been made,
it has remained for Professor Page to render
" Le Tartuffe," " Le Misanthrope," and " Les
Femmes savantes " into English verse. Only
one who has attempted the verse translation of
occasional passages of Moliere's may appreciate
thoroughly the almost insurmountable difficul-
ties in Professor Page's path. These he has
himself set forth in his illuminating preface.
" It seems strange," he exclaims, " that in all
these years no attempt has been made to trans-
late Moliere's plays into English verse. . . .
Yet should not the ideal of the translator be to
produce in his own tongue a work as nearly as
possible equivalent to the original ? And if so,
how can he, handicapped as he necessarily is by
the difference between two languages, accept the
still greater handicap of the contrast between
verse and prose?"
" When it became necessary to include ' Tar-
tuffe ' and ' The Misanthrope ' in this series of
French Classics," he goes on to say, " I could
not accept a prose translation as at all truly
reproducing them for English readers. . . .
The ideal which I set before myself was there-
fore to say in good English dramatic verse
(if I could) exactly what Moliere has said in
good French dramatic verse.^'
A praiseworthy ideal, yet difficult in its attain-
ment. Indeed, so different are the geniuses of
the two languages that the translator is met at
the outset by prosodial obstacles in themselves
almost insurmountable. Rhymed alexandrines
have, as Professor Page says, " never been good
English dramatic verse and never can by any
possibility be so." It is a metre ill according
with the spirit of our language, and wisely he
has selected the unrhymed pentameter measure
of our own dramatic poetry. It was impossible,
of course, to retain by this means the melodious
rhythm of the original, yet, by using the five-
accent iambic of our heroic measure, he has at
once suggested to the English ear dramatic
poetry, thus overcoming the greatest difficulty
of all translation, — to wit, the avoidance of
foreign construction in the English rendering.
Indeed, so thoroughly English is iambic blank
verse, with its shifting of accents and occasional
extra syllables, that the form itself conveys the
suggestion of idiom rather than of translation.
It is, moreover, our classic equivalent of the
French rhymed alexandrines . Being the medium
of all good English dramatic verse, it is histori-
cally and dramatically equipollent to the French
measure used by Moliere ; therefore it is the
correct translation of that metre, the one above
all others with which to convey the spirit, if not
the letter, of Moliere's rhymed verses to the
English ear. The phrasing, too, is a matter
requiring nicety on the translator's part. It
should be suggestive of the English comedy con-
temporaneous with Moliere ; yet not so archaic
80
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1,
as to destroy the surprising modemness of the
great Frenchman's thought.
Having indicated the obstacles in the path of
the translator of Moli^re, it becomes a pleasure
to state that Professor Page has surmounted
them admirably. Nowhere does he give the
fatal impression of translation. Indeed, so
idiomatic is his verse, so suggestive of the
English comedy of the time when Moliere wrote
his masterpieces, that, if one were to venture a
criticism, it would be to suggest that it is too
English. In other words, in " avoiding all effort
for ' poetical ' ornament," he has occasionally
so " wilfully broken up the too regular move-
ment of the French lines " that the rhythm
suffers. A little more rhythm might have sug-
gested more completely the French alexandrine
gliding upon its classic course like a mighty
river of harmony. Moreover, Moliere's verse
is so singularly lacking in the imagery which is
the charm of Shakespeare that, shorn of its
rhythm, it is often too suggestive of metrified
prose to be satisfying. But as Professor Page
has so successfully avoided all appearances of
translation, this criticism of his verse becomes
so captious that one is tempted to apologize for
having made it. Indeed, so acceptably has his
task been accomplished that a just critic should
only exclaim, " Well done I "
In the prose plays, too, he has been so suc-
cessful in his choice of apt words, so conscien-
tious in his endeavors to avoid all Latinity, that
they read like English comedies. Throughout
them, he has used quips and expressions of the
corresponding English period, and avoided
Latin etymologies so thoroughly that they re-
tain no flavor of translation. This is the highest
praise that may be awarded a translator ; yet,
while bestowing it, one cannot resist saying that
he has occasionally been too faithful to the
methods of, shall we say, Congreve or Mrs.
Behn. For instance, when, in " Les Precieuses
ridicules," Gorgibus, discovering the cruel trick
that has been played upon his daughter and his
niece, exclaims, " Oui^ c'est une piece sang-
lante, mats qui est un ejfet de voire impei'ti-
nence, infantes ! " Professor Page translates
the passage in this wise, " Yes, it 's a cruel trick,
but you may thank your own foolish impudence
for it, you sluts ! " This rendering is doubtless
suggestive of the restoration period of our
drama ; yet Moliere, studied as he is in schools
by young girls, should not be so restorationized
as to have his Gallic epithet " inf antes " ren-
dered in English by a word such as Professor
Page has selected. Surely the unsullied term
" wretches " would have expressed more thor-
oughly the Frenchman's meaning.
Still, in spite of such occasional lapses. Pro-
fessor Page's work is a credit at once to his
erudition and to his skill as a writer of English.
To him all credit is due for an arduous task
skilfully performed. Of the plays in his trans-
lation it may be said truthfully that never
before have they been so well rendered in our
language, and that, in all probability, no suc-
ceeding translator will surpass his admirable
presentation of Moliere to the English reader
in unlabored language.
The book contains a comprehensive bibliog-
raphy, in which the more vital works are indi-
cated by asterisks ; furthermore, each play is
accompanied by a scholarly notice in which
salient features of its sources and presentation
are adequately set forth. Professor Page's work
itself is worthily introduced by Professor Brander
Matthews, his scholarly prelude being a succinct
biography of Moliere. The volumes, like the
others of this series, are edited by Professor
Adolphe Cohn. These three scholars, all mem-
bers of the faculty of Columbia University, stand
preeminent among American Molieristes. It is
no small credit to them that so satisfactory and
able a translation of Moliere should be the result
of their joint labor.
H. C. Chatfield-Taylor.
The Ire lax d of To-day.*
It is almost impossible at the present day to
interest Americans in Ireland. The Irish, like
the poor, they have always with them ; and there
is little desire to know more than that, like all
foreigners, the Irish are here on a hazard of new
fortunes. Excepting the fine verses of Walt
Whitman, Americans have written little about
Ireland more serious than good-natured raillery
growing out of habitual holiday touring in that
country; or, if any more serious treatment is
attempted, it shows a lamentable lack of acquaint-
ance with the vital sources of Irish life and
thought. Other peoples have found Ireland
well worth their study. Even the English, from
Edmund Spenser to Mr. Sydney Brooks, have
not failed on the score of gravity in writing
about Ireland, however much some of them
have failed on the side of truth. The Germans,
with their instinct for scholarship, have gone to
• CoNTEMPOBABY Ibbland. By L. Paul-Dubois. An English
Translation, with an Introduction, by T. M. Kettle, M.P. New
York : The Baker & Taylor Co.
1909.]
THE DIAL
81
Ireland to study the Irish mind in the only
proper sources of such study — Irish manuscript
literature. Thus, Zeuss, Zimmer, and Kuno
Meyer have a lasting part in what may be, not
only for Irish literature but for all literature,
the discovery of a rich vein of poetry.
It is to the French, however, that the Irish
owe the salutary but perhaps thankless service
of social and political criticism . ' ' Contemporary
Ireland," by M. L. Paul-Dubois, a writer
already having to his credit important works
on social and economic questions, should be
peculiarly acceptable to Americans who prefer
a condensed survey of a subject rather than an
exhaustive review. This work is the third
important study of its kind for which the Irish
are indebted to the French. In 1839 Gustave
De Beaumont, with strict adherence to a cause-
and-effect method of inquiry, revealed the social
and political conditions in Ireland, when, under
Daniel O'Connell, the Irish were first emerg-
ing into democratic consciousness. A few
decades later, Adolphe Perraud achieved the
dismal task of chronicling the aftermath of the
Famine by a history of the Irish as emigrants.
In writing of the Ireland of to-day, M. Paul-
Dubois had a problem not less complex than
that of De Beaumont, and scarcely less discourag-
ing than that of Perraud. For, in spite of
many economic reforms, Ireland shows signs of
fast-spreading national decay ; the Irish, though
steadily winning concessions from England, are
emigrating in an unceasing tide. M. Paul-
Dubois had, however, a peculiar advantage over
his predecessors. There is in the Ireland of
to-day an opportunity for a criticism fascinat-
ing to a student of things of the mind. Dreary
as the outlook is for an Ireland economically
vigorous, the Irish are for the first time develop-
ing a national literature ; they are creating, too,
schools of painting and of art criticism which
have little to do with the Royal Academy in
Piccadilly. To solve the problem of a race
intellectually active in the midst of material
decay is well worth the serious study of a pub-
licist. M. Paul-Dubois skilfully meets the
difficulty of this paradox ; he treats both phases
of it by a method of outline, summary, and
report, rather than by discussion. He knows
that the secret of brevity in a comprehensive
subject lies in the large grasp, the inclusive sur-
vey, rather than in minute amplification. His
book is thus valuable as a compendium, an ency-
clopaedic reference ready for the student seeking
the original sources of Irish history.
The use M. Paul-Dubois himself makes of
these sources is instructive. He adopts De
Beaumont's conclusion, which fixed the cause of
Ireland's decay on an alien aristocracy, respon-
sible for the whole misgovernment of Ireland.
Pressing his search no further than this, he
touches upon the main movements and leading
personalities of Irish history, with a definiteness
and vigor typical of the entire book. Irish mind
and character are treated authoritatively rather
than critically. In sketching the material de-
cline of Ireland, resulting from confiscation of
the land, the author is at his best. He knows
how to make statistics illuminating. His esti-
mate, too, of the Irish Nationalist Party is dis-
criminating, and vitally constructive as criticism.
For these, and for an unequivocal sympathy
with all the Irish still hope for as a nation, the
author deserves the enthusiastic commendation
which his translator, Mr. Kettle, gives him in
the Introduction. It is not with the spirit of
the book that fault may be found. Its tone is
perhaps too temporizing in treating of some
phases of Irish life, but a frank heartiness to-
ward the people written of is everywhere
apparent. What one deplores is that the jour-
nalistic plan of the book works ill to its most
vital topic — the regenerative influences now in
progress in Ireland. This part of the discussion
is too vital to be disposed of with the brevity of
a business document. It needed keen reaction
to the material at hand ; an editorial treatment
large, free, conclusive. Moreover, the Irish
themselves offered ample help in what they are
publishing every day. Fond as they are of
flight and fancy, they are not disdainful of se-
vere statistics, rigid facts, lashing self-criticism,
to prove that if they cannot survive as a race they
at least understand why they are about to fail.
To what extent M. Paul-Dubois has contributed
to an understanding of this impending failure,
depends on how much his readers can amplify
his compact resume.
It is to be regretted that M. Paul-Dubois's
plan forbade a searching history of institu-
tional life in Ireland. Humble as Ireland is,
her history is in a measure analogous to all
European history. For centuries she has had
her Guelf and Ghibelline wars, not fought on
battlefields, but in cabinets, in petty intrigues,
in compromises and collusions, in every way
but the one which leads to gain or glory to the
Irish people. No Dante could symbolize this
struggle ; it is without poetry, though not with-
out pathos. Social life in Ireland at the present
time requires, too, a fresh analysis. An aris-
tocracy almost denuded of power, a middle class
82
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1,
democratic but unstable, a rural population just
entering upon a slight measure of independence,
a pauper community hopeless and helpless —
these afford fine material for a study by the
publicist of large resource and keen judgment.
Besides these classes, which are common to all
European countries, Ireland has a social life
based almost wholly upon sectarian distinctions
— a condition unknown elsewhere. This is why
Irish patriotism, however sincere, is always in-
effectual. Here is a subject for a sociological
writer to explore, to enlarge upon. In treating
of Ireland's common-school system, M. Paul-
Dubois has compressed into a single chapter
what might have been the main theme of his
book. Education in Ireland is less a subject
for the statistician than it is a call to a real
crusade. On its reformation, particularly in its
elementary phases, depends the rehabilitation of
a wasting Ireland.
It is also to be regretted that some estimate
of the present literary movement as a regenera-
tive force in Ireland lay outside the purpose of
M. Paul-Dubois's skiKully compressed treatise.
A trenchant presentation of this movement as
a national force, by a foreigner, might act as a
stimulant and a corrective to a group of writers
inclined too much to dreaming and not enough
to thought. Irish writers of to-day, excellent as
they are, learn too much of one another. They
are withdrawing too much into a narrow coterie ;
they have their hearts too much in ethnic Ire-
land, and not enough in the Ireland, weak and
desolate, of to-day. Much more important to
an understanding of contemporary Ireland, how-
ever, than a criticism of her poets is some gen-
uine appreciation of her thinking men. Ireland
has a saving remnant, but those comprising it
win scant sympathy from M. Paul-Dubois, who
dismisses them as " intellectuals," " Voltaireans,"
" men who ape the French." Had he come
closer to the heart of Ireland's mystery, he
would have understood that these are the men
who are plucking it out. It is true that some
of them ape the French. He as a Frenchman
lost an opportunity to show how they can more
effectually do this to the saving of Ireland.
This is seen in his attitude toward Mr. George
Moore. This gifted Irishman's history, per-
sonal and artistic, is one of the most signifi-
cant facts in the Ireland of to-day. Not till
he imitated the erotic in Theophile Gautier,
not till he had spent the prime vigor of his
genius on novels contributive to English fiction,
did he discover that his own country needed
him. What he has done for her is in the nature
of a plea for liberal thought, a more humanistic
interpretation of life. A Frenchman is the last
man to despise an effort of this kind. Others,
too, are eager in this enterprise of creating a
real zest for life among a people to whom prayer
is work rather than work prayer ; whose women
have the soul of Mary but not the thrift of
Martha ; who as a race love art and neglect
comfort. It is the " intellectuals " who under-
stand and love the soul of their race. It is they,
groaning because of the morass of backwardness
into which Ireland has fallen, who will wish that
M. Paul-Dubois's sympathy had been broader as
weU as more intense. Ellen FitzGerald.
Conclusion of the Schurz
Reminiscences.*
When near the end, Mr. Schurz told his
friends that his only deep regret was the neces-
sity of leaving his memoirs unfinished. As
he had only reached the period of the first term
of President Grant when his pen was laid down,
every reader must keenly feel the same regret.
Of this concluding volume, a little more than
three himdred pages are from the hand of Mr.
Schurz ; and this is followed by about one hun-
dred and fifty pages by Mr. Frederic Bancroft
and Professor WiUiam A. Dunning, devoted to a
sympathetic and very satisfactory sketch of his
career from 1869 to the end. In our notice of
the first two volumes of these Reminiscences,
tribute was paid to those qualities of mind and
heart which made of Carl Schurz, notwithstand-
ing the fact that his birth and early training
were in a foreign land, one of the most admir-
able fruitages so far secured from the tree of
American institutions and citizenship.
The great lesson of his life, as of that of
Curtis, Godkin, and others of his circle of
friends and fellow- workers, is that of independ-
ence and intelligent idealism. He was never
daunted by the fact that none of his high ideals
in American politics was ever wholly attained.
Temporary reverses were always to be expected,
and each rebuff or delay was only an incentive
to renewed effort. He had lived to see slavery
wiped out, and the spoils system successfully
beaten back from the larger part of the terri-
tory which it had usurped ; and though protec-
tionism and imperialism combined had taken
fast hold upon the reins of government in the
• The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz. Volume III., 1863-
1869. With a Sketch of his Life and Public Services from 1869
to 1906, by Frederic Bancroft and William A. Dunning. New
York : The McClure Co.
1909.]
THE DIAL
88
closing years of his life, he never wavered in the
faith that farther sighted and less selfish coun-
sels would in the end prevail.
To the blind party man of either side, his
political career of course seemed wholly erratic.
As a matter of fact, the annals of American
public life present few examples of such
thorough-going consistency. In every crisis the
possible courses of action open to him were
brought to the test of the fundamental aims
toward which his political life was directed, and
that course was chosen which, on the whole,
seemed likely to do most for the honorable fur-
therance of those aims. He was never one of
those doctrinaire reformers who lose sight of
actual conditions and disdain the small gains
which are possible in a vain effort for the
immediate attainment of more than is within
immediate reach. And yet no small concession
to his demands ever blinded his eyes to other
shortcomings on the part of the politician or
party by whom it was made. The half-loaf
which is better than no bread could never be
palmed oif on him as the whole. The high-
tariff policy of the Republican party was always
repugnant to him, on moral as well as economic
grounds ; but that did not hinder him from
supporting the candidates of that party so long
as its attitude on the questions growing out of
slavery and the Civil War seemed fairly correct
and of predominant importance. With the sink-
ing in relative importance of these war questions
under the wise policy of Hayes, it was inevitable
that his views on the civil service and the tariff
should draw him to the support of Cleveland, as
against a Republican with the personal record
of James G. Blaine. But when the Democratic
party repudiated Cleveland for Bryan and the
free-silver craze, his long and frequently attested
belief in the vital importance of a sound money
system drove him to the support of McKinley.
The imperialism into which McKinley was
driven, against his own original inclination, was
of course deeply repugnant to the man who had
done more than any other to thwart a similar
project in the days of Grant; and as other
questions seemed temporarily of less significance
than this, he gave his support to Bryan in the
election of 1900. But in none of these cases
did he ever stultify himself by saying a word in
favor of any part of the platform which was not
in harmony with his own judgment. Of course
all this should have left him wholly without
influence on public opinion, according to ordinary
party theories ; but the fact of political history
is that throughout his public career there was
no man in the land whom political committees
were more anxious to put on the stump in behaK
of their candidates than Carl Schurz. Keen
insight, high ideals, moral fervor, strict adher-
ence to fundamental principles, and absolute
freedom from partisan shackles, were his distin-
guishing characteristics. Of course, even this
cannot guarantee absolute inerrancy of judg-
ment ; but it would be hard to find any com-
bination of qualities calculated to leave a record
to which posterity will turn with more unfailing
respect and less necessity for apologies.
We are glad to notice in the preface of this
volume an implied promise of further publica-
tions. It is well known that the epistolary
correspondence of Mr. Schurz was enormous.
This must have a high value both personally
and historically, since he had among his corre-
spondents many of the most prominent men of
his time, and made constant use of the private
letter as an indirect means of influencing public
opinion on questions of the day. Letters of
this latter sort are doubtless amply numerous
for separate publication, and we would suggest
to his literary executors the propriety of pre-
senting them in this way, thus giving the more
personal correspondence a better chance to
impress upon the reader the more intimate
personal characteristics of a man whose charm
ing personality had no opportunity to make
itself known to more than a small fraction of
those who knew and admired him in his public
^^^^^^- W. H. Johnson.
The fourteenth annual meeting of the Central Division
of the Modern Language Association of America was
held at the Northwestern University Building, Chicago,
late in December. English, Germanic, and Romance
philology received each its proportion of attention.
Among the more noteworthy contributions to accurate
scholarship was a collection of new source-material
relating to the liturgic Easter drama, made by Professor
Neil C. Brooks of the University of Illinois. Professor
Brooks threw much new light upon the raise en scene of
the liturgic plays, and brought new evidence to bear
upon the question of the relations between the early
drama and pictorial art. Professor Weeks's discussion
of the Boulogne manuscript of the " Chevalerie Vivien "
was in line with his previous studies. Professor Beatty's
discussion of the Resuscitation Motive in popular liter-
ature, Mr. Fortier's brief survey of certain departments
of French literature in Louisiana, and Professor Brown's
Irish parallels to the Bleeding Lance of the Grail
Legend, were all of particular interest. As business of
special interest, should be mentioned a report from the
Committee on the Photographic Reproduction of Early
Texts, and the organization, during the session, of an
Illinois Branch of the American Folk-lore Society, with
Professor A. C. L. Brown as President and Dr. H. S. V.
Jones as Secretary and Treasurer.
84
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1,
Recent Fiction.*
It is several years since we have had a novel by
Mr. Mallock, whose pen has been chiefly busied with
exposing the fallacies of socialism, or revealing the
underlying antinomies of current doctrine in science,
philosophy, and religion. That the hand of the nov-
elist has not, however, lost its cunning, becomes
sufficiently evident by the time we have read fifty
pages of "An Immortal Soul." The story thus
alluringly entitled opens engagingly upon an English
country scene, and soon finds us deeply interested
in a social group which has for its principal figures
the local clergyman, the returned traveller who is
standing for Parliament, a famous specialist in
nervous diseases, and a young girl who is clearly
intended to be the heroine. The elderly traveller
finds in her more than a passing attraction, and the
clergyman, who has marked her for his spiritual
child, and whose sub-consciousness views her in a
more human light, finds his influence weakened,
and his hardly formulated hopes threatened by the
advent of the stranger. Thus far, we are dealing
with a novel simply, finished in style and descrip-
tion, admirable in invention and characterization.
But the author's " affair " has a much wider scope
than this, and he no sooner gets us thoroughly inter-
ested in his heroine and her associates than he
approaches his special problem, which is that of
diagnosing a case of dual personality. For one day
his heroine is spirited away, and a young woman
reputed to be her sister appears in her stead. The
delicate and spiritually-minded Vivian gives place
to Enid, who appears as a girl of sensual disposition,
cunning in deception, and instinctively vicious. For
a time we take her to be in reality another person,
but at last it appears that she represents the tem-
porary emergence of another personality ; and that
from childhood Vivian and Enid have alternated the
tenancy of the same body. Even physically, the
change is sufficient to deceive, and Mr. Mallock
contrives to surmount this crucial difficulty of his
task. The eminent specialist is the only one who
• An Immortal Soul. By W. H. Mallock. New York: Harper
& Brothers.
The Gentleman. A Romance of the Sea. By Alfred Ollivant.
New York : The Macmillan Co.
The War in the Air. By H. G. Wells. New York: The
Macmillan Co.
The Distributors. By Anthony Partridge. New York: The
McClure Co.
Captain Margaret. A Romance. By John Masefleld. Phila-
delphia : The J. B. Lippincott Co.
The Devil's Pulpit. By H. B. Marriott Watson. New York:
Dodd, Mead & Co.
The Ply ON the Wheel. By Katherine Cecil Thurston. New
York : Dodd, Mead & Co.
Rose- White Youth. By Dolf Wyllarde. New York : John
Lane Co.
In Calvert's Valley. By Margaret Prescott Montague. New
York: The Baker & Taylor Co.
The Fair Mississippian. By Charles Egbert Craddock.
Boston : Houghton MiflBin Co.
Barry Gordon. By William Farquhar Payson. New York:
The McClure Co.
Kincaid's Battery. By George W. Cable. New York: Charles
Scribner's Sons.
has all the facts in his possession, and to him the
girl's dual nature becomes a study of absorbing
interest. From about the middle on, the book be-
come essentially a scientific treatise, and elaborate
discussion figures more and more largely in its pages.
Yet even this discussion is so fitted into the novelistic
machinery that both human and dramatic interest
are fairly well preserved throughout. The chief
element of this interest is provided by the impact
of the revelation upon the clergyman, who finds
that he must reckon with facts hitherto undreamed
of in his philosophy, and who feels the very founda-
tions of his belief tottering beneath him. He be-
comes perplexed in the extreme when he is forced
to realize that this " immortal soul " which has been
the object of his special solicitude is in reality a
two-fold thing, and that its one aspect is as abhor-
rent to him as its other is appealing. Which of the
two is the real woman, the spiritual individuality ?
The theory of possession sustains him for a time,
but even that has to be abandoned in the light of a
complete record of the girl's history, which makes
it clear that her evil nature is, on the whole, the
more predominant and masterful of the two. Mr.
Mallock offers us no solution of the problem he has
propounded. Science is not yet prepared to solve
it, or to suggest a reconciliation between such phe-
nomena and the older doctrines of psychology and
religion. The subject is one after the author's
heart, and he has never played more brilliantly his
favorite rMe of the destructive critic. All his life
he has been pointing out the logical defects in sys-
tems of thought that seem superficially coherent,
and in the present instance, although his form is that
of fiction, he has given us one of the keenest and
most merciless of his many analyses. Readers who
do not expect this sort of thing in a novel may well
complain that he does not play the game, and will
be justified if their quest is for entertainment only.
But if they are sufficiently serious of mind to enter
into the spirit of the author's speculations, they will
give, if anything, a more absorbed attention to his
psychological discussion than to the fictive frame-
work in which it is set.
A romance of Napoleon and Nelson, and of the
projected invasion of England in 1805, written in a
style as choppy as the waves of the Channel which
baffled the conqueror's ambition, is given us by Mr.
Alfred Ollivant in the merry invention which he
has labeled "The Gentleman." There are some
four hundred pages of staccato sentences, chronic-
ling the events of about ten days, and things are
happening all the time. The happenings, moreover,
are of the most exciting nature, whether by sea or
by land, and someone is in mortal peril every hour.
There are several heroes, including the "gentle-
man," who is an Irish soldier of fortune acting as
Napoleon's lieutenant, the midshipman (aged fif-
teen ) who saves his country by ingenious and heroic
devices, and the fighting parson whose death-dealing
sword causes countless- Frenchmen and traitors to
bite the dust. The story turns about a plot to
1909.]
THE DIAL
86
kidnap Nelson, through the double dealing of Lady
Hamilton, and the author prudently appends to
the tale a declaration to the effect that he will
answer no questions concerning it. The charac-
terizations are extraordinarily vivid, and this is a
remarkable feature when we consider the variety of
types presented. There are a great many horrors
on exhibition, and they are depicted with relentless
realism, but they are also softened by an infusion
of sentiment that makes them endurable, and they
often become almost beautiful in the poetic light of
the author's imagination. The spirit in which this
work is conceived is made clear by the verses on
" Our Sea " which serve as a preface. It is the
spirit of invincible pride in the deeds of English
seamen from the days of Drake to the days of
Nelson, and the story itself reveals the composite
inspiration of such diverse novelists as Marryatt
and Kingsley and Blackmore, such diverse poets as
Mr. Newbolt and Mr. Kipling and Mr. Swinburne.
" The War in the Air " is a forecast of the develop-
ment of atrial navigation which is extremely vivid,
as are all of Mr. Wells's imaginings, and not so far
removed as most of them have been from what we
may admit to be possible. The air-ship is c^^tain to
be used for military purposes in the next chapter of
warfare, and will doubtless bring with it new possi-
bilities of destruction. Mr. Wells makes of it a ter-
rible instrument indeed, and describes its operations
with a degree of technical realism that gives us a
shuddering anticipation of what may happen when
this new menace to civilization is developed only a
little more than at present. Unlike most writers of
fiction who allow their imagination to revel in dead-
lier means of destruction than those heretofore avail-
able, Mr. Wells does not assume that the common
sense of mankind will abandon warfare when it comes
to mean annihilation, but pictures for us an increased
frenzy of strife which does not cease its fury until
civilized society is blotted from the earth's surface,
and what is left of mankind reverts to primitive con-
ditions of savagery. Civilization suffers final collapse
as a logical consequence of its own ingenious refine-
ments, and the thought that it bears within its bosom
the seeds of its own destruction is strongly impressed
upon us. The protagonist of this world-tragedy is no
heroic figure, but simply the sort of average cockney
Englishman who has before served as the medium of
the author's social satire. All the amazing things
that happen in the book are exhibited in their reflec-
tion in the consciousness of this pitiful example of
humankind, and this proves the most effective part
of the author's realistic machinery.
" The Distributors," by Mr. Anthony Partridge,
is a choice tale of a group of men and women, of
the highest rank in English society, who, having
exhausted all the obvious pleasures of life, resort to
the unlawful in their quest for new sensations. They
form a coterie known as the " Ghosts," ostensibly for
the discussion of esoteric philosophies, but actually
for the purpose of planning and executing what we
may call high-class burglaries. Their victims are the
selfish rich, who possess more jewels than is good
for them, and the loot, when converted into money
through the agency of a mysterious " fence " — as
free from selfish motives ^s the " Ghosts " themselves
— is bestowed anonymously upon various charities.
All goes well with their plans until an American girl,
piqued because her request to be made a member of
the exclusive coterie is denied, and knowing nothing
of the criminal side of their activity, sets a detective
on their track, and uncovers things of which she had
not dreamed. The exposure is averted by an appeal
to her generosity, the society goes out of existence,
and the most conspicuous of its members surprises
himself by falling in love, which for him, at least,
makes the further quest of illicit sensations quite
unnecessary. There are numerous thrills in the fan-
tastic romance, and much sprightliness of dialogue.
The author of the " New Arabian Nights " would
have found in Mr. Partridge a kindred spirit.
" Captain Margaret," by Mr. John Masefield, is
a romance of adventure in Virginia and on the
Spanish main, the action being placed in the late
seventeenth century. Charles Margaret is the com-
mander of a ship equipped by certain London adven-
turers for trade with the colonies. He is also a man
with a broken heart, for the woman whom he loves
has taken to herself a husband, and has been so
deceived in the bargain that she mistakes a selfish
brute of criminal instincts for a hero to be wor-
shipped. Now it so happens that just as Captain
Margaret is setting sail for America, this woman
and her husband take refuge upon the ship, for the
man has been guilty of forgery, and the officers of
the law are hot in pursuit. The voyage is a long
one, but not long enough to open the woman's eyes,
either to the true character of her husband, or to
the unselfish devotion of Captain Margaret. Then
follow several chapters of a sojourn in Virginia, and
a second hasty escape when the Governor receives
orders from England to arrest the fugitive. The
final episode is an expedition to the Isthmus in
search of treasure, including a highly graphic ac-
count of the sacking of one of the Spanish settle-
ments. When the fugitive is dastardly enough to
seek to betray his rescuers into the hands of the
enemy, even his wife realizes a situation long before
apparent to everyone else, and is not altogether heart-
broken when he meets the fate he so richly deserves.
Whereupon Captain Margaret comes into his own.
It is a leisurely tale, but there is a great deal of
life in it, and it is informed by the spirit of genuine
romance.
Curiously enough, " The Devil's Pulpit," which is
also the tale of a semi-piratical expedition in search
of treasure, is provided with a heroine by a device
similar to that adopted by the author of " Captain
Margaret." But this time the heroine is a girl, and
it is in the company of her uncle, an absconding
French banker, that she seeks refuge on the ship
just as it is leaving England. The ship is sent out
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1,
by a syndicate, acting apon the information conveyed
by a mysterious chart of the kind familiar to all
readers of tales concerning treasure-seekers. Its des-
tination is somewhere in the West Indies, and the
ship's company, crew and owners alike, constitute a
motley and picturesque assemblage of ruffians. Of
course, there is a hero who saves the situation when
matters become critical, and there are a few other
decent fellows to stand by him. Equally of course,
the treasure is found, the ruffians discomfited, and
the affections of the heroine properly bestowed. As
contrasted with " Captain Margaret," this romance
is modern, and its exciting happenings are conceived
in the spirit of comedy, commingled with melodrama.
Mr. H. B. Marriott Watson is the writer, and we all
know how inventive he can be, and with what high
spirits he can carry his action through.
Mrs. Thurston's "The Fly on the Wheel " is a
simple story of Irish life and character, admirable in
its fidelity to fact, and incisive in its delineation of
middle-class character. The parish priest, the wife
and mother of domestic instincts, her shrewish sister,
the busybodies and gallants of the town, are all put
before us in natural and life-like guise. And then,
upon this bourgeois backgroimd is projected a great
passion, which shipwrecks a family's happiness, and
brings the heroine to suicide. This heroine is a young
woman whose career is shaped rather by instinct than
reason, and for whom the moral obligations upon
which society is based have no effective influence.
Returning home from her French convent, she falls
in love with a staid man of affairs, the head of a
peaceful household, and her infatuation makes him
for a time forgetful of his honor. His life hitherto
has been one of self-repression, and the impulses she
evokes get the better of him. It seems to be a case
of opposite electric charges, needing only contiguity
to effect a union. In her case, it is the longing for
ease and luxury ; in his, it is the craving for a richer
life. These motives, acting in connection with a
strong element of sensual allurement, prove the com-
plete undoing of the woman, and the all but complete
ruin of the man. It is the parish priest who inter-
poses, and, by a few fitly-chosen words of admoni-
tion, halts the man's steps upon the brink of the
precipice. The story is strong, but not altogether
agreeable.
The heroine of " Rose- White Youth " is fifteen,
and she dies of a broken back (supplemented by a
broken heart) on her sixteenth birthday. The man
in the case is a bronzed explorer, known to scientific
fame, a guest of her family at their country house.
It is a wretched misunderstanding that causes him
to misjudge her, and it is not cleared up (for the
girl) in time to save her from that last reckless ride
along the cliff. The tragedy of her taking-off is
singularly wanton, and we cannot quite forgive the
author for thus shaping the story. For Betty is a
nice girl with long red hair (mentioned upon nearly
every page), and her youth does not prevent her
from being a highly attractive heroine. This story is
the work of " Dolf Wyllarde," and is marred by the
frequent employment of sensual suggestion, a fault
which has marked the earlier books of this writer,
seeming to indicate an inherent vulgarity of mind.
" In Calvert's Valley " is a story of the moun-
tains of West Virginia, introducing us to much the
same types of scenery and character as those of
which Mr. John Fox makes the substance of his
novels. Miss Montague has neither the humor nor
the dramatic incisiveness of the writer with whom
her work is thus inevitably brought into comparison,
but she tells an effective story in her more leisurely
way. Page Emlyn, a young business man from
Cincinnati, comes to the Valley, and is at once in-
volved in a tragedy. He is led to believe that, in
the semi-consciousness of intoxication, he has pushed
James Calvert over a cliff to his death. Meanwhile,
the young woman with whom Calvert was in love is
led to believe that her rejection of his advances has
impelled him to suicide. Presently, these two young
persons, each bearing a secret burden of imagined
guilt, learn to love one another. The outcome
remains long in suspense, and there are many search-
ings of conscience on both sides before the accidental
nature of Calvert's death is revealed, and all ends
happUy for hero and heroine. The whole story is
conscientious rather than brilliant, but it sustains a
reasonable degree of interest throughout, and is
clearly the product of close observation of the moun-
tain folk and the mountain setting.
It is natural to turn from this novel to " The Fair
Mississippian," which is Miss Murfree's latest pro-
duction. But Miss Murfree seems to have abandoned
her mountaineers of late, and with this defection to
have lost much of the singular power displayed in
her earlier books. The present story, although it
shows intimate acquaintance with its plantation scene,
must be described as essentially commonplace. It is,
moreover, so weighed down with irrelevant descrip-
tion and incident that the action drags, and the criti-
cal situations miss much of the effectiveness that
might have been given them. We can find in this
work little indication of the grip upon character
which the writer once had, and still less of the flash
of poetic imagination which used to light up her
tales of the Great Smoky Mountains. The hero is a
young man of fine education and broken fortune, who
becomes the tutor of three boys on a Mississippi
plantation. The excitement is furnished (in diluted
form) by an attack of river-pirates, and by the antics
of a ghost. The ghost turns out to be a member of
the household, and his prowlings are concerned with
the hiding of certain documents which affect the
ownership of the estate. The chatelaine of the
plantation is a creature of the most radiant beauty,
in consequence whereof the tutor falls in love with
her, and the fact that she is ten years his senior is
not permitted to interfere with the conventional
romantic outcome.
The development of ancestral qualities, inherited
from a long line of Virginian forbears, is the psy-
1909.]
THE DIAL
87
chological problem worked out in Mr. Payson's
story of " BaiTy Gordon." These qualities in-
clude masterful energy, unregulated character, and
a strong disposition to over-indulgence in drink.
We first meet Barry as a schoolboy, reckless but
engaging, and knowing little of his inheritance.
Summoned to his home in Virginia, he finds his
father at the point of death, and learns from his
lips the burden of the family heredity. The knowl-
edge sobers him, and does much to develop his
manhood, but we feel that he will have a hard strug-
gle to win victory over his unruly self. A period of
life in New York follows, which comes to a dramatic
climax one evening when he yields to temptation,
becomes intoxicated, and is disgraced in the eyes of
his friends. For his own good, his guardian cuts
off his income, and he sets out to make his way in
the world. A long period of wandering in many
quarters of the globe gives him self-discipline, and
saves his character from wreck. A final episode
discovers him engaged in a wild adventure in
Morocco, where his brother, a civil engineer, has
been held captive. He effects his brother's rescue
by deliberately offering his own life in exchange.
Fortunately, this ultimate sacrifice is not required,
but his willingness to make it shows how complete
is the work of regeneration. In the end, his victory
is crowned by the love of the woman whom he has
worshipped, afar and hopelessly to his seeming,
through all the years of exile. It makes a stirring
tale, effectively told, and fine in its idealism.
Mr. Cable's new novel is called " Kincaid's
Battery," and is a story of New Orleans in the first
years of the Civil War. History plays but a small
part in it, however, and the interest is essentially
private. We cannot describe it as a successful
work of fictive art. Mr. Cable's style is as charm-
ing as ever, and his power of characterization re-
mains considerable, but he has so succumbed to the
temptations of the allusive manner that nothing
which may be called straightforward remains to his
narrative. The effort needed to make out the
pattern of his plot is greater than may legitimately
be required of the reader, who is likely to get from
it only vivid bits of color set in relief upon a nebu-
lous background. For example, an early chapter
is entitled " One Killed," and we are not sure, after
reading it, who is killed, or why. Indirection carried
to this extent becomes a literary vice, and all the
author's charming geniality cannot atone for such a
neglect of the story-teller's primary duty. The love
story which drags through the four hundred pages
is one of the most exasperating we have ever en-
countered, made so by the extraordinary and unnat-
ural effort on the part of each of the lovers to
conceal from the other the state of his affections.
A certain amount of misunderstanding and playing
at cross-purposes is quite proper as a means of hold-
ing the reader's interest in suspense, but the device
is absurdly overworked in the present instance.
William Morton Payne.
Briefs on Ne^v Books
Evidences of Two years ago there appeared Mr.
life on the Percival Lowell's exceedingly attrac-
red planet. ^ive book on "Mars and its Canals."
This was so exhaustive in its treatment of the
author's observations and his deductions from them
that one is at first surprised at the appearance of a
new work on Mars from the same pen, after so
short an interval. The title of the new contribu-
tion to Martian literature is " Mars as the Abode of
Life" (Macmillan). Two years ago Mr. Lowell
delivered a series of eight lectures at the Lowell
Institute, in which he set forth his views as to
planetary evolution in general and illustrated them
by the example of the ruddy planet. These lectures
were subsequently published in the " Century
Magazine," and are now republished, with some re-
vision, in book form. The author accepts the planet-
esimal theory of the origin of the solar system ; from
this starting point a planet, when it becomes suffi-
ciently cool to be provided with water, begins to
develop the lowest forms of life ; these, increasing
in complexity as the process of evolution goes on,
finally find issue in rich flora and fauna such as our
earth possesses. As the surface of the planet loses
its original heat the warmth necessary to varied
manifestations of life is derived from the sun, which
now becomes dominant in the production and pre-
servation of life. Man appears, and brain begins
to be a factor of the greatest significance. But the
reign of brain cannot be so complete as to arrest
the chain of changes due to the sun's action. The
oceans begin to disappear, and the air to decrease
in density ; extensive deserts come into being ; the
inhabitants dig canals to utilize to the utmost the
failing resources of water. In such a state as this
Mr. Lowell believes the planet Mars now to be ; the
" canals " seen there he thinks to be evidences of
the handiwork of intelligent beings. He foresees
the time when, on account of the loss of the supply
of water on our neighbor, life will become extinct
there ; this doom foreshadows that of man on the
earth. For the earth slowly but surely is following
the path which Mars is pursuing. The foregoing
theory is elaborated by the author with the wealth
of language, aptness of illustration, and power of
exposition, manifested in his many preceding writ-
ings. The book closes with sixty-odd pages of notes
of a mathematical character, which are for the en-
lightenment of astronomers. The outward appear-
ance of the book is as delightful to the eye as its
subject matter is to the mind.
lanMaciaren The best ministers of religion are
portrayed t, i t. -j o i
by a fellow very much else besides, oo much
Scotsman. was there to the late Dr. John Wat-
son ("Ian Maclaren ") as man and author and
humorist that the biographer might well despair of
presenting any full and satisfactory likeness of him
between the two covers of a book. Dr. W. Robert-
son NicoU, in prefacing his life of his old friend —
88
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1,
'"Ian Maclaren': The Life of the Rev. John
Watson, D.D." (Dodd, Mead & Co.) — acknowl-
edges the difficulty of his task, but assures the
reader that there is nothing in the book that is not
strictly true and based on indisputable authority.
Also, he has wisely allowed his friend to exhibit his
own character and his own opinions as far as possi-
ble in letters and other writings of his own. The
cooperation of Dr. Watson's son, Mr. Frederick W.
Watson, is an additional voucher for the authenticity
of the volume. Among other things to be noted in
reading the book are the suddenness and unprepared-
ness with which young John Watson, at the close
of his university course at Edinburgh, received his
father's behest that he should enter the church ; the
zeal with which he threw himself into the work after
some five years of preparation: the account of his
literary work, which one might wish fuller and
longer ; the description of his three visits to Amer-
ica ; the extraordinary and militant patriotism which
he, a minister of the gospel of peace, displayed on
the outbreak of the Boer War ; and the very engag-
ing picture of him as a member of society and an
unrivalled teller of good stories. One is not sur-
prised to read his own assertion that he knew not a
word of the language of the church when he was
called upon to become a preacher, and that he never
really acquired its accent even after he had famil-
iarized himself with its language. Dr. Nicoll has,
acceptably enough, put something of himself into
his book, as well as a good deal of " Ian Maclaren."
It is all highly interesting and worth reading ; but
does not, for some reason, have that indescribable
quality of the " inevitable," the best possible, the
complete and final, which the greatest biographies
seem to possess. Perhaps the subject was too diffi-
cult, too Protean, too impossible to master.
President Eliot ^hat any treatment of a topic so
on university professionally close to his interests by
admtnistratto7i. g^ recognized a leader of academic
thought as President Eliot will be received with
widespread and keen attention is obvious. President
Eliot delivered the Harris lectures, for 1908 at
Northwestern University, Evanston, 111., and selected
for his topic the problems arising from the career
in which he is about to complete his fortieth year of
service. These lectures, now reprinted (Houghton
Mifflin Co.), form a serviceable statement of the
several constituent factors that make the American
University and its administration distinctive, com-
plex, and engrossing. To the interested outsider,
and particularly, it may be surmised, to the foreign
student of American institutions, the volume will
prove helpful. The style is direct, terse, orderly,
trenchant ; and thus reflects the clear-minded execu-
tive. Having chosen so objective, almost detached,
a point of view. President Eliot has accomplished
his pm'pose with the success belonging to poise,
insight, experience. Also, as was inevitable, are
there many forcible opinions scattered through the
descriptions of the status quo. Yet while it may
appear ungracious to find fault with the author for
not doing what he did not set out to do, the regret
is too keen, and too close at hand to be suppressed,
that the venerable president of Harvard University
did not choose to take the public into his confidence,
and write with less reserve, substituting analysis
and criticism for mere description, and thus making
available the vast resources of wisdom to justify
policy and action, which he more than any other has
at command. A volume not so able, doubtless, yet
serving adequately the same purpose, could have been
written by any one of a score of University presi-
dents. The volume that President Eliot alone could
have written is the source of regret, — one that
might have really discussed the vital issues upon
which not practice alone but sound policy must in
the future be based.
" William the Conqueror and the
XetZoZ: R'^le of the Normans," by Mr. Frank
Merry Stenton, M.A., late Scholar of
Keble College, Oxford, is volume No. 43 of the
"Heroes of the Nations" series (Putnam). This
is one of the more serious biographies in a series
whose authors are not quite at one in their methods
of treatment ; which fact does not prevent its being
extremely readable, as well as valuable in content.
An elaborate Introduction makes it clear that the
native government lost control because it was utterly
inadequate to the task of governing, and that the
Normans did more in a generation than their pre-
decessors had done in a century toward unifying the
social customs of England. The concluding chapter,
which deals with the Domesday Book, is a notably
thoughtful piece of work. The general reader will
probably be somewhat startled to learn that this
remarkable fiscal census, although it '' may claim to
rank as the greatest record of mediaeval Europe,"
is based on earlier apportionments which are evi-
dently arbitrary and far from accurate, so that " a
fiscal arrangement which can be traced back to the
time of Alfred " was still " utilized in the days of
Richard I. and Hubert Walter." The secret of
William's success seems to have been largely the
tact that taught him to keep his hands off. The
volume is elaborately equipped with charts and
maps, and represents original investigation of much
value.
The origin and ^^ ^ ^andy volume of three hun-
growth of dred pages, entitled " Ideals of the
^meWcanpoJttv. Repuijiig" (Little, Brown, & Co.),
Dr. James Schouler has collected a dozen chapters
— based on "occasional lectures given by the author
in 1906-8 at the Johns Hopkins University, to close
a connection of seventeen years with its Historical
Department" — whose purpose is "to trace out
those fundamental ideas, social and political, to
which America owes peculiarly her progress and
prosperity, and to consider the application of those
ideas to present conditions." He begins with a
chapter on " The Rights of Human Nature," and
discusses the historic assertion of our Declaration,
1909.]
THE DIAL
89
" That all men are created equal," etc. A not very
convincing defense is made of this remarkable
pronouncement ; it amounts in brief to this, that in
personal and civic rights all men stand on a level.
"Types of Equality" is the heading of the next
chapter, which considers, without offering any new
solution, the problem of alien races within our bor-
ders. Discussions of such subjects as civil rights,
government by consent, written constitutions, parties
and party strife, and servants of the public, succeed
one another, with the due and expected exhibition
of ripe scholarship, but with little of a new, striking,
or unusually important nature. Perhaps the topics
selected hardly admit of very original treatment;
and doubtless, too, the printed page is not so favor-
able a medium for these lectures as was oral delivery.
Somewhat remarkable, however, and having a note
almost of prophecy in it, is the following passage
from the author's presidential address before the
American Historical Association in 1897. The
address itself, or rather a part of it, under the title
"A New Federal Convention," closes the volume.
" In no respect, as it seems to me," says Dr.
Schouler, "is it plainer that more than our present
bare majorities of a quorum should be required,
than in such momentous legislation as disturbs our
national equilibrium by admitting new States into
the Union or by sanctioning the acquisition of alien
territory with an alien population. In the latter
respect we seem simply to have gone forward with-
out clear warrant from our Federal charter at all."
Safe, sane, and scholarly are the proper adjectives
to apply to the book as a whole.
To young readers and to old readers,
iade-^Icum. ^^^^^r than to readers half-way be-
tween, books on reading and the
choice of books are often peculiarly attractive.
Middle-aged bookmen are commonly too busy, either
in reading books or in writing books, or both, to let
their thoughts dwell expectantly on a paradise of
books that lies in the radiant future, or to linger in
fond retrospect on an Augustan age of books that
has its place in the golden past. " Books and
Reading" (Baker & Taylor Co.), compiled by
Messrs. Roscoe Crosby Gaige and Alfred Harcourt,
is an excellent collection of essays and fragments
from the great bookmen of modern times — stimu-
lating to the young reader and full of pleasant
memories to the old. The compilers have braved
the charge of repetitious platitude and have gathered
together "the most human things written about
books," no matter if now and then somewhat trite
and tiresomely familiar. Of course every reader
will take the liberty to say to himself that if he
had edited the volume he would have included some
things omitted, and omitted some things included.
Among the more conspicuous omissions is Richard-
son's " Choice of Books," a veritable little classic of
its kind, which might well have contributed one
brief chapter at least. Of less important exclusions
may be noted Willmott's " Pleasures of Literature,"
which went through five editions between 1851 and
1860, was at least five times issued in German, and
has lately been republished in this country. The
compilers' acknowledgments include one to the
publishers of T. B, Pond's (meaning J. B. Pond's)
" Eccentricities of Genius "; but neither in the index
nor in the table of contents nor in the body of the
book do we discover any trace of the genial Major.
The book is one of the handiest and usefulest and
most attractive of such manuals.
Sixteenth "^^^^ Edith Sichel has added to her
century French Studies on the French women of the
portraits. sixteenth century a volume on " The
Later Years of Catharine de' Medici " (Dutton).
In it she gives the history of the religious wars by
sketching the portraits of the principal personages
of the period, emphasizing by anecdotes, which are
often of unusual interest, their individual charac-
teristics. Much of the material has been drawn
from contemporary memoirs and Archives curieuses.
At times the reader may feel that the portraits would
have gained in significance if the background of
conditions and tendencies in politics and literature
had been drawn with greater fulness. The chap-
ters on Charles IX. and Queen Margot possess a
special interest, partly because their history is less
familiar, but mainly because their characters were
so strangely complex. In describing her person-
ages the author seems occasionally to force the note
and to go beyond the evidence of her documents.
One becomes a little skeptical in regard to her accu-
racy when she repeatedly dates the peace of Amboise
in 1562. In dealing with the marriage negotiations
of 1565 between Catharine, in behalf of the boyish
Duke of Anjou, and Queen Elizabeth, it is as a
woman rather than as an historian that the author
records Elizabeth's age, stating that she was twenty-
five, although she was born in 1533. The volume
is enriched with prints taken from the great Paris
collections. The bibliography should have men-
tioned the new "Histoire de France," edited by
Lavisse, for the volume on this period is done with
masterly skill. ____^
The latest addition to the liouis XVII.
'S'th^BZS. ™y«tery is a volume entitled "The
Little Dauphin," written by Miss
Catherine Welch, and published by Messrs. Scrib-
ner's Sons. It would seem that a problem which,
beginning with the " Question importante sur la
Mort de Louis XVII.," has called forth more than
a thousand printed solutions and even maintained
several monthly periodicals, would be pretty thor-
oughly threshed out by this time. The new book
claims to be a distinct addition to the literature on
the subject, not because it contributes additional
information, — it is for the most part merely a rep-
etition of matter that can be found in other easily
accessible volumes, — but because it offers no solu-
tion at all, simply a catalogue of the solutions that
other writers have concocted or preserved. The
book is bright and eminently readable ; the author
90
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1,
has steeped herself so thoroughly in the work of the
magical historical " restorer " LenStre that she has
caught a little of his wizardry. Notable illustra-
tions are the famous Thackeray picture supposed to
represent the Little Dauphin, now iu the possession
of Lady Ritchie, and the hitherto unpublished por-
trait of the pretender Naundorff, from the collection
owned by M. Foulon de Vaulx.
A Shelley ^^^ " Symposium " is considered the
translation most perfect in form of the Platonic
fi-om Plato. dialogues, and also one of the pro-
foundest and most suggestive in its thought and
specidation. Shelley's translation of it is regarded
as one of the best examples of his prose style.
Under the title, " The Banquet of Plato," this trans-
lation appears in a limited edition from the Riverside
Press (Houghton Mifflin Co.), beautifully printed
from Montaigne type on Batchelor hand-made paper,
and bound in plain boards, with paper label. It
was in the summer of 1818 that Shelley, then at the
Baths of Lucca, occupied his mornings for nine or
ten successive days in turning this dialogue on love
(the only one besides the " Phaedrus " that discusses
the theme in detail) into English. The subject was
congenial, and his love of Greek and familiarity
with it, combined with his intuitive sympathy with
literary genius wherever found, made the task of
translation a light one. His version is skilful and
fluent, and is perhaps even above the Platonic level
in nobility of expression. But while it well catches
the spirit, it is not always accurate in the letter ; for
which, of course, Shelley has long since been for-
given. The external appearance of the present
reprint is in every way worthy of the text.
:notes.
Mr. J. C. Snaith, author of " William Jordan, Jr.," has
a new novel ready for immediate publication.
Mr. William de Morgan's new book, " Blind Jim," is
now ready for the printer, but will not be brought out
until next Spring.
A new book by Mrs. Jennette Lee, author of " Uncle
William," will appear this month. The new book is
called " Simeon Tetlow's Shadow."
A new volume (the third) in the " Cambridge History
of English Literature " will appear this month. Its sub-
ject is " The Renascence and the Reformation."
Mr. John Reed Scott, author of " The Colonel of the
Red Huzzars " and " The Princess Dehra," has written
a new novel, to be published in the Spring, under the
title, " The Master of Fairlawn."
Mr. H. C. Chatfield-Taylor, author of the standard
biography in English of Moli^re, has written a novel
dealing with the early life and love affairs of the great
French dramatist. The book, entitled "Fame's Path-
way," will appear in March.
When the Pennells' « Life of Whistler " was Erst
brought out it was the understanding, both in London
and Philadelphia, that the work would be limited to
the original edition, but the demand for the book has
been so unexpectedly large that arrangements have
been made for another impression. The American
publishers annoimce that the new edition will be ready
immediately. It will contain all the original plates
and reproductions.
Last Spring Professor J. B. Bury of Cambridge was
the guest of Harvard University, where he delivered the
Lane Lectures. The substance of these lectures has been
incorporated into a book entitled " The Ancient Greek
Historians," which the Macmillan Co. will publish this
month.
" Balthasar " (the titular story in a collection of seven)
and " The Well of St. Clare " are two new volumes in
the English edition of the writings of M. Anatole France,
now in course of publication by the John Lane Co. Mrs.
John Lane translates the former of these volumes, while
we owe the latter to Mr. Alfred AUenson.
Mr. J. G. Bartholomew's "Handy Reference Atlas of
the World " is now in its eighth edition, imported by
Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. It is a compact volume,
and its maps, although small, are clearly printed and
artistically agreeable. They include a large number
which give us small areas on a relatively large scale.
Mr. Owen Seaman, editor of " Punch," has collected
some forty pieces, mostly of his recent humorous verse,
into a volume called " Salvage," which Messrs. Holt will
soon publish. As was the case with the author's " A
Harvest of Chaff " and " Borrowed Plumes," most of
the verses in the new volume first appeared in " Punch."
It is interesting to note, in connection with the recent
award of the Nobel Prize for literature, that " Rudolph
Eucken's Philosophy of Life," by Professor W. R. Boyce-
Gibson, is already in a second edition. Professor and
Mrs. Gibson have almost ready for publication in the
Spring a translation of Eucken's "The Meaning and
Value of Life."
Miss Margaret Symonds's " Days Spent on a Doge's
Farm " is, as the publishers say, a book which " makes
of every reader a friend." It is now republished by
the Century Co. in an enlarged edition, with enough
additional illustrations to bring the number close to three-
score. The introduction supplied for this new edition
takes the form of a memoir of the Countess Pisani, whose
coimtry estate is the scene of the volume.
" German Literatvu-e in American Magazines, 1846 to
1880 " is the title of a monograph by Mr. Martin Henry
Haestel now published by the University of Wisconsin.
It continues the work of Dr. S. H. Goodnight upon the
same subject prior to 1846, published two years ago in
the same series. The last year considered by Mr.
Haestel is the first year of The Dial, and four refer-
ences are given to our first voliune, but curiously enough
the only index entry of the periodical refers to the late
Moncure Conway's Cincinnati "Dial" of 1860, from
which eight articles on German literature are catalogued.
Among the more important books on Messrs. A. C.
McClurg & Co.'s Spring list are the following: A history
and forecast of the Panama Canal, entitled " The World
United," by Mr. John George Leigh, a London engineer
and specialist on the canal; "Letters from China," by
Mrs. Sarah Pike Conger, wife of the late Minister to
China; " The Empire of the East," an illustrated de-
scription of Japan, by Mr. H. B. Montgomery; "A
Summer in Tomaine," a profusely illustrated study of
the old chateaux of the Loire, by Mr. Frederick Lees;
and " A Summer Garden of Pleasure," by Mrs. Stephen
Batson, with thirty-six colored illustrations by Mr.
Osmund Pittman.
1909.]
THE DIAL
91
Topics in IjEAding PERiODiCAiiS.
February, 1909.
Aerial Warfare, Menace of. H. B. Hersey. Century.
Amalfian Cornice Road, The. Arthur Ck)lton. Putnam.
American Art and Its Past. W. L. Price. Craftsman.
American Artists, A Plea for. A. Hoeber. North American.
American Commerce, Extension of. A. L. Bishop. Atlantic.
American Diplomatic Service. Herbert H. D. Peirce. Putnam.
American MarineTo-day.The.G. A. Chamberlain. TToridro-dav.
American Riviera, The. Charles F. Holder. Outinp.
American Social Life in Illustration. A. Hoeber. Bookman.
Anti-Tuberculosis Campaign, The. O.F.Lewis. World's Work.
Arabian Horse in England, The. David Buffum. Outing.
Armours, The. Arthur Brisbane. Cosmopolitan.
Art Collections of Chicago, Private. G, D'Unger. World To-day.
Art, Modernism in. Christian Brinton. Putnam.
" Bahai Revelation," The. Jean Masson. Review of Reviews.
Banking and Currency Problem. M. W. Hazeltine. No.Amer.
Barnard, GeorgeQ. M.TwomblyandW.Downes, World'sWork.
Baudelaire Legend, The. James Huneker. Scribner.
Berlin, Tenements of. Madge C. Jenison. Harper.
Botanists at St. Louis. P. Spaulding. Popular Science.
Broadway's Thousand Miles. A. H. Ford. World To-day.
Broward, Napoleon, Career of . R. D. Paine. Everybody's.
Brunswick, Romantic. R. H. Schauffler. Century.
Caine, Hall, Reminiscences of — VI. Appleton.
Calabrian Disaster, The Latest. W.H.Hobbs. Popular Science.
Camel Experiment, Jefferson Davis's. W.L.Fleming. Pop.Sci.
Canada, Race Prospects in. C. R. Henderson. World To-day.
Caribbean, Our Commerce in the. R. A. Wilson. World's Work.
Cats, The Aristocracy of . Virginia Roderick. Everybody's.
China That Is, The. D. Lambuth. Review of Reviews.
Christianity, The Salvation of. Chas. P. Aked. Appleton.
Church and Social Service. Shailer Matthews. World To-day.
Cleveland the Man. George F. Parker. McClure.
Cliff Dwellers' Club of Chicago. Bookman.
Cotton-Grower's Plight, The. D.J.Sully. Cosmopolitan.
Country Life Commission, The. A. Inkersley. World To-day.
Democracy, The Trend Toward. W.A.White. American.
Desert, Reclaiming the. Forbes Lindsay. Craftsman.
Deserter-Hunting. John S. Wise. Putnam.
Digestion, Young's Observations on. L. B. Mendel. Pop. Sci.
Dime Museum, The. R. L. Hartt. Atlantic.
Dyeing Silk. Charles Pellew. Craftsman.
Educational Emphasis, A Change of. E. A. Birge. Atlantic.
Eliot, George, and Lewes. Lyndon Orr. Munsey.
Emmanuel Movement, Dangers of. J. M. Buckley. Century.
England, The Beaten Track in. W.G.Brown. Atlantic.
English from an American Viewpoint, The. Scribner.
English Spelling, Simplifying. Max Eastman. No. American.
Faerie Queene: Where It was Written. A. Meynell. Atlantic.
Farm Movement, A Stay-on-the. W.P.Kirkwood. Wo7-ld To-day.
Florida, The New. H. N. Casson. Munsey.
Food of the City Worker. HoUis Godfrey. Atlantic.
Fuegian Archipelago, In the. C. W. Furlong. Harper.
German Painting To-day. Christian Brinton. Scribner.
Gothenberg System, The. H. S. Williams. McClure.
Gothic Architecture, Lesson of. E. A. Batchelder. Crafttvuan.
Greek Marbles, Some Recent Finds in. Putnam.
Hack, The, and his Pittance. John Walcott. Bookman.
Hanks, Nancy. Harriet Monroe. Century.
Hazing, A History of. Harry Thurston Peck. Munsey.
Helena, Queen, Italy's Heroine. Review of Reviews.
House of Representatives' Rules. A. P. Gardner. No. American.
Hysteria and Faith Cures. Pearce Bailey. Appleton.
" Ik Marvel." Joseph B. Gilder. Review of Reviews,
Indians of the Stone Houses. E. S. Curtis. Scribner.
Insurance Legislation, Defective. J.P.Ryan. North American.
Italy's Exhausting Emigration. W. E. Weyl. Review of Revs.
Japan, Southernmost. R. Van V. Anderson. Popular Science.
Jewish History, What Is? A. 8. Isaacs. North American.
Kaiser, Younger Children of the. Theodore Schwarz. Munsey.
Kipling Poem, The Last. R. D. Pinkerton. Bookman.
Labor and the Railroads. J. O. Fagan. Atlantic.
Lifelnsurance, Romance of —IX. W.J.Graham. World To-day.
Life on Earth, Origin of. W. Kaempffert. McClure,
Lincoln. George L. Knapp. Lix)pincott.
Lincoln, An Audience with. T. B. Bancroft. McClure.
Lincoln and Darwin, Emancipators. Appleton.
Lincoln at the Helm. John Hay. Century.
Lincoln Centennial Celebration, The. Review of Reviews.
Lincoln Correspondence, A. W. H. Lambert. Century.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates. Hannis Taylor. North American.
Lincoln, If Russia Had a. E. Tobenken. World To-day.
Lincoln Literature, Old and New. Review of Reviews.
Lincoln, Mrs. Abraham, and Her Friends. W. Steell. Munsey.
Lincoln, Our Heritage in. World To-day.
Lincoln, Recollections of. James G. Wilson. Putnam.
Lincoln, Roosevelt's Tribute to. Review of Reviews.
Lincoln the Leader. Richard Watson Gilder. Century.
Lincoln, What I Saw of . Grenville M. Dodge. Appleton.
Lincoln's, A Letter of. World To-day.
Lincoln's Nomination. Mary King Clark. Putnam.
Lowell, A. Lawrence. F. A. Ogg. Review of Reviews.
Maeterlinck and his Home. A. F. Sanborn. Munsey.
Maine Faces Bitter Facts. Holman Day. Appleton.
Margin Gambling in Wall St. F. S. Dickson. Everybody's.
Messina: A City That Was. H. F. Alexander. World To-day.
Mexico, American Invasion of. E. H. Talbot. World's Work.
Mexico, Legends of the City of. T. A. Janvier. Harper.
Mississippi, A Trip through. B.T.Washington. World's Work.
Modernism. Newman Smyth. Scribner.
Monorail Road for N. Y. F. C. Bryant. World To-day.
Moulton, Louise C, in London. J. B.Rittenhouse. Bookman.
Musical Suggestion. Redf em Mason. Atlantic.
National Academy of Design. G. Edgerton. Craftsman.
National Arts Club of New York. Gardner Teall. Craftsman.
Navy of the Land, Our. G. K. Turner. McClure.
New York at Table. Richard Duffy. Putnam.
Night-riders, The. Edward A. Jonas. World's Work.
Niimberg, The Spell of. P. Van Alstyne. Craftsman.
Opera and the People. Mary Garden. Everybody's.
Opium, Japan's Crusade against. K. Midzuno. No. American.
Paris, The Dark Side of. Bertha P. Weyl. World To-day.
People's Institute, The. J. Collier. World To-day.
"Pericles." Theodore Watts-Dunton. Harper.
Philippines, American Rule in. W.C.Forbes. Atlantic.
Poe, The Weird Genius. Elisabeth E. Poe. Cosmopolitan.
Population, An Experiment in. Walter Weyl. Atlantic.
Radium and the Earth's Internal Heat. J. Joly. Harper.
Railroad Terminal, The. E. Hungerford. Harper.
Railroads, An Bra of Better. C. M. Keys. World's Work.
Religio-Medical Movement. A. McL. Hamilton. No. American.
Renaud, Abb6 Maurice. H. C. Finck. Century.
Research, Instruments of. L. A. Bauer. Popular Science.
Rio de Janeiro, Exposition at. R.De C.Ward. Popular Science.
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. Review of Reviews.
Rockefeller Institute, Work at. B. J. Hendrick. McClure.
Rockefeller, J. D., Reminiscences of — V. World's Work.
Rosebud Reservation, Opening. Lindsay Denison. American.
Rosecrana, The Conference over. E. P. Oberholtzer. Scribner.
Saint-Gaudens, The Student. Homer Saint-Gaudens. Century.
Salem Ships and Sailors, Old — XIII. R. D. Payne. Outing.
School, The Choice of a. Frederick Winsor. Appleton.
Sembrich, Marcella, Career of. L. Reamer. Munsey.
Shaler, Nathaniel S., Autobiography of — II. Atlantic.
Shaw, Bernard, Philosophy of. A.Henderson. Atlantic.
Sloan, John, Etchings of. C. R. Barrell. Craftsman.
Slums as a National Asset. C. E, Russell. Everybody's.
Smoke Nuisance and Railroads. C.R.Woodruff. Pop. Science.
Smoke Problem and Government. J. L. Cochrane. Rev. of Revs.
Spain, A Second-class Trip into. E. C. Allen. Outing.
Speech of the Uneducated, Archaic. T. R. Lounsbury, Harper.
Stock Exchange : If It Should Close. J. H. Gannon, Jr. Appleton.
Stockholdersof the U.S., Report to. A.W.Page. World's Work.
Tariff, Future of the. R. P. Porter. North American.
Tariff Revision, Perplexities of. A. H. Washburn. No. Amer.
" Tidal Waves " after Earthquakes. T. J. J. See. Munsey.
Treves, Sir Frederick. Wilfred T. Grenfell. Putnam.
Truck Farming in Florida. E. P. Powell. Outing.
Victoria, Queen : An American View. 8. C. Stevenson. Century.
Welles, Gideon, The Diary of — T. A tlantic.
White Plague, The Great. C. Harcourt. Craftsman.
Wisconsin University. Lincoln Steffens. American.
Woman's Invasion of the Working World — IV. Everybody's.
Woman's Position — II. Duchess of Marlborough. No. A mer.
Woman's Problem. Annie Nathan Meyer. Appleton.
Women of the West, Pioneer. Agnes G. Laut. Outing.
Yankee Notions, Millions in. G. E. Walsh. World To-day.
liiST OF New Books.
[The following list, containing 62 titles, includes books
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BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
William Morris. By Alfred Noyes. 12mo, pp. 156. " English
Men of Letters." Macmillan Co. 75 cts. net.
The Life of James Robertson, Missionary Superintendent
in the Northwest Territories. By Charles W. Gordon (Ralph
Connor). Illus., 8vo, pp. 403. F. H. Revell Co. $1.50 net.
92
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1,
HISTOBY.
The Hakingr of Canada. By A. G. Bradley.! 8vo, pp. 396.
E. P. Button & Co. $3. net.
The True Story of the Axnerioan Flagr. By John H. Fow.
Illus. in color, 8vo. Philadelphia: William J. Campbell.
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On Nothing: and Kindred Subjects. By H. Belloc. Second
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G. K. Chesterton : A Criticism. With portraits, 12mo, pp. 272,
John Lane Co. $1.50 net.
Some New lilterary Valuations. By William Clever Wil-
kinson. 12mo, pp. 411. Funk & Wagnalls Co. $1.30 net.
The Works of James Buchanan : Comprising: his Speeches,
State Papers, and Private Correspondence. Collected and
edited by John Bassett Moore. Vol. VI., 1844-1846. 8vo,
pp. 509. J. B. Lippincott Co. (Sold in sets only.)
Peace, Power, and Plenty. By Orison Swett Harden. With
portrait, 12rao, pp. 335. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $1. net.
Lincoln's Use of the Bible. By 8. Trevena Jackson. With
portrait, 16mo, pp. 35. New York: Eaton & Mains. Paper,
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Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic War. Translated
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The Complete Poetical Works of James Thomson. Edited
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"Oxford Edition." Oxford University Press. 75 cts. net
The Novels and Tales of Henry James. New York Edition.
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North and South. By Elizabeth Gaskell, with Introduction
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Septimus. By William J. Locke. Illus., 12mo, pp. 315. John
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Catherine's Child. By Mrs. Henry de la Pasture. 12mo,
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The Fashionable Adventures of Joshua Craigr. By Bavid
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Open House. By Juliet Wilbor Tompkins. With frontispiece
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The Three Miss Graemes. By S. Macnaughtan. 12mo,
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Dreaming: River. By Barr Moses. 16mo, pp. 262. Frederick
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The Jesuit. By Felicia Buttz Clark. 12mo. pp. 282. New York :
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Philo's Daug:hter : The Story of the Baughter of the Thief
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12mo, pp. 287. Cincinnati: Jennings & Graham. $1.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon and Andes : Being
Records of Travel on the Amazon and Its Tributaries, and
to the Cataracts of the Orinoco, during the Years 1849-1864.
By Richard Spruce, Ph.B. ; edited and condensed by Alfred
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The Shores of the Adriatic : The Austrian Side. By F.
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Days Spent on a Doge's Farm. By Margaret Symonds (Mrs.
W. W. Vaughan). New edition, with new preface and new
illustrations ; 8vo, pp. 288. Century Co. $2.50 net.
(Continued on next page)
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THE DIAL
93
LIST OF NEW BOOKS — continued
BELIQIOX AND THEOLOGY.
The Uystlcal Element of Beligrion : As Studied in Saint
Catherine of Genoa and her Friends. By Baron Friederich
von Hiigel. In 2 vols., illus. in photogravure, 8vo. E. P.
Button & Co. $6. net.
The Works of Theodore Parker. Centenary edition. New
vols. : The Transient and Permanent in Christianity ; Ser-
mons of Religion ; Historic Americans. Each 12mo. American
Unitarian Association. Per vol., $1. net.
Anaehn's Theory of the Atonement : The Bohlen Lectures,
1908. By George Cadwalader Foley, D.D. 12mo, pp. 327.
Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.50 net.
A Little Lower than the Angrels. By Charles H. Parkhurst,
D.D. 12mo, pp. 287. F. H. Revell Co. 11.25 net.
BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
Who's Who, 1909: An Annual Biographical Dictionary.
Sixty-first edition ; 12mo, pp. 2112. Macmillan Co. |2.50 net.
Handy Reference Atlas of the World. Edited by J. G.
Bartholomew, F.R.S.F. Eighth edition ; 12mo. E. P. Dutton
& Co. $2.50 net.
Ouide to the Study and Use of Reference Sooks. By Alice
Bertha Kroeger. Second edition, revised and enlarged ; 8vo,
pp. 145. Boston : American Library Association Publishing
Board. $1.60 net.
SCIENCE.
The Development of the Chick : An Introduction to Embry-
ology. By Frank R. Lillie. Illus., 8vo, pp. 472. Henry Holt
& Co. $4. net.
Physiological and Medical Observations among the In-
dians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico.
By Al^s Hrdlicka. Illus., 8vo. Smithsonian Institution,
Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 34. Washington :
Government Printing OfBce.
ART AND MUSIC.
Drawings of Watteau. By Octave Uzanne. Illus. in tint,
8vo. " Drawings of the Great Masters." Charles Scribner's
Sons. $2.50 net.
The Musician's Library. New vols. : Larger Piano Compo-
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Fifty Songs by Edvard Grieg, edited for high voice by Henry
T. Finck. Each 4to. Boston: Oliver Ditson Co. Per voL,
$2.50 net.
BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.
In Captivity in the Pacific : or. In the Land of the Breadfruit
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A Flat Iron for a Farthing ; or. Some Passages in the Life of
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The Life of Abraham Lincoln for Boys and Girls. By Charles
W. Moores. Illus., 16mo, pp. 132. "Riverside Literature
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Modern Methods for Teachers. By Charles C. Boyer. 12mo,
pp. 345. J. B. Lippincott Co.
Addresses and Proceedings of the National Education
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Winona, Minn. : National Education Association.
Report of the Commissioner of Education, 1907. Vol. II.,
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Standards in Education, with Some Consideration of Their
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Reading in Public Schools. By Thomas H. Briggs and Lotus
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Plant Physiology : A Laboratory Course. By William f!
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Pens6es et Reflexions de La BruySre et Autres Auteurs
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Modem German Prose : A Reader for Advanced Classes.
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Henry Holt & Co. $1. net.
Standard Algebra. By William J. Milne. 12mo, pp. 464.
American Book Co. $1.
(Continued on next page)
Professor George Herbert Palmer {Harvard) to President William
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LIST OF NEW BOOKS— continued
MISCELIiANEOUS.
The liinooln Centennial Hedal. 12nio, pp.70. G.P.Putnam's
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The Doll Book. By Laura B. Starr. lUus. in color, etc.. 8vo,
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Artificial and Natnral Flight. By Sir Hiram S. Maxim.
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THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office
at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
No. 544-
FEBRUARY 16, 1909. Vol. XLVl.
Contents.
PAGB
LINCOLN 101
EDGAR ALLAN POE: A CENTENARY OUT-
LOOK. Warren Barton Blake 103
CASUAL COMMENT 105
The weighing and measuring of genius. — The
fascinating problem of the origin of language. — A
library on wheels. — An early portrait of Chaucer.
— The next lecturer before the Alliance Frangaise.
— Sweetness and light in the reading-room. — Litter
and literature. — The progress of spelling-reform.
— Dr. Osier as chief speaker at the coming library
dedication. — A useful Lincoln bibliography.
COMMUNICATIONS 108
Tennyson and "The Quarterly Review." Albert
H. Tolman.
The Carnegie Institution and Literature. S. Weir
Mitchell.
Another Literary Seedsman. Charles Welsh.
REMINISCENCES OF A NOTED WOMAN. George
Robert Sparks 108
SIR SPENCER WALPOLE AS HISTORIAN.
Ephraim D. Adams 110
THE STORY OF HERCULANEUM. G. J. Laing . 112
LETTERS OF THE WIFE OF A GREAT POLIT-
ICAL LEADER. W. H. Johnson 114
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 11.5
Essays by Thackeray's daughter. — Short studies
in medical biography. — The building of a great
State in the Northwest. — Some simple annals of
the poor. — Dolls and doll-lore. — A colleague's
tribute to Carla Wenckebach. — Backward glances
of a veteran educator. — A fascinating page of
Greek history. — A history of the Philippines. —
A Lincoln centennial souvenir.
NOTES 118
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 119
LINCOLN.
Nearly forty-four years have passed since that
"startled April morning " when the word went
forth from Washington that our great President
was no more. For close upon half a century he
has been numbered among the small company
of immortals who " sit with their peers above
the talk," and the fitness of the words, " Now
he belongs to the ages," spoken by Stanton in
the hushed chamber when the assassin's victim
had drawn his last breath, are now perhaps just
beginning to be realized. This centennial year
of Lincoln's birth has rightly been singled out
to signalize his achievements, and still more to
emphasize the value of the example offered by
his life and character. The record of his words
and deeds has long been, and will long remain,
one of the chief springs upon which our national
idealism is fed ; and purer waters never flowed
into the current of a people's life.
Those of us whose lives overlapped his,
whether we ever saw him in the flesh or not,
have a sense of personal possession in which the
younger generation cannot share. Even if we
have nothing more than childish recollections of
the tragic day of his death, of the awed silence
that surrounded us when the tidings came, and
of the grief that might be expressed in sobs but
not in words, we have a memory that has grown
precious as it has become chastened, and that
makes Lincoln in very truth a part of our own
lives. No one can ever quite efface from con-
sciousness the very real distinction between past
and present, between the world which we may
know from books alone, and the world upon
which our own eyes and ears have been opened.
To all Americans who have roimded the half-
century cape there exists to-day a Lincoln
essentially although perhaps indefinably differ-
ent from the Lincoln known to those born since
the year of Appomattox. And as long as such
Americans shall survive, it will be their sacred
obligation to do what they may to keep vital
an image which is fast receding into the ghostly
realm of legend.
For it is quite clear that mythopoetic forces
are already busied with the deeds and the char-
acteristics of the Emanipator, and that the man
is fast becoming invested with the attributes of
102
THE DIAL
[Feb. 16,
the tutelary hero and the demigod. The trans-
formation is inevitable, and idealism becomes
the gainer from it by so much as reality suffers
loss. Every age has thus dealt with the com-
manding figures of the past which have been
singled out as its exemplars. It has been so
with Caesar and Charlemagne, with Dante and
Milton. The characters of these men, and of
countless others of similarly resounding fame,
is figured in our modern consciousness under a
guise that would have seemed strange indeed to
their contemporaries. So with Lincoln, the new
generation is already coming to view him in a
light very different from that in which he stood
revealed in the days of the nation's fiery trial.
The figure of a hero thus recreated by the
idealizing instinct of a whole people takes on
outlines that bear little relation to the man in
his habit as he lived ; it reveals, however, with
unerring certainty the image of what we would
fain believe him to have been. The figure
which was in process of reconstruction from the
time of Lowell's ode and Whitman's threnody
to the time of the statue by Saint-Gaudens, and
which is being still more definitely shaped in
this centennial year, is far more the expression
of our ideal than it is of our memory, and it
speaks well for the national character in the
twentieth century that this ideal is so pure
and wholesome and altogether worthy of our
devotion.
" What a piece of work is a man ! " What
a bewildering complex of acts and moods and
impulses and compromises with existence is any
given individual, and what insight it requires
to disengage the essentials of a character from
its many confusing accidents ! Perhaps, after
all, we may come to have clearer knowledge of
a man when his muddy vesture of decay has
been cast aside, and time has withdrawn us far
from his presence. Do we see the real Lincoln
when we read of the country store-keeper, the
itinerant lawyer, the petty politician, and the
retailer of coarsely humorous anecdote, or do
we first really know him when he speaks to us
in the Inaugurals and the Gettysburg address ?
lu biography as in history there are many de-
grees of reality, ranging from the lower to the
higher levels, and the sound instinct — par-
ticularly the collective instinct — learns in time
to discriminate between these various orders of
fact, to care little for what is merely trivial and
commonplace, to discern the shining life of the
spirit as a thing apart from the didl life shaped
by material environment. We are still making
too much of the lower realities of Lincoln's life
in this memorial season, but time will rectify
that miscalculation, and fix our thought more
and more f idly upon the things which are worthy
of immortal remembrance.
The celebration whose echoes are stUl ringing
in our ears has had, like all similar outpourings
of feeling, the defects of its qualities. There
has been a good deal of splurge about it, a good
deal of the perfunctory or insincere, a good deal
of empty parade and display of self-seeking.
How much of it has been genuine reverence
and how much lip-service it would be hard to
say ; the admixture of the two elements has
been obvious enough, although we may not be
able to state the proportions. But on the
whole, the demonstration has made for good.
It has doubtless been the occasion of some soul-
searching on the part of men and women, and
of much seed-sowing in the minds of the young.
To what moral disaster the nation has in recent
years forsaken Lincoln's teachings and departed
from the example of his life must have been
brought home to those who have renewed the
study of his career, and out of all this multitude
there surely will be some, perhaps there will be
many, who will " highly resolve " that he shall
not have lived and died in vain, and that the
" new birth of freedom " which he helped to
give the nation shall be reaffirmed in deed no
less than in word. His political principles,
now cynically flouted in the high places of our
government, and his ideals of social obligation,
now made a mockery by predatory and selfish
wealth, would soon become controlling influ-
ences in our national life if we really meant
one-half of what we have been saying during the
past week. If our words had purpose behind
them, in any sort of proportion to their vehem-
ence and volume, the day of regeneration would
be now at hand.
Once more our thoughts go back to that
spring day " when lilacs last in the door-yard
bloomed," when there was given
" To death's own sightless-seeming eyes a light
Clearer, to death's bare bones a verier might,
Than shines or strikes from any man that lives."
On the last Sunday of his life, Lincoln had
read aloud, and, after a pause, repeated these
lines from " Macbeth":
" Duncan is in his grave ;
After life's fitful fever he sleeps well;
Treason has done his worst: nor steel, nor poison,
Malice domestic, foreign levy, nothing
Can touch him further."
A few days later, treason's worst had been done
upon him also, and the apotheosis proclaimed
1909.]
THE DIAL
103
by Stanton's words haxi become his portion.
There is a sense in which we may be glad that
death came to him at sueh a time and in such
a manner. His life and death were thus given
a unity which appeals to the artist in us ; they
seem to constitute a tragedy of faultless design.
Lincoln would have served his country wisely
had he been spared, but perhaps we may say
that fate, through the agency of the assassin's
weapon, made him the instrument of a better
and more enduring service by bestowing upon
his career that supreme consecration. No words
can be fully adequate to express the significance
of such an end as was Lincoln's, but music is
always ready to aid us when words fail, and the
sublime strains of " Death and Transfiguration "
completely interpret for us that transition from
life to death, or, as the mystics of all ages have
it, from illusion to reality, from death-in-life to
life itself, true and everlasting.
EDGAR ALLAN POE : A CENTENARY
OUTLOOK.
I.
"The real Poe," writes his latest biographer, "is
a simple, intelligible, and, if one may dare say it,
a rather insignificant man. To make a hero or a
villain of him is to write fiction." And yet to have
to waU,
" Romance beside his unstrung lute lies stricken dead,"
abandoning the legend so long cherished, — this
seems too numbing to our sensibilities. Happy the
suburbs of sound criticism, where he who mourned
Lenore, and told of murders in a Paris street, and
brought the gooseflesh to young limbs and old with
Ligeia's eeriness and Morella's ghost, is still the
Poe who died in hospital after a wild Byronic life,
adventurous and perverted ; the Poe, in fine, for
whom
" The sickness, the nausea,
The pitiless pain,
Have ceased, with the fever
That maddened my brain,
With the fever called ' Living '
That burned in my brain, — "
since now a new and unfamiliar figure has stalked
stiff and unasked into our company : a Poe who
overworked at book-reviews, and whose worst vice
would seem to be a weakness for " superior women."
Surely, " we have sold our birthright for a mess of
facts ! " As Thomas Wentworth Higginson put it
long ago : " If Poe fared ill at the hands of his enemy,
he has fared worse, on the whole, at those of his
friends." For, without failing to establish, with a
different emphasis, most of the unpleasant facts
recorded but only half-proved by the " perfidious "
Griswold, his later biographers have raised him to
a demi-respectability too nearly bourgeois to be
poetic, — have deprived him, then, of the compan-
ionship of Heine and Musset and Byron, for which
he was a candidate. The first man of letters to
romanticize his strange unhappy life was Poe him-
self. It was he who recounted adventures that
were never his, in countries that he never visited —
in France, in Greece, in Russia even. Taking the
cue, his French biographers have hailed in Poe the
poete-nSvrosS, the ffSnie morhide ; Germans have
ascribed his productivity to alcoholic epilepsy or to
paranoia ; but now we needs must read : " The
warmth of Bohemia, boulevard mirth, however
stimulating to other mad bards of New York and
Philadelphia, never fetched a song from him." And
it is true ! Poe was less a drunkard than we —
comforted by the thought that a New England con-
science mates not with dark eyes " in a fine frenzy
rolling," consoled by our utter respectability for our
want of genius — have fondly made him out ; and
in so far as he was ever drunkard, his craving came
from lust of Lethe, or from the insistence of a
decadent organism. If alcohol but made Poe ill,
then it is clear that here was a poet as dreary in
his vice as the rest were in their virtue.
Perhaps there is a moral profit in our seeing the
poet stripped of all illusion, — great in spite of his
weakness, and not on its account. And yet the
letting in of daylight on the dark places of a Rous-
seau's career, or of a Poe's, seems almost as grievous
an offence against aesthetics as the absurdities of
pseudo-scientific criticism. The romance spun around
Chatterton or our American has been the poesy of
those who take their poesy in prose. " I 've an idea,"
wrote Aldrich to Stedman, " that if Poe had been
an exemplary, conventional, tax-oppressed citizen,
like Longfellow, his few poems, striking as they are,
would not have made so great a stir." Cheap as is
the quality of fame springing from sentimentalism,
if it has brought the heedless crowd under a poet's
spell it may be better than truth itself. If one can-
not throw the white veil over the passions of a
Rousseau in France, a Hearn or a Poe in America,
let us ignore the life and look but to the fine achieve-
ment. More than once has genius stood distinct from
moral greatness, — though we may hold, with Lowell,
that all great geniuses have that greatness too. It
is an unimportant question, here ; for Poe, whatever
the personality, was a great artist. There need have
been no sullying of his memory, or hovering over
those last and painful years. " He was never the
same again," wrote the gentle Mitchell who has just
left us, of the Poe who had lost his Virginia. '•' We
have hardly a right to regard what he did after
this — whether in the way of writing, of love-making,
or of business projects — as the work of a wholly
responsible creature. It were perhaps better if the
story of it all had never been told."
Without his finishing touch of dying in the garret,
Chatterton would never have come so near to being
104
THE DIAL
[Feb. 16,
read by a generation as late and antipathetic as our
own. Without his vagabondage, de Nerval might
by this time be forgotten. But Poe needs nothing of
this histrionic glamor ; and so it matters little how
he died — or lived. New England critics have always
seemed a little overweighted by their own sublimity
in writing of this man ; but if, as Lowell says, he
was " three-fifths of him genius and two-fifths sheer
fudge," we are grateful that the genius in his com-
position gave to the world, along with those poems
that have won the popular admiration, others less
obvious but more beautiful, — " To Helen," and
" Annabel Lee," and even " Ulalume," with tales that
prove Poe, too, cognizant of " that element which,
for want of a better name, we call character" —
the "William Wilson" or "The Tell-tale Heart."
It is upon the tales that present emphasis is placed ;
and among them " William Wilson " with its doppel-
gdnger, " Valdemar " and " Mesmeric Revelations "
with their hypnotism, " Ragged Mountain " with its
hypnotism and metempsychosis mingled in one dis-
turbing whole, have made almost as wide a stir and
an even deeper impression than the cruder tales of
horror, like "The Black Cat," or the stories of
what their author called "ratiocination." Thus it
is strange, to say the least, that in what must be
regarded as the standard memoir of Poe, that by
Professor Woodberry in the "American Men of
Letters " series, no mention is made of him who,
before Poe, most consistently made use of these
devices — hypnotism habitually, and auto-duplication
until Brandes writes of him, "To Hoffmann, the
Ego is simply a disguise worn on the top of another
disguise, and he amuses himself by peeling off these
disguises one by one." In Hoffmann's diary one
may read : " Possessed by thoughts of death and
doppelgdnger. . . . Seized by a strange fancy at
the ball on the sixth, — imagined myself looking
at my Ego through a kaleidoscope, — all the forms
moving round me are Egos, and annoy me by what
they do and leave undone. . . . Why do I think
so much, sleeping and waking, about madness?"
Though there is no proof that Poe, who shared these
thoughts of multiple Ego and of madness, ever read
"The Devil's Elixir," or Hoffmann's other tales,
the " phantasy-pieces " whose name he gave to his
own excursions in the same weird field, it is certain
enough that he knew them indirectly through the
work of Scott and others, — quite as he professed
to know the tales of Tieck, whom he hailed as
Hawthorne's master. And there is no difficulty in
exaggerating the debt of Poe and Hawthorne to the
Germans, whose fiction remained Gothic, whUe that
of the Americans struck a new note — not national
so much as universal. As Poe said, " If in many
of my productions terror has been the thesis, I
maintain that terror is not of Germany, but of the
soul." It is not merely in the deeper simplicity, the
higher art, of our own story-tellers, that they differ
from their German models — if models they ever
found in the Hoffmanns and Tiecks and Novalis. In
this very circumstance that their terror is of the soul,
and not of Germany, we may find the secret of their
freshness and power to-day. The disposition to
regard Poe as a " Germanic dreamer," however
natural to continental criticism, seems to the nearer
witness totally mistaken. As was pointed out in
Poe's own lifetime, while occupying that dim land
stretching from the outer limits of the probable into
the " weird confines of superstition and unreality,"
he combined qualities that are seldom united ; " a
power of influencing the mind of the reader by the
impalpable shadows of mystery, and a minuteness
of detail which does not leave a pin or a button
unnoticed." There is, in " The Facts in the Case of
M. Valdemar," that blending of science and romance
which makes us shiver in reading it to-day, when
Tieck has become to us exciting only to the risibili-
ties, and Hoffmann but a weaver of idle fantasies.
" The breeze, the breath of God, is still,
And the mist upon the hill
Shadowy, shadowy, yet unbroken.
Is a symbol and a token ;
How it hangs upon the trees,
A mystery of mysteries ! "
So in the work of Hearn, in our own generation, is
there a blending of the mystic and the tangible —
the matter-of-fact, almost — which moves us as true
ghostliness, when ghastliness would not suffice.
III.
To-day we praise Poe as the true inventor of a
class of fiction variously estimated and everywhere
enjoyed. The writer himself belittled his tales of
ratiocination, and complained that they should ever
have had more vogue than what we hold with him
his greater achievement. But for the crowd which
sees in the poet only the writer of " The Raven "
and " The Bells," he will ever be, in prose fiction,
the writer of " The Murders in the Rue Morgue,"
" The Purloined Letter," and « The Gold-Bug." It
is on this side that he is most easily followed by less
gifted craftsmen ; and if " an entire literature " has
been founded upon " The Raven," it is no less
remarkable that, although Poe was the initiator of
a new genre in these tales, he has never been im-
proved upon. In the elegant phrase of Professor
Brander Matthews, Poe " rang the bell the very first
time he took aim." If, as this critic of the " short-
story " has pointed out, Poe's tale differs from older
tales of terror, seeking to interest us not in the
horrors of a mystery but in the steps taken to untie
a knotty problem, it is no less true that it differs
from its developments in the hands of modern prac-
titioners. We have the word of Sherlock Holmes's
most clever manufacturer, that while his own crea-
tion is bloodless and mechanical, Poe's figures are
neither mere automata nor beings " fantastically
inhuman," and that " one story by Edgar Allan Poe
would be worth a dozen " such as his. If Poe's
tales are too strange not to be true, perhaps the par-
adox of Oscar Wilde is not without its meaning, —
1909.]
THE DIAL
105
perhaps literature does sometimes anticipate, not
copy, life, and mould it to its purposes : life the
mirror, art the reality.
Poe himself might have enunciated some such
mad doctrine. Literature was his religion, said his
employer, Graham, — paraphrased by an ungentle
essayist who has said, "In the place of moral
feeling, he had the artistic conscience." Surely,
he had both : and therein lurked a world of woe.
In this early epoch of our literature was marked
the passage from superstition over into a shadowy
symbolism, most properly vague ; the allegory was
here more used by Hawthorne, but Poe used it too —
and with a perfect artistry. There are, to be sure,
tales which we ignore. In the exigencies of a hand-
to-mouth existence, Poe wrote his arabesques, —
his "Omelettes" and his "Spectacles," — such as
a kindly editor leaves out when he collects the fic-
tion. It is in an absence of humor — and, alas !
an apparent ignorance that the humor is lacking —
that Poe is most deficient when we compare him
with the man of Salem. Yet what a record is
his for the short life he had, and the difficulties
he faced ! " It was he," writes a foreign critic,
"who opened up, in his 'Hans Pfaal,' the way of
the scientific novel ; he who invented the detective
story with the ' Rue Morgue,' and the novel of spirit-
ism with his stories of Bedloe and M. Valdemar."
And there remains his verse.
Incidentally mentioned here, that passing notice
shall suffice. It is the poetry which least needs
explanation, — and its body is so small, its perfection
at its best so unmistakable, there is no need to recapit-
\ilate either the monstrous praises or the petty blame
which it has oft evoked. " Once as yet," in Swinburne's
well-remembered word, " once as yet, and only once,
has there sounded out of it all [all America] one pure
note of original song — worth singing, and echoed
from the singing of no other man; a note of song
neither wide nor deep, but utterly true, rich, clear,
and native to the singer." Let that estimate stand.
And while it would be grateful to linger over one's
favorites in the slender volume of Poe's poetry, and
to discuss his theory, real and pretended, in things
poetical and critical, all has been said in these hun-
dred years which have elapsed since his birth there
in Boston — chUd of the stage. His mysterious
death, sixty years ago, is but the slightest of the bonds
between him and the one name that precedes his on
the roll of American poets. There was a premoni-
tion of Poe's coming, when the poet of our Revolution,
Philip Freneau, composed his " House of Night " :
" Trembling I write my dream, and recollect
A fearful vision at the midnight hour ;
So late, Death o'er me spread his sable wings,
Painted with fancies of malignant power.
" Let others draw from smiling skies their theme,
And tell of climes that boast unfading light ;
I draw a darker scene, replete with gloom,
I sing the horrors of the House of Night."
Warren Barton Blake.
CASUAL COMMENT.
The weighing and measuring of genius is
not often attempted, and is sure to be found a
baffling undertaking. Nevertheless Dr. Frederic
Lyman Wells has had the zeal and persistence to
carry through "A Statistical Study of Literary
Merit "; for thus he entitles his account of certain
minute and marvellous investigations of the peculiar
properties of ten leading American authors. The
English Graduate Club of Columbia University aided
him in his work, and the results are printed by the
Science Press as number seven in the series known
as "Archives of Psychology." Far be it from a
non-statistician to decry the virtues of statistics.
In the first half of the nineteenth century the great
French physician Louis mightily advanced the
science of medicine by the statistical or numerical
study of diseases ; and the value of statistics in vari-
ous other departments of science is indisputable.
But to fit the strait jacket of statistical tabulation
on the gloriously unfettered form of artistic or lit-
erary genius is even worse than yoking Pegasus
to the plough. Mr. Wells's pages are packed with
numbers and letters, with arbitrary markings and
abbreviations, with tables and headache-generating
disquisitions thereon. To some it may be illumi-
nating to learn that the p. e. (probable error ? ) in this
sort of assaying is capable of mathematical expres-
sion in the form of a fraction whose numerator is
.845 A. D., and whose denominator is the square
root of w — 1. But to us the best thing in the whole
learned treatise is this : " It is a not uncommon
observation that we often form judgments for which
we cannot give satisfactory reasons, and it is per-
haps not less common to observe that these judg-
ments are about as likely to be correct as those for
which we can. To this empirical generalization the
above figures seem to lend experimental support.
We are more accurate in our opinions than in our
reasons for them." . . .
The fascinating problem of the origin of
LANGUAGE will tease and baffle, delight and torment
the curious philologist until the world shall come to
an end and the heavens shall be rolled together as
a scroll. A new and plausible and well-defended
hypothesis is offered by Professor Fred Newton
Scott in his late address as president of the Modern
Language Association of America. Perhaps, how-
ever, it would be dangerous to claim entire novelty
for his tentative solution of the problem, since
nothing whatever under the sun is entirely new.
Be that as it may, he traces the " genesis of speech "
to respiration. " If we consider," he says, in one sig-
nificant passage of his address, " how intimately the
most elementary phenomena of speech are related
to the musculature of the thorax and diaphragm, we
shall see some reason for suspecting that the life-
serving movement from which speech has arisen
is ordinary respiration. Such, at any rate, is the
hypothesis which I shall adopt. Speech, in its in-
106
THE DIAL
[Feb. 16,
ception, is significantly modified breathing. Just
as gesture arose from movements of the hand in
obtaining food or warding off enemies, so speech
arose from the movements of the muscles of the
thorax and diaphragm in obtaining a fresh supply
of oxygen and in rejecting the harmful products of
physiological combustion." Just how exactly Pro-
fessor Scott's further elaborated and extremely inter-
esting explanation of the stages in speech-evolution
fits the actual truth of the matter, no one will ever
be able to determine; for no eye-witness, — no
ear- witness rather, — can be summoned for cross-
examination. His theory is at least an appreciable
advance from the amusing tradition which arbi-
trarily assigned such and such a language to Adam
and Eve in Paradise, another to the serpent, and
still another to the Lord. " The Genesis of Speech "
is issued in pamphlet form by the Modern Language
Association. ...
A LIBRARY ON WHEELS, which has already sev-
eral times attracted our attention and elicited our
approving comment, may be seen by any interested
visitor to the rural districts of Washington County,
Maryland. Its librarian (librarian and coachman
in one) fills a position that is probably unique.
The " Seventh Annual Report " of the free library
at Hagerstown, whence this Book Wagon starts out
on its sixteen routes of travel, has this (among
other things ) to say of its activities : " It far exceeds
the travelling library or deposit station in its use-
fulness, in that the personal element enters into the
work. . . . Furthermore, the work of a Library in
a community is never solely to supply known wants,
but ever and always to be on the alert to create a
demand. The gospel of books is like the gospel of
eternal life for which the world has never hungered
untU it has been brought to them by the zeal of
its ministers." Other country districts might well
adopt the Book Wagon, pending the provision of
better library facilities. Indeed, why not equip and
send forth a number of library railway cars to visit
small railroad towns that have no public libraries?
We have agricultural schools and roadmaking semi-
naries, and even churches, rolling over the prairies
on steel rails and doing an extensive missionary
work. The library car ought to prove even more
useful than the book wagon.
...
Ak early portrait of Chaucer, painted in oil
on an oak panel, has been received by the Harvard
University Library by bequest from the late Charles
Eliot Norton, with the testator's request that it be
inscribed as a memorial of two Chaucer-lovers,
Francis James Child and James Russell Lowell.
The back of the panel bears the following inscrip-
tion : " This picture was presented by Miss Frances
Lambert to Benjamin Dyke on the 16th of Sep-
tember, 1803, to perpetuate the memory of her late
invaluable relation, Thomas Stokes, Esq., of Llan-
shaw Court, in the county of Gloucester, where it
was preserved for more than three centuries, as
appears from the inventory of pictures in the posses-
sion of that ancient and respectable family." The
earlier history of the portrait is unknown, but it bears
a close resemblance to the only authentic likeness of
the poet, the miniature in Occleve's " De Regimine
Principum" (written in 1411-12). Professor Nor-
ton received the panel portrait as a gift from Mr.
James Loeb, who had bought it of Faixfax Murray.
To learn through whose hands it had passed, from
first to last, would not greatly profit us ; but the
near resemblance of the picture to the face we already
know so well as Chaucer's is significant. How much
clearer is our mental image of the great fourteenth-
century poet than of his still greater sixteenth-century
compatriot, even though the latter is three hundred
years nearer to us in time. We may have a truer
likeness of Shakespeare than of Chaucer, but we are
not certain which one of several portraits it is. In
Chaucer's case, however, we are not confused by a
number of widely differing possibilities.
...
The next lecturer before the Alliance
Fran^aise is to be M. Marcel Poete, librarian of
the Paris Institute of Municipal History, a writer
and lecturer of repute, an antiquary of untiring re-
search, and editor of the Bulletin published by the
Library of the City of Paris. (That he is not also
a poet, in keeping with his uncommon and striking
family name, will hardly surprise anyone ; for libra-
rianism and verse-making are weaknesses seldom
united in the same person, although Chicago can
boast of a poet-librarian, and a suburban library
within sight of Beacon Hill is in charge of a maker
of very acceptable and often delightfully humorous
verse.) The published list of M. Porte's lectures
in this country promises a rare treat. Among other
attractive titles are these : " The Pont-Neuf, or the
Life of the People in the Seventeenth Centmy,"
" The Fashionable Promenades of the Seventeenth
Century," '' A Picture of Paris in the Time of the
Revolution," "Madeleine-Bastille, or a Little History
of the Grands Boulevards," " The Cries of Paris,"
" Artistic Influence : The Primitive Parisian Paint-
ers," and "Paris in the Time of the Romanticists."
Numerous and interesting lantern-slide illustrations
will enliven the lectures, which promise to be every
way worth while for those who have ever visited
Paris, those who intend to visit Paris, and (most of
all) those who despair of ever being able to visit
Paris. . . .
Sweetness and light in the reading-room —
that is, a pure atmosphere and a sufficient natural
or artificial illumination of the page under perusal —
should be abundantly provided for in every public
library. The peculiar smell that greets the wor-
shipper in old churches, especially country churches,
the smell that for so many ages was mistaken for the
odor of sanctity, has its counterpart in the stuffiness
and closeness of old libraries ; only there it is sup-
posed to be the fragrance of erudition, the perfume
from the flowers of poesy and from the various anthol-
1909.]
THE DIAL
107
ogies and other specimens of literary efflorescence
culled by careful hands from belletristic gardens.
This indescribable "bouquet" has doubtless been
unthinkingly taken by many as an essential and even
highly desirable attribute of a well-appointed library.
At any rate, we all know the shudder of horror that
so often attests high displeasure when windows are
opened and it is sought to replace a nineteenth (or
eighteenth) century atmosphere with a twentieth-
century one. But not all users of public libraries
are enemies of light and air. A solicitation of public-
library suggestions from the laity has been diligently
conducted by Dr. Louis N. Wilson, librarian at Clark
University, and among other more or less interesting
and instructive complaints against the existing order
are a number of protests against insufficient provision
of light and air in some of our reading-rooms. Poor
ventilation is far more prevalent than poor lighting.
"As for ventilation," declares one respondent, "libra-
ries do not know what the word means." Too many
librarians are ignorant, in proportion to their book-
learning, of the value and need of abundant oxygen.
Litter and litebature seem to have more than
an alliterative relation to each other. Looking at
the working habits of writers, one is almost tempted
to say, The more litter, the more literature, — although
there are conspicuous exceptions. Walt Whitman's
room in Camden was notoriously untidy. De
Quincey's writing was done in various more or less
obscure resorts, with no observance of method and
order. The elder Dumas cannot be imagined as
sitting at an immaculately tidy desk, with pens,
paper, inkstand, paper-cutter, reference manuals,
and so forth, all in their appointed places. On the
other hand, Thackeray's exquisitely neat and legi-
ble script suggests nothing so much as well-trimmed
pens (goose-quills, of course) and a writing-desk in
proper order. Lowell's study at Elmwood, too, was
no wilderness of disorder. Walter Pater's rooms at
Oxford were almost painfully self-conscious in their
immaculateness. FitzGerald revelled in the chaotic
and the haphazard. Scott and Shakespeare, we
can imagine, wrote with piles of manuscript and
other papers on either hand. In general, can we,
even the most orderly of us, conceive of the frenzy
of inspired composition as for a moment vexing it-
self with considerations of symmetry and balance
and geometrical regularity in the disposal of books
and papers and other appurtenances of the study ?
• • •
The progress of spelling-reform, as marked
by the successive lists of " Simplified Spellings "
sent out from No. 1 Madison Avenue, New York,
by the Simplified Spelling Board, is interesting,
though necessarily a somewhat melancholy sight to
those who cling to the old forms with all their cher-
ished associations. Happily for the "old fogies,"
however, the new forms in all their shivering naked-
ness of phonetic spelling are not very rapidly
invading our current literature. The inevitable
shock will be eased by this slowness of adoption,
and it may well be (as, indeed, we hope it will be)
that the familiar old spellings will, to all intents
and purposes, last out our time. After us, the
deluge of heterographic novelties may set in — if it
must — but we hope to sleep untroubled in our graves.
List number three of these " Simplified Spellings "
has appeared. It embraces words having ea pro-
nounced as short e, preterites and participles ending
in -ed pronounced -d, words ending in unaccented
-ice pronounced -is, and words ending in -ve ( after
I or r) pronounced -v, — about two hundred and fifty
in all. " In due course," we are informed, " the
three lists will be printed in one alfabetic order, and
used as a basis for more extensiv simplifications to
appear in a larger list or Vocabulary of Simplified
Spellings." . . .
Dr. Osler as chief speaker at the coming
LIBRARY DEDICATION, — the dedication, namely, of
the fine Medical and Chirurgical Library building
connected with the Johns Hopkins Hospital and
expected to be finished this month and opened in
May, — will be sure to draw a full audience. What-
ever his subject, which will not fail to be appropriately
serious, his address will be pointed with epigram
and enlivened with apt allusion and anecdote.
Another distinguished participant in the exercises
will be Dr. S. Weir Mitchell. An unusual but not
unattractive feature of the new library building will
be a large room in the basement set apart for pur-
poses of bodily refreshment and the repair of wasted
tissues, — a dining room, that is, or banquet hall.
Whether a kitchen also is to be provided in connec-
tion with it, does not appear from the reports. The
structure is expected to be one of the best of its kind
in existence ; and if its visitors are to find food there
for both brain and stomach, it will certainly be one
of the most complete. The dedicatory exercises are
announced for May 13, 14, 15, and will (one cannot
but hope) be held in the large auditorium on its
first floor, to be known as Osier Hall.
• • •
A USEFUL Lincoln bibliography, among the
many such lists now appearing, is issued by the
Chicago Public Library as " Special Bulletin No. 7."
In its forty-two pages there must be a thousand titles
or more, arranged under such headings as these : —
Genealogy and Family History, Biography (divided
into eleven sub-classes), Estimates of Character,
Lincoln as a Lawyer, Lincoln as a Literary Man,
Lincoln as an Orator, Religion of Abraham Lincoln,
Lincoln and Temperance, Personal Appearance,
etc. Books, periodicals, pamphlets, sermons, all sorts
of printed matter have been consulted in preparing
the bulletin, which is especially useful to Chicago
readers as the works cited are all to be found in the
Chicago Public Library. A bibliography of Lincoln
bibliographies, all likewise in the Library, forms the
opening section. The compilation shows care and
industry, and is a work of permanent value.
108
THE DIAL
[Feb. 16,
COMMUNICA TIONS.
TENNYSON AND " THE QUARTERLY REVIEW."
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
I have just read in your issue of January 1 (p. 9)
your comment upon the " lavish praise " bestowed by
" The Quarterly Review " upon Tennyson's volume of
1833 (really printed in 1832). I am surprised that you
were not suspicious of a quotation which speaks of
Tennyson as " another and a brighter star of that galaxy
or milky way [ !] of poetry of which the lamented Keats
was the harbinger."
In Vol. I. of the Tennyson Memoir, Arthur Hallam
speaks of the review now in question as " the infamous
article " (p. 91); and Hallam Tennyson refers to it as
"the sneering savage Quarterly attack" (p. 94). It
was probably this review, more than anything else,
which caused Tennyson to print almost nothing between
the so-called volume of 1833 and the triumphant two
volumes of 1842. Albert H. Tolman.
University of Chicago, Feb. 5, 1909.
[We might make the plea that the irony of our
comment was stiU finer in its subtlety than the
irony of the Quarterly Reviewer — too fine, in fact,
to be discernible to the ordinary eye. But an
unaccommodating frankness compels us to admit
that though we were surprised and, in a subcon-
scious way, uneasily suspicious, we allowed the frag-
mentary quotation to slip through, in the press of
other matters, without attaching the proper label.
— Edr. The Dial.]
THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION AND LITERATURE.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
In your recent review of " The Old Yellow Book "
your critic failed to make plain that this costly volume
was issued by the Carnegie Institution of Washington.
The need to give this credit arises from the fact that
this foundation has been much criticised for its failure
to foster literature. Dr. Hodell's volume is our first
venture in this direction. It will be followed by two
volumes of Professor Sommers's rendering of the
Arthurian legends from the MSS. of the British Mu-
seum. The publication of Fliigel's great dictionary of
Chaucerian English will begin shortly and will appear
in numbers.
How otherwise and further we can assist literature
we have been imable to see. §_ Weir Mitchell
of the Executive Committee of the
Carnegie Institution of Washington.
Philadelphia, Feb. 3, 1909.
ANOTHER LITERARY SEEDSMAN.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
The note in your issue of the 1st inst. about the
Literarj' Seedsman of Marblehead reminds me of another
Seedsman who flourished in Scotland in the latter half
of the nineteenth century, Peter Drummoiid of Stirling,
who combined the writing and printing of religious tracts
with his business. He was not only a shrewd business
man and a clever advertiser, but a bit of a wag as well,
for he always placed with the imprint to his little tracts
the quotation : " For the field is the World, and the seed
is the Word of God." Charles Welsh.
Winthrop, Mass., Feb. 6, 1909.
%\t Jt^to ^00ks.
Reminiscences of a Noted Woman.*
In turning the pages of the Reminiscences of
Lady Randolph Churchill, covering a period of
nearly thirty years, the reader is confronted
with such a multiplicity of persons, places, and
events, as to be wellnigh bewildered. But they
are presented in so entertaining a fashion that
the task becomes a delightful one. It is a book
that one may pick up and lay down, read and
re-read. The author has a natural talent for
seeing things, and a charming way of describing
them. From the time of her debut, in the early
seventies, into English political and social life,
she has, by fortuitous circumstances as well as
by a pleasing personality, made herself an influ-
ential and powerful factor. As the young wife
of a Cabinet minister, she discharged her duties
with tact and delicacy. It was no easy matter,
in the days of her early career, to overcome the
resentment shown to Americanism ; but how
cleverly Lady Randolph played her part is
shown in these pages. " Thirty years ago," she
remarks, " there were very few Americans in
London. In England, as on the Continent, the
American woman was looked upon as a strange
and abnormal creature with habits and manners
between a Red Indian and a Gaiety girl. Any-
thing of an outlandish nature might be expected
of her. If she talked, dressed and conducted
herself as any well-bred woman should, much
astonishment was invariably evinced, and she
was usually saluted with the tactful remark,
' I should never have thought that yoxi were
an American,' which was intended as a compli-
ment."
One could quote indefinitely from these pages,
as so many of the stories and hon mots related by
Lady ChurchiUare worth repeating ; and they are
given with an air of easy frankness which adds
greatly to their charm. At Bayreuth she met
Mrs. Sam Lewis, wife of the well-known money-
lender ; an excellent musician, and a benefac-
tress of many institutions. Mr. Lewis, unlike
his wife, was not artistic. It is told of him that,
having once made a fortnight's stay in Rome,
he was asked how he liked it. " You can 'ave
Rome," was his laconic answer.
She met the Abbe Liszt at the Russian
Embassy in London, when M. de Staal was
Ambassador. " I sat next the great man, whose
strong and characteristic face, so often deline-
*The Reminiscences of Lady Randolph Churchill. Illus-
trated. New York: The Century Co.
1909.]
THE DIAL
109
ated both by brush and chisel, seemed strangely
familiar. He was so blind that he ate his
asparagus by the wrong end, until I pointed out
his error. ' Ah,' he exclaimed, — ' merci bien,
il me semblait tout de meme que cela n'etait
pas tres bon ! ' "
On another occasion. Lady Randolph was on
a visit to Queen Victoria, and tells the story of
an officer, who, being on guard duty at the
Castle, was asked to dine there. The whispered
conversation and the stiffness of the proceed-
ings beginning to weigh on him, he thought he
would enliven the party with a little joke. The
Queen, hearing smothered laughter, asked what
it was about. Scarlet and stammering, the
poor man had to repeat his little tale, amid dead
silence. Fixing a cold eye upon him, " We are
not amused," was all the Queen said.
Owing to her husband's position as a Cabinet
officer. Lady Randolph had many opportunities
of meeting prominent people of both political
parties. The years 1880-1884 were stirring
ones, and, she says, " full of excitement and
interest for me. Our house became the rendez-
vous of all shades of politicians. . . . Sir Charles
Dilke and Mr. Joseph Chamberlain came fre-
quently. The Duke of Marlborough, my father-
in-law, was particularly incensed, and took
Randolph seriously to task for having had Mr.
Chamberlain to dinner, ' a man who was a
socialist, or not far from one ; who was reputed
to have refused to drink the Queen's health
when Mayor of Birmingham.' " It was a strange
irony of fate that Mr. Chamberlain some years
later became one of the leading figures in English
parliamentary life, honored and feted by King
Edward and his courtiers, and but for impaired
health might probably still be one of the giants
of the political arena. At that time the names
of Gladstone, Salisbury, Hartington, Churchill,
Harcourt, and Stafford Northcote, were those
to be conjured with. Balfour was then com-
paratively unknown. He and Sir John Gorst,
with Sir Henry Drummond Wolff and Randolph
Churchill, constituted what was known as the
Fourth Party, and many a lively tilt was
exchanged between those obstreperous gentle-
men and the occupants of the Government
benches. It is related that Mr. Gladstone con-
fided to an intimate friend that he feared Lord
Randolph Churchill in debate even more than
Disraeli. Lady Randolph, in speaking of the
banquet in honor of Lord Beaconsfield and Lord
Salisbury on their return from the Berlin Con-
ference, says that Disraeli, pointing with a scorn-
ful finger at Mr. Gladstone, declared he was
" inebriated with the exuberance of his own
verbosity." We believe that it was at the
House of Commons, and not at this banquet,
that Disraeli made these memorable remarks,
and that Gladstone later on retorted that it was
"the hair-brained chatter of irresponsible fri-
volity."
Lord Randolph was just then at the zenith of
his power, and much of his success may be
attributed to his clever and vivacious wife. She
assisted him in every possible manner, and was
active on his behalf in public meetings and in
canvassing for votes. In the autumn of 1883
the Primrose League was formed, and Lady
Randolph was enrolled as one of the dames. She
spoke in Manchester just before the general elec-
tion of 1886, and prophesied the downfall of
Mr. Gladstone and the defeat of his famous
Home Rule bill. Of this period she relates some
amusing electioneering anecdotes. Being asked
to help canvass for Mr. Burdett-Coutts, she was
pleading with a wavering voter for his support.
Waggishly and with a sly look, he said, " If I
could get the same price as was once paid by the
Duchess of Devonshire for a vote, I think that
I could promise." " Thank you very much,"
Lady Randolph replied, " I '11 let the Baroness
Burdett-Coutts know at once."
Notwithstanding that Lord Randolph Chur-
chill rapidly rose to the highest positions, first
as Secretary of State for India, and afterwards
as Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of
the House of Commons, his downfall was equally
sensational. It was a great surprise and shock
to the country when he tendered his resignation
to the Queen. To Lady Randolph Churchill
it meant the destruction of all her hopes and
plans. " He went into no explanation, and I
felt too utterly crushed and miserable to ask
for any, or even to remonstrate," she writes in
her journal. It was claimed, at the time, that
Lord Randolph disagreed with his colleagues on
some question of expenditure. History may or
may not be right in this respect ; but it is gen-
erally believed that the state of his health,
added to a naturally nervous temperament, was
mainly responsible for his action.
Lord Randolph Churchill was a fearless
fighter in debate, and a thorn in the side of
his opponents. The press was very bitter
against him, the " Times " in particular attack-
ing him on every occasion. One night, after a
particularly poisonous leader had appeared in
that paper. Lady Randolph met Mr. Buckle,
110
THE DIAL
[Feb. 16,
the editor of the " Times," at a reception.
Coming up, he half chaffingly asked her if
she intended to speak to him, or if she was
too angry. " Not a bit," she replied, " I
have ten volumes of press-cuttings about Ran-
dolph, all abusive. This will only be added to
them."
No record of Lady Churchill's Reminiscences
would be complete without reference to the
splendid work she accomplished in helping to fit
out the hospital-ship " Maine " for service in the
South African War. No stone was left unturned
to procure money — much money, and it had to
be all American money. " It would be useless,"
she says, " to deny the fact that the Boer War
was viewed with disfavor by my countrymen.
They had a fellow feeling for the Boers, fight-
ing, as they thought, for their independence.
But the plea of humanity overran their political
opinions, and the fund once started, money
poured in." As is often the case with char-
itable appeals. Lady Randolph and her co-
workers met with rebuffs, — notably in the case,
as she tells, of an American multimillionaire to
whom she cabled asking for a subscription for
the hospital. He replied that he had " no
knowledge of the scheme." The press by this
time, in both countries, was full of the enter-
prise. She cabled back, " Read the papers ";
but this, alas ! did not untie the rich man's
purse-strings. It may be asserted with perfect
truth that Lady Randolph did more to estab-
lish an entente cordlale, and to help cement a
friendship between England and America, than
could have been accomplished by any other
means.
Of her work in connection with " The Anglo-
Saxon Review," we regret we cannot speak so
highly. That she was ill-advised to enter into
the undertaking, no doubt remains. She did
all she could to make the " Review " a success,
and her friends helped her con amove. Advice
was readily forthcoming, but not the means.
The reasons for the failure of the enterprise are
not far to seek ; it is generally conceded that
the subscription price, for one thing, was pro-
hibitory. That the scheme as a whole savored
of snobbishness is self-evident ; and Lady
Randolph was shrewd enough to let go of it in
time.
This book is admirably illustrated and well
made, but lacks an index. This is a great dis-
advantage, especially as the author has an unfor-
tunate habit of confusing dates and events.
George Robert Sparks.
Sir Spencer Walpole as Historian.*
The appearance of the two last volumes of Sir
Spencer Walpole's " History of Twenty-Five
Years " marks the passing of an historian who,
if he is not to be classed among the greatest
historical writers, was yet distinctly gifted in
the art of historical presentation. Sir Spencer
Walpole died on July 7, 1907. He was con-
nected, through both father and mother, with
the so-called ruling class of England, and his
life was in many respects the life of other men
of his class and inherited tastes. Added to high
culture, breeding, and education, was a consci-
entious devotion to and interest in the routine
administrative duties of the State. He was a
university man, and from early manhood mani-
fested a desire to make a place for himself in
the world of letters. Beginning as a clerk in
the War Office, he held various administrative
positions, such as Commissioner of Fisheries or
Governor of the Isle of Man, his last office being
that of Secretary of the Post Office. These
administrative labors constituted the everyday
work of his life, and to them he gave a genuine
interest and a sane energy. He was a good
servant of the State, and was always welcome in
political circles and society. Having an un-
usually wide acquaintance with leaders in both
parties, his opportunities for observation and
judgment were many, while his essentially judi-
cial and unbiassed mind fitted him peculiarly
for the writing of contemporary history. His
work, whether in the earlier history of England
from 1815 to 1858, or in this present history,
planned and executed as a continuation, is
always readable, and moves with a dignified
precision, presenting its facts always clearly
and injpressing them by sheer simplicity of
statement. Indeed, the keynote of Walpole's
attractive style of writing is simplicity — a
simplicity which, based upon a wide knowledge
and true assimilation of facts, gives evidence of
a logical mind and a discriminating pen. Clar-
ity is characteristic of all his writing. His
straightforward clear resume of events reads so
simply that at first one may lose sight of the
painstaking effort involved in achieving such
satisfactory results. Doubtless it is advanta-
geous to the general historian to be unhampered
by the masses of tiresome detail that the mono-
graphists must handle; yet Walpole's sources
were by no means meagre. Many and careful
*The History of Twenty-Five Years. 1856-1880. By Sir
Spencer Walpole. Volumes III. and IV. New York: Long-
mans, Oreen, & Co.
1909.]
THE DIAL
111
footnotes indicate a mastery of the most im-
portant state papers, and the more accessible
materials for a broader field than that custom-
arily included within the labors of a specialist.
He stands midway, therefore, between the spe-
cialist and the "popular historian," avoiding
the dreary detail of the former and escaping
the accusation of inexact knowledge frequently
directed with justice against the latter.
These general considerations apply to the
two present volumes as well as to earlier
work, even though these last volumes were
incompleted at the time of the author's death.
Sir A. C. Lyall, who had the duty of preparing
them for the press, explains this when he states
in the preface that his labor has been confined
practically to slight alterations in the final re-
view and arrangement of the manuscript, and
that " the views and conclusions recorded by
Sir Spencer Walpole stand untouched as he
wrote them." No one at all familiar with
Walpole's method and style could doubt this ;
for in the opinion of the reviewer it would be
quite impossible to discover any appreciable
difference between the method and style of
these last volumes and those of earlier dates.
And this is important ; for in addition to the
value of his work as an exhibition of his his-
torical study and writing, Walpole's labors have
the merit and interest of being the product of
a keen, fair-minded, contemporary observer of
the events which he narrates, and of one in
close touch with all political leaders of note in
England, yet not affected by political change
and political animosities. His work has, there-
fore, the value of a personal interpretation,
representing first of all the view-point of the
man himself, but going even further and repre-
senting the view-point of a class, both in society
and in permanent official position, that con-
stitutes a steady and important factor in the
history of England in the nineteenth century.
The " History of Twenty-Five Years " is not
merely a narrative of events ; it is also a careful
presentation of both sides of each debatable
incident, with a frankly expressed judgment of
the Governmental treatment of that incident.
Thus the history becomes itself historical mate-
rial, as the expression of the historical judg-
ments of a man and his class.
When first undertaking this later work, the
author stated that the period from 1856 to 1880
was unusually full of events demanding English
interest in questions of foreign policy. He has
therefore, in Volumes III. and IV., continued
to confine his attention largely to such questions.
treating the topics of English diplomacy during
the Franco-Prussian War, the Russo-Turkish
War, and the Berlin Treaty of 1878. These
volmnes furnish an excellent analysis of condi-
tions which it is to-day necessary to understand
if one is to appreciate the strength and import-
ance of present-day disturbances in the Balkan
States. Nor is this a merely English point of
view ; for Walpole, more than most Englishmen,
knows his Continental politics, and is able to
avoid the insular limitations of other writers.
As regards America, the main interest in the
present volumes centres about the Alabama case
and the Geneva Award ; and here, as every-
where, the essentially judicial quality of Wal-
pole's mind is made evident. He is most fair in
stating the argument for either side, acknowl-
edging the impossible dilemma in which Lord
Russell placed England when he ordered the
detention of the Alabama, yet denied that he was
in any way bound to prevent her escape. At
the same time, from the writer's point of view,
the proposal of Sumner to claim from Great
Britain a sum equal to the entire cost of the
Civil War, is equally preposterous. Walpole
also points out with care one aspect of the
Alabama arbitration that our American histo-
rians are prone to neglect — the important con-
nection in the minds of English statesmen
between the demand for damages by America
and the Russian demand, in 1871, for a reversal
of the Black Sea provisions of the Treaty of
Paris. The two demands had no real connec-
tion save that of coincidence ; but this was not
perfectly clear to the English Government.
" British statesmen," says Walpole, " however
ready they might be to uphold their country's
cause and their country's honor, could not afford
to disregard the combination of the great Empire
of the East, with the gi'eat Republic of the West. ' '
The importance here attributed to the effect of
the Russian announcement upon the situation,
in regard to the Alabama case, but illustrates
the necessity of much deeper study than has
hitherto been given to American diplomatic inci-
dents. Our historical students and writers as a
class have very largely lost sight of any save the
two contending parties, when the United States
has been one of the disputants ; whereas in fact,
in incident after incident of American diplo-
matic history, the foreign country with which
we as a nation were in dispute was more largely
controlled in its final action by concurrent poli-
tical conditions in other European countries than
by its disposition towards the United States.
In connection with the Alabama case, it is
112
THE DIAL
[Feb. 16,
customary to say that the United States might
have acquired British America, but preferred a
litigious dispute for cash. This idea is but
touched upon by Walpole, and at that in such
a way as to create the impression that such an
arrangement was never seriously entertained in
England, even though the British minister at
Washington and the London " Times " did
quite openly hint at it. This aspect of the
case is not brought specifically forward, however,
and the author enters no explicit denial for
England. His great interest is in the European
rather than in the American situation ; and here
we find him at home in his estimates of men
and in his analysis of events.
Briefly recapitulated, the essential merits of
Walpole's History are lucidity of statement
and style, fair-mindedness, and a true assimila-
tion of such material as was easily accessible.
These qualities will render his work profitable
and pleasant reading for many years, while the
personal testimony of the author's own opinions
places his writing in the class of indestructible
historical material. Ephraim D. Adams.
The Story of HERCuiiANEUM.*
In setting forth the importance of Hercula-
neum as a site for archaeological excavation.
Professor Waldstein rides effusissimis habenis.
He goes so far as to say that authorities con-
cerned with classical antiquity are agreed that
of all ancient sites, without exception, Hercula-
neum promises to yield the richest treasure to
the excavator. He believes that " the artistic
treasure to be found there and the intellectual
harvest to be reaped is greater than at Rome
or Athens, Delphi or Olympia, Alexandria or
Pergamon." Herculaneum, moreover, is of
greater archaeological importance than the other
cities near Vesuvius — Cumae, Naples, Stabiae,
and Pompeii — although each of these was
larger. An instance is cited where a single villa
excavated at Hereidaneum in the eighteenth
century yielded greater treasure in original
ancient bronzes, and more ancient manuscripts,
than the excavation of Athens or Rome, Olympia
or Delphi, Alexandria or Pergamon.
The reasons given by Dr. Waldstein for his
belief in the preeminence of Herculaneum as
an archaeological site are of various kinds. The
first and most important lies in the conditions
* Herculaneum — Past, Present, and Future. By Charles
Waldstein and Leonard Shoobridge. Illustrated. New York:
The Macmillan Co.
under which the burial of the ancient town took
place. The disaster which overtook it arrested
its ancient life exactly as it was ; the city was
hermetically sealed — much more so than any
other of the cities near Vesuvius. Its nearness
to the volcano must be borne in mind ; for
while Pompeii was five and three-fourths miles
distant, Herculaneum was only four and a half
miles. Moreover, we know from the letters of
the younger Pliny (Ep. VI., 16 and 20) that
Pompeii was buried by the rain of ashes which
the wind, blowing from the northwest, gradu-
ally sent over the city. Even ultimately, Pom-
peii was not completely buried, the lapilli and
ashes not reaching a greater height than twenty
feet, so that the upper stories of the houses were
still uncovered after the eruption had ceased.
Consequently, there was ample time in which
to remove valuables. Hardly a house now
remains whose walls were not broken into so as
to admit those who were bent on carrying off
its contents. In Herculaneum, on the other
hand, there was no time to save valuables. The
city was completely and immediately buried to
a depth of from sixty to eighty feet. It was
not gradually covered by a rain of ashes lasting
for days, but suddenly, by a stream of mud
which rolled down the slope over it. There
was time for the inhabitants to escape from the
town (and it may be noted in passing that very
few human bodies have been found at Hercula-
neum), but time for collecting and carrying off
valuables there could not have been.
A second cause that makes Herculaneum
Tinique among archaeological sites is the singu-
larly preservative quality of the mud that flowed
through the streets and into the innermost
recesses of the houses and other buildings. This
mass of mud became a kind of matrix, covering
and preserving th(; forms it enveloped. The
bronzes in the Naples Museum that have come
from Herculaneum show a most delicate surface
patina ; glass is not melted, marble is not cal-
cined, even manuscripts are not damaged beyond
the possibility of restoration. The mention of
the manuscripts found in the villa of Piso (there
were eight hundred of them) arouses the author's
imagination — a quality in him, it would seem,
of uncommon sensitiveness and power of respon-
siveness ; and we have a flight of rhetoric, con-
spicuous even in this rather over-rhetorical
volume. " In some viUa there," he writes,
" may be waiting for us aU the great Greek
tragedians and writers of comedy, including
Menander ; the works of the early Greek phil-
osophers, Heracleitus, Parmenides, Empedocles,
1909.]
THE DIAl^
113
Democritiis, Anaxagoras ; the missing works of
Plato and Aristotle ; the whole of Roman liter-
ature, the lost books of Livy."
A further reason upon which Professor
Waldstein lays emphasis in developing the
theme of Herculaneum's importance is the evi-
dence that it, unlike commercial Pompeii, was
the home of many cultured families — the Balbi,
for example. Other illustrious Romans who
lived here were Servilia, Agrippina, Appius
Claudius Pulcher, and L. Calpurnius Piso. It
was, in brief, a sort of Roman Newport. Finally,
says our author, Herculaneum was originally a
Greek settlement, as we see from its name ; and
even if we cannot go so far as to say that it
preserved a pure Greek tradition from its earliest
days, we may at least assume that it was more
susceptible to the influence of Greek culture
than Pompeii, which was of Oscan origin. At
any rate, whatever the cause, the objects actually
found in those parts of Herculaneum that have
been excavated indicate a high degree of Greek
culture.
Over the chapters dealing with the past and
present of Herculaneum we must pass briefly.
The accounts of its topography, of the inhabit-
ants, and of the disasters of 63 and 79 a. d.,
give a sufficiently serviceable summary of our
present knowledge of these subjects, without
adding anything new. The contents of Chap-
ter IV., the " History of the Site since the
Eruption," will probably be less familiar to a
majority of readers. It was in the eighteenth
century that excavations of importance were
first instituted, and were carried on under the
auspices of Charles III. of Naples. With the
exception of the underground passages of the
Theatre, these excavations no longer exist for
us. Further attempts were made from 1828-
1855, and again from 1869-1875. To this last
period belong the parts which are now visible —
the so-called scavi nuovi, near the sea. Since
1 8 7 5 no further excavations have been attempted.
The causes which led to the abandonment of the
site are (1) the unusual facility of excavation at
Pompeii, which promised immediate results for
a comparatively small expenditure of money ;
(2) the fact that there is a flourishing modern
town, Resina, right over the ancient city ; and
(3) the current belief that Herculaneum was
covered with lava. This belief, the error of
which has been pointed out, seems to have been
partly due to the fact that there are patches of
lava to be found here and there on the site of
Resina. These, however, have come from erup-
tions of Vesuvius in more recent times.
The most noticeable part of Professor Wald-
stein's volume — the part that manifestly lies
closest to the interest of the author — is that on
" The Future of Herculaneum." His elaborate
scheme for the international excavation of the
site, a project upon which he worked with great
energy from 1903 to 1907, fell through. From
the documents given in the Appendix it appears
that he had succeeded in interesting King Victor
Immanuel, King Edward, Emperor William,
the King of Sweden, President Roosevelt, and
many ambassadors and financiers. His plan was
to form in each of the great countries a national
committee, of which the King, Emperor, or
President, as the case might be, would be
honorary chairman. This committee was to be
broadly representative ; it was to include not
only the rich and the cultured, but even mem-
bers of labor-unions ; for, according to Dr.
Waldstein, the workingman should be per-
mitted, even stimulated, to contribute his penny
to the great cause. These various national
committees were to have their representatives
on an international committee under whose
immediate direction the excavation would be
carried on. The honorary chairman of this
international committee was to be the king of
Italy, The actual work on the site was to be
performed by a corps of a hundred experts of
different nationalities, with workmen hired by
them.
It is the belief of the author that the plan
almost succeeded. Its failure, he thinks, was
due mainly to a misunderstanding on the
part of Italian officials and the Italian press,
who accepted as authoritative a garbled report
of it which appeared in a London newspaper.
But whatever the immediate occasion of the
apparently sudden change of feeling among
Italian officials, the underlying cause was obvi-
ously the jealousy which Italy has always shown
toward excavation by foreign archaeologists on
Italian sites. She wishes to i. discover her own
treasures.
With the main thesis of the book, that Her-
culaneum should be excavated, everyone will
agree ; but in regard to Professor Waldstein's
extremely positive assertions concerning the rich-
ness of the treasure buried there, and his insist-
ence on the preeminence of this over all other
ancient sites, there will hardly be the same
unanimity. Undoubtedly many valuable dis-
coveries would be made there ; even a library
that would be less disappointing than that of
Piso's villa might be found ; but few kinds of
prophecy are more delusive than that which
114
THE DIAL
[Feb. 16,
forecasts the finds in an archaeological excava-
tion. The book contains much material that is
interesting; but we believe the author would
have been more convincing, and would have pro-
moted his cause more effectively, if he had stated
the facts in the case more soberly, — if, in other
words, he had given his readers more archae-
ology and less rhetoric.
Professor Waldstein's efforts have not been
wholly in vain. The Italian government lias
announced that it will excavate Herculaneum,
and has appropriated 15,000 francs as a begin-
ning. In his plan of complete excavation,
Professor Waldstein estimated that the cost
would be X40,000 a year.
On the mechanical side, the book is beauti-
fully made. The illustrations are numerous
and unusually well executed ; paper, printing,
and binding leave nothing to be desired.
G. J. Laing.
liETTERS OF THE WiFE OF A GREAT
Political, Ijeader.*
The rush of really important events of the
past few years, as well as their excess of empty
din, causes the letters of Mrs. Blaine to seem
like an echo from a much remoter period than
their dates attest. There is real rest to the
weary soul, however, in dropping back into
a political field even no more quiet, compara-
tively, than that upon which Blaine deployed
his forces.
Mrs. Blaine at her best was a bright and
witty woman, and her letters would stand on
their own merits far above many which get into
print ; but, after all, it is the political connection
which gives them their chief interest. Hence it
is the inevitable impression that they have been
a little too thoroughly culled, for the sake of
avoiding offense, that will be felt by many as
their main defect. Mrs. Blaine was no mere
colorless reflector of her husband's opinions and
prejudices, and the touches of personal feeling
which have been preserved in her letters are
often both amusing and effective. For instance,
just after Mr. Blaine had written his famous
letter from abroad withdrawing himself from
the race for the Republican nomination in 1888,
she writes : "I had a sweet letter from Mr.
Morton, calling your Father's letter a master-
piece, and not seeing how it could be accepted.
Y^ou can trust John Sherman for seeing^ how-
• The Letters of Mrs. James G. Blaine. Edited by
Harriet S. Blaine Beale. In two volumes. New York : Duffield
&Co.
ever." Unfavorable comment on various com-
peting Republican leaders is not infrequent,
President Hayes suffering perhaps the most
severe treatment — a fact which in itself helps to
show that the Blaine point of view of American
politics was not that which was destined to live.
With half the country feeling that his title to
his seat was at least questionable, and a large
share of his own party in opposition to his dis-
tinctive policies. President Hayes had a heavy
load to carry ; but time and thought have
placed the honor and wisdom of his official con-
duct out of reach of successful attack. One
looks in vain for any criticism of the Democrat
who foiled Mr. Blaine's ambitions in the one
case in which he succeeded in capturing the
nomination from opponents within his own party.
Mrs. Blaine's letters are almost all to members
of her immediate family, and they were aU at
home during the 1884 campaign. There were
ample opportunities for the expression of opinion,
however, during President Cleveland's admin-
istration, and one is doubtless safe in the con-
clusion that he owes his immunity to the kindness
of the editor, and not to the forbearance of Mrs.
Blaine.
Her loyalty to her brilliant husband was of
course too great to allow her to appreciate in
any adequate degree the defects which marred
a really great natural endowment ; but no gen-
erous reader will blame her for that. He would
be an enemy indeed to the human race who
would take from love its traditional right to be
blind. Those who know the whole story, how-
ever, can hardly avoid the feeling that it would
have been better to withhold these letters from
publication. The contrast between the cheerful
family life of the earlier years and the gather-
ing gloom toward the end is too painful for the
public gaze. The editor herself feels the terribly
depressing effect, and closes with the letters of
1889, frankly stating that she lacks the courage
to look farther. " The path that the writer
was called upon to follow was already passing
under the shadow of a great grief, and was to
lead on, from sorrow to sorrow, into a darkness
that never was lifted in this life."
There are occasional mistakes in the explan-
atory footnotes which a proof-reader of ordinary
intelligence ought to have challenged, — as, for
instance, a reference to Preston S. Banks as the
assailant of Charles Sumner. Of course it was
right to print Mrs. Blaine's letters " wart and
all," but errors in the notes stand on quite a
different basis.
W. H. Johnson.
1909.]
THE DIAL
115
Briefs on New Books
_, , Charles Lamb writes of names in our
Thackeray's literature that have a iragrance in
daughter. them — names like Kit Marlowe and
Drummond of Hawthornden. There are names, too,
that have echoes in them ; and to those of us who
care for our English heritage, Lady Ritchie's name
has in it echoes of all that we delight to honor in
literary England of the Victorian past — that past
which was the present so short a while ago, yet seems
to have receded into the shadow so much farther than
the actual count by the almanac would warrant.
Thackeray's daughter is one of the few whose voice
can make the shadow real to us, and Lady Ritchie's
new book, " Blackstick Papers " (Putnam), is like
the gift she tells us of, made by " Jacob Omnium "
to her father — a cup in which some of us may still
drink to the past. The quaint title is a reminder of
that most delightful Thackerayan region, Paphla-
gonia, the country of "The Rose and the Ring."
" Readers of my father's works," says Lady Ritchie,
in her introduction, " will be familiar with the name
of the Fairy Blackstick who lived in Crim Tartary
some ten or twenty thousand years ago, and who used
to frequent the Court of his Majesty King Valoroso
XXrV. If I have ventured to call the following
desultory papers by the Fairy Blackstick's name, it
is because they concern certain things in which she
was interested — old books, young people, schools of
practical instruction, rings, roses, sentimental affairs,
etc., etc." " Felicia Felix" and her admirers (the
pretty frontispiece shows Mrs. Hemans in her bloom),
George Sand at Nahant, Horace Walpole's Miss
Berrys (the elder of whom Lady Ritchie, when a
child, was taken to see by her father), such "links
with the past " as the Miss Horace Smiths, the artist
Bewick and his birds, — these are some of the people
of whom Lady Ritchie discourses in the graceful
serene manner which is her own. " She writes like
a lazy writer who dislikes her work," said Anthony
TroUope of "Annie Thackeray "in his "Autobiog-
raphy " more than a quarter of a century ago, adding
a monitory word to his praise of her talent. To-day,
with the trail of the journalist over almost all that
is written for us, we can afford to accept the leisurely
sentences with nothing but gratitude.
Short studies ^ "^w book from Dr. Osier, even
in medical though but a collection of addresses,
biography. ^^^^ ^f them from ten to fifteen
years old, is most welcome to all who hunger for
high thoughts clad in fit language. " An Alabama
Student, and Other Biographical Essays " (Oxford
University Press) is a substantial octavo giving the
general reader a more satisfying taste of the writer's
quality than has yet been afforded. The title chap-
ter deals with the least famous, but not therefore
the least deserving, subject of the thirteen embraced
in the book. Dr. John Y. Bassett of Alabama, who
died at forty-six after a useful and active life,
becomes in Dr. Osier's hands an interesting char-
acter. Then follow short studies of Thomas Dover
(of Dover's powders), Keats the apothecary poet,
O. W. Holmes, John Locke as a physician, William
Pepper, Alfred Stills, Sir Thomas Browne, Harvey,
and others less renowned in medicine or surgery or
literature, but all more or less honorably associated
with that profession which is the writer's own. Of
personal interest is it to learn that the " Religio
Medici," in James T. Fields's edition of 1862, has
been Dr. Osier's companion since his school days
and is the most precious book in his library, which
also contains an " almost complete collection of the
editions of his [Browne's] works." What Dr. Osier
notes as true of Burton, Browne, and Fuller — that
they have " a rare quaintness, a love of odd conceits,
and the faculty of apt illustrations drawn from out-
of-the-way sources " — is, by a psychological neces-
sity, in some measure true of himself. His style,
too, is enriched with a rare blend of subtle allusion
and veiled quotation. Probably not every hearer
of these addresses caught the full flavor of such
passages as the following incidental reference to the
coming quater-centenary of the birth of Caius,
co-founder of Caius College, Cambridge : " As well
in love as in gratitude, we could celebrate it in no
more appropriate manner, and in none that would
touch his spirit more closely, than by the issue of a
fine edition of his principal works." Among the
few and fitting illustrations in the book is a portrait
of Browne from a little-known original at Norwich —
a most pleasing and satisfying presentment. One
could wish that Dr. John Brown of Edinburgh had
bden included among these excellent sketches of
medico-literary worthies.
The building of ^he history and development of
a great State in Minnesota may be taken as typical
the Northwest, ^f t^e Northwest, and the volume
on that State in the " American Commonwealths "
series (Houghton Mifflin Co.) has for this reason a
general interest that is added to the intrinsic interest
of the story. The book has been carefully and
skilfully written by Professor William W. Folwell,
for many years connected with the State University.
There are several main currents of interest followed
by the narrative. First come the dealings of the
traders and settlers with the former possessors of
the soil. It is the old story of over-reaching through
trickery and fraud, through treaties to which the
simple children of the prairie who knew not what
they promised were held with literal fidelity, while
the gi'eedy trader or lumberman could break them
at his pleasure. Even of the petty sum awarded the
Indians for the vast stretches of their lands, very
little reached them, and then only to be squandered
for whiskey, — the old shameful story. Another
current of interest is in the rush of settlers, the
organization of Territorial and State governments,
and the rainbow schemes for getting land from the
Government through sham railroad and other com-
panies. Not at all creditable is the history of the
five-million loan, the bonds for which the State long
116
THE DIAL
[Feb. 16,
endeavored to repudiate because it secured nothing
of value in return ; but as wealth grew and the pub-
lic conscience became more sensitive, a fair settle-
ment was finally reached and the credit of the State
was saved. A third feature is the serious Sioux
outbreak of 1862, which occurred while a large part
of the defenders of the State were at the front in
the Civil War. This was one of the severest of
the Indian disturbances, and the tradition of it
remains to this day among the people. The state-
ment of the causes of the trouble shows that the
Indians were not without reasons for anger against
those who had tricked and cheated them, even
though much of the vengeance fell in this case, as
always, upon innocent persons.
„ , Back to the homely realities eoes
Some simple -..^ o i t-. it • r-
annals of Mr. Stephen Keynolds in quest of
the poor. material for his book, "A Poor Man's
House" (Lane). In a general way its tone is like
that of another very real and wholesomely enjoyable
narrative which is being much read at present, —
namely, " A Lord of Lands," by Mr. Ramsey
Benson. But Mr. Reynolds's book is the veritable
journal of actual adventures and observations among
the poor fisherfolk of a little Devonshire seaport,
whereas Mr. Benson, with all his verisimilitude, is
obviously not hampering his genius with a strict
adherence to the literal truth. The English writer's
summer sojourn in the humble home of the Widger
family is related with minuteness and humor, and
with no squeamish avoidance of sundry very human
and lifelike details that hardly admit of much ideal-
ization. He tells us that he has lived among the
poor, " neither as parson, philanthropist, politician,
inspector, sociologist, nor statistician ; but simply
because I found there a home and more beauty of
life and more happiness than I had met with else-
where." It is his firm belief, too, that " as regards
the things that really matter, the educated man has
more to learn of the poor man than to teach him."
It may comfort us a little amid all the appalling
accounts that reach us of widespread and extreme
destitution in London and throughout the country,
to be assured that " the more intimately one lives
among the poor, the more one admires their amaz-
ing talent for happiness in spite of privation, and
their magnificent courage in the face of uncertainty ;
and the more also one sees that these qualities have
been called into being, or kept alive, by uncertainty
and thriftlessness. . . . Extreme thrift, like extreme
cleanliness, has often a singularly dehumanizing
effect." There is abundance of homely dialect con-
versation, not needing a glossary, however; and the
realistic story throughout is well worth reading.
Dolls and
doll-lore.
Some years ago Miss Laura B. Starr
lost her heart to the Japanese dolls in
the Yokohama shops, and thereupon
she began collecting dolls and doll-lore. A six years'
tour around the world gave her unusual opportunities
to indulge her unusual fad, and now "The Doll Book"
(Outing Publishing Co.) is the delightful result.
She dedicates her studies " To all who are interested
in dolls, from the children who play with them to
the students of their ethnological and educational
aspects," — which sounds impossible until one has
read the book, looked at the pictures, many of them
in color, and come to realize the universality of the
passion for dolls and the odd varieties of its expres-
sion. There are fetish dolls, for instance, and dolls
of the nativity, puppets, fashion dolls, and dolls with
supposedly supernatural powers — like the Blessed
Bambino at Rome, or the dolls in the Asakusa
Temple in Tokio ; particularly among primitive peo-
ples, there are doll rites and doll festivals ; and the
history of the doll, and of some historic dolls, is full
of interest. Little girls may not care particularly
for these strange creatures nor for the crude dolls
of antiquity ; but they will vastly enjoy hearing about
the tilt-up dolls of the East, the Japanese dolls with
their five wigs to represent the five stages of woman-
hood, the wooden dolls that the little Queen Victoria
dressed, the Dutch and Irish dolls in peasant cos-
tume, the manufacture of dolls in various parts of
the world, and the vast possibilities of home manu-
facture out of such unpromising material as string,
corn-husks, flowers, or bottles. Miss Starr has been
skilful in arranging her material, so that in spite
of its diversity of interests the book seems complete
rather than heterogeneous. As befits its subject,
" The Doll Book " is gaily bound, with a Spanish
doll in sailor costume on the cover, and many pic-
tures, made largely from the dolls in Miss Starr's
valuable and interesting collection.
. „ , Six years have passed since the un-
A colleague's ,."?,,, / t-. • i • tut i
tribute to Carla timely death of J^raulem Wencke-
Wenckebach. jj^ch left in the faculty of Wellesley
College a gap hard to fill ; and now, after thorough
preparation for the labor of love, her one-time assist-
ant and subsequent successor as head of the German
department, Fraulein Margareth Miiller, presents a
warmly eulogistic biography of " Carla Wenckebach,
Pioneer" (Ginn), enlivened with humorous and
otherwise noteworthy extracts from her lively letters
to the home folk, and adorned with seven portraits
of her genuinely German face at various ages from
thirteen to forty-five. Born at Hildesheim in 1853,
and educated in that town and at Hannover, fifteen
miles southward, Fraulein Wenckebach took her
courage and her destiny in both hands and became
a wandering teacher of young girls, serving as gov-
erness in Scotland and Russia before she made the
still bolder move of seeking her fortune in America,
where she arrived in the summer of 1879. The
story of her ups and downs until she unexpectedly
found herself installed in the enviable position of
German Professor at Wellesley, in 1883, should be
read in full in Miss MuUer's brisk and picturesque
narrative. It is gratifying to find the keenly observ-
ant young foreigner so enthusiastic in her admiration
of her adopted country. " She waxes fairly dithy-
rambic," says her biographer, " in describing the free
1909.]
THE DIAL
117
libraries with their royal outfit for King Public."
Miss Miiller regrets the necessity of writing her
book in English instead of German, and of trans-
lating the passages quoted from letters ; but however
excellent a German biography she might have given
us, she has certainly succeeded in presenting in
English a very engaging picture of a strong and
inspiring character.
Backward In his "Recollections of a New
o vetercm England Educator " ( Silver, Burdett
educator. & Co.) Dr. William A. Mo wry shows
himself to be, in a pleasant and instructive and
wholly commendable fashion, a sort of connecting
link between the old methods of education and the
new. Born in 1829 at Uxbridge, a small town in
Worcester County, Mass., he traces his earliest
schoolboy remembrances back to the little red (in
his case it was red brick) schoolhouse with hard
wooden benches and a division of the pupils accord-
ing to sex, — boys on one side of the room, girls on
the other. Both as pupil and as teacher he became
thoroughly acquainted with the New England dis-
trict school, before continuing his education beyond
the three R's at the PhiUips Academy, Andover,
and at Brown University. The Andover years
fell within the period when such worthies as John
Willard, Samuel Fiske ("Dunne Browne"), G. N.
Anthony, Calvin E. Stowe, Austin Phelps, Justin
Edwards, and Bela B. Edwards walked the elm-
shaded streets of that beautiful town, and contributed
their part toward making its atmosphere one of lit-
erature and learning and orthodox theology. Dr.
Samuel H. Taylor, affectionately known as " Uncle
Sam " to old Andoverians, was then principal of the
Academy, and he receives a glowing eulogy from
his pupil of fifty-five years ago. From Andover
young Mr. Mowry went to Brown University, where
Wayland was nearing the end of his presidency,
and where such well-known names as Harkness,
Lincoln, Greene, Angell, Caswell, and Chase shed
lustre on the faculty list. Mr. Mowry 's experiences
as student, teacher, captain of volimteers in the
Civil War, editor of educational journals, superin-
tendent of schools, lecturer, and head of teachers'
institutes, are entertainingly presented, with por-
traits and other illustrations, and numerous remin-
iscences of famous educators of his time.
Afascinatina ^^ ^ ^at^er extended notice of
page of Greek "The Princes of Achaia and the
history. Chronicles of Morea," which ap-
peared in The Dial for May 16, 1907, we
spoke of the reviving interest in the course
of Greek History from 1204 to 1566. Now we
have another careful study of the same period,
bearing the title " The Latins in the Levant "
(Dutton), by Mr. William Miller, already known as
the writer of several works on various parts of the
" Near East." Our author loves his subject, — " this
most fascinating stage in the life of Greece "; he
has an enviable familiarity with the geography
involved ; he understands that he is dealing with
very living creatures, instead of mere archaeological
material ; and, above all, he has worked faithfully
and long at his diverse and often difficult sources.
The outcome is a volume of nearly seven hundred
pages, which may be commended to the student or
the exceptionally earnest traveller. In itself the
period is not quite so enchainingly attractive as our
author insists. That " the romance, the poetic haze
of Greece was in her middle ages, rather than in
her classic youth," may be entirely true for the
writer, and partly true for a few of us ; to most
readers, however, it will seem largely a matter of
personal predilection. Nor can we altogether agree
that Frankish Greece has been unduly neglected, at
least by recent students. Just now it is assuredly
receiving its proportionate share of attention. Mr.
Miller writes clearly and succinctly; but he does
not exhibit the final grace of style that might carry
the general reader through the inevitable details of
a painstaking history treating of countless and
ephemeral petty dynasties. The use of " Levant "
in the title is rather unfortunate, since most people
understand the word quite differently, and our
author himself frequently uses it in the more com-
mon acceptation. The index and the maps are
useful ; but the valuable bibliography might have
been arranged more conveniently.
A new edition of " A Histoiy of
P.SS.t"" ^^« Philippines," by Dr. David P.
Barrows, director of education in
those islands, comes from the press of The Bobbs-
Merrill Co. of Indianapolis. It is practically iden-
tical with the original edition of 1905, the author
having found himself unable to agree with the
many criticisms of the book that came from" Roman
Catholic sources. The history of the Philippines
has yet to be written, in the modern sense of the
word. The summary by Mr. John Foreman, the
work in English that is most commonly cited as an
authority, is a mere hodge-podge of information and
misinformation. This little work by Dr. Barrows
(originally written for a Philippine school text, but
never so used) and the introduction written by the
late Edward G. Bourne for the 55-volume work en-
titled " The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898," are the
only surveys of the entire field of Philippine history
which are written by competent scholars and in
the modern spirit. Both are necessarily brief and
incomplete ; but that by Dr. Barrows is much
fuller of data, and based on a wider reading of
Philippine sources.
A Lincoln Unique among the host of books
centennial called forth by the Lincoln centen-
souvenir. ^j^i ig Messrs. G. p. Putnam's Sons'
commemorative volume suggested by M. Jules
Edouard Roin^'s Lincoln medal. Instead of the
conventional illustration, each copy of the book,
which is of course issued in a small edition, contains
an actual copy of the medal in bronze, mounted in
118
THE DIAL
[Feb. 16,
a heavy cardboard frame. M. Koine's position as
one of the great medallists of the world is already
assured ; his head of Lincoln will no doubt remain
the authoritative medallic representation, and the
symbolism of the reverse, with its wreath of palm
and oak, is fitting and beautiful. Besides the medal,
the book contains an essay on the origin and sym-
bolism of medals by Professor George N. Olcott of
Columbia University, an account of the purpose
and character of the centennial commemoration by
Richard Lloyd Jones, and half a dozen of Lincoln's
most characteristic letters and addresses.
JiTOTES.
Mrs. Gaskell's " North and South," with an introduc-
tion by Mr. Clement Shorter, is now published in " The
World's Classics " by Mr. Henry Frowde.
Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. publish a second edition
of " A Laboratory Course in Plant Physiology," by
Professor William F. Ganong. The original work has
been entirely rewritten and considerably extended.
Dr. T. Rice Holmes has just published, through the
Macmillan Co., a translation of " Ctesar's Commentaries
on the Gallic War." This version is a by-product of the
author's historical labors in dealing with the subject of
the Roman Conquest of Gaul.
Mr. Eugene Parsons is the author of " The Making
of Colorado," published by the A. Flanagan Co., Chicago.
It is an historical sketch, very readable and attractively
illustrated, of the Centennial State from the age of the
cliff-dwellers to that of the suffragists.
" Hazell's Annual " for 1909, imported by Messrs.
Charles Scribner's Sons, is revised up to the first of
last December, which is about as nearly up-to-date as a
work of reference may hope to be. Mr. W. Palmer is
the editor of this very useful book.
" The Book of Divine Consolation of the Blessed
Angela of Foligno," translated by Miss Mary G.
Steegmann, and provided with an introduction by Mr.
Algar Thorold, is the latest addition to the " New
Mediaeval Library" of Messrs. Duffield & Co.
The volume called " Abraham Lincoln : Tributes from
His Associates," prepared under the auspices of " The
Independent " some years ago, and edited by Dr.
William Hayes Ward, is now republished by Messrs.
Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. in their " Astor Library of
Prose."
Volume III. of the new and superbly illustrated edi-
tion of Crowe and Cavalcaselle's " History of Painting
in Italy " is now published by Messrs. Charles Scribner's
Sons. It is devoted to the schools of Siena, Umbria,
and North Italy. The reediting has been done by Mr.
Langton Douglas.
Issued as Volume II. of the " Viking Club Trans-
lation Series," we have " The Elder or Poetic Edda," in
a translation by Miss Olive Bray, with illustrations by
Mr. W. G. Collingwood. This volume includes the
mythological poems only, and each page of the trans-
lation faces one upon which the original text is printed.
There is an elaborate introduction and commentary,
besides occasional footnotes.
« What We Know about Jesus," by Dr. Charles F.
Dole, is a small book sent us by the Open Court Pub-
lishing Co. It is a simple popular statement, of " posi-
tive, ethical, and constructive " intent, of the view which
modern investigation discloses of the personality of the
Founder of Christianity.
" Who 's Who " for 1909, published by the Macmillan
Co., is thicker than ever, filling nearly twenty-two
hundred pages. We would suggest the omission from
future editions of the American names, now so capri-
ciously selected, and so well provided for in the Amer-
ican work of similar scope.
Miss Alice B. Kroeger has prepared a new edition of
her " Guide to the Study and Use of Reference Books "
for the use of students and library assistants. The
work has been greatly enlarged and correspondingly
increased in usefulness. It is a publication of the
American Library Association.
"Old English Plate," by W. J. Cripps, published
thirty years ago, has been for that time a standard man-
ual for the collector, having gone through no less than
nine editions. An abbreviation of the work, entitled
" The Plate Collector's Guide," prepared by Mr. Percy
Macquoid, is now published by Messrs. Charles
Scribner's Sons.
" The Works in Prose and Verse of Charles and
Mary Lamb," edited by Mr. Thomas Hutchinson, fill
two volumes of the " Oxford Edition of Standard
Authors," published by Mr. Henry Frowde. To the
same series is also added " The Complete Poetical
Works of James Thomson," in one volume, edited by
Mr. J. Logic Robertson. This is a variorum edition,
for which students will be particularly thankful.
Mr. Whistler's famous " Ten O'clock " has been
reprinted by Mr. Ernest Dressel North, and issued
as a booklet, tastefully bound in paper covers of a
Whistlerian brown with the inevitable butterfly by way
of decoration. The reprint, which has the rare dis-
tinction of having been authorized by the author's liter-
ary executor, is the only separate edition of the lecture
now in print. The Pennell biography and the remin-
iscences of Mr. Bacher, — which unfortunately Miss
Philip did not authorize, — have revived interest in
Whistler's personality; and that personality never,
surely, had more final expression than in the crisp, auda-
cious phrases of this heretical gospel of art, which set
London agog and forever severed the friendship between
Whistler and Oscar Wilde.
Five volumes recently added to the " Belles Lettres
Series " of Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co. range over English
literature from the earliest to the latest period. Old
English is represented by the " Exodus " and the
" Daniel," edited by Professor Francis A. Blackburn.
The drama is represented by Professor Edgar C.
Morris's edition of " The Spanish Gipsie " and « All 's
Lost by Lust," by Middleton and Rowley, and by
Otway's " The Orphan " and " Venice Preserved," in
one volume edited by Professor Charles F. McClumpha.
The section of nineteenth-century poetry is now enlarged
by volumes of selections from Shelley and Arnold, the
former edited by Professor George E. Woodberry, and
the latter by Professor Edward E. Hale, Jr. We do
not understand why these two volumes should have
no portraits, or frontispiece illustrations of any sort.
Otherwise, they follow the general plan of their prede-
cessors in the series.
1909.]
THE DIAL
119
List of New^ Books.
[The following list, containing 104 titles, includes books
received by The Dial since its last issue.'\
BIOGRAPH'S' AND BEMINISCENCES.
Some Eminent Victorians : Personal Recollections in the
World of Art and Letters. By J. Corny ns Carr. Illus. in
photogravure, etc., 8vo, pp. 299. Charles Scribner's Sons.
$3.50 net.
Bartholomew de Las Casas : His Life, His Apostolate, and
His Writings. By Francis Augustus MacNutt. Illus. in
photogravure, 8vo, pp. 472. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3.50 net.
The Tragedies of the Medici. By Edgcumbe Staley. Illus.
in photogravure, etc., 8vo. pp. 297. Charles Scribner's Sons.
$3.50 net.
Stonewall Jackson. By Henry Alexander White, Ph.D. With
portrait, 12mo, pp. 378. " American Crisis Biographies."
George W. Jacobs & Co. $1.26 net.
Aubrey Beardsley. By Robert Ross. Illus., 12mo, pp. 112.
John Lane Co. $1.25 net.
Reminiscences of Abraham Liincoln. By distinguished men
of his time ; collected and edited by Allen Thorndike Rice.
Revised edition; with portrait, 12mo, pp. 428. Harper &
Brothers. $2. net.
The Death of lancoln : The Story of Booth's Plot, His Deed,
and the Penalty. By Clara E. Laughlin. Illus., 12mo, pp. 336.
Doubleday, Page & Co, $1.50 net.
Abraham Lincoln. By Brand Whitlock. With photogravure
portrait, 18mo. "Beacon Biographies." Small, Maynard
& Co. 50 cts. net.
An Astronomer's Wife : The Biography of Angeline Hall.
By Angelo Hall. With portrait, 12mo, pp. 129. Baltimore:
Nunn & Co. $1.
HISTORY.
The Ancient Greek Historians (Harvard Lectures). By
J. B. Bury, Litt.D., LL.D. 8vo, pp. 281. Macmillan Co.
$2.25 net.
New Hampshire as a Royal Province. By William Henry
Fry, Ph.D. 8vo, pp. 525. " Studies in History, Economics,
and Public Law" edited by the faculty of Political Science
of Columbia University. Longmans, Green, & Co. $3. net,
History of Contemporary Civilization. By Charles Seig-
nobos; translation edited by James Alton James, Ph.D.
12mo, pp. 464. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25 net.
DRAMA AND VERSE.
The Faith Healer ; A Play in Four Acts. By WUliam Vaughn
Moody. 12mo, pp. 160. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1. net.
Joseph and His Brethren : A Dramatic Poem. By Charles
Wells ; with Introduction by Algernon Charles Swinburne
and note on Rossetti and Wells by Theodore Watts-Dunton.
18mo, pp.230. "World's Classics." London : Henry Frowde
Our Benny. By Mary E. Waller. 12mo,pp. 102. Little, Brown!
& Co. $1. net.
Day Dreams of Greece. By Charles Wharton Stark. 16mo,
pp. 61. J. B. Lippincott Co. 75 cts. net.
FICTION.
Maurice Guest. By Henry Handel Richardson. l2mo, pp. 562.
Duffield&Co. $1.50.
One Immortality. By H.Fielding Hall. 12mo,pp.263. Mac-
millan Co. $1.50.
Comrades : A Story of Social Adventure in California. By
Thomas Dixon, Jr. Illus. in color, 12mo, pp. 320. Doubleday
Page & Co. $1.50.
The SpeU. By WUliam Dana Orcutt. Illus. in tint. 12mo
pp. 362. Harper & Brothers. $1.50.
The Explorer. By W. Somerset Maugham. With frontispiece
in color, 12mo, pp. 297. Baker & Taylor Co. $1.50.
The cumber. By E. F. Benson. With frontispiece in color
12mo, pp. 346. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.40 net.
The Bridge Builders. By Anna Chapin Ray. 12mo, pp. 407.
Little, Brown, & Co. $1.50.
By the Shores of Arcady. By Isabel Graham Eaton. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 325. Outing Publishing Co. $1.25.
But Still a Man. By Margaret L. Knapp. 12mo, pp. 376.
Little, Brown, & Co. $1.60.
The Magician. By W. Somerset Maugham. 12mo, pp. 310.
Duffield&Co. $1.60.
The Other Man's Wife. By Frank Richardson. With frontis-
piece in color. l2mo, pp. 392. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.50.
Priests of Progress : An Arraignment of Vivisection. By G.
Colmore. 12mo, pp. 384. B. W. Dodge & Co. $1.50.
The Silver Oleek. By John Campbell Haywood. Illus.. 12mo.
pp.236. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.
Lincoln's Love Story. By Eleanor Atkinson. Illus., 12mo.
pp. 60. Doubleday, Page & Co. 50 cts. net.
Lincoln and the Sleeping Sentinel : A True Story. By
L. E. Chittenden. With portraits, 16mo, pp. 54. Harper &
Brothers. 50 cts. net.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
With Rifle in Five Continents. By Paul Niedieck. Illus.,
8vo, pp. 426. Charles Scribner's Sons. $6. net.
France of the French. By Edward Harrison Baker. Illus.,
12rao, pp. 271. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50 net.
Greece : A Handbook for Travellers. By Karl Baedeker.
Fourth revised edition ; with maps and plans, 16mo. pp. 447.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.40 net.
Italy from the Alps to Naples : A Handbook for Travellers.
By Karl Baedeker. Second edition ; with maps, plans, and
sketches, 16mo, pp. 398. Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.40 net.
ART AND ARCHITECTURE.
The Acropolis of Athens. By Martin L. D'Ooge. Illus.,
8vo, pp. 405. Macmillan Co. $4. net.
A History of Painting in Italy from the Second to the Six-
teenth Century. By J. A. Crome and G. B. Cavalcaselle.
Vol. III., The Sienese. Umbrian. and North Italian Schools.
Illus. in photogravere, etc., 8vo, pp. 300. Charles Scribner's
Sons. $6. net.
The Plate Collector's Guide. Arranged from Cripps's " Old
English Plate." By Percy Macquoid. Illus., 8vo, pp. 199.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.25 net.
The Abbeys of Great Britain. By H. Claiborne Dixon. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 204. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50 net.
The History of Engraving from Its Inception to the Time of
Thomas Bewick. By Stanley Austin. Illus., 12mo, pp. 200.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50 net.
PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
Artificial Waterways and Commercial Development
(with a History of the Erie Canal). By A. Barton Hepburn.
12mo, pp. 111. Macmillan Co. $1. net.
The Banking and Currency Problem In the United
States. By Victor Morawetz. 12mo, pp. 119. North Amer-
ican Review Publishing Co. $1. net.
RELIGION AND THEOLOGY.
The Faith of a Modem Protestant. By Wilhelm Bousset;
trans, by F. B. Low. 12mo, pp. 119. Charles Scribner's Sons.
75 cts. net.
Some Aspects of Rabbinic Theology. By S. Schechter, M. A.
12mo, pp. 384. Macmillan Co. $2.26 net.
The Wisdom of Solomon. In the Revised Version, with
Introduction and notes by J. A. F. Gregg, M. A . 16mo, pp. 192.
"Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges." G. P. Putnam's
Sons. 90 cts. net.
The Sunday School Teacher's Manual. Edited by William
M. Groton. 8.T.D., and others. 12mo. pp. 391. George W.
Jacobs & Co. $1. net.
Sane Evangelism. By W. WIstar Hamilton. D.D. l2mo.
pp. 216. Griffith & Rowland Press. 76 cts. net.
Abraham Lincoln's Religion. By Madison C. Peters. 12mo.
pp. 70. Gorham Press. 75 cts.
Mioah. By Max L. Margolis, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 104. Philadel-
phia : Jewish Publication Society of America.
PHILOSOPHY.
The Life of the Spirit : An Introduction to Philosophy. By
Rudolph Eucken ; trans, by F. L. Pogson. 12mo, pp. 403.
"Crown Theological Library." G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$1.50 net.
The Philosophy of Self-Help. By Stanton Davis Kirkham.
12mo. pp. 272. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.26 net.
REFERENCE BOOKS.
Dictionary of the Bible. Edited by James Hastings, D.D.,
with the assistance of John A. Selbie, D.D., John C. Lambert,
D.D., and Shailer Mathews, D.D. Large 8vo, pp. 992. Charles
Scribner's Sons. $6. net.
A Standard Bible Dictionary. Edited by Melancthon W.
Jacobus, D.D., Edward E. Nourse, D.D., and Andrew C.
Zenos, D.D., in association with American, British, and
German scholars. With maps and illustrations, large 8vo,
pp. 920. Funk & Wagnalls Co. $6. net.
120
THE DIAL
[Feb. 16,
Hazell's Annual for 1909: A Cyclopaedic Record of Men
and Affairs lor Use in 1909. Revised to November 30, 1908 ;
editedbyW. Palmer, B.A. 12mo, pp. 624. Charles Scribner's
Sons. $1.50 net.
United States KEagrnetic Tables and Hagrnetic Charts
for 1905. By G. A. Bauer. 4to, pp. 154. Washington:
Government Printing Office.
BOOKS FOB THE YOUNG.
The Bishop and the Boogrerman. By Joel Chandler Harris ;
illus. by Charlotte Harding. 12mo, pp. 184. Doubleday,
Page & Co. $1. net.
The Life of Abraham Lincoln for Boys and Girls. By Charles
W. Moores. Illus., 12mo, pp. 132. Houghton Mifflin Co.
60 cts. net.
EDUCATION.
The Rhetoric of Oratory. By Edwin Du Bois Shurter. 12mo.
pp. 305. Macmillan Co. $1.10 net.
Applied Mechanics for Engrineers : A Text-Book for Engi-
neering Students. By E. L. Hancock. 12mo, pp. 386. Mac-
millan Co. $2. net.
Chimes of Childhood : Singable Songs for Singing Children.
Words by Annie Willis McCullough ; music by Ida Maude
Titus. 8vo, pp. 48. Oliver Ditson Co. |1.
Choruses and Fart Songs for High Schools. By Edward
Bailey Birge. 4to, pp. 183. American Book Co. 85 cts.
Lectures et Conversations. Par Dubois et De Geer. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 151. New York : William R. Jenkins Co. 76 cts. net.
Control of Body and Hind. By Frances Gulick Jewett.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 267. Ginn & Co. 50 cts. net.
Songs Every One Should Know ; Two Hundred Favorite
Songs for School and Home. Edited by Clifton Johnson.
8vo, pp. 208. American Book Co. 50 cts. net.
y van Gall : Le Pupille de la Marine. Par Gabriel Compayr^ ;
edited by O. B. Super. 16mo, pp. 201. Henry Holt &, Co.
36 eta. net.
Der Bibliothehar. By Gustav von Moser. Edited by Hollon
A. Farr, Ph.D. 16mo, pp. 176. Henry Holt & Co. 40 cts.
Ultimo. By Gustav von Moser. Edited by Charles Langley
Crow. M.A. 16mo, pp. 213, Henry Holt & Co. 35 cts.
Lotti, Die Uhrmaoherin. By Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach.
Edited by George Henry Weedier. 12mo, pp. 162. Henry
Holt & Co. 35 cts.
The Vision of Sir Launf al. By James Russell Lowell ; edited
by Julian W. Abernethy. With portrait, 16mo, pp. 172,
New York ; Charles E. Merrill Co. 25 cts.
French Word-Lists. By B. Frank Carter. 12mo, pp. 74.
Henry Holt & Co. 25 cts. net.
Select English Classics. Edited by A. T. Quiller-Couch.
Comprising: Thomas Hood, Wordsworth, Robin Hood,
Milton, Boswell's Johnson, Lamb, Walpole's Letters, Napier,
Goldsmith, Robert Browning, Defoe, Tennyson, Matthew
Arnold, Early Lyrics, Blake, Bunyan, Crabbe, Shakespeare's
Songs and Sonnets, Izaak Walton, Marvell, Shelley, Hazlitt
Everyman, Coleridge, Marlowe, Cowper, Keats. 16mo. Oxford
University Press. Each, paper, 10 cts.
SIISCELLANEOUS.
Beverages, Past and Present : An Historical Sketch of Their
Production, Together with a Study of the Customs Con-
nected with Their Use, By Edward R. Emerson. In 2 vols.,
8vo, pp. 1077. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $6. net.
Aerial Warfare. By R. P. Hearne, with Introduction by Sir
Hiram Maxim. Illus., 8vo, pp.237. John Lane Co. $2.50 net.
Gardens Fast and Present. By K. L. Davidson. Illus. in
color, etc., 12mo, pp. 232. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50 net.
Utopian Papers: Being Addresses to "The Utopians." By
Professor Patrick Geddes, S. H. Swinny, Dr. J. W. Slaughter,
V. V. Branford, Dr. Lionel Tayler, Sister Nivedita, F. W.
Felkin, and Rev. Joseph Wood ; edited by Dorothea Hollins.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 208. London : Masters & Co.
The Book of the Divine Consolation of the Blessed
Angela of Foligno. Trans, from the Italian by Mary G.
Steegmann, with Introduction by Algar Thorold. Illus. in
photogravure, etc., 16mo, pp. 265. " New Mediaeval Library."
Duffield&Co. $2. net.
The Two Travelers : A Book of Fables. By Carlota Monte-
negro. 12mo, pp. 124. Poet Lore Co. $1.25.
When the Wildwood Was in Flower. By G. Smith Stanton.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 130. New York : J. S. Ogilvie Publishing Co.
$l.net.
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THE DIAL
121
The Home
Poetry Book
We have all been
wanting so
Irinrr .^^^^ Edited by
WJVV^,^^^^ FRANCIS F. BROWNE
Editor "Poems of the Civil War,"
"Laurel Crowned Verse," etc. Author
"Everyday Life of Lincoln," etc., etc.
"GOLDEN POEMS" contains more of everyone's
favorites than any other collection at apopU'
lar price, and has besides the very best of the
many fine poems that have been written in
the last few years.
Other collections may contain more poems of owe
kind or more by one author.
"GOLDEN POEMS" (by British and American
Authors) has 550 selections from 300 writers,
covering the whole range of English literature.
"Golden Poems'
"GOLDEN POEMS " is a fireside volume for the
thousands of families who love poetry. It is
meant for those who cannot afford all the col-
lected works of their favorite poets— it offers
the poems they like best, all in one volume.
The selections in " GOLDEN POEMS " are classi-
fied according to their subjects : By the Fire-
side; Nature's Voices; Dreams and Fancies;
Friendship and Sympathy; Love; Liberty and
Patriotism; Battle Echoes; Humor; Pathos and
Sorrow; The Better Life; Scattered Leaves.
" GOLDEN POEMS," with its wide appeal, at-
tractively printed and beautifully bound,
makes an especially appropriate Christmas
gift.
In two styles binding, ornamental cloth and flex-
ible leather. Of booksellers, or the publishers,
A. C. McCLURG & CO., CHICAGO.
Price, fx.SO-
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STUDY and PRACTICE of FRENCH in Four Parts
L. C. BoNAMB, Author and Publisher, 1930 Chestnut St., Philadelphia.
Well-graded series for Preparatory Schools and Colleges. No time
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THE DIAL
[Feb. 16,
Indispensable Books for Every Library
at Less than One-third Published Price
TJAVING secured the entire remaining stock of the original
-■- -^ "Muses' Library," published by Charles Scribner's Sons
in conjunction with Lawrence & Bullen of London, we are
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POEMS OF HENRY VAUGHAN
Edited by E. K. Chambers, with
an Introduction by H. C.
Beeching.
Two volumes.
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POEMS OF JOHN KEATS
Edited by G. Thorn Drury, with
an Introduction by Robert
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" What was deepest in the mind of Keats was the love of loveliness for
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POEMS OF THOMAS CAMPION
Edited by A. H. Bullen.
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124 THE DIAL. [Feb. 16, 1909.
Four New Books of Travel and Observation
Another " New World " is to be reckoned with. Some of the oldest races are putting on
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South America is tbe theatre where the Latin race may for the extension of trade in South America, and points
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is not only good literature, but performs a distinct service The story of Bolivar'sdesperatefight for freedom, when even
to all whose interests in our southern neighbors has been the terror of earthquake seemed set loose to aid the tyranny
but poorly served by their knowledge. Its table of dis- of Church and State, is of special interest. Mr. Osborn
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The World United : "■" '""'""" ^"""W^^'^Sr' '" """"'• ""'
By JOHN GEORGE LEIGH Beady April
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The inscription on the seal of the Panama Canal Zone the powers to arrange for permanent neutrality of the zone.
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f £^^4-^4*0 T?4t/^«Y« /'^Ki«-»rt With Particular Reference to the Empress Dowager
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T'* T7 • c .1 Tl . Japan as It Was, Is, and Will Be
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Mr. Montgomery takes Japan seriously. But his con- Spencer'sPhilosophy,Huxley'sE8says, and, a large section
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126
THE DIAL)
.[March 1, 1909.
A WORK OF UNUSUAL IMPORTANCE TO BE
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Entered as Second-Claas Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Of&ce
at Chicago, Illinois, nnder Act of March 3, 1879.
No. 545.
MARCH 1, 1909.
Vol. XLVI.
Contents.
PAGE
A FAR EASTERN EXAMPLE 127
CREATION AND CRITICISM. Charles Leonard
Moore 129
CASUAL COMMENT 130
The readable quality of book lovers' books. — An
English conception of American culture. — The
linguistic conquests of English. — The fisherman's
solace at sea. — Organization for the spread of
culture. — The born story-teller. — A purveyor of
useful knowledge. — The pride of bureaucracy. —
The parcels post and the public library. — A nation
without an eneyclopajdia. — The Newberry libra-
ry's new librarian.
COMMUNICATION 133
St. Louis during the Civil War. Galusha Anderson.
SOME CELEBRATED CHARACTERS OF THE
LAST CENTURY. Percy F. Bicknell . . .134
AMERICAN HISTORY IN AMERICAN POETRY.
Isaac R. Pennypacker 135
COURTS, CONGRESS, AND EXECUTIVE. James
Wil/ord Garner 138
THE NORTHWESTERN EMPIRE OF THE FUR
TRADER. Lawrence J. Burpee 139
A POET'S STUDY OF A POET. W. E. Simonds . 141
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 142
A sane manual of hygiene. — Counsels on peace
and happiness. — A volume of pleasant nonsense. —
Problems of age, growth, and decay. — Art history
of Christian Rome. — Folk-tales and legends of
old Japan. — For the amateur print collector. —
New England leaders in thought and action. —
Annals of a famous theatre.
BRIEFER MENTION 146
NOTES 145
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS .... 147
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 148
A FAR EASTERN EXAMPLE.
We may sometimes get the best instruction
in our own concerns by going far afield, and
there is a lesson even for American schools in
the candid revelations of the writer who, in
the last " Contemporary Review," describes the
results of his efforts to teach English literature
to East Indian students. The Indian Educa-
tional Service prescribes (how dear is prescrip-
tion to the managerial heart!) certain English
classics for use in the instruction of ingenuous
Mussulman and Hindu youth. " Paradise Lost,"
the odes of Keats and Shelley, " The Vanity of
Himian Wishes," Macaulay's essay on Warren
Hastings, and the " Breakfast Table " books of
Dr. Holmes, are examples of the strangely-
assorted provender thus provided. The sort of
mental indigestion caused by this pabulum is
amusingly illustrated by our writer, who entered
upon his task with much enthusiasm, determined
"to demolish what is artificial and affected in
literature, and reverently to discover and enshrine
what is spontaneous and true." But East is
East and West is West, as has been remarked
before, and our ambitious teacher was not long
in rediscovering the fact for himself.
He had been at his post only a few days when
one of his students made an unconsciously happy
emendation of Milton :
" Hail, horrors! hail
Infernal World! And thou, profoundest Hell
Receive thy new Professor."
A few days later, the " new professor" received
some insight into the nature of his task when at
work with a class upon " The Vanity of Human
Wishes." In a misguided moment he ventured
a quotation from " Adonais " for the purpose of
effective contrast :
" He has outsoared the shadow of our night ;
Envy and calumny and hate and pain.
And that unrest which men miscall delight.
Shall touch him not, and torture not again."
Then he questioned the class concerning the dif-
ference in style and treatment. " What would
you say was the characteristic of this kind of
poetry ? " " Bombasticity," said one ; " humor,"
said another. " Good heavens ! Where?" Was
the amazed query of the teacher. " In ' that
unrest which men miscall delight.' The humor
depends on incongruity." Whereupon the
128
THE DIAL
[March 1,
teacher wrote to the authorities, asking them
to spare Shelley and Keats. " Let us be sacri-
ficers, but not butchers." This appeal resulted
in a prescription of more Keats (on the theory,
evidently, that the boys must be made to under-
stand it) including the two great odes. Here
is a specimen result :
" Away ! away ! for I will fly to thee
Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards,
But on the viewless wings of Poesy," —
suffered paraphrase as follows :
" Fly away and I will dog thy steps, but I will not
come to thee by taking seat in the carriage of God of
Wine and Leopard. I will accompany you in flying by
reciting and writing poems."
All this seems painfully familiar to us, not
merely as an illustration of baboo English, which
has amused us many a time and oft, but chiefly
as a far-off reflection of the experience of all
teachers here in our own native land. It is the
same sort of thing as the classical example
recorded by Matthew Arnold when he told us
of the English child who gave " Can you not
wait upon the lunatic ? " as embodying his notion
of what Shakespeare meant by the question,
" Canst thou not minister to a mind diseased ? "
And the explanation, whether offered for India,
or England, or America, is the same simple one.
If a child be confronted with literature that is
absolutely beyond his powers of comprehension,
and asked to express his opinion, he will make
just such a mess of his ideas. Yet we persevere
in our fatuous attempt to make school children
appreciate the things which we think they ought
to appreciate, and then hold up our hands in
horror at the natural consequences. It is a
hypocritical horror, for we get just what we have
every reason to expect, and we shall continue to
get it until we learn the simple lesson that liter-
ature is not to be taught as we teach algebra,
and physics, and syntax, and geography ; is not,
in fact, to be " taught " at all in the accepted
sense of the word, but rather " imparted " or
" inculcated " by the contagion of a child's sym-
pathy, and the free response of his nature to a
guidance so gentle that he does not feel it to be
either coercion or restraint.
The "English" course (we had almost writ-
ten " curse ") which has come during the past
quarter-century to have so tenacious a grip upon
our school machinery demonstrates its own
ineffectiveness year after year, but its talons are
not relaxed. Let us rather have more and more
of it is the cry, and perhaps we shall begin to
get results worth mentioning. It is as if physi-
cians should urge that, since average children
are predisposed to certain ailments at certain
ages, they should all be dosed alike with certain
standard drugs, and then, finding the degree of
ailment not perceptibly diminished, that physi-
cians should recommend a doubling of the bolus
or a stiffening of the black draught. Of course,
no physician of the body could be guilty of this
absurdity of treating his patients en bloc, but
our physicians of the developing soul are practis-
ing this method all the time. It is a matter in
which individual idiosyncrasy counts for every-
thing, and yet the individual is almost wholly
ignored. The humane and intelligent teacher
can do something to mitigate the evils of a pre-
scribed literary discipline, but the system rests
upon him like a dead weight, and the best that
he is able to accomplish seems trifling in com-
parison with what he knows that he might accom-
plish were he given a free hand.
The two ideals are as unlike as night and day.
The irrational ideal gives the teacher a class and
a list of texts and bids him administer the one
to the other. The rational ideal gives the teacher
a roving commission to explore the minds of his
individual students, to use his own means of
lighting up the dark places, and to experiment,
by selecting from the whole range of literature,
until he discovers what will prove most richly
nutritive in each given instance. Reverting to
our earlier metaphor, he has the whole pharma-
copseia at his disposal, instead of being restricted
to the use of a few standardized preparations,
and he may engage freely in diagnosis, because
he knows himself free to provide the proper
treatment for each individual case.
We do not hesitate to say that a very large
part of the instruction in English now given in
our schools is sheer waste of time and energy.
It fails to create an intelligent comprehension
of literary art or a feeling for its beauty and
emotional significance. The facts of literature
— its history and its mechanics — may be drilled
into the mind by ordinary methods of teaching,
but the spirit that gives them life is to be trans-
mitted only by some subtler process, not capable
of formvdation by any sort of pedagogy. As
long as the teaching of literature is carried on
in accordance with the rules of the system, by
means of imposed texts and class-exercises and
periodical examinations, it is certain to fail of
its real purpose. Better no instruction at aU
than instruction of the systematic kind which
may accomplish admirable results in science,
but which is worse than useless in aesthetics and
ethics. If it be urged that the sort of literary
guidance which we assert to be alone effective
1909.]
THE DIAL
129
cannot be fitted into our programmes, or made
to square with our administrative rules, we can
only say that both programmes and rules must
be disregarded if we wish to keep literature in
our education at all as a vital subject. A great
deal of pedagogical inertia will have to be over-
come before this principle shall win practical
acceptance, but the goal is worth striving for,
and its ultimate attainment is beyond question.
CREATION AND CRITICISM.
I am far from believing that literature is only a
criticism of life. Creation and criticism are as
much opposed as synthesis and analysis — the put-
ting together and the taking apart. Indeed, they
are further removed ; for the putting together im-
plies a conscious act, whereas the greatest effects in
literature are given to the artist. After his work
in assembling his materials and placing them in a
mould is done, it requires the fusing fire of inspira-
tion to weld them together and make them into a
new whole.
But it is doubtful whether anything is given to
the artist who does not strive — whether the light-
ning flash will descend upon any altar which is not
heaped with combustibles. Observation, study, con-
scious judgments, the acceptance or rejection of this
or that quality or material, all these operations are
necessary to the construction of a work of art, and
they are all critical operations. It follows that a
good literary artist must be a good critic.
The part which the naive, the unconscious, the
untrained faculties of man play in the production of
literature was over-insisted upon in the criticism of
the last century. It was held then that literature
was the spontaneous speech of man ; that the folk-
lores, mythologies, ballad poetry, and early epics were
the work of natural geniuses. The great existing
epics of the world were divided into two classes, the
naive and the artificial. As far as they are con-
cerned, this position is abandoned to-day. It is
seen that as much thought and conscious art must
have gone to the making of the "Iliad" as of
" Paradise Lost." But still, as regards the slighter
form of literature, the old idea of spontaneous crea-
tion lingers. " These books were not made by fools,
or for the use of fools," said Thomas Moore of the
early Irish legends and poems. The beginnings of
most literatures are lost in mist, so that we cannot
tell how they arose or what manner of men pro-
duced them. But the Irish and Welsh bardic sys-
tems are revealed to us in something more than
glimpses, and we can see that they were keenly
critical and entirely conscious attempts to produce
literature. Nothing in our modern world is like
the consecration, the training, the control which these
systems suggest — unless it may be De Maupassant's
apprenticeship to Flaubert. The Celtic bards be-
lieved that inspiration was a result, not a cause ;
and their works prove that they were largely right.
From the example of their schools it may fairly be
argued that something of the same sort existed in
the early life of most nations. For it is another
mistake to suppose that the first poets of any race
are the best. On the contrary, it takes a long time
for the language, the ideals, the very life of a people,
to be got into shape fit for literature.
Leaving races and coming down to individuals,
there are two main ways in which a writer begins
artistic creation. One is the way of imitation :
something in the literature of the past pleases him,
stimulates him, and he tries to copy it. The other
is the way of revolt : the work that is being done
around him disgusts him, — he says, "That is not
true, that is not life or beauty as I see them," and
he strikes out a method of his own. The imitative
incentive accounts for the long reigns of certain
types or forms or styles in literature. The rebellious
motive explains the sudden changes, reversions, or
originations which every now and then sweep over
literature. Some writer or group of writers revolts
against the rule that seemed good to their fathers,
and, drawing a third part of the kingdom of litera-
ture after them, set up a new government, which in
turn becomes conventional or despotic. It is obvious
that the literature of appreciation and the literature
of rebellion alike have their beginning in a critical
attitude.
The reason that the critical movements in the
past — the ebb and flow of opinion — are not so
apparent as they are in modern times, is that there
was then little market for criticism as such. Authors
published their main works, but all their preparatory
studies and sketches were destroyed. Their private
opinions about life and art, their shop-talk among
themselves, their letters, were all criticism, and all
aided in making their works what they are ; but
whereas now all this is largely caught and preserved
and published, in olden times it only lived as the
rain and sunlight of the past live in the corn and
wine they mature. Imagine a Boswell or an Ecker-
mann for Shakespeare ! Two-thirds of modern
criticism would have been superfluous.
Shakespeare began with the imitative mood, —
if, as I believe is probable, " Titus Andronicus " and
"The Two Gentlemen of Verona" are his earliest
works ; but in " Love's Labour Lost " he sets up the
banner of critical revolt. Throughout this piece he
is making fun of the existing styles in dramatic poe-
try ; and Marlowe, Greene, Lyly, the objects of his
previous admiration, come in for unsparing satire.
After this he became so various and universal in the
excellencies he aimed at and reached, that it is diffi-
cult to follow the critical trend of his mind — to
decide whether he is idealist or realist, conscious
stylist or naive producer of poetry.
Ben Jonson was a determined critic, and his plays
are built up with rigid regard to rule and authority ;
but criticism as a trade was hardly born in English
literature until Dryden's time. His prefaces, which
130
THE DIAL
[March 1,
Swift declared were " writ to fill in, and raise the
volume's price a shilling," are admirable in the
quality they profess, and they show that he " learned
by teaching."
The eighteenth century in England has been called
a critical age; but I think it is just the reverse.
Dominated by two great writers, Dryden and Pope,
yet not quite satisfied with them, it was afraid to
trust itself to new or original forms of thought in
literature, and it vacillated between servile copying
of its master's work and feeble attempts at some-
thing different. It was a choppy sea with no g^eat
ground-swell on. Not until the Romantic revival
came in sight, with its forerunners in Collins, Gray,
Chatterton, and Blake, and its culminating kings,
in Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Byron, was there a
real critical movement.
There can be no question that this movement was
a conscious one. Wordsworth and Coleridge did
not do their work out of impulse and feeling ; they
were intellectually alive to the change they desired to
bring about : Wordsworth's first poems are Popeian
in form, and Coleridge's early pieces are mainly
mild imitations of Gray and Collins. But they
came together, and the flint and steel were struck to
light a blaze of revolution. As is the case of most
reformers, they were partly uncertain in their
principles and partly demonstrably wrong. Late in
life, Wordsworth declared that he never thought
very much of his famous preface to the " Lyrical
Ballads," and that he wrote only it to please Cole-
ridge ; but at the time it was doubtless real and
earnest enough to him.
It is not worth while to go through the histories
of the other great movements in modern literature —
the German revolt against French models captained
by Lessing and Herder and Goethe, the revolt of the
French themselves under Hugo and Dumas against
their own classical literature, the advent of the real-
ists, and so on. My point simply is that creation in
the main is born of criticism — that artists generally
know what they are doing, be their deeds ever so
mistaken ; and also that practically all writers, even
though not swept away in any great movement,
begin and continue their work in a critical attitude ;
that each one has his compass and chronometer, and
takes his bearings from day to day instead of drift-
ing idly about on the ocean of art.
It is an old jest that the critic is the man who
has failed in creation. Well, then, three-fourths of
our greatest moderns must have failed, for at least
that proportion have left vast outpourings of criti-
cism, either in the form of recorded conversations,
letters, or formal treatises. Lessing is equally great
in critical and creative work, and one might almost
dare to say the same of Goethe. Wagner's critical
works are a huge reservoir of good, bad, and in-
different opinions. Hugo's deliverances are com-
paratively few in number, but they make up in
intensity what they lack in extent. Coleridge and
Arnold, the two greatest English critics, are unset-
ting stars in our poetic field. The letters of Byron
and Keats are full of glittering nuggets of criticism,
and there are a good many in those of Tennyson.
In America, Emerson, Lowell, Poe, and a score of
others are Janus-faced and have their outlook equally
on the peace of poetry and the war of criticism.
Among the best of modern men I can recall only
one, Dickens, who seems to have written no criti-
cism ; and only one absolutely great critic, Hazlitt,
who did nothing that can be called creative work.
Criticism would therefore seem to be almost a
necessity to the creative artist. The Greeks sur-
rounded their pregnant women with beautiful statues
and pictures ; and the preoccupation with the divine,
noble, or terrible forms and thoughts of past litera-
ture should and undoubtedly does aid in the shaping
of new works. But when all that criticism can do
for an artist is wrought, there yet remains something
that he nmst hope and pray for — the daemoniac, the
inspirational element in art, from which comes its
intoxicating, its enchanting spell. By this the man
is lifted to converse with the gods, and he comes
back with his face aglow and their language upon
his lips. No amount of critical study or preparation
can guarantee to him this translation of soul. But
he can keep himself ready for it, and that is the
chief object of criticism.
Charles Leonard Moore.
CASUAL COMMENT.
The readable quality of book-lovers' books,
of publications issued by or for associations of biblio-
philes, is sometimes conspicuously absent. In a
recent address on " The Functions of the Book
Club," delivered before the Rowfant Club of Cleve-
land, Mr. Henry H. Harper, treasurer of the
Bibliophile Society of Boston, caused his hearers to
sit up and pay attention by asking the startling but
pertinent question : " Why do book clubs insist on
bringing forth books that are the least readable ? "
Most book-lovers, as he remarked, are collectors to
a greater or less degree ; but many collectors who
hoard books in considerable numbers are not book-
lovers in the true sense. In considering the issue,
by book clubs, of a particular sort of unfascinating
literature, he said : " For my part, however, the
bibliographies will be reserved till the last [in read-
ing my own collection of books], with the fond hope
that I shall never reach them." This by way of
introduction, on our part, to a brief mention of the
second volume of the " Proceedings and Papers " of
the Bibliographical Society of America, beautifully
printed on soft creamy papei*, wide-margined and
rough-edged, bound in flexible boards with paper
label — could any exterior and material qualities be
more irresistibly attractive to bibliophiles and biblio-
maniacs ? But is there a single one of the tribe who
would not consider it a hardship to be forced to read
the volume? Someone may answer that it is not
meant to be read — only consulted. True enough.
1909.]
THE DIAL
131
and well that it is so. The curious consultant will
find, among other out-of-the-way hits of information,
the intelligence that if he is interested in the study
of heredity in pigeons the Concilium Bibliograph-
icum can furnish him with a list of all extant works
on the subject. On the whole, these Proceedings
and Papers are wonderfully scholarly, and are
packed with information which it would be difficult,
if not impossible, to find elsewhere.
• • •
An English conception of American culture,
not much nearer the truth than many another trans-
atlantic notion concerning things on this side the
water, arrests the eye in the dignified pages of that
old and authoritative literary review, " The Athe-
naeum." Our great reading public, it seems, is
nearly a century behind that of England in its tastes,
but is making strenuous endeavors to catch up.
" Naturally," says our critic, speaking of these
readers, "they have as yet little delicacy or depth
of taste : they are out in search of general informa-
tion, and what they really appreciate in literature
is its instructive qualities. A literary critic who
intends to inform the minds of a public of this order
must naturally refrain from writing for amateurs of
the finer delicacies of literature, in the manner of
Hazlitt, Lamb, Arnold, or Pater." And who is the
literary critic that is conceived of as refraining from
the finer delicacies in order to suit the vulgar taste ?
It is none other than the author of the " Shelburne
Essays " and the literary editor of " The Nation," —
Mr. Paul Elmer More ! Mr. More, it is true, has
some of the good old-fashioned tastes and something
of the weighty and erudite manner of the early Edin-
burgh reviewers, as his English critic affirms, in a
two-column notice of the Shelburne volumes. But
there are worse crimes than industry and learning in
literary criticism, and one of them is harshness and
lack of sympathy. The article (the " hurticle " one
might well call it, borrowing Thackeray's term)
winds up with a good sharp sting in its tail : " They
[those for whom Mr. More is supposed to write] are
ineffectual dilettanti in the making, and Mr. More,
instead of purifying, enlarging, and training their
taste, reflects it." If there are certain traits of
readers that date back to " 1820 or thereabouts,"
there is also a certain manner of book-reviewing that
can claim a like antiquity.
• • •
The linguistic conquests of English, as a
medium of communication, are great and ever-
increasing. Dr. Alexander Wilder, writing in advo-
cacy (whether well or ill advised) of simplified
spelling, notes the spread of our language all over
the globe as an unprecedented development in the
history of human speech. "By colonization and
commercial intercourse," he says, " the English lan-
guage already holds the lead in the civilized world.
Great Britain, Canada, the United States, South
Africa, Australia, and New Zealand are all peopled
by English-speaking population. It is not necessary
to enumerate other regions where also it has a firm
foothold. Enough that where it has penetrated,
there it has come to stay. It is the language most
used in commercial transactions, and by the electric
telegraph. With all its faults thick upon it, these
agencies are operated to best purpose with its use."
One cogent reason, ordinarily overlooked, why En-
glish has become all but a world-language, at the
expense of French, German, and other candidates
for this proud preeminence, may be found in the
British disinclination to chatter in alien tongues.
The Russian, the Dutchman, the German, and even
the haughty Spaniard, have a more polyglot pliability
than the sturdy Briton, who persists in acting on the
assumption that good Anglo-Saxon, repeated with
emphasis if necessary, as one reiterates in louder
tones to a deaf person or an inattentive child, will
make his meaning clear to any foreigner he may
encounter in his continental tours. Thus, since John
Bull will not come to the foreigner in the latter's
tongue, the foreigner is forced to go to John Bull
in the language that has now become more or less
famUiar to so large a fraction of mankind.
The fisherman's solace at sea, when there is
" nothing doing " in his field of business, is a good
story-book ; or, at any rate, thus we are assured by
Mr. Charles F. Karnopp, who is soon to be stationed
at St. John's, Newfoundland, in charge of the
Seamen's Institute which it is proposed to build in
connection with Dr. Grenf ell's work in Labrador. It
appears that eighty-five thousand fishermen and
other toilers of the sea enter the port of St. John's
every year, and they have a consuming appetite for
reading matter of a light and entertaining sort, such
as old magazines with plenty of good stories. Mr.
Karnopp writes : " Especially during the months of
September, October and November, hundreds and
thousands of men are in the harbor where these
magazines might be distributed with a great deal of
appreciation on the part of the fishermen ; and again
during the months of April and May, when they
prepare for the Labrador fisheries, we could use
thousands of magazines ; for oftentimes these vessels
go down the coast with practically no reading matter
at all." Evidently here is work cut out for the
marine department of the travelling library indus-
try ; but individual readers of this appeal will do a
charitable deed by sending any suitable magazines
they may be willing to part with to Mr. Karnopp at
the rooms of the Grenf ell Association, 156 Fifth
Avenue, New York. . . .
Organization for the spread of culture is
often necessary and commendable. Public-school
education requires machinery and method. No creed,
however spiritual, secures converts without conde-
scending somewhat to the necessity of material
instruments. Public libraries do not grow and
flourish with the spontaneity of dandelions in spring.
California, energetic and progressive, even if not
always most wisely directing her energies, is debat-
132
THE DIAL
[March 1,
ing the establishment of county libraries to bring into
harmonious cooperation all the public libraries of
each county, while the county libraries themselves
will look to the State Library as their head, and the
State Librarian will find himself in a position of
greatly increased importance and dignity and useful-
ness in the general administration and supervision
of the library interests of the entire commonwealth.
By such completeness of organization, with the hoped-
for aid of a special parcels post for rural book-
delivery, it is expected that public-library privileges,
in some form or other, will be extended to the remot-
est dweller on ranch or fruit-farm. The beauty of
this scheme is very appealing. Other States —
Maryland, Ohio, Oregon — have already accom-
plished something in the way of county action of
this sort ; but nowhere has so elaborate a plan been
so seriously and hopefully discussed as in California.
Legislative action of an enlightened kind is now
awaited. Of cotirse there are manifest dangers in
any such centralized system of library control as that
proposed ; but with a state librarian of talent, if not
genius, for the task before him, what beneficial results
may we not expect to witness ?
• • •
The born story-teller (for such there are, as
well as born poets) will smile at the notion of teach-
ing the art of writing novels. In a late number of
" The University Monthly," of Toronto University,
Mr. Anthony Hope Hawkins discusses the question,
partly in reply to a newspaper assertion that " there
are in more than one of the universities of the United
States classes for the teaching of writing novels and
stories." He does not call to mind any colleges or
other schools of higher education, except the omnis-
cient and (if we may coin the word) omni-didactic
correspondence schools, that offer novel-writing as
a part of the curriculum. Some of our larger uni-
versities do, indeed, give courses in the systematic
study of fiction as a department of literature, and
thus may effect something toward strengthening in
a few of their students a previously existing bent
toward novel-writing ; but to attempt to teach
romance would be much like trying to teach the
wind which way to blow. Mr. Hawkins well says
that " the idea of novel writing being turned into a
recognized occupation or profession, such as law or
engineering, is, to speak frankly, almost appalling ";
and that " he would be a cruel parent who deliber-
ately destined a plodding youth to live by the exer-
cise of a recalcitrant imagination, and his cruelty
would not be confined to his offspring; it might
reach the public." ...
A PURVEYOR OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE is a public
benefactor. How far the public library should spend
its energies in the purveying of useful knowledge,
in the form of lecture courses, special exhibitions,
special bulletins, and so on, is more or less vehe-
mently debated by tax-payers and others. Yet there
are far worse uses to which municipal funds have
been known to be put than the slaking of the thirst
for knowledge. The Springfield (Mass.) City Li-
brary is publishing a series of instructive notes on
local trees that will greatly aid readers in the per-
plexing task of naming correctly the many kinds of
trees met with in their walks — more perplexing in
this leafless season of the year than at other times.
" Descriptions of, or specimens from, such trees,"
we read in the current '' Bulletin " of the library,
" were so frequently brought to the museum [which
is closely allied with the library] by persons wishing
to know more about them, and so much interest was
shown, that, in the Bulletin for December, 1906, was
begfun a series of brief notes descriptive of some of
the more noticeable species." Only one subsequent
issue has failed to contain these notes, and back
numbers are furnished on request, as far as the
supply permits. The February issue devotes nearly
three pages to five varieties of the birch. It also
gives a list of thirty-two winter birds that are now
" exhibited by themselves " in and about the city.
• • •
The pride of bureaucracy, or a consuming
fondness for red tape, appears to have taken posses-
sion of the British Museum authorities. The reading-
room, as many of us have learned with interest from
recent London despatches and letters, has undergone
thorough repairs and refurbishings ; and now, it
seems, the readers are to be no less thoroughly over-
hauled. A late number of " The Athenaeum " con-
tains an indignant letter from an " editor and author "
who for thirty years has enjoyed the freedom of the
reading-room, and is now, for the first time in almost
a generation, unceremoniously halted at the door and
asked to produce the ticket which he obtained so long
ago that it is now quite worn to nothingness and thin
air. Of course he is as well known to all the attend-
ants as they are to one another ; but nevertheless
he must show his passport. He has written to the
superintendent, sarcastically recommending that if
tickets are to be shown at the door during the holder's
lifetime, they be made mre perenniiis — though he
did not express himself in these Horatian terms. To
this the high official has coldly and briefly replied
that if his correspondent wishes to obtain a new card
of admission he must apply in person and bring with
him the letter communicating this ultimatum. They
do these things differently, if not in France, at any
rate in America. ...
The parcels post and the public library
will before long, it is to be hoped, join hands in
promoting the cause of good literature. At several
meetings of the Country Life Commission, appointed
by President Roosevelt to make a study of rural
conditions and devise means of improving them, the
subject of a parcels post for rural deUvery routes
has been considered. The League of Library Com-
missions, representing a number of States, has
appointed a committee to urge the matter ; and this
committee, besides taking other action to hasten
1909.]
THE DIAL
138
the desired end, has petitioned the Country Life
Commission to include in its report a recommenda-
tion of the proposed postal service for the following
reasons : " Under existing conditions a wide dis-
tribution of books for home study in rural commu-
nities is made prohibitive through the existing high
rates of postage, many borrowers, who would pur-
sue courses of study, being unable to do so through
postal exactions. Through the establishment of a
parcels post the educational value of public libraries
and travelling libraries will be greatly increased, as
it will enable librarians to send individual volumes
to patrons on rural routes at less than half the present
cost, thus encouraging home study." The Commis-
sion is favorably inclined, and all persons interested
in the proposed measure are asked to use their influ-
ence toward its adoption.
■ • •
A NATION WITHOUT AN ENCYCLOPEDIA must be
nearly as rare, but perhaps not quite so happy, as a
nation without a history. Japan appears to have
reached her present advanced stage of civilization
unaided by any such compendium of all knowledge.
But the lack is now to be supplied — in fact, has
already been in part supplied by the recent publi-
cation of the first volume of '' The Japanese Ency-
clopaedia," with the imprint of the prominent
publishing-house of the Sansei-do. A garden party
of sixteen hundred guests at Count Okuma's Waseda
villa celebrated the event, and listened to a gratu-
latory address from the host. Dr. Inouye Tetsujiro,
one of the compilers, told how the great work had
been in preparation for nine years, at the hands of
two hundred and thirty-nine scholars, and that it
would be completed in seven volumes of about one
thousand pages each, embracing in all more than
one hundred thousand subjects. This epoch-making
publication — for such it surely is — ought to take
rank with the immense Chinese encyclopaedia re-
ferred to by us not long ago as one of the curiosities
of the British Museum.
• • •
The Newberry Library's new librarian, to
succeed Mr. John Vance Cheney, whose regretted
resignation will take effect in a few months, is Mr.
William N. C. Carlton, at present head of the Trinity
College library, Hartford, Conn. Mr. Carlton is the
son of an English army officer who moved to Boston
in 1882, and he had seen service in the Watkinson
Library of Reference, at Hartford, before taking up,
ten years ago, his work at Trinity, where he has
produced a finely organized and equipped library out
of a chaos of books. Current report represents him
as a pleasant person to deal with and a fine conver-
sationist, and also as having a reading acquaintance
with divers languages, especially those of Scandi-
navia, whose literature he has made the object of
special study. To be called to fill the chair occupied
first by a Poole, and then by a Cheney, is no mean
honor ; but Mr. Carlton is believed to have earned
the promotion.
COMMUNICA TION.
ST. LOUIS DURING THE CIVIL WAR.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
Your reviewer of my recently-published book, " The
Story of a Border City during the Civil War," declared
that while I am not bitter, I am so extremely partisan
that it is doubtful if I even knew that there was
another side than that of the unionists.
In writing the book it was my cherished purpose to
be non-partisan ; to relate fairly and truthfully just what
took place in St. Louis during the period of the war.
And no one, not even your reviewer, has shown that I
have distorted any of the facts of that memorable
struggle. Most of the reviewers of other journals have
• represented my book as being quite free from partisan-
ship. Whether it is or not must be left to the judgment
of those who may read it.
But as to my ignorance of the other side, permit me
to say that I have long been quite familiar with the
political parties and political opinions of leading men
both North and South, and with the different construc-
tions of the Federal Constitution. And if I had not
been, touching elbows as I did with the secessionists of
St. Louis during the entire period of the war, and hear-
ing over and over again their views from their own lips,
I must have been exceedingly didl if I failed to appre-
hend their position. I not only knew their side but I
have truthfully stated it in my book, especially in the
chapter on " The Boomerang Convention."
Your reviewer also states that I have represented the
Southern women as coarse. But I have nowhere said
that in my hook; that is his generalization, not mine.
In fact, the women of St. Louis during the war were
not divided into Northerners and Southerners, but into
unionists and secessionists. A large number of South-
em women were among the staunchest unionists. But
I have not characterized the secession women as coarse.
Many of them, especially at the beginning of the war,
were intensely bitter, and at times some of them, not
all, gave vehement expression to their feelings in words
and acts that were far from ladylike, not because they
were essentially coarse, but because they were in the
excitement of the moment unbalanced, and in a tem-
porary frenzy. In their calmer moments they must
have deprecated what they had said and done.
Tour reviewer also says that I have represented the
unionists as persecuted by the secessionists. This is
manifestly a mistake. No such thought ever entered
my head. To be sure, in 1861, some secessionists shot
down some unionists in the streets, and threatened the
lives of others; but we never regarded such conduct,
however dastardly and condenmable, as persecution. We
were engaged in a desperate fight, which threatened
the existence of our republic, and we were not so ignoble
as to regard any suffering on behalf of our country as
persecution.
It seemed to me to be only fair that, in a friendly
spirit, I should be permitted to take exception to these
declarations of your reviewer, — declarations so foreign
to my thought and, in my judgment, so misleading in
reference to the character and spirit of my book.
Galusha Anderson.
WaMngton, D. C, February 30, 1909.
184
THE DIAL
[March 1,
C^« S«to §00hs.
Some Celebrated Characters of
THE liAST Century.*
Expectation of good reading in a book of
reminiscences by the well-knowTi and variedly-
experienced magazine editor and art and dra-
matic critic, Mr. J. Comyns Carr, is not
disappointed. " Some Eminent Victorians,"
written at the close of the author's sixth decade,
is not only pleasantly and intimately reminiscent
of many celebrated men of the last century, but
also receives something of added weight and
value from the interspersed expressions of a ripe
judgment on divers questions of art, literature,
and the drama. A natural attachment to the
approved standards of an earlier day declares
itself in these carefully considered opinions.
Science, Mr. Carr admits, has made unexampled
progress in the last few decades ; but that art
in its later developments is necessarily more
excellent, he denies. He also questions the
exclusive right of the specialist to pass judgment
on matters of painting and sculpture, poetry
and drama and music. Wide-ranging in his
interests and activities, and catholic in his tastes,
he has small sympathy with passing fads and
short-lived enthusiasms.
His literary favorites are designated in his
opening chapter, where he tells us that under
the influence of Dr. Birkbeck Hill, to whom he
went to school, he acquired an early liking for
Johnson that has continued unabated through
life and is only equalled by his fondness for
Dickens. In terms of what might by the mali-
cious be construed as a doubtful compliment,
Mr. Carr writes that Boswell and Dickens are
among the books kept within reach of his bed,
and that to no other authors does he so con-
stantly turn when sleep is not easy to win. Early
in his course as journalist, he enjoyed the stim-
ulating companionship of the late J. Churton
Collins, of whom he says :
" Our little circle on the staff of the Globe was later
joined by Churton Collins, now the Professor of English
Literature at the University at Birmingham, then only
a boy fresh from Oxford, but a boy whose mind was
already stored with a knowledge of English literature
such as I suppose few men of his generation boast. His
prodigious memory both in prose and poetry I certainly
have never encountered in another; and through many
an evening, when he dined quietly with us in our rooms
in Great Russell Street, did we wonder and delight to
listen to him as he passed from author to author, not
• Some Eminent Victorians. Personal Recollections in the
World of Art and Letters. By J. Comyns Carr. Illustrated.
New York : Charles Scribner's Sons.
always reciting things of his own choice, but responding
with equal readiness to any call that might be made
upon him by others."
Mr. Carr's successive connection with not a
few of the leading London newspapers and
reviews, and his editorship of " The English
Illustrated Magazine " in its first years, made
him acquainted with the chief writers and artists
and actors of his time and country. More than
one amusing anecdote is recorded of the unfail-
ingly amusing Whistler, whose pride in his own
unpopularity and whose zestful practice of the
gentle art of making enemies are truly delightful
to contemplate. This side of his freakish nature
is thus touched upon by the observant writer :
" Combat was the delight of his life, and there was
no violence of assertion he did not love to employ if he
thought that by no other means could he encourage an
opponent into the dangerous arena of controversy. As
a matter of fact, I do not think he was ever quite happy
unless one of these pretty little quarrels was on hand,
and whenever he suspected that any particular dispute
in which he was engaged showed signs of waning, he
would, I thmk out of pure devilment, cast about to lay
the foundations of a new quarrel."
Traits and anecdotes of Tennyson, to whose
friendship Mr. Carr was admitted, furnish some
pages of agreeable reading. A well-known
characteristic of the poet and a suggestive
observation thereon are thus recorded :
" At our last meeting he openly expressed his vexa-
tion at an mifavorable article that had then recently
appeared. He questioned me closely as to what I
thought could have been the motive of the writer, who
for the rest was not of such a rank that his censure need
have disturbed the poet's equanimity. * What harm
have I ever done to him ? ' he exclaimed, in tones that
seemed to me at the time almost childlike in reproach.
But it is, as I have come to think, a sure hall-mark of
genius that its weakness is very often frankly avowed.
It is a part of that inward candour that makes for
greatness, the petty price that we have to pay for the
larger and nobler revelation. Lesser spirits can often
contrive to hide their littleness, but in the greatest it is
nearly always carelessly confessed."
The following comparison is worth quoting,
partly because it is the fruit of a personal expe-
rience that, in some diegree at least, many will
find to be the direct opposite of their own :
" At the time when I first met Tennyson, I think
Robert Browning had won my larger admiration. I
thought him the greater poet of the two — I no longer
think so now; and the very quaUties which so strongly
attracted me as a youth have since proved in themselves
t9 be the source of my altered judgment. It seems like
a paradox, but I believe it to be none the less true, that
it is the intellectual quality in verse that first most
strongly attracts the younger student of poetry. So at
least it was in my case. The complexity of thought,
even the obscurity of expression which marks so much
of Browning's work, had for me then the strongest
fascination. . . . And although the spell he then exer-
1909.]
THE DIAL
186
cised over my imagination still in some degree survives,
I find myself now asking of poetry less and less for any
ordered philosophy of life, and more and more for life
itself. ... In every art the last word is simplicity.
There is no phase of thought or feeling rightly admis-
sible into the domain of poetry that the might of genius
may not force to simple utterance. It is this which
constitutes the final triumph of all the greatest wizards
of our tongue, of Shakespeare as of Milton, of Words-
worth no less than of Keats. All of them found a way
to wed the subtlest music with the simplest speech,
striving with ever-increasing severity for that chastened
perfection of form which stands as the last and the
surest test of the presence of supreme poetic genius."
Browning, therefore, he in the end found want-
ing in "that faultless music which alone can
give to verse its final right of survival."
Actors and their idiosyncrasies yield matter
for many an interesting page in the book. On
one occasion, when W. E. Henley had delivered
himself of an adverse criticism on Irving's imper-
sonation of Macbeth, the actor, after patiently
biding his time, at last caught his opponent off
his guard and thus insinuated his rapier in the
other's vitals :
" ' I notice,' he said, speaking to Henley in that tone
of reverie which with him always concealed an immi-
nent blow, * that you do not approve of my conception
of Macbeth. Tell me now, for I should be interested to
hear it, how would you play Macbeth if you were called
upon to present the character on the stage ? What is
your conception? ' Henley was hardly prepared for such
an invitation, and as we sat in expectation of what he
would have to say, it was easy to perceive that the critic's
destructive method, which at that time was uppermost
in him, could not suddenly readjust itself to the task of
offering any coherent appreciation of the character which
Irving, according to his allegation, had misinterpreted."
The author's recollections of artist friends,
especially of Rossetti, Burne-Jones, Holman
Hunt, Millais,Leighton, and Frederick Walker,
are among the pleasantest in the book. The
history of English painting of that period is not
wanting in incident, and Mr. Carr, as a promi-
nent art critic of the time, is well equipped to
tell the story. Some rare and curious illustra-
tions are reproduced to heighten the interest —
among them two comical drawings by Burne-
Jones, executed in a style to suit the supposed
taste of the great British public. " But even
in these essays in the grotesque," comments his
friend, " and in the lighter and sometimes very
graceful fancies which he would illustrate so
easily and so rapidly for our amusement, or for
the delight of our children, there was always an
unfailing sense of composition and design."
There was a certain inevitable beauty in the
ordered arrangement of line that could not de-
sert him even when, as he often delighted to do,
he undertook to caricature his own style.
Mr. Carr enjoys the advantage of being able
to write, in a book like this latest of his, from
what might be called a composite standpoint.
Art, literature, the stage, and the realities of
many phases of life itself, contend in him for
supremacy of interest. In him, too, is to be
found that union of the journalist and the litte-
rateur now becoming every day more rare as our
newspapers confine themselves increasingly to
the sensational reporting of daily horrors and
other startling events. His long practice as
writer for such journals as the Manchester
" Guardian " and " The Saturday Review,"
"The Art Journal" and "The Portfolio,"
insures the quality of his work in the unfortu-
nately over-crowded domain of autobiography
and reminiscence. He writes with manifest
ease and rapidity, and such flaws as a critic
might detect in his pages are of a trivial nature.
The clear type, appropriate illustrations
throughout, and generally attractive appearance
of the volume are not to be dismissed without a
commendatory word. Percy F. Bicknell.
Americax History in American
POKTRY'^.*
From public and private records, letters, and
other contemporaneous evidence, the student
arrives at one conception of history; from the
writings of the general historians he often arrives
at another ; while from the poetry of a period,
inspired by public events, he can often see the
emotions of a people at play, and may come to an
understanding of the spirit which has produced
revolutions and wars such as is to be derived
from no other source. It is of the first import-
ance, therefore, that the compiler of a poetical
anthology so ambitious in scope as to cover
the whole period of American history should
have an accurate understanding of the different
influences which have come into play in the
development of the country, that his sectional
preferences and sympathies should be kept in
subordination so that no underlying preconcep-
tion or purpose shall be permitted to control or
direct his work, and that his view should be
as broad as the nation. A certain standard of
poetic excellence he must maintain, as a matter
of course ; but this being satisfied, he should use
his material as it comes to his hand, letting it
tell its own story, — not shaping it by inclusion
or exclusion so as to exalt one influence or
• Poems op American History. Edited by Burton E.
Stevenson. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co.
136
THE DIAL
[March 1,
undervalue another. To the extent that he
yields to the temptation to do this latter, to that
extent he fails in his task.
It was the yielding to such a temptation
which so largely destroyed the value of the late
Edmund Clarence Stedman's " American An-
thology." Stedman himself was already old and
ill ; but he seems to have permitted his assist-
ants to be carried away with two ideas which
had a basis, partly commercial and partly sen-
timental, the one idea being that as little as
possible should be included which was hostile
to England, and the other that there should be
excluded poetry which was hostile to the South.
At the same time, sentiment which was entirely
ladylike was permitted to give a tone to the
whole, not calculated to increase public respect
for the intellectual vigor of American verse.
Our poetical anthologies of less ambitious de-
sign,— such as those which relate to the Revolu-
tion, the war of 1 8 1 2 , or the war for the Union, —
have been far more satisfactory, because there
was no instinctive or intentional interference on
the part of the compilers to prevent the main
purpose from shaping the end.
Mr. Stevenson's compilation of poems relating
to American history begins with the discovery
of America by the Norsemen, Columbus, the
Spaniards and their followers, carries on the
story of the settlement of the Colonies, the En-
glish in Virginia, the Dutch in New York, and
after fifty-six pages reaches the coming of the
Pilgrims to New England, and thence comes
downward through the development of the coun-
try, its contests with England, the Mexican war,
the anti-slavery movement, the great civil strife
between North and South, and the war with
Spain, to such recent occurrences as the San
Francisco earthquake and the death of Grover
Cleveland.
The most noticeable omission — an omission
of more significance than Stedman's failure to
include in his Anthology any poem by that true
New England poet Hiram Rich, or by the New
York humorist John G. Saxe — is the absence
of all poetry inspired by the civilization of
Pennsylvania. As late as Whittier's time, the
New England poet could write of it that he
thought it was the highest civilization he had
ever seen. There is not a line from Francis
Daniel Pastorius, the author of America's first
public protest against slavery; or from Whittier's
fine poem on Pastorius, of which the poet him-
self wrote that it was a better poem than " Snow
Bound," but that the public would never find it
out. There is nothing from Bayard Taylor or
any other poet relating to the Revolutionary
battlefields in South-eastern Pennsylvania —
an omission which assumes greater significance
when it is recalled that of the nine battles in
which Washington was in command of the
American troops engaged, seven of them were
contests for the possession of Philadelphia, where
also Washington spent seven of the eight years
during which he was President. Of Pastorius,
a recent writer has said that he was not coarse
like John Smith, uncouth like Peter Stuyvesant,
or narrow like Cotton Mather. Professor
Learned's recent life of him, in showing the
facility with which he used the German, English,
Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Latin, and Greek lan-
guages, his training in the universities of Europe,
and the wide range of topics which he discussed,
establishes his right to be called the most learned
of Americas colonists. His patriotic address
to the posterity of the colony which he founded
breathes a loftiness of spirit sadly lacking in
much of the unimaginative verses which have
crowded his poetry out of the present volume,
and which have thus been invited to assist in the
commission of an historical sin that cannot be
condoned.
Mr. Stevenson's obvious motive in the elim-
ination of Pastorius has been to begin the anti-
slavery movement with Garrison, leading off
with Whittier's tribute to Garrison in 1833.
The compiler's note to this poem says: " Finally,
in December 1833, the American Anti-Slavery
Society was organized at Philadelphia." His-
torically, of course, this is a thoroughly unscien-
tific treatment of the theme. Important as was
Garrison's work, he was not a forerunner of the
anti-slavery movement. Following the protest
framed by Pastorius in 1688, the adoption of
its principles by the Quakers, and their spread
through the States, the first Abolition society
was organized in Philadelphia in 1774. By
1794 there were enough Abolition societies
throughout the States to justify a national organ-
ization, and delegates from Connecticut, New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware,
and Maryland met in convention in Philadel-
phia, where they met thereafter annually. Soon
Rhode Island, Virginia, and Tennessee sent
delegates. Massachusetts united in the move-
ment long afterwards, in 1823, and the Under-
ground Railroad was in full operation at the
time when it would appear from Mr. Stevenson's
anthology that the movement had only begun.
The development of the Abolition movement has
been weU described in William Birney's Life of
James G. Birney. Its beginning was most
1909.]
THE DIAL
137
adequately reflected in Whittier's poem on
Pastorius, the absence of which from these
pages can hardly have been accidental.
How hard Mr. Stevenson's local predilections
have required him to strain the course of history
is earlier shown by his inclusion of Longfellow's
"Hymn of the Moravian Nuns of Bethlehem "
in a chapter headed " The War in the South."
In good poetry, historical inaccuracy may be
overlooked. Whether Paid Revere carried the
news of the British march, or his story was but
an old man's confusion of events, or whether
Barbara Frietchie actually waved a Union flag
over the heads of Stonewall Jackson's troops
in Frederick, is perhaps not of supreme import-
ance ; but it is required of the compder of so
ambitious a work as the present one that his
selections shall not pervert the orderly sequence
of history, that the poems shall be assigned to
their proper geographical locations, and that
the explanatory notes shall be accurate.
George Parsons Lathrop's ballad, "Keenan's
Charge," is an example of a poem in which spirit,
movement, and skiU in construction go far to
excuse the wdd vagaries of its statement. But
Mr. Stevenson's notes indorsing the romance
cannot be overlooked. He says, describing
Stonewall Jackson's flank attack upon Hooker's
right at ChanceUorsvdle :
"For a moment it seemed that all was lost; then
Pleasanton hurled the Eighth Pennsylvania Cavalry
under Major Keenan upon the Confederate flank. The
regiment was hurled back terribly shattered, but charged
again and again until nearly all the men were dead or
wounded. The Confederate advance was checked long
enough for Pleasanton to get his artillery into position."
This comment of the editor contains many errors.
It was not Keenan's charge, because the regi-
ment was commanded by its colonel, Pennock
Huey ; Keenan was the Major, and rode with
other regimental officers. No charge was in-
tended, and Pleasonton did not order a charge.
Nor were repeated charges made. The regiment
in column, moving at a leisurely gait along a
narrow woods road, suddenly encountered what
appeared to be a few Confederate troops. There
was no thought that these were Stonewall
Jackson's corps. Colonel Huey ordered the
trot and gallop. No line was formed, or coidd
be formed in that narrow road. The Union
troopers rode through a part of the advancing
Confederate line, and discovering their mistake
rode back as best they coidd. Many were
killed, among them Major Keenan. General
Pleasonton's name is misspelled Pleasanton. In
the note on Gettysburg (page 488) the name
of the Commander of the Union army is given
as General George B. Meade. It is worth not-
ing that the editor calls the Union troops
" Federals," and he says of Longstreet's assault
on the third day at Gettysburg that Pickett
and his Virginians were in the van, which is
not correct. Pettigrew's division crossed the
Emmilsburg road in line with Pickett's troops,
and with the troops of Trimble advanced to the
stone wall, stayed there as long as any other
Confederate troops, and surrendered many
fewer men than did Pickett. Historically, it is
as erroneous to attribute this assault to Pickett
as it is to begin the anti-slavery movement
with Garrison. D'Amici says that the Dutch
abhorred that form of apotheosis which attrib-
uted to the individual the virtues or vices of the
masses. Mr. Stevenson seems to be fond of it,
and manifests his fondness once more in the
note on page 560, when he attributes the Recon-
struction policy of the country to a '* coterie "
in Congress. " The leader of this coterie," he
says, " was Thaddeus Stevens." This statement
is a reflection of a view frequently asserted by
writers within the past few years, but it has its
origin in the feeling of the present day, not in
the facts of the time, as anyone who will take
the trouble to read the news and newspaper edi-
torials printed after the assassination of Lincoln
may see for himseK. The Reconstruction policy
was not the work of a coterie, but of a majority
of Congress. It reflected the attitude of the
country outside of the Southern States. Whether
it was a mistaken policy or not, it was a legit-
imate outcome of a fierce war, and in part it
was prompted by the early attempts made in
some of the Southern States to restore a modi-
fied form of slavery by local laws which would
have permitted the sale for certain terms of
negroes convicted of minor offences. History
can gain nothing for national unity by present-
ing a false face. The largest tolerance concedes
to North and South their radically different
views, partly political, largely commercial, and
accepts as a matter of course the acts springing
naturally from the different positions.
In the consideration of a collection of his-
torical poems the presentation of history takes
precedence over the purely poetical quality of
the product. Mr. Stevenson's standard has been
an adjustable one. The well-known poems are
here. Some are preserved to-day merely because
of their author. The supposed cleverness of
Lowell's rhymes appealing to New Englanders
not to enlist in the Mexican war seems to have
evaporated. Of the unfamiliar poetry which the
compiler has gathered with much industry, it is
138
THE DIAL
[March 1,
to be said that much of it is lacking in poetic
atmosphere. A number of diffuse ballads by
Thomas Dunn English are bare of poetic spirit,
but these appear the work of genius when con-
trasted with the contemporary verse of the
colonial period. " The Downfall of Piracy "
here attributed to Benjamin Franklin, " New
England's Annoyances " (unknown), " Love-
well's Fight," "Braddock's Fate," "Brave
Wolfe," "A New Song Called the Gaspee "
are a few examples of American verse brought
to light that might well have been left buried ;
while " Can't," by Harriet Prescott Spofford, is
a more modern specimen of the tolerance of the
editor. He tells the reader that the material
gathered by him would fill four volumes of the
size of the present one. If the quality was no
better than these dreary outpourings of the
rustic muse, and others like them, no one will
regret the absence of the other three volumes.
The conception of this volume was so excellent,
so much of the formidable task has been accom-
plished with patience and intelligence, and in
spite of its faults the outcome is so useful, that
the errors of omission and commission noted are
viewed with regret. Isaac E. Pennypacker.
COTTRTS, Congress, axd Executive.*
President Woodrow Wilson's volume on the
important' subject of Constitutional Government
in the United States is made up of a series of eight
lectures delivered by him at Columbia University
last year. In his usual masterful style. President
Wilson discusses some of the more salient fea-
tures of the American political system from a
" fresh point of view and in the light of a fresh
analysis of the character and operation of con-
stitutional government." From a consideration
of the meaning, essential elements, and distinc-
tive institutions of a constitutional system, he
passes in review the constitutional development
and present character of the United States gov-
ernment. In a chapter on the Presidency he
analyzes in a searching and logical manner the
office of President of our Republic, the incum-
bent of which he says was intended to be a
" reformed and standardized king, after the
Whig model." He points out that it is easier
to write of the President than of the presidency,
since the office varies in character and import-
ance with the strength and personality of the
• Constitutional Government in the United States. By
Woodrow Wilson. Columbia University Lectures, George
Blumenthal Foundation, 1907. New York: The Macmillan Co.
man who fills it. Thus it is one thing at one
time and something very different at another
time, depending on the man and on the circum-
stances under which he is called upon to govern.
Some Presidents have deliberately refrained
from exercising the full power which they might
legally have done, either from conscientious
scruples or because they were theorists, holding
to the " literary theory " of the Constitution and
acting as if they thought Pennsylvania Avenue
should have been even longer than it really is,
rather than practical statesmen conscious of
power and fearless of responsibility. He esti-
mates the importance of the office in its true
light, when he concludes that henceforth it must
be regarded as one of the greatest in the world,
and that the incumbent must be one of the
leading rulers of the earth, and not merely a
domestic officer as was once the case. He must
stand always, says Mr. Wilson, at the front of
our affairs ; and the office will be as big and as
influential as the man who occupies it.
Following English analogies further, Mr.
Wilson characterizes Congress as a " reformed
and properly regulated Parliament." He dis-
cusses, somewhat in the manner of his earlier
work on Congressional Government, the legis-
lative methods of Congress as compared with
those of the British Parliament, showing how
Congress has nothing to do with the making or
immaking of " governments," yet how it takes
a leading part in the conduct of government
without assuming the responsibility of putting
its leaders in charge of it. Evidently Dr.
Wilson considers the English method by which
the government (the ministry) — a body of
experts on the practicability and necessity of
legislation — are associated with the legislature
in the work of legislation, a distinct improvement
upon the American method according to which
the separation of legislative and executive func-
tions is strictly maintained. In its effort to
make itself an instrument of business, to per-
form its function of legislation without assist-
ance or suggestion, to formulate its own biUs,
digest its own measures, originate its own poli-
cies, Mr. Wilson declares the House of Repre-
sentatives has in effect silenced itself (p. 109).
In his estimate of the Senate, the author shows
a spirit of fairness and insight too often lack-
ing in treatises on American government. The
Senate, in his opinion, has been too much mis-
imderstood and traduced and too little appre-
ciated. Those who criticize this body because
in some cases it represents " rotten boroughs '
instead of population, fail to grasp the real
1909.]
THE DIAL
139
situation. The element of population is duly
represented in the Lower House ; while the
Senate is intended to represent regions of
country, or rather the political units of which
the nation is composed. It is no argument to
say that because these units are sparsely settled
they should be less represented than the older
and more populous regions. They have the
same economic interest in the general policy of
the "government that the older regions have.
Sections therefore, irrespective of population,
especially in a country with such physical vari-
ety as ours, and consequently possessing such
widely different social, economic, and even polit-
ical conditions, must be represented as weU as
masses of population. As a body, moreover, the
Senate, in virtue of its peculiar construction,
fills a place and subserves a purpose unique
and indispensable.
The discussion of the Senate and House of
Representatives is followed by a consideration
of the Courts, which constitute the " balance-
wheel of the whole constitutional system." The
distinctive functions and methods of procedure
peculiar to the American judicial system are
contrasted with those of England, and the merits
and demerits of each are analyzed. In discuss-
ing the efficiency of the American system, Mr.
Wilson raises the question whether our courts
are as available to the poor as to the rich, or
whether, in fact, the poor are not excluded by
the cost and length of judicial processes. Thus,
he says :
" The rich man can afford the cost of litigation; what
is of more consequence, he can afford the delays of trial
and appeal; he has a margin of resources which makes
it possible for him to wait the months, it may be the
years, during which the process of adjudication will
drag on and during which the rights he is contesting
will be suspended, the interests involved tied up. But
the poor man can afford neither the one nor the other.
He might afford the initial expense, if he could be secure
against delays; but delays he cannot abide without ruin.
I fear that it must be admitted that our present pro-
cesses of adjudication lack both simplicity and prompt-
ness, that they are imnecessarily expensive, and that a
rich litigant can almost always tire a poor one out and
readily cheat him of his rights by simply leading him
through an endless maze of appeals and technical de-
lays" (page 153).
Most of us will agree with him that it is a
shame and a reproach that we have not brought
our courts nearer to the needs of the poor man
than they are, and that the most pressing reform
of our system lies in this direction.
In two final chapters, President Wilson con-
siders the relation of the States to the Federal
Government and the subject of Party Govern-
ment. Apparently he does not sympathize with
some of the recent tendencies toward Centrali-
zation. Of the Federal Child-Labor biU which
was before the last Congress, he observes that
if the power to regulate commerce between the
States can be stretched to include the regulation
of labor in mills and factories, it can be made
to embrace every particular of the industrial
organization and activities of the country.
Doubtless it could ; and it might be better for
the people, for whose welfare government is
created, if it did embrace some of them. But
as to this, there is a wide difference of opinion.
James Wilford Garner.
The Northwestern Empire of
THE Fur Trader.*
Under the alluring title, " The Conquest of
the Great Northwest," Miss Agnes Laut tells the
dramatic story of the adventurers of England
trading into Hudson's Bay — commonly known
as the Hudson's Bay Company. The story of
the Hudson's Bay Company has been told before,
but not in the same way. The histories of Dr.
George Bryce and Mr. Beckles Willson were
based upon what was thought at the time to be
very full documentary material. Compared
with the mass of original documents which Miss
Laut has managed to unearth, by untiring per-
severence, at Hudson's Bay House and in the
Public Records Office, the foundation of the
earlier histories appears meagre and inadequate.
From the tons of manuscript journals, minute
books, letter books, and memorial books, in the
archives of the Hudson's Bay Company, as well
as from the mass of hitherto unpublished mate-
rial in the British Public Record Office bearing
on the history of the Company, Miss Laut
secured several thousand pages of transcripts.
Upon these data — the narratives of the actors
themselves, told in their own words — she has
built her story of the Great Company, a story
which for romantic and dramatic interest will
challenge comparison with that of any similar
organization in the world's history. The new
material brought to light, and woven into the
texture of Miss Laut's narrative, embraces not
only a number of docimaents of which only frag-
ments were hitherto available, but also several —
such as the journals of Peter S. Ogden and the
invaluable letters of Colin Robertson — whose
very existence had not before been suspected.
The work, which is divided into two substan-
• The Conquest of the Great Northwest. By Agnea C.
Laut. In two volumeB. Illustrated. New York : The Outing:
Publishing CompanT'.
140
THE DIAL
[March 1,
tial volumes of over eight hundred pages, opens
with an account of the four voyages of Henry
Hudson, cuhninating in his tragic end — sent
adrift by his mutinous crew on the waters of
Hudson Bay. A brief description of the voy-
age made to the Bay by Jens Munck, the Dane,
closes this introductory part of the work — the
story of the discovery of the gateway to the
wide-flung territories of the Hudson's Bay
Company.
In succeeding chapters are imfolded the ear-
liest beginnings of the Company itself, through
which runs the exceedingly dramatic story of
Pierre Esprit Radisson, fur-trader, pathfinder,
prince of adventurers, and founder of the greatest
and most venerable of trading corporations.
Miss Laut has on more than one occasion
entered the lists on behalf of this much-maligned
explorer, and she here brings together a mass of
entirely new material bearing upon his relations
toward France and New France on the one hand,
and England and the great English Company
on the other. Not the least interesting of many
points made clear in this portion of the narrative
is that relating to Radisson 's second desertion
of the French for the British flag, a desertion
hitherto regarded as his crowning piece of
treachery. Radisson, after serving the Company
for a time, had gone back to his native country,
had returned to the Bay, captured Port Nelson
from the British fur-traders, carried away to
Canada a fortune in furs, — which were promptly
confiscated by Governor De La Barre, — and
was now in Paris seeking restoration of his
booty. Suddenly he disappears from Paris,
and is found in London — once more in the
service of the Hudson's Bay Company. Did he
go as a double traitor, or was there some more
creditable motive for his action ? Here is Miss
Laut's explanation, as gathered from state
documents :
" He was sent for by the Department of the Marine,
and told that the French had quit all open pretentions
to the bay. He was commanded to cross to England
at once and restore Port Nelson to the Hudson's Bay
Company.
" ' Openly? ' he might have asked.
" Ah, that was different! Not openly, for an open
surrender of Port Nelson would forever dispose of
French claims to the bay. All Louis XIV now wanted
was to pacify the English court and maintain that secret
treaty. No, not openly; but he was commanded to go
to England and restore Port Nelson as if it were of his
own free will. He had captured it without a commission.
Let him restore it in the same way. But Radisson had
had enough of being a scapegoat for statecraft and
double dealing. He demanded written authority for
what he was to do, and the Department of Marine placed
this commission in his hands:
" ' In order to put an end to the Differences wh. exist
between the two Nations of the French & English
touching the Factory or Settlement made by Mesers.
Groseillers and Radisson at Hudson Bay, and to avoid
the efusion of blood that may happen between the
sd. two nations, for the Preservation of that place, the
expedient wch. appeared most reasonable and advan-
tageous for the English company will, that the sd.
Messrs. De Groseillers and Radisson return to the sd.
Factory or habitation furnished with the passport of the
English Company, importing that they shall withdraw
the French wh. are in garrison there with all the effects
belonging to them in the space of eighteen months to
be accounted from the day of their departure by reason
they cannot goe and come from the place in one year.
. . . The said gentlemen shall restore to the English
Company the Factory or Habitation by them settled in
the sd. coimtry to be thenceforward enjoyed by the
English company without molestation. As to the indem-
nity pretended by the English for effects seized and
brought to Quebec . . . that may be accomodated in
bringing back the said inventory & restoring the same
effects or their value to the English Proprietors.' "
The dashing exploits of Pierre Le Moyne
d'Iberville,from Canada, against the Company's
posts on the Bay, form the subject of two very
interesting chapters ; and another is devoted to
the last days of Radisson — new facts gathered
in London disclosing the final scenes in the life
of the famous pathfinder. Another group of
chapters tells the story of inland explorations
from the Bay by men of the Hudson's Bay
Company; Henry Kellsey's journey to the
Saskatchewan ; the founding of Henley House ;
Anthony Hendry's expedition to the country of
the Blackfeet ; Samuel Hearne's journey to the
mouth of the Coppermine river ; the founding
of Cumberland House ; and the beginning of the
long conflict between the Hudson's Bay and
North West Companies for the control of the
vast fur country of the West. In subsequent
chapters are described the stirring adventures
and notable explorations of some of the men of
the Canadian company — David Thompson,
Alexander Mackenzie, Simon Eraser, and Daniel
Williams Harmon. Through these narratives
runs always the underlying theme of bitter and
ever-increasing hostility between the two com-
panies, a conflict leading by inevitable degrees
to such intolerable conditions that only one way
could be found out of the morass — the union
of the two companies. Part and parcel of this
historic conflict, but holding an interest entirely
its own, is the story of the coming of the col-
onists — the founding of the Red River Settle-
ment. Here, as elsewhere, one is struck with
the prevalence of Scottish names. The central
figure in the drama of Red River was a Scotch-
man — Lord Selkirk. So also were the leaders
of both the opposing factions, the " H. B. men "
1909.]
THE DIAL
141
and the " Nor'Westers ": M'Gillivrays and
MacKenzies and McTavishes, M'Donells and
Erasers, McLoughlins and Robertsons. Finally,
in a series of brilliant sketches, we have the story
of the united companies — the Nor'Westers
now absorbed in the older Hudson's Bay Com-
pany— marching triumphantly across the conti-
nent, and spreading the empire of the fur-trader
north and south from the Russian dominions in
Alaska to the Spanish settlements in California.
Here we read of the imperious rule of the auto-
cratic little Governor, Sir George Simpson ; of
the dashing exploits of Ross of Okanogan ; of
the explorations of Ogden in the Southwest,
throughout what are now the States of Idaho,
Montana, Nevada, Utah, and California ; of the
transmontane empire of Dr. McLoughlin ; and
of the final merging of the dominion of the fur-
trader in the era of settlement, and the dawn of
popidar government.
Lawrence J. Burpee.
A Poet's Study or a Poet.*
Mr. Alfred Noyes's volume on William
Morris, just issued in the "English Men of
Letters " series, will prove a disappointment to
many readers. It is not an easy task, perhaps
it is impossible, to cover the multifarious activ-
ities of so many-sided a man within a book of
one hundred and fifty pages, the scope of which
is definitely limited by the plan of this useful
series ; but it is a pity that the vital facts in the
career of Morris should have to be so scanty,
and then be so blurred in presentation as to give
little satisfaction to the reader. Mr. Noyes is
doubtless justified in his contention that the
essential factor in all these activities is the
poetic spirit, and that the essential man is dis-
cernible " in the poetry which was the fullest
expression of his real self." At all events the
author of the book has occupied himself mainly
with a rather elaborate analysis of Morris's
compositions.
Any study of a poet's work by one who is
himself recognized as a not unworthy brother of
the guild cannot fail to be interesting whatever
the limitations of its treatment, and it would be
unfair to Mr. Noyes to deny him insight or
appreciation for his theme. At the same time it
must be stated frankly that his attitude toward
his subject is sometimes puzzling, and one is
often in doubt regarding the sympathy and
♦William Morris." By Alfred Noyes. "Engrlish Men of
Letters " Series. New York : The Macmillan Co.
admiration which he affirms. There is no ques-
tion of the writer's preference for Tennyson —
and we have no quarrel with him over his enthu-
siasm for the last great Laureate ; but we pro-
test that this is not the place for the avowal of
such discipleship. The comparison of Tennyson
with Morris is overdone ; it recurs on page after
page, until this particular theme almost supplants
the real theme of the essay, and reaches a climax
in the brief concluding chapter wherein the biog-
rapher of Morris devotes three full pages to the
gratuitous exaltation of Tennyson as " the broad-
est and fullest voice of his own century." This
the most of us have long since recognized ; just
now we are more interested in the achievement
of the author of " Jason," " The Earthly Para-
dise," and " Sigurd the Volsung." Indeed, we
woidd rather hear less of Morris's debt to Tenny-
son and more of his indebtedness to Chaucer —
of which Mr. Noyes has surprisingly little to say.
Perhaps we should be less impatient with these
digressions had not the essayist expressed with
much vim his own impatience with Mr. Mackail
for certain suggestions which he deems " out of
proportion except in a biography large enough
to estimate also the exact influence upon him
[Morris] of Bradshaw's Railway Guide." We
wonder if Mr. Noyes's sense of proportion and
of values is represented in the following bit of
description. He is speaking of the personal
appearance of Morris (page 106) :
" He was careless about his clothes ; but it has been
said that he only looked really peculiar when in conven-
tional attire. One of the most charming of his sayings
is that which he made in perfect simplicity to a friend:
* You see, one can't go about London in a top hat, it
looks so devilish odd.' "
Upon the technique of the poet Mr. Noyes
has a great deal to say that is illuminating ;
although we think that he strains some lines of
criticism, as when he discusses the " thin "
verses and the " lower scale of values " in the
chapter on " The Life and Death of Jason."
The error here, if there is an error, lies in the
suggestion that the verses quoted are adequately
representative of the poem throughout. Another
instance of this dangerous habit of generalizing
is seen in the concluding sentence of this same
chapter (page 71): "The cry of Medea, 'Be
happy!' compresses into two words quite as
much passion, anguish, and love as are con-
tained in whole pages of Browning."
We should, however, be doing Mr. Noyes a
grave injustice to conclude this review without
quoting some less debatable passage from his
book, and one which will more clearly show the
really appreciative position toward his subject
142
THE DIAL
[March 1,
which we are sure he would maintain. We
quote from pages 54-55 :
"This weaving-process with his thin verse-threads
Morris carried out with supreme success. He threw
away all ambition to achieve the kind of direct effects
at which Tennyson and Wordsworth, and perhaps all
the greater English poets aimed, and in return he
gained an indefinable power of suggestion. In spite of
the vast bulk of his work, it gives the impression of
great strength in reserve, and it has something of the
force which we usually associate with reticence. Never
once do we feel that he is exerting himself or, to put it
crudely, on his top-note. . . . Never, perhaps, has there
been so successful an attempt to recapture the childlike
faith of the pagan world in their immortals as ' The
Life and Death of Jason.' The gods in Morris have
something of their old opaque symbolical significance,
which we lose altogether on the spiritual plane of
Wordsworth or Tennyson. By reducing his whole
world to the childlike and primitive scale of values of
which we have spoken, he was able, alone among the
moderns, really to
' Have sight of Proteus rising from the sea ;
Or hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn.' "
W. E. SiMONDS.
Briefs on New Books.
It is an instructive paradox that
t/nygiTnT''''^ health, like happiness, is best found
when not sought, — is most enjoyed
when least the object of concern. In recognition
whereof, many a cult has arisen proclaiming the
bliss of ignorance and the yet more exalted bliss of
denial. But a paradox has two sides ; and the other
side also has its share of recognition in the popular
consciousness — the side which holds that health is
a precious thing, and in these modern days is to be
maintained by large-minded public provisions and a
personal wisdom that is prudent but not fretful,
serious but not fanatical, careful but not worried.
It is well that popular books on hygiene suitable for
the readers that frequent public libraries should be
abundant, attractive, and authoritative. In such a
list the recent work by Dr. C. W. Saleeby of Edin-
burgh deserves a conspicuous place. It bears as its
title " Health, Strength, and Happiness," a worthy
triumvirate capable of wisely ruling the body and
the mind. It is, in fact, a fair survey of the essen-
tials of personal hygiene, very forcibly written,
under a consistent perspective. The best thing about
man is his mind, and a §ound body is the mind's
most indispensable implement. Dr. Saleeby's book
is full of good advice, and will not add to the
prevalent hypochondria. Neither will it inculcate
indifference, or a go-as-you-please attitude. It may,
however, disappoint many who like their advice in
pill-like doses with instructions for quick taking. It
presents both sides of debatable questions, and does
not make mountains out of mole-hills. Here and
there it errs on the side of indefiniteness, and else-
where in strenuous enforcement of personally fav-
ored doctrines ; but that is true of every book
reflective of a marked individuality. A popular
book on health should set forth the point of view
from which health is a natural issue ; it should sur-
vey the factors upon which health depends ; it should
state these in terms of human interest; it should
maintain a fair perspective of the little things and
the great; and it should remember the sorts and
conditions of men and the diversity of human nature
and human needs. Dr. Saleeby's book meets these
conditions sufficiently well to warrant its admission
to the select class of useful manuals of popular
hygiene. (Mitchell Kennerley.)
Counsels 07i ^'^^^ Avebury ( Sir John Lubbock he
peace and will always be to many of us) has
happiness. ^dded another to his already pub-
lished volumes on the pleasures of life and the
beauties of nature ; but his title this time is " Peace
and Happiness" (Macmillan), and he closes with
some very practical and pertinent remarks on inter-
national peace and the reduction of our enormous
military and naval establishments. The bankruptcy
and ruin sure to follow the development of present
tendencies are convincingly presented, as is likewise
the certainty of violent and destructive European
revolution, precipitated by the misery of the masses,
unless the increasing burden of armament is re-
duced. Jingoism and false patriotism find no friend
in him. "We talk of foreign nations," he says,
" but in fact there are no really foreign countries.
The interests of nations are so interwoven, we are
bound together by such strong, if sometimes almost
invisible, threads, that if one suffers all suffer; if
one flourishes it is good for the rest." Illustrative
instances are added in proof. The present foolish
Anglo-Teutonic tension is touched upon in a common-
sense way. In a province more peculiarly his own,
the pleasures of nature-study, the author has this to
say on the much-discussed question of intelligence
in animals : " My own experiments and observations
have led me to the conclusion that they have a little
dose of reason, though some good naturalists still
deny it." The "peace and happiness " so agreeably
presented in these chapters are by no means the
peace and happiness of idleness and cloistered medi-
tation. " Our clear duty is to work in the world, to
remain of the world, and yet to keep ourselves as
far as possible unspotted by the world — though no
doubt this is far from easy." Health is necessary,
and "most people will keep fairly well if they eat
little, avoid alcohol and tobacco, take plenty of fresh
air and exercise, keep the mind at work, and the
conscience at rest." As in the author's previous
volumes on kindred subjects, there is here also an
abundance of quotation, especially from Shakespeare.
The familiar six lines on ministering to a mind dis-
eased are in deserved favor with him, so much so
that he quotes them twice, as he does also Scott's
well-known quatrain beginning, " Like the dew on
the mountain." The well-furnished note-book, one
cannot but imagine, lies ready at Lord Avebury's
1909.]
THE DIAL
143
hand as he writes. The popularity of his work of
this sort is noteworthy: not far from a quarter-
million copies of the first part of " The Pleasures
of Life " are said to have been sold, while the second
part is in its second hundred thousand, and "The
Beauties of Nature " lags not far behind. A curi-
ous appearance is given to the title-page of his new
book by the nineteen lines (in fine print and mostly
in abbreviations and initials) of titles and honors
appended to the author's name — a flourish not
exactly in harmony with our conception of his
character.
, , . Ex nihilo nihil fit. Mr. Hilaire
A volume of ■'
pleasant Belloc chooses " nothing " as the
nonsense. subject of a slender volume of
essays " On Nothing, and Kindred Subjects "
(Button) — and naturally produces nothing of much
weight or importance. His essays are little longer
than Bacon's, and his whimsicalities of style have
now and then an antique turn that may, however
remotely, suggest the great Elizabethan. More
modern in its suggestion, however, is the occasional
yielding to the present strange fascination of the
paradoxical and the irrational; so that if Lord
Bacon is brought to mind on one page, Mr. Chester-
ton is sure to greet us on turning the leaf. The
very title of the book is an absurdity, of course, and
the dedicatory pages (addressed to Mr. Maurice
Baring) which attempt to explain its selection and
application, fairly riot in pleasant nonsense. The
writer pretends to delight in what nature is supposed
to abhor, — a vacuum. It pleases his humor to say :
" I never see a gallery of pictures now but I know
how the use of empty spaces makes a scheme, nor
do I ever go to a play but I see how silence is half
the merit of acting, and hope some day for absence
and darkness as well upon the stage." Among the
topics chosen for treatment as " kindred " to noth-
ing are these : " On Ignorance," " On Advertise-
ment," " On a House," " On a Dog and a Man also,"
" On Railways and Things," " On a ChUd who Died,"
" On the Departure of a Guest," and " On Coming
to an End." The book is written in a fine spirit
of carelessness and spontaneity ; nevertheless the
author need not have pushed laxity to such an
extreme as in the following : "... As he had
walked faster than me ... so now I walked faster
than him."
An appreciation of the biologist's
attitude toward the problems of life
may be admirably acquired, though
at the usual cost of close attention, by a reading of
Professor Charles Sedgwick Minot's Lowell lectures
on the problems centering about the persistent ques-
tions of age, growth, and final dissolution. The
painstaking minuteness of observation of the minutest
units of the microscope seems at first sight remote
from the arts of regulation of life ; but in such terms
are the secrets of nature to be deciphered. The
biological provisions for maturing become in another
aspect the signs of senescence. We grow old because
Problems of
age, growth,
and decay.
we have the power to grow. Growth is differentia-
tion ; and when this has reached its limit, the adult
state is present. Yet in addition, the maintenance
of this adult state is in turn conditioned by the rate
of change to which the cells are still subject. The
two elements in the vital unit, the nucleus and the
protoplasm, in Professor Minot's view, play opposite
parts : rejuvenation depending upon the increase of
the nuclei, and senescence upon the increase of the
protoplasm. The problem once formulated, itself
divides, like the progressive segmentation which it
uses for illustration. The differentiation between
lower and higher structures ; the determination of
the longer-lived and the shorter-lived species and
individuals ; the conception of death as a biological
penalty for richness of differentiation ; the limit of
power as set by age-changes ( the popular discussion
aroused by Dr. Osier in citation of TroUope's fixed-
period notion); the curious anomalies of rejuvenation
and reproduction of parts ; the provision for the con-
tinuance of life by the sequestration of cells in their
young stages for transmission to the next generation,
and so on, — these are the circumstances of which
we are the creatures, and in these terms must we
learn to decipher the conditions of our fate so far as
we are ready to profit by the biologist's attitude. Dr.
Minot combines with the equipment of technique the
philosophical power of its interpretation, and thus
offers to the studious a profitable and clear presenta-
tion of the motives and methods of modern bio-
logical research. (Putnam.)
At first glance it might appear that
cnr^uTRLe. ^^ofessor Arthur L. Frothingham,
of Princeton University, in his new
work entitled "The Monuments of Christian Rome"
(Macmillan), was but retracing the ground covered
by Mr. Walter Lowrie's " Monuments of the Early
Church," which came out about eight years ago.
More deliberate investigation, however, reveals the
fact that, while the earlier book dealt with a period
beginning with the end of the first century of the
Christian era and ceasing with the development of
Byzantine Architecture before the end of the sixth
century. Professor Frothingham treats of the period
from (ilonstantine in the fourth century to the Renais-
sance early in the fifteenth. The historical sketch
contained in the first eight chapters is a history of
the city, with the changes it underwent in the reigns
of Constantine and his successors, after the Gothic
invasion, under the Byzantine influence, as a Carlo-
vingian city and in the Dark Age from the death of
Pope Formosus in 896 to the accession of Pope
Leo IX. in 1049, by the fire of Robert Guiscard,
under the great mediaeval Popes, and during the
Papal Exile. This survey of the city, derived from
a careful and exhaustive study of the documentary
history and from years of exploration in situ, enables
the author to present, in the second part of his vol-
ume, some fascinating chapters on Basilicas, Cam-
panili, Cloisters, Civil and Military Architecture,
Sculpture and Painting, with accounts of some of
144
THE DIAL
[March 1,
the Roman artists and of art in the Roman Province
and the Artistic Influence of Rome. It is in his
chapter on Painting that Professor Frothingham
discusses the personality of Pietro Cavallini, in the
light of the recent theories advanced in opposition
to Vasari's statement that Cavallini was the pupil
and assistant of Giotto. The more recent view
makes Cavallini the partner, perhaps the predecessor,
of Giotto in the revival of painting which goes
by Giotto's name. Professor Frothingham gives
ample reasons for the acceptance of the new view.
The book is of inestimable value as an archaeological
handbook. Although intended for use in the class
room, its attractive style and wealth of illustration
will make it scarcely less acceptable to the general
reader. .
Foik.taies and ^^- Richard Gordon Smith is an
legends of Englishman addicted to wandering.
old Japan. Yov the last nine years he has spent
most of his time in Japan, ostensibly collecting ethno-
logical lore and objects of natural history for the
British Museum, incidentally coming in contact with
the Japanese people, — fishermen, farmers, priests,
doctors, children, governors, — entering into their
modes of life and thought, and learning their stories
and legends. Some of these he has now transcribed
from notes made in his diaries ; and a Japanese friend,
Mr. Mo-No- Yuki, has elaborated the sketches accom-
panying the notes into beautiful color-plates. There
are some sixty of these, — at least one for every
story, — and their mythical subjects and general
treatment give them much the effect of reproduc-
tions of old color-prints. They lend to the volume,
which is entitled " Ancient Tales and Folk-Lore of
Japan " (Macmillan), the decorative touch that seems
to belong by right to everything Japanese, and add
appreciably to the interest and local coloring of the
tales. These latter are of miscellaneous subject-
matter, — stories of trees, flowers, mountains, the sea,
and historic places. We miss an introductory chapter,
which should discuss the origin of the tales, their
relation to western folk-lore, and their place in
modern Japanese life. In general they may be said
to have all the characteristic ingredients of the prim-
itive tale. Ghosts walk, tree-nymphs and mermaids
marry mortals, beautiful gods steal the love of hapless
maidens, low-born suitors outwit tyrannical fathers,
reincarnations and miracles puzzle simple folk. But
the Japanese flavor gives novelty to the familiar
combinations.
It is cheering to learn that there has
pr^coSr r««««% ^^^^ ^revival of interest
in the art of etching, with its related
arts of mezzotint " scraping," wood engraving, and
lithography ; an interest which seems to have been
suspended but a few years ago, when the numerous
photo-mechanical processes for the cheaper and more
rapid reproduction of pictures came into being. Mr.
Frank Weitenkampf 's manual entitled " How to
Appreciate Prints" (Moffat, Yard & Co.), which
gives us this assurance, is therefore a more timely
volume than might at first appear. To its chapters
on the history and technique of the various processes
by which prints are produced — etching, line engrav-
ing, stipple, mezzotint, aquatint, wood engraving,
lithography, etc., upon which the most recent books
are nearly twenty years old, — he adds a chapter
on the photo-mechanical processes which caused the
suspension in the practice of the former methods of
reproduction, and in the popular interest in prints
and print collecting. These chapters are all sub-
servient to the real purpose of the book as implied
in the title ; and the appreciation of prints, with the
ways in which intelligent appreciation may be cul-
tivated, is kept constantly in view. No one can
read this book without taking a more intelligent and
discriminating interest in the arts which find their
expression in the work of the graver.
New England From "The Harvard Graduates'
thought^ Magazine " are reprinted in book
and action. form eleven short sketches — obit-
uary notices, and eulogistic rather than critical —
of as many distinguished sons of that university who
have died within the last fifteen years. " Sons of
the Puritans : A Group of Brief Biographies " is the
collective title, and the volume is published by the
American Unitarian Association, whose president,
Dr. Samuel A. Eliot, contributes an Introduction.
The opening chapter is on the late Senator Hoar, a
typical Puritan of his generation, combining in a
high degree those two excellent qualities, idealism
and a sense of responsibility. Mr. Francis C. Lowell
is the writer, and is followed by Mr. Henry P. Walcott
in a short account of Dr. Morrill Wyman, Mr. Ezra
R. Thayer on Judge Horace Gray, President Charles
W. Eliot on Professor Charles Franklin Dunbar, Dr.
Charles Carroll Everett on Phillips Brooks, and,
finally (we omit a few of the titles), by Mr. George
R. Nutter on that young leader in business enterprise,
charity organization, and the promotion of education,
the late William Henry Baldwin, Jr. Each chapter
is accompanied by a good portrait of its subject, and
the volume forms a worthy memorial of the eleven
men whose names adorn its pages.
What Mr. Cyril Maude did for one
fZ:us teatre. ^i the most f amous of English play-
houses, the Haymarket Theatre, Mr.
Eugene Tompkins has done for one of the cradles
of the drama in America, in his "History of the
Boston Theatre" (Houghton), compiled with the
assistance of Mr. Quincy Kilby. It is a work which
will interest historians, connoisseurs of old prints and
photographs, actors, and playgoers. Mr. Tompkins
points out that no other theatre in the world has
ever sheltered so wide a range of celebrities, from
tragedians and grand opera stars to negro minstrels
and vaudeville performers, from statesmen and clergy-
men to athletes and pugilists. It has been the recog-
nized home of operatic representations of the highest
order, of brilliant ballet spectacles, and of the most
realistic melodramatic productions. The author draws
upon his own recollections of twenty-three years as
manager of the theatre of which he writes, as well
1909.]
THE DIAl^
145
as memories of many talks with his father, who was
connected with the Boston Theatre before him and
from whom he inherited a taste for theatrical mat-
ters ; and, more fortunate than most chroniclers, he
had at hand the bound volumes of its programmes,
as well as the statement-books showing the receipts
at all performances. So voluminous was the data at
hand that one wonders how, in the limited space,
Mr. Tompkins has prevented his work from becoming
a mere catalogue ; yet, in a sense, he has compiled
a vade mecum of the drama in America for the last
half century. The book is divided into practically
fifty chapters, each chapter being devoted to a yearly
season. As a work of reference it is invaluable
because, in addition to its allusions to plays and
players, it has been indexed with particular care —
the index of portraits and illustrations approximating
some 1400 entries. It is a comprehensive record of
living and departed public idols ; and it is easy to
perceive that the compilation of the book has been a
labor of love to its author. Many of the illustrations
are from rare photographs, obtained through patient
research, and now reproduced for the first time.
BRIEFER MENTION.
" Early English Romances in Verse," translated into
modern prose by Miss Edith Rickert, gives us a collec-
tion of eight famous love-stories, including " Floris and
Blanchefleur," « Sir Orfeo," " The Earl of Toulouse,"
and " The Squire of Low Degree." The book is included
in the " Mediaeval Library," as is also the companion
volume of romances of friendship, which gives us Miss
Rickert's versions of " Amis and Amiloun," " The Tale
of Gamelyn," and four others of like character. Messrs.
Duffield & Co. are the publishers of these quaint volumes.
The " Musician's Library " of the Oliver Ditson Co.
is now notably enriched by two volumes of music by the
greatest of Norwegian composers. The " Larger Piano
Compositions of Edvard Grieg " is edited by Mrs. Bertha
Feiring Tapper, and " Fifty Songs by Edvard Grieg "
is edited by Mr. Henry T. Finck. The former volume
includes a group of four " Humoresques," three "Sketches
of Norwegian Life," the suite " From Holberg's Time,"
the sonata in E minor, the ballade in G minor, and the
concerto in A minor. Mr. Finck's volume illustrates the
entire range of Grieg's lyrical composition, the dates of
the songs running from 1863 to 1900. The introductory
matter in both these volumes is judicious and interesting.
The late Amos G. Warner's excellent treatise on
« American Charities " (Crowell) is without question the
classic work on the subject, although some phases of the
field of charity have been treated more recently by other
writers. This book has great vitality, and its usefulness
has been prolonged by the admirable editorial service of
Professor Coolidge, who has brought the statistics and
other materials up to date in a most careful manner.
The biography by Professor G. E. Howard is a welcome
feature of this new edition. The contents of the original
volimie are too familiar to require a survey at this time.
The bibliography is a valuable aid in the further study
of the problem. The book can be recommended to stu-
dents as one of highest value and importance.
Notes.
Mr. W. P. Thomson, for several years with Messrs.
Doubleday, Page & Co., has joined forces with the
Francis D. Tandy Company of New York, which firm
will hereafter be known as the Tandy-Thomas Company.
From the Cambridge University Press (Putnam) we
have Volume VI of Beaumont and Fletcher, as edited
by Mr. A. R. Waller; and an edition of " The Posies " of
George Gascoigne, edited by Professor John W. Cunliffe.
"New Hampshire as a Royal Province," by Dr.
William Henry Fry, is a bulky monograph of over five
hundred pages, published by Columbia University in the
series of " Studies in History, Economics, and Public
Law."
As their leading novel of the Spring season, the
Houghton Mifflin Company will pubh'sh early this month
" The Story of Thyrza," by Miss Alice Brown, whose
recent novel, " Rose MacLeod," has had such marked
success.
" The Rhetoric of Oratory," by Professor Edwin
DuBois Shurter, is a systematic treatise upon the form
of composition, with an appendix of specimen college
orations which students will find useful for practical
guidance. The work is published by the Macmillan Co,
Mr. Clarence F. Birdseye will issue in the near future
through the Baker & Taylor Co. an important pubhcation
entitled " The Reorganization of our Colleges." Mr.
Birdseye will be remembered as the author of a recent
book entitled " Individual Training in our Colleges."
The sudden death of Will Lilhbridge at his home at
Sioux Falls, South Dakota, was recently announced.
Mr. LUlibridge is best known for his story " Ben Blair,"
which was published by Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co.
four years ago, and had a wide success.
Volume IV. of the " Storia do Mogor," by the
Venetian Niccolas Manucci, as translated for the
" Indian Text Series " by Mr. William Irvine, is now
imported by Messrs. Dutton. This volume completes
the work, which is a history of Mogul India during the
last half of the seventeenth century.
Herr C. Hulsen's handbook of " The Roman Forum,"
translated by Mr. Jesse Benedict Carter, is now pub-
lished in a second edition by Messrs. G. E. Stechert & Co.
It is an indispensable book for the tourist in Rome, and
of almost equal value for reference, since it embodies
the latest results of excavation and interpretation.
The J. B. Lippincott Co. publish a revised edition,
with an introduction by Mr. Cyrus Elder, of Spurzheim's
"Phrenology," first given to the American pubhc
seventy-five years ago. Pseudo-science has an evident
advantage over science in the fact that its expositions
do not easily become out-dated by the advance of
knowledge.
The widow of the late William Henry Drummond,
the poet of the Canadian habitant, has selected from his
literary remains enough poems and sketches to mako
a sizable volume, called "The Great Fight," now
published by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Mrs.
Drummond writes a memoir, and Dr. S. Weir Mitchell
provides a tributary poem.
The first voliune of a work to be called " English
Literature in the Victorian Era: A Biographical and
Critical History," by Dr. Robertson Nicoll, will be pub-
lished in the autumn. The book will run to six volumes,
and it is hoped that they will be issued at the rate of
one a week until its completion. We understand that
146
THE DIAL
[March 1,
Dr. NicoU has been engaged upon this task for many
years. His main purpose has been to estimate the value
and influence of the writers and thinkers who have done
most to shape the direction of English thought during
the period treated.
The edition of Jane Austen's novels published by
Messrs. Duffield & Co. in the " St. Martin's Illustrated
Library of Standard Authors " is now completed by the
addition of " Emma," " Mansfield Park," " Northanger
Abbey," and " Persuasion," — six volumes, making ten
altogether. Many charming illustrations in color make
this a very desirable edition.
The first of a projected series of encyclopaedias for
the young, prepared by Professor Edwin J. Houston,
will be published this year by the American Baptist
Publication Society. The series will treat of the various
substances and phenomena connected with such branches
of natural science as Physical Geography, Natural Philo-
sophy, Mineralogy, Electricity, Geology, and Chemistry.
Early this month Messrs. Duffield & Co. will make
the experiment of issuing a new book in paper covers,
after the French manner. The volume, a collection of
picturesque stories of Paris, by Helen Mackay (Mrs.
Archibald K. Mackay), will copy precisely the French
scheme of bookmaking in type and make-up, and the
binding will be of paper in place of the customary
boards and cloth.
William Mathews, author and educator, died on Feb-
ruary 14 at his home in Boston, Mass., in his ninety-first
year. Among his best-known books are " Getting On in
the World," " The Great Conversers," " Words, their
Use and Abuse," " Hours with Men and Books," " Mon-
day Chats," " Oratory and Orators," " Literary Style,"
" Men, Places, and Things," " Wit and Humor," and
" Nugse Litterarise."
"The Tempest" and "The Merchant of Venice,"
both edited by Dr. F. J. Furnivall, are recent additions
to the " Old - Spelling Shakespeare," pubhshed by
Messrs. Duffield & Co. From the same source we
have "An Evening with Shakespeare," by Mr. T.
Maskell Hardy, being a book of directions for a Shake-
speare entertainment of readings, tableaux, and songs
set to old-time music.
Another book on Shakespeare which may be expected
during the year is Mr. Theodore Watts-Dunton's essay,
" Shakespeare's Adequacy to the Coming Century."
Mr. Watts-Dimton seems to have quite a number of
works approaching completion, among them "Rem-
iniscences of D. G. Rossetti and William Morris at
Kelmscott," a critical account of the romantic move-
ment, to be entitled " The Renascence of Wonder,"
and a new novel.
Among the foremost advocates of universal peace is
the author of "Ground Arms ! " the Baroness von Suttner,
who, at the age of sixty-five, has just written an account
of her life, which has been published by the well-known
" Deutsche Verlaganstalt " of Stuttgart and Leipzig.
Messrs. Ginn & Company have secured the rights to
publish the " Memorien von Bertha von Suttner " in all
English-speaking countries, and will shortly bring out
an English edition.
Mr. John Foster's "A Shakespeare Word-Book,"
published by Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co., is not a
concordance, but a dictionary, with textual examples
of Shakespeare's archaic forms and words of varied
usage. Even with this limitation, the work extends to
upwards of seven hundred double-columned pages. It is
particularly valuable for reference in the case of words
which are in common use to-day, but which had in the
sixteenth century a signification materially different
from that which we now give them. Such words are
the real pitfalls of Shakespeare, rather than those
which we at once see to be old and strange.
" Recollections of Seventy Years," by Mr. F. B.
Sanborn of Concord, is announced for publication this
month. As editor of the Springfield " Republican,"
the Boston " Commonwealth," and the " Journal of
Social Science," as the last of the founders of the
famous Concord School of Philosophy, and as the close
friend of such men as Emerson, Thoreau, Alcott, and
John Brown, Mr. Sanborn occupies a xmique position.
The work is divided into two volumes, one devoted to
his political and the other to his literary life.
A treatise on " Ethics," the work of Professors John
Dewey and James H. Tufts, has been added to the
" American Science Series " of Messrs. Henry Holt & Co.
Its fundamental aim is " to awaken a vital conviction of
the genuine reality of moral problems and the value of
reflective thought in dealing with them." Approaching
their subject by the historical pathway, the authors pro-
ceed to analyze the leading conceptions of ethical theory,
and then to apply them to a variety of pohtical and econo-
mic problems at present largely under discussion.
The Bibliophile Society, organized in Boston nine
years ago for the purpose, among other ends, of pub-
lishing artistic books and noteworthy manuscripts, will
soon issue Thoreau's " Walden " as Thoreau wrote
it, unabridged and unchanged. The " Walden " now
known to the reading public lacks, according to Mr.
Henry H. Harper, the Society's president, some twelve
thousand words that were cut out by Thoreau's publish-
ers from the author's manuscript, which, after devious
wanderings, has fortimately come into the Society's
possession.
Two new books by Mr. Arthur Symons are a welcome
feature of Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co.'s Spring announce-
ment list. The first of these, " The Romantic Movement
in English Poetry," is an even more ambitious piece of
work than its title suggests, for instead of an essay or a
narrative, Mr. Symons gives separate and distinct appre-
ciations of the personality and poetry of no less than
eighty-six romantic writers born in the last eighty years
of the eighteenth century. The other volume is a new
edition, practically re-written, of the well-known "Plays,
Acting, and Music."
Russell Sturgis, well-known as an architect, art critic,
and writer on architectural subjects, died at his home in
New York City, on February 11. Mr. Sturgis was bom
in 1836. Of chief interest among his published writings
are the following: "European Architecture," "How to
Judge Architecture," " The Appreciation of Sculpture,"
" The Appreciation of Pictures," and " The Interdepend-
ence of the Arts of Design." At the time of his death
one volume of his principal work, a " History of Archi-
tecture," had been issued, another was in the proofs, and
the third in manuscript.
The copyright office of the Library of Congress
reports for the last calendar year 118,386 entries, of
which 30,954 were books, 23,022 periodicals (separate
numbers), and the remainder musical and dramatic
compositions, maps, engravings, chromes, photographs,
prints of various kinds, and objects of art. The largest
number of entries in one day was 3,532, and the smallest
177. The total copyright fees amounted to $82,045.25,
1909.]
THE DIAL
147
while the salaries paid were $76,475.77, and the dis-
bursements for stationery and supplies, $1,142.30.
Figures given for the last eleven years show the office
to be handsomely self-supporting.
The American Unitarian Association is engaged in the
publication of a " Centenary Edition " of the writings
of Theodore Parker. Three of the volumes are now at
hand: " Sermons of Religion," edited by Mr. Samuel A.
Eliot; " The Transient and Permanent in Christianity,"
edited by Mr. George Willis Cooke ; and " Historic
Americans," a group of six lectures devoted to Franklin,
Washington, John Adams, Jefferson, John Quincy
Adams, and Daniel Webster. Good reading these
books are, and we are glad that their burning message
is thus presented to a new generation.
The Spring announcement list of the Macmillan Co.,
just issued, is an imposing and interesting list of books
containing no less than 100 titles. Of this number,
34 are classified as Educational, and 7 as Scientific or
Medical, the remainder of the list being distributed as
follows: Fiction, 7 titles; General Literature, Poetry,
and Drama, 6; Art, Archaeology, and Music, 5; Books
of Travel and Description, 3 ; History, 6 ; Biography, 7 ;
Politics, Economics, and Sociology, 9; Religion and
Philosophy, 16. A list covering so wide a range of
topics would in itself constitute the nucleus of a good
general library.
The committee to which was assigned the decision
upon the merits of the papers contesting for prizes
offered by Messrs. Hart, Schaffner & Marx of Chicago,
for 1908, has unanimously agreed upon the following
award: The first prize, of $1000, to Professor Oscar
D. Skelton for a paper entitled "The Case against
Socialism " ; the second prize, of $500, to Mrs. Emily
Fogg Meade for a paper entitled " The Agricultural
Resources of the United States." Among the contribu-
tions restricted to college undergraduates, the first
prize of $300 was won by Mr. A. E. Pinanski, Harvard
1908, for a paper entitled " The Street Railway of
Metropolitan Boston," and the second prize of $150 by
William Shea, Cornell 1909, for "The Case against
Socialism." It is expected that two, and possibly more,
of these essays will be published this year by Houghton
Mifflin Co.
TOPICS IN liEADING PERIODICALS.
March, 1909.
Africa, Into, with Roosevelt. E. B. Clark. Review of Reviews.
Africa in Transformation. C. C. Adams. Review of Reviews.
Africa that Roosevelt Will See. C. B. Taylor. Everybody's.
Africa: Where Roosevelt will Go. T. R. MacMechan. McClure.
Africa's Native Problem. Olive Schreiner. Review of Reviews.
Alcohol, Evidence against. M. A. Rosanoft. McClure.
American Concert of Powers, An. T. S. Woolsey. Scribner.
American Fleet and Australia. G. H. Reid. North American .
Anti-Japanese Legislation. S. MacClintock. World To-day.
Antony and Cleopatra, Romance of. L. Orr. Munsey.
Art and American Society. Mabelle G. Corey. Cosmopolitan.
Art in E very-day Life. R. C. Coxe. World's Work.
Austria-Hungary Situation. 8. Tonjoroff. World To-day.
Baedeker, The New — VII., Trenton Falls, N. Y. Bookman.
Bank Issues vs. Government. J. L. Laughlin. Scribner.
Barnard, GeorgeG., Sculpture of. F. W. Coburn. World To-day.
Barry, Major-General Thos. H. B. Wildman. World To-day.
Battleship, Launching a. R. G. Skerrett. World To-day.
Book-Trade, The Disorganized. H. Miinsterberg. Atlantic.
Bubonic Rats in Seattle. L. P. Zimmerman. World To-day.
Buildings, Foundations of High. F. W. Skinner. Century.
Burns, Poet of Democracy. Hamilton W.Mabie. No. American.
Caine, Hall, Autobiography of — VII. Appleton.
Cavour and Bismarck. Wm. R. Thayer. Atlantic.
Chelsea, Old, and Its Famous People. W. J. Price. Munsey.
Child, Professor, A Day with. Francis Gummere. Atlantic.
Christianity and Temperance. C. F. Aked. Appleton.
Church, The, and the Republic. Cardinal Gibbons. No.Amer.
Cleveland's Second Campaign. G. F. Parker. McClure.
Coal as a Conxmercial Factor. C. Phelps. Metropolitan.
Consular Agents, Training. E. J. Brundage. World To-day.
Coquelin, The Personal. Stuart Henry. Bookman.
Cotton Trade. Our. Daniel J. Sully. Cosmopolitan.
Country Life, Possibilities of. World's Work.
Craftsmen, Mediaeval. E. A. Batchelder. Craftsman.
Cuba, Home Rule in. C. N. de Durland. World To-day.
Democracy, The New American. Wm. Allen White. American.
Democratic Party's Future. W.J.Bryan. Munsey.
Desert, Reclaiming the — III. Forbes Lindsay. Craftsman.
Dramatic Technique, Evolution of. A. Henderson. No. Amer.
Dyeing Imitation Silk. C. E. Pellew. Craftsman.
Educational Revolution, An. H. E. Gorst. North A merican.
Embassies, Government Ownership of . Horace Porter. Century.
English Sport from an American Viewpoint. Scribner.
Faria, Abb6, The Real. Francis Miltoun. Bookman.
Ferdinand, Czar of Bulgaria. Theodore Schwarz. Munsey.
Fishing off California. C. F. Holder. World To-day.
Fleet, A Night with Our. Richard Barry. Cosmopolitan.
Fruit-Handling: New Methods. F.J.Dyer. Review of Reviews.
Fur Country, In the. Agnes C. Laut. World's Work.
Fur Traders as Empire-Builders — I. C. M. Harvey. Atlantic.
German Art. Modern. M. I. MacDonald. Craftsman.
Germany in Transition. North American.
Hartzell, Bishop, in Africa. F. C. Inglehart. Review of Reviews.
Hayes in the White House. M. S. Gerry. Century.
Health, Value of. F. M. Bjorkman. World's Work.
Herrick's Home in Devon. Edna B. Holman. Scribner.
Immigrants, Opportunities for. T. Bartlett. World's Work.
Immortals, The Forty. Brander Matthews. Munsey.
Indian Tribes in the Desert. E. S. Curtis. Scribner.
Infectious Diseases, Preventing. C. Torrey. Harper.
Innocence, The Heavy Cost of. World's Work.
Insurance, State Safeguards of. World's Work.
Ireland, The New — X. Sydney Brooks. North A merican.
Knox, Philander C. W. S. Bridgman. Munsey.
Lafayette Statue. Bartlett's. C. N. Plagg. Scribner.
Leipsic : Home of Faust. R. H. SchaufiBer. Century.
Life Insurance, Romance of — X. W. J. Graham. World To-day.
Lincoln, Abraham. Henry Watterson. Cosmopolitan.
Lincoln, My Reminiscences of. A. J. Conant. McClure.
Lion Country, Back to the. J. H. Patterson. World's Work.
Lowell, Professor A. Lawrence. Frederic A. Ogg. Munsey.
Lowell, Professor A. Lawrence. F. Rice. World To-day.
McKinley and Cuba. Henry S. Pritchetti North American.
McKinley at Antietam. John W. Russell. Munsey.
Man-hunting in Kentucky. R. W. Child. Everybody's.
Marriages, International. James L. Ford. Appleton.
Militarism, The Delusion of. C.E.Jefferson. Atlantic.
Mining, Eccentric. D. Pearson. World, To-day.
Motor-boat, Uses of the. E. B. Moss. Metropolitan.
Motor Car, The, and Its Owner. E. R. Estep. Rev. of Reviews.
Muir, John, Three Days with. F. Strother. World's Work.
Music, Nationalism in. Reginald De Koven. North American.
Music, The American Idea in. David Bispham. Craftsman.
Negro Problem, Heart of the. Quincy Ewingr. Atlantic.
New York City's Big Debt. Henry Bru6re. Century.
Ocean Travel, Safe. T. S. Dayton. Munsey,
Ocean Travel, Safety of. E. A. Stevens. Review of Revietvs.
Old Age. M. C. Carrington. Appleton.
Orchestras, Great American. C. E. Russell. Cosmopolitan.
Orinoco Delta, In the. C. W. and M. B. Beebe. Harper.
Pekin : The Forbidden City. I. T. Headland. Metropolitan.
Pennies, Counting the. Ida M. Tarbell. American.
Physical Life, Our. Wm. H. Thomson. Everybody's.
Physical Science of To-day. John Trowbridge. Atlantic.
Ponies, The Kirghiz. Charles L. Bull. Metropolitan.
Presidents, Changing. John T. McCutcheon. Appleton.
Presidents, Our, Out-of-Doors. Calvin D. Wilson. Century.
Press, The, and Professors. G. Stanley Hall. Appleton.
Profit and Usury. Alexander G. Bell. World's Work.
Prohibition and Public Morals. Henry Colman. No. American.
Prosperity-Sharing. Wm. H. Tolman. Century.
Railroads and Education. James O. Fagan. Atlantic.
Religio-Medical Movements, The. S. McComb. No. American.
Remington, Frederic, Art of. G. Edgerton. Craftsman.
Renaissance Pageant, A., in Chicago. World's Work.
Rockefeller, John D., Reminiscences of — VI. World's Work.
Roosevelt as President. M.G. Seckendorft. Munsey.
Roosevelt, Epoch of. C. Welliver. Review of Reviews.
Roosevelt, President. Bookman.
Roosevelt Regime. The. F. W. Shepardson. World To-day.
Roosevelt's Achievements as President. World's Work.
148
TPIE DIAL
[March 1,
Schools, Public, Plain Facts about. S. P. Orth. Atlantic.
Scientific Congress, The First Pan-American. World To-day.
Shakespeare's " Henry VIII." J. Churton Collins. Harper.
"Society." Rollin Lynde Hartt. Atlantic.
Stage, Our National. James L. Ford. McClure.
Stage, The Grip of the. Clara Morris. Munsey.
Steel, Making. William G. Beymer. Harper.
Street Railways, Corruption in. F. W. Whitridge. Century.
Swifts of Chicago, The. Emerson Hough. Cosmopolitan.
Taft, Turning Points in Career of. W. H. Taft. Century.
Taft. William H. George Fitch. American.
Taft, William H. James P. Brown. Everybody's.
Taft, Wm. H., as Administrator. J. A. LeRoy. Century.
Taft. William H., Personality of. Century.
Tariff Revision, Needed. T.H.Carter. North American.
Telephone, The, and Crime. H. Dickson. Appleton.
Theatres for Children. Laura Smith. World's Work.
Tramps, Colonizing. G. Myers. Review of Reviews.
Trolley Rehabilitation. Robert Sloss. Appleton.
Union, The New, of States. W. J. McGee. Review of Reviews.
Victoria. Queen, Impressions of. Sallie C. Stevenson. Century.
Wall Street " Killings." John Parr. Everybody's.
Welles, Gideon, The Diary of — II. Atlantic.
Woman's Position — III. Duchess of Marlborough. No. Amer.
Women, Work for — V. Wm. Hard. Everybody's.
Wood Carving, Value of. K. von Rydingsvard. Craftsman.
Wrangell, Ascending Mount. Robert Dunn. Harper.
List of New Books.
[The following list, containing 76 titles, includes books
received by The Dial since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY.
The Ancestry of Abraham Liincoln. By J. Henry Lea
and J. R. Hutchinson. lUus. in photogravure, 4to, pp. 218.
Houghton MiiHin Co. tlO. net.
The Xiife of a Fossil Hunter. By Charles H. Sternberg;
with Introduction by Henry Fairfield Osborn. lUus., 12mo,
pp. 286. " American Nature Series." Henry Holt & Co.
tl.60 net.
My Inner Liif e : Being a Chapter in Personal Evolution and
Autobiography. By John Beattie Crozier. New edition ; in
2 vols., 8vo. Longmans, Green, & Co. 12.50 net.
The Apprenticeship of Washington, and Other Sketches
of Significant Colonial Personages. By George Hodges,
D.D., D.C.L. 12mo, pp. 232. Moffat, Yard & Co. $1.25 net.
The Iiawrences of the Punjab. By Frederick P. Gibbon.
With portraits in photogravure, etc., 12mo, pp. 350. E. P.
Dutton & Co. $1 .50 net.
HISTORY.
The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln, and Its Expiation.
By David Miller Dewitt. 12mo, pp. 302. Macmillan Co.
$2.25 net.
Napoleon and America : An Outline of the Relations of the
United States to the Career and Downfall of Napoleon
Bonaparte. By Edward L. Andrews. With frontispiece,
8vo, pp. 89. Mitchell Kennerley. $2. net.
The Roman Forum: Its History and Its Monuments. By
Ch. Hvilsen ; trans, by Jesse Benedict Carter. Second edition,
revised and enlarged ; illus., 12mo, pp. 271. G. E. Stechert
& Co. $1.75 net.
A History of the United States and Its People from Their
Earliest Records to the Present Time. By Elroy McKendree
Avery. Vol. V., illus. in color, 8vo, pp. 431. Cleveland:
Burrows Brothers Co.
Storia Do Mogor ; or, Mogul India, 1653-1708. By Niccolas
Manucci; trans, by William Irvine. Vol. IV., illus., 8vo,
pp.605. " Indian Text Series." E. P. Dutton & Co. $3.75net.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Peace and Happiness. By Lord Avebury. 12mo, pp. 386.
Macmillan Co. $1.50 net.
Johannes Brahms : The Herzogenberg Correspondence.
Edited by Max Kalbeck ; trans, by Hannah Bryant. With
portrait, 8vo, pp. 425. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3. net.
Readings on the Paradlso of Dante, Chiefly Based on the
Commentary of Benevenuto Da Imola. By William Warren
Vernon; with Introduction by the Bishop of Ripon. Second
edition ; in 2 vols, 12mo. Macmillan Co. $4. net.
Little People. By Richard Whiteing. With portrait, 12mo,
pp. 295. Cassell & Co. $1.50 net.
New Mediaeval Library. New vols.: Early English Ro-
mances of Love, Early English Romances of Friendship;
done into modem English, with Introduction and notes, by
Edith Rickert. Each illus. in photogravure, 16mo. Duffleld
& Co. Per vol., $2. net.
An Indian Study of Love and Death. By the Sister Nivedita
of Ramakrishna-Vive-Rananda. 16mo, pp. 76. Longmans,
Green & Co. 75 cts. net.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
The Novels of Jane Austen. Edited by R. Brimley Johnson ;
illus. in color by A. Wallis Mills. New vols, completing the
set: Emma, in 2 vols.; Mansfield Park, in 2 vols.; Persua-
sion, Northanger Abbey. Each 12mo. Duffleld & Co. Per
vol., $1.25 net.
Works of Beaumont and Fletcher. Vol. VI., The Queen of
Corinth, Bonduca, The Knight of the Burning Pestle, Loves
Pilgrimmage, The Double Marriage. Edited by A. R. Waller,
M.A. 12mo, pp. 420. " Cambridge English Classics." G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $1.50 net.
The Republic of Plato. Trans., with Introduction, by A. D.
Lindsay, M.A. 12mo, pp. 370. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.25 net.
The Complete Works of George Gascoigne. Vol. I., The
Posies. Edited by John W. Cunliffe, M.A., D.Lit. 12mo,
pp.504. " Cambridge English Classics." G.P.Putnam's
Sons. $1.50 net.
The Old-Spelling Shakespeare. New vols. : The Merchant
of Venice, The Tempest; edited by F. J. Fumivall, Ph.D.,
with Introduction and notes by F. W. Clarke, M.A. Each,
12mo. Duffleld & Co. Per vol., $1. net.
DRAMA AND VERSE.
Salvage. By Owen Seaman. 16mo, pp. 149. Henry Holt & Co.
$1.25 net.
Ode on the Centenary of Abraham Lincoln. By Percy
Mackaye. 12mo, pp. 61. Macmillan Co. 75 cts. net.
Sisyphus: An Operatic Fable. ByR. C.Trevelyan. 8vo, pp.75.
Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.50 net.
Champlain : A Drama in Three Acts, with Introduction enti-
tled Twenty Years and After. By J. M. Harper. With frontis-
piece. 12mo, pp. 296. John Lane Co. $1.50.
The Blue and the Gray, and Other Verses. By Francis
M. Finch ; with Introduction by Andrew D. White. With
portrait, 12mo, pp. 144. Henry Holt & Co. $1.30 net.
Abraham Lincoln: A Poem. By Lyman Whitney Allen.
Centennial (fourth) edition ; 12mo, pp. 142. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $1.25 net.
A Motley Jest : Shakespearean Diversons. 12mo, pp. 64.
Sherman, French & (k>. $1. net.
A Wine of Wizardry, and Other Poems. By George Stirling.
12mo, pp. 137. San Francisco: A. M. Robertson. $1.25 net.
FICTION.
Araminta. By J. C. Snaith. 12mo, pp. 423. Moffat, Yard &
Co. $1.50.
The Three Brothers. By Eden Phillpotts. 12mo, pp. 480.
Macmillan Co. $1.50.
Christopher Hibbault, Roadmaker. By Marguerite Bryant.
12mo, pp. 382. Duffleld & Co. $1.50.
A Prince of Dreamers. By Flora Annie Steel. 12mo, pp. 348.
Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.25 net.
The Web of the Golden Spider. By Frederick Orin Bartlett.
Illus. in color, etc., 12mo, pp. 354. Small, Maynard & Co.
$1.50.
Rachel Lorian. By Mrs. Henry Dudeney. 12mo, pp. 346.
Duffleld* Co. $1.50.
The Pilgrims' March. By H. H. Bashford. 12mo, pp. 320.
Henry Holt & Co. $1.50.
Aline of the Grand Woods : A Story of Louisiana. By Nevil
G. Henshaw. 12mo, pp. 491. Outing Publishing Co. $1.50.
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The first volume of verse by Mr. Hewlett. Many other
poems included have never been jmblished before.
SEMIRAMIS And Other Plays
By OLIVE TILFORD DARGAN
$1.00 net.
This volume contains three plays, one of which deals
with the story and character of Edgar Allan Poe.
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 153 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK
154
THE DIAL
[March 16,
SCRIBNER'S SPRING BOOKS
JFictipn iu8t pnblisjita
THE KING OF ARCADIA
By FRANCIS LYNDE
Illustrated $1.50
" A really' good and well written mystery story
that will keep the reader excited to the end."
— New York Sun.
"The romance is replete with romantic adven-
ture, strenuous fighting, and love-making, and
makes the reader sit up with its stirring inci-
dents." — Sjiringfield Union.
THE BUTLER'S STORY
By ARTHUR TRAIN
Illustrated $1.25
Peter Ridges, butler in a very new and very rich family,
relates in a highly original and entertaining way the
various adventures of a social, financial, and sentimental
kind that come under his notice. Peter himself has
experiences that work out in the course of the book like
a novel, and he assists in some social scenes in the Carter
family in town and in the country, in an unexpected
Wall Street boom, and its consequences in the failure of
a plot, and in some house parties that make lively and
exhilarating reading.
THIS MY SON
By RENE BAZIN $1.25
The story of the son of a Breton farmer who tries to make his way as a journalist in Paris, and his
brother and sister on the farm.
" A plain tale plainly told, it strikes the tragic note which underlies all human life, especially that
which works at cross purposes." — Springfield Union.
THE CHIPPENDALES
By ROBERT GRANT
$1.50
A story of the conflict of old traditions and point of
view with the new methods of to-day, that is as striking
and absorbing in matter as it is delightful in manner of
handling. Blaisdell, a modern hustling man of business,
invades the inner circle, where the Chippendales, an old
Boston family, are firmly entrenched. And the incidents
and situations and outcome of it all make a great novel.
The lodger OVERHEAD
AND OTHERS
By CHARLES BELMONT DAVIS
Illustrated $1.50
Mr. Davis tells better stories of New York than anyone
else, and in this new book he deals skilfully with some
of the most dramatic and picturesque and hitherto un-
touched phases of essentially Metropolitan life. His
thorough familiarity with the life he describes make
these stories remarkable and absorbing.
READY IN APRIL
IN THE WAKE OF THE GREEN BANNER
Illustrated By EUGENE PAUL METOUR $1.50
A story of the French occupation of Algeria. Mr. Metour's invention, rich sense of color, brilliant
characterization, both Caucasian and Oriental, and his rapid narration make it an unflagging delight.
His picture of the fighting around the oasis proves him a master painter of war.
READY EARLY IN MAY
RICHARD HARDING DAVIS'S NEW NOVEL
,„„..„.., THE WHITE MICE ,,.5.
An exciting romance of love and adventure, of ingenious plot and thrilling revolution, in a South
American republic.
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 153 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK
1909.] THE DIAL 155
,
IMPORTANT
NEW
PUBLICATIONS
" LETTERS OF MRS. JAMES G. BLAINE "
Edited by HARRIET S. BLAINE BEALE
" One of the most interesting collections of American letters that have appeared in many years."
Chicago Tribune. Two volumes, cloth, gilt top, boxed, $4.00 net; by post, $4.15.
"THE BOOK OF THE DIVINE CONSOLATION OF SAINT
ANGELA DA FOLIGNO"
Translated from the Italian by Mary G. Steegmann, with an Introduction, and with reproductions of
the woodcuts of the original edition, Genoa, 1536.
"EARLY ENGLISH ROMANCES OF LOVE"
Edited in modern English, with Introduction and Notes, by Edith Rickert. Illustrated by
photogravures after illuminations in contemporary MSS. The contents include : Floris and Blancheflour ;
Sir Orfeo ; Lay of the Ash ; Launfal MUes ; The Earl of Toulouse ; Sir Degrevant ; The Knight of
Courtesy and the Fair Lady of Faguell; The Squire of Low Degree.
"EARLY ENGLISH ROMANCES OF FRIENDSHIP"
Edited in modern English, with Introduction and Notes, by Edith Rickert. Illustrated by
photogravures after illuminations in contemporary MSS. The contents include : Amis and AmUoun ;
Sir Amadas ; Athelston ; The Tale of Gamelyn ; Roswall and Lillian ; The Story of Gray-Steel.
Brown pigskin, antique clasps, $2.00 net; by post, $2.08.
jReto jFtctton
H. G. WELLS " TONO-BUNGAY " {3rd edition)
The Epic of a Patent-Medicine Business
" Something for everybody was perhaps Mr. Wells's motto in the writing of ' Tono- Bungay.'
Certainly it contains enough solid matter to furnish the material for a dozen thinly diluted modern
novels." — Boston Evening Transcript.
MARGUERITE BRYANT
"CHRISTOPHER HIBBAULT, ROADMAKER" (2nd edition)
The story of Christopher's education, his start in life as an engineer, his love for his pretty cousin,
and his final success.
W. SOMERSET MAUGHAM " THE MAGICIAN " {2nd edition)
A striking new novel by the author of "Jack Straw," "Lady Frederick," "The Explorer," etc.
H. HANDEL RICHARDSON " MAURICE GUEST "
"There can be no doubt that Mr. Richardson's romantic realism is the best work of fiction of the
present year." — London Daily News.
MRS. HENRY DUDENEY " RACHEL LORIAN "
" A romance of life and temperament well worked out ; a tragedy of life set before us sympathetically
and with skill and power." — Detroit Free Press.
ALICE PERRIN " IDOLATRY "
A new Anglo-Indian novel by the author of "The Waters of Destruction," "East of Suez," etc.
AT ALL BOOKSELLERS OR $1.50 POSTPAID FROM
DUFFELD^COMPANY
36WEST3??ST.^EnEW YORK
156
THE DIAL
[March 16,
SCRIBNER'S SPRING BOOKS
Kmpottant %^tolosita\ IBoofegf
THE FAITH OF A MODERN
PROTESTANT
By Professor WILHELM BOUSSET
75 cents net. Postpaid 80 cents.
An inspiring attempt to show what Christian faith, the
belief in the Fatherhood of God as proclaimed by Jesus
Christ, means for mankind to-day. Religion is ap-
proached from the side of vital spiritual experience,
viewed, not as a result of metaphysical enquiry, but as
a personal venture; a reaching out of faith into the
unknown.
A WORKING THEOLOGY
By ALEXANDER MacCOLL
75 cents net. Postpaid 80 cents.
A clear statement of the principles of theology which
remain to the modem man of to-day from the contro-
versies of the past and present, and which he can use as
a basis for his own moral code of life.
THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE
OF GOD
By W. N. CLARKE, D.D.
$2.50 net. Postpaid $2.75.
This new volume in the International Theological Li-
brary is an attempt to present the Christian conception
of God, his character, and his relations with men. Pro-
fessor Clarke shows the view of God for which Chris-
tianity stands responsible, the doctrines grounded in
Christian revelation, developed in history, and then re-
stated once more in the presence of modem knowledge.
MODERNISM
By PAUL SABATIER
$1.25 net.
"We know of no other book in English which gives
quite so vivid an impression of the vitality of the liberal
movement in the Romish Church." — The Westminster.
EPOCHS IN THE LIFE OF PAUL
By A. T. ROBERTSON, D.D.
$1.25 net. Postpaid $1.35.
An eloquent and stimulating study of the important
phases in the life of St. Paul. Orthodox in tone and
profoundly scholarly, it is yet full of new and interest-
ing suggestions.
THE GOSPEL AND THE CHURCH
By ALFRED LOISY
With an introduction by Newman Smyth, D.D.
$1.00 net.
In his introduction to this new edition of this famous
book Dr. Newman Smyth gives a brilliant study of
Modernism, and of the work and views of M. Loisy.
THE DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE
Complete in one volume.
Edited by JAMES HASTINGS, D.D.
With maps and illustrations.
$5.00 net
"An immense amount and variety of information is
packed into the 1000 double-column and closely
printed pages of this book. Bible teachers will welcome
it." — Chicago Tribune.
THE
PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENA
OF CHRISTIANITY
By GEORGE BARTON CUTTEN, Ph.D.
$2.50 net. Postpaid $2.70.
"The whole range of phenomena of Christianity has
been included, normal and abnormal, pathological and
beautiful. It is a book of uncommon clarity and matu-
rity of thought." — Chicago Tribune.
Each volume sold separately.
$1.00 net.
To be complete in six volumes.
Ready Early in April
Volume III. THE HISTORICAL BIBLE
By CHARLES FOSTER KENT, Ph.D.
The third volume of this series, entitled " The Kings and Prophets of Israel and Judah." With each
complete narrative are given in brief, simple, practical form, introductory, interpretative, historical, and
archieological notes, arranged under descriptive heads.
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 153 FIFTH AVENUE', NEW YORK
1909.] THE DIAL 157
^'
THE WATCHERS OF THE PLAINS
A Tale of the Western Prairies. By RiDGWELL CuLLUM.
With frontispiece in color by J. C. Leyendecker. Large
i2mo, cloth $1.50
^ ^^B^^^^^^^^^ A story of Dakota in the 70's, depicting one of the Indian uprisings
that were so frequent and so terrible in those days. It is strong in plot,
vivid in action, and of great interest. Seth is a character no one can fail
to admire.
ROBESPIERRE AND THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION
By Hon. Charles F. Warwick, author of "Mirabeau and
V^ the French Revolution," etc. Illustrated from rare engravings.
^^'^ ■ ^^^^^,-^ 8vo, cloth, stamped in gold net $2.50
This is the third volume of Mr. Warwick's great trilogy on the French
From Leyendecker's Frontispiece of Revolution. Besides being a complete biography of the great leader whose
Watchers of the Plains" name it bears, the book also gives a full account of the summary of the
chief events and happenings of the entire Revolution. Instead of the monster generally depicted, Mr. Warwick makes
Robespierre very human indeed, — weak, revengeful and selfish it is true, but at heart a man and not a beast.
UNIFORM WITH THE ABOVE
MIRABEAU AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION net $2.50
DANTON AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION not 2.50
The Three Volumes Boxed net 7.50
THE MENACE OF SOCIALISM
By W. Lawler Wilson. 8vo, cloth net $1.50
The author has taken a prominent part, as writer and speaker, in the campaign against Socialism now being con-
ducted in England. The book is comprehensive and original. It considers Socialism and Anti-Socialism as the two
great economic forces which are about to enter into a struggle for supremacy that will decide the political future of the
Western World. It forecasts a great outbreak of Social Revolution in Europe within the next three or four years.
"STONEWALL JACKSON" (American Crisis Biographies)
By Henry Alexander White, Ph.D. lamo, cloth. With frontispiece portrait . . net $1.25
The value of this book lies in the fact that it is written by the men whose knowledge of the life of the great Southern
General is everywhere recognized as preeminently authoritative and exhaustive. Indeed, Dr. White's acquaintance
with the remarkable character of Jackson is so well known that he was requested by Mr. Henderson, Jackson's English
biographer, to revise the proof sheets of his two-volume Life.
SKAT MADE EASY
A simple exposition of the fundamental rules governing the game. By Agnes Henry. Square
i6mo, cloth net $0.50
Skat has long been a favorite game in Germany and is now becoming deservedly popular in America. The great
difficulty that has heretofore confronted the novice is the lack of any text book simple enough to be understood by the
learner. This difficulty, it is hoped, has been met in this little book by Mrs. Henry. All explanations have been
made as clear and concise as possible, while some examples of possible hands and the manner of playing same form a
very practical feature.
THE DOCTOR SAYS
A Book of Advice for the Household, with Practical Hints for the Preservation of Health and the
Prevention of Disease. Large i2mo. Neatly bound in cloth net $1.00
This is an attempt, on the part of a reputable physician, to place before the readers, in an intelligible way and
interesting form, the chief facts of medicine and surgery with which it is proper and useful for this to be acquainted.
While the directions given can in no way take the place of personal advice, such detailed information has been given
that, should the reader be far away from the doctor, he may still be able to discoverthe cause of his illness and to select an
efficient remedy. This book should be a valuable addition to every household, especially those in remote country districts.
THE SUNDAY SCHOOL TEACHER'S MANUAL
Designed as an Aid to Teachers in Preparing Sunday-School Lessons. Edited by Rev. William M.
Groton, S.T.D. i2mo, cloth net $1.00
The purpose of the manual is not only to furnish instruction in approved methods of preparing and teaching the
lesson, but also to impart the information concerning the Scriptures and the Church which often lies beyond his imme-
diate reach. The various articles contained in it have been reduced to as small a compass as the usefulness of the
book will allow. ==^^^====
GEORGE W. JACOBS & CO., 1226 WALNUT ST„ PHILADELPHIA
158
THE DIAL
[March 16,
DODD, MEAD & COMPANY'S
NEW FICTION
SPRING 1909
THE BRONZE BELL
By LOUIS JOSEPH VANCE
Author of " THE BRASS BOWL," " THE BLACK
BAG," etc.
Illustrations in color by Harrison Fisher.
ISmo, cloth. $1.50.
A splendid story of a mystery followed half way round
the world. A delightfully romantic ending.
THE ALTERNATIVE
By GEORGE BARR McCUTCHEON
Author of "Graustark," "The Day of the Dog," etc.
Illustrations in color by Harrison Fisher.
Decorations by Theodore B. Hapgood.
12mo, cloth. $1.25.
Told with Mr. McCutcheon's inimitable knack of turning
a slight subject into a story which will delight thousands
of readers.
KINGSMEAD
By BETTINA VON HUTTEN
Author of " PAM." " PAM DECIDES." etc.
Frontispiece in color by Will Foster. 12mo, cloth: $1.50.
As entertaining and vivacious as " Pam."
THE ROYAL END
By HENRY HARLAND
Author of "The Cardinal's Snu£f Box," "My Friend
Prospero," etc.
l^mo, cloth. $1.50.
This story, the author's last, has the characteristic charm
of his other novels.
An interesting feature of " The Royal End " is the fact
that Mrs. Harland collaborated with her husband in its
production, and after his death brought it to completion.
THE RED MOUSE
By WILLIAM HAMILTON
OSBORNE
With full-page illustrations in
color by the Kinneys and Har-
rison Fisher.
12mo, cloth. $1.50.
One of the " six best sellers."
An interesting romance of social
and political adventure.
THE WHIRL
By FOXCROFT DAVIS
Full-page illustrations in color by
B. Martin Justice. Hmo, cloth. $1.60.
A story of Washington diplomatic so-
ciety, with a dash of adventure, and the
spice of a big political intrigue, a per-
fectly fascinating heroine, and strong
and stubborn hero.
THE GIRL AND THE BILL
An American story of mystery,
romance, and adventure.
By BANNISTER MERWIN
With cover design by Harrison
Fisher, and illustrations in color
by the Kinneys.
12mo, cloth. $1.60.
A series of as thrilling, mystifying,
and exciting adventures as can be
crammed into one story.
THE MUSIC MASTER
By CHARLES KLEIN
Author of "THE LION AND THE MOUSE," etc.
Full-page illustrations in color by John Mae.
12mo, cloth. $1.50.
Novelized from the successful play as produced by
David Belasco.
THE ETERNAL BOY
Being the story of the prodigious Hickey.
By OWEN JOHNSON
Author of " The Arrows of the Almighty," etc.
Fully illustrated. 12mo, cloth. $1.50.
" A new character study of the American youngster, fit
to rank with Aldrich's ' Bad Boy,' and Mark Twain's
■ Tom Sawyer.' " — Brooklyn Eagle.
THE HAND ON THE LATCH
By MARY CHOLMONDELEY
Author of "RED POTTAGE," "PRISONERS," etc.
Illustrated. IZmo, cloth. $1.25.
One of the best and strongest books of the season.
THE GLASS HOUSE
By FLORENCE MORSE KINGSLEY
Author of "The Transfiguration of Miss Philura," "The
Resurrection of Miss Cynthia," etc.
Illustrations by Alice Barber Stephens.
l2mo, cloth. $1.50.
A charming story, healthy and uplifting in tone.
THE PULSE OF LIFE
By MRS. BELLOC LOWNDES
Author of "The Heart of Penelope," "Barbara Rebel," etc.
12mo, doth. $1.50.
The author introduces us to an unfamiliar world — the
reserved, exclusive, distinguished circle of the old Catholic
nobility in England to-day.
THE HANDS OF COMPULSION
By AMELIA E. BARR
Author of "Jan Vedder's Wife," "The Bow of Orange
Ribbon," etc.
Frontispiece by Walter Eniett. 12mo, cloth. $1.50.
This is a story of the Isle of Arran, written with Mrs.
Barr's intimate knowledge of Scottish people and their
ways, which has made "Jan Vedder," "A Border Shep-
herdess," etc., so deservedly popular.
1909.]
THE DIAL
159
DODD, MEAD & COMPANY'S
MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS :: SPRING 1909
WHAT IS PHYSICAL LIFE
By WILLIAM HANNA THOMSON, M.D., LL.D., author of " BRAIN AND PERSONALITY."
12mo, cloth. Probably net $1.50.
Dr. Thomson's name has become famous by reason of the success of his " Brain and Personality." There is every
reason to believe this new book will also be an epoch-maker. Everyone who wants a clear unteehnical exposition
of the basis of physical life should read Dr. Thomson's new book.
MR. CLEVELAND A Personal Impression
By JESSE LYNCH WILLIAMS, author of " Princeton Stories," etc.
Illustrated. 16mo, cloth. Net 50 cents.
Mr. Williams, who' was a close personal friend of Mr. Cleveland, has compiled this appreciative volume with a
desire to make a real contribution to the memory of the great American.
THE GREAT WET WAY
By ALAN DALE
Dramatic critic of the New York American.
100 illustrations by H. B. Martin. Hmo, cloth. Net, $1.50.
This book, the result of fifty trips across the Atlantic,
discusses every conceivable phase of life in the big Liner,
and is thoroughly amusing and unique. Everyone who has
crossed or is going to cross ought to read it.
THE BLUE BIRD
A Fairy Play in Five Acts
By MAURICE MAETERLINCK, author of "The Life of
the Bee," " Wisdom and Destiny," etc.
Translated by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos.
12mo, cloth. Net, $1.20.
A play about children, written for adults, and it is alto-
gether charming. In its atmosphere of wonder and magic,
and its delightful fidelity to the nature of children, it is
much like " Peter Pan."
A HANDBOOK OF MODERN FRENCH PAINTING
By D. CADY EATON, B.A., M.A., Professor of the History and Criticism of Art (emeritus) Yale University.
250 illustrations. 8vo, cloth. Probably net $2.50.
Here, in compact and convenient form, one can find brief biographies of all French artists of any note whatever, from the
time of Watt«au to the present day. Besides the biographies, the volume contains interesting and illuminating criticisms
of the masterpieces of modem French painters, written in a non-technical manner.
STUDIES IN SEVERAL LITERATURES
By HARRY THURSTON PECK, Litt.D.
lemo, cloth. Net $1.20.
The volume contains twelve essays relating to some of the famous books and authors of the world, as well as to several
literary movements.
CULTURE BY SELF-HELP
On a literary, an academic, or an
oratorical career.
By ROBERT WATERS, author of
"Culture by Conversation,"
"John Selden and His Table
Talk," etc.
12mo, cloth. Net $1.20.
TOWARDS THE LIGHT
A Poem.
By Her Excellency the Princess
MARY KARADJA
16mo, cloth. Net 50 cents.
THE METHODS OF
TAXATION
Compared with the Established
Principles of Justice.
By DAVID MacGREGOR MEANS
Author of " Industrial Freedom."
8vo, cloth. Probably 7iet $2,60.
160.
THE DIAL
[March 16,
NEJV SPRING BOOKS— 1909
P UBLI8HED FEBR UA R Y
BILL TRUETELL: A Story of Theatrical Life
By George H. Brennan. With frontis-
piece in colors, and numerous text and
full-page drawings by James Mont-
gomery Flagg. Large 12mo, $1.50.
IN " Bill Truetell" George H. Brennan a
"well-known New York theatrical man,
tells the story of an old-school manager's
vicissitudes in touring the East. Truetell
leaves New York with his '• Gay Goth-
amites." At his first stopping place his
leading soubrette leaves him, and " the
little Van Balken,"' a stranded vaudeville
artist, takes her place and becomes at once
a new inspiration in Truetell's life. With
Rupert Steelson, the loyal exponent of
Shakespeare, Truetell meets more acute
troubles which threaten to down him alto-
gether.
The book is essentially true in spirit and
largely in incident. The atmosphere of
theatrical life is well reproduced in Mr.
Brennan's characterizations of minor fol-
lowers of the stage, as well as in the col-
ored frontispiece and many full-page and
text illustrations by James Montgomery
Flagg, who, like Mr. Brennan, was tread-
ing familiar ground in making these
graphic studies.
Heady March 20
WHAT IS A PICTURE?
Square 8vo, boards. 60 cents net.
'pAKING pictures as his starting point, the
author briefly surveys the field of art the-
ory in a clear and concrete manner, and the
reader is given some leading ideas by which
his future appreciation of pictures will be
guided and enlarged.
Published March 6 — Second Edition March 15
THE DELAFIELD AFFAIR
By Florence Finch Kelly,
author of " With Hoops of
Steel." With four illustra-
tions in full color by May-
nard Dixon. Large 12nio.
$1.50.
'pHIS is a stirring tale of love
-*■ and revenge in the pictur-
esque Southwest. Curtis Con-
rad, superintendent of a ranch
near Golden, New Mexico, has
sworn to kill the man who ruined
his father's fortunes. He con-
fides his purpose to his friend
Aleck Bancroft, who seeks in
vain to dissuade him from it.
Meanwhile Conrad falls in love
with Lucy, Bancroft's daughter,
and when a shady politician
tells him that Bancroft is the
owner of an assumed name and
is the man he seeks to kill, he
naturally spurns the idea. Such
is the situation with which Flor-
ence Finch Kelly confronts her
readers in the beginning of
"The Delafield Affair."
Published March 6
MISSION TALES IN THE DAYS OF THE DONS
By Mrs. A. S. C. Forbes, author of " California Missions and
Landmarks." With numerous illustrations and decorations
in tint by Langdon Smith. Large 12mo. $1.50.
A SERIES of twelve tales that
■^^ breathe the old-time roman-
tic atmosphere of earliest Cali-
fornia. Spanish dons, equally
proud if untitled Indians, priests,
and an occasional pirate were
among the elements that met
when the Europeans planted the
cross in token of spiritual sov-
ereignty over the red men's land.
Such diverse elements have, per-
haps, never mingled in any other
country. Certamly the tales
handed down from the days when
the adobe mission houses were
filled with Indians, have an at-
mosphere of their own which is
nowhere else approached. All
the stories in this book are based
upon historic incident ; and in
their telling, the vivid contrasts
and gentle incongruities of Indian
and priestly association are sym.
pathetically shown.
Ready March IS
THE SUMMER GARDEN
OF PLEASURE
By Mrs. Stephen Batson, author of " A
Concise Handbook of Garden Flowers."
With 36 illustrations in color by Osmund
Pittman. Index. Large 8vo. $3.50 net.
A GARDEN iu bloom from April to Septem-
^'^ ber with no August interregnum is the
ideal set forth in Mrs. Batson's splendidly
illustrated volume. After a chapter on the
Wild Garden, the flowers are taken up in the
order of their flowering and their character-
istics and care described. Altliough her book
is, from one standpoint, a practical text book,
it is far more. Mrs. Batson treats her subject
with "an intimate knowledge and deliglit,"
every reader. The thirty-sue illustrations by
delightful studies of the garden, and to city
stant refreshment as weU as an adequate
delightful text.
Published
THE RAILWAY MAIL SERVICE
By Clark E. Carr, author of " The Illini,"
etc. Illustrated. Indexed. 8vo, bound
in boards. 50 cents iifl.
'■j""HE first complete history of the railway
^ mail service is here reprinted from Colonel
Carr's "My Day and Generation." Though
primarily demanded by the members of that
service, this book will be read with interest by
everybody.
Ready in April
JANE HAMILTON'S RECIPES
By Charlotte M. Poindexter.
16mo. $1.00.
Boards.
which will captivate
Osmund Pittman are
dwellers will be a con-
interpretation of the
'■pHESE recipes are four generations old, the garnered culinary wis-
-*- dom of an historic Virginia family. And the housewife who follows
them in the cooking of staple dishes, as well as in the characteristic
Southern dishes, will find her results distinctly above contemporary
efforts. The author is the wife of Lieutenant F. L. Poindexter, U . S. A
A. C. McCLURG & CO.
PUBLISHERS
CHICAGO
1909.]
THE DIAl^
161
NEW SPRING BOOKS— 1909
READY APRIL 17
LETTERS FROM CHINA: With Particular Reference to the Empress Dowager
and the Women of China
By Sarah Pike Conger
Profusely illustrated. Index. Crown
8vo, red cloth, stamped in white, gold,
and green. $2.75 net.
'T'HE dismissal from office of Yaun-Shih-
Kdi, following the death of the Empress
Dowager, gives a most timely interest to this
sidelight on Chinese life and politics. Mrs.
Conger was the wife of the American Min-
ister in China from 1898 to 1904, a period
which included the Boxer troubles. Her
letters to relatives in America form the text
of this book, which is illustrated by a unique
collection of photographs including portraits
of the late Empress Dowager and the ladies
Prince Vh'ing
of her retinue, and published by her special
permission. Mrs. Conger's relations with the
Dowager Empress were most intimate, and
these letters reveal her in a new and kindlier
light. ■
Published
TRUE MANHOOD
By James Cardinal Gibbons. Boards.
18mo. 50 cents net.
■ IF you disclose to me your character I
will reveal to you your destiny." Such
is the place that character assumes in the
eyes of Cardinal Gibbons. The book is in no
■way sectarian, its application is wide-spread,
and its style is compact and vigorous.
Ready March 13
THE EMPIRE OF THE EAST: Japan a«
1 It Was, Is, and
i. Will Be
'- By H. B. Montgom-
S- ery. With frontis-
piece in color and
16 other illustra-
tions. Index. Large
Svo. $2.50 net.
MR. MONTGOM-
ERY takes Japan
seriously. Through-
out his work he avoids
the bizarre and pre-
sents a comprehensive
picture of an active nation, bending all its energies toward national
progress and extension of trade. That Japan wUl discourage foreign
enterprise on her soil, when it is legitimate, or that she
will enlist China as an engme of destruction against
the Western world, Mr. Montgomery does not believe.
His chapters on Japanese art are unusually explicit.
Ready in April
A SUMMER IN TOURAINE
By Frederic Lees. With twelve plates in full
color, and many other full-page illustrations,
and a map. Large Svo. $2.75 7iet.
TN this delightfully written and illustrated work,
Mr. Lees takes us down the Loire, Vienne, and
Cher, and through the country which Balzac's de-
scriptions still fit, and in which the Renaissance is a
living memory of yesterday. The book has all the
authority of a guide book, and is a veritable picture
of the background of the Renaissance in Europe.
Ready in April
THE ANDEAN LAND By Chase S. Osbom.
Two volumes,
with over fifty
illustrations and
four maps. In-
dexed. Large
Svo. $5.00 net.
'pHIS description
-*- of the republics
and colonies of
South America com-
bines a breezy anec-
dotal style vrith an
encyclopicdic range
of subjects, pertain-
ing to the history,
geography, trade, and social conditions in the picturesque lands, some
of which are here described for the first time. The table of distances
and accounts of currency systems make it an author-
itative guide book. Mr. Osbom writes with an
authority born of intimate acquaintance..
Published
MAKING THE MOST of OURSELVES
Talks for Young People. Second Series.
By Calvin Dill Wilson, author of " Making the
Most of Ourselves," First Series ; " Canter-
bury Tales Retold for Young Readers," etc.
16mo. $1.00 net.
n^O the end that his readers may not only develop
-*- but profitably use their personal powers, Mr.
Wilson discusses many sides of living. Literature
and the appreciation of poetry, and such matters as
holding a job, digging information out of books, and
formmg young men's clubs, are treated in a practi-
cal manner.
Ready in April
MAKING THE BEST OF
THINGS SERIES
The Point of View — A Talk on
Relaxation — Mental Hygiene in
Daily Living. By Alice K. Fallows.
Decorated boards. Square 12mo.
Elach, 35 cents 7iet.
ATISS FALLOWS, a co-worker with
-'-'-'- her father. Bishop Samuel Fallows,
in the Emmanuel movement, treats the
practical side of self-help through mind
cure in these volumes. They are written
in non-technical language, and as an easy
introduction to this new method of effi-
cient living, will be found most valuable.
Ready in April
ART OF SPEECH AND
DEPORTMENT
By Anna Morgan
SELECTED READING
Compiled by Anna Morgan
Two vols., 12mo, each $1.50 net.
TN "The Art of Speech and Deport-
-*- ment," everythuig that goes to make
the pleasing and powerful speaker is
treated in detail.
From Tolstoi to O. Henry, from
Boccaccio to Edward Everett Hale, Uter-
ature pays tribute to " Selected Read-
ings." In the dramatic section, Shaw
and Molit're are found side by side.
A. C. McCLURG & CO.
PUBLISHERS
CHICAGO
162 THE DIAL [March 16,
NO BOOK OF RECENT YEARS
Has elicited stronger or more enthusiastic commen-
dation from thoughtful readers everywhere than
Peace, Power and Plenty
By ORISON SWETT MARDEN
Editor of "Success," author of "Every Man a King," etc.
(l2mo, cloth, $1.00 net. Postage 10 cents.)
" Will keep readers young," says John Burroughs.
" You preach a sound, vigorous, wholesome doctrine, and preach it with much
eloquence. The book will keep your readers young."
" Vital, uplifting, transforming," says Miss Lilian Whiting.
" Into what magic do you dip your pen to create so vital, so uplifting, so trans-
forming a book ? It is indeed a hand-book for every day."
" A mental and moral tonic," says Mrs. Burton Kingsland. .
"It is to me a mental and moral tonic, a refreshment and an inspiration. Your
vigorous and helpful words have roused me."
" One chapter worth $500," says Samuel Brill.
"I am so enthusiastic about your book that I have notified my employees in all
our stores of its publication and asked them to buy it. The chapter on 'Health '
alone is worth $500."
" A forcible presentation," says David Starr Jordan.
" I have read the book with much interest. I find it very well written, and a forcible
presentation of the strength involved in calmness and cleanliness."
" A call to fuller life," says Ralph Waldo Trine.
" One of those rare books whose every page contains something of great suggestive
value. It is cheery, alive, inspiring, and it hasn't a dull paragraph in it. It will be
the call to a new, a fuller life to many thousands."
" Needed by my race," says Booker T. Washington.
"I wish I were able to translate its message into the hearts and minds of all my
people. It preaches the gospel that a race which is trying to get on its feet needs."
Read the Marden Inspirational Books!
PUBLISHED BY
THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO., NEW YORK CITY
1909] THE DIAL. 163
THREE NEW PLAYS READY
IN THE MONUMENTAL
First Folio Shakespeare
Edited by CHARLOTTE PORTER and HELEN A. CLARKE
Issued, a play to a volume, with full introductions, notes, glossaries, and variorum readings.
The only Popular Price Edition which reproduces
exactly the original First Folio of 1623.
JUST PUBLISHED
The Merry Wives of Windsor All's Well That Ends Well
Measure for Measure .
ALREADY ISSUED
A Midsommer Nights Dreame. Henry the Fift.
Loves Labour's Lost. Much Adoe About Nothing.
The Comedie of Errors. Romeo and Juliet.
The Merchant of Venice. The Tempest.
The Tragedie of Macbeth. The Tragedie of Othello.
The Tragedie of Julius Caesar. The Winters Tale.
The Tragedie of Hamlet. The Taming of the Shrew.
The Tragedie of King Lear. The Two Gentlemen of Verona.
Twelfe Night, or What You Will. The Tragedie of Coriolanus.
As You Like It.
Size of volumes, ^}( x 6%.
Cloth, 75 cents; limp leather, $i.oo per volume.
Horace H. Furness says: "My heartiest congratulations on an important and attractive
undertaking. . . , I think you do Vi^isely and shrewdly in reprinting the First Folio."
Hamilton W. Mabie says: "A great gain for Shakespearean students."
Brander Matthews says: " The most useful edition now available for students."
The Dial says : " It would be difficult to praise this edition too highly."
PUBLISHED ONLY BY
THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO., NEW YORK CITY
164
THE DIAL
[March 16,
ICatrine
By ELINOR MACARTNEY LANE
the
author of
nancy Stair
KATRINE is the first novel which Mrs. Lane has publish-
ed since her brilliant story of "Nancy Stair." Those
who have read both books agree in recognizing KATRINE as
the greater successor of a great romance. In KATRINE, as in
" Nancy Stair," a beautiful, magnetic woman takes the leading
part. This is a romance of picturesque love-making, of separation, of the woman's
triumph through her natural gifts, of a man's awakening and his battle with
realities, and, finally, it is a romance not only of a woman's achievement, but of an
all-conquering love.
HARPER'S
NEW B
o
O
K
S
JVitk Frontispiece. Post 8vo, Cloth, ■$i.jo.
The PLANTER
By HERMAN WHITAKER
A MAINE youth — full of" ambition and a
keen zest for life — begins his career on a
rub'oer plantation in Mexico, as manager of a busi-
ness concern which in reality is a trickster's enter-
prise, although he does not know it. He meets and
loves a beautiful Mexican girl, a revelation after the
giggles and smirks to which he has been accustomed.
The romance which follows is full of peril and
hardships, of love and success. This novel is most
unusual in its atmospheric charm ; in fact, the
portrayal is so absolutely new and vivid that
it is prophesied the book will be the " Uncle
Tom's Cabin " of this tragedy of Indian ser-
vitude.
With Frontispiece. Post 8vo, Cloth, S^-JO.
By LOUISE CLOSSER HALE
IT is by the actress herself — this story of a New
York girl who gives up her sweetheart for the
stage. The fun and the tears of stage life — the
real, not the scandal kind — reveal the actress as an
original, frank, humorous, likable girl. The man
is prosperous, level-headed, and knows just what
the feminine "artistic temperament" really
needs. Naturally he hasn't much sympathy with
the " career."
The girl is determined to be a great artiste,
and, putting her sweetheart aside — But the
actress tells her heart-story better than any one
else can.
Pictorial Cover. Illustrated. Post 8vo, Cloth,
S1.30.
The Gorgeous Borgia
By JUSTIN HUNTLY McCARTHY
THE t3'rant Caesar Borgia, who turned happiness into
misery, song into groans, life into death. He was as
"beautiful as a tiger, and as bright and strong as a tiger, and
truly as cruel as a tiger." He murders his brother, the Duke
of Gandia. An unsuspecting girl, in her ignorant beauty,
adores him. Herself of the rival house of Orsini, she is elect-
ed to slay the tyrant, not dreaming that he is her lover. The
story is riotous with the Roman life in this period.
Pictorial Wrapper in Colors. Post Svo, Cloth, ■$i.jo.
HARPER'S LIBRARY
of LIVING THOUGHT
16mo, Gilt Tops and Backs, Decorative
Carer, Cloth, 75 cents 7iet.
A RESPONSE lo the special demand of
the century now opening:. Tiie central
living thought in the intellectual move-
ments of the day in permanent book form and
at a low price. Three volumes now ready:
Three Plays of Shakespeare. By
Algernon Charles S'winburne.
Personal Religion in Egypt Before
Christianity. By W. M. Flinders Petrie.
The Teaching of Jesus. By Count Leo
Tolstoi.
LIFE AND LETTERS OF LORD MACAULAY
By HIS NEPHEW, THE RIGHT HON. SIR OTTO TREVELYAN, Bart.
THIS recognized, complete, and splendid biography of Macaulay comes out this spring in new form, with much new
matter and in two editions. " Macaulay's Marginal Notes," once published separately, is now incorporated in the
biography, making Chapter XVI, and bringing in matter of great value. This has made necessary new appendices,
etc., as well as other changes and improvements. — Two editions : One volume. Crown 8to, Cloth, Gilt Top, ivith
Portrait, $2.00. Two volumes, Svo, Cloth, Gilt Tops, with Portrait, in a box, $5.00.
HARPER & BROTHERS, Publishers, NEW YORK
1909.]
THE DIAL
165
PUTNAM'S NEW BOOKS
Volume III. Renascence and Reformation. Now ready
The Cambridge History of English
Literature
Edited by A. W. Ward, Litt.D., and A. R. Waller, M.A.
To be in 14 Volumes. Price per volume $2.60.
Subscriptions received for the complete work at $31.50 net, payable at the rate of $2.25,
on the notification of the publication of each volume.
Previously issued: Vol. I. From the Beginning: to the Cycles of Romance. Vol. II. The End of the Middle Ages.
" The editors of this volume . . . have produced a book which is indispensable to any serious student of English
literature. The individual articles are in several instances contributions of great value to the discussion of their
subjects, and one of them is of first-rate importance in English literary history." — Athenoium,.
Send for Descriptive Circular
Fraternity
By John Qalsworthy
Author of " The Country House," etc. $1.35 net.
" A remarkable power of ironic insight combined with
an extremely keen and faithful eye for all the phenomena
on the surface of life." — Joseph Conrad.
Shelburne Essays sixth series
By Paul Elmer More $1.25 ne<.
Contents :
The Forest Philosophy of India — The Bhagavad Glta —
Saint Augustine — Pascal— Sir Thomas Browne— Bunyan
— Eousseau — Socrates — The Apology — Plato.
Fighting the Turk in the
Balkans
By A. H. D. Smith illustrated. $1.75 net.
Narrates the thrilling adventures of a y.oung American
who for several months joined a band of Macedonian
gnerrilas.
" A very remarkable story of adventure." — N. Y. Times,
The Philosophy of Self Help
By Stanton Davis Kirkham
Author of " The Ministry of Beauty," etc.
Crown 8vo. $1.25 net.
A book designed to show how, by a training and use of
the mind, it is possible for every one to secure at least a
large measure of mental health and: physical well-being.
The Century of the Child
By Ellen Key $1.50 Jie*.
Some of Miss Key's ideas are strongly revolutionary, but
in educational questions she shows originality, and her
writings have a wide appeal among progressive people.
In the matter of the education of children she is the foe
of mechanical methods and recommends a large liberty in
the bringing-up of young people.
The Federal Civil Service as
a Career
By E. B. K. Foltz $1.50 net.
A handbook for the applicant for Federal positions, the
officeholder, the economist, and the busy citizen. It is a
book of facts, concisely stated, free from technicalities,
and arranged with a view to practical use.
Volume V. Completing the Work
The Greatness and Decline of Rome
By Quglielmo FerrerO. Authorized Translation. 5 Volumes. Each, %2.m net.
Vol. V. THE REPUBLIC OF AUGUSTUS
Previously issued: Vol. I. THE EMPIRE BUILDERS Vol. III. THE FALL OF AN ARISTOCRACY
Vol. II. JULIUS C^SAR Vol. IV. ROME AND EGYPT
The continued large demand has exhausted the edition of Volumes I., II., III., and IV. New impressions of these
volumes will be ready early in April.
The Great Lakes
By James Oliver Curwood Fully illustrated. $3.50 nc<.
The romance attaching to the past history of the Lakes and not less the romance of the present — the story of the
great commercial fleets that plough our inland seas, created to transport the fruits of the earth and the metals that are
dug from the bowels of the earth. Comparatively little has been written of these fresh-water seas, and many readers will
be amazed at the wonderful story which this volume tells.
Send for New Announcement Lists
Putnam's
Magazine
Q. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
NEW YORK AND LONDON ^
The
Knickerbocker
Press
166
THE DIAL
[March 16,
SPRING BOOKS OF INTEREST AND VALUE
(PUBLISHED IN MARCH)
ALICE BROWN'S
The Story of Thyrza
" A strong book. Presents a study of the Puritan conscience and temperament that is full of penetrating
insight and clever analysis. . . . Alice Brown's heroine might be said to be a Hester Pryne under contem-
porary conditions. . . . A fine example of literary craftsmanship." — £roo/cJi/n JSofirie.
With frontispiece in color by A lice Barber Stephens. $1.36 net. Postpaid, |1.60.
ARTHUR GILMAN'S
My Cranford
A phase of the quiet life, as seen in a country village, which has inspired the author with some delightful
reminiscences and reflections. Illustrated. $1.25 net. Postpaid, $1.40.
WILLIAM VAUGHN MOODY'S
The Faith Healer
" A closely knit, steadily cumulative and absorbing drama that engrosses and thrills even in the comparative
tameness of the printed page. ... A drama of action and of conflict." — Boston Transcript.
$1.00 net. Postpaid, $1.10.
BORDEN PARKER BOWNE'S
Studies in Christianity
A practical attempt to combine the new theology and the old religion, by a leading American scholar.
$1.50 7iet. Postage extra.
GEORGE E. WOODBERRY'S
The Life of Poe
The authoritative life of this most interesting of American poets by one of the foremost of living poets and
critics. Two volumes. Fully illustrated. $5.00 net. Postpaid, $5.30.
JOHN MUIR'S
Stickeen: The Story of a Dog
A stirring story of a faithful dog, actual adventure and perilous escape in the glacier country. The story is
told in picturesque and almost poetic prose. 60 cents net. Postpaid 67 cents.
JEANNETTE MARKS'S
Through Welsh Doorways
Delightful stories of Welsh life by an author who knows the country and its people intimately, and who
writes with humor, pathos and affection. What Barrie has done for Scotland Miss Marks has done for the
by-ways of Wales. Illustrated in tint by Anna Whelan Belts. $1.10 net. Postage extra.
ENOS A. MILLS'S
Wild Life on the Rockies
An interesting account of adventures with snowslides, wild beasts, and wild weather, the animal life of the
Rockies and the pleasures of camping out. Illustrated. $1.75 net. Postage extra.
MARGARET MORSE'S
On the Road to Arden
A charming romantic tale of a springtime excursion by two willful maids in a runabout. Their repeated
encounters with an automobile and its impulsive occupants afford an opportunity for a double love story
full of delightful situations. With sketches by II. M. Brett. $1.00 /ie<. Postage extra.
FRANK W. LEWIS'S
State Insurance
A valuable handbook in which the desirability of state insurance, its effectiveness in other countries, and
the peculiar problems connected with it for our own country, are set forth with great vigor and lucidity.
$1.25 net. Postage extra.
GEORGE R. NOYES'S (Editor)
The Cambridge Dryden
The most complete collection of Dryden's writings yet attempted in popular form. The book is well supplied
with notes and has a chronological arrangement of contents.
Cambridge Edition. With photogravure Portrait and Vignette. $3.00. Postpaid.
BOSTON
HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
NEW YORK
1909.]
THE DIAL
167
WILLIAM J, LOCKE'S NEW NOVEL
SEPTIMUS
l£mo. Illustrated. ^1-50.
" A more beloved vagabond than ' The Beloved Vagabond.' " — N. Y. Globe'
"Witty, original, and gay as Sheridan." — Pall Mall Gazette.
"Locke at his best.'' — Baltimore Sun.
" A permanent a^idition to the lovable characters of fiction." — Outlook.
" It appears to be Mr. Locke's province to let light into the dark corners of
life and show us the bright side of people and things." — Boston Transcript.
" ' Septimus ' is not a book for prudes to read, although it is in no sense
immodest. It grows in strength and depth toward the end, until it offers one of the
most absorbing propositions presented in modern fiction." — Washington Star.
" One of those rare stories that attract us first of all in our lighter moods and
then lay hold upon us with the force of a strong ideal." — Argonaut.
William Lyon Phelps, Professor of English Literature at Yale University : " ' Septimus ' is to my mind the best
book Mr. Locke has ever written, which means it is one of the most delightful novels published during the last ten
years. . . . All the whimsical humor of his former stories, with a deep vein of purity and tenderness."
LOST CABIN MINE A Stirring Tale of the West
127)10. $1.50.
" Apache Kid is of the type Bret Harte loved to draw." — Queen.
"Full of movement and stirring.'" — Brooklyn Eagle.
A DAUGHTER OF FRANCE
By Constance Elizabeth Maud. 12mo. $1.50.
" Interprets French character to American readers with more success than any recent work
of fiction. The dash and sunny grace of the French character are inimitably brought out.''
SONGS FROM THE GARDEN OF KAMA
By Laurence Hope. Illustrated from Photographs by Mrs. Eakdley Wilmot.
4to. $S.OO net. Postage, 15 cents.
" No one has so truly interpreted the Indian mind — no one, transcribing Indian thought into our literature, has
retained so high and serious a level, and quite apart from the rarity of themes and setting, the verses remain true
poems." — London Daily Chronicle.
THE BOOK OF LIVING POETS
By Walter Jerrold. ISmo. $2.50 net. Postage, 12 cents.
The object of this collection is not only to indicate something of the number of living poets, but also to show
them in their most characteristic work, and as a consequence, in a certain measure to illustrate at once the range of
the poetical expression of the time, and something of the thought of the time as rendered in poetry.
SALOME A Guide to Strauss' Opera
16mo. Illustrated. $1.00 net. Postage, 6 cents.
ASPECTS OF MODERN OPERA
16mo. $1.25 net. Postage, 10 cents.
Salome, Pelleas and Melisande, Boheme, etc. Ably discussed by Lawrence Oilman.
"For constant opera-goers a timely transcript." — New York Sun.
EDWARD MACDOWELL
By Lawrence Oilman. Illustrated. 12mo. $1.50 net. Postage, 12 cents.
" Every appreciator of MacDowell's music should possess himself of this study of the composer."
— Washington Star.
ANATOLE FRANCE
COMPLETE LIMITED EDITION IN ENGLISH,
$2.00 per volume.
THE WELL OF ST. CLARE
THE GARDEN OF EPICURUS
THE CRIME OF SYLVESTRE BONNARD
THE RED LILY
MOTHER OF PEARL
BALTHASAR
JOHN LANE COMPANY
THE INTERNATIONAL
STUDIO
NEW YORK
168
THE DIAL
[March 16,
A SELECTION OF SPRING PUBLICATIONS
From the List of J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY Philadelphia, Pa,
Charles-Augustin
Sainte-Beuve
CThe fourth volume of the French Men of Letters Series.
By George McLean Harper, Professor of English
Literature in Princeton University, and author of
" Masters of French Literature," Professor Harper believes
that Sainte-Beuve is now more than ever acknowledged to
be, with Taine and Benan, one of the intellectiial triumvi-
rate of modern France, and that he is henceforth to be
regarded not merely as the greatest French literary critic,
but as one of the world's chief critics in the broad sense —
a man who has thrown the light of reason upon all great
questions of psychology, morality, religion, politics, and art.
With a frontispiece portrait and a bibliography. 12mo.
Cloth, paper label, 11.50 net; postpaid, 11.60.
The Life of
James McNeill Whistler
CAn entirely new printing of this authorized biography
by Elizabeth R. and Joseph Pennell. The Interna-
tional Studio says: "Those, too, who know him only
in his paintings, etchings, and lithographs, will learn,
through the intimacy of Mr. and Mrs. Pennell's pages,
better to understand the deep-souled religion of beauty that
inspired all his work. The numerous illustrations, repro-
ducing practically all his important pictures, are beyond
praise. Whistler himself would have delighted in this book,
and proclaimed it ' all beautiful, distinguished, and charm-
ing, as it should be.' We can hear his joyous, vibrant laugh
of final triumph." Two volumes. 166 illustrations in half-
tone, photogravure, and line. Crown quarto. Half-cloth,
110.00 net per set.
Wild Flowers and
Fruits
CBy George L.Walton, M.D.,
author of "Why Worry?"
A book of chartsandgroups
which will facilitate identifica-
tion of many flowers and fruits
commonly found in the north-
eastern section of the United
States. The pen and ink illus-
trations were made direct from
fresh specimens by the author.
Two color plates and 86 line
drawings. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50 net.
The Home Garden
CBy Eben E. Rexford, author of " Four Seasons
in the Garden." This book is intended for the
use of those who have a little piece of land
upon which they would like to grow vegetables and
small fruits, but whose knowledge how to go to work
in the right way, and what to attempt growing, is
limited, because of lack of experience. It contains
no theories. It aims to give simply and clearly such
information as the writer has gathered from his own
experience in gardening, by which he believes others
can bring about equally satisfactory results. Eight
full-page illustrations. 12mo. 198 pages. Cloth,
ornamental, fl.25 net; postpaid, $1.35.
Our Insect Friends
and Enemies
CBy John B. Smith, Sc.D.,
Professor of Entomology
in Rutgers College. The
importance of insects and their
influence on human life is just
coming to be appreciated, and
this volume treats of the rela-
tions of insects to man, to other
animals, to each other, and to
plants. Colored frontispiece and
121 line cuts in the text. 12mo.
Cloth, $1.50 net.
Behind the Veil
in Persia-
CBy M. E. Hume-Griffith. With narratives of experi-
ences by A. Hume-Griffith, M.D. In a residence of
eight years in Persia and Turkish Arabia the author
became intimate with a large circle of friends whose life is
passed behind the veil, and a.s the wife of a medical mission-
ary she has had unusual opportunities of winning their con-
fidence and becoming acquainted with their thoughts. As
a result her book gives an accountof that inner life of the
East of which a traveller, however keen-sighted and intelli-
gent, seldom gains more than a passing glimpse. 37 illus-
trations and a map. 350 pages. Octavo. Cloth, with gilt,
$3.50 net.
A British Officer in
the Balkans
CBy Major Percy Henderson, late of the Indian Army.
There lies in Eastern Europe one of the most charm-
ing districts, as yet unspoiled by tips or exorbitant
hotel charges, possessing all the variety of scenery of Nor-
way, the coloring of Italy, with the added glamor of the
Orient. Major Henderson has written an intensely inter-
esting record of a lengthy tour through Dalmatia, Monte-
negro, and Turkey in Austria, Magyarland, Bosnia, and
Herzegovina. The author's account is not that of a hurried
traveller, but is the result of careful and appreciative observ-
ation. The photographs, taken by Mrs. Henderson, are
unique and add greatly to the interest of the book. Fifty
illustrations and a map. Octavo. Cloth, gilt top, $3.50 net.
Love's
Privilege
CBy Stella M. During, author of
"Disinherited." This novel re-
cently won a thousand-dollar
prize in a leading Chicago newspaper
competition, and was pronounced as
perhaps the most bafiiing mystery
story of recent years. The plot is con-
cerned with a murder which absolutely
defies solution. Frontispiece in color
by Frank H.Desch. 12mo. Cloth, with
colored inset, $1.50.
READY IN MAY
The Woman in Question
^ By John Reed Scott, author of " The Colonel of the Red
^*» Huzzars," " The Princess Dehra," etc.
Lanier
of the Cavalry
CBy General Charles King, who
stands sponsor for many fine
army stories, but it is douTjtful
if he has ever penned a more stirring
one than this, his latest romance. The
plot is laid at a frontier fort where witty
women and brave men are snowed in
for months, which isolation is to some
extent accountable for the remarkable
happenings. Three full-page illustra-
tions by Frank McKernan. 12mo. De-
corated cloth, $1.25.
Self Help for
Nervous Women
C Familiar talks on economy in
nervous expenditure by John K.
Mitchell, M.D. Here are plain
and helpful talks about food and rest,
air and exercise, self-control, discipline,
the training of the nervous system,
etc., intended for the nervous, for those
who apprehend nervousness, and for
those who have to do with nervous
invalids. 12mo. 202 pages. Cloth,
$1.00 net; postpaid, $1.08.
READY IN APRIL
The Winning Chance
^ By Elizabeth Dejeans. Strikingly original in theme
^^ and treatment — the big problem of the American girl.
SEND FOR FREE ILLUSTRATED SPRING CATALOGUE
1909.]
THE DIAL
169
Ellen Terry^s
The Story of My Life
A most charmingly individual biography — the informal reminiscences of one of the best-beloved
women and most gracious personalities that the English-speaking stage has known. "Miss
Terry had the fortune to come in contact with nearly everyone who counted in art and literature
as well as in the theatre, and has something worth saying about all." Neixj York Sun.
" Miss Terry has given us one of the most interesting books of reminiscences we are likely to
see in our day." Chicago Record-Herald.
Embellished ivith the greatest collection of theatrical photographs and reproductions of famous
paintings ever published in one 'volume. Net, Sj JO (postage 2j cents).
John La Farge^s
The Higher Life in Art
This notable resume of the work of Delacroix, Daubigny, Decamps, Corot, Rousseau, and
Millet, by one who is recognized as the great art figure of the present day, will rank with the
foremost contributions to art criticism.
"Mr. La Farge is a rare master of the art of talking about art. Nothing could be less
academic . . . from these lectures the reader may gain a really helpful artistic stimulus." A'^. Y.
Tribune.
With 64 plates of famous paintings . Net, $2.^0 {postage 2^ cents).
A work which
M US T be in every
intelligent read-
er's library.
German Edition
ready, complete in
two volumes.
Net, I7.60
(carriage
40 cts.)
The whole work of
three volumes, thus completed, is one'
of the most inspiring and readable memoirs
in American literature." Chicago Record-Herald.
Reminiscences of
'■''His career
was an Iliad of
adventure and
an Odyssey of
achievement."
Felix Adler.
CARL SCHURZ
"Among contemporary memoirs, none are more
inherenlly vital or of a larger importance histori-
cally than those •{ the Araericah soldier and
publicist, product of German revolution, whom we
knew and respected as Carl Schurz. . . . He
was one of our greatest and most courageous of
good citizens." Philadelphia Public Ledger.
"The Americanization of Schurz was a fortu-
nate thing for this country. A man of his stripe
and his courage was needed to tell unwholesome
truths bluntly, and to hold an ideal of good citi-
zenship that worked great good in life and that-
will remain of permanent benefit." Cleveland
Leader.
"Teemmg with fine raptures and splendid loyal-
ties, dramatic and moving throughout, the Remi-
niscences are among the most readable as well as
the most important published in recent years."
Pittsburg Cazctie-Times,
"To most of us this book reveals a new pha^e
in his character in that it' is pervaded with a
gentle humor, with a shrewd discrimination as to
men's character and motives, and a power of
direct and forcible narration which is rare in-
deed. Egotism is strikingly absent from the
work." Cleveland Plain Dealer.
" Fewr autobiographies excel this in charm and interest. Force-
ful, picturesque, frank, it allies literary grace and value v^^ith the
all-inspiring story of a well-spent-life." Detroit Free 'Press.
Cut off the
coupon oppo-
site and mail
to Doubleday,
Page & Co.
Volume Three published separately
Price of Volume Three, Net, $3.00
(postage lie). The set. Three
Volumes, Net. $9.00
(carriage 70c.^.
Dial-3-15-'09.
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & CO.,
133 East i6th Street, New York.
Gentlemen : — Enclosed find $
for which send me, carriage paid, volumes
of the Reminiscences of Carl
Schurz.
Name ^ _ _
Address,
170 THE DIAL [March 16,
t \
Little, Brown & Co.'s Spring Books
RED HORSE HILL By sidney McCall
An intensely dramatic American novel, by the author of "Truth Dexter," With a
background of Southern mill life. Illustrated. $1.50.
THE LITTLE GODS By Rowland thomas
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THE MISSIONER By e. phillips oppenheim
Third printing of the most popular novel Mr. Oppenheim has yet written.
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IN A MYSTERIOUS WAY By anne warner
A story of love and sacrifice relieved by the wit and humor of the most delightful
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THE STRAIN OF WHITE By ada woodruff anderson
A powerful story of the Puget Sound country, by the author of "The Heart of the
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A ROYAL WARD By percy brebner
A swiftly moving tale of love and adventure, with a captivating heroine, by the author
of " Princess Maritza." Illustrated. $1.50.
THE BRIDGE BUILDERS By anna chapin ray
A strong love story whose development is closely allied with the collapse of the famous
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THE WHIPS OF TIME By Arabella kenealy
A new novel of great interest with a most unusual theme. Illustrated. $1.50.
BUT STILL A MAN By margaret l. knapp
A strong and original American novel dealing with a young man's first parish. $1.50.
MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS
OUR BENNY By mary e. waller
A narrative poem of national importance by the author of "The Wood Carver of
'Lympus." ISmo. $1.00 net.
FRAGMENTS THAT REMAIN By Captain a. t. mahan
A book of a broadly religious character by the well-known authority on sea power.
COOKING FOR TWO By janet Mackenzie hill
A handbook for young housekeepers, containing recipes and menus for two people.
Profusely illustrated. Cloth. $1.50 net.
THE PANAMA CANAL By vaughan cornish
A compact, comprehensive and timely account of this gfreat work by a well-known
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Little, Brown & Co. Publishers Boston
1909.]
THE DIAL
171
Leading Spring Fiction
SIMEON TETLOW^S SHADOW
February
By JENNETTE LEE, Author of "Uncle William," etc.
This is the story of a Man and a Railroad — the stirand thrillof lifeina great corporation run through
it — and a vivid picture of the real things of modern business life — with glimpses of a beautiful home
life in a little village, and days of healing of mind and body out in the silence of the woods.
The human quality of the book places it quite beyond any ordinary standard.
Frontispiece by Ashe. $1.^0
By the Author of
AH the magic of the wild, free life of
the open is caught and held in these
pages — the story, from his cubhood to
his splendid prime, of that aristocrat of
foxes, Domino Reynard ; his happy, ad-
venturous, sometimes tragic life among
the Goldur Hills ; the romance of his
life-union with Snowyruff.
Biography of a Grizzly
March
The telling is Mr. Seton's ripest and
best ; and the altogether delightful and
fascinating narrative is made still more
delightful and fascinating by over one
hundred of the author's characteristic
illustrations. Cover design, title-page,
and general make-up by Grace Gallatin
Seton. $1 JO
OLD LADY NUMBER 31
By LOUISE FORSSLUND
This is the. homely, humorous, pathetic kind of a tale that touches the heart and keeps the
reader's lips smiling and his eyes wet. It is the story of an old husband and wife who come to
lace a divided path — the old folks' home for one, the poorhouse for the other.
How the "old ladies " adopt Abe; how, as the days go by, the situation develops both humor
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claims them — these things are delightfully told. $r oo
THE WILES OF SEXTON MAGINNIS
By MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN
Just the cleverest delineation of Celtic character, the jolliest book of Irish-American life and ad-
venture in American literature. That delicious chap Maginnis is the hero, with his adoring
wife -Mary Ann, their child'-en, and his mother-in-law, Herself, chief of a wide and always de-
lightful dramatis persona.
There is a smile on every page and a laugh in each chapter. Illustrations by Keller. $i.jo
The New Novel by the Author of ** Mrs. Wlggs of the Cabbage Patch '
MR. OPP
April
By ALICE BEGAN RICE
You '11 begin by laughing at Mr. Opp — you '11 grow to admire and love him. He does and says some
ridiculous things; but he says many things worth weighing; and his days are one uncomplaining
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heart interest of this story; Mr. Opp is a creation richly worthy of Dickens, and is certain to live as one
of the most delicious and appealing characters in American fiction. Pictures by Guipon. $/.oo
The Century Co., Union Square, New York
172
THE DIAL
[March 16,
Books Here and Coming
ALREADY PUBLISHED
THE PACIFIC SERIES
Edwin J. Houston, Ph.D. (Princeton)
Illustrated. Price per copy $1.25.
Volume 1.
FIVE MONTHS ON A DERELICT
Volume 2.
WRECKED ON A CORAL ISLAND
Volume 3.
IN CAPTIVITY IN THE PACIFIC
CHRISTIAN HEROINE SERIES
FOR GIRLS
Price, 3 vols., $1.00 ; postagre 86 cents extra.
GRACE TRUMAN
THEODOSIA ERNEST (Two Volumes)
HEART THOUGHTS Mrs. H. B. Folk
Price 75 cents net.
FORTHCOMING
THE CHRISTIAN STATE
Samuel Zane Batten
Price $1.50 net; postagre 15 cents extra.
OUT OF THE DEPTHS
Professor George R. Varney
RIDGEWAY'S RELIGION
W. H. RiDGEWAY
THE CHILDREN OF MISSION
LANDS W. C. Griggs, M.D.
AT SCHOOL IN THE CANNIBAL
ISLANDS
Volume IV., The Pacific Series.
Edwin J. Houston, Ph.D. (Princeton)
Price $1.25.
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&Co. Reducedfrom 122. to $12.50.
The Original Edition of this book is novr rare and costly, and
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an invaluable description of London a century ago.
THE NATIONAL SPOBTS OF GBEAT BBITAIN.
By Henry Aiken. With 50 full-page illustrations, beautifully
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SOCIAL CABICATITBE IN THE EIGHTEENTH
CENTTJBY. By '" George Paston " (Miss E. M. Symonds),
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R. Bentley, at the Anchor in the New Exchange, etc., 1685.]
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THE GODS OF THE EGYPTIANS; or. Studies in
Egyptian Mythology. By E. A. Wallis Budge, Litt.D.
(Keeper of the Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities in the
British Museum). A complete history of the worship of
spirits, demons, and gods in Egypt, from the earliest period to
the introduction of Christianity. Magnificently illustrated
by 98 colored plates and 131 illustrations in the text. Two
volumes, large octavo. London: Methuen & Co. Reduced
from $22. to $10.00.
BECTJYELL OF THE HISTOBYES OF TBOYE. By
Raoul Lefevre, translated and printed by William Caxton
(cir. A.D. 1474), and now edited by H. Oskar Sommer, Ph.D.
A faithful reproduction of the original words, from a unique
perfect copy of the original, with an historical and critical
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Two volumes, small quarto. London : David Nutt. Reduced
from $12.50 to $6.50.
Two hundred and fifty copies of this Edition were privately
printed for Subscribers, of which only a few remain for sale.
DOME (THE): A Quarterly. Containing Examples of all
the Arts: Architecture, Literature, Drawings, Paintings,
Engravings, and Music. With contributions by Laurence
Housman, W. B. Yeats, Arthur Symons, Fiona Macleod,
Stephen Phillips, Edward Elgar, Liza Lehmann, and others,
with facsimiles of early woodcuts, and illustrations by
modem artists, with a number of songs. Complete as pub-
lished, Ist Series, 5 parts, and 2d Series, 7 vols. Twelve
volumes, small quarto. London : At the Sign of the Unicorn.
Reduced from $20. to $7.50.
Sent prepaid on receipt of price.
BROWNE'S BOOKSTORE
FINE ARTS BUILDING, CHICAGO
1909] THE DIAL 173
NEW BOOKS FROM THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO,
Union Square, 33 East 17th Street, New York
OPEN HOUSE. JULIET WILBOR TOMPKINS. Frontispiece. $1.50.
The new book by the author of " Dr. Ellen " is repeating the success of that delightful story. Second edition on
the press.
BANZAI! PARABELLUM. Illustrated. $1.50.
The imaginative war between Japan and America is so graphically described as to create a wide and increasing
interest. This book has sold over a quarter of a million copies in Germany.
THE EXPLORER. WILLIAM somerset MAUGHAM. illustrated. $1.50.
This story (recalling Mason's " Four Feathers ") of a brave man who silently bears the consequences of another's
crime, is meeting with much favor. It is now in its second edition.
THE REORGANIZATION OF OUR COLLEGES, clarence f.birdseye. Net,$i.7s;
postage 20 cents.
An examination into the condition of the administrative departments of our colleges, exposing evils and suggesting
remedies, by the author of " Individual Training in our Colleges."
A CHILD'S GUIDE TO AMERICAN HISTORY, henry w. elson. 15 illustrations.
Net, I1.25.
The third issue in this successful series, presenting the essentials of our national annals in an attractive form, by
the author of " History of the United States."
MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE. Arthur KINGSLEY porter. Net, $15.00; carriage extra.
A splendid comprehensive work in two handsome volumes of over looo pages, with 284 illustrations, and an intro-
duction to the buildings themselves as well as to the vast literature which has grown up around them. Special
circular on application.
LIFE OF LINCOLN, henry C. WHITNEY. Edited by Marion Mills Miller. 2 vols. 750 pages.
Boxed. Two portraits. Net, $2.50; expressage extra.
' ' This is easily among the most important lives of Lincoln , despite its comparative brevity ." — Ne-xvark E'veningNeivs.
" The book is one which no student of Lincoln can do without. It is, on the whole, a more useful life than
Herndon's." — The Providence Journal.
FOR THOSE WHO READ BOOKS
In the style of a supplement the literary section of The Chicago Evening Post will hereafter be presented
on Friday of each week.
From the reader's standpoint, from the editorial standpoint, and from the book publisher's, the advantages
of the weekly supplement are not far to seek. To keep in touch with the new publications a weekly survey is
ideal. To glance at reviews from day to day is loose ; from month to month is congesting. In a week's per-
spective one can comfortably take in literary performance; see it steadily and see it whole.
Besides the greater thoroughness that is possible in a special supplement there are advantages both to reader
and to editor in arrangement, in proportion, and in authority.
Its inherent nature as a supplement will render the Friday Literary Review convenient and compact. All
the criticisms, advance information about books, personal news of authors, and general literary chronicle that have
been appearing in the body of the newspaper throughout the week, but notably on Saturdays, will now be gro
and unified in the special supplement. A particular attention will also be possible to the notice and discussion l.
the leading magazine articles, which to all intents and purposes are literature. And the facilities of The Evening
Post for the proper reproduction of half-tones will be availed of fully.
Besides the established critical features that have distinguished the literary columns of The Evening Post
there will appear in the supplement several additions of importance. A special letter from New York will be
included each week, containing exclusive literary information, and there will be a weekly London letter by a well-
known author.
In its position as the sole literary supplement issue in connection with a daily newspaper outside of New York,
the Friday Literary Review will lay claim to wide attention. It will bid to be indispensable to the general reader
who wishes to keep abreast of current English and American literature. Because of its form it can be laid aside
by the reader who is hurried at the moment he scans his newspaper; and its aim will be to justify its retention in
the case of the person who wants the books of the day reviewed comprehensively, and judiciously selected.
To make book reviews interesting. This will be the first editorial aspiration. The slough of the advertisement
seeker on one hand, and of the academic bore on the other, are always there to engulf the writers of book reviews.
He can escape these quagmires only by possessing sincerity and authority. Since the practical value of one's sin-
cerity depends upon authority, and since the union of convictions and sympathies that make a good critic is rare,
it is not cynical to assert that many book views are incompetent and many insincere. It is the editor's ambition to
maintain a standard against all mercenary and complacent considerations which will, in a manner by no means
grim, secure, a genuine service to the book-reading public, and a service to good literature .
174
THE DIAL
[March 16, 1909.
The Macmillan Company's Announcements
AN IMPORTANT WORK TO BE COMPLETED THIS MONTH
Bailey's Cyclopedia of American Agriculture
Edited by L. H. Bailey, Director of the College of Agriculture, Coruell University, and
Chairman of the Commission on Country Life whose report has recently been forwarded to
Congress, with the assistance of over three hundred expert contributors.
In four Ifto volumes, with 100 full-page plates, and about 2000 other illustrations. Cloth, $20. net.
Special Features of the Work are:'
Every article, or cut, is new, prepared especially It is comprehensive, tells what can be grown anywhere —
from the Northwestern wheat fields to the tropical islands
— and how to do it.
It is broad, giving articles needed by men of different
points of view. It tells how a farm can be organized on a
large scale, or run to the best advantage on a small one, or
supplies helpful advice to the woman who wishes to run
the farm housekeeping on lines as perfect as possible.
for this work.
Each article is signed by the man who knows
most about that special branch of the farming
industry to-day.
It is complete, covering every process from the
selection of the farm itself to the final marketing
of the crop.
AlmoBt any farmer, by its use, can save ten times its cost ; the younger genf ration will find it tremendously educative.
OTHER NEW BOOKS IN PRESS
ON POLITICS, HISTORY, ETC.
By William B. Munro Harvard University
The Government of European
Cities Cloth, 8vo. $2.25. Subject to chanye.
By the Hon. Charles S. Lobingier
( U. S. Judge in the Philippine Islands)
The People's Law
Cloth, 8vo. Expected in April.
By Theodore T. Jervey msToHcai society
Robert Y. Hayne and his Times
Supplies an unfilled gap in United States history.
Cloth, Svo. Probably $,J.0O net.
By E. S. Meany University of Washington
History of the State of Washington
Cloth, 12mo. Heady shortly.
By Edward Channing Harvard University
and Marion F. Lansing
The Story of the Great Lakes
Illustrated, cloth. $1.50.
By Prof. Allan Marquand ^' »"'^«'''«
Greek Architecture
U7iiversity
In the series of Handbooks of Art and Archseolosry.
Cloth, illustrated. Probably $2.25 net.
By Prof. George W. Botsford ^^tTS
The Roman Assemblies
Cloth, Svo. Ready shortly.
MISCELLANEOUS
By George R. Carpenter Columbia
Walt Whitman
University
In the new American Extension of the English Men
of Letters. Cloth, 12mo. 75 cents net.
By Professor Gummere ^'J^/Jf'
The Oldest English Epic
Cloth, 12mo. $1.50 net. Subject to chanije.
By Prof. W. L. Cross Yale University
The Life and Times of Laurence
oterne Cloth.Hltistrated. Jn press.
By President H. C. King Oherlin College
The Laws of Friendship Human
and Divine Cloth.l2mo. Probably $1.00 net.
By the Rt. Rev. Charles D. Williams
A Valid Christianity for To-day
Cloth, 127)10. Probably $1.50 7iet.
By Professor Robert M. Wenley ^]^Zhf
Modem Thought and the Crisis in
Belief Cloth,12mo. Probably $1.50 net.
By Prof. Francis G. Peabody university
Author of " Jesus Christ and the Social Question."
The Approach to the Social
Question Cloth,12mo. Probably $1.50 net.
By Prof. J. E. Miller Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
The Psychology of Thinking
Cloth, 12mo. Expected shortly.
By Kate V. St. Maur
Author of "A Self-Supporting Home."
The Earth's Bounty probabiy $1.75 net.
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BY
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THE DIAL
a &emi 'Montfjii^ Journal of l^ttmarg Crittctam, ©igraasion, anti Infottnattan,
THE DIAL (founded in 1880} is published on the 1st and 16th oj
each month. Terms op Subsckiption, H2. a year in advance, postage
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THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
Kntered aa Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office
at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of Uarch 3, 1879.
No. 546. MARCH 16, 1909. Vol. XLVI.
Contents.
PAGE
SPEECH AND CONCORD 175
POETRY, TIME, AND EDWARD FITZGERALD.
Warren Barton Blake 177
CASUAL COMMENT 180
The function of the bookstore. — A sure road to
the mad-house. — The living reality of the dead
past. — The secret enthusiasms of Edward Fitz-
Gerald. — The late Carroll D. Wright. — President
Angell's resignation. — A defence of the signed
review. — The pernicious "manufacturing clause''
in our copyright laws. — The cost of circulating a
library book. — The public library as a bureau of
information. — Of making many books. — Chaucer
and the " New Thought."
COMMUNICATION. 183
The Encouragement of Literature in Libraries.
Asa Don Dickinson.
THE MOUNTAINS OF THE MOON. H. E. Coblentz 184
CHAUCER AND HIS TIMES. Clark S. Northup 185
THE CAMPAIGN OF SANTIAGO DE CUBA.
James A. Le Roy 186
THE NEWEST FAUST. Ellen C. Hinsdale . . .188
RECORDS OF AN INSPIRING LIFE. T. D. A.
Cockerell 189
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 190
Our greatest musical genius. — A French translator
of English classics. — A cry from Macedonia. — A
hunter of extinct animals. — Ibsen and his work. —
The belated biography of a great preacher, —
Cradle-tales of Hinduism. — Student days at the
University of Virginia.
BRIEFER MENTION 193
NOTES 194
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SPRING BOOKS . . .195
A classified list of books to be issued by American
publishers during the Spring and Summer of 1909.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 202
SPEECH AND CONCORD.
The American Association for International
Conciliation is an organization that is doing
much quiet and effective work for the promotion
of good feeling among the nations of the earth.
Organized about two years ago, with pro patria
per orhis concordiam for a motto, and directed
by a council of some fifty men who stand high
in the esteem of their feUow-countrymen, it
makes the following declaration of its objects :
"To record, preserve, and disseminate the history
of organized efforts for promoting international peace
and relations of comity and good fellowship between
nations, to print and circulate documents, and otherwise
to aid individual citizens, the newspaper press, and
organizations of various kinds to obtain accurate infor-
mation and just views upon the subjects, and to pro-
mote in all practicable ways mutual understanding and
good feeling between the American people and those of
other nations."
This is a worthy programme, and it takes the
practical form of a series of pamphlets, now
numbering fifteen, which are widely circidated,
and cannot fail to be helpful in directing public
opinion along the ways of sanity and restraint.
These publications are modest in appearance,
but weighty in matter. Among their authors
are Mr. Elihu Eoot, Mr. David Jayne Hill,
Baron d'Estournelles de Constant, Professor
George Trumbull Ladd, and Professor Barrett
Wendell. They deal with such subjects as the
Hague Conferences, the principles of interna-
tional law, and the relations of this country
with Canada, Spanish America, Europe, and
the Far East. The latest of the issues is a
paper by Mr. J. H. DeForest on "American
Ignorance of Oriental Languages," which is
our present text.
Tout comprendre., c'est tout par donner, runs
the old saying, and the experience of the cen-
turies bears witness to its truth. The historian
knows how many international disputes, to say
nothing of actual armed conflicts, hav(j been
based upon misunderstandings rather than upon
irreconcilable antagonisms. Our own great civil
conflict was the result of the failure of the two
sections to understand each other, and might
have been averted by a little more of the oil of
sweet reasonableness which Lincoln sought to
pour upon the troubled waters. We now see
clearly enough that its ends might have been
176
THE DIAL
[March 16,
gained at a fraction of the sacrifice which the
actual conflict entailed, and the victorious North
is now coming to realize that the conquered
South acted in the sincerity of its conviction,
and was informed by its own exalted ideals of
conduct. We no longer think it a desecration
to speak of Lee and Lincoln in the same breath,
and we are proud to point to both as examples
of the excellence which we hope is still potential
in American character.
That war was fratricidal in the narrower
sense, as were also our earlier wars with the
mother country. If strife can so easily arise
between peoples who speak the same tongue,
how much greater is the danger when the bar-
rier of language stands between two nations
brought into rivalry by a common ambition, or
set at odds by some passionate grievance. And
when, as in the case of our relations with the
peoples of the orient, that barrier is so high as
to be unsurmountable by more than a few, how
vitally important it becomes that the few, at
least, should scale it, and bring report of what
lies on the further side. This is the plea urged
by Mr. DeForest, who recalls to us the words
of the Premier of the Shogunate, " Nothing is
worse than a barrier to the communication of
thought," when confronted with the necessity of
making some kind of a treaty with Commodore
Perry. Jn these days of reckless scare-mon-
gering, when yellow newspapers and hot-headed
politicians seem capable of any sort of inter-
national indecency, the Japanese statesman's
words are driven home to us with special force.
If to understand all is to forgive all, it is also
true that in many cases perfect comprehension
will make it clear that there is nothing to for-
give, for the simple reason that there is no
offence to be dealt with. Our writer gives us an
instructive illustration of such a case. About a
year ago, an American newspaper correspondent
in Hawaii attended a gathering of Japanese
upon one of their national holidays, and listened
to the reading of an Imperial Rescript. He
knew just enough of the language to get one
sentence : " In case of emergency give yourself
courageously to the State." At once he sniffed
treasons and stratagems, and cabled to his office
that the Japanese in Hawaii had just received
orders from the Emperor to be ready for any
emergency, which of course meant that they
were ordered to get ready for an attack on the
United States ! As a matter of fact, tlie reading
of this rescript was a bit of routine common to
aU such gatherings, was nothing more than a
homily upon political ethics, and had precisely
the significance that a reading of Washington's
Farewell would have for an American audience.
Yet such sparks as this are sometimes fanned
into flame by ignorant patriotic zealots, and be-
come a serious menace to comity among nations.
The new phase of American relations with
the Far East, which began with our subjugation
of the Filipinos a decade ago, and has since been
accentuated by our participation in the Boxer
rebellion and our friction with Japan on the sub-
ject of Pacific coast immigration, brings with it
a responsibility which we must recognize if our
oriental policies are not to be marked by blun-
dering and a play at cross-purposes. It becomes
imperative that we should so familiarize our-
selves with oriental modes of thought as to
reduce to a vanishing point the danger of misun-
derstanding that springs from sheer ignorance.
In other words, since thought and speech are
one, we must learn the languages of the oriental
peoples with whom we are sure to be brought
into closer and closer contact. This does not
mean that we should set our schoolchildren to
studying Japanese and Chinese, but it does
mean that we should have students of those
languages in sufficient numbers to keep us in
intelligent touch with our transpacific neighbors.
Our government should always have at its
service a body of skilled interpreters, and our
universities should take measures to produce
oriental scholars in numbers sufficient to supply
the needs of the press and to shape public opin-
ion in the mould of accuracy. What we have
thus far done in this direction is pitif uUy little,
and our linguistic helplessness is in striking
contrast with the efficiency which the English
have had the good sense to acquire for the pur-
pose of dealing with their oriental difficulties.
The number of English diplomatists and ciyil
servants who know the languages of the peoples
with whom they have to deal sets us an example
which we would be wise to follow, and the
English wealth of private oriental scholarship
marks out a plain course for our institutions of
the higher learning.
Our oriental relations are but one aspect of a
problem that is world-wide. Mr. Asquith said
at the London Peace Congress of last summer :
" The main thing is that nations should get to
know and understand one another." England
and the United States now know one another so
well that a future war between them is almost
unthinkable ; our common speech and our com-
mon inheritance of historical glory put that dis-
aster fairly beyond the compassing of the most
sinister alliance of politicians and journalists.
1909.]
THE DIAL
177
But wars between peoples that do not know each
other's languages are still melancholy possibil-
ities. Our own unfortunate war with Spain
might easily have been averted by a little more
of mutual sympathy and understanding. The
platform, the press, and the pulpit, all preju-
diced because uninformed, brought it upon us,
and upon the noble people whose arms we
might overcome, but whose honor we could not
stain. The Franco-Prussian war was a cause
of keen distress to all the clear spirits of both
nations concerned, but the comity of intelligence
between Germans and Frenchmen was not close
enough, forty years ago, to spare them the clash.
In our own time, it is safe to say, a far more
serious grievance would be required to occasion
such a conflict. And every year that is added to
the tale of this twentieth century is making more
remote the possibility of war between civilized
peoples. Hague conferences, and international
scientific organizations, and foreign travel, and
ententes corcliales, and the development of
humanistic studies, and the invasion of litera-
ture by the cosmopolitan spirit, and many other
agencies of mutual good-wiU, are steadily at
work, interpenetrating the very warp and woof
of the world's civilization, making the antics of
the alarmist, and the rhetoric of the advocate
of huge armaments, aU the time more and more
ridiculous. Peace, arbitration, disarmament,
world-federation, and other terms of like im-
port, are increasingly upon the lips of men ;
they are ceasing to be merely academic phrases,
and are coming into use as the watchwords of
practical men, enlisted for the holy war of the
future, the war upon warfare itself. And that
war will find its most efficient private recruits
in the men who learn other languages than their
own, and thus come to realize that men of alien
speech are, after all, their fellow-sharers in a
common humanity.
POETRY, TIME, AND EDWARD
FITZGERALD.
I.
In an idle moment, a philosopher might do worse
than examine the poets in their attitude toward
Time. I say, " in an idle moment," for if the task
were taken up in working hours, it would be bound
to result in something forbiddingly German, anno-
tated in that heavy-handed manner which strikes
terror to humble intelligences. Amiel is mildly
metaphysical on the subject. " Twenty-five years !
It seems to me a dream as far as I am concerned.
How strange a thing to have lived, and to feel
myself so far from a past which is yet so present
to me ! One does not know whether one is sleeping
or waking. Time is but the space between our
memories ; as soon as we cease to perceive this
space, time has disappeared. . . . Life is the dream
of a shadow." Thus Amiel, in his " Journal." We
have all of us felt the tyranny of time, at least, —
that thing, or thought, which is intangible (we know
it to be intangible), and which all the same persists
in getting between us and our highest satisfactions.
The poets have ever made a little specialty of time-
pieces. We know them — or some of them — well
enough to do without quotation, or even so much as
reading the bills by title. There is one line among
them which all of us once memoi'ized: it is about
letting the dead past bury its dead.
That text might well be the starting-point either
of the loftiest sermon or of the most shameless
appeal to our proclivities for pleasure. Besides, in
letting the dead past bury its dead, one may have
the present in mind, or the future, or both. Ordi-
narily, however, both are too much. Musette,
in Murger's " Vie de Boheme," remarks : " To-
morrow's a fatuity of the calendar ; a daily pretext
that men have invented to get out of doing their
business to-day. To-morrow may be an earthquake.
To-day, God bless her, is terra firma." Musette
wins our gratitude by using no Greek roots to elu-
cidate her little philosophy of life. What is more,
she never had the chance to read Hazlitt's essay
" Of the Past and the Future " before having her
say. " I conceive," wrote Hazlitt, " that the past is
as real and substantial a part of our being, that it is
as much a bona fide, undeniable consideration in the
estimate of human life, as the future can possibly
be. . . . Nay, the one is even more imaginary, a
more fantastic creature of the brain than the other,
and the interest we take in it more shadowy and
gratuitous ; for the future, on which we lay so much
stress, may never come to pass at all."
And now it is high time to see whether these
paragraphs have any connection with the title set at
the head of our column, and what reference they may
possibly bear to the name of Edward FitzGerald,
whose centenary occurs this year and month.
II.
First of all, FitzGerald was one of those to whom
the past — his own past and that of the race —
always appealed as the chief poetic inspiration.
This is one of the marks of the dreamer ; a man
of stronger will is either more purely Epicurean
(crowning the present moment), or looks more
boldly to the future. If the verses had only been
better, we could readily imagine FitzGerald, in one
of his delightful letters — which were never too
" literary " to carry something of the human, friendly
quality that endeared them to Carlyle — citing
Letitia Elizabeth Landon's " Intimations of Previous
Existence " :
" Remembrance makes the poet : 't is the past
Lingering within him, with a keener sense
Than is upon the thoughts of common men."
178
THE DIAL
[March 16,
Certainly there is evidence enough of FitzGerald's
feeling in these matters. What wonder that he
came upon Omar with a sense of ownarship, as it
were ! The world was old to the one as to the
other, — " sentient," as Aldrich has written, "with
the dust of dead generations." It is a conceit grown
familiar, the potter figure to which one of Fitz-
Gerald's Quatrains gives ultimate English form :
'' For I remember stopping by the way
To watch a Potter thumping' his wet Clay :
And with its all-obliterated Tongue
It murmur'd, ' Gently, Brother, gently, pray ! ' "
The East it is that has most deeply felt the great
age of our race, and those mysterious bonds of time
and birth and re-birth that tie us down to destiny.
One may read the lesson in such a tale of Lafcadio
Hearn's as " The Mountain of Skulls," which is far
more than a " fantasy-piece." But, apart from the
conviction that the world is very old, there is the
sensibility of the poet to the past which is immedi-
ately his own, the past of his present existence.
This, too, is the stuff of poetry. That FitzGerald
was not blind to it is nowise strange ; it is remark-
able only that he should have felt it all so young.
Valetudinary verse came to his pen-point when more
normally he should have been phrasing with exulta-
tion the joy of living.
" One Moment in Annihilation's Waste,
One Moment, of the Well of Life to taste —
The Stars are setting and the Caravan
Stai-ts for the Dawn of Nothing — Oh, make haste ! "
So sang old Omar, — or so FitzGerald, himself in
middle life (it is to-day just fifty years since the
first edition of the Quatrains), made Omar sing.
But what of the youth who regrets the death of the
year in its very spring-time? It was almost as
school-boy that FitzGerald wrote his "Old Beau,"
with a ring to it that is Thackerayan, — Thackeray
was of his circle, too. Perhaps it is hardly worth
quoting ; certainly a line or two is enough, — as the
line wherein FitzGerald's Beau looks the young
ladies over and ungallantly sighs,
" You 're nothing to your mothers ! "
or those that sum the whole piece up :
"Out on the greybeard Time, Tom,
He makes the best turned leg grow thinner ;
He spares nor sex nor clime, Tom,
Nor MS — the old relentless sinner ! "
With this rather unfamiliar ballad of the " Old
Beau," dug out of the "Keepsake of 1834" by an
industrious two-volume biographer, one would like
to trill the ringing stanzas of the " Old Song " with
which the young FitzGerald " hoaxed " the " Athe-
naeum." It is a beautiful lyric, — " exquisite poe-
try " which Lamb envied its author as he envied
Montgomery his " Last Man," because he felt he
" could have done something like them." We
wonder less at the "Meadows in Spring" (that is
the alternate title) for its wistful beauty, than for its
being written by the boy of twenty-two who so lightly
conveyed in the stanzas his sentiment of half-tearful,
half-smiling retrospection. Fancyj^a young Menan-
der, an Anacreon blanc-becl And fancy FitzGerald's
composing the " Meadows in Spring " so many years
before he read and Englished Calderon's lines, —
" Well, each his way and humour ; some to lie
Like Nature's sickly children in her lap.
While all the stronger brethren are at play," —
before he knew old Jiimf, or felt Omar's spell, —
passing it on to us I
III.
" In all the actions that a Man performs, some
part of his Life passeth," wrote Owen Felltham.
" Nay, though we do nothing. Time keeps its con-
stant pace, and flies as fast in idleness, as in employ-
ment. Whether we play, or labour, or sleep, or
dance, or study, the Sunne posteth, and the
Sand runnes." FitzGerald paraphrased Felltham
in the humorous verses that he named " Chronomos ";
buried deep in his Suffolk, the Laird of Little-
Grange (for so he liked to sign himself) could not
escape the Scythe-bearer, — and turned the matter,
therefore, to a pleasantry. Read his correspondence,
and you will be surprised, not at any sameness in it,
but at the steadiness of the interests and sympathies
and occupations which it reflects. Part of all this
may be explained by the want of ambition in the
man's composition. One can imagine him reading
with approval Flaubert's youthful confession. " Do
I long to be successful ? " the future novelist asked
himself, as student of the law. " Have I ambition,
like a boot-black, who aspires to be a shoe-maker;
like a driver, who would be a stud-groom ; like
footmen, that aim at being masters ; your fellow with
a future, who would become deputy or minister,
wear a ribbon or be a town-councillor ? All that
seems to me very dismal, and as unattractive as a
four-penny dinner or a humanitarian lecture. But
it is, after all, everybody's mania : therefore, were
it only to be singular, not necessarily from taste or
breeding, or even inclination, it is good to remain in
the crowd, and to leave ambition to the scum, who
are forever pushing themselves, and swarm in every
street. As for us, let us remain at home, watching
the public pass from the height of our balcony, —
and if we are bored at times, well, we can spit on
their heads, and continue our conversation, and
watch the sunset in the west." Only, FitzGerald
would have left out one part of Flaubert's pro-
gramme, we hope. There is nothing so rude in the
letter he once wrote to Charles Eliot Norton, refer-
ring to the translations which he made from time to
time, " partly as an amusement in a lonely life,"
and which were published, he said, " to make an
end of the matter."
Fanny Kemble said of FitzGerald that he was
distinguished by the possession of rare intellectual
and artistic gifts ; she left it unsaid that he never
brought these gifts to their highest pitch. Poet,
musician, painter, and scholar, she called him ; add-
ing, " If he had not shunned notoriety as studiously
as most people seek it, he would have achieved a
foremost place among the eminent men of his day."
1909.]
THE DIAL
179
Socially, the poet never had all that was his due.
This was perhaps well, since he would never have
tolerated the petting of a " FitzGerald Society "; to
say nothing of taking pleasure in such a trumpery
business, as Browning seemed to. Putting it baldly,
FitzGerald was, besides, socially impossible. That
was the impression of his unhappy wife (who in-
sisted on making him as unhappy as she was,
while that was in her power), and it would be our
impression too, if we were not sentimental over
persons who are dead, and honored dead to boot.
Poetically, FitzGerald was slighted in his own times ;
that is, his " Rubiiiydt " was slow to win its meed
of admiration. Popular approval came so late that
there was no time for the poet to do more than
lengthen the body of the " Rub^iydt " and to change
the shape of the sleeves. But all that is handsomely
atoned for now. He has been duly overestimated,
and has had his Variorum and Definitive Edition,
albeit there is little enough worth treasuring in
those seven fine volumes but the " Rub^iydt " itself
and the " Meadows in Spring " (vide any anthol-
ogy), and the description of the rowing-match and
Christ Church meadows in " Euphranor." His
earlier neglect has been atoned, as has been said ;
we are gone, in fine, to quite the opposite extreme.
When were there school-girls lacking to recite,
" I sometimes think that never blows so red
The Rose, as where some buried Caesar bled, —
tears in their voices and holes in their handker-
chiefs? There are Omar Khayyam Clubs, also,
which plant roses from Omar's grave on the grave
in an English churchyard ! FitzGerald was the
first to deplore the exaggeration in it all, — the
exaggeration of his merits " as Translator," he was
careful to state, "not as Poet, of course." And
he did not fail to observe that America was the
chief sinner : even to the pirating of his translation.
IV.
But this is not a literary estimate of Edward
FitzGerald — not in any formal sense, that is. Were
it that, it would be one's duty once more to praise
his rendering of Omar's "desperate beauty," not-
withstanding the silly overpraise of the poet by ten
thousand amateurs. The very manner in which he
fought shy of publicity in his lifetime accentuates
the circumstance that since his death he has been
adulated, not merely as the man in a million who
executed " the work of a poet inspired by a poet,"
but even more, perhaps, as something of a hermit
and very much of a bear, and altogether as one of
the really picturesque figures in our prosaic literary
history. The "Omar" has been so often gushed
over that there is to-day little gratefulness in the
gushing. Instead of writing about it, however, there
always remains the poem itself to be re-read ; even
though we know it by heart almost as well as we
know the numerous parodies. One may do worse,
too, than read what Professor Norton wrote in the
" North American Review " just forty years ago.
It was the first adequate recognition that the anony-
mous translator had won from the critics ; and it
stands the tests for sound criticism to-day as well as
in the happy hour when Norton wrote it out. Then
there is an excellent review by Mr. Gosse. Most
of the rest is superfluous ; the " Rubdiyd.t " speaks
for itself. And there 's an end to the matter — and
to the translator too, as translator alone.
Happily FitzGerald is, for us, not translator
alone, nor merely the sentimental gentleman who
went shares with "Posh" (the bibulous boat-man
whom we prefer to call "Pish"), nor the lazy and
erratic personage who spoke to a man one day and
cut him dead the next. It is our good fortune that
he was also a great letter-writer — one of the crispest
and most pleasure-giving in all his century. His
effects seem less studied (a great consideration in
letter-writing) than Stevenson's; the personality is
gentler than Carlyle's ; the body of letters is larger
and their range wider than Lamb's, which he so
loved. His letters are, then, worth everyone's reading.
They make a fine bed-book, or an excellent birthday
gift. They are warranted to contain a minimum of
Tennyson anecdotes. Also, how fully have they the
smell of the soil, and the scent of the garden where
their writer pottered ; and how rich they are with
allusions — literary, personal, such as only a poet and
awide (but dainty) reader knows how to use ! Every-
where, too, is the reflection of that piquant person-
ality which never lost itself in the correspondent's.
It is on the letters that we would dwell ; the bloom
is on them yet. They form the man's most perfect
monument, preserving, as they do, the record of his
rare old friendships. It was in his friendships that
he was least the dilletante. " They are more like
loves, I think," was his own phrase for the enduring
bonds with Thackeray and Tennyson and Cowell and
the rest.
And the letters bring us }fa.ck to the subject. They
were conditioned by that life FitzGerald led of the
lighter literary labors. The poet was little over
thirty when he wrote to Bernard Barton, from
London, that he would like to live all the days of
his life in a small house just outside a pleasant
English town : making himself useful in a humble
way, reading his books, and playing a rubber of whist
at night. " Time will tell us," he said ; and quoted :
" Come what come may,
Time and the Hour runs through the roughest day."
" I also am an Arcadian," he wrote to Frederic
Tennyson, not many years later. " Have been to
Exeter — the coast of Devonshire — the Bristol
Channel — and to visit a Parson in Dorsetshire. He
wore cap and gown when I did at Cambridge —
together did we roam the fields about Grandchester,
discuss all things, thought ourselves fine fellows, and
that one day we should make a noise in the world.
He is now a poor Rector in one of the most out-of-
the-way villages in England — has five children —
fats and kills his pig — smokes his pipe — loves his
home and cares not ever to be seen or heard out of
180
THE DIAL
[March 16,
it. I was much amused with his company ; he much
pleased to see me : we had not met face to face for
fifteen years — and now both of us such very sedate
unambitious people ! " "A little Bedfordshire — a
little Northamptonshire — a little more folding of
the hands — the same fields — the same thoughts
occurring at the same turns of road — this is all I
have to tell of ; nothing at all added — but the
summer gone." Not with impunity, as Mr. Benson
has dared to say in his discriminating memoir of
FitzGerald, does a man shirk the primal inheritance
of labor. We cannot think FitzGerald's to have
been a very happy life. And yet, as one reads the
letters, and as one reviews the life, with its pleasures
found in the making of translations (which he sent
to his friends, and not to the reviews), and in the
reading of "large still books," one sees what Lowell
meant when he wrote : " We are so hustled about
by fortune, that I found solace as I read, in think-
ing that here was a man who insisted on having life
to himself, and largely had it accordingly." And
we could well close our chapter with the verses that
Lowell wrote in his Epistle to Curtis, some lines
of which he might have written for this friend that
lived and died in Suffolk, near the sea :
'' I love too well the pleasures of retreat
Safe from the crowd and cloistered from the street,
The fire that whispers its domestic joy,
Flickering on walls that knew me still a boy . . .
Calm days that loiter with snow-silent tread,
Nor break my commune with the undying dead ;
Truants of Time, to-morrow like to-day.
That come unhid, and claimless glide away
By shelves that sun them in the indulgent past,
Where Spanish castles, even, were built to last ..."
May those castles have proved an enduring refuge
for the poet ! FitzGerald, with another than Lowell,
could have cried out, " Life is the dream of a
shadow. What is it which has always come be-
tween real life and me?" Like the pens6e writers,
he was more anxious about truths than Truth ;
more anxious, too, about satisfactions than true sat-
isfaction. " A prisoner in Doubting-Castle," is his
own characterization of himself. The curse of the
nineteenth century lay upon him — upon him, who
thought himself out of the current of his times.
Daudet's poet in the story of " Jack " had the fore-
head of an '' impotent Buddha "; one thinks of him
even as one admires the fine brows of FitzGerald.
There is the same reminiscence when one looks at
the pictures of Flaubert. '' Oh, what a lot of money
I would give to be either more stupid or less intel-
lectual!" cried the boy Flaubert in a letter to his
comrade Chevalier. " Atheist or mystic ! but at any
rate something complete and whole, an identity ;
in a word, something." We are waiting to be told
what it was that doomed these men, these Flauberts
and FitzGeralds, to an incompleteness that seems
almost failure. Does the expression, " atrophy of
the will," help to explain the riddle ?
Warren Barton Blake.
CAS UAL COMMENT.
The function of the bookstore is pro-
nounced by Professor Mlinsterberg to be not less
important than that of the public library. In an
article on "The Disorganization of the Book-Trade,"
published in the current " Atlantic," he points out
some interesting though not encouraging facts, and
suggests a way to revive the declining traffic in
books. Whereas in any German city of one hun-
dred thousand inhabitants the visitor is sure to find
from twelve to twenty well-appointed bookstores,
and at least one such store in any but the very
smallest of German towns, in America even large
cities are often content to make the book-trade a
mere side-line in the department store or an incon-
spicuous branch of the stationery shop's business.
European bookstores are increasing, ours are dying
out ; and there is a corresponding difference between
the publishing statistics of a country like Germany
and the United States. The former nation, with
its sixty million inhabitants, issued last year 28,703
new books (including, we assume, new editions,
which in Germany are as a rule much more than
mere reprints), while the latter, with eighty million
inhabitants, put forth only 8112 new works. This
humiliating difference is traceable to various causes,
— our devotion to our newspapers and magazines,
our neglect of the art of leisure, our addiction to the
motor-car and the bridge-whist table, our lack of a
proper copyright law, and our wasteful and expen-
sive methods, in the publishing house no less than
in the kitchen. The rehabilitation of the bookstore
in all our cities and villages would, thinks the
writer, work a revival in the book-trade, and so in
the publishing industry ; and, since conditions are
so forbidding to small capitalists, he suggests that
the great publishing houses themselves establish retail
stores in as many places as possible. One comment,
at least, is to be made on all this. Professor Mlin-
sterberg hardly notes — he certainly does not dwell
upon — the difference of conditions obtaining in the
two countries named by reason of the greater devel-
opment of the public library, with all its varied but
related activities, in this country. The free library
with its branches serves some of the ends of the
bookstore, and it also contributes no little toward
the support of the publisher.
• • •
A sure road to the mad-house is entered,
opines Mr. Charles F. Lummis of the Los Angeles
Public Library, by the unwary mortal who essays to
compile authoritative and useful comparative statis-
tics from the annual reports published by American
libraries. A mighty maze without a plan many of
these reports certainly are ; and more or less defective
they all seem to the person hunting in haste for some
particular item of information. Mr. Lummis recom-
mends that the A. I-. A. " provide a form to be
filled out by every librarian in the country" when
he proceeds to draw up his annual statement of
1909.]
THE DIAL
181
things achieved and triumphs won. Under present
conditions, as our California friend well puts it,
"you don't know whether the 'total registration'
means the live borrowers, or whether it includes (as
it does in the case of a good many public libraries,
and did here until this administration) all the people
since dead, wounded or missing, who have ever in
the last half-century or so signed the more or less
inconvenient registration cards of the library in
question. You do not know whether the gain for
the year ' in registration ' is net gain, or is a con-
tinuation of the obituary list — namely, a mere list
of the new registration." You do not know, he
continues, what " circulation " means — whether the
issue of a book for home use, or, besides that, the
casual opening of a volume in the library " by any
patron incidentally thus detected ' in flagrant de-
light.' " And so on, in varied vocabulary and
picturesque phrase. A uniform rule and method in
the statistical section of library reports is indeed to
be desired ; but elsewhere the librarian may well
be allowed some of that freedom of fancy which
Mr. Lummis continues to enjoy — to the refreshment
of his readers. A prominent library tried for a
while the dictionary plan for its annual report, and
the scheme was not a bad one ; but for some reason
it has now been abandoned. Only give our librarians
time, however, and they will evolve the perfect
library report. ...
The living reality of the dead past is some-
times made very vivid by a current event of small
importance in itself to the great preoccupied world.
The recent death in his ninetieth year of the En-
glish portrait-painter, Lowes Dickinson, probably
attracted little attention beyond his circle of acquaint-
ance. Yet to us it is a forcible reminder that such
a person as Charlotte Bronte once actually lived
and toiled and suffered, and then went the way of
all flesh. Mr. Dickinson married in 1857 the daugh-
ter of Richard Smith "Williams, who was reader to
Smith, Elder & Co., the publishers, and who had
the discernment to recognize the genius of " Currer
Bell." Some of Miss Bronte's letters to Mr. Will-
iams are given in Mrs. Gaskell's biography of her,
and the discovery of a link connecting Currer Bell's
correspondent with the now living and writing Mr.
G. Lowes Dickinson (son of the artist), is a pleasant
thing to readers of Mrs. Gaskell, the late death of
whose daughter Julia (a favorite of Miss Bronte's
and fondly mentioned in her letters) is another
melancholy but vivid reminder of Haworth days and
Haworth people. Charlotte Bronte herself would
not have to be of patriarchal age to be alive now
— a good seven years short of a century, — and
yet, in a vague way, we are wont to associate her
chronologically with Miss Austen, Miss Edgeworth,
Fanny Burney, and other writers of the late eight-
eenth or very early nineteenth century. The over-
lapping of Madame D'Arblay's life with Charlotte
Bronte's, and of hers with Dickinson's, cannot but
bring Dr. Johnson, Goldsmith, Burke, and all that
famous company, nearer to us than before. In this
connection it is curious to think how very few old
women, joined hand to hand, it would need to con-
nect us with Shakespeare.
• • •
The secret enthusiasms of Edward Fitz-
Gerald simmered silently, as was proper, in his
own breast. He held his emotions, his longings, his
aspirations, well in hand, and had ever the air of
expecting nothing of fortune, in order never to be
disappointed by her. He was not one to give host-
ages to that fickle dame. Whether or not he feared
his fate too much, he certainly conveys the impres-
sion of never daring to " put it to the touch, to gain
or lose it all." So much the more interesting,
therefore, are those stray indications of unsmothered
enthusiasm discernible in the yellow pages of a little
old commonplace book in which he made miscella-
neous entries, mostly of quoted matter, between
1831 and 1840. Dr. Robertson NicoU and Mr.
Thomas J. Wise, in their " Literary Anecdotes of
the Nineteenth Century," have printed a few sample
extracts from this "long, thin book, with marbled
cover, worn leather back, and time-stained pages,"
whose fortunate possessor ought some day to publish
the whole. The original owner, who was destined
to an all but solitary life, is found quoting the
" golden law " from Montrose's '' Song to his Lady ":
" True love begun shall never end ;
Love one and love no more."
In full accord with his own sentiments are the lines
he quotes from Herrick, beginning :
" Sweet country life, to such unknown,
Whose lives are others', not their own."
The distinctive, the characteristic, the unhackneyed,
he is quick to seize upon ; the conventional, the
pompous, and the artificial, he dismisses with scorn.
This little note-book might well, without fear of
unwelcome revelations, be given to " old Fitz's "
wide circle of admirers as a centennial memorial.
The late Carroll D. Wright was a worker in
several fields, and he distinguished himself in each
of them. Some will remember him chiefly as an
economist, others as a statistician, others again as
a social reformer, still others as a religious leader, a
few as an old soldier of the Civil War, where he
rose to be colonel of a New Hampshire volunteer
regiment, while to his later acquaintance he will
be eminent as an educator — as the head, for seven
years, of Clark College, and the advocate of a three-
years college course that shall, by eliminating inter-
collegiate athletics, accomplish all that has hitherto
been done in four years of undergraduate study.
As an author, too, mainly in the fields of political
economy, practical sociology, and industrial evolu-
tion and statistics, he deserves to be remembered.
Among his best-known works are : " The Factory
System of the United States," "The Relation of
Political Economy to the Labor Question," "The
Industrial Evolution of the United States," " Outlines
182
THE DIAL
[March 16,
of Practical Sociology," and "Battles of Labor."
Cut off in his sixty-ninth year, he was hoping,
when first he became conscious of decline, to live
long enough to accomplish two cherished objects, —
the completion of the " Economic History of the
United States " that he was editing for the Carnegie
Institution, and the celebration of the tenth birthday
of Clark College. Had he entered upon educational
work earlier, he could not have failed to achieve
noteworthy results, despite his lack of special train-
ing for that work. Of sound judgment, of hopeful
temperament, loyal to every obligation, and endowed
with a healthy moral sense as his New England
birthright, he left a vacancy that cannot easily be
filled. . , .
President Angell's resignation as head of
the University of Michigan, coming so soon after
President Eliot's similar action at Cambridge, and
almost simultaneously with Carroll D. Wright's
termination of his work at Clark College, and also
at the time when Dartmouth is looking for a suc-
cessor to President Tucker, makes one acutely sen-
sible of the transitoriness of things academical. The
old order does indeed change pretty rapidly ; the
individual president withers, though the college
itself is more and more. President Angell's thirty-
eight years' term of office, following upon other
successful activities both in education and in diplo-
macy, cannot in brief space receive fitting appreciar
tion ; but, in the words of one entitled to pass an
opinion, his " position on the day of his retirement
will be one which men of far more spectacular glory
could envy. His fame — of whatever degree it
proves — is perfectly secure. The affectionate re-
gard of two or three generations of citizens is his,
past the possibility of decay. Dissenting voices are
infrequent and weak. . . . The teaching staff, which
is of all best situated for passing judgment, throws
light on some unpleasant flaws. But the worst of
these are shallow-based. As for the general inten-
tion and effect of his work, and especially for the
man himself, it is doubtful if Michigan has another
whom his worst enemies can load so little with
reproach." ...
A defence of the signed review is made by
Mr. Clement K. Shorter in a recent issue of " The
Sphere." "I have seen the full iniquity of the
anonymous review," he says, "especially when it is
written by the man who is persuaded that he is a
great specialist on the subject. In all cases of
special knowledge the anonymous review is without
justification. : . . While something may be said
for the anonymous critic so far as fiction and other
large areas of book-reviewing are concerned, the
thing becomes an infamy where any special knowl-
edge is required. ... It [the signed review] would
have the further advantage that it would make clear
to the public that a half-dozen reviews are all written
by the same pen. At present the innocent reader
is apt to assume that these journals reflect six indi-
vidual views, whereas they are often the opinion
of one man." Times have changed since Sidney
Smith and Jeffrey founded the "Edinburgh Review,"
and in these days of free thought and a free press
the critic's excuses for fighting under cover have
long since disappeared. As for the advantages of
a signature, we should be inclined to go even further
than Mr. Shorter. Is there any sort of reviewing
where " special knowledge," not necessarily of
subject-matter, but of form, style, literary effect and
finish, is not required ? And granting that, what
sort of literary criticism really loses anything by a
declaration of its authority ? The merely descrip-
tive book-notice, too often confused in popular
discussion with the critical review, may reasonably
be left without signature ; it is valuable because it
is impersonal. But in matters of taste and opinion
if a man's word is worth anything, why should he
not father it ? ...
The pernicious " manufacturing clause " in
OUR COPYRIGHT LAWS is to receive an added element
of perniciousness, if the efforts of certain forces now
at work prove successful. The bookbinders' unions,
it seems, desire the clause amended so that to secure
copyright not only must a book be printed from
plates manufactured in this country, as is now the
requirement, but it must also be hound in this coun-
try. Such a proposal will doubtless be defeated by
its own absurdity. Indeed, if justice and common
sense have their way, it is likely that the " manu-
facturing clause " will be wiped out altogether in the
next revision of our copyright laws. In such a
revision there is ample room for strengthening and
extending the only legitimate function of copyright
legislation, i. e., the protection of authors. Our
" infant " book-manufacturing industries are still
sufficiently " protected " by a tariff tax (levied on the
American bookbuyer) of twenty-five per cent ad
valorem. To subsidize them still further, under
cover of our copyright laws, is an incongruity that
should no longer be endured, — and especially as
this concession defeats in many cases the direct
purposes of copyright by making it impossible for
all but the most affluent of British and foreign
authors to protect their work in this country.
• • •
The COST of circulating a library book,
computed by dividing the total of annual salaries
by the number of volumes issued, has been the topic
of some recent writing and discussion. "The Li-
brary World," in its late outburst on the subject of
American library extravagance, assured us that
whereas in England the cost of circulation is three
farthings for each book, in this land of princely
salaries and lavish expenditure it is fivepence. Some
interesting comparisons under this head are to be
found in the current report of the Los Angeles
Public Library. It appears that in Boston it costs
almost seventeen cents to lend a book, in Chicago
nine cents and one mill, in New York twenty-three
cents and four mills, in Brooklyn eleven cents and
four mills, in Providence fourteen cents; but in
1909.]
THE DIAL
183
thrifty Los Angeles only seven cents and five mills.
Who will wonder that our British censor was
shocked (and the least bit touched with envy) at
beholding the way we spend our public library
funds? If private circulating libraries can lend
books at two cents a day each (the average loan
being perhaps for six or eight days) and make
money at it, why should it cost a public library more
than two cents a day per volume, as it seems to in
some instances, to keep its books in circulation ?
• • •
The public library as a bureau of inform-
ation renders important service, whether or not
strictly legitimate, to the community. The free
library of Cardiff is said to stand in the very fore-
front of progress in one respect : it has established
a telephone inquiry department, and, if one may
credit the reports coming from the head librarian,
the new departure has proved a great success. The
inquiries received cover a wide range of subjects, —
conscriptien, cooperation, steam-boilers, hedge-hogs,
ladies' fans, old-age pensions, tailoring, and many
other more or less abstruse matters. Where the
question requires time for answering properly, the
questioner is rung up again, but many inquiries are
immediately answerable. Card-holders are enabled
to ascertain whether any desired book is available,
and to order its reservation if it is at present out.
As sample questions the following are given :
" Number of Protestants and Roman Catholics in
Wales ? " " What patents have been taken out for
buffer springs ? " " Who wrote ' Make new friends,
but keep the old ? ' " These were all answered. The
number of trivial and senseless questions that come
in over the wire is gratifyingly small.
• • •
Of making many books, we are told on high
authority, there is no end, and much study is a
weariness of the flesh. The past year in the book
world has been one of energetic production and of
comparatively languid demand for the product. " In
my opinion," declares Mr. Gerald Duckworth, the
London publisher, " there are too many authors, too
many books published, and too many publishers."
" The market was flooded with mechanical fiction,"
avers another publisher, "and the public detected
the grinding of the machine." Overproduction is,
happily, a fault that tends to correct itself ; super-
fluous producers are crowded out, and only the fittest
survive — in the world of books as in that of shoes
or pianos or any other necessities or luxuries. One
rather encouraging sign of the season, in London at
least, was the demand for a few books of worth and
eminence — like Lord Morley's "Gladstone" in
its less expensive edition and Queen Victoria's " Let-
ters " — works which are thought to have been at
any rate partly responsible for the lessened demand
in other fields of literature. There might be a
worse catastrophe than a falling-off in the desire for
mechanical fiction and other machine-made books.
Chaucer and the "New Thought" may at
the first blush be deemed very widely separated —
sundered, in fact, by some five centuries of time.
Nevertheless, as it isf a wholesome corrective of
pride, whether spiritual or intellectual, to be re-
minded every now and then of the antiquity and
staleness of our fancied up-to-dateness, it may be of
benefit to turn to the 982d line of " The Romaunt
of the Rose," where we find that the fifth of the
" fyve arowes of other gyse " held by the " bachelere
ycleped Swete-Loking " was named " the Newe-
Thought." It is to be regretted that the poet
failed to enlarge on the nature and peculiarities of
this " newe-tbought," but perhaps his very silence is
a proof of its being too well-known to his contem-
poraries to need description. The immediate con-
text, however, if any care to look up the passage,
will be found to be rather significant and instructive.
COMMUNICA TION.
THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF LITERATURE
IN LIBRARIES.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
I am sure that many working librarians have, like
myself, read with hearty approval the suggestion lately
made in your journal, that heneflcence toward libraries
might advantageously be directed toward the inside as
well as the outside of the institution; that the gift of
buildings might well he supplemented by occasional
gifts of books that are worthy and desirable, but would
otherwise not be likely to be added to the collection.
We already have many dignified library buildings
" which are a credit to our fair city," as the President
of the Board of Directors remarks on dedication day.
But fuel and light and salaries cost a deal of money;
so do repairs and " incidentals." The pitifully meagre
residuum we may spend on books. First of all, we
mtist buy plenty of copies of the popular novels of the
day. They are often unobjectional and desirable, and
the taxpayer is justified in his clamor for them. But,
alas! too often we have no money left with which to
purchase the Pennells' " Whistler " or Lowell's " Gov-
ernment of England " ; while that choice edition of
" Purchas his Pilgrimes " is simply out of the question,
even though a copy may be had at a great bargain.
The object of that splendid endowment, the " General
Education Fund," is " to promote, systematize and make
effective the various forms of educational beneficence."
On investigation the honorable gentlemen charged with
the disbursement of this fund might discover that many
a monumental public library is an institiition rather
ineffective in the higher realms of culture. This is by
no means the fault of librarians. Our expensive library
machinery is in good working order. Librarians are
best pleased when it is working with the best of mate-
rials. Most of us now refuse to deal with stuff that is
positively shoddy. The popular demand is for goods
of a passable quality, even if dyed in rather crude
colors. Shall we not have an opportunity to handle
occasionally the more gracious silks and satins — the
finer and rarer products of literature ?
Asa Don Dickinson.
Leavenworth, Kansas, March 3, 1909.
184
THE DIAL
[March 16,
C^^ S^to §00ks.
The Mountains of the Moon.*
Commercial greed and political schemes no
longer play an important part in exploration.
The sand wastes of the Sahara, the rock wastes
of Tibet, the ice wastes around the Poles, the
jungles of Africa, and the vast expanses of
unexplored South America, offer very little
inducement to the mercenary spirit. But the lure
of the unknown, the appeal of terr'a incognita^
the call of the wild, and the search for the curi-
ous, are as ever the strong determining factors
that draw the venturesome to endure the perils
and the hardships of the almost inconceivable
places on the earth. If the modern explorer
may draw a few new and definite geographical
lines, if he may determine the elevation of an
isolated mountain, and if happily he may dis-
cover some new though worthless feature on the
globe, he is content. His mite of information
goes toward filling in some bare spots of geo-
graphical knowledge, though it brings no re-
wards to the commercially minded or adds no
breadth to a king's domain.
Such an explorer is Prince Luigi Amedeo of
Savoy, better known to fame and newspaper
advertisement as H. R. H. the Duke of the
Abruzzi. As an explorer, his record includes
the ascent of Mount St. Elias, the farthest north
in Arctic exploration, and finally the actual
discovery of the mysterious legendary moun-
tains of Ptolemy — the Mountains of the Moon,
in Equatorial Africa, upon the borders of Congo
and Uganda. The account of this last expedi-
tion is now given in the volume entitled " Ruwen-
zori," the new name of the old mythical range
of mountains.
This moimtain system holds a peculiar posi-
tion in geographical history. Ptolemy, follow-
ing the persistent native traditions, located the
towering snowy range somewhere in the depths
of central Africa. Generations of succeeding
geographers have contented themselves with
either accepting his shadowy statement or deny-
ing it. Stanley, in 1876, was the first white
man to be near these mountains, but owing
to the fog and mist which almost perpetually
hang over them, he did not see the imposing
sight. In 1888 Stanley saw the mountains,
but made no exploration of them. One year
♦Buwenzori. An Account of the Expedition of H. R. H.
Prince Luigi Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of the Abruzzi. By Filippo
de Filippi, P. R.Q. S. ; with Preface by H. R. H. the Duke of the
Abruzzi. Ulustrated in color, etc. NewYork: E.P.Dutton&Oo.
later, Lieutenant Stairs, of Stanley's expedition,
attempted to ascend one of the great peaks, but
attained an altitude of only eleven thousand feet.
In 1905 some members of the British Museimi
expedition reached a height of sixteen thousand
feet. It remained for the Duke of the Abruzzi,
with a carefully prepared expedition, to ascend
the highest peaks, to map the configurations, to
locate the watersheds which feed the Nile, to
determine the extent and the position of the
glaciers, to note the fauna and the flora, and to
dispel the mystery which had so long perplexed
the makers of African geography.
A summary of the Duke's expedition might
lead the reader of this review to expect to find
the book replete with interesting, even thrilling,
details. This expectation will, however, be dis-
appointed. Being engrossed with other affairs,
His Royal Highness was prevented from writing
the book, and turning over his journals to his
friend Cavaliere Fillipo de Filippi, he commis-
sioned him to recount the affairs of the expedi-
tion. Hence the narrative comes to us at second
hand. Very unfortunately, too, Cavaliere de
Filippi was not a member of the party, though
he had on a former expedition been the Duke's
companion. Had the explorer told his own
story, the book would no doubt have been more
lively in style and more vital in content. But
these unavoidable defects in the narrative by no
means disparage the intrinsic merit of the expedi-
tion, which went forth, not for a story, but to
discover and catalogue scientific data. And as
a record of important scientific discovery, no
possible fault can be found with the book.
Setting out from Naples, on the sixteenth of
April, 1906, the expedition began the African
part of its journey at Mombasa in British East
Africa, thence extended to Port Florence on
Lake Victoria, and finally arrived at Entebbe,
the capital of Uganda. Fifteen days more of
, travelling through equatorial swamps and jungles
brought the party to the beginning of its work,
within sight of the icy peaks of Ruwenzori,
looming high above the tropic jungle and shed-
ding their glacial waters into the Nile. By
September the object of the expedition had been
accomplished. The different peaks and glaciers
had been explored ; the summits of two peaks,
each nearly seventeen thousand feet high, had
been surmounted by the Duke, who planted an
Italian flag on one of the peaks and an English
flag on the other, and named them respectively
Margherita and Alexandra, "in order that,
under the auspices of these two royal ladies, the
memories of the two nations may be handed down
I
1909.]
THE DIAL
186
to posterity — of Italy, whose name was the first
to resound on these snows in a shout of victory,
and of England, which in its marvellous colonial
expansion carries civilization to the slopes of these
remote mountains."
No reader of this book can possibly be dis-
appointed with the many beautiful half-tone and
photogravure plates made from photographs
taken by Cavaliere Vittorio Sella. We have
never seen more remarkable panoramic pictures
of mountain scenery than are here reproduced.
H. E. COBLENTZ.
Chaucer axd his Times.*
In giving us a book on so inviting a theme
as " Chaucer and his England," Mr. Coulton
has attempted a most useful task, viz.: to fur-
nish some account of Chaucer the man, with a
very full description of the world in which he
lived and some parts of which are reflected in
his poems. For two reasons a good book on
this subject is desirable. First, the measure of
success attained by any literature or literary
work in interpreting life or a section of it can-
not be determined until the critic knows some-
thing of the life presim^iably mirrored in the
literature. Such a knowledge of the age of
Edward the Third is not easily accessible. With
many phases of the history of the period, the
historians — Trevelyan, Oman, and others —
have been busy ; yet we know of no book of
similar compass from which one can learn so
much of the private life of fourteenth-century
England as one can from Mr. Coulton's. It is
weU arranged ; it is not overloaded with general
statements ; the author writes as a rule with
steady concentration, and is evidently much in-
terested in his subject. His work, therefore,
has not been done perfunctorily ; his book is
fresh and stimulating.
Secondly, even for those who read Chaucer
not with a critical eye but merely for the sake
of knowledge or inspiration, a body of work
like his can be much better understood if studied
in connection with an informal running com-
mentary such as is afforded by this book. Mr.
Coulton has worked, of course, in a very different
field from that of Dr. Root's " Poetry of Chau-
cer " or of Professor Tatlock's " Development
and Chronology of Chaucer's Works." He has
nothing to say of literary sources, theories of
authorship, or dates ; indeed, he is not exces-
•Chaucek and his England. By G. G. Coulton.
trated. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Illus-
sively critical about the facts of Chaucer's life,
although he rejects Mr. Walter Rye's view that
Chaucer was a Norfolk man. At some points
he draws freely upon his imagination — for ex-
ample in describing Chaucer's childhood ; yet
the result perhaps is plausible enough. Assum-
ing that Chaucer was a perfectly normal boy,
we may suppose that he did play games of ball,
bring his cock to fight in school on Shrove
Tuesday, and indulge in football, " leaping,
dancing, shooting, wrestling, and casting the
stone "; that he loitered along the busy Thames,
studying the sailors, and went in due time to a
grammar school, taking his turn under the rod
of the pedagogue. In the utter absence of facts,
this theory will answer well enough ; but we
must bear in mind that it is only an a prion
theory.
In connection with Chaucer's married life,
Mr. Coulton has some sensible if unromantic
things to say about conjugal love in the four-
teenth century. " However apocryphal," he
remarks, " may be the alleged solemn verdict of
a Court of Love that husband and wife had no
right to be in love with each other [why regard
it as either apocryphal or solemn ?] , the sentence
was at least recognized as hen trovato; and
nobody who has closely studied mediaeval society,
either in romance or in chronicle, would suppose
that Chaucer blushed to feel a hopeless passion
for another, or to write openly of it while he had
a vnfe of his own." By implication, then, Mr.
Coulton assumes that the imrequited love which
had tortured Chaucer for eight years prior to
1366 (" Blaunche the Duchesse " 30 ff.) was an
actual and not merely a conventional emotion.
While this is possible, such an assumption, as
Mr. Sypherd has shown, is by no means a safe
one. Nor is the " evidence " of unhappiness in
his married life conclusive ; it would not be even
if his literary allusions to wedded life were
uniformly (instead of "predominantly") dis-
respectful, for he was under no obligation to
write autobiography, and even if he did allude
to actual unhappiness in his own life it may have
been humorously exaggerated. Finally, are we
warranted in taking the above lines as an allu-
sion to a love experience, whether real or feigned?
The poet himself puts it very vaguely ; he can-
not tell why he cannot sleep, etc. It is hard to
see why a real and actual experience should be
described in such vague terms. Did the poet
mean that the passage should be understood?
Concerning the loss of Chaucer's position as
Clerk of the Works, in June, 1391, after a two-
year tenure of office, Mr. Coulton thinks " it is
186
THE DIAL
[March 16,
difficult to resist the conviction that Chaucer
was by this time recognized as an unbusiness-
like person," since at this time " we can find
nothing in the political situation to account for
the dismissal." This is not impossible ; yet
other alternatives suggest themselves. Until
further evidence is forthcoming, Lounsburys
remarks ("Studies in Chaucer " i. 85 ff.) must
suffice.
We mention these points, not as of great
importance in themselves, but as illustrating the
direction in which the book is weak. When the
author ventures far from the beaten path of
biography into the attractive by-ways of con-
jecture, he is not to be taken too seriously. The
chief value of the book lies in the fresh and
lifelike pictures it affords of society in town and
country. The streets of London, its environs,
its laws, the decay of the old chivalry and the
rise of an aristocracy of industry and wealth,
child-marriages, the science of courtly love, the
Great War and the decline of knighthood, the
condition of the poor, the cost of books, the
amusements of the time, the uncertainties of
justice, the corruption of the clergy, — these
are among the topics vividly treated. The pic-
tures Mr. Coulton draws for us form capital
backgrounds for the actions of Chaucer's poems.
Moreover, they bring home to us how small a
section of the life of his day is presented even
in the whole body of Chaucer's works. His
fundamental purpose in writing was to enter-
tain ; and however much he might sympathize
with the poor and oppressed, their burden finds
no record and elicits no outburst of sorrow or
indignation in his pages. For this we must go
to Langland (or the Langland group, if some
of our latest writers carry their point) and to
Gower. Yet Chaucer's limitations, consciously
or unconsciously imposed, must not be men-
tioned by way of reproach. Art is never super-
fluous and ministers to humanity in one way as
charity does in another. If Chaucer chose to
restrict himself in his subject-matter, perhaps
his work is in one sense all the more valuable
for this reason : his portrayal of a small section
of life is all the more complete and perfect.
Mr. Coulton's concluding remarks may well be
repeated here :
" As it is, he stands the most Shakespearian figure in
English literature, after Shakespeare himself. Age can-
not wither him, nor custom stale his infinite variety. We
venerate him for his years, and he daily startles us with
the eternal freshness of his youth. All springtide is here,
with its green leaves and singing-birds; aptly we read
him stretched at length in the summer shade, yet almost
more delightfully in winter, with our feet on the fender;
for he smacks of all familiar comforts — old friends, old
books, old wine, and even, by a proleptic miracle, old
cigars. 'Here,' said Dryden,' is God's plenty';and Lowell
inscribed the first leaf of his Chaucer with that promise
which the poet himself set upon the enchanted gate of
his ' Parliament of Fowls ' —
" ' Through me men go into the blissful place
Of the heart's heal and deadly woundes' cure ;
Through me men go unto the well of Grace,
Where green and lusty May doth ever endure ;
This is the way to all good aveiiture ;
Be glad, thou Reader, and thy sorrow o£Fcast,
All open am I, pass in, and speed thee fast.' "
Clark S. Northup.
The Campaign of Santiago de Cuba.*
Colonel Herbert H. Sargent, of the United
States Army, has told the story of the brief
campaign which speedily ended the war of 1898,
accompanying his account, chapter by chapter,
with the comments of a military critic. On the
practical side of military affairs, the author has
seen twenty-five years of service, being now a
captain of cavalry in our regular establish-
ment, while in 1898 he was colonel of the Fifth
Volunteer Infantry, and during 1899-1901 was
lieutenant-colonel of the Twenty-ninth Volun-
teer Infantry which served in the Philippine
Islands. On the theoretical side, he is a West
Point graduate who has always kept up special
studies in military history, and is the author of
two volumes that have been favorably received
both by military critics and readers in general,
" Napoleon Bonaparte's First Campaign " and
" The Campaign of Marengo."
The American public derived from the
journalist-critics of 1898, and still retains, cer-
tain general impressions as to the management
of our army during the brief war with Spain,
and in particular as to the organization of the
Santiago expedition and the direction of that
little army in the field. These impressions were
recorded in hasty but more permanent form in
a number of books turned out for popular con-
sumption immediately after the little war that
for a time made us feel so big. More recently
they have been repeated, as if they were estab-
lished upon a sober historical basis, in Professor
Latane's volume on the decade 1897-1907
(" Amierica as a World Power ") in the " Amer-
ican Nation " series. Now that ten years and
more have passed, anyone who desires an unbi-
ased verdict on the matter may be advised to
consiilt Captain Sargent's work. Not that he
• The Campaign of Santiago de Cuba. By Herbert H. Sar-
gent. In three volumes. Chicago: A. C. McClurg& Co.
1909.]
THE DIAL
187
has constituted himself a defender of the War
Department as administered in 1898, or of
General Shafter in Cuba. His is no " official "
account of the war at all. But he apparently
believes that in the main the War Department
and the Army staff corps met the situation
about as well as could have been expected under
all the circumstances, and that on the whole the
land attack on Santiago was pretty well con-
ducted, considering the conditions that had to be
met. Doubtless many who have given these
matters some study will feel that the note of
criticism is not sufficiently heard in Captain
Sargent's volumes ; that he has been somewhat
too complaisant both with the lack of preparation
and with the actual conduct of the skirmishes
outside of Santiago that have been called
" battles." Conceding this to be the case, it
remains true that he has come much nearer to
expressing the sober verdict of history upon
these events than have the writers whose aim
was partisan or sensation-seeking, or who have
viewed them with entire lack or disregard of
perspective.
The engagements outside of Santiago have
been called " skirmishes " above ; they would
have assumed the status of mere " outpost af-
fairs " in any real battle, — quite as this little
Santiago campaign would, in a great war,
speedily have sunk to the level of mere incident.
The defects due to lack of preparation, the mis-
takes made, the complaints of soldiers as to
treatment and sickness during and after the
campaign, are to be considered in this light;
and Captain Sargent has the perspective of a
student of military history. Just from the
standpoint of historical perspective, however,
one may offer a leading criticism, viz., that, con-
sidering the relative unimportance (except in
results) of the events treated, this history of
them bulks unduly large. Not that the author
goes too much into minutiae. The naval opera-
tions, which really decided the war, occupy a
good deal of space, even apart from their direct
connection with the Santiago campaign. A con-
siderable part of the first volume is devoted to
the strategical problems as they appeared at the
outset of the war ; and the " Comments," which
deal primarily with questions of strategy and
tactics, sometimes are longer than the text of
the chapters to which they are appended. This
involves a good deal of duplication, sometimes
in connection with matter that seems either ele-
mentary or very obvious.
Yet the author's comments, like the narration
itself, are written in a clear and pleasing style,
and the work is an enjoyable one to read. The
twelve sketch-maps scattered throughout are
very useful, and there is an index which, as
regards the proper names involved, is good.
Volume III. also has a string of appendices,
most of them documents regarding the Spanish
troops in Cuba, obtained in the main from
Spanish official sources. They are especially
interesting as revealing the small number of
Spaniards engaged in the combats at Caney
and San Juan. Captain Sargent went to some
trouble in this respect ; one wonders the more
that he does not seem to have consulted Spanish
and other foreign unofficial sources on the war,
of which a good number were published in 1898
and the succeeding few years. He does not
append a bibliography, which is certainly de-
sirable in such a work ; but from his footnotes
and appendices it is apparent that he has trusted
almost entirely to American sources — official
reports and other writings. In several places
he has drawn from the Spanish officers, Gomez
Nunez and MiiUer y Tejeiro, translations from
whose treatises were published in a government
bulletin at Washington ; and in Appendix F he
speaks of them as " the only accessible Spanish
authorities on the subject." To be sure, most
of the Spanish writings on the war in 1898 and
1899 were put out for partisan purposes, or were
otherwise of a very sensational character. Yet
even the most ephemeral of these pamphlets has
some value as showing what was the state of
affairs among the Spaniards; and no final his-
tory can be written from one side alone. More-
over, there are in Spanish and French several
treatises on the war, which have some value.
Had he looked into the literature from that side.
Captain Sargent would not have placed so much
stress on the mere numerical force of the Spanish
army in Cuba as it appeared on paper. Lack
of equipment and care, especially medical care,
corruption in regard to pay and supplies, like-
wise the climate, had all played a part in making
it, effectively, a force very inferior to the veteran
army he supposes to have been under Blanco's
orders. Nevertheless, the criticisms passed upon
the failure to concentrate more men at Santiago,
and to meet the situation with more energy and
greater initiative, would hardly be modified in
their essentials. Indeed, such criticisms would
in some respects be strengthened by reference
to the Spanish sources, showing the conduct of
affairs in Cuba as it appeared from the inside.
James A. LeEoy.
188
THE DIAL
[March 16,
The Newest Faust.*
When it was announced that Mr. Stephen
Phillips was at work on the Faust theme, read-
ers of Goethe wondered what the result would
be, — whether an original drama based on the
old legend, or Goethe's " Faust " adapted to the
English stage. The book turns out to be neither.
The joint authors (for Mr. Phillips has collabo-
rated with Mr. J. Comyns Carr) state on the
title-page that their work is " freely adapted
from Goethe's dramatic poem." The extreme
freedom of the adaptation strikes the reader at
first glance. After turning a few pages he re-
calls Faust's sarcastic directions to Wagner for
gaining the ear of the public : " Sitzt ihr nur
immer ! Leimt zusammen, Braut ein Ragout von
andrer Schmaus." The ragout which has been
brewed in the present instance is made of bits
taken here and there from both parts of the
German original, stirred up with other bits pro-
vided by the adapters.
The intention was obviously so to improve
upon Goethe's poem by rearrangement, omis-
sions, and additions that the resulting " adapta-
tion " would make an effective stage play for
Mr. Beerbohm Tree. No one can blame Mr.
Tree for wishing to emulate Henry Irving by
adding a Mephisto to his achievements. As a
stage manager he has as many " machines " and
" prospects " as Goethe's Director, and what
better use could he put them to than to make
them serve him as actor in the role of the Devil?
Reports from London confirm that neither poet
nor actor were mistaken in their estimate of a
new Faust as a theatrical success.
A glance at the contents will show the method
employed. The prologue is retained, but the
scene is changed from the original heaven to
" a range of mountains between Heaven and
Earth." Mephistopheles, as the Satan of
Scripture, makes his wager, not with the Lord,
but with an angel " sent down from bliss." The
divine messenger assures Mephistopheles of the
futility of his attempts against Faust, who
" through the woman-soul at last shall win," a
prophecy clothed in the famous closing words
of Part Second. At the end of the prologue
the machines and prospects have a chance :
Mephistopheles, amid thunder and darkness,
" with wings outspread swoops suddenly like
lightning downwards to the earth."
At the beginning of Act I. Goethe is allowed
* Faust. Freely Adapted from Goethe's Dramatic Poem.
By Stephen Phillips and J. Comyns Carr. New York : The
Macmillan Co.
to have his way with some condensing and re-
arrangement, untn after the Easter music,
when Faust, recalled from his suicidal attempt,
remembers that seeking the light he has not yet
called upon darkness. He raises the sign of
the hexagon, speaks his formula ; a flame leaps
in the hollow of the chimney, followed by a
vapor from which emerges the form of his future
friend and tempter. The Easter walk and the
poodle are thus entirely dispensed with except
a few lines which for their poetry's sake are
woven in here and there out of their original con-
nection. The compact is soon made, the student
is disposed of in a few lines, and, accompanied
by a roll of thunder, the pait are whisked away
to emerge in " a world of cloud and vapour."
When the clouds have disappeared, we do not
find the two travellers in Auerbach's Keller or
the Witches' Kitchen, but on a ledge of rock
looking into a deep torn fissure in the earth, in
whose depths is the Witches' Cavern. In a
neighboring hollow of the rock
" 'T is said that once ere Eden's lawns had flowered
The Mother of the Mother of the world
Lay hidden."
Now it serves as background for " a vision of a
figure nearly nude and draped by the growth of
leaves about her form, in which she seems partly
incorporate." Faust drinks the witches' cup,
thunder crashes, there is a blinding flash of
lightning, after which the rejuvenated Faust
stands forth clad in rich garments. " Mephis-
topheles with a red glow upon his face, and the
witch surroimded by her Attendant Apes,"
join in a wild dance, when the curtain falls.
This analysis of the first act will serve to
show the method of the adapters. Goethe has
been retained where he conforms with the end
in view ; where not, new matter has been sub-
stituted. The purpose of the new " Faust " is
manifestly an attempt so to simplify and unify
the " Faust " of Goethe that it will not make
too great a demand upon the intelligence and
culture of the theatre-going public of to-day.
To carry out this purpose, it was necessary to
sacrifice the more subtle ideas of the poet's
philosophy ; for what does the modern theatre-
goer care about the ethical content which the
great world-poet put into the foolish old legend ?
It is the realism of the love story and the dia-
hlerie which appeal to him. The Weltschmerz
of Faust finds no echo within his breast. Hence
the soliloquies and other passages in which Faust
gives expression to his trouble have been either
omitted or greatly condensed. As a result the
role of the hero has been so much reduced that
1909.]
THE DIAL
189
it serves for but little more than the occasion
for Margaret's love and Mephisto's magic.
The spectacular side of the adaptation can-
not fail to satisfy the most insatiable appetite
for " thrills." As the adapters had it in their
power to improve the unity of the action, one
would naturally expect a minimizing of the
Walpurgis-nacht. But no ; here was too good
an opportunity for carpentry and colored lights.
The very stage directions make the reader
shudder. There is thunder and lightning and
a raging wind. On separate peaks witches are
posted as sentinels, the crags and mountain tops
are filled with shadowy forms whose voices echo
across the gulf. Mephistopheles asks his compan-
ion, " Would'st know my power ? " whereupon
" the rocks have sundered and fallen. Uprooted
trees have crashed into the abyss, and the moun-
tain across the gulf has been so shattered as to
leave a vast cavern in its side." Mephisto im-
mediately finds use for the new-made cavern as a
" Fitting stage whereon we '11 summon for thy amorous
glance
From out their scattered tombs those Queens of Love
Whom Time hath still left peerless."
Some young witches now draw Faust with
chains of flowers to a convenient spot for be-
holding the pageant of beauty produced for his
benefit, — Helen of Troy, Cleopatra preceded
by Egyptian dancing girls, and finally Messa-
lina, " passion's ungrudging slave." Is Goethe's
" etude in the uncanny and the gross " improved
by this interpolation ?
However much the lover of Goethe may
resent these tamperings, he must admit that the
work of Mr. PhUlips and Mr. Carr has its
merits. The two collaborators have succeeded
admirably with the blank verse which they have
substituted for the original metres. Many of
the added lines, also, have undeniable beauty,
and a portion of the love tragedy has been ren-
dered into prose which grips through its simple
pathos. But is a poet of Mr. Phillips's attain-
ments justified in laying violent hands upon one
of the world's masterpieces in order to provide
an ambitious actor-manager with a suitable
vehicle for his talents? A sentence from a
German critic concerning a recent adaptation
of " Faust " for the stage is apropos : " Culture
also has its commandments, and one of these is
respect. He who does not see it and will not
see it helps to make art the helpless plaything
of artistic caprice, which is its destruction." All
admirers of Goethe must regret that the cen-
tenary of his greatest work has been marked by
no more significant result than this English
version. Ellen C. Hinsdale.
Records of an Inspiring liiFE.*
The ancients, far from asserting the essential
equality of men, were ever prone to exalt and
even deify possessors of the strong arm or the
cunning brain. Whether or not modem man
is inherently more variable than his ancestors
of a few thousand years ago, may be a matter
for dispute ; but for practical purposes he is so,
social inheritance having placed in his hands
the means of accentuating his peculiarities to an
extraordinary degree. On the other hand, the
spread of democracy and education, the mixing
of peoples and the diffusion of literature, have
had and are having an equalizing tendency
the value of which, for good or evil, cannot yet
be estimated. So far as human diversity has
hitherto depended upon inequality or even dif-
ference of opportunity or experience, it may be
expected to decrease in the future ; so far as
it has depended upon inborn traits, it may be
expected to increase with the enlargement of
the field of endeavor and the mass of material
ready to the hand of the worker. Of these two
tendencies, the first cannot be regarded as an
unmixed blessing, for some of the finest fruits of
the human mind are closely connected with the
concentrated effects of a limited environment ;
while the second may prove to be decreased by
the mixing of peoples and consequent diffusion
of special traits, or spoiled by the combination of
incongruous elements. The recognition of the
fact that mankind is half -unconsciously entering
upon a gigantic experiment of uncertain outcome
does not come from the pessimists, but from
those ultra-optimists who are quixotic enough
to believe that he may be led to appreciate the
situation, and, with the aid of science, find a
way to a successful solution.
To those who have any measure of this faith
or hope, the life of Lord Kelvin cannot be other-
wise than inspiring. When ability and oppor-
tunity combine as they did in this instance, the
benefits to humanity may be enormous. If the
complexity of our social relations is involving us
in ever-increasing difficulties, we find here some
reason to hope that Davids will be found to lay
them low. The greatest danger is, no doubt,
that we may not have the sense to accept their
services.
In the case of Lord Kelvin — or William
Thomson, as he then was — recognition came
early. The excellent little book before us, writ-
ten by Kelvin's successor in the chair of Natural
Philosophy at Glasgow, cites numerous instances
*LoBD Kelvin. By Andrew Gray. "English Men of Sci-
ence" Series. With portraits. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.
190
THE DIAL
[March 16,
of the wonder and expectation aroused by his
early performances. When he took his degree,
one examiner remarked to the other (both being
distinguished men), " You and I are just about
fit to mend his pens." At the age of twenty-
five he was appointed professor in the University
of Glasgow ; we find in the book a portrait of
him taken at this time, showing a face quite in
keeping with the most romantic ideals of genius.
At that time it was customary to teach the prin-
ciples of dynamics and electricity, so far as they
were then understood, by means of lectures;
but the idea of experimental work had scarcely
dawned upon the minds of the authorities. The
apparatus was scanty and ancient, and the avail-
able quarters wholly inadequate. It was not
without some alarm, evidently, that the com-
mittee of the faculty listened to the demands
of the yoimg professor ; but he tried to be as
reasonable as he could, while they, even in their
official statement, could not forbear allusion to
their "anticipations of his future celebrity."
The ardor with which Thomson carried on
his work was as remarkable as his genius in
planning it. Everyone about the place was
called upon to help, even visiting scientists from
other institutions. As an example of his methods
under stress of circumstances we are given the
following. It was a question of making and
testing certain newly invented batteries :
" A supply of sheet lead, minium, and woollen cloth
was at once obtained, and the whole laboratory corps of
students and staff were set to work to manufacture sec-
ondary batteries. A small Siemens-Halske dynamo
was telegraphed for to charge the cells, and the ventil-
ating steam-engine of the University was requisitioned
to drive the dynamo during the night. Thus the Uni-
versity stokers and engineer were put on double shifts;
the cells were charged during the night and the charging
current and battery-potential measured at intervals.
Then the cells were run down during the day, and their
output measured in the same way. Just as this began,
Thomson was laid up with an ailment which confined
him to bed for a couple of weeks or so; but this led to
no cessation of the laboratory activity. On the con-
trary, the laboratory corps was divided into two squads,
one for the night, the other for the day, and the work
of charging and discharging, and of measurement of
expenditure and return of energy went on without inter-
mission. The results obtained during the day were
taken to Thomson's bedside in the evening, and early in
the morning he was ready to review those which had
been obtained during the night and to suggest further
questions to be answered without delay."
Another example is given in connection with
his lecture course.
"The closing lecture of the ordinary course was
usually on light, and the subject which was generally the
last to be taken up — for as the days lengthened in
spring, it was possible sometimes to obtain sunlight for
the experiments — was often relegated to the last day or
two of the session. So after an hour's lecture Thomson
would say, « As this is the last day of the session, I will
go on for a little longer, after those who have to leave
have gone to their classes.' Then he would resume
after ten o'clock, and go on to eleven, when another
opportunity would be given for students to leave, and
the lecture would be again resumed. Messengers would
be sent from his house, when he was wanted for busi-
ness of different sorts, to find out what had become of
him, and the answer brought would be, hour after hour,
' He is still lecturing.' At last he would conclude about
one o'clock, and gently thank the small and devoted
band who had remained to the end, for their kind and
prolonged attention."
This is no place for a summary of Lord
Kelvin's achievements, nor is it worth while to
describe more minutely the contents of Professor
Gray's book ; but it may be recommended as an
excellent condensed account of the life and labors
of one of the most remarkable men of this or
any other time. T. D. A. Cockerell.
Bbibfs ox New Books.
Musical biography is a difficult task.
ZZfJnTnl'L.o To write technically about music is
musical genius. ,, •'. , . . ,
to render oneself unintelligible to all
but musicians ; to attempt descriptive writing about
musicians is to run the risk of rhapsodizing ; to try
what may be called the emotional analysis of music
is often to challenge ridicule. In writing the Life
of Edward MacDowell, Mr. Lawrence Oilman con-
fesses that, in his survey of one whose art is still of
to-day, he has been keenly conscious of the fact that
posterity has an inconvenient habit of reversing the
judgments delivered upon creative artists by their
contemporaries. It is needless to say that the crit-
ical estimates which he has offered have been set
down with deliberation. Edward Alexander Mac-
Dowell ( he discarded the middle name toward the
end of his life), was born in New York, December
18, 1861. His artistic tendencies were inherited
from his father, a man of genuine aesthetic instincts.
"While but fifteen years of age he studied at the
Paris Conservatory, under Marmontel in piano and
under Savard in theory and composition, and later
with Heymann at Frankfort. In 1896 his record
as a musician and composer was such that he was
offered the professorship of music at Columbia
University, the committee who had the appointment
in charge announcing the consensus of their opinion
to be that he was " the greatest musical genius that
America has produced." MacDowelFs ideals were
lofty, and he dreamed of a relationship between
university instruction and a liberal public culture
which was not to be realized in his time. Using
the observation more as a definition than an enco-
mium, the author points out that throughout the
entire body of MacDowell's work he presents the
1909.]
THE DIAL
191
noteworthy spectacle of a radical without extrava-
gance, a musician at once in accord with and de-
tached from the dominant artistic movement of his
day. As a corollary, Mr. Gilman says : " He had
not the Promethean imagination, the magniloquent
passion, that are Strauss's ; his art is far less elabo-
rate and subtle than that of such typical moderns
as Debussy and d'Indy. But it has an order of
beauty that is not theirs, an order of eloquence that
is not theirs, a kind of poetry whose secrets they do
not know ; and there speaks through it and out of it
an individuality that is persuasive, lovable, unique."
MacDowell died January 23, 1908, and his remains
are buried at his old home, Peterboro, New Hamp-
shire. The biography is published by John Lane Co.
A French A. dissertation for the Doctor's degree
translator • , ■, • i.i i- r I
of English ^^ ^O' always eminently satisfactory
classics. when judged from the point of view
of the general reader, but Doctor Mary Gertrude
Cushing's thesis on Pierre Le Tourneur, published by
the Columbia University Press (Macmillan), is one
of the most readable contributions to literary history
that have appeared recently. Pierre Le Tourneur
was one of the most useful of eighteenth-century
French writers, although he is pretty well forgotten
now, in France as elsewhere. His versions of Young,
Hervey, Ossian, and Shakespeare were the best fruit
of a movement that stirred literary France to a con-
sciousness of her great lack. French literature was
dead, and it required an infusion of foreign blood
to bring it to life. It is interesting to study the
methods of a translator of two hundred years ago
through the spectacles of this brilliant young
" Doctoress," — his readiness to add, subtract, alter,
his painstaking readjustment of parts, his calm con-
fidence in the value of his work though Voltaires
vilified and LaHarpes hooted, his patient devotion
of a life to a rather thankless task, — for there is
truth as well as cleverness in Miss Cushing's adapta-
tion, "The way of the translator is hard." Le
Tourneur's knowledge of English was far from
perfect, as is shown by his transformation of the
scientist Sparrman's statement (in view of his
employment as tutor to a family who lived among
the Hollanders at the Cape), " I had made shift to
pick up a little German on my journey from
Grottenburg," into " Je m'^tais attach^ avec beaucoup
de peine un petit Allemand." However, his judg-
ment was better than his scholarship. He knew
what Frenchmen would read, and if his Shakespeare
is not ours he is at least a dilution that gave his
countrymen a taste for something more vital and
vigorous than their native writers had been furnish-
ing them.
Mr. Arthur D. Howden Smith has
A cry from • • i i- ^ e
Macedonia. S^^^^" "^ an interesting account of
his Macedonian experiences, under
the title " Fighting the Turk in the Balkans " (Put-
nam). Discussion of the merits of the Near Eastern
Question is secondary and incidental; Mr. Smith
has undertaken little more than to tell how he vis-
ited Sofia last year, how he succeeded in finding
the Revolutionary Committee which had the direc-
tion of the insurrection in Macedonia, and in getting
himself attached to one of the chetas — little bands
which make sallies far into the enemy's country,
and do duty as organizers, messengers, spies, fighters,
as occasion demands. Mr. Smith was privileged to
help perform all the functions mentioned, to spend
some time in the company of Madame Tzveta Bojova,
the Bulgarian Joan of Arc, and to get a pretty clear
idea of the Balkan difficulty, or at least of the Bul-
garian side of it. The little Bulgarian state, with
a population of 4,000,000, has an army of 400,000
men — the best fighters in southeastern Europe —
and has succeeded in every one of her large enter-
prises thus far : has annexed Eastern Koumelia, has
forced Servia and Greece to keep their hands off,
has seized the Orient Railway, and has made herself
entirely independent of Turkey. In the meantime,
Macedonia, of about the same population as Bul-
garia, and for the most part of the same blood, has
wasted her energies in trying to throw off the Otto-
man yoke, and is in a pitiful state of misery and
unrest. Mr. Smith found the Bulgars and Mace-
donians a childlike, generous, and delightfully
friendly and sympathetic people (where the Turks,
Greeks, and Serbs are not concerned), enthusiastic
admirers of America, and inclined to copy her in
some directions where she is perhaps not the best of
models — in the matter of political activities, for
example. The story is elaborately illustrated with
photographs, and supplemented with two excellent
maps, one showing the whole Balkan region, and
the other giving such a detailed view of eastern
Macedonia as can be found in no ordinary atlas.
There is more of hardy adventure
and hair-breadth escape from thrill-
ing danger in " The Life of a Fossil
Hunter " (Holt), by Mr. Charles H. Sternberg, than
in many an account of live-animal hunting in tropi-
cal jungle or amid northern snows ; and the book
also has a scientific, a paleontological, interest not
possessed by the ordinary hunting narrative. Mr.
Sternberg's is a name held in merited honor among
paleontologists. Professor Osborn of the American
Museum of Natural History calls him "the oldest
living representative of this distinctively American
profession" of fossil-hunting — although, it should
be added, he is not yet much beyond the half-
century mark, and ought, with his enthusiastic devo-
tion to his calling, to make science still further his
debtor than she is already. As it is the handi-
capped that often win in the race of life, so we find
Mr. Sternberg crippled by an unlucky fall in child-
hood, and otherwise hampered by obstacles that
would have dampened a less glowing ardor at the
outset. It is the overcoming of these obstacles and
the triumphing in spite of them that gives so human
and absorbing an interest to his very real and event-
ful narrative. The details of excavations in the
chalk fields of Kansas, in the Bad Lands of the
A hunter
of extinct
animals.
192
THE DIAL
[March 16,
Upper Cretaceous region with Professor Cope, in
the Oregon Desert, in the Red Beds of Texas, and
elsewhere throughout the great West, are of interest
to the specialist and far from uninteresting to the
general reader. By his imaginative power and his
re-creative faculty the author makes the dead past
of five million years ago live again, being further-
more aided in this by the excellent " restorations "
that mingle with the abundant photographic repro-
ductions of fossil specimens. Many visitors to
museums have seen his name attached to specimens
and collections that owe their discovery and preser-
vation to his industry. The honor of it all he rightly
insists on enjoying, even at some sacrifice of pecu-
niary returns in many instances. In closing his
book the author devoutly gives thanks that he has
" raised up a race of fossil hunters " in sturdy sons
who will carry on his work after he is dead.
The special merit of " Henrik Ibsen :
mIZ^I"! The Man and his Plays " (Mitchell
Kennerley), by Mr. Montrose J.
Moses, is the thoroughness with which it reflects
the recent literature of the subject. Mr. Moses has
availed himself of pretty nearly everything acces-
sible, and has drawn upon the vast mass of material
with intelligent judgment, skilfully constructing for
us a portrait of Ibsen, as the man is revealed in the
werk of his previous biographers, in his own corre-
spondence, and in his writings. The book is much
fuller and better than the sketchy production of
Mr. Gosse, and it has, of course, an advantage over
Jaeger's standard biography in covering Ibsen's
whole life, and in possessing the many facts that
have come to light since his death. Ibsen is studied
throughout the work as a product of his environ-
ment, and the plays are shown to be logically related
to " the conditions, both social and temperamental,
which preceded their composition." Mr. Moses has
also a just sense of the relative values of Ibsen's
works, and knows perfectly well that " Brand "
and " Peer Gynt " will be reckoned great literature
when " Ghosts " and " A Doll Home " are only
curiosities of the history of culture. A very large
amount of bibliographical material is given, and
hardly anything of importance, in the way of criti-
cism or of translation, seems to have been missed.
But the author has not discovered the very remark-
able translations of Ibsen's poems by Mr. Percy
Shedd. In connection with each of the plays, we
have not only a bibliographical note, but also the
chief facts about its first performance in several
countries. Altogether, Mr. Moses has made a useful
book, adequate in scholarship and sound in judgment.
The belated ^^ ^f nearly fifteen years since David
biography of a Swing died in what should be the
great preacher, prime of a man's life, the age of
sixty-four ; and only to-day do we have his full and
formal biography. " David Swing : Poel^Preacher "
(Unity Publishing Co.), from the pen of the Rev.
Joseph Fort Newton, by its excellence as a character
portrait goes far toward atoning for its lateness of
appearance. The eloquent and lovable and thor-
oughly human teacher of the multitudes that used on
Sundays to throng Central Music Hall in Chicago
is most engagingly presented in the fair pages of
this attractive octavo. The comparatively humble
origin of the man, his simple, almost Spartan-like
upbringing, his determination to get an education in
spite of insufficient means, his inward call to the
ministry, a call obeyed with much diffidence and
self-doubting, his growth in greatness of soul, and
his final bursting of the bonds of creed and the
trammels of dogma, — all this, and more, is well
recounted by Mr. Newton. As a characteristic
utterance of Professor Swing's, and as defining his
attitude in a certain great crisis of his life, let us
quote these words from one of his sermons : " It
has easily come to pass that the most useless and
forlorn men on earth have been the professional
heresy-hunters. Living for a certain assemblage of
words, as a miser lives for his labeled bags of gold,
they have always left their souls to go dressed in
rags and to die of famine in sight of the land of
milk and honey." To readers of The Dial, at
least to its older readers, Swing as a writer is no
stranger ; some of his best essays, notably that on
Dante, first appeared in its columns. The life and
work of a man who, as his biographer observes, may
fairly be classed with Beecher and Phillips Brooks,
cannot be lacking in human and spiritual interest.
Mr. Newton has well filled a gap in our biographical
literature.
We are told by Sister Nivedita (Miss
S'^fndut^. Margaret E. Noble), the compUer
and narrator of " Cradle-Tales of
Hinduism " (Longmans), that we are here offered a
collection of genuine Indian nursery tales, and that
in bringing them together she has "preferred the
story received by word of mouth to that found in
the books." The stories are the old, old tales of
Hinduism — those of the Mahabharata, the Bhagavat
Purana, and the Ramayana. Some come from less
lofty sources, and are really popidar village tales.
All exhibit the wildest Indian fancy and reflect the
Hindu psychology. A cycle of ten Krishna stories
perhaps represents the narrator at her best. Through
all the stories there runs a strain of sadness and a
certainty of impending doom. Figure after figure
comes upon the scene to play an automatic part only
to suffer a destined fate. Sister Nivedita is partic-
ularly impressible to this fatalistic note, and over-
emphasizes it in her work — by selection, indeed,
rather than by magnification. The collection is
good and the stories are well narrated, though Sister
Nivedita continues ever on the same minor strain,
never rising to heights of passion or sinking to
depths of despair. Notwithstanding her sympathy,
her contact with the Indian life, and her native
helpers, she never loses herself in the story ; she is
always outside of it, conscious of the part of narrator,
always looking at her tale as a curio to be studied or
a parable with a meaning.
1909.]
THE DIAL
193
at..^^t ^„.,. „, Dr. David M. R. Culbreth, an alum-
Stuaent days at » i xt • • e tt- • • i
the University nus of the University of Virginia, has
of Virginia. written an interesting account of his
life as a student at the University, with sympathetic
personal sketches of the members of the faculty
during the period of his attendance — 1872—7.
The volume is published, with a number of illustra-
tions, by the Neale Publishing Co., Washington,
D. C. It is a good sign when a graduate of an
institution of learning preserves so long his affection
and loyalty toward his alma mater. It is evident
that the author of this book fully imbibed the spirit
of the university, which has been tersely character-
ized by one of its most distinguished alumni, the
late Bishop Dudley, as "thoroughness and honor."
In these days of depreciation of an old-fashioned
collegiate education and the exaltation of material
pursuits, it is refreshing to turn back to these rec-
ords of over a quarter of a century ago. The early
chapters give an account of the founding of the
university by Thomas Jefferson, whose " lengthened
shadow " is still seen in its organization, although
aliquantum mutatus ah illo. A series of such vol-
umes would give opportunity for a comparative
history of educational institutions, and would be a
valuable contribution to the history of education in
this country.
BRIEFER MENTION.
The Macmillan Co. publish " A Commentary on the
Holy Bible by Various Writers," under the editorship
of the Rev. J. R. Dummelow. This is a single-volume
work of more than a thousand pages, with an extensive
list of contributors from both sides of the water. It
gives us a series of about thirty essays of a general
character, which precede the commentary proper. A
few maps are furnished, but no other illustrations. This
work is published at a very moderate price, and should
prove widely useful to clergymen, teachers, and the
laity.
" Utopian Papers," edited by Miss Dorothea HoUins,
comes to us from Messrs. Masters & Co., London. It
is a collection of nine popular essays having for their
common purpose the discovery of " the resources of con-
temporary science and hterature, art and religion, avail-
able for the regeneration of our cities and their inhab-
itants." Among the titles are " Sir Thomas More
Redivivus," "Chelsea, Past and Present," "Comte's
View of the Future of Society," " Goethe," and " Indian
Thought." The papers are really lectures given before
" the Utopians," a small group of ardent souls assembled
in Chelsea.
Something over a year ago, a course of twenty-one
pubUc lectures was given by members of the faculty of
Columbia University, each lecture being the effort of a
specialist to present in non-technical language the pres-
ent status and the outlook of his own department of
knowledge. These lectures were published separately
in pamphlet form, and were thus given a considerable
circulation. A limited number of sets of these lectures
have now been bound together, making an imposing
volimie which should find its place in many libraries.
Their subjects cover the chief fields of science, history,
and philosophy, and the treatment is made attractive
without too great a concession to the tastes of a popular
audience. Among the more notable lectures are the
" Mathematics " of Professor Keyser, the " Biology "
of Professor Wilson, the " History " of Professor Rob-
inson, the " Jurisprudence " of Professor Smith, the
" Philosophy " of President Butler, and the " Sociology "
of Professor Giddings.
A recent addition to the Messrs, Scribners' " Draw-
ings of the Great Masters" series illustrates the draughts-
manship of Antoine Watteau. A critical foreword by
M. Octave Uzanne points out the masterly quality of
the drawings, besides characterizing the finished work
of this matchless painter of coquetry, frivolity, enchant-
ment, — belonging half to eighteenth century France and
half to fairyland. There are fifty full-page drawings,
chosen from the collection in the Louvre and the Brit-
ish museum, reproduced in tint.
A unique supplementary reader is offered by the
American Book Company, under the title " Chinese Fa-
bles and Folk Stories." Miss Mary Hayes Davis un-
earthed and translated the stories, with some assistance
from the Rev. Chow Leung; thereby upsetting the ac-
cepted theory that the Chinese had no fables. An intro-
duction by the professor of the Chinese language at
Chicago University attests to Miss Davis's right to the
honor of having discovered the Chinese fable to the
Western world.
Under the skilled editorship of Mr. A. T. Quiller-
Couch, the Oxford University Press has begun publi-
cation of a " Select English Classics " series, intended
primarily, we suppose, for school use. The first titles
to be issued, some twenty-five in number, range over
the whole field of English literature, each book consist-
ing of thirty-two or forty-eight pages of selections from
a single writer, with a brief introduction in which Mr.
Quiller-Couch manages to say the necessary things in an
interesting way, without intruding the obvious. Liter-
ature in tabloid form was never made more attractive
than in this series.
Charles Wells was born in London in the last year
of the eighteenth century. He died in 1879, at Mar-
seilles. At the age of twenty-four he wrote, and pub-
lished pseudonymously, a poem entitled " Joseph and
his Brethren: A Scriptural Drama." This is not a
taking title, and it is not surprising that the public paid
slight attention to a book thus named. Many years
later, it was rediscovered by three men whose opinions
counted: namely, by Rossetti, Mr. Theodore Watts, and
Mr. Swinburne. They insisted that it was a great poem,
and Mr. Swinburne wrote of it in terms of glowing
praise in " The Fortnightly Review " of 1875. The
next year, the aged author had the satisfaction of see-
ing his work in a new edition, with Mr. Swinburne's
essay. Somehow this edition found purchasers enough
to exhaust it, and of late years the book has been hard
to procure. The poem now comes to its own (whatever
that may prove to be) by reproduction as a volume of
the « World's Classics " of Mr. Henry Frowde. By
way of prefatory matter, we are given Mr. Swinburne's
essay, and some forty pages of mixed gossip and criti-
cism, entitled " Rossetti and Charles Wells : A Remin-
iscence of Kelmscott Manor," by Mr. Watts-Dunton.
All of these features, to say nothing of the poem itself,
certainly make a sufficiently generous shilling's worth
of the book.
194
THE DIAL
[March 16,
Notes.
A new novel by " Frank Danby," author of " The
Heart of a Child " and "Pigs in Clover," will be pub-
lished next month by the Macmillan Co.
The " Republic of Plato," in a new translation by Mr.
A. D. Lindsay, is published in an attractively-printed
edition by Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co.
We are glad to note that the late Francis Thomp-
son's eloquent essay on Shelley, originally published in
" The Dublin Review," will be given permanent form in
a volume soon to be issued by the Messrs. Scribner.
A new volume of essays by Mr. James Huneker, to
be called " Egoists," and to include studies of such men
as Huysman, Anatole France, Max Stirner, etc., is one
of the most interesting of the Messrs. Scribners' an-
nouncements.
"A Satchel Guide for the Vacation Tourist in Europe"
is known to all travellers. The edition for 1909, pub-
lished by the Houghton Mifflin Co., is the thirty-eighth
annual reincarnation of this usefid book, edited of late
years by Dr. W. J. Rolfe.
An " Introduction to Poetry " for the use of schoools
is annomiced by Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. The au-
thor is Professor Raymond M. Alden of Stanford Uni-
versity, whose "Specimens of English Verse" has been
long and favorably known in our colleges.
The lectures which Professor J. P. Mahaffy deliv-
ered late in 1908 and early in 1909 at the Lowell In-
stitute in Boston have been brought together into a vol-
ume entitled "What Have the Greeks Done for Civili-
zation?" and will be published by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's
Sons shortly.
Dr. William Ellery Leonard has done a notable ser-
vice to classical literature by publishing " The Fragments
of Empedocles " in acceptable English verse, accompa-
nied by the original text. He provides an introduction,
a bibliography, and some twenty-five pages of notes.
This work comes from the Open Court Publishing Co.
Besides the long-delayed volume on Geofroy Tory,
the Houghton Mifflin Company plan to issue this Spring
in their " Riverside Special Editions " a reprint of Wal-
ton's " Compleat Angler," embodying some unique fea-
tures, and a collection of contemporary records of the
great Boston fire of 1872, to be edited by Mr, Harold
Murdock.
Mr. DeMorgan writes his publisher, Mr. Holt, that
he is still busily at work on the manuscript of his new
novel which has been announced as " Blind Jim," al-
though he himself does not care for this title, and will
probably change to " It Never Can Happen Again." Mr.
DeMorgan says it will be longer than " Joseph Vance "
or " Somehow Good."
"A Library Encyclopaedia," to be issued by subscrip-
tion, will, if the plan meets with enough encouragement,
be edited by Mr. Alexander Philip of the Gravesend
(England) Public Library. The various articles will
be written by " only the foremost authorities," it is an-
nounced; and if the prospectus proves to be sufficiently
inviting to the library world, the work will make its
appearance at the end of this year.
John Boyd Thacher, formerly a member of the Im ew
York State Senate, and Mayor of Albany, died in that
city February 25, at the age of sixty-one. He was born
in Balston and was a graduate of Williams College.
He was a collector of autographs, rare books, and his-
torical manuscripts. His published works include " The
Continent of America: Its Discovery and Its Baptism,"
"Charlecote; or. The Trial of William Shakespeare,"
" Little Speeches," " The Cabotian Discovery," « Chris-
topher Colimibus: His Life, His Work, His Remains,"
and " Outlines of the French Revolution Told in Auto-
graphs."
Dr. William Bradley Otis's critical study of « Amer-
ican Verse, 1625-1807," to be issued at once by Messrs.
Moffat, Yard & Co., is based upon a careful investigation
of the original editions in all the older American libra-
ries, and much of its material has never before been
mentioned in any history or bibliography of American
verse. The book will contain an exhaustive bibliog-
raphy and a careful index.
A volume entitled " Characters and Events of Roman
History," by Professor Guglielmo Ferrero, is annoimced
by the Messrs. Putnam. The book consists of a series
of studies of the great men and women of ancient Rome,
and of critical moments and events in Roman history.
These studies were originally deUvered as lectures at
the Lowell Institute in Boston, at Columbia University
in New York, and at the University of Chicago.
James A. Le Roy, secretary to William H. Taft in
the Philippines, and later American consul at Durango,
Mexico, died February 28, in the military hospital at
Fort Bayard, New Mexico. Mr. Le Roy contributed
numerous articles to the periodical press on matters re-
lating to the Philippines. He was an occasional con-
tributor to The Dial, the present issue containing one
of the last products of his pen.
A rare old periodical, " The Southern Literary Mes-
senger," which reflected the literary life of the South
from 1834 to 1864, has recently been added, in a com-
plete set, to the library of the University of Texas,
through the generosity of Mr. H. P. Hilliard of St. Louis.
Few libraries and still fewer book-dealers can now point
to a full set of this interesting old magazine on their
shelves, and the institution at Austin is justified in tak-
ing pride in this acquisition.
Popular editions of Marlowe and Ben Jonson, uni-
form with " The Shakespeare Apocrypha " which Mr.
C. F. Tucker Brooke recently edited, are announced by
the Oxford University Press. The " Marlowe " is being
edited by Mr. Tucker Brooke and Professor Walter
Raleigh, and the "Jonson" (which will, of course, fill
more than one volume) by Mr. Percy Simpson. As
already known, a library edition of Ben Jonson's Works,
edited by Professor C. H. Herford and Mr. Percy Simp-
son, has been in preparation at Oxford for some time.
A recent English note announcing that Mr. John Mur-
ray was to undertake a " Life of the Honorable Mrs.
Norton," by Miss Alice Perkins, is American news by
way of London, for Miss Perkins is a New Yorker, and
after she had offered this manuscript to Messrs. Henry
Holt & Co. they arranged to publish it jointly with Mr.
Murray. Mrs. Norton, the author of " Kathleen Mav-
ourneen," was a granddaughter of Sheridan, and with her
sisters. Lady Dufferin and the Duchess of Somerset,
made up the " three graces " of Georgian society.
The Committee in charge of the Lincoln Centenary
Celebration in Chicago have arranged with Messrs.
A. C. McClurg & Co. to bring out immediately in book
form the more important addresses delivered during
the Centenary Week. The material will be prepared
under the supervision of Mr. N. W. MacChesney,
Chairman of the Lincoln Centenary Committee, and
1909.]
THE DIAL
195
the volume will be illustrated with portraits of the
distinguished speakers, photographs of the Lincoln
Monuments in Chicago, and reproductions of the bronze
plaques placed in the Chicago schools in commemora-
tion of the Centenary. The book can hardly fail to
prove both interesting and valuable.
The Rev. Dr. Theodore Ledyard Cuyler, well-known
as a Presbyterian clergyman and as a writer, died on
February 26 at his Brooklyn home, in his eighty-eighth
year. He was a graduate of Princeton College and of
the Princeton Theological Seminary, and from 1860 to
1890 was pastor of the Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian
Church in the city where he died. He was prominent
in public life, and, in 1856, helped to organize the
Republican party. He. was an indefatigable contrib-
utor to the periodical press, and the author of a long
list of books.
The London " Spectator " was one of the earliest mag-
azines to carry general advertising, and the recent pur-
chase of a complete file by Harvard University has
enabled Mr. Lawrence Lewis to make an interesting
study of this advertising, in a book to be published by
Houghton Mifflin Company this Spring. The volume
is called "The Advertisements of the Spectator: Being
a study of the Literature, History and Manners of Queen
Anne's England as they are reflected therein, as well
as an illustration of the Origins of the Art of Adver-
tising, with an Appendix of representative Advertise-
ments now for the first time reprinted."
Announcements of Spring Books.
The Dial's annual list of books announced for Spring
publication, herewith presented, forms an interesting epitome
of American publishing activities for the present Spring and
coming Summer. All the books here listed are presumably
new books — new editions not being included unless having
new form or matter. The omission from the present list of
any prominent publishers in the regular trade is due solely to
the fact that such publishers failed to respond to our requests
for data regarding their Spring books.
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
The Life of Joan of Arc, by Anatole France, trans, by
Winifred Stephens, 2 vols., illus., $8. net. — The Mak-
ing of Carlyle, by R. S. Craig, illus., $4. net. — Maria
Edgeworth and her Circle in the Days of Bonaparte
and Bourbon, by Constance Hill, illus., $6. net. —
Ladies Fair and Frail, slretches of the demi-monde
during the eighteenth century, by Horace Bleackley,
with portraits reproduced from contemporary sources,
$5. net. — The Love Affairs of Napoleon, by Joseph
Turquan, trans, from the French by James L. May,
illus., $5. net. — Thomas Hood, his life and times, by
Walter Jerrold, illus., $5. net. — A Sister of Prince
Rupert, Elizabeth Princess Palatine Abbess of Here-
ford, by Elizabeth Godfrey, illus., $4. net. — C6sar
Franck, a study, trans, from the French of Vincent
d'Indy, with introduction by Rosa Newmarch, $2.50
net. — The Life of St. Francis of Assist, by Giro Alvl,
trans, from the Italian, $1.50 net. (John Lane Co.)
Life of Edgar Allan Poe, including his correspondence
with men of letters, by George E. Woodberry, 2 vols.,
illus., $5. net. — Autobiography of Nathaniel South-
gate Shaler, with a supplementary Memoir by his
wife, illus. — Life, Letters, and Journals of George
Ticknor ; new illustrated edition, with introduction
by Ferris Greenslet, 2 vols. (Houghton Mifflin Co.)
Old Friends, by William Winter, illus., $3. net. (Moffat,
Yard & Co,)
Life and Times of Laurence Sterne, by Wilbur L. Cross,
illus. — English Men of Lettefs, American series, new
vol. : Walt Whitman, by George R. Carpenter, 75 cts.
net. — Robert Y. Hayne and his Times, by Theodore D.
Jervey, illus. (Macmillan Co.)
My Story, by Hall Calne, illus., $2. net. — The Princesse
de Lamballe, by B. C. Hardy, $3.50 net. (D. Apple-
ton & Co.)
Great Actors of the Eighteenth Century, by Karl Mant-
zius, illus., $3.50 net. — French Men of Letters series,
new vol. : Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, by George
McLean Harper, with portrait, $1.50 net. (J. B.
Lippincott Co.)
Robespierre and the French Revolution, by Charles F.
Warwick, illus. from rare engravings, $2.50 net. —
American Crisis Series, new vols. : Stonewall Jackson,
by Henry Alexander White ; John Brown, by W. B.
Burghardt DuBois ; each with frontispiece portrait,
$1.25 net. (George W. Jacobs & Co.)
Life of Mary Baker G. Eddy and the History of Christian
Science, by Georgine Milmlne, $2. net. — Little Master-
pieces of Autobiography, edited by George lies, 6 vols.,
with photogravure frontispiece, $4.50 net. (Double-
day, Page & Co.)
Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay, by Sir Otto Tre-
velyan, enlarged and complete edition, Including Ma-
caulay's Marginal Notes, in 2 vols., $5. ; In one vol.,
$2. (Harper & Brothers.)
Memoir of George Howard Wilkinson, Bishop of St. An-
drews, by Arthur James Mason, 2 vols., with portrait.
— Historical Letters and Memoirs of Scottish Catho-
lics, 1625-1793, by W. Forbes Leith, 2 vols., illus.—
The Curious Case of Lady Purbeck, a scandal of the
XVIIth century, by the author of "The Life of Sir
Konelm Digby." (Longmans, Green, & Co.)
Fair Women at Fontainebleau, by Frank Hamel, with
portraits, $3.50 net. — Fresh Fields and Green Pas-
tures, by Mrs. Panton, $3.50 net. — Nietzsche, his life
and work, by M. A. Miigge, with etched portrait, $3.
net. (Brentano's.)
Queen Anne and her Court, by P. F. William Ryan, 2
vols., illus., $6. net. (E. P. Dutton & Co.)
Some Eminent Victorians, by J. Comyns Carr, Illus., $3.50
net. — The Sisters of Napoleon, by W. R. H. Trowbridge,
Illus., $3.75 net. (Charles Scrlbner's Sons.)
George Borrow, by R. A. J. Walling, with frontispiece,
$1.75 net. (Cassell & Co.)
Life of Lincoln, by Henry C. Whitney, edited by Marion
Mills Miller, 2. vols., with portraits, $2.50 net.
(Baker & Taylor Co.)
Grover Cleveland, the Man, by Jesse Lynch Williams,
illus., 50 cts. net. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
HISTORY.
History of the City of New York, by Mrs. Schuyler Van
Rensselaer, 2 vols. — Statistical and Chronological
History of the United States Navy, by Robert W.
Neeser, 2 vols. — Stories from American History, new
vol. — The Story of the Great Lakes, by Edward Chan-
ning and Marion F. Lansing, illus., $1.50. — History
of the State of Washington, by Edmond S. Meany. —
Social Life at Rome in the Age of Cicero, by W.
Warde Fowler, with maps and plans. — The Roman
Assemblies, by George W. Botsford. — History of the
New Testament Times in Palestine, by Shaiier Math-
ews, new revised edition. (Macmillan Co.)
Original Narratives of Early American History, new voL :
Narratives of New Netherland, edited by J. F. Jame-
son, with maps and fac-simile reproductions, $3. net. —
A History of Egypt, by James Henry Breasted, new
edition revised and enlarged, illus. and with new and
improved maps, $5. net. — Siena, the story of a mediae-
val commune, by Ferdinand Schevlll, illus., $2.50 net.
— History of Centemporary Civilization, by Charles
Selgnobos, trans, by A. H. Wilde, $1.25 net. — France
since Waterloo, by W. Grington Berry, illus., $1.50
net. (Charles Scrlbner's Sons.)
New Light on Ancient Egypt, by G. Maspero, $4. net.
(D. Appleton & Co.)
The Story of New Netherland, by William Elliot Grlffls,
illus., $1.25 net. — Our Naval War with France, by
Gardner W. Allen, illus., $1.50 net. (Houghton Mif-
flin Co.)
The Romance of American Expansion, by H. Addin^ton
Bruce, illus., $1.50 net. — The Apprenticeship of Wash-
ington, by George Hodges, $1.25 net. (Moffat, Yard
& Co.)
Progressive Pennsylvania, by James M. Swank, $5. net. —
The Third French Republic, by Frederick Lawton,
illus., $3.50 net. (J. B. Lippincott Co.)
The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, by Houston
S. Chamberlain, trans, from the German by John
Lees, with introduction by Lord Redesdale, 2 vols.,
$8. net. (John Lane Co.)
The Huguenots, Catherine de Medici and Philip the Sec-
ond, 1559-76, by James Westfall Thompson. (Uni-
versity of Chicago Press.)
Romances of the French Revolution, by 6. Lenotre, 2
vols., Illus., $6. net. (Brentano's.)
The Statesmanship of Andrew Jackson, as shown In his
writings and speeches, collected and edited by Francis
Newton Thorpe, $2.50. (Tandy-Thomas Co.)
The Death of Lincoln, by Clara E. Laughlin, illus., $1.50
net. (Doubleday, Page & Co.)
196
THE DIAL
[March 16,
Political History of England, by various authors, under
editorship of William Hunt and Reginald Lane Poole,
12 vols., Vol. IX., 1702 to 1760, by I. S. Leadam,
with Index and maps, $2.60 net. — Ireland under the
Stuarts and during the Interregnum, by Richard Bag-
well, Vols. I. and II., 1603-1660, with maps. (Long-
mans, Green, & Co.)
GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Love Letters of Thomas Carlyle and Jane Welsh,
edited by Alexander Carlyle, 2 vols., with portraits,
$8. net. — The Last Journals of Horace Walpole, being
his memoirs of the reign of George III. from 1771 to
1783, edited, with Introduction, by A. Francis Steuart,
2 vols., with portraits reproduced from contemporary
pictures, $7. net. — The Journal of John Mayne during
a Tour on the Continent upon its Re-opening after the
Fall of Napoleon, 1814, edited by John Mayne Colles,
illus., $4. net. — William Shakespeare, player, play-
maker, and poet, a reply to George Greenwood, by
H. C. Beeching, $1. net. — The Shakespeare Problem,
Canon Beeching answered, a rejoinder to Canon
Beeching and others, by George Greenwood, $1. net.
(John Lane Co.)
Some Acrostic Signatures of Francis Bacon, Baron Veru-
1am of Verulam, Viscount St. Alban, together with
some others, now for the first time deciphered by
William Stone Booth, illus. with facsimiles and acros-
tic figures, $6. net. — The People at Play, by RoUin
Lynde Hartt, illus. and decorated by the author. —
My Cranford, a phase of the quiet life, by Arthur
Gilman, $1.25 net. — Shakespeare and his Critics, by
Chai'les F. Johnson, $1.50 net. — The Advertisements
of "The Spectator," by Lawrence Lewis, with intro-
duction by George L. Klttredge. (Houghton Mifflin
Co.)
Piccadilly to Pall Mall, by Ralph Nevill and Charles B.
Jerningham, illus. in photogravure, $3.50 net. — Plays,
Acting, and Music, by Arthur Symons, new revised
edition, $2. net. — The Romantic Movement in English
Poetry, by Arthur Symons. — Wisdom of the East
series, new vol. : The Confessions of Al Ghazzali,
trans, from the Persian into English for the first
time by Claud Field, 40 cts. net. — English Library,
new vol. : Stories of Libraries and Book Collecting, by
Ernest A. Savage, 75 cts. net. (E. P. Button & Co.)
Shelley, by Francis Thompson, $1. net. — Egoists, a book
of supermen, by James Huneker, $1.50 net. (Charles
Scrlbner's Sons.)
Peace and Happiness, by Lord Avebury, $1.50 net. — The
Playhouse and the Play, by Percy MacKaye. — The
Oldest English Epic, by Francis B. Gummere. — The
Ancient Greek Historians, by J. B. Bury. (Macnail-
lan Co.)
The Springs of Helicon, a study in the progress of En-
glish poetry from Chaucer to Milton, by J. W.
Mackall. — Prophecy and Poetry, studies in Isaiah
and Browning, by Arthur Rogers, $1.25 net. (Long-
mans, Green, & Co.)
Post-Augustan Poets, by H. E. Butler. — Earlier Latin
Poets, including the Augiistans, by Nowell Smith.
(Oxford University Press.)
Studies in Several Literatures, by Harry Thurston Peck,
$1.20 net. — Culture by Self-Help, in a literary, aca-
demic, or an oratorical career, by Robert Waters,
$1.20 net. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
French Literature, by A. K. Konta, $2. net. — German
Literature, by Thomas Calvin, $1.75 net. — Essays, by
G. Stanley Hall, $1.50 net. — Our Village, by Joseph
C. Lincoln, $1.50 net. (D. Appleton & Co.)
American Verse, 1625-1807, by William Bradley Otis,
$1.75 net. — Nature's Help to Happiness, by John War-
ren Achorn, 50 cts. net. (Moffat, Yard & Co.)
The Paradise or Garden of the Holy Fathers, being his-
tories of the anchorites, recluses, coenobites, monks,
and ascetic fathers of the deserts of Egypt between
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198
THE DIAL
[March 16,
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200
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1909.]
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202
THE DIAL
[March 16,
liiST OF Neav Books.
[The following list, containing 85 titles, includes books
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BecoUections of Baron de Frenilly, Peer of France
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Sir "Walter Baleigrh. By Frederick A. Ober. Illus., 12mo,
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Social lilfe at Borne in the Age of Cicero. By W. Warde
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Germany in the Later Middle Ages, 1200-1500. By William
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The Cambridge History of Engrlish lilteratnre : Edited by
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Why We IjOvo Linooln. By James Creelman. Illus., 12mo.
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The Horal System of Dante's Inferno. By W. H. V. Reade,
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Iblis in Paradise : A Story of the Temptation. By George
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Mad Barbara. By Warwick Deeping. With frontispiece in
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"This, My Son" (Les Noellets). By Ren^ Bazin; trans, by
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Lorlmer of the Northwest. By Harold Bindloss. With
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THE DIAL
203
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THE DIAL
[March 16,
NOW READY EVERYWHERE
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1909.] THE DIAL 207
The Publisher's Problem
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208 THE DIAL [March 16, 1909.
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DRAGON'S BLOOD By HENRY MILNER RIDEOUT
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OUR NAVAL WAR WITH FRANCE By GARDNER W. ALLEN
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HUMAN NATURE IN POLITICS By GRAHAM WALLAS
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WHEN LINCOLN DIED, and Other Poems By E. W. THOMSON
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THE SILVER CUP By CHARLES CUTHBERT HALL
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THE DIAL
[April 1,
A NEW HISTORICAL WORK OF FIRST IMPORTANCE
THE CONQUEST OF THE GREAT
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WHY WE LOVE
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By Nevil G. Henshaw.
Price $1.50.
THE OUTING PUBLISHING COMPANY, 35 WEST 31st STREET, NEW YORK
1909] THE DIAL 211
DUFFIELD & COMPANY'S SPRING LIST
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Helen Mackay "HOUSES OF GLASS"
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" The Book of the Divine Consolation of St. Angela Da Foligno "
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" Early English Romances of Friendship "
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AT ALL BOOKSELLERS OR FROM THE PUBLISHERS
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THE DIAL.
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1909.] THE DIAL 218
BOOKS OF GENERAL INTEREST
Unofficial Letters of an Official's Wife
By EDITH MOSES. A volume of actual letters, written from the Philippines, and giving a vivid
picture of the domestic life of the natives as seen and described by a brilliant woman.
12mo. Cloth. $1.50 net.
Modern Educators and Their Ideals
By TADASU MIS A WA, Ph.D. Sympathetically and significantly, Dr. Misawa gives a general idea
of the educational views of philosophers of modern times. 12mo. Cloth. $1.50 net.
A History of German Literature
By CALVIN THOMAS, LL.D., Gebhard Professor of the Germanic Languages and Literatures,
Columbia University. A selection of the most representative and pregnant historical facts.
12mo. Cloth. $1.50 net.
Problems of City Government
By LEO S. ROWE, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Political Science, University of Pennsylvania. Its
purpose is to present an analysis of the general principles involved in city growth.
12mo. Cloth. $1.50 net.
My Story
By HALL CAINE. Illustrated by intimate and hitherto unpublished photographs selected by the
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8vo, Cloth, gilt top. $2.00 net.
Princesse de Lamballe
By B. C. HARDY. A full account of this most pathetic victim of "The Reign of Terror," the
most loyal friend and confidant of Marie Antoinette. Handsomely illustrated from contemporary
portraits. Demy 8vo. $3,50 special net.
The War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl
By ELIZA FRANCIS ANDREWS. "This book should take first rank as one of the most
valuable of the remarkable number of accounts of life in the Confederacy which have been finding
their way into print." — The Nation. Illustrated from contemporary photographs.
^ ^ 8vo. Decorated cloth cover, gilt top. $2.50 net.
Viva Mexico!
By CHARLES M. FLANDRAU. Mexico as seen through the eyes of an American who tells
charmingly of the odd human things that interest everybody. 12mo. Cloth. $1.25 net.
Our Village
By JOSEPH C. LINCOLN. A delightful picture of life on Cape Cod thirty years ago. A splendid
book for gift purposes. Many pen-and-ink sketches, four half-tone illustrations, ornamental cover.
Printed on toned paper throughout. (To he published April 16.) 12mo. Cloth. $1.50 net.
Modern Accounting
By HENRY RAND HATFIELD, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Accounting, University of California,
A presentation and discussion of the principles of accounting in their important relations.
T-i o^ r /-..I 12mo. Cloth. $1.75 net.
Ihe Story of Oil
By WALTER H. TOWER, A.M., Ph.D., Professor of Finance, Wharton School, UniversUy of
Pennsylvania. The history and growth of the oil industry from ancient times to the present day.
Nimierous illustrations. (In press.) 12mo. Cloth. $1.00 net.
MORS DETAILED INFORMATION ON REQUEST
■^"tr D. APPLETON Rr CO. ''.^^rj^
214 THE DIAL [April!,
Economic Prizes
SIXTH YEAR
In order to arouse an interest in the study of topics relating to commerce and industry, and to
stimulate those who have a college training to consider the problems of a business career, a committee
composed of
Professor J. Laurence Laughlin, University of Chicago, Chairman;
Professor J. B. Clark, Columbia University;
Professor Henry C. Adams, University of Michigan;
Horace White, Esq., New York City, and
Hon. Carroll D. Wright, Clark College,
have been enabled, through the generosity of Messrs. Hart, Schaffner & Marx, of Chicago, to ofPer in
1910 prizes under two general heads. Attention is expressly called to a new rule that a competitor
is not confined to subjects mentioned in this announcement; but any other subject chosen must first be
approved by the Committee.
I. Under the first head are suggested herewith a few subjects intended primarily for
those who have had an academic training ; but the possession of a degree is not required
of any contestant, nor is any age limit set.
1. The effect of labor unions on international trade.
2. The best means of raising the wages of the unskilled.
3. A comparison between the theory and the actual practice of Protectionism in the United States.
4. A scheme for an ideal monetary system for the United States.
5. The true relation of the central government to trusts.
6. How much of J. S. Mill's economic system survives ?
7. A central bank as a factor in a financial crisis.
Under this head, Class A includes any American without restriction; and Class B includes only
those who, at the time the papers are sent in, are undergraduates of any American college. Any member
of Class B may compete for the prizes of Class A.
A First Prize of Six Hundred Dollars, and
A Second Prize of Four Hundred Dollars
are offered for the best studies presented by Class A, and
A First Prize of Three Hundred Dollars, and
A Second Prize of Two Hundred Dollars
are offered for the best studies presented by Class B. The committee reserves to itself the right to
award the two prizes of $600 and $400 of Class A to undergraduates in Class B, if the merits of the
papers demand it.
II. Under the second head are suggested some subjects intended for those who may
not have had an academic training, and who form Class C :
1. The most practicable scheme for beginning a reduction of the tariff.
2. The value of government statistics of wages in the last ten or fifteen years.
3. Opportimities for expanding our trade with South America.
4. The organization of the statistical work of the United States.
5. Publicity and form of trust accounts.
One Prize of Five Hundred Dollars
is offered for the best study presented by Class C ; but any member of Class C may compete in Class A.
The ownership of the copyright of successful studies will vest in the doners, and it is expected that, without
precluding the use of these papers as theses for higher degrees, they wiU cause them to be issued in some perma-
nent form.
Competitors are advised that the studies should be thorough, expressed in good English, and although not limited
as to length, they should not be needlessly expanded. They should be inscribed with an assumed name, the class in which
they are presented, and accompanied by a sealed envelope giving the real name and address of the competitor. If the
competitor is in Class B, the sealed envelope should contain the name of the institution in which he is studying. The
papers should be sent on or before June 1, 1910, to
J. Laurence Laughlin, Esq.
The University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
1909.] THE DIAL 215
NEW SPRING PUBLICATIONS
MOTOR TOURS IN WALES AND THE
BORDER COUNTIES
By Mrs. Rodolph Stawell. With upwards of 70 full-page
illustrations in duogravure. ^3.00. Ready in March.
A beautiful volume of travel covering the most interesting part of Great Britain and the most
delightful country in the world.
THE SPELL OF ITALY By Caroline Atwater Mason, author of
"A Lily of France." Illustrated from photographs selected by the author. ;^2.50.
Ready in March.
This volume includes visits to Naples, Capri, Rome, Padua, Florence, Milan, the Italian Lakes,
and the baths of Lucca.
FROM CAIRO TO THE CATARACT By Blanche M. Carson.
With 48 full-page illustrations in duogravure from photographs taken by the author.
;^2.50. Ready April i.
An unusually charming narrative of a journey through Egypt.
ITALIAN HIGHWAYS AND BYWAYS FROM A
MOTOR CAR By Francis Miltoun, author of " In the Land of Mosques
and MinaretSj" etc. Illustrated by Blanche McManus. 1^3. 00. Ready.
Mr. Miltoun's books of travel have the quality of stimulating the imagination and of arousing the
reader's ambition to visit the places described.
FICTION
DAVID BRAN By Morley Roberts, author of "Rachel Marr," etc. With
frontispiece in color by Frank T. Merrill. ,^1.50.
" Among living novelists Morley Roberts holds a high place; but ' David Bran ' will enormously
strengthen his reputation." — Rochester Post Express.
A GENTLEMAN OF QUALITY By Frederic Van Rensselaer Dey.
Illustrated. $1.50.
A thrilling tale of mistaken identity, the scene of which is laid in England of the present day.
THE QUEST FOR THE ROSE OF SHARON
By Burton E. Stevenson, author of " The Marathon Mystery," " The Holladay
Case," etc. Illustrated. $i>2S' Ready in April.
A fascinating tale of mystery written in a quaint and charming style.
THE FURTHER ADVENTURES OF QUINCY ADAMS
SA iVYER By Charles Felton Pidgin, author of " Quincy Adams Sawyer,"
" Blennerhassett," etc. Illustrated. $1.50. Ready in April.
A sequel to Mr. Pidgin's first great success, "Quincy Adams Sawyer," which contains all the
popular appeal of the earlier story.
THE MYSTERY OF MISS MOTTE By Caroline Atwater Mason,
author of " The Binding of the Strong," etc. Illustrated. ^1.25. Ready in April.
Mrs. Mason's story is a delightful combination of mystery and romance, the heroine being a young
woman of remarkable personality and charm.
L C. PAGE & COMPANY, NEW ENGLAND BUILDING, BOSTON
216
THE DIAL,
[April 1, 1909
AN IMPORTANT WORK COMPLETED THIS WEEK
Ur, L. rl, tS^llCy S exceptionally valuable
Cyclopedia of American Agriculture
Edited, with the assistance of over three hundred experts, by L. H. Bailey,
Director of the College of Agriculture, Cornell University, and Chairman of the
Commission on Country Life, whose report has recently been forwarded to Congress.
In four quarto volumes, with 100 full-page plates, and about 2000 other illustrations.
It tells what to do on any farm, and how to do it
The work is indispensable to anyone who means to really live in the country. It
treats logically the central idea of The Farm as a Livelihood, bringing together every
feature of the making of a living, and the building of national life from the farm.
CONTENTS
Volume I. — FARMS
A general survey of all the agricultural
regions of the United States, including Porto
Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippines — Advice
as to the Projecting of a Farm — The Soil —
The Atmosphere.
Volume IL — FARM CROPS
The Plant and Its Relations — The Manu-
facture of Crop Products — North American
Field Crops (individually).
Volume III. — FARM ANIMALS
The Animal and Its Relations — The Manu-
facture of Animal Products — North American
Farm Animals.
Volume IV. — SOCIAL
THE COUNTRY
ECONOMY IN
Ju^t ready. Perhaps the most important
volume of all ; taking the broad view of the
relation of the farm to the nation. It contains
discussions on education, farm accounting,
the costs of production, profitable handling
and sale of perishable food crops, etc.
POINTS TO BE NOTED
The whole work is new.
Every cut was made, every article written,
for this work.
Each article is authoritative.
All articles are signed ; each is written by the
man who knows most of the farm industry of
to-day in relation to that special subject.
The work is complete.
It covers every farm process from the choos-
ing of the land to the accounting of receipts
and expenses after marketing the crops.
It is comprehensive and practical.
The book discusses farming in all localities, —
from the northwestern wheatfields to the trop-
ical islands, — tells what crops can be grown
and marketed and precisely how to do it.
It is broad in its points of view.
One article tells how a large farm can be
organized on an eflBcient scale ; another, how
the small farm can be run to the best advan-
tage ; still others, what manufacturing of farm
products is practical, and how the farm house-
keeping can be made as perfect as possible^
Cyclopedia of American Agriculture
Any farmer by the use of this work can unquestionably save its cost ten times
over ; the younger generation will find it tremendously educative.
In four quarto volumes, fully illustrated, cloth. $20.00 net ; half m^r., $32.00 (carriage extra).
Published
by
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
64-66 Fifth Ave.
New York
THE DIAL
a Semt^i^ontblg Journal of Eiterarg Criticigm, ©iscussum, anb Jnfonnation.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is puhlUhed on the Jut and 16th oj
each month. Teems of StrBscBipriON, S2. a year in advance, postage
prepaid in the United Stales, and Mexico; Foreign and Canadian
postage 50 cents per year extra. Remittances should be by check, or
by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL COMPANY.
Unless otheitcise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the current
ntimier. When no direct request to discontinue al expiration of sub-
scription is received, it is assumed that a continuance of the subscription
is desired. Advertisino Rates furnished on application. All com-
munications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, Fine ArU Building, Chicago.
Entered as Second-Clasa Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office
at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
No. 54"^.
APRIL 1, 1909.
Vol. XLVL
Contents.
PAGE
THE COPYRIGHT ADVANCE 217
CASUAL COMMENT 219
The compelling personality of Mr. Chesterton. —
"A book of Verses underneath the Bough." — A
sign of decay in the French novel. — The proposed
national graduate school. — Statistics : Handle with
care ! — The ending of a novel. — A new world-
language. — An iconoclastic philosophy. — Hard
times and the reading habit. — " The Jew of Malta "
at Williams College. — The dumb animals' advo-
cate. — The FitzGerald centenary. — " Deformed "
spelling up to date.
COMMUNICATION 222
" Poems of American Histoi-y " — A Note from the
Compiler. Burton E. Stevenson.
A MEMORIAL OF LITERARY FRIENDSHIPS.
Annie Russell Marble 228
THE NEW GERMANY. W. H. Carrutk .... 224
AMERICA'S FIRST REPRESENTATIVE BODY.
Walter L. Fleming 226
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF ENGLISH
LITERATURE. Lane Cooper 227
FEUDALISM IN CANADA. Clarence Walworth
Alvord 229
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 280
Memoirs of a Prefect of Napoleon. — Life in a New
England Cranf ord. — Italian days preserved by pen
and pencil. — Scottish dames of distinction. — Final
views of a great historian. — Some German letters
for music-lovers. — The eourae of operatic art since
Wagner. — The honorable ancestry of Lincoln. —
Old French prints and their charm.
BRIEFER MENTION 288
NOTES 234
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS .... 235
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 286
THE COPYRIGHT ADVANCE.
Among the measures rushed through the six-
tieth CongTess on the last day of its official
existence was " an Act to amend and consolidate
the Acts respecting copyright," and on the first
day of July the code then adopted will go into
effect as the law of the nation. It has taken
several years of hard work on the part of the
American Copyright League and of private
persons interested in the subject to secure this
legislation, and the country is to be congrat-
ulated upon its enactment. It is, of course, a
compromise measure in many respects, and it
retains the odious requirement of manufacture
in the United States. As long as we shall con-
tinue to submit to the selfish exactions of typog-
raphers and pressmen, and allow this blot to
disfigure our copyright law, we must remain
excluded from the Berne Convention and keep
our heads lowered whenever the general question
of fair dealing among nations comes up for dis-
cussion. Nevertheless, there are gains in sev-
eral directions, and we are perhaps brought a
little nearer the day when we may come to be
counted among the really civilized nations in our
treatment of literary property.
First of all, we may be grateful that our
copyright law is at last intelligently codified.
Instead of a bewildering collection of separate
acts, imperfectly related to one another, and
based upon few common principles, we now have
a single comprehensive statute, of sixty-four
sections and approximately nine thousand words,
which makes it possible for a layman to find out
for himself with reasonable certainty what the
law is. " For this relief, much thanks." We
may hope in time to secure a better law, now
that this preliminary step has been taken, and
it is possible even for the reader who runs to
survey the law which we now have, and thus get
a clear idea of what is needed for its improve-
ment.
It is very satisfying to know that the term of
copyright is now extended from forty-two to
fifty-six years, and that the benefit of this ex-
tension may be shared by copyrights now in
force. The practical working of this provision
may be shown by saying that it will protect for
fourteen years longer a large part of the writ-
ings of Longfellow, Whittier, Emerson, Holmes,
218
THE DIAL
[April 1,
Lowell, and Aldrich ; nearly all of the works of
Bret Harte, Parkman, "Mark Twain," Mr.
Howells, and Mr. James ; and many such pop-
ular books as " Little Women," " The Man
without a Country," " Ben Hur," " Uncle
Remus," and " Rudder Grange." The books
just named are a few of the many that would
have gone out of copyright during the coming
fourteen years ; the new law will postpone for
an equal period the date of expiry. The pirate
who thought to make " Little Women " and
*' The Man without a Country " his prey next
year, and " The Story of a Bad Boy " and
" Innocents Abroad " the year after, will now
have to curb his unrighteous inclinations until
1925 or thereabouts. Looked at in another
light, it is to be observed that the fifty-six year
term practically insures an American author the
control of his own writings as long as he lives ;
this provision falls far short of the Berne recom-
mendation of lifetime and fifty years thereafter,
and of the practice of many of the more enlight-
ened nations, but it marks a substantial step in
the right direction.
The vexed question of musical compositions,
which has been largely responsible for the delay
in coming to an agreement upon the whole sub-
ject of copyright, is now settled by a compro-
mise which embodies a new principle, but which
should prove reasonably satisfactory to the two
interested parties, the composer and the manu-
facturer of instruments for the mechanical repro-
duction of music. To begin with, the composer
is free, if he wishes, to prevent any form of
mechanical reproduction. In case, however, he
licenses such reproduction at all, or himself
prepares and offers for sale the mechanical
devices for such reproduction, no one shall have
a monopoly of the composition in this form,
since " any other person may make similar use
of the copyrighted work upon the payment to
the copyright proprietor of a royalty of two
cents on each such part manufactured." The
law applies, of course, only to compositions here-
after to be copyrighted ; the manufacturer of
rolls and discs may continue to make free, as
heretofore, with all works now in the market.
Every complicated piece of legislation is likely
to contain one or more " jokers," and we imagine
that the new copyright law wiU be found fairly
well supplied with them. The following words
seem innocent enough, but will probably be
found to mean a good deal more than the casual
reader sees in them : " Nothing in this Act
shall be deemed to forbid, prevent, or restrict
the transfer of any copy of a copyrighted work
the possession of which has been lawfully
obtained." The system of fixed and uniform
retail prices for copyrighted books, which our
publishers and booksellers have been struggling
to secure, and which prevails generally in
European countries, will probably be main-
tained with greatly increased difficulty after
this provision goes into effect. There may also
be a " joker " in the requirement of binding
within the limits of the United States for copy-
righted books, and we should not be surprised
if one were discovered somewhere in the para-
graphs dealing with prohibition of importations.
The manufacturing requirement of the old
law providing for intei'national copyright has at
least been freed from one of its most obnoxious
features. American manufacture is no longer to
be a condition of copyright upon books printed
in foreign languages. Since that stupid require-
ment was made in 1891, an average of about
one foreign book a year has been given the fidl
protection of American copyright, and even the
selfish greed of the typographical interests could
find nothing worth urging in its favor. From
this year on, a Frenchman or a German may
copyright his books in this country, unless some
Dogberry shall examine them with a microscope,
and find a tabooed English word concealed some-
where in the contents. This suggestion is not
a fantastic flight of the imagination, for it is the
incredible truth that books in foreign languages
are occasionally held for duty in our custom-
houses because they contain some chance En-
glish quotation, or book-title, or indexed word !
It is needless to say that the new right now
acquired by foreign authors will do not a little
to promote international good feeling. Of the
manufacturing requirement in general we must
of course say that it is inequitable, and Mr.
G. H. Putnam neatly points out that it has no
more foundation in logic than in justice. Other
countries have a pi'otective policy, and give it
effect in their tariff laws. Ours is the only one
to " confuse copyright law with requirements
that are concerned simply with the interests of
labor or of capital."
One more subject calls for a brief analysis.
For many years a triangular discussion has been
carried on between our bookbuyers, booksellers,
and publishers, concerning the importation from
England of books copyrighted in both countries.
The publisher naturally wants a monopoly of
the American market. The bookseller is neutral,
being as willing to supply his customers with one
edition as with the other. The bookbuyer, being
a person of individual tastes, thinks he ought to
1909.]
THE DIAL
219
be free to buy (the author's rights being recog-
nized in both cases) whichever edition he pleases.
So far, our sympathies are entirely with the book-
buyer, since the publisher who fears the com-
petition of the English edition needs just that
stimulus to encourage him in making his own
edition no less attractive. But here comes the
Copyright Act, telling the buyer that he may
import a copy (two copies under the old law) for
use, but forbidding the bookseller to import even
a single copy for sale. This is rather hard on
the bookseller, and we feel for him in his pre-
dicament. But it cannot be considered a very
serious matter, for the imported copy must pay
a heavy duty, and ninety-nine purchasers out of
a himdred will either not go to the trouble and
expense of getting the English edition, or will
simply not know how to go about getting it at
all. Still, we should like to see the bookseller
free to place his customers' orders for the English
edition. If this were legalized, we cannot help
thinking that it would improve the looks of the
average American edition of an English work,
besides exercising a wholesome restraint upon
its published price.
CASUAL COMMENT.
The compelling personality of Mk. Ches-
terton persists in thrusting itself on the attention.
It is his good fortune, or his misfortune, to be a
public character ; and whether he is sympathetic or
unsympathetic to us, he cannot help being an object
of interest and curiosity. On the whole, there is to
most observers something irresistibly engaging in his
generous amplitude of bulk, his outbursts of Homeric
laughter, his unparalleled absent-mindedness, and,
withal, the serene independence with which he pur-
sues his appointed course. From the pen of one
who has observed him well we take a few words of
graphic description. " Walking down Fleet street
some day you may meet a form whose vastness blots
out the heavens. Great waves of hair surge from
under the soft, wide-brimmed hat. A cloak that
might be a legacy from Porthos floats about his
colossal frame. He pauses in the midst of the
pavement to read the book in his hand, and a cas-
cade of laughter descending from the head-notes to
the middle voice gushes out on the listening air.
He looks up, adjusts his pince-nesg„ observes that he
is not in a cab, remembers that he ought to be in
a cab, turns and hails a cab. The vehicle sinks
down under the unusual burden, and rolls heavily
away. It carries Gilbert Keith Chesterton. Mr.
Chesterton is the most conspicuous figure in the
landscape of literary London. He is like a visitor
out of some fairy tale, a legend in the flesh, a sur-
vival of the childhood of the world. Most of us are
the creatures of our time, thinking its thoughts,
wearing its clothes, rejoicing in its chains. . . . He
is a wayfarer from the ages, stopping at the inn of
life, warming himself at the fire, and making the
rafters ring with his jolly laughter." Zest and
heartiness and the joy of living are qualities too
admirable not to be cordially welcomed, even though
their favorite medium of literary expression be the
now much over-worked paradox.
• • •
" A Book of Verses underneath the Bough,"
but probably without any accompanying Jug of
Wine or Loaf of Bread, and certainly not in the
midst of any Wilderness, may very soon be enjoyed
by the patrons of the Los Angeles Public Library,
in the large new roof garden of the new building ;
and, if it were not for fear of disturbing other
readers, doubtless some sweet-voiced " Thou " would
be provided to sing beside the luxurious lounger —
to such refinements of lettered ease have they
attained in that far-away city of the Pacific Coast.
Let us quote the librarian's description of this gar-
den of delight, this aerial paradise crowning "the
magnificent new Hamburger Building at Eighth
and Broadway, one of the largest and finest modern
structures in the United States." "The roof gar-
den," says Mr. Lummis — what went immediately
before is the phraseology of the Board of Directors —
" of which this library was the American inventor,
was thoroughly enjoyed during the two years in the
Laughlin quarters. In the present location we have
more than four times the space, viz., some 26,000
square feet. There is an added advantage of a
magnificent outlook covering an unbroken horizon
of mountains, city, and sea. The ' flower pots ' of
this garden are all in place — redwood receptacles
large enough to grow a tree a foot in diameter. . . .
As soon as this out-door reading room can be fitted
up, it will undoubtedly fulfill and increase the
former popularity. All kinds of tropical, semi-
tropical and other trees and plants will be included.
A large fountain ten feet in diameter is already
installed. There is also a special section of the
roof garden fenced off for the noon-day rest of the
young women of the staff." Felt roofing, or carpet-
ing one might call it, has been provided — almost
as pleasant to the feet and as noiseless as turf. If
one were not unalterably attached to the " effete
East," what a temptation were here to emigrate to
Los Angeles ! ...
A sign of decay in the French novel seems
discernible in certain recent developments in literary
Paris. To encourage writers of fiction and to stim-
ulate their best endeavors — and, possibly, for a less
disinterested purpose also — a literary periodical of
that city has founded a prize of three thousand francs
to be awarded annually to the young author who
shall have produced the best novel in the preceding
two years, the verdict to be rendered by a jury of
Academicians. The degi'ee of youthfulness neces-
sary to entitle one to compete is not indicated in the
220
THE DIAL
[April 1,
report that has reached us. M. Paul Bourget, who
has turned of late from fiction to the drama and has
produced two plays of merit, writes an interesting
letter on the novelist's art as compared with the
dramatist's. " At the time when I was entering
upon a literary life," he tells us, " we all adopted a
regular cult for the art of the novel, which was only
equalled by our disdain for the art of the theatre ;
and we had no difficulty in showing what differences
there were between the paintings of a Balzac, a
Flaubert, a Goncourt, and those of their dramatic
rivals. Our immediate predecessors, Zola, Daudet,
Ferdinand Fabre, and Cladel, thought as we did,
and about 1880 all the youthful French exponents
of literature seemed to be novelists exclusively.
The wind has turned since then, and there has been
an extraordinary growth of dramatic works, which
shows how foolish was our former disdain of the
dialogue form. And judging from signs, it seems
to be the other form — the narrative — against
which the injustice of the newcomers is now lev-
eled." The literary weathercocks do not yet indicate
a similar shifting of the wind with us.
« • •
The troposed national graduate school,
to be established at Washington and to enjoy the
facilities afforded by all the government libraries
(twenty-six in number), museums, collections, and
laboratories, fails to commend itself irresistibly to
our Congressmen, and the whole matter is pigeon-
lioled for indefinite future consideration when times
are less strenuous and other pending issues less
burning. Nevertheless two public-spirited men have
undertaken a thorough preliminary investigation of
the ways and means that must be considered before
intelligent action can follow. The Commissioner
of Education and the President of Yale have made
inquiries and have submitted a report, which is
published as a Bulletin of the Bureau of Education ;
and their findings are not in the highest degree
encouraging. Only the most advanced investigators,
it appears, are likely to work more profitably in a
government bureau than in an ordinary graduate
school. The preliminary theoretical training should
be completed before the student turns his face
toward Washington. The government has not at
present the necessary room or instructors to engage
in the post-graduate training of young men. Its
offices and officers are needed for other business.
This is not a positive barring of the door to per-
sistent knockers, but it is a cogent dissuasive to all
but a few ripe students and original investigators who
know exactly what they want and how to obtain it.
• • •
Statistics — Handle with care ! Some such
cautionary label might well be attached to the sta-
tistician's columns of harmless-looking figures. It
is well known that anything and everything can be
proved by the proper manipulation of these serried
ranks and ordered files of innocent numerals, and
that, too, without playing any tricks of misquotation
or other jugglery; but when, whether with malice
prepense or without malign intention, there occurs a
misquoting or misprinting of statistics, neither gods
nor men can foresee what planet-shaking catastro-
phes may ensue. The Los Angeles Public Library
has marked the completion of its second decade of
cheerful existence and increasing usefulness by the
issue of an unusually readable yearly account of
itself ; but in treating the subject of misleading
registration figures as reported from other cities, it
has indulged in some pleasant banter at the expense
of Maiden, Mass., whose "live i-egistration " of
card-holders it gives as 140,568 — more than four
times the population of that city as recorded in the
last national census, and nearly twice the registration
of its big neighbor, the Boston Public Library. It
is not surprising that the President of the Maiden
library board replies to this in a letter for which he
desires as much publicity as possible — to balance
the publicity already given in various ways to this
astonishing ratio. It appears that by some inadvert-
ence in copying, or by some, confusion of card-
holders with catalogue-cards, the Los Angeles
librarian or assistant librarian (or, let us say, the
office boy) has written the above-named 140,568,
whereas the proper number, duly given in its right
place in the Maiden report, is 12,007. Hence these
smiles. , , ,
The ending of a novel is, to many readers, the
all-important part of the story. A glance at the last
page or the last chapter often settles the question, at
bookstore or library, whether the book shall be taken
or coldly rejected. An English novelist writes to
" The Author " a letter of indignant protest against
alleged unfairness on the part of a literary weekly
in publishing a synopsis of his new book under the
guise of a " review," but containing only " a single
critical adjective " to lend coloring to its pretense
of being a review. This beti'ayal of the plot the
injured correspondent is inclined to regai"d as wanton
disregard of the printed caution, " All rights re-
served." It is a nice question, in many cases, to
determine just how much of a story, or of any book,
should be outlined, or in some rough way repro-
duced, in order to whet without satiating the reader's
appetite, and also in order to illustrate or justify the
critical comments passed upon the work. But since
so many readers of novels persist in entering them
by the back-door — in beginning their perusal with
" Finis " instead of " Chapter I." — it is doubtful
whether booksales have been materially injured by
indiscretions of the sort complained of by the nov-
elist we have quoted. Yet the author should receive
all the benefit possible to be derived from the curi-
osity-stimulating elements in his book.
A NEW world-language swims into our ken, and
its peculiar merit, or fatal defect, lies in its thorough-
going artificiality. It calls itself an a priori lan-
guage, builds itself up scientifically from the very
bottom, and resolutely refuses to ally itself with or
base itself upon or take any faintest shade of coloring
1909.]
THE DIAL
221
from any existing language or family of languages.
Its originator we understand to be Mr. E. P. Foster,
of Cincinnati, who is also editor-in-chief of the
monthly "organ " of the new language, " Ro " being
the short and sufficient title of the paper as well as
of the tongue it essays to teach. Except that Ro
makes use of our own alphabet, it is as hard for us
to learn as for Russians or Arabs or Cingalese. To
be entirely and impartially a priori, it should have
its own arbitrary symbols for letters, just as it has
its own arbitrary and (without previous study)
entirely unintelligible word-forms and derivative
endings. The initial letter of each word gives a
clue to its general meaning, — whether it is a verb
or a substance or an abstract quality, or what not.
Inflectional endings are used, and even the vexed
question of gender has, to some extent, been left to
trouble the learner. Commendable is the modesty
of Mr. Foster and his co-workers : they do not declare
Ro to be the one final and perfect world-language,
but they do feel convinced that '' the world will soon
have an international language," although "what
it will be no man as yet can tell. But Ro hopes to
gather an editorial staff of scholars from all over the
world, whose influence shall be a potent factor in
deciding the question." . , ,
An iconoclastic philosophy, characterized by
a strenuosity tense enough to suit the most violent
haters of easy-going convention and of ready-made
ideals, seems to have put forth its claims in conti-
nental Europe as a rival of pragmatism. A certain
Franco-Italian poet named Martinetti is said to be
the founder and expositor of the new creed, which
is known as " futurism." The only beautiful thing,
according to futurism, is fighting. All masterpieces
are aggressive. Let us look behind us no longer.
Time and space are no more ; they died yesterday.
War is the sole hygiene of the world. We will pull
down all museums and libraries ; we will fight
moralism, feminism, and all utilitarian cowardice.
The essential elements of our poetry shall be courage,
audacity, and rebellion. In this tune the valiant
Martinetti goes on, picturing a veritable Sicilian
earthquake of tumbling monuments of the past and
levelled summits of ancient glory. He appears from
his words to be about thirty years old and to count
on ten years of destructive activity before the Oslerian
age-limit shall consign him, as he expresses it, to the
waste-paper basket like an old manuscript, when a
younger man will promptly take his place in the battle
line. Truly, the bacillus of " tough-mindedness " is
developing an appalling virulence these beautiful
spring days. . . .
Hard times and the reading habit would
seem to go hand in hand, in pleasant company —
pleasant intellectually, though often unpleasant for
tlie pocket and even for the stomach. The book-
buying habit can hardly be said to be developed and
confirmed in seasons of great business depression ;
but enforced leisure does turn many toward the
public library who would otherwise be standing at a
loom or behind a counter or at a desk. Mr. Dana'
of the Newark (N. J.) Public Library, accounts for
last year's great increase of book-circulation in that
library and its branches "by (1) the dull times which
have given to many people more opportunities to
visit libraries and read, (2) the greater number of
new books bought by the library in the past two
years, (3) the extension of the library by branches,
and (4) persistent and now long-continued advertis-
ing, for which we are chiefly indebted to the courtesy
of the local newspapers." Sweet are the uses of
adversity, and this, the promotion of the reading
habit and the library habit, is one of them.
• • •
" The Jew of Malta " at Williams College
will be an attractive feature of the coming com-
mencement season. Its expected presentation will
add one more to the lengthening list, already printed
in these columns, of Elizabethan and other early
English plays acted in recent years by amateur
companies. Since its production in 1818, in an
altered version, by the elder Kean at Drury Lane,
Marlowe's "Jew " has rarely been seen on any stage.
The fact that the play was written and presented
only a few years before the appearance of Shake-
speare's " Merchant of Venice," and that there are
some rough traits of resemblance between the two
infamous usurers of the two dramatists, adds a
special interest to the earlier piece. The present plan
at Williams is to have the stage-setting modelled
after that of the old Swan Theatre in London, and
to have the ushers dressed in Elizabethan costume.
Mr. George Sargent, of Princeton, 1907, who
coached the " Doctor Faustus " company of last year,
has been engaged for similar service this year.
• • •
The dumb animals' advocate, the lawyer whose
practice for the last forty years has been confined to
cases for the defense of misused horses, dogs, birds,
and other sufferers from man's inhumanity, will plead
their cause no more. George T. Angell, founder
and president of the Massachusetts Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, died in Boston,
March 16, in his eighty-sixth year. Educated for
the law, and brilliantly successful in his profession,
he abandoned it for a nobler calling when, in 1868,
the driving of two horses to death in a race from
Brighton to Worcester, stirred his indignation and
prompted him to embrace the cause to which he
devoted the rest of his life. As founder and editor
of " Our Dumb Animals," and as instrumental in
procuring the successful publication of " Black
Beauty," which had met with flat failure until he
took it in hand and gave it a circulation of half a
million copies, Mr. Angell has rendered noteworthy
service to popular literature as well as to the cause
of kindness to animals. His place in his chosen
sphere of usefulness, where he found scope for all
his native inventiveness and shrewdness and resource-
fulness, can never be filled, no matter who may be
chosen as his successor.
222
THE DIAL
[April 1,
The FitzGerald centenary, the last day of
March, did not pass without due observance. In
his own country, unless unexpected hindrances inter-
vened, his fragrant memory was revived at a banquet
in the capital of his native county, the town of
Ipswich (on the 27th), and again on the actual day
of his birth at a dinner of the Omar Khayydm Club
in London. No one of the great men of his year,
so fertile in genius, is it pleasanter to recall than
the humorously self-depreciating poet-philosopher of
Woodbridge ; and no one of them all would have so
incredulously scoffed at and ridiculed the bare sug-
gestion of these posthumous honors. Indeed, we
cannot imagine anyone shrinking with more real
dismay than he from the mere thought of being
** damned to everlasting fame."
" Deformed " spelling up to date is conjpactly
presented in an " Alfabetic List " embracing all the
simplifications thus far sanctioned by the Board
whose headquarters are at No. 1 Madison Avenue,
New York. About 3300 approved spellings are
given, including " 1100 separate words, simplified
in the root, and 2200 inflected forms (preterits,
participles, and participial adjectives ending in -ed,
or, as simplified, in -d and -t), in which the change
appears only in the inflection." A sentence com-
posed to illustrate some of the more radical changes
wrought by our language-menders might run as
follows : Welthy soverens ward with malis against
leagd heroins in dredf ul tho futil endevor to do them
to deth.
COMMUNICA TION.
POEMS OF AMERICAN HISTORY "
FROM THE COMPILER.
A NOTE
(To the Editor of Thb Dial.)
I have read the review of " Poems of American
History," signed by Mr. Isaac R. Pennypacker, which
appeared in The Dial of March 1, with considerable
interest and amusement — interest because of its impu-
tation to me of various motives and predilections which
I was wholly unconscious of possessing, and amusement
because of the evident animus which underlies it.
At the time the book was in preparation, Mr. Penny-
packer saw a notice of it somewhere, and very kindly
volunteered to assist me in its compilation, sending me
a number of poems by himself and others, relating to
Pennsylvania, with the suggestion that they be included.
Unfortunately, I found myself unable to use any of
them, although I expressed my obligation to Mr. Penny-
packer in the introduction to the book. I certainly
have no prejudice of any kind against Pennsylvania,
and nearly fifty of the poems in my collection celebrate
events which took place on Pennsylvania soil; but I
kuow of no poetry " inspired by her civilization " suit-
able for the collection. I can conceive of no reason
why I should have included Whittier's six-hundred-line
poem on Pastorius, with whom Mr. Pennypacker seems
to be somewhat obsessed.
As to beginning the history of the anti-slavery agita-
tion which resulted in the Civil War, with Pastorius's
protest written in 1688, I might, no doubt, have found
a precedent in the example of the illustrious Diedrich
Knickerbocker; but it seemed to me suiScient to go back
to the organization of the Anti-Slavery Society in 1833.
I do not state, as Mr. Pennypacker would have the reader
infer, that abolition agitation began in 1833; in fact, I
say very distinctly that " by the begimiing of the nine-
teenth century it [slavery] had been abolished in " many
of the states ; but I saw no reason why I should attempt
to trace this early growth of the movement.
The inclusion of the " Hymn of the Moravian Nuns of
Bethlehem," in the chapter of the Revolutionary period
dealing with " The War in the South," seems greatly to
distress Mr. Pennypacker, but I can see nothing wrong
with it, — though this, of course, may be due to a " local
predilection " of which 1 am unconscious. As Count
Pulaski played a brilliant, if brief, part in the campaign,
it seems to me natural enough to begin the accomit of
it with Longfellow's poem on the consecration of his
banner.
With Mr. Pennypacker's charges of historical inaccu-
racy it is, perhaps, scarcely necessary to deal. Whether
Keenan really did lead a charge at Chancellorsville,
whether Thaddeus Stevens was really the moving spirit
of a coterie, whether Pickett was really in the van of the
famous charge at Gettysburg, — all these are questions
which I must leave to the analytical historian. I was not
writing an original history of America — I was writing
merely a running comment upon a series of historical
poems, and I took my history as I found it from the best
sources at my command. I may, however, remark in
passing that for the statement concerning Pickett, I have
the authority of so careful a historian as Mr. James Ford
Rhodes (History of the United States, Vol. IV., p. 289).
I note also that Mr. Rhodes calls the Union troops
"Federals," an expression to which Mr. Pennypacker
seems to object. I am aware, too, that the exact part
played by Keenan at Chancellorsville has been the sub-
ject of a bitter controversy. My version rests upon
General Pleasonton's account of the affair, which, as it
agrees with the poem, seemed to me to need no further
explanation, though I might have noted that its accuracy
has been questioned.
Concerning the poetic merit of some of the verses, I
can only say that estimates of this sort are largely a
matter of personal equation. But I venture to believe
that few intelligent people will agree with Mr. Penny-
packer's dictum that the cleverness of "The Biglow
Papers" has "evaporated," or that "New England's
Annoyances " or " Lovewell's Fight " should have been
left buried. Much of the contemporary verse is negli-
gible as poetry, but was included for reasons clearly set
forth in my introduction.
That some misprints and minor misstatements should
creep into a work of such magnitude was almost inev-
itable. These will, of course, be corrected. Mr. Penny-
packer himself points out two. I am glad to note that
he considers the conception of the volume excellent, and
concedes that the task has been carried out with some
degree of patience and intelligence, and I can only regret
that these merits seem to be overshadowed in his opinion
by the " errors of commission and omission " to which
he takes exception. ^^^^^^^ j, Stevknson.
Chillicothe, Ohio, March :i6, 1909.
1909.]
THE DIAL
223
^t g^to §aahs.
A Memokial, of LiIteuaky Friendships.*
Familiar knowledge of the methods, phrase-
ology, and varied " tricks of the trade " of
modem journalism has been shown by Mr. Hall
Caine in the autobiographical chapters which he
has entitled " My Story." This familiarity has
been expressed in racy comments on American
newspapers and their interviewers ; it has also
impressed the general style of many pages of his
book. In his Introduction, Mr. Caine tells his
readers that his original intention was to revise
and enlarge his " Recollections of Rossetti," pub-
lished a few years ago, but that the plan expanded
into its present form of restricted autobiography.
The scope of the book has been necessarily con-
fined to Mr. Caine's limited, and incomplete, years
of productivity, and he has devoted the larger
portion of his space to records of his friendly
relations with literary artists and craftsmen.
The chief interest is found in the nucleus of
the story — the revelations of Rossetti and his
small but choice coterie of friends as they were
known by Mr. Caine during the last few years
of Rossetti's life. There is a vehement and anti-
climactic reaction for the reader, as he passes
from the last impressive scenes in the life of the
poet-painter to the concluding part of the book,
wherein Mr. Caine recites many details of his own
experience as journalist and novelist, his mental
struggles and monetary successes, and his scat-
tered notes on such literary acquamtances as
Blackmore, Wilkie Collins and Robert Buchanan .
When Mr. Caine's reminiscent study of
Rossetti first appeared, it was more popular
with the general reading public than with the
family and oldest friends of the poet and
painter. In the recently published " Family
Letters of Christina Rossetti " there is a direct
reference to this book, in a letter from Christina
to her sister-in-law (p. 122): "We have been
reading Mr. Caine's memoir. Considering the
circumstances under which his experiences oc-
curred, I think it may be pronounced neither
unkind nor unfriendly ; but I hope some day
to see the same and a wider field traversed by
some friend of older standing and consequently
far warmer affection towards his hero ; who,
whatever he was or was not, was lovable."
Comparing the earlier version of 1882 with
the present memorial to his friend, we realize
that Mr. Caine, in his revision, has improved
• My Story. By Hall Caine.
D. Appleton & Co.
Illustrated. New York:
the first edition, both in treatment and tone.
The Rossetti of this later portraiture is indeed
more human and lovable. The general method,
however, is too pathological to be entirely
artistic as biography. The reader's taste is
occasionally offended by too bald revelation of
certain details intimes of Rossetti's physical and
mental sufferings ; there seems to be too much
loitering over the familiar craving for the fatal
chloral and its subsequent effects upon the
mental and moral nature of Rossetti.
" As a " curtain-raiser," before the dramatic
chapters of Rossetti's life, Mr. Caine gives a
few glimpses of his own boyhood on the Isle of
Man. With vividness he recalls the impres-
sions upon his youthful memory made by the
human drama enacted in this sequestered and
patriarchal parish, with its loves, quarrels, super-
stitions, ethical lapses, and religious fervor.
Many of these characteristics have been previ-
ously described by Mr. Caine in his interesting
historical sketch, "The Little Manx Nation.".
When he left this romantic environment to
become apprentice to a Liverpool architect, he
came under two strong influences. The first
was Ruskin and his teachings, and the result
was certain " flamboyant criticisms " by Mr.
Caine upon modern architectural ideas and
his advocacy of fraternal relations in society.
The second and more important influence was
Rossetti. Mr. Caine felt a deep interest in the
personality and poetry of this man of genius,
and defended him valiantly, in writings and lec-
tures, against the strictures of Buchanan and
other critics who reviled Rossetti as a chief
(exponent of " The Fleshly School of Poetry."
A printed copy of Mr. Caine's platform trib-
ute to Rossetti, in 1880, was sent to the poet
by his young admirer. It brought a gracious
reply which was the first incident in a friend-
ship that lasted for two or three years, until
Rossetti's death. The poet-painter seems to
have reciprocated the interest of his young friend
and estimated his abilities with kindness and
confidence. He urged Mr. Caine to abandon
his poetical aspirations and to cultivate his
skill in " fervid and impassioned prose." To
Rossetti's suggestion that Caine should " try his
hand at a Manx novel," and his interest in the
Biblical stories that might be used as fictional
models, may be traced the incentive which gave
to the public " The Deemster," " The Bonds-
man," "The Manxman" — stories of Manx
customs and human tragedy which represent the
author's best work in literature.
With reiterated conviction, Mr. Caine assures
224
THE DIAL
[April 1,
his readers that Rossetti's melancholia and in-
somnia, and their aftermath of narcotics, may
be explained as remorse for two allied causes.
The first of these causes, he believes, was the
domestic tragedy of his friend's life — the mar-
riage, from motives of loyalty, to his beautiful
model, and the realization later that his heart
was pledged to another. The second cause for
remorse — emphasized by Mr. Caine, but possi-
bly open to question by others — was Rossetti's
consent to exhume and print his little book of
verses after they had been buried for seven
years in the coffin of the wife who had inspired
them. This exhumation is called " an act of
desecration — forfeiting the tragic grace and
wasting the poignant pathos of his first consxmi-
ing renunciation." Mr. Caine need not assure
us that this solution of his friend's sadness was
" written with a thrill of the heart and trem-
bling hand," for we realize his intensity of feel-
ing ; and he is sure that " it is the true reading of
the poet's soul." In spite of his sincerity, how-
ever, we may not be wholly convinced that he is
right in all his premises and conclusions. Because
of his brief acquaintance with Rossetti, — for it
was brief, although intimate, — it is not certain
that he f uUy understood his hero's nature, even
in these later years, and he has seemed to over-
emphasize certain temperamental traits.
Perhaps the most graphic and dramatic
chapter in this book is that called " A Night
at Cheyne Walk." Here is well portrayed
Rossetti's hospitality, his incisiveness of speech
and sensitiveness of feeling, and the spell-bound
admiration with which Mr. Caine first beheld
the painting " Dante's Dream," in his friend's
studio. In certain portions of his reminiscences,
Mr. Caine has used a Boswellian method. He
seldom gives letters or conversations in their
entirety, but introduces excerpts and para-
phrases, with occasional epigrams and retold
stories — such as Rossetti's comments on Pre-
Raphaelitism ; his advice to young authors,
" Work your metal as much as you like, but
first take care that it is gold and worth work-
ing "; or this amusing recollection of Long-
fellow : " The poet had caUed upon him during
his visit to England and had been courteous and
kind in the last degree, but having fallen into
the error of thinking that Rossetti the painter
and Rossetti the poet were different men, he had
said, on leaving the house : ' I have been very
glad to meet you, Mr. Rossetti, and should like
to have met your brother also. Pray tell him
how much I admire his beautiful poem, " The
Blessed Damozel. ' ' "
According to the biographer's own confes-
sions and self-reproaches, Mr. Caine bungled
deplorably by his tactless remarks and mis-
taken though well-intentioned efforts to improve
the condition of Rossetti's health and spirits,
especially during those lonely and critical weeks
of companionship when the two men were house-
mates in the Vale of St. John, as they had
been for a few previous weeks in Cheyne Walk
and were later at Birchington. But in spite of its
blemishes of style, and its incompleteness of
structure, " My Story " is interesting and illu-
minating as a series of impressions of Rossetti
and his friends, Watts-Dunton, Madox Brown,
Philip Marston, Shields, and others, and as a
revelation of Mr. Caine's own personality and
convictions. In newspaper interviews and lec-
tures Mr. Caine has expressed his liking for
Americans as he has known them during his
four visits to our country. In one of the last
chapters of this book he emphasizes anew his
admiration for our national traits :
" I love America and the Americans. I love America
because it is big, and because its bigness is constantly
impressing the imagination and stimulating the heart.
I love its people because they are free with a freedom
which the rest of the world takes as by stealth, and they
claim openly as their right. I love them because they
are the most industrious, earnest, active, and ingenious
people on the earth; because they are the most moral,
religious and above all, the most sober people in the
world; because, in spite of all shallow judgments of
superficial observers, they are the most childlike in their
national character, the easiest to move to laughter, the
readiest to be touched to tears, the most absolutely
true in their impulses, and the most generous in their
applause. I love the men of America because their
bearing towards the women is the finest chivalry I have
yet seen anywhere, and I love the women because tliey
can preserve an unquestioned piu'ity with a frank and
natural manner, and a tine uidependence of sex."
Annie Russell Marble.
The New Germany.*
Since Bayard Taylor's "Views Afoot," it has
been common for Americans to depend on
letters of casual travellers and on illustrated
" travelogue " lectures for their impressions of
Germany. The majority of summer wanderers
do not go far beyond the Rhine boundary,
regarding the interior as a dulsome district
inhabited by a poky people with a difficult lan-
guage and nothing worth looking at in compar-
ison with London and Brussels and Paris and
Switzerland. But since the label "Made in
Germany" has come to have a market value,
* The Evolution op Modern Germany. By William
Harbutt Dawson. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
1909.]
THE DIAl^
225
Germany has acquired a new interest to us
Anglo-Saxons. A year ago last fall a large
delegation of English mechanics visited some
of the principal North German manufacturing-
cities, and spent some weeks examining into
such secrets of trade as were not guarded
against prying competitors. The growing good
feeling between the rank and file of the two
countries made the visit pleasant and probably
profitable to the visitors.
It is not in evidence that Mr. Dawson,
author of the latest sociological report on Ger-
many, was among the visitors, but he may have
gathered much of his material from that inspec-
tion. His book on " The Evolution of Modern
Germany" is written "to tell British readers what
they ought to know, and must know, if they
would understand how it is that Germany has
gone ahead so rapidly during recent years, not,
however, by way of discouraging but of reassur-
ing them. For there is really little mystery
about Germany's industrial progress ; it has been
achieved by means and methods which are open
to all the world if only people will employ them.
Science, education, application, and an equal
regard for small as for large things, — these in
the main are the causes of Germany's success."
But Mr. Dawson deals, in his twenty-three
chapters and five hundred pages, quite as
much with political as with economic questions.
There is a certain British bulkiness in his ma-
terial ; yet for reference if not for continuous
reading, for instruction if not for entertainment,
the bidkiness may be condoned. A slight addi-
tion to the bulk — to wit, in the title — would
have precluded unwarranted expectations of pic-
tures of literary and artistic Germany ; for it is
extraordinary how conscientiously all but indus-
trial and political phases of life are avoided.
The general reader will doubtless find among
the most interesting chapters those on " The Per-
sonal Equation," " Capital and Labour," " The
Workman," " Cooperation," " The Population
Question," and " The Outlook of Socialism."
Commercial Germany has gained enormously
by her dependence upon science, by her exact-
ness of method, and by her consideration for
the customer's wishes. " It is a common com-
plaint that there are English dyers who will not
bring theory (in other words, science) to bear
upon their practice, but persist in the old guess-
work which was good enough for their fathers."
In the chemical industries there is a university-
trained chemist to every forty workpeople, a
ratio of science to labor probably excelled in no
other country in the world. " The German
manufacturer has put away from him the anti-
quated idea that the consumer exists for his
benefit, and instead he acts on the principle
that the buyer has a right to have what he
wants, if it can be made. It is impossible to
say how much trade has left England, never,
perhaps, to return, owing to obstinate refusal
to recognize this not unreasonable principle."
And the merchant is equally alive to his
patron's convenience and his own interests. "He
does not expect foreigners to be expert in the
German language, but addresses them in their
own tongues — often, no doubt, with peculiar
variations of his own, — and if letters will not
answer the purpose the merchant goes himself
or sends some one who is well able to do his
business for him." An interesting instance is
cited of the Commercial Association of the city
of Stettin, which for thirty years has prepared
and sent abroad to America and the British
colonies a certain number of young men with a
stipend of $375 annually, whose business was
to make commercial reports to the Association
and in general to " tout " the commerce of
Stettin. " The whole theory of trading as
understood in Germany is that if business is
worth having it is worth seeking." Perhaps
the United States does not need instruction in
this principle, and our consular agents are sup-
posed to do for us what the young men of
Stettin are pledged to do for their city.
Personally, as Mr. Dawson observes, the
German workman " walks well, works well,
and looks well," which cannot be said with so
little reservation of his English fellow. The
German's superiority in this respect is attribiited
in part to his military training, to the Govern-
ment's care for him, and to his frugal habits,
his Genilffsamkeit, as manifested in the satis-
faction that he takes in simply sitting in the
parks and visiting.
" There is a certain uegativeness about this form of
eujoyment which a man of active temperament might
not readily appreciate, for a German workman can
patiently sit for hours together upon a bench or a patch
of sward silently smoking his cigar and gazing into
space. It would be unfair to say that such a condition
of mental inertia is necessarily unintelligent; rather, it
goes with the essential simplicity and naivete of the
German nature, which is still on the whole frugal in its
hedonism as in other things, requires no violent relaxa-
tions, can make a little pleasure go a loug way, and can
derive satisfaction from ti'ifles. The Germans have
coined a word to describe this mood of passive content :
it is the imtranslatable word, Behagen " (p. 154).
Among the improved conditions of the work-
men, Mr. Dawson notes the growth of partial
or total abstinence from alcoholic drinks. The
226
THE DIAL,
[AprQ 1,
growth of Germany in this direction has been
ahnost as startling as that of the United States,
though the two countries are still far apart in
their attitude toward " the drink." Twenty
years ago it was difficult to obtain drinking
water on railways and at hotels in Germany ;
to-day it is universally provided, and its use
does not occasion comment. Germany has her
Good Templar Lodges, her " Society for the
Suppression of the Traffic in Alcoholic Drinks."
" Trade union conferences exclude alcohol from
their meeting-rooms," and Mr. Dawson finds
that the Socialists seek to wean the working-
classes from alcohol on the theory that Capital
deliberately uses the drink as a means to de-
grade them. " When large public works are
constructed, the authorities require the contrac-
tors to keep alcohol in the background in all
their canteens and to give prominence to non-
alcoholic drinks. . . . The conviction has taken
hold of a large section of the workers that their
industrial efficiency and their value as members
of society will be increased by the practice of
temperance." It may be added that since the
preparation of Mr. Dawson's book another step
in this direction has been taken in the prohibition
of the sale of alcohol to soldiers in transit.
The chapter devoted to Cooperation is inter-
esting but too brief. It is remarkable how the
intensely individualistic Germans have learned,
partly under state tutelage, to combine for the
common good. One German in every fifteen
belongs to a cooperative society of one sort or
other. In two squares the reviewer counted
last year the offices of nineteen unions or com-
binations of some sort.
The Population problem is being studied
intelligently in Germany. There is no foolish
and unreasoning demand for larger families, but
prudent study to care better for the children that
are born. The Motherhood Protection League
has for its object " to improve the position of
women as mothers in legal, economic, and social
matters," and in general to check infant mor-
tality. Yet it may be said in general that
" England spares its women, where Germany
spares its children." Each country has ample
room for improvement in the other direction.
A score of other subjects are handled with
more or less completeness. " The Outlook of
Socialism" is not treated with entire clearness, per-
haps for the reason that the outlook is indeed hazy.
Mr. Dawson is discreet in avoiding prophecy.
But his book is a valuable granary of fact for
every student who would understand political
and economic Germany. W. H. Carruth.
America's First Representative Body.*
In Virginia, in 1619, a House of Burgesses
"broke out" — to use the language of an angry
official of the time. This was the first repre-
sentative body on American soil, and for more
than a century and a half it was the most import-
ant assembly in the colonies — as Virginia was,
before the Revolution, the leading English
colony. Throughout its existence the House
of Burgesses demanded and obtained for the
Virginians all the rights of Englishmen, and
some other rights in addition. The history of
the political and constitutional development in
Virginia is to a great extent the history of the
development of the representative assembly, its
disputes with the governor and others, and its
growing influence over all other political institu-
tions of the colony.
History has shown in large degree how import-
ant this body was, but the records which afford
the opportunity for a final estimate have not
hitherto been generally accessible. Now, how-
ever, we are promised the publication of mate-
rial that will throw light over the long existence
of the House of Burgesses. The Library Board
of the Virginia State Library has authorized
the State Librarian to publish all that can be
obtained of the Journals of the House of Bur-
gesses back to 1619. At present many gaps
exist, but some of these will be filled before the
enterprise is completed. The plan was formu-
lated and four volumes were carefully edited by
State Librarian John Pendleton Kennedy ; the
editorship is now continued by his successor
Dr. H. R. McUvaine, who seems likely to keep
the work up to" the high standard set by Mr.
Kennedy.
The publication is in the reverse of chrono-
logical order. The six volumes already printed
reach from 1776, when the House of Burgesses
passed out of existence, back to 1752. Each
volume contains, in addition to the Journal of
the House of Burgesses, an Introduction by the
editor, the proclamations of the governor, lists
of the members of the assembly', and a good
index. The fifth volume contains also the
minutes of the Committees of Correspondence.
The bibliographical notes in the Introduction
explain how scarce and scattered the printed
and manuscript journals are. Some were found
in America in the collections of the Virginia
State Library, some in the Library of Congress,
♦Journals of the House op Burgesses of Virginia — 1758-
1776. Four volumes edited by John Pendleton Kennedy; one
volume edited by H. R. Mcllvaine. Richmond : The Colonial
Press.
1909.]
THE DIAL
227
in the Massachusetts Historical Society, in the
Philadelphia Library Company, and some were
in private possession ; others were found in the
British Public Record Office and in the British
Museum. Each volume has as a frontispiece
a facsimile of some interesting page of an old
journal.
One feature of the work deserves, in the
opinion of the present reviewer, severe criti-
cism : that is, the use of antique type with the
long yi and similar pecidiarities, not only in the
documentary part of the work but also in the
editorial notes and introductions. The Jour-
nals are reprinted for use, and such printing
makes use more difficult ; it also causes more
slips in proof-reading. Nor are any of the fre-
quent abbreviations written out in fidl. All
this exact reprinting serves no good purpose, but
is troublesome to the eye. It is not necessary to
reproduce historical documents with such stere-
otyped exactness. The little sheet of suggestions
in regard to such matters, sent out some years
ago by a committee of the American Historical
Association, should have furnished a guide to
the editor. The printing and binding are good —
the best ever done in the South, it is safe to say ;
and for this, credit is due to the Colonial Press
of Richmond.
The introductory sketches written by the
editor furnish the historical background to the
text of the Journals. Mr. Kennedy, in his
introductions, amounting in all to nearly 200
pages, reprints many documents boimd together
by a slight thread of editorial narrative. These
documents, incomplete as the selection is bound
to be, serve to throw light on the text, and wiU
be of service to students who cannot easily get
access to the originals. For the most part, these
documents are taken from Hening's Statutes,
the Virginia Gazette, the Draper MSS. in the
Library of the Wisconsin Historical Society,
the Bancroft Transcripts, and other materials in
the Library of Congress. Mr. Kennedy's narra-
tive is sometimes carelessly put together. In the
fifth and sixth volumes. Dr. Mcllvaine changes
slightly the editorial plan. The introductory
sketch is much shorter, and is confined strictly
to an account of the House of Burgesses during
the period covered by the volume ; illustrative
documents are relegated to an appendix ; lists of
members are printed once for each House, not
once for each session ; and duplication of foot-
note references is reduced to a minimum.
The journals themselves are reproduced ex-
actly. The contents of such documents are so
varied that comment is made difficult. But
read in the light of history, the dry entries of
the eventful twenty years before the Revolution
become intensely interesting. Now for the first
time can be satisfactorily traced the history of
the leading American colony from the beginning
of the French and Indian War to the outbreak
of the Revolution. These volumes are especially
valuable for the information made available
relating to the closing years of the last inter-
colonial war ; the growth of the West, and the
Indian troubles that resulted ; and the develop-
ment of the spirit of independence which led to
the Revolution. When completed, the series
will form the most valuable historical work
undertaken by any Southern State.
Walter L. Fleming.
The Cambbii>gb History of English
IjITERATURE.*
Partly as a residt of influences emanating
from Germany, the home of the grundriss, and
France, the home of the encyclopedie, an era
of organized effort in modern scholarship seems
to have set in throughout Great Britain. Such
a tendency is well worth fostering, if it be
fostered in the proper way. Not least among
the benefits conferred by a history of English
literature whose fourteen volumes are to embrace
an account of both main and lesser literary move-
ments, and of secondary writers as well as those
of first importance, from the beginnings down
to the present day, and to whose making com-
petent scholars in their several departments,
scholars not only in England but the most eminent
wherever they may be enlisted, are supposed to
contribute, — not least among the benefits con-
ferred by a work of such an origin and scope must
be the strengthening of a sense of solidarity
among professed students of English throughout
England and the English-speaking world.
Aside from this unquestionable advantage,
the precise function of " The Cambridge History
of English Literature " will to some of us remain
obscure. In relation to its subject, the work
is not an encyclopedie or a grundriss in the
French or German sense, although while plan-
ning it the editors have had comprehensive
French and German works in mind ; and it is
not a history conceived in harmony with any
model of long standing. It represents an effort
to furnish a general survey of an entire field of
*The Cambridge History of English Literature. Edited
by A. W.Ward and A. R. Waller. Volume I., from the Begin-
nings to the Cycles of Romance. Volume II., The End of the
Middle Ages. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
228
THE DIAL
[April 1,
scholarship, to sum up the more or less tentative
results of all investigations in the several parts
of the field, and at the same time to perform
the office of a completed work of art, such as any
true history of literature aims to be. Unfor-
tunately, for the present at least, and perhaps
for centuries to come, an attempt to identify the
offices of the scientist and the artist in dealing
with the course of English literature as a whole
and in detail must involve a confused perform-
ance of either function. It would be possible,
under the right kind of leadership, for a frater-
nity of scholars to organize a purely scientific
and structural work — in this sense artistic —
which should do for English studies in particular
what Paul's Grundriss has done for Germanic
philology in general ; that is, it would be pos-
sible, as it would be altogether desirable, to
produce an encyclopaedia and methodology
which should bring together the assured results
of past investigation in the domain of English
language and literature, and draw sharp lines
between what is clearly known, what is probable,
what is less probable, and what is certainly
unknown. Such a work would have a definite
function, as either Paul's or Grbber's Grundriss
has a definite function ; with an eye to a final
synthesis, its immediate purpose nevertheless
would be analytical, and for the mind first of
all ; it would be in the nature of a new organon
for the study of the English language and
literature, taking the place of books like those
of Elze and Kbrting, which were well enough
for their time, but should now give way to a
large cooperative undertaking. Although it
would not seek to anticipate the one far-ofE
divine event toward which the world of English
scholarship doubtless moves, although it would
not be an inclusive history of English literature,
it would be a decisive step nearer to that wished-
for consummation. On the other hand, a gifted
scholar like Ten Brink, a man of varied powers
and mature training, one who had himself made
notable additions to our knowledge in diverse
parts of the subject, and was possessed of the
tact and perspective of genius, might again com-
pose a relatively brief account of the main
currents and personalities in our literature, and
oifer us perhaps the most stimulating book,
short of some congenial poet, that could be put
into the hands of a beginner in English scholar-
ship.
The truth is, the editors of " The Cambridge
History " seem to have gone upon the assump-
tion that the history of English literature can
be recorded as the history of the French lan-
guage and literature has been in the monumental
work of Petit de Jidleville ; or, let us say, as the
history of Greek literature has been by those
masters of their art and science, the brothers
Croiset. But the conditions are very different.
For a history of French literature, and still
more for a liistory of the literature of ancient
Greece, the preliminary work has been accom-
plished. One may say that preparations for the
achievement of Alfred and Maurice Croiset
began with the critics of Alexandria. For a
definitive history of English literature the fun-
damental labors have hardly begun. Texts must
be edited, concordances and indexes made, final
biographies written, — all the care that has
been lavished on the masterpieces of Greece and
Rome must \)e lavished on the masterpieces of
English ; and the chaff must be blown away.
He that will have a cake out of this wheat must
tarry the grinding, the bolting, and the leaven-
ing, and after that the kneading, the making of
the cake, the heating of the oven, and the bak-
ing ; even then he must stay the cooling too, or
he may chance to burn his lips. Of how many
periods or writers in English literature may it
be affirmed that the intensive study of them has
gone beyond the grinding and the bolting?
Although a larger share of systematic study has
been accorded to the period of Old English than
to any other, still, up to the year 1900, when
Professor Cook brought out his edition of
Cynewulf's " Christ," not a single Old English
text had received the measure of scholarly
attention which the veriest fragments of Greek
have been winning since the Italian renaissance.
Of how many authors in English must we con-
fess that in their case not even the grinding has
begun ? On the other hand, for what material
in the literature of ancient Greece was not the
oven fairly hot before the middle of the last
century ?
To the present writer, then, the editors of
" The Cambridge History " seem to have paid
insufficient heed to the Aristotelian query, which
the author of any work of science or of art
ought to propound to himself at the outset,
namely: What is the precise and single main
effect which we wish, and can hope, to bring
about by the use of such and such means, which
are at our disposal, in the mind of such and such
a person ? Instead, they seem to have said to
themselves : Whereas there are adequate his-
tories of certain other literatures, but none of
English, let us forthwith proceed to organize
one which in some respects shall be like a
German grundriss, but in others like a finished
1909.]
THE DIAL
229
artistic narrative. The result, however valuable
in parts, can have neither scientific nor artistic
unity if considered as a whole.
QlWhen the whole is published, in all likelihood
we shall find that " The Cambridge History "
will mainly serve as a work of reference ; that
the bibliographies and other critical apparatus
will be of greater value than most of the sepa-
rate chapters ; that in particvdar the account of
Middle English literature, of which our knowl-
edge is in a singularly chaotic state as com-
pared with our knowledge of any other province
in the literary history of the Germanic peoples,
will have to be much revised ; that certain chap-
ters, like those of Professor Ker on the Metrical
Romances, 1200-1500 (vol. 1, chap. 13), Mr.
Bradley's on Changes in the Language to the
.Days of Chaucer (vol. 1, chap. 19), Maitland's
on the Anglo-French Law Language (vol. 1,
chap. 20), the chapters by Professor Gregory
Smith and Mr. Macaulay in the second volume,
and several which are announced for succeeding
volumes, among them Professor Cook's on the
Position and Influence of the Authorized Ver-
sion, will stand out as possessed of a more lasting
excellence ; that the unevenness which charac-
terizes the first two volumes both in style and
matter will not tend to decrease in later ones ;
that conscientious teachers will be forced to
warn the guileless student against sundry chap-
ters which have been written with such skill
that, while disavowing finality in the discussion
of open questions, they nevertheless lead one to
believe that the discussion is closed ; that, in
fine, we shall all need a guide to this guide-book,
and a guard to protect us against our guardians
— sometimes our guardians against one another.
Lane Cooper.
Feudalism in Canada.*
The third volume of the Publications of the
Champlain Society maintains the high standard
of excellence established by the preceding ones.
As these successive volumes appear, the regret
on the part of the book-buying public will
increase that the Champlain Society does not
reserve a few of each issue for the public mar-
ket, so that separate volumes may be purchased
without the necessity of subscribing to the
entire series. In the case of publications so
unique as the present work, it should be quite
• Documents Relating to the Seigniorial" Tenure in
Canada, 1598-1854. Edited, with an Historical Introduction
and Explanatory Notes, by William Bennett Munro. Toronto :
The Champlain Society.
possible to dispose of a few hundred copies to
students who find the annual dues of the society
almost prohibitive.
The conception of the present volume arose
from the fitness of the editor to produce such
a work, rather than from the reverse process,
more usual in societies, of deciding to publish
a volume and then selecting an editor. The
result is that this collection of documents is the
product of a mind well trained for the work,
and not the customary assemblage of illustrative
material of slight coherence, bound within the
covers of a book.
In the well conceived and well written In-
troduction, and in the selection of documents,
Professor Munro has presented to the public a
unified picture of Canadian Feudalism in all
its essential aspects, from its inception to its
abolition in 1854. The editor has already pub-
lished the results of his researches in this field
in his monograph on " The Seigniorial System
in Canada," in the Harvard Historical Studies.
We should not expect, therefore, and do not
find, much that is new in the Introduction ; in
fact, the aim has been to illuminate the printed
documents rather than to make a study of the
problems presented by Canadian Feudalism.
Hence there is sufficient justification for the
moderate use of footnotes and the avoidance
of monographic style in the volume.
Professor Munro may be counted among the
adherents of the " new school " of American
historians, if the movement among the leaders
of our younger historians may be dignified by
such a name. The scholars of this movement
are not distinguished from their predecessors so
much by a difference in method, carefulness of
procedure, or the discovery of new facts in
American history, as by their point of view
and the facts which they select for emphasis.
In the present case, the comparison between
Parkman's interpretation of Feudalism and that
of Professor Munro is inevitable. Although
Parkman's " Old Regime in Canada " appeared
in 1874, it has held its place among scholars,
and on our college reference-shelves, as the
final word, for English readers, on Canadian
Feudalism, imtil the present time. So much
is this the case that it is a common saying among
Canadian historians that no important work on
their history has been done since Parkman.
There can be no question of Parkman's
industry in collecting the material for his studies ;
for anyone who has followed him closely realizes
that very little escaped him, and that the facts
of the subject were well known to him. Nor
230
THE DIAL
[April 1,
can there be a question of his honesty. After
collecting his material he has tried to give a
judicious interpretation ; and it is here that he
has failed to satisfy modern scientific require-
ments. At the basis of his interpretation lie
those New England experiences which had be-
come so much a part of his consciousness that
they were never dispelled by his travels. His
judgment is provincial, not cosmopolitan. To
him, French Canada spells absolutism, ecclesias-
ticism, and feudalism ; and out of these have
developed the institutional history of the north-
ern province.
Professor Munro, on the contrary, sets him-
self the task of discovering the causes of the
peculiar institutions of Canada, and what were
the elements of strength which made them fitted
to survive in the primeval forest. He does not
find in the conquest of the French colonies by
England a reason for condemning their institu-
tional system ; but rather is he interested in the
" remarkable defensive vigour of New France,"
the reason of which was this : " New France
derived advantage from the homogeneity of her
population, her unity of interest and purpose,
and her policy of diverting all political, social,
and economic development into those channels
which were considered most conducive to mili-
tary efficiency." This was the more necessary
on account of the large extent of territory which
she was attempting to control, wherein the con-
ditions were not " unlike those existent in
Western Europe during the ninth and tenth "
centuries. " A comparatively small body of
French colonists, surrounded on all sides by
active enemies both white and red, unable at
any time to rely upon aid from without, and
dependent for their very existence upon their own
military efficiency, might well have found in a
system of feudal organization an institution well
adapted to colonial conditions." (Introduction,
pp. XVIII. and xix.) Starting with this new
view-point, Professor Munro has been able to
make a new interpretation of Canadian Feu-
dalism.
When the selection of documents to be pub-
lished has been so carefully made as in this
volume, the reviewer should be cautious in crit-
icizing. The mass of materials passed under
review has been enormous, and the final choice
of those to be printed was reached only after a
due consideration of the needs of various classes
of students. The omission of certain documents
is therefore easily defended. Still, it is sur-
prising that the editor has not chosen to include
some of the decisions in lawsuits handed down
by the Intendants or the Superior Council. In
these, the existing system is better displayed
than in charters, edicts, dispatches, or instruc-
tions, such as have been selected. This is pecu-
liarly the case in the economic relations of the
seigneurs to their habitants, a phase of the sys-
tem that has been somewhat neglected by the
editor in this volume. The institutions of
Canada were not always what the French gov-
ernment desired, nor what the magistrates of
New France chose to describe. For the actual
workings of Canadian Feudalism, therefore, it
will be necessary to supplement the study of this
volume with careful research in documents of a
different kind, which are easily available in
printed form, a fact which may justify their
omission here.
Professor Munro has not attempted to trans-
late the French documents, since " a perfect
translation would tax the knowledge of a trained
jurist as well as the literary skill of a historical
scholar." It seems to the reviewer that this was
a sufficient reason for making a translation
rather than an excuse for its omission. The
special knowledge of the editor would have then
been available for the interpretation of these
extremely technical but valuable documents,
and would have justified the extension of the
work to two volumes if necessary.
These criticisms are, after all, due to a differ-
ence of opinion, and in no way touch the schol-
arly method of the editor. The volume is an
excellent example of American scholarship,
bound and printed in a dignified style ; and the
Champlain Society is to be congratulated on the
success of its undertaking. Should succeeding
volumes reach the level of scholarship of the
first three, the society's publications will form
one of the most important collections of source
material issued in America.
Clarence Walworth Alvord.
Briefs ox New Books.
-, , With the exception of the history of
Memoirs of , . , . , . , , ''
a Prefect of legislation, nothing more clearly em-
Napoieon. phasizes the continuity of the life of
France across the confines of successive regimes
than the experience of men like the Comte de
Rambuteau, as revealed in his recently published
Memoirs (Putnam). He served the Emperor
Napoleon both as chamberlain and as prefect; he
remained a prefect during the First Restoration,
and when Napoleon came back for the Hundred
Days he still remained a prefect. After a long
interval he again became prefect, this time of Paris,
1909.]
THE DIAJL
231
retiring to private life once more with the fall of
Louis Philippe. In holding office under three
rigimes within a year, Rambuteau felt he was
serving France, rather than exhibiting any unusual
facility in changing masters. It was well that in the
disastrous years of imperial collapse and abortive
restoration there were men of trained administrar
tive capacity who could see that the great organs
of public life performed their ordinary functions
until the crisis was over and the controversy be-
tween Napoleon and his enemies determined finally.
Although Rambuteau was of the ancient nobil-
ity, and not of the imperial mintage, he remained
at heart a Bonapartist. In 1830 he would have
contributed to the enthronement of the Duke of
Reichstadt had there been any chance of success.
These Memoirs were written, or rather dictated, in
his old age. At this time his memory, said by his
grandson to have been remarkable, was not free
from liability to lapses. So many scenes pass be-
fore his mind that few of them are described with
that distinctness of outline and variety of color
which make the charm of some French Memoirs.
One is puzzled to know what reliance can be placed
upon the details of conversations repeated after an
interval of more than thirty years. It may be that,
according to the classical example of Thucydides,
where he could not recall the words or the drift of
the talk he repeats what the personages ought to
have said under the circumstances. This precaution
need not apply to the repetition of the witty sayings
of the men of the old rSgime who graced Napoleon's
court. The best of these is the reply of the
Comte de Narbonne to Napoleon, when, speaking
of Narbonne's mother, the Emperor said : " She has
got no great liking for me, eh? " "No, sire," was
the response, "so far, she has got no further than
admiration." In the later pages of the Memoirs
is a detailed analysis of the improvements which
Rambuteau introduced in Paris as prefect. To stu-
dents of Parisian history this will be particularly
interesting.
Life in a ^"® ^^^^ "*** "®^^ ^ ^® familiar with
New Enyiand Mrs. Gaskell's masterpiece in order
cranford. ^ g„jj,y u My Cranford " (Houghton),
a little book calling itself, in its sub-title, " A Phase
of the Quiet Life," from the pen of Mr. Arthur
Oilman. A town near Boston, literary in its tastes,
independent in its ways, of glorious Revolutionary
renown, and the mother of many famous sons, —
such is My Cranford ; and the illustrations from
photographs, together with the scattered historical
references, make it not very difficult to conjecture
what rural community the author had in mind, or
chiefly in mind (for My Cranford seems somewhat
composite here and there), when he wrote his book.
Proper names, of course, are carefully changed, and
a tantalizing vagueness enshrouds the ostensibly clear
and minute details. But each reader will like to do
his own guessing; therefore any surmise on the
reviewer's part would be out of place and unfair.
An especially alluring chapter to those of bookish
or antiquarian tastes is entitled " The Public Library,"
and begins in this pleasant strain : " As I pass along
early this summer evening I notice that the windows
of the Public Library are aglow, and I drop in to
inquire of the fair one who presides over it on week-
days about the time-stained volumes on the lower
shelves that tell me of the days when Cranford was
a-g^'owing, and about the habits of the fathers and
mothers of a hundred or two years ago." There is
no thread of romance whereon the chapters are
strung, as there is in the English " Cranford," but
the descriptions and reflections and reminiscences
are able to stand on their own merits.
,, ,. , More sentiment lingers about the
Italian days, p x i i <•
preserved by name of Italy than ot any other
pen and pencil, country. Doubtless that is why so
many persons write books about Italy, and why so
many others are ready to read them ; and this is
doubtless why " Home Life in Italy " (Macmillan)
has been written by " Lina Duff Gordon." For some
months she and her family dwelt in an old fortezza
in an isolated valley of the Carrara mountains, while
her husband (Aubrey Waterfield) made paintings
or drawings of the scenery and the people. They
came in somewhat closer touch with the Italian peas-
ants and artisans than strangers commonly do, and
they entered into the village life with sympathetic
appreciation. The book is a pleasing record, by
means of pen and picture, of their individual experi-
ences. Lovers of Italy will enjoy sharing these,
but the title " Home Life " is somewhat delusive and
altogether too large for the occasion. There are
indeed some chapters of generalities relating to such
subjects as courtship, marriage superstitions, country
fairs, etc., but most of this is already familiar knowl-
edge. The chief merit of the book is its somewhat
piquant way of describing the daily household inci-
dents, those that involve the doings and sayings of
children and servants, the marketing, the hours in
the garden, etc., such minor but interesting things
as we welcome in the well-written letters of a per-
sonal friend. Besides thirteen illustrations made
from Mr. Waterfield's pictures, there are fifteen
more from photographs taken by the author and her
friends.
Scottish
dame* of
distinction.
" A Group of Scottish "Women "
( Duffield ) is the title chosen by Mr.
Harry Graham for his collection of
character sketches of representative North British
leaders of the fair sex. Seven centuries, from the
thirteenth to the nineteenth, have been drawn upon
for illustrative matter, and a score or more of noted
women, from Dervorguilla to Miss Clementina
Stirling Graham, are passed in review, with fifteen
more or less authentic portraits to increase the
interest. Various are the types of character repre-
sented : thus we have Elspeth Buchan, the religious
fanatic ; Lady Grisell BaUlie, the stout-hearted and
resourceful patriot, "a pattern of her sex, and an
232
THE DIAL
[April 1,
honour to her country," as her epitaph puts it ; Jane,
Duchess of Gordon, the politician ; " Black Agnes "
of Dunbar, the Scottish Amazon; Miss "Nicky".
Murray, the leader of fashion ; Miss Anne Barnard,
the woman of the world ; Mrs. Grant of Laggan,
the blue-stocking ; and others of sundry sorts of
eminence. Of remarkable range has been the
author's reading among old memoirs and chronicles,
and most diligent his note-taking. His authorities
of course vary in historical value, but are given for
no more than they are worth. In referring to the
death of the Regent Murray, Mr. Graham says that
" an old historical legend long attributed the murder
... to Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh " — as if there
were any reasonable doubt in the matter, whereas
the time, the place, and the manner of the assassina-
tion are definitely determined on good evidence, the
very weapon with which the deed was done is pre-
served, and the red-handed James Hamilton, noted
for such bloody enterprises, stands pretty clearly
convicted of Murray's untimely taking-off. The
book is the work of a hand experienced in this sort
of collective biography, and shows care and skill in
its making, though one error at least (probably a
misprint) has crept in, by which Patrick, tenth Earl
of Dunbar, is made to die three centuries after his
time. There is abundance of anecdote and other
entertaining as well as historically memorable matter
in the volume.
IT- „i ...■^.... A volume of Professor Pasquale
Final vtewt . "i
of a great Villari s " otudies, Historical and
historian. Critical," translated by the venerable
historian's devoted wife, has been issued by Messrs.
Scribner's Sons. The first and longest of these
seven essays, turning on the question, *'Is History
a Science ? " possesses unusual value, not ©nly as a
summary of past and current thought on the relation
between investigation and literary art, but as coming
at the end of a fruitful career from a scholar who has
known how to combine the methodical diligence of
the Germans with certain more gracious qualities of
sentiment and style which now seem to be the prop-
erty of the Italians even more than of the French.
To this greatest of living historians, the amassing
and ordering of minute detail, and the whole rational
procedure of scholarship, are nothing if they do not
contribute to the advancement of an ideal and an
art of human life. As with the purely rational
element in historical investigation, so with a mere
political faith : this " cannot suffice to consolidate
the existence of a free and civUized people unless it
be sustained by a nobler human ideal. Wherefore,
the chief aim of our literature and science should
be to revive this ideal in the heart of our nation."
Of the other six essays — on Cavour, Settembrini,
DeSanctis, Morelli, Donatello, and Savonarola —
possibly the most inspiring is that on DeSanctis,
since it is a subtle and loving analysis of the method
and achievement of Professor Villari's own teacher,
in the light of more recent tendencies among students
and critics of literature and the other fine arts.
However, it is unfair to single out any one of the
seven essays, as if all of them were not character-
ized by delicacy of touch, richness of allusion,
strength of perspective, and a crowning philosophy
in which the activities of the historian, critic, edu-
cator, and patriotic statesman are made one. The
illustrations, beginning with a photogravure of the
author and including one of DeSanctis, deserve
special mention. . ___^
Some German ^ix years before his death in 1879,
utters for Johannes Brahms sent to his pub-
music-ivvers. ligher a document which he called
his last will and testament, wherein he gave direc-
tions that all letters found in his house were to be
destroyed. But when his executor took charge of
his effects, it was decided that the so-called will was
too hastily and informally drafted to be legally valid,
and that it had probably been written in a moment
of irritation and was not to be interpreted literally.
Accordingly there was rescued the budget of letters
from Heinrich and Elisabet von Herzogenberg, and
they, with Brahms's letters to these warm friends
of his, were edited and published. An English
version of the correspondence, entitled "Johannes
Brahms : The Herzogenberg Correspondence "
(Dutton), is now issued ; the translator, whose work
seems to be very carefully done, being Miss Hannah
Bryant. The musical experiences and compositions,
the professional ideals and aspirations, of the three
writers of these letters are the favorite topics dis-
cussed by them, with all sorts of variations and with
the occasional introduction of homelier themes. The
friendship between the bachelor composer and the
Herzogenbergs was intimate and beautiful. Brahms
writes, in a letter to Heinrich on the death of his
wife, near the end of the volume : " You know how
unutterably I myself suffer by the loss of your
beloved wife, ... It would do me so much good
just to sit beside you quietly, press your hand, and
share your thoughts of the dear marvellous woman."
A portrait of Brahms precedes the letters, and
abundant footnotes clear up all perplexities in the
text.
The course of ^^' Lawrence Oilman belongs to the
operatic art class of musical critics and essayists
since Wagner. capable of dissecting what might be
called the anatomy of music. He points out that
since Richard Wagner ceased to be a dynamic fig-
ure in the life of the world, the history of operatic
art has been, save for a few conspicuous exceptions,
a barren and improfitable page. In " Aspects of
Modern Music" (John Lane Co.), Mr. Oilman
gives us, with uncommon discrimination and power
of analysis, chapters on the Wagnerian aftermath,
a view of Puccini, the art and morals of Strauss's
"Salome," and his conception of a perfect music
drama. The author's views and opinions are care-
fully formed though sometimes radical in expression.
He pronounces Debussy's " Pelleas et Melisande "
a masterly piece of psychological and subliminal
delineation, and believes that there is nothing in
1909.]
THE DIAL
233
contemporaneous musical art which in the remotest
degree resembles it in impulse or character. " That,
as an example of the ideal welding of drama and
music, it will exert a formative or suggestive influ-
ence, it is not now possible to say; but that its
extraordinary importance as a work of art will
compel an ever-widening appreciation seems to
many certain and indisputable. Thinking of this
score, Debussy might justly say, with Coventry Pat-
more, ' I have respected posterity.' " Mr. Oilman's
book is well worth reading, as it contains matter
that will awaken new thoughts and stimulate dis-
cussion on musical themes.
The honorable 9°® does not associate genealogical
ancestry of investigations with Abraham Lm-
Lincoin. ^q^q . ]^jg genius has always stood as
typical of the democratic ideal, which makes no
account of ancestors and moulds the most discourag-
ing environment to its own ends. But with the
centenary appears an admirer of the great American
who believes firmly in hereditary genius, resents the
slurs that have been put upon Lincoln's family, par-
ticularly upon his father and mother, and who has
pursued his favorite occupation of record-hunting in
this country and England to the end of showing that
the Lincolns occupied an honorable position in both
countries. " The Ancestry of Abraham Lincoln "
is the title of Mr. J. Henry Lea's book. In the
investigations conducted in England he had the
assistance of Mr. J. R. Hutchinson, who is acknow-
ledged on the title-page as joint author. The
Houghton Mifflin Co. publish the work in the form
of a large octavo, with elegance of typography and
binding, and many interesting illustrations repro-
duced in photogravure. Mr. Lea's conclusions are
to the effect that the Lincolns of Hingham, England,
were " ostensible yeomen with a dominant strain of
gentle blood in their veins," while the Ketts of
Wymondham were true patriots, though unfortunate
ones, two of them dying in behalf of the common
weal. In America, also, the family can boast many
worthy and even distinguished members. As for
Thomas Lincoln, he was a good man, though not a
great one ; a rover perhaps, but not a thriftless
rolling-stone or a " restless squatter." He fought
a good fight against cruelly heavy odds ; and his
honesty, truth, humor, and good-nature were a
valuable heritage to his famous son. An appendix
contains a number of documents, in the original
wordings, — wills, deeds, letters, etc. Altogether
Mr. Lea's contribution is decidedly the most original
that the centenary has evoked.
Old French
prints and
their charm.
Collectors or would-be collectors of
prints will find Mr. Ralph Nevill's
" French Prints of the Eighteenth
Century " (Macmillan) an excellent guide to a little-
known division of an art of which almost nothing
has been written in English. There are two main
parts of the book : An account of the lives and work
of the great line-engravers and makers of color-
prints, with some general suggestions for amateur
collectors ; and a catalogue of the most important
French engravings of the eighteenth century, grouped
under an alphabetical arrangement of artists' names,
and accompanied by brief descriptions, and notes on
the various states. There are two indexes, one to
artists, the other to paintings and engravings ; and
fifty full-page plates, illustrating varied and delight-
ful examples of the estampe galante, with its pretty
portrayal of the dainty, frivolous, eminently deco-
rative pastimes and foUies of the old regime. The
second part of the book is of course for reference ;
the first is not too detailed or technical to lack
interest for the general reader. Mr. Nevill laments
the slight attention paid, outside of France, to
French prints which, both as art and as a reflection
of life, are worthy of serious consideration.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Mr. Alexander J, Philips is the compiler of "A Dickens
Dictionary " now published by Messrs. E. P. Dutton &
Co. It provides, in a stout volume, an alphabetical
index of both the characters and the scenes that appear
in the novels and miscellaneous writings of Charles
Dickens. The letters are not catalogued, nor is the
" Child's History of England." The compiler expects
in course of time to give us a " Dickens Encyclopsedia,"
still more comprehensive in its plan than the present
work.
It is much easier to find authorities for the study of
the old masters of painting than for the study of modern
painters — those who are Uving and working to-day, or
who have but recently left us. " The Art of Painting in
the Nineteenth Century " (Ginn) is a convenient hand-
book prepared by Dr. Edmund von Mach, recently
Instructor of the Fine Arts at Harvard. French, Ger-
man, British, and American Painting are discussed, each
in a separate chapter; Italy, Spain, and the Netherlands
are classed together in one chapter; Russia, Denmark,
and Scandinavia in another. A book of 170 pages
covering so large a field implies that little more than
brief sketches of principal names has been possible. But
the preface warns us not to expect " art-criticism, nor
clever and pithy sayings," so we need not be misled.
There are thirty-two fidl-page illustrations.
« Some Notable Altars in the Church of England and
the American Episcopal Church " are pictured in fine
quarto-sized plates and briefly described by Rev. John
Wright, D.D., rector of St. Paul's Church in St. Paul,
in a handsome volume published by the Macmillan Co.
As the principal object of the work is to furnish definite
information and practical suggestions for the building
or enrichment of altars, the descriptions are brief but
expUcit ; and wherever possible names of architects and
the cost of construction are stated. It is only within
the last century that the American Episcopal Church
has paid much attention to church enrichment, but some
beautiful effects have been secured, less pretentious but
no less artistic than those of the great old-world Cathe-
drals, and particularly rich in mural paintings. The
examples illustrated in the present volume exhibit a
wide variety in style and in expense, especial effort hav-
ing been made to furnish suggestions for moderate
priced designs.
234
THE DIAL
[April 1,
Notes.
Mr. Bliss Perry, editor of " The Atlantic Monthly,"
has just been appointed Hyde Lecturer at the University
of Paris for the academic year 1909-10. Mr. Perry
will discuss American Institutions, but the exact nature
of his subject is not yet announced. ,
" The New Philosophy of Life Series," a series of
essays by Rev. J. Herman Randall of Mount Morris
Baptist Church, New York, is announced by the H. M.
Caldwell Co. The first volume of the series, entitled
" The Real God," will appear this month.
An admirable little book for boys and girls who are
beginning to take a serious interest in the world around
them is Professor Paul S. Reinsch's "The Yoimg
Citizen's Reader," published by Messrs. B. H. Sanborn
& Co. It makes a good school reader, and a good book
for young people to read outside of school.
Mr. William Young has edited from the (third) edition
of 1652, " The Saints' Everlasting Rest," by Richard
Baxter. Extensive omissions have been made, but the
volume is still a stout one, and gives us the substance
of this famous religious classic in handsome library
form. The J. B. Lippincott Co. are the publishers.
The spring publications of Mr. B. W. Huebsch will
include a volume of short stories, " Beyond the Sky
Line," by "Robert Aitken"; "The Marvellous Year,"
a memorial volume of the present year of great cen-
tenaries, to which Mr. Edwin Markham supplies an
introduction; and "Product and Climax," by Mr. S. N.
Patten, a new volume in " The Art of Life" series.
Besides a number of novels, Mr. Mitchell Kennerley
will publish this Spring a two- volume study of " The
Empires of the Far East," by Mr. Lancelot Lawton;
" The Cities of Spain," by Mr. Royall Tyler; " ApoUonius
of Tyana," a study of his life and times, by Dr. F. W.
Groves Campbell ; a brief biography of Rossetti, by Mr.
Frank Rutter; and " Effective Magazine Advertising,"
by Mr. Francis Bellamy.
Through an error, it was recently announced that the
biography of the Hon. Mrs. Norton, to be brought out
here by Messrs. Holt, and in England by Mr. John
Murray, was the work of "Miss Alice Perkins." It
should have been credited to Miss Jane Perkins, who is
a sister-in-law of Professor Edward Everett Hale, Jr.,
the author of " Dramatists of To-day" and editor of a
number of English classics.
A new book by Professor Hugo Munsterberg, of
Harvard University, is announced by Houghton Mifflin
Company. " The Eternal Values," as it will be called,
first appeared last year in Germany. The success of
the German edition now leads the author to publish the
work in English, not as a mere translation, but with
certain side issues omitted, and many new parts added
which link it more closely with practical life.
The Grafton Press publishes a volume of translations,
by Mr. Daniel Joseph Donahoe, of " Early Christian
Hymns," including the most famous examples of these
compositions from the time of the Fathers down to such
men of a later period as Abelard, Bernard of Clairvaux,
Bonaventure, Thomas Aquinas, and Pope Urban VIII.
This gives us a Christian anthology of great value, the
versions being both scholarly and melodious.
The American Book Co. publish " Aiken's Music
Course," by Mr. Walter H. Aiken, in a single volume;
" Nature Study by Grades," a teachers' manual by Mr.
Horace H. Cummings; and "Essentials in Civil Gov-
ernment," a book for elementary schools by Dr. S. E.
Forman. We can particularly recommend the last-
named book, written by the author of the " Advanced
Civics " which a good many teachers have recently
discovered to be the best text-book of the subject that
has ever been prepared for use in the American high
school.
The city of Chelsea (Mass.), fire-swept a year ago
and bereft of its public library, together with other
municipal buildings and hundreds of private dwellings,
is soon to have a new library building, largely through
the generosity of Mr. Carnegie, who has given $50,000
for the purpose. Plans have been drawn and accepted
for an attractive and, in its internal arrangement, admir-
ably convenient and serviceable structure, on which
building operations are expected to begin immediately.
The American publishing rights for General Kuro-
patkin's "Military Memoirs" have been secured by
Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co., who will issue the work
almost immediately. In the Memoirs, General Kuro-
patkin frankly discusser the policies which led up to the
Russo-Japanese War, and gives a full account of the
conflict. The English version of the book is by Captain
A. B. Lindsay, translator of Nojine's "The Truth
about Port Arthur," and it is edited by Major E. S.
Swinton, D.S.O.
Ibsen's posthumous works, as we learn from the
London " Nation," are now in the printers' hands, and
are announced to appear within the next few months.
The volumes will undoubtedly throw a new and clearer
light upon many Ibsen problems. They will, we under-
stand, prove the futility of much speculation and criti-
cism, at which Ibsen himself often smiled as being too
subtle and far-fetched. The contents include first drafts
of many of Ibsen's works, and thus show the original
keynote from which he started.
The one hundredth anniversary of the birth of Oliver
Wendell Holmes occurs on August 29 next, but it will
be celebrated by a memorial meeting in Sanders Thea-
tre, Cambridge, Mass., on Tuesday evening, April 27.
President Eliot will preside, and brief addresses will be
delivered by Dr. Edward Waldo Emerson of Concord,
Col. Thomas W. Higginson, Dr. David W. Cheever, and
the Rev. Samuel M. Crothers. Music will be furnished
by the Harvard Glee Club and the orchestra of the
Cambridge Latin school. Mr. Charles Townsend Cope-
land will read two of Dr. Holmes's poems, — " The Last
Leaf " and " The Chambered Nautilus." The meeting
will be under the auspices of the Cambridge Historical
Society, and among the invited guests will be the grad-
uates of the Harvard Medical School between 1847 and
1882.
Sturgis & Walton Company is the style of a new
publishing firm which has just been established in New
York City. The members of the firm are Lyman B.
Sturgis, who was vice-president of the MacmiUan Com-
pany for a number of years, and Lawton L. Walton,
who was secretary of the MacmiUan Company and head
of the manufacturing department for upwards of sixteen
years. Sturgis & Walton Company announce for early
Spring publication a revised and enlarged edition of a
work by James J. Williamson, on " Mosby's Rangers,"
a record of the operations of the Forty-third BattaUon
Virginia Cavalry known as "Mosby's Rangers"; an
attractive edition of " The Lost Tales of Miletus," by
Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton, which has been out of print
for many years; a new edition of Charles Waterton's
1909.]
THE DIAL
236
" Wanderings in South America," with a memoir of the
author by Dr. Norman Moore, an introduction and six-
teen full-page illustrations by Charles Livingston Bull,
who made a trip to Guiana in the Spring of 1908, going
over exactly the same ground covered by Waterton;
also, a reprint, in two volumes, with illustrations and
map, of the second edition of Benjamin F. Thompson's
" History of Long Island." Besides these works they
have in preparation three series, — " The Swan Dram-
atists," a selected series of the great plays in English
literature, such as Christopher Marlowe's " Doctor
Faustus," John Webster's " Duchess of Malfi," Gold-
smith's " She Stoops to Conquer," and others equally
important, which will contain sufficient critical matter
to make them of interest to the general reader and also
suitable for class use; " The Deepwater Series," popular
tales of the sea, including classics like "Two Years
before the Mast" by Richard Henry Dana, Jr., " The
Red Rover" by J. Fenimore Cooper, " The Wreck of the
Grosvenor" by W. Clark Russell, and others; " Familiar
Friends Series," a collection of good books for boys
and girls, to include " Cousin PhiUis" by Mrs. Gaskell,
"Milly and Oily" by Mrs. Humphry Ward, "The
Heroes" by Charles Kingsley, "Gypsy Breynton" by
Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, and others.
Topics in IiEADistg Periodical,s.
April, 1909.
Alaska-Yukon Fair, The. L. P. Zimmerman. World To-d&y.
Alcoholism : Its Cause and Cure. S. McComb. Everybody's.
America, A United. L. S. Bowe. JS^orth American.
America's Plant Food, Saving. G. E. Mitchell. Rev. of Revs.
American Art, Sincerity Needed in. Craftsman.
American Racing on British Turf. O. Sevier. Munsey.
American Shrines. Famous. Harry Thurston Peck. Munsey.
Antony and Cleopatra. Quglielmo Ferrero. Putnam.
Architecture and National Character. Craftsman.
Army Post, a Western, Letters from. G. M. A. Roe. Appleton.
Authors and Public Affairs. Brander Matthews. No. American.
Babies, A Square Deal for the. Rheta C. Dorr. Hampton's.
Bachelor Girls, Royal. F. Cunliffe-Owen. Munsey.
Backyard Gardens. M. R. Cranston. Craftsman.
Bastida, Joaquin Sarolla y. J. W. Pattison. World To-day.
Bastida. Joaquin Sarolla y. K. M. Roof. Craftsman.
Battleships, Dangers to Our. Robley D. Evans. Hampton's.
Beersheba, Beyond. Norman Duncan. Harper.
Biology. Predarwinian and Postdarwinian. Popular Science.
Booth, Edwin, and Lincoln. Century.
Business, Imagination in. L. F. Deland. Atlantic.
Byron and the Countess Guiccioli. L. Orr. Munsey.
Caine, Hall, Autobiography of — VIII. Appleton.
Cardinals, For Six American. H.J.Desmond. No. American.
Carving in Architecture. E. A. Batchelder. Craftsman.
Cave Men, In the Day of the. Harvey B. Bashore. Lippincott.
Chariot Races, The American. C. F. Holder. World To-day.
Chicago. Charles Henry White. Harper.
Chicago's Italian Pageant. M. Johnson. Putnam.
Child Labor and the Churches. C. F. Aked. Appleton.
Child Labor in Textile Factories. F. L. Sanville. No. American.
China, Empress Dowager of. I. T. Headland. Cosmopolitan.
Chun. Prince of China. I. T. Headland. Century.
Civic Improvement in Boston. Craftsjnan.
Cleveland's Opinions of Men. G. F. Parker. McClure.
Concrete for Church Architecture. Craftsman.
Congo Question. The. Felix H. Hunicke. North American.
Cotton Trade, Building up Our. D. J. Sully. Cosmopolitan.
Critics' Strike, The. James L. Ford. Appleton.
Cymbeline, Shakespeare's. T. Watts-Dunton. Harper.
Darwin and Botany. Nathaniel L. Britton. Popular Science.
Darwin and Geology. J. J. Stevenson. Popular Science.
Darwin and Zoology. H. C. Bumpus. Popular Science.
Darwin, Charles. Leonard Huxley. Putnam.
Darwin, Charles, Individuality of. C. F. Cox. Popular Science.
Darwin, For. T. H. Morgan. Popular Science.
Darwin, Life and Works of. H. F. Osborn. Popular Science.
Decoration, Mediaeval. E. A. Batchelder. Craftsman.
Dry Farming, The Truth about. C. M. Harger. Rev. of Revs.
Dyestuffs, Modern, in Stencilling. C. E. Pellew. Craftsman.
Earle, George H., Jr. Richard Jarvis. Hampton's.
Education. The New, in China. Paul S. Reinsch. Atlantic.
English Town, An, from an American Viewpoint. Scribner.
Evolution of Man. John Burroughs. Atlantic.
FitzGerald, " Omar." Henry D. Sedgwick. Putnam.
Fur- Traders as Empire-Builders — II. C.M.Harvey. Atlantic.
Gardens, Water in Small. Craftsman.
Hadley. Governor, of Missouri. L. C. Dyer. Munsey.
Hague, the. Diplomatic Life at. Mme. de Bussen. Harper.
Harem, Prisoners of the. E. A. Powell. Everybody's.
Harmon, Governor Judson, of Ohio. S. Gordon. Munsey.
Harris. Joel Chandler. J. W. Lee. Century.
Housemaid, The Mechanical. M. McDowell. Appleton.
House Rules, The: A Criticism. C. A. Swanson. Rev. of Revs.
House Rules. The: A Defense. F. C. Stevens. Rev. of Revs,
Immortals, The Forty. Jeanne Mairet. Atlantic.
Inaugurating Taft. Hugh Weir. World To-day.
India, The Future of. Charles F. Thwing. North American.
Indian, Last Stand of the. Emerson Hough. Hampton's.
Industrial Civilization. E. Bjorkman. World's Work.
Insurance Risks. Q. W. Wharton. World's Work.
Insurance Supervision. D. P. Kingsley. North American.
Ivory Trade, The. Mrs. H. R. Childs. McClure.
Japanese Trade and the Peace of Asia. World's Work.
Jefferson, Joseph, at Home. E. P. Jefferson. Century.
Jericho Rediscovered. R. C. Long. World To-day.
Joan of Arc. Henry J. Markland. Munsey.
Knox's Qualifications for the Cabinet. World's Work.
Lawlessness. Charles W. Eliot. Putnam.
Lawns and Gardens, Adorning. C. A. Byers. Craftsman.
Lifelnsurance, Romance of —XL W.J.Graham. WorldTo-day.
Lincoln and Wilkes Booth. M. H. P. Moss. Century.
Lincoln's Assassination. Julia A. Shepard. Century,
Lincoln's Interest in the Theatre. L. Grover. Century.
Lowell, A. Lawrence. Wm. R. Thayer. Century.
MacKay. Mrs. Clarence, on Woman Suffrage. Munsey.
Margin Game, Workings of the. John Parr. Everybody's.
Meissen and Dresden. R. H. SchaufSer. Century.
Messina Earthquake, After the. Robert Hichens. Century.
Messina Earthquake. The. F. A. Perret. Century.
National Budget, Regulating the. G. B. Cortelyou. No.Amer.
Natural Resources. Wasting Our. R. Cronau. McClure.
Natural Selection, First Presentation of Theory of. Pop. Science,
Natural Selection, Origin of Theory of. Popular Science.
Naval Gunnery Records. Breaking. S. E. White. World's Work.
Navy, Our, Cost of. Lucia A. Mead. World To-day.
Nero. Guglielmo Ferrero. McClure.
Night-Riding. Eugene P. Lyle, Jr. Hampton's.
Opera in New York. W. J. Henderson. World's Work.
Opium Crusade in China, The. J. S. Thomson. World To-day.
Painting, Mural, and Architecture. W. L. Price. Craftsman.
Panama, The Situation at. Forbes Lindsay. Review of Reviews.
Parthenon. The, via Europe. F. Hopkinson Smith. Scribner.
Photography as an Art. G. Edgerton. Craftsman.
Piatt, Thomas C, Reminiscences of. Cosmopolitan.
Plottinsr the Upper Air. P. P. Foster. Review of Reviews.
Poets, Spring, A Nosegay of. L. Hatch. Atlantic.
Porto Rico as a Fruit Garden. H. M. Lome. World To-day.
Race Problem. The Ultimate. Kelly Miner. Atlantic.
Rag-Fair Day in Rome, A. Gardner Teall. World To-day.
Railroad Problem, Heart of the. C. E. Russell. Hampton's.
Railroads and Efficient Service. J. O. Fagan. Atlantic.
Railway Rates and the Diminished Dollar. North American.
Railways, Valuation of. J. L. Laughlin. Scribner.
Religion and Temperament. George Hodges. Atlantic.
Rivers that Work. J. L. Mathews. Everybody's.
Rockefeller, John D., Reminiscences of. World's Work.
Roosevelt, The Passing of. Thomas W. Lawson. Evo-ybody's.
Russian Spy System, A Phase of. H. Rosenthal. Rev. of Revs,
Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, Reminiscences of. Century.
Sardine Fisheries of Passamaquoddy. World To-day.
Saskatchewan, Down the. Agnes Laut. Scribner.
Sealing Voyage, A. George Harding. Haiper.
Sherman, General, Letters of. M. A. DeW. Howe. Scribner.
Sicily, Dec., 1908. Henry and Tertius -van Dyke. Century.
Sicily, Land of Unrest. Emily J. Putnam. Putnam.
Slums. .Esthetic Pleasures of the. R. L. Hartt. Atlantic.
Soil Erosion in the South. W. W. Ashe. Review of Reviews.
Specialization, Disadvantages of. S. Morse. Craftsman.
Spinal Meningitis, Conquering. B. J. Hendrick. McClure.
Stock Broker's Confessions, A. Everybody's.
Story, The Western. Ellis O. Jones. Lippincott.
Surgical Progress, Recent. W. W. Keen. Harpe)-.
Taft and the Sherman Act. T. Thacher. North American.
Tariff Laws, Europe's. F. A. Ogg. Revieiv of Reviews.
Trusts vs. Competition. M. N. Stiles. World's Work.
236
THE DIAL
[April 1,
Wall street Machine, The. Franlr Fayant. Appleton.
Waste, Eliminating. M. Q. Seckendorff. Muntey.
Welles, Gideon, Diary of — III. Atlantic.
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Wolf-Hunting by Automobile. C. M. Harger. World To-day.
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[April 1,
LIST OF NEW BOOKS — continued
The Tests of Life : A Study of the First Epistle of St. John ;
Being the Kerr Lectures for 1909. By Robert Law, B.D. 8vo,
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Immortality. By E. E. Holmes. 12mo, pp. 320. "Oxford
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Helps toward Nobler Living ; or, " Unto the Hills." By
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In American Fields and Forests. By Henry D. Thoreau,
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Fish Stories Alleged and Experienced, with a Little History
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1909] THE DIAL 239
Ready April 17th
RECOLLECTIONS OF
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THE DIAL.
[April 1, 1909.
Important Books on Psychical Research
By JAMES H. HYSLOP, Ph.D., LL.D.
Former Professor of Logic and Ethics
at Columbia University, Vice-President
of the English Society for Psychical
Research, Founder and Secretary of
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Research.
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Borderland of Psychical
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in normal and abnormal Psychology
that are vital for the student of Psy-
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contains chapters on Normal Sense-
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Dissociation and Oblivescence, Illu-
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and Secondary Personality, Mind and
Body, Hypnotism and Therapeutics,
Reincarnation, Reservations, and
Morals.
" It treats perplexing questions conserv-
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gent public interest in the baffling problem
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Enigmas of Psychical Research
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Science and a Future Life
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yet been given to the public. It should
have a multitude of readers."
— Boston Transcript.
Psychical Research and
the Resurrection
This volume may be considered as a
sequel to Professor Hyslop 's "Science
and a Future Life," as it records the
more important work that has been
accomplislied since the death of Dr.
Richard Hodgson, the late leader of
psychical research in America. In its
pages the author proceeds step by step
to show the vital importance to human-
ity that Science leave no stone unturned
to strengthen the Christian faith.
" It is cause for scientific rejoicing that
Professor Hyslop has put forth this book."
— Journal of Education.
" The book is a deeply interesting one —an
important contribution to a study which con-
cerns humanity vitally." — Prov. Journal.
By CAMILLE FLAMMARION
Director of the Observatory at Juvisy.
Larye 12»io, illustrated. $2.50 net,
or, by mail, 12.70.
Mysterious Psychic Forces
A comprehensive review of the work
done by European scientists of inter-
national reputation in investigating
psychical phenomena, written by a
scientist of world-wide fame. The vol-
ume includes the investigations of Sir
William Crookes, Professor Richet,
Professor Morselli, Professor Lom-
broso. Count de Roches, Professor
Porro, Professor AlfredRussell Wallace,
Professor Thiory, Dr. Dariex. Victor
Sardou, Aksakof, and many others.
" Such a book, from such a writer, is
more than interesting. It is timely. And
the reader must admit, whatever his pre-
judices or presuppositions, that, taking
Professor Flammarion's book as an honest
record of long and careful scientific study,
which it is entitled to be considered, it
amply sustains the author's conclusions."
— Literartj Digest.
" The book is one of the most interesting
that have ever been written on the subject.
Those who have the least liking for the sub-
ject will find it entertaining beyond expec-
tation." — Cleveland Plain Dealer.
By ROBERT J. THOMPSON
Proofs of Life After Death
12mo. $1,50 net, or, by mail, $1.62.
A collation of opinions as to a future
life by such eminent scientific men and
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Camille Flammarion, Professor Bru-
not, Sir William Crookes, Th. Flour-
noy, Elmer Gates, William James, Dr,
Paul Joire, Dr. Lombroso, Simon New-
comb, Professor Hyslop, Dr. M. J. Sav-
age Sir Oliver Lodge, Alfred Russell
Wallace, Cardinal Gibbons, Andrew
Lang, and many others. The book con-
tains many arguments from a scientific
standpoint that will interest all who
wish evidence other than theological.
" Seeking for comfort in a great sorrow,
the author made a collection of opinions as
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By HEREWARD CARRINGTON
Member of the Council of the Ameri-
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Member of the English Society for
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Large 12mo, illustrated. $2.00 net,
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The Physical Phenomena
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A book of incalculable value to psy-
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nomena.
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The Coming Science
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results without having previously read
extensively upon it; (2) to approach
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tory theories that have been advanced
from time to time to explain the facts
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A special pamphlet, fully describing these books, will be sent free to any address on application.
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242 THE DIAXi [April 16,
New Books of Standard Interest
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LETTERS FROM CHINA: With Particular Reference to the Empress Dowager
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THE ANDEAN LAND By Chase S. Osborn.
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ART OF SPEECH AND DEPORTMENT By Anna Morgan.
SELECTED READINGS Compiled by Anna Morgan.
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A. C. McCLURG & CO. PUBLISHERS CHICAGO
1909.]
THE DIAL
243
Ig iiark ©main
THIS new volume is quick with keen, poignant
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244
THE DIAL
[AprU 16,
The Garden of Girls
By MARIAN A. HILTON
IF you know a girl who has onterrown juvenile
books but is not yet ready for the modem
novel — this is HER BOOK.
C It tells the story of two high-bred grirls who come to
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C Its unobtrusive teaching of all that is Finest
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Credo
A remarkable statement of belief, — the work of
one individual, although submitted to and approved
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The New Righteousness
By Professor Vida Scudder of Wellesley College.
Being the second part of " The Social Conscience
of the Future," keen articles on Socialism begun in
the January issue.
The Message of Gilbert K. Chesterton
By John A. Hutton, of Glasgow.
The reasons for Chesterton's belief in God " with
heartibess and uproariousness," and his condemna-
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Islam, the Religion of Common Sense
By " Ibn Ishak, a Muslim graduate of the Anglo-
Muhammadan College.
Showing the sane and reasonable grounds of belief
of this ancient Oriental religion.
The Message of Modern Mathematics
to Theology
By Professor C. J. Ketseb, of Columbia University.
In which he shows that the doctrine that each of
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1909] THE DIAL 245
READY APRIL 15
The strongest depiction of character pubHshed this year
The Seven Who Were Hanged
By LEONID ANDREYEV
Translated from the Russian by Herman Bernstein
This story, which is considered by Russian and European critics the best that has appeared from
the pen of the " successor of Tolstoy," is the first story of any length by Andreyev translated into
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It created a literary and political sensation upon its publication in Russia last year. And it has
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" The Seven Who Were Hanged " tells seven stories of persons who have been condemned to death,
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*THE NEW MAYOR . . . Founded on'thePlay "The Man of the Hour"
*THE DEVIL Ferenc Molnar
THE HOUSE BY THE RIVER Florence Warden
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THE KREUTZER SONATA AND OTHER STORIES. (140th Thou-
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J. S. OGILVIE PUBLISHING COMPANY, 57 ROSE ST., NEW YORK
246
THE DIAL.
[April 16, 1909.
NOW READY
COMPLETE IN FOUR VOLUMES
DR. BAILEY'S Great
Cyclopedia of American Agriculture
Edited, with the assistance of over 300 Agricultural Experts, by
L. H. BAILEY, Director of the College of Agriculture, Cornell
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In four quarto volumes, with 100 full-page plates, and about 2,000 other illustrations.
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CONTENTS
VoiiCME I. — FARMS — A general survey of all the
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Atmosphere.
Volume II. — FARM CROPS — The Plant and Its
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Volume III.— FARM ANIMALS— The Animal and
Its Relations — Manufacture of Animal Products —
North American Farm Animals.
Volume IV.— SOCIAL ECONOMY IN THE COUN-
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In four quarto volumes, fidly illustrated, cloth, $20.00 net ; halfmor., $32.00.
THE LATEST NEW MACMILLAN BOOKS
Kate V. Saint Maur's new hook
The Earth's Bounty
By the author of " A Self-Supporting Home." In
the same attractive, clear, absolutely practical way,
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A good companion to this issued last year.
Allen French's
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A book which should be on the book-shelf in every
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Cloth, $1.75 net; by mail, $1.89.
Frank Danby's new novel
Sebastian
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Entered as Second-Class Dilatter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office
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No. 648.
APRIL 16, 1909.
Vol. XLVI.
Contents.
PAGB
HOME RULE AND PUBLIC EDUCATION . . 247
CASUAL COMMENT 249
The disparagement of current literature. — French
literary criticism. — A county's growth in the love
of literature. — The literature of the linotype. —
Menander on a modern stage. — The activity of the
Atlanta library. — Honor among public library
patrons. — A youthfully active veteran of letters. —
A rubbish-heap of reading matter. — The acumen of
an English critic. — A strenuous librarian. — George
Herbert as the originator of Fletcherism.
COMMUNICATIONS 252
Copyright and the Importation Privilege. Geo.
Haven Putnam.
The Cost of Circulating a Library Book. O. B.
Howard Thomson.
CHINESE WOMEN AND CHINESE WAYS. Percy
F. Bicknell 254
THE RIGHT ARM OF THE CONFEDERACY.
James M. Garnett 255
THE .ESTHETIC VALUE OF ASIAN ART.
Frederick W. Gookin 257
THE MAID OF FRANCE. Laurence M. Larson . 260
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne . . .262
Wells's Tono-Bungay. — Locke's Septimus. — Con-
rad's The Point of Honor. — Kinross's Joan of
Garioch. — Thurston's Mirage. — Bindloss's Lorimer
of the Northwest. — Phillips's The Fashionable
Adventures of Joshua Craig. — Hough's 54-40 or
Fight. — Lynde's The King of Arcadia. — Orcutt's
The SpeU.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 265
Colleges as education factories. — Napoleon's Aus-
trian campaigns. — The pleasures and pains of the
toiling millions. — Beginnings of the greatest city in
the world. — A notable contribution to biology. —
John Pettie, Scotch painter. — Dualism in religion
and philosophy. — Some colonial characters in life-
like attitudes.
NOTES 268
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 269
HOME R ULE AND PUBLIC ED UCA TION.
From the time when the General Court of the
Massachusetts Bay Colony ordered that a com-
mon school should be established in every town of
fifty householders, at the expense of those house-
holders, and fixed a penalty for non-compliance
with this law, it has been the recognized duty
of the State to see that the means of education
are provided for its youthful citizens, and to
make it impossible for any miserly or short-
sighted local community to withhold the needed
financial support. No principle is more firmly
fixed in our practice than this, and none is
more fundamental to our existence as a Federal
Union of free democratic commonwealths. The
advancing years have witnessed an extension of
this principle undreamed of by the pioneers who
first gave it a legal phrasing, but the embryo
of all that we have grown into educationally
is found in the Massachusetts law above men-
tioned. Education is the function of the State,
not of the county or town, because it is a matter
too essential to the common welfare to be left
to the caprice of the locality. The small com-
munity may cut its coat according to its cloth
in such matters of local concern as police and
fire protection, road-making and street-paving,
drainage and sanitation, because the neglect of
these things has consequences which, however
disastrous, are confined to a limited area ; but a
failure to provide suitable public education has
effects so far-reaching that the State is bound to
interpose, and to assert its paramount interest
in the training of its future citizens.
This principle once granted (and we all grant
it in the abstract), questions of the degree
and kind of education become questions of the
merest detail. Whatever system of public edu-
cation the consensus of State opinion determines
upon must be accepted, and in good faith pro-
vided for, by the local political units of which
the State consists. If it range from the lowest
elementary teaching to the highest university
training, no section has a right to refuse its
share of the burden. We used to hear much
of the foolish argument that the local commu-
nity, while bound to provide common schools,
might or might not provide high schools at its
own pleasure, as if this decision involved some
fundamental principle, instead of being a minor
aspect of the general question of State policy.
248
THE DIAL
[AprU 16,
We hear little of that contention of late years,
because it is too logically evident that manda-
tory support of common schools and of a State
university makes provision for the intermediate
period of education equally mandatory. But we
still have many examples of local communities
which, from motives of economy, sheltering
themselves under the specious demand for home
rule in educational affairs, seek to evade their
fuU educational obligations. The principle of
home rule is a sound one in all matters that
concern local interests alone ; in its relation to
education, its legitimate sphere is strictly admin-
istrative, and it must not be permitted to hamper
the declared policy of the commonwealth.
These considerations need particularly to be
urged at the present time, because in the two
largest cities of the country there are now in
progress powerfully supported movements to
make a most injurious application of the prin-
ciple of home rule to school affairs. In both
New York and Chicago, the attempt is being
made to withdraw from the city schools the
fimdamental safeguards which the State has
wisely established for the protection of public
education against the ignorance or caprice of
local politicians. In each case, the attempt is
concealed in a plan for a new city charter, and
is likely to escape the attention it should receive
from the public because of the multiplicity of
other matters with which it is associated. An
issue of the first importance is thus in danger
of being so befogged that serious mischief may
be done before the public becomes aware that
mischief is designed.
The situation in New York City may be
briefly outlined. About ten years ago, a benefi-
cent piece of legislation, known as the Davis
law, was enacted at Albany. Its provisions
assured the teachers of the metropolis, for the
first time in their history, of adequate compen-
sation, secure tenure, and suitable allowances
after retirement. It transformed as by magic
the whole educational situation, gave stability
to the teaching profession, improved its morale^
and inaugurated a new era of efficiency. The
unspeakable demoralization of the former sys-
tem of local control was done away with ; the
unrest of the past became an old, unhappy, far-
off thing, and the members of the teaching force,
no longer compelled to intrigue for retention
or deserved promotion, no longer uncertain of
what the coming year might bring forth for them
out of the witch's cauldron of Tammany politics,
were free to devote themselves to the legitimate
duties of their profession. The wisdom of the
Davis law has been so abundantly justified by its
effects that it would seem as if no rational person
could desire its abrogation ; yet at the present
time a Charter Commission is doing its best to
secure repeal, and to restore to the Board of
Estimate its former power to determine from year
to year, as the exigencies of local politics may
dictate, the conditions of the teacher's existence
in the public schools of the city of New York.
The present situation in Chicago is essentially
the same, although the State safeguards, which
it is now sought to remove, are of a widely dif-
ferent nature. In Illinois, these safeguards
take the form, not of guaranteed minimum rates
of compensation for individuals, but of a guar-
anteed minimum of the total appropriation for
the purposes of the Chicago schools. Under the
existing law, which is of many years' standing,
a fixed percentage of the tax levy must be applied
to educational purposes. The amount realized
may go up or down with the annual assessment
of taxable property, but the share is secured by
law, and no part of it may be diverted to any
other use. Without going into the details of a
very complicated matter, we may say — and it is
sufficient for our present purpose of making the
situation clear — that the city Board of Educa-
tion has a right, for current educational expenses
(exclusive of the erection of school buildings) to
five dollars for every four dollars that may be
applied to the other purposes of city government
from the annual tax levy. In order that this
ratio may be properly understood, we must add
that the city gets, from licenses and other sources
outside the tax levy, approximately four dollars
more in which the schools have no share. It
may enlarge its special revenues indefinitely by
various forms of indirect taxation, but it cannot
intrench upon the educational fund. As a matter
of form, the City Council makes the educational
appropriation, which may be reduced if it wish,
but since it cannot itself benefit by such a reduc-
tion, and since the full amount authorized by
law is inadequate for the needs of the schools,
this power of reduction is never exercised.
Two years ago a new city charter was adopted
by the Illinois Legislature, but overwhelmingly
rejected by a referendum vote. This charter
gave the City Council full control over the appor-
tionment of funds, and placed the Board of Edu-
cation completely at its mercy. This, pro vision
was one of the chief reasons for the defeat of
the proposed instrument of municipal govern-
ment, and yet, with amazing fatuity, a charter
embodying the same vicious principle is now
again submitted to the Legislature and will very
1909.]
THE DIAL
249
likely again come before the voters. However
great its merits in other respects, such a charter
must be resolutely opposed by all the friends of
public education. To put the schools at the
mercy of the City Council, to remove from them
the existing legislative safeguards respecting
their share of the tax levy, would be to deal
them the severest blow conceivable. No col-
lateral benefits to other departments of the city
government could outweigh or offset this evil.
There can be no doubt whatever as to how the
plan would work. The demands of the city
government are insatiable, and the pressure
exerted to enlarge the police force or the fire
department, to increase the appropriations for
the cleaning and the paving of streets, all of
which things, and others, might so easily be
done at the expense of the schools, would prove
irresistible. Every year would witness a relative
shrinking of the school fund, and a consequent
retardation of educational development. There
has not been a single year of the last twenty in
which the Council would not have done this very
thing had it possessed the legal power, in which
it has not cast longing eyes at the school revenue
lying so temptingly just beyond its reach. To
give it, as the proposed charter contemplates,
this long-coveted power would be the extreme
of unwisdom.
We think it necessary to sound this note of
alarm because the matter has been intentionally
obscured by the sponsors of the pending charter
legislation. They say a great deal about the
importance of a unified administrative system
and the consolidation of our local governments,
and carefully refrain from explaining how radi-
cally their plan would affect the public schools.
When the point is pressed upon them, they talk
airily of increased revenues in which all depart-
ments would share, and affect injured surprise
at the suggestion that the schools might not be
generously dealt with. But the bird which our
city education now has in the hand is worth sev-
eral of the elusive songsters that maybe imagined
to lurk in the bush of the proposed charter.
Whatever happens, the friends of our school
system must insist upon retaining the present
provision of a fixed fraction for school purposes,
or, if this be not granted them, must reject,
regretfully but firmly, the entire measure which
would otherwise prove their undoing. We have
no fear of the outcome if this vital matter can
be brought squarely before the public eye, but
we confess to no little fear lest the case go against
the schools by default of that alert interest in
their welfare which is now so imperatively needed.
CASUAL COMMENT.
The disparagement of current literature,
as compared with the literature of a more fortunate
earlier time, seems to be as inevitable as teething
in children or rheumatism in old age. In looking
back at the early and middle Victorian era, when
Tennyson and Browning were beginning to be
known, and many lesser lights spangled the literary
firmament, we are not wont to consider it an age
devoid of illumination. And yet, opening " Jane
Eyre," which appeared in the autumn of 1847, we
find in the thirty-second chapter an almost tearfully
regretful mention of the good old times. St. John
Rivers had just brought Jane a copy of "Marmion"
— "one of those genuine productions so often vouch-
safed to the fortunate public of those days — the
golden age of modern literature," comments the
writer, and then continues : " Alas ! the readers of
our era are less favoured. But courage ! I will not
pause either to accuse or repine. I know poetry is
not dead, nor genius lost ; nor has Mammon gained
power over either, to bind or slay : they will both
assert their existence, their presence, their liberty
and strength again one day." Curious indeed is it
to observe how the same old mental attitudes, —
despair of the present, backward glances of mourn-
ful regret at the past, and (though less invariably)
hope of better things to come, — are assumed by one
generation after another, with a naive unconscious-
ness that there is nothing novel and nothing excep-
tional in the situation. But of such old stories ever
new is human experience composed. *
• • •
French literary criticism has long been re-
garded by other nations as a model in its kind. Of
more than local interest, therefore, is the series of
four public lectures delivered in Cambridge, in con-
nection with his longer course to students, by Pro-
fessor Abel Lefranc, this year's Hyde lecturer at
Harvard. In his opening address he touched upon
the three chief features of what he called the new
or historical method in literary criticism. First, it
seeks to reconstruct the circumstances in which a
work of literature was produced ; second, it studies
sources and takes note of imitations ; and " the third
feature of the historical method is the search for real
personal elements in the great writers. All works
have been questioned as to their authors, and very
few of the works have been mute. Whether it be
d'Urf^, or Montaigne, or Rabelais, or Villon, or
Ronsard, or Boileau, or the Abb^ Provost, some por-
tion of the heart and soul has found a lodgement in
the work. This questioning of the works for confi-
dences, for indiscretions, it may be, about their
authors, is only an expression of a taste and a pas-
sion for truth. . . . We are tending to isolate lit-
erature less and less from life and reality; as we
connect them closer, and as we study literature more
intelligently from this viewpoint, our literature grows
in greatness in our eyes." This " third feature "
250
THE DIAL
[April 16,
might well have heen treated as first and foremost.
If we take from the works of an author that which
is distinctive and personal, how little of human
interest and real importance remains !
• • •
A county's growth in the love of literature
is remarkably illustrated by the literary awakening
that has taken place within the last three years in
Multnomah County, Oregon. The Portland Library
Association (or public library, as it might better style
itself) prints in its forty-fifth annual report some
figures that reveal a hopeful state of affairs in that
far-off corner of our great Northwest. The Asso-
ciation, supported by city and county alike, supplies
reading matter to the farmer and the merchant, to
the wood-hewer and the banker, without distinction
of person. The librarian takes pleasure in announc-
ing that this county work has passed its experimental
stage, and now " it is no longer a question of devising
ways to advertise the Library or to make its books
attractive, but rather one of how to satisfy the clamor
for more books. In 1905, the first year of county
work, the circulation of books was 3,955, in 1906
it grew to 13,358, in 1907 to 37,521, and in
1908, still maintaining its rate of growth, it reached
58,169." Seven reading-rooms, fourteen deposit
stations, and nine fire companies (the last item is a
little perplexing to a stranger ) are scattered through-
out the county. This rural activity, controlled by a
central library, has interested us and others of late;
and it promises to produce excellent results in the
more thinly populated sections of the country. The
county library's usefulness in creating a demand for
books would seem to be not inferior to the service it
renders in supplying that demand.
• • •
The literature of the linotype, the machine
whose general introduction fifteen years ago was
momentous to the newspaper-printing industry, has
increased in vogue within that comparatively short
period to an astonishing extent. In 1894, as we
learn from a late issue of " Printers' Ink," there was
consumed in the newspaper trade of this country an
amount of paper weighing four hundred thousand
tons, and only thirteen years later the figures had
risen to thrice that annual tonnage. The daily news-
papers increased from 1855 in number sixteen years
ago to 2374 last year, with a considerable gain also
in weeklies. The discontinuing of the wetting pro-
cess preparatory to printing (we no longer dry our
morning paper over the register) is another of the
mechanical improvements that marked the adoption
of the labor-saving linotype, while methods and
ideals have undergone no less a transformation in
the editorial and administrative departments. Is it
surprising, with all these acres of more or less irre-
sistibly attractive printed matter clamoring every
morning to be bought at prices ranging from a
quarter to half a cent per square yard, that the Amer-
ican bookstore is not quite so conspicuous a feature
of the urban landscape as, for instance, the saloon,
the cigar shop, and the ice-cream establishment?
Menander on a modern stage constituted an
event at Cambridge that was unique in the literal
sense of that much misused adjective. "The
Epitrepontes," the most considerable of the Men-
ander fragments unearthed in Egypt four years ago
by M. Gustave Lefebvre, was successfully staged
and acted last month by the Classical Club of Har-
vard. Perhaps one should not say " staged," how-
ever, for the play was presented in a private house
with a truly Greek simplicity in the matter of
" properties " — with little, in fact, to hinder the
imagination from transferring the scene to the prim-
itive classic theatre of twenty-two centuries ago.
The comedy itself is, of course, one of domestic
intrigue, and seeks to amuse by the sprightliness of
the dialogue in which the rather hackneyed plot is
developed. Enough of the original remains — 532
lines — to render the play intelligible and enjoyable ;
and the Greek depai'tment of the University was
unsparing in its efforts to do the great comedy-
writer justice. A small chorus executed the ele-
mentary dancing required, to the music composed
for flutes by the late Professor Allen on the occa-
sion of a Terence performance some years ago, and
the ten actors acquitted themselves well. Plautus and
Terence are no strangers to the modern stage ; but
Menander, their master and model, is" now revived
for the first time after his slumber of centuries.
• • •
The activity of the Atlanta Library, which,
by the way, is one of the numerous Carnegie libra-
ries that shed their blessings on the just and on the
unjust alike throughout our favored land, is strik-
ingly illustrated by a few facts gleaned from the
librarian's tenth annual report. For example, the
circulation has increased more rapidly in the last
twelve months than in any previous year, being
32,350 over that of 1907, and amounting to 164,600
in all. A rent collection, to appease the clamor for
new fiction, was installed on the first day of June,
and 699 volumes had been bought at the close of the
year, at a cost of $585.54. These volumes circu-
lated 11,273 times, and the rent fee (one cent a day)
exactly equalled in its total the amount spent in pur-
chasing the books — a triumph in the fine art of
making an institution exactly self-supporting, with
neither surplus nor deficiency (unless this remark-
able and beautiful coincidence is an error of the
types). The year 1908 was the first year of a new
librarian, Miss Julia T. Rankin ; and it is safe (as
well as complimentary to her) to infer that no small
part of the library's increased usefulness is attribut-
able to the energy and wisdom of the new adminis-
tration. . . . •
Honor among public library patrons ought
to be a matter of course ; they ought to respect one
another's rights. The old phrase, "honor among
thieves," implies this mutual consideration in a
much lower social stratum. Unregistered borrow-
ings and law-forbidden mutilations are acts that
sorely try the patience (to put it mildly) of a whole
1909.]
THE DIAL
261
community. In process of time, it may be hoped,
there will be developed so universal and deeply-
planted a sense of the entire unfitness of such out-
rages on the public that no person, with a grain of
self-respect, will dream of violating the wholesome
and necessary rules of the hospitably open free
library, any more than one would now dream of
poisoning a public well or wantonly vitiating the
air of heaven. Encouraging in this connection is
an announcement in the current report of the John
Crerar Library that whereas in 1907 twenty-one
books were lost from the open shelves of its reading-
room, in 1908 only eight such losses were noted.
Presumably, too, the use of the room was greater
in the latter year, and perhaps also the number of
books exposed. Let us make the most of all such
signs of increasing honor and enlightenment.
• • •
A YOUTHFULLY ACTIVE VETERAN OF LETTERS,
whom his many jnniors and few contemporaries can-
not but behold with admiration, as well as respect,
and whom we have before paid tribute to in these
columns, sets forth on the European tour, in his
ninety-second year, apparently with all the zest and
expectancy of a stripling, and with far more likeli-
hood of turning his foreign experiences to good
account, both for himself and for the world at large.
Mr. John Bigelow departed for France last month
to indulge once more his old and cultivated fondness
for " doing Europe " — or at least some small part
of it. Whether, on his return, he will have some-
thing new to tell us about Franklin in France, or
some other contribution to make to biography or
history, will appear in the sequel. Not even the
elder Cato, with his octogenarian zeal for new enter-
prises — including the learning of Greek and the
(less laudable) instigation of the third Punic war —
and not even Dr. Martineau, with his greatest liter-
ary work executed in his nineties, are more worthy
of admiration and emulation from the youngsters of
seventy and under. , , ,
A RUBBISH-HEAP OF READING MATTER that no
one has ever read or ever will read goes on piling
itself up in Washington at a fearful rate. A com-
mittee of investigation has found nine thousand five
hundred tons of accumulated government publica-
tions stored away at a cost of thousands of dollars
yearly for storage. A railway freight train loaded
with these useless volumes would extend some three
miles in length. Is there another country in the
world that prints so many unspoken speeches and
unimportant reports ? It is significant that the terms
of the recent pension bill allow the pension printing
to be done by private contract, this being more
economical — less lavishly uneconomical, rather —
than government printing. Curious and deplorable
is it that while millions perish of hunger in India,
and other millions undergo intellectual starvation the
world over, this free and enlightened country spends
millions of dollars in printing and illustrating and
binding and storing books that nobody needs. No
one approves this foolish expenditure — except per-
haps the recipients of the money spent, and probably
not even these recipients in their lucid and honest
moments. ...
The ACUMEN of an English critic displays
itself to the reader's wonderment in a recent review
of President Eliot's "University Administration."
The reviewer, whose article appears in one of the
foremost London literary weeklies, gravely discusses
the book as if it were from the pen of a hitherto
unknown writer, a new light in the educational
world, and one that it has been reserved to the
reviewer to make known to the public ; and for the
further instruction of that public the conjecture is
hazarded that Mr. Eliot is " presumably an Ameri-
can." Verily, the Dutch have taken Holland. Had
it but been possible for Dr. Eliot to gratify the desire
of his fellow-countrymen by accepting the English
ambassadorship, our London reviewer might, by
some lucky chance, have discovered that his conjec-
ture was correct. As it is, he is likely to go to his
grave with no more definite knowledge of one
Charles W. Eliot than that he is "presumably an
American." , , ,
A STRENUOUS LIBRARIAN (for such there are
in the library-world ) is lost to us in the death of Dr.
James H. Canfield, for many years prominent in the
educational and especially the college world, and for
the last ten years at the head of the Columbia Uni-
versity Library. For robust vigor and personal
force few librarians are to be compared with him.
Those who have ever seen him on the speakers' plat-
form or met him in personal intercourse will retain
this impression of abounding vitality. We remember
the applause of mirth and approval that greeted one
of his utterances before a university graduating
class some years ago, when he assured the young
hopefuls before him that if they wished to succeed
in life it must be quite as much by perspiration as
by aspiration ; and he mopped his steaming brow as
the sun poured in on him that hot June afternoon.
It was he, by the way, who proposed, not long ago,
a plan that might be called the syndicating of our
public libraries for their mutual benefit and the
advantage of the public — a scheme that, not wholly
to our regret, still slumbers in the embryo.
• • •
George Herbert, as the originator of
Fletcherism, under another name, is doubtless less
well-known than George Herbert the early seven-
teenth-century poet. According to Professor George
Herbert Palmer, a recognized authority in matters
concerning his great namesake, Herbert's " Hygi-
asticon," which in turn is the offspring of Luigi
Comaro's " Trattato della Vita Sobria," teaches the
principles of Fletcherism, three centuries before
Mr. Horace Fletcher's time. Yet it may very well
be that Mr. Fletcher had never read or even heard
of the " Hygiasticon " when he wrote his little book
on the art of correct mastication ; and the Harvard
252
THE DIAL
[April 16,
professor's perhaps rather unkind disclosure of its
existence and its nature only illustrates anew an old
saw too familiar to call for repetition here. But
whether we Herbertize or Fletcherize our daily
bread, the hygienic effect will probably be the same.
COMMUNIGA TIONS.
COPYRIGHT AND THE IMPORTATION
PRIVILEGE.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
In the summary presented in the April 1 number of
The Dial of the changes in the copyright law that will
go into effect under the new statute, the opinion is
expressed that the privilege of importing, irrespective
of the permission of the owner of the copyright, copies
of books which have secured copyright in the United
States should not be restricted to libraries, associations,
and individuals, as is the case under the new statute, but
should be extended also to booksellers.
The provision as it now stands concedes practically to
all the citizens of the United States, excepting only
booksellers, the privilege of being placed outside of the
ordinary and logical restrictions of copyright law.
If your view of the matter should have prevailed, or
if, with any future reshaping of the law, such an exten-
sion might be brought into force, there might well be
question as to the character or the value of the property
that came into the hands of the publisher who made
purchase, from the producer, of an American copyright.
The privilege of importing, irrespective of the per-
mission of the owner of the copyright, foreign editions
of books that have secured American copyright, is of
course entirely inconsistent with the principle and prac-
tice of copyright law. In no coimtry other than the
United States has the attempt ever been made thus to
restrict and imdennine the value of copyright property.
In the United States, the sevei-al copyright statutes that
had been in force prior to 1891 were consistent in this
matter of securing for the owner of the copyright, and
for his assign, the exclusive control of the book or other
article copyrighted.
The provision in the existing law (which has been
copied into the new statute) under which the privilege
of importing such copyrighted books, irrespective of the
permission of the owner or of the assign, is accorded
practically to everybody who is not a bookseller, was
interpolated into the act of 1891 during the last hours
of the session.
The law of 1891 had been the subject of discussion
for a period of five years. At no time during those
discussions was any suggestion made that in conceding,
under reciprocity provisions, copyright to authors who
were citizens or residents of other states, those authors
should not be placed in a position to transfer to their
assign, the American publisher, the full control of a
copyrighted work.
Under present conditions, when an American pub-
lisher divides with an English publisher a publication
originating in Great Britain, or a series of an interna-
tional character contributions for which are secured
from all parts of the world, the English publisher
obtains, under the British law and under tlie provisions
of the Berne Convention, the full control and advan-
tage of the editions brought into print by himself, for
Great Britain, for the British Empire, and for Europe.
He also secures, under the inconsistent provisions of the
American law, the right to distribute copies of his edi-
tions throughout the United States, a right of which he
is naturally availing himself to an increasing extent
from year to year.
The American publisher, on the other hand, is entirely
excluded from Great Britain and from Europe, and
secures in his own market not the exclusive control,
which is the theory of copyright law, but simply the
privilege of selling in competition with the English
publisher.
Such an operation of the law works injustice and, ne-
cessarily, discourages international publishing arrange-
ments and joint publishing undertakings. It constitutes
what might be called " boomerang " protection, — that
is to say, it is a specific advantage given by American
law to a foreign competitor.
The American publisher does not ask for any special
privileges. He does ask, and he has a right to secure,
under any civilized system of copyright, the control of
the property that he purchases and in which he is called
upon to make investment. The American reading pub-
lic has, apart from the matter of doing justice to the
American publisher, a direct interest in securing an
equitable and consistent copyright law. It is important
for the literary and higher educational interests of the
country, and for the requirements of American book-
buyers, that the business of producing American editions
of books originating abroad, shall be encouraged. It is
also important for the same interests that the business
should be encouraged of bringing into publication inter-
national series the contributions for which shall be
secured from all parts of the world. The American
reader is entitled to the best that there is in the matter
of science or literature. This can be secured only if
the production of American editions of international
series can be furthered. Under existing conditions, the
publication of such series and of American editions of
transatlantic books is, of necessity, discouraged.
1 may give as an example the " Cambridge History
of English Literature." The publishers are called upon
to make in the production of tlie American edition of
this work an investment that will amount to some thirty
thousand dollars. The work, from its compass and
character, must depend for its chief demand upon
libraries, or upon the wealthier of individual buyers,
those who are likely to have connections and accounts
on the other side of the Atlantic. A large portion,
and an increasing portion, however, of the American
demand for this set is being supplied, through London
purchasing agents, with copies of the English issue.
This is not because the English issue is more attractively
printed, for the typography of the American volume
is more satisfactory. The difference in price is but
trifling. The librarians, however, who have standing
arrangements with purchasing agents in London, find it
an inconvenience to instruct these agents to except from
their shipments books which are being produced in
copyrighted American editions, while the purchasing
agent is, naturally, interested in making his shipments
as large as possible. As a result of such standing in-
structions, it is frequently the case that the American
librarian purchases the English edition of a work at
a considerably higher price than he would pay for an
American edition equally attractive in form, and often
better suited for the needs of the American market.
It is, however, quite in order that in the cases in which
1909.]
THE DIAL
263
a purchaser, whether a librarian or an individual buyer,
prefers the transatlantic to the American edition, he
should be placed in the position to secure such trans-
atlantic issue. Under the American law back of 1891,
there was no difficulty, and under the present English
statute, there is no difficulty, in importing, under the per-
mission of the ovoner of the copyright, copies of the trans-
atlantic edition. Such an order can be placed either
directly with the publisher controlling the copyright, or
with any intelligent bookseller, whose importation is
then made through the publisher. Such an arrange-
ment would meet your suggestion that a customer who
may not have a transatlantic account should be placed
in a position to purchase, through a bookseller, a copy
of the English issue, securing the same privilege that
is accorded to the individual who happens to possess
an accoimt in London. The only requirement made
under a consistent and equitable copyright law is that
the importation must be made through the publisher to
whom has been assigned the American copyright.
There is no little confusion in the mind of the public
generally, and of their representatives the legislators,
in regard to this matter of a consistent and equitable
copyright, a copyright that shall carry out the expressed
purpose of copyright law, — the furthering of literary
production.
Those who are interested in the work of bringing the
United States in this matter of copyright into line with
the other civilized states of the world, are naturally
anxious that the influence of a journal like The Dial
should not be given to furthering a confused under-
standing of the nature of copyright or of the actual work-
ing of copyright law with reference to the interests not
only of authors and of publishers, but of the book-buying
community.
As an appendix to this communication I quote an
opinion that has come to me from Mr. L. E. Scaife, one
of the leaders of the Suffolk Bar (Boston) in regard to
the right on the part of the owner of a copyright, or of
an assign, under the English and American statutes, to
control the matter of importations of the copyrighted
article.
"Since the year 1710, nobody but the owner of the English
copyright of book has had the right to import into England
such copyrighted book without the written consent of such
owner ; and from 1790 down to the passage of the United States
Statute, of 1891, nobody but the owner of the United States Copy-
right of a book had the right to import into the United States
such copyrighted book without the consent of the owner. The
United States law concerning importation was so clearly adapted
from the English statute of 1710 that the English decisions have
of necessity been given great weight in the American courts. . . .
The provisions of the act of March 3rd, 1891, ought to be inter-
preted in connection with the entire history of the copyright law
of the world."
Geo. Haven Putnam.
New York, April 6, 1909.
THE COST OF CIRCULATING A LIBRARY BOOK.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
The extent of The Dial's circle of readers would
seem to justify some comment on your recent remarks,
even assuming that they were " writ sarcastic," on the
cost of circulating a library book.
Whereas it would undoubtedly be possible to obtain
the actual cost, I know of no library in which it is done.
For the most part, critics divide the total expenditures
by the number of volumes circulated, and quote the
result as the cost per book. Some, endeavoring to be
fairer, divide the amount spent on salaries by the vol-
umes circulated, and quote the result thus obtained as
the cost.
Both methods are plainly inaccurate. The first sys-
tem charges up as part of the cost of circulating a book
the upkeep of grounds, lecture courses, and reference
work; also the cost of the books themselves. When
this last item is included the library that circvilates tech-
nical books that average between .$3. and ."S4. each,
makes an infinitely worse showing than the library that
circulates the " Duchess " books, which cost between 30
and 40 cents each. The second method is faulty because
a Ubrary's salary list includes the salaries of persons
connected solely with regular reference work, attendants
for the bulk of the books on stacks which are rarely
circulated, and cataloguers and bibliographers. Again,
as it costs more to engage cataloguers who can catalogue
Incunabula than it does to hire those who can handle
the " Duchess," the higher the class of books accumu-
lated by the library the worse its comparative showing.
Or take the Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion. Printed analytical cards for the 1907 volume
cost $1.16: the clerical labor in accessioning, preparing
the book for the shelves and filing the cards would not
be less than 25 to 35 cents, so that the total cost of
cataloguing such a book is nearly SI. 50.
Many libraries, too, when books that are called for
are out, reserve them, and send postal notices when they
are returned, without charge. Each such case adds one
cent to the cost of circulation, in addition to necessary
clerical work.
A branch library in Philadelphia, of which I had
charge, circulated over 300,000 volumes at a cost, if
figured by the first method, of about four and one-half
cents. That was remarkably low, but the cost of
administration in a branch library is always proportion-
ally lower than that in a regular library. This library
last year circulated over 150,000 volumes, and as its
total expenses were less than S7,200 the cost per vol-
ume circulated, figured by the first method, was about
four cents. But last year was its first year of opera-
tion, and in addition to its reference work not being
fully developed, repairs to plant, bindery bills and
replacements were lower than they can ever be in the
future. As increased reading and research work is
done in the building the cost of operating the library as
compared with the number of volumes circulated will
increase — and we are looking forward to such develop-
ment.
One word more. A Children's Room over which 1
had charge at one time had but 2,500 volumes, yet it
circulated annually over 60,000 volumes, a turnover
circulation of 24. On no day throughout the year were
there more than 800 volumes in the library at one time,
so that there was little shelving to keep in shape, while
the room itself was small, with but three tables. The
cost of administration was so low that it probably was
a record breaker, but it should not be quoted, because
neither sufficient books nor adequate facilities were pro-
vided for the children.
Does it not seem that the discussion of circulation
costs, as at present figured, is really not only useless,
but likely to do much harm to libraries that are endeav-
oring to put more useful and therefore more expensive
books in the hands of their readers?
O. R. Howard Thomson
The James V. Jirown Library,
Williamsport, Pa., April 7, 1909.
254
THE DIAL
[April 16,
Cfei I^to g00ks.
Chinese Women and Chinese Ways.*
Little by little, through the letters and diaries
of missionaries and travellers, the western world
is becoming better acquainted with that vast
domain of the mysterious, the unexpected, the
bewildering, and the anomalous, the Chinese
Empire. But it will be long ere the mammoth
puzzle is so completely solved as to lose its charm
for lovers of the novel, the curious, and the
baffling. Mrs. Conger, widow of our late Min-
ister to the Court of Peking, writes her " Letters
from China " with all the zest, all the fresh
curiosity, of an intelligent and observant woman
visiting new and, in some instances, startling
scenes for the first time. The character of her
book, and its claims upon our serious attention,
may be indicated by a few explanatory sentences
from her " Foreword."
" From my entrance into China, on through seven
years, I worked with a fixed purpose to gain clearer
ideas. To avoid all formalities and to simplify the
recording of events, I have chosen, and here present,
some of my private letters written to our daughter,
sisters, nieces, and nephews. In these letters many heart-
stories are told. May each letter carry a ray of light
into the hearts of its readers, and reveal a little of the
real character of the Chinese as it has been revealed to
me. Our experiences in China were unique and extreme
in many ways. Through the smaller and larger avenues
of the almost iron-clad customs of China I was permitted
to pass and to enter places where I beheld many won-
derful things. That others may look upon a modified
panorama of these views and help to correct the wide-
spread and erroneous ideas about China and her people,
I present this letter compilation."
It is but natural that the women of China,
and especially the most conspicuous woman of
her time, the late Empress Dowager, should
have most interested this American sojourner.
" The many conversations awarded me with Her
Majesty," writes Mrs. Conger, " revealed much
of the concealed force and value of China's
women. Ignorance of these qualities has brought
a pronounced misrepresentation of China's
womanhood."
Early in 1898 Mr. Conger was called upon to
transfer his diplomatic services from Brazil to
the far East, and in the summer of that year
we find his wife writing her first impressions of
things Asiatic from the American Legation at
Peking. She had ^earned from her Brazilian
experience that, to learn to understand a foreign
* Letters from China. With Particular Reference to the
Empress Dowager and the Women of China. By Sarah Pike
Conger (Mrs. E. H. Conger). With eighty illustrations from
photographs, and a map. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.
country and to breathe its atmosphere, one must
not constantly carry one's home with one, and
hug the pleasing notion of American superiority
to all other nations. She descended from her
imaginary height " with the determination to
seek with open eyes and a willing heart," and
found herself amply rewarded. An autumn out-
ing that took the form of a visit to the Great
Wall gives occasion for the following cheerful
observations :
" Such a happy ride! On our way we saw many hun-
dreds of fine camels ; these camels rest during the day
and travel with their packs at night. The prosperity
of the country was shown by the fine flocks of sheep, in
the hundreds of mules laden with wool, hides, tea, fruits,
grain, fodder, cotton, and other commodities. We met
pack-cattle from Mongolia with red-faced Mongol
drivers. We also met a number of mule litters, a few
carts drawn by mules, and many men riding on don-
keys. All were bent on business, and we were forcibly
impressed with the fact that the Chinese do not seek
their pleasure in travel. This well-kept road is a direct
pass over the mountains from Peking to Mongolia and
Russia."
An event of considerable importance is chron-
icled in an early page. Mrs. Conger formed one
of a party of foreign ministers' wives who were
the first women from the outer world to visit
the imperial court and to be received by the
imperial majesties. December 13, 1898, was
the epochal date of this sublime function, and
the account of it, too long to reproduce here,
is worthy of the occasion. Concerning the
Empress Dowager herself, the centre of interest
throughout the gorgeous pageant, we read :
" She was bright and happy and her face glowed
with good will. There was no trace of cruelty to be
seen. In simple expressions she welcomed us, and her
actions were full of freedofn and warmth. Her Majesty
arose and wished us well. She extended both hands
toward each lady, then, touching herself, said with much
enthusiastic earnestness, 'One family; all one family.'"
Upon the death of this masterful woman a
few months ago, Mrs. Conger wrote an appre-
ciation of her character, and from this obituary
eulogy, which is printed as an " Afterword "
to her narrative, a few sentences may here be
quoted. They are of value as coming from
one who was admitted to " an acquaintance that
grew into friendship."
" Her Majesty's keen perception knew the nations,
and she often spoke to me with deep appreciation of
America's attitude toward China. . . . For forty-seven
years this able woman has stood at the head of the
Chinese Empire, and strong men have given their sup-
port. In a land where woman has had so little official
standing, Her Majesty's achievements make her ability
and strength more pronounced ; and China, surely, must
be jealous for this reign in the sight of other nations
. . . Through this woman's life the world catches a
1909.]
THE DIAL
255
glimpse of the hidden quality of China's womanhood.
It savors of a quality that might benefit that of the
Western World."
In one of her earlier letters Mrs. Conger says
that " the honor of woman is her child-bearing,
and the more boys the greater the honor. The
better classes of Chinese women never see for-
eign men and seldom meet men of their own
people. I am told that they do not labor ; a
noble life-work is done if they bear even one
or two children." As to those who do labor,
the servants of both sexes, she has much to say,
chiefly commendatory.
" I never knew such wonderful servants in ray life ;
they are quiet, gentle, kind, and willing. Each knows
his own work and does it. . . . The Chinese are quiet
and accurate in their methods. They handle large
columns of figures, make delicate calculations, and no
amount of confusion or jostling disturbs them; they
work calmly on and seldom make mistakes. In Japan
and in the foreign concessions I noticed that the banks
employ the Chinese for their most important detail
work. When in one of the large banks, I asked why the
Chinese were employed in these responsible positions.
The reply was : ' The three principal reasons are that
they are honest, self-possessed, and accurate. They
move so quietly that we are astonished at what they
accomplish.' "
The Boxer disturbances, falling within the
period of Mr. and Mrs. Conger's residence in
Peking, afforded material for many anxious
entries in the diary kept by the wife during
that trying time, when communication with the
outside world was almost entirely suspended and
the long days of harrowing suspense dragged
slowly by. For weeks every entry in this diary
must have been made with little expectation that
it would be followed by another. The wonder
is that the writer, distracted by so many other
claims on her time and attention, and with an
intermittent hail of bullets and cannon-balls
dealing death on every side, could have com-
manded sufficient composure to carry on her
journal of horrors. But the besieged, even
those of the weaker sex, have done this before,
as at Lucknow, at Lady smith, and at many
another place stormed at by shot and shell and
in momentary expectation of the worst. After
the concentration of the foreign ministerial per-
sonages and their servants, dependants, and
military forces within the fortified enclosure of
the British Legation, Mrs. Conger recorded,
when the agony was at its height, the following
incident :
" The other day I said to a scholarly Chinese, ' Will
you help to fill these sand bags ? ' He replied, * I am
no coolie.' Then I in turn said, ' I am no coolie either,
but we must all work here and now. I will hold the bag
and you come and shovel the sand.' I took a bag and
a Russian-Greek priest stepped forward and filled it. He
spoke no English and I no Russian, but we both under-
stood the language of the situation. Other people rallied
about us, and we soon stepped aside. Our work was
finished. This scholarly Chinese was of the American
Legation's staff helpers. As rank is so respected in
China, and as the Chinese do not wish to degrade the
ranks, this man, from his point of view, could not fill
sand bags. Mr. Conger talked with him, saying, ' Your
life as well as ours is to be protected here, and you must
do your part or we cannot feed you.' The man was in
hiding three days. As our coming troops did not come,
and he was near to starvation, he came to the front,
willing to do what he could."
Still more vividly is the peril depicted in an
earlier passage, from which a brief extract
solicits space for insertion.
" This morning three quarts of bullets were picked
up that the enemy had fired into the American Legation.
They are to be melted and made into balls for the big
gmi belonging to the Italians. All the temple candle-
sticks, vases, images, in fact everything that can be
melted, have been gathered and moulded into ammuni-
tion. ... A large iron ball just fell below our window,
but it did no harm. The ball is still warm. Another,
at least six inches in diameter, went whizzing through
the walls of the British Minister's dining-room. For-
tunately it passed near the ceiling, so it did no damage
aside from knocking off a corner of the frame of Queen
Victoria's portrait. The Chinese are firing their big
guns by far too much for our comfort."
Among the now somewhat numerous pub-
lished diaries and letters and reminiscences of
diplomats' wives — which have a way of being
much more agreeable and sprightly reading than
their husbands' official despatches — Mrs. Con-
ger's volume is worthy of a high place. In
range of observation and in fluency of descriptive
narration she is not unlike Madame Waddington,
also an American by birth and breeding. The
photographic illustrations of persons and places
are generous in number and excellent in work-
manship, and combine well with the handsome
style of the book and its large, clear type to
make it a very attractive volume.
Percy F. Bicknell.
The Right Arm of the Confederacy.*
Dr. White's volume on Stonewall Jackson is
one of the " American Crisis Biographies," in
which Bruce's life of Robert E. Lee has already
appeared ; these being the only two Confederate
generals included in the series. The present
volume follows the bad practice of omitting the
date of publication from the title-page — a fault
that is continued in the bibliography, which fails
to give the date of publication, as well as the name
• Stonewall Jackson. By Henry Alexander White, A.M.,
Ph.D. " American Crisis Biographies." Philadelphia: Georgre
W. Jacobs & Co.
256
THE DIAL
[AprU 16,
of the publisher, of books to which reference is
made. The bibliography is fairly complete, but
although giving Colonel William Allan's " Jack-
son's Valley Campaign " (1880), it omits his
" Army of Northern Virginia in 1862 " (1892),
the best work that has been published on this
campaign. Colonel Henderson's excellent life of
Jackson not excepted ; it also omits Hotchkiss
and Allan's book on Chancellorsville (1867), the
first complete account of this notable battle that
was published after the war. Whoever compiled
the index to Dr. White's book has been guilty
of the error of confusing the references to two
officers, General Richard B. Garnett, command-
ing the "Stonewall Brigade" in the battle of
Kernstown, and Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas S.
Garnett, 48th Virginia regiment, commanding
the second brigade of Jackson's division at the
battle of Cedar Mountain. The last two refer-
ences (pp. 241, 242) are to the latter, whose
name is omitted in the index.
Dr. White's book gives us the usual accounts
of General Jackson's early life, his career at
West Point, in Mexico, and at the Virginia
Military Institute to the spring of 1861. In
this portion of his work the author draws upon
the Rev. Dr. Dabney's " Life and Campaigns of
General Jackson " and Mrs. Jackson's " Life
and Letters," both excellent authorities, and
the latter a vivid portraiture of his domestic
life. He shows us how conscientious and delib-
erate were Jackson's position and actions in
the Civil War. With respect to the questions
agitating the country at the outbreak of the
war. Dr. White says truly : " His judgment
and his sympathies were in full accord with the
views that prevailed among the people of the
South with reference to political and social
affairs." Dr. White also makes clear the fact
that Jackson " was always a friend and bene-
factor to the colored man," as was shown by his
teaching in and contributing to the support of
a colored Sunday-school in Lexington. " He
believed, however, says his wife, ' that the Bible
taught that slavery was sanctioned by the
Creator Himself . . . for ends which it was
not his business to determine.' " He believed,
too, that " the South ought to resist aggression,
if necessary by the sword," and that any of the
States had the right to secede from the Union.
Therefore, when Virginia chose to exercise that
right, he was found in thorough accord with
all her people except some dwelling in West
Virginia. In a short speech to his student
cadets, on the occasion of raising the Virginia
flag at the Military Institute at Lexington, he
said : " The time may come when your State
will need your services ; and if that time does
come, then draw your swords and throw away
the scabbards." This tersely shows the spirit
of the man ; and it is credibly stated that later
in the war he was in favor of raising the black
flag. Whatever he did, he believed in doing
thoroughly. He accepted, with General Sher-
man, the dictum that "War is hell," and was
ready to act upon it.
Dr. White has given a succinct and well-
selected account of the chief events in General
Jackson's life, and has written a book that will
serve as a good resume of his military career.
We should have liked a fuller criticism of his
generalship ; but that want has been already
well supplied in Colonel Henderson's book, to
which we have referred. His military talents
were not appreciated until after his Valley cam-
paign, which was, indeed, the first occasion on
which he had an opportunity to display them.
While in command at Harper's Ferry, in
1861, Jackson formed the First Brigade of the
Army of the Shenandoah, composed of the 2d,
4th, 5th, 27th, and 33d Virginia regiments, and
the Rockbridge Artillery, which last had been
organized at Lexington, Virginia, and was com-
manded by the Rev. Dr. William N. Pendleton,
rector of the Episcopal Church in Lexington and
a graduate of West Point. When General
Joseph E. Johnston was placed in command at
Harper's Ferry, Colonel Jackson was assigned
to the command of the First Brigade, and was
soon promoted to the rank of brigadier-general,
receiving his commission at Winchester, July 3,
1861. The name of " Stonewall ' ' was due to an
exclamation made by General Bee, when rally-
ing his own brigade at Manassas (Bull Run) on
July 21 of that year. The phraseology is given
differently by different writers, but that given
by Dr. White will answer as well as any other :
" Look ! There is Jackson standing like a stone
wall ! Rally behind the Virginians ! ' ' (pp. 87-8).
There is no question that Jackson's charge
at the opportune moment gained the day at
Manassas. He was always in favor of a charge,
and of " giving them the bayonet."
On the occasion of this memorable battle, the
Rockbridge Artillery— to which body the writer
of the present article belonged — had been firing
for about two and a half hours, chiefly at Griffin's
and Ricketts's batteries near the Henry house, —
Jackson's brigade meanwhile lying down in the
woods in the rear, — when the artillery was
suddenly ordered off the field, much to their
surprise. As soon as they had cleared the
1909.]
THE DIAL
267
ground, the infantry were ordered to rise and
charge ; and as the other troops did the same,
and Early's and Kirby Smith's brigades came
in on the left, the enemy were soon put to flight
and did not stop before reaching Centre ville.
It is the writer's belief that our victorious troops
should have pressed on to Washington, as
General Jackson wished, supplies or no supplies,
and there seems little reason to doubt that we
could have reached the Federal capital.
The limits of this article will not permit even
an outline of General Jackson's full career. It
will be found well stated in Dr. White's book.
For the early portion of it, the reader is directed
especially to Colonel Allan's " Jackson's Valley
Campaign," for it was this campaign that called
attention to Jackson's military abilities, and it
affords material for a special study in military
strategy. His main object was to prevent the
reinforcement of McClellan near Richmond ; and
in this he succeeded to his complete satisfac-
tion. After routing Milroy and Schenck at
McDowell, Jackson hastened back to the Valley
and there overthrew Banks. Then, escaping
" by the skin of his teeth " between Fremont
and Shields, he routed them both on successive
days, so that one retreated to Strasburg and the
other to Front Royal. After a short breathing-
space, Jackson hurried to Richmond and aided
General Lee, forcing McClellan's army back to
Harrison's Landing on the James River — the
so-called " change of base." There was a
" change of base," but the prevailing cause of
it was the defeat of Porter's corps at Gaines's
Mill, June 27, caused by Jackson's well-timed
attack on the Confederate left. While Jackson
failed to accomplish what Lee had wished at
White Oak Swamp, and the army failed at
Malvern Hill by reason of its irregular and
disjointed attacks on that formidable position,
the general result was the relief of Richmond
and the withdrawal of McClellan's army to
Alexandria. The battle of Cedar Mountain
and the defeat 6f Banks's troops on that field
were but an episode in Pope's campaign. His
turn came at Manassas, from which his " grand
army " took refuge in the fortifications around
Washington. Jackson's corps withstood Pope
at Manassas until Longstreet arrived and made
his attack on the right, which lack of daylight
alone prevented from being a complete success.
A few weeks later the battle of Sharpsburg
(Antietam) followed, a battle of one to two and a
half — 35,000 to 87,000 — and rightly charac-
terized as " the best-fought battle of the war " on
the Confederate side. After giving McClellan
an opportunity to attack the next day, which
he did not take. General Lee retired across the
Potomac. A little later McClellan was suc-
ceeded by Burnside, whose bloody attack and
repulse at Fredericksburg soon followed. Then,
in May, with Hooker in command of the
Northern army, Jackson performed his brilliant
feat of marching around and surprising the
Union right, effecting again a Confederate vic-
tory, which was clouded by the loss of his own life
from wounds received from some of his men while
venturing on a personal reconnoissance beyond
his lines in the dark. It is hardly too much to
say that in that dire mishap perished the hopes
of the Confederacy. How great, how irrepar-
able, was that loss was shown only a few weeks
later at the battle of Gettysburg, which has
been rightly regarded as the turning-point of
the war- With Jackson's genius in strategy
and power in action added to the strength of the
Confederates, who can say how different might
have been the issue of that great battle, and
even of the war ? j^^es M. Garnett.
The ^Esthetic Value of Asian Art.*
Disillusionment is not always desirable. The
delectable domain of the imagination affords a
welcome retreat from the wear and tear of the
work-day world. But it is a land wherein the
verities are not physical ; and in contemplating
the sober facts of the universe there is gain, not
loss, in being able to see them as they really are.
This is peculiarly true as regards the finer
achievements of Oriental art. One by one,
Western misconceptions of the East have given
way before the tide of advancing knowledge.
No longer do we speak of that part of the world
as " gorgeous," " magnificent," or " unchang-
ing." These phrases belong to a day when
nearly the whole sum of available information
was supplied by such books as "The Arabian
Nights" and "The Travels of Marco Polo,"
and found its echo in poems like Coleridge's
" Kubla Khan," and in the paintings of Dela-
croix and other artists of the Romantic school.
Testifying to the existence of the opulent splen-
dor that inspired these works were the marvel-
lously beautiful carpets and other fabrics that
for hundreds of years have found their way to
Europe through the bazaars of Constantinople,
the decorated pottery from Persia, the inlaid
* Painting in thr Far East. An Introduction to the History
of Pictorial Art in Asia, especially China and Japan. By
Laurence Biny on. Illustrated. New York: Longmans, Green,
&Co.
268
THE DIAL
[April 16,
arms and armor, and the precious stones
brought from India by the early traders and
soldiers who visited that far-away land. Then
came the glowing accounts of visitors to China
and Japan, and the lovely porcelains, the rich
silks, the charming lacquer, brought from these
countries. What wonder that these things should
give rise to visions of abounding wealth and
luxury?
Gradually we have learned that the people of
the East are not rich but poor ; that the sensu-
ous magnificence was never widespread, but
chiefly found in the trappings of a few Moham-
medan princes. We have learned, too, that the
influence of Mohammedanism upon the creative
arts has been blighting through the restrictions
it has imposed. We have studied the decorative
arts of India, Persia, China, and Japan, and
have found them rich in suggestion and full
of lessons for our artists and art lovers ; we have
even, in the color prints of Japan, caught a
glimpse of the pictorial art of the East at the
point where it most nearly approaches that of
the West. What in any general sense we have
not yet apprehended is that back of all these
manifestations there is a central tradition of
Asian painting, based upon a coherent, clearly-
visioned, and completely thought-out funda-
mental metaphysic ; that in its essence it is an
art of form rather than of color, an art domi-
nated by poetical ideas, distinguished by extreme
simplicity, exquisite refinement, and rigorous
adhesion to aesthetic principles, and requiring
for its expression a masterly technique.
This art forms the theme of Mr. Laurence
Binyon's " Painting in the Far East." His
book is a notable one, comprehensive in its out-
look, clear in its statements, and irrefragable in
its philosophy. Realizing that the criteria by
which the art of the East should be judged are
not other than those we should apply to the art
of the West, he has approached his subject
with an open mind, and has not been led astray
by either the strangeness of the conventions
employed or by differences in the things repre-
sented. These criteria are set forth with admir-
able clarity in a remarkable opening chapter on
" The Art of the East and the West," which as
an exposition of basic principles coidd hardly be
surpassed. To those who are imbued with the
notion " absorbed from an age of triumphant
science," as Mr. Binyon puts it, that the test of
artistic merit is in fidelity to an external objec-
tive standard, having the utmost attainable
realism as its shibboleth, his telling phrases and
forceful arguments may be especially com-
mended. By those who have passed beyond
the stage of art appreciation where that aU too
common heresy is tenable, his words will be
read with keen satisfaction.
With Hsieh Ho, the Chinese artist and critic
of the sixth century, whose theory of aesthetic
principles formulated in his " Six Canons " is
a classic imanimously accepted by posterity,
Mr. Binyon rightly holds that rhythm, organic
structure, and harmony are the paramount
qualities in all works of art. Only as we grasp
this concept are the higher beauties revealed to
us, and their spiritual meanings made visible.
Only through it are our eyes opened to the fuU
significance of the truth that art consists in the
welding of forms, hues, and tones into synthetic
and organic unity, and that its vital essence is
not imitative but creative. With deep insight
Mr. Binyon writes :
" In this theory every work of art is thought of as an
incarnation of the genius of rhythm, manifesting the
living spirit of things with a clearer beauty and inteuser
power than the gross impediments of complex matter
allow to be transmitted to our senses in the visible world
around us. A picture is conceived as a sort of appari-
tion from a more real world of essential life."
Alone among all the great art movements in
the world's history, Asian painting has followed
unswervingly the guidance of this concept. Even
the noble art of ancient Greece fell from its high
estate into the slough of realism for realism's
sake. But in the Far East, throughout all the
changes in style caused by the coming into vogue
of novel phases or manners of representation, —
changes as numerous and varied as similar
fashions and styles evolved in the course of cen-
turies in the several countries of Europe, — the
central tradition has never been lost sight of or
departed from, until within very recent years
through a baleful influx of Western ideas. The
consequence is — or rather was, for the pale
reflection that survives cannot be said to be
more than half alive — an art absolutely self-
contained, homogeneous, consistent, and, in its
higher reaches, of tenuous but nevertheless
entrancing purity. As aptly expressed by Mr.
Binyon :
" Who shall say of such an art that it is not mature,
still less that it is impotent to express ideas ? In its
coherence and its concentration, in its resolute hold on
the idea of organic beauty, this tradition, so old in the
East, manifests the character of an art that has reached
complete development."
It is not strange that this art should as yet
be little understood or appreciated in Western
lands, except by a small group of enthusiasts.
Opportunities for seeing and studying fine works
are extremely limited. Though a considerable
1909.]
THE DIAL
259
number of paintings bearing the names of, or
confidently attributed to, illustrious Chinese and
Japanese artists, have found a market in Europe
and America, many of them — in fact a very
large percentage — are spurious or of doubtful
authenticity. Besides the forgeries, there are
ancient copies, some of them extremely clever,
and works by lesser men with the signatures
erased and others substituted. Even the for-
eign dweller in the East may pass a decade there
without getting a glimpse of a painting of the
first rank. The owners of important works
keep them carefully packed away in fire-proof
storehouses, and though they are occasionally
brought forth and exhibited to a chosen few, it
is rarely indeed that a Western barbarian is
included among those deemed worthy of the
honor of seeing them. Why should such trea-
sures be shown to those whose judgment in
matters of art is hopelessly warped through the
importation of scientific views ? This attitude
of mind is well illustrated by an incident that
occurred during the Columbian Exposition.
One of the Japanese Commissioners brought
with him when he came to Chicago a highly
valued painting by one of the old masters.
Showing it one day to a gentleman who was
able to appreciate its fuU worth, he was asked
why he did not hang it up where others might
have a chance to enjoy its beauty. Note the
reply : "I could not bear to see people pass it
by without pausing to admire." When feeling
is so intense as that indicated by these words, it
is easy to understand how deep a wound may be
inflicted by a flippant remark, or even by well-
intentioned but ignorant and inept comment.
From such suffering the Oriental saves himself
by not casting his pearls where Circe's herd
may come.
For those in Europe and America who have
cared to look into the merit of Asian painting
the collections in the Boston Museum of Fine
Arts and the British Museum, and works pass-
ing through the hands of dealers, have afforded
the chief opportunities. Besides these, paintings
in private collections have furnished further
sources to the few having access to them. Some
information has been available from books, for
the most part publications that are costly or not
readily obtainable. The first glimpse of the sub-
ject was given by Dr. William Anderson in an
essay read before the Asiatic Society of Japan
and printed in its Transactions in 1879. Next,
in 1883, came the very inadequate chapter on
painting in Louis Gonse's elaborate " L'Art
Japonais." Three years later Dr. Anderson's
monumental " Descriptive and Historical Cata-
logue of Japanese and Chinese Paintings in the
British Museum " was issued, and in the same
year, also, his "Pictorial Arts of Japan," a
sumptuous folio containing many elaborate repro-
ductions of paintings. But the largest supply
of material for study has been yielded by the
Japanese magazine called " Kokka," now in its
twentieth year, and by the splendid reproduc-
tions in " Select Relics of Japanese Art," pub-
lished in Tokyo and edited, with text in Japanese
and English, by Mr. S. Tajima. Various minor
sources of information might also be enimierated ;
and in this country the illuminating lectures of
the late Professor Ernest F. Fenollosa brought
a precious fund of first-hand knowledge within
reach of those so situated that they could attend
them.
Aside from these lectures there has hitherto
been no presentation of a broad view over the
entire field of Asian painting, following its
development not only in China and Japan, but,
so far as material exists, in Thibet, Persia, and
other countries. Such a view is now furnished
by Mr. Binyon's book. It is, as he says in the
preface, " an attempt to survey the achievement
and to interpret the aims of Oriental painting,
and to appreciate it from the standpoint of a
European in relation to the rest of the world's
art." In this he has succeeded well, — remark-
ably well, considering that his knowledge has
been gained in the course of his official duties
as keeper of the Chinese and Japanese paint-
ings and prints in the British Museum, and that
he has not been able to visit China and Japan,
nor even to see the masterpieces of Oriental
painting in the Boston Museum and in the mag-
nificent collection formed by Mr. Charles L.
Freer of Detroit. With wider opportunities it
is possible that he would feel called upon to
modify his conceptions of the work of particular
artists, but the general historic outline and state-
ment of guiding principles are all that could be
desired. While future research may add ma-
terially to our knowledge, it does not seem prob-
able that there will be occasion to alter widely
the main lines as here laid down.
In one respect, and one only, the book is
disappointing. A few minor blemishes, such as
the retention of a form of spelling of Japanese
names which does not correctly transliterate
them, and which is now abandoned by Japanese
scholars — more particularly the use of the silent
y before the vowel e, — may be passed over
without further mention. But the illustrations,
though they include some exceptionally splendid
260
THE DIAL
[AprQ 16,
and impressive works, fall far short, on the
whole, of being either adequate or fairly repre-
sentative. Indeed it is not impossible that
for some readers they may have the effect of
controverting the author's cogent words, since
pictures are likely to be more convincing than
anything that can be said about them, more
especially when their unfamiliar character makes
it difficult to allow for the inevitable loss in
reproduction by a mechanical process. At its
best the collotype yields a lifeless residt ; and
when it is employed to reproduce ancient paint-
ings of which good photographs cannot be made,
the feeble travesty that ensues is absolutely
meaningless. It is fair to state that the choice
was governed in this instance by the necessity
of keeping the cost within reasonable limits.
Mr. Binyon's book is worthy of more fitting
illustration. Should another edition be called
for it is hoped that such illustrations as are given
will be of authenticated masterpieces, upon a
scale and by a process that will reveal something
of their qualities. Those in the present volume
help the reader but little to realize the truth so
well expressed in the sentences with which the
book closes :
" If we look back over the whole course of that great
Asian tradition of painting which we have been follow-
ing through the centuries, the art impresses us as a
whole by its cohesion, solidarity, order, and harmony.
But these qualities are not truly perceived till we know
something of the life out of which it flowered. We then
see that paintings which in themselves seem slight, light,
and wayward are not mere individual caprices, but
answer to the common thoughts of men, symbolize some
spiritual desire, have behind them the power of sortie
cherished and heart-refreshing ideal, and are supported
by links of inttnite association with poetry, with religion,
yet also with the lives of humble men and women. We
shall study this art in vain if we are not moved to think
more clearly, to feel more profoundly; to realize in the
unity of all art, the unity of life."
Frederick W. Gookin.
The Maid of France.*
It would seem that there can be at present no
great need for either a biogi-aphy or a defence
of Jeanne d'Arc. Her story is well known ;
her achievements are admitted, and her place in
history is secure ; the Church has placed her
only a little lower than the saints. There was
a time when the verdict of history was not so
favorable ; but, so far as England is concerned,
that time has long been past. Since the days
of Dr. Lingard (and Lingard wrote nearly a
• The Maid of France. By Andrew Lang. With portraits.
New York: Longrmans, Green, & Co.
century ago), no English historian of any repute
has shown the least hostility either toward the
Maid or toward her work. It is agreed on all
sides that when the awakened French patriotism
of the fifteenth century hurled the British inva-
sion back across the Channel, it saved England
from embarrassments and perils that might have
proved serious difficulties in the future.
But the Maid of France is more than a great
figure in history : she is a mysterious problem
m psychology, and as such has begun to interest
the modern scientist. Out of this new interest
a bitter quarrel has developed, for the results of
this scientific study have not been wholly in the
Maid's favor.
" She is represented as a martyr, a heroine, a puzzle-
headed hallucinated lass, a perplexed wanderer in a
realm of dreams, the unconscious tool of fraudulent
priests, herself once doubtfully honest, apt to tell great
palpable myths to her own glorification, never a leader in
war, but only a kind of mascotte, a " little saint," and a
heguine in breeches."
And now comes Mr. Andrew Lang, the
poet-philosopher of Scotland, who is also both
an historian and a scientist, with a book in
defence of the remarkable Maid. That such a
work of apology should come from Scotland
seems exceedingly appropriate ; for the Scots,
the author tells us, " did not buy or sell, or try,
or condemn, or persecute, or burn, or — most
shameful of all — bear witness against and
desert the Maid. The Scots stood for her
always, with pen as with sword." Mr. Lang's
defence, however, is not a barrister's plea, but a
thorough, sympathetic study of Jeannes career,
the results of which disprove all the assertions
of the hostile critics.
Biography is frequently dull reading. The
author's sense of duty too often leads him to
include trivial matters with the really important
ones, and the result is an inartistic product. But
in the present case no such criticism applies.
Mr. Lang's book is a work of great interest ;
every page is alive with the zeal and the energy
of the brilliant biographer. Critics may not
always approve of Mr. Langs literary methods,
but they rarely accuse him of being dull. It
might be said with truth that the present study
does not display the calm judicious temper that
the historian ought to possess. Indeed, the author
seems inclined toward Herr Treitschke's belief
that history should be written in anger. In
speaking of the trial of the Maid at Rouen, he
characterizes the leading judges and assessors in
the following terms :
" De la Fontaine, Le Maitre, Midi, and Feuillet were
the examiners who sought their own damnation on this
1909.]
THE DIAL
261
day. Who are we that we should judge them, crea-
tures as they were, full of terror, of superstition, and
of hatred; with brows of brass and brains of lead; scien-
tific, too, as the men of their time reckoned science."
This is not in the style of the doctor's disserta-
tion, but it is far more effective ; and, from a
writer who is a member of so many literary
guilds, we cannot expect a dispassionate treat-
ment throughout, especially when the theme is
so dramatic as is the life and death of Jeanne
d'Arc.
No doubt the parts of Mr. Lang's work that
will attract the most attention are his discussions
and analyses of the various problems that make
up such a large part of the Maid's history. Some
of these are satisfactorily treated ; but a suffi-
cient number remain unsolved to call forth many
future studies. In a review it is, of course,
impossible to follow out the author's arguments ;
the leading conclusions alone can be stated.
First and greatest of the problems is that
of the " voices " and the visions. These matters
are discussed in various sections of the narrative,
and are also made the subject of an appendix.
" Nobody now asserts that her psychological
experiences were feigned by her ; nobody denies
that she had the experiences ; nobody ascribes
them, like the learned of Paris University, to
' Satan, Belial, and Behemoth.' " Mr. Lang,
therefore, concludes that so far as Jeanne was
concerned the " voices " were real ; but what
was their nature ? In his discussions he examines
and rejects various explanations recently pro-
posed hj scientific minds. Hysteria, underde-
velopment, or nervous disorders of various sorts
have been suggested ; but the evidence points
to none of these ; Jeanne appears in every other
respect to have been sane and normal. The
attempt to classify Jeanne's experiences with
those of ecstatics also seems to have failed ; she
is never known to have been subject to trances ;
when the voices came to her and spoke to her,
she still remained perfectly conscious of every-
thing about her ; her understanding of the com-
mon things of life was not in the least disturbed.
Mr. Lang apparently subscribes to the opinion
that the " voices " were expressions of uncon-
scious thinking (whatever that may be). He
confuses the matter somewhat in one of his clos-
ing sentences : " I incline to think that in a sense
not easily defined Jeanne was 'inspired,' and I
am convinced that she was a person of the high-
est genius, of the noblest character." But
inspired is a broad and vague term that gives
little definite information. The theory that the
" voices " were the Maid's own unconscious
thoughts which finally became so definite and so
real as to lead her to think that they came from
the outside is also rather xmsatisfactory. How
did the young illiterate peasant girl in distant
Lorraine come to have such remarkable uncon-
scious thoughts? Whence did she obtain her
information ? And what shall we say of her
foreknowledge of events ? For we have evidence
that in a few instances she possessed prophetic
knowledge. She predicted in April, 1429, that
she would be wounded by an arrow, but not
fatally ; she was actually wounded on May 7.
She also had foreknowledge of her capture ; but
this for obvious reasons she kept secret.
Mr. Lang also discusses the question of the
Maid's military abilities. His reply to the
critics who deny that Jeanne was more than an
influence for patriotism is a summary of her
military record.
" A girl understood, and a girl employed (so profes-
sional students of strategy and tactics declare), the
essential ideas of the military art; namely, to concen-
trate quickly, to strike swiftly, to strike hard, to strike
at vital points, and, despising vain noisy skirmishes and
' valiances,' to fight with invincible tenacity of purpose.
• . . She possessed what, in a Napoleon, a Marlborough,
a Kellermann at Alba de Tormes (1809), would be
reckoned the insight of genius.
At the same time the author admits that the
greatest service of the Maid lay along inspira-
tional lines. What France just then needed
was patriotism, courage, and confidence.
Historical writers usually tell us that Jeanne
understood her mission as including two achieve-
ments only : the relief of Orleans and the
coronation of the Dauphin at Rheims. The
inference is that her subsequent campaign was
carried on in defiance of the " voices " and
against her own wishes. For these statements
Mr. Lang finds no warrant. The reluctant ones
were the king and his advisers ; Jeanne was
eager to continue the warfare with a view to
seizing Paris. The campaign failed, but the
failure is not to be charged to the Maid's
account — she displayed the same courage as
earlier ; it was the inevitable result of cowardice
and divided councils at court. Even after her
capture she seems to have been anxious to con-
tinue fighting the English ; " could she have
escaped from prison at any time in 1431, she
would have taken up arms again."
The Maid had a presentiment that her career
would not be long ; she knew that she " would
last but a year or little more." The relief of
Orleans began in May, 1429 ; Jeanne was cap-
tured at Compi^gne, May 23, 1530. January
3, 1431, she was turned over to Cauchon, bishop
262
THE DIAL
[April 16,
of Beauvais, for trial ; on May 30 she was
burned. Whether the Maid had a fair trial is
a question that has been " angrily debated."
Some historians have argued that, as the laws
and customs were in the fifteenth century, the
judges were not unfair. Mr. Lang holds to a
different view : in cases where the accused were
believed to have been in the service of the evil
powers, the aim was not to find out the truth
but to convict ; " no person in the situation of
Jeanne, a feared and hated captive in hostile
hands, — no man accused of high treason or of
witchcraft, — had anywhere, for centuries after
1431, the slightest chance of being fairly tried."
And the record of the trial as given in the clos-
ing chapters of Mr. Lang's biography is not
such as to convict the judges of the least desire
to be fair and just.
A difficult problem in connection with the
trial is that of Jeanne's abjuration. About a
week before the final tragedy, she was induced
to submit to the commands of the church and
to denounce her " saints " as spirits of evil ; at
least such is the accepted account. We have a
document of some length in which the Maid
goes to the full extent of abjuration and sub-
mission. This document the author, on appar-
ently good grounds, calls into question. But
even if this particular document is a forgery or a
falsification of the record, it seems probable that
at this time Jeanne's heroism suffered a momen-
tary eclipse.
"The question is regarded as important, for, it is
argued, if Jeanne pronounced the words of the long
form of abjuration, she perjured herself, and cannot be
regarded as a person of ' heroic ' and saintly virtue.
Considering her circumstances, her long sufferings, the
mental confusion caused by the tumult; the promises
of escape from the infamous company of base English
grooms; and the terror of the fire, I cannot regard her,
— even if she recited and set her mark to the long abju-
ration, — as less ' heroic ' than St. Peter was when he
thrice denied his Lord. It is cruel, it is inhuman, to
blame the girl for not soaring above the apostolic
heroism of the fiery Galilean; for being, at one brief
moment, less noble than herself."
Mr. Lang has produced a useful and interest-
ing biography, but it cannot be regarded as final.
Until the borderlands of thought have been more
thoroughly explored, the career of the Maid will
remain a mystery. The nature of the evidence
is also such as to make the matter of interpreta-
tion an extremely difficult task: it is largely
made up of the records of two trials, the first
for the purpose of condemnation (1431), and the
second (twenty years later) for the purpose of
rehabilitation. While the author has apparently
written for the general reader, he has not for-
gotten the needs of the serious student : the work
is provided with a fair index, and all the import-
ant statements are fortified with references to
the authorities used. The notes are, however,
placed at the close of the volume instead of at
the foot of the pages. The illustrations consist
of two pictures of the Maid (miniatures from
the close of the fifteenth century), a portrait of
Charles VIL, and three maps.
Laurence M. Larson.
Kkcent Fiction.*
" This is a novel, not a treatise," says Mr. Wells
midway in " Tono-Bungay," but we have doubts.
Nevertheless we persevere, and are rewarded by
witnessing the play of an active and original mind
about most of the problems, individual and collective,
with which modern man is confronted. It would be
vain to expect Mr. Wells to keep his social philos-
ophy out of a novel, or his technical scientific knowl-
edge, or his peculiarly mean conception of average
humanity. He seems to work upon the theory that
the best way to arouse man to a sense of what he
might become is to make a merciless exposure of
what he actually is, studied in a selection of the
most despicable instances. This negative method
of exalting an idealism may be effective when em-
ployed by such indignant spirits as Swift and Ibsen,
but when it is developed in the vein of comedy nearly
always worked by Mr. Wells, it becomes almost
futile for any higher purpose than that of entertain-
ment. " Tono-Bungay " has many longueurs^ but
despite them is a vastly entertaining novel. It is
the story of a great fortune erected upon a founda-
tion of humbug, for its title is the name of the patent
medicine which raises its exploiter from poverty to
aflBuence. That Napoleonic charlatan reminds us
not a little of the elder Vance in Mr. De Morgan's
novel, but with just the difference that distinguishes
caricature from character-drawing. The story is
told by his nephew, who shares in the fortune, and
just escapes discredit in its collapse. As autobi-
ography, it is largely concerned with the latter's love
affairs. There are three of them, the first the sort
♦Tono-Bungay. By H.Q. Wells. New York: Duffield&Co.
Septimus. By William J. Locke. New York: The John
Lane Co.
The Point of Honor. A Military Tale. By Joseph C!onrad.
New York: The McClure Co.
Joan of Gakioch. By Albert Kinross. New York: The
Macmillan Co.
Mibage. By E. Temple Thurston. New York : Dodd, Mead
&Co.
LoRiMER OF THE NORTHWEST. By Harold Bindloss. New
York: The Frederick A. Stokes Co.
The Fashionable Adventures of Joshua Craig. By David
Graham Phillips. New York : D. Appleton «fc Co.
54— 40 OR Fight. By Emerson Hough. Indianapolis: The
Bobbs-Merrill Co.
The King of Arcadia. By Francis Lynde. New York:
Charles Scribner's Sons.
The Spell. By William Dana Orcutt. New York : Harper
& Brothers.
1909.]
THE DIAL
263
of mistake that unthinking youth frequently makes,
the second distinctly disreputable, and the third an
affair that ends with the rocket-like fall of the Tono-
Bungay enterprise. The author tries very hard to
make this third affair a matter of real passion and
appeal to sympathy, but is imperfectly successful.
A hero of fiction must have heroic qualities some-
where latent within him, and such qualities are not
here discernible. There is good comedy in the book,
but nothing that strikes deeper, unless we look for
it in the pages that are frankly philosophical, and
have nothing to do with the action.
Curiously enough, Mr. William J. Locke's " Sep-
timus " is also in large measure the story of a patent
medicine. Clem Sypher, however, is unlike the
inventor of Tono-Bungay in that the former believes
in his Cure, and in its divine mission of healing the
skins of all mankind. There is something almost
tragic in his dejection when he is informed by a man
of science, in the plainest of language, that it is a
device of quackery, and at the same time discovers
that it is without efficacy when applied to the
blistered heel of its own inventor. Clem is a good
deal of a man, however, and we are not deeply per-
turbed when the heroine — magnificent creatui'e
though she be — finally rewards his devotion, and
accepts the responsibilities of her sex. As for Sep-
timus, who also loves her in dumb ecstasy, we feel
that reality has shaped for him a better life than that
of his dreams when his fortunes are at last annexed
to those of the heroine's less imposing but more
domestic sister. Septimus is an inventor also, but
of machines, not medicines. He is a shy creature,
whose simple goodness wins our affection, and whose
unconsciously humorous observations upon all sorts
of subjects keep us in a cheerful mood. There is
not much story in this entertaining book, nor is there
anything like reality of human characterization, but
there is satirical wit in abundance and there is the
most delicious whimsicality. The satisfaction which
we get from this, as from Mr. Locke's other recent
novels, is intellectual rather than emotional, and is
of the keenest sort. Something less successful, on
the whole, than " The Morals of Marcus Ordeyne "
and "The Beloved Vagabond," this new book is
nevertheless a delightful affair, and it would be
ungrateful to place much stress upon the slight feel-
ing of disappointment that comes from a comparison
with its predecessors.
Mr. Conrad works upon a small canvas in " The
Point of Honor," and the product more than justifies
the self-imposed limitation. His longer books are
often hard to read because of their diffuseness and
over-indulgence in analysis, but this one offers no
such impediment to the reader's sustained satisfac-
tion. It is a tale of the Napoleonic wars, which,
however, form only a background for the single
personal relation which is the substance of the
narrative. Two minor French officers get into a
quarrel over a trivial matter, and a duel results.
During the following years, their paths diverge and
come together many times, and each time of renewed
contact sees a renewal of the quarrel, and another
duel. They advance in grade and become generals,
then, after the Restoration, they live on as grizzled
veterans, and still the feud persists. It has become
a tradition in military circles, although no one seems
to know the fons et origo of all this animosity. The
original quarrel, forced by a hot-headed and envious
soldier upon his generous rival, is kept alive by the
unreasonable attitude of the former, and the latter,
despite his abhorrence of the situation, finds a point
of honor in accepting the challenges that come from
year to year. In their last duel, however, the chal-
lenger is at his rival's mercy, and his life is forfeit
according to the code. He is spared under these
humiliating conditions, and for the rest of his life
can do nothing more serious than vent his spleen by
grumbling. Meanwhile, as a disgraced Bonapartist,
he is in sore straits, but his rival finds a way of
supporting him without his suspecting the source of
supply. The story is crisply told, with much acute
comment and humorous observation. It is in reality
a grave comedy of cross-purposes keyed to a certain
moderate pitch of dramatic intensity which is hardly
changed from beginning to end.
A variant from the usual type of the sensational
fiction which deals with things Russian is offered in
" Joan of Garioch," by Mr. Albert Kinross. Instead
of the old-fashioned tale of nihilist conspiracies and
Siberian horrors we have an up-to-date story of the
recent Russian revolution, with the Baltic provinces,
and especially Rig^, for the scene of its action. The
hero is an English soldier who returns from South
Africa to learn that his betrothed has married a
mysterious foreigner and disappeared. It seems that
her father has been involved in a speculative enter-
prise that has wrecked his fortune and threatened
his honor, and that the heroine has given herself as
a sacrifice to the man who has offered to save her
father's reputation by paying his debts. We call
her the heroine in default of a better, but she hardly
appears during the whole course of the narrative,
which is chiefly concerned with the hero's efforts to
discover her hiding-place. For the name given by
her husband, the Count de Jarnac, is a fictitious one,
and the address which he has left upon his departure
from England is a blind. In fact, he is a Russian
of high standing, and when he learns that the lover
is in hot pursuit, he resorts to all sorts of villainous
devices for the deceiving and undoing of his rival.
This is the framework of a very pretty story of wild
adventure and hairbreadth escape, which naturally
ends with the death of the villain and the union of
the faithful lovers. Although the love-interest is
kept well in the background, there are all sorts of
romantic compensations for this defect, and the inter-
est of the story does not flag in a single chapter.
" Mirage," by Mr. E. Temple Thurston, is a ten-
der and pathetic story of belated love and unselfish
renunciation. The Vicomte du Guesclin has lost
his fortune, gone into English exile, and is eating
his heart out in a London lodging-house. An unex-
pected legacy gives him a simple coxxntry pied-h-terre
264
THE DIAL
[April 16,
(also in England), and he finds among his neighbors
a young French girl whose mother had been the love
of his youth. In his association with this girl, both
youth and love are renewed, and when the prospect
of restored fortune opens before him, he seeks to
make his dream a reality, and wins the girl's con-
sent to become his wife. It is affection rather than
love that she has to give him, but for a time he is
persuaded that it is the deeper sentiment. Then
the castle in Spain crumbles, for fortune again eludes
him, and the girl's heart is instinctively given to a
young Englishman who appears opportunely (or
inopportunely) upon the scene at the critical mo-
ment. The Vicomte is too fine a gentleman to
permit her to make the sacrifice which she is yet
willing to make, and the light goes out of his life.
It is a delicate and charming tale, with soft lights
and subtle characterizations. This theme of the St.
Martin's summer of love has been used many times
in fiction, but rarely ( by English writers) to equally
artistic effect. There is also a vein of happy humor
running through the pages, which notably relieves
the burden of their essential pathos.
The story of " Lorimer of the Northwest " is now
much more than a twice-told tale, for it already
exists in more than half a dozen replicas. But as
long as Mr. Bindloss is able to com'pose equally
interesting variations upon the theme his books will
have enough novelty to continue attractive. The
story, in substance, is that of the English settler in
the Canadian Northwest, of his struggle to wrest a
living from the soil, of his bitter reverses and des-
perate plights, of his eventual triumph over difficult
conditions, and of his winning of the woman upon
whom his heart is set. It is essentially one of the
best of all stories, and both hero and heroine are of
types that are perennially interesting because they
are both strong and wholesome. The present variant
of the story begins in England, but soon the char-
acters are all transplanted oversea, and the plot
enters upon its development. The hero has to con-
tend, not only with the soil and the elements, but
also with various forms of human malice and rascal-
ity, and nothing but pluck and resourcefulness save
him from going under. Thus the reader is kept in
a constant state of tension, which is not disagreeable
because his previous experience with the author
assures him that there will be a bonanza harvest in
the end, or a gold mine, or a fat contract, and that
the hero's honest determination will have its due
reward, both material and sentimental. In his
dealings with nature, as exhibited in that part of
America which he has made his own, it seems to us
that Mr. Bindloss is steadily growing in fineness of
observation and power of description.
It is impossible to take seriously such a novel as
"The Fashionable Adventures of Joshua Craig."
The straining for sensational effect and the deter-
mination of the author to be startling at any cost
are so obvious that the total result is repellent, and
this quite apart from the commonness of the style
and the unredeemed vulgarity of the treatment. Is
it possible that Mr. Phillips thinks his politician-
hero an admirable person in any aspect of his char-
acter or in any sense of the word? A boor through
and through, without any conception of the gracious
side of life, he comes from the West into the political
life of the capital, forces his way to high office by
making himself a holy terror, elbows his way into
polite society and acts like a bull in a china-shop,
and finally captures a patrician wife by the primitive
methods of the cave-dweller. We say "patrician,"
because Mr. Phillips clearly thinks that he is describ-
ing the woman as of that type. This is the most
amusing of all his miscalculations, for his heroine is
also essentially a vulgarian, and the refinements with
which he tricks her out do not long deceive us. Con-
sidering the story as an extravaganza, it is rather
good fun to follow the progress of the forceful Josh,
as he swings his club, and bowls over such lay
figures of politicians and sybarites and dowagers as
come within its destructive range. In the end, he
refuses a position in the Cabinet, and drags his wife
off to Minnesota, which is probably a good place in
which to leave this precious pair.
Mr. Emerson Hough, in his " 54-40 or Fight,"
has become an adept in the " big bow-wow " style.
This historical novel of two generations ago is simply
reeking with the kind of patriotic sentiment that
exuded from our old-time spokesmen of manifest
destiny, whose mouthings were a mixture of blatant
assertiveness, provincial prejudice, and lofty scorn
of effete old-world examples. It tells of the period
of our history when people of heated imaginations
thought that England was intriguing with Mexico
to bar our progress toward the Rio Grande, and was
about to make war upon us for the possession of the
Oregon country. The scene is laid first in Wash-
ington, afterwards in the Northwest. The figure
of Calhoun dominates the book, although a more
youthful hero of the conventional sort is provided
by his private secretary and trusted agent. Spice
is added to the romance by the figure of an Austrian
baroness, supposed to be in the pay of England, who
flits from scene to scene, making unexpected appear-
ances when needed. Respect for Calhoun's demo-
cratic simplicity and a sentimental attachment to his
dashing young secretary finally win her to the
American cause, and she becomes the chief instru-
ment in effecting the boundary compromise. This
success of petticoat diplomacy is unrecorded in his-
tory, but it makes pretty material for Mr. Hough's
romantic purposes. The story has another heroine,
of domestic origin, evidently intended for the hero
after he has closed the chapter of his philanderings
with the foreign adventuress, and we leave him in her
possession when all misunderstandings are cleared
away in the last chapter.
" The King of Arcadia," by Mr. Francis Lynde,
is a thrilling modern romance dealing with a Colo-
rado feud. The quarrel results from the efforts of
an irrigation company to construct works that will
flood the lands and make useless the residence of a
ranchman — the fine old Southern gentleman who is
1909.]
THE DIAL
265»
known as the King of Arcadia. The successive
engineers engaged for the work all come to mys-
terious or violent ends, and all sorts of suspicious
accidents delay its progress. It seems as if the
" King " were responsible for all these villainies,
but we learn in the end that they are chargeable to
a too zealous Mexican herdsman in his employ. The
hero of this tale is the new engineer, who, undaunted
by the fate of his predecessors, accepts the commis-
sion, and does his best to make good. The heroine
is the " King's " daughter, who tries to be loyal to
both lover and father, although for a time she also
suspects the latter of criminal activities, charitably
believing them to be the result of a disordered mind.
After the reader has had his surfeit of explosions
and land-slides and floods and sudden deaths, he ends
in a love-feast, with explanations and reconciliations,
while idyllic peace reigns over the whole situation.
It all makes an entertaining, good-humored, and per-
fectly superficial story, well supplied with dramatic
incident, and told, for the most part, in a form of
dialogue too smart to bear much relation to ordinary
human speech.
" The Spell " of Mr. William Dana Orcutt's novel
is that cast by the study of the Italian Renaissance
upon the life of a young American scholar in Flor-
ence. Just happily married, he has brought his
wife to Italy, in order that he may combine intel-
lectual delights with those of the honeymoon. Work-
ing in the Laurentian library under the guidance of
a famous Italian scholar whose identity is hardly
concealed, he soon becomes so absorbed in his re-
searches that his wife quite properly feels herself
neglected. To make matters worse, the young
woman whom she has invited to become a guest at
their villa shares his interests and becomes the daily
companion of his labors. Neither the man nor his
companion realize the wrong they are doing, so
interested do they become in their joint studies, so
compelling is the spell of the old humanism which
they are engaged in making their intellectual pos-
session. Husband and wife at last stand upon the
verge of permanent estrangement, when a fortunate
automobile accident saves the situation by laying
him up for some weeks, and bringing him to a
wholesome realization of his unconscious neglect of
an obvious duty. The spell is thus broken, and
reality resumes the place of the dream that has
usurped it. The novel is well written, and exhibits
both artistic feeling and delicate analytical power ;
its chief fault is that it lacks sufficient substance for
a novel of its length. William Morton Payne.
Professor Brander Matthews is preparing for
Houghton MifElin Co. a book on the Drama, which will
give in brief compass the fundamental facts needed by
any student who is studying the drama and dramatic
literature. This book will be uniform in size with
Professor Perry's "Study of Prose Fiction," and will
deal with the subject of the drama in the same manner
in which Professor Perry deals with fiction.
Briefs on New Books
^ „ . That the problems presented m Mr.
Colleges as V, -r.. i , i
education Clarence F. Birdseye s volume on
factories. "The Reorganisation of our Col-
leges" (Baker & Taylor Co.), and the aggressive
mode of their presentation, will stimulate discussion,
seems a consummation both likely and desirable..
Much of the emphasis of the book is timely, and
some of it commendable. The urgent need of rais-
ing the social and moral standards and the general
educational influences of the student's environment ; ,
the need of restoring somehow the direct influence,
of the teacher and the placing of the calling in its
proper professional status ; the checking of the am-
bitions of the colleges for numbers, and their showy
forms of attaining publicity ; a more simple and
effective supervision of the machinery of the college
" plant," — in these and similar topics there is com-
mon ground for the interchange of views and sug-
gestions. But when so much is conceded, every
discerning critic of educational processes who has
the least appreciation of the conditions under which
the fruits of the tree mature, must protest emphati-
cally against the temper and trend of this ambitious'
volume. We are told repeatedly and variously that
the college is a factory — when it is not a depart-
ment store ; that the methods of the great industries
and of the trusts are the only ones that can save the
situation ; that a separate department of administra-
tion is what colleges need to save their souls and those
of the " problem-solvers " and '* citizen-thinkers "
committed to their charge. There is waste in the
plant (doubtless there is), and to discover it each
student should be sent through the mill with a cost
and production slip following him and telling in the
end what he is worth. The analogy to the ends
and means of a great business house is believed in
to the logical finish. It is well that someone has'
the courage to carry this view to its extreme. But
the position is more sad than ridiculous, and may
become serious. When the volume reaches the hands
of our foreign critics, some vigorous pronouncements
may be expected ; and there is some consolation in
the thought that the spirit of Matthew Arnold is
beyond the reach of such offence. Not once in the
course of four hundred pages is there a bit of proof
that the conditions complained of are really in any
way connected with the proposed remedy. The
analogy is never under suspicion, though the vision
is obstructed by motes and beams of all sorts and
sizes. Surely it may be urged with greater force'
that the evils in question are due to just so much'
emphasis of administration and the business view
as has already crept into our colleges ; that what we
need is to save ourselves from any more of it, and
to resist to the last the encroachments under way.
The total aim and spirit and method of the college
is foreign to that of the business world ; and that is
just why we cherish it. It is easy for Mr. Birdseye
and his followers to say that he wants culture and
266
THE DIAL
[April 16,
effective teaching and personality. K he really does,
he must sacrifice everything to the spirit out of which
such things grow; and the spirit that gives such
things life is to the spirit that must follow in the
wake of his reorganized business-dominated college
as May to December. The first requisite in the
handling of intellectual interests is some appreciation
of the forces that produce them and make their pur-
suit worth while. To enter the arena of discussion
without these is to raise the fundamental issue
whether the end in view is worth the tremendous
cost. For the reconstructed college — or the present
college in the view of the " reconstructionists " —
is logically not worth maintaining. Let the factories,
the railroads, the banks, and the trusts, educate the
youth of the land, and do it by business methods ;
why bring in the college professor ?
„ , , Although one might infer from the
Austrian title " Napoleon and the Archduke
campaigns. Charles," which Mr. F. Loraine Petre
gives to his volume on the campaign of 1809, that
it includes a large biographical element, the work is
primarily an historical discussion of the Ratisbon
campaign and of the campaign of Essling-Wagram.
Mr. Petre has drawn new material from the corre-
spondence in Saski's Campagne de 1809, and from
the papers of the Archduke Charles. He believes
that the English reader has had little opportunity
to correct traditional misapprehensions, which had
their origin in the efforts of that incomparable ad-
vertiser, Napoleon himself, to propagate, by bulle-
tins at the time, and later in his conversations at
St Helena, an account of his operations which should
finally be accepted as orthodox. As in his previous
volumes on the campaigns of 1806 and 1807, the
author begins with a full account of the organization
and value of the two armies. He finds the strategy
of the Ratisbon campaign over-praised, really at
fault on more than one occasion, and markedly
below the standard set by the compaign of 1806.
He thinks Napoleon was influenced by a mistaken
idea that Vienna was his true objective, rather than
the Archduke's army wherever it might go. He
finds evidence that, until after the check at Essling,
Napoleon underestimated the fighting qualities of
the Austrians ; and this accounts for the contrast
between the haste with which he made the first
crossing of the Danube and the infinite pains with
which he prepared for the second. One of the
most curious features of the struggle was the influ-
ence of the presence in the army of a large number
of young recruits who should have been called in
1810, and of half-trained men of previous classes,
upon the manoeuvres on the field of battle. For
example, the formation of Macdonald's great column
at Wagram, composed of thirty battalions in front
with six in column behind the right and seven behind
the left, is attributed to this cause. It was expected
that such soldiers would be more stanch in heavy
masses ; but this advantage was gained at terrible cost,
for the column of 8000 was soon reduced to 1500
effectives. Among the author's descriptions of bat-
tles, the most successful is the account of Essling.
With the description of the battles of the Ratisbon
campaign, which are treated together, the principal
diflBculty is the complex topography of the country
over which the operations were carried, a difficulty
which is not removed by the sketch-maps at the close
of the volume. (John Lane Co.)
The pleasures ^^ * «P'"* »* delightful comradeship
and pains of the with the undistinguished many, who
toiling millions, ^f^gp ^11 are the salt of the earth,
Mr. Richard Whiteing has written a score or more
of short essays and sketches on unpretentious themes,
and has called his book "Little People" (Cassell).
More than once he touches feelingly on that baffling
mystery that has caused such bitterness of despair
in many a Little Person's breast, the seeming un-
fairness of fortune, the inequality in the human lot.
" Why do our efficients," is his unanswerable ques-
tion, " demand such monstrous and altogether indi-
gestible helps of the pride of life ? An opera singer
warbles a few notes into the gramophone — merely
to clear his throat — and is instantly dowered in
royalties with a sum equivalent to a substantial an-
nuity." The keynote to many a life-failure, as the
world estimates failure, is struck in the account of
a humble friend who " began life thinking he was
going to fail in it. . . . He had no sense of exist-
ence as a struggle ; he dreamed of it as a thing that
was all, more or less, an exchange of knightly offices
— foolish child ! He generally muddled matters,
and could not conceive of himself as clever or any-
thing of the sort. He thought it would be delight-
ful just to live, doing nice things and getting your
share of nice things done in return — exchanging
good offices, in fact, as the Utopians of the story
exchanged their washing." In admirable story-
telling vein is a chapter entitled " As a March Hare,"
describing the comical efforts of a well-meaning man
to get himself shut up in a mad-house, in order to
effect the release therefrom of a friend unjustly con-
fined. On quite Chestertonic principles he at last
succeeds, not by feigning madness, but by behaving
with rigid regard to reason. Terseness of phrase
and vigor of thought mark this book as they do not
always succeed in marking the author's novels.
Readers of the latter should not fail to read " Little
People," if they desire a more intimate acquaintance
with Mr. Whiteing at his best.
„ . . , The publication of the several parts of
Beginnings of , , o- -rrr i.^ t» i.>
the greatest city the late Sir W alter Besant s magnum,
in the world. opus,' the " Survey of London," has
been somewhat erratic. The first volume, appear-
ing in 1903, soon after the author's death, was his
"London in the Eighteenth Century." It was
announced in this volume that the entire work was
nearly ready for publication at the time of Sir
Walter's death. Other volumes have appeared at
intervals, in the following order : " London in the
Time of the Stuarts," " London in the Time of the
1909.]
THE DIAJL
267
Tudors," and two volumes on "Mediaeval London."
Now appears what might naturally be regarded as
the initial volume of the series, "Early London:
Pre-Historic, Saxon and Norman "(Macmillan), leav-
ing a volume on Modern London to appear shortly
and to complete what its busy author intended
should be the great work of his life. In the volume
now before us, Sir Walter's account of Pre-historic
London is prefaced by a chapter on the geology of
the site, by Professor T. G. Bonney, F.R.S. This
is in accordance with Sir Walter's original scheme,
which was to have certain phases of his exhaustive
survey prepared by acknowledged experts in those
special fields. This seems, however, the only in-
tance in which he availed himself of such assist-
ance, and the account of the city's growth upon the
unpromising site which is described in this first
chapter is in Sir Walter's inimitable style. Paying
all due attention to the tradition of the founding of
Troynovant, or Trenovant, in the year 1108 B. c,
he go^s on to collate all the available testimony
regarding the earliest settlers and inhabitants of the
forbidding spot upon which was destined to grow up
the greatest city in the world, and gives us all that
can be k»own of Pre-historic London, augmenting his
account with valuable appendices. The subsequent
books on Roman, Saxon, and Norman London,
bringing the survey down to the time of Henry XL,
are written in a similar style, alike erudite and pop-
ular, making this volume full of interest to the
student of topography as well as to the student of
manners and customs. And this volume will, no
less than the others, stimulate in whoever may look
into its pages the same affectionate enthusiasm for
the London of the remote past which its distin-
guished author had for the London of every age of
its history.
A notable Text-books of embryology are much
contribution too common to make the appearance
to biology. ^f ^ jjg^ Qjjg ^g^ gg ^-j^ event of
particular scientific or literary significance. To
attract any especial attention, a book of this kind
must be markedly superior to others in the same
general category. This requirement is well fulfilled
by Professor Lillie's recent work, " The Develop-
ment of the Chick ; an Introduction to Embryology "
(Holt). It has already taken the foremost place
among existing accounts of the embryonic develop-
ment of the chick, that " never failing resource of
the embryologist." The arrangement of the material
and the plan of the book are in general much the
same as in other embryological treatises, and embody
the conventional ideas regarding the presentation of
the subject to students. An introduction, dealing
briefly with certain of the general biological prin-
ciples on which any study of embryology depends,
prepares the way for the detailed consideration of
the course of the developmental processes in the
chick. The account beg^ins with the formation of
the egg, and follows this with the detailed descrip-
tion of the development of the embryo and its organs
John Pettie,
Scotch paintef
day by day up to the time of hatching of the chick.
All of this ground has of course been covered in
other books. The superiority of the present work
lies rather in the manner of treatment than in the
matter discussed. What impresses one most in going
through the volume is the thoroughness and pains-
taking care with which the book has been prepared.
Practically the whole of the work is based on the
author's own personal observations. The few minor
inaccuracies of statement which the reviewer has
noted have without exception been upon points where
the author relied on some statement in the literature
of the subject, rather than upon his own observations.
The illustrations are nearly all original, and, from
the standpoint of scientific illustrations, very fine. It
is with real pleasure that one notes the absence of
the hackneyed old figures that have done duty in so
many text-books of embryology. Altogether, the work
is a very notable contribution to the literature of
elementary biology.
"No one will ever write my life,"
said John Pettie ; " it has been much
too uneventful." Nevertheless, fif-
teen years after his death, he has found a biographer
in his nephew. Mr. Martin Hardie, who draws a
delightful picture of the kindly, generous, tremen-
dously forceful Scotch artist, and makes up for
meagreness of biographical incident by fulness of
descriptive matter about Pettie's paintings. Diligent
search through the artist's note-books and in exhibi-
tion and sale catalogues, as well as in correspondence
or interviews with private owners of his work, has
resulted in a practically complete catalogue, chron-
ologically arranged. Mr. Hardie barely remembers
his artist uncle, but he has had many conversations
with relatives and friends, as well as access to many
letters, and from these he has reconstructed Pettie's
personality with almost the vividness of a first-hand
portrayal. This is lavishly illustrated by remark-
ably fine color-plates which go far to substantiate
Mr. Hardie's claims for his uncle's talent as a
colorist. Characteristic of Mr. Pettie's indomitable
perseverance was his resolve to conquer the prob-
lems of color, which seemed harder for him than
draughtsmanship. " If other men become colorists
by working ten hours a day," he declared, " I '11
work twenty ! " Both as an individual study and
as a contribution to the history of Scotch art in the
last century, Mr. Hardie's biography, which is pub-
lished by the Macmillan Co., is well worth while.
Duaiismin The lengthening Series of Mr. Paul
religion and. Elmer More s "Shelburne Essays
philosophy. (Putnam) is beginning to assume
proportions that make it not unnatural or unfit to
compare these searching and scholarly disquisitions
with the famous " Causeries " of Sainte-Beuve. For
if he has made choice of any predecessor in the same
department of literature as his model, the French
essayist would seem to be the man. There are in
each the same methodical and thorough working-up
268
THE DIAL
[April 16,
of the subject chosen, the same effective intermin-
gling of quotation and critical comment and illustra-
tive allusion, and the same admirable command of
the right turn of phrase with which to enforce the
meaning ; and if the later writer displays somewhat
less than the Frenchman's acuteness and wit, he on
the other hand draws upon a wider range of reading
and thought and observation. His sixth volume, sub-
titled " Studies of Religious Dualism," takes up a
half -score of subjects of enduring interest to scholars,
— the Forest Philosophy of India, the Bhagavad
Gita, Saint Augustine, Pascal, Sir Thomas Browne,
Bunyan, Rousseau, Socrates, the Apology, and Plato.
Three of the essays are now first published, and the
others have been altered and considerably amplified
in lifting from periodical to book. The writer is on
congenial ground in these papers, the irreconcilable
antinomies of existence presenting for him, as for
all meditative minds, a fascinating though teasing
and not over-fruitful subject for thought. A shade
too much of oriental fatalism and pessimism is
inclined to color the utterances of him who lingers
unduly in this boundless domain of unanswered and
unanswerable inquiry. That the high standard of
the series is here maintained, if not indeed raised
even higher, goes almost without saying. Readers
of the earlier volumes cannot afford to neglect this
latest.
„ , ■ , Five short and readable, as well as
Some colonial i -i i i ■ i •
characters in scholarly and pamstaking, chapters
lifelike attitudes, from our colonial history make up
"The Apprenticeship of Washington, and Other
Sketches of Significant Colonial Personages "
(Moffat, Yard & Co.), by George Hodges, D.D.,
D.C.L. Written by a descendant of both the Pil-
grims and the Puritans, though himself a minister
of the Church in protest against which his ancestors
migrated to this country, these sketches have the
freshness of a rather new point of view, while at the
same time they show a large-raindedness and fairness
that must win the approval and sympathy of all
readers. Besides the title-chapter, there are accounts
of "The Hanging of Mary Dyer," " The Adventures
of Captain Myles Standish," "The Education of John
Harvard," and "The Forefathers of Jamestown." A
genial and sometimes quietly humorous style makes
the book excellent reading. In referring to the
ancient and honored stories of Washington's boy-
hood, the author is restrained by no reverence for
Parson Weems's sacred calling from demonstrating
his untruthfulness. " The talk which goes on between
the lad [George Washington] and the father," he
asserts, "is as far removed from reality as the con-
ferences between Adam and Eve which are reported
by John Milton." The writer's tone of fairness in
treating our religious history may be illustrated by
a single short sentence from the chapter on Mary
Dyer : " The followers of the Inward Light have
always been obnoxious to the established order "; he
understands but does not share "the instinctive irrita-
tion and enmity of the conservative mind against
the person who claims to talk with God." Dean
Hodges has made a valuable, and at the same time
quite unpretentious, contribution to our historical
literature.
Notes.
What will doubtless prove a book of much importance
to sociological workers is announced in Dr. Edward T.
Devine's " Misery and its Causes," to be published by
the Macmillan Co. in their " American Social Progress
Series."
Mrs. Theodosia Garrison, well known through her
contributions to the magazines, has made a collection of
her poetical work, which will be published at once by
Mr. Mitchell Kennerley under the title " The Joy o' Life,
and Other Poems."
« The Doll's House " and « Little Eyolf " are the first
two volumes of " A Players' Ibsen," a new edition of the
plays of the Norwegian dramatist, which Mr. Henry L
Mencken is engaged in preparing. Each volume has an
introduction, a supply of notes, and a brief bibliography.
The translations are newly made for this edition.
Messrs. John W. Luce & Co. are the publishers.
"Nineteenth Century English Prose," edited by
Messrs. Thomas H. Dickinson and Frederick W. Roe,
is a recent publication of the American Book Co. It
gives the text of ten critical essays, with brief introduc-
tions and a few notes. The essayists represented are
Hazlitt, Carlyle, Macaulay, Thackeray, Newman, Bage-
hot. Pater, Stephen, Morley, and Arnold.
"La Caverne," by M. Ray Nyst (if that is a real
name), is an imagjinative French tale of primitive man,
or rather of the man-monkey as he lived, loved, fought,
and died in the luxuriant forests of tertiary Europe. A
docimientary introduction, which is essentially an essay
on the ethnology of the tertiary epoch, precedes the
story proper, Mr. David Nutt is the English agent for
this publication.
" The World's Triumph " is the title of a dramatic
poem in blank verse which the Lippineotts announce
for publication early in the present month. It is the
work of Mr. Louis James Block, a Chicagfo educator and
author, and is described as a symbolic production, the
scenes being laid in Modena in the fourteenth century,
a prose prologue and epilogue connecting the theme
with modern conditions.
« The Revelation to the Monk of Evesham Abbey,"
a work which dates from 1196, is done into modem
English by Mr. Valerian Paget, and published by the
John McBride Co. It was first printed on the Continent
in 1482, and a unique copy of that edition is preserved
in the British Museum. Professor Arber has reprinted
it in our own time, and now we have a modernized ver-
sion of this extremely interesting product of the mediae-
val religious spirit. A similar modernization of More's
" Utopia " is promised from the same source.
The Virginia State Library issues its fifth annual
report in a pamphlet volume of nearly six hundred
pages, comprising, besides matters ordinarily treated in
such publications, a list of the year's accessions, a 300-
page report from the State Archivist, and a report, half
as long, from the State Bibliographer. The library is
doing much excellent work, and apparently is none too
generously supported by the appropriations committee
of the Virginia legislature. Significant of its variety
1909.]
THE DIAL
269
and scope of usefulness, and illustrating its departure
from the time-honored routine still observed by some of
its sister state libraries, is its activity in circulating one
hundred and thirty-two collections of books under the
name of travelling libraries and school libraries.
The bibliography of " State Publications," begun ten
years ago by Mr, R. R. Bowker, has just been com-
pleted in the publication of Part IV., comprising The
Southern States. The wealth of information, — his-
torical, statistical, descriptive, and scientific, hidden,
because of imperfect bibliographical record, in the pub-
lications of the several States qf the American Union,
is second only to that in the publications of the Gov-
ernment, which also until recent years had been poorly
recorded and inadequately known. The present work,
covering more than one thousand pages, is issued by
" The Publishers' Weekly," New York.
" The Letters of Percy Bysshe Shelley," collected and
edited by Mr. Roger Ingpen, is an important announce-
ment of Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. The collection
consists of about 450 letters gathered from every avail-
able source — some of which have only been printed
privately in a strictly limited issue ; while many have not
appeared in print before. Indeed, the largest number
of Shelley letters previously printed in one collection
amounts only to 127. The letters are printed in chron-
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illustrations comprise a unique collection of portraits of
Shelley and his friends, and views of the places where
he lived, besides facsimiles of his MSS.
Francis Marion Crawford.
Francis Marion Crawford died on the evening of
April 9 in his villa at Sorrento. His death was un-
timely, for he had not completed his fifty-fifth year. His
life was spent largely out of doors, and was filled with
healthy activities. He should have been good for another
score of years, and this thought is an added grief to the
host of his friends. He was an American in ancestry
and spirit, although the greater part of his life was spent
abroad. Born in Italy in 1854, he got his education
successively in his native country, the United States, the
Universities of Cambridge, Karlsruhe, Heidelberg, and
Rome. This training marked him out for a cosmopolitan,
and few other American writers have had interests that
ranged so freely over the whole civilized world. Thrown
upon his own resources at the age of twenty-four, he
essayed literary work in India, Italy, and America, and
in 1882 conceived the happy thought of writing a novel.
This was " Mr. Isaacs," the first of the long series, and
its success was immediate and pronounced. His voca-
tion was now determined, and was pursued with unflag-
ging industry for the twenty-seven remaining years of
his life. He wrote more than forty books, two-thirds
of them novels, and became one of the most popular of
our writers. The fluency of his pen was in a sense his
misfortune, for no one can write as much as he did and
at the same time realize his highest possibilities. His
books are workmanlike and entertaining, but excessively
diluted with rather commonplace philosophizing, and
the best of them fall short of distinction. He was at
his best in the delineation of Italian life and character,
and the highest mark of his achievement was probably
reached in the "Saracinesca" trilogy of novels. He
also made important studies in Italian history, and the
books resulting from these studies are almost as read-
able and entertaining as his books of fiction.
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The liife of Edgrar Allan Poe. By Gteorgre E. Woodberry. In
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The lifting' of Carlyle. By R. S. Craig. Illus. in photo-
gravure, large 8vo, pp. 519. John Lane Co. $4. net.
Walt Whitman. By George Rice Carpenter. 12mo, pp. 176.
" English Men of Letters Series." Macmillan Co. 75 cts. net.
Ladles Fair and Frail : Sketches of the Demi-monde During
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Memoirs of My Life. By Francis Galton, F.R.S. Illus..
large 8vo, pp. 339. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3.50 net.
Jasper Donthlt's Story : The Autobiography of a Pioneer.
With Introduction by Jenkin Lloyd Jones. With portrait,
12mo, pp. 225. American Unitarian Association. $1.25 net.
Apollonius of Tyana : A study of his Life and Times. By F. W.
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Mr. Cleveland: A Personal Impression. By Jesse Lynch
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HISTORY.
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1603-1660. By Richard Bog well, M. A. In 2 vols., with maps,
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The Oreatness and Decline of Borne. By Guglielmo
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Siena: The Story of a Mediaeval Commune. By Ferdinand
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The Bomanoe of American Expansion. By H. Addington
Bruce. Illus., 8vo. pp. 246. Moffat, Yard & Co. $1.75 net.
The Story of the Great Lakes. By Edward Channing and
Marion Florence Lansing. Illus., and with maps, 12mo,
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The British Tar in Fact and Fiction : The Poetry, Pathos,
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Three Plays of Shakespeare. By Algernon Charles Swin-
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Post-Auen^stan Poetry from Seneca to Jnvenal. By H. E.
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A Manual of American Literature. Edited by Theodore
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$1.75 net.
The Bevelation to the Monk of Evesham Abbey in the
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Questions at Issue in Our English Speech. By Edwin W.
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Abraham Lincoln and the London Punch: Cartoons, Com-
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Moffat, Yard & Co. $1. net.
Chapters on Spanish Literature. By James Fitzmaurice-
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The Delicious Vice (Second Series): By Young E. Allison.
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DBAMA AND VEBSE.
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Towards the LiRht : A Mystic Poem. By Princess Karadja.
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The lione Trail at Thirty. By Francis Gorham. 8vo, pp. 40.
Boston : Black Lion Publishers.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
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English by John Florio; with Introduction by Thomas
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The Poetical Works of John Dryden, Cambridge edition.
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Thais. By Anatole France ; translated by Robert B. Douglas.
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Life and Letters of Lord Maoanlay. By Sir George Otto
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The Bronze Bell. By Louis Joseph Vance. Illus. in color,
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Katrine : A Novel. By Elinor Macartney Lane. With frontis-
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The Diary of a Show-Girl. By Grace Luce Irwin. Illus.,
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TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
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Fitzgerald Law. Illus., large 8vo, pp. 368. E. P. Dutton &
Co. $4. net.
The Empire of the East : A Simple Account of Japan. As It
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Mexican Trails : A Record of Travel in Mexico, 1904-07, and a
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England and the English from an American Point of
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Spain of To-Day from Within. By Manuel Andujar ; with an
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Just Irish. By Charles Battell Loomis. 12mo, pp. 175. Boston :
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Wild Life on the Rockies. By Enos A. Mills. Illus., 8to,
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The Summer Garden of Pleasure. By Mrs. Stephen Batson.
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Social Organization: A Study of the Larger Mind. By
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272 THE DIAL. [April 16, 1909.
Second Printing of a New Novel of Unusual Merit
H. H. Bashford's THE PILGRIM'S MARCH
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274 THE DIAL. [Mayl,
THE LOVE LETTERS OF THOMAS CARLYLE AND JANE WELSH
Edited by Alexander Carlyle, Nephew
of Thomas Carlyle. With portraits. 2 vols.
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A SISTER OF PRINCE RUPERT
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WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE: Player, Playmaker, and Poet
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COMPLETE POEMS SAMUEL McCOMB'S MAKING OFTHE ENGLISH BIBLE
MOFFAT, YARD & COMPANY PUBLISHERS NEW YORK
276
THE DIAL.
[May 1,
Indispensable Books for Every Library
at Less than One-third Published Price
TTAVING secured the entire remaining stock of the original
■*--'- "Muses' Library/' published by Charles Scribner's Sons
in conjunction with Lawrence & Bullen of London, we are
able to offer this well-known series at less than one-third the
original price. The volumes are beautifully printed and bound,
and fully edited by prominent English scholars. Each contains
a portrait in photogravure. A list of the titles is given below.
POEMS OF JOHN KEATS
Edited by G. Thorn Drury, with
an Introduction by Robert
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Two volumes.
" What was deepest in the mind of Keats was the love of loveliness for
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POEMS OF THOMAS CAMPION
Edited by A, H. BuIIen.
One volume.
" Few indeed are the poets who have handled our stubborn English
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POETRY OF GEORGE WITHER
Edited by Frank Sidgwick.
Tw^o volumes.
"The poems of Wither are distinguished by a hearty homeliness of
manner and a plain moral speaking. He seems to have passed his life
in one continual act of innocent self-pleasing." — Charles Lamb.
POEMS OF WILLIAM BROWNE
OF TAVISTOCK
Edited by Gordon Goodwine,
with an Introduction by A. H.
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" Browne is like Keats in being before all things an artist, he has the
same intense pleasure in a fine line or a fine phrase for its own sake. . . .
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POEMS OF SAMUEL TAYLOR
COLERIDGE
Edited by Richard Garnett.
One volume.
"Although the best poetical work of Coleridge is extremely small in
bulk . . . yet his poetry at its best reaches the absolute limits of English
verse as yet written." — George Saintsbury.
POEMS OF HENRY VAUGHAN
Edited by E. K. Chambers, with
an Introduction by H. C.
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" Vaughan may occasionally out-Herbert Herbert in metaphors and
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Reduced from $1.75 to
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1909.] THE DIAL 27T
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A History of German Literature
By CALVIN THOMAS, LL.D., Gebhard Professor of the Germanic Languages and Literatures,
Columbia University. A selection of the most representative and pregnant historical facts.
12mo. Cloth. $1.50 net.
Modern Educators and their Ideals
By TADASU MIS A WA, Ph.D. Sympathetically and significantly, Dr. Misawa gives a general idea
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Problems of City Government
By LEO S, ROWE, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Political Science, University of Pennsylvania. Its
purpose is to present an analysis of the general principles involved in city growth.
_ 12mo. Cloth. $1.50 net.
My Story
By HALL CAINE. Illustrated by intimate and hitherto unpublished photographs selected by the
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^. . . „ „ , 8vo. Cloth, gilt top. $2.00 net.
The House of Howard ^
By GERALD BRENAN and EDWARD PHILLIPS STA THAM. « No family in England has
been more concerned in the political, social, and religious developments of the English people."
32 full-page illustrations, 2 photogravure plates. 2 volumes. Cloth, 8vo. $6.00 special net.
Human Speech: Its Physical Basis
By N. C. MACNAMARA, F.R.C.S. " One closes the book impressed with Mr. Macnamara's lucid
and interesting exposition of a very difficult and intricate subject." — British Medical Journal.
Numerous illustrations. Crown 8vo. $1.75 net.
The Transformations of the Animal World
By CHARLES DEPERET, Corresponding Member of the Institute de France and Dean of the Faculty
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Man in the Light of Evolution
By JOHN M. TYLER, Ph.D., Professor of Biology, Amherst College. " No reader will go amiss in
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Viva Mexico !
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A Year out of Life. A Novel
By MARY E. WALLER, author of ^^ The Woodcarverof^Lympus." This exquisitely written story
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278
THE DIAL
[Mayl,
The Home
Poetry Book
We have all been
wanting so
lonO" ^rf***^*^ Edited by
XKJll^ •^X'^ FRANCIS F. BROWNE
Editor "Poems of the Civil War,"
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"GOLDEN POEMS" contains more of everyone's
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many fine poems that have been written in
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Other collections may contain more poems of owe
kind or more by one author.
"GOLDEN POEMS" (by British and American
Authors) has 550 selections from 300 writers,
covering the whole range of English literature.
"Golden Poems"
"GOLDEN POEMS " is a fireside volume for the
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meant for those who cannot afford all the col-
lected works of their favorite poets — it offers
the poems they like best, all in one volume.
The selections in " GOLDEN POEMS " are classi-
fied according to their subjects : By the Fire-
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" GOLDEN POEMS," with its wide appeal, at-
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The Faith and Works of Christian Science
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Mr. Percy MacKaye's new hook The Playhouse and the Play
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Professor Francis B. Gummere's translation The Oldest English Epic
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Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office
at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
No. 649.
MAY 1, 1909.
Vol. XLVI.
CONTENTS.
PAQB
SWINBURNE , 281
ROUSSEAU THE VAGABOND. Charles H. A.
Wager 283
CASUAL COMMENT 286
French impressions of American newspapers. —
A free library freely used. — The duplication of
book-titles. — The advertising of " fake " books
and book-schemes. — A bar to originality in author-
ship.— The multiplicity of "book-fakes." — The
wear and tear of public-library books. — Linear
measurement applied to literature. — The final word
in literary journalism. — Thrifty utilization of lit-
erary material. — Buffalo's book-readers. — A little
confosion of names. — An np-to-the-minate news
service.
COMMUNICATIONS 288
Pennsylvania History in Poetry. Isaac S. Penny-
packer.
Education and the State. Duane Mowry.
THE CARLYLE-WELSH LOVE-LETTERS. Percy
F. Bicknell 290
PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY. Joseph
Jastrow 292
LORENZO THE MAGNIFICENT AND HIS TIME.
P. A. Martin 294
THE SEARCH FOR WHAT IS CLOSE AT HAND.
Edward E. Hale, Jr 296
LINCOLN'S LAST DAYS AND DEATH. Edwin
E. Sparks 297
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 299
The " parochial " Englishman. — Side-lights on the
court of Queen Anne. — France and the French of
to-day. — Pseudo-Japanese humor and nonsense. —
A woman's diary of thirty-five years of European
life. — A survey of education by a Japanese. — The
world's most famous gardener. — Saunterings and
observations in Northern Italy.
BRIEFER MENTION 301
NOTES 302
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS .... 302
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 303
SWINBURNE.
A world without poets — such, it seems, is
the world in which we are henceforth to live,
now that the last singer of the great line has
left us. The Victorian glory was still ours as
long as a single figure remained of the group
that made the Victorian age memorable ; its sun
has now set indeed, and there are no signs of a
new sunrise to compare with that which flooded
the heavens with light half a century or more
ago. On the fifth of April Mr. Swinburne
rounded out his seventy-second year ; five days
later he had drawn his last breath. The
" youngest singer " of the exquisite tribute paid
in 1864 to Landor's memory had gradually, as
his great contemporaries one by one passed away,
himself come to be " the oldest singer that
England bore," and the opening of the Twen-
tieth century had revealed him standing in soli-
tary preeminence, the sole poet of the first rank
left to England, almost to the world. Now that
he is gone, the best of those that remain seem
ephemera, idle singers of empty days, voices
ineffectual and unresonant. We must accept
the situation. The whole inheritance of past
English poetry is stiU ours, for counsel and in-
spiration ; but new occasions, as they bring us
new obligations and new needs, will find no poet
to transmute their dross into spirit-gold by his
wonder-working alchemy.
A later generation will, we make no doubt,
do Mr. Swinburne more substantial justice than
has been done him by his contemporaries.
Higher rank it can hardly give him than that
already accorded by those who have really known
his work in its entirety, but it is sure to bring
a more wide-spread recognition than they have
hitherto enjoyed of those superb qualities of
profound thought and imaginative expression
that are characteristic of his genius. By a very
large part of the public, even of the public that
genuinely cares for poetry, he is still thought of
in the terms of a tradition that was fixed upon
him in his early years, a tradition so distorted
from the truth as to be nothing less than gro-
tesque. Many people still, in sheer simplicity
of ignorance, imagine wordiness and sensuality
to be the essential attributes of his work. This
estimate, as we have said elsewhere, " is a com
282
THE DIAL
[Mayl,
posite of hearsay, of superficial acquaintance
with a few of the strays of his work, and of a
legend based upon the sensational journalism of
more than a generation ago." The charge of
verbosity results from the fact that Swinburne
" does not fling his learning at the reader in
undigested lumps, but subordinates the exhibi-
tion to the strictest law of artistic expression."
As for the charge of sensualism, we can only
say that to those who know him, Swinburne is
" the poet who almost more than any of his
fellow-singers exalts spirit above sense, and
transports his readers into an atmosphere almost
too rarefied for ordinary mortals to breathe."
We urge these considerations, as we have
many times urged them before, because in much
that has been written about the poet even since
his death the old stereotyped formulae have been
applied to him, and the old ignorance of the
totality of his production has been displayed.
The perfunctory critic of Swinburne always
begins by exalting him to the skies as a mel-
odic wizard and artist in rhythmical effects, and
then proceeds to deplore his morbid tendencies,
his vacuity of thought, and his uncritical enthu-
siasms. But all that was morbid in the " Poems
and Ballads " of 1866 had been sloughed off,
like a disease of youth, when the " Songs before
Sunrise " were published in 1871, and Swin-
burne has revealed himseK in many a subsequent
volume of verse and prose both as a profound
scholar and as a severe and serious thinker upon
the gravest problems that confront the human
intellect. As for his enthusiasms (and preju-
dices), while we may admit that they are at
times expressed with a vehemence that tends
to weaken their effect, we must in all fairness
admit also that they are supported by a wealth
of knowledge and a cogency of reasoning that
usually justify them in substance if not in form.
There are few matters of judgment, literary or
historical, moral or philosophical, in which he
was not fundamentally right, and in face of that
fact there is no cause for serious censure in the
other fact that his pronouncements were colored
by his temperament in a very unusual degree.
Artificial restraint, and the affectation of a
severely judicial manner, are qualities that do
not contribute to the vis viva of criticism ; the
qualities of exuberance and emotion have also
their legitimate place, unless we deny to the art
any element of the persuasive function.
The amount of Swinburne's work is very
great, and a large part of it has never been
made easily accessible to the public, — a fact
which accounts in considerable measure for the
uninformed attitude toward it of the general
reader. The volumes are about twoscore in
number, many of them almost prohibitive in
price, and some of them long out of print. Even
the new collected edition fills eleven volumes,
and includes none of the prose writings, which
would fill as many more of equal size. Most
people who claim acquaintance with Swinburne
will be found, upon inquiry, to know little of
him beyond the contents of the 1866 volume
of "Poems and Ballads" that brought him
notoriety rather than fame. The great odes,
the magnificent series of lyrics dedicated to the
cause of human freedom, the matchless elegies,
the touching personal tributes, the tender songs
of childhood, the superb narrative poems, and
the noble sonnets, are alike unfamiliar to those
who prate most confidently about his sound and
fury, his undisciplined emotionalism, and his
fleshly leanings . For a hundred who glibly quote
" Dolores " and " Laus Veneris," there is hardly
one who knows " Athens " and " Thalassius "
and " The Armada " and " The Last Oracle "
and " By the North Sea " and " Songs before
Sunrise." Yet these are the works which make
him one of the greatest of English poets ; the
others are youthful indiscretions that we might
easily spare.
The dramatic poems of Swinburne's ripest
creative period have suffered similar neglect.
" Atalanta in Calydon " is well known ; the far
nobler " Erechtheus " is ignored . The exuberant
" Chastelard " was borne into favor upon the
wave of the author's popularity when he made
his startling appearance in the world of letters ;
" BothweU " and " Mary Stuart," by reason of
the very restraint and severity of their art, have
not found one-tenth as many readers, although
they are incomparably finer productions. The
average student of our literature who is asked
to name the author of " Marino Faliero' " will
speak of Byron and learn with surprise that
we owe to Swinburne a far greater treatment
of the same theme. As for " Locrine " and
" Rosamund," they are known to very few read-
ers indeed. We do not expect the closet drama
to become widely popidar under the present
conditions of literary taste, but the greatest
masterpieces in this kind that our age has pro-
duced are deserving of more recognition than
they have thus far obtained. They represent,
in Swinburne's case, about half of his total
achievement as a poet, and they may possibly
prove to be the more enduring half.
If Swinburne had given us no poetry at all,
his prose alone would have distinguished him
,1909.]
THE DIAJ^
283
as one of the most forceful writers of his time.
It is prose of the most extraordinary richness
and flexibility, concerned chiefly with the study
of literature, but illuminating its judgments
with a wealth of allusions drawn from the whole
realm of the intellectual life. More evidently
than his poetry, it refutes the laughable notion
that Swinburne was without scholarship or the
capacity for serious thought. In style it is far
from admirable, being tortuous and involved,
but those who thread its labyrinthine passages
will be amply rewarded for their pains. The
prose writings include special studies of Shake-
speare, Jonson, Chapman, Blake, and Hugo,
besides a volume on the Elizabethan dramatists,
three volumes of miscellaneous essays, and sev-
eral smaller books. They give us criticism of
the most vital and penetrating sort, criticism
that does not always satisfy the scientific fac-
ulty, but that always succeeds in kindling the
soul. A uniform collected edition of these
prose writings is greatly to be desired.
Algernon Charles Swinburne was born of
aristocratic parentage on April 5,1837. He was
educated at Eton and Balliol, but left Oxford
without taking a degree. His first book was
published in 1860, and the year after he made
the visit to Italy which won for him Landor's
friendship, and did much to determine the
current of his poetical inspiration. The years
1865-6 were the years in which " Atalanta "
and the " Poems and Ballads " took an aston-
ished world by storm. Practically the whole
of his manhood life was spent in London, the
last thirty years of it in the suburb of Putney,
where he lived in the companionship of las
closest friend, Mr. Theodore Watts-Dunton,
and where he died on the tenth of last month.
The comradeship thus ended is one of the most
beautiful in literary history, and we trust that
the surviving member of the household at " The
Pines " may be prevailed upon to let the world
into some of the secrets of the intimate relation
that so long existed between the two friends.
R 0 USSEA U THE VA GABOND.
" The thing that I most regret among the details
of my life of which I have lost the memory is that I
did not keep a journal of my travels," says Rousseau ;
and this regret every reader of the " Confessions "
has shared. The greatest of sentimentalists was
also the prince of vagabonds — the inventor, Sainte-
Beuve affirms, of le voyage pedestre. The stream of
the " Confessions," too often turbid with distressing
or shameful things, flows sometimes clean and fresh
and sparkling through lovely levels, or lies quiet for
a moment in deep and shady pools. Such is the de-
scription of the journey that he made with his friend
Bade from Turin to Annecy. He was eighteen, the
protege of the Count de Gouvon, who was evidently
ready to make the fortune of the homeless and pen-
niless young adventurer. But Bade, the droll, the
gay, the amusing, was about to walk to Geneva.
Rousseau remembered how delightful had been the
journey to Turin. In his thoughts,
" The mountains, the meadows, the woods, the streams,
the villages succeeded one another without end and always
with new charms. What would it he when, to the joy of
independence, should be added that of travelling with a
good-humored comrade of my own age and taste, without
worry, duty, constraint, or obligation to go on or stop, except
as we liked ? One must be mad to sacrifice such luck to
ambitious plans that are sl'ow, difficult, and uncertain of
execution, and which, supposing them to be one day realized,
would not in all their splendor be worth a quarter of an
hour of true pleasure and freedom in youth."
Only he who has no vagabondage in his soul will
deny this ; and Rousseau never did. In spite of
the suffering of mind and body that clouded the
greater part of his life, he never had occasion to
lament that his youth was dead within him. And
so the two lads set out, their purses "lightly fur-
nished," but their hearts " saturated with joy,
thinking only of enjoying this wayfaring bliss,"
cette amhulante felicitS. They took with them a
mechanical toy which was to help them get their
living on the road, and allow them to prolong their
travels indefinitely. WhUe this expectation proved
to be ill-founded, the journey was almost as delightful
as they had hoped ; and one regrets with Rousseau
that he kept no detailed record of it.
One regrets still more that there is no journal of
his travels, this time on horseback, as secretary and
interpreter to the " Greek archimandrite " who was
seeking funds to rebuild the Holy Sepulchre. Wan-
dering one day in the country about Neuchatel, where
he was teaching music, he entered an inn at Boudry
to dine. There he '' saw a man with a great beard,
a violet coat of Greek fashion, a fur cap, and a suffi-
ciently noble appearance and beai-ing," who was
struggling to make himself understood in Italian.
The young musician, with an eye for adventure, came
to the rescue, joined the prelate at dinner, " and at
the end of the meal we were inseparable." " With-
out precaution, assurance, or knowledge, I gave
myself up to his guidance — and behold me, the
next day, on my way to Jerusalem ! " The end of
this romanesque adventure was worthy of the begin-
ning. After making, before the senate of Berne,
the only good speech of his life, in his capacity as
spokesman for the archimandrite, he was arrested
at Soleure with his principal. The Greek disappears
from the story ; but Rousseau, as usual, finds friends,
who send him with a hundred francs in his pocket
to seek his fortune at Paris. He writes :
" I gave to this journey a fortnight, which I can coant
among the happy days of my life. I was young, I was
strong, I had enough money and much hope. I was travel-
ling on foot, and alone. You might be surprised at my
284
THE DIAL
[May 1,
oonnting this an advantage if you were not already familiar
-with my humor. My sweet fancies (chimeres) kept me com-
pany, and never did the heat of my imagination produce
more magnificent ones. . . . This time my ideas were mar-
tial. ... I fancied that I saw myself already in an officer's
coat and a fine white plume. My heart swelled at this
noble idea. . . . However, as I came into the pleasant fields
and saw the groves and brooks, this touching sight made me
sigh with regret ; I felt in the midst of my glory that my
heart was not made for so much tumult ; and soon, without
knowing how, I found myself back among my dear sheep-
folds, renouncing forever the toils of Mars."
Few as these journeys were, a complete vaga-
bond's manual may be compiled from the " Confes-
sions " and illustrated from the temperament of its
author. All the peculiar gifts and graces of the
wanderer were his. The joys of the road at their
purest and keenest he knew, and sang them in a
prose that is all but lyrical. He was incorrigibly
young, hopeful, imaginative. Wherever he was, he
tells us, it was never far to the nearest Castle in
Spain ; though his castles not seldom proved to have
material foundations. He delighted in the open
country and its life, and in the simplicity and friend-
liness of humble folk. His temper always remained
essentially rustic and unsophisticated, even after
years of intimacy with the great. Beauty of land-
scape appealed, of course, to a* taste that was in the
strictest sense romantic.
" I love to walk at my ease and to stop when I like. The
wayfaring life, la vie ambulante, is what I demand. To
make my way on foot, in fine weather, in a beautiful coun-
try, without haste, and to have an agreeable object as my
goal, this is the manner of life that is most to my taste.
Moreover, you know already what I mean by beautiful
country. Never did flat country, liowever beautiful, appear
so to my eyes. I demand torrents, rocks, pines, black forests,
mountains, rough roads to climb and descend, fearful preci-
pices beside me."
It is the younger Pliny, who says (of a boar-hunt,
to be sure) that bodily activity stimulates the mind ;
and Hazlitt is of the same opinion. " Give me," he
writes, "the clear blue sky over my head, and the
green turf under my feet, a winding road before
me, and a three hours' march to dinner — and then
to thinking ! It is hard if I cannot start some game
on these lone heaths." Stevenson, the idler, dis-
sents. His ideal is an " open-air drunkenness " that
lays thought asleep, " that fine intoxication that . . .
begins in a sort of dazzle and sluggishness of the
brain, and ends in a peace that passes comprehen-
sion." But Rousseau is of Pliny's mind, and Haz-
litt's. He writes :
" Never have I thought so much, existed so much, lived
so much, been so much myself, as in those [journeys] that I
have made alone and on foot. Walking, somehow, animates
and kindles my ideas. I can hardly think, when I remain
in one place. My body has to be in motion to start my
mind. The view of the country, the succession of pleasant
sights, the open air, the good appetite, the good health that
I gain by walking, the freedom of an inn, the separation
from everything that makes me feel my dependence, that
recalls to me my situation, all this frees my soul, gives me
a greater boldness of thought, throws me, somehow, into the
immensity of things, to combine them, choose them, appro-
priate them at will, without embarrassment and without
fear. Like a master, I dispose of all nature. My heart,
wandering from object to object, unites, identifies itself with
those that please it, surrounds itself with charming images,
becomes intoxicated with delicious feelings. If, in order
to fix them, I amuse myself by mentally describing them,
what vigor of pencil, what freshness of tint, what energy of
expression I give them ! I am told that people have found
all this in my works, even though written in my declining
years. Ah, if they had seen those of my first youth, those
that I made on my journeys — composed and never wrote !
Why not have written them ? you ask. And I reply. Why
should I have written them ? Why deprive myself of the
actual charm of enjoyment in order to tell others what I
had enjoyed ? What mattered to me, readers, a public, on
the earth, while I was soaring in the heavens ? Besides,
did I carry pens and paper with me ? If I had thought of
all that, nothing would have come to me. I did not foresee
that I should have ideas. They come when they please, not
when I please. They do not come at all, or they come in a
crowd, overwhelming me with their number and their power.
Ten volumes a day would not have sufficed. Where should
I have found time to write them ? When I arrived, I thought
only of dinner. When I went away, I thought only of a good
walk. I felt that a new paradise awaited me at the door.
I thought only of going to seek it."
It is from revelations like this that we learn
whence Rousseau drew the breadth and freshness
of his thinking, where he found " the first fine care-
less rapture " of his style. Into his books passed
the simplicity, the passion, the serenity, the spon-
taneity of nature. He became one of her voices ;
through him she spoke to an urban cultivated society
that sorely needed his ministrations. He had much
of her frankness, too, her lack of shame, her toler-
ance for the unclean. The " Confessions " is not
the work of a fastidious man. It has no touch of
the Rabelaisian temper, or of Sterne's complacent
indecency. It speaks of tacenda, sometimes, to be
sure, with physical disgust, but, on the whole, with a
humorous acquiescence and a freedom from severity
that are Nature's own.
One touch in the passage last quoted is the very
mark and sign manual of the vagabond, " the separa-
tion from everything that makes me feel my depend-
ence." " Oh ! " cries Hazlitt, " it is great to shake
off the trammels of the world and of public opinion —
to lose our importunate, tormenting, everlasting
personal identity in the elements of nature, and
become the creature of the moment, clear of all
ties." Without this, what were youth and hope and
imagination and a taste for the picturesque? If one
must intrude upon boon Nature his petty cares for
the morrow, he had better stick to his desk and copy
his music to the end of his days. But if one can
set forth as Rousseau did, with only his dear chi-
meres for provision, to enter "the vast space of the
world," confident that his merit will fill it ; if, friend-
less in a strange city, one can regard twenty francs
as an inexhaustible fortune, and dine superlatively
well for five or six sous ; if, absolutely without
resource in Paris, one can abandon oneself tran-
quilly to one's indolence and the care of Providence,
and, in order to give Him time to do His work,
proceed to devour without haste one's few remain-
ing louis, going to the play only twice a week, — if
one can do these rare things, then one is indeed
sealed of the tribe of vagabonds forevermore. There
is a passage in the " Confessions " that should be
1909.]
THE DIAL
285
made a test of fitness for all who aspire to initiation.
Rousseau is at Lyons with little money and no
friends, when he writes :
" I preferred to spend the few sous that remained to me
on bread rather than on shelter, because after all I was less
in danger of dying for lack of sleep than for lack of food.
The astonishing thing is that in this cruel state I was neither
disturbed nor sad. I had not the least care for the future,
and I awaited the answer that Madame de Chatelet was to
receive, lying down under the stars, and sleeping stretched
out on the earth or on a bench as quietly as on a bed of
roses. I remember even having passed a delicious night
outside the city, on a road that ran beside the Rhone or the
Saone, I do not remember which. Terraced gardens bor-
dered the road on the opposite side. The day had been very
warm. The evening was charming. The dew moistened the
dried grass. There was no wind. The night was still. The
air was fresh without being cold. The sun, at its setting,
had left in the sky red vapors whose reflection turned thei
water rose-color. The trees of the terrace were filled with
nightingales answering one another. I walked along in a
sort of ecstasy, abandoning my senses and my heart to the
joy of it all, and breathing only a sigh of regret that I was
enjoying it alone. Absorbed in my sweet reverie, I pro-
longed my walk far into the night without noticing that I
was tired. At last I perceived it. I lay down voluptuously
on the tablet of a kind of niche or false door sunk in a ter-
race waU. Tree-tops formed the canopy of my bed. A
nightingale was exactly above me. I went to sleep as he was
singing. My sleep was sweet, my waking sweeter. It was
broad day. As I opened my eyes, I saw the water, the
verdure, an admirable landscape. I rose, shook myself.
Hunger seized me, and I made my way gaily toward the
town, resolved to spend on a good breakfast two pieces de
six blancs that still remained to me. I was in such good
humor that I went singing along the way."
The song procured him, as usual, a dinner and a
friend. Let all presumptive Knights of the Road
read this — and emulate it if they can.
Though there is doubtless a touch of self-com-
placency in Rousseau's repeated allusions to his own
indifference to money, he gave unmistakable proofs
that the indifference was genuine. It was not that
he simplified his life in accordance with a theory.
His life was naturally simple and his wants few.
To borrow Richard Holt Hutton's fine phrase, he
had Wordsworth's " spiritual frugality." His pleas-
ures were for the most part the rudimentary joys of
men, though, being Rousseau and a sentimentalist,
he made some demands of life that are not rudi-
mentary : the perfection of friendship, for example,
to choose an instance that is quite discreet. Through
the whole unhappy story of his relations with men
and women, though it is quite evident that he was a
difficult friend, it is equally evident that he gave a
far greater measure of devotion than he ever re-
ceived ; and late in life we find him, pathetically
enough, expressing the fear that in making friend-
ship the idol of his heart, he had spent his life in
sacrificing to chimeres. Yet, after all, the funda-
mental Rousseau is the^ Rousseau of the following
passage, which describes the beginning of his life
with Th^rese :
" If our pleasures could be described, their siiftplicity
would make you laugh : our walks together out of town, in
the course of which I magnificently spent eight or ten sous
at some public house ; our little suppers at the casement of
my window, seated opposite each other on two little chairs
placed on a trunk that filled the width of the embrasure.
In this situation, the window served as a table, we breathed
the air, we could see our surroundings, and the passers-by.
. . . Who will describe, who will feel the charm of these
suppers, composed only of a quarter-loaf of coarse bread,
some cherries, a bit of cheese, and a half setter of wine, which
we both drank ? Friendship, confidence, intimacy, gentle-
ness of soul, how delicious is your seasoning ! Sometimes we
remained there till midnight, without suspecting the hour."
This is the Rousseau who introduced into French
literature what Sainte-Beuve calls " the sentiment of
domestic life." And while this sentiment is not
ordinarily associated in our minds with vagabond
tastes, in Rousseau's case the two instincts were
naturally and closely connected. A man who took
his pleasure so frugally, who got so much from so
little, provided only that it was seasoned with friend-
ship and intimacy, who had an inexhaustible interest
in people of all classes, and an evident faculty of
winning their interest and confidence in return, such
a man is at home anywhere, and finds "the senti-
ment of domestic life " in even more unexpected
places than a fourth floor apartment in Paris. He
found it, for example, in the unfurnished lazaretto
at Genoa, where he spent two weeks quite alone,
while the vessel on which he had sailed to Italy was
in quarantine. He tells us that he made a bed of
his clothing, used his trunks for chair and table,
arranged his paper, inkstand, and a dozen books,
and declared himself absolutely comfortable. In
spite of the self-consciousness that lurks in the nar-
rative, it is refreshingly free from any assumption
of Spartan virtue. Being a man of simple tastes,
he good-humoredly makes the best of circumstances.
Why pose as a philosopher ?
Except so far as a diseased imagination fettered
his free spirit, he was the prince of vagabonds to the
end of his days, — "a chartered libertine." When at
forty he " determined to pass in independence and
poverty the little time that remained to live," he pro-
ceeded to lay aside forever everything that seemed
to him inconsistent with his chosen manner of
life. As he sold his watch, he exclaimed : " Thank
Heaven, I shall never again need to know what time
it is ! " Of all possible reflections on the occasion,
this is surely the most characteristic of the vagabond
temper. Charles H. A. Wager.
CASUAL COMMENT.
French impressions of American news-
papers, of which we have already given a sample
or two, are not always wholly favorable. M. Emile
Deschamps, writing in " La Revue," stigmatizes our
daily press as inferior in literary quality, lacking or-
derly arrangement in make-up, and unduly devoted
to the interests of advertisers and advertisement-
readers. Some of his strictures are undeniably
wholesome. In France, we are told, writing is an
art; but in America people write as they talk.
" Style is in disgrace ; it is accused of retarding or
obscuring or wholly masking the thought. Accord-
286
THE DIAL
[May 1,
ing to the Americans, we Frenchmen waste precious
time in word-hunting. Euphony counts for nothing
with them ; it is not appreciated." Again, the
higgledy-piggledy arrangement of matter in our
newspapers is censured, as it should be. Who has
not been driven to the verge of wicked language by
the difficulty of finding a news item or other article
that he has reason to believe is somewhere in the
paper, or that he has himself already seen and
wishes to consult again ? The editorials constitute
about the only matter that one feels reasonably sure
of being able to find readily. " But these trifling
items," continues the critic after some pretty gener-
ous slashing, " are as nothing compared with the
great trashiness of American journalism. Trash
you may find in the newspapers of all countries,
but in this respect the land of Uncle Sam (and of
the canard) leads all the rest." However, a word of
comfort and of hope is vouchsafed us at the very end.
Journalism is in endless evolution, " and while the
French press seems at present to feel the influence
of American exuberance, the American press is here
and there developing a tendency to conform to the
standards of European journalism." But the sal-
vation of the newspaper must be sought in raising
"the intellectual lever of the public it addresses."
• • •
A FREE LIBRARY FREELY USED presents an agree-
able spectacle to gods and men, especially to that
portion of the latter who are connected with its
management. The Free Public Library of East
Orange, New Jersey, is conducted on principles of
exceeding liberality, and is used, not abused, by a
notably large proportion of the denizens of that fair
city. Some items of significance arrest the eye in
the library's Sixth Annual Report. Mr. James Duff
Brown, the well-known London librarian, recently
called attention to the large proportion of book-
borrowers in East Orange. That proportion last
year (excluding "dead registration" and counting
only the actual borrowers within the twelve months)
was nearly one-third of the entire population — a
fraction far larger than the greater cities can report.
In freedom of borrowing the East Orangeites are
unusually favored: with the exception of current
fiction, works in special demand, and recent period-
icals, they are allowed to draw at one time as many
books as they wish and to keep them as long as any
reasonable person could possibly wish — four weeks,
with privilege of renewal if not called for by anyone
else. Even reference books, those fixtures of most
library reading-rooms, " may be borrowed for over
night, or over Sunday, as at such times no one is
deprived of their use." A telephone inquiry depart-
ment, similar to that at Cardiff which we recently
described, is in successful operation, and has answered
questions of an astonishing amplitude of range. Fin-
ally, and this is the most admirable of all, the readers
themselves do a large part of the book-selecting and
book-reviewing required for intelligent purchase of
new works. " Co-operation is the order of the day,"
observes the librarian. " Why should it not be
applied in a city's library ? " Happy indeed is that
city whose citizens number such competent critics
as appear to be found in considerable numbers in
East Orange.
The duplication of book-titles has given rise
to some correspondence, aggrieved or expostulatory
on the one side, and apologetic on the other, in an
English literary journal. Canon Vaughan permits
himself to feel a little injured because Mr. S. C.
Gayford has written a book and named it "Life
After Death," regardless of the earlier appearance
of a work thus entitled from the Canon's pen. Mr.
Gayford avers in self-defense that he was utterly
unaware of this earlier book's existence — which
perhaps makes his crime all the blacker in Canon
Vaughan's eyes. A recent book bears the not strik-
ingly original title, " The End of the Middle Age,"
and Mr. T. Fisher Unwin takes occasion to remind
the public, but in no injured tone of voice, that some
years ago he published a book by Mme. Duclaux
called "The End of the Middle Ages." It is a
puzzling question how far the moral copyright ( legal
copyright would seem to be out of the question) ought
to extend in protection of exclusive rights to titles.
A recent "Atlantic " article has acquainted us with
the far-sighted self-interest of a successful soap-
manufacturer in preempting, by legal means, some
hundreds of attractive and desirable names for soap,
thus excluding much dangerous rivalry. Titles for
future novels no popular writer has yet seriously
demanded the privilege of appropriating, to the
embarrassment of his fellow-novelists ; and only very
distinctive and original titles could put forth any
plausible claim for protection. But as books mul-
tiply and the domain of unused names suffers
increasing shrinkage, the question here touched
upon may become something more than a purely
academic one. • • .
The advertising of " fake " books and book-
schemes is usually done through circulars and the
lower order of periodicals ; but frequently, we are
sorry to say, it appears in otherwise reputable maga-
zines. We noted recently in " Current Literature "
a full-page announcement headed, in large type,
" Stevenson's Complete Works at a Bargain." The
phrase " complete works " is repeated several times
in the course of the advertisement, and we are told
that " now for the first time is presented to the count-
less admirers of Stevenson the opportunity of pos-
sessing his famous works in form worthy of the
author's genius." Comparison of the printed list of
contents with the contents of the authorized copy-
right edition of Stevenson issued by the Messrs.
Scribner shows that this " complete edition " contains
in actuality something over half of Stevenson's pub-
lished writings. In its fraudulent claims this adver-
tisement is hardly more than typical of the numerous
announcements of " editions de grande luxe," " pub-
lishers' remainders," the " exclusive sale " of some
time-honored plug of the book-jobber, " world's
1909.]
THE DIAL
287
greatest extracts," and other literary junk, which
confront us shamelessly in many of our prominent
magazines. It is not likely that bucket shops, medi-
cal "specialists," lotteries, astrologists, etc., would
be permitted by these magazines to prey upon their
subscribers ; yet the hook swindler, no matter how
barefaced his pretensions, seems never to be barred.
Perhaps the most effective way of bringing about a
reform would be for reputable book publishers to
refuse to advertise in periodicals that lend their pages
to the exploitation of " fake " book schemes.
• • •
A BAR TO ORIGIISrALITY IN AUTHORSHIP is the
reading of current fiction. Distinction of style can-
not thus be cultivated, nor will depth of thought be
developed. Mr. John Trevena, the Dartmoor novel-
ist, whose stories are gaining an international repute,
appears to lead a secluded life in his Dartmoor
retreat, shunning not only his fellow-workers in lit-
erature, but also their literary works. He cannot
see how it is possible for a writer to be original if
he reads the books of the day. He is said to be a
good classical scholar, and to have a good classical
library — which he reads. The newspapers he does
not disdain, fop in them he thinks the life of a coun-
try and real human nature are to be found. The
village people about him, too, he studies with care,
and no one has depicted the Dartmoor manners and
customs and inhabitants so faithfully. From his
publishers' account of him it appears that "when
working he often retires to a lonely little cottage on
the top of a hill with a fine view of the tors. There
he lives absolutely alone with his dogs, doing his own
cooking and housework for months together. Often
he does not speak to anyone for over a week. He
seems to be a source of some terror to the nearest
village, as the people, who are still superstitious,
regard him as a magician." Physical frailty as
well as natural inclination seems to have imposed
the simple life on Mr. Trevena, who declares, char-
acteristically : " My aim above all is to preach not
so much kindliness as ordinary justice towards
animals ; and to remind men and women that they
are animals too." , , ,
The multiplicity of " book-fakes " indicates
the continuance of prosperity in those deleterious
forms of commercial rather than literary activity.
These schemes are of infinite variety as to form and
method, but are animated by the same spirit — the
spirit of fake and humbug. Their dependence is
largely upon their boldness. Their credulous victims,
" fed on boundless hopes " of stupendous bargain-
chances special to their case, pay enormous prices for
cheap or worthless books, and " spurn the simpler
fare " offered by the bookstores, where far better
editions may be had at a fraction of the " bargain "
prices. The notorious twenty thousand dollar
swindle perpetrated last year near Chicago heads
the list of these adventures ; but there are others
hardly less barefaced. The latest that has come to
our notice is one wherein " a large building lot " in
" the prettiest Summer resort in Southern California,
just a short ride from Los Angeles," is offered free
to subscribers to a work " in thirty-one beautiful vol-
umes " in which has been gathered " all that is worth
preserving of the literature, the science and art of
the world " ! A work so wonderful would be cheap
at any price — building lot or no building lot.
• • •
The wear and tear of public-library books
almost passes belief. For example, the Buffalo lib-
rary was obliged last year to withdraw (and, we
infer, replace with new copies) 21,148 volumes, or
nearly ten per cent of the total number of books in
its possession. It must have been the case with
many of these discarded books that, though too
shabby for circulation or even for rebinding, they
were still readable and in a condition to prove accept-
able gifts to hospitals, asylums, mining camps,
prisons, forest-dwellers, sailing-ship crews, night-
watchmen, or other persons of enforced leisure and
blessed with more appetite for reading than the
wherewithal to satisfy it. The current report of the
Minnesota Public Library Commission has a para-
graph pertinent to this matter. " Each year a num-
ber of lumber camps throughout the state are given
a supply of reading matter. Boxes are filled with
books which have been withdrawn from the travel-
ling libraries for various reasons, and which are in
readable but short-lived condition, and with popular,
illustrated magazines from the clearing house. Only
books of live interest are sent, and these are varied
to appeal to different tastes. In the past two years
36 camps have been supplied, and in this way 478
books and 1159 magazines were distributed." There
are doubtless many neglected opportunities for this
sort of benefaction in both city and country.
• • •
Linear measurement applied to literature
is something novel and a little amusing. Whether
a certain distinguished man did or did not recently
assert that a shelf five feet long would hold all
the books needed to impart a liberal education, or
whether, if he did say this, it was but in a semi-
jocose mood, is not of supreme importance. That
this casual seed of suggestion should have produced
a crop of world's-best-book-lists from numerous
quarters is what might have been expected. The
drawing-up of such a list, ruler in hand, is a rather
fascinating exercise, and not the less so that prob-
ably no two persons could be found to agree in their
choice. Nevertheless the shelf might be filled in
such wise as to leave no room for criticism. No one
as yet has hit upon the idea, so here it is : Take a
many-volumed edition of Shakespeare — if one of
the requisite proportions cannot be found, let it be
manufactured — and fill therewith your five-foot
shelf; and if you have not then five feet of the
world's very best literature, what have you, one
would like to know. And if its faithful perusal does
not liberalize the mind, the reader must be regarded
as an all but hopeless case.
288
THE DIAL
[May 1,
The final word in literaby journalism is,
it seems, about to be uttered. A Boston publisher
who (if we may believe his letter-head) is already
engaged in issuing no less than six periodicals, de-
voted to such seemingly various yet perhaps not
wholly unrelated subjects as Inebriety, Bridge
Whist, Occultism, Abnormal Psychology, and Skat,
finds still some spare moments upon his hands, and
these he intends to dedicate to a new " bi-monthly
magazine of Belles Lettres." " For fifteen years,"
he tells us, "I have watched American magazines —
particularly literary magazines, and I know what will
interest and what will not." Happy mortal ! An-
other paragraph in his announcement outlines this
gloomy picture of conditions just previous to what
in after years will probably be termed the Taxidean
■Americana period of literary journalism : " There
is no adequate literary review in the country. ' The
Dial ' is the nearest approach, and that is a list too
ponderous. Years ago there was ' The Book Buyer '
which was excellent, but that was discontinued ;
then there was 'The Critic' and 'The Bookman,'
neither so interesting as ' The Book Buyer ' but still
readable, now they are both general magazines."
That " list too ponderous " is indeed a heavy indict-
ment, — though we confess to some haziness regard-
ing its exact meaning.
• • •
Thrifty utilization of literary material
is one of Mr. J. M. Barrie's virtues, or vices, as
a writer. When an American lady twitted him
recently on his tendency to repeat himself in the
matter of jokes, the novelist-playwright laughed and
said his nationality was to blame. " I am a Scot,"
he explained, " and we Scots abhor waste." He
then asked his interlocutor if she had ever heard
of old Saunders Carlyle, who always drank off his
whiskey to the last drop the very instant it was
poured out for him. When asked why he gulped
it down so greedily, the old man replied that he had
once had his glass knocked over between the filling
and the drinking. An even better illustration of
thriftiness than Mr. Barrie's could be adduced in
the economical but not exactly close-fisted Yankee
who always took his seat in church near the door,
where the contribution box in its rounds would
reach him last, his motive being to lose as little in-
terest as possible on his donation.
Buffalo's book-readers appear to appreciate
their public library, which even the casual visitor
will remember as one of the best-equipped and most
active in the country. Its energetic work among
young readers, in the children's department and in
the schools, is worthy of notice. The current annual
report has three full-page illustrations of some of
our potentially great men and women (scholars,
writers, scientists, publicists ) of the future engrossed
in the absorbing occupation of choosing a book, or
clustering in an eager group over the open pages of
a favorite volume. The Saturday morning story
hour is reported to be so popular that the entertain-
ment often has to be repeated for the benefit of the
overflow. But we are assured that "it is far more
than a pastime for the hour, and is legitimate library
work, which should be greatly extended." The
crowded condition of the children's room suggests
the providing of an " intermediate department " for
a somewhat older class of readers, and it is hoped
that the experiment may be tried this year. Note-
worthy and praiseworthy is the Buffalo children's
appetite for non-fiction, which embraces forty-five
per cent of their total book-drawings. This record
puts to shame the average book-reading adult.
• • •
A LITTLE CONFUSION OF NAMES, which annually
recurs at about this season, brings forth with like reg-
ularity the explanation that the IngersoU lectureship
at Harvard on " The Immortality of Man " is not in
memory of the late Colonel Robert G. IngersoU, but
was founded by Miss Caroline IngersoU in 1893 in
obedience to the instructions and in the name of her
deceased father, George G. IngersoU, a Harvard
graduate. The choice of lecturer, not limited to any
one denomination or profession, has already fallen
on men distinguished in various walks of science and
literature. This year it was the good fortune of
those in attendance to hear Mr. G. Lowes Dickinson
present his views on the general theme — the exact title
of his discourse being, " Is Immortality Desirable ? "
The May number of the " Atlantic " publishes this
welcome contribution of a scholarly and original
thinker on a subject of almost universal interest.
• • •
An UP-TO-THE-MINUTE NEWS SERVICE is enjoyed
by the people of that semi-oriental, one is tempted to
say semi-somnolent, historic old city on the Danube,
Budapest. The telephone, not the printing-press,
is made the medium of an almost hourly transmis-
sion of news items, — stock-quotations, weather-
forecast, parliamentary doings, closing prices on the
exchange, extraordinary events, and so on; while
toward evening there follows a music programme
from caf6 or beer-garden, and later the subscriber
can enjoy an opera from the Royal Opera House or
listen to the dialogue of a play that is being pre-
sented at one of the theatres. And all this the
fortunate Budapest citizen, reclining at ease in
dressing-gown and slippers, can obtain for about
what the rest of the world pays for its daUy paper.
There are some things, it appears, that the enter-
prising West can still learn from the effete East.
COMMUNICA TIONS.
PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY IN POETRY.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
Mr. Burton E. Stevenson, in a letter printed in The
Dial of April 1, says that he knows of no poetry in-
spired by the civilization of Pennsylvania suitable for
his recently-published anthology entitled "Poems of
American History."
Years ago I made a collection of historical poems
from which, from time to time, either by request or other-
1909.]
THE DIAL
289
wise, I have sent selections to compilers of various anthol-
ogies. It would have given me pleasure to forward to
Mr. Stevenson, along with other poems relating to the
history of New Jersey and Pennsylvania and several ref-
erences to certain private and printed collections, which
I sent him, a clue to a number of poems by poets of wide
fame called forth by the civilization of Pennsylvania.
Whether these poems would have proved suitable for
his collection would depend I think upon the compiler's
willingness to throw open that closed shutter of the mind
which should have looked out upon the broad field of
Pennsylvania history. It would be strange indeed if
the colony and commonwealth which led the way in the
great changes of the criminal law, in religious tolera-
tion, in the founding of charities and the human uplift
in so many directions, which early became the American
centre of literature, law, medicine, and science, and
within whose borders are the birthplace of the Declara-
tion of Independence and the Constitution, Valley Forge
and the battlefields of Brandywine, Germantown, and
Gettysburg, had called forth no poetry suitable for an
anthology of historical poems.
The internal evidence supplied by Mr. Stevenson's
compilation itself raises a doubt as to whether his plea of
unfamiliarity with the poetry relating to Pennsylvania
is entirely frank. Can it be possible, for instance, that
he did not know of Wordworth's sonnets upon the
founding of the Episcopacy in the American branch of
the Church of England and their tribute to Bishop White
of Pennsylvania, — « the Saintly White," Wordsworth
calls him? The figure of Bishop White is a large one
in the religious history of America. The founding of
the Episcopacy was an important historical event, and
as a poet Wordsworth seems to meet with Mr. Steven-
son's partial approval. For, though these interesting
sonnets are missing from his book, the accompanying
sonnets by the same poet, printed side by side with them
in the poet's works, but relating to the New England
section of the country, of which the compiler is a native,
are present. It is difficult to reach any other conclusion
than that Mr. Stevenson chose the one set of Words-
worth's sonnets and rejected the other set, and his plea
of unfamiliarity, therefore, would seem to fall to the
ground.
There is another sonnet by Wordsworth addressed
" To the Pennsylvanias." It mingles praise of Pemi
and the early times with censure of the financial straits
in which Pennsylvania found herself for a period in the
first half of the nineteenth century because of her en-
thusiasm in making canals and other internal improve-
ments. The historical significance of the sonnet is too
important to be ignored. Although Mr. Stevenson dis-
claims familiarity with it, I think he is entitled to the
benefit of the doubt.
When Joseph Priestly, the discoverer of oxygen, in
the year 1794 sought refuge in Pennsylvania from the
violence of an intolerant English mob, which had pil-
laged his house and scattered his scientific apparatus,
another famous English poet, Coleridge, addressed him
a sonnet inspired by Priestly's expatriation. It might
be thought that this sonnet would have interested a
native of New England because of Dr. Priestly's promi-
nence as a Unitarian, if for no other reason.
The Wyoming Massacre inspired still another English
poet, Thomas Campbell, to write " Gertrude of Wyo-
ming," inaccurate as to its ornithology and in some other
respects, but sufficiently accurate in the spirit of its
description of the actual massacre. The American poet
Fitz Greene Halleck also wrote a poem on Wyoming,
several of his lines showing that there was a greater
familiarity with Campbell's poem in New York in the
nineteenth century than there would appear to be in
Ohio in the twentieth, for Halleck says:
"Nature hath made thee lovelier than the power
Even of Campbell's pen hath pictured."
Byron in " Don Juan " gives two stanzas to the Penn-
sylvania poem, but there is no extract from either the
English poem or the American poem in " Poems of
American History."
Thomas Moore left as a record of his life in Phila-
delphia, where tradition says he occupied a cottage ou
the banks of the Schuylkill, a poem which for its bear-
ing upon social and literary history was as much entitled
to a place in Mr. Stevenson's book as was Halleck's
tribute to Drake or many another included in the an-
thology.
Of the many historical poems relating to Pennsylvania
only a very few, and most of these of minor historical
significance, are to be found in " Poems of American
History." Buchanan Read's " The Treaty Elm," cele-
brating Penn's famous treaty with the Indians, "the
treaty never sworn to and never broken," is missing. So
is the same author's spirited description of the cele-
brated " Meschianza," the entertainment given in Phil-
adelphia during the British occupation, for which Major
Andre acted as a designer. Absent, too, is any extract
from George H. Boker's patriotic poem delivered before
the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard in 1865. Bayard
Taylor's poem on the battle of Brandywine is missing.
A half dozen poems on Bennington are given, but there
is room for only one relating to that spot of holy ground
of which the orator said " Lips in every language have
lisped the name of Valley Forge."
From the fields of his local preference Mr. Stevenson
has garnered with care and enthusiasm. He appears to
have rushed through Pennsylvania history in an auto-
mobile driven beyond the speed limit, seeing little beyond "
his own roadway.
Mr. Stevenson's suggestion that Whittier's poem
" The Pennsylvania Pilgrim " was too long for his pur-
pose is not warranted by the brevity of the lofty address
to posterity by Francis Daniel Pastorius written in 1688,
which consists of twenty-three lines. Whittier's poem
readily lends itself to the making of such extracts as the
compiler took from long New England poems. More-
over, Whittier wrote many short poems inspired by
Pennsylvania civilization. One of the best of them, one
of the best short poems the Quaker poet ever wrote, is
his " Hymn of the Dunkers," in which, while historical
fact is reflected in verse with unusual art, the poet made
unwitting return for the service rendered by one of the
Brethren to the Continental Congress in translating at
their request the Declaration of Independence into most
of the languages of Europe.
Charles Godfrey Leland of Philadelphia says that his
inimitable creation, " Hans Breitmann," was suggested
by a trooper of a Pennsylvania cavalry regiment. In the
Breitmann ballads Leland preserved with humor, phil-
osophy, learning, and spirit an interesting phase of civil
war life. The reader not unnaturally asks, why is then
given the ballad about Dawes and nothing from Breit-
mann? If we assume that Mr. Stevenson's book has
some other purpose than that implied by the title, even
if his compilation were primarily intended for use in
schools such purpose makes even more noticeable the
omission of Leland's poem beginning:
290
THE DIAL
[May 1,
" One day when I was on the march
In eighteen hundred and sixty-three,
The very day when General Meade
Was driving General Lee
Before him out of Maryland."
The poem describes Leland's visit, while on the inarch
from Gettysburg, to an empty schoolhouse, where a Con-
federate on the advance into Pennsylvania, had written
a boasting sentence upon the blackboard. Under it
Leland inscribed a witty Latin phrase, and
" No doubt it pleased the schoolmaster
When he returned again."
This poem would seem to be one of special interest to
young people still engaged in school work.
Mr. Stevenson's explanation of certain irregularities
in his book does not call for extended comment. The
term " Federals " was applied to the Northern troops by
the Southern people and their European friends. The
Northern soldiers were fighting for the preservation of
the union; they called themselves Union soldiers, and
they have not since ceased to prefer the term chosen by
themselves to the one conferred upon them by their
opponents. The citation of authority for the errors of
the note upon the ballad, " Keenan's Charge," will not
greatly impress anyone familiar with Civil War history.
As has been indicated, an anthology of bulk and
poetic excellence could readily be compiled from the
historical poems inspired by Pennsylvania civilization
said by Mr. Stevenson to be unknown to him.
Isaac R. Pennypacker.
Haddonfield, N. J., April 20, 1909.
EDUCATION AND THE STATE.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
Your discussion of " Home Rule and Public Educa-
tion," in The Dial of April 16, is an interesting and
hopeful sign of these entirely too material times. When
you say that " it has been the recognized duty of the
State to see that the means of education are provided
for its youthful citizens," you state what cannot be suc-
cessfully controverted. But if you were to add that this
" recognized duty " has always been religiously dis-
charged, you would find a large army of dissenters.
The truth of the matter is that the " duty " has been too
often transferred to " the local community," and this, in
turn, refuses " the needed financial support." While
the principle is well fixed in our American institutions,
its practical workings have not met the expectations of
those who firmly adhere to the belief that, in a repre-
sentative government, the only true education is that
which is furnished by the State. All others are par-
tial, one-sided, and incomplete. So, when you assert
that " education is the function of the State, not of the
coimty, or town, because it is a matter too essential to
the common welfare to be left to the caprice of the
locality," I feel like exclaiming: Amen and Amen! For
in that you have stated what ought to be conceded uni-
versally, but which many well-meaning citizens have yet
to appreciate. Nevertheless, the emphasis which you
give to public education as a State function is well put
and is greatly needed in this country at this very moment.
As a school officer, I have seen the need of constant
repetition of this important and valuable truth. Indeed,
it cannot be brought home to the individual and the
community too often. Duane Mowry.
Milwaukee, Wis., April 23, 1909.
^\t g^to g00ks.
The CARLYLE-WELiSH liOVE-IjETTERS.*
In view of Carlyle's vehemently expressed
desire that the sanctities of his domestic life
should never be profaned by biographer's pen,
it is a curious freak of destiny that has caused
his marital relations and all his home privacies
to be more minutely and relentlessly pried into
and laid open and publicly discussed than those
of almost any other famous personage in the
world's history. And in all this peeking and
prying and gossiping there has necessarily been
more tlian a little of misrepresentation, of innu-
endo, and even of scandal, until by this time
the public ought to be in that reactionary mood
which will make acceptable and easily credible
a saner, soberer, less sensationally dramatic
presentment of the gifted dyspeptic and his
talented wife in their mutual relations and their
daily life.
It is largely in the hope of righting past
wrongs — wrongs that he lays primarily at the
door of Carlyle's biographer — that Mr. Alex-
ander Carlyle now publishes, in approximate
completeness, " The Love Letters of Thomas
Carlyle and Jane Welsh," in two volumes uni-
form with the " New Letters," which he has
already edited from the pens of both. Of this
pre-matrimonial correspondence, which Carlyle
expressly wished to remain unpublished, the
editor writes in his preface : " The holy of
holies having been sacrilegiously forced, dese-
crated, and polluted, and its sacred relics de-
faced, besmirched, and held up to ridicule, any
further intrusion therein — for the purpose of
cleansing and admitting the purifying air and
light of heaven — can now be attended, in the
long rim, by nothing but good results." His
present task, therefore, is but a continuation
and, one may hope, a completion of what was
begun in the earlier publication of the carefully
annotated " New Letters," — the correcting,
namely, of false reports, and the silencing of
mischievous gossip. In characteristic style he
vents a little of his bottled-up wrath upon poor
Froude and his unspeakable Froudacities. To
some of us in whose veins there runs no drop
of Carlyle blood it almost seems as if that
strangely irresponsible but highly entertaining,
even inspiring, writer of biography and history
had already been sufficiently castigated for his
* The Love-Letters of Thomas Carlyle and Jane Welsh.
Edited by Alexander Carlyle, M.A. In two volumes. Illustrated.
New York : John Lane Co.
1909.]
THE DIAL
291
sins and might by this time be suffered to rest
in peace as the helpless victim of unaccountable
prepossessions and fixed ideas.
Let us now dip into the letters themselves
and allow them to tell their own story. Only
four days after his first call, under Irving's
escort, on Mrs. Welsh and her daughter at
Haddington, young Carlyle wrote his opening
letter, in semi-sentimental vein, to the owner of
the bright eyes that seem to have pierced his
armor at the very first glance. Amorous impet-
uosity on his part, and maidenly reserve amount-
ing even to coldness and severity on hers, are,
naturally enough, plainly in evidence in the first
few letters. But the suitor was not so blinded
by his passion as to fail to perceive that a
woman's No is not always to be literally inter-
preted. Chilly silence and harsh rebuffs did not
discourage him ; and before the first eighteen
months of the five years' wooing were over, the
two had arrived at a more than friendly footing,
and thenceforward there was little but smooth-
ness to the course of their true love. A few
sentences from Miss Welsh's third letter must
here be quoted. After thanking her corre-
spondent for a book he had sent her, the writer
proceeds :
" I have moreover read your Letter. For it I do not
thank you. It afforded me neither pleasure nor amuse-
ment. Indeed, my Friend, this Letter of yours has, to
my mind, more than one fault. I do not allude to its
being egotistical. To speak of oneself is, they say, a
privilege of Friendship. . . . But there is about it an
air of levity which I dislike ; which seems to me to form
an unnatural union with the other qualities of your head
and heart, and to be ill-timed in treating of a subject to
you the most important of all subjects — your own
Destiny. . . . Besides this there is about your Letter a
mystery which I detest. It is so full of meaning words
miderlined; meaning sentences half-finished; meaning
blanks with notes of admiration ; and meaning quotations
from foreign languages, that really in this abundance of
meaning it seems to indicate, I am somewhat at a loss
to discover what you would be at. I know how you will
excuse yourself on this score: You will say that you
knew my Mother would see your Letter; and that, of
course, you cared not to what difficulties I as Interpreter
might be subjected, so that you got your feelings toward
me expressed. Now Sir, once for all, I beg you to
understand that I dislike as much as my Mother dis-
approves your somewhat too ardent expressions of
Friendship towards me; and that if you cannot write
to me as to a man who feels a deep interest in your
welfare, who admires your talents, respects your virtues,
and for the sake of these has often, — perhaps too often,
overlooked your faults ; — if you cannot write to me as
if — as if you were married, you need never waste ink
or paper on me more."
Let us now see in what temper the rebuked
lover replies to this. He shows himself pos-
sessed of a certain self-respecting good-nature
that is not easily ruffled. His letter begins as
follows :
" I have read your Letter over and over ; and ad-
mired the talent displayed in it not a little. I have a
small, exceedingly small vein of satire myself: but there
is no need to conjecture whether it would serve to de-
fend me in the present instance: you know well enough
I dare not try. It was once reckoned generous, I be-
lieve, to ' crush the haughty, but spare those who cannot
resist ' ; — however I do not complain. This conflict of
sarcasms can hardly gratify or punLsh any very noble
feeling in either you or me; and I am content to have
my vanity humbled since you wish it so."
Pass on now to a date less than two years
later, and mark the tone in which the once
haughtily reserved damsel meets her wooer's
advances. The letter is dated " Hell [meaning
Templand, the home of the writer's maternal
grandfather], 19th August [1823]," and begins
in this delightfully cordial fashion :
" Your last Letter was especially welcome : it came
in a lucky moment. I had just been (or fancied I had
been) most barbarously dealt with, and was ready to
hang or drown myself in good earnest ; but the sight of
your handwriting can cheat me out of ill-humour at any
time ; it always presents so many delightful images, and
excites so many delightful expectations ! Oh, you have
no notion how great a blessing our correspondence is to
me ! When I am vexed, I write my grievances to you ;
and the assurance 1 have that your next Letter will bring
me consolation, already consoles me. And then, when
your Letter comes — when it repeats to me that One
in the world loves me — will love me ever, ever, — and
tells me more boldly than Hope, that my future may yet
be glorious and happy, there is no obstacle I do not feel
prepared to meet and conquer. I owe you much! feel-
ings and sentiments that ennoble my character, that
give dignity, interest and enjoyment to my life. In
return, I can only love you, and that I do, from the
bottom of my heart."
To balance this extract a paragraph must be
quoted from Carlyle's last letter to Miss Welsh
The first sentence, as a footnote explains, has a
double allusion, — first, to Swift's article en-
titled " The last Speech and dying Words of
Ebenezer Elliston," and, secondly, to the old
ballad called " The Unfortunate Miss Bailey."
This, then, is the self-congratulatory tone in
which the soon-to-be-married man begins :
" ' The Last Speech and marrying words of that un-
fortunate young woman Jane Baillie Welsh,' I received
on Friday morning; and truly a most delightful and
swan-like melody was in them; a tenderness and warm
devoted trust, worthy of such a maiden bidding farewell
to the (unmarried) Earth, of which she was the fairest
ornament. Dear little Child! How is it that I have
deserved thee; deserved a purer and nobler heart than
falls to the lot of millions? I swear I will love thee
with my whole heart, and think my life well spent if it
can make thme happy."
Where, all this time, some may ask, has
Edward Irving been keeping himself, and what
292
THE DIAL
[May 1,
are his feelings for Miss Welsh and hers for him
throughout this courtship? It will surprise
most readers to be assured by the editor that, as
to any alleged attachment between the young
lady and her former teacher, there is, in collo-
quial phrase, " nothing in it." And in Appendix
B, Note Three, twenty-five pages of fine print
are devoted to demolishing the Irving- Welsh
love legend. A pre-Carlylean love affair there
does appear to have been ; but the object of
Jane's girlish affection was not Irving, but one
George Rennie, who, manifestly unworthy of,
and perhaps unconscious of, the young maiden's
favor, took himself unceremoniously off the scene
and became lost to fame. Irving seems to have
cherished an elder-brotherly regard for his
former pupil, and to have been interested, as a
minister of religion, in her soul's welfare ; but
the evidence adduced by the editor certainly
undermines the romantic fable of the insuper-
able obstacle (in the shape of the woman Irving
eventually did marry) to the union of two break-
ing hearts. Proof is offered, from Mrs. Oli-
phant's pen, of the entire harmony and happiness
prevailing in Mr. and Mrs. Irving's relations to
each other. But who can read a woman's
heart? Whether Jane Welsh ever felt senti-
mentally inclined toward her talented and attrac-
tive teacher — and such a feeling would have
been no more than natural, perhaps almost
inevitable at her age and in her seclusion from
much other society — or, indeed, whether Irving
ever conceived a tender affection for his pupil,
who at their first meeting was little more than
half his age, no one can now pronounce with
certainty ; nor does it much matter how the case
stood. There is at most but very slight foun-
dation for the elaborate superstructure that has
been built up concerning these two and their
alleged desperate fondness for each other.
To an impartial reader these love letters
must strengthen the impression already pro-
duced by the post-nuptial correspondence of
their writers, — an impression of a deep and last-
ing attachment between two somewhat similarly
gifted, and perhaps for that reason somewhat
mutually incompatible, natures. A more pla-
cidly humdrum domestic existence would un-
doubtedly have been theirs if each had chosen
a mate constitutionally adapted to undergo, with-
out irritant friction, daily contact with his or her
angularities and asperities. But in a world of
only approximately perfect adjustments theirs
is to be regarded as a far from unhappy union,
and one whose history mankind will long take
pleasure in reading.
The two volumes contain one hundred and
seventy-six letters and ninety pages of appended
matter, including seventeen poems, chiefly by
"T. C." and "J. W." Especially interesting
is it to note the early appearance and the increas-
ing prominence of those distinctive features that
place the letters of both Carlyle and his wife
among the very best that literature contains.
No uncertain or tedious scrawl ever comes from
their pens ; but from the first they write with
a mastery of their medium, a command of vigor-
ous and vivid English, that is a source of unfail-
ing delight. The many illustrations and the
abundant footnotes and full index are all that
one could desire for so important a work. If
the last word has not now been said on the
relations of Mr. and Mrs. Carlyle to each other,
the fault is not Mr. Alexander Carlyle's.
Percy F. Bicknell.
Psychology and Psychotherapy.*
How shall a knowledge of our mental nature
contribute to the efficiency and worth of the life
of high purpose which our ideals commend?
That is the dominant, though not the exclusive,
problem of applied psychology. The parallelism
of the two streams of human interest thus sug-
gested is historically and actually more conspic-
uous than their bond of connection ; and the
manner of portraying this underlying affiliation
commits the psychologist to a fundamental
aspect of his profession. The issue appears in
every field of human endeavor in which the
commendable is to be separated from the unde-
sirable, the socially fit from the socially unfit.
Morality, education, hygiene, art, literature, and
religion, the industrial pursuits and the political
welfare, are affected by the trend and temper of
the attitude that is reached and made effective.
The result becomes the contribution of psy-
chology to the philosophy of life.
No more concrete and valuable application of
the larger problem appears on the vista of our
present interests than that which affects the atti-
tude toward the maintenance of human health,
which means sanity; and Professor Miinster-
berg's book entitled "Psychotherapy" finds its
significance as a worthy and wholesome influ-
ence to this end. The term "psychothera-
peutics " has found popular currency, but the
meaning that we attach to it makes of it either
dross or gold. The genuine and the counterfeit
♦ Psychotherapy. By Hugo Miinsterberg. Professor of Psy-
chology in Harvard University. New York : Moffat, Yard & Co.
1909.]
THE DIAL
293
circulate with almost equal acceptance ; and it
is the business of those professing some expert-
ness in this complex field to furnish the ready
means for their intelligent discrimination. It
is far more important that this shall be done,
than that we shall at once reach a consensus in
regard to how it shall be done, or whose busi-
ness primarily it is to do it. Professor Miin-
sterberg's contribution consists of three logically
arranged steps : the first setting forth the man-
ner of connection between the doctrines and
findings of psychology and the utilization of
the mental influences in the relief of disabilities
and impediments ; the second furnishing some
living pictures of these influences in action ; the
third presenting the manner in which principle
and procedure affect the interests of the physi-
cian, the minister, the psychologist, and the
public.
It may be questioned whether the layman (to
whom the volume is addressed) will derive any
very direct benefit from the reading of the in-
troductory presentation ; and he has the author's
frank permission to skip it. Yet even if he
reads casually, he is likely to gather that the
determination of the relations of body and mind
is a very intricate and evasive task, — an impres-
sion that may render him less susceptible if not
wholly immune to the assertive and aggressive
advances of the impatient practitioner of what-
ever " ism " or " pathy." The central theme
that the causal point of view — which is psy-
chology's along with her sister sciences — must
be held apart from the purposive, which is the
attitude of ethics, religion, and the ideals of life,
commands consent but not conviction. And as
the reader becomes interested in the account of
cases cured, the manner of their treatment, and
in the practical bearings of this therapy in the
actual situations of life, he cannot see that these
appear more comprehensive to his understanding
from any belief or scepticism of the aforesaid
principles. Indeed, the whole may be read as
in apologia for the author's former disavowal
that psychology has much of a message for edu-
cation or the practical arts of life.
To achieve a rational attitude toward the
psychic ministrations of a mind diseased seems
no easy matter, so entangled is the subject with
prejudices, dubious practices, and theories which
are not dubious but conspicuously perverted.
This is the field in which materialism (a term
by which to condemn) and idealism (an epithet
of disparagement) seem determined to quarrel
at every encounter, when indeed they can be
persuaded to enter a common arena. The one
irritably asks why the body should be com-
plicated by a mind, and the other's disdain
cannot understand why the mind should be
handicapped with a body. The modern varieties
of the latter type of ignoring the obvious has
certainly led to the most elaborate nonsense to
which practically-minded individuals ever sacri-
ficed time or dollars. The former is a much
more modest prejudice, an uneasiness in the
presence of mental symptoms and mental
methods of treatment, as of things irregular,
untrustworthy, and obscure. To the one, mind
can move mountains ; and the other tries this
motive power only with hesitation and reserva-
tion on mole hills. The rational use of mental
influences on the ills that flesh — or is is mind ?
— is heir to is neither a miracle nor a revelation.
It is a legitimate outcome of legitimate study ;
and it is high time that in the judgment of
fair-minded men, the bar sinister of its ancient
pedigree (and may one add, of its bastard
descendants ?) should be ignored. The grudg-
ing scepticism of the physician is as misplaced,
though very differently motived, as the uncrit-
ical propagandism of the drugless, matterless,
body less healers.
It is not necessary for those who endorse
Professor Miinsterberg's intermediary point of
view, to endorse even this in its details, or to
have an opinion favorable or otherwise upon his
own treatment of his own cases. If sympa-
thetically inclined, they will recognize that as a
professor of psychology, who is also by training
a doctor of medicine but not a practitioner, he
has been willing to bend his interests and his
expertness to the relief of some selected cases.
There is no obligation or intent to convert the
psychological laboratory into a clinic ; and the
recorded opinion of the volume is against such
procedure. The position consistently adhered
to is that the field of practice belongs by war-
rant of training and profession to the medical
man ; and that the psychologist, like the minis-
ter, is a coadjutor, — though summoned for very
different reasons and occasions. The evidence
that psychic measures are effective in the treat-
ment of disease is extensive and convincing.
That it is particularly effective in that inesti-
mably vast and important mass of disabilities,
inefficiencies, and impediments of mental origin,
that wreck as many lives and cause as much
havoc and agony as the minor ravages of
microbes or the obvious crippling of detectable
injury, is equally clearly spread upon the min-
utes of every observing physician's case-book.
Accepting its utility and wise applicability, we
294
THE DIAL
[May 1,
are prepared to find a modus vivendi for its
step-by-step introduction into the practical con-
cerns of modern life.
On the medical side the moral is obvious.
The psychologist, if his interests do not happen
to turn him that way, need not be a practitioner ;
but the practitioner should be something of a
psychologist. And, moreover, he should be just
that kind of psychologist who has an insight into
the minor psychic failings of a complex but very
prevalent humanity. He may, if he is crowded
in his preparation, know only enough of insanity
and the larger abnormalities to recognize them,
and turn them over to a proper specialist ; but
the lesser disabilities, like the poor, he will
always have with him. If he wishes to serve
his patients with the full equipment of modern
resources, his quiver should be as well provided
with psychic shafts as with the keen-cutting or
drugged points of his ominous black bag. For
the parties of the other part argument will avail
little. Psychology is as hopeless to provide an
antidote for quacks as for their dupes ; and few
of either kidney present themselves without a
letter of recommendation, which they have some-
how extracted (or forged) from that abused and
complacent scion of learning. But a word must
be said in regard to an alliance of most worthy
intent, now incorporated in what is known as
the " Emmanuel movement." At best this is
but a passing phase of a larger interest. Other
and better modes of providing for this service
are certain to be developed. Professor Miin-
sterberg takes the commendable position that
the minister's mode of appeal should be utilized
with discretion when it is needed as a therapeu-
tic aid ; but that the latter's usurpation of the
medical man's function is unwise, is dangerous,
and cannot be supported by the arguments that
enforce the psychologist's cooperation and
guidance.
But physician, minister, and psychologist
alike, directly or indirectly, have an obligation
to serve the sanity of the community ; and a
right and rational understanding of what psy-
chology means, and what the psychologist's pur-
poses are, is as essential to these professions as
it is to the integrity of just those phases of the
public sanity that are to-day most affected by
pseudo-scientific f olderol about the subconscious
mind, and psychic waves, and new thought, and
other disguise of old superstition. It is, in brief,
because psychology desires to minister to prac-
tical needs, and is in a position to perform a
modest service ; and because, whether willing or
unwilling, psychology is certain to have her name
taken in vain in support of measures which she
knows not of ; and because the practical desire
to shake off this mortal coil of pain and disa-
bility is amongst the most urgent of all motives
for the study of mind and the things of earth and
heaven, that the right understanding of the rela-
tions of psychology and healing becomes a matter
of public concern. The dominant temper and
central bearing of Professor Miinsterberg's work
is a contribution to that desirable end.
Joseph Jastrow.
liOREXZO THE MAGNIPICENT, AND
His Time.*
Lorenzo de Medici has been so favorite a topic
with writers of both history and literature, that a
new work on the subject must lay claim to some
special merit to justify its appearance. Mr.
Horsburgh fully meets this condition ; his life
of Lorenzo the Magnificent occupies a very
imique position, and deserves a hearty welcome
not only from the general student of the Italian
Renaissance but from the specialist in Floren-
tine history as well. Of the previous literature
on the subject, only three works can lay claim
to adequate treatment — Roscoe's life. Von
Reumont's elaborate work, and Armstrong's
monograph. Roscoe's book, written nearly a
century ago, is obviously not abreast of modem
scholarship ; Von Reumont's work, though based
on diligent study and careful research, is de-
signed rather for reference than for general
reading, while the English version is written in
such a style as to make consecutive reading im-
possible ; Armstrong's scholarly work is ideal
as far as it goes, but it makes no attempt to
portray all the phases of Lorenzo's many-sided
activities.
Even the briefest perusal of Mr. Horsburgh's
work, discloses a ripe scholarship combined with
a high degree of appreciation of the requirements
of his task. Within the compass of five hun-
dred pages he has given us a complete portrai-
ture of his hero from every point of view, and
has also sketched a vivid picture of Florentine
history during the fifteenth century. Lorenzo as
statesman, diplomatist, patron of art and letters,
humanist, author, — every side of this marvel-
lous man receives adequate and in some cases
original treatment.
Mr. Horsburgh is frankly an admirer of
Lorenzo, and is anxious to present his hero in
* Lorenzo the Magnificent, and Florence in her Golden
Age. By E. L. S. Horsburgh, B. A. New York : G. P. Putnam's
Sons.
1909.]
THE DIAL.
295
the best possible light ; in fact, one might almost
consider his work an apology for the whole
Medician regime. This attitude, a result of
sympathetic appreciation, rather than strict his-
torical criticism, appears most prominently in
the chapters on Lorenzo's methods of govern-
ment. The author rejects absolutely the view
that Lorenzo was a cold and calculating tyrant
who had deliberately set himself to destroy
the liberties of a free republic. Lorenzo, he
declares, was invested with his power by the
voluntary act of the ruling class of Florentine
citizens ; he slipped naturally into the place
prepared for him by his grandfather, Cosimo.
Moreover, no other course was left open to him ;
such was his wealth, his influence, and his repu-
tation, that if he was to be a public man he must
be first or nowhere : the Medici once removed,
the rule of the Albizzi or Pazzi would inevitably
follow. The Florentines, thinks Mr. Hors-
burgh, had not only lost their capacity of self-
government, but a thorough-going republican
regime would have been a fatal anachronism.
Florence was surrounded by a cordon of unscru-
pulous and grasping neighbors, and an abso-
lutism in some form must stand between her
and destruction. Hence in the establishment
of his personal government Lorenzo has ample
justification on the grounds both of practical
necessity and patriotic duty. While advancing
the fortunes of his own house, he was performing
an inestimable service to the State as well.
Assuming, then, that the government of the
Medici was a logical necessity, the author goes
on to show how well Lorenzo acquitted himself
of his task. And in truth the problems to be
faced were no easy ones. The Florentines
must be accustomed to a veiled despotism while
their vanity was to be flattered by all the exter-
nal trappings of republicanism. Florence must
wax powerful and prosperous by the mainten-
nance of a nicely adjusted balance of power
within Italy, and above all no pretext must be
given for foreign interventions from beyond the
Alps. These were but a few of the many diffi-
culties which Lorenzo met and overcame.
It is entirely beside the mark to upbraid
Lorenzo with sordid manipulation of political
machinery or unblushing bestowal of state
offices, of finesse and corruption. Such things
were the inevitable result of Lorenzo's anom-
alous position, of trjdng to maintain the delusion
of freedom while exercising the powers of an
autocrat. With the aid of these considerations,
the author boldly grapples with the various
charges that have been made against Lorenzo's
system of government. The most damaging of
these accusations is the alleged appropriation of
public funds for private uses. Mr. Horsburgh
rightly considers this the crux of the whole
question ; if he can explain away this charge,
the rehabilitation of Lorenzo will be complete.
After emphasizing again the desire of the
Florentines to enjoy aU the luxury and advan-
tage of a monarchy without paying for it, and
without providing the machinery for its main-
tenance, he adds :
" In modern monarchies, a Civil List, amply sufficient
for the dignity and needs of the monarch, is provided
at the expense of the public revenue. In Florence,
Lorenzo's anomalous position as a private citizen, some-
how invested with the dignity of Head of the State,
produced a corresponding financial anomaly. In all
State ceremonial he was required to take the lead. He
was expected, as a matter of course, to entertain splen-
didly royal or distinguished visitors who came to Flor-
ence for their pleasure or diplomatic business. No
allowances from the public funds were made to him for
these purposes. It was at his own expense that he was
required to perform absolutely necessary public services.
Wheij, therefore, he struck a balance between what the
State owed to him, and what he owed to the State, it
was not unnatural that he should conclude that the debt
was not all on one side ; that if there was little discrim-
ination on the one part there need not be very much
discrimination on the other. The fact is that Lorenzo
is so modern, he is so nearly in touch with the thought
and standards of to-day that we almost instinctively
judge him from the point of view of to-day. We apply
to him an ideal of conduct which we should never dream
of applying to Tudors, or even to Bourbons. . . .
Critics of Lorenzo are constantly forgetful of the con-
ditions of government and life which existed in his day.
It is the highest testimony to the real greatness of
Lorenzo that he should be so judged — that we are not
content to palliate in him faults which in other rulers
of the time we readily condone. Lorenzo is one of the
few men in history for whom the world has never been
ready to admit the extenuating plea of circumstances
and environment. It is instinctively felt that he had
the higher light, and that where he sinned, he sinned
against that light."
It would be an injustice to Mr. Horsburgh to
limit this brief review to those portions of his
work dealing with Lorenzo s government. Other
chapters, though less original in treatment, are
extremely interesting. The section devoted to
the Pazzi conspiracy — that all but successful
attempt of the disgruntled Pazzi nobles, abetted
by Pope Sixtus IV., to assassinate Lorenzo and
his brother in the Duomo of Florence — reads
more like a romance than sober history. The
chapter describing Lorenzo's last days also has.
a distinct historical value. Mr. Horsburgh
rightly rejects the traditional accoimt found in
most of the biographies of Savonarola, that
Lorenzo died unshriven owing to the impossible
conditions imposed by the uncompromising
296
THE DIAL
[May 1,
Dominican monk. The last hours of the great
Medici were spent with his friends Poliziano
and Pico della Mirandola, and he passed away
in the bosom of the Church.
Mr. Horsburgh's work is a distinct contribu-
tion to Italian literature and humanism, as well
as to Florentine history. After briefly but
clearly indicating Lorenzo's relation to the
Renaissance, the author devotes some sixty
pages to Lorenzo as poet and writer. At first
sight it would seem as if Mr. Horsburgh could
glean but little after so full a harvest had been
reaped by such specialists as Symonds and
Gaspary ; but here again a well-worn subject is
enlivened by distinct originality of treatment.
The sonnets, lyrics, miracle plays, dance songs,
the Canti Carnascialeschi, are all passed in
review. And in his analysis and appreciation
of Lorenzo's prose commentary to his sonnets,
and the satirical poem of Nencia da Barberino,
Mr. Horsburgh has rendered the student of
Italian literature a genuine service ; as far
as I am aware, the Commentario has never
before received treatment commensurate with
its importance.
One lays down the work of Mr. Horsburgh
with a feeling that one has read a book distinctly
worth while. Had the author made his work
a little less popular in tone, and supplied it with
critical footnotes, citations from contemporary
authorities, and voluminous appendices, it might
not fear comparison with such classics in their
field as Villari's biographies of Savonarola and
Machiavelli. But the general reader will not
regret the absence of this criticaj apparatus,
especially as its place is taken by a series of
excellent illustrations drawn from the Florentine
art of the period. p^ ^^ Martin.
The Search for What Is Close
AT Hand.*
Many who have got away from M. Maeterlinck
in the last few years, or from whom he has got
away, will be glad to get back to him by way of
" The Blue Bird." There were those who had
read with a curious delight the strange little
early pieces, the romantic dream-fantasias like
" Pelleas et Melisande," and the more definite
adventure of " Monna Vanna," who did not
readily follow him in his studies on bees and
flowers, or on social justice and social reform.
Here, however, the merely light-minded will
* The Blue Bird. A Fairy Play in Five Acts. By Maurice
Maeterlinck. Translated by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos.
New York : Dodd, Mead & Co.
again find something of that which they enjoyed
a long time ago.
" The Blue Bird " is certainly a very charming
piece. I do not know whether it has been acted,
or if so how it succeeded upon the stage, but
certainly as we have it in the book (excellently
translated by Mr. de Mattos, as are many other
of Maeterlinck's books), it makes as real and as
intense an impression as did any of M. Maeter-
linck's earlier successes. It is true it appears
to us under the guise of a slight, a trivial piece,
a fairy play, something perhaps for the children
at Christmas-time. But of course we understand
that a man need not become serious, need not be
in deadly earnest, in order to do something worth
doing. " Peter Pan," for instance, is a slight
child's play, but it misses only by a little being
a very wonderful and beautiful piece. And so,
on the other hand, many plays much more serious
and much more important in form and topic than
" Peter Pan" or " The Blue Bird " become, with
all their serious importance, things that nobody
can bear to see or read a second time — perhaps
not even a first.
Of course a fairy play is rather after our
earlier idea of M. Maeterlinck, — not that his
earlier plays were fairy plays, but they had
a certain independence of ordinary conditions
(most of them) that was much the same thing.
A fairy play will permit all sorts of dramatic
conveniences, but then so did many of M. Maeter-
linck's earlier plays. This play, however, is freer
than were they ; M. Maeterlinck perhaps has
not in mind so much of dramatic theory as in
earlier days. It is also fuller of thought, perhaps
because, not having certain definite ideas to
express, M. Maeterlinck is the better able to
express the wealth of ideas on things in general
which the last few years have brought him.
Certainly the main idea is not profound.
Two children are sent by the Fairy Berylune
to search for the Blue Bird which her little
daughter wants. They seek in all manner of
strange places and return to find the Blue Bird
in their own backyard. It is not on any such
main idea (how often has that particular one
been presented to us) that the play depends, but
on the opportunity which such a theme gives the
author for suggestive and subtle remarks and
analogies. The children start off accompanied
by the Dog and the Cat, by Bread and Sugar,
and by Light. It is very possible, of course,
that with a heavier hand all this would simply
be conventional and stupid ; but with M.
Maeterlinck it is full of genius, evinced in the
first frantic leaps and jumps of the Dog, and
1909.]
THE DIAL
297
the self -considering ceremoniousness of the Cat.
We see at once that we have here no lay figures
presented merely to point a moral and adorn a
tale, but real creations, real dog and cat. With
such companions the children set out. The boy
wears a green hat with a shining diamond in
the cockade : turn it and one sees " into the life
of things." And first they come to the Land
of Memory, where are the dead who pass the
days in peaceful sleep except when we remember
them ; and here they rouse their old Granny,
and old Gaffer Tyl their grandfather, and their
little brothers and sisters. "Yes, we get plenty
of sleep, while waiting for a thought of the
Living to come and wake us," says Gaffer Tyl.
" Ah, it is good to sleep when life is done. But
it is pleasant also to wake up from time to time."
Then they come to the Palace of Night, still
searching for the Blue Bird. They are led on by
Light. The Cat runs on ahead (familiar with
the region) to warn Night that Man is getting
at the secrets of things. The Cat is a conspir-
ator, but the Dog is a great galloping friend.
So the children wish to look in Night's closets,
searching for the Blue Bird. Poor Night ! She
has but few terrors left, — a few poor Ghosts
and Sicknesses. Then to the Forest among the
Trees ; and here again the Cat would betray the
children, — children as they are of the old wood-
cutter. And here the Trees and the Animals
would overpower the children, judge them, and
put them to death. But the Man single-handed
is too much for Nature. And then they come
to the Graveyard, to ask of the dead who lie
there about the Blue Bird ; and as twelve o'clock
soimds there rises from the gaping tombs a sort
of evanescent mist, but there are no dead. And
then they come to the Kingdom of the Future,
where live those who are to be born in days to
come, children with all sorts of things that they
are to bring to earth, — inventions, crimes, and
other wonders. But still no Blue Bird. And
then they find themselves back again in front
of their own house, and Bread and Sugar leave
them, and the Dog and the Cat become silent,
and Light says good-bye, and they wake up and
find the Blue Bird in their cage at home, and
give it to an old neighbor to please her little girl.
All this is fanciful enough, one will easily
see ; but also it suggests, or it may suggest, so
much more than it says. It opens to us a new
world, a world of apprehensions different from
those of every day, that was always M. Maeter-
linck's world, — a world in which we can speak
to the dog and the cat, a world in which we can
see those who are gone and those who are to
come, a world in which we can enter into the
life of the trees and of the beasts of the field,
and of night. That is a world of which M.
Maeterlinck has spoken much of late, of which
others have spoken too. In "The Blue Bird"
he presents to us in suggestion and in symbol
much that has perhaps crossed our minds in
more definite and serious thought.
This, I rather think, is what the drama can
well do and is at its best in doing. A play is
not, I believe, a very good opportunity for the
argument of causes, and I have always thought
that problems in plays were rather out of place, —
at least if we wanted solutions to them. Yet it
is not quite enough either that a play shoidd
stir our sentiments, our emotions, our passions
at random and without connection with our more
rational moods or moments. But though it is
no place for argument, the drama gives a won-
derful opportunity for putting ideas into actual
forms, into figures and actions so suggestive, so
poignant, so appealing, that they remain in our
minds with an impressiveness that no argument
can equal. If a play does that, it fulfils one
great possibility of the drama, whether it do it
by a child's fairy-tale or a tragedy of everyday
life. The great dramas generally do stand in
our minds for something, or else they give us
figures or situations that stand for something.
And according as this something is more or less
worth while, and more or less seriously impressed
upon us, why by so much do we value the drama.
Hence one will read " The Blue Bird " with more
attention to the moments of intense appreciation
and intuition than to questions of technique and
structure. Such, indeed, has always been the
case with M. Maeterlinck, although he would
at times have had it otherwise. But never has
it been more so, nor has such care been more
rewarded, than in his latest play.
Edward E. Hale, Jr.
liiNCOLN's Last Days and Death.*
The additions to Lincoln literature due to
the centenary celebration include two volumes
closelyrelated,although emanating from different
sources. That each has for its theme the death
of Lincoln is a testimonial to the public interest
in every detail of " our most original American,"
as well as an illustration of the painstaking
methods of historical investigation of the present
• The Assassination op Abraham Lincoln and Its Expia-
Tion. By David Miller De Witt. New York : The Macmillan Co.
The Death op Lincoln. By Clara E. Laughlin. Illustrated
New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.
298
THE DIAL
[May 1,
day. The tragic nature of Lincoln's taking-off,
as well as the preeminent position he occupied
at the time, are warrants against the possible
charge of gratifying a morbid curiosity.
The two volumes under consideration vary
widely in treatment. Mr. De Witt's will appeal
more to the student, while Miss Laughlin's will
attract rather the general reader. The one
approaches the subject in the mood of the
jurist who tests every point ; the other in the
attitude of the witness who gives a narrative.
The one dwells largely on the crime and trial of
the " conspirators "; the other, on the harrowing
incidents of Lincoln's last days. Both denounce
the injustice of the trial, and both criticize
President Johnson for withholding clemency
after it. Mr. De Witt is severe upon the
government for failure to punish Boston Cor-
bett, the slayer of Booth, who, " unrebuked,
left the stand to start on a triumphant tour over
the North, everywhere welcomed as an avenger
of blood. He received his proportionate share
of the reward for the capture, notwithstanding
(if his story is to be believed) it was his own
wanton act that saved the captive from paying
the penalty of his crime." He is severe also
in his arraignment of the action of those in
authority during the " reign of terror " imme-
diately following the assassination. The prose-
cution, he says, exercised a " cruel ingenuity "
in its activities.
" Death had snatched an arch-assassin from their
grasp; Payne, Atzerodt and Herold they might have
hung ' in a corner,' with none to call in question the
validity or justice of the process. But an expiation so
unspectacular would have been but a sorry afterpiece
to a world-historic tragedy. To fill the measure of the
people's vengeance, they must bring within the sweep of
the sword of the republic every participant, high or low,
far or near, active or passive, from the fugitive president
of the moribund Confederacy, his cabinet ministers, and
his agents in Canada, down to the lackey who swept out
the building within whose guilty walls the tragedy was
enacted."
Of the trial, held in the casemates of Fortress
Monroe, the author says :
" The brutality of loading down with fetters the seven
male prisoners, guarded as they were, while in the
presence of their judges, passed with indifference if not
with positive approval — so cruel was the humor of the
time ; but the presence of a helpless woman in that iron-
bound row before a court composed of nine officers of
the army with swords by their sides, sent a shock through
the civilized world. . . . Indeed, throughout the entire
trial the commission acted upon the theory that false
swearing was to be expected from any witness for the
defence who had participated in the rebellion either in
word or deed."
The validity of the trial before the Military
Commission, composed of officers of the army.
is attacked, and instances are cited where the
" common law of war " was held by the highest
court to be beyond the power of Congress to
grant or the President to exercise. A special
chapter is given to " The Dwindling of the
' Great Conspiracy ' " charge, at a later time,
when Congress was attempting to fasten upon
President Johnson the responsibility for the
crime in order that he might succeed to the
presidency.
" To this ignominious end was brought the ' Great
Conspiracy ' which Stanton heralded to the world on the
morning after the assassination. It accomplished noth-
ing in furtherance of the purpose for which it was fab-
ricated. Jefferson Davis — all hope of trying him by
military commission being abandoned — was siu-ren-
dered by the military to the civil authorities, and
admitted to bail on an indictment for treason ; Clay had
been released on parole a year before ; Thompson and
Sanders and Tucker and Cleary were roaming at will,
forgotten if not forgiven. The sole result of its blind
advocacy on the part of the prosecuting officers was to
sweep within the purview of the judgment of the court
the woman who stood at the bar with Payne, Atzerodt,
and Herold; and to banish to a prison on the Florida
reefs four men, all of whom but the one who died of
yellow fever, were about to be pardoned."
Miss Laughlin's volume presents a plain nar-
rative of the facts connected with the assassi-
nation, the trial, the execution, and the im-
prisonment of the alleged accomplices, without
attempting judgment. The narrative occupies
but little over half the volume, the remainder
being given to Appendices, causing an unfor-
tunate lack of balance. Many of these additions
are less than two pages in length, and frequently
are not germane to the general subject, thus
emphasizing the impression that they are ves-
tigia of the note-book. Nevertheless they con-
tain matter of general interest. The illustrations,
copies of originals, are in many cases remotely
connected with the title of the volume.
If the author of the first volume here reviewed
has the advantage in point of authenticity and
research, the second easily surpasses in style of
composition. The first has an exasperating
habit of changing the narrative from the past to
the present tense, a style at one time supposed
to add to liveliness of narrative, but now gen-
erally abandoned save in bombast. The same
authorities are used by each, being the official
documents of the trials and the narrative of the
various parties concerned ; each author rejects
the many exaggerated stories concerning the
disposition of the body of Booth, and each con-
signs it to a grave dug beneath the pavement
in the ground-floor of the old Penitentiary in
Washington. ^DWIN E. Sparks.
1909.]
THE DIAL
299
Briefs on Ketv Books.
The English and their traits have
Sn'ffJSman!"'" always interested us, whether por-
trayed and commented upon by some
philosophic Emerson, or " written up " in journalistic
style by a newspaper man after a week's tour of the
island kingdom. Mr. Price Collier, with thirty
years' acquaintance of John Bull and his peculiar-
ities, has issued a goodly volume embodying his
matured opinions and convictions regarding a num-
ber of things British, and has entitled his book
" England and the English from an American Point
of View" (Scribner). In his penultimate para^
graph he deliberately asserts of our transatlantic
cousins that " if they were not so parochial, if they
did not so confidently believe, as Dr. Johnson once
said, and as some of their statesmen have broadly
hinted many times since, that ' aU foreigners are
mostly fools,' they would be much nearer a realiza-
tion of " certain wholesome truths than they now
are. He shows us the dominant and domineering
Briton, heavy, beef-fed, substantial, as irresistible as
he is massive and deliberate, holding imperial pos-
session of one-fifth of the earth's land-area, and
exercising imperial rule over twenty-two per cent
of its population. Speaking of the English love of
law and order, their discipline, their unquestioning
obedience to authority, the writer says : " No wonder
the average Englishman cannot be terrified, or even
aroused, to take decent precautions against invasion.
They do not need the training of other peoples.
They are already trained. When I see this quality
of the race I smile to think what would become of
a hundred or two hundred thousand Germans landed
on these shores, with their maehine-like methods,
their lack of initiative, and their dependence upon
a bureaucracy. They would be swallowed up, or
dispersed like chaff." And yet other men, even cool
heads like Mr. Frederic Harrison, are not just now
smiling at the thought of what might happen in such
a contingency. But no sane person can wish the
matter brought to a test. Mr. Price's book contains,
first and last, a good many statistics, and he twice
states the population of London, — first as "some
four million six hundred odd thousand inhabitants,"
and again as 7,113,561. The book leaves an impres-
sion of fairness, even of warm friendliness, toward
the English, and of carefully matured opinions and
well-informed judgments on a number of timely and
interesting topics.
Mr. P. F. William Ryan's study of
" Queen Anne and Her Court "
(Dutton) is a work of exceptional
interest. The first volume carries the narrative on
from the Restoration in 1660 to the close of William
in.'s reign forty years later ; the second is devoted
to developments during the reign of Anne. The
purpose of the author is to describe the personal
phases of palace life, political matters being noted
only where they are directly influenced by the course
Side-lights on
the court of
Queen Anne,
of domestic events. The work is, therefore, neither
a history nor a biography, as no attempt is made to
give a complete or connected account either of the
period generally or of the life of Anne Stuart. The
author has selected a series of dramatic episodes and
interesting situations to each of which he generally
gives a separate chapter. Selection of a sort that
omits what is prosy or dull and includes only such
matters as have an abiding human interest cannot
fail to produce a readable narrative, and Mr. Ryan's
volumes are exceedingly readable ; but the result
will hardly take the place of sober history. For a
work of this sort the later Stuart period offers splen-
did opportunities : for devious diplomacy, intellectual
brilliancy, elastic morals, questionable ambitions,
and consummate treachery, the age has long been
famous. Of the doings of this age, the author writes
in the style of the sensational novelist, a style that
seems well adapted to the subject matter. Never-
theless, he apparently wishes to have his story taken
seriously, for he has evidently made considerable
use of primary sources, such as diaries, memoirs, and
letters — especially the letters written by Anne to
her sister Mary of Orange. His fancy, however, is
not always under proper restraint ; but as he employs
it principally in describing weather conditions, park
scenery, and the agonies of love and lovers, his imag-
inative flights are harmless as a rule. Mr. Ryan is
not sympathetic toward the age that he describes,
and his chapters consequently cannot be relied on
for a fair and impartial impression or estimate of the
great men and women of the period ; but as side
lights on the court of the later Stuarts they will prove
of great interest and of considerable value.
Mr. Edward Harrison Barker's vol-
ume on "France of the French"
(Scribner) meets a want which, if
not yet long-felt, is none the less genuine. It is
easy to find information with regard to the French
of yesterday and the remoter past, but a reference
book on the French of to-day has a distinct value.
The term " reference-book " is used advisedly : Mr.
Barker's volume is a small cyclopaedia of things
French, with logical division and chronological sub-
division instead of the customary alphabetical
arrangement. Ten of its fourteen chapters are lists
of biographies, in which the subjects are grouped as
" Statesmen and Politicians," " Painters," " Sculp-
tors," and so on ; and the list of names is so long
that few individuals are allowed more than a short
paragraph or two. Every work of so condensed a
character must do violence to the truth by stating its
conclusions too categorically — or fail to leave defi-
nite impressions, as Mr. Hamerton's "French and
English " fails ; but Mr. Barker is so quiet and well-
bred in his assurance, that it seems impertinent to
question him, even when he denies that the French
are frivolous, or when he insists on the unsurpassed
depth and genuineness of their " home feeling."
Other writers have ventured to discuss the subject
from a second-hand acquaintance, or perhaps a fly-
France and
the French
of to-day .
300
THE DIAL
[May 1,
ing trip to Paris ; Mr. Barker has lived in various
parts of France for thirty years, and speaks from
personal knowledge. He writes well, and seems to
have thought maturely on the most widely separated
subjects. He has a very definite opinion on every
matter that comes within the broad boundaries of his
book, from the symbolism of Rodin's statuary to the
value of Dr. Metchnikoff's discovery concerning
phagocytic cells. He concludes with a statement
heard frequently from the other side of the channel,
which it should warm the French heart to hear
echoed across the water : "There are no two nations
in Europe with such community of aims, views,
aspirations, and political interests as have the French
and the English."
p,cMdo-Jopon««e A Japanese Mr. Dooley airs his
humor and opinions and proffers his suggestions
nonsente. ijj ^j. Wallace Irwin's " Letters of
a Japanese Schoolboy" (Doubleday). "Hashimura
Togo " is the name of the nawe and delightful letter-
writer who gives his age as thirty-five; and his oft-
quoted Cousin Nogi corresponds to the Hennessey
of the Dooley sketches. The letters have already
been enjoyed by readers of " Collier's Weekly," but
they bear collection and republication unusually well.
Being written by a Californian with an intimate
knowledge of the San Francisco Japanese immigrant
and his ways, the book naturally touches upon the
strained relations now existing between the Occi-
dentals and the Orientals there brought into contact ;
and as there is no better harmonizer of differences
than a good laugh, these laughter-provoking letters
should serve a pacificatory purpose. From an early
letter — they are all, be it noted, ostensibly as well
as really written for newspaper publication —
we quote Hashimura's very reasonable . question :
"Which is more better citizen, thank you — Mr.
Whee of opium-smoking and Gumowsky of whiskey-
drunking or Japanese Boy of derby hat, frockaway
coat and all other white manners of civilizedation?"
Again : "Must Japan shoot American ship for going
to Pacific ocean ? This is question for editor. I
answer. No, please ! Pacific ocean still have too
much water for Japan to cover with torpedo boats.
Thank you, America fleet may call at San Francisco,
San Diego, Seattle without angry rage from Tokyo
government which is busy civilizing Corea. Hon.
Mr. Roosevelt is welcome to travel." The book is
wholesome in tone, as well as mirth-provoking. The
numerous illustrations, though not triumphs of art,
are in cheerful accord with the text.
A woman's diary In the Foreword to "The RecoUec-
vJ^ro/^'"' tions of a Spinster Aunt " (WiUiam
European life. Heinemann, London ; Paul Reynolds,
New York), the editor, Miss S. Sophia Beale,
explains that the Spinster Aunt was not a celebrity,
but only a quiet, observant person, who, through
letters and a diary (covering the period from 1847
to 1882), has left a desultory record of her observa-
tions and impressions of a number of interesting
people, things, and places. The contents of the book
are too varied in subject to catalogue. In a charm-
ingly unconnected fashion are recorded the child's
first ideas of " Don Giovanni," of the Queen and
Prince Albert, and of the opening of Crystal Palace.
Then follow the art student's impressions of London
and Paris ; and we are shown glimpses of an intimate
acquaintance with the art of Europe, with English
politics, letters, religion, and music, all in the simple
personal narrative of an evidently unusual and inter-
esting woman. Some of the twenty chapters could
be skipped without loss, but three or four sections
have elements of real power : the letters written in
Paris at the time of the Franco-Prussian war picture
the situation with vivid reality, — the weak Emperor
hoping to gain popularity through a final coup d'etat,
the excitable Parisians confident of victory until with
the gradual realization of their position there came
the quick reaction of sentiment. Added to this is
the very human interest in the English art student,
a girl quite alone in a city bitter against foreigners.
To the catholicity of interests is added an unusual
lucidity and delightful simplicity of style.
A useful compendium setting forth
A iurvev of , ^ -i • i
education, the successive contributions to the
bv a Japanese, ideals that have influenced the educa-
tion of man comes from such an imexpected source
as a Japanese student at an American university.
Dr. Tadasu Misawa, in the compass of three hun-
dred pages, sets forth, forcibly, clearly, and devel-
opmentally, the problems of " Modern Educators
and their Ideals" (Appleton). He begins with
Comenius and ends with Dr. Harris and President
Hall. The survey is of educational ideals, not of
methods or measures or institutions, and keeps con-
sistently to the task. The contrasts and individu-
alities of the thinkers are well handled; and the
reader takes away the very vital impression that
the systems presented grew out of much the same
sets of intellectual problems through the increasing
purpose of the ages. It is certainly a creditable
achievement for one of such alien heredity to enter
so sympathetically yet discerningly into the spirit
of the modern thought that has expressed one phase
of its purpose and interests in the realm of educa-
tion. The work is concise and commendable.
The world's ^^^^ °^ ^"^^ ^^^^^ ^^? *^®^® appeared
most famous in the "Popular Science Monthly"
gardener. g^ couple of articles on the work of
Mr. Luther Burbank as viewed from the standpoint
of science by two very competent observers, Presi-
dent Jordan and Professor Kellogg of Stanford
University. The great increase of public interest in
Mr. Burbank's activities since the essays appeared
has led to their republication in an attractive volume,
with various illustrations and a frontispiece portrait
of Mr. Burbank, issued by Mr. A. M. Robertson of
San Francisco. The book is interesting as record-
ing the judgment of two distinguished zoologists
upon the work of the most famous gardener of the
1909.]
THE DIAL
301
world. Two essays are here, since each writer would
give his own individual impression of Mr. Burbank's
oft-recorded achievements. The first author quotes
largely Mr. Burbank's own words, his own account
of results attained, and simply credits the gardener
with an artist's genius in putting into practice the
principles of Darwin. Dr. Kellogg tells us the same
things, cites many of the same facts by way of
illustration, declares that Mr. Burbank has brought
to light no new principle, but has excelled all other
experimenters among plants by his delicacy of touch,
his boldness, and the magnitude of the scale on which
experiment is conducted. Each author contributes
also a vorwort, or introductory note ; the first a
biographical appreciation, the second more nearly
prefatory.
o . . , People and scenes of Northern Italy,
Sauntertngs and r . , i i r
observations in together With plants and pets, form
Northei-n Italy, ^i^g subject of " Under Petraia, with
some Saunterings " (John Lane Co.), by the author
of " In a Tuscan Garden." The writer is an amiable,
cultured, travelled woman, who deliberately lays
claim to advancing years, and allows her pen to
wander with entertaining inconsequence from Jackie,
a beloved cat, to the moral regeneration of Italy.
The spirit of the first part of the book may be caught
from the printed summary of Chapter I. : " How
Eugenio broke the Gamberaia Pot and came to a
Bad End — Antonio the Childlike and Bland — The
Cow that died and lived again — Additions to the
Live-stock." Probably the most interesting division
is the sixth, describing what goes to the making of a
Buona Signora. ( Ctiore is the key which unlocks
all doors, the cloak that covers any number of sins. )
The later essays recall various " saunterings," now
to Bologna la Grassa, now in the Euganean Hills,
now over the border to an idyllic and unspoiled
valley of Switzlerland. The volume is frankly
unambitious ; but if one cares to read in the writer's
spirit, an hour with its pages will give much quiet
enjoyment.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Professor C. H. Grandgent is preparing for " Heath's
Modern Language Series "an annotated edition of "The
Divine Comedy," and the " Inferno " volume is now at
hand. This appears to be the first American edition of
the poem to be presented in the orthodox text-book form
for the use of college students. The notes are at the
bottom of the page, and not voluminous to overburden
readers; each canto is prefaced by an " argument," and
there is a condensed and useful introductory essay.
Dr. C. B. Thompson has offered church workers a
very careful study, within certain limits, of the attitude
of wage-earners toward the church and religion, and
the duty of those who are identified with these institu-
tions. It voices a call which ought to be heeded. The
author discusses the alienation of the wage-earners from
the churches, the attitude of the churches toward the
workingmen, institutional methods, missions, settle-
ments, and Christianity and socialism. In his crit-
icism of socialism the author is not always happy and
critical, although he means to be fair. The recom-
mendations for practical methods in the latter part of
the book are suggestive but do not carry us very far
into details.
Professor Henry Rogers Seager's " Political Econ-
omy " is a briefer treatment of the science than is given
in the author's " Introduction to Economics." It is a
book fitted to provide a rather stiff course for high
schools, and a fairly satisfactory one for colleges. Clear-
ness of statement, logical cogency, and the quality of
up-to-dateness are the distinguishing marks of this
admirable treatise, which we take pleasure in commend-
ing. Messrs.Henry Holt & Co. are the publishers.
In Sir Arthur Clay's translation of M. Leroy Beau-
lieu's " Collectivism " (Dutton), English readers are
enabled to come into contact with one of the ablest
economists of modern life. Beaulieu is known as an
individualist of somewhat extreme type, but he is intelli-
gent and critical in his analysis of the teachings of the
socialists. Making proper allowance for his bias, one
may trust the descriptions and definitions of this writer
as fairly representative. With the enormous growth of
socialistic thought and action in America, this translation
of a classic comes at the right time and deserves attention.
A new book by Canon Barnett and Mrs. Barnett is wel-
come at this time, because they both have dwelt among
the people of London and studied their needs. The
present collection of " Essays toward Social Reform "
(Macmillan) covers the subject of social reforms, pov-
erty, education, recreation, and housing. Of course
these papers are written from the standpoint of a care-
ful and sympathetic observer of English conditions, but
there is in them a universal human element which gives
them more than common interest for us in America,
where the same problems are pressing for solution.
To most people it will seem strange to think of
Grover Cleveland as a shy, sensitive, companionable,
warm-hearted man, fond of children and adored by
them. We have come to admire him as a statesman
of rugged honesty, wisdom, high ideals, and splendid
fighting qualities ; we now see through the revelations
of those who knew the man that he was one to be
loved as well as to be admired. The little book,
"Mr. Cleveland: A Personal Impression," by Mr. Jesse
Lynch Williams, a friend and neighbor of the former
President, gives a charming portrait of the man in his
later years, that shows him lovable as well as great.
(Dodd, Mead & Co.)
To the fourteen volumes of their library edition of
the novels of Victor Hugo in English, Messrs. Little,
Brown, & Co. have now added eight volumes of the
miscellaneous writings in prose and verse. Three of
these volumes are occupied by " Napoleon the Little "
and " The History of a Crime," three by the dramatic
works, and the remaining two by a selection of the
poems. The translations of the prose volumes are
unacknowledged ; of the thirteen dramas, ten are trans-
lated by Mr. George Burnham Ives, two by Mrs. Newton
Croslaud, and one by Mr. Frederick L. Slous. The
poems are done into English by a great variety of hands,
and it is evident that the edition has searched far and
wide for the best versions. Mr. Henry Carrington, Sir
George Young, and Mr. N. R. Tyerman are responsible
for the gfreater number of translations. Miss Toru
Dutt's versions are also represented, and there are a few
by such men as Mr. Andrew Lang, Sir Edwin Arnold,
and Dr. Richard Garnett. We miss examples of the
remarkable translations made by Mr. W. J. Lenton.
302
THE DIAL
[May 1,
Notes.
To the " Oxford Library of Practical Theology," pub-
lished by Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co., a volume
on "Immortality," by Mr. E. E. Holmes, is now added.
"The Christian Doctrine of God," by Dr. William
Newton Clarke, has just been added by Messrs. Charles
Scribner's Sons to their " International Theological
Library."
A new edition of the Abb^ Loisy's " The Gospel and
the Church," translated by Mr. Christopher Home, with
an introduction by Dr. Newman Smyth, is published by
the Messrs. Scribner.
Herbert's " A Priest to the Temple," with an intro-
duction and notes by the Rev. Joseph B. Cheshire,
Bishop of North Carolina, is a recent publication of
Mr. Thomas Whittaker.
"The Wisdom of Solomon," edited by the Rev. J. A. F.
Gregg, is now added to the " Cambridge Bible for
Schools and Colleges," of which the Messrs. Putnam
are the American agents.
To the series of " Handbooks of Archaeology and
Antiquities," published by the Ma«millan Co., there is
now added a treatise on " Greek Architecture," the
work of Professor Allan Marquand.
" Shakespeare's Complete Sonnets," in a new classi-
fied arrangement made by Mr. C. M. Walsh, and fur-
nished with both introduction and notes, is a recent
publication of Mr. T. Fisher Unwin.
The publication plans regarding Mrs. Humphry
Ward's new novel, " Marriage k la Mode," previously
announced for next Fall, have been changed and the book
will appear during the present month.
The veteran dramatic critic, Mr. William Winter,
whose volume of literary recollections entitled " Old
Friends " will appear this month, is busily engaged in
preparing a biography of Richard Mansfield for publi-
cation next Fall.
" Sayings of Buddha the Iti-vuttaka," a Pali work
of the Buddist Canon, is now for the first time translated
into English, and published at the Columbia University
Press. The translation and editorial matter are the work
of Dr. Justin Hartley Moore.
Messrs. Harper & Brothers publish a new and enlarged
edition, two volumes in one, of " The Life and Letters
of Lord Macaulay," by Sir George Trevelyan, made
more desirable than any previous edition by the incor-
poration of the recently published marginal notes of
Macaulay.
" Measure for Measure," " The Merry Wives of
Windsor," and « All's Well That Ends Well," edited
by the Misses Charlotte Porter and Helen A. Clarke,
are late additions to the "First Folio Shakespeare,"
now about half complete. The Messrs. Crowell are the
publishers.
" The Color of Rome " is the title of an important
illustrated book which is in preparation by Messrs.
George W. Jacobs & Co. for publication this year. It
is the work of Mr. O. M. Potter, and will be profusely
illustrated from water-color drawings and sepia studies
by the Japanese artist, Yoshio Markino.
The Newberry Library issues its annual report in a
thin pamphlet whose seven sections, called " exhibits,"
attend strictly to business. The essential facts of the
year's work and the year's growth are stated with no
waste of words, the librarian's report occupying but two
pages. The longest " exhibit " is the list of donors and
their donations, covering seventeen pages. From the
printed " statement of assets," wherein is set down a
balance in bank of thirty-six thousand dollars, it is
manifest that the library continues to enjoy material
prosperity.
A bibliography of Trenton, N. J., based upon mate-
rial in the local public library, and making a pamphlet
of twenty-eight pages, has been prepared and published
by the library authorities. Among much of honorable
record in the city's history, the patriotic Trentonian
will read with some shock to his civic pride that before
the place took its present name from William Trent
(ob. Dec. 29, 1724) it was contumeliously styled " Little-
worth."
The following books, not previously announced, will
be published by Houghton Mifflin Co. next month:
" Military Hygiene," by Maj . Percy H. Ashburn, U. S. A. ;
"Economic Heresies," by Sir Nathaniel Nathan; "Mon-
cure D. Conway: Addresses and Reprints, 1850-1907 ";
and "Charles Edward Garman: A Memorial Volume."
The new edition of " The Life and Letters of George
Ticknor," announced by this house, has been postponed
until the early autumn.
The new Hbrary law passed by the Vermont legisla-
ture considerably enlarges the State Library Commis-
sion's powers by authorizing it to render more substantial
aid to struggling town libraries and to hold each year a
school of instruction for such library workers of the state
as may choose to attend ; " and the necessary expense
of each such librarian in attendance . . . may be paid
by the town, city or incorporated village in which said
librarian is employed." Vermont is little in area and
population, but big in public spirit and in its devotion
to the education and enlightenment of its people.
The Sunday-opening movement agitated by those who
have at heart the best interests of the humbler fre-
quenters of public libraries, museums, and art-galleries,
has received something of a set-back where one would
least expect it. The city of Maiden, a suburb of Boston,
has found its extension of library and art-gallery priv-
ileges to Sunday visitors so little appreciated, and so
inadequately supported by municipal appropriation of
funds for the purpose, that it has been regretfully dis-
continued by the board of trustees of the combined
public library and gallery of art.
Topics in IjBAding Periodicals.
May, 1909.
Abstraction, An Abuse of. William James. Popular Science.
Africa, East, Hunting in. P. C. Madeira. Metropolitan.
Africa, East, The Hunter's Paradise. D. A. Willey. Putnam.
Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition. A. Wilhelm. Putnam.
Allison, Senator, Recollections of. A. W. Dunn. Rev. of Revs.
Amendments, The War. A. E. Pillsbury. No. Amer. Review.
Amusements, New York's. E. S. Martin. Harper.
Anarchist, Making an. Frank Bailey. World's Woi-k.
Antarctic Continent. The. C. C. Adams. Review of Reviews.
Architecture, Domestic. Recent Designs in. Studio.
Army, An International. A. H. Dutton. World To-day.
Army Letters from an Oflacer's Wife. F. M. A. Roe. Appleton.
Art Shows, Three Recent. Elizabeth L. Gary. Putnam.
Astronomical Problem, A Famous. Popular Science.
Austen, Jane, at Lyme Regis. A. C. Benson. Putnam.
Author's Vade Mecum. F. W. Crowninshield. Bookman.
Banks, Postal Savings. F. W, Fitzpatrick. Appleton.
Baseball, Fine Points of. H. S. Fullerton. American.
Beauvais. Elizabeth Robins Pennell. Scribner.
Birth Rate, Decline in. F.L. Hoffman. North American Review.
Black Hand, Problem of the. A. Woods. McClure.
Blind, The New Work for the. S. H. Bishop. Scribner.
1909.]
THE DIAL
303
Books, The Hundred Worst. S. M. Crothers. Atlantic.
Brass, Italico, Paintings of. L. Brosch. Studio.
Brazil, The New. Paul Reinsch. World To-day.
Caine, Hall, Autobiography of — IX. Appleton.
Canadian Northwest and the Railroads. World's Work.
Canadian Northwest, Immigration to. A. C. Laut. Scribner.
Charter-Making in America. C. R. Woodruff. Atlantic.
Children's Court Cases. Jessie M. Keys. Woi-ld's Work.
China, Constitutional Government in. No. American'Jteview .
China, The New Regime in. E. F. Egan. Everybody's.
Church and State, Separation of. W. Schoenfeld. No. Am. Rev.
Church Building, The Modem. J. S. Barney. Munsey.
Circus, The, Taken Seriously. R. Bergengren. Atlantic.
Cities, Beautifying Our. C. R. Woodruff. World To-day.
Cleveland's Estimate of his Contemporaries. McClure.
Coal-Mine Disasters, Avoiding. G. E. Mitchell. Mev. of Revs.
(College vs. the High Schools. J. P. Monroe. World's Work.
Crawford, Francis Marion. F. T. Cooper. Bookman,
Crawford, Marion. Review of Reviews.
Curtis, Wm. Fuller, Wood Panels by. Studio.
Dickinson, Jacob M., Secretary of War. Munsey.
Disease, Occupational. C. E. A. Peabody. Atlantic.
Divorce. James Cardinal Gibbons. Scribner.
Divorce, Increasing, Meaning of. E. A. Ross. Scribner,
Enunanuel Movement, The. L. P. Powell. Review of Reviews.
Emmanuel Work, The. Dr. J. C. Fisher. Review of Reviews.
Emmanuel Worker's Record, An. Review of Reviews.
Engineer, The Web-foot. Benj. Brooks. McClure.
Engineering College, A Novel. E. F. Du Brul. American.
English as the World Language. A. Schinz. North American.
English Capitals of Industry, Three. W. D. Howells. Harper.
English. The, in India. Charles Johnston. North Am. Review.
Enneking, John J. Charles H. Pepper. World To-day.
Everglades, Reclaiming the. D. A. Simmons. World To-day.
Fiction, Types of. John Wolcott. Bookm,an.
Finance and Business. Review of Reviews.
Fire Losses in the U.S. L. Windmiiller. No. American Review.
French Streets, Humanness of. W. B. Blake. Scribner.
Gabrilowitsch, Ossip, A Talk with. D. G. Mason. Scribner,
Game, Big, in East Africa. E. B. Bronson. Scribner.
Ghetto, the. Club Houses of. Elias Tobenkin. World To-day.
Ghost, On the Trail of the — II. Vance Thompson. Hampton.
Gibbs, Josiah Willard. F. H. Garrison. Popular Science.
God, The Unspeakable Name of. H. J. Markland. Munsey,
Golf Links, The Ideal. H. J. Whigham. Scribner.
Gun, The Noiseless. Hiram P. Maxim. World's Work,
Handy Man, The. Eugene Wood. Hampton.
Harlem. In and Around. Bookman.
Harpswell Laboratory, The. Max Morse. Popular Science.
Hawthorne, Charles W. Arthur Hoeber. Studio.
Healing.Mental.andtheChurch. W.A.Purrington. No. Am. Rev.
"Henry v.," Shakespeare's. F. Warre Cornish. Harper,
Hetch-Hetchy Valley. P. M. Fultz. World To-day.
Home, The Sanctity of the. Chas. F. Aked. Appleton.
Howe, Julia Ward. Florence Painter. Putnam,
Howells, W. D., at Seventy-two. Van W. Brooks. World's Work.
Ibis, Hunting the. Charles L. Bull. Metropolitan.
Immortality : Is it Desirable? G.L.Dickinson. Atlantic.
Investor, The Country, and His Mortgages. World's Work.
Italy and the Bookmakers. Charlotte Harwood. Putnam,
Japanese Color Prints — VI. Studio .
Japan's Financial Condition. A. Kinnosuke. Rev. of Revs.
Legal Development, New Era in. H.Taylor. No. Am,. Review.
Life, Chemical Interpretation of. R. K. Duncan. Harper.
Life Insurance Ambassador, The. W.J.Graham. World To-day.
Life Insurance in Local Companies. World's Work.
Lincoln and the Boy Regiment. M. S. Gerry. Hampton.
Lion, The Land of the — I. W. S. Rainsford. World's Work.
London, The Fascination of. F. M. Hueffer. Putnam.
Mac Veagh, Franklin, Secretary of Treasury. Munsey.
Memory, Tricks of. W. T. Lamed. Lippincott.
Menard, Rene. Achille Segard. Studio.
Messina Disaster, Letter Written after the. McClure.
Mexico, Progressive. Nevin O. Winter. World To-day.
Munich, City of Good Nature. R. H. Schauffler. Scribner.
Navy, Our Undermanned. Robley D. Bvans. Hampton.
Negroes, Georgia, Savings of. W. E. B. DuBois. World's Work.
Newspapers as Historical Sources. Y.F.Rhodes. Atlantic.
Oklahoma and the Indian. Emerson Hough. Hampton.
Opera Singers, Earnings of. George Middleton. Bookman.
Ostrich, Naturalizing the. W. Robinson. Review of Reviews.
Panama Canal, Type of. C. E. Grunsky. Popular Science.
Panama Critics, Answer to the. W. H. Taft. McClure.
Payne Bill, The, and Canada. E. Porritt. North Am. Review.
Philippines, Future of the. E. Winslow. North Am. Review.
Plagrues, Conquered and Unconquered. V..Thompson, Munsey.
Portraits in Enamel. Alexander Fisher, Studio.
Primary, The Direct. Judson C. Welliver. Munsey.
Public Sentiment : Recent Results. W.A.White. American,
Public Service Commissions. W. M. Ivins. Scribner.
Racquets, The Game of. Harold F. McCormick. World To-day.
Railroad Problem, Heart of the — II. C. E. Russell. Hampton,
Railroads and Publicity. James O. Fagan. Atlantic.
Revivalists, Great. Arthur B. Reeve. Munsey.
Rothenburg, The Old Red City of. R. Shackleton. Harper.
Russia and Our Pacific Coast. Mrs. Atherton. No. Am. Review.
Saloons, A Year of Defeat for. F. C. Iglehart. Review of Reviews.
Savers, A Nation of Little. C. F. Speare. Review of Reviews.
School, A Public, in the Slums. W. Talbot. World's Work.
Schools, English Public. E. T. Tomlinson. Scribner.
Scientific Congress, Pan-American. L. S. Rowe. Rev. of Revs,
Sea-elephant Hunting. B. D. Cleveland. Hampton.
Secret Service of the U. 8. A. D. Albert, Jr. Munsey.
Sherman, General, Letters of. M. A. De W. Howe. Scribner.
Sick, Two Million, Cure for. F. M. Bjorkman. World's Work.
Socialism, a Cult of Failure. J. L. Laughlin. Scribner.
Sorolla and Zuloaga. Christian Brinton. Scribner.
SoroUa, Joaquin, y Bastida. T. Y. Ybarra. World's Work.
Southern Problems. Harris Dickson. Everybody's.
" Spectator," the. Advertisements of . L.Lewis. Atlantic.
Stage, The Indecent. S. H. Adams. AmeiHcan.
Stereoscope in Art Instruction. W. M. Johnson. Studio.
Swinburne, Last Victorian Poet. Review of Revietvs.
Tariff Bureau, A Permanent. S. C. Loomis. Popular Science.
Tariff Revision : Consumer's Standpoint. Popular Science.
Tariff Revision : Importer's Standpoint. Popular Science.
Tariff Revision : Manufacturer's Standpoint. Popular Science,
Tariff, The, and Adolescent Industries. World To-day.
Thackeray and Mrs. Brookfield. Lyndon Orr. Munsey.
Theatre, The New. James L. Ford. Appleton.
Theatres, Our Foreign. Lucy F. Pierce. World To-day.
Trinity, The Case against. R. S. Baker. American.
Tuberculosis and the Red Cross. Metropolitan.
Tuberculosis, War on — II. O. F. Lewis. Metropolitan.
Twain, Mark. Archibald Henderson. Harper.
Twain, Mark, at Stormfield. A. B. Paine. Harper.
Unionism, The Crisis in. Henry White. No. American Review.
Venezuelan Wilderness, The. C.W. and M.B. Beebe. Harper.
Vine, The, in Roman History. G. Ferrero. McClure.
Violinists, Great. James Huneker. Everybody's.
Wagner, Cosima. Willis Steell. Munsey.
Wall Street Game. Cost of the. F. U. Adams. Everybody's.
Water Power Trust, The National. J. C. Welliver. McClure.
Weather Bureau, Value of . Emerson Hough. Everybody's,
WeUes, Gideon, Diary of. A tlantic.
Woman Problem, The — I. Ouida. Lippincott.
Women, The Rights of. Joseph C. Lincoln. Appleton.
Wood Engraving, The Return of. Gardner Teall. Bookman,
Wrought-Iron Work. E. and W. Spencer. Studio.
Yosemite, Camping above the. Harriet Monroe. Putnam.
Young Turks Movement, Women in. Demetra Brown. Atlantic,
Zoological Park, New York's. E. R. Sanborn. Metropolitan,
liiST OF New Books.
[The following list, containing 129 titles, includes books
received by The Dial since its last issue.^
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
The Iff.P. for Russia : Reminiscences and Correspondence of
Madame Olga Novikofl. Edited by W. T. Stead. In 2 vols.,
illus. in photogravure, etc., 8vo. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$7.50 net.
Gentlemen Errant : Being the Journeys and Adventures of
Four Noblemen in Europe during the Fifteenth and Six-
teenth Centuries. By Mrs. Henry Gust. Illus., 8vo, pp. 551.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $4. net.
The Valley of Shadows : Recollections of the Lincoln
Country, 1858-1863. By Francis Grierson. Large 8vo, pp. 278.
Houghton MifHin Co. $2. net.
Tragedy daeens of the Georgian Era. By John Fyvie.
Illus., large 8vo, pp. 316. E. P. Dutton & Co. $4. net.
Charles-Augustin Sainte-Beuve. By George McLean
Harper. " French Men of Letters." With portrait, 12mo,
pp. 389. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.50 net.
A Favourite of Napoleon : Memoirs of Mademoiselle George.
Edited by Paul Cheramy. Illus. in photogravure, 8vo, pp. 320.
John McBride Co. $2.50 net.
Random Reminiscences of Men and Events. By John D.
Rockefeller. With frontispiece, 12mo, pp. 188. Doubleday
Page & Co. $1. net.
304
THE DIAL
[May 1,
HISTORY.
The Third French Republic. By Frederic Lawton, M.A.
Illus., large 8vo, pp. 395. J. B. Lippincott Co. $3.50 net.
The Story of New Netherland. By William Elliot Griffls.
Illus.. 12mo, pp. 292. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net.
The Development of the Engrlish Law of Conspiracy.
By James Wallace Bryan. 8vo, pp. 161. " Studies in His-
torical and Political Science." Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
Press. Paper, 75 cts. net.
Evolution of Seward's Mexican Policy. By James Marton
Callahan. 8vo, pp. 88. Morgan, W. Va. : Department of
History and Political Science, West Virginia University.
Paper, 75 cts. net.
GENERAIi LITERATURE.
Shelley. By Francis Thompson, with Introduction by George
Wyndham. 12mo, pp. 91. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1. net.
A Georgrian Paereant. By Frank Frankfort Moore. Illus. in
photogravure, etc., large 8vo, pp. 346. E. P. Dutton & Co.
$3.50 net.
Is Shakespeare DeadP From My Autobiography. By Mark
Twain. With portraits, 8vo, pp. 150. Harper & Brothers.
$1.25 net.
Xjetters and Memorials of Wendell Phillips Garrison,
Literary Editor of "The Nation,'' 1865-1906. With frontis-
piece in photogravure, 8vo, pp. 298. Houghton Mifflin Co.
$1.50 net.
Tales Within Tales : Adapted from the Fables of Pilpai. By
Sir Arthur N. Wolliston. 12mo, pp. 118. " Komances of the
East Series." E. P. Dutton & Co. $1. net.
library of Southern Literature. Edited by Edwin Ander-
son Alderman, Joel Chandler Harris, Charles William Kent,
and Others. Vols. I., II., and III. Each with portraits in
photogravure, large 8vo. Atlanta, Ga.: Martin & Hoy t Co.
Verse Satire in England Before the Renaissance. By
Samuel Marion Tucker, Ph.D. 8vo, pp. 245. " Columbia
University Press Studies in English." MacmillanCo. Paper,
$1. net.
The Functions of Criticism : A Lecture Delivered before the
University on February 22, 1909. By D. NicoU Smith, M.A.
8vo, pp. 24. Oxford University Press. Paper.
VERSE AND DRAMA.
Artemis To Actaeon, and Other Verse. By Edith Wharton.
12mo, pp. 90. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25 net.
Star>Glow and Song^. By Charles Buxton Going. 8vo,pp.204.
Harper & Brothers. $1.20 net.
The World's Triumph : A Play. By Louis James Block. 12mo,
pp. 166. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.25 net.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
The Complete Poetical Works of Edgar Allan Poe, With
Three Essays on Poetry. Edited, with Memoir, Notes, and
Bibliography, by R. Brimley Johnson. With portrait, 12mo,
pp. 316. Oxford University Press. 75 cts. net.
Wilson's Art of Rhetorique, 1560. Edited by G. H. Mair.
12mo, pp. 236. Oxford University Press. $1.75 net.
The Novels and Tales of Henry James, New York edition.
Vol. XV., The Lesson of the Master, The Death of the Lion,
etc. ; vol. XVI., The Author of Beltrafflo, The Middle Years,
etc. Each with frontispiece in photogravure. 8vo. Charles
Scribner's Sons. (Sold only in sets by subscription.)
Shakespeare's Complete Sonnets: A New Arrangement.
Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by C. M. Walsh. 12mo,
pp. 285. London : T. Fisher Unwin.
Rabbi Ben Ezra. By Robert Browning. Square 16mo, pp. 22.
Portland, Maine : Thomas B. Mosher. 40 cts. net.
Pope's Rape of the Lock. Edited by George Holden. 12mo,
pp. 102. Oxford University Press.
Selected Poems of Matthew Arnold. Edited, with Intro-
duction and notes, by Hereford B. George and A. M. Leigh.
12mo, pp. 124. Oxford University Press. 50 cts. net.
Scenes of Clerical Life. By George Eliot, with Introduction
by Annie Matheson, 16mo, pp. 424. " World's Classics
Series." London : Henry Frowde.
FICTION.
Mr. Opp. By Alice Hegan Rice. Illus., 16mo, pp.320. Century
Co. $1.
In a Mysterious Way. By Anne Warner. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 290. Little, Brown, & Co. $1.50.
Our Village. By Joseph C. Lincoln. Illus., 12mo, pp. 183.
D. Appleton & Co. $1.50 net.
A Year Out of Life. By Mary B. Waller. 12mo, pp. 306.
D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
The Lodger Overhead, and Others. By Charles Belmont
Davis. Illus., 12mo, pp. 370. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
The Climber. By E. F. Benson. American edition; with
frontispiece, 12mo, pp. 473. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.40.
The Glass House. By Florence Morse Kingsley; illus. by
Alice Barber Stephens. 12mo, pp. 312. Dodd, Mead & Co.
$1.50.
Merely Players : Stories of Stage Life. By Virginia Tracy.
12mo, pp. 336. Century Co. $1.50.
A King in Khaki. By Henry Kitchell Webster. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 320. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
Dragon's Blood. By Henry Milner Rideout. Illus. in tint,
12mo, pp. 270. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.20 net.
The Strain of White. By Ada Woodruff Anderson. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 300. Little, Brown, & Co. $1.50.
Lanier of the Cavalry ; or, A Week's Arrest. By General
CharlesKing. Illus., 12mo, pp.242. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.25.
The Man Without a Shadow. By Oliver Cabot. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 340. D. Appleton & Co. $1.60.
A Royal Ward. By Percy Brebner. Illus. in color, 12mo,
pp. 343. Little, Brown, & Co. $1.50.
Norah Conough. By Walter George Henderson. 12mo, pp. 258.
Outing Publishing Co. $1.25.
Salvator. By Perceval Gibbon. 12mo, pp. 324. Doubleday,
Page & Co. $1.50.
Dromina. By John Ayscough. 12mo, pp. 477. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $1.50.
Fate and the Butterfly. By Forrest Halsey. Illus; in color,
etc., 12mo, pp. 276. B. W. Dodge & Co. $1.50.
The Garden of Girls. By Marian A. Hilton. Illus., 12mo,
pp.360. Tandy-Thomas Co. $1.50.
The Gun Runner. By Arthur Stringer. 12mo, pp. 370. B.W.
Dodge & Co. $1.50.
Father Abraham. By Ida M. Tarbell. Illus., 12mo, pp. 39.
Moffat, Yard & Co. 50 cts. net.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
The Rockies of Canada : A Revised and Enlarged Edition of
" Camping in the Canadian Rockies." By Walter Dwight
Wilcox, F.R.G.S. Illus. in photogravure, large 8vo, pp. 300.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $5. net.
Sunset Playgrounds : Fishing Days and Others in California
and Canada. By F. G. Aflalo. Illus., 8vo, pp. 251. Charles
Scribner's Sons. $2.25 net.
My Experiences of Cirprus. By Basil Stewart. Enlarged
edition; illus., 12mo, pp. 267. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2. net.
Central Italy and Rome : Handbook for Travellers. By Karl
Baedeker. Fifteenth revised edition; with maps, 16mo,
pp.527. Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.25 net.
PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
A History of Modem Banks of Issue, with an Account of
the Economic Crises of the Nineteenth Century and the
Crisis of 1907. By Charles A. Conant. 8vo, pp. 751. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $3.50 net.
The Methods of Taxation Compared with the Established
Principles of Justice. By David MacGregor Means. 8vo,
pp. 380. Dodd, Mead & Co. $2.50 net.
The Panama Canal and Its Makers. By Vaughan Comisb.
Illus. and with maps, 8vo, pp. 192. Little, Brown, and Co.
$1.50 net.
Neglected Neighbors : Stories of Life in the Alleys, Tene-
ments, and Shanties of the National Capital. By Charles
Frederick Weller and Eugenia Winston Weller. Illus., large
8vo, pp. 342. John C. Winston Co. $1.50 net.
The Fate of Iciodorum : Being the Story of a City Made Rich
by Taxation. By David Starr Jordan. 16mo, pp. 111. Henry
Holt & Co. 90 cts. net.
Ideals of Democracy : Conversations in a Smoking Car. By
John T. Dye. 12mo, pp. 174. Bobbs-Merrill Co. 90 cts. net.
The Political and Economic Organization of Modem
Japan. By Gregory Wilenkin. 8vo, pp. 173. Yokohama:
Kelly & Walsh. Paper.
RELIGION AND THEOLOGY.
The Laws of Friendship, Human and Divine. By Henry
Churchill King. 12mo, pp. 159. Macmillan Co. $1.25 net.
The Teaching of Jesus. By Leo Tolstoy ; trans. by L. and A •
Maude. 16mo, pp. 120. "Library of Living Thought." Harper
& Brothers. 75 cts. net.
Modem Thought and the Crisis In Belief : The Baldwin
Lectures, 1909. By R. M. Wenley. 12mo, pp. 364. Macmillan
Co. $1.50 net.
The Truth and Error of Christian Science. By M. Carta
Sturge. 8vo, pp. 185. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50 net.
1909.]
THE DIAL
305
The Beingr and Attributes of God. By the Rev. Francis J.
Hall, D.D. 12mo, pp. 310. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.50 net.
A Valid Christianity for To-Day. By Charles D. William.
DD.. LL.D. 12mo, pp.289. Macmillan Co. $1.50 net.
Christ and the Eastern Soul : The Witness of the Oriental
Consciousness to Jesus Christ. By Charles Cuthbert Hall.
D.D. 8vo, pp. 208. University of Chicago Press. $1.25 net.
Epochs in the Life of Paul : A Study of Development in Paul's
Career. By A. T. Robertson, A.M., D.D. 12mo, pp. 327.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25 net.
Systematic Theologry. By Augustus Hopkins Strong, D.D.,
LL.D. Vol. III. Soteriology; or. The Doctrine of Salva-
tion. 8vo, pp. 389. American Baptist Publication Society.
$2.50 net.
Aspects of Christian Hystlcism. By the Rev. W. Major
Scott, M.A. 12mo, pp. 171. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1. net.
Personal Religion in Egypt Before Christianity. By W. M.
Flinders Petrie, D.C.L., LL.D. 16mo, pp. 173. " Library of
Living Thought." Harper & Brothers. 75 cts. net.
History of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church of
New York City, New York, from 1808 to 1908, Together
with an Account of its Centennial Anniversary Celebration.
Prepared by Henry W. Jessup. Illus., large 8vo, pp. 283.
New York : Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church Centennial
Committee. $1.25.
Church History Handbooks. Book I., The Early Period.
By Henry C. Vedder. 16mo, pp. 120. American Baptist
Publication Society. 40 cts. net.
Some Assurances of Immortality. By John B. N. Berry.
12mo, pp. 66. R. F. Fenno & Co.
The Sunday-School Teacher's School. Part I., by H. T.
Musselman ; Part II., by H. E. Tralle. 16mo, pp. 223. " The
National Teacher-Training Institute Text-Books." Amer-
ican Baptist Publication Society. 40 cts. net.
PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY.
A Pluralistic TJnlverse : Hibbert Lectures at Manchester
College on the Present Situation in Philosophy. By William
James. 8vo, pp. 400. Longmans, Green, and Co. $1.50 net.
Psychotherapy. By Hugo Munsterberg, M.D. 8vo, pp. 401.
Moffat, Yard & Co. $2. net.
Self-Control and How to Secure It (L'Education de Soi-
M6me). By Paul Dubois ; trans, by Harry Hutcheson Boyd"
12mo, pp. 337. Funk & Wagnalls Co. $1.50 net.
An Experimental Study of Sleep. By Boris Sidis, Ph.D.,
M.D. 8vo, pp. 40. Boston: Gorham Press. Paper, $1. net.
My Life as a Dissociated Personality. By B. C. A., with
Introduction by Morton Prince, M.D. 8vo, pp. 47. Boston:
Gorham Press. Paper, 50 cts. net.
Psychologrical Interpretations of Society. By Michael
M. Davis, Jr., Ph.D. 8vo, pp. 260. "Columbia University
Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law." Long-
mans, Green & Co, Paper, $2. net.
ART AND ARCHITECTURE.
Greek Architecture. By Allan Marquand, Ph.D., L.H.D'
Illus., 8vo, pp. 425. " Handbooks of Archaeology and Anti-
quities." Macmillan Co. $2.25 net.
Freehand Perspective and Sketching: Principles and
Methods of Expression in the Pictorial Representation of
Common Objects, Interiors, Buildings, and Landscapes.
By Dora Miriam Norton. Illus., 4to, pp. 173. Brooklyn:
Dora Miriam Norton. $3.
What is a Picture P 8vo,pp.71. A. C. McClurg & Co. 60cts.net
SCIENCE.
Human Speech : Its Physical Basis. By N. C. Macnamara,
F.R.C.S. Illus., 12mo, pp. 284. " International Scientific
Series." D. Appleton & Co. $1.75 net.
The Transformations of the Animal World. By Charles
Deperet. 12mo, pp. 360. " International Scientific Series."
D. Appleton & Co. $1.75 net.
Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony: An Elementary
Treatise. By A. E. Kennelly, A.M. Enlarged edition ; illus.,
12mo. " Present Day Primers." Moffat, Yard & Co. $1.
HEALTH AND HYGIENE.
The Emmanuel Movement in a New England Town. By
Lyman P. Powell. Illus., 12mo, pp. 194. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $1.25 net.
Life's Day : Guide Posts and Danger Signals in! Health. By
William Seaman Bainbridge, M.D. 12mo, pp. 308. Frederick
A. Stokes Co. $1.35 net.
(Continued on next page J
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THE DIAL
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THE DIAL
[May 16, 1909.
Just Ready: the
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The White Sister
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nor," a very wise and kindly prelate. The interest of the story is tense, as it moves through a skillful
shifting of the contrast between hot primitive southern passions and the cool, still gardens of a cloister,
between army officers of " the new politics " and the old nobility " more papist than the Pope."
By the author of " Saracinesca," " Sant' Ilario," " Paul Patoff," etc. Cloth, $1,50.
OTHER MACMILLAN FICTION
Each, decorated cloth, $1.50.
Ellen Glasgow's new novel
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Miss Glasgow's special field has hitherto been Rich-
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Frank Danby's new novel Sebastian
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By the author of " The Heart of a Child."
RinaRamsa/s The Straw
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The Playhouse and the Play
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an endowed civic theatre.
Cloth, 12mo, decorated, $1.25; by mail, $1.35.
Francis B. Gummere's
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Necessary to the student of the early English litera-
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A New Volume in the Series of hand-
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Cloth, l2mo, $1.50 net; by mail, $1.62.
By Theodore D. Jervey, viee-President of
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Robert Y. Hayne and his Times
An entirely new view of South Carolina history at its
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By Edmond S. Meany, Prof essor of History
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History of the State of Washington
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The Faith and Works of
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Those who read in this author's Confessio Medici
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Cloth, 12mo, $1.25 net; by mail, $1.35.
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The Psychology of Thinking
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John Spargo's Socialism
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Cloth, 50 cts.; by mail, 57 cts.
Paper, 30 cts.; by mail, 35 cts.
The Gospel in Latin Lands By F. E. and H. A. Clark
Outline Studies of Protestant Missions in the Latin Countries of Europe and America.
PUBLISHED
BY
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THE DIAL
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THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office
at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
No. 550.
MAY 16, 1909.
Vol. XLVI.
Contents.
PAOB
THE PEACE CONGRESS 313
THE WICKEDEST BOOK IN THE WORLD.
Lawrence C. Wroth 315
CASUAL COMMENT 318
The stylist in journalism. — Needed improvements
in typography. — Carlyle's view of literature as a
profession, — Our liberal library rules. — The effect
of age on the appetite for reading. — A curious
instance of foresight. — Dr. Crothers's " hundred
worst books." — -A Bunyan memorial in West-
minster Abbey. — Crawford's place in literature. —
A variously gifted librarian. — The suicide of John
Davidson. — The perennial charm of the mysteri-
ous.— The public library's three-tenths of a mill. —
Mr. Meredith's estimate of Swinburne. — Auction
sales of old and rare books.
COMMUNICATIONS 321
From the Library Copyright League. Bernard
C. Steiner and W. P. Cutter.
" The Blue Bird " at Moscow. Margaret Vance.
A LIFE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH. Percy F.
Bicknell 322
AMERICA AND THE FAR EASTERN QUESTION.
Payson J. Treat 324
THE CENTURY OF THE CHILD. Caroline L. Hunt 325
SOME VERY MODERN TYPES. Richard Burton 327
A CENTURY OF COLONLA.L HISTORY. St. George
Leakin Siousaat 327
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 329
Jack afloat and ashore. — Fundamentals of friend-
ship. — An important naval history. — Memoirs of
a millionaire. — The literature of the South. —
The witch and her magic. — A possible author of
the " Junius " letters. — A new-old cure for civic
misgovernment. — Anecdotes of London manners
and morals. — A pioneer's autobiography.
BRIEFER MENTION 332
NOTES 332
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 334
THU PEACE CONGEESS.
The second National Peace Congress was held
in Chicago during the early days of the present
month. Its sessions occupied three full days,
and were so largely attended that it was found
necessary to hold two or three meetings in dif-
ferent halls at the same time, in order to accom-
modate the throngs of people who, whether from
earnest interest or from mere curiosity, came
from near and far to listen to the gospel of good
will toward men. Numerous organizations all
over the country were represented by official
delegates, and many speakers of great distinc-
tion, including diplomatic officials of several for-
eign nations, contributed to the programmes.
Even the local newspapers found the Congress
worthy of serious attention, and gave it the
hospitality of front pages and headlines, along
with reports of our ex-President's exploits in
the African jungle. The Congress ended with
a huge banquet, attended by upwards of a
thousand guests, and was altogether a highly
successful affair.
When one looks back upon an occasion like
this, and tries to form some sort of estimate of
its power for good, it is only too easy to come
to a discouraging conclusion. To the news-
papers, it is something less than a nine days'
wonder, and when it is over, leaves hardly an
echo to remind us that it has been. To the
public at large, it is the focus of a temporary
interest, soon displaced by the jostling of other
interests. And this incurable vagrancy of atten-
tion on the part of the world is apt to react upon
the most devoted worker for peace, bringing him
perilously close to despondency, and making
him wonder if, after all, his effort has been
worth the while. It takes a stout heart to
remain unaffected by the apathy into which
most men fall back after their brief excitement
is over, to look with hopeful gaze toward the
intrenchments behind which foUy and wrong
sit in what seems to be the old unimpaired
seicurity. Menaced by this mood of despair,
we need the tonic medicine of the poets, the
best friends of man, and the most helpful. We
need the fire of Arnold's exhortation :
"Charge once more, then, and be dumb!
Let the victors, when they come.
When the forts of folly fall.
Find thy body by the wall !"
314
THE DIAL
[May 16,
We need the inspiration of Sill, whose reformer
" Fights alone, and from the cloudy ramparts
A thousand evil faces gibe and jeer him.
Let him lie down and die: what is the right,
And where is justice, in a world like this?
But by and by, earth shakes herself, impatient;
And down, in one great roar of ruin, crash
Watchtower and citadel and battlements.
When the red dust has cleared, the lonely soldier
Stands with strange thoughts beneath the friendly stars."
We need the triumphant vision of Swinburne,
voiced by his pilgrims of invincible faith :
■Nay, though our life were blind, our death were
fruitless.
Not therefore were the whole world's high hope
rootless ;
But man to man, nation would turn to nation.
And the old life live, and the old great word be
great."
We must all recognize the fact that in any
matter that involves the regeneration of the
human spirit progress must always be slow. The
secular iniquity of warfare will not yield to the
first assault, or the hundredth ; all we may hope
to do at any given time is to sap by ever so little
its foundations. Here, again, the poet has a
word of cheer for us.
" For while the tired waves, vainly breaking.
Seem here no painful inch to gain.
Far back, through creeks and inlets making.
Comes silent, flooding in, the main."
The advocate of peace finds himself everywhere
confronted by two types of the cynic, the type
that refuses to look toward the future, asserting
our present miserable estate to be irremediable,
and the type that is too impatient to think small
steps worth taking at aU. It is difficult to say
which of the two resists the onward movement
with the greater inertia. The despair of the
idealist is always the man who will cheerfully
admit the existence of an evil, agree that the
world would be much better for its removal,
and refuse to shape his actions in the slightest
degree toward that desirable end. He is, if
anything, worse than the man who, whether
plain voter or high-placed statesman, is always
ready to pay voluble lip-service to the ideal of
peace, but whose every political act favors in-
creased taxation for war purposes, and is exerted
for the encouragement of the military spirit.
The hypocrisy or the moral cowardice of this
man soon becomes fairly evident to his fellows,
and his protests come to be taken at their true
value.
The notion that bristling armaments con-
stitute the most effective means of preserving
the world's peace is probably the most mischiev-
ous notion at present perverting the minds of
men. It deliberately ignores the fact that in
these armaments is the greatest possible incen-
tive to warfare, and that history is full of
conflicts brought about by the self-conscious
strength and arrogant pride of armed powers,
seeking to enforce their unreasonable dictates
upon weaker members of the family of nations.
It is also characterized by a reckless disregard
of the economic aspect of militarism. The cost
of a possible attack is held before the imagination
of the populace ; the cost of safeguarding the
nation against such an attack is never brought
home to the general consciousness. If we were
calmly to reckon up the two costs, and set them
side by side for comparison, we should be far
less eager to waste our substance upon the instru-
ments of destruction. The battlefield takes its
toll of wealth and human life in a spectacular
way, but the heavy taxation which builds navies
and supports armies and pays pensions is quietly
taking its toU in the same kind year after year,
steadily and remorselessly. In the case of our
own country, the policy pursued during the past
ten years has been a policy of wanton waste, for
we cannot urge the plea of self-defence which to
some extent justifies the European powers in
keeping up the burden of their armaments. No
power upon earth is likely to make war upon
the ninety million people of the United States,
and should that wellnigh inconceivable event
become a reality, the amount of damage inflicted
upon us could hardly equal the damage we are
inflicting upon ourselves in any ten-year period
of our present course. We should, moreover,
as aU the world knows, in the end exact retri-
bution to the last dollar for the injury done us
by any act of foreign aggression. This nation
can best aid in furthering the world's peace by
becoming once more the world's example of a
nation resting upon moral ideas, by retracing
the downward path of the last decade, by ceasing
to share in the senseless rivalry for power that
is slowly but surely bankrupting the nations of
the older world.
Turning for a final word to the peace prob-
lem in its world-wide aspect, we may say with
confidence that the signs have been steadily
brightening for years.
" Forward then, but still remember how the course of
time will swerve.
Crook and turn upon itself in many a backward
streaming curve."
Tennyson's admonition should keep us from
being unduly depressed by temporary happen-
ings that seem to put back the hand upon the
dial. The Hague conferences are solid facts
1909.]
THE DIAL
315
that outweigh in significance any recent exhibi-
tions of the military spirit. The principle of
arbitration is becoming more generally accepted
all the time, and the list of its triumphs of
recent years — of possible wars which it has
averted — is, if read intelligently, extremely
impressive. There is a new hope in the minds
of those who love mankind, and it is fed from
many springs. The questions of peace, the
reduction of armaments, arbitration treaties, a
humaner code of international law, the federa-
tion of nations, and international parliaments
and tribunals, are no longer debated with
scholastic nicety as mere intellectual exercises ;
they are escaping from the academic into the
practical sphere, and are being taken seriously
by men of affairs. Something must result from
all this ferment of enlightening discussion, not
all that we hope, for many weary generations
perhaps, but enough to make us feel that our
efforts are anything but futile, to make us fore-
see for our descendants a fairer and saner world
in which to work out their destinies.
THE
WICKEDEST BOOK IN THE
WORLD.
Not long ago I had occasion to visit an ecclesias-
tical library in one of our older American cities.
To one whose work has been for years under the
somewhat deadening influence of the routine of a
perfectly-appointed conventionalized modern public
library, this day spent in an atmosphere stuffy with
tradition and with the things that come with tradi-
tion was as a sip of forbidden wine.
My business with the keeper early finished, he
gave me the freedom of his shelves, leading me from
one room to another, each in turn a fresh delight to
my antiquity-starved soul. It was a very patriarch
of a library, with old-fashioned shelving from floor
to ceiling, laden to the breaking point with the trea-
sures of the ages, and these for the most part in
their original editions. Here were shelf upon shelf
of folios dressed in vellum, pigskin, and calf ; of
graceful aristocratic quartos in like subdued splendor,
and of octavos without number in every sort of bind-
ing material known to the craft.
At last we passed through a dark passage into a
room of the width and length of a railroad passenger
coach and as high as six of them piled one upon
another. From floor to ceiling the side walls were
made beautiful by a king's ransom in books — books
of every shape, size, and color, and on every possible
subject. At either end the light filtered sleepily
through Gothic windows of colored glass, obstructed
in its passage by the thick ivy which covered the
buUding, not sparing even the windows. The keeper
went with me to one end of the room, and there left
me. He turned and became one with the shadows
of the middle distance, and so went from my sight
and memory.
I moved slowly down one side of the room, recog-
nizing old friends here and there, smiling at a
memory of this one, taking down another, or reading
the title-page or a line or two of a third. An
irregular line of progress brought me in time to a
spot which had been my goal from the moment of
my entering the room. This was a corner where
the ten or twelve lower shelves held what I knew to
be a rarely interesting collection of works on a special
subject. I knew this ; but how, it is not clear even
to me, except I know that to those who give their
lives to working and playing with books there is
vouchsafed in return a subtle power of reading them
from the outside. I knew this was an unusual
collection. It looked it, — that is all.
Here were Strozzio Cigogna, Martin Del Rio,
Ulric Molitor, Johann Osiander, William Perkins,
Flood, Pomponazzi, Salverte, Wier, Bodin, and
threescore more, writing on the nature, methods, and
history of that great department of human folly
known broadly by the terms " Magic, Sorcery, and
Witchcraft." I scanned a few of the titles with the
feeling of wonder and the sense of the mysterious
which anything connected with these exploded faiths
and theories of our forefathers always engenders.
I took from its shelf a particularly fine copy of
Martin Del Rio's Disquisitionum magicarum, lihri
sex. His engraved title-page held me for a moment ;
but muttering, "lesser men, lesser men," I searched
the range before me for the master, the father of
them all, the Inquisitor Sprenger, the cursed of
many, the arch-fiend.
There he was, right at my hand, bound in dark-
green half-morocco and boards of the same modest
and unobtrusive shade, in appearance an indeter-
minate sort of book. On its back was stamped in
severe roman capitals the simple legend Malleus
maleficarum ("Hammer of witches"). Its former
owner had bound it in this inconspicuous fashion, it
may be, that its individuality might be lost in the
high-piled shelves of his great library — a fitting
punishment for its iniquities, which are as scarlet.
Else would he have covered it with leather stained
blood-red, and tooled around the edges and on the
back a design of bodies writhing distortedly in pain ;
for this is a book of blood and human suffering, of
burnings and drownings, of slow death by torture,
and of sudden awful death.
Jacob Sprenger ! The name means nothing to
you and me to-day, but not Herod and not Nero,
villianously intentioned though they were, have on
their heads or hands more than one small part of
the blood and pain that must one day be answered
for by this black-browed fanatical tool of popes, this
Satan's whipper-in, who scourged the world in his
lifetime and dying left his heritage, this " maul for
the sorcerers " to carry death and heart-breakings
into parts far beyond his mortal reach. During his
life he swept restlessly through Germany and the
316
THE DIAL
[May 16,
Tyrol, burning and torturing, sending two or three
hundred persons to the stake with every year of his
mission. The little town of Ravenspurg alone paid
toll to the persecution at the rate of ten slaughtered
innocents a year for five successive years. In one
district the convictions were so many that the people
rose in rebellion, reasoning perhaps that the death
of the sword was a cleaner and a sweeter one than
that of roasting in a wood fire. What darkening of
counsel had this man hearkened to ?
He was very much of a modern in some ways, was
this Sprenger. To-day if king or president commis-
sion a man to an unusual field of labor, he makes
notes assiduously with the view of publication when
his work is done. Pope Innocent VIII. had laid
upon Sprenger the duty of exterminating the heresy
of witchcraft, giving him extraordinary powers that
the work might be done quickly and thoroughly.
After many years of unceasing devotion to the cause,
Sprenger brought out his book. He made a more
profound study of the whole subject of the super-
natural than anyone had been able to do before him,
and the result of his reading and of his observation
he compiled into this treatise, the " Hammer of
Witches."
As I looked upon the copy before me, I seemed
to enter for a moment a gloomy Inquisitorial cham-
ber, where sat the black-gowned tribunal. I went
out from there in the wake of a fainting wretch who
would not confess to having kept in his possession a
Baptized Toad. He was taken into another room
and things were done to him which made my blood
chill in its course. When he was led back, he con-
fessed himself guilty of everything whereof he was
accused, and that night he died of his hurts.
I returned with a shudder to the book in my hand.
It was as though I were looking in reality upon the
hideous machine by which in my vision I had seen
a human being twisted and torn to his death ; for
this copy of the " Malleus " was one of a fifteenth-
century edition, published during the life of Sprenger.
It may be that he once held this very copy in his
hand, and presented it to some younger Inquisitor
in order that the flaming torch of ignorance and
fanaticism might go down undimmed from one gen-
eration to another. This harmless looking compound
of paper and printer's ink has doubtless been the
death of many a victim of the persecution which sent
its tens of thousands of persons to the stake, sacri-
fices to the blood-lust, prey of the forces of selfish
fear and superstition. Reading here, some judge,
ecclesiastical or civil (for both were in it), has been
convinced for once and all time of the justice of the
death penalty for witches. Some devil's advocate,
quoting hence, has sent a maiden, torn from her
lover's arms, to the arms of the executioner and the
kisses of the flames.
It has a sinister look, this copy of the " Malleus."
Its narrow columns of unusually crabbed gothic
letters, its soiled pages, its gnawed and blackened
edges, make of it an evil-looking volume, — such a
one as that persistent, hot-eyed Sprenger would fitly
be the parent of. In appearance it seems to tell of
the service it has done ; the dark splotches upon its
pages might almost be the blood-stains of its victims.
Those marginal notes in mediaeval Latin doubtless
spell the condemnation of many an honest burgher's
wife or daughter. A bundle of paper and printer's
ink it is now, and innocuous ; but what a compact
mass of villainy does it represent, this book, the
" wickedest book in the world " ! One might read
here on almost any page that which would bring a
smile to his face unless he remember the piteous
throng of those whose bodies twisted and strained
at their bonds, shrieking and writhing as the red
flames touched their flesh. Then he is inclined to
regard more gravely the vast credulity and the terri-
ble sincerity of the old persecutor, upheld as it was
by the banal logic of the age in which he lived.
Sprenger divides his book into three sections —
treating of what witches are, how to combat them,
and how to obtain their sure conviction in the courts
of law ; the last, if we may believe him, a very diffi-
cult process because of their demonic relationship.
If there were not in us to-day an attitude of mind
toward these things which assures us that they are
Folly's very self, no one reading here could withstand
the combined weight of the aggregation of authori-
ties and of the mass of authenticated instances of
demonic influence which are piled one upon another.
And it is equally certain that but for the horrible
results of the author's simplicity, no one could read
without amusement some of the passages wherein
he discusses in aU good faith such mooted points as
the possibility of demons exercising their hellish
functions among men in the form of animals ;
whether they are capable of procreation ; and why
women are found practising demonic arts more
generally than men. In the second book the author
is concerned with methods of withstanding the crafts
and assaults of the Adversary. One refrains from
laughing here, too, for through it all runs a childlike
faith in God and His Son ; and no matter how
absurd the setting, the picture of Faith is never
funny, although, as in this case, it may be pitiable.
He tells of the cooperation one may look for from
the angels in this age-long battle, of the power of
exorcism inherent in Holy Church, and of the every-
day precautions one may take against the loss of
homes, human life, and cattle. The third book gives
the forms of action in the civil and ecclesiastical
courts against a person accused of demoniacal
relationship. It tells how to follow the evil spirit
through his transmutations, how to catch him nap-
ping, how to entrap him into admissions, of the
examination of witnesses, of the amount and kind
of torture to be applied. The case was to be begun
invariably by the notary with the words, " In the
name of the Lord — Amen."
The radical defect in the character of our fathers
of the " wonderful fifteenth " century seems to have
been the absence of a sense of humor in viewing
their own actions and experiences. It is conceivable
that of a winter's midnight they should believe them-
1909.]
THE DIAL
317
selves visited by a succubus, or carried off astride a
broomstick to make merry at a Witches' Sabbath, —
for their houses were gloomy and cold, and their
beds hard and not overclean ; but the wonder to us
is that in the clear light of the morrow they should
insist upon the reality of their night's experiences.
Few men are so bold at midnight, even now, as to
express a positive disbelief in the supernatural ; but
at nine in the morning they will laugh at the idea,
and at themselves for their momentary weakness.
Nobody laughed at Sprenger, though, when he
published his " Malleus." He had the Pope's appro-
bation, and a letter from the faculty of the University
of Cologne prefixed to the text, the latter instrument
expressing unqualified assent to the matter and pur-
pose of the book. It ran into several editions during
his lifetime. It found its way into the libraries of
the various chapters of the Holy Office throughout
Europe. It became the Inquisitor's vade meeum,
his handbook of instructions for daily use ; for dur-
ing the next hundred years the heaviest work of the
Inquisition was the extirpation of the witchcraft
heresy, and this book pretended to show how that
could be brought about. Sprenger's book was un-
doubtedly a success. It probably held its place as
a " best seller " for several years after its publica-
tion, — and no wonder, for it was racy entertainment
indeed compared to the long sermons and the heavy
philosophical disquisitions with which the presses of
that day were burdened.
I turned again to the letter of the faculty of the
University of Cologne. Its first words were " In
the name of our Lord, Jesus Christ, Amen," phrases
which flowed readily from the pens of the church-
men of that day, and their presence here could
be but the conventional use as a form of opening
in letters and documents. But as I thought more
about it, their position as almost the first words in
the book became significant. For what, if not for
Christ's sake, was this witchcraft persecution waged ?
To Sprenger, all the varied forms of the delusion
with which he had come in contact were evidences
of the activity of Satan and his legions embattled
against Christ and the Church. It was a pious duty
to fight it, — with the word of God first, and if not
successful with that weapon, then with fire and
sword.
We are told by Lecky, Lea, and the others who
have studied this man's life, that his was not a cruel
disposition. If his lines had fallen outside the
Church, we should likely never have heard of him.
Like his father and his father's father he would
have passed into oblivion, a kind husband, a kind
parent, a worthy burgher of some German town.
Perhaps he would even have become an alderman
and gfrown fat. As it is, he has lived to be cursed —
justly, doubtless, — but only for doing his duty, or
what according to his lights seemed his duty. He
was deep in ignorance, criminal ignorance ; but his
education had not been of the kind that enlightens
ignorance. How had they, his masters, befuddled
his straight-thinking boy's mind by their scholastic
philosophy, with all its pitiful illogic, its syllogfisms
and enthymemes, its fallacies and idols, its dialectic
disputations, its quiddities and quoddities, its endless
controversies about the nature of things which matter
nothing — vanity, vanity ! It is no great wonder that
he and his age lost the clear vision ; that they went
mad on the subject of demons, vampires, witches,
and diviners. His parents had doubtless accepted
these things as an article of faith. It may be that
his mother's cousin had been burned for attending
a " Sabbath," or for sundry other occasions of inter-
course with Satan, confessing her guilt after the
first half hour of the strappado, willing to acknow-
ledge herself Antichrist for surcease from that tear-
ing of flesh and wrenching of joint. It would have
been strange had he not held the beliefs of his age ;
Erasmus, Martin Luther, Sir Thomas Browne, John
Wesley, Sir William Blackstone, — these are some
of the men who, with better opportunities than his,
have believed in witches. We to-day have broken
ourselves of the habit of credulity ; that is the
difference.
With my point of view changed somewhat by the
byway into which my thoughts had wandered, I
replaced Sprenger's " maul " upon its shelf. I had
taken it down in a sort of rage, calling its author
arch-fiend ; but now something of the large charity
of that library had entered me. It held within its
walls all the conflicting opinions of the world, offer-
ing to no one of them more space than to another,
or more protection against the enemies of books. It
enclosed them all within its warm dim bosom, and
they and it were at peace.
" Yonder are brave books," I thought, passing to
another range. I removed from an upper shelf, and
bore to the window for better light, a copy of the
'' Angelic Doctor " Thomas Aquinas, Super quarto
sententiarum, printed, its colophon said, " by Nich-
olas Jenson in Venice in 1481. Praise be to God."
After four hundred and odd years the paper was as
white as on the day of its manufacture, the ink as black
as in its first moment of impression, and the binding
of stamped pigskin stretched over oaken boards was
unblemished by scratch or wormhole. The types
were beautiful and individual. Relieving the mo-
notony of black against white were blue and red
initial letters and paragraph indications. Reluc-
tantly, — for time called, — I was about to put it
away, when a single shaft from the setting sun stole
through the stained-glass window and fell upon the
exposed bosoms of the book. The mellow light
softened and glorified the contrasted colors. I caught
my breath in a gasp almost of pain. It was a thing
of perfect beauty, the perfection of art. I closed
the book, half ashamed ; I felt as one who has seen
Diana naked.
Unconsciously my thoughts went back to Sprenger,
as I realized that the age which had produced this
beautiful book had also burned some hundreds of
thousands of human beings. Sympathy for and appre-
ciation of the fifteenth century, and its forerunners,
which men sometimes call the Dark Age, were
318
THE DIAL
[May 16,
upon me ; sympathy for the generous error and the
misdirected effort that pervaded it — appreciation
of the wonderful accomplishment of which its annals
tell. This age burnt human beings by the thousand,
but it sent its hosts to die for the Sepulchre ; it gave
birth to Caesar Borgia and that dog-brotherhood, but
the mild Saint h, Kempis is on more men's tongues
to-day, and Machiavelli is overbalanced by Savon-
arola, Dante, and Petrarch. It drew the teeth of
Jews to force them to discover their gold, but it
nourished Wiclif, Chaucer, and the author of " Piers
the Plowman " ; against its pseudo-scientists, its
alchemists, its astrologers, its Mandevilles, it offers
Galileo, Copernicus, and that bold spirit Christopher
Columbus. If it was the most short-sighted era in
the history of the nations, it was also the most re-
splendent with genius, the most prolific in the inven-
tion and gi'owth of new arts and sciences. It
produced such a book as the Malleus maleficarum ;
but it perfected the printing-press, the mechanism
that was to make its teachings folly and the witch a
bogey for chUdren. Lawrence C. Wroth.
CASUAL COMMENT.
The stylist in journalism is likely to encounter
certain embarrassments and difl&culties in the pursuit
of his calling. As the editor of " The Spectator "
remarks in a current magazine article ("Are Jour-
nalism and Literature Incompatible ? " in " The
Fortnightly Review" for April), "the trade of
journalism " and " the art of letters " are not per-
haps at irreconcilable odds, but their happy marriage
is a difficult matter. Plausible reasons readily pre-
sent themselves which seem to prove that this mutual
hostility is not altogether unfortunate, while on the
other hand cogent arguments are not wanting to show
that a higher literary tone in daily journalism would
greatly benefit all concerned. Neither purple patches
of fine writing nor labored attempts at bald sim-
plicity are desirable, but rather that perfection of
lucid literary style which leaves the reader all but
unconscious that there is any style at all in what he
is reading. As an example of the extreme opposite
of this, we are tempted to quote, from a large city
daily before us, some extracts from a description of
a recent fashionable wedding. The writer almost
attains the height of the ridiculous in some of his
florid flourishes. " The science of perception and of
the perfection of beauty," he begins, " cannot trace
its lineage much higher than from the Brown recep-
tion. We venture the prediction that this reception
will hereafter be accepted as on a footing of equality
with the elder branches that have made Baltimore
beauty so world-famed." And a little further on :
" We know not what indefinable charm ! It is
as if Hyperion, the sun god, the incarnation of light
and beauty, had reflected his sweetest rays over
the notable gathering of Mr. and Mrs. Alexander
Brown." And once more : " There was nothing
that marred, but everything that heightened, the
perfect presentment of Mrs. Brown at her daughter's
wedding. As she stood upon the dais it seemed to
the writer the imperial votress should have been
robed in a radiant diamond spangle[d] tunic, such
as Grseco-Roman matrons wore, with a leopard skin
over her shoulders and crowned with an ivy wreath."
As a jumble of choicely inappropriate classical allu-
sion and flatulent rhetoric, the entire " story " well-
nigh achieves the impossible.
• • •
Needed improvements in typography are
now on the way, let us hope, to get themselves intelli-
gently devised and generally adopted. With a view
to the prevention of unnecessary eye-strain among
readers a movement likely to lead to important
results was inaugurated at the April meeting of the
Boston Society of Printers. Upon motion of Mr.
Harry Lyman Koopman, librarian of Brown Uui-
versity, a committee was appointed to urge upon the
Carnegie Institution the establishment of a depart-
ment of research to make scientific tests of printing
type, in regard to the comparative legibility of differ-
ent letters and the possibility of improving certain
of their forms. This type-reform movement will
meet with more hearty and more nearly unanimous
approval than its sister movement for making obso-
lete our present spelling-books. A little reflection
will convince anyone of the wide possibility of im-
proving our type. Small e is the worst offender of
the alphabet, as proved by laboratory tests, while the
other six (t, a, i, n, o, s) of the seven most largely
used letters of the printer's font are also notoriously
bad characters. Small i with its dot has a general
resemblance to I; n and u are continually getting
into each other's places ; o and e are insufficiently
differentiated ; and a (not italic) is often mistaken
for s — in rapid reading, of course, and especially
with type or plates a little worn. Dr. Cattell of
Columbia University has recommended the use of
the script form of small a, and the substitution of
Greek lambda for the present small I ; and others
have urged the restitution of the old-fashioned long s
in an improved form, lengthened below the line, and
either the abolition of the dot over the i or its eleva-
tion to the level of the top of the letter I. These
and other suggestions of similar character are not
unlikely to result in some reformation (not too radi-
cal) of our printed alphabet, and thus in the saving
of our eyesight. , , ,
Carlyle's view of literature as a profes-
sion was not rose-tinted. Close on the heels of the
publication of his love-letters to Jane Welsh, and
hers to him, comes the auction-sale, this month, of a
rather long and important early letter of his ad-
dressed to one " M. Allen, Esq.," who had offered
him a secretaryship in case he chose to abandon the
struggle to make a living at authorship. But
although the offer came in the course of what he
called " the three most miserable years of my life,"
he rejected it. A brief passage is worth quoting
1909.]
THE DIAL
319
here as picturing the writer's state of dyspeptic
despondency, in describing which, however, he evi-
dently took an artistic delight, of a gloomy sort.
The letter was written in January, 1821. "You
asked me lately," he says toward the end, " if I
would really take your secretary's place? And
though I felt all the kindness implied in this ques-
tion, and though my prospects here are not the
most brilliant, my situation not the most comfort-
able, I should not have experienced very much hesi-
tation in answering no. Literature is like money,
the appetite increases by gratification ; the mines of
literature too are unwholesome and dreary as the
mines of Potosi ; yet from either there is no return —
and though little confident of finding contentment —
happiness is too proud a term — I must work, I
believe, in those damp caverns — till once the whole
mind is recast or the lamp of life has ceased to burn
within it." Had young Thomas Carlyle, by some
unwisely kind fate, been started in a walk of life
where there was nothing to complain of, how truly
miserable he would have been !
• • «
Our LiBEBAii LIBRARY RULES are often a sur-
prise to those who have not been wont to avail
themselves of their public-library privileges. The
librarian in charge of one of the branches of the
Enoch Pratt Free Library of Baltimore tells us, in
Dr. Steiner's current report, of a recent "novel expe-
rience " of hers. " On two different occasions," she
says, " I have been offered payment, or rather a sort
of collateral, of one dollar in each case, for a book
issued on a card, the borrowers explaining ' they did
not think we would trust them with a book, when
we knew nothing about them.' On explaining to
them that their borrower's card was all they need tO'
obtain a book, they thought it ' a very wonderful
system of spreading knowledge broadcast among the
many who cannot buy it.' Do we need a better
endorsement of the Free Circulating Library ? "
Much other matter of interest will be found in the
Keport. The city, by official action and by amend-
ment of its charter, is now about to receive the
benefit of Mr. Carnegie's generous gift of half a
million dollars for twenty branch library buildings.
Incredible as it may seem, last year was the first
year in which the city government made an appro-
priation for the Library's support.
• • •
The effect of age on the appetite for read-
ing is different in different persons. Hazlitt says :
»*The greatest pleasure in life is that of reading,
while we are young. I have had as much of this
pleasure as perhaps anyone. As I grow older, it
fades ; or else, the stronger stimulus of writing takes
off the edge of it. At present, I have neither time
nor inclination for it." This was written about five
years before the author's death ; but he died at the
early age of fifty-two. Carlyle, in his later years,
often referred in his correspondence to the inferior
pleasure derived from reading as compared with the
absorbing mental activity of writing. On the other
hand, old age has brought to many not only increased
leisure for reading, but also richer satisfaction in the
companionship of books. To be sure, much that
pleased the youthful reader no longer interests the
more mature ; but, in compensation, the latter has
acquired a far wider range of interests and memories
and associations, and while he is more discriminating
he also can find food for the mind in hundreds of
books that meant nothing to him in youth. The
writer who allows his passion for producing books
to kill his faculty for getting pleasure and profit
from the books of others, is laying up remorse and
regret and vacant unrest for his old age.
• • •
A CURIOUS INSTANCE OF FORESIGHT or WaS it
merely a happy accident? — attracts the attention
of magazine readers. Twenty-five years ago the
popular novelist known to all the world as " Ouida,"
and to some small part of it as Louise de la Ramde,
offered the J. B. Lippincott Co. two manuscripts for
posthumous publication. They were accepted, paid
for, and put away in the company's safe, to await the
death of the writer, an event which now has released
both the gifted woman's soul from its bondage of
clay and the manuscripts from their prison of steel.
The May number of " Lippincott's Magazine " con-
tains one of the articles ; the June issue will contain
the other. They are entitled " Shall Women Vote ? "
and " Love versus Avarice." Did the writer foresee
the "suffragette" of this year of grace? It is
asserted that she did, and, moreover, that "the
somewhat startling reasons advanced by Ouida for
the feminine unrest of to-day, and for the social evil
that prevails, may be said to justify the author's
unusual stipulation." , , ,
Dr. Crothers's "hundred worst books," an
amusing catalogue amusingly annotated, which his
readers have been awaiting with some eagerness of
interest, and which now appears in the May
"Atlantic," is rather disappointingly defective.
With all its brightness and readableness, the article
names only three of the expected hundred awful
examples of what a book should not be ; and these
three are obscure and otherwise uninteresting works
that the writer happened to have in his own library.
The remaining ninety-seven, therefore, await the
kind attention of some other critic or critics. A
good chapter could be written on really famous
and deservedly famous old books that, for various
reasons, now have so decidedly negative an attrac-
tion for us as to fall easily into the class of the
world's worst literature. There is, for example,
Cudworth's learned and lauded work, "The True
Intellectual System of tha Universe ; wherein the
Reason and Philosophy of Atheism is confuted " —
of whose author Dryden found it in his heart to say :
" He raised such strong objections against the being
of a God and Providence, that many thought he had
not answered them." And there is Dr. Erasmus
320
THE DIAL
[May 16,
Darwin's poem in quarto on "The Loves of the
Plants," which inspired the parody, " The Loves of
the Triangles," and which Byron dismissed as
" pompous rhyme." To be worthy of inclusion even
in a list of worst books, a book should rise to the
dignity of literature ; the vast ocean of unregarded
printed matter is out of the reckoning.
A BuifYAN MEMORIAL IN WESTMINSTER AbBEY
wUl before long, according to present indications,
put a stop to those expressions of surprise on the
part of visitors, and especially American visitors,
that four years ago gave the first impetus to the
present movement for supplying a glaring and un-
accountable omission. It was a gathering of a
world's congress of Baptists in 1905 that first called
general attention to the tardiness of Banyan's coun-
trymen in rendering him due honor. As is acknowl-
edged by the English themselves, the lack of any
Bunyan memorial in England's Hall of Fame was
pointed out by American delegates to this conven-
tion, and their interposition it largely was that led to
the call for subscriptions and the subsequent selection
of a suitable memorial. The latter will take the
form of a window depicting scenes from " The Pil-
grim's Progress." A fund of about fourteen hun-
dred pounds is being raised, of which more than
one-third has already been received or promised.
• • •
Crawford's place in literature is being
fixed, but not immutably, by current chroniclers of
his death and critics of his life-work. In facility
and rapidity of execution he was little inferior to
the astonishingly prolific TroUope ; and like him he
wrote, and professed to write, not with a view to
producing books that should live after his death,
but books that should enable their author to live
comfortably until his death. Just which one of the
lesser novelists of assured fame he stands nearest
to on the mountain-slope that leads up to immortal
eminence, it is impossible to decide ; but the variety
and ingenuity of his work, his wide knowledge of
many men of many nations, and his interest in
the perennially fascinating problems of occult psy-
chology, will win him readers for years to come,
and it would not be surprising if his best books
(which in general are his earlier books) should out-
live those of authors now ranked as his superiors.
• • •
A VARIOUSLY GIFTED LIBRARIAN, and One who
was considered by his acquaintance an unusual com-
bination of firmness without obstinacy, of amiability
without weakness, and of diplomacy without insin-
cerity, died in Boston on the 28th of last month, and
left the Massachusetts State Library without a head.
Caleb Benjamin Tillinghast, born at Greenwich, R.L,
in 1843, was brought up on a farm and struggled with
the limitations of New England country life, attend-
ing district school in the winter, and reading all the
books within his reach. An association library five
miles away, to which he made a weekly pilgrimage
on foot, appears to have been his university ; and
it was one that offered no seductive courses in
English prose fiction, of which he knew nothing in
his youth. School-teaching followed as a natural
sequel to his studious pursuits ; then came a taste of
journalism, and, thirty years ago, his appointment
to the position held by him at the time of his death.
The long list of Mr. Tillinghast's society and club
memberships bears evidence to his variety of in-
terests. When, in 1897, Harvard made him a
Master of Arts, President Eliot, with his accustomed
aptness and terseness of characterization, thus
accompanied the presentation of the degree : " Caleb
Benjamin Tillinghast — State Librarian, sure guide
to all the documents and records of the Common-
wealth, himself a living index at the service of every
inquirer." ...
The SUICIDE of John Davidson, the English
poet — if he really has committed suicide, as is now
believed — is a most melancholy event ; and be-
sides the painful shock it gives to even the distant
reader, there is necessarily something of shame and
humiliation in the thought of the act. Chatterton
will never quite win our forgiveness for his lack of
pluck when in his loneliness and destitution he
suffered himself to be overwhelmed. Far less can
we contemplate with unmingled pity and indulgence
this later poet, and husband and father besides, in
his last moments of helpless despair. The life of
letters is, and probably always will be, more or less
subject to hardships : but it need not for that reason
be an unheroic life. , , ,
The PERENNIAL CHARM OF THE MYSTERIOUS is
illustrated by the eagerness with which Sir Conan
Doyle's and Mr. Hornung's detective stories are
being read in France, especially in Paris, as fast as
they can be translated and published ; and just now
this process is said to be a rapid one. To the
fellow-countrymen of Emile Gaboriau these Anglo-
Saxon followers in his footsteps make a strong
appeal, as might have been expected. Meantime
native writers are not lacking to minister to the
national appetite for tales of complexity and puzzle-
ment. Messrs. Maurice Leblanc and Gaston Leroux,
among others, are inventing tangled plots and devis-
ing elaborate complications for the wonder and per-
plexity and delight of their readers. How many
thousands there are to be thrilled by exhibitions of
this mechanical ingenuity, so to speak, where a scant
dozen or fifteen will find their recreation and inspira-
tion in a novel of real depth and power !
• ■ •
The PUBLIC library's three-tenths of a mill
— the tax levy imposed in some communities for
maintenance of this department of public educar
tion — constitutes an absurdly small proportion of
the whole tax. Millions for graft, but only a few
reluctant thousands for literature — such is virtually
the motto of many city finance committees. The
1909.]
THE DIAL
321
Library Board of Toledo, Ohio, finding the present
annual appropriation sadly inadequate to the increas-
ing demands made upon the library, pleaded with a
hard-hearted committee of finance for an increase
of two-tenths of a mill in the tax levy, to be added to
the customary three-tenths. And what is the answer
to this prayer? A paltry three-hundredths of a
mill ! The natural and, it is to be hoped, salutary
result is a storm of protest and expostulation from
indignant lovers of books. This matter, impres-
sively set forth in the current report of the Toledo
Public Library, furnishes food for reflection.
• • •
Mr. Meredith's estimate of Swinburne finds
expression — or partial expression — in a letter to
Mr. Theodore Watts-Dunton, written immediately
after the poet's death. " Song was his natural
voice," says Mr. Meredith. " He was the greatest
of our lyrical poets — of the world's, I could say,
considering what a language he had to wield." He
continues, in a personal vein : " But if I feel the loss
of him as a part of our life torn away, how keenly
must the stroke fall on you — and at a time of pros-
tration from illness. HappUy, you have a wife for
comfort and consolation. That helps to comfort
me in my dire distress of mind on behalf of your
stricken household which I see beneath the shadow."
This warmth of eulogy is necessarily something dif-
ferent from the cool judgment of posterity ; but its
source gives it a measure of authority.
Auction sales of old and rare books have
shown no evidence of the general hard times in the
past year. In New York, for instance, no fewer than
twelve hundred records for high prices were made
at Anderson's auction rooms, and the sales of the
large Poor, Chamberlain, and Hermann collections
are said to have aggregated about three hundred
thousand dollars. Rare old first editions and auto-
graph copies are luxuries, but there have ever been
those who would sooner forego the necessities than
the luxuries of life ; or at least they say they would.
COMMUNICA TIONS.
FROM THE LIBRARY COPYRIGHT LEAGUE.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
It was to be presumed that the passage of a new
copyright act by the last Congress would end copyright
discussion for a time. It would please those who have
opposed the contentions of the American Publishers'
Copyright League if the matter could have rested at
least until the next session of Congress.
We cannot allow, however, the glaring misstatements
contained in Mr. George Haven Putnam's letter in your
issue of April 16th to go unchallenged, if only for the
sake of truth.
All of the arguments which he advances were ably
presented to the committees on patents, both by Mr.
Putnam and the legal advisers associated with him.
The committees, who gave four years to the study of
the subject, and made the fullest examination, recom-
mended the new bill imanimously; it is evident that
these gentlemen were not favorably impressed with the
justice of the arguments against importation for use and
not for sale.
Mr. Putnam's arguments are, if we understand them,
as follows:
1. Importation of copyrighted books is forbidden
in England, but allowed in the United States by the
new law. The truth is that non-British editions of
books originating in England are forbidden importation
if imported for sale and copyrighted in England. Pre-
cisely the same applies in the new law. Foreign editions
of books by an American author are forbidden importa-
tion by individuals. Foreign editions of books by an
English author are not forbidden importation into the
United States, when imported for use and not for sale.
Foreign (American) editions of books by an American
author are not forbidden importation into England. The
conditions are absolutely the same, except that libraries
are allowed unrestricted importation of single copies of
any book in the new United States law.
2. The privilege of importation of copyrighted books
for individual use was " interpolated into the act of
1891 diu*ing the last hours of the session." This is
simply an absolutely false statement. The matter was
debated in the Senate on several occasions. Anyone
desiring to read the speeches in favor of this provision
should examine Vol. 22 of the Congressional Record,
beginnmg on February 9, 1891. They will find speeches
by Senator Frye, Senator Sherman, and others on this
very matter.
3. Mr, Putnam cites the Cambridge History of En-
glish Literature as showing the injustice of the law to
the American publisher. Let us look at the facts. This
work sells, in the American edition, to the American
private student, for $2.50 per volume. The English
edition sells to the English student for seven shillings
and sixpence, which at the usual rate of exchange means
$1.82. To import a copy of the work, through an
importer in New York City, will cost about $2.30. It
could not be imported for this price through some of
the houses which charge such rates for importation as
would be charged " if imported through the American
copyright proprietor." It can be imported, for a library,
for about two dollars, not as Mr. Putnam says, for more
than the American edition costs, " equally attractive in
form." From many years' experience, we can confi-
dently say that many of our English purchases cost us
over twenty per cent less than the best American price,
and, as it often has been six months before an American
edition is published, we can wear out a copy of the book
before the American publisher decides it is a commer-
cial success to publish it. The English editions are
often better.
4. Mr. Putnam wants us to import " under the permis-
sion of the owner of the copyright." This was the " joker "
on which the publishers chiefly relied to establish a con-
trol of prices. Suppose the " owner of the copyright "
asked a price equal to one dollar for every shilling that
the book cost in England. Why shouldn 't he? Where
would the American student be then? Just where the
publishers of books have been trying to put him, entirely
at their mercy.
It is a well-known fact that the American Publishers'
Association has been trying to increase the price of
822
THE DIAL
[May 16,
books to " all the traffic will stand " for a long time.
If it had not been for the fear that they wonld be prose-
cuted for infringement of the Sherman law, they would
have kept up their open agreement to control book
prices, instead of as at present doing it under the cover
of " advice to the members." Frightened by a decision
in Pennsylvania in the ""retail drug" cases, they pre-
tended to abrogate their agreement in January, 1907.
They have tried to establish their monopoly by suits at
law, by an attempt to have monopoly clauses inserted
in the copyright bill, and, as a last resort, their printers
asked the Committee on Ways and Means to do away
with free importation, and raise the duty from twenty-
five per cent to seventy-five per cent. They failed in
the courts, they failed in the copyright bill, and they
will fail in the tariff bill.
Mr. Putnam alleges that "the librarians who have
standing arrangements with purchasing agents in Lon-
don, find it an inconvenience to instruct these agents to
except from their shipments books which are being pro-
duced in Copyright American editions." This state-
ment is so remarkable and so contrary to what we know
from personal experience of the practice of libraries that
Mr. Putnam ought to give the basis of this statement
in order to obtain any credence for it.
One more point. The English author gets less royalty
for a copy of his book sold in America than for a copy
sold in England. The usual royalty for the colonies
and America is one-half that for Great Britain, just as
the royalty for an American avithor for copies sold in
England is visually one-half that for copies sold in
America. The object of a copyright bill, we have sup-
posed, was to secure remuneration to the author. Mr.
Putnam's prohibition of importation would result in less
royalty to the man who wrote the book, and a higher
price to the man who wants to read the book. It would
result in the impoverishment of both for the benefit of
an American publisher. It would prevent, instead of
assisting, the free spread of printed thought.
No foreign nation has a law which forbids the im-
portation of books for use and not for sale. A lengthy
compilation by the Librarian of Congress establishes
this fact, and all the great legal authorities on copyright
announce this privilege of importation as existing. In
Canada, such importation is compulsory on the copy-
right proprietor. These facts should be known, and
should not be misrepresented.
Bernard C. Steiner (Enoch Pratt
Free Library),
President Library Copyright League.
W. P. Cutter (Forbes Library),
May 1, 1909. Secretary.
"THE BLUE BIRD" AT MOSCOW.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
In his delightful appreciation of " The Blue Bird "
in the May 1 number of The Dial, Mr. Edward E.
Hale, Jr., wonders whether M. Maeterlinck's new play
has ever been staged. It has been played in Moscow,
in the wonderful Art Theatre of M. Stanislawski. In
" The Mask," that unique joiimal of the theatres of the
world, published at Florence, Italy, Mr. Gordon Craig
has written in enthusiastic terms of the work of this
successful non-commercial theatre, and recently he de-
voted an interesting article to the acting of "The Bine
Bird " there. Margaret Vance.
Oak Park, HI., May 5, 1909.
%\t ^^to gooks.
A liiFE OF Scientific Reseakch.*
An autobiographic volume from the eminent
author of " Hereditary Genius " is a book to
take up with confident expectation of enjoyment
and instruction. It is now forty years since
that epoch-making work made its appearance
and elicited from Darwin a letter of enthusiastic
commendation. " I do not think I ever in all
my life read anything more interesting and
original," he wrote ; " and how well and clearly
you put every point ! . . . I congratulate you
on producing what I am convinced will prove a
memorable work."
Well and clearly, too, are the main events
and interests of Mr. Galton's busy life related
in this latest product of his active pen. " Mem-
ories of my Life " he entitles his reminiscences,
and he writes with such restraint and compres-
sion that little more than three hundred octavo
pages are required by him for the telling of his
story. It might well have been longer without
wearying the reader. But the author chose to
give serious heed to Falstaff's words, " Lord,
Lord, how subject we old men are to this vice
of lying," and to err on the safe side of truth
and brevity.
Mr. Galton's age (he was bom in 1822) and
vigor and versatile powers are apt illustrations
of those principles of heredity whose study has
furnished him his favorite pursuit. Grandson
of Erasmus Darwin, and hence cousin to Charles
Darwin the naturalist, he numbers among his
near kin many persons of marked character if
not of genius ; and that physical vigor and
length of life which often characterize the well-
born are found in not a few of his ancestors on
both sides. The reappearance in himself of
ancestral traits, and the influence of environment
in his formative years, have naturally seemed to
the author more noteworthy than those incidents
of his life that would appeal only to curiosity or
a desire to be entertained. "There are," he
stops to explain at one point, " many incidents
that I could tell about this time of my life that
might be interesting in some sense, but which
are foreign to the main purpose of such an
autobiogTaphy as mine, which is to indicate
how the growth of a mind has been affected by
circumstances."
Medical studies formed the chief interest of
• Memohies of my Life. By Francia Galton. F.R.8. With
eight illustrations. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.
1909.]
THE DIAL
323
his youth, and he came within a little of becoming
a practising physician ; but his father's death
and his own inheritance of a comfortable fortune
operated to turn his thoughts toward travel and
adventure. Consequently, after taking his degree
at Cambridge and devoting some time to the
gentlemanly pursuits of hunting and shooting,
he entered upon those Eastern and African
travels and explorations that bore fruit in vari-
ous memoirs and addresses and in his first book,
" Tropical South Africa," and also led to his
election as Fellow of the Royal Society. The
Geographical Society, too, presented him with
a gold medal " for having at his own cost, and
in furtherance of the expressed desire of the
Society, fitted out an expedition to explore the
centre of South Africa, and for having so suc-
cessfully conducted it ... as to enable this
Society to publish a valuable memoir and map
in the last volume of the Journal, relating to a
country hitherto unknown." As an African
explorer, Mr. Galton takes occasion to question
the seriousness of Livingstone's situation when
the " New York Herald " undertook, with such
blare of trumpets, his rescue through the instru-
mentality of Stanley. He writes :
"I was on the Council of the Royal Geographical
Society during all the time in question, and can testify
to our extreme desire to help Livingstone, but in his
later years he had become difficult to meddle with. He
had a brusque resentment against anything that might
be construed into patronage, feeling, as I understood,
that he had been over-much ' exploited ' by his admirers.
There was great fear by those in the Council who knew
him better than I did, that he might be annoyed by any
attempt to relieve him, and would resent it yet more
bitterly than Emin Bey subsequently resented Stanley's
compulsory relief. Again, there was no reason to sup-
pose Livingstone to be in serious want. He was thor-
oughly accustomed to natives of the widely dispersed
Bantu race, among whom he probably then was. He
travelled without a large party or other encumbrance,
so that the favour of even a single chief, such as he
might reasonably expect to gain, would amply suffice
for his wants. Besides this, he did not care to write,
and there was no knowing where a man like him might
be, who had already walked right across Africa and
back again. . . . One wishes that the whole thing could
have been effected with less secrecy in the beginning,
and less ostentation and comparison of Americans and
English to the prejudice of the latter."
Besides being a pioneer in the systematic
study of heredity, Mr. Galton originated the
now accepted system of finger-print identifica-
tion (with which M. Alphonse Bertillon is often
credited), and was the first to take up seriously
the study of eugenics, or race-improvement.
The very name " eugenics " we owe to him. A
ellowship and a scholarship have been endowed
by him in London University for research work
in this new science, which is to accomplish much,
he hopes, for the amelioration of the human race.
The theory of the thing is beautiful. Let us
quote our scientific Utopian.
" After I had become satisfied of the inheritance of
all the mental qualities into which I had inquired, and
that heredity was a far more powerful agent in human
development than nurture, I wished to explore the range
of human faculty in various directions in order to ascer-
tain the degree to which breeding might, at least theo-
retically, modify the human race. I took the moderate
and reasonable standpoint that whatever quality had
appeared in man, and in whatever intensity, it admitted
of being bred for and reproduced on a large scale.
Consequently a new race might be created possessing on
the average an equal degree of quality and intensity
as in the exceptional case. Relative infertility might
of course stand in the way, but otherwise everything
seemed to show that races of highly gifted artists, saints,
mathematicians, administrators, mechanicians, contented
labourers, musicians, militants, and so forth, might be the-
oretically called into existence, the average excellence of
each race in its particular line being equal to that of its
most highly gifted representative at the present moment."
In one of his chapters the author explodes a
popular belief which has even more recently been
proved false. He tested the delicacy of the
touch-sense of a large number of blind children,
first promising a reward to those who should
display the greatest degree of sensitiveness.
Accordingly all did their best, " but their per-
formances fell distinctly short of ordinary per-
sons." The experimenter afterward found " a
marked correlation between at least this form of
sensitiveness and general ability."
The impressions made by great men on one
another are often significant and instructive.
Mr. Galton's remembrances of Herbert Spencer
contribute some most readable pages to his book.
The Synthetic Philosopher once accompanied
him to the Derby, but had already arrived by
deduction at so accurate a conception of the
whole event that it failed to interest him. He
also said that the crowd of men on the grass
looked disagreeable, like flies on a plate. " Still,
he evidently liked the excursion, and notwith-
standing his asseverations at the time to the
contrary, he repeated his experience on at least
one subsequent occasion." From each of these
men we are now fortunate in possessing a
" human document " of value, though the later
writer has taken himself far less seriously in his
autobiography than did his predecessor.
In visits at Lord Ashburton's country place,
Mr. Galton twice met Carlyle, who on the
second occasion seemed to him " the greatest
bore that a house could tolerate."
" He had a well-known story then to the fore, which
W. H. Brookfield . . . told me he had indulged in five
324
THE DIAL
[May 16,
times that day already, and undertook that he should
repeat it for my benefit a sixth time, which he did.
Then Carlyle raved about the degeneracy of the modern
English without any fact in justification, and contributed
nothing that I could find to the information or pleasure
of the society. He, however, executed a performance
with great seriousness which was decidedly funny, by
hopping gravely on one leg up and down within the
pillars of the portico, which he had discovered to be a
prompt way of warming himself in the then chilly
weather."
Thus unheroic do our heroes sometimes appear
to their contemporaries.
A line in " Who 's Who " informs all whom
it may concern that Mr. Galton's recreations
are " sunshine, quiet, and good wholesome food."
An author with such simple, sensible tastes is
more than likely to write in a plain and terse
and readable style. The straightforwardness
and unpretentiousness of Mr. Galton's book
win the reader's favor and hold his attention to
the end. The book has the excellent fault of
being shorter than one could have wished.
Percy F. Bicknell.
America and the Far Eastern
Question.*
So much history has been made in the Far
East since the Russo-Japanese War that persons
desiring to keep well informed on the questions
of importance there must welcome any book
presenting a summary of the recent events in
Eastern Asia, and especially when the work is
concerned particularly with America's interests
in these developments. Such a book is Mr.
Millard's study of " America and the Far
Eastern Question," which continues the story
from the point where his volume entitled " The
New Far East " left it, in 1905, to the Root-
Takahira notes of November, 1908. In this
period Mr. Millard twice visited the Far East,
and much of his material is based upon his
observations during these visits.
The title which Mr. Millard has chosen for
his book is somewhat misleading, for although
about one-third of the chapters deal with various
aspects of American interests, fully one-half of
the book is devoted to a study of conditions in
Japan since the war and to Japanese activities
in Korea and Manchuria. A discussion of re-
cent happenings in China and a brief reference
to the Russians in Manchuria complete the book.
That this emphasis is placed upon Japan is
due, of course, to the importance of Japan in
* America and the Fak Eastern Question. By Thomas
F. Millard. Illustrated. New York : Moffat, Yard & Co.
any study of the recent history of the Far East,
and Mr. Millard has no doubts as to the signifi-
cance of some of her recent actions. But in a
book dealing with events of such recent date
it is necessary that much of the discussion be
merely a statement of the opinions of the author.
And for that reason it is important to know in
what spirit Mr. Millard approached his task of
interpreting Japanese activities to the western
world.
In his preface the author states that " some
persons will profess to find in this, as many did
in my previous work, an anti-Japanese preach-
ment." But he disclaims any desire to injure
Japan. " I wish the Japanese nation and people
success in aspirations which do not tend to
cause international dissension and strife by
impairing interests of other nations. That the
present policy of Japan has this tendency is a
conclusion I have reached after closely observing
its trend for several years, and from studying
its practical effects in localities where it is
directly applied." So Mr. Millard's new book
may be taken as another thesis designed to prove
the dangerous possibilities of Japanese aspira-
tions. And as with every thesis, the reader
must use considerable care in weighing opinions
advanced to support the text. One does not
have to read far to conclude that Mr MiUard
has already decided the case against the
Japanese, and that no evidence in their defence
need be urged. A striking example of his
argument, and yet almost a typical one, is his
reference to the Emperor. " One hears in Japan
varying opinions about the personality of the
present Emperor. Many regard him as the usual
figurehead, occupying himself, after Oriental
fashion, with sensual pleasures, and leaving the
cares of government to his ministers. The
Crown Prince is generally regarded as being
duU, almost a booby, and is not entrusted with
responsibility." That many other people have
an entirely different opinion of the Emperor's
personality is not mentioned. And this method
of argument constantly appears when Japanese
acts or motives are under discussion. The bad
report is given without any reference to qualify-
ing opinion.
Other examples of Mr. Millard's attitude
toward the Japanese might be mentioned if
necessary. This apparent prejudice is very im-
fortunate, because Mr. Millard has had oppor-
tunities to study conditions which are of great
interest to the western world. But it would be
difficult for anyone to accept unreservedly the
arraignment of Japanese financial and industrial
1909.]
THE DIAL
325
methods, of her conduct in Korea and her false-
ness in Manchuria, when it is based upon such
evident lack of sympathy. Mr. Millard tells us
that " in estimating some matters Japanese are
a bit out of perspective just now." Possibly
some readers may come to the same conclusion
regarding this latest treatment of Japanese
policies.
In dealing with China and her problems Mr.
Millard is as sympathetic as he is severe in his
treatment of Japan. He has great hopes for
the reform movement. " China can wait for
a constitution and representative government.
. . . The abolition of extra-territoriality also
can wait. But recovery of pseudo-political
foreign concessions and leaseholds, extension of
a modern educational system, the creation of a
modern army and navy, chiefly require money ;
and to get money China must reform her finan-
cial and fiscal systems. Here, then, is where
real reform must begin." Because of the gen-
uine community of interests between the United
States and China we should adopt " an aggres-
sive policy in Asia " which would serve to
strengthen China against her enemies. But
apparently this policy points to the giving of
good advice, the stretching out of a friendly
hand to support and guide China along a diffi-
cult path. " The United States can assume
leadership in the Pacific, if an energetic policy
is adopted . . . and it is probable that unless
America does again interfere in eastern affairs
another great war will occur in a few years."
But in considering the work of the Americans
in the Philippines Mr. Millard is not only sym-
pathetic but highly optimistic. In this case the
administration is generally supported against
the critics on the spot, and policies and perform-
ances are highly praised. It is a pleasure to be
again reminded that " American officials and
employes of the Philippine Government, of high
and low degree, constitute a body whose efficiency
and integrity is not surpassed, indeed is rarely
equalled anywhere. It is, I believe, superior in
morale and personnel to similar bodies in the
United States." The first Philippine Assembly
is discussed at some length, and commended,
especially for the way it assumed the responsi-
bility placed upon it by the Commission. And
even a good word is advanced for the Filipino
as a laborer, when handled with tact and dis-
cernment. This survey of the past few years
of the American administration is a most grati-
fying one.
In the chapters entitled " America's Position
in the Pacific " we have a discussion of the
probable conduct of a war with Japan. A plea
is made for strongly fortified posts in Hawaii
and the Philippines, although if war breaks out
within five years Japan would confine her en-
deavors to an attack on the Philippines. Even
before the Panama Canal is completed the major
battleship fleet should be kept on the Pacific
coast. Briefly stated, Mr. Millard finds that
the United States has great interests in the
Pacific arising from her trade and her insular
possessions, and it will be necessary to play a
more important part in Eastern diplomacy until
by her participation a stable balance of power
in the Far East is created.
If one could have more confidence in the
soundness of Mr. Millard's views the present
work would be of considerable value. It is
certainly most suggestive, and the style com-
mands one's interest. The thirteen appendices,
containing the texts of treaties and other papers
from the treaty of Portsmouth to the Root-
Takahira notes, add to the value of the book.
An index would have been much appreciated.
As the latest study of Far Eastern politics, Mr.
MiUard's book should be read by all who desire
to follow recent developments there, and even
if they question the opinions advanced from
time to time they cannot fail to enjoy the treaty-
port gossip which enlivens the pages. It is
always enjoyable, but rarely convincing.
Payson J. Treat.
The Century of the Child.*
Abundant food for thought and unlimited
material for discussion are to be found in Ellen
Key's " The Century of the Child," which has
just been translated from the Swedish — or,
more correctly, has just come to English readers
through the German by double translation.
The original was published in 1900, and took its
title from a saying of one of the characters in
" The Lion's Whelp": " The next century will
be the century of the chdd, just as this century
has been the woman's century."
It is unfortunate that the author's most
radical views, and those that are likely to be
thought subversive of morality, are set forth
in the opening chapter, which concerns mar-
riage and parenthood ; for many readers will
be turned aside at this point and miss the chap-
ters on Education which are the most valuable
part of the book. Those who have patience
*The Century of the Child. By Ellen Key. Translation
of the German version of Frances Maro. New York: Q. P.
Putnam's Sons.
326
THE DIAL
[May 16,
with the matrimonial heresies of this chapter,
and will read further, are likely to discover that
they were at the beginning introduced to the
writer's greatest weakness as well as to her
greatest strength. Her strength lies in her
abstract ideals for the conditions under which
children should be bom and educated ; her
weakness, in her apparent inability to recognize
and her obvious unwillingness to acknowledge
the part which religious and social institutions
have had in preparing the world for these ideals
and their realization. We learn from biograph-
ical sketches of Ellen Key, that she has severed
her connection with all organized social move-
ments. Her book indicates that she has done
this with a bitterness of spirit that makes her
an unfair critic.
To illustrate : The " woman's rights move-
ment " seems to her to stand only for an effort
on the part of women to secure, solely for their
own satisfaction, educational advantages and
admission to professions and fields of activity
from which they have been excluded in the past.
Th(;re is within the movement, as she sees it,
no solidarity of spirit except that which has a
distinctly selfish purpose. To this understand-
ing we may not offer objection ; for every per-
son has a right to his own definition of a term
so elastic as the " woman's rights movement."
We may, however, dissent when women as a
class, or any class of women, are held responsi-
ble for the demoralizing effect of modern factory
life upon working women and upon the homes
of working people. These effects can in fair-
ness be charged only to our industrial system,
and not to the ambitions of a sex.
If it is true that the adherents of the woman's
rights movement as Ellen Key knows it are
hopelessly blind to the fact that " the passion
to discover truth must be accompanied by the
passion to use it for the welfare of mankind,"
that they are not interested in protective legis-
lation for women and children nor in supporting
organized efforts of working women to improve
their own conditions, then there is for her only
one possible line of action ; i. c, to sever her
connection with the movement and then to work
alone or to form new associations for the pur-
pose of gaining opportunity to work effectively
in the interests of humanity. Individual de-
velopment, however, must precede social use-
fulness ; and the woman's rights movement, even
in the narrowest conception we have of it, has
secured for women the education and the train-
ing necessary for efficient organized work in
behalf of education, the home, and the child.
That the coming century is to be the century of
the child partly because the century just passed
was the woman's century, is a fact which Ellen
Key fails to recognize.
It is much the same with her treatment of
Socialism . It is unfair to commend unreservedly
a plan for pensioning mothers during the time
their children need their care, without referring
to the fact that this is one of the cardinal
principles of Socialism ; unfair, also, to accuse
Socialists as a whole of obstructing protective
legislation, a charge which can be fairly brought
against a small section of the party only.
The writer's attitude toward marriage is much
the same as her attitude toward the woman's
rights movement and Socialism. With her high
ideals for "the common living of man and
woman," she apparently fails to credit the in-
stitution of marriage and the legal protections
which have been thrown about it with having
fostered and promoted these ideals.
But while we object to many of the conclu-
sions of the book, our hearts go out in sympathy
to the author, who, a keen observer of life, saw
that at the opening of this century (the twentieth
after Christ) " the passions of men were still
aroused in economic and in actual warfare,"
that " despite all the tremendous development
of civilization in the century just passed, man
had not yet succeeded in giving to the struggle
for existence nobler forms," and that " Christian
people continued to plunder one another and
call it exchange, to murder one another eii masse
and call it nationalism, to oppress one another
and call it statesmanship." No wonder she was
led to criticize the conditions under which the
succeeding generations of this slowly developing
race have been educated, and also the conditions
under which they have been born.
The chapters on Education redeem the rest
of the book, although they contain much that is
inapplicable to our system of public instruction,
for we have abolished many of the abuses that
are mentioned. Like Ellen Key, however, we
are still seeking a kind of education which will
give to the world " new types of people with
higher ideals, — travellers on unknown paths,
thinkers of yet unthought thoughts, people
capable of the crime of inaugurating new ways ";
and we acknowledge that we have in her not
only a companion in ideals but a leader in
methods. Her chapters on Education are mas-
terly contributions to the literature of pedagogy,
the result of a profound sympathy with and an
understanding of child nature, and of long
experience in child-training.
1909.]
THE DIAL
327
Except to those who insist upon rejecting as
a whole, if they cannot accept as a whole, any
book that embodies a call to action, " The
Century of the Child " offers abundant inspira-
tion. The truth is that it contains a definite
programme for woman's future work, organized
as well as unorganized, in the interest of the
child. This, to be sure, can be read as a whole
only by patching together bits that are scattered
about among the denunciations of peoples and
institutions ; but the book itself is probably
much more readable than it would be if the
programme were presented in orderly and sys-
tematic fashion. Caroline L. Hunt.
Some Very Moderx Types.*
Mr.Huneker's previous studies of personalities
in the world of drama and music will prepare the
reader for stimulation from his new book with
the piquant title : " Egoists : A Book of Super-
men." The title is perhaps not exact, for not
all his egoists are properly to be classed by the
name made famous by Nietzsche ; still, they are
as a group characterized by certain stigmata
which distinguish, more or less, the men he
studies : morbid subjectivity, irregular lives,
and brilliant if erratic achievement.
Mr. Huneker, with his interest in a field
trodden by few critics, is doing a service by this
exploitation of writers and thinkers little known
and less understood. It is perhaps inevitable
that he has not entirely escaped the contagion
of his theme, and so exhibits traits both of style
and thought which are not admirable. His
diction is all his own, and has its fascination ;
but it is an uneasy style, like a rapid series of
electric sparks. Even hon mots tire unless the
law of relief and contrast is obeyed. Strange
and startling words occur, until the reader is
almost stunned ; repetitions are so frequent as
to suggest that the author regards them as the
bugbear of small minds.
On the side of thought, this verbal smartness
sometimes leads Mr. Huneker to prefer cynical
epigram or the clever half-truth to genuine seri-
ousness of statement. Discussing Nietzsche, he
says : " Gossip has whispered that he was hope-
lessly in love with Cosima Wagner. A charming
theme for a psychological novel. So was Von
Bulow, once — until he married her." Quoting
Stendhal's '•'•Femmes I vous etes hien toujours
les memes" he adds these words : " It is a
* Egoists : A Book of Supermen.
York: Charles Scribner'9 Sons.
By James Huneker. New
quotidian truth that few before him had the
courage or clairvoyancy to enunciate." It woidd
indeed be convenient, could the sex be reduced
to a formula so simple.
Nevertheless, Mr. Huneker has made a book
that is not only entertaining but helpful. His
studies are preeminently suggestive and sympa-
thetic. Those on Stendhal, Baudelaire, Flau-
bert, and Huysmans are especially informing,
and really assist toward an understanding of
more or less cryptic creatures. Obscure facts
are brought to the light of day, and always a
lively impression given of a personality hitherto,
for most of us, walking in a mist.
Especially sympathetic are the three studies,
" Phases of Nietzsche," in which the apostle of
the Overman is shown to be something besides
an inconceivable freak both as man and thinker.
The Ibsen paper, while it presents nothing really
new, is in the main happily interpretative ; the
author goes too far in declaring that the play-
wright " lifted the ugly to heroic heights," for
poetry of a strange kind is seldom absent from
his work. In view of the little that has been
said in English about Huysmans, one of the
most valuable essays is that entitled " The Evo-
lution of an Egoist "; it is worth while to have
traced for us so clearly the curious evolution of
a man who begins as a decadent making a cult
of the monstrous and the abhorrent, and ends
a mystic monk. To my mind there is nothing
more penetrative in the book than the estimate
of Walter Pater (in a chapter called " From an
Ivory Tower "), where that writer is described
as " an egoist of the higher type ; he seldom left
his tour (T ivoire ; yet his work is human and
concrete to the core." One forgives the author
much, because of such critical flashes as that.
Richard Burton.
A Century op Colonial, History.*
The second volume of Professor Edward
Channing's " History of the United States,"
which now, after three years' delay, has at length
been given to the expectant historical reader,
reveals anew the deep scholarship and rare charm
of style which commanded for the first instal-
ment universal approval. In the former part
of the work the beginnings of the Colonial era
were carried down to the English Restoration
of 1660. In the present volume, the opening
chapters of which are admirably correlated with
* a History of the United States. By Edward Cbanning:-
Volume II.. A Century of Colonial History. 1680-1760. With
maps. New York: The Macmillan Co.
328
THE DIAL
[May 16,
what went before, is covered that important
century which lay between the Restoration of
the Stuarts and the Peace of Paris of 1763, a
century of empire-building fateful in the annals
both of England and of America. In structure,
the book consists of three parts : first, the nar-
rative of the development of the Colonies gen-
erally to about 1700, and of Pennsylvania and
the Carolinas to the middle of the century ;
second, the description of various phases of
Colonial civilization ; and third, the story of the
rivalry of France and England in the New
World.
If any unfavorable criticism be deserved, it
is to be grounded upon the absence of a com-
plete and unified survey of Colonial and Imperial
politics in the first half of the eighteenth cen-
tury. Throughout the revolution of 1688 the
treatment is systematic and admirably propor-
tioned ; but the epoch of Walpole's control of
English affairs, it must be confessed, seems not
so skilfully handled or so thoroughly analyzed.
Perhaps this difference is in a way but the reflec-
tion of the circumstance that the earlier period
has been as rich in monographic literature as
the latter period has been neglected.
At the outset. Professor Channing recalls, as
is his wont, the close relations that constantly
existed between English and Colonial history.
He begins with the picture of that group of
" colonizing courtiers" who encircled Charles II.,
and who found in the plantation of Colonies, as
in the African trade or the exploitation of
Hudson Bay, a possible source of replenishment
for their shattered fortunes. Professor Chan-
ning then rapidly sketches the English commer-
cial system, in which the government adopted
the policy of those Puritans whose work the
leaders of English politics under the later Stuart
monarchy tried in so many other respects to
destroy. There is due account of the various
councils and committees which in this period
looked out for Colonial affairs, though perhaps
somewhat scant notice is given of the influence
of the merchants, such as Povey and Noell, upon
national policy. The author then takes up the
narrative of the settlement of the Carolinas, the
conquest of the Middle Colonies, and the affairs
of New England through King Philip's War.
After this he takes up the South, especially
Virginia, and Bacon's Rebellion. Next follows
an account of George Fox, William Penn, the
Quakers, and Pennsylvania. The narrative
then turns back to the Northern-central Col-
onies, and explains their relation to the French
and the characteristics of the Stuart government,
thus leading up to a clear discussion of the
Revolution and the reconstructed Colonial sys-
tem, with its new machinery and its additional
legislation.
In this first half of the book the tone has
been prevailingly that of narrative, though many
interesting comments are interwoven, like those
on the sober trade of the Colonial merchants
and the more romantic ventures of Colonial
pirates. But after selecting the Colonies of
Pennsylvania and the Carolinas for the special
emphasis of their later development, the second
part of the book becomes topical in treatment,
and we read chapters which are really brilliant
little essays upon the labor system, immigration,
religious toleration, education, industry, and
commerce of the Colonies. Finally, as we have
already suggested, the last chapters are con-
cerned with the development of New France
and Louisiana, and the subordination of these,
in their most important parts, to Great Britain.
Sometimes, though very infrequently, Pro-
fessor Channing seems to give a rather strained
interpretation to a document. An example is
found in the chapter upon the colonization of
Carolina, where the writer maintains (p. 15) that
in the second charter to the Lords Proprietory,
" the King went farther and himself granted
liberty of conscience in matters of religious con-
cernment to all colonists of Carolina who should
live peaceably." The wording of the charter,
as Mr. McCrady we think has shown, indicates
that the King made no such direct grant, but
merely re-stated in wider terms what the Pro-
prietors might do, and promised that those to
whom the Proprietors granted indulgences
should not be molested. In his first volume.
Professor Channing himself pointed out the
important connection between the phraseology
as to toleration in the Rhode Island Charter
and that in the " Instriunent of Government "
of the Cromwellian period ; a little examination
reveals that this Rhode Island Charter and that
given to the Carolina Proprietors in 1665 are
in the clauses respecting religion almost identi-
cal. One wishes that Professor Channing would
throw more light upon the whole question of the
relation of the Colonies to the religious policy
of Charles II.
As in the former volume, we find here no
illustrations beyond serviceable maps. The
appearance of the book is excellent, though a
few errors, usually in the case of dates, have
escaped the proof-reader ; for example, on page
28, 1672 for 1670 ; page 77, 1775 for 1675 ;
page 526, Brian Edwards for Bryan Edwards.
1909.]
THE DIAL
329
More remarkable is the bibliographical refer-
ence, in a footnote to page 210, to Dr. E. E.
Sparks's " Causes of the American Revolution
of 1689," which at one time confuses both two
Revolutions and two Doctors Sparks.
St. George Leakin Sioussat.
Briefs on New Books.
For those who want a book of the old-
anda^o're fashioned seagoing flavor, a mirror
of the manners of the sailors whom
SmoUett and Marryat drew and Gay and Dibdin
sang, here it is — " The British Tar in Fact and
Fiction," by Commander Charles N. Robinson, R.N.
( Harper ) . Of the regular naval histories and treatises
we have enough and perhaps to spare. But here is
a book with a certain novelty of motif, material, and
viewpoint to recommend it. Its spring and raison
d'etre is frankly the profuse and curious illustrations.
By describing these we can best characterize the
work. The author is a notable connoisseur and col-
lector of old prints and engravings dlusti'ative of sea
manners and types and the social side of sailor life
afloat and ashore. Collectively, they show the his-
toric British mariner, as contemporary pictorial
art, sentimental or humorous, jjatriotic or playful,
mhrored him ; the hearty, breezy tribe of " Tom
Bowlings," '' Ben Buntlines," " Sweet Williams," etc.,
of play, novel, and ballad. Some plates are roughly
Hogarthian in their robust truth. Others are
plaintively sentimental and tenderly quaint. More,
perhaps, are of the rollicking order, showing with old-
fashioned frankness the high jinks of Jack ashore
with his " PoU " and not altogether " Lovely Nan."
The " sweet little cherub who sits up aloft " has very
evidently not thought it worth while to look out for
the shore morals of " poor Jack." In fine, Com-
mander Robinson's gallery of reproductions (ninety-
five in all, with a pretty frontispiece in tints) is novel,
entertaining, graphic, and not without serious illus-
trative value. The text suitably and interestingly
supplements the pictures, and is the result of much
painstaking research through a mass of old plays,
diaries, pamphlets, novels, ballads, that would stagger
a less enthusiastic worker. The book is prepared
and written con amove, and carries a whiff of the
brine for the initiated reader.
From Cicero and his " De Amicitia,"
SXSS!' t« Dr. King and his treatise on "The
Laws of Friendship, Human and Di-
vine" (Macmillan) there have been countless writers
on this most beautiful ( or shoxdd one rather say next
to the most beautiftd?) of relationships. It is one of
the first articles in the creed of Oberlin's president,
Dr. Henry Churchill King, that the prime purpose
and highest end of life is the cultivation of friend-
ship with God and man ; and this little book of his
states the laws governing this friendship as they were
formulated in the author's lectures at Haverford
College, in the course known as the Haverford Li-
brary Lectures. To Dr. King "the problem of
friendship is the problem of life itself"; and the
essentials of ti-ue friendship are, first, integrity and
breadth and dejjth of personality ; second, deep com-
munity of interests ; third, mutual self-manifestation
and answering trust ; and, fourth, mutual self-giving.
These fundamentals underlie all spu-itual intimacies,
whether with God or man ; and the surest guides to
the cultivation of these intimacies are the Beatitudes
and the thirteenth chapter of First Corinthians.
The highest services, the "two services of prime
significance," that one friend can render another
are thus described : " One may be, first of all, the
man he ought to be, and lay daily the unconscious
impress of a high and noble character upon liis
friend ; and he may share with his friend his own
best vision, the vision of those ideals and motives
and personalities by which he himself most of all
lives." And, near the end, the author inclines to
think the single, all-inclusive counsel necessary is
this : " Stay persistently in the presence of the best
in the sphere in which you seek attainment. All
the rest will take care of itself. Hear persistently
the best in music. See persistently the best in art.
Read persistently the best in literatm-e. Stay per-
sistently in the presence of the best in character."
Excellent advice, whether in a handbook to friend-
ship or elsewhere. The author rightly emphasizes
the importance of activities as compared with passiv-
ities, as a means of growth. The book is inspiring
and helpful.
Mr. R. W. Neeser's " Statistical and
iavaihulori. Clironological History of the United
States Navy " (Macmillan) is a com-
prehensive reference book of unusual merit, partic-
ularly fitted to meet the needs of public libraries
and students of naval history. Only a part of the
entire work is published in the two volumes that
have been recently issued. They, however, are com-
plete in themselves and do not suffer by being
detached from the succeeding volumes, which wUl
require several years more for their preparation.
The complete work is divided by the author into
five parts, which are as follows : (1 ) Administration
of Department, and events and dates of reference
in United States Naval History ; (2) Engagments,
expeditions, and captures of vessels of war; (3)
Captures of merchantmen ; ( 4 ) A complete record
of every vessel's service and fate ; and ( 5 ) Amer-
ican Privateers, 1772-1862; the State Navies,
1775-1783; and the Confederate States Navy,
1861-1865. Volume I. is preliminary to the remain-
ing volumes, and consists of a remarkably exhaus-
tive bibliogi-aphy of the history of the American
navy. It includes both manuscript and printed, both
official and unofficial sources — in all 9284 entries.
In Volume II., which contains Parts I., II., and III.,
of the work, is disclosed the author's unique method
of treating naval history. He finds that it is possible
330
THE DIAL
[May 16,
to present many important naval facts by means of
tables, showing at a glance the dates of engagements,
the ships and commanders taking part in them, the
rate, tonnage, and armament of ships, the time of
action, the number of killed and wounded, and many
other interesting items of information. Full refer-
ences to authorities for every important naval event
are given. While so mechanical a method of treat-
ment has its defects, it does succeed in presenting
all the fundamental facts. The author and publisher
have united in producing exceptionally accurate and
well-printed volumes. The indexes are full and form
a useful feature of the work.
Mr. John D. Rockefeller's serial
So^'ire." ^^Vtevs of « Random Reminiscences
of Men and Events " (Doubleday)
are now; collected in book form, making a handy and
attractive volume of somewhat less than two hun-
dred pages. To him who regards material success
as the goal of life, this collection of commercial
experiences and business mc'ixims will be a book of
value as coming from the pen of (in the publisher's
words) " the greatest business genius and most
efficient organizer this country has ever produced."
But though the author is known the world over as a
money-getter of unsurpassed ability, he says — and
his words should be taken for not less than they are
worth — "I know of nothing more despicable and
pathetic than a man who devotes all the waking
hours of the day to making money for money's
sake." Mr. Rockefeller is known to cherish other
interests, some even of an artistic nature, as his love
of landscape gardening and tree-planting; and his
donations to the cause of education have been more
than regal. Referring to the alleged iniquities of
Standard Oil methods of business, he maintains that
if undue zeal has been shown in crushing competitive
dealers, it has been " in violation of the expressed
and known wishes of the company." Mr. Rocke-
feller's chapters, simply and briefly written, make
good reading, especially if read in connection with
Miss Tarbell's memorable volume of rather different
tone and complexion.
The Mai-tin & Hoyt Co., Atlanta, have
X%Zr begun the publication of a " Library
of Southern Literature," a work plan-
ned to fill fifteen volumes, of which the first two are
now at hand. The plan of the " Warner Library "
is rather closely followed, and such a work could
hardly have a better model. Each author repre-
sented is given a signed critical and biographical
essay, which precedes the selected examples of his
woi'k. Good writers have been secm-ed for these
critical appraisements, and the list of their names,
coupled with that of the editorial and advisory coun-
cils, is of a natm'e to inspire confidence in the enter-
prise. Like all subsci'iption works, this one is made
" to sell," but it is fairly obvious that salability has
not been the only end in view, and that ideals
of intelligent writing and sound judgment have
informed the entire plan. Such could hardly fail
to be the case with an enterprise conducted by
President Alderman, the late Joel Chandler Harris,
and Professors Charles W. Kent, C. Alphonso
Smith, Morgan Callaway, George A. Wauchope, and
Franklin L. RUey. These men stand for the best
scholai'ship of the South, and inspire confidence
from the start. Someone has said that "when the
South's literature becomes known, the history of
American literatm-e will be re-written." We are not
quite sure of this, but we doubt not that some rela-
tive judgments will be revised, and the whole subject
seen in truer perspective. The generous scale of
this work saves it from too much scrappiness, and
enables something like justice to be done to each
author deemed worthy of inclusion. The two vol-
umes now published exliibit foi'ty authors, which
enables us to make a fair estimate of the total nmn-
ber. The last two volmnes will be devoted to frag-
mentary matter, a biographical dictionary, and an
index. Among the authors now represented we note
Mr. James Lane Allen, Washington Allston, J. J.
Audubon, Benjamin P. Judah, Thomas H. Benton,
William Byrd, Mr. George W. Cable, John C. Cal-
houn, and Mr. Madison Cawein, to mention only
fairly famous names. There are women also, — Miss
Frances C Baylor, Mrs. Kate Chopin, and, by a
somewhat liberal interpretation of geogi'aphy, Mrs.
Amelia E. Barr and Mrs. Frances Hodgson Burnett.
Each of the volumes before us has fom* illustrations,
all but one being portraits.
Do you believe in witches ? If not,
Mr. Oliver Madox Hueffer assures
you, in his " Book of Witches " (John
McBride Co.), you belong to the world's educated
minority — but do not on that account make the mis-
take of supposing that the witch is extinct in the
mind of man, like the dodo. You yourself believe
in the Friday superstition, have been known to
patronize a palmist, or refuse to sit down with thir-
teen at table. Then don't be sm-prised to read in
youi' newspaper that a woman was accused of witch-
craft in the next county. A witch is almost as easy
to credit as a flying machine, and she has contributed
much to the contentment of credulous humanity, who
could blame her for their misfortunes which now
they must shoulder without the relief afforded by
the old illusion. It is in such light vein that Mr.
Hueffer approaches his subject — in a spirit of appre-
ciation rather than of scientific calculation. Having
proven to his own satisfaction that a revival of witch-
craft is not impossible, he goes back to the good old
days of romance and magic, describes a " Sabbath-
general," explains ingeniously how the witch origin-
ated and how she differed from the other rulers of
the half-way worlds, depicts her official insignia, and
gives a detailed account of her philtres, charms, and
potions. There are also gruesome tales of witchcraft
persecutions in the various countries of Europe.
" The Witch in Fiction " makes an interesting study
and " Some Witches of To-day " explains the domi'
The witch
and her magic.
1909.]
THE DIAL
331
nance of witchcraft in the Orient, besides repeating
some of the author's not particularly significant
experiences with reputed witches in Tuscany, South
Carolina, and rural England.
A possible -^ substantial volume bearing the
author of the interesting title " Thomas PownaU,
"Junius" letters. -^j^^Y^^ F.R.S., Governor of Massa-
chusetts Bay, Author of the Letters of Junius," by
Charles A. W. PownaU, comes to us from Messrs.
Henry Stevens, Son, & Stiles, of London. Governor
PownaU cannot be counted among the greater lumin-
aries of eighteenth-century politics; nevertheless,
the historians of that age must feel gi'ateful for this
first adequate biography of a man who exercised,
both by his personality and writings, great influence
upon the men who controUed events during the early
years of George III. Governor PownaU was born in
1722, and foUowed his elder brother John into the
colonial department of government. The time of
his gi-eatest influence was during the period of the
French and Indian War, when he was agent at large
for the Board of Trade, and then Governor of Massa-
chusetts. From the very first he became a student
of colonial government, and his studies ended in the
writing of his famous "Administration of the British
Colonies," which passed through a number of editions.
PownaU belonged to the party of WiUiam Pitt, and
when his leader ceased to hold office, PownaU also
was dropped from the government. During his sub-
sequent parliamentary career his sympathies were
with the opposition. In this large volume, written
by one of Governor Pownall's descendants, we have
the results of a careful study of aU avaUable material.
It is unfortunate that the author shows little skiU in
the art of narration, and allows himself to wander
off into long disquisitions on colonial history and
allied topics, which detract seriously from the value
of his book. The argument to prove that Governor
PownaU was the author of the " Letters of Junius "
is ingenious, and would be conclusive if the style of
Pownall's acknowledged writings was not so far re-
moved from that of "Junius " as almost to preclude
the possibility of a common authorship.
A new cure for the misgovernment of
American cities is always a matter for
rejoicing. Mr. Horace E. Deming,
in his preface to " The Government of American
Cities" (Putnam), informs us that he has found
such a cure in the application of the true principles
of democracy, — the control of local affairs by the
people of the localities, untrammeled by the nagging
interference of state legislatures. The claim to nov-
elty of viewpoint in approaching this vexed problem
would meet with more ready acceptance had Pro-
fessor Goodnow not published his "Municipal Home
Rule" in 1895. And the further insistence which
Mr. Deming lays on the separation of political from
administrative functions and the exercise of central
control over local affairs through administrative
rather than legislative organs after the model of the
English system, sounds strangely familiar to one ac-
A new-old
cure for civic
misgovernment.
quainted with Professor Goodnow's other writings on
municipal affairs. In truth, the author, by the constant
reiteration and elaboration of the famUiar and the
obvious, has expanded a few sane and wholesome
ideas into a volume of two hundred pages, infusing
into the material more methodically set forth by
Messrs. Fairlie and Goodnow a commendable zeal
for civic improvement and an earnest appeal to good
citizens to bestir themselves to accomplish the desired
residt. An appendix of a hundred pages contains
the Municipal Programme of the National Municipal
League. The book offends even more in repeating
its own ideas than in borrowing those of others.
But in spite of these most obvious defects, the desir-
abUity of a wider acceptation of the principles set
forth and elaborated bids us welcome Mr. Deming's
cooperation in the task of educating citizens for the
more efficient administration of the public business.
Anecdotes of Another book of jokes, strung together
London manners on a slender thread of reminiscence
and morals. ^nd history and philosophic reflec-
tion, appears under the joint authorship of Messrs.
Ralph NevUl and Charles Edward Jerningham.
"Piccadilly to PaU MaU " (Dutton) is its rather
attractive title, and views of St. James's Palace and
the Empire Theatre furnish appropriate pictorial
embellishment. An early page contains the follow-
ing explanation of a curious social usage that may
have puzzled others besides ourselves. "The cus-
toms of Society," observes the writer, "often have
queer origins. Some years ago the members of a
somewhat inferior set took to shaking hands on a
level with their chins, a mode copied from a Royal
personage, who, suffering from an abscess under the
arm, avoided the painful friction entaUed by shaking
hands in the ordinary manner and resorted to a
higher level. This was observed by some lesser
lights, from whom the custom spread." Encom-ag-
ing, if true, is the assertion that the pronunciation
of the humbler classes has improved of late, and
that false aspirations are disappearing. As a whole,
the contents of the book are varied and entertaining,
though not of uniform refinement. It wiU amuse
the club idler and the hammock lounger, and prob-
ably that is as much as its authors intended.
A devoted missionary to "Egypt"
tuZl7'a%hv. (««I^thern lUinois) teUs his life-story
with all the charm and moving power
of simple truth in a little volume prefaced by the
Rev. Jenkin Lloyd Jones and also provided with a
"Foreword " by the Rev. Robert Colly er. " Jasper
Douthit's Story " (American Unitarian Association)
is "the autobiography of a pioneer," a pioneer frail
in body but mighty in soul ; and the modest account
of his self-sacrificing labors in various good causes
— anti-slavery, temperance, liberal religion, and a
higher tone of morality generally — makes a book
that wiU not soon be allowed to die. Like the
martyred Lovejoy, Mr. Douthit had to encounter
the fiercest opposition and the bitterest hatred in
his anti-slavery work, and his life was in constant
332
THE DIAL
[May 16,
danger during his activity as a Federal recruiting
officer. What he has accomplished for temperance
and for enlightened religion in a district forbid-
dingly opposed to such reforms is seen, even in his
short and unpretentious narrative, to be something
approaching the marvellous. Of his work at Lithia
Springs, the scene of an increasingly successful
Chautauqua movement, the reading public already
knows something and wiU be glad to learn more.
Appropriate portraits and views are scattered
through the volume.
BRIEFER MENTION.
A handbook of Alphabets, under the title of " Gram-
mar of Lettering" (Lippincott), proves upon examin-
ation to be a Grammar indeed, attention being given
almost exclusively to the practical construction of let-
ters. It is thus a book for the sign-writer and student
in Trade Schools, rather than for the art student and
architect, who should be interested in the history and
philology of the alphabet and of literal forms. Of the
alphabets reproduced those founded upon the roman let-
ters are most specifically treated. Of the gothic letters
there is Uttle variety, and scarcely any originality exhib-
ited. The book is by Andrew W. Lyons, of Edinburgh.
An interesting side-light is thrown on Civil War times
by the little book entitled " Abraham Lincoln and the
London Punch " (Moffat, Yard & Co.), prepared by Mr.
William S. Walsh. Fifty-four cartoons are reproduced
with many verses and editorial comments, running from
January, 1861, to the famous retraction and apology
that followed the assassination. The changes in the
public opinion to which " Punch " catered are accurately
reflected. First we see sympathy with the North, a
Lincoln of manly features appearing in the cartoons;
then following Bull Run and the blockade pubhc opinion
changed in favor of the South, and the pencil of Tenniel
depicted the President as a repulsive and grotesque
monster.
It is now some sixteen years since the death of Dr.
Richard Spruce, a botanist and botanical explorer of the
first rank. Always in poor health and unequal to any
sort of clerical work. Dr. Spruce left a mass of notes
and manuscript, fragmentary and almost cryptic save
to himself, which he had vainly hoped to convert into a
journal, to be called " Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon
and Andes." Now his friend, Mr. Alfred Russel
Wallace, believing in the scientific value and literary
interest of the journals, comes forward to edit them;
and he has produced a two-volume work, which the
Messrs. Macmillan publish with illustrations, many of
them from Dr. Spruce's own drawings, and maps of the
regions visited. The first quarter of the work Dr.
Spruce had nearly ready for publication ; the rest com-
prises journals, letters, printed or manuscript articles,
and scattered notes. Mr. Wallace utiUzed only about
one-third of the material in his hands, feeling that a
longer work would lack general interest and be no more
valuable to botanical readers. To the latter, but possi-
bly not to the casual reader, it will be clear that Dr.
Spruce's South American wanderings are of much
interest to scientists in connection with his great work
on the " Hepaticse of the Amazon and the Andes of Peru
and Ecuador."
IS'OTES.
Mr. Sidney Lee's " Life of William Shakespeare " is
published by the Macmillan Co. in a new edition, with
a rewritten preface and some rather important additions
to the text.
Mr. W. G. Towler's work on " Socialism in Local
Government," with an introduction by Captain H. M.
Jessel, is now published in a second edition by the
Macmillan Co.
A second edition of Professor A. E. Kennelly's " Wire-
less Telegraphy and Wireless Telephony " has just been
published by Messrs. Moffat, Yard & Co. in their series
of " Present Day Primers."
Messrs. John W. Luce & Co. publish Oscar Wilde's
" A Florentine Tragedy," left in a fragmentary state by
the author, and completed by Mr. Thomas Sturge Moore
by writing the opening scene.
" Tales within Tales " is an adaptation from the
fables of Pilpai, made by Sir Arthur N. WoUaston, and
published by Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. as a volume in
the " Romance of the East " series.
The latest issue of "The University of Colorado
Studies " includes, among other papers, a valuable essay
on " The Character of the Flavian Literature, 69-117
A.D.," by Professor F. B. R. Hellems.
The Griffith & Rowland Press, Philadelphia, have
just put forth Volume III. of Dr. Augustus Hopkins
Strong's " Systematic Theology." This volume, entitled
" The Doctrine of Salvation," completes the work.
The Boston Book Co. sends us the " Annual Maga-
zine Subject-Index " for 1908, edited by Mr. Frederick
W. Faxon. It is the second annual issue of this pub-
lication, and indexes one himdred and twenty periodicals.
"On Track and Diamond" is a new volume in
"Harper's Athletic Series," and reprints a baker's
dozen of stories about races and games, the majority of
them written by Mr. J. Conover and Mr. S. Scoville, Jr.
The fifth annual meeting of the American Political
Science Association was held in Washington during the
holidays of last year, and the volume of its Proceedings,
containing nearly a score of papers, is now published at
the Waverly Press, Baltimore.
Baedeker's "Greece" and "Central Italy and Rome"
are issued in new editions (the fourth and the fifteenth
respectively), and imported by the Messrs. Scribner.
Both volumes are considerably revised, and provided
with a number of new maps and plans.
A volvune of " Elementary Experiments in Psychol-
ogy," by Mr. Carl E. Seashore, is published by Messrs.
Henry Holt & Co. The experiments are numerous,
simple, and ingenious, requiring practically no apparatus,
and fitted for the use of the individual student, even
without the guidance of a teacher.
"Banbury Cross Stories" and "Dick Whittington
and Other Stories " are two small volumes in a new
series published by the Charles E. Merrill Co. They
are intended for supplementary reading-books in the
lower grades, and are tastefully illustrated. Mr. Frank
W. Howard is the editor of both volumes.
A " One Year Course m English and American Liter-
ature," by Mr. Benjamin A. Heydrick, is pubUshed by
Messrs. Hinds, Noble, & Eldredge. The proportions
are about half and half. By judicious omissions of
unimportant names, this small volume is made less juice-
less and more readable than might have been expected.
1909.]
THE DIAl.
333
The " Oxford Poets " now include Edgar Allan Poe,
in a volume edited by Mr. R. Brimley Johnson, and
published by Mr. Henry Frowde. To eke out the
contents of what would otherwise have been a slender
book, there have been added Poe's three prose essays on
the poetic art, thus making a very effective presentation
of his work, exclusive of fiction.
The American Book Co. send us " Standard Songs
and Choruses for High Schools," Compiled by Mr.
W. F. MacConnell. There is much comparatively fresh
material in this collection, and a larger proportion than
usual of music that is really worth knowing. From the
same house we have a " History of Illinois " for schools,
the work of Messrs. L. E. Robinson and Irving Moore.
Mr. Henry Frowde has published, under the editorial
supervision of Professor Walter Raleigh, a reprint of a
forgotten, or nine-tenths forgotten, novel of the early
nineteenth century, entitled " The Heroine," by Eaton
Stannard Barrett. A work that was compared in its
time with " Tristram Shandy " and " Dan Quixote " is
certainly worth some effort to rescue it from complete
oblivion.
Mr. L. D. Harvey's " Practical Arithmetic," in two
volumes, is published by the American Book Co. The
work is intended to supply the needs of the entire ele-
mentary course of eight years. The same publishers
send us " Famous Men of Modern Times," a book of
biographies by Messrs. John H. Haaren and A. B.
Poland. From Columbus to Gladstone is the fairly
wide range of this reading-book.
Mr. Gregory Wilenkin, a Russian author, has pre-
pared, and Mr. E. J. Harrison has translated into
English, a study of " The Political and Economic Organ-
ization of Modern Japan." The object of the work is
to " furnish the busy man of affairs with a handbook of
convenient size which shall contain all the more essen-
tial data, under the various headings, in a condensed
bat lucid form." Messrs. Kelly & Walsh, Yokohama,
are the publishers.
" The Poetical Works of John Dryden," edited by
Mr. George R. Noyes, is a new volume of the " Cam-
bridge " poets published by the Houghton Mifflin Co.
The dramas are not included, but about half of Dryden's
critical essays will be found among the contents. The
volume extends to over eleven hundred closely-printed
two-columned pages, and has the introduction and notes
always provided in this well-edited series.
" Till Eulenspiegels Lustige Streiche," edited by Mr.
Frederick Betz, is published by Messrs. D. C. Heath &
Co., and offers a welcome variation from the usual run
of elementary German texts. From Messrs. Henry Holt
& Co. we have " Goethe in Italy," being extracts from
the " Italienische Reise," edited by Professor A. B.
Nichols, and a volume of simple " German Stories " by
good modern writers (Auerbach, Scheffel), edited by
Dr. George M. Baker.
"Verse Satire in England before the Renaissance,"
by Dr. Samuel Marion Tucker, is a new volume in the
English series of monographs published by Columbia
University. In the Historical series we have a work by
Dr. Michael M. Davis, Jr., entitled "Psychological
Interpretations of Society." In the Johns Hopkins
Historical series we have " The Development of the
English Law of Conspiracy," by Mr. James Wallace
Bryan. In the Historical series of West Virginia Uni-
versity, we have the " Evolution of Seward's Mexican
Policy," by Mr. James Morton Callahan.
" Harper's Library of Living Thought " is the title of
a new series of small books, three of which are now at
hand. Dr. W. W. Flinders Petrie writes of " Personal
Religion in Egypt before Christianity," Count Tolstoy
of "The Teaching of Jesus " (translated by the Maudes),
and Swinburne of " Three Plays of Shakespeare." The
latter volume is a reprint of the three essays on " King
Lear," " Othello," and " King Richard II.," originally
published as magazine articles.
Two psychological studies of exceptional interest are
sent us in pamphlet form by Mr. Richard G. Badger.
One of them is " An Experimental Study of Sleep," by
Dr. Boris Sidis; the other is "My Life as a Dissociated
Personality," and is the work of a woman who calls
herself " B. C. A.," these letters standing for the three
personalities which at different times were dominant in
her conscious existence. She writes as a patient of Dr.
Morton Prince, who contributes an introducti6n to her
story.
Mr. Elliot Stock sends as an " Index to Book Prices
Current " for the decade 1897-1906, being the second
decennial issue of this valuable publication. It makes
a volume of over one hundred thousand entries, filling
a thousand two-columned pages. Besides enabling its
possessor to follow the ebb and flow of the prices of
particular books, the work also supplies him with many
special bibliographies, and with indexes of pseudonyms,
editors, translators, and artists. For prices, of course,
one must refer to the annual volumes whose contents
are here summarized. Mr. A. Jaggard is the compiler.
By the publication of the new edition of his " Read-
ings on the Paradiso of Dante " the Hon. William
Warren Vernon completes the task of presenting his
serviceable commentary (based chiefly upon Benvenuto
da Imola) to the public in a thoroughly revised form,
and at a materially lowered price. Students of Dante
owe a deep debt of gratitude to this editor for the work
to which he has given the labors of so many years, and
the six volumes of his " Readings " (including the two
now at hand) constitute what is perhaps the most useful
of all Dante manuals to be had in the English language.
The Macmillan Co. are the publishers.
Art students will welcome the advent of a new
edition of Crowe and Cavalcaselle's " New History of
Painting in Italy," imported by Messrs. E. P. Dutton
& Co. For years this standard work has been out of
print, and second-hand copies have been scarce and
very costly; whereas no book written in the meantime
has approached this one in value, for completeness,
detail, and scientific criticism. The new edition is in
three moderately priced volumes, amply illustrated in
far more satisfactory fashion than was mechanically pos-
sible forty-four years ago. The editor is Mr. Edward
Hutton, whose notes, enclosed in brackets, voice such
newly discovered facts or modern theories as seriously
confute or worthily supplement the text, which is kept
absolutely intact.
On January 13 of the present year, the anniversary
of the death of Edmimd Clarence Stedman, a memorial
meeting was held by the friends of the poet at the
Carnegie Lyceum in New York. The proceedings of
that meeting are now published in pamphlet form at the
De Vinne Press, and constitute a tender and touching
tribute to a man whose generous kindliness endeared
him to his fellows as few men have ever been endeared,
and whose fortitude of soul, amid perplexities and adver-
sities, made his character a shining example of manhood
334
THE DIAL
[May 16,
in the noblest sense. Addresses were made by Mr.
R. W. Gilder, Mr. H. W. Mabie, Colonel W. C. Church,
and Mr. R. U. Johnson. Letters were presented, in-
cluding a peculiarly moving communication from Mr.
William Winter, poems were read, and songs were smig,
all expressive of the deepest love and gratitude — love
for Stedman the man, and gratitude for his eminent
services as a representative of American letters.
The Department of English of Columbia University,
acting on the suggestion of many friends of the late
Professor Carpenter, has decided to found a memorial
library to be named the George Rice Carpenter Memo-
rial Library. In view of Professor Carpenter's long
association with the University and of the high quality
and widely diffused influence of his work, some memo-
rial is deemed appropriate, and because of the nature
of his work and character, so practical a form as a
library is especially fitting. Professor Carpenter had,
indeed, frequently suggested the desirability of a de-
partmental library and special reading room for the use
of graduate and undergraduate students in English,
Comparative Literature, and allied subjects, and had
gone so far as to gather together a few books of refer-
ence in the rooms of the department. A nucleus for
such a library has, therefore, already been formed,
which will in time become a substantial and useful
memorial. It is expected that the University will pro-
vide a special room to serve as the permanent home of
the library, which should include works of reference
and files of journals of importance to students, and a
large collection of standard works in English literature
and allied subjects. A committee has been formed to
take temporary charge of the memorial. Subscriptions
and gifts of books may be addressed to Professor Ashley
H. Thorndike, Columbia University.
The Tauchnitz " Collection of British Authors," the
publication of which began in 1841, now numbers four
thousand volumes. The word " British " in the title
has always been a misnomer, for American authors have
figured in the collection from its earliest years, begin-
ning with Cooper, Irving, and Hawthorne, and coming
down to such contemporaries as Mr. Andrew Carnegie,
Mr. Richard Harding Davis, and Mrs. Edith Wharton.
No less than sixty American names are included in the
Tauchnitz list, and the number of volumes runs into the
hundreds. It has been the custom of the publishers to
signahze the completion of every even thousand volumes
added to the collection by what is designated as a
" memorial volume," and in the case of the fourth thou-
sand, " A Manual of American Literature," prepared by
Mr. Theodore Stanton, in collaboration with several
members of the faculty of Cornell University, has been
published. This volume may be had, of course, in the
regular Tauchnitz form, but it is also published for
American readers by the Messrs. Putnam in a special
edition. The chapters upon our Colonial and Revolu-
tionary literature have been abridged by Mr. Stanton
from the histories of the late Moses Coit Tyler; the
remaining chapters are written by Messrs. Isaac M.
Bentley, Clark S. Northup, Lane Cooper, and Elmer J.
Bailey. Our nineteenth-century literature is classified
under the seven heads of historians, novelists, poets,
essayists and humorists, orators and divines, scientists,
and periodicals. Each of these groups has a chapter of
its own, giving an historical survey, and brief biographical
and critical accounts of individual authors. The chap-
ters are very compact, and contain stores of information,
especially in the matters of titles and dates.
List of Nbw Books.
[TAe Jbllinving list, containing 93 titles, includes books
received by The Dial since its last issue.]
BIOGBAFHIT AND REMINISCENCES.
A Sister of Prince Rupert : Elizabeth Princess Palatine and
Abbess of Herford. By Elizabeth Godfrey. lUus. in photo-
gravure, etc., large 8vo, pp. 362. John Lane Co. $4. net.
The Kingr Who Never Reigrned: Being Memoirs upon
Louis XVII. By Eckard and Naundorff, with Preface by
Jules LeMaitre. and Introduction and Notes by Maurice
Vitrac and Amould Galopin, to which is added Joseph
Turquan's "New Light upon the Fate of Louis XVII."
Illus. in photogravure, etc., large 8vo, pp. 359. John
McBride Co. $3.50 net.
Samuel Pepys : Administrator, Observer, Gossip. By E.
Hallam Moorhouse. Illus., large 8vo, pp. 323. E. P. Dutton
& Co. $3. net.
A Life of William Shakespeare. By Sidney Lee. Revised
edition ; illus., 12mo, pp. 496. Macmillan Co. $2.25 net.
Cyrus Hall lyCcCormiok and the Reaper. By Reuben Gold
Thwaites. Illus., 8vo. Madison, Wis.: State Historical
Society of Wisconsin.
GENERAL. LITERATURE.
Richard to Minna Wagner: Letters to His First Wife.
Trans., prefaced, etc., by William Ashton Ellis. In 2 vols.,
with portraits in photogravure, 8vo. Charles Scribner's
Sons. $7. net.
The Playhouse and the Play, and Other Addresses Concern-
ing the Theatre and Democracy in America. By Percy
Mackaye. 12mo, pp. 210. Macmillan Co. 11.25 net.
Women Through the Ages. By Emil Reich. In 2 vols.,
illus. in photogravure, etc., 8vo. E. P. Dutton & Co. $7. net.
A New Light on the Renaissance Displayed in Contem-
porary Emblems. By Harold Bayley. Illus., large 8vo,
pp. 270. E. P. Dutton & Co. |2. net.
The Book of Witches. By Oliver Madox Hueffer. With
frontispiece in colors, large 8vo, pp. 336. John McBride Co .
12.50 net.
The Oldest English Epic : Beowulf, Finnsburg, Waldere,
Deor, Widsith, and the German Hildebrand. Trans, in the
Original Metres, with Introductions and Notes, by Francis
B. Gummere. 12mo. pp. 203. Macmillan Co. $1.10 net.
The Minnesingers. By Jethro Bithell, M.A. Vol. I.. Trans-
lations. Large 8vo, pp. 208. Longmans, Green, & Co. $2.
In Re Shakespeare : Beeching vs. Greenwood, Rejoinder on
Behalf of the Defendant. By G. G. Greenwood, M.P. 12mo,
pp. 152. John Lane Co. $1. net.
William Shakespeare, Player, Play maker, and Poet: A Reply
to Mr. George Greenwood, M.P. By H. C. Beeching, D.Litt.
12mo, pp. 104. John Lane Co. $1. net.
Tales of the Caliphs. By Claud Field. 12mo, pp. 118. "Ro-
mance of the East Series." E . P. Dutton & Co. $1. net.
VERSE AND DRAMA.
Artemision : Idylls and Songs. By Maurice Hewlett. 16mo,
pp. 124. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1. net.
An Englishman's Home : A Play in Three Acts. By Major
Guy du Maurier, D.S.O. With frontispiece, 12mo, pp. 131.
Harper & Brothers. $1.25.
Poems of Progress, and New Thought Pastels. By Ella
Wheeler Wilcox. With portrait. 12mo, pp. 177. W. B.
Conkey Co. $1.25.
Songrs from Sky Meadows : Poems of Nature and of Nature's
Children. By Charles H. Crandall. 12mo, pp. 179. Outing
Co. $l.net.
A Book of Corpus Verses. By Julian James Cotton. With
frontispiece, 16mo, pp. 48. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell Co.
FICTION.
Sebastian. By Frank Danby. 12mo,pp.408. Macmillan Co. $1.50.
The Alternative. By George Barr McCutcheon ; illus. in color
by Harrison Fisher. 12mo, pp. 120. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.25.
The Hand-Made Gentleman : A Tale of the Battles of Peace.
By Irving Bacheller. With frontispiece, 12mo, pp. 332.
Harper & Brothers. $1.50.
The Other Side of the Door. By Lucia Chamberlain. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 277. Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.50.
Elusive Isabel. By Jacques Futrelle. Illus., 12mo, pp. 274.
Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.50.
A Royal Ward. By Percy Brebner. Illus. in color, 12mo,
pp. 343. Little, Brown, & Co. $1.50.
1909.]
THE DIAL
335
Beyond the Skyline. By Robert Aitken. 12mo, pp. 309.
B. W. Huebsch.
The Kule of Three : A Story of Pike's Peak. By Alma
Martin Estabrook. Illus., 12mo, pp. 310. Small. Maynard
&Co. 11.25.
Hearts are Tmmps. By Alexander Otis. With frontispiece
in color, 12mo, pp. 333. John McBrideCo. $1.50.
Sidereway of Montana : A Story of To-day in Which the
Hero is also the Villain. By William MacLeod Raine.
Illus.. 12mo, pp. 318. G. W. Dillingham Co. $1.50.
Cherub Devlne. By Sewell Ford. 12mo. pp. 395. Mitchell
Kennerley. $1.50.
A Gluarter to Four; or, The Secret of Fortune Island. By
William Wallace Cook. Illus.. 12mo. pp. 317. G. W. Dill-
ingham Co. $1.50.
Mary of Hag-dala : A Tale of the First Century. By Harriette
Gunn Roberson. 12mo, pp. 393. New York : Saalfield Pub-
lishing Co. $1.50.
The Full Glory of Diantha. By Mrs. Philip Verrill Mighels.
12mo, pp. 432. Forbes & Co. $1.50.
The Merry Widow: A Novel Founded on Franz Lehar's
Viennese Opera. By Victor Leon and Leo Stein. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 331. G. W. Dillingham Co. $1.50.
The Solitary Farm. By Fergus Hume. With frontispiece,
12mo. pp. 313. G. W. Dillingham Co. $1.25.
The Seven Who Were Hangred. By Leonid Andreyev;
trans, from the Russian by Herman Bernstein. With front-
ispiece, 12mo, pp. 190. J. S. Ogilvie Publishing Co. $1.
Matt of the Waterfront. By Florence Martin Eastland.
With frontispiece, 12mo. pp. 153. Jennings & Graham Co.
60 cts net.
A Gentleman from Mississippi : A Novel Founded on the
Play of the Same Name. By William A. Brady and Jos. R.
Grismer. Illus., 12mo, pp. 189. J. S. Ogilvie Publishing Co.
50 cts. net.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
A Summer in Touraine. By Frederic Lees ; illus. in color,
etc., by Maxwell Armfleld. 8vo. pp. 318. A. C. McClurg &
Co. $2.75 net.
The Journal of John Mayne during a Tour of the Continent
After the Fall of Napoleon. Edited by John Mayne CoUes.
Illus., large 8vo, pp. 301. John Lane Co. $4. net.
One Irish Summer. By William Eleroy Curtis. Illus.. large
8vo, pp. 482. Duffield & Co. $3.50 net.
We Two in West A&ica. By Decima Moore and Major F. G.
Guggisberg, C.M.G. Illus., large 8vo, pp. 368. Charles
Scribner's Sons. $3.50 net.
The Playground of Europe. By Leslie Stephen. New edi-
tion ; illus., 8vo, pp. 384. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.75 net.
The United States, with Excursions to Mexico, Cuba, Porto
Rico, and Alaska: Handbook for Travellers. By Karl
Baedeker. Fourth revised edition; with maps and plans.
16mo, pp. 724. Charles Scribner's Sons. $4.50 net.
PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
The Russian Army and the Japanese War : Being His-
torical and Critical Comments on the Military Policy and
Power of Russia and on the Campaign in the Far East. By
General Kuropatkin ; trans, by Captain A. B. Lindsay and
edited by Major E. D. Swinton. In 2 vols., illus. and with
maps, large 8vo. E. P. Dutton & Co. $7.50 net.
The Struggle for Imperial Unity : Recollections and Expe-
riences. By George T. Denison. With portrait in photogra-
vure, 8vo, pp. 422. Macmillan Co. $2.25 net.
Railroad Promotion and Capitalization in the United
States. By Frederick A. Cleveland, Ph.D., and Fred Wilbur
Powell, A.M. l2mo, pp.368. Longmans, Green, & Co. $2. net.
Our Naval War with France. By Gardner W. Allen. Illus.,
12mo, pp 323. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.50 net.
Principles of Politics, From the Viewpoint of the American
Citizen. By Jeremiah W. Jenks, Ph.D. 12mo. pp. 187.
New York : Columbia University Press. $1.50 net.
ART AND ARCHITECTURE.
Builders of Spain. By Clara Crawford Perkins. In 2 vols..
illus. in photogravure, etc., 8vo. Henry Holt & Co. $5. net.
Ghirlandaio. By Gerald S. Davies. Illus. in photogravure,
etc.. large 8vo, pp. 180. Charles Scribner's Sons. $4. net.
French Cathedrals and Chateaux. By Clara Crawford
Perkins. New edition; in 2 vols., illus. in photogravure,
etc., 8vo. Henry Holt & Co. $5. net.
Royal Palaces of Spain: A Historical and Descriptive
Account of the Seven Principal Palaces of the Spanish
Kings. By Albert F. Calvert. Illus., 12mo, pp. 271. "Spanish
Series." John Lane Co. $1.50 net.
PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY.
Psychotherapy. By Hugo Miinsterberg. 12mo, pp. 401.
Moffat, Yard & Co. $2. net.
The Psychology of Thinking. By Irving Elgar Miller, Ph.D.
12mo, pp. 303. Macmillan Co. $1.25 net.
Valuation : Its Nature and Laws. By Wilbur MarshallUrban ,
Ph.D. Large 8vo, pp. 433. " Library of Philosophy."
Macmillan Co. $2.75 net.
Arithmetical Abilities and Some Factors Determining
Them. By Cliff Winfield Stone, Ph.D. 8vo, pp. 99.
"Columbia University Contributions to Education." New
York : Teachers College, Columbia University. $1.
NATURE.
A Little Maryland Garden. By Helen Ashe Hays. Illus. in
color, 12mo, pp. 201. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.75 net.
Birds of the Boston Public Garden : A Study in Migration.
By Horace Winslow Wright; with Introduction by Brad-
ford Torrey. Illus., 16mo, pp. 238. Houghton Mifflin Co.
$1. net.
FOR THE YOUNG.
Harper's Machinery Book for Boys. By Joseph H. Adams.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 373. Harper & brothers. $1.75.
Dave Porter and His Classmates ; or. For the Honor of
Oak Hall. By Edward Stratemeyer. Illus., 12mo, pp. 308.
" Dave Porter Series." Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co. $1.25.
The Lamb Shakespeare for the Young. New vols. : Romeo
and Juliet; Macbeth. Each, illus., 12mo. Duffield & Co.
Per vol.. 80 cts. net.
Little Busy Bodies : The Life of Crickets, Ants, Bees, Beetles,
and Other Busybodies. Illus., 12mo. pp. 182. Harper &
Brothers. 75 cts.
EDUCATION.
History of Common School Education : An Outline Sketch.
By Lewis F. Anderson, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 307. Henry Holt
&Co.
Constructive Exercises in English. By Maude M. Frank.
12mo, pp. 154. Longmans, Green, & Co.
One Year Course in English and American Literature.
By Benjamin A. Heydrich, A.M. Illus., 12mo, pp. 289. Hinds,
Noble & Eldredge.
An Introduction to Poetry for Students of English Liter-
ature. By Raymond MacDonald Alden, Ph.D. 12mo, pp.371.
Henry Holt & Co. $1.25 net.
Dante Alighieri's I^a Divina Commedia. Edited and anno-
tated by C. H.Grandgent. VoL I., Inferno. 12mo, pp.283.
D. C. Heath & Co. $1.25 net.
History of Illinois. By L. E. Robinson, A.M., and Irving
Moore. Illus. and with map, 12mo, pp.288. American Book Co.
The Body at Work. By Frances Gulich Jewett. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 247. " Gulich Hygiene Series." Ginn & Co. 60 cts.
Famous Men of Modem Times. ByJohnH. Haaren, LL.D..
and A. B. Poland. Ph.D. Illus., 12mo. pp. 352. American
Book Co. 50 cts. net.
PrMace du ' Cromw^ell.' By Victor Hugo ; edited by Edmond
Wahl. With portrait. 16mo, pp. 139. Oxford University Press.
Erstes Lesebuch. By Arnold Werner-Spanhoofd. 16mo,
pp. 194. D. C. Heath & Co.
La Princesse Lointaine. Par Edmond Rostand; edited by
J. L. Borgerhoff. 16mo, pp. 161. D. C. Heath & Co. 40cts.net.
Education : An Essay and Other Selections. By Ralph Waldo
Emerson. 16mo, pp. 76. Houghton Mifflin Co. 35 cts. net.
Fourth Grade School Reader. By Fanny E. Coe. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 360. American Book Co. 50 cts. net.
Third Grade School Reader. By Fanny E. Coe. Illus.,
12rao, pp. 284. American Book Co. 40 cts. net.
De Tooqueville's Voyage en Amerique. Edited by R. Clyde
Ford, Ph.D. 16mo, pp. 121. D. C. Heath & Co. 40 cts. net.
The Agricola of Tacitus. With Introduction by Duane Reed
Stuart. With maps, 16mo. pp. 111. The Macmillan Co.
40 cts. net.
Goethe in Italy : Extracts from Goethe's Italianische Reise.
Edited by A. B. Nichols. With frontispiece, 16mo, pp. 125.
Henry Holt & Co. 35 cts. net.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Fifty Years of Darwinism : Modem Aspects of Evolution.
Centennial Addresses in Honor of Charles Darwin before the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, at
Baltimore. January, 1909. Illus., large 8vo, pp. 274. Henry
Holt & Co. $2. net.
Our Plymouth Forefathers : The Real Founders of our
Republic. By Charles Stedman Hanks. Illus., 12mo, pp. 339.
Dana Estes & Co. $1.50.
336
THE DIAL
[May 16,
The Faith and Works of Christian Science. By the author
of " C!onf essio Medici." 12mo, pp. 232. Macmillan Co. $1.25 net.
Sanitation and Sanitary En^ineeringr. By William Paul
Gerhard, C.E. 12mo, pp. 174. New York: William Paul
Gerhard. $1.50.
The Lost Tales of SCiletus. By Edward Bulwer Lytton,
l2mo, pp. 219. New York : Sturgis & Walton Co. $1.25 net.
Prooeedingrs of the American Political Science Associa-
tion at its Fifth Annual Meeting, Held at Washington, D.C..
and Richmond, Va., Dec, 1908. Large 8vo, pp. 261. Balti-
more, Md. : The Waverly Press.
Hnman Nature in Sellingr Goods. By James H. Collins.
16mo, pp. 93. Henry Altemus Co. 50 cts.
Hakingr the Best of Things Series. First vols. : The Point
of View ; A Talk on Relaxation ; Mental Hygiene in Every-
day Living. By Alice K. Fallows. Each 16mo. A. C. McClurg
& Co. Per vol., 35 cts. net.
A New Volume in The Art of Life Series.
Edwabd Howard Gbiggs, Editor.
SELF-MEASUREMENT
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By WILLIAM DE WITT HVDE, President of Bowdoin CoUege.
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B. W. HUEBSCH PUBLISHER NEW YORY CITY
THE ANNUAL
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THE CONTENTS OF
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will be devoted to
reviews and descriptions
of the season's best
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warm-weather reading.
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The Home
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lonO* .^^^^ Edited by
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"GOLDEN POEMS" contains more of everyone's
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" GOLDEN POEMS," with its wide appeal, at-
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In two styles binding, ornamental cloth and flex-
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THE DIAL
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338
THE DIAL
[May 16,
Indispensable Books for Every librsury
at Less than One-third Published Price
T TAVING secured the entire remaining stock of the original
-'--■■ " Muses' Library," pubHshed by Charles Scribner's Sons
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POEMS OF JOHN KEATS
Edited by G. Thorn Drury, with
an Introduction by Robert
Bridges.
Two volumes.
' ' What was deepest in the mind of Keats was the love of loveliness for
its own sake, the sense of its rightful and preeminent power ; and in the
singleness of worship which he gave to Beauty, Keats is especially the
ideal poet." — Stopford Brooke.
POEMS OF THOMAS CAMPION
Edited by A. H. Builen.
One volume.
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language with such masterly deftness. So long as ' elegancy, facility,
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POETRY OF GEORGE WITHER
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POEMS OF WILUAM BROWNE
OF TAVISTOCK
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with an Introduction by A. H.
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Two volumes.
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same intense pleasure in a fine line or a fine phrase for its own sake. . . .
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POEMS OF SAMUEL TAYLOR
COLERIDGE
Edited by Richard Garnett.
One volume.
"Although the best poetical work of Coleridge is extremely small in
bulk . . . yethispoetry at its best reaches the absolute limits of English
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POEMS OF HENRY VAUGHAN
Edited by E. K. Chambers, with
an Introduction by H. C.
Beeching.
Tw^o volumes.
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THE ODYSSEY
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ANTHONY TROLLOPE
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340
THE DIAL
[May 16, 1909.
HE
INNER SHRINEn
A NOVEL OF TODAT
Once in a lifetime a brilliant star may flash across the sky,
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wide acclaim.
With one accord readers have granted to "The Inner Shrine"
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THE HAND-MADE GENTLEMAN
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THE PEOPLE AT PLAY By ROLLIN LYNDE HARTT
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EDUCATION IN THE FAR EAST By CHARLES F. THWING
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342 THE DIAL [Junel,
SEASONABLE NEW BOOKS
A SUMMER IN TOURAINE
The Record of a Sojourn Among the Chateaux of the Loire
By FREDERIC LEES
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Flagg. Large J2mo. $1.50. Dixon. Large 12mo. $1.50.
A. C. McCLURG &• CO. PUBLISHERS CHICAGO
1909] THE DIAL 343
FICTION FOR SUMMER READING
SPECIAL MESSENGER
By Robert W. Chambers 4th Large Edition
Author of" THE FIGHTING CHANCE," " THU FIRING LINE," "lOLE," etc.
The romantic love story of a woman spy in the Civil War, told with all the vividness, skill, and finish of this most
brilliant of our popular writers. Cover inlay by Harrison Fisher, Many illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
THE FASHIONABLE ADVENTURES OF JOSHUA CRAIG
By David Oraham Phillips ad Large Edition
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THE MAN WITHOUT A SHADOW
By Oliver Cabot 8d Edition
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A KING IN KHAKI
By Henry Kitchell Webster 3d Edition
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A romance of love, adventure, and high finance in the West Indies. A refreshing, thoroughly American hero,
fighting against odds for love and honor. Illustrated by O^Neill. 12too. Cloth, $1.50.
OUR VILLAGE
By Joseph C. Lincoln 2d Edition
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A YEAR OUT OF LIFE
By Mary E. Waller 2d Edition
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THE LADY WITHOUT JEWELS
By Arthur Goodrich
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Rare humor, genial satire, delightful sentiment, charming comedy, and just enough dramatic thrill to make it
perfect summer reading. Cover inlay and illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
READY IN JUNE
THE TOLL OF THE SEA
By Roy Norton
Mr. Norton is almost a modern Jules Verne, and this story may be relied upon to hold the reader's attention by its
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THE MASTER BUILDERS
By James Edmund Dunning
The battle between two strong though dissimilar characters, with the love of a fascinating woman as the prize for
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by a foreign power hostUe to the United States. Decorated cover and illustrations. 12jno. Cloth, $1.50.
PUBLISHED BY D. APPLETON & COMPANY NEW YORK CITY
344
THE DIAL
[June 1,
CROWELL'S MODERN LANGUAGE SERIES
FIRST LESSONS IN FRENCH EASY GERMAN STORIES
176 pagres, with Vocabulary.
Adapted from P. BANDERET and P. REINHARD by
GRACE SANDWITH
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considerable measure of popularity among teachers and
learners of French. We have read through a large part of
the work, and have been greatly impressed with the care
and thought expended in selecting the matter and deter-
mining the sequence of the lessons." — School Mac/azine.
Cloth. Net 60 cents.
DEUTSCHE GEDICHTE
For Beginners, with English Notes.
Edited by W. P. CHALMERS, Ph.D.
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seems to have been edited with much care." — Modern Lan-
guage Teaching.
127 pages. Cloth. Net 40 cents.
98 pages, with Vocabulary and Notes.
By HEDWIG LEVI. Edited by LUISE DELP.
" Contains ten pleasant stories suitable for junior pupils
and well adapted for reading in class. They are fairly easy,
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give all the necessary help, and the vocabulary is full and
reliable."— <Sfc7iooJ Journal.
Cloth. Net 40 cents.
DAS ROTHKAPPCHEN
A Play in Five Scenes, with Songs and Music.
By MATILDE REICHENBACH.
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Author of
THE CHRYSALIS
I find that when once begun it will be
read to the end without stopping. I think
you have been particularly happy in laying
the scene of your story in the Palouse
Country, in the " hills where the bunch-
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AT ALL BOOKSTORES $1.50
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A question of taste
You would rather listen to the
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BEYOND THE SKYLINE
By ROBERT AITKEN
is a fascinating, entertaining, and
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Buy the book or borrow it at your
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$1.50 postpaid.
B. W. HUEBSCH, Publisher, 225 Fifth ave., New Yorl(
1909.]
THE DIAL
345
LIPPINCOTT'S SUMMER NOVELS
JUST PUBLISHED — A NEIV MODERN ROMANCE
By the author of '' The Colonel of the Red Hu{{ars" and " The Princess Debra"
THE WOMAN IN QUESTION
By JOHN REED SCOTT
" The Woman in Question " is a romance,
but not of Valeria nor mediaeval England.
Mr. Scott has remained home in Amer-
ica, and the scenes are laid in the Eastern
United States. The story is distinctly
modern in tone and theme, and centers
in and around Fairlawn Hall, an old
mansion with a marvellous garden, lying
on the outskirts of Egerton, where the
new master has come with a party of
friends — to find mystery, misfortune,
and love awaiting him. Mr. Scott shows
steady improvement in each succeeding
novel, and he has planned this latest
story well, filling it with many surprises
and dramatic moments.
Three full-page illustrations In color by
Clarence F. Underwood.
12mo. Decorated Cloth, $1.50.
NEW APRIL FICTION
c
The Winning Chance
By Elizabeth Dejeans. In "The Winning Chance" we know we
have a big American novel — we won't say the, although we almost
feel like doing so — dealing with a modern problem of such vital interest
to all, it cannot help but win its way to great popularity. The story is
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big problem of the American Girl who enters upon a business career. Front-
ispiece in color by Gayle P. Hoskins. izmo. Ornamental cloth. $1.50.
Love's Privilege
^ By Stella M. During, author of "Disinherited."
^^ This novel recently won a thousand-dollar prize
in a leading Chicago newspaper competition, and
was pronounced as perhaps the most baffling mys-
tery story of recent years. The plot is concerned
with a murder which absolutely defies solution.
Illustrated in color by Frank H. Desch. i2mo.
Cloth, with colored inset, $1.50.
Lanier of the Cavalry
^T By General Charles King, who stands sponsor
^^ for many fine army stories, but it is doubtful if
he has ever penned a more stirring one than this, his
latest romance. The plot is laid at a frontier fort
where witty women and brave men are snowed in for
months, which isolation is to some extent accountable
for the remarkable happenings. Three full-page
illustrations by Frank McKeman. i2mo. Decor-
ated cloth, $1.25. Second Edition.
Publishers
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
Philadelphia
346
THE DIAL
[June 1,
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UBRARY DEPARTMENT CHICAGO
1909.]
THE DIAL
347
FROM DUFFIELD & COMPANY'S SPRING LiST
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176 pagres. Price, $1.26.
The work receives its title from the coincidence of the stu-
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THE DIAL
349
FROM DUTTON'S SPRING LIST
The Russian Army and the Japanese War
The Military Memoirs of General Kuropatkin
Translated by Captain A. B. LINDSAY. Edited by Major E. S. SWINTON, D.S.O.
2 volumes. 8vo. Illustrated. $7'50 net.
" A straight, impersonal handling of a great historical theme." — New York Times.
" This book must claim attention as being the absolute opinion of the one man on the Russian
side best qualified to throw light upon the causes and course of the greatest world-disturbing
international struggle that has taken place for more than a third of a century." — Chicago Tribune.
MEMORIES OF MY LIFE
By FRANCIS GALTON, F.R.S., D.C.L., LL.D., Sc.D., etc., Hon. Fellow of Trinity College,
Cambridge, Officer de instruction Publique (France), etc. Author of " English Men of
Science," "The Human Faculty," " Natural Inheritance," "Noteworthy Families," etc.
I volume. Cloth. Illustrated. $J'SO net.
The autobiography of one of the most distinguished scientists of the XlXth Century — cousin
of Darwin — and himself an innovator in an extraordinary number of scientific matters.
" The straightforwardness and unpretentiousness of Mr. Galton's book win the reader's favor
and hold his attention to the end. The book has the excellent fault of being shorter than one
could have wished." — The Dial.
PLAYS ACTING AND MUSIC
A Book of Theory
By ARTHUR SYMONS. / volume. Cloth. 8vo. $2.00 net.
This is a new and revised edition of Mr. Symons's book of critical estimates of dramatic and
musical persons and subjects. The additions, corrections, and changes made since the first issue
in 1903 are so great that it is practically a NEW WORK, more in line with the author's advance
towards his theory of aesthetics.
The position of Mr. Arthur Symons as a critic and interpreter, both in literature and art, has
been advancing steadily for a number of years. The appearance of a book by him is of more than
passing interest to the literary world.
The Meaning of Money
By HARTLEY WITHERS
I 'volume. S'vo. $2.00 net.
"We have not often met with a treatise on a difficult
subject in which the author has so nearly attained the end
he set before himself when he began it . . . the result
of careful and intelligent ' first-hand ' observation by an
inquirer enjoying special opportunities for his task."
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umes have been written to explain and discuss our
monetary system. Now we have a work worth all the
rest put together in clearness of exposition and elegance
of diction. A truly great work."
The Sword of the Lord
A Romance of the time of
Martin Luther
By JOSEPH HOCKING, author of " The Woman
of Babylon," "A Flame of Fire," "Lest we
Forget," etc.
i2mo. $l.2^ net.
This story by one of the most popular of modern
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in the throes of the Reformation. It is a spirited tale
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of court and camp.
E. P. BUTTON & COMPANY, 31 West 23d Street, New York
350
THE DIAL
[June»l,
Indispensable Books for Every Library
at Less than One-third Published Price
T TAVING secured the entire remaining stock of the original
^^ "Muses' Library," pubHshed by Charles Scribner's Sons
in conjunction with Lawrence & Bullen of London, we are
able to offer this well-known series at less than one-third the
original price. The volumes are beautifully printed and bound,
and fully edited by prominent English scholars. Each contains
a portrait in photogravure. A list of the titles is given below.
POEMS OF JOHN KEATS
Edited by G. Thorn Drury, with
an Introduction by Robert
Bridges.
Two volumes.
' ' What was deepest in the mind of Keats was the love of loveliness for
its own sake, the sense of its rightful and preeminent power ; and in the
singleness of worship which he gave to Beauty, Keats is especially the
ideal poet."— Stopford Brooke.
POEMS OF THOMAS CAMPION
Edited by A. H. Bullen.
One volume.
" Few indeed are the poets who have handled our stubborn English
language with such masterly deftness. So long as ' elegancy, facility,
and golden cadence of poesy ' arc admired. Campion's fame will be
secure." — A. H. Bullen.
POETRY OF GEORGE WITHER
Edited by Frank Sidgwick.
Two volumes.
' ' The poems of Wither are distinguished by a hearty homeliness of
manner and a plain moral speaking. He seems to have passed his life
in one continual act of innocent self-pleasing." — Charles Lamb.
POEMS OF WILUAM BROWNE
OF TAVISTOCK
Edited by Gordon Goodwine,
with an Introduction by A. H.
Bullen.
Two volumes.
" Browne is like Keats in being before all things an artist, he has the
same intense pleasure in a fine line or a fine phrase for its own sake. . . .
In his best passages — and they are not few — he will send to the listener
wafts of pure and delightful music." — W. T. Arnold.
POEMS OF SAMUEL TAYLOR
COLERIDGE
Edited by Richard Garnett.
One volume.
"Although the best poetical work of Coleridge is extremely small in
bulk . . . yet his poetry at its best reaches the absolute limits of English
verse as yet written." — George Saintsburv.
POEMS OF HENRY VAUGHAN
Edited by E. K. Chambers, with
an Introduction by H. C.
Beeching.
Two volumes.
" Vaughan may occasionally out-Herbert Herbert in metaphors and
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Eternal Spirit, whose presence may be felt in any, even the smallest,
part." — H. C. Beeching.
Reduced from $1.75 to
50c. a Volume, Postpaid
BROWNE'S BOOKSTORE
THE FINE ARTS BUILDING
MICHIGAN BLVD. CHICAGO
1909] THE DIAL, 351
LITTLE, BROWN, &■ CO:S NEWEST BOOKS
Red Horse Hill
By Sidney McCall
This intensely dramatic American novel, by the author of "Truth Dexter," with its background of Southern mill life, is
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A Royal Ward Strain of White
By Percy Brebner By Ada W. Anderson
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The Kingdom of Earth
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The Little Gods The Bridge Builders
By Rowland Thomas By Anna Chapin Ray
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the Coihe?- 15,000 prize story. Illustrated. $1.60 above Quebec." — £osioM GZobe. $1.60
READY JUNE 5 — THE NEW OPPENHEIM NOVEL
The Governors
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In which the author of " The Missioner," etc., unfolds an eventful chapter in the life of an American financier and
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Whips of Time But Still a Man
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In a Mysterious Way
By Anne Warner
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The Harvest Within The Small Yacht
Thoughts on the Life of a Christian. jtg Management and Handlina for Racing and Sailing.
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The Panama Canal and Its Makers
By Vaughan Cornish, of the Royal Geographical Society, London
A compact, comprehensive, and impartial account of this great work by an eminent English geographer. With map,
plans, and 63 illustrations from photographs. $1.60 net ; postpaid, $1.61
LITTLE, BROWN, & COMPANY PUBLISHERS BOSTON
352 THE DIAL. [June 1,1909.
tofnyVooksSfras AMONG THE NEW BOOKS FROM
"suniZl^: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
TO BE THE LEADING NOVELS AMONG JUNE ISSUES
William Allen White's A Certain Rich Man
No one who has read the vigorous short stories contributed by this author to the American Magazine, of which
he is one of the editors, can doubt that his forthcoming: novel will be one of the keenest interest.
„ . , „ J .., . • -. r. . ., w^ ^... It will he ready early in June,
Mabel Osgood Wright's Poppea of the Post Office
By the author of "The Garden of a Commuter's Wife," and the other delisrhtful chronicles by "Barbara" of
which " The Open Window " is the latest. Ready toward the end of June.
NOW READY
Mr. F. Marion Crawford's new novel The White Sister
It is a new " Saracinesca" story, which means that it belongs to the group of novels which are Mr, Crawford's
best work. He has always a story to tell and tells it well ; indeed his was always the distinctive power to " tell a
perfect story in a perfect way." Cloth. $1.50.
Miss Ellen Glasgow's new novel The Romance of a Plain Man
It is an absorbing novel, a love story of the new-old South in which Ben's pluck and Sally's beauty are divided
by all the width between the charming strength of long established poise and the crudenesa of energy, undisci-
plined by tradition. Cloth. $1.50.
Frank Danby 'S new novel Sebastian By the author of " The Heart of a Child "
Is the story of a boy's development, by the author of that extraordinary story of the progress of a girl from being
Sally Snape to becoming Sarita Mainwaring, and later Lady Kidderminster. Her sketches of London types are,
according to the London critics, astonishingly keen and brilliant. Cloth. $1.50.
Rina Ramsay's hunting story The Straw
The novel of the year for those who love a good run with the hounds, the jolly chaff of a morning meet, and the
subtle pleasures of feeling the wind in the face, or of watching the sweet unfolding of the trees in a gentle spring
rain while jogging home tired and satisfied. Cloth. $1.50.
FOR THOSE OF SPECIAL INTERESTS
Dr. Edward T. Devine's new book Misery and Its Causes
A clear analysis based on long experience in interpreting the results of experienced investigation ; a consideration
of preventive measures, as well as of relief, of community standards, as well as of the welfare of the individual.
Cloth. $1.25 net; by mail, $1.35.
Professor Channing and Marion Lansing in Stories of the Qreat Lakes
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which has for three centuries centred around the Oreat Lakes.
In the Sto7-ies from American History Series. Illustrated. Cloth. $1.50; by mail, $1.62.
Kate V. St. Maur's new book The Earth's Bounty
By the author of "A Self-Supporting Home," written in the same practical and exceedingly interesting way, but
dealing with some of the larger farm industries. Illustrated. $1.75 net; by mail, $1.8S,
Professor George R. Carpenter's Life of Walt Whitman
A new volume in the American Extension of the well-known series of English Men of Lett«rs, which is
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President Henry C. King's The Laws of Friendship, Human and Divine
There is something refreshing and delightful in this manly treatment of a theme which in weaker hands lends
itself to sentimentality. The book is suggestive and helpful. Cloth. $1.25 net; by mail, $1.35.
Mr. Percy MacKaye's new book The Playhouse and the Play
A forcible presentation of the fact, which few realize, of the educational influence (not " possible " but " actual ")
of the theatre, and its nature at present, with a strong plea for an endowed theatre.
Cloth, 12mo. $1.25 net; by mail, $1.35.
The Faith and Works of Christian Science By the author o/Confessio Medici
Those who recall the attractive personality, the sound common sense, and uncommon wit, of one of the most
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'AofJ:;Lut"o7 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY ''"^ferv^rr"
THE DIAL
a &tmi'MantlHis. Journal of S-iteratg Crtttcigm, Wiacnamn, anti In&trmatt0n.
No. .'iSl.
JUNE 1, 1909.
Vol. XLVI.
Contents.
PAGE
GEORGE MEREDITH ;i.'5;?
THE MUSE IN THE MOUNTAINS. Perc}/ F.
Bicknell •STw
CASUAL COMMENT . . . :557
Aspects of the copyright question. — The precipitate
removal of a librarian. — The proposed Harper Me-
moriiil Library. — Westward the course of library
activity takes its way. — Mutual confidence among
publishei-s. — The Shelleyisins of Swinburne. — The
bewildering array of monthly magazines. — The
democratizing of culture. — The best cure for brain-
fag. — The college man in the " bread line." —
Supervision of young folk's reading.
COMMUNICATIONS :»0
" Beauty spots " of Shakespeare's Heroines. Morris
P. Tilley.
Thomas Payne and Theodore Roosevelt. Inquirer.
THE WORLD'S FAMILY OF BIRDS. Leander S.
Keyser 1561
NATURE AND THE MAN. May Estelle Cook . . :%2
In Amei'ican Fields and Forests. — Mills's Wild Life
on the Rockies. — Selon's Biography of a Silver Fox,
IN DARKEST AFRICA, AND OTHER LANDS.
H. E. Coblentz mi
Churchill's My African Journey. — WoUaston's From
Ruwenzori to the Congo. — Springer's The Heart of
Central Africa. — Gugg^isberg's We Two in West
Africa. — Mrs. Peck's Travels in the Far East. —
Pennell's Among the Wild Tribes of the Afghan
Frontier. — Henderson's A British Officer in the
Balkans.
THROUGH GARDEN PATHS. Sara Andrew Shafer .'567
Miss Kingsley's Roses and Rose-Growing. — Miss
Jeykll's Childi'en and Gardens. — Davidson's Gar-
dens, Past and Present. — Mrs. Batson's A Summer
Garden of Pleasure. — Miss Hays's A Little Mary-
land Garden. — Rexford's The Home Garden.
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne . . . :368
Snaith's Araminta. — Galsworthy's Fraternity. —
Bashford's The Pilgrims' March. — North's Syrinx.
— The Inner Shrine. — Grant's The Chippendales. —
Webster's A King in Khaki. — Merwin's The Girl
and the Bill. — Miss Brown's The Story of Thyrza. —
Miss Davis's W^allace Rhodes.
VARIOUS BOOKS FOR SUMMER READING . . a73
A volume of piscatorial pleasantries. — A veteran
chronicler of ocean voyages. — A pleasant guide
through by-ways of Parisian life. — A woman's wit
and enterprise on the farm. — Studying birds in a
public park. — Fishing in California and Canada.
BRIEFER MENTION 374
NOTES .375
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 376
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 376
GEORGE MEREDITH.
It was only about a month ago that we were
reading Meredith's exquisite tribute to Swin-
burne ; but what writer is now left alive to pay
adequate tribute to Meredith, who survived his
fellow-singer and life-long friend by a scant six
weeks ? It is a heavy loss to English literature
that this Spring records ; our two greatest have
left us, and we have only what consolation may
be found in the possession of their rich inherit-
ance, and in the thought that both had lived long
enough amply to fulfil the purpose of their being.
The younger singer was one of the first to pro-
claim the achievement of his elder brother, call-
ing him nearly half a century ago " one of the
three pr four poets now alive whose work, per-
fect or imperfect, is always as noble in design
as it is often faultless in result," and the elder
outlived the younger just long enough to say of
him the most fitting words of praise that any-
one was heard to speak at the time of his death.
Thus are the two greatest writers left to the
twentieth century from the Victorian age insep-
arably linked in our memory, as they were
linked one with another during life by the spir-
itual bond of a common outlook upon the world
and a common consecration to the art of noble
expression.
Despite the praises of those who knew, be-
stowed upon him in his early manhood, Meredith
had to wait long for anything like wide recog-
nition of his extraordinary genius. His story
has been the old one of the writer who, disdain-
ing the arts of popularity, makes his appeal to
a few choice spirits in each lustrum or decade,
whose accumulating testimony at last breaks
down the wall of public indifference, and forces
at least a formal admission of his title to an
exalted place in the poetic hierarchy. Meredith's
public acceptance is hardly more than formal
even now, and he is perhaps destined to occupy
some such place as Landor occupies in our liter-
ature, unknown to the populace save by name,
but loved and cherished by the minority whose
suffrage really counts and whose judgment in
the long run absolutely determines all questions
of literary rank. It is, on the whole, a not
unenviable fate ; the gusts of popularity are apt
soon to spend their force, but the trade-winds of
354
THE DIAL
[June 1,
reasoned critical judgment are neither capricious
nor intermittent.
Writing some score of years ago, Professor
Dowden said : " To many persons, not long
since, Mr. Meredith's novels seemed to be the
Woods of Westermain, dark, obscure, and un-
frequented. Like Poliphilus, in the Renaissance
allegory, they have now emerged out of the dark
wood, and are about to refresh themselves from
its waters." There is no doubt that a few
thousands of cultivated readers have discovered
the novels since these words were penned,
and have esteemed themselves fortunate in so
doing. But the number of those who are ca-
pable of finding in " Richard Feverel " and
"The Egoist" and "Vittoria" the highest
artistic satisfaction is by nature limited, and is
never likely to equal the number of those who
keep Scott and Dickens and Thackeray popular
from generation to generation. We are not sure
that this is not poetic justice ; for Meredith's
novels are undoubtedly chargeable with per-
versity of manner, and, although not fairly with
obscurity of thought, certainly with a deliberate
refusal to moderate their gait to the pace of the
slow-footed reader, or to temper their dry and
dazzling light by an admixture of sentiment and
logical exposition. It is not an altogether un-
worthy proceeding to make some concessions even
to didness of wit ; and clearness is a virtue that
the greatest of artists has no right to scorn.
Those who resort to Meredith's novels with
the expectation of swift dramatic action and a
plot in the cheaper sense of the term are doomed
to disappointment. Plot there is, but of the sort
that proceeds rather from character than from
circumstance. A frequently quoted passage
expresses the author's views upon this subject.
" In tragic life, God wot,
No villain need be ! passion spins the plot.
We are betrayed by what is false within."
But if we miss the hurrying excitement and the
adventurous pattern of the conventional work of
fiction, we have compensations rich enough to
make up many times for the defect. We have,
first of all, a subtlety of characterization, a pen-
etrative insight into the recesses of the individ-
ual soul, that few other novelists have equalled,
and perhaps none surpassed. The presentation
of character, not by description but by self-
revelation, was always Meredith's fiuidamental
aim, and he achieved it to an almost Shake-
spearian degree. And besides this display of
sheer creative power, he unfolds for his readers
a social philosophy that takes for its province
wellnigh all the moods and relations of mankind,
a criticism of life that is sometimes mordant, but
always broadly tolerant and humane. The mo-
tion of his spirit is often too agile to be easUy
followed, but its most capricious dartings and
swoopings are reducible to law, and remain in
harmonic conformity with a reasoned theory of
conduct.
No writer of any time has seen the world with
a clearer vision than Meredith, or looked life
more honestly in the face. He kept the open
mind through all his days, and welcomed every
fresh adventure of science, fearlessly moving
forward into the new territory wrested from the
kingdom of old night. So fundamental was his
conviction that life is good, that he never shrank
from the fresh revelations that are always com-
ing with the advancement of knowledge. His
was no timorous soul to huddle among the
shadows lest the light prove too blinding, or to
cling to tradition despite all evidence that its
foundations were rotting, and its superstructure
doomed to be swept away. Not for liim the
palterings of his fellow- poets — Browning's stub-
born refusal to listen to any promptings save
those of the heart, Tennyson's passionate deter-
mination to " cling to faith beyond the forms of
faith," Arnold's half-hearted acceptance of the
inevitable passing of the old order. And the
world upon which he thus looked with a gaze
unclouded by vain regrets — the realized world
of the present and the imagined world of the
future that science is slowly shaping for our intel-
lectual acceptance — seemed to him a good world,
wonderful in plan, and rich in possibilities for
the emancipated human spirit.
" He builds the soaring spires,
That sing his soul in stone: of her he draws,
Though blind to her, by spelling at her laws,
Her purest fires."
Meredith is so great a novelist because he is
essentially a poet, and the discussion of his fic-
tion must always lead to the consideration of his
verse. The philosophy of life and conduct which
is implicit in his romantic inventions becomes
explicit and crystallized in his song. His poetry
is no less difficult of mastery than his prose, but
is even better worth the needed effort, and who-
ever applies himself earnestly to the task is sure
of his reward. The initial difficulties of the
reader of Meredith's verse are considerable, and
it may be frankly admitted that many of the
poems are so crabbed in diction and so laby-
rinthine in thought that they are hardly worth
while. But even the most unpromising matrix
1909.]
THE DIAL
355
may conceal nuggets of the purest gold, and we
would not flatly discourage investigation even of
such productions as " Junip-to-Glory Jane " and
the " Odes in Contribution to the Song of French
History." On the other hand, we would not
recommend these eccentricities to the beginner.
But " Modern Love " and " A Reading of
Earth " and the " Poems and Lyrics of the Joy
of Earth " may be named in full confidence that
the reader, if he knows what poetry is, will soon
learn to revel in their beauty, and be prepared
to undertake more adventurous excursions later
on. Best of all to start with is the volume of
" Selected Poems," taking Mr. Trevelyan's little
book on " The Poetry and Philosophy of George
Meredith " as a companion and guide.
The beauty of his expression, at its not infre-
quent best, wovdd alone be sufficient to secure for
Meredith a high place in English poetry. The
security becomes far greater when we take into
account the sanity of his thought and its exalted
ethical message.
"Ay, be we faithful to ourselves: despise
Nought but the coward in. us! that way lies
The wisdom making passage through our slough.
Am 1 not heard, my head to Earth shall bow;
Like her, shall wait to see, and seeing wait.
Philosophy is Life's one match for Fate."
Life is an unending struggle, but not for that a
dispiriting one.
" Never battle's close
The victory complete and victor crowned;
Nor solace in defeat, save from that sense
Of strength well spent, which is the strength renewed.
In manhood must he find his competence ;
In his clear mind the spiritual food;
God being there whUe he his fight maintains;
Throughout his mind the Master Mind being there,
While he rejects the suicide despair.
Accepts the spur of explicable pains."
Man may make his life or mar it as he will, and
the responsibility is all his own.
" For of waves
Our life is, and our deeds are pregnant graves
Blown rolling from the sunset to the dawn."
He should be
" Obedient to Nature, not her slave :
Her lord, if to her rigid laws he bows.
Her dust, if with his conscience he plays knave.
And bids the Passions on the Pleasures browse."
The world will not soon forget a poet who can
speak to it in such appealing accents, inspire it
to such noble purpose. The mortal part of him
has gone from the sight of man, but the immortal
part remains their heritage.
" Full lasting is the song, though he,
The singer, passes : lasting too.
For souls not lent in usury,
The rapture of the forward view."
THE MUSE IN THE MOUNTAINS.
The story is told of the blessed St. Bernard, that
as he was journeying one day along the shores of
Lake Geneva a fellow-traveller asked him what he
thought of the lake. "What lake?" was the holy
man's rejoinder, so little had he taken note of the
magnificent scenery that encircled him.
Of men with St. Bernard's introverted gaze it
is not primarily the present purpose to write, nor
of those who, on surveying a panorama of snow-
capped or sparsely-wooded peaks, can only say with
Dr. Johnson : " An eye accustomed to flowery pas-
tures and waving harvests is astonished and repelled
by this wide extent of hopeless sterility. The ap-
pearance is that of matter incapable of form or
usefulness, dismissed by Nature from her care,
and disinherited of her favors; left in its original
elemental state, or quickened only with one sullen
power of useless vegetation." To inveterate city-
lovers, " it will very readily occur that this uniformity
of barrenness can afford very little amusement to the
traveller ; that it is easy to sit at home and conceive
rocks and heath and waterfalls ; and that these jour-
neys are useless labours, which neither impregnate
the imagination nor enlarge the understanding,"
Who of us others, who are neither St. Bernards
nor Dr. Johnsons, can fail to recall the thrill of
wonder and delight with which our youthful eyes
first encountered a wild and extended mountain
landscape ? Then first awoke in us, together with
an incipient sense of the immeasurable vastness
and unutterable grandeur of the universe, perhaps
also a vague impulse to give some expression to our
feeling of the bigness of things in general and of the
majesty of the mountains in particular. Or it may
have been that the wide-eyed child, repeating the
history of early man, experienced at first too much
of awe, even of terror, to be in a fit condition to
sing the praises of the breath-arresting sublimities
confronting him. With him perliaps, as with Childe
Harold, of whom he has yet no knowledge, "high
mountains are a feeling," and they may not speedily
become anything less mutely emotional. It has
taken the human race a long while to overcome this
first nameless terror. of the vastness and wildness of
the mountains. Ancient Greece and Rome have no
Wordsworths or Bryants to celebrate in verse the
beauties of the Thessalian mountain ranges or of the
Alpine peaks. Mountains, in fact, enjoy no enviable
reputation with them. In his "Ars Amatoria"
Ovid shudders at the very mention of the " windy
Alps." Virgil couples the adjective improhus with
monSy as if the latter were something hardly to be
named in polite society. Horace speaks of the
"wintry," Lucan of the "icy," and Juvenal of the
" cruel " Alps. Centuries later, a German tourist,
Winckelmann, though charmed and delighted with
the Swiss scenery, was moved to call its moun-
tains " frightfully " beautiful ( erschrecklich schon).
Goethe's father could not understand why his son
366
THE DIAL
[June 1,
turned back at the summit of the St. Gothard,
instead of pushing on at once into the sunny plains
of Italy. '' He was especially unable," records the
poet, "to evince the smallest feeling of apprecia-
tion for those rocks and misty lakes and nests of
dragons."
To instance another example of an impressionable
nature strangely untouched by mountain scenery, or
by rural sights of any kind, we find Charles Lamb
writing to Coleridge in almost angry protest against
the imputation of nature-worship. His friend had
thus apostrophized him in verse :
" My gentle-hearted Charles ! for thou hast pined
And hungered after Nature many a year,
In the great city pent."
And the other bluntly replies : "I have no passion
(or have had none since I was in love, and then it
was the spurious engenderment of poetry and books)
for groves and valleys. The room where I was
born, the furniture which has been before my eyes
all my life, a book-case which has followed me about
like a faithful dog (only exceeding him in knowl-
edge) wherever I have moved, old chairs, old tables,
streets, squares, where I have sunned myself, my
old school, — these are my mistresses. Have I not
enough without your mountains ? I do not envy
you. I should pity you did I not know that the
mind will make friends of anything." Lamb did
go so far as to admit, in a letter to Manning after a
trip to the lakes, that " Skiddaw is a fine creature,"
although for him a chance of seeing Fleet Street
every now and then was necessary, or he should
" mope and pine away."
But Lamb was not a great poet ; indeed, so much
better do we like him as an essayist and a letter-
writer that we are more than half-willing to see him
excluded from the company of poets altogether. He
visited the lake district in premeditated quest of
" that which tourists call romantic" and he seems
to have found it ; but it thrilled him to no lyric
effusion — just a mildly appreciative letter to
Manning. We must go to his friend Wordworth
to find a real love of the mountains. In his sonnet
on Mount Skiddaw he laments that " not an English
Mountain we behold by the celestial Muses glorified."
" Yet round our sea-girt shore they rise in crowds :
What was the great Parnassus' self to Thee,
Mount Skiddaw ? In his natural sovereignty
Our British Hill is nobler far ; he shrouds
His double front among Atlantic clouds,
And pours forth streams more sweet than Castaly."
The opening lines of another sonnet well depict the
shining appearance of a distant snow-capped peak.
" How clear, how keen, how marvellously bright
The effluence from yon distant mountain's head.
Which, strewn with snow smooth as the sky can shed.
Shines like another sun — on mortal sight
Uprisen, as if to check approaching Night,
And all her twinkling stars."
Turning our steps northward from Wordsworth's
and Coleridge's haunts, we find that the rugged
landscape of Scotland has inspired many a noble
line of poetry. In Sir Walter's verse, of course.
there is no lack of '' mountains that like giants stand,
to sentinel enchanted land." From the " steep
promontory " of " The Lady of the Lake," count-
less readers have gazed with " the stranger, raptured
and amazed." Even before Scott, two of his coun-
trymen, Thomson and Beattie, were alive to the
charms of mountain and valley ; nor must Bums be
passed over in silence, nor John Logan and Michael
Bruce altogether forgotten. To be sure, much of
this earlier nature-poetry (as one may call it for
lack of a better term) is stiff and formal and aca-
demic. Yet Beattie 's account of the youth who
found his way to poetry through lonely forest paths
and mountain rambles is not without grace.
" Concourse and noise and toil he ever fled,
Nor cared to mingle in the clamorous fray
Of squabbling imps ; but to the forest sped.
Or roamed at large the lonely mountain's head,
Or where the maze of some bewildered stream
To deep, untrodden groves his footsteps led."
To Rousseau is commonly given the credit of
having turned us moderns from conventionality and
artificiality back to the simple and the natural, to
the enjoyment of country life and the appreciation of
wild beauty in forest and mountain. The benign
influence of mountains on the human mind, he has
pictured at some length in language plentifully
sprinkled with flowers of rhetoric. At high eleva-
tions " the thoughts take on something indescribably
grand and sublime, in harmony with the environment,
a tranquil voluptuousness that is utterly free from
coarseness or sensuality. One seems, on rising above
the abodes of man, to leave behind all low and
earthly sentiments ; and the nearer the approach to
the ethereal regions, the more of their celestial purity
does the soul appropriate to itself. There one is grave
without melancholy, calm without indolence." He
describes his own sensations with considerable unc-
tion, and expresses surprise that mountain air has
not hitherto been recognized as a potent medicine
for body and soul. In the "Nouvelle H^loise,"
Rousseau, speaking through the mouth of Saint-
Preux, who is returning from a journey round the
world, vents the most enthusiastic praise of Alpine
scenery. " The sight of my country," he exclaims,
" that so-beloved country, where torrents of pleasure
had inundated my heart, the wholesome, pure atmos-
phere of the Alps, the soft air of home, sweeter than
the perfumes of the East, this rich and fertile soil,
this unrivalled landscape, the most beautiful that
human eye has ever seen, ... all these things
threw me into transports that I cannot describe."
The city-dweller, harassed and weary after his
winter's work and confinement, should find rest and
refreshment at this season in Longfellow's lines :
" If thou art worn and hard beset
With sorrows that thou wouldst forget.
If thou wouldst read a lesson that will keep
Thy heart from fainting and thy soul from sleep,
Go to the woods and hills ! No tears
Dim the sweet look that Nature wears."
Equally good, and also seasonable, are Bryant's
verses beginning:
1909.]
THE DIAL
357
" Thou who wouldst see the lovely and the wild
Mingled in harmony on Nature's face,
Ascend our rocky mountains."
Not all of U8 at all times, and perhaps compara-
tively few of us at any time, can feel, with Words-
worth, a presence that disturbs us with the joy of
elevated thoughts, a sense sublime of something far
more deeply interfused ; but it is likely to be on
Skiddaw, or Monadnock, or Mont Blanc, or Shasta,
or some other commanding mountain-top, if any-
where, that this reaction from the prosaic humdrum
of our routine existence makes itself felt ; and even
a short half-hour of such experience seems at the
time cheaply bought by a year of dull toil in the
cities of the plains. Swinburne somewhere speaks
of these glorious altitudes as
" The warm wan heights of air, moon-trodden ways,
And breathless gates and extreme hills of heaven."
That the mountains should be inspirers, not only
of poetry, but also of music, seems to find a ready
explanation. The multiple echo of a mountainous
region is almost music in itself. What, then, more
natural than for the Swiss peasant to yodel from
every hill-top and make the welkin ring ? or for the
Scotch highlander to tune up his bagpipes and invite
the mountains to join in the refrain? A curious
inquirer might find something in the very shape of
the mountains — the converging and upward-pointing
lines, like those of the Gothic arch, the cathedral
aisle — to account for their awe-inspiring influence ;
and in the impetuous dash and rollicking freedom
of their babbling streams, so different from the slug-
gish and silent flow of lowland brooks and rivers,
might be discovered another source of musical and
poetic inspiration. p^j^^Y F. Bicknell.
CASUAL COMMENT.
Aspects of the copyright question vary
enormously according to the point of view. Every
man's private interest shows an incorrigible tendency
to effect, for that man, a total obscuration of the
billion or more interests of the rest of the world ;
and thus the arguments of champions of opposing
interests frequently become as futile and absurd as
the quarrel of the two knights-errant concerning the
color of the shield suspended between them. A
little illustration of disputation at somewhat cross
purposes has recently been furnished to readers of
The Dial. Mr. George Haven Putnam, writing
from the publisher's point of view, and Messrs.
Steiner and Cutter from the librarian's, have fav-
ored us with sundry excellent arguments for and
against certain restrictions on the importation of a
certain class of books. Possibly the latter gentle-
men's zeal in a worthy cause betrayed them into a
too slight regard for the amenities of speech. " This
is simply an absolutely false statement " is one of
those things that might have been expressed differ-
ently. Perhaps, too, in the ardor of the moment.
Mr. Putnam's meaning has here and there been a
little distorted by his critics. For example, Mr.
Putnam, after speaking of the " Cambridge History
of English Literature," proceeds to make the gen-
eral assertion that " it is frequently the case that the
American librarian purchases the English edition of
a work at a considerably higher price than lie would
pay for an American edition equally attractive in
form " — a simple and indisputable fact, even though
the degree of " frequency " of this occurrence may
be open to dispute. Our librarian correspondents,
however, have seized upon this innocent statement
and made it apply to the " English Literature "
alone, which, they go on to say, " can be imported,
for a library, for about two dollars, not as Mr.
Putnam says, for more than the American edition
costs, ' equally attractive in form.' " Surely the
librarians have a strong enough case without putting
into an opponent's mouth words that he never
uttered. But, whatever the more immediate issue,
our aeronauts assure us that the day is dawning when
the barriers of tariffs and customs will have to fall,
not being capable of erection to the heights attained
by air-ships ; and then, to use a favorite phrase of
the late Professor Perry of Williams, "the petty,
piddling processes of protection " will cease to vex
the importer, whether of French modes or of English
books. ...
The pbecipitatk removal of a librarian,
of more than twenty years' active service in his post
and in honorable repute in his profession, is a matter
that naturally calls out considerable comment and
criticism. The abrupt dismissal of Mr. Hild, of the
Chicago Public Library, is one of those occurrences
hard to account for except infer entially through
the mysterious machinations of professional politics.
When Dr. Poole, one of the most experienced and
distinguished librarians in the country, left the
Public Library for the Newberry, he was asked by
the Directors to recommend a successor, and he
named Mr. Hild as in his opinion the best man for
the place. Dr. Poole was not likely to be mistaken
about a man who had worked under his own eye for
a dozen years, as Mr. Hild had done ; and the favor-
able prepossession created by this endorsement was
confirmed by long years of faithful, and, until the
present outbreak, approved service by Mr. Hild as
librarian. The charge of incompetency which it
has taken twenty years to reach is, under the cir-
cumstances, not altogether satisfying to the public
whose interests the Library Board, no less than the
librarian, is supposed to serve. It can hardly be
deemed uncharitable to suggest that the Board itself
may be at least partly responsible for the state of
affairs which is made the ostensible ground of its
drastic action. The lack of branch libraries and of
travelling libraries, the insufficient coordination of
the public library with the public schools, and the
disproportionate expense of circulating the library's
books, are details in which the trustees are surely no
less concerned than the librarian. Unceremonious
358
THE DIAL
[June 1,
discharge of the latter official does not commend
itself as the best way to supply such existing defects
as have been pointed out.
The proposed Harper Memorial Library
for the University of Chicago is likely to have
features that will make it somewhat of a novelty in
library architecture, at the same time that it will be
a worthy memorial of the man whose best thought
and energy went to the upbuilding of the institution
of which he was the first head. The May number
of " The University of Chicago Magazine " opens
with a good description, by Professor Andrew C.
McLaughlin, of the building that is yet to be —
that has, in fact, not yet been fully designed. Rati-
fication of the architect's plans is still to come, but
some brief excerpts from the published description
may safely be given. The new library " is to form
the centre of the row of buildings forming a con-
nected line from Ellis Avenue to Lexington Avenue
along the Midway. . . . The library building is 248
feet long from east to west along the Midway ; its
width north and south is 60 feet. At either end is
a tower 60 feet by 50, rising above the main roof
of the building, its highest turret 128 feet from the
ground." The main part of the building will be
comparatively low with no floors above the general
reading-room in the third story. Book-stacks are in
the basement, although they may be also introduced
in rooms that at first will be used as offices and other-
wise. The many-storied towers will have numerous
rooms for various purposes, and the tower corridors
will be accessible from adjacent buildings by means
of bridges. The reading-room, 140 by 50 feet, with
high vaulted ceiling, will seat 288 readers — 38 more
than the reading-room of the Library of Congress.
So far as one can see, the needs of a great university
library, the intellectual centre of the university life,
have been wisely and generously provided for, except
that more ample allowance might have been made
for future accessions of books. In this item nine
libraries out of ten fail to forsee the rapidity of their
growth in even the near future. For example, the
comparatively new library building of the University
of Illinois found itself cramped for book-room in a
surprisingly short time after it had opened its doors.
Westward the course of library activity
TAKES its way, as is shown by the recent transfer
of the official headquarters of the American Library
Association from Boston to Chicago, and by the
movement, already well under way, for holding the
annual conference of the Association next year in
California. At a recent meeting of the California
Library Association, at Oakland, a resolution was
passed urging upon the Council of the A. L. A. the
desirability of holding next year's national conven-
tion at Pasadena, a place almost ideally situated
for such a purpose — especially if the time for the
event could be fixed for April, a month when the
charms of that fair land are at their loveliest. The
plans already tentatively formulated include the use
of the largest hotel in Pasadena, with an assembly
room well fitted for the sessions of the convention,
and with special rates and accommodations for the
librarians. The inspiring beauties of the surround-
ing regions, and the proximity of both the mountains
and the sea, would afford opportunity for pleasurable
excursions and entertainments, while the going and
coming might be made delightful and profitable by
including, under advantageous conditions and at
economical rates, side trips to the Grand Caflon in
going, and to Yo Semite in returning by a northern
route. The plan is certainly an attractive one, and
is likely to receive favorable consideration from the
librarians at their annual conference this month in
the White Mountains.
Mutual confidence among publishers has
been promoted, in the London publishing world,
by the formation of the Publishers' Circle, a sort
of literary-commercial-dining (or lunching) club
already mentioned by us. As a simple illustration
of the benefits accruing to members of this organi-
zation, let us quote a passage from Mr. Arthur
Waugh's reported utterances concerning the Circle,
its mission, and its achievement. " It was only the
other day," said he, "that a literary agent came to
our firm [Messrs. Chapman and Hall] offering a
book by an author, the sales of whose last work, he
assured me, had amounted to 5000 copies. I told
him I was confident that this was not the case.
He replied by assuring me that it was. When the
agent had left the room I rang up the publisher of
the book in question, and he informed me that the
entire sales had amounted to 572 copies ! " One
cannot but wish the ringing-up had been done
before, instead of after, the zealous agent had de-
parted. Mr. Waugh says further : " Personally I
feel that most of us are willing to pay an author
whatever his book can fairly earn. ... In the
future it ought to be increasingly possible, through
the exertions of the Circle, for an author to get just
as much for his book as he is entitled to — and no
more." It is now three years since the Circle had
its informal beginning at the Charterhouse Hotel,
where half a dozen publishers were wont to lunch
together. Its gradual growth, what it has done,
and what it hopes to do, are all Ynatters of more
than technical interest.
The Shelleyisms of Swinburne might furnish
matter for an extended essay. By Swinburne's
Shelleyisms we shall here signify merely the
more or less unconscious points of resemblance in
the later poet's life and character to the briefer
career and more ardent temperament of the earlier.
Mr. Andrew Lang, in some " Impressions of Swin-
burne " contributed to the New York " Evening
Post," touches briefly on a few of these parallelisms.
Both poets were born aristocrats with a literary
passion for democracy ; each went his own inde-
pendent way at Oxford, though Swinburne's way
1909.]
THE DIAL
359
was by far the quieter, and each left the Univer-
sity without a degree ; both were lovers and skilful
imitators of Greek poetry, especially of Greek
tragedy. There are no traditions of Swinburne's
" ragging the dons " in Shelley's manner. On the
contrary he conducted himself undemonstratively,
choosing mainly the society of a Scottish student
named Nichol, who later became professor of English
literature at Glasgow. There is a tradition that,
when asked to subscribe to the cricket club, young
Swinburne proposed that he and Nichol should pay
one subscription between them ; and tradition also
avers that persons passing the young poet's rooms
were more than likely to hear him reading poetry
aloud and Nichol knocking the ashes from his pipe.
Mr. Lang is inclined to think it " hardly conceivable
that, as a poet and an Etonian in boyhood, Mr.
Swinburne should not have modelled himself, more
or less consciously, on Shelley."
• • •
The bewildering array of monthly maga-
zines that meets the eye on the railway news-stand
must have often prompted the query. How do they
all manage to keep going ? Probably the correct
answer to this question is that comparatively few
are really published at a profit. A great number
are creatures of a day — or a year, at most. They
perish, but their places are immediately taken by
fresh contestants in the struggle for existence, —
hope seeming to spring eternal in the breast of the
would-be magazine publisher. Of the undistinguished
many that thus float on the wave of a bi'ief pros-
perity, or make-believe prosperity, little heed need
be taken. But when a publication of some solidity
and worth, like "Appleton's Magazine," vacates its
wonted place on the news-stand, its retirement elicits
a word of regret. Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. an-
nounce the discontinuance of the above-named
monthly with the June number, and also an arrange-
ment with the publishers of " Hampton's Magazine "
by which that periodical will be supplied to Appleton
subscribers during the unexpired terms of their sub-
scriptions. " Appleton's " deserved a better fate.
The democratizing of culture, as one might
call the aim and purpose of the proposed Massa-
chusetts College and also of the new system of uni-
versity extension work undertaken by Oxford, is one
of the most important movements in education that
the world has seen, being comparable with the insti-
tution of the public-school system itself. That aris-
tocratic Oxford should lend its support and its
prestige to the new departure, whereby some of the
benefits of a veritable university education are to be
placed within the reach of the plebeian many, is a
memorable and a pleasing occurrence in the history
of culture ; and that the State of Massachusetts,
which embraces within its borders some of the oldest
and most conservative colleges (including the very
oldest and most aristocratic) in the land, should also
seek to broaden and popularize the scope of the
higher education, is likewise noteworthy and com-
mendable. As President Hadley said recently in an
address at Mt. Holyoke College, culture is a relative
term, varying in meaning in different ages and
among different communities ; but its essential ele-
ment is the broadening of mental vision and the
enlarging and perfecting of appreciation. Yet,
after all is said and done, there will remain not a
few, of an earlier generation, who cherish, rightly
enough, the conception of culture as something best
attained by pursuing the time-honored prescribed
course at a college not yet wholly committed to
" electives." . . .
The best cure for brain-fag is sought by more
than one jaded literary worker at this season of the
year. A little book by Dr. Warren Achorn, entitled
" Nature's Help to Happiness," presents some pleas-
ant methods of recuperation. The doctor would
turn all city dwellers out to grass — bring them into
close and continuous contact with the earth, espe-
cially on mountain-tops and in forests. Out-door
sleeping is recommended, and as much open-air work
as would be required to keep a vegetable garden
free from pig-weed, dandelions, quitch-gi-ass, and
other unwelcome invaders of the potato-patch and
the onion-bed. Dr. Achorn has been a member of
the medical staff of the Emmanuel Church move-
ment (otherwise known as Psychotherapy), and he
is a firm believer in the social efficacy of this
" ground cure." Strikes would be far less frequent,
he believes, if every workman cultivated a garden
and were more intent on punishing the weeds therein
than on pestering his employer for shorter hours and
higher wages. • • •
The college man in the "bread line" is a
spectacle that saddens and that moves to reflection.
College education is more and more striving to
coordinate itself with the demands of modern life and
industry, the sciences are ousting the old-fashioned
" humanities," the principles of trade and commerce
are taught, and to an increasing extent the practical
is taking precedence of the ideal. And yet we are
told by a mission worker in the slums of New York
(we refer to Mr. E. C. Mercer and his Columbia
University address on " College Graduates on the
Bowery ") that one night he counted thirty-nine
college men of his acquaintance in the Bowery
"bread line," while another investigator found four
hundred college men in the Bowery in a single
night. Under the old educational regime a college-
bred pauper was an almost unheard of anomaly.
Can it be that, after all, the most practical things
are in some danger of proving the most useless ?
Supervision of young folk's reading and
stimulation of interest in good literature can, as Mr.
Judson T. Jennnings of the Seattle Public Library
observes in his current Report, be advantageously
accomplished by the public-school teacher in con-
nection with the daily lessons. The delegation of
an assistant librarian to do work of this sort in the
360
THE DIAL
[June 1,
Saturday morning " story hour " has been objected
to by some as not the most economical or effective
means of attaining the desired end. With the
cooperation of the teachers, library work in the
schools is inexpensive, no special reading-rooms or
staff of assistants being required ; and who, except
perhaps a wise parent, could better understand the
child's individual needs and peculiar temperament
than the child's teacher? " If she is wise enough,"
says Mr. Jennings, " to realize the important part
which intelligent reading has in education, both
during and after school days, she wiU coordinate
the pupil's reading with his school work and thereby
create an added interest in each."
COMMUNICA TIONS.
" BEAUTY^POTS" OF SHAKESPEARE'S HEROINES.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
Mos : " Ware pensals. How ? Let me not die your debtor,
My red Domini call, my golden letter.
O that your face were full of Oes 1
Qm ; A pox of that jest, and I beshrew all shrows."
Love's Lahour''s Lost, V., ii., ^7.
Rosaliue, in a parry of wit, dii-ects these lines at
Katherine, her fellow waiting-lady to the Princess.
" Oes " here has been taken, in connection with the more
correct reading of the quarto [were not so full of], to
refer to marks of small-pox that disfigure Katherines
face [Z. L. L., Variorum, V., ii., 45, note] ; or to the pim-
ples that Rosaline wishes that she might see on her
friend's countenance [^First Folio Shakespeare, L. L. L.,
p. 173, note]. The Arden Edition of " L. L. L." (1906)
explains it as meaning " spots, pimples." The same
edition supports its definition of " pensals," as " small
finely-pointed brushes for the insertion of spots or lines,"
by quotations from contemporary writers.
" Oes " probably refers to the black beauty-spots by
which the blonde beauty has thought to enhance her fair-
ness ; for Diunaine could not well have said of Katherine
that she was as " fair as day " (iv., ii., 90), had her face
been pitted with marks of small-pox. Nor does the
interpretation of " Oes " as pimples seem to me to fit
into the sense of the passage. For reference to the
black velvet patches that were worn at this time to
enhance a beauty's complexion, see Lyly's " Midas "
(Bond ed., vol. iii., p. 121, 1. 80; and p. 155, 1. 109).
The color of these beauty-spots, as well as their
shape, gives Rosaline an opportunity "not to die
Katherine's debtor." " Oes " is here an archaic form
of " ooze," rhyming, according to its older pronunciation,
with " shrowes." Our modern pronunciation (uz) had
not established itself at this time [s. oes, ooze in Oxford
Dictionary]. Webbe in his " Travailes," 1590, [Arber
Reprint, p. 32, a], gives us the spelling " oes " for
" ooze " : " She might have gone to the mid leg in oes
or mire."
With " oes " in the sense of " ooze " in this passage,
we have preserved not only the pun on the letter " o,"
but in the color of ooze we have a distinct addition to
the thought of the passage as a whole, emphasizing as
it does the contrast between the dark beauty of Rosa-
line and the blonde beauty of Katherine.
"A pox of that jest " — the Princess's contribution to
this play of wit — is a further turn of the thought, this
time associating Rosaline's " oes " with the pock-marks
of small-pox. The ability to flash such a change in the
meaning of a word is oue of the tests of the " squibs
and crackers of speech " in this play.
In the one other passage where " oes "' is used by
Shakespeare {Mids. N's. D., III., ii., 192-195), there is a
similar contrast between a blonde and a brunette beauty,
as there is also a pun on the letter " o." It may be
that Shakespeare intended here by the use of " oes " to
refer not only to the stars but to the dark beauty of
Hermia as well. MoRRiB P. Tilley.
University of Michigan, May 20, 1909.
THOMAS PAINE AND THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
In that dignified and forceful journal of public dis-
cussion in England, the weekly " Nation " of London, I
find (issue of May 10) an eloquent editorial article on
Thomas Paine and his " long life of conspicuous service
in the causes of political and spiritual enlightenment in
three great countries of which he was a citizen." The
writer says:
" From his early life of sordid struggle, in what his biog-
rapher justly calls ' an almost incredible England,' he [Paine]
carried into the New England across the water a consuming
passion for human justice and liberty, not as platform phrases,
but as hard, concrete goods worth fighting and dying for,
which set America afire, when she was confusedly ijondering
' an impossible and unnatural reconciliation.' From America
to France, fresh in the throes of her great upheaval, he passed,
not as an incendiary, but as a moderating and constructive
influence in her National Convention, risking his very life
for the cause of clemency in dealing with a traitorous king.
From France to England, carrying the same doctrines of
liberty in politics and religion, not a cold utilitarian concep-
tion of individual rights, but a rich human gospel of a com-
monwealth sustained by a passion of humanity as deep and real
as ever inflamed the soul of man. He was one of the first open
advocates of the liberation of the negro slaves, of the abolition
of capital ijunishment, of international treaties of ai-bitration :
forty years before Comte he was the author of the phrase
'the Religion of Humanity.' So far was he from being the
atheist his malignant traducers fastened in the common mind,
that his first and avowed motive in writing his ' Age of
Reason' was to induce man to ' return to the pure, unmixed,
and unadulterated belief in one God and no other.' . . . The
man whose eloquent and reasoned appeal, ' Common Sense,'
first formulated the demand for independence, the first coiner
of the great thought and expression, ' The United States of
America,' the man whom Washington and Jefferson were
proud to call their friend, and whose magnificent work for
the liberation of their country they acknowledged with
unstinted praise, — this man was spoken of by Theodore
Roosevelt quite recently as ' a dirty little atheist.' But, after
all, our feelings of resentment at such a brutality are assuaged
by the reflection that whereas Mr. Roosevelt will in a quick
generation sink to the obscurity from wliich a series of acci-
dents lifted him for a few years, history will gradually set in
its proper place among the makers of the Republic the mem-
oiy of the man whom he defamed."
I have quoted this striking passage chiefly to ask
whether it is really true that Mr. Roosevelt ever ap-
plied to Paine the epithet given, and, if so, when, and
under what circumstances. I have the impression that
the term is not original with Mr. Roosevelt; but that
he even used it at all, in any way of endorsement, is
something I do not like to believe. Inquirer.
Chicago, May 18, 1909.
[Perhaps some of our readers may be able to
answer this correspondent's inquiry. — Edr. The
Dial.]
1909.]
THE DIAJL
361
t Sttto looks.
The WORLD'S Family of Birds.*
The awakening of interest in all fields of
nature study, especially the study of birds, is
illustrated by the issue of Dr. Knowlton's hand-
some volume on "Birds of the World." There
is no doubt that the book fills a real want.
Thousands of bird-lovers have long felt the need
of just such a work as this, which covers the avi-
faunal field the world over and still is not too
expensive or bulky. Heretofore the student of
cosmopolitan bird-life has had to rummage every-
where, with a large expenditure of time and
money, in order to procure the information he
desired relative to the life of birds in various
parts of the world. While some might have
preferred the work in two volumes, perhaps
three, for convenience in handling and holding,
yet it is to be assumed that there were good rea-
sons for issuing it in one good-sized volume at a
moderate price, rather than in several volumes
at a greater cost. Large as the book is, it is
well made, with a loose back so that it will lie
open at any page, and therefore can be held on
the lap or laid on the desk during perusal. The
type is clear and large, and the paper of excel-
lent quality.
The contents of the work deserve unstinted
praise. There is, in fact, little if anything to
criticize. Even some of the more cheaply exe-
cuted of the pictures are so truly illustrative as
well to warrant their insertion. The literary
quality of the work is good. It is not always
that a scientific writer possesses a clear-cut lit-
erary style. We know several valuable books
on birds that suiifer much from the author's
inability to tell his story in an attractive way.
Dr. Knowlton, we are glad to say, describes his
birds in such a simple and effective manner that
the reader is pleased and interested at the same
time that he is instructed.
On the title-page, Mr. Robert Ridgway is
mentioned as the editor of the book. His
preface informs us that he did little more than
carefully to read and slightly revise the author's
manuscript. However, that was invaluable ser-
vice, for it frees the text from typographical and
scientific errors, and renders it as nearly correct
as exact literary and scientific scholarship can
make it. The author's Introduction is of much
•Birds of the World: A Popular Account. By Frank H.
Knowlton, Ph.D. With sixteen colored plates by Mary Mason
Mitchell, and 236 other illustrations. New York: Henry Holt
&Co.
value ; it gives the latest definition of a bird,
showing its place in the classified system of ani-
mal life, and tells also of such matters as tem-
perature, feathers, colors, pterylosis, renewal of
feathers, age of feathers, nests and eggs, etc.
An excellent chapter, devoted to the anatomy
of birds, is contributed by Dr. Frederic A.
Lucas, curator-in-chief of the Brooklyn Institute
of Arts and Sciences. Then follow illuminating
chapters by the author, on the geographical
distribution of birds, their migration and classi-
fication. On these subjects the author indicates
what is actually known, while pointing out what
still remains in the realm of speculation among
scientific observers. It is extremely satisfactory
thus to have presented the latest information
obtainable in this field of nature-study.
The matter in the main body of the work is
arranged according to the best system of classi-
fication yet devised, although the author gives
full credit to other systems. Under each sub-
class appear the various orders, sub-orders,
families, super-families, and species, so that the
systematic student is informed as to the exact
scientific status of each member of the feathered
family. It is indeed a joy to the student to
have before him a book in which he can trace
all the thousands of avian species in the world.
True, the limitations of the work preclude the
mention of all the species in some families — as,
for example, the Wood-warblers and Humming-
birds ; but this does not prevent the student from
finding the place of each species, whether named
or not, in the avicular system. In the case of
many families and species, enough is said about
them to afford a satisfactory life history, the
chief diagnostic habits being detailed . Wherever
a species shows some very marked peculiarity, it
is described with sufficient fulness. In brief, it
may be said that the author has shown excellent
and discriminating judgment in his selection of
material, omitting nothing that was essential,
and yet including whatever is of vital interest
to the bird-lover. The work is, therefore, all
that it purports to be — a veritable handbook
of the birds of the world.
To give an example of the easy, flowing style
of the author, and at the same time show that he
has not written merely a dry table of statistical
data, but has himself a warm appreciation of
what is fascinating about our feathered neigh-
bors, we quote the opening paragraph of his
article on the Thrushes.
" The mere mention of the word Thrush, at once sug-
gests musical ability of a high order; and well it may,
for the present group numbers among its members some
362
THE DIAL
[June 1,
of the most exquisite songsters of tlie whole wide world.
The ringing, flute-like notes of the Yeery, the clear,
pure come-to-me or e-o-lie of the Wood Thrush, the
solemn, mysterious, silvery, bell-like tones of the Hermit
Thrush, as they come to us from the cool depths of the
forest, and the cheerful, extended vocabulary of the
Robin, have placed them, one and all, high in the regard
of lovers of bird music. The far-famed Nightingale of
Europe, together with the Throstle, or Song Thrush, and
the Blackbird and Robin Redbreast, so dear to English
hearts, are all members of this widespread and highly
musical family."
While we are considering the Family Tin^-
didce, it may he well to take it as an instance
of the manner of the author's treatment of an
interesting group of birds. He is disposed to
cut out of this family the Old World Warblers,
the Mockingbirds (including the Thrashers and
Catbirds), the Dippers, and the Gnatcatchers.
In spite of this extensive excision, Dr. Knowlton
informs us that the Thrush family " comprises
between five and six hundred forms disposed
among some seventy genera ; and if the New
Zealand Thrushes (Turnagra) really belong
here, which some doubt, it is practically cosmo-
politan, though most abundant in the warmer
parts of the Old World." He puts the lyrical
Solitaires into this group, and that would be
distinction enough even if the family contained
not a single other feathered musician. There
are half a dozen genera and thirty forms of the
Solitaire sub-family, all of them native American
birds except a single Hawaiian genus. We
wonder what an Old World ornithologist would
think if he were to be awakened some morning
with the peerless song of Townsend's Solitaire
ringing in his ears. Besides the Robin, the Wood
Thrush, the Hermit Thrush, etc., we find that
there is a marvellous singing Thrush in South
America, some ground Thrushes in Africa, Asia,
Australia, and New Zealand, and one represent-
ative (the Varied Thrush) in the New World.
The Fieldfare and Ring Ouzel of Europe belong
to this varied fa.mily ; so do the Rock Thrushes,
the Accentors, the Bush Chats, the English
Robin, the Nightingale, the Wheateavs, the
Bluebirds, and quite a number of other forms.
This will indicate the way in which Dr. Knowl-
ton has packed his book with information, which
an elaborate index makes easily accessible.
The illustrations show the birds in the midst
of their natural surroundings, and the subjects
have been selected for their beauty and effec-
tiveness. The sixteen full-page plates in colors,
done by Miss Mary Mason Mitchell, can hardly
be praised too highly. The coloring is most
delicate ; the poses are expressive, showing
the birds at their best, as all bird pictures
should ; and the setting for each bird is worked
out with an accuracy and a loveliness of detail
that any artist might be proud of achieving.
Even the birds from far-off parts of the world
are shown amidst their native environment. It
would be hard to find a more captivating pic-
ture than Miss Mitchell's portrayal of the Great
Crowned Pigeon of the Papuan and Solomon
Islands. Not to mention others, the studies of
the Racket-tailed Kingfisher, the Fiery Topaz
Hummingbird, the Elegant Pitta, Collie's
Magpie-Jay, and the Central American Tana-
ger, leave nothing to be desired either in beauty
or effectiveness of delineation. The most ardent
bird-lover will hardly be disappointed in this
admirable work, which will afford him the priv-
ilege of revelling in the study of the world's
birds in print and picture, which is the next
best thing to studying them in their haunts, and
costs much less in time, money, and effort.
Leander S. Keyser.
Nature and the Man.*
The Nature-books of the season, though few
in number, form an excellent pretext for the ex-
pression of thankfulness that the men who have
been our leaders and admonishers in the love
of Nature have been and are men of the most
admirable character. " No other such body of
Nature literature as ours," says Mr. Dallas
Lore Sharp, " is seen anywhere else "; and we
may add, with even greater justice, " and no-
where else such a delectable group of natural-
ists." The " spacious skies and fields of waving
grain " would have been ours without these
interpreters, and would have called forth our
love. But how far in the study and under-
standing of Nature would any of us have gone
without the writings of the pioneers in this
field ? And how much of the " general, wide-
spread turning to the out-of-doors," which is
now spoken of as one of our national character-
istics, would have taken place had not the men
who set the fashion been even better worth
knowing in themselves than in their writings ?
No wonder that we have followed them, — for
they have shown themselves healthy of body,
*lN American Fields and Forests. By Henry D. Thoreau.
John Burroughs, Bradford Torrey, Dallas Lore Sharp, Olive
Thome Miller. With illustrations from photographs by Herbert
W. Gleason. Boston : Houghton MiflBin Co.
Wild Life on the Rockies. By Enos A. Mills. With illus-
trations from photographs. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co.
The Biography of a Silver Fox. A Companion Volume to
" The Biography of a Grizzly." By Ernest Thompson Seton.
Illustrated by the author. New York: The Century Co.
1909.]
THE DIAL
363
quick of eye, keen of mind, and loving and
happy of heart. Nor should sea and sky and
mountains have all the credit for the beauty of
their manliness, for " without soul all these are
dead," and it is man himself who furnishes the
soul. We are likely to forget that Nature needs
man as much as man needs Nature, — that, as
Emerson put it, " the power to produce delight
does not reside in nature, but in man, or in a
harmony of both." We have to thank them all,
therefore, from Audubon and Emerson down to
the naturalists of to-day, both scientific and
philosophical, for being men of such disposition
that they loved Nature, and of such character
that they made it seem to us a lovely thing to
love her.
The list of these leaders and teachers is too
long for us to recount the services which each
has rendered as an individual. A new volume
of extracts called " In American Fields and
Forests " makes a good representative selection.
Thoreau taught us even more by his independ-
ence than by his observations ; for did he not
prove that it is safe for a man to throw himseK
upon the bosom of Nature, free of all conven-
tions, and that one man living so can form a
better society than even that of Concord in the
days of its glory? Mr. John Burroughs is
himself the " University of the Catskills,"
offering as good courses in the humanities as in
the sciences, — or, rather, offering a combina-
tion of the two such as our other universities
have not yet attained. Mr. John Muir has
rendered us a similar but sublimer service on
the Pacific Coast. How much poorer should
we all have been had he not possessed an eye
to see and a soul to feel the beauty of the great
Sequoias, the charm of the Yosemite, and the
mystic grandeur of the mountain glaciers ? Mr.
Bradford Torrey and Mr. Dallas Lore Sharp,
though they confess themselves followers rather
than pioneers, have no less potent influence on
us, because while leading lives not very different
from our own every-day existences they keep
themselves in touch with Nature by their interest
in "old roads" and birds and muskrats — and
even skunks. And Mrs. Olive Thorne Miller
has proved that women can qualify in this
fellowship, doing the same things as man, though
always with a difference. The selections from
these entertaining writers can hardly be expected
to please all Nature enthusiasts, for the obvious
reason that in a book of selections something
has to be omitted. But it would have been
difficult to choose more wisely, and the choice
is wide enough to include four essays each from
Thoreau and Mr. Burroughs, and two each from
Mr. Bradford Torrey, Mr. Sharp, and Mrs.
Miller. Half a dozen pictures, from photo-
graphs taken especially for this book and repro-
duced in photogravure, show typical beauties
of our Eastern fields and woodlands, appro-
priate to the various naturalists' appreciations
of them.
It is not very often that a new name is added
to the roll of these elect, but this is one of the
fortunate years. People who go to Estes Park,
in Colorado, hear the story told of Mr. Enos
Mills that when he was Government Snow
Observer for that State Mr. Roosevelt tele-
graphed him " Come at once to Washington,"
and that he replied, " Can't ; I 'm too busy."
The new book from his pen, called " Wild Life
on the Rockies," gives the story a probable
sound, for it shows the absorption with which
Mr. Mills goes about his business. It is a
delightful book on its own account, but its chief
charm is in the revelation of the author's per-
sonality. A man who refuses to carry fire-arms
in a country where mountain lions and timber
wolves are plenty, and who always manages in
some way when he encounters them to justify
his hardihood, who sleeps out of doors on moun-
tain peaks in the dead of winter without blankets
or overcoat and often without a camp-fire, who
carries only raisins for food and is not disturbed
if even these give out for a day or two ; who
passes through an electric storm which pulls his
hair, binds his muscles, and shakes his heart —
literally — with no other emotion than that of
enjoyment, — this is the genuine sort of man
whose name may worthily be added to the num-
ber of our Nature teachers. Mr. Mills's book
is written with the simple directness, almost
bluntness, characteristic of the man. It contains
chapters on the snowfall, the forests, the parks,
and some of the individual peaks of the Rockies,
some excellent animal stories, and a fascinating
history of a thousand-year pine. Pictures of
the author in the door of his pine-shaded log-
cabin, of snow-clad crests that he has climbed
and camped upon, of Rocky Mountain " parks "
and forests that he has explored, furnish an
interesting descriptive backgroimd for the nar-
rative.
Mr. Thompson Seton has written " The Biog-
raphy of a Silver Fox " as a companion volume
to the *' Biography of a Grizzly." The author
calls attention to the fact that the story contains
incidents similar to those in Mr. Roberts's story
of Red Fox ; but those who know both writers
will know that this was mere accident. The
364
THE DIAL
[June 1,
story is well told, and is as interesting as any
of those that have come from this author's
pen — which is as high praise as a critic could
well give. Compared with the quite unpreten-
tious and simple stories in such a book as Mr.
MiUs's, it perhaps raises the question whether
the points are not a little strained — a little
melodramatic — to represent truly the life of our
brothers of the field, who after all have a great
deal of the commonplace in their lives, just as
humans have. The book is artistically bound
in blue and silver, beautifully decorated and
illustrated, and will be a most acceptable gift-
book for children.
There is much more that might be said in
praise of the sort of men who have endeared
themselves to us through the study of Nature,
but one appreciative thought chiefly abides.
These men who give so much of their lives to
woods and fields and animals might easily des-
pise and hate man, for he is almost always the
careless and blind self-seeker, and sometimes
the wanton destroyer. But these writers have
no bitter and cruel words. In them, the love
of Nature has grown so deep that it includes
human nature ; and though they deprecate
man's destructiveness they tolerate man himself,
and even like him. It was a brave saying of
Emerson's that " In the distant tranquil land-
scape, and especially in the distant line of the
horizon, man beholds somewhat as beautiful as
his own nature." But it is quite as brave and
large-minded, now that man has multipled and
" aggressed " much more atrociously than in
Emerson's time, to retain the faith that man
may still have beauty in his soul.
May Estelle Cook.
In Darkest Africa, akd Other Lands.*
The presence of Mr. Roosevelt in Africa, and
the character and purpose of his expedition,
seem just now to have brought that country into
unusual prominence not only in the eyes of
*My African Journey. By The Right Hon. Winston
Spencer Churchill, M.P. Illustrated. New York: George H.
Doran Co.
From Ruwenzori to the Congo. By A. F. R. WoUaston.
Illustrated. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.
The Heart op Central Africa. By John M. Springer.
Illustrated. Cincinnati: Jennings & Oraham.
We Two in West Africa. By Decima Moore and Major
F. G. Guggisberg. Illustrated. New York : Charles Scribner's
Sons.
Travels in the Far East. By Ellen M. H. Peck. Illus-
trated. Milwaukee: Published by the Author.
Among the Wild Tribes of the Afghan Frontier. By
T. L. Pennell. Illustrated. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.
A British Officer in the Balkans. By Major Percy E.
Henderson. Illustrated. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.
America but of the world. The " Darkest
Africa " of the geographer and anthropologist is
eclipsed in interest by that of the adventurer and
hunter. The scientific study of its wild tribes
and curious races is giving place to the study of
its animal life, particularly its " big game," as
its remotest and obscurest regions are illuminated
by the flash of Hunter Roosevelt's rifle. Des-
patches in the daily papers chronicle his move-
ments and achievements as though they were
the advance of a conquering army. The tale of
" Roosevelt's bag to date " (May 20) reads like
the list of killed and wounded in a battle.
Among lions, the mortality due to him and his
son (a formidable junior Nimrod) is stated to
be 6, rhinoceroses 3, giraffes 3, wildebeestes 3,
gazelles 1, hippopotamuses 1, cheetahs 1. Such
by-products of the jungle as pythons and wart-
hogs are not counted by the hunters, these being
but " vermin " and not worthy a place in the
" bag " of noble game. With the above brave
showing, the despatch states that " Colonel
Roosevelt to-day added a hippopotamus to his
big game bag," and that he had also " bagged a
female rhinoceros. The first shot wounded her
in the shoulder and the animal fled to the bushes.
Mr. Roosevelt followed on horseback, and six
more shots were required to bring the beast
down." This latter achievement, the despatch
states, was on Sunday : " the seventh day this,
the jubilee of man," as Byron sang in his intro-
duction to the Spanish bull-fight. Later des-
patches show that the buffalo season has started
in cheerily, " to-day Mr. Roosevelt and his son
Kermit having succeeded in bringing down their
third animal of this kind. The bull buffalo
wounded by the hunters yesterday fled into the
marshes, where he was found and finished off."
It is no wonder, with details as racy as these
given daily in the newspapers, that Africa is at
present a theme of absorbing interest and that
books on Africa are in keen demand.
First of these in our present list is that of the
Right Hon. Winston Churchill, M. P., British
Under Secretary of State for the Colonies, whose
African journey was undertaken primarily for
the purpose of informing his countrymen about
"the wonderful estates they have recently ac-
quired in the northeastern quarter of Africa."
On this quest he journeyed from the Indian
Ocean to Victoria Nyanza, thence through
Uganda to the navigable waters of the Nile, and
northward to Cairo. His conclusion is that East
Africa is not adapted for any rapid develop-
ment by the white man ; the climatic conditions
are unfavorable. There is a possibility, however,
1909.]
THE DIAL
365
that the country may be made adaptable for
the overflow of the swarming millions of India.
Of Uganda, however, he writes with almost
unreserved enthusiasm. All tropical products
may be grown there, as the conditions are unusu-
ally favorable. Railroads and capital are the
great requirements for the development of the
land. If his advice, "Concentrate upon Uganda!"
is followed, it will be necessary to connect the
two great lakes, Victoria and Nyanza, by rail,
and to advance in a similar way to the waters
of the Nile. Mr. Churchill's journey afforded
many interesting sights and stirring adventures.
On one occasion he saw "an awe-inspiring
procession of eleven elephants. On they came,
loafing along from foot to foot — two or three
' tuskers ' of no great value, several large tusk-
less females, and two or three calves. On the
back of every elephant sat at least one beautiful
white egret, and sometimes three or four, about
two feet high, who pecked at the tough hide —
I presume for very small game — or surveyed
the scene with the consciousness of pomp." At
another time, at Murchisan Falls, he fired a shot
at a crocodile with surprising results. "What
the result of the shot may have been, I do
not know ; for the crocodile gave one leap of
mortal agony, or surprise, and disappeared in
the waters. But it was now my turn to be
astonished. The river at this distance from the
falls was not broader than three hundred yards,
and we could see the whole shore of the opposite
bank quite plainly. It had hitherto appeared
to be a long brown line of mud, on which the
sun shone dully. At the shot, the whole of this
bank of the river, over the extent of at least a
quarter of a mile, sprang into hideous life. . . .
It could be no exaggeration to say that at least
a thousand of the creatures had been disturbed
at a single shot." Fancy the commotion among
these unsuspecting saurians when Mr. Roosevelt
gets them within range !
Mr. A. F. R. Wollaston, one of five men
who made a trip into the Ruwenzori region of
Central Africa in behalf of the Natural History
department of the British Museum, recounts the
story of the expedition in his book entitled
" From Ruwenzori to the Congo." In spite of
its being the work of a naturalist, it gives us,
with some impressions of the scenery and ac-
counts of native customs, much about the " big
game " sights. Mr. WoUaston's own words set
us right about the aim of his book and the
impressions which he brought from Africa.
" Africa is a beast, it is true, but a beast of many
and varied moods, often disagreeable and some-
times even dangerous to body and soul ; but
withal she has an attraction which can hardly
be resisted, and when you have once come imder
her spell you feel it a duty to uphold her reputa-
tion. So I have attempted ... to convey
something of the ' feel ' and smell of Africa as
it appeared to me on hot and hilly roads, on
winding waterways, and on cloud-girt mountain-
sides. The book contains no tales of thrilling
adventures and hairbreadth escapes, nor are there
records of ' bagged' elephants and lions." Of
the " sleeping sickness " in the Congo region
the author makes this observation : " It is a
lamentable fact, but one which cannot be gain-
said, that civilization must be held responsible
in no small degree for the spread of sleep-
sickness during the last few years. In the old
days, when every tribe and almost every village
was self-sufficient, and had no intercourse with
its neighbors except in the way of warfare, it
might very well happen that the disease became
localized in a few districts, where its viru-
lence became diminished. Nowadays, with the
opening-up of the country, the constant passage
of Europeans travelling from one district to
another, and the suppression of native warfare,
it is becoming increasingly easy for natives to
move beyond the limits of their own country,
and by this means sleeping sickness is spread
from one end of the country to another." We
do not recall any other writer who suggests that
this dreaded disease is contagious or infectious.
The author speaks ill of the government of much
of Central Africa and well of the Belgic govern-
ment of the Congo. Few books of travel have
more delightful and instructive photographic
reproductions than this volume.
" The Heart of Central Africa " is mainly an
account of a journey made in 1907, by Mr.
John M. Springer and his wife, missionaries of
the Methodist Episcopal Church, across Africa
from Umtali on the East Coast to St. Paul de
Loanda on the West Coast. Missionaries as a
rule are an intelligent class of persons who
derive their information at first hand during a
long residence in the land they describe. Very
naturally, their view is that of the forward-
looking hope to one divine event — the conver-
sion of the benighted native ; but too often their
views are befogged by the hope. Such, however,
is not Mr. Springer's case. His journey taught
him that the mineral wealth of Central Africa
and the missionary opportunity are closely
related. When the railroads connect the
Southern and the Northern Coasts, and the
Eastern and Western lands are linked, the great
366
THE DIAL
[June 1,
mineral wealth will be opened to the world — a
wealth that may prove equal to, if not eclipse,
that of Johannesburg. Such an event will make
a " strategic centre for evangelistic activities."
When these railroads are built, the fight with
the traders, "those unprincipled convicts and
their class who have dealt in slaves, and rubber,
and rum," and who have sent " their emissaries
throughout the country disseminating the most
atrocious lies," will have to seek new pastures
or new wilds. Mr. Springer's account of the
mineral resources of this rapidly developing
continent, of the railroad problems, and of the
missionary efforts, makes an entertaining and
instructive addition to our knowledge of the now
no longer Dark Continent.
" This is a most irritating book to read " —
so Major F. G. Guggisberg affirms of the book
entitled " We Two in West Africa," written by
himself and his wife, Decima Moore. The
Major, as an old inhabitant of the Gold Coast,
and his wife, a new-comer who saw the novelty
of things, were both determined to write down
their separate impressions. A compromise was
reached, so that, as he says, " Throughout the
book my wife talks — I write." The result is
not unpleasing to the reader, and is satisfactory,
we trust, to the authors. Quite naturally, a
part, of the volume is devoted to the ever-
captivating subject of gold ; but in these days
of modern machinery and the systematic work-
ing of the mines, the old romantic flavor and
the thrilling experiences of the early adventurers
have gone their unromantic way. But Africa
is still an abiding place of the curious and the
imusual. These are the things which apparently
most interested the Major's determined wife,
and which make up a large part of the book.
A distinctive feature lies in the recounting of
the native folk-lore in the vernacidar. Readers
of folk-lore will find a striking resemblance
between these Gold Coast tales and our own
Southern folk-tales. It would be unjust to the
authors of this book to compare it with Miss
Kingsley's " West African Studies," but it has
enough merit of its own — though of a very
personal kind — to commend it as a worthy
addition to our well-filled shelf of books on
Africa.
Few travel-books are more attractive in their
make-up than the volume entitled " Travels in
the Far East." The author, Mrs. Ellen M. H.
Peck, of Milwaukee, who is also the publisher
of the book, has apparently expended more
money than most authors who publish their own
works. Cover, type, paper, and illustrations
are excellent and illuminating. Minor adjec-
tives of praise, too, may be applied to Mrs.
Peck's story of her nine months' tour through
Egypt, India, Burma, Ceylon, Java, Siam,
China, Japan, Manchuria, and Korea. The
account of her journey — one of the established
" Round the World " tours — recounts nothing
new, but it is enlivened at times by the personal
observations of the author. Her remarks on the
condition of womankind in the Orient testify
sufficiently that Mrs. Peck has a keen interest
in whatever affects woman. The work can
hardly be caUed an illuminated guide-book,
though it records her journey in the form of an
itinerary of her daily experiences, recounted in
letters home to her daughter. The reader will
will not find an excess of detail nor a burden of
historical facts, but he will find enough of both
to appreciate Mrs. Peck's progress. Above all,
he will take delight in the numerous well-made
photographic reproductions.
Dr.T.L.Pennell, whose book entitled "Among
the Wild Tribes of the Afghan Frontier " is com-
mended in an introduction by no less an authority
than Lord Roberts, was for sixteen years a med-
ical missionary, in charge of a medical station at
Bannu, on the Northwest Frontier of India. Dr.
Pennell has, indeed, made an unusually inter-
esting and intelligent book. Whatever theme
he may write about, be it the Afghan character,
Afghan traditions, a Frontier valley, a missionary
trip, an Afghan football team, Afghan women,
the faqirs, or his special theme the medical mis-
sions, he writes with such vivid force that the
reader does not tire of his minuteness of partic-
ulars and details. His long experience and his
acute observations again prove that missionaries
who turn their hand to serious composition have
a decided advantage in setting forth the pecu-
liar customs and the marked characteristics of
a little-known people. Those parts of the book
dealing with the native superstitions and tra-
ditions and customs are the most interesting to
the lay reader. Dr. Pennell cites some inter-
esting cases as showing the power of charms
over the untutored Afghans, — although he
does not comment on its relation to the modern
civilized notion of the mind cure. " On more
than one occasion," he writes, " I have foimd
my prescriptions made up into charms, the
patient believing that this would be more effi-
cacious than drinking the hospital medicines ;
in fact, one patient assured me that he had
never suffered from rheumatism, to which he
had previously been subject, after he had tied
round his arm a prescription in which I had
1909.]
THE DIAL
367
ordered him some salicylate of soda, although
he had never touched the drug." It is no won-
der that the Mullahs and faqirs grow rich in
selling: charms! This readable and instructive
work deserves a place with other books on
Afghanistan, notably those by Paget and Mason,
Holdich, Oliver, Warburton, Elsmie, and Ham-
ilton ; and it will bear comparison with any of
those named.
After reading Major Percy E. Henderson's
book, " A British Officer in the Balkans," with
the sub-title " The Account of a Journey through
Dalmatia, Montenegro, Turkey in Austria,
Magyarland, Bosnia, and Hercegovina," one is
astonished to find that nothing is said of war or
rumors of war. Surely His Majesty's Officer,
" late of the Indian Army," has left the fields
of conflict for the tea-table ! Nevertheless, our
astonishment does not end in disappointment,
for it is decidedly pleasant to know that these
lands have other attractions than tribal feuds
and international complications. Readers who
are interested in the trouble-breeding Balkans
must look to other books, and to the news-
papers ; Major Henderson's work will not
appeal to them. But those who are more con-
cerned with the domestic manners and the every-
day life of the people in pleasure and business,
will find the book replete with stories, incidents,
and customs of a people who are now — unhap-
pily— very prominent in the public eye.
H. E. COBLENTZ.
Through Garden Paths.*
Emerson tells us that the rose speaks all
languages, — which is a rather fortunate cir-
cumstance, since all languages have been pressed
into service in praise of this queenly flower. It
would be interesting to see all that has been
written about the rose collected in one alcove in
some great library, where living members of its
cult might gather on bright mornings to read
its open secrets and study its esoteric mysteries,
and where ghosts of dead rosarians might come
on moonlight nights to find what had been
* Roses and Rose-Growing. By Rose G. Kingsley. New
York : The Macmillan Co.
Children and Gardens. By Gertrude Jeykll. New York :
Charles Scribner's Sons.
Gardens, Past and Present. By K. J. Davidson. New York:
Charles Scribner's Sons.
A Summer Garden of Pleasure. By Mrs. Stephen Batson.
Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.
A Little Maryland Garden. By Helen Ashe Hays. New
York : G. P. Putnam's Sons.
The Home Garden. By Eben E. Rexford. Philadelphia:
J. B. Lippincott Co.
learned since their day. Miss Rose Kingsley
offers her tribute to the flower whose name she
bears, from the point of view of one bred in ah
old garden, bringing to her task
" Love far brought
From out the storied past,"
and fostered by the beloved master of Eversley
Rectory to whose old rose-book she makes a
tender reference. She makes no claim to nov-
elty for what she has to say ; but although the
nomenclature of English and American rosa-
rians is not always the same, she has written a
book which ought to be equally helpful on both
sides of the Atlantic. She is particularly to
be thanked for her devotion to old-fashioned
roses, and gives pleasant assurance that the roses
of Tudor days are not quite lost. She claims
acquaintance with Shakespeare's musk-rose,
which has sometimes been declared to be no
longer absolutely identifiable. The color plates
in this book are exceptionally accurate and
beautiful.
Those of us who have marvelled at the vast
stores of experience from which Miss Gertrude
Jeykll has written the long list of garden-books
that stand very much to her credit will find
pleasure and illumination in her latest work,
" Children and Gardens." In the pages which
make us long for a second youth, she describes
her own childhood, frankly placing the date of
those happy years so far in the past as to allow
more time than we had suspected for the accu-
mulation of the wisdom she has shared so freely
with her readers. No better book — none so
good, indeed — could be placed in the hands of
the children to whom the gardens of the future
must look for care and preservation. Th6
directions for beginners are clear and practical,
the enthusiasm is infectious, and the pictures
are altogether charming. The chapter on
" Pussies in the Garden " is full of humor, and
the pen-and-ink " elevations " and " plans " of
Pinkie and the kittens are quite without rivals
in contemporary art.
We note with sincere regret that there are
but two hundred and thirty-one pages in Mr.
Davidson's admirable volume on " Gardens,
Past and Present." It is so evident that the
writer has not spent half of his knowledge in
his chapters on the beginnings of English gar-
dens — of old physic, and botanic gardens, and
of the wonderful Wisley garden, which form
the first part of the book. The second part is
devoted to sensible and stimulating chapters on
various forms of gardening — formal gardens,
rose gardens, water gardens, herb gardens, rock
368
THE DIAL
[June 1,
gardens, bulb gardens, bog gardens, and wall
gardens. The last chapter — which is the best
of all, as last chapters ought to be — called
" The Opportunities of the Year," goes far to
make credible the words of the old song,
" December 's as pleasant as May,"
since it gives quite as alluring a picture of winter
shrubbery as it does of a midsummer brook.
In " A Summer Garden of Pleasure," notice
is taken of earliest spring and latest autumn
flowers only in the most casual way — its author
meaning real summer when she says summer.
Mrs. Batson has set for herself the task of
advising those who do not care for long bars of
rest in the bright harmony of garden music, and
has given sound counsel as to the attainment of
this end. Her chapters are invitingly christened
"Incoming Summer," "High Summer," "The
Rout of August," and so on, with special dis-
cussions on the plants to which the garden must
chiefly look for help — iris, peonies, lilies, and the
like. We can but sigh over the immense climatic
advantages which England has over us, which
are indicated in the text and emphasized in the
thirty-one full-page illustrations in color after
drawings by Osman Pittman. These trans-
cripts of the loveliness of the rich and mellow
English gardens give the greatest possible value
to this thoroughly delightful book.
In reading Miss Helen Ashe Hays's pretty
volume entitled " A Little Maryland Garden,"
it is a bit disappointing to find that the garden
she describes is a new one, made by a trans-
planted Californian, with many backward long-
ings for the luxuriant growth of the Far West ;
whereas we had been led by the title to look for
an embodiment of some of the countless charms
that distinguish the ripe old gardens of Mary-
land. The book is cleverly written and attrac-
tively illustrated, and gives many a bit of
garden-lore and many helpful words in advocacy
of the culture of our native flowers. It would
have been truer to type had it given us pictures
of the gardens, generations old, that adorn the
river farming communities, the mountain vil-
lages, the old inland towns, the older colonial
cities, and make the region veritably " the garden
spot of America."
From flower gardens to vegetable gardens is
not a difficult transition, especially when it is
" The Home Garden " that is treated, and by so
capable a writer as Mr. Eben E. Rexford, whose
newspaper and magazine articles on practical
gardening have made him an authority for
many years. Good sense, and long experience
both in gardening and in writing, lie at the
foundation of this helpful book. The chapters
on exposures, soils, fertilizers, and drainage, are
particularly valuable. The appetite is whetted
by the author's chapters in praise of vegetables,
and the day for the coming of the delicious
summer fruits seems long delayed when one
reads his description of this or that variety.
Sara Andrew^ Shafer.
Recent Fiction.*
Among the younger English novelists there are
none more promising than Mr. J. C. Snaith and Mr.
John Galsworthy. Both of these men have already
given evidence of exceptional quality and of the
possession of marked individuality, and both are
distinctly strengthening their grasp upon life and
growing in expressive power. Mr. Snaith, in parti-
ticular, has a way of surprising his readers by unex-
pected turns and developments. His four novels —
''Broke of Covenden," "Henry Northcote," "William
Jordan, Junior," and " Araminta," the new one —
are hard to reduce to a single formula, except under
some such abstract terms as startling originality and
penetrative insight, and it is not easy to think of
them as proceeding from the same hand. The deli-
cious comedy of manners which he has christened
" Araminta " is about the last sort of thing we should
have expected to follow " William Jordan, Junior,"
with its rarefied idealism. Here we have a story
which is on the surface merely whimsical, a sort of
literary frolic, and yet a story which leaves us with
clean-cut impressions of at least six people, eccentric
or affected, it may be, but undeniably real. The
book has some degree of kinship with the later novels
of Mr. Locke, and even more with Mr. Hewlett's
" Halfway House," but it is by no means an imitation
of anything. Its heroine is the daughter of a poor
country parson, adopted and brought to London (on
a chance) by her aunt, the Countess of Crewkerne,
who is a most delightfully selfish and wicked and
malicious and worldly old woman. When the girl
appears, it is with this phrase of self-introduction,
" My name is Araminta, but they call me Goose
because I am rather a Sil-lay." We may as well
say at once that she lives up to the description, for
♦Araminta. By J. C. Snaith. New York : Moffat, Yard & Co.
Fraternity. By John Galsworthy. New York: G. P. Put-
nam's Sons.
The Pilgrims' March. By H. H. Bashford. New York:
Henry Holt & Co.
Syrinx. By Lawrence North. New York : Duffleld & Co.
The Inner Shrine. A Novel of To-day. New York: Harper
& Brothers.
The Chippendales. By Robert Grant. New York : Charles
Scribner's Sons.
A King in Khaki. By Henry Kitchell Webster. New York :
D. Appleton & Co.
The Girl AND the Bill. By Bannister Merwin. New York:
Dodd. Mead & Co.
The Story of Thyrza. By Alice Brown. Boston: The
Houghton Mifflin Co.
Wallace Rhodes. A Novel. By Norah Davis. New York:
Harper & Brothers.
1909.]
THE DIAL
369
she has not an idea in her head, and is incapable of
acquiring one. Pretty frocks and good things to eat
are the highest objects of her ambition, and innocent
wonder is a fairly complete description of her out-
look upon society. But she is a beauty, and, what
is more, the living image of her grandmother, whose
portrait by Gainsborough is among the furnishings of
her new home. Her romance, if such we may call it,
is provided by the interest she excites in two elderly
gentlemen who become rival aspirants for her hand,
and in the handsome young artist (her childhood
friend) who paints her portrait, falls in love with
her, nobly resigns her to her wealthy and aristocratic
claimant, and finally receives her back from him in
the most surprising fashion. A Goose she remains
from first to last, — a Featherbrain as she is alterna-
tively styled, — and a Gainsborough portrait come to
life, but she is more charming than most heroines of
fiction, and the artist is clearly to be envied when
he wins her. As for the Countess, she becomes in
Mr. Snaith's hands a veritable triumph of character-
ization, and almost as much may be said of Lord
Cheriton, a survival from the age of dandies, whose
unexpected generosity bestows both fortune and hap-
piness upon the artist.
Mr. Galsworthy's new novel is a much more
serious affair than " Araminta." It is simply en-
titled " Fraternity," and, knowing something of the
author's methods and of the intensity of his social
sympathies, we may discern a grim irony in that
word. For fraternity, in any real sense, is far from
being the social ideal of any of the vital figures that
appear in the narrative ; its sole spokesman is the
gentle but half-crazed philosopher who is writing a
book on " Human Brotherhood," of which passages
are given us from time to time to serve as a sort
of Greek chorus. Here also is a master-stroke of
irony, for this old man is the most futile of all Mr.
Galsworthy's futile characters. The others are in
various degrees such human beings as we imagine
to be normal, creatures of wont and environment,
shaped in distinct moulds, sharply individual, with
only the dimmest recognition of the solidarity of
mankind. There are two groups of people in this
tale, one comfortable and well-to-do, respectable and
decorous in outward bearing, the other sunk in the
degradation that comes from mean surroundings and
hopeless poverty. Both are objects of pity to the
author, the former perhaps more so than the latter,
if we may judge from his mordant comment upon
the emptiness of their life, with its cowardly evasion
of moral responsibility. These two groups become
curiously interrelated in the course of the story, and
its nexus is supplied by a random saying of the
philosopher whose dream of human brotherhood
has rapt him from the sphere of practical thought.
" Each of us has a shadow in those places — in
those streets." In this saying is the very pattern
of Mr. Galsworthy's deeply-moving book. He has
the true method of the artist, and knows how much
more effective is reticence than demonstrative emo-
tion. His picture of human misery, whether it be
found in the home of wealth and refinement or in
the tenement, is less a matter of description than of
suggestion, and suggestion of so quiet and subtle a
sort that its force is felt in our after-thought rather
than at the moment of its introduction. The bur-
den of suffering humanity weighs heavily upon the
writer's soul, and he has in a remarkable degree the
power of making others share it. The sum total of
the effect is depressing beyond words, and in this
we find the defect of Mr. Galsworthy's method.
For life is not in reality of the monotonous drab
that it seems to him, not even in the slums. The
larger humanity of a Dickens — or, taking a modern
instance, of a De Morgan — can find elements of
cheer, and even of joyousness, in the most sordid
shapes that life assumes. The author who obsti-
nately refuses to see aught but wretchedness misses
the highest artistic mark, and impedes the growth
of the very sympathy that he seeks to stimulate.
Mr. Galsworthy's books are not without a gleam of
idealism, but it is a gleam too remote and wavering
to save them from the legitimate accusation of
pessimism. He should take a lesson from Ibsen,
who diagnosed the diseases of modern society with
a skill even more unerring, but whose faith in their
ultimate cure shone steadfast throughout his work.
" The Pilgrims' March," by Mr. H. H. Bashford,
is the story of an ingenuous youth of artistic endow-
ment, forced by his father's untimely death to cut
short his education, and go into the tea business.
His employer, a relative, takes the boy into his
household, which is dominated by a spirit of intol-
erant religiosity. Its members are all more or less
devoted to lay preaching, missionaiy enterprise, and
prayer-meetings, and have all the pet aversions of
their kind, regarding with suspicion practically all
forms of innocent recreation. They are kindly
people, perfectly sincere in their prejudices, and the
author describes their narrow ways of living without
a trace of satire. The boy, being impressionable
and easily stirred to emotion, yields to their influ-
ence, " experiences religion," and is taken into the
fold with rejoicing. But as he comes to a more
complete self-realization, and the claims of art grow
more insistent, he frees himself, although not with-
out a struggle, from the prison-house. Emancipa-
tion has its dangers for him, however, and the
newly-acquired freedom almost becomes his moral
undoing. His steps lead him to the very brink of
folly, but he pulls himself up just in time to save
himself from disaster. The psychological interest
of this conflict between warring impulses is consid-
erable, and constitutes the essential feature of what
is, aside from that, a genial and warm-hearted study
of life. The exposition is not altogether lucid, and
the sentimental outcome is abrupt and rather puz-
zling ; but one closes the book with genuine regret
at parting from the agreeable company of people
who occupy its pages.
Mr. Lawrence North seems to be a new-comer
among our fiction-makers, and his " Syrinx " is a
novel that we have read with lively interest. . It is
370
THE DIAL
[June 1,
concerned with the doings of a group of irresponsi-
ble beings who call themselves " the polite outcasts,"
who hold all that is conventional to be vieuxjeu, and
who affect the eccentric and paradoxical in conversa-
tion and demeanor. The leading spirit among them
is a,prScieuse known as Aspasia, although she has a
real name of the ordinary wholesome sort. When
she first appears it is in the country, and she is
quoting Sappho (in the original), being caught in
the act by a wandering scholar who chances to
come that way in his motor-car. What he sees is
described as " a form very supple and so flowing in
its lines as to disguise its real voluptuousness, a face
of perverse attractiveness, very perfect save the
mouth, which bespoke over-much emotionalism."
Although a staid and mature scholar, whose ideas
" the Germans revered and wrangled over," he suc-
cumbs to the charm of the apparition, and the pair
are soon speeding toward London in the car. The
young woman is also a scholar, who earns her living
by doing hack-work at the British Museum for a
famous philologist, and who, in her conversation,
" fenced lightly with Procopius, Apuleius, Philos-
tratus, de Brantome, Casanova, certain works of
Mendes, Mirbeau, Pierre Louys, and even the mys-
terious volume of the Arab Sheikh Nef zaoui." After
this statement, we are quite prepared to believe that
'* her knowledge was as surprising as it was shame-
less." The acquaintance thus begun ripens into
intimacy, and has the natural consequence as far as
the man is concerned. But he has numerous rivals,
among them the sculptor who models his Syrinx
upon Aspasia's beautiful lines, and in the end a still
more elderly scholar carries her off in triumph. It
is a sparkling tale, perfectly fantastic, diabolically
clever, ornamented with descriptions that remind
one of " Ouida " in her most opulent verbal moods,
and with dialogue that recalls " The Green Carna-
tion." Although the hero discovers that pursuit of
a polite outcast brings bitterness in the end, he also
learns that the zest of the game almost compensates
for the final defeat.
" The Inner Shrine " is an anonymous novel that
has attracted considerable attention during the
course of its serial publication, and occasioned
numerous conjectures concerning its authorship. It
is certainly a striking novel, although highly arti-
ficial and even tricky. Its chief merits are clever-
ness of invention and dramatic effectiveness ; its
defects are found in its unconvincing characteriza-
tions and its failure to make certain important
features of the action seem plausible. We cannot
accept even the leading figures as self-consistent
personalities, and the others are hardly more than
dummies. Directness of speech and a somewhat
mystifying subtlety of feeling are the characteristics
of the conversational interchange which constitutes
the substance of the story. The heroine is a young
Frenchwoman whose American husband squanders
a fortune, and then takes his own life in a pretended
duel. One of the numerous improbabilities we are
required to accept is the widow's continuing belief
that he was slain by his opponent, although the fact
of his suicide is a matter of official record. The
heroine, who has led a gay and irresponsible life in
Paris, playing recklessly with the hearts of men,
becomes suddenly sobered by the double loss of
husband and fortune, and comes to America to earn
her living and enter upon a new life. From this
time on, we are expected to see in her a model of
self-sacrificing devotion, a high-minded woman of
the noblest type, and a worthy mate for the New
York aristocrat who seeks through many chapters
to make her his wife. This is a little difficult, con-
sidering her past, which was certainly one of folly
and indiscretion ; and it is at least poetic justice that
her past should arise to confront her and wellnigh
shatter her new hopes. That past is personified in
the Frenchman who had been the indirect cause of
her husband's suicide. He had slandered her in the
Parisian days, and now, two years afterwards, he
appears upon the scene in New York, and his
curious code of honor forbids him to make honor-
able reparation by confessing that he had lied.
He is brought to such confession in the end, but we
are given to understand that suicide is his only
recourse after such a humiliation. Thus must he
atone, be it observed, not for his earlier infamy, but
for the later weakness of failing to maintain the false-
hood that has all but ruined the woman's life. And
because he at last does what the merest decency
would dictate, we are supposed to admire his moral
heroism and deplore his untimely taking-off. The
mystery of the title given to this novel is not revealed
until the close, and is found to involve another subtle
point of honor, this time on the part of the woman.
She has come to care for her American suitor, but
upon the numerous occasions when he implores her
to become his wife his plea is firmly denied. It
turns out that this is because he has neglected to
enforce his pleadings by the conventional " I love
you " formula. He has stated the fact in indirect
ways that place the matter beyond doubt, but he has
not used the incantation. As soon as the magic
phrase escapes his lips, the marble statue becomes
the woman of flesh and blood. " There 's only one
key that unlocks the inner shrine of all — the word
you've just spoken. A woman knows nothing till
she hears it." And thus the mystification ends, to
the satisfaction of all parties concerned except the
reader, who is left with a feeling that the mountain
has brought forth a ridiculous mouse.
If Mr. James had not already preempted " The
Bostonians " for a title, Mr. Robert Grant might
have had it for his new novel. It would have been
an adequate title, and the novel would have been
seen to live up to it. As it is, " The Chippendales "
must serve, leaving the reader slowly to discover
that he is being called upon to do much more than
follow the fortunes of a particular family, that he is
presented with a social document of rich and signifi-
cant content, that, in short, he has before him an
analysis, more minute and penetrating than has
been previously made in a single volume, of the
1909.]
THE DIAL
371
Boston which is a state of mind rather than the
Boston which is a dot on the map of Massachusetts.
Over-elaboration of detail will doubtless be charged
against the writer, for he has filled no less than six
hundred pages with the sayings and doings of a few
Bostonians during the last two decades of the last
century ; but the very minuteness and inclusiveness
of his observation become in the end impressive on
their own account, and do not obscure the broader
lines in the plan of the picture. The Boston of
which Judge Grant writes is the Boston of transition,
when the old standards of conduct and thought felt
the corroding influence of materialism, when wealth
became potent and arrogant, when ideals that had
once seemed excellent were relegated to the limbo of
old-fogyism, and the survival of the fittest seemed to
mean the triumph of the blatant and the mean. It
is essentially a tragedy, and the author has a deep
sense of the seriousness of his theme, although he
treats it with good humor, and in the spirit of gently
satiric comedy. We might almost call the book an
allegory of the new England conscience, for, despite
the firm and vital handling of the individuals whose
interwoven fortunes provide the plot, that abstrac-
tion is visioned for us from first to last, and we find
no element of personal interest quite so strong as the
interest which we take in the outcome of the conflict
between that severe ideal and the lax easy-going
ideals that beset it upon every hand. At first, the
author seems inclined to make fun of the New
England conscience, and we are a little worried lest
his satirical bent have too free a rein. Henry
Sumner, who is that conscience incarnate, is far
from being a gracious hero of fiction at best, and
in our early acquaintance with him, he seems prig-
gish and a bit morbid in his development of self-
consciousness. But there is steel in his character,
and in the end he comes to command our almost
unqualified admiration. The real vision of his
strength is given us, not so much in the incidents of
his career, in the causes which he champions, in the
principles which regulate his conduct, as in his con-
quest of Priscilla Avery, who derides him, inflicts
wanton cruelties upon his sensitive nature, sometimes
dislikes him in reality, and sometimes affects to dis-
like him, yet is finally, by virtue of her own share
in that inheritance of conscience which she cannot
hold lightly if she will, constrained to find in him,
not only an ally, but also an accepted lover. In this
the most successfully-conceived of his heroines, the
author has given us one of the finest studies of
character-development to be found in American
fiction. Having spoken of hero and heroine, the
villain of the piece also calls for a word of comment.
AH three of these terms smack of melodrama, and
we would gladly avoid them were others available ;
as it is, these must function. Our " villain," then,
in the sense of being the embodiment of the evil
influences that are at work to make Boston even
as another city (or state of mind), is named Hugh
Blaisdell, and is delineated with truly admirable art.
Since the issues of this novel are moral and not
physical, Blaisdell is in no sense a gross offender;
he is simply common, callous, unimaginative, yet at
the same time amazingly successful in the world
of practical affairs. He is the very type of the
"leading citizen," everywhere conspicuous in the
public eye, associated with good works if they are
good also for advertising purposes, a pattern of the
domestic virtues, a pillar of church and state, and
the despair of every civilization which has not gone
wholly over to philistinism. Judge Grant's success
in this case is no less marked than in the cases of
his hero and his heroine. Those who read fiction
for entertainment alone will not find their affair in
"The Chippendales," and we doubt if the novel
becomes a "best seller." But we have no doubt
whatever that it is a contribution to our literature
worth the attention of the thoughtful, and likely to
be valued fifty years hence more highly than it will
be valued to-day.
Mr. Henry Kitchell Webster has a crisp method
of story-telling that is very fetching in a writer who
aims at nothing more than entertainment. He
wastes no words in getting at the heart of a situa-
tion, and he takes care that his plots shall not be too
complicated for lucidity. His scheme is evidently
prepared in advance, and worked out with logical
progression. " A King in Khaki " is a case in point.
It is the plain and vivid account of the successful
management of a tropical plantation on an island
somewhere in the West Indies. The manager, who
is the " King " of the island, has brought the enter-
prise to prosperity, and sends a glowing report of
its success to the directory in New York. But this,
it seems, is not what is wanted, for a financial pirate
is in control at headquarters, who has devised a plan
for making the stock seem worthless until the orig-
inal subscribers shall have been frozen out. He
comes to the island, offers the manager a choice
between corrupt connivance with the plan and sum-
mary dismissal, and finds that he has a determined
antagonist to deal with instead of a willing tool.
The manager hits upon the beautiful plan of holding
the magnate in captivity, and going to New York
himself to publish the facts and protect the stock-
holders. The plan develops some unexpected fea-
tures, resulting from the fact that the magnate is
accompanied by his daughter, with whom the
" King " promptly falls in love. But it works out to
the right conclusion, leaving no very hard feelings
on either side. Incidentally, the buried treasure of
" Calico Jack," a pirate of the older fashion who
had once made the island his retreat, is unearthed,
and provides the means whereby our hero indirectly
accomplishes his purpose.
Mr. Bannister Merwin, formerly associated with
Mr. Webster in sundry romantic inventions, also has
a new story of his very own. It is called "The
Girl and the Bill," and is a breathless tale of the
exciting things that happened to Robert Orme of
New York during a two days' sojourn in Chicago.
In the first chapter, he sees a girl in an automobile,
and buys a new hat, receiving a five dollar bill in
372
THE BIAJL
[June 1,
his change. Tliese s^^iu simple enough mcident&,
bat xhej snffiee to plunge him stnughtwav into a
wfairi of adrmtiirtt. For the girl is the daughter of
the Secr^ianr of State, and the bill has directions
which rereal the hidinf^'flaee of a stolen document —
the draft of a trea^ between die United States and
GuiiiiBiiy whieh most be dieeoTned and signed by
midiui^ of tlie next dav. Now it happens that
Bnudl Mid J^Mtfi are opposed to the making of this
traetyv and Uteir diplomatic representatives are on
tke spott prepared to hesitate at nothing. The two
davs are crowded with lirely incidents, including
hold-aps. abductions, the wild racing of motor ears,
jhi-jitsa, a spirit«^anee, a narrow eeeape from suffo-
cation in a refrigentor, and aoeh-like diversions.
But all the maehinatiwag of tiie allied villains come
to DM^rt, and the two davs are quite enough to
eon^nee baro and heroine that they were made for
one anather. Hie treaty gets signed in the nick of
tirae. and its foes slink away discomfited.
"'The Story of Thyrxa" is a more s^^nifieant
work than has hitherto come from the pen of Miss
Alice Brown. It begins simply enough, among the
New England folk whom Miss Brown knows so
well, and whoee humors she has so deftly and sym-
patheticalty diaraeterized in times past. Thvrza is
a chikl wheak we make her aeqnaintance, and the
miniature ecHnedies and tragedies of childhood make
op the first half of her stoty. She is an engaging
child, natural and oonrincing, seemingly fitted into
her enyironment. bat in reality set aput from her
assoeiatee by a gift of originality which amounts
almost to genius. Her life, outwardly like that of
other children, is fed from within upon springs of
whidi ahn alone has the aeeret. The dream-life of
remance wlueh hnegiMtion shapes for her is sud-
daily ewfeited into the rtvnest of reality when a
▼Olage swain, a eommonplaee youth whom her fancy
has idealiied, betrays her innocent trust, and noakes
h^ the mother of an illegitimato child. When she
realizes the consequences of her misplaced confi-
dence^ she aeeepts them unflinchingly, refusing to
euo^ptuBHe with society, or to conceal anght sare
the ideadity of her betrayer. This despicable oeor
ture, idio marries her sister, lives in constant fear
of etpuaiiie. little knowing dw sliaigth of resofai*
taon diat binds her. for the aster's sake, to guard
the aeer^ Keeping her maiden name, she brings
np her tiuUL, sappcvting him by the severest toil, and
has the sattafaction of seeing him through collie,
and standing apon the threshold of active life, a fine
eaEmple of manhood. The hardest of her trials
UNuea when the son. to whom the vision of love has
been mrreiled. implores her for the sake of his
^■nfni" f 'F to aasnme the title of a married woman.
Bat eren his plea cannot prevail over the resolution
which has made her attitode toward life, not indeed
one of defiance of the social law, but one of uncom-
promising acceptance of the full consequences of her
girlhood fault. Fortunately, the girl in question is
bniod^unded enough to demand no such sacrifice of
principle. In the end. a sort of mellow sunshine
falls upon Thyrra's life, when she marries, upon his
death-bed, the old friend who had guided her child-
hood stops upon the j>athway of knowledge, and
who, knowing her story, has remained devoteil to
her through all the intervening years. She has kept
the faith : she has not darkeneil the lives of those
nearest and dearest to her : she has paid in full her
own debt to society ; she has won. after a struggle
that we ean but dimly apprehend, a sort of spiritual
peaee. As the tragic issues of this simple story
become more and more evident, the author keeps
level with the height of her argument, and her
work grows increasingly impressive. The compli-
cation is one which might easily result in a false
stop, but the author's stop remains assured from
first to last.
The situation offered for our delectation in
" Wallace Rhodes," a novel by Miss Norah Davis,
is not easy to describe in ordinarj- terms, and we
will resort to a quasi-diagrammatic exposition. There
are four principal characters : A (a devoted father),
B (his devoted son), C (a young woman more or less
besmirched by slanderous tongues'), and D (a second
young woman who is a designing creature). When
the story opens, B, who has narrowly esca|>ed the
allurements of D, becomes engaged to C. This is
a horrid revelation to A, who thereupon resolves to
save the boy by alienating C's affections from him.
B is sent away on business, and A improves the
opportunity, succeeding only too well, for he per-
suades C to marry him. B returns, and there is a
stormy scene between father and son. ending in A's
pledge to keep C for a year, and then relinquish her
to B, if the latter so desires. As the year goes by,
it is marked by the development of a genuine love
between A and C. while B. recovering from the blow,
renews his allegiance to D. This releases A from
his pledge, but he has so supersensitive a conscience
that he bestows the family estate upon B and D,
utterly ignoring C's wishes, although he is supposed
to loye her devotedly. Toward the end. B gets tired
at his engagment with D, and discovers that C is the
real object of his affections. But the latter will have
none of his philanderings, and remains faithful to A.
B and C are then duly married, and, we trust, become
duly miserable. The scene of this preposterous story
is a Southern plantation on the Mississippi River. It
is skilfully constructed, and shows not a little com-
mand of novelistic technique. But no technical
merits could make such a plot convincing, or awaken
much sympathy for any of the persons concerned.
WnxiAM MoBTOK Payne.
It was a happy thought of Mr. Alfred Noyes
to compile an anthology of fairy poetry, and an even
happier thought to name it " The Magic Casement." A
charmingly fanciful introductioD, in which the editor
unblushingly avows his belief in fairies, serves to whet
the appetite for the feast that foUows. Messrs. E. P.
Dutton & Co. are the publishers of this delightful book.
1909.]
THE DIAL
nt
VABiors Books tok Summzs REASDrc !
374
THE DIAL
[June 1,
ciations with the Jardin des Plantes, where his artist
father used to go to model the animals. M. Cains's
conspicuous merit is his ability to keep off the paths
beaten out by the guide-books ; and wherever he
conducts his readers he reveals new interests in
unlikely places.
A woman's toit ^^^^ than one amateur farmer has
and enterprise found agriculture very pretty in
on the farm. theory, but hard and unlovely in
practice. Mrs. Kate V. St. Maur, in <' The Earth's
Bounty " (Macmillan), pleasantly relates her own
somewhat exceptional experience in farming for
pleasure, and incidentally for profit. Or the hope
of profit may have been something more than a
subsidiary inducement to abandon city pavements
and get back to nature and to mother earth. At
any rate, the working of a twelve-acre farm, which
was later much increased in size, evidently proved
profitable, and the narrative leaves the impression
that the enterprise had also all the charm of novelty.
Not only cattle and crops were raised, but violets
were cultivated for the winter market, a flock of
Angora goats was made to yield handsome returns,
quail were produced for the home table and for the
market, and various other enterprises were lucra-
tively handled by the writer and her corps of assist-
ants. A literary husband, with a tendency to
excessive application when the fine frenzy of author-
ship was upon him, yielded to his wife's seductive
arts and occasionally lent a hand in the less gross
and prosaic forms of rural toil. The whole story
has a satisfying effect of verity, and nearly all the
advice to the reader is based on personal experience,
though some general principles of forestry have been
repeated from authorities. The illustrations are
many and good, and the print excellent. An index
would have been useful.
Mr. Bradford Torrey, in his In-
ftaluut/arlc. troductory Note to Mr. Wright's
"Birds of the Boston Public Garden"
(Houghton), quotes the reply of a noted ornitholo-
gist to a bird-student who asked where to look for
a rare Warbler: "Go to Central Park, New York."
Central Park has many printed records of its birds,
and Chicago has its little volume on "Wild Birds in
City Parks." It is time, therefore, that the beauti-
ful Boston Public Garden should have its catalogue
of birds, and Mr. Wright has done wisely in pub-
lishing in book form the results of his nine years of
observation there. The opening chapter tells when
bird migrations occur, what species have appeared
each spring from 1900 to 1908, and gives lists of
those observed on maximum days, which in the
years named have fallen from May 12 to May 20.
Especially interesting are the records that show that
certain species of the migrants are likely to make
stop-overs, staying from two to seven or even more
days in places as well adapted to their tastes as the
Garden. A list of one hundred and sixteen birds
which the author has observed in the nine years
forms the principal part of the compact volume, and
as the title suggests, is given not for general descrip-
tive purposes, but as the record of feathered visitants
actually seen in the Garden. Several dainty pho-
togravures of rare trees in the Garden ornament the
book.
Fishing in ^^- ^- ^- Aflalo's book entitled
California " Sunset Playgrounds " (Scribner)
and Canada. gives primarily the story of fishing
days, and others, in California and Canada. The
author, an Englishman, travelled his fifteen thousand
miles with intent to catch a tuna in the waters
around Catalina Island, off San Pedro, California ;
but only to find that this great gama-fish was not at
that time at home. Other fish, however, in a
measure satisfied his piscatorial desires sufficiently
to permit his eulogizing the island. At Trout Lake,
or Fish Lake, in the heart of the Long Lake Forest
Reserve, between the Coast Range and the Selkirks,
the writer found his best fishing in Canada. No
reservations need be made in lauding Mr. Aflalo as
a thorough-going, sportsmanlike fisherman. He
delights in light tackle and a small catch, and glories
in the environment of natural beauty of forest and
stream. After the memories of Tabor and Catalina
in the States, and Trout Lake in Canada, the author
is led to say that "the fishing at home, which of
yore gave such keen delight, seems tame," and that
his travels in two such lands gave him " some of the
most sensational fishing in a fishful life."
BRIEFER MENTION.
The increasing popularity of the Canadian Rockies
as a pleasure-ground makes timely the third edition of
Mr. Walter Dwight Wilcox's " Camping in the Canadian
Rockies " (Putnam). The new edition, which has been
largely rewritten and the illustrations for which have
been increased by half, is entitled "The Rockies of
Canada." It is a large octavo volume, with the finest
of photogravure plates to enlist the reader's interest in
the wonderful scenery of the region described. Mr.
Wilcox was one of the pioneer pleasure-seekers to
explore and photograph the country. His mountain-
eering experiences now extend over twenty years, and
his account of them, with the views, gives a compre-
hensive picture of the mountains and the mountain
lakes, which constitute one of the rarest beauties of the
region.
The approaching Summer always brings a revival of
interest in wild flowers, and, by way of satisfying it, a
new crop of popular manuals, each with its own partic-
ular royal road to the quick and easy knowledge of
names and varieties. One of the latest is a " Practical
Guide to the Wild Flowers and Fruits," by Dr. George
Lincoln Walton (Lippineott). It contains very brief
descriptions of four hundred flowers and over one hun-
dred fruits. Its distinctive features are, first, the treat-
ment of flowers and fruits in the same volume, and,
second, the charts, based on color for large groups, and,
for the smaller ones, on simple obvious distinctions of
leaf and flower arrangement and flower form. These
charts are supplemented by a few colored illustrations
and a large number of small but clear and useful line-
drawings.
1909.]
THE DIAL
375
Notes.
George Eliot's " Scenes of Clerical Life " is a new
volume in the " World's Classics," published by Mr.
Henry Frowde.
A volume containing three of Mr. John Gralsworthy's
plays, — " Joy," « Strife," and « The Silver Box," — is
announced for immediate publication.
" Macbeth " and " Romeo and Juliet," both prettily
illustrated, are now added to the " Lamb Shakespeare
for the Young " by Messrs. Duffield & Co.
"Thais," translated by Mr. Robert B. Douglas, is
the latest addition to the works of M. Anatole France
in English, as published by the John Lane Co.
A " High School Course in Latin Composition," by
Messrs. Charles McCoy Baker and Alexander James
Inglis, is a recent publication of the Macmillan Co.
Owing to a delay in importing the desired paper, the
Houghton Mifflin Co. have been obliged to postpone
until Autumn the publication of their Riverside Press
edition of Walton's " Compleat Angler."
" Under the Deodars " is the title of a volume of
reprinted stories, sixteen in number, by Mr. Rudyard
Kipling. It is a volume that includes many old favorites,
and is published in their Pocket Edition of Kipling's
Works, by Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Co.
A new impression of Roget's " The Sources of English
Words and Phrases " is sent us by Messrs. Longmans,
Green, & Co. This standard work, dating originally
from the middle of the last century, preserves its use-
fulness remarkably well.
It is announced that Mr. Maurice Hewlett has writ-
ten a continuation of his latest novel, "The Halfway
House." Senhouse is the hero of the sequel, and " The
Open Road " is being considered for its title. The book
wUl be published early in the Fall.
Leslie Stephen's " The Playground of Europe " is
one of the classics of Alpine literature, and we are glad
to see it brought to the attention of a later generation in
a new edition. It is published by the Messrs. Putnam in
a style uniform with Stephen's other reprinted writings.
The Houghton Mifflin Co. have just completed the
publication of their Warwickshire edition of George
Eliot's works. It is complete in twenty-five volumes,
finely illustrated in photogravure from photographs and
from drawings by leading English artists. The biog-
raphy by Cross is included in the edition.
A volume of " English Prose, 1137-1890," edited by
Professor John Matthews Manly, is published by Messrs.
Ginn & Co. It is a companion volume to the "English
Poetry " of Messrs. Bronson, Dodge, and Manly, and is
intended to supply students with a considerable quantity
of selected prose to be read in connection with the study
of English literature.
Messrs. Sturgis & Walton publish an edition of
Bulwer's "The Lost Tales of Miletus." Just what
encouragement they have had for this venture, or what
readers they expect to reach, are unexplained matters,
for Bulwer the poet has become a negligible quantity in
English literature, but here the book is, and one might
do worse than give an hour to its pages.
The American Book Co. send us Mr. William J.
Milne's « Standard Algebra " and Dr. Alvin Davison's
" The Human Body and Health." From Messrs. D. C.
Heath & Co. we have « The High School Word Book,"
by Mr. R. L. Sandwick and Miss Anna T. Bacon.
Messrs. B. H. Sanborn & Co. publish " A Secondary
Arithmetic, Commercial and Industrial," by Messrs.
John C. Stone and James F. Millis. Finally, Messrs.
Ginn & Co. have added " Readings in English History,"
by Professor Edward P. Cheyney, and a first volume of
" Readings in Modern European History," by Professors
James H. Robinson and Charles A. Beard, to their
well-known series of source-books.
The death, a year or two ago, of Mr. Wendell
Phillips Grarrison, for forty years the editor of " The
Nation " of New York, following that of Mr. Godkin,
its famous political writer, is now followed by the sud-
den death of Mr. Hammond Lamont, who succeeded
Mr. Garrison in the editorial conduct of the paper.
Mr. Lamont was forty-five years of age; a graduate
of Harvard, and a journalist and educator of ability
and experience. He is succeeded by Mr. Paul Elmer
Moore, the well-known essayist, and latterly a leading
writer for " The Nation."
"Class-Room Libraries for Public Schools," now
issued in its third edition by the Buifalo Public Library,
is a pamphlet of 166 large, double-column pages, the
contents of which show good judgment and admirable
care in editing. There is first a graded list, for the nine
grades of the public school system, then an author and
title index, next a subject index, after that a list of
reference books, and, finally, a selection of books con-
taining stories about children and poetry about children
(for the use of teachers and parents). The whole must
prove useful to both pupils and instructors, and wiU
bring the public library into closer affiliation with the
public schools.
The Essex Book and Print Club is a publishing society
recently organized in historic old Salem (Mass.) for the
purpose of " reprinting rare volumes relating to the
history or the literature of Essex County, Massachusetts ;
the publication of suitable unprinted material ; and the
reproduction of rare views, portraits and maps." The
first volume issued is the Rev. Francis Higginson's
" New Englands Plantation " together with " The Sea
Journal and Other Writings" of the same devoted
" Minister of the Plantation at Salem in the Massachu-
setts Bay Colony." A facsimile of the first and a reprint
of the enlarged third edition are given, besides the " Sea
Journal " and a few other short pieces relating to the
settlement at Salem. The book is handsomely made,
at the Riverside Press, for members of the Club.
The following are the latest German text-books:
" Modern German Prose " (Holt), compiled by Pro-
fessor A. B. Nichols; Schiller's "Die Jungfrau von
Orleans " (American Book Co.), edited by Dr. Warren
Washburn Florer; a " Brief German Grammar " (Ginn),
by Professor Roscoe J. Horn and Arthur N. Leonard;
and Emil Frommel's " Mit Ranzel und Wanderstab "
(Heath), edited by Dr. Wilhelm Bernhardt. Some new
French texts are the following: Henri de Bornier's
" La Fille de Roland " (Heath), edited by Professor
C. A. Nelson; "Lectures et Conversations" (Jenkins),
by MM. Dubois and De Geer; an abridgment of
Gabriel Compayr^'s " Yvan Gall " (Holt), edited by Pro-
fessor O. B. Super ; and " Pens^es et Reflexions de La
Bruyfere et Autres Auteurs Franqais " (Jenkins), com-
piled by Miss Cornelia Sisson Crowther. We also note
that Professor E. Lauvrifere has edited Alfred de
Vig^y's Chatterton " (Frowde) for the " Oxford Higher
French Series," and that to the " Classiques Fran^ais
(Putnam) have been added two charming volumes of
poetry, a selection from Boileau edited by M. Augustin
Filon, and one from Hugo edited by M. L. Aguettant.
376
THE DIAL
[June 1,
Topics in TLiEADrNG Periodicals.
June, 1909.
Actors, Passing: of Great. W. P. Eaton. Munsey.
Air, Conquest of the . Ck)unt Zeppelin. Putnam.
Air, The : Our True Highway. F. P. Lahm, Putnam.
Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition. Review of Reviews.
American Architecture, Democracy in. Craftsman.
American Business Man, The. A. Barton Hepburn. Century.
American Holiday, An. William Orr. A tlantic.
American Men, Faults of. Anna H. Rogers. Atlantic.
American Millionaire, The. Q. K. Chesterton. Hampton.
American Painters of Outdoors. G. Edgerton. Craftsman.
Americanizing Europe. E. A. Steiner. Review of Reviews.
Animal Mind, The. E. T. Brewster. McClure.
Architecture, History in. C. M. Price. Craftsman.
Argentina. The New. Paul S. Reinsch. World To-day.
Artist's Life, Story of — I. H. O. Tanner. World's Work.
Atterbury, Grosvenor, Theory of. Craftsman.
Augsburg, Romantic. R. H. Schaufaer. Century.
Baseball Games, Crises in. H. S. Fullerton. Amei-ican.
Benson, Frank W., Art of. Charles H. CaflBn. Harper.
Biology, Teaching. Benj. C. Gruenberg. Atlantic.
Camp, A, for Business Men. W. Talbot. World's Work.
Casualty Insurance for all Needs. World's Work.
Child Laborer, Plea of. A. H. Ulm. JVorth Amei-ican.
Church and Education. Shailer Mathews. World To-day.
Church, the American, on Trial. I. H. C. Weir. Putnam.
City EfHciency, A New Force for. World's Work.
Cleveland and the Insurance Crisis. G. F. Parker. McClure.
College Pedagogy, Problem of. Abraham Flexner. Atlantic.
Competition in College. A. Lawrence Lowell. Atlantic.
Court, A, that Saves. Mackenzie Cleland. World's Work.
Cuba's Future. H.A.Austin. North American.
Cuba, Road-making in. I. A. Wright. World To-day.
Danube, The. Marie van Vorst. Harper.
Darwin Centenary, The. Benj. E. Smith. Century.
Defective Child, Conserving the. M. H. Carter. McClure,
Diamonds, The Two Largest. G. F. Kunz. Century.
Fames, Mme., to the Opera-going Public. Putnam.
" Education," Bankruptcy of. F. Burk. World's Work.
Education for Women, Higher. Mary K. Ford. Bookman.
English Supremacy: Is it Worth War? J.P.Carr. World's Work,
English, Wardour Street. Thos. R. Lounsbury. Harper,
Eugenics. W.I.Thomas. Ameiican,
Expert Evidence, Medical. A.T.Clearwater. North American.
" Finishing " Schools. Reginald W. Kaufman. Hampton.
Flying, What will Come After ? G. P. Serviss. Munsey.
Forests, National, for Homes. J. L. Ellis. World To-day,
French School Days, My. Laura S. Portor. Atlantic.
Gambler's Chance, The, and the Penalty. World's Work,
Garden, My. Emery Pottle. Craftsman.
Garden, My Grandmother's. Mary M. Bray. Atlantic.
Geneva and Calvin. J. M. Vincent. Review of Reviews.
Germany's Weak Point. A. R. Colquhoun. North American.
Gibbon, Edward. James Ford Rhodes. Scritmer.
Gounod's Villa. Isabel Floyd-Jones. Putnam.
Grenfell, Dr., in Labrador. Joseph B. Gilder. Century.
Grotesque, Growing Appreciation of, in America. Craftsman.
Hay, John : Making of a Diplomat. C. W. Moores. Putnam.
Hays, WilletM. M. C. Judd. Review of Reviews.
Health, The Way to. Irving Fisher. World's Work.
Henry, O. Harry P. Steger. World's Work.
Herrick, Robert, Novels of . W. D. Ho wells. North American.
Horemheb, Tomb of. A. E. P. Weigall. Century.
Income Needed for Marriage. T. N. Carver. Munsey.
Ingres, Portraiture of. Frank Fowler. Scribner.
Irrigation Congress, National. G. E. Barston. World To-day.
Labrador, Experiences on the. W. T. Grenfell. Century.
Lion, The Land of the — II. W. S. Rainsford. World's Work.
Man, Future of, in America. C. R. Van Hise. World's Work.
Manchester Ship Canal. J. P. Goode. World To-day.
Mary Queen of Scots and Both well. L. Orr. Munsey.
Mechanic, The American. G. W. Melville. North American.
Mexico, Finances of. Charles F. Speare. Review of Reviews.
Millionaire Business in America. M. Bacheller. Munsey.
Modernism and the New Catholicism. C. A. Briggs. No. Amer,
Napoleon's Death-Mask. S.Mays Ball. Putnam.
Needlework Design, A. K. 8. Brinley. Crajtsman.
Negro, The Unknowable. Harris Dickson. Hampton.
Nestorian Tablet, A, for New York. F. V. Holm. Putnam.
Newspaper, The Best, in America. C. H.Grasty. World's Work,
New York, Godlessness of. Ray S. Baker. American.
Novelist's Allegory, The. John Galsworthy. Atlantic,
Phrase-Maker, The. Anne C. E. AUinson. Atlantic.
Plant Hunter's Travels, A. Owen Wilson. World's Work.
Plaster House with Roof Garden. U. N. Hopkins. Craftsman.
Potter, Louis. M. Irwin MacDonald. Craftsman.
Poverty, Abolition of. J. Laurence Laughlin. Scribner.
Preparatory Schools, Boys'. World's Work.
Railroad Laws, Incongruous. 8. O. Dunn. World To-day,
RhodesScholars, Our, at Oxford. G.R. Parkin. No. American.
Rowand, Archibald H. W. G. Beymer. Harper.
Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, Reminiscences of. Century.
School, The Public, and the Home. Craftsman.
Seattle. R. A. Ballinger. Review of Reviews.
Shakespeare in the Holy Land. J. O. LaGorce. World To-day.
Sherman, General, Personal Letters of — III. Scribner.
Shipyard, The. Thornton Oakley. Harper.
Shoes and the Tariff . Ida M. Tarbell. American.
Socialism and Liberty. John Spargo. North American.
Socialism of G. Lowes Dickinson. Paul E. More. Atlantic.
Speaker, The Power of the. Joseph G. Cannon. Century.
Stamps, Mrs. Mary Humphreys. Grace King. Century.
Stevenson's Prayer-Book. Richard Burton. North American.
Strathcona, Lord. T. Robertson. Munsey.
Straus and Turkey's Crisis. L. E. Van Norman. Rev. of Rev*.
Swinburne and the Swinbumians. H. T. Peck. Bookman.
Taft, President, and His Three Brothers. Munsey.
Taft, President, on Organized Labor. McClure.
Taft, President, Opportunity of. Wm. G. Brown. Century.
Tammany's Control of New York. G. K. Turner. McClure.
Time-Clock, The. Jonathan T. Lincoln. Atlantic.
Trees, Big, Saving the. F. Strother. World's Work.
Turkey, Land of Massacres. L. G. Leary. World To-day.
Turkey, Present-day. S. Tonjoroft. World To-day.
Turkish Village, A. H. G. Dwight. Scribner.
Turkish Women, Educating. Mrs. C. R. Miller. World To-day.
Venice, The Meaning of. Wm. Roscoe Thayer. Atlantic.
War of 1812, The. G. W.Wingate. North American.
Water, the Fuel of the Future. J. L. Mathews. Hampton.
Welles, Gideon, Diary of — V. Atlantic.
Whitman, Walt. Elizabeth L. Keller. Putnam.
Wickersham, Attorney-General. W. 8. Bridgrman. Munsey.
Wilderness, Battle of the — I. Morris Schaff. Atlantic.
Wilhelmina of Holland. T. Schwarz. Munsey.
Woman Problem, The — II. Ouida. Lippincott.
Woman's Suffrage, Mr. Dooley on. F. P. Dunne. American.
Women of the Circus. Hugh C. Weir. Hampton.
Wood-Carving, Design in. K. von Rydingsvard. Craftsman.
Yahgans, The. Charles W. Furlong. Harper.
Zuloaga, Ignacio. J. W. Pattison. World To-day.
IiiST OF New Books.
[The following list, containing 110 titles, includes books
received by The Dial since its last issue.'\
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
Georgre Canning and His Friends : Containing Hitherto
Unpublished Letters, Jeux d'Esprit, etc. Edited by Josceline
Bagot. In two vols., with frontispieces in photogravure,
8vo. E. P. Dutton & Co. $9. net.
Haremlik : Some Pages from the Life of Turkish Women. By
DemetraVaka. 12mo, pp.275. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net.
The liOve Afifairs of Napoleon. Trans, from the French of
Joseph Turquan by J. Lewis May. Hlus. in photogravure,
etc., 8vo, pp. 378. John Lane Co. $5. net.
Robert Y. Hayne and His Times. By Theodore D. Jervey.
Hlus., 8vo, pp. 554. Macmillan Co. $3. net.
The Bancrofts ; Recollections of Sixty Years. By Marie and
Squire Bancroft. Hlus. in photogravure, etc., large 8vo,
pp. 462. E. P. Dutton & Co. $5. net.
Nadir Shah. By Sir Mortimer Durand. Hlus. and with maps,
8vo, pp. 352. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3. net.
A Bishop in the Rough. Edited by Rev. D. Wallace Duthie ;
with preface by the Lord Bishop of Norwich. Hlus., 8vo,
pp. 386. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2. net.
The Apostle of Alaska : The Story of William Duncan of
Metlakahtla. By John W. Arctander, LL.D. Hlus., 8vo,
pp. 395. Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.50 net.
HISTORY.
The Wars of Religion in France, 1559-1576. By James West-
fall Thompson, Ph.D. Hlus., large 8vo, pp. 635. University
of Chicago Press. $4.50 net.
Characters and Events of Roman History from Caesar to
Nero. By Guglielmo Ferrero, Litt.D. ; trans, by Frances
Lance Ferrero. 8vo, pp. 275. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50 net.
1909.]
THE DIAL
377
The Political History of Engrland. Edited by William
Hunt, D.Litt., and Reginald L. Poole. M.A. Vol. IX., The
History of England from the Accession of Anne to the Death
of George II., 1702-1760. By I. S. Leadam, M.A. With maps,
8vo, pp. 557. Longmans, Green, & Co. 12.60 net.
History of the State of Washinerton. By Edmond S.
Meany, M.L. lUus. and with maps, 12mo, pp. 406. Mac-
millan Co. $2.25 net.
Robespierre and the French Bevolntion. By Charles F.
Warwick. Illus., 8vo, pp. 407. George W. Jacobs & Co.
$2.50 net.
Notes and Documents Relating- to Westminster Abbey.
Vol. I., The Manuscripts of Westminster Abbey, edited by
J. Armitage Robinson, D.D., and Montague Rhodes James;
Vol. II., Flete's History of Westminster Abbey, edited by
J. Armitage Robinson, D.D. Each large 8vo. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $1.60 net.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Plays, Acting, and Music : A Book of Theory. By Arthur
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The Wander Tears : Being Some Account of Journeys into
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The People at Play. By Rollin Lynde Hartt. Illus., 12mo,
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The Statesmanship of Andrew Jackson as Told in His
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Studies in Several Literatures. By Harry Thurston Peck,
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Charles W. Eliot, President of Harvard University (May 19,
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Love Letters of Famous Poets and Novelists. Selected
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Tolstoy : The Man and His Message. By Edward A. Steiner.
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Mourning for Lincoln. By Frank W. Z. Barrett. 12mo, pp. 89.
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Product and Climax. By Simon Nelson Patten. 16mo, pp. 68.
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The Joy of Life, and Other Poems. By Theodosia Garrison,
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Bermuda Verses. By "Larry" Chittenden. Illus., 12mo.
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Fresh Fields and Legends Old and New. By Sarah J.
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$1.25 net.
Saint Peter. By Richard Arnold Greene. 16mo, pp.48. Boston:
Sherman, French & Co. $1. net.
The Song of the Wahbeek. A Poem. By Henry Pelham
Holmes Bromwell. With portrait, 12mo, pp. 195. Benver,
Col.: Henrietta E. Bromwell. $1.
In Itinere : Poems. By George Norton Northrop. 12mo, pp. 94.
Oxford: B. H. Blackwell.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
The Decameron: Preserved to Posterity by Giovanni Boccaccio,
and translated into English anno 1620. With Introduction
by Edward Hutton. In 4 vols., 8vo. London: Bavid Nutt.
The Novels and Tales of Henry James, New York Edition.
New vols. : The Altar of the Bead, The Beast in the Jungle,
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2 vols. Each with frontispiece in photogravure, 12mo.
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Joaquin Miller's Poems. Vol.1., An Introduction, etc. With
frontispiece, 12mo, pp. 236. " Bear Edition." San Francisco :
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The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus. By Christopher
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De Q,uincey's Literary Criticism. Edited, with Introduction,
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The White Sister. By Marion Crawford. With frontispiece
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The Inner Shrine. Anonymous. Illus., 12mo, pp.356. Harper
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Roads of Destiny. By O.Henry. 12mo.pp.376. Boubleday,
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Philip the Forester : A Romance of the Valley of Gardens.
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TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
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Walks in Paris. By Georges Cain ; trans, by Alfred Allinson,
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POLITICS. - ECONOMICS. - SOCIOLOGY.
Economic Heresies: Being an Unorthodox Attempt to Appre-
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Are." By Sir Nathaniel Nathan. 8vo, pp. 423. Houghton
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Railroad Freight Rates in Relation to the Industry and
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Misery and Its Causes. By Edward T. Bevine, Ph.B. l2mo,
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& Co. $2. net.
The Crisis : Trade Unions and the Courts. By Robert Hunter.
16mo, pp. 32. Chicago : Samuel A. Bloch, Paper, 10 cts. net.
378
THE DIAL
[June 1,
The Open Shop. By Clarence Darrow. 16mo, pp. 32. Chicago :
Samuel A. Bloch. Paper, 10 cts. net.
KEIilGION AND THEOLOGY.
Studies in Uystical Beligrion. By Rufus M. Jones, M.A.
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A History of the Church of Engrland. By Rev. M. W.
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The Literary Man's Bible : A Selection of Passages from the
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Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. 11.25 net.
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Aids to Worship : An Essay Towards the Positive Preservation
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PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY.
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The Philosophy of Long: Life. By Jean Finot; trans, by
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The Eternal Values. By Hugo Miinsterberg. 8vo, pp. 436.
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Short Treatise on God, Man, and Human Welfare. By
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The New Ethics. By J. Howard Moore. Revised edition ;
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How I Know that the Dead Return. By William T. Stead.
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ART AND ARCH-ffiOLOGY.
A Handbook of Modem French Painting. By D. Cady
Eaton, M.A. Illus., 12mo, pp.361. Dodd, Mead & Co. $2. net.
The City of Jerusalem. By C. R. Conder, LL.D. Illus., and
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NATURE.
Our Insect Friends and Enemies : The Relation of Insects
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BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
The New International Year Book : A Compendium of the
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Colby, M.A. Illus. and with maps, large 8vo, pp. 776.
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A Pocket Lexicon and Concordance to the Temple
Shakespeare. Illus., 16mo, pp. 274. Macmillan Co. Cloth,
45 cts. ; leather, 65 cts.
EDUCATION.
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Ph.D. 8vo, pp. 544. Ginn & Co. $1.70.
The Folk Dance Book: For Elementary Schools, Class Room,
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Co. $1.50 net.
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Barnes & Co. $1.50 net.
One Year Course in English and American Literature:
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Fogazzaro's Pereat Roohus and Un Idea Di Ermes
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Banbury Cross Stories. Selected and arranged by Frank
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MISCELLANEOUS.
Remaking the Mississippi. By John Lathrop Mathews.
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Manual of Physical Exercises: "A Health Hand-Book."
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Cooking for Two : A Handbook for Young Housekeepers.
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Camping and Camp Cooking. By Frank A. Bates. 16mo,
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Writing the Short-Story. By J. Berg Esenwein, A.M. 12mo,
pp. 441. New York: Hinds, Noble & Eldredge. $1.25.
Kipling Stories and Poems Every Child Should Know.
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THE DIAL
31 Semt»iW0ntfjl2 Soumal at S^itniarg Crtticigm, W&tn&mn, antj Inf0rtnatf0n.
No. 552. JUNE 16, 1909. Yol. XLVI.
Contents.
PAGE
AN APOSTLE OF GOOD CITIZENSHIP . . . .385
EDWARD EVERETT HALE 387
ROUSSEAU IN 1909. Warren Barton Blake . . .388
CASUAL COMMENT 391
An author of inscriptions. — Two opinions of
Shelley. — The death of R. Nisbet Bain. — The
foreigner's opinion of English spelling. — The hand-
writing of culture. — A case of inverted plagiar-
ism. — Mrs. Julia Ward Howe at ninety. — The
cipher microbe. — A stage censorship by reputable
actors. — Abdul-Hamid the book-collector.
COMMUNICATIONS:
Theodore Roosevelt and Thomas Paine. James F.
Morton, Jr.; Frederic M. Wood 393
The Importation of Copyrighted Books. Geo.
Haven Putnam 394
Some Needed Typographical Reforms. George
French 395
CONCORD MEMORIES, AND OTHER PAGES
FROM THE PAST. Percy F. Bicknell . . 396
CHAPTERS OF AMERICAN OPERA. George P.
Upton 398
SHELLEY THE "ENCHANTED CHILD." Anna
Benneson McMahan 399
A MASTERPIECE OF TYPOGRAPHY. Frederick
W. Gookin 401
THE INDIVIDUALITY OF WALT WHITMAN.
W. E. Simonds 404
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 405
From fur-trade to Exposition. — Points for workers
in the library. — Beginnings and romance of Amer-
ican railroads. — France from Waterloo to the
Third Republic. — A famous foe of the Scotch cov-
enanters.— The value of superstition. — A pioneer
and missionary in the far Northwest. — The evo-
lution of our modern orchestration. — The fairest
city of the 2Egean Sea.
BRIEFER MENTION 408
NOTES 408
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 409
AN APOSTLE OF GOOD CITIZENSHIP.
Early in 1860, when the political campaign of
that memorable year was opening, one Timothy
Smith, aged seventy-seven, took up a farm in
central Illinois. He was a typical pioneer, bom
in Connecticut, who had followed the westward
movement of the frontier through New York
and Pennsylvania to the prairies of the Sanga-
mon. A New Englander of the old Puritan
stock, he changed his skies but not his soul as
he migrated from farm to farm, and the austere
ideals of a God-fearing and hard-working ances-
try shaped his life in its successive habitations.
The harshness of the inherited orthodox theology
grew repellent to him as he came to see life
clearly for what it was, but the ethical kernel of
puritanism was treasured in his thought and
conduct after the wrappings had been cast aside.
His political memories went back to the struggle
for the Constitution ; he was successively a Fed-
eralist, a Whig, an Abolitionist, and a Repub-
lican ; he survived until the struggle for the
Union was over, and he died on that startled
April morning when the news of Lincoln's
death changed jubilation into mourning, and
plunged the nation into the blackest grief it had
ever known. An American of the kind whose
character was typified for the ages in the per-
sonality of the great President, Timothy Smith
lived and died obscurely, unknown to fame, one
of the plain people. There have been many
thousands of such Americans as he, and they
have been the salt of the New World.
Someone has said — was it Dr. Holmes? —
that to educate a man properly, you must begin
with his grandfather. This thought has recurred
to us while reading the memorial volume into
which have been collected the more significant
writings of Edwin Burritt Smith, now published
three years after his death. For Timothy Smith
was the grandfather of the man whose memory
is now honored, and an account of the pioneer's
life, written with tender piety, is one of the most
notable features of the book. As we follow the
story of the ancestor's laborious years, charac-
terized by simplicity and stern integrity, we
realize something of the inheritance which he
was preparing for his descendants, an inherit-
ance not of perishable wealth, but of moral fibre
and of the qualities that may make the hard
" passage through our slough " a true pilgrim's
progress toward the celestial city.
Those who were privileged to know Edwin
Burritt Smith, and to work hand in hand with
him in the causes to which his best energies were
devoted, have not yet — probably never will —
become reconciled to his taking-off three years
ago. He was in the prime of life, his influence
was just beginning to make itself highly effec-
tive, he had attracted to himself the attention of
earnest workers for righteousness in all parts of
the country, his grasp and his power were fully
developed, and he should have been good for
twenty more years of the highest civic useful-
386
THE DIAL
[June 16,
ness. He was a man who would have gone far
had that score of additional years been vouch-
safed him, but at hardly more than the midway
station of man's active life he was confronted by
man's ancient enemy, and, after a brave struggle,
was defeated. The vitalizing energy that im-
parted itself to his feUow-workers was all that
remained ; now we have given us in addition
this printed record, drawing for us in broken or
fragmentary form a few of the main lines of
his endeavor.
The contents of this volume are about equally
divided between local and national questions.
Nine of the " Essays and Addresses " are given
to matters of municipal government, some nar-
rowed to the special case of Chicago, others of
more comprehensive scope. The author was one
of the leading spirits in that Municipal Voters'
League which substituted an essentially honest
city council in Chicago (with only a sprinkling
of "gray wolves ") for the old corrupt gang that
had disgraced the community for many years.
He was also active in securing for the city a
suitable civil service law and an equitable settle-
ment of the vexing problem of the street rail-
ways. He knew that city governments are the
chief plague-spots upon the American body
politic, that " no cure can be complete or ade-
quate that does not reach the seat of the dis-
ease," and that " the recovery of representative
government must begin in the cities." Hence
his most fruitful labors were exerted in this
direction, and they were made fruitful by the
combination of his legal training with the most
practical kind of common sense. He was ever
an idealist, but his feet were always firmly
planted on the solid earth.
The group of nine papers upon questions of
national politics are devoted in part to such
abstract subjects as the nature of sovereignty,
the Monroe Doctrine and the general question
of our international dealings, and the deeper
implications of democracy. In part they voice
the sentiment that aroused so many of the finer
spirits of the nation to indignation when we en-
gaged some ten years ago in a needless war and
entered upon an " aggressive " foreign policy.
No one saw more clearly than Mr. Smith that
we were following after false gods and aban-
doning the most sacred principles of our national
life when we adopted this course, and no one
expressed more incisively the better and more
sober judgment of the American people in its
great latter-day crisis. He made himself one of
the chief spokesmen of anti-imperialism, and
under his leadership the opposition to our fire-
and-sword subjugation of the Filipinos took on
the characteristics of the holy war against slavery
that had been waged half a century earlier. In
the face of seeming defeat, he never lost faith in
the ultimate triumph of the American principle
of democracy. His creed was expressed when,
speaking at the Anti-Imperialist Conference of
1900 in Philadelphia, he closed with the words:
" We have come to the city of the Declaration of
Independence to drink deep at this fountain of human
liberty. We here renew our faith in self-government,
and pledge ourselves to do all that in us lies for its
preservation. We still cherish the principles for which
Washington fought and Lincoln died. We hold that
taxation without representation is still tyranny. We
declare relentless war on the miners and sappers of
returning despotism. We will neither compromise nor
surrender. ' Our reliance is in the love of liberty which
God has planted in us. Our defence is in the spirit
which prizes liberty as the heritage of all men in all
lands everywhere.' "
The editors of this memorial volume, Messrs.
G. L. Paddock, A. H. Tohnan, and F. W.
Gookin, have performed their labor of love with
intelligence and sympathy. Mr. Paddock is
the writer of the prefatory " appreciation," and
has sketched Mr. Smith's life simply and clearly.
He has also inserted a number of letters read
at the memorial service of May 20, 1906. From
one of these letters, sent by Charles Eliot
Norton, we extract a passage which affords an
exact characterization of the man.
" In our long conversations, I was impressed by the
perfect coordination of his vigorous intelligence with his
strong moral convictions and clear moral perceptions.
He was, like most Americans, an idealist, but his ideals
were higher than those of the crowd, and his guide in
the pursuit of them was not a blind enthusiasm, but an
open-eyed good sense. His character was all of a piece, —
simple, sincere, steadfast. It was his nature to obey the
call of duty, and to follow its path. This was the inde-
pendence, this was the courage for which he was praised
or blamed according to the nature of those who judged
him. He was an eminent example of the good citizen,
and in his death not only Chicago but the whole country
suffers a great loss."
EDWARD EVERETT HALE.
At the celebration of his seventieth birthday
Edward Everett Hale was described by Oliver
Wendell Holmes, with truth as well as humor, as
" the living dynamo," —
" Toiling, still toiling at his endless task,
With patience such as Sisyphus might ask.
To flood the paths of ignorance with light,
To speed the progress of the struggling right."
And now that the dynamo is finally at rest, and one
contemplates the amount of work it has accomplished
— the varied machinery to which it has been the
motive power, the light and heat its electric pulses
have furnished to the world, the wireless messages
1909.]
THE DIAL
387
of hope and courage and helpfulness it has been the
means of sending abroad — one cannot but be more
than ever struck with the aptness of the image.
Cradled in the sheets of his father's Boston
" Advertiser," as he was wont to express it, the lad
early took to writing. So facile was his youthful
pen in turning a graceful rhyme that when he was
graduated from Harvard at seventeen he wrote the
poem for the class-day exercises. Many other occa-
sional pieces of verse, for class reunions and other
college or more general celebrations, followed from
his pen at different times. Perhaps his stirring lines
entitled " Alma Mater's Roll," read at the Phi Beta
Kappa dinner at Harvard in 1875, are the best and
most characteristic. This and other poems, mostly
in ballad metre, were collected in his volume of verse
which he named " For Fifty Years " and published
just half a century after he had attained his majority.
The later volume of " New England History in
Ballads" is only in part his own. Fired with
patriotism, his stirring ballads are often very
effective. " New England's Chevy Chase," for
example, almost makes one smell the gunpowder
burnt at Lexington and Concord.
But the incongruity of dwelling on Dr. Hale's
merits as a poet would be recognized by himself
first of all. In later life he used to advise young
writers to give some time to verse-making as an
agreeable and useful exercise in phrase-making and
synonym-hunting, not by any means as the serious
business of life. His own noteworthy contribution
to literature was in the short story. " The Man
without a Country," known to thousands of readers
in many languages, and the almost equally excellent
jeu d' esprit, " My Double, and How He Undid Me,"
will long be favorites. " In His Name " ranks with
them, and " Ten Times One is Ten " has gained an
unexampled renown through the many philanthropic
organizations — Lend-a-Hand societies, Wadsworth
clubs, Look-Up leagues, King's Daughters chapters,
and so on — that have sprung from its suggestions.
There is fame enough in being the author of these
short stories, or of the first-named alone, to swell with
pride a smaller man for the rest of his life ; but their
author, having adorned with swift hand whatever in
this department he chose to touch, pushed on to more
serious labors.
The essays in history and biography and travel
which, either alone or in collaboration with son or
sister, he issued in some profusion, have met with
popular acceptance, although, as Mr. Edwin D. Mead
has expressed it, "many of us who study history
got mad at him, for the moment, as we noted this bit
of carelessness and that on his vital and fascinating
page." In fact, his writings had the easy style and
freedom from pedantry of familiar letters to friends,
even as his platform addresses and to some extent
his pulpit utterances had the spontaneity and charm
of intimate talks to friends. Critics have never
accounted him a great orator or a g^eat writer ; but
the world at large, which knows what it likes and is
intolerant of mere scholarship, as it is of humbug,
heard him and read him gladly. His " Memories
of a Hundred Years," the rich reminiscences of a
wonderfully observant and many-sided octogenarian,
were widely read and enjoyed, both in serial form
and as collected into a book ; but they furnished rare
sport to the keen and pitiless critics of the Edward
A. Freeman habit of mind. "A New England
Boyhood " and " James Russell Lowell and his
Friends " are other important works of a genially
reminiscent character, and not intended to be scru-
tinized with a critical miscroscope. Something of
Walter Scott's, and indeed of Shakespeare's, large-
minded indifference to small details belonged to this
great-souled man of deeds as well as letters.
To enumerate his interests and activities, even
those having to do with literature and education,
would be impossible ; yet a few characteristic points
may be briefly touched upon. In his first pastorate
at Worcester, not very long after his father had put
through the early railway line connecting that city
with Boston, he lent a hand in establishing the Public
Library and the Natural History Society of his new
place of residence ; and he also became an active
member, and for some time president, of the Amer-
ican Antiquarian Society, which has its headquarters
at Worcester. He attended the Phi Beta Kappa
meetings at Cambridge, and served as the society's
presiding officer, besides filling the part of poet on
occasion. Omniverous in his reading, he drew and
read more books from the Congressional Library in
his winters in Washington, where for the last five
years he held the office of Chaplain to the Senate,
than almost anyone else. Fiction in large doses he
was capable of consuming, together with a wide range
of historical and scientific works. The learned so-
cieties to which he belonged need not here be named,
nor the numerous philanthropic organizations of
which he was the moving spirit. His advocacy of
an international parliament and a court of arbitra-
tion for the pacific adjustment of international dif-
ferences was begun years before the Hague tribunal
was dreamed of by others, and it was continued, in
season and out of season, until the prophet's vision
was realized. No less dear to him was his plan
for universal harmony and brotherhood in religion.
At his last public appearance, not quite two weeks
before his death (June 10), he pleaded this cause
before the Massachusetts Convention of Congrega-
tional Ministers.
Not soon wUl the world again see the like of this
New Englander in whose veins flowed the confluent
streams of Hale and Everett blood. Contemplating
his massive head, his rugged features, and his tower-
ing form, one could not but feel that he had been
cast in a special mould and the mould destroyed as
soon as it had served its purpose. If ever it could be
said of anyone that " the style is the man," it must
be said of Edward Everett Hale. To treat his style
as a thing apart from his powerful personality were
as futile as to study the rustling of the oak tree's foli-
age with eyes shut to its majestic outlines and mag-
nificent proportions.
388
THE DIAL
[June 16,
ROUSSEAU IN 1909.
I.
Once more as we approach the completion of the
second century since his birth (June 28, 1712) do
books and events combine to direct the world's atten-
tion to Jean-Jacques Rousseau. It was at Mont-
morency that he composed the " Nouvelle H^oise "
and the famous letter to d'Alembert; it is at Mont-
morency that M. Briand and other celebrities have
saluted the author " with emotion " as the greatest
workman in free science, in free thought ; as the
"triumphant poet of Nature and of Liberty," — all
this in dedicating a statue to his memory. Mean-
while, across the Channel Professor Churton Collins
was giving Rousseau a rather unenviable place in
the last book to which he signed his name,* and Mr.
Francis Gribble was putting the finishing touches to
the volume which he has alluringly entitled " Jean-
Jacques Rousseau and the Women he Loved." f
It is not a pleasing personality which Mr. Gribble
seeks to reconstruct for us; it is a characteristic
figure, that of the Rue Emile at Montmorency, —
more characteristic than that of the Place du Pan-
theon, for with the three-cornered hat and the long
cane the new Rousseau carries — a wild-flower. We
have, this time, the lover of "God's out-of-doors";
and there is deep fidelity in the sculptor's conception.
Finally, the raising of a statue to the " citizen of
Geneva" is no merely formal homage to genius.
Jean-Jacques remains to-day more than a name in
eighteenth-century literature. Someone has said that
there was a bit of the Don Quixote in the philosopher
whom Mr. Gribble makes out such a Bel- Ami ; and,
whatever the personality may be adjudged, there can
be no disposition to belittle the influence. Rousseau
has been a source of inspiration in the framing as in
the interpretation of our Constitution ; he has acted
upon the Third Republic, besides making it possible ;
has acted upon every democratic movement. With
the break-down of dogmatic Christianity, his senti-
mental view has more influence than ever in the
religious field. " Rousseauism, in fine, remains a
force in the modern world, and it is vain to attempt
to discredit it by the primitive expedient of blacken-
ing the character of its author."
Contemporary criticism has indeed done more to
whitewash than to blacken Jean-Jacques; and no-
where has this tendency been stronger than in the
two-volume " Study in Criticism " devoted to Rous-
seau by a third English writer, Mrs. Frederika
Macdonald.t A war of ideas and of allegations
still wages over the character and inspiration of the
man : the spirit of impressionism which he personi-
fied is active to-day in art and education and politics.
He is a contemporary of Clemenceau and Fallieres
and Briand ; of the French authors and the Sorbonne
professors — yes, and of our own. Who has not come
•Voltaire. Montesquieu, and Rousseau in England. By
J. Churton Collins. London : Eveleigrh Nash. 1908.
t New York : Charles Scribner's Sons. 1908.
J Jean-Jacques Rousseau: A New Study in Criticism. By
Frederika Macdonald. New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons.
under the spell of the " Confessions " ? The school-
boy reads them " on the sly "; the man of letters, —
it has been as true of Hazlitt in England as of Daudet
in France, — stands them by Montaigne on his book-
shelf. And since they have erected that statue at
Montmorency, another has gone up at Ermenonville.
It was there that he died, just a hundred and thirty-
one years ago, of an apoplexy : and it is only to-day
that the last suspicions of the naturalness of that
lonely death, in the presence of Th^rfese alone, have
been finally dismissed. But the man himself — he
is not to be dismissed, even at this late day. The
dedication of that statue at Ermenonville is far from
being the last we shall hear of him. All our distinctly
modern institutions are, in a sense, his monuments.
II.
There is, none the less, a new manner of appre-
ciation of Rousseau. We were used to hearing such
declarations as this : " He announced and prepared
the great movement whence has issued modern
France," with superadded compliment in the super-
lative. Now, the tone is one of apology. Popular
government, in its turn, is on trial : representative
government, the universal suffrage, are no longer
signals for prolonged cheering. France is to-day
ruefully regarding the debauchery of her legislature,
quite as we eye the blatant fatuity of ours. All this
is reflected in the tone of the speeches made at
Ermenonville, at the unveiling of the statue referred
to ; the Minister of Labor, orator of the day, confessed
that Rousseau's work cannot satisfy us; confessed that
*' with the swinging of the pendulum, we can readily,
and without merit of our own, attest the social false-
ness of this or that system, the caducitS of this or
that construction." M. Viviani concludes that, to do
Rousseau justice, we must take his handicaps into
account ; " we must not crush under the weight of
acquired progress the original inventor whose limited
powers (courts moyens) were in themselves, for the
times, a proof of genius." All this would be trite
enough if it were not for the source of the remarks, —
were it not, in short, that democratic France now
defends the Father of the Nineteenth Century, where
a moment ago she was canonizing him. " Reaction "
has once more set in.
Outside of France, Rousseau's influence has been
greatest upon education ; it is, then, significant when
one reads in a paper on Rousseau in the latest volume
of the " Shelburne Essays " * — a paper that has some-
thing to say of the principles worked out in " Emile,"
and of that book's value both as a protest against
pedagogical repression and as a volume " full of sug-
gestions of permanent value " — this most pointed
clause : " There is a growing belief among a certain
class that the fundamental thesis of the book has
worked, and is still working, like a poison in the blood
of society." If this be true, if in our modern scheme
of education we are making instinct the basis and not
experienced judgment, impulse and not control, —
* Shelburne Essays, Sixth series. By Paul Elmer More. New
York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1909.
1909.]
THE DIAL
889
why, welcome then the growing loss of faith in Rous-
seau and his principles. For that matter, the evi-
dences of sharp reaction remain only too slight ; we
find none of them in the little hook on "Jean-Jacques
Rousseau and Education from Nature," translated
from the French of M. Gabriel Compayr^.* Perhaps
it is partly in the hope of developing an opposition,
that the essayist has spoken out ; if so, it is evident
that he does not stand altogether alone. In "one of the
strongest and most earnest books written on the sub-
ject in recent years. Professor Irving Babbitt has not
merely attacked the modern applications of " Emile ":
he has not scrupled to name names. President
Eliot is, for him, the type of modified Rousseauist ;
reminding him of Bossuet's remark about Marcus
Brutus. " Brutus," says Bossuet, "kept on talking
liberty when he should have been talking restraint,
and that in the interests of liberty itself." t Never
were we farther from venturing Lowell's word :
" We cannot trace many practical results to his [Rous-
seau's] teaching." He threatens rather to become a
fetich of criticism (as Mr. More has written). And
not of criticism alone ; for in aU the fields where his
seed was sowed, in literature, and education, and
thought political or social or religious, there has been
an action upon us not directly alone, but also as com-
municated through five generations of disciples and
imitators. If it is not everyone who knows so much
as the titles of his books, it does not follow that
Rousseau has been overtopped by his contemporaries,
Voltaire and Diderot ; but rather that his ideas have
become ours by some mysterious process of absorp-
tion. Writers of the Revolutionary period, and after,
have impressed his thought upon us in countless
modifications ; and many of his wddest theories are
our plain facts in law or pedagogy. It is, after all,
something to write of an author that in five genera-
tions his audacities have become our commonplaces.
At times, indeed, his work was but to popularize the
ideas of his predecessors. This is true of every critic
of life. A cei'tain Benedictine monk has written a
thick volume concerning the " Plagiats de Rousseau ";
Dom Cayot might have been in better business, leav-
ing this labor to some candidate for the American
doctorate. The best of Rousseau's work was written
to the dictation of his own intelligence — and sensi-
bility ; it is he who wrote (as others have not failed
to write after him) : " I know my heart, and I know
men. I am not constituted as any of those that I
have seen; I dare to believe that I am not con-
stituted as any who exist." And where this " unique "
person was very far from inventing — where he bor-
rowed from Locke and Montaigne and even Rabelais
— he revivified and transfigured. ' ' What is genius ? "
asks Edward FitzGerald in " Polonius "; " what but
the faculty of seizing things from right and left —
here a bit of marble, there a bit of brass — and
breathing life into them ! "
• Issued in the series of " Pioneers in Education." T. Y.
Crowell & Co. 1908.
t Literature and the American College. Essay on Bacon and
Rousseau. By Irving: Babbitt. Boston: Houghton, MifQin &
Co. 1908.
IIL
It is because Jean-Jacques is more than the
"citizen of Geneva" — is, in fine, the prominent
citizen of contemporary France that we have already
found him — that such a matter as the course of
lectures delivered by M. Jules Lemaitre before the
Soci^t^ des Conferences in Paris raised at the time
a hubbub such as we could never get up over Jeffer-
son and Hamilton and Tom Paine rolled all in one.
Fancy Chicago, for example, expressing its apprecia-
tion of one of these men by means of " Lyric Medi-
tations," band-music, and " antique dances by fresh
and pretty young girls clad in clear colors ! " Yet
these were among the " f eatm-es " of the manifesto/-
tion against M. Lemaitre's lectures on Jean-Jacques,
published since then in book-form, both in France and
here.* Bubbling over with malice, written against
rather than about Rousseau, these lectures inspired,
not the mass-meeting alone, but such newspaper
eloquence as this, used in describing the Sorbonne
manifestation : " A room filled to the crushing- point,
an enthusiastic crowd, eloquent apologists, — nothing
was lacking to clear the memory of this universal
thinker." How natural that neither facts nor logic
should preoccupy his followers, since the leader him-
self appealed to all that is below, and to much that
is above, the Reason !
One is fascinated by the fine humor of it all.
That demonstration against M. Lemaitre's lectures
was not organized in his publishers' interest, as one
might suspect. It was even taken quite seriously by
the radicals of Paris, of all France, of Switzei'land.
They sent their delegates ; the Government sent its
minister. We Americans reserve our pyrotechnics
and hysteria for presidential elections, and maintain
a perfect indifference, en masse., where a candidate's
personality is not concerned. As a people, we under-
value ideas quite as we overrate action. We do not
see in ideas, as a people of philosophic temper must,
the springs of that action we so blindly exalt. Mean-
time, France has paid her rather absurd homage to
the " founder of modern society."
And yet the futility of developing or seeking to
develop a " Rousseau philosophy " is realized even in
France. The contradictions that his genius offers
are not only contradictions between doctrine and
practice, but between doctrine and doctrine. His
panegyrists themselves confess that one must look
to Rousseau for tendencies rather than for a system.
In his " First Discourse " — upon the Arts and the
Sciences — he maintains that man is naturally virtu-
ous ; that he is a victim of that corrupting influence
which we broadly describe as " civilization." In the
very starting-point — in this insistence upon the
superiority of the "state of nature" — lies the root
of the evil. That the theory leads, logically, back to
savagery itself, as the ideal state, was pointed out even
lay Rousseau's contemporaries ; to-day, M. Lemaitre
• Jean- Jacques Rousseau, par Jules Lemaitre, de 1' Academic
Francaise. Paris: 1907. English translation by Mme. Chas.
Bigot (Jeanne Mairet) published by the McClure Co., New
York, 1908.
390
THE DIAL
[June 16,
dwells upon his failure adequately to describe what
he meant by Nature as the primal som'ce of the con-
fusion into which discussion of his theories plunges
us. Nor is all this an academic matter. Leaving
the question of education aside, Rousseau's influence
is marked upon contemporary leaders in every field
of thought and of endeavor ; he has innoculated the
whole world with his sentimental optimism and his
humanitarian ideals. Nowhere is this more true than
in the north of Europe ; one sees his formulas at work
in Ibsen's dramas, unsettling and inconclusive as they
are ; the influence has affected publicists, too : Dos-
toievsky is one of them, in Russia ; Tikhvinsky
another. " Rousseau has been my master since the
age of fifteen," writes Tolstoi in a letter.
One is tempted to cite the brilliant sayings of
Lemaitre in the book he has written so lately. The
crux of it is here : seeing in the " H^loise," the
" Emile," the " Social Contract," and the other books,
only so many expressions of the chaos reigning in
the writer's own life, one is spared the task of recon-
ciling the irreconcilable. We need not quote M.
Lemaitre's sallies at Rousseau's expense. It requires
no Chesterton — no Lemaitre — to compose para-
doxes about him. Rousseau sowed truths and half-
truths with an open hand, and expressed them in
terms of life. He expounded and maintained the
Social Contract, and precipitated the Terror. He
preached religious toleration, and declared that those
who could not accept the " Profession of Faith of the
Savoyard Vicar " ought to be put to death. He
composed the " Devin du Village "; to equalize mat-
ters, he wrote the letter against stage-performances.
Of all his works, none is more truly the product of
his peculiar genius than the book of which he could
write to a friend : " You know well that the ' Nou-
velle Hdloise ' should not figure in the list of my
writings." He preached the cult of virtue, — only
it was vice masquerading in her sister's robes.
Lastly — most notoriously — he dwelt upon the
parent's duty to his children, and sent five infants,
one after another, to the foundlings' home. These
are some of the facts about Rousseau, some of the
issues of the controversy. Twenty years after writ-
ing his essay on Jean-Jacques, Lowell spent several
weeks in re-reading him. " A very complex char-
acter," was the conclusion he came to ; " one feels
as if the two poles of the magnet were somehow
mixed in him, so that hardly has he attracted you
powerfully, when you are benumbed with as strong
a shock of repulsion. ... A monstrous liar, but
always the first dupe of his own lie."
IV.
It is precisely because Rousseau is the precursor of
modern society and of modern literature, eulogized
by his partisans, that such a critic as M. Lemaitre
takes up the cudgels against him, and M. Lasserre^
the writer of a treatise upon French romanticism,
brands him an anarchist ; * while to Richepin and
* Le Romatisme Francais. Par Pierre Lasserre. Paris, 1907,
Ernest-Charles, and the other radicals in poetry and
journalism and politics, Lemaitre and Lasserre seem
friends, not of " order," but of the old order — the
ancien regime. There is no middle ground in the
France of to-day : one is atheist, revolutionist (i. e.,
social revolutionist), Rousseauist, — or else one is
Catholic-reactionary. It is not greatly to be won-
dered at if the book of a former " Nationalist " poli-
tician is attacked by these rhetorical radicals ; nor is
it to be doubted that they will denounce Mr. Gribble's
book. The one challenges remark by its glittering
cruelty of phrase ; the other attracts attention as a
good, specimen of that " documented " history which
is the specialty of our little age, and as something
shabbier even than court-memoirs at their most sor-
did. As for M. Lemaitre's volume, it shows us at
least how the tide is running in some channels. The
descendants of the Jacobins of '89 and '93 have
expelled the last of the monks and have stripped the
Church of its property ; they have added to M.
Briand's ministry of " cults " the administration of
justice ; what then of the astonishment if the ''friends
of restraint," the enemies of that individualism
which, according to M. Lasserre, has meant the ruin
of the individual, describe the philosophy of Rous-
seau as " the most subversive ever let loose among
men " ? Now the Genevan is likened to a virus ;
now he is a raging lion, a miserable, a Protestant.
For your reactionary in literature as well as in poli-
tics, his crime consists, in g^eat part, in having engen-
dered modern romanticism, — the genius of evil, the
mal moderne. In condemning with a fine impar-
tiality both Romanticism and Rousseau, le roman-
tisme integral, M. Lemaitre contents himself with
observing that there is not a theory, not a system,
not a form of sensibility, such as passes by the name
of "romantic," that does not proceed from Jean-
Jacques' writings. Rien dans le romantisme qui
ne soit de Rousseau. Rien dans Rousseau qui ne
soil romantique. "Chateaubriand, Madame de
Stael, Senancour, Lamartine, Hugo, Musset, Sand,
Michelet, — such," concludes the critic, "are the
literary offspring of Jean-Jacques." Why not say,
briefly, modern French literature ?
It is not easy to know what to think. Perhaps
all these lectures and demonstrations and critical
essays and statues and histories of the-women-he-
loved will have the happy effect of sending some of
us back to the writer himself ; we are bound to find
something worth while there, since we may either
amuse ourselves by picking flaws in his books, or
taste a pleasure of the sensuous sort in absorbing
that richness of style and enjoying the delights of
vagabondage, of greatness, and of caressing the
sensibilities. We cannot — to look at it from that
standpoint — we cannot, at any rate, wholly despise
the problems presented by one whose " Discourse
upon Equality among Men " meant so much to the
signers of our own " Declaration of Independence ";
whose treatise upon education, shaped as an account
of that promising young Emilius, is doing its work
1909.]
THE DIAL
391
whenever we apply the elective system at our
colleges.
Let us hope that by the time we have re-read
some of his books there will have been published an
accoimt of Rousseau that shall be at once scholarly,
sane, and convincing. One expects extremes in
any discussion of a man who was both more and
less than philosopher and novelist and reformer of
society and educational innovator and revolutionist
(religious and political); most of all must one look
for extremes in the French criticism of Rousseau.
It will be much if his disciples keep theii* promise
to give practical vent to their enthusiasm, and the
Jean-Jacques Society of Geneva issues its critical
edition of his works — not collected for more than
three-quarters of a century, and never definitively
published. That is not enough : the controversial
state of opinion suggests — notwithstanding the fact
that each year produces its crowd of new books on
Rousseau— our need of such a study of him as I have
just referred to. Though we have Lord Morley's
biography, thirty busy years have passed since its
appearance. We await a new presentation, — but
who is competent to undertake it? The writer
must be something of a philosopher, for he has an
idealogue to consider ; he must also be a critic of
poetry, for Rousseau engendered an age of lyricism.
Lastly, he must approach his task without too com-
plete an ignorance of social and political issues ; and
yet he must not mix his politics and his belles-
lettres as hopelessly as the French do. It is not
likely that we shall soon have that satisfactory study
of Rousseau : he is almost too completely the first
great cosmopolitan, and the link of past and present.
Besides, where is the critic and philosopher whom I
have j ust described ? Warren Barton Blake.
CASUAL COMMENT.
An author of inscriptions on stone, bronze,
and other perdurable substances, can more confi-
dently predict a long life for his productions than can
the writer of books. That President Eliot — or, as
we must now say. Dr. Eliot, since his relinquishment
of authority to President Lowell — is one of the most
prolific and successful writers of inscriptions our
country has known, has not been borne in mind by
everyone in the chorus of eulogy that has accom-
panied his retirem^t from high office. The twelve
tablets on the splendid Water Gate at the World's
Columbian Exposition, the fine inscription on the
Robert Gould Shaw monument in Boston, and the
eloquent words inscribed on the Soldiers' Monument
on Boston Common — these are among the best-
known examples of his admirable taste in the choice
of forceful and fitting eulogy for monumental pur-
poses, although few who have read these examples
of terse and elegant English know from whose pen
they came. It is hoped that the beautiful marble
Union Station at Washington and other notable
structures now in building on Capitol Hill will be
adorned with appropriate epigraphs from the same
skilful hand. Dr. Eliot's long practice in presenting
candidates for academic degrees, each with a preg-
nant word of suitable characterization, must have
helped to develop in him this faculty for turning
well-rounded and marvellously compact phrases for
use on public monuments. Why would not a course
in inscription-writing be good for students in the
English department ? No better corrective of dif-
fuseness and vagueness could be devised. Further-
more, as already remarked, no work of literature
has so favorable a chance of surviving the ravages
of time as the inscription. In the far-distant future
the excavators of buried Boston may unearth the
Shaw tablet, but find the books of the neighboring
Athenaeum and Public Library all crumbled to dust.
It is true the writer's fame will be anonymous, but
so is that of the composer of the imperishable lines
on the Rosetta Stone.
Two opinions of Shelley, violently in contrast,
and each having the authority of a great name
(though the greatness in one case has not yet been
established on a broad and everlasting basis), chanced
to come to our notice almost simultaneously. They
afford a good illustration of the notorious disagree-
ment of critics, and help to strengthen the plain
man's confidence in the worth (to himself, at least)
of his own judgment. In Hazlitt's essay " On People
of Sense " occurs this passage : " Poetry acts by sym-
pathy with nature, that is, with the natural impulses,
customs, and imaginations of men, and is, on that
account, always popular, delightful, and at the same
time instructive. It is nature moralizing and idealiz-
ing for us ; inasmuch as, by showing us things as they
are, it implicitly teaches us what they ought to be ;
and the grosser feelings, by passing through the strain-
ers of this imaginary, wide-extended experience,
acquire an involuntary tendency to higher objects.
Shakespeare was, in this sense, not only one of the
greatest poets, but one of the greatest moralists that
we have. Those who read him are the happier, bet-
ter, and wiser for it. No one (that I know of) is the
happier, better, or wiser for reading Mr. Shelley's
Prometheus Unbound. One thing is that nobody
reads it. And the reason for one or both is the
same, that he is not a poet, but a sophist, a theorist,
a controversial writer in verse. He gives us, for
representations of things, rhapsodies of words."
And so on, with increasing severity. The gratui-
tous element in this introduction of Shelley, who was
still living, is what most strikes the reader. In sharp
contrast with Hazlitt's condemnatory outburst is the
glowing eulogy of Shelley from the pen of the late
Francis Thompson, published first in " The Dublin
Review," where it attracted so much attention as to
make necessary a second edition of the number
containing it, and now republished in book form.
Readers will note with interest the fuller account
of it given elsewhere in this issue of The Dial.
392
THE DIAL
[June 16,
The death of R. Nisbet Bain, at fifty-four,
takes from the world of letters a man of varied
talents, of admirable industry, and of noteworthy
achievement. His position of assistant librarian at
the British Museum gave him ready access to and
familiarity with departments of literature in which
the workers are comparatively few. In Scandina-
vian and in Slavonic history he made himself an
authority, and published a number of books. " Gus-
tavus III. and his Contemporaries," " Charles XII.
and the Collapse of the Swedish Empire," " The
Pupils of Peter the Great," with works on Peter's
daughter the Empress Elizabeth and his grandson
Peter III., and one entitled " The First Romanovs,
1613-1725," are among his more important pro-
ductions. An excellent life of Hans Andersen also
came from his busy pen a few years ago ; and be-
tween whiles he amused himself with turning several
of Jdkai's romances from Hungarian into English —
his struggles with the idiosyncrasies of that fearful
and wonderful language being touched upon in his
preface to " The Hungarian Nabob." Ruthenian
and Russian and Finnish and we know not how
many other difficult tongues were mastered by him,
in a literary way. In his fondness for hard brain-
work he was a veritable glutton, and one cannot but
suspect that the indulgence of this appetite may have
shortened his days. . . .
The foreigner's opinion of English spelling
may not be exactly what the native imagines it to
be. Professor Albert Schinz of Bryn Mawr, whose
mother tongue is French, and whose practical
acquaintance with our language is of recent date,
contributes a noteworthy article to " The North
American Review " on the prospects of English as a
world-language. Our spelling reformers have urged
the need of simplified spelling if other nations are
ever to accept English as the international speech.
But Professor Schinz declares our spelling to be no
source of trouble to the foreigner; it is our pro-
nunciation that chiefly worries him, and this is
simply incapable of phonetic representation with
our alphabet. If, he says, the spelling reform move-
ment " proposes to make English more acceptable
to strangers as an international language, it is en-
tirely mistaken and had better stop its campaign at
once." A final word of good sense is uttered on the
undesirability of letting any one language suffer the
flattening and de-individualizing that must result
from its adaptation to universal use. Thus do there
seem to be more reasons than a few why English
should continue to be uncompromisingly itself, with
all its written and spoken marks of sturdy individ-
uality. . . ,
The handwriting of culture, or at least the
handwriting of persons who write much, tends for
some reason toward the perpendicular. The pen-
manship of men of letters in more recent times has
generally been small, compact, and approaching the
upright. Thackeray, Leslie Stephen, Longfellow,
Holmes, Eugene Field, all wrote the small, vertical
hand that is so economical of space and commonly
so easy to read. That this time-and-space-saving
style is a modern development admits of obvious
explanation. The larger, slanting, more conven-
tional handwriting of Dr. Johnson and his contem-
poraries was in harmony with the leisure and
formality of a less-crowded age. It must be chiefly
the more or less instinctive effort to save time that
now causes a writer's style to strip itself of super-
fluities to an increasing extent as he gi-ows older —
and this of course has a wider application than to
mere script. Strange, in view of these facts, is the
reaction now showing itself in some quarters against
the teaching of vertical penmanship. In France,
for example, where educational details of this sort
are intelligently ordered, a special commission has
just reported in favor of a return to the old-fashioned
forward-tipping script, and this for both ophthal-
mological and orthopaedic reasons. Yet one might
safely wager that the French children of to-day who
are to be the litterateurs of to-mori"ow will let no
polysyllabic pronouncements of government com-
missions stand in the way of a more serviceable
form of penmanship when the stress shall come
upon them. . , ,
A CASE OF inverted PLAGIARISM, as one critic
expressed it, is seen in the latest play of the popu-
lar German playwright, Herr Hauptmann. His
" Griselda," as reports from Berlin describe it,
appears to be a violent departure from tradition.
Boccaccio and Chaucer and all the other countless
chroniclers of the heart-rending history of the patient
Griselda would certainly be astonished to behold
what the German writer has made of her. There
comes upon the stage, not the meek, long-suffering,
beautiful and virtuous wife of the old story, but a
loud-voiced, muscular, short-waisted, square-framed,
raw-boned, and hard-fisted peasant Mddchen, ever
ready with the weapons wherewith nature has
equipped her, and even resorting in extremity to
such handy accessories as knives and buckets of
water. Her vituperative explosion, '■^ Du hist ein
Schweinhund" to her lover, is the acme of un-
Griselda-like language. One critic has suggested
that an allegory is intended, and that this belligerent
Griselda is meant as an impersonation of Germany
asserting herself after a period of comparative subor-
dination and tarnished repute among the European
powers. Here is food for English fancy and pos-
sible cause for wild alarm in ATbion.
Mrs. Julia Ward Howe at ninety may well
be accounted the pride and joy of literary Boston —
if not of unliterary Boston (if such there be) as well.
The day that saw her entrance upon the last decade
of a full century brought her more than her usual
number of birthday tributes and honors, and closed
with a family dinner party, at which, besides her
son and daughters, a good number of grandchildren
and seven great-grandchildren were present and
joined in the demolition of twenty or more birth-
1909.]
THE DIAL
393
day cakes that had arrived during the day — cake
enough, in fact, to enable the recipient to accomplish
the impossible feat proverbially associated with that
particular edible. Mrs. Howe's long survival of her
famous husband, who died a third of a century ago
at the age of seventy-five, combines with her own
marked and gifted personality to render her fame
a thing quite apart from his. Eight years ago we
were celebrating the centennial of Dr. Howe's birth.
It is by no means wild or extravagant to cherish
now an increasing hope that Mrs. Howe may herself
be with us to join in the celebration of her hundredth
birthday in 1919.
The cipher microbe works fearful havoc with
common-sense when it once gets into the brain.
The patient sees ciphers everywhere, and every
page of print becomes a puzzle in acrostics. Mr.
W. S. Booth's late astonishing performance, " Some
Acrostic Signatures of Francis Bacon," might be
taken for either the jeu d'esprit of a wag or the
insane utterance of a monomaniac, were it not that
the author is regarded by his friends as a rational
being writing in a serious mood. If anyone has
the curiosity to make the experiment, he will be
surprised to discover how easily, by the Boothian
mode of procedure, acrostic signatures, whether of
Bacon or of Booth or of anyone else, can be ciphered
out in any piece of prose or verse, even in the col-
umns of his daily newspaper. We do not need,
though it is reassuring enough to have it. Dr. Rolf e's
verdict that the Booth " discoveries " are not likely
to prove any more significant than "the foolery of
Donnelly and the other cipherers."
A STAGE CENSORSHIP BY REPUTABLE ACTORS is a
suggestion that has in it both novelty and promise.
Such a plan is announced as under contemplation by
the Chicago branch of the Actors' Church Alliance,
a body that includes not only members of the the-
atrical profession, but also ministers and laymen
interested in raising the standard of the acted drama.
It is proposed to institute, as a permanent function
of this branch of the Alliance, a discussion of all
modern plays presented in Chicago, with special
reference to their moral character and their influ-
ence on society. This is a movement for reform
from within — the only real reform — which is of
good augury. The inevitable notoriety and malo-
dorous success given to objectionable plays by loud
and public denunciation from without may be at
least partly avoided by quiet and intelligent action
on the part of conscientious players themselves.
Abdul Hamid the book-collector having re"
tired (reluctantly) from the business of misgoverning
Turkey, his fine assortment of Oriental books and
manuscripts at the Yildiz Kiosk will now probably
be made less inaccessible to students and to other
interested visitors. Literary treasures gathered
during the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth cen-
turies from Greek monasteries, and at first stacked
away in the library of the old seraglio, are soon
likely to find more appreciative readers than the
women of the harem. The new Sultan, Rechad
Effendi, otherwise Mohammed the Fifth, is said to
be a book-lover, somewhat of a poet, and not with-
out liberal ideas. His Turkish translation of a
volume of Persian poems is commended by connois-
seurs as a meritorious piece of work. It is to be
hoped that as soon as he and his family get well
settled after their spring moving, he will open his
library doors, and open them wide.
COMMUNICA TIONS.
THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND THOMAS PAINE.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
Replying to the letter signed " Inquirer," in your
issue of June 1, 1 regret to state that it is only too true
that Theodore Roosevelt, in a work intended to pass
for authentic biography, did apply to Thomas Paine the
triply false description cited by your correspondent,
which called out the just reprehension of the London
" Nation " as quoted. The expression occurs in the
biography of Gouverneur Morris. I have not the book
at hand, and hence cannot give the chapter or page ; but
it will be readily found, as forming an extraordinary
feature of the excuse given for Morris's failure to
interfere on Paine's behalf, when the latter was impris-
oned in France, and menaced with death. It is still
more unfortunately true that Mr. Roosevelt's attention
has been called to his error, but that he has failed to
find time for the re-examinatiou which he had promised ;
and the gross misrepresentation forms part of the latest
editions of the biography. During the closing months
of Mr. Roosevelt's presidential term, he refused even
to see Mr. M. M. Mangasarian, the well-known Liberal
lecturer of Chicago, who made a trip to Washington
for the express purpose of laying the detailed facts before
Mr. Roosevelt and offering him an opportunity to honor
himself by making this centennial year of Paine's death
an occasion of performing an act of tardy justice to his
memory.
The enormous national ingratitude to Paine stands
recorded as one of the most serious blemishes in the
history of the Republic; but the false picture created
in the public mind by a most discreditable theologicum
odium has begun to give place to a true appreciation of
the inestimable services rendered to American liberty by
the Author-Hero of the Revolution. The now classic
biography of Paine by the late Moncure D. Conway dealt
the final death-blow to the anti-Paine myth.
James F. Mortox, Jr.
New York, June 5, 1909.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
In reference to the inquiry of a correspondent in the
issue of your journal for June 1 (p. 360) as to Mr.
Roosevelt's responsibility for a term of rank opprobrium
applied to Thomas Paine, as charged and severely rebuked
by the London " Nation," I beg to submit the following:
It would be pleasant to believe that Mr. Roosevelt did
not refer to Thomas Paine as a " filthy little atheist."
It seems incredible that the man who has sounded from
394
THE DIAL
[June 16,
the housetop the tocsin of a " Square Deal " could be
guilty of so great an injustice, or could lower himself to
the use of billingsgate in a supposedly serious literary
production. Unfortunately for Mr. Roosevelt's reputa-
tion, however, there can be no doubt as to his responsi-
bility for the vile and absolutely false epithet which he
bestowed upon one of the truest patriots of all time.
Mr. Roosevelt's attack upon Thomas Paine will be
found in Chapter X. of his life of Gouverneur Morris,
in the American Statesmen series, edited by Mr. John
T. Morse and pubhshed by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin
& Co. As he uses the words " filthy little atheist " with-
out quotation marks, he evidently claims them as his
own. I append the interesting passage in which the
words occur. Mr. Roosevelt is speaking of Paris at the
time of the Jacobin uprising, when Morris was American
Minister to France.
" One man had a very narrow escape. This was Thomas
Paine, the Englishman, who had at one period rendered such
a striking service to the cause of American independence,
while the rest of his life had been as ignoble as it w;is varied.
He had been elected to the Convention, and, having sided
with the Gironde, was thrown into prison by the Jacobins.
He at once asked Morris to demand him as an American
citizen ; a title to which he of course had no claim. Morris
refused to interfere too actively, judging rightly tliat Paine
would be saved by his own insignificance, and would serve his
own interests best by keeping still. So the filthy little atheist
had to stay in prison, ' where he amused himself with pub-
lishing a pamphlet against Jesus Christ.' There are infidels
and infidels ; Paine belonged to the variety — whereof America
possesses at present one or two shining examples — that appar-
ently esteems a bladder of dirty water as the proper weapon
with which to assail Christainity." (Roosevelt's life of
Gouverneur Morris, p. 288-9.)
Frederic M. Wood.
Cleveland, Ohio, June 7, 1909.
THE IMPORTATION OF COPYRIGHTED BOOKS.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
Owing to my absence in the country, I have only
to-day had an opportunity of reading the communication
from Mr. Steiner and Mr. Cutter (representing the
American Library Copyright League) printed in The
Dial of May 16, concerning the matter of the importa-
tion of copyrighted books — a communication written, as
the Librarians state, for the purpose of correcting certain
so-called "glaring misstatements " contained in a letter
of my own which was printed in The Dial of April 16.
The main purpose of my letter was to point out a
serious anomaly in our new Copyright statute in the
provision concerning the importation of copyrighted
books. The law undertakes to give to the author and
to the author's assigns " exclusive control " over his pro-
duction — such control as is given under all the copyright
statutes of the world. Our law includes, however, certain
provisions which practically do away with such control.
I pointed out that the clause in the law of 1891 con-
ceding to librarians, to associations, and to individuals the
privilege of importing, without reference to the permis-
sion of the owner of the American copyright, books that
had secured American copyright, constituted a material
change in the existing Copyright law of the United States
and made this law inconsistent with the Copyright laws
of other countries.
I stated further that this provision was " interpolated
into the Act during the last days of the Session," and
" without any opportunity being afforded for considera-
tion or discussion." The Librarians call this " an abso-
lutely false statement," and point out that the matter
was " debated in the Senate on several occasions." It
was perfectly evident from the context that my statement
had reference not to discussions in the Senate, but to
consideration in the conferences and at the Congressional
hearings. The law of 1891 was brought into shape after
conferences and hearings before the Congressional Com-
mittees, which had gone on during a term of nearly five
years. I speak with personal knowledge when I state
that at no time during these conferences, or at any one
of the hearings before the Committees of Congress at
which those having a right to be heard on the subject of
copyright were asked to present information for the guid-
ance of the members, was any suggestion brought up for
the undermining of the well-accepted principle of the
American Copyright law in regard to the " absolute con-
trol " being conceded to the owner of the copyright. This
proposition for a practically unrestricted importation of
copyrighted books was first brought up in the Senate after
the conferences and hearings had been closed, and without
any opportunity being given to those having knowledge
of the subject for making clear to the Senators the neces-
sary result of such a material change in the Copyright
statutes. A similar course of action was taken in the
final shaping of the statute that has just been enacted,
several important provisions in which were materially
modified after all the hearings had been terminated, and
when it was supposed that the bill, as brought into print
at the close of the hearings, represented a final consensus
of opinion on the essential matters that had been in
controversy.
Your correspondents contend further that my state-
ment that the Copyright law of Great Britain secures
for the owner of the copyright and for his assigns any
such exclusive control of copyright, or authority to
prevent the importation of foreign editions of the books
so copyrighted, is " absolutely unfounded." I have for
many years had some direct knowledge of and experi-
ence in the business of buying and selling books in Great
Britain for import and for export, an experience which
is apparently not possessed by your correspondents. I
may point out to them that if they would undertake to
bring into Great Britain a Tauchnitz edition of an Eng-
lish book that was still under the protection of English
copyright, or a German edition of such copyrighted
English book, or a Tauchnitz edition of an American book
that had secured English copyright, or an American
edition of an American book that had secured English
copyright, they would find that my statement was abso-
lutely correct, and that the provisions of the existing
English statute do give exclusive control, which, as
pointed out, is an essential factor in a consistent and
equitable Copyright law.
In like manner, under the Copyright laws of the other
states of Europe, the author possesses the absolute con-
trol of his production, and is placed in a position to
assign to his selling agents, the publishers, the same con-
trol for such a territory as he may specify. In no other
way, in fact, can the author secure for himself what the
Copyright law proposes he shall secure — namely, the
fullest possible return for his labor.
It is in order, also, to correct the statement made
by the Librarians on another matter, their reference to
which can only be described as disingenuous. They
refer to the published price of the American edition of
the " Cambridge History of English Literature " as
$2.50 per volume, and state that the English edition is
issued per volume at 7s. 6d. With the printed cata-
1909.]
THE DIAL
395
logues before them, they must certainly have known
that the pubUshed price per volume of the English
edition is 9s., and that the price of 7s. 6d. is in force
only for purchasers who place advance subscriptions for
the entire set. They must also have known that while
the published price per volume of the American issue
is $2.50, a proportionate reduction is given to subscrib-
ers for the complete set. They were further aware, of
course, that the Libraries secure a reduction from the
published price. Their statement, however, is worded
for the purpose of giving the impression that the Amer-
ican price of the book is $2.50 as against an English
price of 7s. 6d. They also fail to point out that the
American edition of this work is printed in a more open
and therefore more expensive typography, and is bound
in a more substantial and costly form.
This disingenuous comparison of English and Amer-
ican prices is, it seems to me, characteristic of the atti-
tude taken by certain American Librarians in regard to
American publishing undertakings which are of first
importance for the literary interests of the community.
I can but think that the Library Copyright League
might more accurately be entitled The League of (cer-
tain) Librarians for the Undermining of Copyright.
Geo. Haven Putnam.
Bedford St., Strand, London, June 3, 1909.
SOME NEEDED TYPOGRAPHICAL REFORMS.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
The academic move of a printers' society toward
ascertaining some practical methods by which type may
be made more readable, noted in The Dial of May
16, is of a certain interest in itself, but more particu-
larly because of that which it may suggest to those who
have considered the legibility of the printed page from
the point of view of all the elements concerned. While
improvements in type-design may be possible, it is also
doubtless true that ease and pleasure in reading may
be greatly increased without altering the present type-
faces.
The matter of the design of those letters which are
now deemed defective has engaged the study of the
designers attached to the type foundries, and of those
independent artists who occasionally make type faces, as
well as the expert printers and critics of printing, for
many years. The progressive founders are constantly
experimenting with designs that are offered to overcome
the objections to some of the Roman letters, and large
sums of money are annually expended in perfecting
these suggested designs, cutting matrices, and getting
expert opinions. There is never a time when there are
not from one to a dozen of these experimental fonts of
type, in some stage of making, on the desk of the enter-
prising foundry manager, out of which there comes no
more than one per cent of possibilities. Some of the
letters mentioned by you have been the objects of con-
tinuous study during many years past, as the a, the e,
the I, the s, the o, and others. By the way, the dot over
the i is on a level with the letter I, in all ordinary fonts
of reading type, as in the note you print; but this same
dot is a worry to designers, and is often misplaced, be-
cause its proper optical location is ignored in favor of
puttmg it in perfect draftsmanship relations with the
other parts of the letter. The scientists will find it
difficult to add to the knowledge of the type-designers,
though the designers will welcome the investigation
suggested.
It should be noted that the setting of type by machin-
ery, and especially the processes by which it is manu-
factured as it is set, have seriously injured type designs,
chiefly because of the abolishment of overhanging kerns
and the unnecessary disregard of the " set " of the
letters; the one inevitable, and the other the result of
carelessness or ignorance. The flowing lines of the
handsome letters of the time before the machines came
in are missing, and m their place we have an abbreviated
and prim uprightness of certain letters that takes much
from the beauty of the type.
There is something now being done in the direction of
remedying the objectionable optical qualities of the
ordinary types used for book printing, by some of the
better printers. The most notable example of this pro-
gressive work that has appeared in America is the
" Geofroy Tory " just from the skilful hands of Mr.
Bruce Rogers. [This work is spoken of at some length
in another part of this issue of The Dial. — Edr.] The
type upon which this beautiful book is printed has been
re-designed by Mr. Rogers, who took the ordinary Cas-
lon for his base and has worked out a type which makes
words that are optical units, rather than collections of
letters. Many of the letters have been re-designed, and
the " set " has been very carefully studied and adjusted.
I very much doubt if any committee of learned pro-
fessors could, through applying all the methods of cyco-
logical research, produce or suggest a type better than
this in the essentials that promote easy reading and eye-
ease. But the effects produced by Mr. Rogers are not
possible in commercial book-making, unless we are to
return to hand-set type ; and it is difficult to understand
why this is not more commonly done, since there is no
economy in machine-set type for good books made by
the good printers, and there is a very great advantage
possible if hand-set type is intelligently used.
But granting that type for the ordinary books is
certain to be machine-set, the book page may easily be
made so much more closely in accord with the necessities
of the eyes that it will appear to be the product of the
very reform for which this society of printers is appeal-
ing. The optical qualities necessary for comfoi-table
reading, and the conservation of the powers of the eyes,
do not largely depend upon the design of the type, but
upon the method of the use of the type, the length of
the lines, the proportions of the type-page, the margins,
the tone of the print, and the general arrangement of the
book. The paper, and all of the processes of printing,
have also their influence upon the eyes. If all of these
considerations are given due attention by the skilled
printer, there will be little complaint of the design of
the type face. If in addition the printer would use
some of the faces of type which were more or less in
vogue before the machines came in — like the Riverside
faces for a modern Roman, or the original Caslon for an
old-style Roman — there would also be handsome book
pages, which would be nearly exempt from criticism,
and we should hear less about the necessity of making
over our letters. And if they are made over, it is
reasonably certain that the recommended forms will
not run on the machines ; and the state of our eyes then
would be the very same as now.
What book-making needs is knowledge of how to
use the type faces we have, with the machines, rather
than an attempt to force a reform that is foredoomed to
failure. George French.
New York, June 3, 1909.
396
THE DIAL
[June 16,
^t itto g0oks.
CoxcoRD Memories, and Other Pages
FROM THE Past.*
Mr. Sanborn, the last of the famous company
that has made Concord illustrious in the world
of intellect and ideals, speaks of himself as
belonging now " to a small and fast-dwindling
band of men and women who, fifty, sixty and
seventy years ago, resolved that other persons
ought to be as free as ourselves." Of this
liberty-loving band John Brown is naturally
named as the leader and hero ; and to John
Brown and his labors and sacrifices in the cause
of negro emancipation much of the first of
Mr. Sanborn's two volumes of " Recollections of
Seventy Years " is devoted, while the second
volume is filled chiefly with intimate reminis-
cences of those Concord celebrities about whom
we are never tired of hearing. In one import-
ant respect the author has failed to write up to
his title : he has come to a halt at the end of his
first forty years, with but little reference to later
incidents, leaving the reader to hope that the
remaining thirty (or, more accurately, thirty-
eight) years may furnish motive and material
for subsequent volumes.
In reviewing Mr. Sanborn's book, one cannot
do better than follow his own example in such
work. As editor of the Boston " Common-
wealth " forty-six years ago, and later one of the
editorial staff of the Springfield " Republican,"
to which journal he still contributes a weekly
" Boston Literary Letter," he has written
innumerable book-notices ; and in these he has
adopted a practice, which he commends, of treat-
ing the reader to ample quotations, " when space
and time will allow." For he well recalls, he
tells us, the keen pleasure he himself found as
a young man in such quoted passages, while the
criticism passed unheeded by. First, then, a
word from his own pen concerning his early
education. Like many of the best-educated
men, he was largely self-taught. Speaking of
the house where he was born in 1831, at Hamp-
ton Falls, N. H., and of the large room " where
in winter we dined, and where I studied Latin,
French, Greek, and German, before I ever
thought of going to Harvard College," he
continues :
" The facilities for so many languages were furnished
by what remained of the church library ' for the use of
the ministry,' given by Dr. Langdon, the parish clergy-
• Recollections of Seventy Years. By F. B. Sanborn of
Concord. In two volumes. Illustrated. Boston: Richard G.
Badger.
man, a retired president of Harvard ; and by the text-
books which my brother Charles bought for his own
studies. . . . Dr. Langdon and Parson Abbot, his suc-
cessor, were the nearest neighbors of my ancestors from
1780, when Dr. Langdon indignantly withdrew from his
insulted presidency, until 1827, when Mr. Abbot retired
to his hill-farm in Windham, twenty miles inland. In
this half-century (almost) the foundation of a reading
and studious community was laid in my native township;
both these clergymen being learned scholars, fond of
disseminating culture among their parishioners. Both
founded local libraries — Dr. Langdon of Latin, Greek
and historical folios, quartos, octavos, and pamphlets;
and Parson Abbot a < social ' lending library wholly in
English, and more popular in its quality. Both were
customarily kept in the Parsonage, and were open to
me, a schoolmate of the sons of successive parsons, and
their playmate on the little triangular common where
the Exeter road, Hampton old-road and Kensington
crossroad came together."
Plutarch's " Lives," in Langhorne's trans-
lation, the boy read before he was eight years
old, and most of the other few hundred books
in the Social Library, of which his father was a
shareholder, had been gone through when, at the
age of fourteen, he began on the weightier con-
tents of the other library. Greek gi'ammar,
indeed, he had already taken up three years
earlier ; and when he resumed the study of the
language, more vigorously, at fifteen, it was
never to drop it again. Mr Sanborn's friends
can bear witness to his continued pursuit of
Greek literature and his rare appreciation of
its beauties.
After Mr. Sanborn's three years at Harvard,
where he entered the sophomore class in 1852,
natural affinity and an opening in the teacher's
profession drew him to Concord. He begins
this chapter of his life with some significant
remarks on the literary inspiration of the town
as compared with that of Cambridge in his col-
lege days, and confesses himself more indebted
to Concord than to Cambridge for his training.
" With all respect for Harvard College, as it was
when I was matriculated a student there in 1852, it
must be said that I owed more to several other persons
than to any of the college Faculty, and more to Emer-
son and Theodore Parker than to all the professors and
tutors together. Yet the undergraduate or academic
department, though containing less than 400 students,
was, in my deliberate judgment, as well equipped then
for producing the results of high scholarship, general
culture, and practical efficiency in the tasks of American
life, as it is to-day, with its thousands of students,
millions of endowment, and ten instructors where there
were but two in my college days. The professional
schools are greatly improved, the post-graduate facil-
ities are multiplied by ten or more, the football, base-
ball, boat-racing and theatrical departments are far
more active, productive and expensive ; but the homely,
solitary, fraternal and personal influences of the small
college are mostly things of the past. In all its history,
and with all its advantages, Harvard has usually lagged
1909.]
THE DIAL
397
in the rear of the highest culture; it does so still, amid
the wealth of its foundations and the multiplicity of its
opportunities."
No account of Mr. Sanborn's book would be
complete without some reference to his intimate
connection with and unstinted admiration for
the champion of a free Kansas and the hero
and martyr of Harper's Ferry. Though only
for a few years associated in a common cause
with John Brown, he declares himself better
acquainted with him than with many men whom
he has known a lifetime. Hence a few lines of
characterization from his pen will here be well
worth while.
"John Brown, though born in New England, and
strongly marked with the New England seriousness of
mood, had spent most of his half-century in new and
wild regions, intimate with nature, and directing other
men rather than guided or trained by them. He was
profound in his thinking, and had formed his opinions
rather by observation than by reading, though well
versed in a few books, chief among which was the Bible.
He was, in truth, a Calvinist Puritan, born a century or
two after the fashion had changed; but as ready as those
of Bradford's or Cromwell's time had been to engage in
any work of the Lord to which he felt himself called."
Acting as secretary of the Massachusetts
Kansas Committee, Mr. Sanborn travelled ex-
tensively in the Middle West, which was then
the Far West, and he has given in detail a first-
hand account of the tempestuous beginnings of
the Kansas commonwealth. The trouble that
he became involved in with the powers at
Washington, his attempted arrest, and his flight
to Canada and other expedients to preserve his
freedom and to avoid implicating his associates,
are fully related in his first volume. The hing-
ing of one momentous event on another in the
author's life is strikingly shown at several
points. For instance, the legal aid and advice
which John A. Andrew gave to his Concord
friend when the latter was in some apprehension
of serious trouble from Washington led to Mr.
Sanborn's helping to nominate Andrew for gov-
ernor ; and Andrew's election and repeated
re-election enabled him to offer the secretaryship
of the newly created Board of State Charities to
the ex-secretary of the Kansas Committee, an
office that Mr. Sanborn accepted and in which
he rendered notable service, although this de-
partment of his varied activities receives no
further mention in the present volumes.
A brief reference to Mr. Sanborn's manner
of passing the time during his enforced absence
from home is illuminating. With enough of
uncertainty and unpleasantness in his situation
to make many a man walk the streets or smoke
unnumbered cigars, or perhaps seek spirituous
rather than spiritual solace, the exile formed the
acquaintance of a young priest at the Jesuit
College in Quebec and spent hours reading in
the library of which the priest was custodian,
making there, as he tells us, " the reading
acquaintance of Lucan's ' Pharsalia ' and the
quaint biographies of Izaak Walton and Mrs.
Colonel Hutchinson."
In the pages of the second volume, Emerson
and Thoreau and EUery Channing (the poet)
figure most conspicuously. Correcting a false
impression concerning Emerson as a church-
goer after he ceased to be a minister, Mr.
Sanborn writes :
" I saw in the reported address of President Eliot at
the Boston Centenary of Emerson, a singular statement :
' Emerson attended church on Sundays all his life with
uncommon regularity.' A regularity which kept him
away from the Sunday services ten years at a time
would certainly be called ' uncommon,' and such was his
habit during the first twenty years that I knew him,
from 1853 to 1873. I had reason to know his practice,
for a considerable part of that time I often sat in Mrs.
Emerson's pew, or, if not, at a point where I saw all
its occupants; and though I may once or twice have
seen Emerson in it, the occasions must have been very
few. He afterward took up, in old age, the practice of
his earlier life, and sat there with his wife and daughter,
but for many years he was only seen at church rarely."
We are apt to think of the Concord worthies
of fifty years ago as wearing halos or laurel
crowns, or at least as walking in a sort of glorified
nimbus, in the view of their less exalted fellow-
townsmen. But this now appears not to have
been the case, if we may credit the following :
" It is a singular fact, on which I have much medi-
tated, that in Concord, for most of the years that the
great coterie of authors who now reflect credit on the
little town, were living there and associating with one
another, the general community had small regard for
any of them except Emerson. His claims were more
intelligible to the ordinary citizen than those of Alcott,
or Thoreau, or Hawthorne, or Channing. All these
four, when I first lived in Concord, were regarded as
oddities, and as more or less reprehensible in their
eccentricity. Alcott's poverty, Hawthorne's unpopular
politics, Thoreau's unsparing criticism, and Channing's
caprice increased the dislike which was felt by the
fancied leaders of the community. It is true they had
peculiarities that might excuse the disregard felt for
them by those who had not insight enough for their
higher traits; but the men and women of education
should have perceived, as a few of them did, the real
eminence of the four, each in his own way."
A rapid sketch of the sturdy Thoreau must
here find room for insertion. What a contrast
between his temperament and opinions and those
of the late lamented John Davidson, for example !
" How did Thoreau bear himself in the hourly give-
and-take of our village life ? To what daily habits did
his philosophy lead him ? In the first place, he was
scrupulously honest and diligent — no citizen in the
398
THE DIAL
[June 16,
plainest way of life was more industrious, or less dis-
posed to avoid his chosen duties. He even preferred to
support himself for years by manual labor, because he
thought this form of industry left him more leisure for
thought, which, with him, was the real business of life.
Writing to Horace Greeley in May, 1848, he said that
for five years past he had lived by the labor of his hands,
not getting a cent from any other quarter. In this work,
he estimated, only a month in each year had been used ;
the rest of the time he had for his own occupations and
studies, and he thought few men of letters had so much
leisure. He even railed at those scholars who complain
that their fate is hard because they get little money, —
who depend on patrons and starve in garrets, or at last
go mad and die. Why should not the scholar, he said, if
he is really wiser than the multitude, do rude work now
and then ? To such work Thoreau had been brought
up, and he hardly ceased from it, so long as his physical
strength lasted."
In a letter written in 1850 by the young
woman who afterward became Mr. Sanborn's
first wife, there occurs this sentence concerning
" F. S., the young poet," whom the writer had
just met for the first time : " There was a charm
about everything he said*, because he has thought
more wholly for himself than anyone I ever met."
This known independence of Mr. Sanborn's in
matters of opinion, marks his book from begin-
ning to end. There is nothing of second-hand
or imitation in it ; and this strong character of
the work, with its flavor of Concord idealism
and transcendentalism, constitutes its charm. It
is a noteworthy piece of autobiography, and we
hope it will be continued and completed. The
many portraits and other illustrations deserve,
too, a word of commendation, as does also the
full index at the end. Percy F. Bicknell.
Chapters of American Opera.*
Mr. William Winter, the veteran dramatic
critic of the New York " Tribune," has recently
given the public his reminiscences of the Amer-
ican dramatic stage during the past fifty years.
Following closely in his footsteps, Mr. Henry E.
Krehbiel, musical critic of the same paper for
thirty years, has given the public his reminis-
cences of opera in New York, beginning with
the earliest local history of the lyric drama and
coming down to the present time. The work
mainly has reference to New York City ; but as
any review of operatic history there includes in
large degree operatic history in all our large
cities, Mr. Krehbiel's book " Chapters of Opera "
* Chapters of Opera. Being Historical and Critical Obser-
vations and Records Concerning the Lyric Drama in New York,
from its earliest days down to the present time. By Henry
Edward Krehbiel. With over seventy illustrations. New York:
Henry Holt & Co.
has a widespread interest and should appeal
to the general public. In limiting his work to
opera, Mr. Krehbiel has wisely discriminated.
He might have covered a wider area of subject ;
for, as a musician, musical critic, and musical
writer, he has been closely in touch all these
years with musical undertakings of every
kind. Perhaps he recognized that while New
York City is an operatic centre it is not strictly
a musical centre. Other cities do not look to it
for anything but operatic supply. Until that
city has a permanent orchestra in its own home,
permanently organized, conducted, housed, and
pensioned, worthy to rank in the same class
with the Theodore Thomas or Boston Symphony
organizations, it can hardly lay claim to being
the musical centre of the country. At present
it has only its Philharmonic Society, with a
three years' permanency under the leadership
of the excellent Mahler, and guaranteed that
length of time only through the persevering
efforts of one lady. New York has never cared
much for the orchestra which is the essential
basis of all musical success. It does, however,
care very much for opera, because it is the
centre of wealth and fashion, and opera depends
for its success mainly upon these factors.
Whatever may have been his motive, Mr.
Krehbiel has chosen the lyric drama for his
subject, and he has given the public the most
complete history of it which has yet been writ-
ten, beginning with the introduction of Italian
opera by the Garcias, of English opera by
Malibran, and of the ballad operas, of which
" The Beggars' Opera " is a conspicuous exam-
ple, and closing with the season of 1908 in the
Metropolitan Opera House. Indeed, the author's
personal acquaintance with operatic history is
largely confined to the artists, managers, and
repertories of that house.
As in every book which Mr. Krehbiel has
given the public, he writes with knowledge and
authority. He has had a wide acquaintance
with artists, has enjoyed the confidence of man-
agers, and has had ample official resources to
draw upon ; so that on the one hand he has pre-
sented a trustworthy narrative, and on the other
has embellished it with intelligent criticism and
pleasant reminiscence. Any history of this
kind must have its dry spots ; but he amply com-
pensates for them by the personal note always
pleasantly sounded, and by a quiet humor which
illuminates many a page of his text. Thus he
has made a book which is not only a valuable
and interesting compendium, but delightful to
read. Mr Krehbiel's style is usually dignified
1909.]
THE DIAL
399
and earnest, as of one having authority ; but in
the " Chapters of Opera" he frequently unbends
and descends from the critical "• Tribune " to
gossip pleasantly and chat with his readers.
In a word, Mr. Krehbiel has given us an
authoritative, exact, and comprehensive history
of opera in New York, which means a history
of opera in this country. It is quite profusely
illustrated with cuts of the earlier opera houses
and artists and reproductions of excellent pho-
graphs of artists still upon the stage.
George P. Upton.
Shelley the "Enchanted Child."*
On the death of Francis Thompson, in Novem-
ber of 1907, the world recognized that it had
lost a poet great and unusual as to quality,
though of scant production as to quantity. That
Mr. Thompson was also a charming prose-writer
was little known and scarcely mentioned. To
add this to his preceding honors is left for us,
the readers of his essay on SheUey, first pub-
lished last fall in the " Dublin Review," and
now issued separately as a small volume, with
an Introduction by the Right Honorable George
Wyndham.
The manuscript of this essay was found among
the poet's papers after his death. It had been
written nearly twenty years before, but being
rejected by the editor of the " Dublin Review "
was thrown aside by its discouraged author to lie
until found by his literary executor after his
death. A lapse of twenty years having brought
about a change of editors to the magazine as well
as fame to Mr. Thompson, the review for which
it was originally intended was only too glad to
print it; to this editor, and to Mr. Wilfrid
MeyneU, Mr. Thompson's literary executor, are
we indebted for the recovery from oblivion of a
manuscript worthy a place among English prose
masterpieces.
From this point of view — as a brilliant,
picturesque, glowing tribute from one poet to
another and greater one to whom he was not a
little akin in spirit — praise of the essay can
hardly be too great. The reviewer need do little
more than present copious extracts in proof. But
if it is to be regarded as an addition to Shelley-
criticism, if Thompson is to be entered in the list
of leading Shelley critics with Stopford Brooke,
Garnett, Forman, Symonds, and others, then
the essay must take much lower rank, must
* Shelley. By Francis Thompson.
Scribner's Sons.
New York : Charles
be recognized, in fact, as scarcely more than
superficial.
Mr. Thompson's introductory assertion, that
in the present day Shelley has no lineal descend-
ant in the poetical order, is one not likely to be
gainsaid ; nor, according to his prediction, are
we likely to have one, since a poet abound-
ingly spontaneous, like Shelley, could hardly
flourish in a self-conscious age like our own.
An age that is ceasing to produce child-like
children cannot produce a Shelley. For, both
as man and as poet, he was essentially a child —
a word defined by Mr. Thompson in the follow-
ing glowing fashion :
" Know you what is to be a child ? It is to be some-
thing very different from the man of to-day. It is to
have a spirit jet streaming from the waters of baptism;
it is to believe in love, to believe in loveliness, to believe
in belief; it is to be so little that the elves can reach
to whisper in your ear; it is to turn pumpkins into
coaches, and mice into horses, lowness into loftiness,
and nothing into everything, for each child has its fairy
godmother in its own soul; it is to live in a nutshell and
to count yourself the king of infinite space; it is
To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour ;
it is to know not as yet that you are under sentence of
life, nor petition that it be commuted into death. . . .
J!o the last, in a degree uncommon among poets, Shelley
retained the idiosyncrasy of childhood, expanded and
matured without differentiation. To the last he was
the enchanted child."
This doctrine of the " enchanted child " ap-
plied to Shelley is the main thesis of the essay,
the one which Mr. Thompson continually reiter-
ates and to which he returns at every point. Not
only was Shelley child-like by nature, but this
disposition was fostered by his early and long
isolation among his fellows. The persecution
which overclouded his school-days is hardly ex-
aggerated in the picture given in " The Revolt
of Islam." Escaping bodily violence for the
most part, he was the victim of the most ter-
rible weapon that boys have against their fellow-
boy, who is powerless to shun it because, unlike
the man, he has virtually no privacy. He was
a little St. Sebastian, sinking under the inces-
sant flight of shafts which skilfully avoid the
vital parts.
The " magnified child " is again shown in his
fondness for apparently futile amusements, such
as the sailing of paper-boats. This was not
childish, not a mindless triviality, though it was
child-like ; it showed the genuine child's power of
investing little things with imaginative interest.
Even as a philosopher, Shelley was a child,
" firmly expecting spiritual rest from each new
400
THE DIAL
[June 16,
divinity, though it had found none from the
divinities antecedent." The reserve and deli-
cacy with which Mr. Thompson disposes of this
stumbling-block in the path of many of Shelley's
devotees are admirable, his conclusion being that
certain episodes in Shelley's life were due to " no
mere straying of the sensual appetite, but a
straying, strange and deplorable, of the spirit ";
that " he left a woman not because he was tired
of her arms, but because he was tired of her
soul." And he pays this beautiful tribute to
Mary Shelley : " Few poets were so mated be-
fore, and no poet was so mated afterwards until
Browning stooped and picked up a fair-coined
soul that lay rusting in a pool of tears."
Child-like also, because so irrational, was
Shelley's unhappiness and discontent with life.
The pity due to his outward circumstances has
been strangely exaggerated. Poverty never
dictated to his pen ; the designs on his bright
imagination were never etched by the sharp
fumes of necessity ; as compared with Keats,
Coleridge, and De Quincey, his was a highly
.favored lot.
Coming to Shelley's poetry, we peep over the
wild mask of revolutionary metaphysics and
again we see the winsome face of the child.
" The Cloud," most typically Shelleyan of all
the poems, is " the child's faculty of make-
believe raised to the nth power.
" He is still at play, save only that his play is such as
manhood stops to watch, and his playthings are those
which the gods give their children. The universe is his
box of toys. He dabbles his fingers in the day-fall.
He is gold-dusty with tumbling amidst the stars. He
makes bright mischief with the moon. The meteors
nuzzle their noses in his hand. He teases into growl-
ing the kennelled thunder, and laughs at the shaking of
its fiery chain. He dances in and out of the gates of
heaven; its floor is littered with his broken fancies. He
runs wild over the fields of ether. He chases the roll-
ing world. He gets between the feet of the horses of
the sun. He stands in the lap of patient Nature, and
twines her loosened tresses after a hundred wilful
fashions, to see how she will look nicest in his song."
It was Shelley's childlike quality that assim-
ilated him to the childlike peoples among whom
mythologies have their rise. This made him
in the truest sense a mythological poet, as in
" Prometheus Unbound " — a veritable poet of
nature, but not in the Wordsworthian sense. He
delighted in imagery, not merely as a means of
expression nor even as adornment, but in imagery
for its own sake. Shelley is what the Meta-
physical School of poetry tried to be.
" The Metaphysical School failed, not because it toyed
with imagery, but because it toyed with it frostily. To
sport with the tangles of Nesera's hair may be trivial
idleness or caressing tenderness, exactly as your relation
to Neaera is that of heartless gallantry or of love. So
you may toy with imagery in mere intellectual ingenuity,
and then you might as well go write acrostics; or you
may toy with it in raptures and then you may write a
' Sensitive Plant.' In fact, the Metaphysical poets when
they went astray cannot be said to have done anything
so dainty as is implied by toying with imagery. They
cut it into shapes with a pair of scissors. From all such
danger Shelley was saved by his passionate spontaneity ;
no trappings are too splendid for the swift steeds of sun-
rise. His sword-hilt may be rough with jewels, but it is
the hilt of an Excalibur. His thoughts scorch through
all the folds of expression. His cloth of gold bursts at
the flexures, and shows the naked poetry."
In estimating individual poems, Mr.Thompson
calls the " Prometheus Unbound " the " most
comprehensive storehouse of Shelley's power ";
" Adonais " " the most perfect of his longer
efforts "; the lyrics and shorter poems the most
" absolute virgin-gold of song."
In conclusion, Mr. Thompson asks the oft-
propounded question why it is that the poets
most " skyey " in grain have ever the saddest
lives.
" Is it that (by some subtile mystery of analogy) sor-
row, passion and fantasy are indissolubly connected, like
water, fire and cloud ; that as from sun and dew are born
the vapours, so from fire and tears ascend the ' visions
of aerial joy '; that the harvest waves richest over the
battlefields of the soul; that the heart, like the earth,
smells sweetest after rain ; that the spell on which depend
such necromantic castles is some spirit of pain, charm-
poisoned at their base ? . . . I^ess tragic in its merely
temporal aspect than the life of Keats or Coleridge, the
life of Shelley in its moral aspect is, perhaps, more
tragical than that of either; his dying seems a myth, a
figure of his living ; the material shipwreck a figure of
the immaterial.
"Enchanted child, born into a world unchildlike;
spoiled darling of Nature, playmate of her elemental
daughters ; ' pard-like spirit, beautiful and swift,' laired
amidst the burning fastnesses of his own fervid mind;
bold foot along the verges of precipitous dream ; light
leaper from crag to crag of inaccessible fancies ; tower-
ing Genius, whose soul rose like a ladder between heaven
and earth with the angels of song ascending and de-
scending it ; — he is shrunken into the little vessel of
death, and sealed with the unshatterable seal of doom,
and cast down deep below the rolling tides of Time.
Mighty meat for little guests, when the heart of Shelley
was laid in the cemetery of Caius Cestius! Beauty,
music, sweetness, tears — the mouth of the worm has
fed them all. Into that sacred bridal-gloom of death
where he holds his nuptials with eternity let not our
rash speculations follow him."
One lays down the little volume, stirred and
thrilled by the magic of words and images not
unlike Shelley's own. But when emotion has
cooled, the conviction arises and persists that
at bottom Mr. Thompson's interpretation is
lacking in real comprehension of the most essen-
tial parts of Shelley's nature. The " enchanted
child " theory is pretty, and true as far as it
1909.]
THE DIAL
401
goes, but it is too limited to satisfy those who
have known and loved Shelley throughout a life-
time. Two things in Shelley were as deep in
him as his poetry : his passion for reforming the
world, and his essential faith in spiritual things.
Both of these, Mr. Thompson either ignores or
implicitly denies. Almost from his birth,
Shelley's chief characteristics were those of a
reformer. As a schoolboy at Eton, it was shown
by his resistance of the atrocious fagging system
then in full force ; at Oxford, it appeared in the
form of intellectual revolt against church dogma,
causing his expulsion at the age of eighteen ; in
the political field it manifested itself in his papers
on Catholic Emancipation ; returning from his
Irish campaign, he struck out bravely for free
thought and free speech by attacking Lord
Ellenborough, and then wrote " Queen Mab "
embodying his knight-errant spirit in verse.
Especially does it seem inadequate to consider
" Prometheus Unbound " mainly as a mytholog-
ical poem. That its real subject is the redemp-
tion of humanity, personified in the character of
Prometheus — a redemption accomplished not
only through the uprooting of evil, but through
the active force of good — is something which
seems to have been unsuspected by Mr.
Thompson.
Another implication of the essay that cannot
pass without protest is that Shelley was lacking
in religious faith. We shall have to grant that
in Shelley's early writing there are passages that
seem to justify such an implication, especially
a notable one in " Queen Mab " (Part VI.), in
which he calls Religion to account for being the
guilty cause of all the evils in the world. But
read the passage carefully and you discover that
when he says Religion he really means Dogma.
And even if the passage were much more
damaging than it is, we shoidd still say that it
is unfair to lay too much stress on the utterance
of a boy of eighteen. It is like dwelling upon
Shakespeare's boyish pranks, such as poaching
and deer-stealing, and omitting to call attention
to " Hamlet " or " Lear." We judge a man by
his man's work, not by his boy efforts. Shelley
never published" Queen Mab " by his own wish ;
he printed privately 250 copies, distributing
them among his friends. After leaving En-
gland, when he heard it was to be published he
wrote back and tried to stop it, saying he had
forgotten what it was but had no doubt it was
" villainous trash."
If we want really to get at Shelley's ideas
of the Unknowable we must take his maturer
work: "Prometheus," "Adonais," "The Boat
on the Serchio," "Hellas." What Shelley's
views were the year before his death we may get
in two lines of " The Boat on the Serchio : "
" All rose to do the task He set to each,
Who shaped us to His end and not our own,"
Throughout the whole of his mature work there
is unassailable evidence that he believed in the
existence of a God. Even as early as " Laon
and Cythna," he says in the " Preface ": " The
erroneous and degrading idea which men have
conceived of a Supreme Being is spoken against,
but not the Supreme Being itself." Just as
Religion is above all creeds, dogmas, and theol-
ogies whatsoever, so was Shelley's faith above
those articles and doctrines that many accept in
place of Religion. Shelley believed in the
Eternal Goodness, in the Eternal Truth, and in
the Eternal Love. In his essay " On Life " he
says : " What is Love ? Ask him who lives.
What is Life ? Ask him who adores, What is
God?"
For these reasons it must be said that this
book about Shelley fails to take the same high
place in criticism that it takes in mastery of
English prose. Perchance Mr. Thompson's
attitude as a Roman Catholic writing for a
Roman Catholic publication kept him from
recognizing what has been so explicitly expressed
by an English clergyman (Stopford Brooke) :
" There are more clergymen and more religious
laymen than we imagine who trace to the emo-
tion awakened in them when they were young,
their wider and better views of God." Without
such recognition of Shelley's spiritual message
to his generation and to our own, no criticism
of him can be considered as really adequate.
Anna Benneson McMahan.
A Masterpiece of Typography.*
The beautifid edition of Bernard's " Geofroy
Tory " which has been issued by the Riverside
Press is a book to delight the soul of the biblio-
phile. All the niceties that enter into the art
of bookmaking have been attended to with scru-
pulous care. As many of these are often over-
looked, even by zealous publishers, it may be
worth while to mention some of them before
passing to consideration of the text of the
volume.
In the first place, the proportions of the page
are most grateful to the eye. " Why certain
• Geofroy Toky, Painter and Engraver : First Royal Printer :
Reformer of Orthography and Typography under Francois I. An
account of his life and works, by Auguste Bernard, translated
by George B. Ives. Boston : The Riverside Press.
402
THE DIAL
[June 16,
proportional relations should be harmonic, and
others not, is a question that has never been
satisfactorily answered, though from times of
remote antiquity it has been the subject of philo-
sophic inquiry. Efforts to reduce the matter
to a mathematical formula, whether expressed
in terms of numerical ratios of the Pythagorean
scale, or based upon the division of quantities
by the so-called golden section, or upon the
theory of musical chords, or of the consonance
of notes sounded in sequence, cannot be regarded
as entirely satisfactory. Nevertheless the sensi-
tive eye recognizes a more subtle harmony in
some proportions than in others. The page of the
volume before us is of a size — imperial octavo —
that has had the approval of many generations
of book-lovers. Not only are its proportions
pleasant to contemplate, but so also are those of
the type-page, which is designed and placed in
accord with the requirements of the most exact-
ing taste, the margins — a most important feature
in a well-printed book — progressively increas-
ing from back to head, fore-edge, and tail, the
outer margin being twice the width of the inner,
the lower somewhat more than twice that of the
upper. Moreover, the diagonal of the type-page
coincides with that of the paper from the back at
the top to the fore-edge at the bottom ; a refine-
ment that means much more than is commonly
apprehended, and is significant of the pains
bestowed upon every detail of the volume.
Typographically, the book is of unusual dis-
tinction. It is printed upon English hand-made
paper of fine quality and agreeable texture, upon
which both the letter-press and the illustrations
appear to the best advantage. The press-work
leaves nothing to be desired. The register is
perfect, the impression uniform throughout, the
color everywhere even and f lUl-toned. The type,
a revised Caslon designed by Mr. Bruce Rogers
and used for the first time in this work, is of
exceptional beauty. By reintroducing some of
the slight irregularities of the Renaissance types
of the sixteenth century, the smug mechanical
appearance of most modern faces has been suc-
cessfully avoided without sacrifice of legibility.
This is no small accomplishment. Mr. Rogers
is to be congratulated upon having worked out
a type of pronounced character, strong in its
effect when seen as a page, yet free from un-
pleasant innovations and bizarre features save
only the diagonal hyphen. This should be
replaced in the font by one of different design.
It is open to the objections that by carrying the
eye off at an angle it interferes with easy read-
ing, and that it is over-emphasized and conse-
quently disturbing, especially when used at the
end of a line.
A word needs to be said for the admirable
paragraphing and general typographical ar-
rangement, and in particular for the even
spacing. This may seem a small matter to the
uninitiated, but it is in such things that the
difference between ordinary and first-rate work-
manship lies ; and the amount of time, trouble,
and thought necessary to secure the best resiUts
are seldom appreciated by those who are without
practical experience in the supervision of fine
printing. The initiate, however, soon discovers
that the largely enhanced cost of the better work
is weU earned.
Mr. Bernard's monograph, which has not
heretofore appeared in an English translation,
was published originally in 1857, and was reis-
sued in a revised and considerably enlarged form
in 1865. It is a monument of accurate scholar-
ship and such minute and painstaking research
as amply to justify Mr. Alfred W. Pollard's
statement that in its second edition it " is one of
the few books of which it can be said that they
are so well done that no one has any excuse for
going over the ground again." His desire that
" some French publisher would bring out a
new edition worthily illustrated, for in 1865
the modern processes of illustration were not
invented," finds substantial if not precisely
literal fulfilment in the present volume.
Tory's illustrated books are so rare, and, with
the exception of the " Royal Alphabet ' which
he designed for Robert Estienne, his engravings
have been so seldom reproduced, that his name
is not well known outside the circle of those
interested in the history of engraving and typog-
raphy. Yet he occupies a distinguished place in
that history, and was in his day a man highly
respected and of marked influence in more than
one direction. Born in Bourges about 1480,
of obscure middle-class parents, he managed in
some way, probably by the aid of a patron, to
study at the University of his native town, and
then, early in the sixteenth century, to journey
to Italy to finish his education in Rome and
Bologna. Returning to France about 1504,
he began his career by editing editions of the
works of a number of Latin authors. Prob-
ably through the influence of his friend Philiberfc
Babou, at that time valet de chambre to the
king, he was appointed regent, otherwise pro-
fessor of philosophy, at the CoUege of Plessis.
Later he filled similar chairs at the CoUege
Coqueret and the College of Bourgogne. While
thus engaged in teaching he set about learning
1909.]
THE DIAL
403
drawing and engraving, became deeply inter-
ested in typography, and about 1516 gave up
his professorship to make a second visit to Italy,
this time to study classic and renaissance forms
in preparation for what was to be his life work.
For a time after his return to Paris, about
1518, Tory seems to have earned his living by
painting miniatures, but he soon devoted his
entire attention to engraving on wood, at first
working for Simon de Colines and other printers.
By 1525 he had become an engraver and book-
seller on his own account. The next year he
became a printer also ; and in 1531 he was
appointed Printer Royal to Fran9ois I., being
the first incumbent of that office which he held
until his death in 1533. In this brief period
Tory effected an almost complete revolution in
design for book ornamentation, supplanting the
mediaeval styles then in vogue by ornaments
based upon the work of the artists of the Italian
Renaissance. If to our eyes his decorative de-
signs appear somewhat thin, dry, and common-
place, it should be borne in mind that at the
time he began to work the beautiful embellish-
ments of the French Horae, printed in the last
quarter of the fifteenth century, were things
of the past, and that in their stead most book
illustrations were of a sort chiefly of German
inception, marked in general more by vigor than
by refinement or true artistic feeling.
To this decadent art Tory's forms were in
strong contrast. They were also well suited
to their purpose and fitted excellently with the
types then in use. There is reason to believe
that he designed and engraved types as well
as wood- cuts ; at least M. Bernard makes out a
strong case for that contention. Though Tory's
engravings found a place in most of the illus-
trated books of any importance printed in Paris
during the second, third, and fourth decades of
the sixteenth century, his most celebrated works
were the illustrations and borders designed and
engraved by him for his " Books of Hours." He
is also famous as the author, illustrator, and
publisher of a book entitled " Champ Fleury,"
an essay on the Latin alphabet, which he issued
in 1529. The purpose of this curious work was
threefold ; in it he advocated the use of Roman
letters in place of Gothic, urged the superiority
of the French language, and made several rec-
ommendations for the reformation of its orthog-
raphy, most of which — as the use of the
apostrophe in place of an elided letter, and of
the cedilla to designate the soft c — were gen-
erally adopted.
Fascinated by the theories of Diirer on the
proportions of the human body, Tory included
in this book a fantastic explanation of the
derivation of the Latin letters from the goddess
lo, claiming that they are all formed of I and O.
This theory, rather than " the number of points
and turns of the compass that each one requires,"
was probably all that he held for " his own,"
though M. Bernard prefers to think otherwise.
Certain it is that Tory was neither the inventor
of the Latin letters nor the one who perfected
their proportions. Nor does the honor belong
to Simon Haieneuve, the Mans architect whose
delineation of them Tory extols. In Diirer's
" Underweysung der Messung," published in
Niiremberg in 1525, the letters are given almost
as in "Champ Fleury," the chief differences
being in the O, the axis of which the German
master slants at an angle of 45 degrees, while
Tory gives it only a slight inclination from the
vertical ; the G, of which the finish is given a
height about half-way between Diirers two
variants ; and the K in which he follows Diirer's
second and less favored drawing. But Diirer,
Sigismundi de Fantis, author of the " Theorica
et practica . . . de modo Scribendi " (Venice
1514), and Fra Luca Paciola, author of the
" Divina Proportione" (Venice 1509 ; the first
printed book in which the alphabet is worked
out geometrically), also commented upon by
Tory, were alike indebted to the Venetian master
Leonardo da Vinci. It speaks well for Tory's
perception of beauty of form that he should have
followed Leonardo so closely. How faithfully
he did this is shown by a manuscript analysis
of the alphabet in the possession of Mr. Coella
L. Ricketts of Chicago, done upon paper which
is known to have been used only from 1477 to
1483, and which is probably the handiwork of
Leonardo himself. This manuscript, it may
be said in passing, Mr. Ricketts contemplates
publishing in facsimile.
The identification of Tory's designs is not free
from difficulty. Many known to be his are
signed with the double cross of Lorraine ; but
as this was used upon engravings which were not
published until some years after his death,
considerable difference of opinion exists as to
whether it may be regarded as the mark of
Tory's workshop or that of the school of design
of which he was the originator. M. Bernard
holds to the former view, although he thinks
most of the works so signed were from Tory's
own hand. However, in the elaborate icon-
ography which forms more than half of his
monograph, he gives a list of later engravings up-
on which the cross appears. These he considers
404
THE DIAL
[June 16,
as emanating from Tory's shop, which was con-
tinued after 1533, at first by his widow, and
later by Olivier Mallard. But M. Henri Bou-
chot found the same signature used upon the
engravings in " L'Entree du Roi a Paris " in
1549, — a book not mentioned by M. Bernard, —
and quite properly says that it " cannot be taken
as a posthumous work of Tory, for these engrav-
ings had their origin at a particular date."
Possibly bearing upon this question is another
book not included in M. Bernard's list — the
" Sapphicae Horae " of Petrus Busseronus, pub-
lished at Lyons by Jac. Huguetan, in 1538.
This little volume, of which a copy, formerly in
the collection of M. Yemeniz, and later in that
of Mr. Henry Probasco, is now in the Newberry
Library of Chicago, contains ten unsigned en-
gravings, copied from Tory's Hours of 1524,
but re-drawn to a different scale and changed in
various particulars though retaining the general
characteristics of Tory's style. From these it
would appear that Tory was both copied and
imitated, a distinction that has always come to
artists of originating force.
Students would have welcomed a larger num-
ber of reproductions of Tory's designs than are
given in the Riverside edition of M. Bernard's
book, amply as it is illustrated. They would
have appreciated also a specimen of Tory's type,
shown in relation to the borders used by him.
Something may be said both for and against the
method of reproduction employed. " The de-
signs," we are told, " were all re-drawn with
the greatest care over photographs of the orig-
inals, and from these drawings photo-engravings
made, which were afterward perfected by hand
when the forms were on the press." The result-
ant gain in typographical effect is incontestable,
and Mr. Rogers's drawings are entitled to very
high praise. Nevertheless, the captious critic
might object that for purposes of study photo-
engravings direct from the originals have certain
advantages, and that re-drawing involves not
merely " minor divergences of line " but also
difference in quality. Lines and dots drawn
with a pen, or with Chinese white applied with
a brush upon a black ground, as in the case of
the floriated initials so wonderfully reproduced
by Mr. Rogers, can never be quite the same as
though made with a graver. On the other
hand, mechanical reproduction of such engrav-
ings as Tory's carries with it almost inevitably
the perpetuation of defects due to the poor
press- work of the sixteenth-century printers.
And for exhaustive study one should always
seek out the originals, and not rely upon any
reproductions however excellent they may be.
The bibliophile will prefer Mr. Rogers's crisp
and sparkling renderings, and will linger caress-
ingly over the pages of this beautiful volume,
which is creditable in the highest degree to the
author, the translator, the printer, and the pub-
lisher. Frederick W. Gookin.
The Individuality of Wai>t Whitman.*
An interest deeper than usual accompanies
the appearance of a new volume in the English
Men of Letters Series — the volume on Walt
Whitman, by George R. Carpenter — an inter-
est colored by sorrowful regret as the announce-
ment of its author's death follows close upon the
publication of the book. The loss to American
scholarship in the death of this conscientious and
broad-minded literary student is emphasized as
one turns the pages of his admirable essay.
The life of the poet is covered with a fine
perception of illuminating details, the effect of
which is a portraiture rather more distinct in
outline than even that given us by Mr. Perry in
his valuable study of Whitman published three
years ago. It leaves Whitman somehow a more
tangible personality and a bigger man. This is
perhaps the chief service of Professor Carpen-
ter's biography. It is with the individuality of
Walt Whitman that he is fundamentally con-
cerned ; the interpretation of the message is sub-
ordinate. The man was larger than the poet.
Stress is therefore laid upon the peculiar
influences of the Long Island environment on
Whitman's youth, sensitive and impressionable
as it was ; upon his early love of solitude and
his life-long habit of meditation ; his custom of
reading in every chance interval — as at the
noon hour at the printing-office, " generally
prose, and invariably s6rious matter "; his even-
ing excursions, his holidays alone on the sea-
shore; his preferred association with ferry-hands,
stage-drivers, and car-men ; for all these experi-
ences entered into him and contributed to the
enrichment of his emotional and intellectual life.
He was not a scholar nor a bookman. " His pas-
sion was for the outer world, the tangible world."
" He craved the knowledge of the whole ; he was
possessed by the passion for humanity."
An interesting comparison is thus made by
the biographer :
" This world of the majority, on which ours is only
tangential, and of which we are so ignorant, and par-
ticularly the world of the city laborer, Whitman knew
*Walt Whitman. By George Rice Carpenter. "English
Men of Letters Series." New York : The Macmillan Co.
1909.]
THE DIAL
405
well, and he was the only American man of letters who
was thoroughly familiar with it. To Longfellow and
Lowell and Holmes it was terra incognita, for they had
travelled little in their own country, and at home had
never passed the social boundaries of their class. Emer-
son had travelled much, but always as a philosopher, to
a large degree unconscious of and unsympathetic with
the life of the masses. Whittier alone had something of
the same sympathy with the people of the under or
basic world, though it was not well developed. He
knew the New England country folk, but mainly as
the country-bred journalist and politician would know
them; he would have dragged them after him into the
upper world of enlightenment; he could not have con-
ceived of abandoning himself completely to their illit-
eracy, to their crude religious feeling, or entire lack of
it, to their preoccupation with the physical toil and
physical joy of life."
And so the biographer brings us to Whitman's
own expression of his purpose, — "A feeling or
ambition to articulate and faithfully express in
literary or poetic form, and imcompromisingly,
my own physical, emotional, moral, intellectual,
and aesthetic Personality, in the midst of, and
tallying, the momentous spirit and facts of its
immediate days, and of current America — and
to exploit that Personality, identified with place
and date, in a far more candid and comprehen-
sive sense than any hitherto poem or book."
But Whitman's democracy is not regarded by
Professor Carpenter as the final essential fea-
ture in his interpretation . His " crowning charac-
teristic was that his poetry of democracy sprang,
not from well-defined intellectual concepts, but
from an extraordinary mood, from an intense and
peculiar emotion." With all his commonness
and practicality. Whitman was a mystic.
The chapters on " Comradeship " and " Old
Age " are naturally full of interesting material —
nothing that is essentially new, but sympathetic
and vivid to the end. The tone of the narrative
is brighter and more mellow than that of some
that we have read. In 1885, the ever-generous
circle of Whitman's Camden friends planned a
fund to buy " the good gray poet " an easy-
riding buggy and a good horse. With the assist-
ance of the older men of letters throughout the
country, the gift was made.
" Thenceforward he drove regularly and frequently —
and, it must be added, often at a speed somewhat un-
becoming his years, having exchanged the safe beast
presented to him for one of a livelier gait."
Mr. Carpenter has given us a genuine biog-
raphy, a thoroughly readable and vivacious life
of one of the most picturesque in the group of
our American writers, and one whose signifi-
cance in the history of American literature is
more and more clearly recognized with the pass-
ing years. ^^ E^ Simonds.
Briefs on New Books.
During the present Exposition year
^'^SS:^' P"^li« attention is likely to be drawn
largely toward the Northwest, and
the history of the making of the states in that region
will be studied with unusual interest. A timely
volume on " The History of the State of Washing-
ton " (Macmillan) appears from the pen of Professor
Edmond S. Meany of the University of Washington.
The work is a distinct advance on the usual state
history, being well-balanced, well-written, and well-
printed. The first period treated is that of Dis-
covery, which extends from prehistoric times to the
visits of the " Columbia," the " Lady Washington,"
and the " Boston," to the Northwest coast. An
interesting reminder of the fate of the latter vessel,
the massacre of most of her crew and the enslave-
ment of the remainder, was noticed by the author
during a personal visit to the Chinook Indians, who
still use the term " Boston-Man " as a synonym for
" American." The period of Exploration covers
the Astor project and the long contest with England
for the fur-trade and the possession of the territory.
The author considers the United States extremely
fortunate in securing the land to the north of the
Columbia River. The claim as far north as 54°
40' he pronounces a " piece of pure Yankee bluster."
The history of territorial days is made up largely of
Indian wars and the influx of people after the dis-
covery of gold on the Pacific slope. The early
period of statehood is described as marked by an
extravagance of public expenditure, which was, how-
ever, corrected imder later administrations. The
last chapter is the most novel in the volume, being
a description of the results of Federal activity in the
state in the shape of surveys, postal and customs
service, judiciary, irrigation, etc. The book as a
whole is deserving a permanent place in the history
of the states of the Union.
Points for '^^^ librarian's painful particularity,
workerg in or painstaking particularity, as he
the library. niight prefer to express it, is not the
least of those peculiar attributes that combine to
make him the useful and talented and accurately
informed person we all know him to be. Vagueness
and practical library efficiency do not go together.
That a librarian's duties tend to develop pedantry
and f ussiness and a disposition to magnify trifles —
to lose sight of wholes in the multiplicity of their
parts, to let the spirit perish while the letter exu-
berates — is one of those things that cannot very
well be helped. Like writer's cramp and clergyman's
sore throat, this tendency is one of the penalties, or
risks, of the profession. But there are librarians,
as there are writers and clergymen, who escape the
peculiar danger of their calling. To reflections like
these one may not unnaturally be moved by a course
of study in the literature of library economy. An
admirable book of its kind, entitled simply " Library
Economics," and composed of thirty-seven sections
406
THE DIAL
[June 16,
written by nearly as many different library workers
of England, has just been issued by the publishers
of " The Library World." The language is clear,
the instruction is definite, the diagrams and other
illustrations are all that one could wish ; but even
the veriest beginner in library science might pardon-
ably resent being told " How to cut the leaves of a
book " — a topic that has a page all to itself. So
apparently simple a process, too, as the gumming of
labels on books receives two and one-quarter pages,
including a diagi-am. Occasionally the American
reader meets with a topic of rather local than world-
wide interest. " Obliteration of Betting News " in
daily papers, as undesirable matter likely to attract
imdesirable readers, is fortunately not a live topic
with many of us. In the same section, by the way,
near the bottom of the page, is to be noted one of
the very few errors (one of grammar) that the book
contains. Another current work of importance on
library management is Mr. John Cotton Dana's
"Modern American Library Economy as Illustrated
by the Newark (N. J.) Free Public Library," one
part of which has already received our notice. Part
v.. Section 2, a " Course of Study for Normal School
Pupils on the Use of a Library," now appears out of
its proper order for reasons explained in a preface.
Here, too, as in the English work, some very ele-
mentary matters are honored with a serious and cir-
cumstantial treatment. It would be unkind to call
this expatiation on the commonplace by the name
of " padding "; it may be useful and necessary. A
.36-page glossary of terms and phrases that concludes
the English book is certainly replete with words
whose absence would not have been seriously felt, —
e. ^., concordance, diagram, diary, manual, map,
sobriquet. In the same volume a list of one hundred
book-collectors seems not very intimately connected
with library economy. Better redundancy than de-
fect, however, in a work of this kind.
Beginnings There is charm and romance in a fine
and romance , . j ii_ • t> pc
of American Snip, and there IS, as Byron anirms,
railroads. music in the roar of the sea. There
is also to many minds — despite Ruskin's opinion to
the contrary — poetic appeal in the railway's steel
bands that gridiron the dry land and unite cities,
states, and nations ; and there is a thrill in the roar
of the splendidly equipped express train. The
romance of early railroading, together with certain
related incidents and experiences that partake of the
curious and amusing rather than of the romantic,
has furnished Mr. Charles Frederick Carter with a
fruitful theme for his book, " When Railroads were
New" (Holt). From the building of the Baltimore
and Ohio to the completion of the Canadian Pacific,
the progress of the American railroad, with brief
glances at England's first steps in the same form of
enterprise, is agreeably and carefully sketched, with
enough of anecdote and graphic illustration to enliven
the story. As the author remarks in his preface,
'' Concerning certain aspects of the railroad, such as
its finance, both high and ordinary, its construction
and operation from a technical viewpoint, its moral
turpitude and its predilection for manslaughter,
whole libraries have been published." But matters
of more general interest in the railroad's history,
especially in its very early history, have been some-
what neglected ; and it is these less-known facts that
the author has brought together in an attractive set-
ting, having first published much of his material in
" The Railroad Man's Magazine." A little more
attention to literary finish would not have hurt the
book. Such slips as " laid down " for " lay down,"
and " like " in the sense of " as," may not offend
nine readers out of ten ; but the tenth cannot over-
come a certain predilection, inherited or acquired,
for grammatically correct English.
France from ^^r an adequate comprehension of
Waterloo to the the great problems agitating French
Third Hepiiblic. pu^jiig opinion — the relations of
Church and State, the transformation of the system
of taxation, the encroachment of a militant syndi-
calism — clear conceptions of the development of
France are more than ever necessary. As an aid
in reaching these, two books offer themselves, "The
Third Republic" (Lippincott), written by Mr.
Frederick Lawton, and "France since Waterloo"
(Scribner), by Mr. W. Grinton Berry. Mr. Lawton
has been a resident in France for twenty years, so
that his book has the flavor of personal memoirs,
although his own personality is discreetly kept out
of sight. He gives a running chronicle of the repub-
lic by presidencies down to the days of Fallieres and
Clemenceau, interspersing anecdotes and comments
after the manner of a conversationalist. The style
is occasionally familiar to say the least ; as when he
says that Rochefort's Intransigeant "in its latest
phase seems to serve as a sort of satyric pick-me-up
giving cabby an appetite for lunch." There are
special chapters on the tendencies of literature and
art, on education, Paris, and the " Mutualist Move-
ment." Mr. Lawton thinks that the "vast majority
of the nation have abandoned the Christian faith,"
yet among these the "standard of morality is as
high, if not higher, than among their Catholic fellow-
countrymen." Mr. Berry's volume is not a chronicle,
but a series of interpretations, a characterization of
successive regimes and tendencies, evidently the
result of wide reading and reflection. The judg-
ments are in general sound, although the chapter
on the " Church and the Republic " does not seem
free from "anti-clerical" prejudice. The brief
description of the Church under the old rSgime
exaggerates the aristocratic vices of the clergy.
There is also a lack of exact statement in tracing
the beginnings of the present difficulties in the first
Revolution.
A famous foe ^^^^ fndrew Lang, in his biography
of the Scotch of Sir George Mackenzie ( Long-
Covenanters. mans), turns his attention to the
religious problems of the Stuart Restoration in
Scotland. Sir George was king's advocate from
1677 to 1688, when the Revolution terminated his
1909.]
THE DIAL
407
career ; and as such he found it his duty to prose-
cute stubborn Presbyterians who resisted the intro-
duction of episcopacy to the point of rebellion. So
effective were his efforts in this direction, that in
the tradition of the Covenanters he is known as
" Bloody " Mackenzie. In the opinion of Mr. Lang,
the epithet was undeserved. By nature Sir George
was tolerant and liberal ; but such was the situation
in Scotland during his time that a rational temper
could not be maintained ; there was no place for the
philosopher — men had to become zealots either for
the kirk or for the prerogative. Naturally the great
lawyer chose the latter alternative. Mr. Lang's biog-
raphy is neither an apology nor an effort at rehabil-
itation; it is a sober attempt to explain a situation
that drove good Scotchmen to extremes. " Mack-
enzie regarded right reason as his ' one talent,' and
reason assured him, or so he persuaded himself, that
the Government must choose between persecution or
civil war. I am not sure that he was mistaken."
The work is therefore a study of problems rather
than of a career ; the private life of the advocate is
almost wholly lost sight of ; it is not so much the
brilliant lawyer that attracts and impresses the
reader as the great causes that he pleads or fights
for. On the whole, the discussion is sane and con-
vincing, far more calm and judicious in tone than
the author's vigorous English usually permits. The
work is provided with several portraits of Sir George,
and of his famous contemporary, James Graham of
Claverhouse.
That discerning student of the side-
supel^mon. lights of human heritage. Professor
Frazer, makes a plea for the value of
superstition, under the Miltonian title, " Psyche's
Task" (Macmillan). Remembering that the stages
of human evolution require beliefs fitted to the cul-
ture of the period and the people, it becomes no
paradox that in primitive times primitive methods
of guiding action were the effective ones. Professor
Frazer defends a fourfold thesis : that superstition
by attaching itself to the sacredness of the ruler
(surviving as the divine right of kings and the heal-
ing power of the king's touch) has contributed to the
establishment of civil order ; that the fear of magic
consequence concretely resulting in the taboo,
brought about a respect for private property ; that
superstitious beliefs in regard to the effect of irreg-
ular sexual relations upon the crops and the public
welfare has been a means of enforcing personal
morality ; and that the fear of the vengeance of
ghosts has acted to make more secure the sanctity
of huinan life. To get right things done, even for
wrong reasons, was more important for primitive
society than to develop right reasons for custom and
conduct. Thus, superstition, with all its evils in
higher cultures, is yet a light, " a dim and wavering
light, which, if it has lured many a mariner on the
breakers, has yet guided some wanderers on life's
troubled sea into a haven of rest and peace. Once
the harbour lights are passed and the ship is in port.
it matters little whether the pilot steered by a Jack-
o'-lantern or by the stars." In the wider vision lies
the deeper truth ; and though we need be no less
rigidly scientific in loyalty to our logic, we shall be
the more appreciative of the devious ways of human
progress for the comprehension of Professor Frazer's
thesis.
A pioneer and ^he Rev. Charles W. Gordon, better
missionary in the known in literature as " Ralph Con-
far Northwest, nor," tums aside from novel-writing
long enough to relate the life of his fellow-minister
in the Presbyterian Church of Canada, Dr. James
Robertson, a native of Scotland, who, after pastoral
labors of twelve years in the land of his adoption,
became Missionary Superintendent of the Northwest
Territory, where he did noble service for twenty-one
years in planting the church in what was then little
better than a wilderness. Seven years and more
have passed since his death, but his memory is and
long will be warmly cherished by those who knew
him. No better qualified biographer of the man
could have been found than the author whose books
have, as he himself declares, been in no small meas-
ure inspired by this vigorous and resourceful pioneer
in the cause of religion. The true story of this
" sky pilot " has much of the charm of romance, and
is at the same time a bracing and invigorating record
of worthy achievement. A little more revision of
the author's manuscript might have been not inad-
visable. So good a Latin scholar as James Robertson
is represented to have been both by his biographer
and by his Scotch schoolmaster, Alexander Mc-
Naughton, would have been grieved to encounter
(on page 77) so glaring a solecism as tellus ignotum.
The lack of index is another indication of undue
haste in getting the book published. There are sev-
eral excellent and interesting portraits and other
illustrations, and the book as a whole appeals
strongly to the reader.
The evolution ^he latest work upon the orchestra,
of our modern " The Evolution of Modern Orches-
orchestration. tration," is from the pen of Louis
AdolpheCoerne, a musical writerof note, and deserves
the consideration of musical students. The author
has not intended to present a technical treatise on
instrumentation or an analysis of the orchestra, but
rather seeks to trace the evolution both of orchestra
and of orchestration. In treating his subject, Dr.
Coerne reverts to the very beginnings of instrumentr
ation and instruments, and shows how they have
been developed ; traces their evolution through the
classic era at the hands of Bach, Handel, Gluck,
Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and their contempo-
raries ; then takes the reader through the period of
romanticism and the classical romanticists ; and
closes by tracing the new movement in various coun-
tries. An appendix, consisting of musical illustra-
tions, from the scores of various composers from
Monteverde to Richard Strauss, adds interest to the
work by making the evolution more clear to the
408
THE DIAL
[June 16,
reader. The book may not have been intended as
a text-book, but its arrangement and summaries
would easily adapt it for teachers* uses. It is not a
treatise in any sense, but a history of the orchestra,
and from this point of view is imique.
Thefairett " To know the history of the Acrop-
cityofthe olis is to know not only the back-
^gean Sea. ground of the history of Athens, it is
to know also the beauty-loving spirit and the brilliant
genius of the people who dwelt in the city nobly built
on the ^gean shore." This concluding sentence
offers a fair index of the general spirit manifested
by Professor M. L. D'Ooge in his work on " The
Acropolis of Athens " (MacmiUan). It should be
noted, however, that the words come after many long
chapters of painstaking presentation of details, and
that the book is not intended primarily for entertain-
ment. The author, who combines genuine enthu-
siasm for his subject with scholarly patience, has
gathered up the results of the work of many active
investigators of divers nations who have been
attracted by the home of Athena, and has given
them to us with his own thoughtful conclusions on
many debatable points. The illustrations are laud-
ably abundant, and on the whole satisfactory,
although some of them would be more effective if
the paper were better. The volume may be com-
mended to the close reader of history, the exception-
ally serious traveller, and the lover of things Grecian
in general.
BRIEFER MENTION.
That indefatigable student and admirer of the Dutch
both at home and on the continent, William Elliot
Griffis, has put into attractive form "The Story of
New Netherland: the Dutch in America" (Houghton).
The writer has dressed the historical facts of his story,
rather trivial and uninteresting many of them, in a
readable style, and he has given much valuable and inter-
esting information on the social life in New Netherland.
Those who have their ideas of the New York Dutch and
New York history from Diedrich Knickerbocker should
as a matter of justice read this book. They will find
that the Dutchmen were not the ridiculous creatures of
Washington Irving's caricature, but sturdy, independ-
ent, broad-minded men, worthy to rank high among the
founders of our country.
Mr. Jethro Bithell, of the University of Manchester,
informs us that he is engaged upon a history of " the
minnesong, as compared with the old lyrical poetry of
Provence, Portugal, and Italy." As a forerunner of
this work, which may be expected next year, he now
puts forth « The Minnesingers " (Longmans), being a
volume of translations. This volume is, of course,
independent of the one to come, for, as the translator
justly observes of its contents, " if they are poems, they
should need no commentary: that they are poems in
the original, is certain." We take satisfaction in saying
that they are also poems in their English dress, poems
to be enjoyed for themselves, with no arriere-pensee of
a philological nature. Mr. Bithell has been singularly
successful in his management of both rhymes and
rhythms, and has taken few liberties at that. He
speaks of his " spade-work " and his " plaster-cast "
method, but this is a note of quite uncalled-for modesty.
This volume is a real enrichment of the literature of
poetic translation.
Messrs. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. are the American
publishers of Mr. W. L. Courtney's " The Literary Man's
Bible " in its new (fourth) edition. The work includes
a group of brief introductory essays, followed by the text
of the greater part of the books of the Old Testament,
their contents classified, and printed in readable form.
The authorized version is used, as a matter of course.
Such a book as this does inestimable service to the cause
of religion, and it is pleasant to know that it is in the
continuous demand that its successive editions would
seem to indicate.
Miss Maude M. Frank, a teacher in one of the New
York City High Schools, has prepared a volume of
" Constructive Exercises in English " (Longmans), which
is an original attempt to teach variety of diction, clear
paragraphing, and some skill in the various forms of
literary expression. Miss Frank's idea seems to be:
Give the pupil a start at first, and in time he will be able
to make a way for himself. Accordingly, theory is
minimized, and there are plenty of constructive exercises
intended to arouse the pupil's interest and stimulate his
ideas, and far more likely to do so than the unapproach-
able rules with which many rhetorics abound.
Miss Anna Morgan, a well-known teacher of Dra-
matic Expression in Chicago, is the author of two com-
panion volumes, which are published in attractive
bindings by Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co. " The Art
of Speech and Deportment " explains, generally in
question and answer style, such matters as grace of
carriage, the correct use of the voice, and platform man-
ners, corrects many erroi-s of pronunciation and diction,
and gives a brief history of the drama in English,
French, Spanish, Italian, and German, with some prac-
tical directions for rehearsing an amateur production.
" Selected Readings " contains short sketches in prose
and poetry, with a few in dramatic form, all chosen —
and in many cases especially abridged — for their
suitability to be read or recited. Naturally selections
in lighter vein predominate.
Notes.
Mrs. Kate Douglas Wiggin has chosen a Shaker
community for the setting of her next novel, to be pub-
lished in the early Autumn under the title " Siisanna
and Sue."
A new novel by Mr. James Lane Allen is announced
for Fall publication, to be entitled " The Bride of the
Mistletoe." It will be the first work that has come
from Mr. Allen's pen in six years.
The Whitaker & Ray Co., San Francisco, are pub-
lishing a six-volume edition of Joaquin MUler's Poems.
The first volume, now at hand, contains a few poems
only, being mainly occupied by autobiographical matter
in prose, and extracts from the English reviews of the
author's work.
Spinoza's " Short Treatise," having for its subject
"God, Man, and Human Welfare," was the philoso-
pher's first work. Dated about 1660, it was originally
written in Latin, and soon afterwards translated by a
friend into Dutch. The Latin manuscript has been lost,
1909.]
THE DIAL
409
but a Dutch manuscript survives ; from this version an
English translation has been made by Miss Lydia
Gillingham Robinson, and is now printed by the Open
Court Publishing Co. Sehwegler's chapter on Spinoza
is given as an introduction.
Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co publish the following
French texts: M. Rostand's "La Princesse Lointaine,"
edited by Professor J. L. Borgerhoff ; Louis Desnoyers's
" Les M^saventures de Jean-Paul Choppart," edited
by M. C. Fontaine;" and Tocqueville's "Voyage en
Am^rique," edited by Professor R. Clyde Ford. An in-
teresting volume in the " Oxford Higher French Series "
is the " Preface du Cromwell " of Victor Hugo, edited
by Professor Edmond Wahl.
One of the most interesting of recent Grerman auto-
biographies is the volume of " Memoiren " by Baroness
Bertha von Suttner, well known as a writer and an en-
thusiastic and eloquent advocate of international peace,
to whose influence Alfred Nobel of Sweden became so
deeply interested in the cause of international peace as
to establish the annual prize for the most efficient pro-
moters of it, this prize being awarded in 1905 to Bertha
von Suttner herself. An edition of her Memoirs, in
English, is soon to be published by Messrs. Ginn & Co.,
the translation having been made by Mr. Nathan Haskell
Dole.
The Arthur H. Clark Co., of Cleveland, announce the
early publication of a new historical series, in ten vol-
imies, entitled " Documentary History of American
Industrial Society." The American Bureau of Indus-
trial Research and the Carnegie Institution of Washing-
ton have been engaged jointly for a number of years in
preparing this publication. The first two volumes,
entitled " Plantation and Frontier," will be the work of
Professor Ulrich B. Phillips. The next two, on " Labor
Conspiracy Cases," are to be prepared jointly by Pro-
fessors John R. Commons and Eugene A. Gilmore. The
six remaining volumes will contain a study of the Labor
Movement from 1820 to 1880. As the first exhaustive
study of our economic and industrial conditions this set
of books should prove a valuable work of reference.
The concordance to Wordsworth, which has been in
preparation for the Concordance Society, is now com-
pleted, though as yet no definite steps have been taken
to secure its publication. The work has been done under
the direction of Professor Lane Cooper of Cornell
University, with the help of over forty collaborators.
The text is based upon that of Hutchinson's Oxford
Wordsworth, supplemented by the editions of Nowell
Smith and Knight. For the most part, the quotations
have not been transcribed, but cut out and mounted
from the printed page. This ought to insure a high
degree of exactness in such matters as punctuation and
the use of capital letters. Only the commonest words,
particles and the like, have been omitted. In all, there
are about 200,000 entries. It may surprise some
readers to learn that in Wordsworth's poetry the refer-
ences to man, and similarly to mind, are considerably
more numerous than those to nature.
The coming harvest of Meredithiana will doubtless
be a rich one. Chief among the books about the de-
ceased novelist and poet is likely to be the expected
biography from the pen of his intimate friend, Mr.
Edward Clodd, whose equipment and facilities for the
undertaking are unsurpassed. Already a critical work
on Meredith's influence upon English fiction, by Mr.
E. J. Bailey, has been announced ; and Mr. J. A.
Hammerton's " George Meredith in Anecdote and Crit-
icism," begun more than seven years ago and at first
designed as a memorial of Meredith's eightieth birth-
day, has just been published, or is soon to be published,
with many illustrations, by Mr. Grant Richards.
Meredith's correspondence, the only writing of import-
ance from his pen during his last years, will not see
print if his informally expressed wish is respected.
But it is more than probable that in the end he will
join the distinguished company of Carlyle and Whistler
and numerous others whose like prohibition has been
regarded as losing its binding force in the light of
subsequent developments — which is very satisfying and
acceptable to a curious posterity.
Mr. John Cotton Dana, librarian of the Newark Free
Library, and Mr. Henry W. Kent, Assistant Secretary
of the New York Metropolitan Museum, have planned
a series of six volumes to be called the "Librarians'
Series," of which only one thousand sets will be pub-
lished, at a subscription price of five dollars for the entire
series. Brief descriptions follow: " The Old Librarian's
Almanack," a reprint of a curious pamphlet containing
counsel and opinion from a librarian and book lover of
1773; " The Rev. John Sharpe and His Proposal for a
Publick Library at New York, 1713," being the sketch
of a Colonial book-lover, at once a pathetic and com-
mandii^ figure, told from first-hand sources, by Austin
Baxter Keep; "The Librarian," being selections from
the " Boston Transcript's " Library department during
the last three years; an annotated list of the best books
on the history and administration of libraries published
before 1800, compiled by Beatrice Wisner of Newark;
a translation of Delespierre's " Hoax Concerning the
Burning of the Alexandrine Library"; and an adaptation
of Dziatzko's " Early History of Libraries " in Pauly's
" Encyclopaedia of Classical Antiquities." The issue of
the set is conditioned upon the securing of a sufficient
number of subscriptions. These should be addressed to
the Elm Tree Press, Woodstock, Vermont.
XiisT OF New Books.
[TAe following list, containing 72 titles, includes books
received by The Dial since its last issue.l
BI0aSAFH7 AND BEMINISCENOES.
Old Friends : Being Literary Recollections of Other Days. By
William Winter. lUus., 8vo, pp. 406. Moffat, Yard & Co.
|3. net.
BecoUectlons of Seventy fears. By F. B. Sanborn. In 2
vols., illus., 8vo. Boston: Richard Q. Badger. $5. net.
Essays and Addresses. By Edwin Burritt Smith. With
portrait in photogravure, 8vo, pp. 376. A. C. McClurg & Co.
$2.50 net.
The Lif« and Times of Laurence Sterne. By Wilbur L.
Cross. Illus., 8vo, pp. 555. Macmillan Co. $2.50 net.
The Gtuirt and the Spur : Vanishing Shadows of the Texas
Frontier. By Edgar Rye. Illus., 12mo, pp. 363. W. B.
Conkey Co.
Sea Kingrs of Sritain : Albermarle to Hawke. By O. A. B.
Callender, B.A. Illus. and with maps, 12mo, pp. 303. Long-
mans, Green, & Co. $1.
HISTORY.
History of the United Netherlands from the Death of
William the Silent to the Twelve Years Truce. By John
Lotbrop Motley. In 2 vols., illus. and with maps, 8vo.
Harper & Brothers. |3.
The Settlement of Illinois, 1778-1830. By Arthur Clinton
Boggess, Ph.D. 8 vo, pp. 267. Chicago: Chicago Historical
Society. $3. net.
Headings on American Federal Oovemment. Edited by
Paul S. Reinsch. 8vo, pp. 850. Ginn & Co. $2.75 net.
410
THE DIAL
[June 16,
Writiners on American History. 1907: A Bibliography of
Books and Articles on United States and Canadian History
Published during the Year 1907. Compiled by Grace Gardner
Griffin. Macmillan Co.
American History : By James Alton James and Albert Hart
Sanford. lUus., 12mo, pp. 565. Charles Scribner's Sons.
$1.40 net.
Beadingrs in Uodem European History : A Collection of
Extracts from the Sources. By James Harvey Robinson and
Charles A. Beard. Vol. II., Europe Since the Congn^ess of
Vienna. 12mo, pp. 541. Ginn & Co. $1.40 net.
GENEBAIi lilTEKATUBE.
Dante in En^rlish Literature from Chaucer to Cary (C. 1880-
1844). By Paget Toynbee. In 2 vols., 8vo. Macmillan Co.
$5. net.
The Works of James Buohanan, Comprising his Speeches,
State Papers, and Private Correspondence. Collected and
edited by John Bassett Moore. Vol. VII., 1846-1848. Limited
edition ; large 8vo, pp. 508. J. B. Lippincott Co. $5. net.
William Blake. By Basil De Selincourt. Illus., 12mo, pp. 290.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $2. net.
Belles, Beaux, and Brains of the 60's. By T. C. De Leon.
Illus., 8vo, pp. 464. G. W. Dillingham Co. |3. net.
The Jew in Enerlish liiterature, as Author and as Subject.
By Rabbi Edward H. Calisch. 12mo, pp. 277. Richmond:
Bell Book & Stationery Co. |2. net.
Deck and Field : Addresses Before the United States Naval
War College and on Commemorative Occasions. By Frank
Warren Hackett. 12mo, pp. 222. Washington: W. H.
Lowdermilk & Co.
BOOKS OF VEBSE.
The Mother and the Father. By W. D. Howells. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 55. Harper & Brothers. $1.20 net.
London's Lure: An Anthology in Prose and Verse. By Helen
and Lewis Melville. 16mo, pp.328. Macmillan Co. $1.25 net.
World Music, and Other Poems. By Frederick John Webb.
16mo, pp. 45. London: Arthur H. Stockwell.
A Miracle of St. Cuthbert, and Sonnets. By R. E. Lee
Gibson. 12mo, pp. 90. Louisville: John P. Morton & Co.
Owen GlyndwT. and Other Poems. By Chas. H. Pritchard.
12mo, pp. 79. London: Arthur H. Stockwell.
The House of Hell: A Ballad of Blackfoot. By C. E. E.
16mo, pp. 32. San Francisco : Murdock Press.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITEBATUBE.
The Decameron Preserved to Posterity by Giovanni Boccaccio,
and translated into English Anno 1620. With Introduction
by Edward Button. Vols. III. and IV. Each 8vo. " Tudor
Translations." London : David Nutt.
Just So Stories. By Rudyard Kipling. Illus., 12mo, pp. 248.
" Pocket Edition." Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.50 net.
Julie; ou. La Nouvelle Heloise. Edition Abr^6e avec
preface de Frank A. Hedgcock. With portrait in photo-
gravure, 16mo, pp. 216. " Les Classiques Francais." Q. P.
Putnam's Sons. $1. net.
The Thoughts of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. Edited by
Dana Estes, M.A. With portrait, 16mo, pp. 114. Boston:
Dana Estes & Co.
FICTION.
Marriage a la Mode. By Mrs. Humphry Ward. Illus. in
color, 12mo, pp. 324. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.20 net.
Heather. By John Trevena. 12mo, pp. 477. Moffat, Yard &
Co. $1.50.
Peter, Peter. By Maude Radford Warren. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 307. Harper & Brothers. $1.50.
The Bunaway Place : A May Idyl of Central Park. By
Walter P. Eaton and Elsie M. Underbill. 12mo, pp. 257.
Henry Holt & Co. $1.50.
In Whaling: Days. By Howland Tripp. 12mo, pp.371. Little,
Brown & Co. $1.50.
The Black Flier. By Edith Mac Vane. With frontispiece in
color, 12mo, pp. 382. Moffat, Yard & Co. $1.50.
Waylaid by Wireless. By Edwin Balmer. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 348. Small, Maynard & Co. $1.50.
Less Than Kin. By Alice Duer Miller. 12mo, pp. 230. Henry
Holt & Co. $1.25.
The Making of Bobby Bumit. By George Randolph Chester.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 416. Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.50.
Homespun : A Story of Some New England Folk. By Lottie
Blair Parker. 12mo, pp. 380. Henry Holt & Co. $1.50.
Gamboling With Qalatea : A Bucolic Romance. By Curtis
Dunham ; illus. in color by Oliver Herford. 12mo, pp. 185.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.15 net.
The Long Gallery. By Eva Lathbnry. 12mo, pp.363. Henry
Holt & Co. $1.50.
A Drama In Sunshine. By Horace Annesley Vachell. New
edition. 12mo, pp. 347. R. F. Fenno & Co. $1. net.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
The Andean Land. By Chase S. Osborn. In 2 vols., illus.,
8vo. A. C. McClurg & Co. $5. net.
Northern France from Belgium and the English Channel to
the Loire, Excluding Paris and its Environs: A Handbook
for Travellers. By Karl Baedeker. Fifth edition ; with maps
and plans, 16mo, pp. 454. Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.25 net.
PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
Forty Tears of American Finance: A Short Financial His-
tory of the Government and People of the United States
Since the Civil War, 1865-1907. By Alexander Dana Noyes.
Second and Extended Edition of " Thirty Years of American
Finance. 12mo, pp.418. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50 net.
The Negro Problem: Abraham Lincoln's Solution. By
William P. Pickett. With portrait, 8vo, pp. 580. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $2.50 net.
Studies in American Social Conditions. First vols.: The
Liquor Problem, The Negro Problem, Immigration, and The
Labor Problem. Edited by Richard Henry Edwards. Each
16mo. Madison, Wis. : R. H. Edwards.
RELIGION AND THEOLOGY.
The Harvest Within : Being Thoughts on the Life of a Chris-
tian. By A. T. Mahan, D.C.L. 12mo, pp. 280. Little, Brown
& Co. $1.50 net.
Old Testament Narratives. Selected and edited by George
Henry Nettleton. 16mo, pp. 294. Henry Holt & Co.
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THE DIAIi
411
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